davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Pari

Ang pari ay isang alagad ng Simbahan o isang taong nagsasakripisyo at nagdarasal sa Diyos para sa mga tao. Sa sinaunang Israel, kinakailangan isinilang mula sa tribo ni Levi ang isang pari. Bilang pinakamahalagang pinuno sa pananampalataya, mayroong mga natatanging gawain ang isang "Mataas na Pari". Sa Bagong Tipan ng Bibliya, itinuturing si Hesus bilang isang Mataas na Pari para sa kanyang mga tagasunod sapagkat ibinigay niya ang kanyang sarili bilang isang alay o sakripisyo. Kaugnay ng Kristiyanismo at Hudaismo, itinuturing na mga "pari" na rin ang lahat ng mga tagasunod ni Hesus, mga taong malayang makapagdadala ng sakripisyo at papuri sa Diyos. Katumbas o katulad ang pari ng ministro, rabi, at pastor.
Noong Marso 2009, ipinahayag ni Papa Benedikto XVI ang Hunyo 19, 2009 hanggang Hunyo 19, 2010 bilang Taon ng Kaparian o Taon ng mga Pari. Nagsimula ito sa solemnidad ng Banal na Puso ni Hesus noong Hunyo 19, 2009, na magtatapos sa pandaigdigang pagtitipon ng mga pari sa piling ng Banal na Amang Santo Papa sa pagsapit ng Hunyo 19, 2010. Idiniklara rin ni Papa Benedikto XVI ang pagiging Unibersal na Patron ng mga Pari si San Juan Vianney, sa okasyon ng ika-150 anibersaryo ng kamatayan ng paring ito na kilala rin bilang Curé d’Ars o "ang kura paroko ng nayon ng Ars".
Bisperas ng Bagong Taon

Ang Bisperas ng Bagong Taon (Ingles: New Year's Eve o Old Year's Night, literal na "gabi ng lumang taon"; Nochevieja, literal na "matandang gabi") ay nagaganap tuwing Disyembre 31, ang huling araw ng taon ng Gregoryano, ang araw bago sumapit ang Araw ng Bagong Taon. Isang hiwalay na okasyon ang Bisperas ng Bagong Taon mula sa okasyon ng Araw ng Bagong Taon. Sa makabagong anyo ng okasyon, ipinagdiriwang ang Bisperas ng Bagong Taon na may mga salusalo, kasayahan, o handaan at pagsasama-samang panlipunan na sumasakop sa panahon ng pagpapalit ng taon tuwing hatinggabi. Mayroon ding mga mag-anak na nagdaraos ng Medyanotse sa kanilang mga tahanan. Maraming mga kalinangan ang gumagamit ng mga paputok at iba pang anyo ng ingay upang maging bahagi ng selebrasyon. Ito ay bawal ang mga iligal na paputok sa Bagong Taon.
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Panunumpa

Ang panunumpa o sumpa, sa larangan ng pananampalataya, ay isang natatanging pangakong ginagawa sa harapan o paningin ng Diyos. Katumbas ito ng panata, huramento, o pagsumpa sa ngalan ng Diyos. Tinatawag din itong ang malakas o matatag na panata, balata, pangako, sumpa, o pormal na pahayag na karaniwang ginagawa, sa pananaw ng Hudaismo at Kristiyanismo, habang tinatawag ang pagpansin ng Diyos upang parusahan ang tagapagsalita kapag ang pananalita ng taong iyon ay mapatotohanang isang kasinungalingan o hindi tunay, o kaya kapag hindi natupad o tinupad ng taong tinutukoy ang isang pangako.
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Pampaalsa

Ang pampaalsa o lebadura (Ingles: yeast, leaven) ay anumang sustansiya na nakapagpapaasim at nakapagpapaangat sa masang ginagamit bago iluto o ihurno ang tinapay. Gawa ito mula sa harinang yari sa trigo o (ang wheat sa Ingles) o kaya gawa mula sa sebada (kilala bilang barley sa Ingles). Ginagamit din ito sa paggawa ng serbesa. Tinatawag din itong galapong, lihiya, o linab. Sa mga kasulatang tulad ng Tanakh at ng Bibliya, ginagamit ang pampaalsa bilang sagisag ng isang bagay na nakakaimpluwensiya, kalimitan bilang tanda ng kasamaan.
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Korona (gantimpala)

Ang korona (Ingles: wreath) ay ang kalipunan ng mga bulaklak o mga dahon – katulad ng dahon ng laurel – na binilog upang maging hugis ng malaking sinsing o anilyong maipapatong sa ulo ng isang tao. Ginagamit itong pamparangal o gantimpala, katulad ng sa isinasagawa sa pagbibigay ng premyo sa mga paligsahang atletiko noong sinaunang mga panahon (halimbawa na ang sa Sinaunang Palarong Olimpiko).
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Pananapatan (Pasko)

Ang pananapatan /pa·ná·na·pá·tan/ o kung tawagin sa Ingles ay Caroling /ka·ro·ling/ ay ang pagkanta ng mga awiting Pamasko na karaniwan ay sa tapat ng mga bahay-bahay na may layuning manghingi ng regalo na malimit ay pera.
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俞飞鸿

俞飛鴻（英語：Faye Yu，1971年1月15日—），浙江诸暨人，中國大陸女演員。
1971年1月15日，俞飞鸿出生在浙江省杭州市，父亲是清华大学毕业生，母亲是浙江工业大学毕业生，她有一个姐姐和一个弟弟。
1980年以童星出道参演电影《竹》，1987年在电影《凶手与懦夫》中首次出演女主角。高中畢業後，俞飛鴻考入北京電影學院表演系，畢業後留校任教。1994年底，俞飛鴻遠赴美國學習。回國後參演多部電影、電視劇。
水晶棺

