davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Sixpence (Irish coin)

The sixpence (6d; Irish: réal or reul Irish pronunciation: [ɾˠeːlˠ] RALE) coin was a subdivision of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth 1⁄40 of a pound or 1⁄2 of a shilling. The Irish name réal is derived from the Spanish real; for most of the 19th century, a pound sterling was equal to five U.S. dollars, and a dollar was equal to eight reales, so that a real was equal to 1⁄40 of a pound. The variant spelling reul was used in the Coinage Act 1926, and appeared on the coins themselves even after a 1947 spelling reform established réal as the standard.
The coin was originally struck in nickel, like the threepence coin, and was very well wearing. The metal was changed to cupronickel in 1942 as nickel increased in value; this coin, which consisted of 75% copper and 25% nickel, was not as well-wearing. The coin measured 0.825 inches (21.0 mm) in diameter and a weighed 4.53593 grams.
Five early coins were minted featuring a design by Publio Morbiducci, which depict the Wolfhound's head looking back; these coins are quite valuable, estimated at several thousand euro – they remain in the hands of collectors and were never released to circulation.
The general design of the coin was by English artist Percy Metcalfe. His designs had been selected by a panel from those submitted by a number of sculptors who had been invited to create designs for the coinage of the new Irish Free State. The brief for the design of the sixpence was that it feature an Irish Wolfhound. The obverse featured the Irish harp. From 1928 to 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name Saorstát Éireann circling around. From 1938 to 1969 the inscription changed to Éire on the left of the harp and the date on the right. It has been suggested by some that the dog depicted is Master McGrath, a famous coursing greyhound raised in County Waterford. Although the frieze of Master McGrath on the Master McGrath monument in Waterford, the only public monument in Ireland to a greyhound, does bear some similarity to Metcalfe's design, there is no evidence to suggest that the animal on the coin is anything other than a wolfhound, as greyhounds are not native to Ireland.
It was expected that this coin would circulate alongside the new decimal coins, with a value of 2+1⁄2 new pence as in the United Kingdom. With this in mind the Central Bank of Ireland continued to have the coin minted, last dated 1969, while minting decimal coins. However, the coin ended up being withdrawn instead, never to become a decimal-based coin; it remains the last pre-decimal coin to come off the production run. In 1990 it was announced that the decimal penny would be redesigned to incorporate the wolfhound design, but this plan was abandoned in the face of the imminent adoption of the Euro.
మారేడు

మారేడు లేదా బిల్వ (Bael). ఈ కోవకు చెందిన కుటుంబం చెందిందే వెలగ కూడాను. ఈ బిల్వపత్రి పత్రి బిల్వ వృక్షానికి చెందింది. వినాయక చవితి రోజు చేసుకునే వరసిద్ధివినాయక ఏకవింశతి పత్రపూజ క్రమంలో ఈ ఆకు రెండవది.
మారేడు 8 నుండి 10 మీటర్ల ఎత్తు వరకు పెరిగే వృక్షం. దీని ఆకులు సుగంధ భరితంగా ఏదో దివ్యానుభూతిని కలుగజేస్తూ ఉంటాయి. దీని పువ్వులు ఆకుపచ్చ రంగుతో కూడిన తెలుపు రంగులో ఉండి, కమ్మని వాసనని కలిగి ఉంటాయి. మారేడు కాయలు గట్టిగా ఉంటాయి. విత్తనాలు చాలా ఉంటాయి. మారేడు గుజ్జు కూడా సువాసనగా ఉంటుంది.
ఈ పత్రి ఉల్లేఖన ఆయుర్వేదంలో ఉంది. ఇది అతిసార వ్యాధికి, మొలలకు, చక్కెర వ్యాధి రోగాల నివారణకు ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.
భారతదేశంతో పాటుగా ఆసియా దేశాలలో చాలా వరకూ మారేడు చెట్టు పెరుగుతుంది. ఈ పత్రి చెట్టు యొక్క శాస్త్రీయ నామం మారేడు.
ఈ పత్రి యొక్క ఔషధ గుణాలు:
ఈ పత్రి సుగంధభరితంగా ఉంటుంది.
ఖనిజాలు, విటమినులు, చాలా ఉంటాయి. కాల్షియం, ఫాస్పరస్, ఇనుము, కెరోటిన్, బి-విటమిన్, సి-విటమిను ముఖ్యమైనవి. మారేడు ఆకులలో, పళ్లలో చాలా ఔషధ గుణాలు ఉన్నాయి.
మారేడు పండ్లు, కాయలు, బెరడు, వేళ్ళు, ఆకులు, పూవులు ఆన్నీ కూడా ఔషధములుగా ఉపయోగపడతాయి. బిల్వ వృక్షములో ప్రతి భాగము మానవాళికి మేలు చేసేదే.
మారేడు లేదా బిల్వము హిందూ దేవతలలో ఒకరైన శివపూజలో ముఖ్యం. మారేడు దళాలు లేకుండా శివార్చన లేదు. హిందువులకు మారేడు వృక్షం చాలా పవిత్రమైనది. దీని గురించి వేదకాలంనాటి నుంచీ తెలుసు. దేవాలయాలలో ఇది ప్రముఖంగా కన్పిస్తుంది. శివునికి ఇదంటే బహుప్రీతి. మారేడు అకులు మూడు కలిపి శివుని మూడు కళ్ళలా ఉంటాయి. శివుడు ఈ మారేడు చెట్టు క్రింద నివాసం ఉంటాడని ప్రతీతి.
మారేడు లేదా బిల్వము (Bael) హిందూ దేవతలలో ఒకడైన శివపూజలో ముఖ్యం. * శివుని బిల్వ పత్రములతో పూజించుట శ్రేష్టము. బిల్వ వృక్షము సాక్షాత్తు శివస్వరూపమని దేవతలు భావించెదరు. శివపురాణంలో బిల్వపత్రం మహిమను తెలిపే కథ ఉంది. ఒకనాడు శనిదేవుడు, శివుని దర్శించుటకై కైలాసమునకేగి పార్వతీ పరమేశ్వరులను దర్శించి భక్తితో స్తుతించాడు. అంతట శివుడు శనిదేవుని విధి ధర్మమును పరీక్షించు నెపమున నీవు నన్ను పట్టగలవా? అని ప్రశ్నించాడు. అందుకు శని మరునాటి సూర్యోదయము నుండి సూర్యాస్తమయ కాలము వరకూ శివుని పట్టి ఉంచగలనని విన్నవించాడు. అంత శివుడు మరునాటి ఉషోదయ కాలమున బిల్వవృక్షరూపము దాల్చి, ఆ వృక్షమునందు అగోచరముగా నివసించాడు. మహేశ్వరుని జాడ తెలియక పార్వతీదేవితో సహా దేవతలందరు ముల్లోకములనూ గాలించారు. వారెవ్వరికి ఆ మహేశ్వరుని జాడగానీ, శనిదేవుని జాడగానీ తెలియలేదు. ఆనాటి సూర్యాస్తమయ సంధ్యాకాలము గడచిన పిదప మహేశ్వరుడు బిల్వ వృక్షము నుండి సాకార రూపముగా బయలు వెడలినాడు. మరుక్షణమే శనిదేవుడు అచట ప్రత్యక్షమైనాడు. "నన్ను పట్టుకోలేకపోయావే?" అని పరమేశ్వరుడు ప్రశ్నించగా శనిదేవుడు నమస్కరించి "నేను పట్టుటచేతనే గదా, లోకారాధ్యులు తమరు ఈ బిల్వ వృక్షరూపముగా ఇందులో దాగి వసించినారు" అన్నాడు. శనిదేవుని విధి నిర్వహణకు, భక్తి ప్రపత్తులకు మెచ్చిన శివుడు "ఈశ్వరుడినైన నన్నే కొద్దికాలము పట్టి, నాయందే నీవు వసించి యుండుటచేత నేటినుండి నీవు 'శనీశ్వరుడు' అను పేర ప్రసిద్ధి నొందగలవు. అంతట శని దోషమున్న వారు, ఆ దోషమున్నవారు, ఆ దోషపరిహారార్ధము నన్ను బిల్వ పత్రములలో పూజించిన దోష నివృత్తి జరుగును. బిల్వ పత్ర పూజ చేత శివభక్తులైన వారిని ఈ శనీశ్వరుడు బాధించడు' అని అభయమిచ్చెను.
తెలుగు వారి కి సుపరిచిత నామం మారేడు.
Whorl (mollusc)

