davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Gen Korean BBQ

Gen Korean BBQ is an American chain of all-you-can-eat Korean barbecue restaurants mainly concentrated around the Western U.S. It opened in 2011, and has since grown to 43 locations as of 2024.
The restaurant was founded in Los Angeles in 2011, by David Kim and Jae Chang, a pair of Korean immigrants. Kim had previously been the CEO of Baja Fresh and La Salsa. The first restaurant was in Tustin. It gradually expanded through Southern California until 2015, when a location in San Jose in Northern California opened. It also opened its first eatery outside of California in 2015, in Henderson, Nevada. Its first Hawaiian location was opened in the Ala Moana Center in 2016, while the first in Texas opened in Carrollton that same year. In 2016, Gen launched Gen Delivers, a food delivery service that sells ingredients for Korean barbecue online.
In 2017, the company opened a restaurant in Montclair that utilized robots to serve food. This location closed two years later. One other location, formerly in Rowland Heights, opened in 2015 and shut down in 2021.
A restaurant in the Philippines, in the SM Mall of Asia, opened in 2017, becoming the company's first international location. The first location in Arizona was in Phoenix, which also opened in 2017 in Tempe Marketplace. During the COVID-19 pandemic, instead of closing their restaurants, the company converted them into discount meat markets to stay in business. The chain won Silver in "Best Yakiniku/Korean BBQ" in the 2021 Hale Aina Awards. The first location in the Eastern United States was opened in 2022, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
A location in New York City opened in January 2023, at the intersection between 14th St and 3rd Ave. Gen went public on the Nasdaq on June 26, 2023, as GENK, raising $43.2 million in its IPO.
Gen's menu usually has 28-36 items, which include daikon radish paper, sundubu-jjigae, saengchae, japchae, kimchi, potato salad, bulgogi, American Angus and Wagyu beef, gopchang, galbi, shrimp, octopus, yangnyeom chicken, samgyeopsal, and jokbal.
As of 2024, Gen has 43 restaurants, with 12 upcoming locations. Most restaurants are in California, in the Greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. Although the locations are concentrated around the West, one eatery exists in Florida and New York. Hawaii has three, with one opening in Maui. Other soon-to-be-opened restaurants are in Jacksonville, Florida, Tukwila, Washington, and Dallas, Texas. There is also a restaurant in the Philippines, in the SM Mall of Asia. In Southern California, the restaurant is popular with students from UC Irvine. It plans to open locations in Oregon, Georgia, Virginia, Utah and also in the District of Columbia in the future.
Corn cheese

Corn cheese (Korean: 콘치즈; RR: konchijeu, pronounced [kʰon.tɕʰi.dʑɯ]) is a South Korean dish made of sweet corn (often canned) and mozzarella cheese.
Sweet corn kernels are sautéed with butter on a skillet, optionally with vegetables such as onions or bell peppers that are diced to be of similar size to the corn kernels. If any vegetables are used, they should be lightly salted and have their excess moisture removed. Mayonnaise and optionally sugar is mixed in, and mozzarella cheese (often shredded) is added over the sautéed corn mixture. It is then broiled in an oven until the cheese browns. In restaurant settings, it is often served sizzling in a hot dish.
Some chefs have also experimented with adding alternative ingredients, such as Chinese mustard and doenjang. In 2015, it was reported that a Korean American restaurant in California served a corn cheese dish that featured bone marrow and bonito flakes.
It has also been combined with instant ramen, notably Hot Chicken Flavor Ramen. According to one article from the Korea Economic Daily, after the ramen is finished, the corn cheese should be added on top and microwaved for an additional minute and 30 seconds. One article noted that the cheese helped to counteract the spiciness of the original ramen.
It has also been used as a stuffing for gyoza.
It is often served as anju (food accompanying alcoholic beverages), although it has also been described as "kid-friendly". It is also eaten alongside Korean barbecue.
The food is also served as street food.
Sonny's BBQ

Sonny's BBQ is a barbecue restaurant chain founded by Floyd "Sonny" Tillman in Gainesville, Florida, in 1968. Bob Yarmuth purchased the company in 1991 and continues as the company's owner and CEO today. As of 2016, Sonny's BBQ has 113 restaurants across eight Southeastern states and is headquartered in Maitland, Florida. The restaurant specializes in Southern-style BBQ.
Sonny's Real Pit-Bar-B-Q was founded on April 17, 1968, by Floyd "Sonny" Tillman and his wife Lucille, starting with a single location on Waldo Road in Gainesville, Florida. The company began franchising nine years later in 1977 with a menu consisting of pork, beef, ribs, chicken, beans and other sides. In 1988, Sonny's BBQ had grown to 77 restaurants across six states, and Tillman sold the company to outside investors. In 1991, Bob Yarmuth purchased the company.
During the 2000s, Sonny's was the largest BBQ restaurant chain in the United States, with about 150 locations across nine states. In 2011, the company had 125 operating franchised restaurants. In 2012, the company moved its headquarters to Winter Park, Florida and in 2013, the company changed its name from Sonny's Real Pit-Bar-B-Q to Sonny's BBQ.
On September 25, 2008, Greater Atlanta Bar-B-Q (the only Metro Atlanta franchisee of Sonny's) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection for ten locations, four of which were closed completely, raising concerns about another restaurant's viability after Metromedia Restaurant Group closed its Bennigan's and Steak & Ale restaurant chains. Yet, as of the first week of June 2009, it came out of bankruptcy, completing Chapter 11 requirements. On October 15, 2008, all three Sonny's locations in the greater Daytona Beach area of Florida were closed. As of December 1, 2009, the Tifton, Georgia restaurant became known as the Smokehouse Restaurant due to disputes with Sonny's over imagery and icons in the restaurant itself and on employees' clothing.
Sonny Tillman's birthday is celebrated as a special event by the restaurant each August 14. Despite selling the franchise, Tillman retained ownership of the original Sonny's BBQ until 2011, when he relinquished his franchisee agreement. Afterwards he continued to attend grand openings, sometimes appearing in commercials, and participating in other events. Events held by Sonny's include its Random Acts of BBQ events, where individual restaurants provide a BBQ feast for community volunteers and volunteer organizations. The company named October 12 as National Pulled Pork Day beginning in 2016, which is celebrated at all Sonny's locations.
Sonny's BBQ menu has Southern-style barbecue, including pulled pork, sliced pork, baby back ribs, buffalo wings, St. Louis-style ribs, beef brisket, burgers, appetizers, and sides.
28°37′53″N 81°22′31″W﻿ / ﻿28.6315°N 81.3753°W﻿ / 28.6315; -81.3753
Mission BBQ

Mission BBQ (stylized as MISSION BBQ) is an American barbecue restaurant chain based in Glen Burnie, Maryland. Bill Kraus and Steve Newton opened the first location on September 11, 2011, as a way to support the military, police, firefighters, and first responders.
Bill Kraus, a former apparel executive (Under Armour), and Steve "Newt" Newton, a former restaurant executive (Outback Steakhouse), started with the concept of supporting military and public response forces, and then decided to go into the barbecue industry. After doing some market research throughout the United States, they opened the first Mission BBQ in Glen Burnie, Maryland on the tenth anniversary of the September 11, 2001 terror attacks.
They opened another Mission BBQ in Perry Hall, Maryland the following year before recording growth numbers of three new restaurants in 2013, nine in 2014 and 2015, and 17 in 2016. Growth spiked sharply post-2017, with the company planning an expansion strategy of 20 to 25 new locations a year, all privately owned and financed through M&T Bank and Goldman Sachs.
Mission BBQ also caters. Mission BBQ Catering Maryland, LLC was founded in 2012. The company's line of business includes the retail sale of prepared foods and drinks for on-premise consumption. The company has a large catering facility next to the first Mission BBQ restaurant in Glen Burnie. Each location offers additional catering options. The restaurant traditionally plays the national anthem every day at noon.
Mission BBQ has partnered with Wreaths Across America raising money to provide wreaths to veterans graves. In 2023 the company raised $347,068 through the American Hero's Cup campaign. This fundraising takes place through each of the 142 locations in 2024. WAA is a non profit which works to provide wreaths to deceased veterans each Christmas.
Dallas BBQ

Dallas BBQ (sometimes locally referred as "BBQ's") is a restaurant dining chain in New York City, founded in 1978 by the Wetanson family. The restaurant serves Texas-style barbecue ribs, chicken and steaks. As of 2023 the chain had ten restaurants around the New York metropolitan area.
In 1936, Carl and Grace Wetanson began a family-run restaurant business "Grace’s Luncheonette" on 42nd Street, Manhattan (currently the same address as the Dallas BBQ's 42nd-street flagship restaurant in Times Square). In the 1960s Carl's son Herbert, later developed Wetson's, which became a hamburger chain in New York City in the 1970s serving over 70 restaurants. The family then opened a new restaurant on the Upper West Side section of Manhattan naming it Dallas BBQ in 1978. The chain is owned by three generations of Wetansons: Herbert, Greg, and Stuart Wetanson.
The restaurant chain offered southern dining in New York City with a location in the East Village section of Manhattan since the 1980s. However this branch closed on New Years Day, 2023, due to the lease agreement not being renewed by the landlord. The closure followed that of their first location in the Upper West Side, on 72nd street between Columbus and Central Park West, which closed after 36 years of operation on December 31, 2014.
The dining chain have operated twelve restaurants since 1978, with eleven remaining as of 2024, with the recent closing of The East Village restaurant, and a new location in East New York, Brooklyn which opened in February 2024.
In 2015, a couple was assaulted in the 23rd street restaurant. In 2017, one diner attacked another.
The Dallas BBQ Times Square location was used in the TruTV reality television show Impractical Jokers (season 10, episode 9), where the pranksters led Sal Vulcano to act as a clumsy waiter at the restaurant responding to their relay of directions to be fulfilled in efforts prank the patrons. The East Village location was also a subject of a 2014 comedy spoof "Dallas BBQ Club" directed by Ben Rimalower, as a parody to the 2013 film Dallas Buyers Club. The mock trailer follows a man who creates his own 'club' as a protest of former New York City Mayors Bill de Blasio and Michael Bloomberg push to ban large sugary drinks at retail establishments. He illegally sells mock meals of the franchise to the street locals
Notable clientele of the restaurant include Jim Jones, Cam'ron, Nia Kay, Melvin Ingram, Azealia Banks, and New York City mayor Eric Adams.
The menu lists meat, seafood, vegetable, salads, sandwiches, and sides dishes, a Beyond Burger plant-based option, and children's meals. Alcoholic beverages and cocktails are served.
The chain as of 2024 has restaurants in Manhattan (Chelsea, Times Square, Upper East Side, Washington Heights); The Bronx (Co-op City, Fordham Road); Queens (Jamaica, Rego Park), and Brooklyn (Downtown Brooklyn, Nostrand Ave/Flatbush Junction and East New York/Gateway Center Mall).
Previous restaurants were located on the Upper West Side (1978–2014) and East Village (1980s – 2022).
Sam Woo Restaurant

Sam Woo Restaurant (三和) is a restaurant chain that serves Hong Kong–style cuisine. It has many locations in predominantly overseas Chinese communities of Southern California, in Las Vegas, and in the suburbs of Toronto. "Sam Woo" is a romanization of the Cantonese pronunciation for "triple harmonies," in reference to feng shui principles, including the synthesis of heaven, earth, and humanity. The complete Chinese name (三和燒臘麵家) literally means "Three Harmonies Roast Meats and Noodle House."
The first delicatessen was opened in 1979 by an elderly immigrant from Hong Kong in the Los Angeles Chinatown and later spread to other locations in California, including Monterey Park and Alhambra. The first Sam Woo has since relocated to a newer building within Chinatown to include a restaurant and delicatessen.
Two other locations in the San Gabriel Valley opened only to later change hands or close. One restaurant opened in Montebello, which was renamed to "A-1" (now closed) when an employee purchased it from the Sam Woo owners (though the menu remains the same). In 2004 a Sam Woo also opened in the suburb of Covina, California, but it failed the following year and was replaced by a similar family-style restaurant.
There are two types of Sam Woo restaurants. The first is named Sam Woo BBQ Restaurant (香港三和燒臘麵家).
The restaurant chain operates in suburban areas in Southern California, mostly in communities where there are many immigrants from China and Taiwan, such as San Gabriel, Rowland Heights, and Irvine. Several, but not all, Sam Woo Restaurants in Southern California are located in shopping centers anchored by 99 Ranch Market stores. The popular Sam Woo BBQ Restaurant as well as the anchor tenant 99 Ranch Market has contributed to the development of the spectacular Chinatown, Las Vegas.
Sam Woo Restaurants are generally popular even though long waits to be seated are common.
In 1992, presidential candidate Bill Clinton held a fundraiser at a now-defunct Sam Woo Seafood Restaurant in San Gabriel, California. The restaurant was highly popular for its dim sum. However, in 2003, the restaurant received some less favorable media attention when it and surrounding Chinese businesses in San Gabriel were at the center of the SARS panic. Due to an unsubstantiated internet rumor, customer patronage declined and the restaurant closed. Unlike in Hong Kong or Toronto, there was no actual verified case of SARS reported in San Gabriel or Los Angeles.
In Southern California, hoping to capitalize on the success of Sam Woo Restaurants, restaurateurs have opened imitations with similar names in English and Chinese. Examples include the long-gone Sam Doo Restaurant in San Gabriel and the current S.W. Seafood Restaurant in Irvine. In the early 1990s, a similar concept to Sam Woo Restaurant, the now-defunct Luk Yue Restaurant, also started in Los Angeles Chinatown and like Sam Woo, it expanded into the Chinese community of Monterey Park, Rowland Heights, and Cerritos. The chain has since folded while Sam Woo Restaurant remains popular in the Chinese communities of Southern California and Toronto.
Closed sep 2021 )
Mallam Dendo

Mallam Muhammadu Bangana nke a makwaara dị ka Mallam Dendo ma ọ bụ Manko, bụ onye ama ama n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu n'ihe bụ Naijiria nke oge a. Mallam Muhammadu Bangana Nigeria O sitere na obodo Fulani dị na Kebbi, nke dị na Northern Nigeria. Fulani Kebbi Northern Nigeria
N'ime narị afọ nke 19, mgbe mpaghara Central Sudan na-enwe mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama n'ihi mmeri nke Uthman dan Fodio duziri, Mallam Dendo kwagara mba Nupe. Uthman dan Fodio Oge a gosipụtara mmeri nke ndị Nupe site n'aka Emir nke Gwandu. Ndị Nupe Emir nke Gwandu
Mallam Dendo dị ezigbo mma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na atụmatụ. Omume amamihe ya nyere aka gbanwee mba Nupe nke ukwuu. A maara ya maka ime ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ime ihe na Nupe nke dị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 200, na-eme ka Nupe bụrụ nke oge a.
A na-echeta Mallam Dendo maka ịhụ Islam n'anya na ịbụ nnukwu onye ndú. Ọmụmụ Islam Akụkọ ndụ ya, site n'ịmụta banyere Islam ruo n'ịghọ onye ọkà mmụta na onye ndú dị mkpa nke Islam, na-egosi otú o si emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Nupe.
Ọbụna taa, ndị mmadụ ka na-eche ihe Mallam Dendo mere. Ọ bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Nupe ma na-akpali ndị ọzọ iche echiche na ịmụta ihe.
Dakarkari people

Ndị Dakarkari a makwaara ha dị ka Lena bụ otu n'ime abụrụ dị no na Naịjirịa nke nwere ihe dịka mmadụ 136,000.
A na-ahụkarị ha na Zuru Donko-Wasagu, na Sakaba Local Government Areas nke Kebbi State (nke bụ akụkụ nke Sokoto steeti) na ụfọdụ gọọmentị mpaghara ndị ọzọ na steeti Niger dị ka Rijau na Mariga. A na-ekewa ha n'ìgwè dị iche iche nke bụ Bangawa kafawa, Kelawa, Lilawa. Taa, enwere ike ịchọta ha na Kebu, Roma, Dogo, Isgogo, Dabai, Rikoto, Peni, Zuru, Manga, Senchi, Ushe, Tadurga, Diri, Ribah, Conoko na Rade.
Ndị Dakarkari sitere na alaeze Kebbi ruo na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ. Ndị Dakarkaris bụ ndị agha ụkwụ nke alaeze nke aha ha sitere na ya; daakaaree nke pụtara onye agha na asụsụ Hausa. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọdịda nke Alaeze Kebbi gasịrị, ha kwagara n'ebe ndịda ebe ha nwere ike ịkọ ugbo n'enweghị nsogbu.
Omenala alụmdi na nwunye nke ndị Dakarkari bụ omenala pụrụ iche n'akụkụ ugwu nke mba ahụ. Ọ dịghị abụrụ ọzọ nwere omenala alụmdi na nwunye yiri ya. N'ọdịnala, a ghaghị ịmalite nwoke na Golmo na emume U'hola kwa afọ tupu ya alụọ di. A naghị ele onye ọ bụla a na-amaghị aha ya anya dị ka onye nwere ọrụ ma enweghi ike inye ya nwunye. Ọzọkwa, a na-atụ anya na nwa di ga-arụ ọrụ n'ugbo nna nna ya n'ọdịnihu ruo afọ asaa na-ezo aka n'ihe Mozis mere na Bible
Ndị Dakarkari bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-achụ nta. Iji chọọ ala na-eme nri, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ha akwagala na steeti Niger ma ha na-alaghachi n'ụlọ maka ememme na olili ozu.
A na-ahụkarị ndị Dakarkari na ndị agha Naịjirịa. A na-ejikọta nke a na obi ike na obi ike ha nke a mụtara n'oge mmalite na omenala golmo.
Emume U'hola bụ emume a na-eme kwa afọ nke a na-eji echeta ihu ọma nke Chineke ha na owuwe ihe ubi ha. A na-ejikwa ya eme emume ngụsị akwụkwọ nke ndị na-achọ ịlụ (Yadato) bụ ndị jeerela nna nna ha ozi na (Golmo).i
Tangale people

Ndị Tangale bụ otu n'ime agbụrụ dị na Northern Nigeria, nke dị na Gombe Steeti. Ndị Tangale na-asụkarị Tangale nwetara aha ha site na, onye isi nke Billiri, na steeti Gombe nke Naịjirịa ugbu a. Ekwenyere na Tangal nyere aka n'ịhazi agbụrụ dị n'okpuru nduzi ya ma n'ihi nke a, a na-akpọ ndị nọ n'okpuru ya Tangale (dị ka ọ bụ omenala n'ọtụtụ obodo Afrịka ịkpọ ala ma ọ bụ agbụrụ aha onye ndú ha).
Ndị Tangale bụ ndị si Yemen gafee Ijipt wee gaa na steeti Borno ugbu a. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi esemokwu agbụrụ na-adịgide adịgide, ha ga-anọgide na-esi n'otu ebe na-aga n'ebe ọzọ. N'ikpeazụ, ha biri na ọ dịkarịa ala ebe asaa dị iche iche tupu ha abịa n'ebe obibi ha a maara ugbu a, Kaltungo. Ndepụta nke ụfọdụ n'ime ebe ndị ha biri na gụnyere; SanumKude (nke a makwaara dị ka Big San) nso Ngazargamu na Kupto. Kupto dị ka nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ; ebe agbụrụ na ìgwè dị iche iche gbakọtara ọnụ iji biri ma biri. Na Kupto, ndị Tangaleʹs na ndị Lunguda, Kare-Kare, Tera, Waja, Bolewa, Songom na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ gbara agbata obi biri. Ọ bụ site na Kupto ka ha gara n'ihu na-akwaga ịchọta ebe mgbaba ọhụrụ; ọtụtụ n'ime ebe ugwu ndị ọtụtụ chere na ha dị nchebe karịa mwakpo na mwakpo ha zutere site n'aka ndị ohi.
Ụmụ nwoke toro eto kwesịrị igosi ịbụ nwoke ha site na ịlụ ọgụ, dịka ihe akaebe nke obi ike ha, a chọrọ ka ha weta isi ndị iro ha gburu na ha mgbe ha si n'ọgbọ agha lọta. E nyere onye ụkọchukwu ihe nrite agha ndị a, onye debere ha n'okpuru osisi nsọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ.
Mai Tangale nke ugbu a bụ Malam Danladi Sanusi-Maiyamba
Asụsụ ala nke agbụrụ Tangale bụ Tangale mana n'ihi oke asụsụ Hausa na mpaghara Ùgwù na ala Naijiria, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwekwara ike ịsụ asụsụ Hausa nke ọma.
Ihe oriri ndị Tangale bụ ar bayo", nke e ji ụdị daddawa pụrụ iche (beanscake); "ed mammu"; "kwaksak" na "Shinga" kwadebe.
Ndị Tangale bụ ndị na-efe arụsị / Mmụọ tupu ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị. Ha nwere mmụọ dị ka Nanamudo (Nne nke Ọnwụ), Yamba (chi nwanyị nke okike). Ndị Tangale nke oge a ahapụla ofufe arụsị ọdịnala ha na Ndị Kraịst dị ka ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ n'ala Tangale na pasent ole na ole nke ndị Alakụba
Ebe ahịa ọrụ

