Daily life of the Etruscans

Daily life among the Etruscans is difficult to trace, as few literary testimonies are available and Etruscan historiography was highly controversial in the 19th century (see Etruscology).
Most of our knowledge of the habits and customs of Etruscan daily life is available through detailed observation of the funerary furnishings in their family tombs: decorated urns and sarcophagi, accompanied by everyday objects for both men and women, details of frescoes and bas-reliefs, most of which were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries, when the scientific study of their civilization really began.
Nevertheless, a Greek historian, Posidonios, described the richness of the Etruscan table: "Twice a day, the Etruscans prepared a sumptuous table with all the amenities of a fine life; arranged tablecloths embroidered with flowers; covered the table with a large quantity of silver crockery; had a considerable number of slaves serve them". This points to the life of wealthy men, quite different from that of the common people.
The abundant forests of the Etruscan territory enabled the construction of a maritime fleet, as well as mineral exploitation. The prosperity of its trade was based on the export of crafts (bucchero), large quantities of wine and the import of tin from Gaul. From at least the 6th century BC, vine cultivation and wine production have been documented in the region, as evidenced by the manufacture of amphorae for transporting wine, which were widely distributed in the Tyrrhenian and Mediterranean seas.
The Etruscans' basic diet consisted mainly of cereal porridge and vegetables. Salt and freshwater fish were certainly part of the diet. Meat consumption was linked to ritual sacrifices and eaten on religious feast days. The hare, depicted on vases in hunting scenes, was a highly prized game animal. Many kitchen utensils, colanders, amphorae, vases, bronze ladles and typical fish plates are on display in European museums, including the Altes Museum, the Louvre and the National Etruscan Museum at Villa Giulia.
Testaroli is an ancient pasta that originated from the Etruscan civilization. The book Rustico: Regional Italian Country Cooking states that testaroli is "a direct descendant of the porridges of the Neolithic age that were poured over hot stones to cook". According to an article published by The Wall Street Journal, it is "the earliest recorded pasta".
The frescoes found in many Etruscan necropolis depict the Etruscans in the splendor of the Triclinium banquet, drinking and eating with opulence (also evident in the lids of the figurative sarcophagi). The frescoes show the richness of the crockery and everyday objects (such as dices) found in the tombs, accompanying the deceased into the afterlife with the memory of their earthly life.
Etruscan games, also depicted in tomb frescoes, were an important part of their lives. Herodotus recounts their many games: dice, kottabos, ball (episkyros or harpastum), Phersu, Askôliasmos, and borsa.
The Etruscans drew direct inspiration from Greek practices for their pan-Etruscan sports games (Volsinies), pugilism and wrestling, throwing the discus, javelin, long jump, simple foot race or running with weapons (hoplitodromia). Some ludi circenses (games), which later the Romans partly took up, were different, such as mounted horse racing (bas-reliefs in Poggio Civitate), acrobatics by desultores, chariot racing (biga, triga and quadriga), which the auriga (slaves) practised with the reins tied behind their backs.
The Romans also took up other games known as ludi scaenici, ritual and votive stage games, dance or ballet performances (including the histrionics), which Varro tells us were performed by an Etruscan tragedy writer called Volnius, for a genuinely theatrical purpose.
The frescoes depict dancers, and musicians playing various instruments. This practice is also present on the many Hellenistic-inspired vases.
Festivities and rituals accompanied urban and agricultural life, and music was as much a part of this as the dancing it provoked.
Etruscan divination was used to guide decision-making, and the remains of various buildings reveal the practice (the templum for the Etruscan temple) or the superstitions and beliefs that accompanied it (acroterial statues such as the "cowboy of Murlo").
Etruscan mythology, adapted from that of the Greeks, accompanied every gesture of daily life, including the home (Lares and Penates gods), farming, warfare and town-building (protective genius).
Some objects were originally from the area, while others were imported and then modified locally by adding figures (recognisable because they were more rudimentary).