A whorl is a single, complete 360° revolution or turn in the spiral or whorled growth of a mollusc shell. A spiral configuration of the shell is found in numerous gastropods, but it is also found in shelled cephalopods including Nautilus, Spirula and the large extinct subclass of cephalopods known as the ammonites.
A spiral shell can be visualized as consisting of a long conical tube, the growth of which is coiled into an overall helical or planispiral shape, for reasons of both strength and compactness.
The number of whorls which exist in an adult shell of a particular species depends on mathematical factors in the geometric growth, as described in D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's classic 1917 book On Growth and Form, and by David Raup. The main factor is how rapidly the conical tube expands (or flares-out) over time. When the rate of expansion is low, such that each subsequent whorl is not that much wider than the previous one, then the adult shell has numerous whorls. When the mathematical factors governing the pattern of growth are such that there is a very rapid expansion of the conical shape, of the shell tube, then the adult shell has very few whorls.
The number of whorls present in an adult shell differs greatly in various taxa. The extant marine gastropod families Turritellidae and Terebridae, and the extinct Mesozoic family Nerineidae, have very high spired shells with a large number of whorls, and a relatively small aperture.
The shells of a few genera of gastropods, and of the cephalopod genus Spirula, have whorls that are disconnected.
To count exactly the number of whorls in gastropods a straight line is drawn to separate the semi-circular nucleus (protoconch (1 - see image) from the younger part of the shell. An arrow placed at a 90° angle on this line, following the course of the whorl, reaches the end of the first whorl where it is parallel to its starting position. From that point all whorls are counted towards the margin of the shell, estimating the ultimate whorl with an accuracy of a quarter whorl.
Other authors (Ehrmann 1933; Richter & Seapy 1999) applied a slightly different measuring method, resulting in whorl numbers being a quarter higher.
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.
Чемпионат России по бейсболу

Чемпионат России по бейсболу — ежегодное соревнование российских мужских команд по бейсболу. Проводится с 1992 года по системе «весна — осень». Организатором является Федерация бейсбола России.
В 1989—1991 проводился чемпионат СССР по бейсболу. Первенство 1992 года имело статус открытого чемпионата России с участием команд из бывших республик СССР. С 1993 первенство разыгрывают уже только российские команды. Организатором чемпионатов до 2002 являлась Федерация бейсбола, софтбола и русской лапты России, а после её разделения на три организации бейсбольные чемпионаты страны проводятся под управлением Федерации бейсбола России.
Первенство разыгрывается между командами, входящими в высшую лигу. В 2019 году соревнования состояли из двух этапов — предварительного и финала. На предварительном этапе 7 команд играли в 4 круга по туровой системе. Две лучшие команды в финальной серии разыграли чемпионское звание. Финал проходил до четырёх побед одного из соперников.
В 2020 году в связи с пандемией COVID-19 чемпионат в высшей лиге был проведён по укороченной программе. 8 команд провели однокруговой турнир, после чего две лучшие команды в серии до 5 побед одного из соперников определили чемпиона, а 3-я и 4-я команды в серии до трёх побед — бронзового призёра
В финальной серии «РуСтар» победил «Московских Волков» 5-1 (2:3, 11:4, 11:6, 8:1, 16:5, 5:2). 3-е место занял «Москвич». Чемпионат прошёл с 8 по 29 августа на московской «РусСтар Арене».
В финальной серии «РуcСтар» победил «Московских Волков» 4-1 (1:5, 15:0, 16:1, 12:1, 2:1). 3-е место занял «Москвич». Чемпионат прошёл с 24 июля по 31 августа.
Японский костюм