Mpaghara ahịa ọrụ bụ mpaghara ma ọ bụ mpaghara akọwara maka ebumnuche nke ịchịkọta, ịkọ akụkọ na nyocha ọrụ, enweghị ọrụ, nnweta ike ọrụ na isiokwu ndị metụtara ya. Enwere ike ịkọwa ya dị ka mpaghara jikọtara akụ na ụba nke ndị bi na ya nwere ike ịchọta ọrụ n'ime ebe dị anya ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịgbanwe ọrụ ha na-agbanweghị ebe obibi ha.
Njem njem bụ isi ihe a ga-atụle na ịkọwapụta na ịkọwapụta mpaghara ahịa ọrụ. Oke nke ndị ọrụ dị njikere ma nwee ike ịgafe n'etiti ebe abụọ na-egosi ogo njikọ akụ na ụba n'etiti ebe ndị ahụ.
Na United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) na-edobe nkọwa ọkọlọtọ nke mpaghara ahịa ọrụ maka ebumnuche nhazi yana ịkwalite ntule nke ozi ike ọrụ nke mmemme gọọmentị dị iche iche na-eji. A na-emelite nkọwapụta kwa afọ, a na-enyochakwa usoro nkọwa niile otu ugboro n'afọ iri ọ bụla dabere na data ngụkọ afọ iri. BLS na-eji mpaghara mgbakọ na mwepụ obodo na micropolitan, gụnyere nkewa mepere emepe, dị ka ntọala ya bụ isi maka ịkọwapụta mpaghara ahịa ọrụ. Na New England, nkọwa mpaghara ahịa ọrụ dabere na obodo New England obodo na mpaghara obodo karịa mpaghara ọnụ ọgụgụ dabere na mpaghara ejiri n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ. Maka mpaghara mpaghara na mpụga obodo mepere emepe na mpaghara ọnụ ọgụgụ micropolitan, BLS na-achọpụta mpaghara ahịa ọrụ dabere na data njem, yana ihe achọrọ ka akụkụ niile nke mpaghara ahịa ọrụ na-aga n'ihu.
Usoro a na-eji njem njem n'etiti obodo na ime obodo dịka njirimara. N'ihi ya, ọ na-eme ka njirisi otu, ma jiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ mba Europe na Ụlọ Ọrụ Statistical nke European Union ( Eurostat ). Ebe ọ bụ na nhazi na iji ala nke mpaghara na-agbanwe nke ukwuu ka oge na-aga, a ghaghị imegharị ókèala mpaghara ahịa ọrụ mgbe niile iji hụ na ha na-egosipụta nke ọma ọnọdụ dị ugbu a.
Na Germany, Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning kọwapụtara ma na-emelite mpaghara ahịa ọrụ. Nkewa nke Germany na mpaghara ahịa ọrụ na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta obodo na ime obodo.
Asụsụ Hausa

Hausa (/ˈhaʊsə/; [1] Harshen / Halshen Hausa; Ajami: هَرْشَن هَوْسَ) bụ asụsụ Chadic nke ndị Hausa na Chad na-asụ, n'ime ọkara ùgwù ma karịsịa n'ime ọkara ndịda nke Naịjirịa, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin na ọkara ndịda nke Niger, na ndị ka nta na Sudan na Ivory Coast.
Hausa so n'asụsụ ọdịda Chadic nke ngalaba otu asụsụ Chadic, nke n'aka nke ya bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Afroasiatic.
Hausa na-egosiputa otu ihe dị ukwuu n'ebe ọ bụla a na-asụ ya. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ achọpụtala mpaghara asụsụ nwere ụyọkọ njirimara nke ọ bụla.
Asụsụ ndị Hausa nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ gụnyere Dauranci na Daura, Kananci na Kano, Bausanci na Bauchi, Gudduranci na Katagum Misau na akụkụ nke Borno, na Hadejanci na Hadejiya.
Hausa–Gwandara languages

A na-asụ asụsụ Hausa Gwandara (nke a makwaara dị ka asụsụ A.1 West Chadic) nke ezinụlọ Afro-Asia karịsịa na Niger no nime Nigeria. Ha gụnyere Gwandara na Hausa, asụsụ Chadic kachasị na asụsụ bụ isi nke West Africa.
Asụsụ abụọ a na-asụ bụ:
Dabere na ọdịdị aha na usoro ụtọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ, Blench (2021) na-ewe alaka na HausaʹGwandara dị ka alaka mbụ nke West Chadic nke kewara na Proto-West Chadic.
Asụsụ Hausa Gwandara nwere ọtụtụ okwu ndị a na-adịghị ahụ n'asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Chadic n'ihi na ha bụ ego sitere na Adamawa, Plateau, Kainji, Nupoid, na asụsụ Benue-Congo ndị ọzọ nwetara n'oge mgbasawanye ya gafee Naịjirịa Middle Belt. Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ ndị ahụ ghọrọ ndị a nabatara, ọtụtụ n'ime okwu ha agbanweela akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke Hausa. A tụwo aro ụfọdụ na mmetụta sitere na asụsụ Nilo-Sahara na-apụ n'anya na Hausa.
Ndepụta nke okwu Hausa nke nwere ike ịbụ Benue-Congo:
List of ethnic groups in Nigeria

