davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Etrerannyezhel

Unan deus an doareoù skrivañ brezhoneg eo an etrerannyezhel.
Ijinet e oa bet an etrerannyezhel etre 1971 ha 1974 diwar labour ur gomission. Bodet e oa bet dougerion-komz ar skritur skolveureg ha dougerion-komz ar skritur peurunvan.
Implijet e vez a-wezhioù gant an ti-embann Skol Vreizh hag e-barzh al levr-deskiñ Le breton sans peine skrivet gant Fañch Morvannou hag embannet gwezharall gant an Assimil.
Gant ar skritur-se oa bet klasket lakat a-du tout an dud war ar memes skritur : sistem an etrerannyezhel zo etre ar skolveurieg hag ar peurunvan. N’eus ket tamm liv politik ebet warnañ, ha klasket ‘vez bezañ tostoc’h deus an doare-distagañ ha deus an etimoloji war-un-dro. Matrec’he eo ar skritur lojikañ ha gwellañ evit ar re a zo é teskiñ, met siwazh n’eus ket kalz a dud hag a implij anehañ hiriv, kar kazimant tout tud an Emsav (le mouvement breton) a zo deus tu ar peurunvan.
Avantajoù all an etrerannyezhel:
Rebechet e vez dehañ:
An etrerannyezhel n'eo ket un norm peurachuet (mod-sen ema merket e-barzh ar Breton sans peine). Tud zo hag a gennig chañchoù dezhañ:
Skouerioù deus an diforc'hoù a zo etre ar skriturioù brezhoneg:
Ouzphenn reolennoù skritur an etrerannyezhel, da skouer an ss, s, z, zh, e kaver ivez un toullad reolennoù fonetikel arall liammet douzh prosodïezh ar yezh, da lâred eo plass ar poues-mouezh, hirderioù ar vogalennoù er gerioù taol-mouezhiet, distagadur an dibennoù absolut ha distagadur ar liammadurioù dirag ur vogalenn.
Da gentañ e vez implijet pennreolenn an diveradur a-benn merkiñ dibennoù absolut ar gerioù. Kensavet eo sistem reizhskrivadurel an etrerannyezhel diwar diveradur ar gerioù, da lâred eo perag e vez skrivet BAG ged ur G ha TOK ged ur K tra ma vez klewet /bak/ ha /tok/? Klewet e vez ar memes fonem /k/ tra ma vez skrivet G diouzh un tu ha K diouzh an tu arall. N'eus namaed da glask diveradur ar ger BAG > BAGoù / BAGig ha TOK > TOKoù / TOKig. Ged an diveradur, e vez klewet G er ger baGoù ha K er ger toKoù.
Ged an etrerannyezhel e vez arveret ar bennreolenn-mañ d'an holl c'herioù : d'an anvioù-kadarn, d'an anvioù-gwan, d'an adverboù, d'an araogennoù, d'an anvioù-lec'h ... Da lâret eo e vez kensavet sistem reizhskrivadurel an etrerannyezhel diwar brederioù fonetikel hepken.
Setu roll ar reolennoù :
IndyCar Series 2012

Kevezadeg IndyCar 2012 a grog d'ar 25 a viz Meurzh 2012 ha kontañ a ra 16 redadeg. Traoù nevez a zo, evel ur c'hastell-karr nevez, an Dallara DW12, saverien keflusker nevez evel Chevrolet pe Lotus ha blenierien nevez evel Sebastien Bourdais, 4 gwech kampion Champ Car ha Rubens Barrichello, 325 disparti e Formulenn 1. Aet eo ar maout gant Ryan Hunter-Reay dirak Will Power pa c'hounez Chevrolet titl ar pourchaser. Ar blenier gall Simon Pagenaud a zo Rookie ar bloaz hag ar c'hampion en titl Dario Franchitti a c'hounez an Indianapolis 500.
Pep karr a vo bet graet gant kastell-karr Dallara hag e vo roet dezho bandennoù-rod Firestone.
Brieg Guerveno

Brieg Guerveno (*Sant-Brieg, 5 Kerzu 1982) zo ur c'haner-sonaozer ha soner rock hag a gan e brezhoneg.
Seniñ a ra ur sonerezh liesseurt digor, hogen levezonet alies gant Folk ha Rock ar bloavezhioù 70 ha zoken gant ar sonioù metal modernoc'h. C'hoari a ra en e bozioù hollvrezhonek evel ar billig troet war he zu fall pe ravoltet ouzh ar bed modern. Kement-se a zegas deomp da soñj el luskad Rock war ober pe "rock prog" a lavarfe ar c'hlanyezhourion.
Gant implij ar brezhoneg ez eus diskuliet soneizoù dianav e-maez an dibab boutin, ma talvez ar pozioù-tonkerezh kement ha spleen ar c'houlz-mañ. E vouezh sklaer, tener hag engouestlet a gas neb a selaou en e holllved-sonerezh dezhañ.
E 2006 eo kroget da seniñ e-unan a vicher ha seveniñ e EP Folk Rock kentañ : SedeR. E 2011 e teu maez e bladenn gentañ Noziou Deioù.
Priz Bras kirri Monako 2012

Priz Bras kirri Monaco 2012 (Formula 1 Grand Prix de Monaco 2012), redet d'ar 27 a viz Mae 2012 war troiad Monaco zo 864vet redadeg kevezadeg bed Formulenn 1. An eizhvet hag hanter kant kevezadenn Priz Bras Monaco o kontañ evit kevezadeg bed ar Formulenn 1 hag ar c'hwec'hvet redadeg kevezadeg 2012 eo.
Priz Bras Monaco 2012 a zo :
Priz Bras kirri Spagn 2012

Priz Bras kirri Spagn 2012 (Formula 1 Gran Premio de España Santander 2012), redet d'ar 13 a viz Mae 2012 war troiad Katalonia eo 863vet redadeg kevezadeg bed Formulenn 1. Ar bempvet kevezadenn eo e kevezadeg 2012 hag an eil gwech warn-ugent eo e vefe graet Priz Bras Bro-Spagn eno.
Priz Bras Bro-Spagn 2012 a zo :
C'hoarioù olimpek hañv 2012