Японская одежда — национальная и современная одежда и обувь Японии.
Кимоно́ (яп. 着物, «одежда») — длинный халат с широкими рукавами, связанный поясом — традиционная одежда в Японии. С середины XIX века считается японским «национальным костюмом». Также кимоно является рабочей одеждой гейш и майко (будущая гейша).
С кимоно связан японский праздник «Сити-Го-Сан».
Оби (яп. 帯, букв. «пояс») — японский пояс, носимый как мужчинами, так и женщинами поверх кимоно и кэйкоги.
Кэйкоги (яп. 稽古着 или 稽古衣) — японское слово, означающее тренировочный костюм (кэйко — тренировка, ги(ки) — костюм, одежда). В России и в бывших союзных республиках ещё не совсем верно называют эту одежду «кимоно» (их отличие в том, что у кимоно нет штанов). Синонимом слова кэйкоги является слово доги (одежда для занятий боевыми искусствами). Кэйкоги используется для обозначения униформы, носимой при занятиях боевыми искусствами.
Хакама (яп. 袴) — первоначально в Японии кусок материи, обертываемый вокруг бедер, позднее длинные широкие штаны в складку, похожие на юбку или шаровары, традиционно носимая мужчинами в неформальной обстановке, в качестве формы в некоторых боевых искусствах.
Юка́та (яп. 浴衣) — традиционная одежда, представляющая собой летнее повседневное хлопчатобумажное кимоно без подкладки. Произошла от банного халата, который носили в эпоху Эдо.
Таби — носки с отделением для большого пальца. Применяются при ношении национальной обуви. Традиционно изготавливаются из белого плотного материала, застегиваются на крючки вдоль щиколотки. Сегодня носят таби и иных расцветок.
Гэта (яп. 下駄) — японские деревянные сандалии в форме скамеечки, одинаковые для обеих ног (сверху имеют вид прямоугольников со скруглёнными вершинами и, возможно, немного выпуклыми сторонами). Придерживаются на ногах ремешками, проходящими между большим и вторым пальцами.
Дзори — вид национальной обуви, непременный атрибут национального парадного костюма. Сандалии без каблука, но с утолщением к пятке. Придерживаются на ногах ремешками, проходящими между большим и вторым пальцами. Изготавливаются из кожи, соломы, синтетических материалов.
Таша Строгая

Та́ша Стро́гая (настоящее имя Ната́лья Викторовна Фроло́ва; род. 27 июня 1974, Москва) — российский художник-модельер, телеведущая. Член Международной Ассоциации «Союз Дизайнеров», член Союза Художников России. Ведущая программ «Снимите это немедленно!» и «Съешьте это немедленно!» на телеканале СТС, «Ручная работа» и «Коллекция идей» на телеканале «Домашний».
Родилась 27 июня 1974 года в Москве.
В 1994 году окончила Театральное художественно-техническое училище (ТХТУ) по специальности «Художник-модельер женского театрального костюма». Практику проходила в театре Ленком. В 1999 году окончила с отличием Московскую государственную академию лёгкой промышленности по специальности «Дизайнер одежды».
Работала стилистом на телеканале «Россия». Была редактором моды в глянцевом журнале.
Её псевдоним появился после того как она начала работать в индустрии моды:
Май 2000 года — участие в финале международного конкурса «Новая Россия — XXI век».
С 2002 года создаёт и выпускает одежду под своей маркой «Tasha Strogaya». В 2002 году её приняли в Международную ассоциацию «Союз дизайнеров» и в Союз художников России .
В 2003 году участвовала в сезонных показах «Дефиле на Неве» в Санкт-Петербурге с коллекцией «Выше радуги». В 2004 году участвовала в сезонных показах Russion Fashion Week в Москве с коллекцией «Она». В 2005 году участвовала в сезонных показах «Неделя моды в Москве» с коллекцей «Сквозь пыль времени».
Замужем, имя мужа — Сергей. Осенью 2011 года в браке родились близнецы Федот и Фёдор.
Ручной противотанковый гранатомёт

Ручной противотанковый гранатомёт (РПГ) — разновидность индивидуального стрелкового оружия (гранатомёт), предназначенная для уничтожения танков, броневых и иных целей реактивными гранатами.
В настоящее время является средством стрелков (пехоты) не только для борьбы с броневым и танковым вооружением и техникой противника, но и для уничтожения огневых точек и прочих укреплений. Развитие РПГ приблизило стрелковые (пехотные) части по огневой мощи к бронетанковым и мотострелковым войскам.
В отличие от ряда иных военных терминов, пришедших в русский военный лексикон из-за рубежа вместе с обозначаемыми ими понятиями и явлениями, словосочетание «ручной противотанковый гранатомёт» является сугубо русскоязычным, породившим иностранные заимствования. Так, например, английская аббревиатура «RPG» (англ. rocket-propelled grenade — «реактивная граната») является транслитерированным бэкронимом от «РПГ», подогнанным под уже существующее выражение. Следует, однако, учитывать, что выражения «граната» и «гранатомёт» в государствах НАТО применяются только к гранатомётам безоткатного типа со стволом многоразового использования, типа советского РПГ-7 или шведского «Карла Густава»; все остальные образцы с одноразовым или многоразовым пусковым устройством, но расходуемой пусковой трубой, именуются «ракетомётами» (англ. rocket launcher). Аналогичным образом обстоят дела и в СССР/России, где одноразовые гранатомёты называются РПГ, но читается данный акроним не как «Ручной Противотанковый Гранатомёт», а как «Реактивная Противотанковая Граната».
Практически ни один из ручных противотанковых гранатомётов NATO — OTAN 1970-х — 1980-х годов, особенно лёгкие одноразовые РПГ типа LAW в весовой категории до 14 фунтов (6,35 кг), не обеспечивал пробивания лобовой брони современных им советских основных танков, оснащённых динамической защитой, поэтому в англоязычных странах в указанный период наметился отказ от выражения «противотанковый» (antitank) в пользу менее конкретизированного прилагательного «противоброневой» (antiarmor), подразумевающей применение не только и не столько против танков, сколько против бронетехники вообще. В этом отношении проще было немецкоязычным странам, где два указанных понятия обозначаются одним словом (Panzerabwehr). Тем не менее, как отметил Заместитель начальника штаба Армии США по научно-исследовательской работе генерал-майор Лоуренс Скибби, 2⁄3 случаев стрельбы вьетнамских партизан по американским танкам в ходе Вьетнамской войны, сирийских пехотинцев по израильским танкам в ходе Четвёртой арабо-израильской войны приходилось на обстрел с флангов или с кормы, которые всегда были менее защищены, чем лобовая часть тяжёлой бронетехники. Аналогичный показатель давали результаты военных учений и многочисленные исследования с применением методов компьютерного и математического моделирования боевых действий, поэтому о боевой эффективности ручных противотанковых гранатомётов не следует судить сугубо по показателям бронепробиваемости, но следует закладывать статистику фактических случаев обстрела/поражения единиц бронетехники из РПГ.
Сабатон