Nigeria is a very ethnically diverse country with 371 ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Hausa, Yoruba and the Igbo. Nigeria has one official language which is English, as a result of the British colonial rule over the nation. Nevertheless, it is not spoken as a first language in the entire country because other languages have been around for over a thousand years making them the major languages in terms of numbers of native speakers. Nigeria stands out as one of the world's most linguistically diverse nations, with over 500 languages spoken among its 223 million people (2023 estimate), a testament to its rich ethnic heritage. Some of the popular languages spoken in Nigeria are listed as follows: Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, Ibibio, Ijaw, Edo, Fulfude, and Tiv to name a few.
The following is a non-exhaustive list of ethnic groups in Nigeria.
Sadiq Sani Sadiq

Sadiq Sani Sadiq (born 2 February 1981) is a Nigerian film actor. In 2012, he appeared in Blood and Henna, a Nigerian film directed by Kenneth Gyang, along with Nafisat Abdullahi and Ali Nuhu. He has received awards and nominations including 2015 Kannywood Awards in jurors award category organized by MTN Nigeria. He was also awarded by the City People Entertainment award in 2014 and 2017. He is married with two children.
Sadiq has been cast in more than 200 Kannywood movies.
BBC Hausa

BBC Hausa is the Hausa-language service of the BBC World Service meant primarily for Hausa-speaking communities in Nigeria, Ghana, Niger and the rest of Hausa speakers across West Africa. It is part of the BBC's foreign language output of 33 languages, of which five are African languages. The service includes a radio station, a bureau office based in Abuja and a frequently-updated website which serves as a news portal and provides information as well as analysis in text, audio and video formats and online access to radio broadcasts. The radio service is broadcast from Broadcasting House in London with preliminary editing done at the BBC's bureau office in Abuja.
BBC Hausa was the first African-language service operated by the BBC and is one of the five African languages it broadcasts. The service was launched on 13 March 1957 at 09:30 GMT with a 15-minute programme by the BBC World Service presented by Aminu Abdullahi Malumfashi: a translated version was later read by Abubakar Tunau in the programme West Africa in the News. The programme was then aired on Wednesdays and Fridays, with daily programmes beginning one year later on 1 June 1958, and has continuously done so since.
In March 2017, the BBC celebrated the Hausa service's 60th anniversary in Abuja, with attendants including the director of the BBC World Service group, Fran Unsworth, quoted as saying in part:
Nigerian president Muhammadu Buhari also sent a voice message at the occasion where he made known that he was a loyal listener of the service and spent many years listening to its programmes.
In its early days BBC rose to prominence in Hausa speaking world due to style of its reporting. It has conducted interviews with many prominent African politicians.
The BBC's Abuja office was opened in 2002.
The service has, among other roles, senior editors, producers, assistant editors and senior reporters. There are also stringers in key Nigerian cities such as Kaduna, Kano, Jos, Enugu, Abuja and Sokoto as well as overseas stringers in Niger, Ghana and China.
Many BBC programmes are rebroadcast by Nigerian media houses through a special partnership with the BBC World Service, including the following:
As of 23 December 2024, the Ascension Island and Woofferton transmitting stations were known to broadcast Hausa programming on varying shortwave frequencies, with the hours ranging from 2 hours on Mondays-Thursdays to 9 hours on Saturdays.
With the advent of digital means of communication, listenership through traditional radio sets have been steadily declining since the 1990s. BBC Hausa radio reaches around 17.7 million people every week and its website is one of the most visited in Nigeria.
A 2010 research report by the BBC Trust found that there is "a wide distrust of local media in the Hausa speaking regions of Africa where locals perceive local broadcasters and journalists as open to manipulation."
北京长城饭店

北京长城饭店是位于中国北京市朝阳区东三环北路10号的一座饭店，目前已停業，且暂未披露后续利用信息。
该饭店初名“长城饭店”，是中国国际旅行社北京分社与美国伊沈建设发展有限公司（1979年由美籍华人沈坚白与另一美国人伊顿合伙成立）合资建设并经营的高级旅游饭店。该饭店由美国贝克特国际公司设计，由北京市六建公司、北京市机械施工公司、北京市设备安装公司、北京市市政三公司、北京市房修二公司、北京市园林局修建公司、北京市花木公司联合建设施工。该饭店建筑总面积8.2459万平方米。整组建筑平面呈“Y”字型，中心塔楼共22层，高82.85米，四周分为三翼，为18层。外墙采用反射片式冷光玻璃，晶莹光亮，故该饭店有“玻璃大厦”之称。
该饭店于1981年3月10日开工，1983年12月10日部分竣工试营业，1984年6月20日正式开业。1985年，长城饭店引入喜来登品牌全权管理，长城饭店由此更名为“喜来登长城饭店”。这是中华人民共和国首家引入国际品牌的五星级酒店，也是喜来登1980年代踏入中国大陆的最初一步。此后，长城饭店股权曾发生变化，由和記黃埔与首旅集团合资成立的嘉云酒店持股82%，伊沈建设发展（香港）有限公司仍持有小部分股权。
2017年6月30日，长城饭店脱离万豪集团，但设施陈旧难以胜任营业，2023年底開始停業，且暂无重新装修的消息。
Gendèr

Gendèr iku salah siji piranti gamelan Jawa. Gendèr ing gamelan sléndro duwé 11-12 wilah kang tipis lan digawé saka logam, manawa ana ing gamelan pélog duwé 12-13 wilah, nanging ana uga gendèr kang mung duwé 7 wilah. Wilah-wilah iku ditata ana ing tali kang dipasang ing kayu kang ana ing kiwa tengené. Ana ing sangisoré wilah-wilah mau dipasang bumbung, kang gunané kanggo kothak swara. Bumbung-bumbung iku dikethok kanthi ukuran manéka rupa. Kanggo nadha kang paling ngisor, bumbungé utawa pringé dikethok kang paling ngisor rosé. Kanggo nadha kang luwih dhuwur dikethokaké pring utawa bumbung kang luwih dhuwur.
Piranti kang kanggo nabuh utawa tabuh gendèr racaké luwih cendhèk ketimbang gambang kang digawé saka kayu. Instrumèn gendèr ditabuh nganggo tabuh kang wujudé bundher (dilapisi nganggo kain) kanthi cekelan kang cendhak.
Carané nyekel gendèr yaiku antarané driji tuding karo driji tengah. Driji-driji saka tangan tengen utawa tangan kiwa dienggo mithet utawa ngemèk wilah iku, supaya swarané mandheg.
Ana ing pakeliran wayang, gendèr minangka ngiringi carita, dialog utawa gunem antarané tokoh utawa paraga wayang. Gendèr yaiku salah siji ricikan gamelan kang fungsiné kanggo instrumén mélodi. Anané gendèr ing péntas gamelan kalebu wigati. Ing pagelaran wayang kulit ricikan gamelan gendèr duwé fungsi kanggo nguripaké swasana, nuntun dhalang. Ing pagelaran wayang, panabuh gendèr duwé peran kang utama, kudu nabuh instrumèn kang ora tau mandheg sawengi muput.
Jinise gendèr kapérang dadi telu, yaiku:
Rumusé nabuh gendèr utawa kunciné ana 12 jinis tabuhan, yaiku:
Saliyané iku ana rumus liya kang mirunggan minangka ngiringi suluk (pedhalangan) wayang, yaiku:
Grobogan (gamelan)

Grobogan iku wadhah kanggo ngesokaké wilah-wilah gamelan. Umum digawé saka kayu (kanggo bahan utama) sing dirangkai dadi wujud balok ning kosong ing tengah-tengahe.
Saliyané saka kayu uga ana perangkat tambahane saka bahan liya antarané tali lan pring. Tali iku kanggo nggawé ayunan wilah bonang, kethuk, kempyang lan kenong uga kanggo nggantung gong lan kempul.
Pring (wuluh) kanggo nggawé tabung silinder sing disokaké ing ngisor wilah gender lan slenthem. Fungsi tabung iki kanggo resonator.
Lumrahé grobogan iki digawé artistik, kayune diukir, nganggo warna-warna sing serasi lan harmonis. Uga ana grobogan-grobogan sing diplitur dadi katone luwih natural.
Grobogan nduwé ukuran sing béda-béda, sing gedhé kanggo wadhah bonang lan gambang.
Gendèr panerus

Gender Panerus utawi Gender Penerus inggih punika salah satunggalipun piranti musik Jawa. Piranti punika kalebet jinis Gendèr. Gender Panerus punika titi larasipun langkung alit malih, tinimbang Gender Barung, saged dipunamani langkung methit malih. Methit tegesipun larasipun langkung inggil. Gender Panerus gadhah wilahan sami kaliyan Gender Barung, nanging titi larasipun ingkang alit methit, ungelipun cumengkling. Piranti tabuhipun wonten kalih, kaasta kanthi asta kalih. Sami kaliyan namanipun, gender panerus gadhah jejibahan namung nerasaken kemawon. Malah kepara saged dipunnamani namung ngetutaken utawi ndhèrèk / nginthil dhateng lakunipun gender barung. Gender panerus gadhah ukuran ingkang alit, oktafipun tengah ngantos inggil. Sanajan piranti musik punika boten kedah wonten ing ansambel, wontenipun piranti gender panerus saged nambahi kasugihanipun gamelan.
Gender panerus kadamel sami kaliyan gender barung. Dados upaminipun saplagren (sadaya gamelan jangkep), upaminipun gender barungipun kadamel saking perunggu utawa gangsa, prayoginipun gender panerusipun ugi bahanipun saking perunggu utawi gangsa. Gender panerus limrahipun kadamel saking wesi utawi tosan, kuningan, perunggu, lan gangsa. Gender panerus punika arang sanget dipun-ginakaken ing kalanganipun paguyuban karawitan, awit pigunanipun boten patia dipunbetahaken sanget, bènten kaliyan gender barung utawi gender babon. Manawi kita prangguli ing pagelaran wayang kulit utawi uyon-uyon, arang sanget kita prangguli wontenipun Gender Panerus punika.
Gender Panerus punika mengku werdi: manawi guneman lan tumindak ampun tanpa teges lan makna. Dados saben ucap lan tumindak punika kedah gadhah bobot, kualitas kang mumpangati tumrap bebrayan agung.
Uyon-uyon

Uyon-uyon asalé saka tembung "manguyu-uyu" sing tegesé pasugatan gendhing kang mirunggan. Biyasané ana ing gegendhingan nalika nduwé gawé. Yèn ngandhakaké uyon-uyon kuwi ora bisa uwal saka sing jenengané karawitan. Karawitan bisa kanggo ngiringi apa waé, ananging yèn uyon-uyon ora bisa, amarga uyon-uyon kuwi pagelaran karawitan sing ngadeg dhéwé. Tuladha adicara utawa éwuh sing biyasa ana uyon-uyoné ya iku acara mantèn, syukuran lan sakpituruté.
Jinisé uyon-uyon ana telu, sing sepisan yaiku uyon-uyon lengkap. Uyon-uyon lengkap utawa jangkep kuwi sing ana kabèh piranti karawitan ning njerone. Sing kapindho yaiku Gadhon, yaiku uyon-uyon sing nggunakake piranti karawitan mung saperangan, ora nganggo bonang, kethuk, kempul lan kenong. Sing katelu Cokekan, yaiku uyon-uyon sing mung diiringi gender, siter, kendhang, rebab lan gong gedhe.
Unsur ing sajroning uyon-uyon ana papat cacahé. Kapisan, ya iku gamelan. Gamelan ya iku tetabuhan sing ana akèh cacahé, ana saron, kenong, kempul, kethuk, demung, gong lan sapanunggalané. Sing kapindho, ya iku niyaga utawa wiyaga. Niyaga utawa wiyaga yaiku wong sing nabuh gangsa utawa gamelan. Sing kaping telu, ya iku lelagon. Wujudé lelagon ing uyon-uyon ana ladrang, srepeg, ketawang lan sakpanunggalané. Sing kaping papat ya iku sindhen. Sindhen ya iku wong wedok sing nyanyi ana ing uyon-uyon, yèn wong lanang sing nyanyi jenengané wiraswara.
Wayang dongèng

Wayang iku salah siji kesenian ing tlatah Jawa kang wis diakoni déning PBB (UNESCO). Ing Indonesia akèh jinising kesenian wayang, tuladhané ana wayang kulit, wayang golèk, wayang wong lsp..
Ing kutha Semarang, ana salah siji jinising kesenian wayang kang rada béda karo jinis wayang liyané, ya iku wayang dongèng. Ing wayang dongèng, sing ndeleng uga bisa urun swara dadi dhalang. Wayang dongèng luweh ngutamakake interaksi antarané dhalang lan penonton. Saliyané iku uga karo para pengrawit. Lakon ing wayang dongèng akèh ngrembag babagan lingkungan lan sosial. Wayang dongèng, saliyané bisa dadi tontonan uga bisa dai tuntunan. Ora mung kanggo bocah cilik, naging uga para remaja, nom-noman, uga wong tuwa.
Wayang dongèng ing kéné migunakaké paraga awujud kéwan, tuladhané kaya ta macan, kucing, sapi, manuk, ula, kethèk, asu, kancil, wedhus, gajah, lan sapanunggalané. Paraga kéwan ing kono dijenengi miturut jinising kéwan mau. Pagelaran Wayang Dongèng diiringi musik gamelan lan lelagon dolanan bocah. Pentas wayang dongèng ora ana pathokane kaya pagelaran wayang kulit.
Miturut Trontong Sadewa, wayang dongèng iku lair saka pepinginane Mbah Tris. Mbah Tris ya iku salah sijiné seniman ing kutha Semarang kang misuwur dadi dhalang Wayang Kancilé. Wayang Kancil iku wayang kulit kang isiné dongèng bocah cilik. Dongèng kang ngrembug babagan donya kéwan, lan bisa uga carita laladan. Diarani wayang kancil amarga lakon ing caritane ya iku kancil.
Spirited Away

Spirited Away (千と千尋の神隠し, Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi, "Sen and Chihiro's Spiriting Away") ya iku filem fantasi-animasi saka Jepang taun 2001, kang ditulis lan disutradarani déning Hayao Miyazaki. Animasi filem digawé déning Studio Ghibli, studio kanggo Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Network Television, Dentsu, Buena Vista Home Entertainment, Tohokushinsha filem, lan Mitsubishi. filem iki nyritakaké carita Chihiro Ogino (Hiiragi), bocah wadon umur 10 taun kang lumaku menyang lingkungan anyar, lumebu ing alam Wé (roh) saka carita rakyat Shinto Jepang. Sawisé wong tuwané dhèwèké maléh dadi babi. Chihiro banjur njupuk pagawéan menyang Yubababa bathhouse kanggo golek cara mbebasaké dhèwèké lan wong tuwané bali menyang donya manungsa. filem kasebut didistribusikaké déning Toho. Bintang filem ana ing filem iki ya iku Rumi Hiiragi, Miyu Irino, Mari Natsuki, Takeshi Naito, Yasuko Sawaguchi, Tsunehiko Kamijo, Takehiko Ono, lan Bunta Sugawara.
Identitas gender

Idhéntitas jender carané pangertén lan kasadaran saka wong bab jènderé dhéwé. Idhentitas jènder wong bisa slaras karo jinis kang ditetepake ing lair utawa iku temené pancén béda. Kabéh masyarakat wis ngreténi saka kategori jènder minangka basis kanggo tatanan saka idhéntitas sosial wong lan ing hubungan karo wong liya. Biyasanè, bédanè kang paling prasaja ana ing sipat sing digandhèngakè karo jinis kelamin lanang lan wadon kang uga diarani minangka bab jènder. Kekarepané iku uga kanggo ngagengaken imbuhan saka bab- bab sing dianggep lanang lan feminin ing kabéh aspèk saka jinis lan jinis kelamin: jinis biologi, idhéntitas jèndér, lan jèndér expression. Sauntara kuwi, ing sawatara masyarakat ana sing individu sing ora ngenali awaké kanggo bagéyan utawa kabèh saka aspèk jinis kelamin sing diutus kanggo wong-wong mau adhedhasar jinis biologi. Sawetara individu sing diklasifikasikaké minangka wong saka transgender utawa syarat. Ing sawatara komunitas liyané uga, ana kategori jènder katelu.
Idhéntitas jénder iku inti saka wong umume kawangun nalika telung taun. Sawisé telung taun, bakal dadi angel banget kanggo ngganti idhéntitas jénder sauntara kuwi, yén upaya digawé ganti iku bisa nimbulaké serangn saka disforia jénder. sakliyané biologi faktor sosial lan faktor wis diusulaké minangka gadhah pengaruh ing tatanan saka identitas gender.
Ana sawatara teori babagan nalika lan carane idhéntitas jènder saka wong kawangun. Nanging, panalitén sak iki nyedhaki angèl amarga saka kemampuan kanggo ngomong anak kang winates kanggo mimpin panalitén wis kanggo nggawe pemanggih adhedhasar bukti langsung. John Money nyebutaké bocah-bocah bisa duwé saka lan lampiran kanggo jènder miwiti antarané umur 18 sasi nganti rong taun. Lawrence Kohlberg ing tangan liyané nyariosaken dhateng kita bilih identitas jènder wis durung kawangun nganti umur telung taun. Iku wis digunakake mangertos sing inti saka idhéntitas jènder wis kawangun kuat ing umur telung taun. Sawetara sumber liyané nalika iku nyebataken bilih idhéntitas jènder wis saya kawangun ing umur 3-4 taun. Ing jalur iki, anak bisa nggawè unequivocal statement bab sing jènder lan kanggo milih aktivitas lan olanan sing dirating miturut jenis kelamin (kaya ta boneka kanggo bocah-bocah wadon lan bangunan pemblokiran kanggo lanang), sanajan padha uga durung ngerti mbek saka jinis kelamin sing padha duwe. Sawisé telung taun saka umur, jenis kelamin idhéntitas inti banget angel kanggo bakal diganti nalika ing gaweyan kanggo owah-owahan bisa nimbulaké disforia jènder. Tatanan final saka idhéntitas jènder punika ing sawatara saka umur patang taun nganti enem taun lan terus menyang remaja utawa rada gedhé.
Christine Ward Gailey

Christine Ward Gailey ya iku ahli antropologi wanita saka Fort Hood, Texas, Amérikah Sarékat, kalairan taun 1950. Pandhidhikané pawiyatan luhur olèh saka University of Michigan (BA) taun 1972 lan MA taun 1973. Sabanjuré ing New School for Social Research (Ph.D.) taun 1981. Christine naté nglakoni panlitian antropologis ana ing kepuloan Tonga (1986) lan Inggris (1993). Dhéwéké uga nulis karya-karya akademis kaya déné Kinship to Kinship: Gender Hierarchy and State Formation in the Tongan Islands (1987) lan ‘Evolutionary perspectives on gender hierarchy’ ana ing buku Analyzing Gender (1988). Christine iki keètung antropolog wanita kang melopori tèori fèminis-Marxis. Liyané iku, dhèwèké uga nganaaké panlitian ètnohistoris lan ètnografis ning Tonga kang mligi fokus ing bab kajian transformasi kekrabatan lan hubungan jènder.
Micaela di Leonardo

Micaela di Leonardo ya iku ahli antropologi wanita saka San Jose, California, Amérikah Sarékat, kalairan taun 1949. Micaela olèh pandhidhikan pawiyatan luhur saka ing University of California, Berkeley. Dhéwéké oléh gelar BA (1972), MA (1973), lan Ph.D. (1981). Micaela naté nglakoni panlitian antropologis ing teluk San Francisco, California (1976) lan New Haven, Connecticut (1988). Karya-karya antropologis kang wis tinulis déning dhèwèké ya iku antarané The Varieties of Ethnic Experience (1984), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge (1991) minangka éditor, Exotics at Home (1998), lan The Gender/Sexuality Reader (1997) minangka éditor. Micaela iki diilhami karo feminis Marxist. Dhéwéké karenan ing bab èsèsialisme ètnik. Sabanjuré nganalisis bab ras, ètnisitas, lan jénder. Pisumbangané ya iku nulis manèh bab sujarah antropologi miturut cara pandhang féminis.
Dimitra Gefou-Madianou