水晶棺是天主教、东正教传统圣物箱之一，用于展示圣髑。即水晶玻璃造的棺材，其成分主要是純二氧化硅。其造价昂贵，且工序繁複，一般用於保存政要等重要人物的遺體。为长期保存躯体，水晶棺材内多数注入惰性气体，如氦气，在暗淡的灯光下水晶玻璃会楚楚生辉。
另外，受東正教風俗影響的斯大林首度提議將列寧遺體以水晶棺保存，此後部分社會主義領袖的遺體也加上了防腐處理並移入水晶棺中，例如現存的胡志明、毛泽东、金日成、金正日等。
水晶棺来源于基督教的圣尸崇拜传统。圣徒的尸体是“圣灵的殿”、是永生神的殿。神通过圣徒的身体行神迹。到耶稣复活以后，圣徒也从坟墓里出来。所以基督徒相信圣徒不会死亡，仅仅是睡着了。信徒们还相信圣尸，如以利沙的骸骨使死人复活。耶和华能使骸骨复活。《启示录》指出经历过磨练的圣徒在神宝座前，昼夜在殿中事奉耶和华。西元四世纪耶路撒冷主教、神学家圣济利禄在讲授《以西结书》指出，圣灵居住在圣徒的尸体中。
在四世紀末以後，基督徒禮拜的對象除了神和耶穌基督之外，還逐漸出現了對聖母、聖徒、聖徒遺骸遺物、聖圖像等的崇拜。圣徒的干尸、圣物、圣像，成了教堂和修道院争夺的宝贝。这些圣物都被镶满宝石的水晶容器供奉起来，供朝圣者瞻仰。特别是不朽的圣尸被认为是真正圣徒的见证，是神迹的象征。东正教供奉的圣尸中有大量是不朽的。第二次尼西亚公会议决议规定：「任何主教，如在祝圣殿堂时不用圣物，当即撤职，因他违背了教会传统。」中世纪，圣物崇拜成为强制性的，所有的教堂都要求供奉一件圣物或圣尸。馬丁·路德提出圣物崇拜是基督教禁止的偶像崇拜。宗教改革时期，新教各派都把废除圣像和圣物崇拜作为改革的内容之一，被称为毁坏圣像运动。16世纪馬丁·路德開始新教改革以後，羅馬教廷在奧地利的特倫托召開了特倫托會議，采取了反宗教改革的立场，并作出了「关于对圣徒的祈求与崇敬，并论及圣骨、圣物和圣像」的决议，确认圣尸是圣灵的殿，应得到信徒敬拜。早期的圣尸存放于人形石棺（英语：Effigy）内。梵蒂冈埃及博物馆主任詹弗兰科·诺利主教（英语：Monsignor Gianfranco Nolli）发现埃及木乃伊技术以后，从1975年起，梵蒂冈罗马教廷成立了圣徒遺體保存技術专业队伍防腐剂。
按俄罗斯风俗，照俄国东正教教规，圣徒死后都要做成干尸。圣徒的“干尸”不腐是基督教观念中信仰灵魂不死和圣徒崇拜的基础。尸体不腐。也是古罗斯封圣的主要标准之一。保存圣人的遗体使之不朽，是东正教的一个传统。圣徒圣谢尔盖·拉多涅日斯基和俄罗斯主教萨罗夫的塞拉芬是东正教供奉的著名圣尸。1919年苏维埃政权到处开展检验圣骸（圣徒的干尸）的运动。1919年2月司法人民委员部就此通过专门决定。检验工作由专门委员会在神职人员在场的情况下进行，如果发现圣骸没有完整保存，就会被当作无神论的宣传材料。到1920年秋一共进行了63次公开的检验。信徒和教士反抗招来的是逮捕、审判和流放。在1920年代布尔什维克领导的一项重要任务是破坏俄罗斯东正教会在群众中的影响。
列宁还在《致利亚多夫》的信中揶揄萨罗夫圣尸。但列宁死后，曾在格魯吉亞第比利斯东正教神学院学习的斯大林执意保存列宁遗体。受东正教“圣体血”仪式的影响，即是想用领袖的遗体去替代基督的“体血”，并试图将领袖当作永生的神来敬拜。1924年1月25日，即在列宁逝世的第四天，《莫斯科工人》周报刊登了3封来信，总标题为《列宁遗体应当保存！》。其中一封是这么写的：“将我们的伊里奇这般伟大而挚爱的领袖埋入土中，我们决不答应。我们建议将防腐后的遗体放入密封玻璃罩，好让领袖的遗体保存数百年，让他永远和我们在一起。”这3封信都包含了一个请求，即要将列宁遗体存放在水晶棺内。1953年3月5日斯大林去世之后，遗体也被装入水晶棺，安葬在列宁墓之中。1961年10月31日，苏共二十二大通过的决议指出：“鉴于斯大林严重违背了列宁的遗嘱，滥用权力，对忠诚正直的苏联公民进行广泛镇压，再将斯大林的遗体保留在列宁墓里是不合适的。斯大林在个人崇拜时期的大规模违反法制和其他许多行为使得他的棺木再保存在列宁陵墓中成为不可能。”于是，斯大林从水晶棺中被抬了出来。
据查阅有关资料的不完全统计，世界上曾使用过水晶棺的领导人与政要按时间顺序分别为：苏联最高领导人列宁、孙中山、保加利亚最高领导人格奥尔基·季米特洛夫、蒙古最高领导人霍尔洛·乔巴山、阿根廷前第一夫人伊娃·庇隆、苏联最高领导人斯大林、捷克斯洛伐克最高领导人克莱门特·哥特瓦尔德、越南最高领导人胡志明、毛泽东、安哥拉前总统阿戈什蒂纽·内图、圭亚那前总统福布斯·伯纳姆、菲律宾前总统费迪南德·马科斯、朝鲜最高领导人金日成、朝鲜最高领导人金正日、委内瑞拉前总统乌戈·查韦斯十五位。截至2016年菲律宾前总统马科斯遗体随水晶棺下葬英雄陵园后，上述十五位中，由于各种原因其中三位的遗体已火化，五位已土葬，两位现状不明，只有列宁、胡志明、毛泽东、金日成、金正日五位的遗体仍存放于纪念堂中保存。
下表多為社會主義政權領袖：
水晶球

水晶球（英語：crystal ball、orbuculum）是指由水晶或玻璃制作的球体，它有时也被称为shew stone（或是show stone－shew是show的古英式拼法）。有些人相信能借助水晶球以加強靈視能力，甚至能看到千里之外的景象。水有時也被用來提升靈視能力，為了占卜而盛在容器或灑在地面的水被稱為占卜池（scrying pool）。
存在于公元前2000年英国的凱爾特史前部落由叫作德鲁伊的宗教人员使用，他們是已知最早使用水晶球进行占卜的人。有趣的是，德鲁伊宗教类似英国早期的巨石阵宗教，因此他们可能也是第一批将水晶用於占卜的人。
后来，在中世纪（公元前500年–1500年）的欧洲中部，預言家、巫師、靈媒、罗马人、算命者和占卜者也使用其他类型的水晶来“看见”过去、现在或者未来。
由于其透明性，被称作自然宝石的铍铝硅酸盐（绿柱石）往往用于占卜。苏格兰高地的居民称这是「石头的力量」。早期的水晶球由绿柱石制成，后来它们被更透明的无色水晶所代替。
用水晶球來「觀看」的技巧称为水晶球占卜（英语：Scrying），即借助水晶或其他媒介（例如：水）显示图像以解释一些含有深奥意义的信息。这些「信息」被收集并分析，然后以此結果協助做出生活（例如：爱情、婚姻、财务、旅行、事务等等）中的重要决定。
使用水晶或任何透明介质来进行水晶球占卜的技术，都被称作crystallomancy或者水晶球占卜术。
约翰·迪伊博士（Dr. John Dee，1527年7月13日–1608年或1609年）是英国一名著名的数学家、天文学家和地理学家，也是伊丽莎白一世女王的科学顾问。他投入了大量的时间与精力致力于研究炼金术、占卜和神秘哲学（Hermetic philosophy），并使用水晶球来协助他的工作。
水晶球是舞台魔术师表演精神力魔术的惯用道具。這種慣用表演稱為「C. G.」（Crystal Gazing，水晶球占卜）表演，表演者透过各种各样的计谋来回答观众的问题。20世纪最著名的CG表演者是克劳德·亚历山大（Claude Alexander）， 被称为“亚历山大水晶预言者（Alexander the Crystal Seer）”。
醒酒器

醒酒器，亦作醒酒瓶或醒酒壺，是一種用於醒酒、靜置揮發性液體的專用容器，特別是用於盛葡萄酒的容器。其作用是讓酒與空氣接觸，讓酒的香氣充份發揮，並讓酒裡的沉澱物隔開。
通常是玻璃或水晶製作而成，容器上方較窄，下方較寬，將酒倒入其中，可以增加酒暴露於空氣的表面積，加快葡萄酒氧化過程，進而軟化葡萄酒中單寧的澀味，幫助葡萄酒中的亞硫酸鹽(SO2)揮發。
在中文中，醒酒器可以作此種容器的全體稱呼，也可以再細分為“醒酒瓶”和“醒酒壺”兩類；其中下半部肥凸、扁形的醒酒器也可以叫做醒酒壺；而較為細長高挑的花瓶狀醒酒器則可以被稱為醒酒瓶，在英語、法語和意大利語等歐洲語言中並沒有這麼仔細的區分。
英國古董玻璃器皿收藏家安迪·麥康奈爾在《Decanter：1650年-1950年曆史圖解》考證，英文單字“Decanter”（醒酒器）最早出現在1712年的《凱西詞典》，詞條解釋是：“由透明燧石玻璃製成的瓶子，用來盛裝葡萄酒，並用以將酒倒入杯中。”也就是說，醒酒器最初的用途只是一種盛酒器。在酒瓶尚未普及的時代，葡萄酒通常是裝在橡木桶之類的容器，醒酒器只是為了把葡萄酒從其它容器中分裝出來，便於上桌和斟酒。有關歷史物證表明，早期的醒酒器，在瓶身會刻有“CLARET”(波爾多紅酒)、“PORT”(波特酒)、“BRANDY”(白蘭地)字樣；或會將刻有酒類或產地名稱的金屬材質酒牌，掛在Decanter的瓶頸上。
爵迹 (电影)