Сабатон (англ. sabaton, он же солерет англ. soleret) — латный ботинок, который крепился к наголеннику.
Слово soleret редко использовалось в Англии, если использовалось вообще до Мейерика, и, по его мнению, сабатон не сводился к понятию широконосого башмака для защиты ступни, введённого в обиход в конце XV века. Он использовался постоянно с XIV по XVII век.
Сабатоны появились во втором десятилетии XIV века, хотя до 1320 года их изображения редки. Первые латные сабатоны появились в Италии и состояли из 4–5 сегментов, а по форме копировали обувь того времени, то есть имели короткий острый носок. В XV веке в миланских и готических доспехах сабатоны делались с длинным острым носком (пулены), который для ходьбы отстёгивался. В противоположность им сабатоны максимилиановских доспехов копировали тогдашнюю моду на обувь и делались широкими и тупыми, их за это называли «медвежьи лапы». Более поздние сабатоны делались с круглым либо слегка заострённым носком, и тоже недлинные. Вышли из употребления вместе с наголенниками во второй половине XVI века.
Waraji

Waraji (草鞋) (Japanese pronunciation: [w̜aɺadʑi]) are light tie-on sandals, made from ropemaking fibers (usually straw), that were the standard footwear of the common people in Japan.
Waraji resemble other forms of traditional Japanese footwear, such as zori and geta, with a few key differences. They were historically the simplest form of outdoor footwear (sandals of any type were not worn indoors). Waraji, due to their cheap and rustic nature, are considered to be a very informal type of footwear, and are not worn with formal kimono. They are typically worn with tabi socks, and are woven so that the wearer's toes generally protrude slightly over the edge of the shoe.
Waraji were once common footwear in Japan. There are records of waraji in the Heian period (794–1185 CE), with the possibility of waraji having existed before this time. In the Edo period (1603–1867 CE), geta were worn in cities, but anyone making a long journey wore waraji. They were also worn for energetic or prolonged labour. Their light weight and grip were valued.
In modern-day Japan, waraji are worn by Buddhist monks, and by some fishers of mountain streams. Zori and geta are worn far more commonly by the general population.
In constant use, rice-straw waraji only last three or four days, or roughly 24 hours of active use and so people would have to make about a hundred pairs a year, on average, if they wore them constantly. As waraji could be homemade from cheap materials, and many people learned how to make them in childhood, that was not a problem. Waraji could also be cheaply bought. Travellers carried a supply and discarded them when they were worn out.
Rice straw is the common and traditional material for weaving waraji. Long straw (not broken by the processing methods) must be beaten to soften the fibers before use. Most other ropemaking fibers can also be used, such as cotton, hemp, palm fibers, or even strips of rag. The straps of the waraji might be covered, often with paper. Cardboard soles are used on some modern commercial designs.
There are a number of different ways of tying waraji straps; even historically, there was no standardised method of attaching the shoes to one's feet.
Traditionally, waraji were donated to temples as offerings for healthy feet and protection on journeys. This practice, while now less common, is still followed. More modernly, giant waraji ('o-waraji') kept in temples are touched as a charm for tireless endurance in walking.
Nokian Footwear

Nokian Footwear (Finnish: Nokian Jalkineet) is a Finnish manufacturer of rubber boots. It was a part of Nokia (which is today known for its mobile phones) from 1967 to 1990, when it split into its own company. It was acquired by the Finnish company Berner [fi] in 2005.
The company's history extends back to 1898, when Eduard Polón and a group of other Finnish businessmen decided to establish the company Suomen Gummitehdas Oy (Finnish Rubber Works Ltd) in Helsinki. After operating for a few years, the factory began to produce rubber galoshes, which competed successfully against Russian imports. After several years of production in Helsinki, the factory was moved to the town of Nokia. Soon after, the company began to use the brand Nokia, communicating Finnishness, and to distinguish itself from the cheaper Russian products.
Suomen Gummitehdas was soon manufacturing rubber goods ranging from machine belts to hoses and vehicle tyres. Later Suomen Gummitehdas Oy changed its name to a more modern Suomen Kumitehdas Oy. In 1967, Suomen Kumitehdas and Kaapelitehdas (The Cable Company) merged with the forest and power industry company Nokia Osakeyhtiö (Nokia Company) to form Nokia Corporation, the current telecommunications corporation. The group's fields of business were the rubber, cable and forest industries as well as electricity generation and electronics.
At the end of the 1980s, the different industrial sectors of Nokia Corporation decided to focus on their own areas of expertise. Nokian Tyres left in 1988 to form its own, independent company and two years later, in 1990, Nokian Footwear was founded. The parent company Nokia Corporation focused on telecommunications and divested itself of all of its other divisions. Nokian is "Nokia" in the genitive, thus Nokian Footwear meaning "Footwear of Nokia".
In 2005, the Finnish family business Berner bought Nokian Footwear and assumed ownership of the Nokian Footwear brands and closely guarded rubber recipes. They sell retro design classics such as Hai and Kontio rubber boots.
Late Basketmaker II Era

The Late Basketmaker II Era (AD 50 to 500) was a cultural period of Ancient Pueblo People when people began living in pit-houses, raised maize and squash, and were proficient basket makers and weavers. They also hunted game and gathered wild foods, such as pinyon nuts.
The Early and Late Basketmaker II Eras (Pecos Classification) are often described as one "Basketmaker period". It is preceded by the Early Basketmaker II Era, and is followed by the Basketmaker III Era.
The primary dwellings of this era were round or circular pit-houses that were built on open land and partially below the ground surface. The entrance to the house faced east or south. Logs and rocks were often used for the dwellings foundation. The building materials for the walls could include stacked logs, jacal or poles and brush. In the center of the dwelling was a fire pit.
Some early people built their dwellings within the natural protection of rock shelters, especially during the beginning of this period.
The Basketmaker II people raised maize and squash, the first people of the northern American southwest to do so, which required them to be located near sources of water and good soil. Carbon isotope analysis of bones of Archaic people compared to Basketmakers indicates that the Basketmakers' diet was rich in maize.
Manos and metates were used to grind maize and other foods. Food was stored below ground in storage cists, often lined with slabs of stone.
Excavated items from this period include:
About AD 200, the middle of this period, there was some experimentation with a crude form of brown pottery.
The cultural groups of this period include:
Huarache (running shoe)

Huaraches are an open type of outdoor footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps passing over the instep and around the ankle. The common understanding is that these sandals were a variant of traditional Mexican huaraches, the difference being in design and construction.
These sandals are favoured by minimalist runners for several reasons. They force the foot and the runner to run with a natural gait. They also help protect the foot from glass, gravel, and other debris.
In Christopher McDougall's book Born to Run, the author describes the Rarámuri of the Mexican Copper Canyons teaching a fellow runner how to build huaraches.
There is also well-known model of Nike running shoes of the same name, which however is not a huarache type of a shoe.
The primary design difference from traditional huaraches is in the straps that cover the front of the foot. In the traditional sandals, the straps are woven in an intricate design. In the variant used for running, the straps are much simpler and less ornate.
Huaraches were originally made from leather, and later from the tread of used automobile tires. Since then, rubber manufactured as replacement outsole for shoes, such as the Vibram Cherry, has been used. More recently, commercial manufacturers have created pre-cut rubber soles for the construction of huaraches. Additionally, some manufacturers create soles shaped to custom outlines of the wearer's feet.
The laces for huaraches are either synthetic, hemp or leather. Synthetic laces are usually made of polyester or nylon. Generally shoelaces are of narrow construction, and thin cordage similar to parachute cord is used.
Mituri

Mituri (Korean: 미투리) are traditional Korean woven shoes. They could be made using a variety of techniques and materials; some styles were seen as more luxurious, and therefore reserved for the upper class, although both lower and upper-class people wore the shoes. The shoes could be dyed in a variety of patterns and colors.
They are very similar, especially in form, to jipsin, which are also traditional Korean woven shoes. The difference lies primarily in materials; jipsin are typically made of straw, while mituri are made from a variety of materials, including hemp, Cyperus exaltatus (왕골), or cattail.
The shoes wore down easily; when going on a long journey, people would bring along extra pairs of mituri, depending on the expected amount of walking needed.
A famous example of mituri is those from the tomb of Lee Eung-tae. The shoes were woven using a mixture of hemp and human hair; they were created ritually by Lee's wife, likely to pray for Lee's recovery from illness.
The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes

The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes is a children's story published by John Newbery in London in 1765. The author of the book remains unclear, but Oliver Goldsmith is generally considered the most likely. The story popularized the phrase "goody two-shoes" as a descriptor for an excessively virtuous person or do-gooder. Historian V. M. Braganza refers to it as one of the first works of children's literature, perhaps the earliest children's novel in English. It was highly influential to subsequent authors, revolutionary in the development of its literary genre, and popular, noted for its female heroine in a realist setting.
The fable tells of Goody Two-Shoes, the nickname of a poor orphan girl named Margery Meanwell, who goes through life with only one shoe. When a rich gentleman gives her a complete pair, she is so happy that she tells everyone that she has "two shoes". Later, Margery becomes a teacher and marries a rich widower. This serves as proof that her virtue has been rewarded and her wealth earned, a popular theme in children's literature of the era.
The anonymous story was published in London by the John Newbery company, a publisher of popular children's literature. In his introduction to an 1881 edition of the book, Charles Welsh wrote:
The story has been attributed to the Irish author Oliver Goldsmith, though this is disputed. Because Goldsmith frequently wrote for pay and because of his copious fiction in essays (e.g., The Bee and Citizen of the World), the attribution to Goldsmith is plausible. Washington Irving was one supporter of this attribution; he wrote: "Several quaint little tales introduced in Goldsmith's Essays show that he had a turn for this species of mock history; and the advertisement and title-page bear the stamp of his sly and playful humor." The book has also been attributed to Newbery himself and to Giles Jones, a friend of Newbery.
Although The History of Little Goody Two-Shoes is credited with popularizing the term "goody two-shoes", the actual origin of the phrase is unknown. For example, it appears a century earlier in Charles Cotton's Voyage to Ireland in Burlesque (1670):
The name is used herein to point out the mayoress's comparative privilege; "Goody" (a shortening of "Goodwife"), being the equivalent of "Mrs." and "Two-shoes", implicitly comparing her to people who have no shoes.
Return of the Jedi (soundtrack)

Star Wars: Return of the Jedi (The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film score to the 1983 film Return of the Jedi, composed and conducted by John Williams and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra. Most of the score was recorded in London between January and February 1983 at Abbey Road Studios, with one cue recorded at Olympic Studios. Again, John Williams served as producer. Herbert W. Spencer, Thomas Newman and Gordon Langford served as orchestrators. Engineer Eric Tomlinson, music editor Kenneth Wannberg, and record supervisor Lionel Newman again reprised their respective duties. The score earned another Academy Award nomination for Williams. Return of the Jedi, which is the original trilogy's shortest score, was only released on a single-LP instead of a double-set like the Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back soundtracks before it.
The 1983 original version was remastered by Sony Classical and released on LP in 2015. A remastered version of the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on May 4, 2018. This remaster was newly assembled from the highest-quality tapes available, rather than sourced from the existing 1983 album masters.
LP vinyl released by RSO; compact disc released by Polydor
Total Time: 44:59
This track listing is also shared with the 2015 vinyl release by Sony Classical and the 2018 release by Walt Disney Records.
In 1993, 20th Century Fox Film Scores released a four-CD box set containing music from the original Star Wars trilogy. This release marked the first time that the complete contents of the original double-LP releases of the scores from the first two films became available on CD. Disc three in the set was devoted to Return of the Jedi, with further tracks on disc four.
In commemoration for the franchise's 20th anniversary in 1997, RCA Victor released 2-disc limited edition soundtracks for each film in the original trilogy. The release got a title The Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. For Return of the Jedi only, two newly recorded music tracks were added at George Lucas's request. John Williams wrote and recorded a new ending melody with the London Symphony Orchestra titled "Victory Celebration", replacing "Ewok Celebration" from the original release. Jerry Hey composed and arranged "Jedi Rocks" as a replacement for "Lapti Nek".
Sony Classical Records re-issued the soundtrack on September 21, 2004 under the title Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack). The 2-disc set was advertised as the complete score despite missing several musical cues and original tracks.
Although released as the complete score, there are several cues not on the Special Edition that have been released on previous releases. These include:
Currently, several source cues and other material are unavailable. Many of these master tapes could not be located in time for the score's Special Edition release and are presumed lost. These tracks include:
KIOSK

KIOSK is an art, design and architecture magazine, the first edition of which was published in November 2007. The magazine was created by artists, designers, architects, historians, theorists, curators and experts in the built environment and has a wrap-around poster cover of the work of a featured artist, designer, or architect. It is published on a biannual basis.
KIOSK is edited by Marq Smith, and published by Simon Ofield.
Issue 1 (Winter 2007/08) contains:
Postal codes in Namibia

After 28 years without a postal code system in Namibia, the national postal service provider NamPost introduced new postal codes in December 2018.
They consist of five digits, where the first two indicate the region, the last two the post office and the third digit is always a 0.
Address format examples
Before independence in 1990, when the country was under South African administration, it formed part of that country's post code system, but following independence, use of post codes was discontinued. South West Africa, including the enclave of Walvis Bay, was allocated the number range 9000–9299.
However, the code 9000 was commonly used for all addresses for mail from or via South Africa.
Walvis Bay remained under South African administration until 1994.
K67 kiosk

K67 is a kiosk design created in 1966 by the Slovenian architect and designer Saša J. Mächtig.
The design is based on polyfibre reinforced modules, which can be used as single units or combined to large agglomerations. It can serve many different functions; throughout its history it has been used for newspaper kiosks, parking-attendant booths, copyshops, market stands, shelter booths, chip stalls, student cafes, and lottery stands. It appears in different colour combinations (red is the most common), and it is easily visible and accessible. The modular design of the units enables the K67 to fit almost any location.
Patented in 1967, K67 was prepared for serial production in 1968 with the first exhibition of prototypes in Ljutomer, Slovenia. It was manufactured by the Imgrad factory in Ljutomer.
Eastern Beach (Victoria)

Eastern Beach is a popular swimming and recreation area in Geelong, Victoria on the shores of Corio Bay. Built during the 1930s in the Art Deco style, a shark proof sea bath is provided, as well as a children's swimming pool, kiosk, and dressing room pavilion. A number of Art Deco buildings in the area are listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.
It was not always the beach it is today. In the early years that area of Geelong was considered an eyesore, with steep cliffs running from the northern town boundary to the shores of Corio Bay.
Redevelopment plans were first proposed in 1914 by the City of Geelong. Work was to include a 1-mile (1.6 km) sea wall from Yarra Street to Limeburners Point, land reclamation, and the flattening of the cliffs along the beach. Further plans were drawn up for a chalet at the beach, which later appeared in the form of the kiosk building.
Work began in September 1927 when contracts were let for construction of the concrete stairway, terraces and dressing sheds. J.C. Taylor and Sons were the successful contractor. That stage of the works was opened on 20 December 1929, by the Mayor of Geelong, Cr Solomon Jacobs.
The semi-circular shark-proof swimming enclosure and children's pool were opened by Cr Jacobs on 28 March 1939. The enclosure covered 8+1⁄2 acres (3.4 ha) and could accommodate 10,000 bathers. The precinct development cost £40,000 ($80,000), but was seen by the council of the time as being an investment in the city.
To cater to beach goers, a tramway extension along Corio Terrace (later Brougham Street) as far as Bellerine Street opened in October 1940. The line was closed in 1956 along with the rest of Geelong's tramways.
The area began a slow decline from the 1960s, with its popularity diminishing as a result of increased motor car ownership, which gave Geelong residents easier access to ocean beaches. Later decades of neglect saw the area fall into disrepair.
The decline was arrested in 1993, when the City of Greater Geelong announced plans for the restoration of the area. Partial funding of the works came from people being given the opportunity to purchase a plank on the boardwalk around he swimming enclosure. The boardwalk and enclosure were rebuilt, and the children's swimming pool, kiosk and change rooms were renovated. The Beach House restaurant was also opened on the upper level of the kiosk building.
The late 1990s saw the original diving tower reinstated at the bay side of the swimming enclosure, after an absence of many years. However, the rebuilt structure was altered from the original design, with access to the topmost level being barred due to injury concerns.
The improvements were the first stage of the Waterfront Geelong developments along the Corio Bay foreshore.
Eastern Beach is the venue of festivals and concerts, as well as the annual Geelong Carols by the Bay concert hosted by Denis Walter.
38°08′51″S 144°22′25″E﻿ / ﻿38.1475°S 144.3735°E﻿ / -38.1475; 144.3735
Trajan's Kiosk

Trajan's Kiosk, also known as Pharaoh's Bed (Arabic: سرير فرعون) by the locals, is a hypaethral temple currently located on Agilkia Island in southern Egypt. The unfinished monument is attributed to Trajan, Roman emperor from 98 to 117 AD, due to his depiction as pharaoh seen on some of the interior reliefs. However, the majority of the structure dates to an earlier time, possibly to the reign of Augustus. The temple was originally built on the island of Philae, near the lower Aswan Dam, and served as main entrance to the Philae Island Temple Complex from the Nile river. It was relocated to Agilika Island in the 1960s as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia to save it from the rising waters of the Nile that followed the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
This 15-x-20 metre kiosk is 15.85 metres high; its function was likely "to shelter the bark of Isis at the eastern banks" of Philae island. Its four by five columns each carry "different, lavishly structured composite capitals that are topped by 2.10-metre-high piers" and were originally intended to be sculpted into Bes piers, similar to the birthhouses of Philae, Armant, and Dendera though this decoration was never completed.
The structure is today roofless, but sockets within the structure's architraves suggest that its roof, which was made of timber, was indeed constructed in ancient times. Three 12.50-metre-long, presumably triangulated trusses, "which were inserted into a ledge at the back of stone architecture, carried the slightly vaulted roof." All the fourteen columns are connected by a screening wall, with entrances in the eastern and western facades. This building represents an example of the unusual combination of wood and stone in the same architectural structure for an Egyptian temple. The attribution to Emperor Trajan is based on a carving inside the kiosk structure, depicting the emperor burning incense before Osiris and Isis.
24°01′30″N 32°53′05″E﻿ / ﻿24.0251°N 32.8846°E﻿ / 24.0251; 32.8846
বীণা দেবী

বীণা দেবী (জন্ম: আনু..১৯৭৭) একজন ভারতীয় নেত্রী যিনি মাশরুম চাষের মাধ্যমে মহিলাদের ব্যবসায়ী হতে অনুপ্রাণিত করার জন্য পরিচিত হয়েছেন। মাশরুম চাষকে জনপ্রিয় করার জন্য বিনা দেবী 'মাশরুম মহিলা' ডাকনাম অর্জন করেন, এবং তিনি পাঁচ বছরের জন্য তেতিয়াবাম্বর ব্লকের ধৌরি পঞ্চায়েতের প্রধান হন। তিনি মাশরুম ও জৈব চাষ, ভার্মিকম্পোস্ট উৎপাদন এবং জৈব কীটনাশক তৈরির বিষয়ে কৃষকদের প্রশিক্ষণ দিয়েছেন।
বীণা দেবী ২০২০ সালে ভারত সরকারের মহিলা ও শিশু উন্নয়ন মন্ত্রণালয় কর্তৃক নারী শক্তি পুরস্কারে ভূষিত হয়েছিলেন।
তিনি বিহারের তিলকারি নামের একটি ছোট গ্রামের বাসিন্দা, এবং অনুমানিক ১৯৭৭ সালে জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিলেন।
বীণা দেবী তার নিজের বিছানার নীচে অল্প পরিমাণে মাশরুম দেখতে পেয়েছিলেন, এবং তিনি এটিকে একটি পেশাগত সুযোগ হিসাবে উপলব্ধি করেছিল।
তিনি দুগ্ধ খামার ও ছাগল পালনে নিযুক্ত ছিলেন, তবে তিনি গ্রামীণ মহিলাদের মধ্যে আত্মকর্মসংস্থানের জন্য অনুপ্রাণিত হয়েছিলেন। তিনি মুঙ্গের জেলার পাঁচটি ব্লক ও ১০৫ টি প্রতিবেশী গ্রামে মাশরুম উৎপাদন জনপ্রিয় করেন, ১,৫০০ জন মহিলাকে মাশরুম চাষ গ্রহণ করার সময় তাদের সমর্থন করে প্রভাবিত করেন।
তিনি ডিজিটাল সাক্ষরতা ছড়িয়ে দেওয়ার সাথে জড়িত রয়েছেন এবং টাটা ট্রাস্টের অর্থায়নে ৭০০ জন মহিলাকে কীভাবে মোবাইল ফোন ব্যবহার করতে হয় সে সম্পর্কে প্রশিক্ষণ দিয়েছেন। তিনি ২,৫০০ জন কৃষককে এসআরআই পদ্ধতির ফসল চাষে প্রশিক্ষণ দিয়েছেন এবং স্বনির্ভর গোষ্ঠী গঠনে সহায়তা করেছেন।
মহিলা দিবসে প্রধানমন্ত্রীর অ্যাকাউন্ট পরিচালনার জন্য বীণা দেবী হলেন সপ্তম নারী। তাঁর আগে চেন্নাই-ভিত্তিক সমাজকর্মী স্নেহা মোহনদোস, বোমা বিস্ফোরণে বেঁচে যাওয়া মালবিকা আইয়ার, কাশ্মীরি নুমধা, হস্তশিল্প পুনরুজ্জীবন কর্মী আরিফা জান, শহুরে জল সংরক্ষণবিদ কল্পনা রমেশ, মহারাষ্ট্রের বানজারা হস্তশিল্পের প্রবর্তক বিজয়া পাওয়ার এবং মহিলা রাজমিস্ত্রি কলাবতী দেবী এই সম্মান পেয়েছেন।
তিনি মহিলা ও শিশু উন্নয়ন মন্ত্রণালয়ের পক্ষ থেকে রাষ্ট্রপতি রাম নাথ কোবিন্দ কর্তৃক ২০২০ সালের ৯ই মার্চ নারী শক্তি পুরস্কারে ভূষিত হন।
নিজের মাশরুম চাষের কথা উল্লেখ করে তিনি বলেন: “এই চাষের কারণে আমি সম্মান পেয়েছি। আমি সরপঞ্চ হলাম। এটা আমার জন্য আনন্দের যে আমার মতো অনেক নারী প্রশিক্ষণের সুযোগ পাচ্ছেন।"
Vichitra veena

The vichitra veena (Sanskrit: विचित्र वीणा) is a stick zither, a plucked string instrument used in Hindustani music. Similar to the Carnatic gottuvadhyam (chitra vina) it has no frets and is played with a slide.
The Vichitra Veena is the modern form of ancient Ekatantri Veena. It is made of a broad, fretless, horizontal arm or crossbar (dand) around three feet long and six inches wide, with two large resonating gourds (tumba), which are inlaid with ivory and attached underneath at either end. The narrow ends of the instrument are fashioned into peacock heads.
There are four main playing strings and five secondary strings (chikaris), which are played openly with the little finger for a drone effect. Underneath them are 13 sympathetic strings tuned to the notes of the appropriate raag. The veena has a five-octave range. Two plectrums (mizrab) identical to those used for sitar are worn on the middle and index fingers of the right hand to pluck the strings, and a glass ball (batta) is moved with the left across the main strings to create melody (there can be a distance of up to two inches between notes). Coconut oil is put on the strings to minimize the friction of the sliding hand holding the batta.
The veena was often used to accompany the Dhrupad style of singing and this did not allow for much intricacy or embellishment around the notes. It was rescued from oblivion by Lalmani Misra who developed technique of playing and created Misrabani compositions; his son Gopal Shankar Misra made the repertoire universal.
Mahishasura Mardini Stotra

The Mahishasura Mardini Stotra (Sanskrit: महिषासुरमर्दिनीस्तोत्रम्, IAST: Mahiṣāsuramardinīstotraṃ) is a Hindu stotra. Comprising 21 verses, the work extols the goddess Durga, a principal aspect of the supreme goddess Mahadevi, and her act of slaying the asura Mahishasura.
Mahiṣāsuramardinī is an epithet of Durga, literally meaning, "the slayer of the demon Mahisha", and a stotra is a eulogistic work.
The authorship of the Mahishasura Mardini Stotra is attributed to the theologian Adi Shankara. This hymn is mentioned in the 53rd chapter of the 1st portion of the text Shivarahasya Purana. The hymn is based on the text Devi Mahatmya, referencing a number of legends of the goddess Durga such as slaying Mahishasura, Raktabija, as well as Chanda and Munda, as well as generally praising her attributes.
According to the Devi Mahatmya, in the legend called the Mahishasura Vadha, furious about the asuras under Mahishasura expelling the devas and overrunning Svarga, the Trimurti (supreme trinity) of the deities Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva combined their energies, which assumed the form of a goddess called Durga. Armed with the weapons and attributes of the deities, Durga slew the shape-shifting Mahishashura, who assumed the forms of a lion, elephant, and a buffalo, and finally a man. She was glorified by the deities as the primordial being and the origin of the Vedas. Pleased by their hymns, the goddess promised the deities salvation whenever they faced danger.
The first hymn of the mantra describes the attributes of Durga:
Veena (actress)

Veena (née Tajour Sultana; 4 July 1926 – 14 November 2004), also known as Veena Kumari, was an Indian actress.
Veena was born as Tajour Sultana on 4 July 1926 in Quetta, Baluchistan Agency, British India. Later, her family moved to Lahore and they lived there for an extended period of time.
She married actor-hero Al Nasir in 1947 in Junagadh and had two children with him. Al Nasir was from a royal family in Bhopal and had already been married, first to actress Meena Shorey and then to Manorama. They both worked together in a few films but their films flopped at the box-office. Al Nasir died in 1957 due to tetanus.
Veena started out playing heroine roles in pre-partition films. She made her debut with Garib and Gawandhi (1942) at around sixteen years of age. Garib was made in Urdu and Gawandhi was made in Punjabi and directed by Mehboob Khan. In Garib, she played the role of Lata and in Gawandhi she played heroine opposite Shyam, who played the hero.
She became known for her roles in pre-partition Hindi and Urdu films. Her early years in films came with films such as Najma (1943), Phool (1945) and Humayun (1945). Her last film before the Partition of India was Rajputani (1946), in which she played a supporting role. She decided to remain in India after the partition in 1947 and acted through the mid-to-late-1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s.
She played roles in big productions such as Halaku (1956), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959), Taj Mahal (1963), Do Raaste (1969) and Pakeezah (1972). She retired in 1983 after the release of Razia Sultan (1983) in which she played Empress Shah Turkhan.
Veena died in Bombay on 14 November 2004 after 21 years of retirement when she was 78 years old after suffering from a protracted illness. She had appeared in over 70 feature films in a career spanning 41 years (1942 – 1983).
Галт уул

Галт уул (латин.Vulcanus, англи. volcano, орос. Вулкан) газрын гүнээс халуун лаав (магм буюу хайлмал чулуу) газрын гадаргууд гаргаж тогоо үүсгэдэг геологийн бүтэц юм. Галт уулууд нь ихэвчлэн тектоникийн плитүүдийн ойртох ба холдох зааг, эх газрын рифтийн бүсүүдэд үүснэ.
Галт уулын дэлбэрэлт нь нэгэн төрлийн байгалийн гамшигт тооцогдох ба доорхи байдлаар байгаль ба хүнд сөрөг нөлөө үзүүлнэ.
Галт уулын дэлбэрэлтээр халуун лааваас гадна усны уур (H2O), нүүрстөрөгчийн давхар исэл (CO2), хүхрийн давхар исэл (SO2), хлорт устөрөгч (HCl), фторт устөрөгч (HF), үнс их хэмжээгээр агаар мандал руу (ихэвчлэн стратосфери рүү, 16-32 км хүртэл өндөрт) цацагдана. Эдгээрээс хамгийн муу нөлөөтэй нь хүхрийн давхар исэл бөгөөд, уг исэл агаарт хүхрийн хүчил (H2SO4), улмаар маш жижиг ширхэгтэй сульфат тоосонцор болон хувирна. Уг тоосонцор нь нарнаас ирэх дулааны энергийг буцаан ойлгох ба томоохон хэмжээний галт уулын дэлбэрэлийн дараа (1-3 жилийн турш) агаарын дундаж температур багасдаг (хүйтэрдэг) байна. Үүнээс гадна сульфатын тоосонцор нь стратосфери дэх хлор, азотын химийн шинж чанарыг өөрчлөн, хлорийн исэл (ClO) үүсгэх ба уг исэл нь озоныг (O3) устгана. Хлорт устөрөгч (HCl), фторт устөрөгч (HF) нь борооны дуслуудад уусан, богино хугацаанд хүчиллэг бороо болно. Агаарт цацагдсан үнс нь хэдэн өдөр, эсвэл хэдэн долоо хоногийн дотор агаар мандлаас газрын гадаргуу руу бууна. Галт уулын дэлбэрэлтээр их хэмжээний хүлэмжийн хий - нүүрстөрөгчийн давхар исэл ялгарна.
Галт уул судлал- галт уул судалдаг шинжлэх ухааныг хэлнэ, галт уул судлаач гэж галт уул судалдаг эрдэмтэнг хэлнэ.
Уран тогоо - Тулга уул

Булган аймгийн Хутаг-Өндөр сумын нутагт Булган хотоос баруун хойш 80 орчим километр зайд Хөвсгөл явах төв замын баруун талд Уран, Тулга, Тогоо, Жалавч гэдэг дөрвөн унтарсан галт уулс оршдог.
Дөрөвдөгч галавын үед оргилж байсан уулс бөгөөд хамгийн сүүлд 20-25 мянган жилийн тэртээ унтарчээ. Уран тогоо уул далайн төвшнөөс дээш 1686 метр өндөр, өрхний амсар нь сэтрээгүй бүтэн, 500-600 метр өргөн голчтой, гүн нь 50-60 метр юм.
Уран бүрхээр уул гэдэг бөгөөд анх 1965 онд дархлан улсын тусгай хамгаалалтанд авчээ.
Гэгээн Елена

Гэгээн Еленагийн арал (англи. Saint Helena [ˌseɪnt hɨˈliːnə]) —Их Британийн далайн чанад дахь Гэгээн Елена болон Тристан-да-Кунья өндөрлөгийн (англи. Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha) Өмнөд Атлантын далайн 3 арлын (Их Британид хамрагдах арал боловч бүрэлдэхүүн хэсэгт ордоггүй) нэг нь юм. Тус арлын Наполеон Бонапарт амьдарч байсан хоёр байшин болон түүнийг оршуулсан 0,14 км² газар Франц улсад харьяалагддаг ажээ.
Гэгээн Еленагийн арал нь галт уулын гаралтай. Түүний өмнөд хэсэгт 818 м өндөрт хэд хэдэн унтарсан галт уулын тогоо байдаг. Халуун орны уур амьсгалтай. Өндөрлөг газарт жилд 1000 мм хур тунадас унадаг ч Жеймстаун дүүрэгт жилд ердөө 140 мм хур ордог байна.
2016 оны тооллогоор бүх 3 арлын нийт хүн ам 5,633 байв. Гэгээн Елена арал дээр 4534 хүн, Тристан-да-Кунья арлуудад 293 хүн амьдардаг. Өндөрлөгийн арал нь байнгын хүн амгүй, зөвхөн ажилчид болон цэргийн албан хаагчид гэр бүлийн хамт амьдардаг 1150 хүн амтай: Гэгээн Елена хотын 806 оршин суугч, Их Британиас 200 хүн, АНУ-аас 150 хүн.
Угсаатны бүрэлдэхүүн: Сентеленичууд бол англи, голланд, португал, индианчууд, хятадууд, африкчуудын холилдсон үр удам юм.