davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
دریائے راوی

30°35′N 71°49′E﻿ / ﻿30.583°N 71.817°E﻿ / 30.583; 71.817
صوبہ پنجاب میں دریائے سندھ اور اس کے معاون دریائے جہلم، دریائے چناب، دریائے راوی اور دریائے ستلج بہتے ہیں۔ دریائے راوی ضلع کانگڑامیں درہ روتنگ سے نکلتا ہے اور ساڑھے چار سو میل لمبا (720 کلومیٹر)ہے۔ پاکستانی پنجاب کا درالحکومت لاہور اسی دریا کے کنارے واقع ہے۔ دریائے راوی اور دریائے چناب کا درمیانہ علاقہ دوآبہ رچنا کہلاتا ہے۔ دریائے راوی پہلے ایراوتی کہلاتا تھا۔
دریائے راوی کی بڑی بڑی نہریں یہ ہیں۔ اپر باری دوآب مادھو پور بھارت سے نکلتی ہے۔ اس کی قصور برانچ پاکستان کو سیراب کرتی ہے۔ نہر لوئر باری دوآب کے ہیڈورکس بلوکی میں ہیں۔ یہ نہر اضلاع ملتان اور منٹگمری کو سیراب کرتی ہے۔ انہار ثلاثہ ان میں دریائے راوی، چناب اور جہلم کی تین نہریں اپر جہلم، اپر چناب اور لوئر باری دواب شامل ہیں۔ گنجی یار منٹگمری اور ملتان کو سیراب کرنے کے لیے راونی کا پانی کافی نہ تھا۔ چنانچہ اس کمی کو پورا کرنے کے لیے چناب کا پانی بلوکی کے مقام پر بذریعہ نہر اپرچناب دریائے راوی میں ڈالا گیا۔ اس سے نہر لوئر چناب کا پانی کم ہو گیا۔ اور گوجرانولہ شیخوپورہ، لائل پور (موجودہ نام فیصل آباد) اور جھنگ کے اضلاع کے لیے پانی ناکافی ثابت ہونے لگا۔ چنانچہ منگلا کو نہر اپر جہلم کا پانی خانکی کے مقام پر دریائے چناب میں ڈال دیا گیا۔ اضلاع لائل پور، گوجرانولہ، ساہیوال اور ملتان کی نہری آبادیاں انہار ثلاثہ کی بدولت ہی سیراب ہوتی ہیں ان میں اعلیٰ قسم کی گندم اور امریکن کپاس پیدا ہوتی ہے۔ دریائے راوی کے پرانے حصے کو راوی ضعیف بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔
پیٹرول

پیٹرول، گیسولین یا صرف گیس پیٹرو کیمیکل مصنوعات کی شناخت اور وضاحت کرتا ہے جس کی خصوصیت ایک شفاف، زرد اور آتش گیر مائع کے طور پر ہوتی ہے جو عام طور پر چنگاری سے بھڑکنے والے اندرونی دہن کے انجنوں کے لیے بطور ایندھن استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ جب پیٹرول کو انجنوں کے لیے ایندھن کے طور پر تیار کیا جاتا ہے، تو پٹرول کیمیائی طور پر نامیاتی مرکبات پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے جو پیٹرولیم کے فرکشنل ڈسٹلیشن سے حاصل ہوتا ہے اور بعد میں گیسولین کے اضافے کے ساتھ کیمیائی طور پر بڑھایا جاتا ہے۔
پیٹرول میں کارسینوجینز ہوتے ہیں۔ پیٹرول کو جب جلایا جاتا ہے، تو ایک لیٹر پٹرول تقریباً 2.3 کلوگرام کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ خارج کرتا ہے، جو ایک گرین ہاؤس گیس ہے، جو انسانوں کی وجہ سے موسمیاتی تبدیلیوں میں معاون ہے۔ تیل کی مصنوعات بشمول پٹرول 2021 میں دنیا بھر میں کاربن ڈائی آکسائڈ کے تقریباً 32 فیصد اخراج کے لیے ذمہ دار تھیں۔
پیٹرول-الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن

پیٹرول الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن (برطانیہ) یا گیسولین الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن یا گیس الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن (امریکا) پیٹرول انجنوں سے چلنے والی گاڑیوں کے لیے ٹرانسمیشن کا نظام ہے۔ 20ویں صدی کے اوائل میں سڑک، ریل اور سمندری نقل و حمل میں پیٹرول–الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن کااستعمال مختلف قسم کے استعمال کے لیے کیا جاتا تھا۔ پہلی جنگ عظیم کے بعد، یہ بڑی حد تک ڈیزل-الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن، ڈیزل انجنوں کے لیے استعمال ہونے والے ایسے ہی ٹرانسمیشن سسٹم کے ذریعے ختم ہو گیا تھا۔ لیکن پیٹرول الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن جدید ہائبرڈ الیکٹرک گاڑیوں میں ایک بار پھر مقبول ہو گیا ہے۔
پیٹرول – الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن کا استعمال 20 ویں صدی کے اوائل میں مخصوص میدانوں میں کیا گیا تھا، جیسے کہ برطانیہ میں پہلی جنگ عظیم کے دوران وار ڈپارٹمنٹ لائٹ ریلوے پر استعمال کرنے کے لیے یا نجی ملکیت میں اراد اور سناد یونائیٹڈ ریلوے کے لیے پیٹرول الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن ریلوے انجنوں میں استعمال کیا گیا تھا۔ فرانس میں، Crochat پیٹرول-الیکٹرک ٹرانسمیشن سسٹم معیاری گیج انجنوں کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا تھا (240 کلو واٹ تک برقی طاقت)۔
پیٹرول برقی گاڑیاں ایک ہائبرڈ آرکیٹیکچر کی سیریز پیروی کرتی ہیں۔ ایکاسپارک/ چنگاری اگنیشن اندرونی دہن (IC) انجن بنیادی حرکت آموز کے طور پر کام کرتا ہے، یعنی جنریٹر کو طاقت دیتا ہے جو گردشی توانائی کو برقی توانائی میں تبدیل کرتا ہے۔ جنریٹر ایک بیٹری پیک کو چارج کرتا ہے اور ایک ٹریکشن موٹر کو چلاتا ہے جو گاڑی کو حرکت دینے کے لیے ٹریکٹیو کوشش فراہم کرتا ہے۔
انجن عام طور پر چھوٹا ہوتا ہے بمقابلہ جو اسی سائز کی روایتی پیٹرول گاڑی کے انجن کو طاقت دینے کے لیے کیا درکار ہوتا ہے۔ انجن جو جنریٹر کو طاقت دیتا ہے، عام طور پر اپنی زیادہ سے زیادہ اعلی کارکردگی والے RPM (چکر فی منٹ) پر چلتا ہے۔ جب رفتار بڑھانے کے لیے یا چڑھائی چڑھنے کے لیے اضافی طاقت کی ضرورت ہوتی ہے، تو انجن اور بیٹری پیک دونوں ہی موٹر کو طاقت دیتے ہیں۔ جب انجن ضرورت سے زیادہ طاقت پیدا کرتا ہے جو سڑک پر پہیوں کو چلانے کے لیے درکار ہوتی ہے تو اضافی طاقت کو بیٹری چارج کرنے کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
پیٹرول سے چلنے والی گاڑیوں کو عام طور پر کسی بھی قسم کے اسپیڈنگ اپ یا ٹرانسمیشن کی ضرورت نہیں ہوتی ہے کیونکہ الیکٹرک ٹریکشن موٹرز پیک کارکردگی پر وسیع آر پی ایم رینج پر کام کر سکتی ہیں۔ انجن جنریٹر جوڑا ایک کمپیکٹ یونٹ ہے جو میکانکی طور پر سڑک کے پہیوں سے منسلک نہیں ہوتا ہے۔ کنکشن خالصتاً برقی ہوتا ہے۔
بھارت کے پیٹرول پمپ

مارچ 2012ء کے مطابق بھارت میں تقریباً پینتالیس ہزار پیٹرول پمپ ہیں۔ جن میں سے تقریباً سولہ ہزار پمپ انڈین اوئیل کے ہیں اور ہر پانچ ہزار پمپ بھارت پیٹرولیم اور ہندوستان پیٹرولیم کے ہیں۔ صرف انڈین اوئیل کی زیر ملکیت جتنے پمپ ہیں ان کی تعداد برطانیہ اور کینیڈا کے تمام پیٹرول پمپ سے زیادہ ہے۔ ریاست پنجاب میں تقریباً 700 پمپ، جبکہ تنہا ریاست ہریانہ میں 500 پمپ ہيں۔ تیل کی قیمتیں بڑھ جانے سے ایل پی جی اور سی این جی کے اسٹیشن بھی قائم کیے جا رہے ہیں۔
ریلائنس انڈسٹریز لمیٹڈ، ایسار اوئیل، شیل انڈیا اور او این سی جی نے بھی بھارت میں اپنے پیٹرول پمپ کھولے۔ تاہم قیمتوں کے تفاوت کی بنا پر ریلائنس اور ایسار کے پیٹرول پمپ بند ہو چکے ہیں جبکہ اس وقت شیل کے 74 پیٹرول پمپ مصروف عمل ہیں۔
درج ذیل معلومات اکتوبر 2008ء کے مطابق ہیں۔
پٹرولیم

نفط (petroleum) جس کے لیے اردو میں بکثرت (بطور خاص سیاسی خبروں میں) صرف تیل یا خام تیل کا لفظ بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے ایک قدرتی مادہ ہے جو آتشگیر ہوتا ہے۔ یہ مائع کی صورت میں زیرِ زمین چٹانوں سے برآمد ہوتا ہے۔ کیمیائی ساخت میں نفط ایک قسم کا آمیزہ ہے جس میں متعدد الاقسام آبیکاربنات (hydrocarbons) اور دیگر نامیاتی مرکبات پائے جاتے ہیں۔ نفط کا استعمال اور تاریخ گو انجن کی ایجاد سے نمایاں ہوکر سامنے آتی ہے لیکن فی الحقیقت اس کا استعمال اور تاریخ بہت قدیم ہے؛ انگریزی میں لفظ petroleum کو سب سے پہلے 1546ء میں ایک جرمن معدنیات داں Georg Agricola نے استعمال کیا تھا۔ متحدہ امریکہ میں پیٹرول کو گیس کہا جاتا ہے جو لفظ گیسولین (gasoline) کا مخفف ہے اور اس گیس سے مراد سی این جی یا ایل پی جی نہیں ہے۔ ایران میں پٹرول کو بینزین کہتے ہیں حالانکہ کیمیا میں لفظ بینزین ایک مختلف مرکب کا نام ہے جو ماضی میں بطور ایندھن استعمال کیا جا چکا ہے۔
اردو کے لغات میں اس تیل کو ’نفتآرکائیو شدہ (Date missing) بذریعہ udb.gov.pk (Error: unknown archive URL)‘ کی تہجّی سے بھی لکھا جاتا ہے۔
پٹرول انجن

پیٹرول انجن (امریکی اور کینیڈین انگریزی میں گیسولین انجن ) ایک اندرونی احتراقی انجن ہے جو پیٹرول پر چلنے کے لیے ڈیزائن کیا گیا ہے۔ پیٹرول کے انجنوں کو اکثر دیگر ایندھنوں جیسے مائع پیٹرولیم گیس اور ایتھنول مرکبات (جیسے E10 اور E85 )، پر چلنے کے لیے منتقل کیا جا سکتا ہے۔
زیادہ تر پٹرول انجن چنگاری اگنیشن کا استعمال کرتے ہیں، ڈیزل انجنوں کے برعکس جو عام طور پر کمپریشن اگنیشن کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ ڈیزل انجنوں میں ایک اور اہم فرق یہ ہے کہ پیٹرول انجنوں کا کمپریشن تناسب عام طور پر کم ہوتا ہے۔
Nankana Sahib District

Nankana Sahib District (Punjabi: ضلع ننکاݨا صاحب; Urdu: ضِلع ننكانہ صاحِب) is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Nankana Sahib is the seat of the district government, and Shahkot is the largest urban center. The district of Nankana Sahib is located about 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Lahore and about 53 kilometres (33 mi) east of Faisalabad. Until 2005, it was part of Sheikhupura District.
The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils.
As of the 2023 census, Nankana Sahib district has 246,956 households and a population of 1,634,871. The district has a sex ratio of 103.62 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 63.12%: 68.38% for males and 57.63% for females. 428,600 (26.22% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 323,388 (19.78%) live in urban areas.
At the time of the 2023 census, 97.24% of the population spoke Punjabi and 1.88% Urdu as their first language.
District Nankana Sahib is ranked 26th on the education score index of the Pakistan District Education Rankings 2017 published by Alif Ailaan. The overall education score is composed of the learning score, retention score and gender parity score.
In the middle school infrastructure score index, which focuses on availability of basic facilities and the building condition of schools, Nankana Sahib ranks 51st. The facilities of electricity and drinking water in schools remain very good in the district with a 100% score. However, the building conditions are below average with a score of 45.07.
On the TaleemDo! App, the majority of residents in several areas within Nankana Sahib have complained about a shortage of schoolteachers, as well as a lack of access to available transport to schools located further away. This issue is reported by a majority of female students.
The possibility of the development of a university, named after Guru Nanak, has been raised.
The Punjab government decided to link Nankana Sahib District with the provincial capital, Lahore. With these plans the Punjab government is completing "Khanqah Dogran Interchange" (on the M-2) very swiftly, which is a helpful project to develop the newly created District of Nankana Sahib. This will also give access to the Grand Trunk Road, which leads to the Indian Punjab from the Wagah border. Nankana Sahib-Amritsar bus was inaugurated by Ex-Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh.
Manmad

Manmad (pronunciation [mənmaːɖ]) is a town in Nashik district in Maharashtra, India. It is the third largest city in Nashik district, with a population of approximately 80,000. Geographically, the town lies within Nandgaon Tehsil in Nashik District. Though it has a larger area and population than most Tehsils in the district, it does not have a Tehsil office.
Manmad houses the largest grain storage warehouses in Asia, which are administered by the Food Corporation of India as well as the offices of petroleum companies such as Bharat Petroleum, Hindustan Petroleum and Indian Oil. Manmad also houses a popular Sikh Gurudwara. Manmad is one of the largest markets for onion producing farmers after Lasalgaon; many farmers from nearby villages sell their farm produce in Manmad to wholesale traders, who in turn sell it in Mumbai. The Central Railway Engineering workshop at Manmad, which constructs and maintains railway bridges for central railways, marked 100 years of operation in December 2005. The Centralized Engineering Workshop is under the direct control of Chief Engineer, Central Railway, Mumbai. This workshop undertakes fabrication of steel structural items, including bridge girders; approximately 1160 employees work in the Engineering Workshop.
Bharat Petroleum has installed a station near Manmad that collects the petroleum products from BPCL & HPCL refineries and carries them to the interior part of Maharashtra. The petroleum products are loaded in rail wagons and transported to other places.
Manmad Junction railway station is a major railway junction on the Central Railway line. A majority of Manmad's population is employed by Central Railway and Food Corporation of India. Four railway lines converge at Manmad, one each from Bhusawal, Daund–Pune, Secunderabad–Manmad and most importantly from Mumbai. Manmad is a crucial junction for those who want to travel to Shirdi, Pune, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Tirupati, Konkan, Marathwada and Bangalore. This station served as an important interconnection between Nizam State Railway (then metre-gauge railway) and GIP Railway till 1948.
Manmad lies on State Highway 10. It was an important link for Holkars to deal with Peshwas at Pune, and it was an important link for Peshwas to enter Northern India, especially Delhi. Other roads link with Chandwad and Nandgaon. Manmad has huge traffic of agricultural produce, transport of petroleum, food grain & cement from Manmad Station. Before the 1960s, Nashik district faced an acute shortage of food grains. Food grains from the Marathwada region were transported through this town, destined to Nashik district.
Manmad is located at 20°15′N 74°27′E﻿ / ﻿20.25°N 74.45°E﻿ / 20.25; 74.45. It has an average elevation of 580 metres (1902 feet).
According to the 2011 Indian census, Manmad has a population of 80,058. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Manmad has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 81%, and female literacy is 69%. In Manmad, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce

The Intervention Board for Agricultural Produce, commonly just called the Intervention Board (IB), was a public authority in the United Kingdom from 1972 until 2001.
The Board was formed as a Government Department on 22 November 1972, under section 6 of the European Communities Act 1972, and was responsible under the Agriculture Ministers for the implementation of the guarantee functions of the Common Agricultural Policy. Policy matters remained the responsibility of the Agriculture Ministers.
The Board was abolished with effect from 14 November 2001 and its property, rights and liabilities transferred to the Secretary of State, the Scottish Ministers, the National Assembly for Wales and the Department for Agriculture and Rural Development in Northern Ireland.
Tone Inné agus Inniu

Leabhar Gaeilge leis an scríbhneoir Máirtín Ó Cadhain, a d'fhoilsigh Coiscéim sa bhliain 1999 é Tone Inné agus Inniu.
Is féidir tuiscint Uí Chadhain ar an traidisiún poblachtach a mheas sa saothar. Tá an téacs bunaithe ar léacht a thug an Cadhnach do Chumann Wolfe Tone sa bhliain 1963, nuair a bhí ceiliúradh á dhéanamh ar Tone. Déantar plé ann faoi oidhreacht 1798. Dar le Liam Mac Cóil tá sé lán le stair, anailís, scéalta pearsanta, tuairimí agus sciolladóireacht. Faoi chlúdach bog atá an leabhar.
Radvan Markus

Scoláire Seiceach is ea Radvan Markus agus é ina léachtóir sa Gaeilge agus i litríocht na Gaeilge in Ollscoil Shéarlais i bPrág i bPoblacht na Seice.
Tá suim ar leith aige in eilimintí nua-aoiseacha i litríocht na Gaeilge. Tá sé ráite aige go gcuireann sé spéis mhór in údair a dhéanann iarracht ar tairbhe a bhaint as an traidisiún Gaelach agus as an nua-aoiseachas Eorpach araon.
Is dóigh leis gur fiú do mhic léinn Gaeilge a fhoghlaim ar a lán cúiseanna: teanga í a bhfuil gramadach neamhchoitianta aici sa chomhthéacs Ind-Eorpach agus ar díol spéise iad na cúrsaí socheolaíochta atá ag gabháil léi; ligeann sí duit litríocht an-suimiúil a léamh; is féidir leat post maith a fháil léi mar aistritheoir san Aontas Eorpach.
Ar na leabhair a d’fhoilsigh sé tá Echoes of the Rebellion: The Year 1798 in Twentieth-Century Irish Fiction and Drama (2015). Bhí sé ina chomheagarthóir ar The Politics of Irish Writing (2010), Boundary Crossings (2012) agus Tradition and Modernity (2014). Tá ailt agus aistí foilsithe aige ar Éirí Amach 1798, ar an ngaol idir an stair agus an ficsean agus ar ghnéithe de phrós na Gaeilge san fhichiú haois. Tá páipéir léite aige ag comhdhálacha.
Tá aistriúcháin déanta aige de L’Attaque (úrscéal le hEoghan Ó Tuairisc), de dhánta le Gearóid Mac Lochlainn agus de ghearrscéalta le Pádraic Ó Conaire. Tá sé ag obair ar leagan Seicise de Cré na Cille.
Eoin Ó Broin

Is scríbhneoir, smaointeoir polaitíochta, polaiteoir Éireannach agus Teachta Dála do cheantar Baile Átha Cliath Thiar-Meán é Eoin Ó Broin (a rugadh ar an 11 Meán Fómhair 1972). Tá sé ina bhall de Shinn Féin agus ina TD ón mbliain 2016. Roimhe sin bhí sé ina chomhairleoir áitiúil i mBaile Átha Cliath.
Tá Ó Broin ar dhuine de na hurlabhraithe is cumasaí atá ag Sinn Féin sa Dáil. Urlabhraí tithíochta Shinn Féin ba ea é, 2020-2024.
Fuair sé a chuid oideachais i gColáiste na Carraige Duibhe. Is í Lynn Boylan a pháirtí.
Tá Gaeilge mhaith ag Eoin Ó Broin (DS), rud nach bhfuil ag Eoin Ó Broin (SF)
Rugbaí

Is saghas spóirt (saghas peile, chun a bheith níos cruinne) é rugbaí (nó rugar uaireanta) a fhorbraíodh in áiteanna éagsúla i Sasana. Deirtear gur tháinig an spórt ar an bhfód don chéad uair sa Scoil Rugby, atá suite i Rugby, Warwickshire.
Nuair a luaitear an téarma "rugbaí", is iad atá i gceist don chuid is mó ná an dá leagan den chuiche is mó - Rugbaí Sraithe agus Rugbaí Aontais. Cé gur fhás peil Mheiriceánach, peil Astrálach agus peil Cheanadach as rugbaí, ní chuirtear iad sa chatagóir céanna.
Go bunúsach, imríonn dhá fhoireann in aghaidh a chéile, agus bíonn an bua ag an bhfoireann is mó pointí. Faigheann na foirne pointí nuair a scórálann siad úid nó scórálann siad pionóis. I rugbaí aontais, faigheann foirne 5 phointe nuair scórálann siad úd agus 3 phointe nuair a scórálann siad pionós. Tar éis úd a scóráil, is féidir iarracht a dhéanamh ar chic tiontú, agus scórálann siad 2 phointe le rath sa chic seo.
Bronntar trí phointe nuair a chuirtear an liathróid thar an trasnán mar phreabchúl. .
Tar éis mhion-fheall, cuirtear tús leis an imirt in athuair nuair a bhuaileann na foirne le chéile i gclibirt. Nuair a théann an liathróid amach thar an taobhlíne, caitear isteach arís í mar shíneadh amach.
Úr-Chnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte (Dán)

Scríobh Peadar Ó Doirnín an dán seo Úr-Chnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte. Rugadh é in aice le Dún Dealgan, Co. Lú sa bhliain 1704. Chaith sé an chuid is mó dá shaol sa chontae seo agus i gContae Ard Mhacha. Ba mhúinteoir scoil chois claí é, ar feadh tamaill, agus ba scríobhaí é freisin.
Cnoc atá dhá mhíle siar ó thuaidh ó Dhún Dealgan is ea Cnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte.
Deirtear gur chum sé an dán seo do chailín darbh ainm Nuala, a bhí ina cónaí san Fheadh Uachtarach.
Níl aon amhrán de chuid an Tuaiscirt is mó atá i mbéal an phobail ná Úr-Chnoc Chéin Mhic Cáinte. Tá an meas atá coitianta air mar liric tuillte go maith aige ar a bhinneacht agus ar a bhfuinte atá sé ach is mó ní eile a chabhraigh leis seo: an fonn ceolmhar a chui Peadar Ó Dubhda leis, an seanchas a bhaineann leis, an gearrscéa baoth rómánsúil a bhunaigh Seosamh Mac Grianna airsean agus a mhéid uair a cuireadh an t-amhrán i gcló.
Seosamh Laoide a chuir in eagar don chéad uair¹ é sa bhliain 1899 (Irisleabhar na Gaedhilge, x (1899), 44-45) agus chuir Éamonn Ó Tuathail (Rainn agus Amhráin, 1923, 38-9) agus Donal O’Sullivan (Bunting Collection of Irish Folk Music and Song, iv, 73-4) in eagar arís ina dhiaidh sin é. Fairis na heagráin sin cuireadh an t-amhrán i gcló go minic i dtéacsleabhair, i nduanairí agus i gcnuasaigh ceoil ach dá mhéid uair a cuireadh in eagar is i gcló é níor cuireadh an t-amhrán ina hiomláine riamh faoi bhráid an phobail. Is é bun agus barr an scéil gur amhrán sé véarsa é i gcuid mhaith de na lámhscríbhinní a bhfaightear é ach níor cuireadh an séú véarsa san riamh i gcló. D'admhaigh Ó Tuathail go raibh an véarsa san fhágaint ar lár aige ('A sixth stanza has been omitted', op. cit., ich 78); chuaidh O’Sullivan sa bhfiontar leis-chuir sé trí cheathrú de i gcló ach cheiliúir sé roimh an dá líne dheiridh: ‘The last two lines of the poem are unsuitable for printing’ (op. cit., ich 76). 1932. Táimid fásta suas go mór ó shoin, adeirtear, agus ní miste anois, is dócha, an t-amhrán ar fad mar a chum Ó Doirnín é (más é a chum) a chur ar fáil.
Siad na focal ná:
Cill Choca

Is baile beag í Cill Choca atá suite i dtuaisceart Chontae Chill Dara laisteas den Rí, abhainn atá ina teorainn idir Contae Chill Dara agus Contae na Mí. Is gearr an t-achar idir Cill Choca agus Baile Átha Cliath, agus téann go leor oibrithe abhaile chuici. 6,093 daoine atá ina gcónaí i gCill Choca (maidir le daonáireamh 2016). Tá sí suite cois na Canála Ríoga.
Deirtear gur bhunaigh Naomh Coca, eaglais cois abhainn an Rí sa 6ú haois in aice tobair a bhí tábhacht págánach ag baint leis. Ar 6 Iúil atá féile Naoimh Choca, ach is beag cuimhne thraidisiúnta a bhí uirthi: nuair a bhí Suirbhéireacht Ordanáis Éireann ar siúl sa cheantar sa bhliain 1837 dúradh mar a leanas:
Tá cuntas, mar sin féin, ar chath idir ríthe san 8ú haois láimh le heaglais Naomh Coca, agus í suite ansin i gCairbre. Luaitear Cill Choca arís sa bhliain 1302, nuair ba le hOspidéal Naomh Eoin Iarúisailéim i gCill Mhaighneann í.
Tógadh séipéal nua paróiste sa bhliain 1867 ar £10,000, agus do Naomh Choca a tíolacadh é. Mar a dúirt na suirbhéirí Ordanáis, níl fothraigh féin an tseanteampaill le fáil anois.
Tháinig an t-iarnród sa bhliain 1847 ach dhún an stáisiún arís ar 1 Iúil 1848, agus cúis leis: é a bheith suite ar ardú 1 ar 100, grádán ar dheacair leis na hinnill ghaile é a shárú. Bhí an stáisiún seo beagán lastoir den stáisiún atá anois ann. D'oscail stáisiún nua laistiar den bhaile sa bhliain 1850 ach dhún sé sa bhliain 1963; cuireadh stáisiún eile ar bun sa bhliain 1998. Tá Cill Choca suite ar an iarnród idir Baile Átha Cliath agus Sligeach.
Seachnaíonn an mótarbhealach M4 Cill Choca ar an taobh theas, agus táthar ag brath ar mhótarbhealach a thógáil a rachadh ó Nás go Droichead Átha trí Chill Choca.
Cruthaíodh Larchill mar ferme ornée san 18ú haois, agus tá sé ar an ngairdín is iomláine den chineál sin san Eoraip. Tá siúlóidí ann faoi scáth na bhfáibhilí idir bréagáin chlasaiceacha agus ghotacha; tá loch ann agus dhá bhréagán ar oileáin ann, gairdín foirmiúil faoi bhalla agus túr sliogán ann, agus clós feirme gotach.
Poblacht na hÉireann (nuachtán)

Ar an 2 Eanáir 1922, foilsíodh an chéad eagrán de Phoblacht na hÉireann, bileog nuachta phoblachtach.
Bhí an bhileog an-láidir in aghaidh an Chonartha Angla-Éireannach. Foilsíodh í ar dtús agus idirbheartaíocht ar siúl i gcónaí idir iad siúd a bhí ina aghaidh agus ar a shon. Thug an rialtas amach An Saorstát: the Free State, don chéad uair ar 25 Feabhra 1922.
Bhris Cogadh na gCarad amach sé mhí níos déanaí nuair a bhris Cath Átha Cliath amach agus an t-ionsaí ar na Ceithre Cúirteanna. . Ní gá a rá nár thaitin an bolscaireacht leis an Saorstát ar chor ar bith.
Ba é Erskine Childers, poblachtánach agus an bolscaire mór le rá, a chuir an bhileog in eagar go príomha go dtí gur gabhadh é. Cuireadh é chun báis ar 24 Samhain1922.
Ní ba dhéanaí chuir Frank Gallagher agus daoine eile í in eagar. Le heagráin ní ba dhéanaí tugadh nuacht faoi eachtraí laethúla an Chogaidh Chathartha ó dhearcadh poblachtach. Tháinig deireadh leis an bhfoilseachán timpeall Feabhra 1923.
Bunaíodh An Phoblacht sa bhliain 1925.
Eunan O'Halpin

Is Ollamh le Stair Chomhaimseartha na hÉireann i gColáiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath é Eunan O'Halpin. Fuair sé a chuid oideachais i gColáiste Gonzaga, Baile Átha Cliath, bhain sé BA agus MA amach i gColáiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath agus fuair sé PhD ó Ollscoil Cambridge .
Is garnia Chaoimhín de Barra, garmhac Kathleen Barry Moloney agus gar-garmhac PJ Moloney é.
Friedrich Engels

Ba bhainisteoir monarchan, eolaí sóisialta agus réabhlóidí Gearmánach é Friedrich Engels (Barmen, 28 Samhain 1820 - Londain, 5 Lúnasa 1895). Chuir sé a chroí is a anam i gcúis an tsóisialachais ar feadh leathchéad bliain
Ba chara agus comhghleacaí le Karl Marx é. Chomhscríobh Engels na saothair ba thábhachtaí den ghluaiseacht shóisialach sa 19ú haois le Marx.
Thug athair Engels jab dó i Manchain. Ceapadh é ina bhainisteoir ar mhonarcha.
Bhí bean ag Engels, Mary, de shliocht Éireannach (as Tiobraid Arainn). Bhí dearcadh an-liobrálach acu ar an bpósadh agus ní raibh siad pósta riamh. Bhí Mary ina gníomhaí díbhirceach ar son na haicme oibre. Thug sí misneach dó agus bhí tionchar láidir aici ar a chuid saothair,.
Nuair a d'éag Mary (taom croí) sa bhliain 1863, luigh Engels lena deirfiúr Lizzie. Phós siad ar an 11 Deireadh Fómhair 1878, agus bhásaigh Lizzie cúpla uair níos déanaí.
Thug Engels cuairt ar Éirinn dhá uair (ar a laghad); bhí an-suim aige sa Ghaeilge, ag iarraidh í a fhoghlaim.
William Smith O’Brien

Náisiúnach Éireannach agus Feisire ba ea William Smith O’Brien (17 Deireadh Fómhair 1803 – 18 Meitheamh 1864). Bhí sé ina cheannaire ar na nÉireannaigh Óga agus é i gceannas orthu in éirí amach na bliana 1848. Ciontaíodh é as tréas agus cuireadh an loch amach chun Van Diemen's Land é. D’fhill sé ar Éirinn tar éis dó pardún a fháil sa bhliain 1854. Bhí suim mhór aige sa Ghaeilge.
Rugadh é in nDrom Ólainn i gContae an Chláir. Ba é an dara mac ag an Ridire Edward O’Brien, an 4ú Bairnéad, é. Tharraing sé an sloinne “Smith” air féin nuair a fuair sé oidhreacht óna mháthair, ó ba é an sloinne sin a bhí uirthi roimh di pósadh. Fuair sé oideachas Sasanach de chuid na n-uaisle ag Harrow agus ag Coláiste na Tríonóide i gCambridge.
Ón mbliain 1828 go dtí an bhliain bhí O’Brien ina Fheisire d’Inis, agus toghadh é mar Fheisire do Chontae Luimnigh sa bhliain 1835, suíochán a choinnigh sé go dtí an bhliain 1848.
Thaobhaigh sé leis an Aontas ach mhol sé Fuascailt na gCaitliceach. Sa bhliain 1843 chuaigh sé le Gluaiseacht na hAisghairme mar agóid i gcoinne Dónall Ó Conaill a chur i bpríosún.
Trí bliana ina dhiaidh sin scar sé na hÉireannaigh Óga ón nGluaiseacht agus díomá air faoi bheartas Uí Chonaill. Bhunaigh sé féin agus Thomas Francis Meagher an Chónaidhm Éireannach i Mí Eanáir 1847. I Mí Mhárta 1848 d’fhógair sé go raibh gá le Garda Náisiúnta agus thug faoi éirí amach a chur ar bun. Cuireadh cúirt as tréas air ar 15 Bealtaine 1848 ach níor daoradh é.
Scríobh O’Brien chun a mhic Edward ó Van Diemen’s Land (an Tasmáin), á rá leis tús áite a thabhairt don Ghaeilge. Rinne sé féin staidéar ar an teanga le cabhair ó Easy Lessons in Irish, leabhar le hUileog de Búrca, agus bhain sé feidhm as an mBíobla Naomhtha.
Bhailigh sé roinnt lámhscríbhinní Gaeilge agus thug d’Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann iad. Bhí ardmheas ag filí an Chláir air, agus sa bhliain 1863 tosaíodh ag múineadh Gaeilge i gcuid de scoileanna an chúige ar a chomhairle.
Ar 29 Iúil 1848 d’éirigh O’Brien agus Éireannaigh Óga eile amach le roinnt tiarnaí talún agus tionóntaí i dtrí chontae. Bhí cath ag Baile an Gharraí i gContae Thiobraid Árann nár gortaíodh mórán ann. Ciontaíodh O'Brien as ardtréas agus daoradh é chun a chrochta, a tharraignte agus a shracadh ó chéile. Chuir 70,000 duine ó Éirinn agus 10,000 duine ó Shasana a lámh le hachainí trócaire
Ar 5 Meitheamh 1849 athraíodh an bhreith a rinneadh ar O'Brien agus baill eile den Chomhcheangal chun go gcuirfí an loch amach go dtí Van Diemen's Land iad gan filleadh go deo.
Theip ar O’Brien éalú ó Oileán Maria láimh le Van Diemen's Land agus cuireadh é chun Port Arthur, áit ar bhuail sé le Seán Mistéal, náisiúnach a cuireadh an loch amach roimh an éirí amach.
Sa bhliain 1854 scaoileadh O’Brien saor ar choinníoll nach bhfillfeadh sé ar Éirinn. Chuir sé faoi sa Bhruiséil. I Mí na Bealtaine 1856 tugadh pardún gan choinníoll dó. D’fhill sé ar Éirinn i Mí Iúil agus ní raibh baint ná páirt aige le cúrsaí polaitíochta as sin amach.
Liosta stairiúil lucht Gaeilge san Astráil
Aaron Mac Cuinneagáin

Is iománaí as Contae an Chlár é Aaron Mac Cuinneagáin (Aaron Cunningham sa Bhéarla). Rugadh é ar an 4 Aibreán 1993. D'imir sé le an Chláir ar an bhfoireann sinsearach agus le Wolfe Tones Na Sionna. Bhí Mac Cuinneagáin ar fhoireann an Chláir nuair a bhain siad Craobh na hÉireann amach i 2013.
Brooke Scullion

Is amhránaí Éireannach í Brooke Scullion (Gaeilge: Brónach Ní Shcealláin). Rugadh i mBaile Eachaidh, Contae Dhoire í ar 31 Márta 1999. Ghlac sí páirt i gComórtas Amhránaíochta na hEoraifíse 2022 ar son na hÉireann.
Rinne sí staidéar ar drámaíocht i gColáiste Mhig Aoidh. D'imir sí camógaíocht do CLG Wolfe Tones.
Wolfe Tone Societies

The Wolfe Tone Societies (WTS) (Irish: Muintir Wolfe Tone) is an Irish republican group whose chief objective is the establishment of a 'united Irish Republic.' It evolved from the commemorative Directories which the IRA helped set up in 1963 to mark the bicentenary of the 1763 birth of Wolfe Tone. In 1964 the Directories were dissolved and replaced with the Wolfe Tone Society. The publication of the Wolf Tone Society from 1965 onward was called Tuairisc.
In 1963 to celebrate the bi-centenary of Wolfe Tone's birth, Irish republicans formed the Wolfe Tone Bi-centenary Directories. Due to the support shown at the commemoration, it was decided at a meeting of the Directories in Dublin, July 1964, to disband the Directories and replace it with the "Muintir Wolfe Tone", or Wolfe Tone Society.
The WTS was opposed to the Republic of Ireland's entry into the European Economic Community and was involved with the organisation Irish Voice on Vietnam which protested the war.
One of the key intellectuals who joined the societies was Roy Johnston, of Protestant background. He sought to encourage Protestants in Northern Ireland to support the nationalist cause.
This organisation decided that it should focus on trying to "influence cultural and political trends in the country" and using democratic means to weaken the Unionist government of Northern Ireland. Its main bases of strength were in Belfast and Dublin.
In 1984, a Wolfe Tone Society was founded in London from the amalgamation of several London based Irish republican groups. It supports Sinn Féin, and holds major meetings and republican commemorations at the Camden Irish Centre in London, which are attended by Sinn Féin members.
Upon its creation, the Wolfe Tone Society declared that its aim was to further the creation of a united, independent, democratic Irish Republic as declared in the 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic. To achieve this it would focus on trying to convince the people of Ireland to support its creation, via meetings, publications and other means. To help promote its message, the organisation published a newsletter called Tuairisc.
At a joint meeting of all the Wolfe Tone Societies which took place in the home of Kevin Agnew (republican solicitor) at Maghera, County Londonderry, August 1966, it was proposed that a civil rights campaign be started. The IRA's Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding was present and pledged support from his organisation. From this meeting another was arranged in Belfast on 29 January 1967 and the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association was formed. The thirteen man committee which was formed included Fred Heatley and Jack Bennett from the Wolfe Tone Societies and Liam McMillan of the IRA.
Celtic Symphony (Wolfe Tones song)

Celtic Symphony is a song by The Wolfe Tones, written to celebrate the centenary of Celtic Football Club. It has become a staple song for Irish nationalism and Irish sports teams, which has led to controversy due to its lyrics.
The song was composed to celebrate the centenary of Celtic Football Club.
The songs chorus features a reference to some graffiti with the words "Ooh, ahh, up the RA"—a reference to the Irish Republican Army. Warfield said that those who are offended by the song are misguided about its intentions, and that it is a direct quote from graffiti he'd seen in Glasgow.
Celtic FC no longer associate with the band.
Fans of the Republic of Ireland national football team sing an alternate version of the phrase "Ooh ah, Paul McGrath".
The song is popular among Celtic supporters. Boxer Michael Conlan used the song as his entrance music, and Sinn Féin politician Pauline Tully has used the song during campaigning.
A band hired to perform at a Fine Gael party function in December 2002 played the song, and party leadership later denied involvement in the choice of band or set list.
In March 2018, boxer Michael Conlan entered for his bout in Madison Square Garden with the song playing, and some of the crowd chanted "Ooh ahh, up the 'RA". Some, including Northern Irish former world champion Dave McAuley, called for action from boxing regulatory bodies. Conlan subsequently apologised for his "misjudgement" in using Celtic Symphony as his ring-walk music.
The Republic of Ireland women's national football team's sang the song in the dressing room following their play-off win over Scotland in Glasgow on 11 October 2022 to qualify for the 2023 World Cup. Subsequently, the Football Association of Ireland manager Vera Pauw and players Chloe Mustaki and Áine O'Gorman apologised. Former international players Kevin Kilbane and James McClean defended the women's team. McClean had previously played the song for his West Brom teammates. Despite the apology, the song reached the top of the iTunes chart in Ireland that week.
Leinster played the song after a United Rugby Championship against Connacht on New Year's Day in 2023.
Irish Republic (1798)

The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly known as the Republic of Connacht, was a short-lived state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. A sister republic of the French Republic, it theoretically covered the whole island of Ireland, but its functional control was limited to only very small parts of the Province of Connacht. Opposing British forces were deployed across most of the country including the main towns such as Dublin, Belfast and Cork.
At the time of the Rebellion of 1798 a force of 1,000 French soldiers under General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert landed at Killala in County Mayo. General Humbert proclaimed the Irish Republic in his declaration to the people upon landing in Ireland on 22 August 1798:
After the nascent Republic's victory at the Battle of Castlebar which took place on 27 August 1798, General Humbert, on 31 August 1798, issued the following decree, which inter alia appointed John Moore as the President of the Government of the Province of Connacht:
The rebel republic was a client state of the French Republic and was very short lived. Nevertheless, among the things which President Moore did have time to do was to issue "paper money to a considerable extent...[i]n the name of the French Government". Despite their general anti-clericalism and hostility to the Bourbon monarchy, the French Directory suggested to the United Irishmen in 1798 restoring the Jacobite Pretender, Henry Benedict Stuart, as Henry IX, King of the Irish. This was on account of General Humbert landing a force in County Mayo for the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and realising the local population were devoutly Catholic (a significant number of Irish priests supported the Rising and had met with Humbert, although Humbert's Army had been veterans of the anti-clerical campaign in Italy). The French Directory hoped this option would allow the creation of a stable French client state in Ireland. However, Wolfe Tone, the Protestant republican leader, scoffed at the suggestion and it was quashed, with an Irish Republic proclaimed.
On 8 September 1798, just weeks after its proclamation, the republic collapsed after the Battle of Ballinamuck. Moore was captured by a detachment of government troops led by Lieutenant Colonel Crawford in Castlebar, dying in custody the following year. Humbert and his men were transported by canal to Dublin and exchanged for British prisoners of war. Government forces subsequently slowly spread out into the republic, engaging in numerous skirmishes with rebel holdouts. These sweeps reached their climax in 23 September when Killala was captured by government forces. During these sweeps, suspected rebels were frequently summarily executed while many houses thought to be housing rebels were burnt. Numerous rebels took to the countryside and continued guerrilla operations, which took government forces some months to suppress.
The Wolfe Tones discography

The discography of The Wolfe Tones, an Irish folk and rebel group from the suburbs of Dublin, consists of sixteen studio albums, three extended plays, three live albums and ten compilation albums. The Wolfe Tones released their first album with Fontana Records in 1965 and released their most recent studio album with Shanachie Records in 2004. In the interim, the band has also released albums with Dolphin Records, Triskel Records and MCA.
During over fifty years of producing music, the Wolfe Tones have enjoyed substantial success in Ireland and the United States, where they continue to tour annually. Their most famous song is "A Nation Once Again", which was voted the number one song of all time by a 2002 BBC World Service vote. The Wolfe Tones are also well known for "Celtic Symphony", a 1987 musical tribute to the centennial of Celtic Football Club, and "Joe McDonnell", a song that chronicled the 1981 Hunger Strike in Northern Ireland.
In early 2020 their single Come Out, Ye Black and Tans regained prominence in the Official Charts of Ireland and the UK, due to political controversy surrounding a planned commemoration of the Royal Irish Constabulary.
Peter Arnold-Craft

Peter Arnold-Craft (1926–2004) was a British headmaster and historian. Arnold-Craft was headmaster at Gravesend Grammar School between 1963 and 1968, and then became headmaster at the prestigious Liverpool Blue Coat School, where he served for twenty-one years. As well as this, Arnold-Craft edited a number of books about 18th century portraiture with J.S. Millward.
Peter Arnold-Craft was born in Nunnington in North Yorkshire, his parents were both teachers. From school Arnold-Craft went up to Brasenose College, Oxford, where he studied history. His studies were interrupted by the war, during which Arnold-Craft served as a flight lieutenant in the Royal Air Force. Arnold-Craft returned to his studies at Oxford, gaining a first class honours degree and also earned a tennis Blue
After Oxford Arnold-Craft taught history at Magdalen College School, Oxford steering and inspiring many pupils to Oxford and Cambridge, among them several who went on to be headmasters themselves. He then became the headmaster at Gravesend Grammar School in 1963. in 1968, after his five years at Gravesend, Arnold-Craft took up the post of headmaster at the Liverpool Blue Coat School, a boys day and boarding grammar school in Liverpool, remaining until his retirement in 1989, making him one of the longest serving headmasters at Blue Coat. He gained a reputation as one of the most respected figures in the Blue Coat School's 300-year history. Arnold-Craft guided many pupils at the school to Oxford and Cambridge and oversaw an era in which the academic success of the school flourished. Arnold-Craft also fought rigorously to overturn the "cease to maintain order" placed on the school in 1984 by the militant-led city council, eventually succeeding with the help of the then education secretary Sir Keith Joseph and 32,596 supporters who opposed the action of the council.
During his professional career as a master and headmaster, Arnold-Craft published five books as editor, about 18th century history, particularly focusing on portraiture. These books, co-edited with J.S. Millward, were published between 1962 and 1969.
Arnold-Craft retired in 1989 to North Yorkshire where he died in 2004. A memorial plaque in the school chapel of the Liverpool Blue Coat School was unveiled after his death, and an award for creative writing named after Arnold-Craft is still given at the Blue Coat School. Gravesend Grammar School also awards a school prize in his honour.
Martina López

Martina Lopez (born 1962) is an American photographer known for her digital media works combining landscapes and 19th-century portraiture. She is currently a professor at the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana, although she is originally from Seattle, Washington.
Raised in a white middle-class neighborhood in Seattle, with seven other siblings of second generation Mexican descent, Lopez found inspiration in her personal life for her works. As a photography student at the University of Washington in 1986, she dabbled in digital images. While still in school, her father died and Lopez turned to old photo albums to reminisce, when she did this the photos awoke a curiosity and she became inspired to rewrite the narratives differently than what the photographs presented.
Lopez has a Bachelor's degree from University of Washington in Seattle, and a Master's degree in 1990 from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. She is currently a professor of Photography in the Art History department at the University of Notre Dame.
Lopez's work has been held at The Crossroads Gallery for Contemporary Art, in which curator David Travis writes an extensive description of her work in relation to the collection.
Other museums holding her work include the Seoul Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the Art Institute of Chicago.
Awarded National Endowment for the Arts Visual Arts Photography Fellowship.
Kirkenes lufthavn, Høybuktmoen

Kirkenes lufthavn, Høybuktmoen (IATA: KKN, ICAO: ENKR, nordsamisk: Girkonjárga, kvensk: Kirkkoniemi) eies og drives av Avinor. Lufthavnen ligger på Høybuktmoen omtrent 10 km fra Kirkenes, i Sør-Varanger kommune i Finnmark
I 1941 etablerte tyskerne to rullebaner på Høybuktmoen, på 1 000 og 1 200 meter. Disse ble etablert av hensyn til de tyske angrepene på Sovjetunionen. Det som den gang ble etablert som den korteste rullebanen (omtrentlig retning 15/33) er ikke lengre i drift, men deler av den fungerer i dag som taksebane delta.
Da tyskerne trakk seg tilbake ble flyplassen ødelagt, men den ble i etterkrigsårene gjenoppbygget og rullebanene utvidet til henholdsvis 1 270 og 1 600 meter. I 1963 ble Høybuktmoen lufthavn, sammen med Alta lufthavn og Banak lufthavn i Lakselv, innlemmet i det nasjonale stamrutenettet.
I tillegg har Luftambulansetjenesten base i Kirkenes med ett Beech King Air 250-fly stasjonert ved lufthavnen. Dette fungerer som ambulansefly og benyttes i stor grad i beredskap for Øst-Finnmark. Politiet Har også et Helikopter av type Leonardo AW169 stasjonert her.
Kirkenes og Omegn Skiklubb

Kirkenes og Omegn Skiklubb (stiftet 24. august 1989) er en skiklubb fra Sør-Varanger i Finnmark med tilbud innen langrenn.
Klubben ble etablert 24. august 1989 av Kirkenes Idrettsforening og Sandnes Idrettslag, med formål om en felles juniorsatsing for Sør-Varanger som resulterte i utøvere av internasjonalt kaliber.
Kirkenes Verdensråd

Kirkenes Verdensråd (KV) (eng.: World Council of Churches) er en internasjonal økumenisk organisasjon som ble opprettet i 1948. Over 340 kirkesamfunn er medlem i KV, med omkring 550 millioner kristne i mer enn 120 land. Hovedkvarteret ligger i Genève, Sveits.
Nesten alle østlig-ortodokse kirker, en rekke protestantiske kirker (Den anglikanske kirke, en del baptister, mange lutherske, reformerte og metodistkirker) og et bredt utvalg andre uavhengige kirker er medlem av KV.
Verdens største kirkesamfunn, Den katolske kirke, er imidlertid ikke medlem. De siste tiårene har Den katolske kirke imidlertid hatt et nært samarbeid med KV, og sender observatører til alle større KV-konferanser. Og Det pavelige råd for fremme av kristen enhet, under Den romerske kurie, utvelger 12 fullverdige medlemmer til KVs Faith and Order Commission. I desember 2010 hadde generalsekretær Olav Fykse Tveit samtaler med pave Benedict XVI i Vatikanet.
KV har to norske medlemmer: Den norske kirke og Norges Kristne Råd.
Grunnsteinen til verdensrådet ble egentlig lagt i 1910 ved Verdensmisjonskonferansen i Edinburgh, da misjonsledere under inntrykk av de nasjonale, politiske og økonomiske forholdene i verden, våget å tenke radikalt når det gjaldt å bygge opp et samarbeide mellom kirkesamfunn som kunne fremme den kristne tro. Mange kirkesamfunn ble inspirert av tanken om at kristne skulle sammen utføre kallet om å være en misjonerende religionsenhet.
Kirkenes Verdensråd ble offisielt opprettet i Amsterdam den 23. august 1948. 147 kirkesamfunn innledet dermed et verdensomspennende samarbeid med det mål å kunne fremme sin enighet om kristendommens grunnvoller.
Starbuck

Starbuck er ei ubebodd øy i Kiribati. Øya er en atoll som ligger i Linjeøyene. Det finnes en stor koloni sotterner på øya.
Navnet på øya tilskrives ofte hvalfangeren Valentine Starbuck på den britiske hvalfangstskuta «Aigle», som først skal ha fått øya i sikte i 1823. Imidlertid ser det ut til at fetteren Obed Starbuck kom over øya tidligere samme år.
På engelsk benyttes også navnet Starbuck Island. I Kiribatis grunnlov listes øya som en del av statens territorium med navnet Starbuck.
Starbuck er ei av de sørlige Linjeøyene. Den nærmeste naboøya er Malden.
Øya er lav og tørr, med saltvannslaguner som i perioder kan tørke ut. Den er omgitt av korallrev. På land er det lav vegetasjon.
Starbuck har en stor bestand av sotterner (Onychoprion fuscatus). I 1974 ble den anslått til 1,5 millioner hekkende par.
Øya har en endemisk plante, Bidens kiribatiensis.
Huskatt finnes på øya. Polynesiarotte er en annen introdusert art som er observert.
I februar 1819 rapporterte James Henderson på «Hercules» ei øy i Starbucks posisjon..
USA gjorde krav på øya i henhold til Guano Islands Act. Kommandørkaptein William Swinburne på korvetten HMS «Mutine» gjorde krav på øya for Storbritannia 23. desember 1866. I 1870 fikk Houlder Brothers i London rett til å grave ut guano på Starbuck.
Skuta «Seladon» av Stavanger, på veg fra Newcastle i Australia til Honolulu med en kullast, havarerte på Starbuck 7. august 1896. Mannskapet på 16 dro fra Starbuck i to små båter for å finne en bebodd øy. Etter et langt opphold på atollen Niulakita, vendte 13 av dem hjem til Stavanger i september 1897. Hendelsen og ferden fikk stor oppmerksomhet i samtiden og er i ettertiden behandlet i romanform.
I 1920-årene var guanovirksomheten ikke lenger lønnsom. Forsøk på å anlegge kokosnøttplantasje var ikke vellykket.
I 1972 ble Starbuck, sammen med andre britiske besittelser i Linjeøyene, overført til kolonien Gilbert- og Elliceøyene.
Øya ble erklært som naturreservat i 1975.
Da Gilbertøyene ble selvstendig som Kiribati i 1979, fulgte Starbuck med som en del av den nye staten. USAs krav på Starbuck ble oppgitt ved Tarawa-traktaten undertegnet samme år som Kiribati ble selvstendig.
Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab

Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab (VDS) var et rederi som ble stiftet 10. november 1881 på Stokmarknes i Nordland fylke. Samme år ble rederiets første skip – DS «Vesteraalen» fra 1865 (tidligere DS «Arendal») kjøpt fra Arendals Dampskibsselskab. Selskapet drev med lokal rutetransport, og startet den første Hurtigruten i 1893 med skipet DS «Vesteraalen» fra 1891.
Hurtigruten drev de første årene både rutefart langs kysten, og faste cruiselinjer til blant annet Svalbard. Der oppe ble Hotellneset en viktig ilandstigningsplass for besøkende turistskip på slutten av 1800-tallet. Richard With var en pioner, og Vesterålens Dampskibsselskap startet i 1896 opp med seks sommerturer fra Hammerfest til 360 kroner, og reiste et turisthotell på Hotellneset hvor passasjerene kunne jakte i Adventdalen eller delta på fjordturer i påvente av neste ukes returskip. I 1897 førte Otto Sverdrup ders rutebåt S/S «Lofoten» på denne ruten, og selv om hotellet raskt ble avviklet så fortsatte cruiserutene utover 1900-tallet i konkurranse med Bergenske Dampskibsselskab og Nordenfjeldske Dampskibsselskab. Cruisebåtene besøkte mange områder, men Adventfjorden og Grønfjorden hadde bosetninger, skjermede fjordstrøk og rolige havner hvor grunnlaget var til stede for å legge inn både post- og varefrakt og aktiviteter for passasjerene. Passasjerene kunne få stemplet postkort med privat poststempel - hvorpå brevene ble tatt om bord i det samme skipet og medbragt til fastlandet og postlagt der. Hotellet var ikke lenge i drift, men det heiste norsk statlig postflagg og var således det første norske framstøt i retning av myndighetsutøvelse i området før gruvedriften tok til.
Selskapet fusjonerte i 1987 med Ofotens Dampskibsselskab, og det nye selskapet fikk navnet Ofotens og Vesteraalens Dampskibsselskab (OVDS). OVDS fusjonerte med Troms Fylkes Dampskibsselskap (TFDS) i 2006 og dannet Hurtigruten Group, som senere ble omdøpt til Hurtigruten ASA.
Noen av rederiets gjenværende skip:
Noen av rederiets tidligere skip: