davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Rice bran oil

Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called bran. It is known for its high smoke point of 232 °C (450 °F) and mild flavor, making it suitable for high-temperature cooking methods such as stir frying and deep frying. It is popular as a cooking oil in East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Southern China and Malaysia.
Rice bran oil has a composition similar to that of peanut oil, with 38% monounsaturated, 37% polyunsaturated, and 25% saturated fatty acids.
A component of rice bran oil is the γ-oryzanol, at around 2% of crude oil content. Thought to be a single compound when initially isolated, γ-oryzanol is now known to be a mixture of steryl and other triterpenyl esters of ferulic acids. Also present are tocopherols and tocotrienols (two types of vitamin E) and phytosterols.
Rice bran oil consumption has been found to significantly decrease total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and triglyceride (TG) levels.
Rice bran oil is an edible oil which is used in various forms of food preparation. It is also the basis of some vegetable ghee. Rice bran wax, obtained from rice bran oil, is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in cosmetics, confectionery, shoe creams, and polishing compounds.
Isolated γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil is available in China as an over-the-counter drug, and in other countries as a dietary supplement. There is no meaningful evidence supporting its efficacy for treating any medical condition.
Buddha Mountain (Thailand)

The Buddha Mountain or Khao Chi Chan (Thai: เขาชีจรรย์) is a limestone hill in Na Chom Thian that has become a Pattaya landmark due to its large 109 m (358 ft) by 70 m (230 ft) golden Buddha laser engraving. It was created in 1996 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the coronation of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, and for Thai people and Buddhists for spiritual practice. The Khao Chi Chan Buddha image is the largest carved Buddha image in the world.
The area surrounding the mountain is full of heavy clusters of grasses, shrubs, and trees including teak, acacia, Siamese rosewood, black rosewood, and various fruit trees such as Indian gooseberry, black plum, and ramontchi. The lush green surroundings seen in the 2020s go back to the development of the Siri Charoenwat Forest Plantation Project in 1990, named after Queen Sirikit, which was initiated by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 1992 on the occasion of Sirikit's 60th birthday.
The Buddha Mountain together with the nearby Buddhist monastery Wat Yansangwararam Woramahawihan, the royal Chinese temple Viharn Sien, the Nong Nooch Tropical Garden, Silverlake Vineyard and the National Park form a large tourist attraction near Na Chom Thian, Jomtien and Pattaya.
The Buddha Mountain is a popular place for leisure activities, mediation, celebrations, and dance performances. As of 2016, Thai, Chinese and Russian tourists made up the majority of visitors to the area. According to the Forest Training Department, around 1,000 monkeys were living around the mountain in 2015.
In 1995, Somdet Phra Yanasangworn moved to prevent further mineral extraction from destroying a mountain – the Buddha Mountain or Khao Chi Chan. Stone from the mountain had been used to build the runways for the Royal Thai Air Force - United States Air Force military base, U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield during the Vietnam War.
King Bhumibol ordered the drawing of an outline of the Buddha with advanced equipment, and the completion of the project under the supervision of Crown Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. After the face of the mountain was flattened, teams from the Phra Chomklao Technology Institute in Thonburi used laser technology in January 1996 to penetrate the limestone. They cut the outline of a Buddha image, that would become the largest line-edged Buddha image in the world and a permanent religious representation of Thailand. The Buddha image was later inlaid with gold leaf, blessing the mountain with permanent status as a sacred site. The guided laser technology used was the first of its kind, introduced to carve the image of Lord Buddha.
12°45′52″N 100°57′21″E﻿ / ﻿12.76444°N 100.95583°E﻿ / 12.76444; 100.95583
Мартагдашгүй намар

«Мартагдашгүй намар» — 1975 онд Монгол улсад монгол хэлээр бүтсэн уран сайхны кино.
"Амьдралынхаа алтан босгыг алхаж байгаа залуу үеийнхэнд зориулав" гэсэн бичгээр кино эхэлдэг.
Унаган багын найзууд Сарнай, Ганзориг нарын үерхэл нөхөрлөл арван жилээ төгсөх хүртэл үргэлжилнэ. Ганзориг Сарнайгийн хувьд хамгийн нандин анхны хайр байсан бол Ганзоригийн хувьд Сарнай хамаг бүхнээ хуваалцдаг хамгаас дотно найз нь юм. Сарнайгийн анхны хайр гэдгээ үл мэдэх Ганзориг Туулд дурлана, Сарнайд Баярсайхан дурлана гэвч хорьж болдоггүй сэтгэлийг яалтай билээ. Энэ бүхнээс үүссэн сэтгэлийн хөндүүр шархыг өгүүлнэ.
Киноны "Анхны хайр" дууны үгийг С.Дашдооров зохиож, дууг дуучин Б.Нандинцэцэг дуулжээ.
Мартагдашгүй намар
Намар нахиалсан мод

« Намар нахиалсан мод » — 1986 онд бүтсэн Монголын уран сайхны кино.
Ардын хувьсгалын дараах жилүүдэд хөдөө орон нутагт олон зуун сүм хийдийг тарааж, хүрээ хийдэд шавилан сууж байсан банди нарыг бичиг үсэгт сургахаар ардын сургуулиуд хэрхэн байгуулагдаж байсан тухай өгүүлжээ..
Ён-Ам-гүнь

Ён-Ам хошуу (сол. 영암군 - ёнг-ам-гүн) — Өмнөд Солонгос улсын Өмнөд Чолла аймгийн хошуу (군 күнь). 591.28 км² газар нутагт нь 2010 оны намар 60,287 хүн оршин сууж байсан. Өдгөө хошууны нутаг 2 ып, 9 мёнь болон хуваагддаг.
Alberto Ammann

José Alberto Ammann Rey (born 1978) is an Argentine and Spanish actor. He has played various roles in films, television and theater. His feature film debut in Cell 211 (2009) earned him a Goya Award for Best New Actor. Other film works include performances in Lope: The Outlaw (2010), Eva (2011), Invader (2012), Thesis on a Homicide (2013), Betibú (2014), The Year of Fury (2020), Presencias (2022), and Upon Entry (2022). He is also known for playing Colombian drug trafficker Pacho Herrera in crime television series Narcos and Narcos: Mexico.
Ammann was born in Córdoba, Argentina, son of journalist, politician, and writer Luis Alberto Ammann and Nélida Rey. In 1978, at the age of one month, he moved with his parents to Spain (Madrid and the Canary Islands), escaping from the last military dictatorship of Argentina, returning to the country in 1982. Years later, he returned to Spain to complete his studies.
He studied acting in the school of Juan Carlos Corazza, as well as the Theater Seminary Jolie Libois, located in Cordoba. Ruben Andalor, Willy Lanni and Ricky Ceballos were among his teachers.
Ammann had his big screen debut in thriller film Cell 211 (2009); he portrayed Juan Oliver, a prison guard who gets mistaken for an inmate during a riot. He prepared for the role by talking to officers and prisoners. His performance won him the Goya Award for Best New Actor at the 24th Goya Awards.
In 2010, Ammann starred in Lope in the title role, portraying poet-playwright Lope de Vega in his early years, when he was a young soldier who returns from war and then comes across two women.
Ammann starred in a Chanel commercial alongside Keira Knightley that aired in Hispanic countries starting on 4 April 2011.
In 2015, Ammann starred as Cali Cartel member Hélmer Herrera in the Netflix series, Narcos.
In 2016, Ammann starred as Javier Delgado, hydrologist and geochemist, in National Geographic's mini-series Mars.
2017 saw the release of television series Apaches on Netflix; an adaptation of Miguel Saez Carral's book of the same title. Ammann stars as protagonist Miguel, a young and promising journalist.
Дрова

Дрова́ — куски дерева, лесоматериалы, предназначенные для сжигания в печи, камине, топке или костре с целью получения тепла и света.
Объём тепла, выделяемый при сгорании дров, зависит от породы дерева и влажности древесины. Влажность снижает теплотворность дров, так как испаряемая вода уносит часть тепловой энергии. Потери от влажности незначительно зависят от начальной температуры дров (точнее, воды в них) и принимаются равными 0,63 кВт·ч на килограмм воды.
Абсолютно сухие дрова лиственных пород выдают около 5 кВт·ч тепла на килограмм дров, хвойных пород — около 5,2 кВт·ч (в связи с химическим отличием их древесины).
Тепло, получаемое от 1 кг сухих дров лиственных пород с 15 %-ным содержанием воды, вычисляется как разность между теплотворностью сухих дров и потерями на испарение воды: (85 % × 5,0 кВт·ч)−(15 % × 0,63 кВт·ч) = 4,16 кВт·ч.
В реальных условиях добиться идеальной сухости невозможно, поэтому ниже в таблице представлена теплотворность дров разных пород дерева при влажности 15 % и для сравнения других видов топлива:
Хотя массовая теплотворность хвойной древесины больше, чем лиственной, но из-за меньшей плотности древесины удельная объёмная теплотворность у хвойных дров оказывается меньше, чем у лиственных. Хвойные дрова занимают больше места и сгорают быстрее.
Кубометр сухих лиственных дров способен заменить 200 литров нефти, 200 м³ природного газа. Энергия, извлекаемая из дров, также имеет солнечное происхождение. Но при этом, в отличие от нефти, угля и газа, древесина относится к возобновляемым ресурсам. Дрова как разновидность биотоплива являются источником возобновляемой энергии.
Кража дров является преступлением по законам России, но сбор валежника легализован с 2019 года. Однако из-за неточных определений в законодательстве такой способ заготовки дров для своего дома все равно может грозить проблемами с законом. В 2019 году против жителя деревни Нижегородской области возбудили уголовное дело за то, что он вывез из местного леса стволы трухлявых деревьев.
С целью предотвратить незаконное использование древесины, дрова (как и доски и похожие деревянные изделия) в некоторых странах необходимо снабжать специальными бирками. В частности такой закон действует в Украине, где существует электронный учёт древесины и на каждом полене должна быть специальная пластиковая бирка со штрих-кодом, по которому можно определить его заготовителя и хозяина.
Согласно ГОСТ 3243-88 «Дрова. Технические условия», дрова длиной до 1 м называются поленьями; качество дров нормируется по породе древесины, номинальной длине и учётной градации: по площади ядровой гнили (в процентах от площади торца), по количеству дров в партии с гнилью от 30 до 65 % площади торца, и по высоте остатков сучьев.
Для заготовки дров деревья валят, стволы и толстые ветки пилят на чурки (отрезки длиной 40—60 см) и раскалывают колуном вдоль на поленья с площадью торца до 100 см². Чурку обычно располагают на колоде на уровне пояса человека.
Для переноса дров от поленницы до печи часто используют корзину-дровницу.
Дино Сани

Ди́но Са́ни (порт.-браз. Dino Sani; 23 мая 1932, Сан-Паулу) — известный бразильский футболист и тренер. Выступал за сборную Бразилии, с которой стал чемпионом мира 1958 года.
Дино Сани начал свою карьеру в «Палмейрасе», затем играл на правах аренды в клубе «XV ноября» (Жау), а потом за «Комерсиал» из Сан-Паулу, вместе с Орландо. В 1954 году перешёл в «Сан-Паулу», с которым стал чемпионом штата в 1957 году.
В 1958 году он стал чемпионом мира. Сыграл в двух матчах сборной на групповом этапе. В 1959 году Сани перешёл в аргентинскую «Боку Хуниорс» за 1 миллион долларов США, а затем в итальянский «Милан», с которым победил в чемпионате Италии и Кубке чемпионов в 1963 году. Закончил карьеру Сани в «Коринтиансе».
После окончания карьеры футболиста Сани перешёл на тренерскую работу, где открыл миру футбола целую плеяду звезд: Пауло Сезара Карпежиани в «Интернасьонале», Леандро во «Фламенго», Рубена Паса в «Пеньяроле». В 1970 году ему предлагали пост тренера сборной Бразилии на чемпионате мира, но Дино отказался.
Абача, Сани

Сани Абача (англ. Sani Abacha; 20 сентября 1943, Кано, Колониальная Нигерия — 8 июня 1998, вилла Асо, Абуджа) — нигерийский военный и государственный деятель, генерал-лейтенант (звание присвоено в 1987 году).
Получил военное образование в Великобритании и США. В 1983 и 1985 годах участвовал в подготовке военных переворотов. С 1990 года — министр обороны, с 1992 года — вице-президент Нигерии. С 1993 года после организованного им переворота стал председателем Временного правящего совета и Федерального исполнительного совета.
Период правления Абачи был отмечен коррупцией, гонениями на инакомыслящих (казнь Кена Саро-Вивы, смертный приговор Олусегуну Обасанджо, заочное судебное преследование Воле Шойинки) и серией внешнеполитических неудач. Из-за многочисленных нарушений прав человека США ввели против Нигерии экономические санкции, её членство в Содружестве наций было приостановлено.
Диктатор скончался в президентской вилле в Абудже 8 июня 1998 года и был похоронен в тот же день. Официальной причиной смерти был объявлен сердечный приступ, однако быстро распространилась версия об отравлении. Сообщалось, что Абача провёл ночь в компании двух индийских проституток, вызванных из Дубая. Одна из них поднесла ему стакан апельсинового сока с ядом.
В настоящее время правительство Нигерии пытается вернуть в страну поступления от экспорта нефти, вывезенные Абачей за рубеж, и составляющие по оценочным данным сумму в 4 млрд долл. Поиском похищенных средств в банках Швейцарии и Люксембурга занимается швейцарский юрист Энрике Монфини.
В июне 2010 года младший сын диктатора, Абба Абача (род. 1968), был условно осуждён швейцарским судом в Женеве на 24 месяца тюремного заключения за «отмывание денег» в период правления своего отца. Абба, вместе со своим старшим братом Мохаммедом, контролировал значительную часть денег своего отца после открытия секретных счетов в швейцарских банках. Часть этих денег (около 600 миллионов долларов) Швейцария возвратила Нигерии по просьбе этой страны.
Русское

Русское — название населённых пунктов.
Как правило, в национальных республиках Российской Федерации название населённого пункта имеет приставку «Русское», если он является или являлся местом компактного проживания русского населения. Рядом с таким населённым пунктом может находиться одноимённый населённый пункт с приставкой, обозначающей коренное население.
Зимняя (деревня)

Зимняя — деревня в Юрьянском районе Кировской области в составе Ивановского сельского поселения.
Находится на расстоянии примерно 8 километров на север-северо-восток по прямой от районного центра поселка Юрья.
Известна с 1764 года как починок Гнусинский с 21 жителем. В 1873 году здесь (мельница Зимняя) учтено дворов 6 и жителей 48, в 1905 10 и 83, в 1926 12 и 90, в 1950 19 и 64. В 1989 году оставалось 5 человек.
Постоянное население составляло 5 человек (русские 100%) в 2002 году, 5 в 2010.
Зимняя Горка

Зимняя Горка — деревня в Лаишевском районе Татарстана. Входит в состав Егорьевского сельского поселения.
Находится в западной части Татарстана на расстоянии приблизительно 21 км по прямой на север от районного центра города Лаишево.
Основана в 1930-х годах.
Постоянных жителей было: в 1938—164, в 1949—176, в 1958—180, в 1970 — 77, в 1979 — 33, в 1989 — 24, в 2002 — 20 (русские 95 %), 37 в 2010.
Объект (программирование)

Объе́кт в программировании — сущность в цифровом пространстве, обладающая состоянием и поведением, имеющая поля и методы. Как правило, при рассмотрении объектов выделяется то, что объекты принадлежат одному или нескольким классам, которые определяют поведение (являются моделью) объекта. Термины «экземпляр класса» и «объект» взаимозаменяемы. Аналогия: объект — то, что сделали по чертежу, класс — это чертёж.
Объект, наряду с понятием класс, является важным понятием объектно-ориентированного подхода. Объекты обладают свойствами наследования, инкапсуляции и полиморфизма.
Термин объект в программном обеспечении впервые был введен в языке Simula и применялся для моделирования реальности.
Экземпляр класса (англ. instance) — это описание конкретного объекта в памяти. Класс описывает поля и методы, которые будут доступны у объекта, построенного по описанию, заложенному в классе. Экземпляры используются для представления (моделирования) конкретных сущностей реального мира. Например, экземпляром класса стиральных машин может быть ваша стиральная машина, имеющая следующие свойства: компания-производитель «Вятка», наименование модели «Вятка-автомат», серийный номер изделия ВЯТ454647, ёмкость 20 л. В отличие от имени класса, имя экземпляра обычно начинается со строчной буквы.
Инстанцирование (англ. instantiation) — создание экземпляра класса. В отличие от слова «создание», применяется не к объекту, а к классу. То есть, говорят: (в виртуальной среде) создать экземпляр класса или, другими словами, инстанцировать класс. Порождающие шаблоны используют полиморфное инстанцирование.
Анонимный объект (англ. anonymous object) — это объект, который принадлежит некоторому классу, но не имеет имени.
Инициализация (англ. initialization) — присвоение начальных значений полям объекта.
Время жизни объекта — время с момента создания объекта (конструкция) до его уничтожения (деструкция).
За исключением прототипно-ориентированных языков вроде Lua и JavaScript, где понятие «класс» не используется вовсе, в большинстве объектно-ориентированных языков программирования (таких как Java, C++ или C#), объекты являются экземплярами некоторого заранее описанного класса.
Объекты в таких языках создаются с помощью конструктора класса и уничтожаются либо с помощью деструктора класса (например, в C++), либо автоматически с использованием сборщика мусора — например, в Java и C# (C# поддерживает деструкторы, но они вызываются сборщиком мусора), либо используя внутренний счётчик ссылок на объект и сообщения («dealloc» в Objective-C). Объект хранится в виде данных всех его полей и ссылок на таблицу виртуальных методов и RTTI своего класса. Класс определяет набор функций и служебной информации для построения объекта, в том числе необходимый объём памяти для хранения объекта.
В языке Python все значения являются объектами, даже классы. В этом языке можно построить класс, экземплярами которого будут классы. Такие классы называются метаклассами.
Пример создания нового объекта и работы с ним в языке программирования Java:
Подразумевается, что класс ArrayList уже описан в программном коде и его описание содержит определение для конструктора класса и метода add.
Sawhorse

In woodworking, a saw-horse or sawhorse (saw-buck, trestle, buck) is a trestle structure used to support a board or plank for sawing. A pair of sawhorses can support a plank, forming a scaffold. In certain circles, it is also known as a mule and a short sawhorse is known as a pony. The names come from the shape of the frame, which resembles a horse. A sawhorse may also be a rack for supporting logs for sawing, known in the US as a sawbuck.
The sawhorse may be designed to fold for storage. A sawhorse with a wide top is particularly useful to support a board for sawing or as a field workbench, and is more useful as a single, but also more difficult to store.
A sawhorse can also be used as the base for a portable work table by placing a sheet of plywood or even a door across two sawhorses. If the sawhorses are strong enough, the portable table can be used as a platform for tools like a table saw, although with caution if the top is not secured to the sawhorses.
In boatmaking, the curved nature of the cross-beam, designed to support the timbers used for hulls led to the colloquial name of sea-horse, this term, derived from old Norse, entered the Northumbrian dialect, it is thought, through Norwegian settlers as early as the 14th century.
Modern sawhorses are usually made of dimensional lumber, but the basic form of the sawhorse has remained unchanged for centuries. For example, one of the illustrations in De Re Metallica (1556) contains a drawing of a millwright using a pair of sawhorses to support the beams he is forming. The top of each of these sawhorses appears to be made from a halved log, with legs mortised or dovetailed into place.
A device for crowd control in the 20th century had the shape of a sawhorse made of wood. The legs are similar but rather heavy duty facsimiles of the hobby version of about the same height. The horizontal bar consists of a heavy-duty plank about 4.3 m (14 feet) long with printed on it in large letters: Police Line - Do Not Cross. Many cities have chosen to replace this wooden barrier with the French barrier, which is a metal crowd control device.
Newman projection

A Newman projection is a drawing that helps visualize the 3-dimensional structure of a molecule. This projection most commonly sights down a carbon-carbon bond, making it a very useful way to visualize the stereochemistry of alkanes. A Newman projection visualizes the conformation of a chemical bond from front to back, with the front atom represented by the intersection of three lines (a dot) and the back atom as a circle. The front atom is called proximal, while the back atom is called distal. This type of representation clearly illustrates the specific dihedral angle between the proximal and distal atoms.
This projection is named after American chemist Melvin Spencer Newman, who introduced it in 1952 as a partial replacement for Fischer projections, which are unable to represent conformations and thus conformers properly. This diagram style is an alternative to a sawhorse projection, which views a carbon–carbon bond from an oblique angle, or a wedge-and-dash style, such as a Natta projection. These other styles can indicate the bonding and stereochemistry, but not as much conformational detail.
A Newman projection can also be used to study cyclic molecules, such as the chair conformation of cyclohexane:
Because of the free rotation around single bonds, there are various conformations for a single molecule. Up to six unique conformations may be drawn for any given chemical bond. Each conformation is drawn by rotation of either the proximal or distal atom 60 degrees. Of these six conformations, three will be in a staggered conformation, while the other three will be in an eclipsed conformation. These six conformations can be represented in a relative energy diagram.
A staggered projection appears to have the surrounding species equidistant from each other. This kind of conformation tends to experience both anti and gauche interactions. Anti interactions refer to the molecules (usually of the same type) sitting exactly opposite of each other at 180° on the Newman projection. Gauche interactions refer to molecules (also usually of the same type) being 60° from each other on a Newman projection. Anti interactions experience less steric strain than gauche interactions, but both experience less steric strain than the eclipsed conformation.
An eclipsed projection appears to have the surrounding species almost on top of each other. In reality, these species are in line with each other, but are drawn slightly staggered to help format the projection onto paper. These types of conformations are generally higher in energy due to increased bond strain. However, this strain can be somewhat lower if a hydrogen is eclipsed over a larger species, as opposed to two large species eclipsed over each other.
Trestle desk

There are two kinds of trestle desk: as with trestle tables, some have trestles joined by one or more stretchers (and sometimes to the desktop), and some have free-standing trestles. They can be dismantled, with the desk top removed from the trestles, for storage or transport.
The antique trestle desk has linked trestles. It is usually very much like the writing table desk form, which offers a simple flat desktop surface with a few drawers underneath it. Unlike the writing table the trestle desk is supported by two legs instead of four, and the legs are designed to be dismantled easily in order to store or move the desk efficiently. More precisely, the two legs are two strong side supports which branch out in two feet each (for a total of four) at the bottom. These trestles are fastened together, and sometimes to the desktop, to make a rigid support.
Some antique trestle desks are fitted with small cubbyholes and nooks or small drawers at the extremity of the work surface, and thus resemble a bureau à gradin.
As with most antique desk forms, this trestle desk surface is usually 29 inches (73.7 cm) from the floor (suitable for handwriting).
The modern trestle desk is not so much a desk form as a desk improvisation. In shape and manufacture it sometimes resembles certain variations of the antique field desk which was used by officers not too far from the battlefield. Basically, the modern trestle desk improv is a plank of wood set on two trestles.
It is eminently portable, and eminently practical, when care is taken to provide stable trestles. The advent of the cubicle desk created a market for independent desk elements of all kinds, such as short, rolling filing cabinets. These proved suitable for use under a trestle desk and encouraged improvisation.
In the United States, a desk or a table set on X-shaped trestles is sometimes called a sawbuck table.
See also the list of desk forms and types.
Wood splitting

Wood splitting (riving, cleaving) is an ancient technique used in carpentry to make lumber for making wooden objects, some basket weaving, and to make firewood. Unlike wood sawing, the wood is split along the grain using tools such as a hammer and wedges, splitting maul, cleaving axe, side knife, or froe.
In woodworking carpenters use a wooden siding which gets its name, clapboard, from originally being split from logs—the sound of the plank against the log being a clap. This is used in clapboard architecture and for wainscoting. Coopers use oak clapboards to make barrel staves. Split-rail fences are made with split wood.
Some Native Americans traditionally make baskets from black ash by pounding the wood with a mallet and pulling long strips from the log.
Log splitting is the act of splitting firewood from logs that have been pre-cut into sections (rounds, bolts, billets). This can be done by hand, using an axe or maul, or by using a mechanical log splitter. When splitting a log by hand, it is best to aim for the cracks (called checks), if there are any visible. Some types of wood are harder to split than others, including extremely hard woods, as well as types like gum which an axe will often bounce off of, and cherry, which is typically so twisted it's near impossible to get a clean split, and elm. Any type of wood, being thick or tall, having large knots or twisted grain can make it difficult to split. In some cases, it is easiest to aim for the edges and split the log into multiple pieces. Batoning is splitting small pieces of wood for kindling or other purposes sometimes with a batoning chisel, a special chisel with one sharp side used for splitting.
The advantages of splitting wood along its grain, rather than sawing it is that the wood is much stronger. Due to this, it was historically used for building ships (e.g. drekars) and traditional skis. A defining feature of shakes, which are like shingles, is that they are split rather than sawn and because the cell structure of the wood remains intact may be more durable, and similarly trunnels when split are stronger than when sawn.
Sometimes wood splitting is undesirable. Methods to prevent splitting in woodworking are the butterfly joint, truss connector plates, or metal straps. Columns may be hollowed in the center to prevent splitting. Nail points may be blunted or pilot holes drilled to prevent splitting of lumber while nailing or screwing. End grain sealers are liquid products usually containing wax which helps prevent rapid drying of the ends of lumber resulting in splits. Metal end plates or S-shaped pieces of metal may be driven into the butt ends of a timber. Splitting is the primary reason building codes do not allow notching in the bottom of joists and beams.
Rural settlement (Russia)

A rural settlement is a self-governing political division in Russia. A rural settlement is composed of one or more contiguous rural communities: towns, villages, hamlets, farmsteads, exurbs, resorts, villas, stanitsas (Cossack settlements), kishlaks (settlements of Turkic peoples), auls (Caucasian fortified villages), or any other type. Political authority in rural settlements is exercised by the inhabitants, either directly or through elected (or otherwise constituted) bodies.
A rural settlement is a constituent part of a municipal district, a political entity created as part of municipal reforms in 2004. Prior to 2004, the district (raion), inherited from the Soviet Union, had been the primary division next lowest below oblast (province). (A municipal district may, in addition to or instead of rural settlements, include urban settlements, which are composed of various urban communities.)
The term "rural settlement" is also used in its generic sense to denote any rural inhabited place.
Rural settlement as a formal political division was provided for in the 2003 law "On The General Principles of Organization of Local Government in the Russian Federation", which was promulgated as part of municipal reform. Rural settlements often correspond to a village council of Soviet times, or a parish in the pre-Soviet and post-Soviet periods (for one example among thousands, the Tyamshanskaya Rural Settlement in the Pskovsky District of Pskov Oblast).
In some areas, the term "village council" is still used as a synonym for "rural settlement", and even still used in formal names of entities (for instance, Novinsky Village Council in the Bogorodsky District of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast).
The rural settlement serves as the administrative center for the locality, which is defined as taking into account local traditions and existing social infrastructure. The rural settlement is where, in accordance with the laws of the Russian Federation, the lowest level representative body is constituted.
As a general rule, a rural settlement will consist of either one rural community with a population of 1,000 or more, or several rural communities each with a population less than 1,000. In areas of greater population density, a rural settlement may consist of either one rural community with a population of 3,000 or more, or several rural communities each with a population less than 3,000.
The population of rural settlement usually varies from a few dozen people up to 15,000 or 20,000 inhabitants. There are rural settlements with a population of more than 30,000, and the most populous rural settlement, Ordzhonikidzevskaya in Ingushetia, had a population at the 2013 census of more than 60,000.
The boundaries of a rural settlement (when composed of two or more communities) are generally set to allow a person to walk to the administrative center and back during a working day. Exceptions are made for areas with low population density and for remote and inaccessible areas.
Classification of inhabited localities in Russia

The classification system of inhabited localities in Russia and some other post-Soviet states has certain peculiarities compared with those in other countries.
During the Soviet time, each of the republics of the Soviet Union, including the Russian SFSR, had its own legislative documents dealing with classification of inhabited localities. After the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, the task of developing and maintaining such classification in Russia was delegated to the federal subjects. While currently there are certain peculiarities to classifications used in many federal subjects, they are all still largely based on the system used in the RSFSR. In all federal subjects, the inhabited localities are classified into two major categories: urban and rural. Further divisions of these categories vary slightly from one federal subject to another, but they all follow common trends described below.
In 1957, the procedures for categorizing urban-type settlements were further refined.
Multiple types of rural localities exist, some common through the whole territory of Russia, some specific to certain federal subjects. The most common types include:
Trestle table

In woodworking, a trestle table is a table consisting of two or three trestle supports, often linked by a stretcher (longitudinal cross-member), over which a board or tabletop is placed. In the Middle Ages, the trestle table was often little more than loose boards over trestle legs for ease of assembly and storage. This simple, collapsible style remained the most common Western form of table until the 16th century, when the basic trestle design gave way to stronger frame-based structures such as gateleg and refectory tables. Ease of assembly and storage has made it the ideal occasional table, and it remains a popular form of dining table, as those seated are not so inconvenienced as they might be with the more usual arrangement of a fixed leg at each corner.
Trestle tables figure prominently in the traditional American style of household furnishings, usually accompanied by spindle-backed chairs. The trestles in this case are normally of much higher quality, often made of oak and braced with a stretcher beam using a keyed tenon through the centre of each trestle. These typically support a high-quality waxed oak tabletop. Trestle tables are also used in the event furniture industry, they are the main table used at weddings and other types of venues today.
The trestle (also tressle, tressel and threstle) is (rarely) used as a charge in heraldry. It is symbolically associated with hospitality (as historically the trestle was a tripod used both as a stool and to support tables at banquets).
Trestle support

In structural engineering, a trestle support (or simply trestle) is a structural element with rigid beams forming the equal sides of two parallel isosceles triangles, joined at their apices by a plank or beam. Sometimes additional rungs are stretched between the two beams. A pair of trestle legs can support one or several boards or planks, forming a trestle table or trestle desk. A network of trestle supports can serve as the framework for a trestle bridge, and a trestle of appropriate size to hold wood for sawing is known as a sawhorse.
A trestle table is a table with trestle legs. In shape and manufacture, it sometimes resembles variations of the antique field desk, which were used by officers close to the battlefield.
Trestle legs come in two kinds:
In the United States, a table or desk supported by X-shaped trestles is usually called a sawbuck table.
A trestle bridge is composed of a number of short spans supported by closely spaced trestle frames. Each supporting frame is a bent. A trestle differs from a viaduct in that viaducts have towers that support much longer spans and typically have a higher elevation.
Timber and iron trestles (i.e. bridges) were extensively used in the 19th century, particularly for railroads. In the 21st century, steel and sometimes concrete trestles are occasionally used to bridge particularly deep valleys, while timber trestles remain common in certain areas. Timber trestles remain common in some applications, most notably for bridge approaches crossing floodways, where earth fill would dangerously obstruct floodwater.
Many timber trestles were built in the 19th and early 20th centuries with the expectation that they would be temporary. Timber trestles were used to get the railroad to its destination. Once the railroad was running, it was used to transport the material to replace trestles with more permanent works, transporting and dumping fill around some trestles and transporting stone or steel to replace others with more permanent bridges.
Traffic barricade

A traffic barricade is a type of barricade used to control the flow of traffic or block access to an area, generally for safety purposes. Traditionally made of wood, or wood and steel, many now have structural members made wholly of plastic or composite materials, and may be fitted with flashing lights.
The obstruction that necessitates the use of a traffic barricade may be excavations, construction, roadblocks, debris, crime scenes, restricted areas, or other hazards.
Type I, II and III barricades are commonly used for road detours and closings where vehicles are present. A-frame barricades are more typically seen where pedestrian traffic control is needed or used on low speed roads.
In addition to the more traditional traffic barricades mentioned above, there are several other categories of barricades that get used regularly for traffic channelization, including Jersey barriers, traffic barrels, and vertical panels. Depending on space and need, all of these categories are listed as acceptable barricade devices in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
Sawbuck

In woodworking, a sawbuck is a structure for holding wood so that it may be cut into pieces. Easily made in the field from rough material, it consists of an "X" form at each end which are joined by cross bars below the intersections of the X's. The wood to be cut is placed in the V's formed above the intersections of the X's.
In Canada, Britain, and the United States, a sawbuck is sometimes called a sawhorse or sawstool, although this term also refers to a similar device used (often in pairs) to support wood planks.
"Sawbuck" is also a slang term for a U.S. $10 bill, thought to be derived from the similarity between the shape of a sawbuck device and the Roman numeral X (10), which formerly appeared on $10 bills. However, there is some question whether this etymology is accurate, as the first known appearance of the word in print refers to the $10 bill, not to the device. A twenty-dollar bill is sometimes called a "double sawbuck.”
Wooden horse (device)

A wooden horse, Chevalet (as it was called in Spain), Spanish donkey or cavalletto squarciapalle is a torture device, of which there exist two variations; both inflict pain by using the subject's own weight by keeping the legs open, tied with ropes from above, while lowering down the subject. The French called this instrument the chevalet, from the French diminutive of cheval, horse.
The first variation of the wooden horse is a triangular device with one end of the triangle pointing upward, mounted on a sawhorse-like support. The victim is made to straddle the triangular "horse." Weights or additional restraints were often added to keep the victim from falling off. A punishment similar to this called "riding the rail" was used during the American colonial period and later. The victim was often carried through town in this predicament, often in conjunction with the punishment of tarring and feathering. The crotch could be injured and the victim left unable to walk without pain.
The Jesuit Relations say that in 1646, a man "was sentenced to make reparation, by the Civil authority, and to mount the Chevalet," and "a public blasphemer, was put on the Chevalet. He acknowledged his fault, saying that he had well deserved punishment, and came of his own accord to confess, that evening or the next day," and that another man "acted at the fort as such a glutton, that he was put on the Chevalet, on which he was ruptured."
The device was used during the American Civil War by Union guards against their Confederate prisoners:
The History Channel documentary Eighty Acres of Hell describes a torture device, "the mule", on which Confederate prisoners were forced to ride until they passed out; many were crippled for life.
The device was also used by Union officers as an entertaining way to discipline troops, and on freedmen after the Civil War.
Media related to Spanish donkey at Wikimedia Commons | |-[Film clip of wooden horse torture] [1]
Erotic furniture

Erotic furniture, also known as sex furniture, is any form of furniture that is designed to act as an aid to sexual activity. This includes furniture and harnesses designed to aid positioning, assisting with comfort, penetration level and stimulation. Other types of erotic furniture are constructed to be an aid to erotic bondage. The functionality may be obvious or the erotic furniture may be designed to appear as conventional furniture. Some conventional items of furniture such as the four-poster bed and the chaise longue traditionally have erotic associations, but they are not considered to be erotic furniture as their primary use is not erotic. Erotic furniture can also be furniture decorated with erotic art.
In ancient Assyria, there are examples of furniture decorated with erotic reliefs dating to the 13th century BC.
According to an urban legend, the 18th-century Russian Empress Catherine the Great collected erotic furniture, including tables with penises for legs and other items carved in relief with penises and vulvas.
The 1791 French novel Les Délices de Coblentz describes beds that are designed to increase sexual pleasure by virtue of the elasticity of their springs.
The British king Edward VII, who was heavily overweight, used a specially constructed "love chair" (siege d'amour) when he visited the famous brothel, Le Chabanais in Paris. The piece still exists and a replica is exhibited at the Musée de l'Erotisme in Pigalle.
Edward Gorey's The Curious Sofa, (1961) is a neo-Victorian pseudo-porno satire described as a "pornographic illustrated story about furniture". The book consists of euphemistic illustrations with strategically deployed objects, such as potted plants and tree branches, that block the reader's view of sexual activities taking place on furniture.
The British pop artist Allen Jones has designed erotic furniture. His piece Hatstand, Table and Chair, consisting of scantily clad female mannequins converted to items of furniture, was first exhibited in 1970.
News reports during the 2024 Paris Olympics said that the bed bases provided for competing athletes were made from recycled cardboard to prevent them from having sex. However, the organisers said that the material was chosen for its environmental impact, and the manufacturer said they "can support several people on top".
In modern times, erotic furniture continues to be produced mainly by small businesses rather than large scale manufacturers.
Specifically designed furniture for erotic purposes can include:
Монголын Алт МАК

"Монголын Алт" (МАК) ХХК 1993 онд эрдэс түүхий эдийн хайгуул, олборлолт, экспортын чиглэлээр бизнесийн гараагаа эхэлж өдгөө уул уурхай, барилгын материалын үйлдвэрлэл, аялал жуулчлал, хөдөө аж ахуй болон дэмжин ажиллах салбар компаниуд гэсэн үндсэн 5 чиглэлд үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байна.
Тус компани нийт 4000 гаруй ажилтантай бөгөөд 1200 гаруй ханган нийлүүлэгчээс тогтмол худалдан авалт хийж, олон улсын 100 гаруй компанитай түншилдэг.
МАК компани сүүлийн 26 жилийн турш Монгол Улсын шилдэг аж ахуйн нэгжүүдийн нэгээр шалгарсан. Мөн 2016 онд Монгол Улсын Ерөнхийлөгчийн Зарлигаар хүн амын эрүүл мэнд, аюулгүй байдал, байгаль орчинд ээлтэй бүтээгдэхүүнийг үйлдвэрлэн зах зээлд нийлүүлж, аж үйлдвэр, барилгын салбарын хөгжилд шинэ жишиг, технологийн шинэчлэлээр үнэтэй хувь нэмэр оруулсныг үнэлж Үндэсний бүтээн байгуулалтын дээд шагнал "Төрийн Гэрэгэ"-ээр шагнуулжээ.
Одоогоор "Монголын Алт" (МАК) ХХК нь барилгын материал үйлдвэрлэлийн чиглэлд Европ стандартын 5 нэр төрлийн 20 гаруй брэнд бүтээгдэхүүнийг (МАК Евро Блок, МАК Евро Цемент, МАК Евро Виндоор, МАК Евро Венти) үйлдвэрлэн зах зээлд нийлүүлж байна.
Дэд бүтэц буюу зам харилцаа, цахилгаан эрчим хүчээр хангах нь "Монголын Алт" (МАК) ХХК-ийн нийгмийн хариуцлагын хүрээнд хийж ирсэн томоохон ажил юм. Монгол улсад эрчим хүчний байнгын эх үүсвэрт холбогдоогүй байсан сүүлийн зургаан сумын тавыг нь (Өмнөговь аймгийн Гурвантэс, Ноён, Сэврэй, Дорноговь аймгийн Мандах, Хатанбулаг сум) төвийн эрчим хүчинд холбосон. Үүнээс гадна, Шивээхүрэн-Нарийнсухайт чиглэлийн 55 км урт хатуу хучилттай авто зам, Оюутолгой-Цагаансуварга чиглэлийн 220 КВт-ын 160 км хоёр хэлхээ цахилгаан дамжуулах агаарын шугам, дэд станц, Дорноговь аймгийн Даланжаргалан суманд 120 хүүхдийн цэцэрлэг, Өмнөговь аймгийн Гурвантэс сумын 320 хүүхдийн сургууль, 120 хүүхдийн дотуур байр, Сэлэнгэ аймгийн Ерөө суманд олон улсын стандартад нийцсэн 960 хүүхдийн эко сургууль барьж орон нутагт хүлээлгэн өгчээ. Ерөө сумын шинэ сургууль нь Монгол Улсын 330 сумын дунд олон улсын стандартад нийцсэн анхны хамгийн том эко сургуульд тооцогдож байна.
Мөн сум орон нутагт жижиг, дунд үйлдвэрлэл шинээр байгуулах, үйл ажиллагааг нь өргөтгөх, дэмжих, шинээр ажлын байр бий болгох зорилгоор "МАК" сан Өмнөговь аймгийн Гурвантэс сум, Дорноговь аймгийн Мандах, Дорнод аймгийн Баянтүмэн зэрэг сумдын нутагт үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байна.
Зам тээвэр, барилга, хот байгуулалтын яам

Эдийн засгийн өсөлтийг хангахуйц зам, тээврийн сүлжээ, үйлчилгээг өргөжүүлэн хөгжүүлэх, барилга, хот байгуулалт, газрын харилцаа, нийтийн аж ахуйн бодлогын үр нөлөөг дээшлүүлж хүн амын ая тухтай, аюулгүй амьдрах нөхцлийг бүрдүүлэх явдал юм.
Яамны стратегийн зорилт тус бүрийн хүрээнд тэдгээрийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд чиглэсэн үйл ажиллагааны дор дурдсан гол зорилтыг хэрэгжүүлнэ:
Ми-171

Миль Ми-171 (Орос: Ми-171; НАТО-ын нэршил: "Hip") хоёр турбо хөдөлгүүртэй тээврийн нисдэг тэргийг ОХУ-д 1990 онд зохион бүтээж үйлдвэрлэсэн.
2007-2008 оны үед Улаан-Үдийн нисэх үйлдвэр-ээс 2ш Миль Ми-171Е загварын тээврийн нисдэг тэргийг Монгол Улсын Нисэх Хүчин худалдан авч одоог хүртэл ашиглаж байна.
Ю-12

Харбин Ю-12 иргэний болон цэргийн тээврийн нисэх онгоцыг Хятадын Xарбины Агаарын хөлгийн үйлдвэрлэлийн корпорацид зохион бүтээсэн ба 1985 оноос олноор үйлдвэрлэсэн. Монголын МИАТ компанид цөөн тоогоор ашиглагдаж байгаад олон удаагийн ослын шалтгаанаас улбаалан нислэгийн аюулгүй байдлыг бүрэн хангах чадваргүй гэж үзэн нислэгийг нь зогсоон үйлдвэрлэгчид нь буцаан шилжүүлсэн байна.
Ми-8

Ми-8 (орос. Ми-8; НАТО-ын нэршил: "Hip") хоёр турбо хөдөлгүүртэй тээврийн нисдэг тэрэгийг ЗХУ-д 1961 онд зохион бүтээж олноор үйлдвэрлэсэн. Ми-8 нисдэг тэрэг нь дэлхийд хамгийн олон тоогоор үйлдвэрлэгдсэн нисдэг тэргүүдийн нэг бөгөөд дэлхийн 50 гаруй улс орон ашиглаж байна. Монголын нисэх компаниуд энэхүү нисдэг тэрэгийг ашиглаж байна. Ми-8 бол дэлхийн хамгийн их үйлдвэрлэгдсэн нисдэг тэрэг бөгөөд 50 гаруй улс 17,000 гаруй нисдэг тэрэг ашигладаг. 2015 оны байдлаар энэ хоёр нисдэг тэрэг нь Мил Ми-17 нисдэг тэрэгтэй хосолсон нь дэлхийн хамгийн түгээмэл ажиллагаатай цэргийн нисэх онгоцуудын гуравдугаарт бичигдэж байна.
Михаил Миль ерөнхий зохион бүтээгч.