Stakhanovite movement

The Stakhanovite movement was a mass cultural movement for workers established by the Communist Party in the 1930s Soviet Union. Its promoters encouraged the rationalization of workplace processes—i.e., increased production goals—while promoting socialist emulation.
The Stakhanovites modeled themselves after the mythic productivity of the Russian coal miner Alexei Stakhanov. As frontline workers they took pride in their aspirations to work harder and more efficiently than was required by ad hoc norms; thereby they saw themselves as contributing to the common good and strengthening the socialist state. The Party started the 'movement' in the coal industry and then applied it to other industries across the Soviet Union. Initially popular, it eventually encountered resistance as the pressures for greater productivity placed increased and unrealistic demands on workers.
The Stakhanovite movement was established and developed by the Soviet Communist Party; it was started in 1935 during the second Soviet five-year plan—as a new stage of sponsored socialist competition/socialist emulation, and as the continuation of the Party's rapid industrialization initiative and its forced collectivization of farming begun seven years prior (1928). The movement took its name from Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov, who reportedly, on August 31, 1935, mined 102 tons of coal in less than 6 hours—some 14 times his shift quota. However, "competitive" Stakhanovite followers soon would "break" his record. On February 1, 1936, it was reported that Nikita Izotov had mined 640 tons of coal in a single shift.
Stakhanovite programs were quickly applied by the Party to other industries of the Soviet Union. Pioneers of the movement included Alexander Busygin [ru] (automobile industry), Nikolai Smetanin [ru] (shoe industry), Dusya Vinogradova [ru] and Marusya Vinogradova [ru] (textile industry), Ivan I. Gudov [ru] (machine tool industry), Vasiliy S. Musinsky [ru] (timber industry), Pyotr Krivonos [ru] (railroad), Pasha Angelina (agriculture), Konstantin Borin [ru] and Maria S. Demchenko [ru] (agriculture), and many others.
On November 14–17, 1935, the first All-Union Stakhanovite Conference convened in Moscow at the Kremlin. The conference emphasized the "outstanding" role of the Stakhanovite movement in the socialist reconstruction of the national economy. In December 1935 the plenum of the Communist Party's Central Committee specifically discussed aspects of developing industry and transport systems in light of the Stakhanovite movement.
Pursuing the objectives of the recent Party plenum, the Soviets organized a wide network of industrial training, specifically creating courses for foremen of socialist labor to initiate and support the movement in the various industry. They introduced Stakhanovite contests in many industries to find the best workers and encourage competition among them. In 1936 a number of industrial and technical conferences revised the projected production capacities of different industries and increased their outputs.
Female Stakhanovites emerged less frequently than male, but a quarter of all trade-union women were designated as "norm-breaking". Women working as milkmaids, calf tenders, and fieldworkers represented the preponderance of rural Stakhanovites.
Soviet authorities claimed that the Stakhanovite movement caused significant increases in labor productivity. It was reported that during the first five-year plan (1928–32) industrial labor productivity increased by 41%. During the second five-year plan (1933–1937) it reportedly increased by 82%. Discussions of the draft constitution in the 1930s were used to encourage a "second wind" for the movement.
During World War II, the Stakhanovites deployed different methods to increase productivity, such as working several machine-tools at a time and by combining professions. The Stakhanovites organized the two-hundreders movement [ru] (двухсотники, or dvukhsotniki; 200% or more of quota in a single shift).
Not all workers were pleased with the pressures created by the Stakhanovites and the bureaucratic demands for increased productivity. Some groups held Stakhanov responsible for making their lives harder and threatened him for it. Opponents of the movement risked invoking the label of "wrecker" being charged against them by Soviet authorities.
In 1988, the Soviet newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda stated that the widely propagandized personal achievements of Stakhanov actually were puffery. The paper insisted that Stakhanov had used a number of helpers on support work, while the output was tallied for him alone. According to the Soviet state media, the Stakhanov movement had eventually led to increased productivity by means of a better organization of workflow processes, including more specialization and better task sequencing.