Hokkien influence on Singaporean Mandarin

Singaporean Hokkien is the largest non-Mandarin Chinese dialect spoken in Singapore. As such, it exerts the greatest influence on Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, resulting in a Hokkien-style Singaporean Mandarin widely spoken in the country.
Some Hokkien Singaporeans are unable to accurately pronounce the sounds of Standard Mandarin due to influences from their Hokkien mother tongue. These include consonants such as f, z, zh, s, r. They also pronounce some vowels and rhymes such as i, e, en, eng differently. In terms of tone, they often bring the checked tone (Chinese: 入聲) of Hokkien into Mandarin.
The use of Hokkien vocabulary in Singaporean Mandarin can be categorized as such:
Some Hokkien words with the same meaning are used to replace standard Mandarin words.
Some Hokkien mono-syllabic words are used instead of two-syllable words in Mandarin.
The suffix of certain Mandarin words might be omitted in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin due to the use of Hokkien mono-syllabic words. For instance, the suffix "子 zi" is commonly omitted in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin.
A morpheme in Mandarin is removed from a two-syllable word, leaving a one-syllable word, which is used in Hokkien.
Some multi-syllable words in Standard Mandarin might be used with a different word order (reversed or changed) in Hokkien, and the latter's word order is adopted into Singaporean Mandarin.
Certain words in Standard Mandarin have a different meaning in Hokkien, and this difference is adopted by Singaporean Mandarin.
Some examples of these are listed below.
Singaporean Hokkien has influenced Singaporean Mandarin Grammar in 5 main areas.
The word order refers to the order or sequence of how words are arranged in combination. Because of influence from Singaporean Hokkien, the word order in certain phrases are replaced by that of Singaporean Hokkien, or are simultaneously used with that of Singaporean Mandarin.
In Standard Mandarin, certain object in predicate structure are put after a complement. However, the "verb/object + complement" structure is used in Singaporean Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Overlapping word order in Singaporean Mandarin sometimes differ from that of Standard Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain mono-syllabic adjectives and verbs or two-syllable adjectives and verbs in Singaporean Hokkien have entered into Singaporean Mandarin. These are used together with their counterparts in Standard Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain components of a sentence that are used in Standard Mandarin are omitted in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, due to Hokkien influence on the latter.
Certain directional verbs are omitted or dropped in Singaporean Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
The word "得" used in the sentence structure between a verb and a complement has been omitted in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain numbers, which are expressed in Standard Mandarin, are omitted in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain word groupings and arrangements in colloquial Singaporean Mandarin sentences are greatly influenced by Hokkien.
In Mandarin, the words "有" and "無" generally do not act as complementary verbs. But due to influence from Hokkien, colloquial Singaporean Mandarin uses them as complementary verbs.
Examples are shown in the table below:
In a "verb+complement" sentence structure, standard Mandarin uses the word 得 to link the verb and complement. Singapore Mandarin, due to influence from Hokkien, uses the word 到 instead.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain Singapore Mandarin sentence structures use the word 去 as the resultative complement, where another character (such as 掉) might be used in Standard Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
A classifier (measure words) which is used with a certain noun in Hokkien might also be used similarly in Singapore Mandarin with the same noun, whereas another classifier might be used for that same word in Standard Mandarin.
Examples are shown in the table below:
Certain sentence structures used in Singapore Mandarin are influenced by Hokkien, and differ from their Standard Mandarin counterparts.
Some cases are listed in the following sub-sections.
The word "有" (yǒu) is usually added in front of a verb or verb predicate to indicate an existing action or completed status.
The use of word "會" (huì) [literally "can"] is used in colloquial Singaporean Hokkien, and such a use has entered Singapore Mandarin. The sense of 會 as "can" in Standard Mandarin is generally limited to knowledge or skilled ability, such as ability to speak a language, but in Singaporean Mandarin it is broader and closer to the meaning of "can" in English, which indicates possibility or ability generally.
The word "了" is often pronounced as "liǎo" instead of "le".
Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin often involves the addition of Hokkien sentence-final particles such as "嘛" (ma), "啦" (la) or "咧" (lēh).