Dimitra Gefou-Madianou ya iku ahli antropologi wanita saka Larissa, Yunani, kalairan tanggal 1 Desember 1948. Dimitra iki naté olèh pandhidhikan saka Peirce College (BA) taun 1970, Columbia (MA) taun 1977 lan Ph.D. taun 1985. Panlitian lapangan kang dilakoni Dimitra ya iku ana ing Thessaly, Yunnani (taun 1972), Athena (taun 1979), lan Messogia Yunani taun 1988. Karya-karya kang sinerat déning Dimitra ya iku antarané Alcohol, Gender and Culture, minangka èditor (1992) lan Culture and Ethnography: From Ethnographic Realism to Cultural Critique (2000). Dimitri iki wis taunan nganaaké panlitian ing bab dimènsi budhaya lan sosial ing werna-werna kelompok bebrayan ana ing Yunani. Uga dhèwèké iku karenan ing bab antropologi kasehatan utawa kedhokteran.
Thomas Owen Beidelman

Thomas Owen Beidelman (utawa T.O. Beidelman) ya iku ahli antropologi saka Amérikah Sarékat, kang lair taun 1931. Beidelman kuliah sarjana (BA) ing Universitas Illinois taun 1953, pasca sarjana (MA) ing pawiyatan kang padha taun 1956. Sabanjuré kuliah dhoktor ing Universitas Oxford (D.Phil.) taun 1961. Beidelman duwé pangalaman panlitian lapangan antropologi ing wewengkon Kaguru, Ngulu, lan Baraguyo ing Tanzania (1957-1976). Karya-karya tulisané Beidelman kang wis diterbitké kaya ta W.Robertson Smith and the Sociological Study of Religion (1974), Colonial Evangelism: A Socio-Historic Study of an East African Mission at the Grassroots (1982), Moral Imagination in Kaguru Modes of Thought (1986), lan The Cool Knife: Metaphors of Gender, Sexuality and Moral Education in Kaguru Initiation Ritual (1997). Beidelman iki kawentar duwé pisumbangan kang lumayan akèh. Utamané iku ngenani bab tèori strukturalis antropologi. Pakaryan Beidelman nganggo pangujian katégori simbolis asli (native), idèologi moral, lan nilai. Uga nyambungké langsung ing tèori sosial klasik saka Mauss, Hertz, Simmel, lan Durkheim tinimbang abstraksi panemu strukturalis Levi-Strauss.
Aida Vitayala Sjafri Hubeis

Prof. Dr. Ir. Aida Vitayala Sjafri Hubeis (lair ing Jakarta, 28 September 1947; umur 67 taun) iku nimpuna Gender Indonesia. Dhèwèké giyat minangka dhosèn ing IPB, lan akèh nglakoni paneliten ing prakara Gender lan pertanian. Dhèwèké dadi Wakil KetuWa Dewan Pakar ICMI Periode 2005-2010.
Karyanya antara lain:
Kanayakan Pindayaning Wanita lan Pingayoming Bocah Indonésia

Kanayakan Pindayaning Wanita lan Pingayoming Bocah Républik Indonésia, dicekak KemenPPPA, iku kamentrian sajeroning Pamaréntah Indonésia kang mbidhangi urusan pindayaning wanita lan pingayoming bocah. KemenPP dibawahi Pindayaning Wanita lan Pingayoming Bocah (MenPPPA) kang wiwit tanggal 23 Oktober 2019 dijabat déning I. G. A. Bintang Darmawati, lan wiwit 21 Oktober 2024 sajeroning Kabinèt Abang Putih diwengku déning: Arifah Choiri Fauzi.
Wektu iki, Paheman KemenPPPA dumadi saka:
Nagara Kristen

Nagara Kristen yaiku nagara sing ngakui wujud Kakristenan minangka agami rasmine lan asring nduweni greja nagara, sing menika denominasi Kristen sing ngadukung pamrentah lan didukung dening pamrentah. Ing jaman biyen, nagara Armeni, Aksum, Georgia, Kakaisaran Romawi lan Kakaisaran Bizantium ngadeklarasike nagarane dhewe minangka nagara Kristen. Saiki, sajumlah nagara secara rasmi ngaidentifikasike nagarane dhewe minangka nagara Kristen lan/utawa nduweni greja nagara, yaiku Kosta Rika, Dhenemarken, Inggris, Grikenlan, Eslan, Liechtenstein, Monako, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vatican City, lan Zambia. Nagara Kristen kontras karo nagara sekuler, nagara ateis, utawa nagara agami liyane, kayata nagara Islam.
Gamelan gender wayang

Gamelan gender wayang is a style of gamelan music played in Bali, Indonesia. It is required for wayang (shadow puppet theatre) and most sacred Balinese Hindu rituals. The smallest of gamelan ensembles, it requires only two players and is complete at four, the additional instruments doubling an octave above. Like other gamelan genres, it incorporates delicate interlocking melodies and active contrapuntal movement, yet poses unique challenges in technique and composition.
I Wayan Loceng reports that "Gender wayang, one of the most ancient musical ensembles existing in Bali, accompanies shadow theatre as well as tooth filings, cremations, and other religious ceremonies." He describes repertoire from Sukawati, noting that the area is famous for shadow play and the development and maintenance of the gender wayang tradition.
The ensemble is ubiquitous in Bali, however, due to its ritual importance, and distinct regional styles feature divergent repertoire.
The two basic gender wayang instruments are each constructed from a wood frame and ten rectangular, bronze keys suspended by string and composite hide and wood bridges over upright, tuned bamboo resonators. A complete set has two pairs of gender, the additional pair doubling an octave higher. An instrument spans two octaves with a pentatonic (five-tone) scale. Each pair consists of a male and female instrument, the female being slightly larger and slightly lower in pitch. Mallets are slender and radially symmetrical with wooden disc heads and conical bead-like horn rattles. Their shape allows players to fit mallets between the second and third fingers of loosely open hands and strike and dampen keys simultaneously with minute, rotating motions of the forearms. Because of this technique, the relative exposure of two instrumental parts, and the execution of syncopated, dynamic compositions in precise synchronicity, gamelan gender wayang is considered one of the most complex genres of Balinese music.
Like other Balinese gamelan, gender wayang are only approximately standardized in relative pitch, though instruments of each group are precisely tuned with masterful pitch pairing and register stretching. Absolute pitch varies according to the bronzesmith's preference. As a result, individual instruments are rarely exchangeable with those from any group other than its original. One instrument in the each pitch register, pengisup (sucker), are tuned a hair higher than their mates, pengumbang (waver); due to our logarithmically scaled sense of hearing, the lowest notes need to be paired further apart in absolute pitches than the highest to achieve the same, ideal rate of “shimmer” at unison. Further, octave intervals are stretched to be slightly more than double the hertz to achieve a similar “shimmer” at octaves.
Gender wayang are in slendro pentatonic tuning, approximately C D E G A on the Western scale.