《爵迹》（英語：L.O.R.D: Legend of Ravaging Dynasties;CRI ICAL），共2集，是郭敬明执导的一部大型动作捕捉玄幻动作3D动画电影，改编自郭敬明的同名小说，由范冰冰、吳亦凡、楊冪、郭采潔、陳學冬、陳偉霆、李治廷、王源、林允、汪铎、严屹宽、郭敬明联合主演。该片讲述了一群被称作“王爵”、“使徒”的人为捍卫荣誉，争夺权力而发生的故事。中国于2016年9月30日上映。 此片也于2022年12月在Netflix上架播放。
传说中的神话奥汀大陆分为水、风、火、地四个国家，每个国家都有精通魂术的人，其中最厉害的七个被稱為王爵。而繼承他們的被稱為使徒。
水国普通男孩麒零(陳學冬飾)在一場魂術師的戰鬥內离奇地收服了蒼雪之牙。其後被七度王爵—銀塵(吳亦凡飾)收为使徒，在[魂塚]當中，結識了五度使徒—鬼山蓮泉(范冰冰飾)以及六度使徒—天束幽花(林允飾)。三人無意中闖入了[尤圖爾遺跡]，幸得三度王爵—漆拉(汪鐸飾)拯救。
另一方面，四度王爵—特蕾婭(郭采潔飾)受白銀祭司託付，帶領四度使徒—霓虹(李治廷飾)去協助二度王爵—幽冥(陳偉霆飾)以及二度使徒—神音(楊冪飾)去追殺五度王爵—鬼山縫魂(严屹宽飾)和一名神秘蒼白少年(王源飾)。而縫魂則來到[永生島]尋找六度王爵-西流爾。得知消息的蓮泉等人立刻前往[永生島]，當所有的王爵使徒全部聚集在一起的同時，水国隐藏的秘密也渐渐浮出水面。
《爵迹》在首日上映后票房便立即呈现断崖式下跌，豆瓣评分也僅有3.8，與同期上映的大片《湄公河行动》、《从你的全世界路过》相比，票房、評價均居下風。
對於本片大部份的批評都集中在電影特效的品質，澎湃新聞報導：「從6月《爵跡》祭出第一支預告片開始， 『網頁遊戲級渣特效』的吐槽就彌漫網路，以至於如今宣傳越來越講究的物料發佈的《爵跡》，在那之後直到上映都沒有再發佈過其他版本的預告片。」北京日報評價：「擁有僵尸一樣的真人CG特效」、「號稱中國首部真人CG動畫電影，導演郭敬明更是表示自己光是特效就做了一年半，然而該片最終的特效呈現因為潦草粗糙，被觀眾評價為『僵尸』、『硅膠娃娃』、『真人蠟像』」
由於外界評價不佳，票房表現平平，導演郭敬明在2016年10月3日，《爵迹》上海發佈會現場激動表示：「是不是因为我叫郭敬明，所以做什么都是错的？是不是只有我死了，你们才不会骂《爵迹》？」
如此包装

《如此包装》是赵丽蓉、巩汉林等人在1995年中国中央电视台春节联欢晚会上表演的喜剧小品，荣获当年央视春晚观众最喜爱的节目小品类一等奖。小品讲述了著名评剧表演艺术家赵丽蓉在拍摄新潮评剧MTV时啼笑皆非的故事。
由二群执导，石林、沈永年创作，赵丽蓉饰演自己，巩汉林饰演娱乐包装公司总监，孟薇饰演秘书。
这是赵丽蓉、巩汉林第二次在央视春晚上合作，也是赵丽蓉、石林第三次在央视春晚上合作。
后来的央视主持人朱军（当时是兰州军区战斗歌舞团文艺兵）的妻子谭梅（当时是某文工团文艺兵）是小品中伴舞演员之一。
著名评剧表演艺术家赵丽蓉受邀来到一家娱乐公司接受包装，拍摄评剧经典剧目《花为媒》中的《报花名》唱段MTV。打扮时髦，留着马尾辫的男总监为赵丽蓉开出了优厚的报酬并给她取了“玛丽姬丝”（谐音“麻辣鸡丝”）的艺名，但要求她签订合同，如果违约就要支付违约金。总监教赵丽蓉说新潮的词语，挑选了合适的演出服，要求她用流行歌曲的方式演绎评剧，但赵丽蓉改不了说了一辈子的唐山口音和唱了一辈子的戏腔。失去耐心的总监索性直接拉上了灯光、烟雾、音响和伴舞，赵丽蓉在舞蹈演员的包围下用舞蹈+rap的方式“说”出来了《报花名》的唱段。看完表演的总监十分满意，赵丽蓉却怒斥他“把好玩意儿都给糟蹋了”并要起身离去。恼羞成怒的总监拿出合同威胁赵丽蓉要上法院，打开合同发现她签的居然是“麻辣鸡丝”。赵丽蓉拂袖而去，总监和秘书欲哭无泪。
小品表现了改革开放时期传统文化和外来文化激烈碰撞的现状，也讽刺批判了某些所谓“包装”不尊重艺术，只追求商业利益的作法。
香脂醋

香脂醋（義大利語：aceto balsamico）是源自意大利的一种调味品。又叫義大利黑醋或直接音譯叫巴薩米醋、巴薩米克醋等。传统香脂醋（Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale）由煮沸的白葡萄汁经长时间的收汁过程酿成，葡萄品种为翠比安诺（Trebbiano）。其历史可追溯至中世纪的摩德纳和雷焦艾米利亚，一份1046年的文件文件中提及了香脂醋的酿制过程。在文艺复兴时期，香脂醋深受皇室推崇，现如今它的价值已经得到众多厨师和美食爱好者的认同。
摩德纳传统香脂醋（Aceto Balsamico Tradizionale di Modena）和雷焦艾米利亚传统香脂醋（Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Reggio Emilia）是受到官方保护的两种命名，它们同时受意大利原产地命名保护制度（Denominazione di origine protetta）和欧盟原產地名稱保護（PDO）的双重保护。摩德纳香脂醋（Aceto Balsamico di Modena）是传统香脂醋的仿制产品，价格相对低廉，因而较容易买到且更为人所知，受欧盟地理标示保护（PGI）。
香脂醋通常与适量的油配合用作沙拉酱。balsamico一词意味“像香脂一样的”，用以描述香脂醋具备一定的疗效，并非含有香脂。
香脂醋可分为以下三种：
只有摩德纳和与其毗邻的雷焦艾米利亚两个地区出产真正的传统香脂醋（aceto balsamico tradizionale）。这种香脂醋的原料为葡萄浆，葡萄品种为翠比安诺和藍布魯斯可。葡萄压榨所得的葡萄浆经过加热收汁得到浓葡萄浆（mosto cotto），接着要经历至少12年的成熟。成熟过程中需要更换7个尺寸由大到小的木桶，制作木桶的材料有栗木、金合欢、樱花木、橡木、桑木、梣木和杜松木。传统香脂醋呈光亮的深棕色，复杂的香气平衡了葡萄汁中天然的甜度和酸度，与此同时还夹杂了一丝木桶的香气。
雷焦艾米利亚地区以不同颜色的标区分成熟时间不同的香脂醋。淡黄色（奶油色）的瓶帽表示成熟了12年，洋红色说明成熟时间为25年或更久。
摩德纳香脂醋（aceto balsamico di Modena）PGI/IGP属于商品级香脂醋，是传统香脂醋的模仿产品。这个类型是在《Reg.CEE n. 583/2009》中成为保护品种，因此随着PGI地理标志也获得了生产标准规定。
原料为10-80%葡萄酒醋（wine vinegar）和20%-90%浓葡萄浆（可以用热收汁，也可以用其他方法浓缩；必须是来自这些品种的葡萄：蓝布鲁斯可、Sangiovese（英语：Sangiovese）、翠比安诺、Albana（英语：Albana (grape)）、Ancellotta（英语：Ancellotta）、Fortana（英语：Fortana）、Montuni（英语：Montuni）），添加焦糖（最多2%）着色。必须加入十年以上的陈醋，但没有规定最小量。这种产品需要至少需要熟成两个月，必须要在木桶中熟成。如果标注“陈年”则至少要熟成三年。
一个中型醋厂一天可以生产成百上千升。
调味品级（condimento）香脂醋也可以被标为“condimento balsamico”， “salsa balsamica”或“salsa di mosto cotto”，意为调味香脂醋和香脂醋酱。这种香脂醋的酿制方式可以是以下几种：
对于调味香脂醋而言，没有官方的批判标准和标示系统，因此单凭包装难以判断产品的质量如何。
另外还可以有产品由PDI或DOP醋混合其他原材料做成，这类产品可以在标签上表明含有这两种材料。比较常见的是加增稠剂和甜味做成酱汁（人工地模拟摩德纳传统香脂醋的感官性质），或是加油做成沙拉酱。
在欧盟内部，德国和希腊各有较为悠久的香脂醋生产传统，因此曾反对商品级“摩德纳香脂醋”获得PGI保护，但在保护条款澄清不保护“香脂醋”一词本身后改为支持。希腊后来还尝试给“希腊香脂醋”加地理保护，但没有成功。2019年，欧洲法院重申，“摩德纳香脂醋”的PGI保护不影响成员国使用“香脂”和“醋”这两个词。成员国的生产商在品名不会对产地造成误解的前提下可以使用“香脂醋”名称。
传统的香脂醋以白葡萄作为原料，最典型的品种为翠比安诺。葡萄经采收后立即压榨，得到的葡萄汁通过煮沸来蒸发水分直至体积缩减至原来的30%。之后葡萄汁浓缩液开始缓慢的发酵，历经若干年的时间，香脂醋在木桶中逐渐强化香气、变甜、变浓稠。在整个过程中会有一部分挥发掉，这部分被称为“天使的一份”（angels' share），在威士忌和某些其他酒精饮料的酿制过程中也有这种说法。
香脂醋至少要经历12年的成熟期才能被取出。达到成熟期（12年、18年或25年）后，香脂醋从最小的木桶中取出，然后再被稍大一点的桶中的香脂醋填满，其他的桶也依次被稍大的桶中的香脂醋填满。这种成熟方式被称为索雷拉陈酿系统。
王府井小吃街

39°54′35″N 116°24′15″E﻿ / ﻿39.90982°N 116.40430°E﻿ / 39.90982; 116.40430
王府井小吃街（Wangfujing Snack Street）位于中国北京市东城区王府井大街西侧，荟萃了中国各地的小吃。王府井小吃街隶属于北京好友世界商场有限责任公司。
2000年11月28日，王府井小吃街开街。王府井小吃街位于王府井大街好友世界商场的南侧，设有一百多个店铺、摊位，是专门经营北京及中国各地的小吃、旅游纪念品、民间工艺品的市场。
王府井小吃街的入口处，建有一座十多米高的仿古牌楼，上题“王府井小吃街”。王府井小吃街内分为四个区域，均采用明清建筑风格。王府井小吃街占地面积2000多平方米，建筑面积1000多平方米。
王府井小吃街开业后，与东安门大街上的东华门夜市、新东安市场内的老北京一条街上的过桥居小吃街形成了竞争关系。
王府井小吃街内，有一口“王府古井”。井旁有说明牌，上写：
2019年，王府井小吃街闭店，进入升级改造阶段，北京市计划将其所在的王府井大街277号院改造成“金街会客厅”。
新丰小吃

新丰小吃，是杭州的小吃品牌，前身是创办于1958年的“新丰面馆”，后于1996年改称新丰小吃，现时由杭州新丰小吃股份有限公司（新三板：872420）运营。在杭州、绍兴、宁波等地有分店。截至2017年12月有直营店22家，加盟店31家。2001年，被杭州市人民政府评为首批餐饮名店。2017年12月挂牌新三板上市。
该品牌的菜品以杭式小吃为主，其「特味大包、虾肉馄饨、喉口馒头」被杭帮菜博物馆永久收藏。
2019年2月，庆春路分店食品安全抽检不合格。
Lüdagun

Lüdagun (simplified Chinese: 驴打滚; traditional Chinese: 驢打滾; pinyin: lǘdǎgǔn; lit. 'rolling donkey') is a traditional Manchu snack in China. It originated in Manchuria and later became famous in Beijing. The yellow soybean flour sprinkled over the pastry makes it look like a donkey rolling on the loess, which gave rise to its Chinese name, "Lüdagun" (rolling donkey). In the Beijing dialect, erhua causes the name to be pronounced as 驴打滚儿; lǘdǎgǔnr.
The origin of the lüdagun is recounted in a folk tale. The story goes that during the Qing Dynasty, Empress Dowager Cixi was tired of imperial food, so she asked the royal chef to cook something new. After some deliberation, the chef decided to make a dish using sticky rice and red bean paste. When the chef finished cooking, a young eunuch, named Lü (pronounced as "lyu", the same pronunciation as donkey in Chinese), carelessly dropped the dish into soya bean flour, but there was no time to re-make the dish. The chef had to serve it to Cixi. However, Cixi praised the taste and wondered what the name of the dish was. The chef had never thought about this question, but he named it as "Lüdagun" to credit eunuch Lu's carelessness.
The main ingredients are sticky rice flour, red bean paste, and soybean flour. The exact recipe for making a lüdagun may vary depended on regions and eras, but the general steps for making a modern lüdagun are described as follows. The sticky rice flour is first mixed with warm water to a dough, then after being steamed, the sticky rice paste is shaped into a long strip covered with red bean paste on top, and then it is rolled up into a cylinder-shaped pastry. Finally the pastry is sprinkled with soybean flour, and it is ready to be served.
Compared to a modern Lüdagun, the filling in a traditional Lüdagun is brown sugar syrup rather than red bean paste. The recipe of making a traditional Lüdagun and the scenario of selling a Lüdagun is documented by Zhang Jiangcai (simplified Chinese: 张江裁) in "Popular Food and Goods in Yanjing" (simplified Chinese:燕京民间食货史料) :
A similar recipe is also documented in a poem called "Lüdagun" in "The Custom of Peking" (simplified Chinese:北平民俗类征):
Et (Chinese pastry)

Et (Zhuang: et), which means glutinous rice cakes on banana leaves, is a traditional pastry made in the western parts of the Guangdong province of China. It symbolizes jubilance and is shared with relatives and friends during festivals such as the Spring Festival (also called Chinese New Year), Spirit Festival, and Winter Solstice, as well as in wedding ceremonies, birthday feasts, and housewarming parties.
The people of Gaozhou County were the first to make Et and refine its production. Gaozhou was once a wasteland overgrown with weeds. After war broke out, a group of refugees made their way to the county and planted tubers and other coarse cereals (e.g. maize, sorghum, and millet). To make good use of the crops, the settlers used mallets to pound the grain into flour. The flour was mixed with water to form a smooth paste and steamed to increase its overall size.
Later, the people of Gaozhou successfully cultivated rice. To celebrate the harvest, they followed the same method of pounding the rice into flour, adding vegetable filling, and kneading them into various shapes. This was the original method of making Et. At first, round-grained rice flour was used to make Et, but glutinous rice flour was later found to be more suitable for making Et because it increased viscosity and improved taste.
Et stuffing can vary according to taste. Usually, the stuffing is either sweet or salty. Sweet stuffing mainly contains sesame, peanuts, desiccated coconut, and lotus root. Salty stuffing mainly contains green beans, peanuts, bacon, and shrimp.
Dressing and sauces are also important for Et. Generally, people in the western parts of Guangdong use ginger, peanut oil, soy sauce, and other traditional seasonings.
During the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD), the Nanshan god of longevity passed by Gaozhou County and accommodated himself in a courier hostel. At midnight, he heard a woman bursting into tears. He was curious and asked for information from the crying woman. He learned that the woman was an impoverished widow and completely bound by her parents-in-law. Her in-laws were seriously ill and she decided to go to seek a longevity herb to save their lives. The god was deeply moved by the woman's filial behaviours and gave her two balls of rice. The woman brought them home and made them into peach-shaped Et. After eating the Et, her in-laws recovered. From then on, this kind of Et represented longevity and ecstasy and gained growing popularity.
Mahua (snack)

Mahua (Chinese: 麻花) or Fried Dough Twist is a Chinese dough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look. It is prepared in various ways with different flavors, which range from sweet to spicy, and usually has a dense and crisp texture. The origin of Mahua can be traced back to thousands of years ago. Many places have a tradition of eating Mahua, and Mahua is considered a signature food of the northern Chinese city of Tianjin.
According to legend, Mahua originated two thousand years ago. At that time, people celebrated a three-day festival in which they were not allowed to use fire. The lack of access to fire meant that people were unable to cook during the festival. In order to eat, people needed to prepare food that did not spoil easily, before the festival. Thus, the original form of Mahua, which is fried dough with honey, was invented. Because the original Mahua could be kept fresh for a long time, it was a good snack for the festival.
In another tale of the origin of Mahua, Mahua was created to curse the hateful scorpion. At that time, the wild scorpions were bothering people. For revenge, people twisted wheat dough into the shape of the scorpion's tail, then fried and ate it.
The most famous Mahua brand is "Guifaxiang 18th Street Fried Dough Twists" from Tianjin, because the shop originated from the 18th Street of the old town. In Tianjin, people normally eat Mahua which have sweet or salty flavor. The most common ingredients used in Tianjin Mahua are flour, sesame, walnut, peanuts and sweet-scented osmanthus.
The Guifaxiang Mahua store was founded on the western side of Tianjin's Haihe River in 1927 by Laoba Liu. The name of "Guifaxiang" implies the meaning of "sweet-scented osmanthus' seeds' aroma, be diligent and be lucky"(桂子飘香，发愤图强，吉祥如意). Because the store is on the 18th Street, the Mahua is called "Guifaxiang 18th Street Mahua". The owner Laoba was a talented baker and he had invented a way to put assorted fillings into the Mahua to improve its appearance and taste. All people loved the snack. gradually, "Guifaxiang 18th street Mahua" had become one of the most famous snacks of Tianjin and it became famous around the country.
The company "Guifaxiang" has built a Museum of Mahua for visitors to learn about the history of Mahua and tour the factory line.
Chen-Mahua is a kind of Mahua that is famous in Chongqing and has been popular in Chongqing since the Qing Dynasty. It is originated in Ciqikou. Chen-Mahua is normally made in ten flavors, which are original taste, black sesame, pepper salt, black rice, corn, rock sugar glutinous rice, spicy, seaweed, chocolate, and honey. The spicy flavor Mahua is a signature Mahua of Chongqing.
The snack is extremely popular in Panama, where it has been adopted as a national dish and is referred to as mafá. It was brought over by Chinese immigrants during the nineteenth century.
There is also a savory variant which is green and gets its flavor and color from powdered algae.
Cambodian Chinese cuisine

Cambodian Chinese or Sino-Khmer cuisine is a food tradition developed by the Cambodian Chinese living in Cambodia that's distinct from both Khmer and Chinese cuisines. The foodways of the Chinese Cambodians have not only been influenced by the Khmer but also by the Vietnamese and Chinese Vietnamese foodways.
The Chinese began migrating to Khmer Empire in the 13th century, bringing their cuisine with them, from which the Khmer cuisine adopted noodles, soy sauce, different vegetables, stir frying, steaming and the custom of eating soup for breakfast. Until the mid-20th century, the Chinese that mostly migrated to Cambodia were Teochews and to a lesser extent also Hainans, Hakkas, and Cantonese. Nowadays, the Teochew kway teow has become a popular dish in Cambodia, where it is eaten for breakfast, lunch and dinner or as a snack and often flavoured with lime, chili, fish sauce, and palm sugar. Other Cambodian Chinese dishes include lort cha, babor, bai cha, chai yor, and num kroch.
Qaqortoq

Qaqortoq uttale (dansk Julianehåb) er Sørgrønlands største by, tilhørende Kujalleq kommune, inntil 2008 daværende Qaqortoq kommune. Navnet Qaqortoq betyr «Det hvite» fordi Hvalsey kirke som den eneste norrøne bygningen på Grønland var hvittet med kalk.
Byen ble etablert som en handelsplass av den norske handelsmannen Anders Olsen i 1775.
Qaqortoq har 3 089 innbyggere (2016), og er dermed Grønlands femte største by.
I Qaqortoq ligger Grønlands eldste fontene fra 1928, plassert i byens gamle sentrum. I sentrum av byen ligger også Qaqortoq Museum i byens eldste bygning. Denne bygningen er fredet.
Byen har et stort bibliotek i et iøynefallende gult hus med grønt tak. Biblioteket heter «Det gule bibliotek». Her kan innbyggerne låne både bøker, blader og cd-er, samt bruke bibliotekets pc-er til internettbruk.
Rundt 50 forskjellige skulpturer er plassert rundt i byen. Dette kunstprosjektet kalles «Sten og menneske», og ble startet i 1993 av den lokale kunstneren Aka Høegh. Skulpturenes tema er å få fram menneskeansikter i stein, og nesten hvert år kommer ulike kunstnere fra Grønland, Island, Danmark, Norge, Sverige og Finland for å lage nye skulpturer.
Litt utenfor byen ligger ruinen av Hvalsey kirke, en av regionens viktigste ruiner. Denne ligger innerst i fjorden, ved Qaqortukulooq (Hvalsey), og fra Qaqortoq tar det ca. 20 minutter med båt, eller 8 timer til fots. Qaqortoq kommune arbeider også med å få denne kirkeruinen inn på UNESCOs liste over verdens kultur- og naturarvsteder som det eldste bevis på møtet mellom inuittene fra nordvest og nordboerne fra sørøst.
Byen har generelt et bevisst forhold til kulturhistorie, og ihensyntar gamle og verneverdige bygninger og gatemiljøer i sin byplanlegging.
Fontana di Trevi

Trevifontenen, på italiensk Fontana di Trevi, er den største og mest berømte fontenen i Roma. Fontenen fra barokken er vel 26 meter bred og 20 meter høy, og sto ferdig i 1762.
Trevifontenen ligger på Piazza di Trevi sentralt plassert i Roma, med fasaden til Palazzo Poli i bakgrunnen.
Fasaden består av en korintisk søyleorden som binder sammen historiene. Hovedtema for fontenen er vannets tilstedeværelse over alt. Den består av et stort basseng, hvor vannet konstant holdes i bevegelse og man kan se steiner og vann om hverandre. I midten står en robust bue rundt pallazoens fasade. I buens senter, hvor han får maksimalt med lys og skygge, finnes den greske guden Okeanos. I søylenes kolonner søler Overfloden fra sin urne og en slange drikker fra Sunnhetens kopp. Over dette vises den romerske opprinnelse av akvedukter i form av intaglio.
Blant figurene i fontenen er Okeanos den mest sentrale. Guden symboliserer havets store vannmasser. Vannet i luften symboliseres av kaskadenes vannsøyler og vannet i jordens indre kan ses sildre fram fra sprekker i klippene. Okeanos er omgitt av to sjøhester og to tritoner som prøver å holde styr på hestene.
Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini ble opprinnelig valgt av pave Urban VIII til å bygge en monumental fontene på stedet til en av Romas eldste fontener. Prosjektet ble skrinlagt etter pavens død, og det var Nicola Salvi som vel hundre år seinere bygget dette ensemble. Den barokke fasaden ble bygget en gang mellom 1641 og 1650 av Martino Longhi d.y.
Vannet i fontenen kommer fra den gamle akvedukten Aqua Vergine (Aqua Virgo). Den ble bygd i 19 f.Kr. Kilden til vannet i akvedukten ble visstnok funnet av en jomfru, derav navnet Aqua Virgo. Akvedukten sørget for at millionbyen Roma ble forsynt med et drikkevann i over 500 år. Da det gikk mot slutten på det romerske rike, ble akvedukten ødelagt av goterne. Romerne ble da tvunget til å drikke vannet fra Tiber, som på ingen måte kunne måle seg med det friske vannet fra Aqua Virgo.
I det femtende århundre startet man på reparasjonene av akvedukten og i dag gir den igjen vann til flere av Romas kjente fontener. Foruten Fontana di Trevi, får også La Barcaccia på Piazza de Spagna vann fra akvedukten. Monte Pincio, som ligger like ovenfor Piazza del Popolo, blir også forsynt med «jomfruens vann».
Ved et besøk bør man ifølge legenden kaste en mynt over skulderen i fontenen. Dette vil bringe lykke og sikre at man kommer tilbake til «den evige stad», og hver dag kaster turister mynter i fontenen til en verdi av ca. 3 000 euro. Pengene går til hjemløse og fattige i Roma.
Fontenen er velkjent fra badescenen med Anita Ekberg i Federico Fellinis film La dolce vita (Det søte liv) fra 1960.
Det er strengt forbudt å være i kontakt med vannet og medfører en bot på 450€ (ca 4600kr) å så mye som å dyppe hendene eller føttene i vannet en kort stund. Det er også strengt forbudt å spise eller drikke i nærheten av fontenen.
Etter å ha vært stengt i 17 måneder for restaurering til en kostnad av to mill.,Euro (19 mill. kroner), ble fontenen gjenåpnet i november 2015
Fontenen i Bakhtsjysaraj

Fontenen i Bakhtsjysaraj (russisk: Бахчисарайский фонтан, Bakhtsjysarajski fontan) er et romantisk tragisk dikt forfattet av Aleksandr Pusjkin i 1821-1823. Det er et russisk poema, en heller lang fortelling satt til vers.
Pusjkin begynte å skrive på diktet våren 1821, etter å ha besøkt Tårefontenen i khanens palass i Bakhtsjysaraj på Krim i 1820. Storparten ble skrevet i 1822. Våren 1823 var første utkast klart. I løpet av høsten ble det finpusset og klargjort for publikasjon. Førsteutgaven av Fontenen i Bakhtsjysaraj ble publisert 10. mars 1824 i Moskva.
I 1909-1910 produserte Jakov Protazanov en kort film basert på diktet. I 1934 skapte Boris Asafjev en ballett, og i 1911 komponerte Aleksander Iljinskij en opera, på grunnlag av diktet.
Christiania Torv (Oslo)

Christiania Torv ligger i Kvadraturen i Oslo, mellom Rådhusgata og Øvre Slottsgate. Rundt torget ligger bl.a. Rådmannsgården, Gamle rådhus og Anatomigården. Midt på torget står fontenen Christian IVs hanske, utført av Wenche Gulbransen.
Christiania torv ble hovedstadens torg etter Oslo torg i Gamlebyen. I likhet med Gamlebyens torg fikk det nye torget domkirken Hellig Trefoldigheds kirke (1639) og rådhus (1641). På Torget sto også gapestokken og byens vannpost. Men selv om biskopskirken ble oppført i den nye byen Christiania, forble Oslo bispegård bispens bopel, liggende i Gamlebyen.
Torget ble anlagt etter et mønster som ble vanlig i renessansens byplaner, første gang brukt i Livorno i 1570-årene. Det ble formet ved å lage kvadratiske utsparinger i hjørnene av alle fire kvartaler i et gatekryss. (Trondheim fikk et torg av samme type i 1681). Etter at torget ble nedlagt og Akershus festning utvidet på bekostning av de nærmeste kvartalene (bl. a. Kontraskjæret) som ble rammet av brannen i 1686, ble fortsettelsen av Øvre Slottsgate syd for torget lagt ut til byggegrunn. Samtidig ble byggelinjen på sydsiden skjøvet ca. 15 meter nordover, slik at torvet mistet sin opprinnelige kvadratisk form.
Den kvadratiske formen var ikke fullstendig, ettersom Hellig Trefoldigheds Kirke i nordvestre kvadrant opptok en stor del av arealet som ideelt burde ha vært torgområde, mens resten inngikk i kirkegården. Etter brannen i 1686 ble kirken revet og materialene brukt til byggingen av den nye Domkirken. Tomten ble i lang tid etterpå brukt til kirkegård, senere til militær ridebane, og i 1773 ble en stall for artillerihester oppført der. Etter at «Prinsestallen» ble revet omkring 1860, ble Johannes kirke oppført på tomten i 1878, tegnet av stadskonduktør Georg Andreas Bull. Den ble revet i 1927 og erstattet av en bensinstasjon tegnet av arkitekt Frithjof Stoud Platou. I sin tur ble bensinstasjonen i revet for å gi tomt til forretningsbygget Akersgata 2 fra 1996.
I motsetning til Oslo torg hadde ikke Christiania torv lang levetid som sentralplass. Domkirken ble revet etter en brann i 1686, og en ny domkirke ble oppført utenfor byens voller ved det senere Stortorvet. Et halv hundreår senere flyttet også byens magistrat fra Gamle rådhus til et nytt rådhus i Rådhusgata 7. I 1736 ble torghandelen flyttet fra det gamle og torvet i Kvadraturen til det nyanlagte Stortorget foran Domkirken. Samtidig ble det årlige Christiania marked flyttet.
Navnet Christiania Torv ble vedtatt i 1958 med referanse til at området var Christianias første og sentrale torgplass.
Christiania Torv fikk Oslo kommunes pris for god byarkitektur for 2003.
Kristiansand Boardwalk

Kristiansand Boardwalk (Norwegian: Strandpromenaden) is a street in the town centre Kvadraturen in Kristiansand, Norway. The street is in most of its course closed to the passage of motor vehicles, but operates in the tourist season in connection with sightseeing. From where the street Strandpromenaden ends in the eastern corner of the town centre, there is a continuing boardwalk upwards the river Otra. The boardwalk got the Nordic Green Space Award in 2013.
The waterfront runs past the following parks in a row:
58°08′35″N 7°59′57″E﻿ / ﻿58.14306°N 7.99917°E﻿ / 58.14306; 7.99917
Maria Vigeland

Maria Vigeland (13 March 1903 – 8 August 1983) was a Norwegian painter and sculptor.
She was born in Copenhagen. She was the daughter of Emanuel Vigeland and niece of Gustav Vigeland. She attended the Norwegian National Academy of Craft and Art Industry where he studied under Eivind Nielsen 1920-25 and under Olaf Willums 1928–29. She was trained at the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts under Wilhelm Rasmussen in 1930. She later attended École des Beaux-Arts in Paris where she trained under Lucien Simon.
Her religious interests led her to decorating churches and making monuments. In her early years, she studied art in France and Italy. The studies would have particular significance for her stained glass. Vigeland decorated several burial chapels in Oslo, a crematorium in Drammen, an altarpiece and several pictures for Bredtveit Prison. She designed stained glass at various sites including Lovisenberg Church in the district of St. Hanshaugen in Oslo.
Her bronze statues Piken med fuglen (1953) is in Gunnarsbøparken and Piken med sjøpinnsvinet (1954) is on Camilla Colletts vei both in Tønsberg. She also designed the bronze monument Hvilende kvinne (1971) at Østre Aker Cemetery at Ulven in Oslo.
Fountain of Youth (2025 film)

Fountain of Youth is an upcoming American heist adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie and written by James Vanderbilt. It stars John Krasinski, Natalie Portman, Eiza González, Domhnall Gleeson, Carmen Ejogo, and Stanley Tucci.
Fountain of Youth is scheduled to be released on May 23, 2025 by Apple TV+.
A pair of estranged siblings team up and embark on a journey to find the famed Fountain of Youth.
It was announced in March 2023 that Dexter Fletcher was set to direct the film, with a screenplay by James Vanderbilt.
In January 2024, Fletcher had since departed the project, with Guy Ritchie now set to direct, with John Krasinski and Natalie Portman cast to star. Principal photography was expected to begin in early 2024. Domhnall Gleeson and Eiza González also joined the cast that month, with Laz Alonso joining in February. Arian Moayed and Carmen Ejogo would be added in March.
Filming began in Bangkok in February 2024, followed by Vienna in March, and Liverpool in May, and wrapped in October.
Fountain of Youth is scheduled to be released on Apple TV+ on May 23, 2025.
Conmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir

Dream agus tuath ársa i gcúige Chonnacht ba ea Chonmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir nó Cineál Dhubháin (Sean-Ghaeilge Conmaícne Dúna Móir, Cenéoil Dubáin).
Gaolta b'fhéidir leis na Laigin ba ea na Conmhaicne, a scaip ar fud na tíre, ag lonnú i gcúige Chonnacht agus an Longfort.
De réir T. H. Knox, bhí ann sa tuath ná barúntacht Dhúin Mhóir, cuid de Béal Átha Mó, agus ar a laghad paróiste Béal Chláir. Molann O'Donovan ámh nach raibh inti ach Dún Mór féin.
Faightear that ar bhaile Dhúin Mhóir (dóite sna blianta 1249, 1284 agus 1315, agus balla tógtha thart air sa bhliain 1280) talamh ardú ó thuaidh, agus criathrach thoir agus thiar. Bhíodh suíomhanna le mótaí le fáil ó dheas agus thiar ag Dairbhre Thuaidh, An Cheathrú Mheánach agus Dún Baile. Bhíodh cónaí ar dhaoine go formhór i n-oir-dheisceart Chineál Dhubháin.
Ón mbliain 800 ar aghaidh, d'éirigh clann Uí Bhriúin Aoi i gceannas mar phríomhchlann na gConnacht, agus lonnaigh siad clanna (Síol Mhuireadhaigh) i dtuatha éagsúla, Conmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir san áireamh.
Ath-ainmníodh níos deireanaí Caisleán Chonmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir go Dún Mór Fheorais.
Sa bhunleagan de Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, dúirt Tíreachán go ndeachaigh Naomh Pádraig trí Chonmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir ar a shlí chuig Conmhaicne Coille. Ní aithníodh cealla Phádraig i gConmhaicne Dhúin Mhóir.
Bunaíodh mainistir Agaistíneach ag Dún Mór, ag na Normannach sa bhliain 1425.
Caisleán Dhoire Shuibhne

Túrtheach agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta atá suite i gContae na Gaillimhe, Éire is ea Caisleán Dhoire Shuibhne.
Tá Caisleán Dhoire Shuibhne suite 4.4 km (2.7 mhíle) soir ó thuaidh ó Port Omna, ar bhruach thiar na Sionainne.
Bhí na tailte thart ar Dhoire Dhuibhne i seilbh mhuintir Uí Mhadáin ó c. AD 950 go dtí lár an seachtú haois déag. Ar an 5 Feabhra 1639 d’éag ceann an teaghlaigh, John O’Madden, ag fágáil a chuid tailte dá mhac, Daniel O’Madden. Ansin chuaigh Daniel ar tí túrtheach a thógáil dó féin.
Thóg Daniel O'Madden an caisleán sa bhliain 1643.
Tá a dháta ar eolas ó inscríbhinn ar cheann dá choirbéal bartasán: D:O'M ME:FIERI:FECIT 1643.
Túrtheach le ceithre stór is ea Caisleán Dhoire Shuibhne. Tá boghtaí ar na ceithre stór ar fad.
Tá fuinneoga a bhfuil dhá agus trí mhuillean iontu sna seomraí uachtaracha, chomh maith le tinteáin, ceann amháin le lindéar seaimféaráilte, cuartha anuas ag gach ceann agus clúdaithe le coirnis sheaimféaráilte.
Tá iarsmaí de bhábhún, cosán balla agus Forbhalla ann freisin.
Comhairle Contae na Gaillimhe

Is comhairle i gContae na Gaillimhe í Comhairle Chontae na Gaillimhe (CCG) (Béarla: Galway County Council).
Tháinig Plean Forbartha Chontae na Gaillimhe 2022-2028 amach sa bhliain 20222.
Tá dualgas reachtúil ar ChCG oidhreacht teanga agus chultúrtha na Gaeltachta a chosaint, lena n-áirítear an Ghaeilge a chur chun cinn mar theanga phobail. Ach tá polasaithe pleanála na Comhairle Contae ag brú daoine óga amach as an nGaeltacht in áit a bheith ag cur na Gaeilge chun cinn mar theanga phobail,” a deir an grúpa feachtais tithíochta Bánú.
De réir CCG agus a Phlean Forbartha 2022-2028, " uspóir beartais na Comhairle é áiteanna cónaithe folmha a fháil lena chinntiú go leantar le hiad a úsáid ar chuspóirí cónaithe amach anseo agus tithíocht a fhorbairt ar láithreáin inlíonta agus athfhorbraíochta laistigh de láir bhaile agus shráidbhaile chun tithíocht shóisialta agus inacmhainne a sholáthar."
Ach deirtear gurb í CCG “an t-údarás tithíochta is measa sa tír ó thaobh tithe sóisialta a chur ar fáil”. Maíonn an grúpa feachtais tithíochta Bánú go bhfuil an Ghaeltacht i mbaol mar gheall ar a laghad teaghlaigh óga atá sa cheantar agus go bhfuil polasaithe na comhairle ag cur leis an mbaol sin.
Tharraing an córas pleanála sna 2020idí conspóid. Tá an Ghaeltacht i mbaol mar gheall ar a laghad teaghlaigh óga atá sa cheantar agus tá polasaithe na Comhairle ag cur leis an mbaol sin. Maíonn an grúpa feachtais tithíochta Bánú nach bhfuil aon straitéis forbartha tithíochta ag CCG don Ghaeltacht
Diúltaíodh d’iarratais phleanála a bhain le Páirc na Mara in 2021– ionad ina mbeadh réimsí táirgeachta, taighde agus forbartha ar gníomhaíochtaí cladaigh agus mara i gCill Chiaráin. Ansin diúltaíodh d’iarracht le drioglann a bhunú i gCarna. Ina theannta sin, diúltaíodh d’fhorbairt Glampála i sráidbhaile Charna.
Cathair Salt Lake, Utah

Is í Cathair Salt Lake nó Salt Lake City príomhchathair Utah agus an chathair is mó sa stát. Measadh 190,884 duine a bheith ina gcónaí sa chathair féin sa bhliain 2014. Measadh cónaí ar 2,094,035 duine i mórcheantar Salt Lake City-Ogden-Clearfield ar 1 Iúil 2008.
Michael Faraday

Eolaí Sasanach ab ea Michael Faraday FRS (22 Meán Fómhair 1791 – 25 Lúnasa 1867) a chuir le staidéar an leictreamaighnéadais agus an leictriceimice. I measc a chuid príomhfhionnachtana tá na prionsabail is bun le hionduchtú leictreamaighnéadach, diamaighnéadas agus leictrealú. Cé nach bhfuair Faraday mórán oideachais fhoirmiúil, bhí sé ar dhuine de na heolaithe is mó tionchair sa stair. Ba trína thaighde ar an réimse maighnéadach timpeall ar sheoltóir a iompraíonn sruth díreach a bhunaigh Faraday coincheap an réimse mhaighnéadaigh sa bhfisic. Fuair Faraday amach freisin go bhféadfadh an maighnéadas tionchar a bheith aige ar ghathanna solais agus go raibh bunghaol idir an dá fheiniméan. Chruthaigh a chuid aireagán d'fheistí rothlacha leictreamaighnéadacha mar bhunús le teicneolaíocht mhótair leictrigh, agus ba mar gheall ar a chuid iarrachtaí den chuid is mó a d'éirigh le leictreachas a bheith praiticiúil le húsáid sa teicneolaíocht.
Mar cheimiceoir, d'aimsigh Faraday an bheinséin, rinne sé imscrúdú ar hiodráit chlatráite de chlóirín, cheap sé foirm luath den dóire Bunsen agus de chóras na n-uimhreacha ocsaídiúcháin, agus tharraing sé aird an phobail ar na téarmaí amhail "anóid "," catóid "," leictreoid "agus" ian ". I ndeireadh na dála ba é Faraday an chéad Fullerian Professor of Chemistry san Institiúid Ríoga, post ar feadh an tsaoil. Turgnamhóir a bhí in Faraday a chuir a chuid smaointe in iúl i dteanga shoiléir shimplí; níor leathnaigh a chumais matamaiticiúil, áfach, chomh fada leis an triantánacht agus bhí siad teoranta don ailgéabar is simplí. Thóg James Clerk Maxwell obair Fharaday agus daoine eile agus rinne sé achoimre air i sraith cothromóidí a nglactar leis mar bhunús le gach teoiric nua - aimseartha ar fheiniméin leictreamaighnéadacha. Maidir le Faraday agus 'línte fórsa mhaighnéadaigh' a úsáid, scríobh Maxwell go léiríonn siad go raibh Faraday ".. in reality a mathematician of a very high order – one from whom the mathematicians of the future may derive valuable and fertile methods. Ainmnítear an 'Farad', aonad SI an toillis leictrigh ina onóir.
Choinnigh Albert Einstein pictiúr de Faraday ar a bhalla staidéir, in éineacht le pictiúir de Arthur Schopenhauer agus James Clerk Maxwell. Dúirt an fisiceoir Ernest Rutherford, "When we consider the magnitude and extent of his discoveries and their influence on the progress of science and of industry, there is no honour too great to pay to the memory of Faraday, one of the greatest scientific discoverers of all time".
Mainistir Thinteirn

Is mainistir na gCistéirseach suite ar Rinn_Duáin i gContae Loch Garman í Mainistir Thinteirn. Tugadh Tintern de Voto mar ainm air, a chiallaíonn ‘Tintern na móide’. Tógadh é timpeall na bliana 1200.
Caisleán Ard Mhaolabháin

Túrtheach agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta atá suite i gContae na Gaillimhe, Éire is ea Caisleán Ard Mhaolabháin.
Tá Caisleán Ard Mhaolabhain suite 8 km (5 mhíle) ó dheas ón nGort agus 2 km (1.2 mhíle) siar ó dheas ó Loch Cútra.
Thóg clann Uí Sheachnasaigh, rialtóirí an réigiúin ar a dtugtar Cenél Áeda na hEchtge Caisleán Ard Mhaolabháin sa 16ú haois. Bhí an caisleán faoi a seilbh go dtí gur cuireadh de láimh é ag ionradh Chromail (1650idí). Luaitear ar dtús é tar éis bás Ruaidhrí Gilla Dubh Ó Seachnasaigh sa bhliain 1567. Sa bhliain 1579, throid Diarmaid Riabach Ó Seachnasaigh agus a nia Seán, a chéile in aighneas ar an gcaisleán, rud a d'fhág bás don bheirt. Bhí cáil bainte amach ag Diarmaid Riabach roimhe sin tar éis dó Risteard Ó Creagh, Ardeaspag Caitliceach Ard Mhacha, a bhrath do na húdaráis.
Athchóiríodh an caisleán sna 1990idí, lena n-áirítear athdhíonadh agus plástráil le moirtéal aoil. Thángthas ar phictiúir bhalla na meánaoise déanacha ar an gcéad agus ar an gceathrú leibhéal; cuireadh iad i gcomparáid leo siúd ag Mainistir Chnoc Muaidhe agus Mainistir Oileán Chliara. Léirítear easpag, fiach damh, Naomh Críostóir, timthriall Páise, agus Naomh Mícheál ag meá anamacha ar Lá na Breithiúnas.
Tá sé stór ag an túr. Tá cuid den bhalla cosanta bunaidh fós ann.
Tá rianta bartasán ar na coirnéil thoir thuaidh agus thiar theas agus feadh an bhalla theas. I measc na ngnéithe eile tá poll lámhaigh, poll an uafáis, go leor fuinneoga scoilte agus teallaigh. D'fhéadfadh go mbeadh rianta de bhallaí timpeall an chaisleáin mar chuid den bhunaidh bhábhún.
Gaillimh Thoir (Dáilcheantar)

Is Dáilcheantar 4 suíochán é Gaillimh Thoir. Sa bhliain 2024, bhí cuid de Ghaillimh Thoir, ón Dún Mór go dtí An Creagán faighte ar ais ó Ros Comáin-Gaillimh agus suíochán breise le líonadh dá bharr (4 suíochán in iomlán).
San am atá thart bhí Fine Gael beagáinín níos láidre ná Fianna Fáil sa dáilcheantar seo.
Olltoghchán 2016
Atoghadh Ciarán Cannon (FG), agus toghadh Seán Canney (Neamhspleách) agus Anne Rabbitte (Fianna Fáil, lonnaithe i gceantar Phort Omna).
Theip ar Lorraine Higgins (LO). agus chaill Paul (Óg) Connaughton (FG) agus Colm Keaveney (FF) a suíochán.
Olltoghchán 2020
Atoghadh Ciarán Cannon (FG), Seán Canney (Neamhspleách) agus Anne Rabbitte (Fianna Fáil). Chaill an comhairleoir Louis O’Hara (SF) amach ar shuíochán le 338 vóta in 2020. Fuair sé 7,108 vóta céadrogha. Bhí sé sa dara háit ag tús an rása ach ní bhfuair sé mórán vótaí aistrithe agus chríochnaigh sé sa cheathrú háit.
Olltoghchán 2024
13 iarrthóir a bhí san iomaíocht don cheithre shuíochán a bhí le líonadh, ina measc beirt de na teachtaí a toghadh in 2020, Seán Canney (Nspl) as Tuaim agus an t-aire stáit Anne Rabitte (FF). Sheas Ciarán Cannon (FG) síos.
Sa deireadh thiar thall, toghadh in 2024 Albert Dolan (FF), Pete Roche (FG) agus Louis O'Hara (SF) agus atoghadh Seán Canney (Nspl).
Ollscoil na Gaillimhe

Cuireadh Ollscoil na Gaillimhe ar bun sa bhliain 1845. Bhí os cionn 18,000 mic léinn ag freastal uirthi in 2022.
Bhí Ollscoil na Gaillimhe rangaithe san 2% de ollscoileanna is fearr ar fud an domhain in 2022. Bhí Ollscoil na Gaillimhe ar cheann de na hollscoileanna is fearr in Éirinn maidir le hinfhostaitheacht céimithe in 2021. Bhí 96% de na mic léinn fochéime agus 94% de na mic léinn iarchéime ón Ollscoil seo fostaithe nó i mbun staidéar breise laistigh de 6 mhí tar éis a gcáilíocht a bheith bronnta orthu.
D'oscail an ollscoil i 1849 faoin ainm 'Coláiste na Banríona, Gaillimh' mar cheann de thrí Choláiste na Banríona, maraon le Corcaigh agus Béal Feirste. De réir achta sa bhliain 1908, athainmníodh mar Coláiste na hOllscoile, Gaillimh í, agus í le bheith mar chuid de hOllscoil na hÉireann in éineacht le Coláiste na hOllscoile Baile Átha Cliath agus Coláiste na hOllscoile Corcaigh. I 1991, athróidh a hainm go Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh, agus d'athraigh a hainm arís i 2022, nuair a thugadh Ollscoil na Gaillimhe uirthi.
Bhí an Dr Jim Browne ina uachtarán idir 2007-2017.
Ba é An tOllamh Ciarán Ó hÓgartaigh uachtarán na hollscoile idir 2018-2024. D'éirigh sé as a phost ar an 26 Meitheamh 2024, roimh dheireadh a théarma deich mbliana.
Tá an ollscoil suite gar do lár cathrach na Gaillimhe, agus mar go raibh a tailte ag leanúint ó thuaidh cois abhainn, bhí deis ag an ollscoil an-chuid tógála a dhéanamh in achar siúil cos don sean "quad".
Is ceann de na cumainn is mó agus is sine é an Cumann Staire Curtha i gcartlann 2022-01-12 ar an Wayback Machine. Eagraíonn an Cumann Staire ceann de na himeachtaí bliantúla is mó san ollscoil, an en:Arts Bál, a bhíonn ar siúl gach Feabhra. Freastalaíonn thart ar 1300 daoine ar an mbál. Eagraíonn an Cumann Staire an chomhdháil staire idirnáisiúnta bhliantúil Aistir freisin.
Tá suíomh na hOllscoile, ollscoilnagaillimhe.ie, le fáil i mBéarla amháin (seachas cúpla leathanach agus na teidil). Ach tugann lámhleabhair na hollscoile foirfiú na Gaeilge mar "cheann de phríomhchuspóirí" na hollscoile. "Tá os cionn 90,000 céimí de chuid Ollscoil na Gaillimhe ann ar fud an domhain" ach níl fonn orthu scríobh don Vicipéid is cosúil.
Sna hochtóidí, bhí aighneas ar siúl ag mic léinn áirithe, mar nach raibh cúrsaí áirithe tíreolaíochta le fáil ach trí mheán na Gaeilge, cé nach raibh ach fíorbheagán de chúrsaí eile le fáil as Gaeilge.
Bhain conspóid mhór le cinneadh Údarás Ollscoil na hÉireann, Gaillimh in 2016 deireadh a chur leis an riachtanas Gaeilge, a d’fhág go mbíodh líofacht sa Ghaeilge i gcónaí ag an uachtarán. Bhí an riachtanas Gaeilge ina bhac ar dhaoine cur isteach ar an bpost, go háirithe iarrthóirí idirnáisiúnta.
Gaillimh Thiar (Dáilcheantar)

Is Dáilcheantar 5 suíochán é Gaillimh Thiar.
Tá trí cheantar tíreolaíoch sa dáilcheantar:
Tá thart ar leath de na vótaí sa gcathair. Ar an gcaoi sin bheifeá ag súil de ghnáth sna olltoghcháin go mbeadh trí shuíochán as cúig cinn ag iarrthóirí cathrach agus an péire eile idir Conamara agus an tEachréidh.
2016
San Olltoghchán 2016, toghadh Éamon Ó Cuív (Fianna Fáil), Catherine Connolly (Neamhspleách), Noel Grealish (Neamhspleách), Hildegarde Naughton (Fine Gael) agus Seán Ó Cadhain (FG)
2020
San Olltoghchán 2020, toghadh Éamon Ó Cuív (Fianna Fáil), Catherine Connolly (Neamhspleách),Noel Grealish (Neamhspleách), Hildegarde Naughton (Fine Gael) agus Mairéad Farrell (SF)
2024
San Olltoghchán 2024, cuireadh an chuid d’oirdheisceart Mhaigh Eo a bhí i nDáilcheantar Ghaillimh Thiar ar ais le Maigh Eo.
Ní raibh Éamon Ó Cuív san iomaíocht. Bhí seachtar déag ainmnithe le seasamh, ina measc ceathrar de na Teachtaí Dála a toghadh in 2020: Mairéad Farrell (SF); Noel Grealish (Nspl); Hildegarde Naughton (FG) agus Catherine Connolly (Nspl).
Sa deireadh thiar thall, toghadh in 2024 John Connolly (FF) agus atoghadh Catherine Connolly (Neamhspleách), Noel Grealish (Neamhspleách), Hildegarde Naughton (Fine Gael) agus Mairéad Farrell (SF).
*Cuireadh ar fionraí ón bpáirtí é ar lá an toghcháin, 8ú Feabhra 2020.
Galway County Council

Galway County Council (Irish: Comhairle Chontae na Gaillimhe) is the local authority of County Galway, Ireland. As a county council, it is governed by the Local Government Act 2001. The council is responsible for housing and community, roads and transportation, urban planning and development, amenity and culture, environment, and local fire services. The council has 39 elected members. Elections are held every five years and are by single transferable vote. The head of the council has the title of Cathaoirleach (chairperson). The county administration is headed by a chief executive, Liam Conneally. The county seat is at Áras an Chontae (County Hall) in Galway city.
Galway County Council dates from 1899, created by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which introduced county councils to Ireland. It took over the local administration until then carried out by county grand juries and county at large presentment sessions, which included the maintenance of highways and bridges, the upkeep of lunatic asylums, and the appointment of coroners. The new council also took over some duties from the poor law boards of guardians in relation to diseases of cattle and from the justices of the peace to regulate explosives.
The County Council initially met in Tuam. It subsequently acquired the old Galway Infirmary and converted it into a new county headquarters. A modern facility, known as County Hall, was built on the same site and completed in 1999.
Galway County Council has three representatives on the Northern and Western Regional Assembly who are part of the West Strategic Planning Area Committee.
Members of Galway County Council are elected for a five-year term of office on the electoral system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote (PR-STV) from multi-member local electoral areas (LEAs).
County Galway is divided into the following LEAs and municipal districts, defined by electoral divisions.
The following were elected at the 2024 Galway County Council election.
This list reflects the order in which councillors were elected on 7 June 2024.