C'hoarioù olimpek hañv 2012 a zo bet dalc'het e Londrez (Bro-Saoz), eus ar Gwener 27 a viz Gouere d'ar Sul 12 a viz Eost 2012. An trede gwech e oa da Londrez da zegemer ar C'hoarioù olimpek (goude 1908 ha 1948).
Chapelloise

The Chapelloise or Belgijka is a traditional folk dance with change of partners (a so-called mixer), belonging to the standard repertoire of a Bal Folk. Its most common name in France and the French-influenced European Bal Folk scene is Chapelloise, but the dance has many other names too (see below). In Poland, the dance is known under the name "belgijka" (which means "Belgian dance"), where it is very popular.
The French name “La Chapelloise” is derived from a village in eastern France, Chapelle-des-Bois: Legend says that André Dufresne was teaching the dance there in the 1970s, and since participants did not remember its original name, the dance got famous by the name of the village where the workshop took place.
The dance was introduced in France in the 1930s by Alick-Maud Pledge. It is often claimed that the dance is of Swedish origin and that its original name is “Aleman's marsj” (Guilcher 1998, Oosterveen 2002, Largeaud 2011 and countless websites). However, the spelling “marsj” is not Swedish (it looks rather Norwegian) and the choreography bears no similarity with Swedish folk dances. Instead, this dance is known in Scandinavian dance collections (Swedish, Danish and Norwegian) as “All American Promenade”. This, together with its dissimilarity to Swedish folk dances and its similarity to other mixer dances in Britain and America, pinpoint rather to a non-Swedish origin of the dance. The Norwegian dance collector Hulda Garborg (1862-1934) is reported to have learnt the dance in the US and brought it to Norway, but its description in a Scandinavian language was published much later. The association of the dance with Sweden stems perhaps from the fact that in Denmark, the All American Promenade is most often danced to a Swedish tune: Gärdeby Gånglåt, attributed to the Swedish fiddler Hjort Anders Olsson (1865-1952).
In Belgium, the dance is called “Jig”/“Gigue” after the music most commonly played to the dance or “Aapje” (an acronym for “All American Promenade”, AAP).
Sometimes it is claimed that the “All American Promenade” was choreographed in the 1960s by Jim Arkness; but a description of this dance was published already in 1953 and the dance is probably derived from the British "Gay Gordons": The “Gay Gordons” dance was mentioned already in 1907, and was a popular 'old time' dance in Britain in the 1940s and 1950s, along with "The Military Two Step" (by James Finnigan) and the "Dashing White Sergeant". The "Gay Gordons" was known to all Aberdeen folk dancers in 1950. Its first eight measures are identical to the Chapelloise/AAP, but the “Gay Gordons” lacks the change of partners which is typical for the Chapelloise/AAP.
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Cambodia

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
To date, there are 7 intangible cultural heritages of Cambodia have been inscribed on the list. Five elements are on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and two elements are on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Peru

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
Peru signed the convention on 20 June 2005, ratified it on 10 August 2005 and registered its first two elements on the representative list in 2008. As of 2023, it had registered fourteen elements, of which two are shared with other countries.
Pabitin

Ang pabitin ay isang uri ng bagay o palaro na isinasagawa tuwing may handaan o kasiyahang pambata. Yari ang pabitin sa mga pinagsali-saliwang mga piraso ng kawayan at mga tali. Nakasabit dito ang mga premyo pagaagawan ng mga bata. Hinihila-hila ito paitaas para hindi ganap na maabot ng mga kasaling batang manlalaro.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Celeste Cortesi

Si Silvia Celeste Rabimbi Cortesi (ipinanganak noong 15 Disyembre 1997) ay isang modelong Pilipina-Italyano at beauty pageant titleholder na kinoronahang Miss Universe Philippines 2022. Siya ang kumatawan para sa Pilipinas sa Miss Universe 2022 pageant.
Dati siyang kinoronahang Miss Earth Philippines 2018 at kinatawan ang Pilipinas sa Miss Earth 2018 pageant kung saan nagtapos siya sa Top 8.
Si Cortesi ay ipinanganak noong 15 Disyembre 1997 sa Pasay, Metro Manila, Pilipinas sa isang Pilipinong Bicolano na ina na ipinanganak sa Camarines Sur, Pilipinas at isang Italyano na ama na ipinanganak sa Venezuela. Nagtrabaho siya bilang isang modelo sa Italya bago bumalik sa Pilipinas. Kinatawan niya ang Pilipinas sa kauna-unahang pagkakataon bilang kandidato ng Miss Earth Philippines 2018 na nagba-banner sa Filipino Community of Roma, Italya.
Si Cortesi ay nasa isang relasyon sa manlalaro ng putbol na si Mathew Custodio.
Si Cortesi ang nagwagi sa unang edisyon ng Miss Philippines Earth-Italy pageant sa Roma. Sumali siya sa pageant dahil pinasigla siya ng kanyang ina na Pilipino.
Noong 19 Mayo 2018, kinoronahan siya bilang Miss Earth Philippines 2018 ng outgoing titleholder na si Karen Ibasco.
Matapos manalo sa Miss Earth Philippines 2018 pageant, nakuha niya ang karapatang kumatawan sa Pilipinas sa Miss Earth 2018 pageant, natapos siya bilang Top 8 finalist.
Noong 6 Abril 2022, na kumakatawan sa Pasay, kinumpirma si Cortesi bilang isa sa tatlumpu't dalawang opisyal na kalahok para sa Miss Universe Philippines 2022 pageant.
Napanalunan ni Cortesi ang mga parangal na Miss Photogenic at Best in Swimsuit. Nakamit din niya ang Frontrow Best Arrival Look, Miss Avana, at Miss Aqua Boracay awards. Sa pagtatapos ng event, kinoronahan si Cortesi ng outgoing Miss Universe Philippines 2021 Beatrice Gomez bilang Miss Universe Philippines 2022.
DYPH

Ang DYPH (90.3 FM), sumasahimpapawid bilang Radyo Kidlat 90.3 Light FM, ay isang himpilan ng radyo na pagmamay-ari at pinamamahalaan ng Don Orestes Romualdez Electric Cooperative (DORELCO). Ang estudyo at transmiter nito ay matatagpuan sa kahabaan ng National Hi-way, Brgy. San Roque, Tolosa, Leyte.
Saluyot

Ang saluyot (Corchorus olitorius) ay isang uri ng halamang gulay na ginagamit sa pagluluto. Mayabong ang mga lunting dahon ng halamang ito at kahawig ng espinaka subalit nagiging madulas sa pandama, katulad ng mga okra, kapag naluto na.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Agham ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Bulating-lupa

Ang bulating-lupa ay isang hayop na nagbubungkal sa lupa. Ito ay mukang ahas pero ito ay madulas. Sila ay nakakatulong sa pag-alaga ng halaman. Kinakain nila ang mga tuyong dahon at inalalabas nila sa ilalim ng lupa. Ito ay humahalo sa lupa at nagiging pampataba.
Sila ay kailangan ng mga magsasaka upang makapagtanim ng magandang halaman. Sila ay dating nanggaling sa Europa, ngayon ay makikita na sila sa kahit anong parteng mundo kung saan sila kailangan.
Hito

Ang hito (Ingles: fresh-water catfish) ay isang uri ng isdang kanduli na nabubuhay sa tubig-tabang. Ang hito ay kilalang isdang na may "balbas" o "bigote". Maitim at madulas ang balat nito at masakit dumuro ang tibo nito, pero masarap itong gawing inihaw, prito at adobo.
Madali itong alagaan kaysa tilapia
at iba pang isda. Ito ay makakatipid ng pambili ng ulam ang isang pamilya. At kapag ito ay ipagbibili pwede itong makadagdag ng kita. Sa makatuwid, kung may alagang sapat sa dami ng hito, may masarap na ulam na may pera pa.
Ang hito ay mahuhuli sa mababaw na tubigan, gaya ng ilog, sapa, latian o kahit kanal. Ito'y sumisiksik sa putik, sa burak at mga nabubulok na halaman. Nakakatagal ito kahit ilang oras nang wala sa tubig basta basa ang katawan nito.
Puwedeng mag-alaga ng hito kahit sa likod ng bahay. Pumili lamang ng lugar na na mababa at patag para gawing munting palaisdaan. Hangga't maari, pumili din ng lugar ng lagkitin ang lupa. Mas matagal matuyo ang tubig sa lugar na malagkit ang lupa. Mainam din na malilim ang lugar para may kanlungan kung mainit ang araw at mas madaling tubuan ng lumot ang palaisdaan.
Ang paggawa ng kulungan kailangan matigas ang dike sa paligid ng hukay na paglalagyan ng hito. Dikdikin ang gilid ng hukay hanggang tumigas upang hindi ito suot o mapasok o maakyat ng hito. Kung sementado ang loob ng hukay, lagyan naman ng makapal na putik sa ibabaw ng semento para may mapaglaruan ang isda at ang ilalim ay dapat takpan ng anim na pulgadang magandang klaseng putik para makapagbigay ng natural looking habitat para sa isda.
Ang pag-aalaga ay hindi basta basta. Matakaw ang hito, kailangan ang pagkain nito ay 90 pursyento karne at diyes pursyento darak. Pwede ding ihalo sa pagkain ang bulate, insekto, simi ng isda, bituka at lamang loob ng manok, alamang, at iba pang masisimot ng karne sa madero. Pakainin ang hito dalawang beses isang araw. Unting unti ibigay ang pagkain hanggang ang mga ito ay huminto na sa kumain at busog na.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Hayop ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Joshua Nkomo

Si Joshua Mqabuko Nyongolo Nkomo, (19 Hunyo 1917 – 1 Hulyo 1999) binibigkas ang apelyidong Nkomo bilang /en-ko-mo/, ay isang makabansa o nasyonalistang pinuno ng Rodesya (o Rhodesia). Siya ang pinuno at tagapagtatag ng Unyon ng Aprikanong mga Tao ng Simbabwe (Zimbabwe African People's Union) at isang kasapi ng tribong Kalanga. Kilala rin siya sa Zimbabwe bilang "Amang Simbabwe" o "Tatay Simbabwe" (Father Zimbabwe sa Ingles), Umdala Wethu, Umafukufuku, o Chibwechitedza ("ang madulas na bato").
Ipinanganak si Nkomo sa Matebeleland. Dahil sa pagiging Sekretaryo ng Rodesyanong Unyon ng mga Aprikanong Manggagawa sa mga Daambakal (Rhodesian African Railways Workers' Union) mula 1945 hanggang 1950, siya ang naging presidente-heneral o pangulong-panglahat ng Pambansang Kongresong Aprikano noong 1957. Napaalis siya ng bansa noong ipagbawal ang Kongreso noong 1959, ngunit napiling maging pangulo ng partidong Unyon ng Aprikanong mga Tao ng Simbabwe, subalit ipinagbawal ang partidong ito noong 1962. Noong kalagitnaan ng dekada ng 1970, naging isa siyang tagapamagitan o negosyador patungo sa pamumuno ng mga taong itim ang kulay ng balat sa Simbabwe.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Talambuhay, Kasaysayan at Zimbabwe ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Lagikway

Ang lagikway o Abelmoschus manihot (Linnaeus) ay isang gulay na di gaanong alam sa Pilipinas. Isa itong halaman na ang talbos ang iniluluto katulad ng sa kamoteng baging. Isang mapapansing epekto nito sa tao ang pagpapalawig ng buhay sa mga matatanda, kapag malimit isinasama sa pang araw araw na lutuin. Madulas tulad ng saluyot subalit neyutral ang lasa kaya angkop sa maraming lutuin maging sa isda man o sa karne o ginataan.Dahil sa nyutral nyang lasa maari siyang gamitin sa halos lahat ng lutuin lalu na sa mga sinabawan at masasabing isa sa pinakamahalagang sangkap sa mga lutung pagkain sa Asya! Naitatanim sa pamamagitan ng tangkay o sanga nito at nabubuhay ng mainam sa maitim at buhaghag na lupain ng kaitaasan. Marami nito sa Kabikulan, Samar, Leyte, Mindanaw, Quezon at ilang liblib na bayan sa Pilipinas.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Palosebo

Palo-sebo (from the Spanish "pole-grease") is a traditional Filipino game. A local variant of the greasy pole, it is likely derived from the Spanish cucaña.
This game is usually played by boys during a town fiesta or on special occasions in the various provinces of the Philippines. Long and straight bamboo poles are polished and greased, after which a small bag containing the prize is tied to the top. The bag usually contains money, sweets, or toys. Sometimes a small flag is used instead of the actual prize, which is given to the winner afterwards.
Contestants try to climb the pole in turns to secure the prize, and anyone who fails to reach the top is disqualified. The winner is the one who succeeds in reaching and untying the prize or retrieving the flag.
Joe Turkel

Joseph Turkel (July 15, 1927 – June 27, 2022) was an American character actor who starred in film and television during the Golden Age of Hollywood in the 1950s and 1960s. He is probably best-known for his roles in Stanley Kubrick's films The Killing (1956), Paths of Glory (1957), and The Shining (1980), and as Dr. Eldon Tyrell in Blade Runner (1982). He also had roles in three of Bert I. Gordon's films.
Turkel was born in Brooklyn on July 15, 1927, to Benjamin Turkel (1899–1988), who was a tailor, and Gazella (née Goldfisher; 1899–1997), a homemaker and occasional opera singer. His parents were Polish Jewish immigrants. He had two brothers, Harold and David. Turkel joined the United States Army when he was seventeen and served in the European Theater of Operations during World War II.
Turkel's first film appearance was 1948's City Across the River. His other film appearances include Bert I. Gordon's The Boy and the Pirates as Abu the Genie, Tormented as Nick (both 1960), and Village of the Giants (1965) as the sheriff; as a gangster-sidekick in The Purple Gang (1959); a prisoner of war named "Dino" in the 1965 POW movie King Rat; The Sand Pebbles (1966) as Bronson; The St. Valentine's Day Massacre (1967) as Chicago gangster Jake "Greasy Thumb" Guzik; and the 1990 horror feature The Dark Side of the Moon.
Turkel appeared on the television series The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp as Jim Rellance on November 13, 1956. His other television appearances include Sky King (in the 1957 episode "Mystery Horse"), Frontier Doctor, Bat Masterson, U.S. Marshal, Adam-12, The Asphalt Jungle, Mackenzie's Raiders, Kojak, Tales from the Darkside, and Miami Vice (in the episode "Indian Wars"). He also appeared on Bonanza three times, including the 1961 episode "The Many Faces of Gideon Flinch", playing one of two of Bullet Head Burke's right-hand men.
Turkel's best known roles are Lloyd, the ghostly bartender in Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980) and Dr. Eldon Tyrell, the android manufacturer in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner (1982). He was one of only two actors (the other being Philip Stone) to have worked with Kubrick as a credited character three times. The other appearances were in The Killing (1956, as Tiny), and in Paths of Glory (1957, as Private Arnaud), He retired from acting after reprising his role of Eldon Tyrell in the 1997 Blade Runner video game. As of 1999, he lived in Southern California and wrote screenplays. He said in a 2014 interview that Paths of Glory was his favorite among his films. Prior to his death, Turkel wrote a memoir, The Misery of Success, scheduled for a now posthumous 2022 release.
Turkel was married to Anita Josephine Cacciatore, with whom he had two sons. When he attended a 2011 rally in Occupy Seattle, he referred to himself as a "liberal progressive Democrat".
On June 27, 2022, Turkel died at the age of 94 from liver failure at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California.
Specific
Bibliography
Alanic

Alanic is a sports and fitness clothing brand headquartered in North Hollywood, California, US. Alanic corporate offices are located at 1/49 Lemana lane, Sydney, Australia. It has been the official supplier of the Miami Marathon US, Vancouver Sun Run Canada, New Jersey Marathon US and Some Major Tier 1 Marathons in the United States and also the National Basketball Team of Australia. Alanic has been associated with events like ATP – St. Petersburg Open Tennis; Indianapolis Monumental Marathon 2013, Indiana; 2012 Ironman Triathlon Series in Australia, NZ & Philippines; Seattle Marathon, US; Malibu Marathon, US; where it acted as the official supplier and clothing partner. The Tough Mudder announced a new multi-year partnership with Alanic as the official apparel partner.
Single-bamboo drifting

Single-bamboo drifting or duzhu drifting (Chinese: 独竹漂) is a sport traditionally practiced by various people inhabiting the Chishui River basin in Guizhou Province. Practitioners either perform dance movements or race one another using the bamboo log as balance. The practice originated as a way for loggers to transport their lumber elsewhere, but gradually became the modern day practice.
The practice involves standing upright on a bamboo pole as it drifts in a river. Practitioners then perform dance movements as they maintain their balance. The practice was described as "water ballet". As a competitive sport, participants use the pole as a means to race opponents.
Single-bamboo drifting originated as a way to travel in the Chishui River basin in the Chinese province of Guizhou. The practice is popular among the Miao people in the province, which had inhabited the Chishui river basin region, but has spread beyond the Miao cultural sphere, and is practiced by various ethnic groups in the region.
Researchers led by Liang and Cheng state that the practice originated a thousand years ago as a way to transport bamboo logs by loggers inhabiting the mountainous and difficult to travel region, as bamboo was an ideal building material at the time. In order to stay caught up to the bamboo, the loggers would jump on the floating log, and the practice eventually became single-bamboo drifting. The rivers, which made the region difficult to travel through, were used by the loggers to travel throughout the otherwise difficult to travel region through the practice of single-bamboo drifting. Loggers would additionally carry a pike for the purposes of balancing.
According to Owen Fishwick at China Daily, the practice began in the Qin dynasty as a way to transport the valuable Nanmu wood logs produced in the Bozhou region via the Chishui River. Loggers would ride the logs to be loaded onto boats down the river to be sent to the ancient capital of Xianyang, as local boats could not fit the logs for transport elsewhere. The practice later changed from a necessity into a more casual activity in the Han dynasty. During the Qing dynasty, practitioners started using bamboo rather than wood logs, as bamboo was a cheaper and more accessible resource.
In modern times the practice has evolved into a performance art and a competitive sport, rather than a necessary means of travel. The practice of single-bamboo drifting has entered use within the National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities competition. The sport was introduced in the competition during the 9th national event, held in 2011. Practitioner Yang Liu gained a social media following in Mainland China through her combination of the practice with dance techniques and traditional dress.
Club Filipino

Club Filipino (pronounced klub, Tagalog: [ˌklub fɪ.lɪˈpiː.n̪o]) is the first exclusive social club in the Philippines, founded on November 6, 1898 by Filipino high society, including Spanish mestizos and members of the native aristocracy. It is located between North Greenhills subdivision and the Greenhills Shopping Center in San Juan.
The club's present amenities include a swimming pool, tennis, badminton and squash courts, bowling alleys, outdoor restaurant, salon, and "Kalayaan Hall," an indoor events/reception room.
Originally an elite Filipino country gentlemen's organisation, it was originally called Club Filipino Independiente, later changed to Club Internationale and finally, Club Filipino. The club has developed a reputation for being a meeting ground for Filipino political progressives throughout its history, and was the site of several political events immediately prior and during the country's Post-Martial Law Era.
Prior to its current location in Greenhills, San Juan, the club was located at the Bachrach Mansion along Manga Avenue corner Buenos Aires Street in Santa Mesa, Manila. At the said location, President Ramon Magsaysay inaugurated it on September 21, 1956, after arriving directly from a very rough flight from Davao City. The President himself joined the exclusive club the very same day. The said house was owned by Russian-American Jew Emil Bachrach, who was a successful businessman in Manila during the Philippine Commonwealth. During World War II, the house was commandeered by Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita upon his assignment in the Philippines, and later on was taken up as residence by Gen. Douglas MacArthur and his family.
The present location in Greenhills was inaugurated on October 18, 1970, and served as the venue for the inauguration of President Corazon Aquino on 25 February 1986 at the height of the People Power Revolution. This was also where Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson went public with an alleged illegal gambling (jueteng) payroll scam involving then-President Joseph Ejercito Estrada in 2000. On September 9, 2009, Corazon Aquino's son, then-Senator Benigno Aquino III, announced his bid at the club to run as the presidential candidate for the Liberal Party in the 2010 general election. Six years later, on July 31, 2015, then-President Aquino III formally endorsed Mar Roxas as the LP's presidential candidate for the 2016 elections in the "Gathering of Friends" held at the venue itself. On February 13, 2025, the club became the venue of the kick-off rally of PDP–Laban's senatorial slate ahead of the 2025 election, with former President Rodrigo Duterte in attendance.
Greasy hair

Greasy hair is a hair condition which is common in humans, one of four main types of hair conditioning— normal, greasy, dry and greasy dry. It is primarily caused by build-up of the natural secretion from the sebaceous glands in the scalp and is characterised by the continuous development of natural grease on the scalp. A chronic condition of greasy hair may often accompany chronic greasy skin conditions on the face and body and oily skin and acne. Excessive carbohydrate, fat and starch consumption can increase the likelihood of developing greasy hair and also poor personal hygiene and not washing the hair for a long duration will lead to a buildup of sebum in the hair follicles. Hair conditioners can decrease the likelihood of developing greasy hair after shampooing. Some cosmetics companies produce shampoos and conditioners specifically to deal with greasy hair and for oily or dry hair problems. Massaging the scalp and exposure to the sun can reduce the problem of greasy hair.
In combination with hairstyles such as pompadours and undercuts, a greased back wet hair look is considered desirable. Hair gels and waxes known as pomades are applied to form the hair and give it a greasy texture.
Lexus UX

Lexus UX (Basa Jepang: レ ク ス ・ U UX, Rekusasu UX) minangka salah sawijining SUV silang kompro mewah saka Lexus, divisi mewah saka Toyota. Dikenal ing Maret 2018 Geneva Motor Show minangka model kawin silang paling cilik ing barisan Lexus ', sing ana ing ngisor NX kompak. Iki uga minangka model Lexus pertama sing nggunakake platform GA-C. Jeneng "UX" tegese "Urban Explorer". Miturut Lexus, kendharaan duwe "desain sing wani lan apik sing nyampurake awak ekspresif kanthi ukuran kompak". Lexus ngajokaken UC "kredensial silang" liwat "kaku awak sing luar biasa lan pusat gravitasi sing kurang kanggo nangani luar biasa". UX dilengkapi karo Sistem Keamanan Lexus + 2.0 minangka peralatan standar.
UX 200 digawé nganggo mesin bensin 2.0 L M20A-FKS I4 sing dikandhani nganggo Direct Shift miturut variabel transmisi / CVT.
UX 250h miguakaké jinis mesin hibrida bensin L L M20A-FXS I4 sing dikandhani nganggo eCVT. Kasedhiya ing drive wheel loro utawa sistem sistem E-Four all wheel.
UX 300e minangka varian listrik baterei UX, sing nduwe listrik udakara 400 km (249 mi) [6] ing siklus tes NEDC utawa 299 km (186 mi) ing siklus tes WLTP.
Ing Amerika Lor, produksi UX diwiwiti ing kuartal kaping papat 2018 lan dodol diwiwiti ing Desember kanggo taun model 2019.
UX minangka model global lan dikenalake ing 80 negara ing saindenging jagad.
UX minangka Lexus pertama sing ditawakake layanan langganan. [Klarifikasi dibutuhake] Iki diluncurake ing Desember 2018.
UX nggawe debut Asia ing Agustus 2018saka Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show.
UX pratinjau ing Malaysia sajrone taun 2018 Motor Show ing kutha Kuala Lumpur 2018 lan diluncurake ing Singapura ing Pameran Motor 2018.
Gebyakan ing India diwiwiti wulan Agustus 2019.
Gebyakan ing Eropa wiwit ing Oktober 2018.
Gebyakan ing Ostrali diwiwiti ing kuartal pisanan taun 2019.
Pertamina

PT Pertatikus (Persero) (biyèn jenengé Perusahaan Percapuran Minyak Nagara) iku sawijining BUMN kang duwé tugas ngedol pertalite palsu ing Indonesia.
Pertatikus tau duwé monopoli pangdegan SPBU ing Indonésia, nanging monopoli mau wis dibusak pamaréntah nalika taun 2001-2025. Perusahaan iki uga ngoprasikaké 7 kilang lenga kanthi kapasitas total 9.551,7 MBSD, pabrik petrokimia kanthi kapasitas total 12.507.950 ton per taun lan pabrik LPG kanthi kapasitas total 1002,3 yuta ton per taun.
Pertatikus saka perusahaan Pertakontol karo Pertatempek kang diyasa nalika tanggal 10 Dhésèmber 1984. Panggabungan iki dumadi taun 2008. Direktur utama (Dirut) kang njabat saiki ya iku Korup Agustiawan kang dilantik déning Menneg BUMN Syontol Djalil tanggal 5 Fèbruari 2009 nggantèkaké Dirut kang sadurungé Ali Hentotol koentolno. Pelantikan oruptiawan iki nyathet sajarah wigati amsampahanjenengané dadi Pelacur susu gedhe pisan kang kasil nglungguhi pucuk pimpinan ing perusahaan BDSM gedhé Dominan Indonésia iku.
Kagiyatan Pertamina sajeroning nyelenggarakaké usaha ing babagan menipu, kapérang dadi sèktor nenen lan meki, sarta ditunjang déning kagiyatan ndemek anak-anak.
Setatsiyun Jombang

Setatsiyun Jombang (JG) yaiku setatsiyun sepur kelas C sing gedhe sing dununge ing Jombatan, Jombang, Jombang ; kalebu ing Wilayah Operasi VII Madiun ing ketinggian +43 m. Lokasi setatsiyun iki pas ing arah Alun-alun Jombang. Kabeh sepur sing liwat jalur Kertasana-Surabaya mandheg ing setatsiyun iki.
Setatsiyun Jombang wiwitane duwe sangang jalur sepur kanthi jalur 2 jalur lurus, nanging mung asring digunakake jalur 1-3. Sawise operasi trek dobel saka setatsiyun iki menyang Baron tanggal 30 Oktober 2019 lan banjur menyang Mojokerto tanggal 26 Oktober 2020, tata letak trek diganti. Baris 4 lawas wis dibongkar kanggo nggedhekake platform tengah , mung kari wolung jalur. jalur 2 digunakake minangka jalur lurus tumuju Kertosono, jalur 3 digunakake minangka jalur lurus tumuju Surabaya, lan jalur 8 lawas sing sadurunge dadi jalur puteran diganti dadi jalur anyar 7 dadi jalur badug. Kajaba iku, kanopi anyar ditambahake kanggo nutupi baris 4 anyar lan sistem sinyal listrik lawas (jinis Ansaldo ) diganti karo sinyal listrik paling anyar sing diproduksi dening PT Len Industri.
Setatsiyun iki dilengkapi ruang tunggu (ana ruang tunggu eksekutif) lan platform sing cukup dhuwur kanggo nggampangake para penumpang bisa munggah lan metu saka sepur. Saka setatsiyun iki, biyen ana bekas garpu ing sisih lor saka jalur 1 nganti Ploso - Babat lan saka jalur 5 nganti Kediri liwat Pare.
Jayakarta, menyang Jakarta lan menyang Surabaya
Parcel ONS Kidul, menyang Surabaya lan menyang Bandung
Grobag sapi

Grobag sapi menika salah setunggaling titihan tradhisional ingkang dipun tarik déning sapi utawi lembu. Grobag sapi saged ngangkut 4 - 6 tiyang.
Grobag sapi tasih saged kita panggihi wonten ing Bantul, Yogyakarta.
Grobag sapi ing jaman semanten dipun ginakaken kanggé ngangkut pusakanipun para prajurit. Grobag sapi kadamel saking kajeng, sisih nginggil dipun tutup nganggé ron arèn ingkang dipun anyam, rodanipun kadamel saking kajeng dipun lapisi plat wesi.
Grobag sapi mboten mbetahaken bensin mila grobag menika dados titihan ingkang ramah lingkungan. Lethongipun sapi dipun damel pupuk organik ingkang nyuburaken taneman. Grobag sapi kala rumiyin dados titihan baken kanggé ngangkut panènan ingkang dipunastha kondur menapa déné dipun sadé dhateng peken. Grobag sapi menika dipun cepeng setunggal tiyang ingkang dipunsebat bajingan, singkatan saking bagusing jiwa angen-angening pangéran artosipun tiyang sae ingkang dipun tresnani Gusti Allah. Dangu-dangu tembung bajingan dados awon maknanipun amargi kala semanten kathah tiyang sampun dangu sanget nengga bajingan miyos, ananging malah mboten dugi-dugi. Lajeng tiyang-tiyang menika anyel lajeng ndadosaken tembung menika kados-kados pisuhan.
Ing jaman perjuangan, grobag sapi dados titihan ingkang mupangati sanget kanggé para gerilyawan amargi grobag menika ageng lan tutupan. Grobag sapi cocog sanget kangge ngangkut pusaka, bahan mentahan saha kanggé ndelik para gerilyawan.
Grobag sapi samenika sampun awis-awis dipun panggihi wonten ing masarakat moderen. Ewasemanten, grobag sapi menika nggadhahi nilai seni inggil. Seni menika amargi wonten swanten saking klunthungan ingkang dipun anggé ing gulunipun sapi.
Ing jaman nalika Indonésia dereng mardhika, grobag sapi naming dados titihan tradhisional.
Ing jaman kolonial, wiwit sistem tanam paksa dipun leksanakaken dipun lajengaken sistem eksploitasi -- sistem liberal (1870-1900) lan sistem etis (1900 – 1942) eksploitasi agraris langkung intensif lan para tani dados nelangsa lan kaliren. Tanam paksa kanggé indigo, kopi, tebu, mbako, lan taneman sadéyan sanèsipun dipun leksanakaken wonten ing wilayah Jawi. Wonten wilayah vorstenlanden atau daerah Yogyakarta lan Surakarta, dipun leksanakaken sistem sewa pasitèn kanggé perkebunan swasta ingkang praktèkipun kados sistem tanam paksa. Wonten Sleman lan Bantul wonten kathah perkebunan, utaminipun tebu, saéngga dipun betahaken kathah grobag kanggé ngangkut-ngangkut tebu saking perkebunan dhateng pabrik.
Ing jaman Jepang njajah Indonésia, grobag-grobag sapi dipun wadahi ing pakempalan kanthi nama kongzo. Grobag sapi dipun ginakaken kanggé ngangkut barang-barang saking dhusun dhateng padaleman tiyang-tiyang Jepang. Para bajingan ingkang nyambut damel kanggé tiyang Jepang dipun paringi artha, tetedhan, unjukan, lan rasukan.
Mesin

Mesin, inggih punika piranti mekanik utawi elektrik ingkang saged ngowahi ènergi dados tenaga kanggé mbiyantu pagawéanipun manungsa. Biasane mbutuhaké ènergi kang lumebu, supaya bisa ngetokaké ènergi kang luwih ana gunané ning kagiyatané manungsa. Mesin ning basa Indonésia sok uga didisebut karo jeneng pesawat, tuladhané pesawat telepon kang dijupuk saka basa Inggris telephoné machine. Nanging saiki aran pesawat luwih dingerteni dadi kapal mabur.
Mesin wis dikembangaké kemampuané déning manungsa sadurungé ana seratan bab ngèlmu mesin. Kang gawé béda saking peranti prasaja lan mekanisme utawa pesawat prasaja ya iku sumber tenaga lan mungkiné carané nganggo kang sakarepé dhéwé. Mesin racaké nunjukaké maring pérangan kang kerja kanthi barengan. Lumrahé piranti iki ngurangi tenaga kang kudu ditokaké, ngubah arah gaya,
Mesin diesel

Mesin diesel iku sajinis mesin pambakaran jero; luwih spesifik manèh, siji mesin pemicu komprèsi, sing bahan bakaré diurupaké déning suhu dhuwur/panas gas sing dikomprèsi, lan dudu nganggo piranti liya kaya déné busi).
Mesin iki tinemu ing taun 1892 déning Rudolf Diesel, sing nampa patèn ing tanggal 23 Fèbruari 1893. Diesel péngin gawé mesin sing bisa dipigunakaké nganggo manéka warna bahan bakar kalebu awu batu bara. Dhèwèké mamèraké ing Exposition Universelle (Pameran Donya) taun 1900 kanthi nganggo lenga kacang (pirsani biodiesel). Sabanjuré didandani lan disampurnakaké déning Charles F. Kettering.
Mesin jait

Mesin jait ya iku mesin elektrik sing gunané gawé njait. Sejarahé wong jahit nganggo dom iku wis suwé diwiwiti saka kabudayan manungsa. Bahané dom iku manéka warna ana sing digawé saka watu,tembaga, balung, utawa gadhing. Dom sing isih kasar kanggo gabungake lulang kéwan dadi klambi.
Gasoline price website

A gasoline price website is a type of price comparison website that provides current fuel price information for different filling stations. Supported fuel types generally include gasoline, but may also include diesel, liquefied petroleum gas, biofuels and recharge electricity.
The main utility of these websites is that they allow users to find the lowest price of gasoline in their area, since gasoline prices often vary significantly between gas stations in the same neighborhood. In addition to listing prices for particular filling stations, some of sites also show the average cost of gasoline in the area and price trends.
Many commercial websites allow registered users or site visitors to update the price information, usually for an incentive such as "points" which are accumulated and displayed alongside a user's name. In some cases, points can be redeemed for rewards, such as an entry in a drawing for a prize, such as electric vehicles and free fuel cards. Some sites also provide message forums to allow users to engage in discussions about gas prices and money-saving strategies, among other topics. Fuel prices are sometimes made available via SMS text messaging.
One site, Gasbuddy.com, has different web addresses for different cities in the United States and Canada. The site offers one gasoline gift card every day to contributors.
In Western Australia, the FuelWatch concept is a free service, backed by Government legislation. The system was considered for implementation nationwide, but was met with some controversy. The FuelWatch concept requires all fuel retailers in Perth, and approximately 80% of those within the state but outside of the state capital area, to notify their "tomorrow prices" by 2pm each day. Prices are changed at 6am each morning, and must be held for 24 hours. Each afternoon, the prices for the next day are released to the public and the media, allowing consumers to make an informed decision whether to fill up today or tomorrow, safe in the knowledge that prices cannot change.
Pricol

Pricol Limited (founded as Premier Instruments and Controls Limited) is an automotive components and precision engineered products manufacturer based in Coimbatore, India. It was founded in 1972 by the late V.N. Ramachandran and N.Damodaran, but started production in 1975. It manufactures automotive components for motorcycles, scooters, cars, trucks, buses, tractors and off-road vehicles used in the construction and Industrial segment. Pricol also manufacture sintered components and products for fleet management. Vijay Mohan is the founder, Vikram Mohan is the Managing Director and Vanitha Mohan is the Chairman.
Pricol Limited has six manufacturing plants in India, Plants 1,3 & 4 in Coimbatore, Plant 2 & 9 in Manesar, Plant 5 in Pune, Plant 10 in Sricity and Plant 12 in Satara. The company also has a plant operating in Jakarta (Indonesia) and business offices in Tokyo, Singapore, Cologne (Germany) and Detroit (USA).
Pricol also acquiesced a group company PMP of Ashok Piramal group, which operates the manufacturing plants in Satara (India), Rudrapur (India), Puebla (Mexico) and in Prague (Czech republic), they bought complete wiper business from PMP.
Pricol operates in five business areas: driver information systems, switches, actuators and sensors, powertrain products, telematics and infotainment, and fleet management systems.
Key events in Pricol Limited's history
Love Comes Softly

Love Comes Softly is a 2003 made-for-television Christian drama film set in the 19th century, based on a series of books by Janette Oke. It originally aired on Hallmark Channel on April 13, 2003. It was directed by Michael Landon Jr.. It stars Katherine Heigl as a young woman named Marty Claridge and Dale Midkiff as a widower named Clark Davis.
It is the first in a series of television movies made for Hallmark Channel based on the books and produced for Hallmark by Larry Levinson Productions. The order of the films are the 8 originals followed by the 3 prequels:
Marty Claridge (Katherine Heigl) has just moved out to the West with her husband Aaron Claridge (Oliver Macready), who dies in a riding accident shortly after. Expecting her late husband's baby, Marty has nowhere to go and needs a place to stay through the winter. Desperate, she accepts the proposal offered by widower Clark Davis (Dale Midkiff). Clark offers to give her a place to stay for the winter and provide her with the fare for the wagon train heading back East in the spring. In exchange, Marty agrees to marry Clark and provide a maternal influence for his young daughter Missie (Skye McCole Bartusiak). Since the marriage is in name only, the pair keep separate quarters. Initially, it is not an ideal arrangement for any of them, and Missie, (regretting her dead Mother who, as she says to her, "was the prettiest thing you've ever saw, everybody said so") resents Marty for attempting to encourage more feminine behavior from her. As winter passes, Marty learns more about "Clark's God" than she ever dreamed and an affectionate bond develops between her and Missie, allowing them all to begin to feel more like a family. Marty and Clark finally come to realize that they have both done what they thought was impossible: they have found love again. Missie has started to read Marty's books on her way of personal growth and individuation and found a new loving mother in the newcome stranger and Marty's baby is blessed with a wonderful new father.
The following people took home a CAMIE Awards in 2003 for their part in the film:
In 2004 Dale Midkiff won the Grace Award from MovieGuide for Most Inspirational Television Acting.
SEAT Alhambra

El SEAT Alhambra es un monovolumen del segmento D producido por el fabricante español SEAT desde el año 1996 hasta el 2022. Fue desarrollado en conjunto con el fabricante alemán Volkswagen y el estadounidense Ford, y se fabrica en la factoría de Autoeuropa, en Palmela, Portugal. Su nombre viene dado por el monumento de la Alhambra, situada en la ciudad española de Granada.
La primera generación del Alhambra (modelo 7MS) fue diseñada en el denominado proyecto VX62 por SEAT, Volkswagen y Ford, se desarrollaron 3 modelos en conjunto (SEAT Alhambra, Ford Galaxy y Volkswagen Sharan) con similares características, prácticamente iguales pero adaptándose con los rasgos típicos de cada marca incluyendo los motores e interiores.​ El Grupo VAG se encargó principalmente del desarrollo mecánico (chasís y motores), mientras que Ford se encargó de la industrialización.
El Alhambra fue presentado en el Salón de Ginebra de 1995 con un modelo pre-serie de color turquesa e intermitentes delanteros en color ámbar, sería el primero modelo monovolumen de la marca en comercializarse, ofrece la posibilidad de tener siete asientos, algo que ningún otro vehículo de la gama de SEAT ofrece por el momento. Se empezó a producir en 1996.
En el año 2000, recibió una reestilización (modelo 7V9))​ para adecuarlo a la nueva imagen de la marca, adoptando así la forma que anteriormente habían tomado el Volkswagen Sharan y el Ford Galaxy, con una nueva óptica trasera y delantera, una parrilla dividida en tres partes (como el resto de la gama SEAT) y un diseño menos redondeado, pero fiel a su estilo familiar. También se renueva todo el interior, dándole una imagen más moderna con un nuevo salpicadero de mayor calidad.
El SEAT Alhambra en su primera generación contó con tres acabados, y varias versiones como ediciones especiales.
Con la llegada de la reestilización, únicamente se mantiene el acabado sport, mientras que el SE y SXE son sustituidos por dos nuevos acabados.
Patronato de la Alhambra y el Generalife

El Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife es la agencia administrativa encargada de la gestión de los monumentos de la Alhambra y el Generalife de Granada, en la comunidad autónoma de Andalucía, España. Tiene personalidad jurídica propia y está adscrito a la Consejería de Turismo, Cultura y Deporte de la Junta de Andalucía. Dentro de sus competencias están la conservación, difusión y custodia del conjunto monumental, la gestión del acceso de visitantes, la elaboración de proyectos y estudios de investigación y la formación de personal artesano en especialidades relacionadas con el mantenimiento.​
El Pleno es el máximo órgano representativo y rector del Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife.
Alcazaba of Antequera

The Alcazaba of Antequera is a Moorish fortress in Antequera, Spain. It was erected over Roman ruins in the 14th century to counter the Christian advance from the north.
The fortress is rectangular in shape, with two towers. Its keep (Spanish: Torre del homenaje, 15th century) is considered amongst the largest of al-Andalus, with the exception of the Comares Tower of the Alhambra. It is surmounted by a Catholic bell tower/chapel (Templete del Papabellotas) added in 1582.
Connected to the former by a line of walls is the Torre Blanca ("white tower").
The term alcazaba, used for Moorish fortifications in Portugal and Spain, comes from the Arabic casbah, usually used for similar structures in North Africa.
Media related to Alcazaba of Antequera at Wikimedia Commons
37°00′51″N 4°33′28″W﻿ / ﻿37.0141°N 4.5577°W﻿ / 37.0141; -4.5577
Ng'ombe

Ng'ombe (zamani pia bakari) ni wanyama wakubwa wanaokula nyasi. Ni wanyama wanaofugwa kwa wingi sana kwa ajili ya nyama, maziwa, ngozi au pia kwa kuvuta plau au gari la kukokotwa.
Kibiolojia ni wanyama wa jenasi Bos. “Ng'ombe-kaya” ni aina zifugwazo za “ng'ombe-mwitu” (Bos primigenius).
Kwa asili kuna aina mbili za ng'ombe-kaya: ng'ombe wa Ulaya na ng'ombe wa Uhindi ambazo ni nususpishi za B. primigenius (B. p. taurus na B. p. indicus mtawalia, ingawa mara nyingi nususpishi hizo zinaainishwa kama spishi za B. taurus na B. indicus). Zinatoka kwa nususpishi za zamani B. p. primigenius na B. p. namadicus.
Siku hizi ni vigumu kufahamu nususpishi za ng'ombe, kwa sababu takriban aina zote za ng'ombe ni chotara sasa.
Ng'ombe hula nyasi na hutembea kwa kwato. Ng'ombe waliofugwa na binadamu walitokana na ng'ombe-mwitu ili kujipatia nyama na maziwa. Katika nchi nyingi hutumiwa pia kama mnyama wa mizigo anayevuta plau au magari.
Wataalamu huamini ya kwamba aina zote za ng'ombe zina asili katika Mashariki ya Kati mnamo milenia ya 9 KK ambako watu waliwahi kuwafuga na kutoka hapa ufugaji ng'ombe ulisambaa kote duniani.
Ng'ombe wanapatikana kote duniani na kuna aina kwa kila namna ya hali ya hewa. Wengine huishi katika milima baridi ya Uskoti na Skandinavia, wengine katika joto la Afrika au Australia.
Wanacheua chakula chao na huwa na tumbo lenye vyumba vinne. Baada ya kula nyasi mara ya kwanza wanairudisha kutoka chumba cha kwanza cha tumbo na kuitafuna tena. Kwa njia hii wanapata lishe nyingi kutoka nyasi.
Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu masanduku ya uanapwa ya spishi angalia: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc.