davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
송끄란

송끄란(태국어: เทศกาลสงกรานต์, 영어: Songkran)은 태국의 축제 중 하나이다.
송끄란의 어원은 산스크리트어의 Sankrandhi에서 왔으며 변화, 이동을 뜻하는 말이다. 이것은 천문학적으로 태양이 양자리에 들어가는 것을 의미한다. 원래 날짜가 매년 바뀌게 되어 있지만, 현재 날짜는 고정되어 있다.
전통적으로 송끄란은 설날의 의미가 강했지만, 1888년 이후에 이 달력이 폐지되어 4월 1일을 신년으로 정했기 때문에 설날의 의미가 퇴색되었다. 1940년에는 태양력을 도입하고, 불력을 수정하여 1월 1일을 설날로 삼았다. 한편 송끄란에 행해지고 있던 정화의 습관은 현재까지 존속하며, 또 하나의 설날이 되고 있다. 주말과 송끄란이 겹쳤을 경우는 다음 주에 대체 휴일이 오게 되어 있다.
불상의 정화 등 종교적인 의식도 행해지기는 하지만 불교 축제는 아니다.
원래 설날은 아시아 국가에서는 귀향의 시기라는 의미가 강하다. 또 연휴가 되어 도시에 나와 있던 가족이 모두 돌아와 한 가족이 모두 여행을 하는 일도 있다. 이 때문에 국내의 교통이나 관광지의 숙박 시설은 이 기간이 되면 포화 상태가 된다. 상점이나 사무실도 문을 닫기 때문에, 평일에 활기찬 곳도 한산하게 바뀐다.
종교적으로는 불상을 깨끗이 하는 의식을 하며, 불상을 물로 씻고 먼지를 제거하는 등의 행위를 한다. 이날이 되면 불탑도 깨끗이 청소를 한다. 가족의 어른은 손에 물을 부어주고 정화를 하며, 상대에게 경의를 나타내는 행동도 하며, 집도 대청소를 한다.
송끄란이 일년 중 가장 더운 시기에 행해지기 때문에 특히 젊은 층을 중심으로 단순한 물을 뿌리는 축제로 발전하고 있다. 이 축제에 대해 알지 못하는 상대에게까지 물을 뿌리며 서로 즐긴다. 이 경우 특히 물을 끼얹는 곳은 손에만 한정하지 않는다. 물을 끼얹는 행위 자체는 '경의를 표한다'라는 의미다. 다만 승려에게는 물을 끼얹지 않는다. 물의 행위에는 물총 등도 사용된다. 집 앞에서는 물을 담은 물통을 두고, 또는 집 앞까지 호스를 연장하여 길을 걸어가는 사람에게 물을 뿌리거나 픽업 트럭에 물통을 싣고, 온 마을 사람들에게 물을 뿌리는 예도 있다. 방콕 등 전국에서 행해지고 있지만, 북부의 고도 치앙마이는 가장 화려한 것으로 알려진다.
송끄란 기간 중에 사람들이 축제 분위기에 취해 음주 상태로 차나 오토바이 등을 운전하는 경우가 있다. 또한 주행 중인 차나 오토바이에 물을 뿌려 종종 사고가 일어난다. 때문에 태국에서 일 년 중 사고가 가장 많은 날은 송끄란 기간이다. 그러나 이 기간 중에 물로 인한 어떠한 피해를 입어도 손해배상을 청구할 수 없다.
이에 대해 정부도 큰 관심을 나타내고 있어 매년 송끄란 기간 중 음주 운전을 경계해 임시의 검문소의 설치를 실시하거나, 일반의 운전자에게는 졸음운전을 못하도록 속도를 완화해 운전하라고 호소하고 있다.
옥토버페스트

옥토버페스트(독일어: Oktoberfest →Oktober(10월) + Fest(축제))는 독일 바이에른주 뮌헨에서 9월 말부터 10월 초까지 2주 동안 열리는 축제이다.
1810년부터 뮌헨 서부의 테레지엔비제에서 열리며, 세계 최대 규모의 민속축제이다. 이 축제를 위해 뮌헨의 양조사들은 특별히 알코올 도수가 높은 맥주를 만들어 내놓는다. 관광객 500만 명 이상이 방문하며, 소시지 20만 개 이상, 맥주 500만 리터 이상 소비되는 거대한 축제다.
축제 기간 동안 남성은 독일의 전통의상인 레더호젠을 입으며 여성은 디른들을 입는다.
옥토버페스트는 독일의 다른 민속축제들에 비해서 비교적 짧은 역사를 지니고 있다. 1810년 10월 12일 첫 축제가 열렸으며, 그 계기가 된 것은 바이에른의 세자 루트비히 1세와 작센의 테레제 공주의 결혼식을 축하하기 위해 열린 경마경기였다. 이후 경마가 열린 잔디공원은 공주의 이름을 따서 테레지엔비제(Theresienwiese)로 불리게 되었다.
루트비히 1세는 고대 그리스 문화에 심취해 있었는데, 신하 중 한 사람이 축제를 고대 올림픽 경기처럼 열 것을 제안했다. 이 제안은 받아들여져서 첫 번째 옥토버페스트는 스포츠 경기에 치우친 축제로 열렸다. 바이에른 왕실은 국민들이 이 축제를 매우 좋아했기 때문에 다음 경마경기를 다시 열기로 한다. 이렇게 해서 옥토버페스트가 시작되었다.
1850년에는 축제가 열리는 공원 앞에 20여 미터 크기의 바바리아 상(바이에른을 상징하는 여신상)이 세워졌고, 1853년에는 그 뒤편에 루메스할레(Ruhmeshalle)라는 건물이 완공되어 이후 축제의 상징물이 되었다. 그 다음 몇 해는 콜레라와 전쟁으로 인해 몇 번 축제가 열리지 못했다.
19세기가 끝날 무렵에는 그 규모가 점점 커져 세계에 널리 알려진 민속 축제로 발전하게 되었다. 축제가 열리는 기간이 날씨가 따뜻하고 맑은 9월로 앞당겨지며 길어졌으며, 이 기간의 변경으로 옥토버페스트는 개최 기간의 마지막 주말 정도만 10월에 걸치게 되었다. 1880년부터는 시 당국이 맥주 판매를 허용했으며, 1881년에는 처음으로 구운 소시지(bratwurst)를 파는 "Hendlbraterei"가 문을 열었다. 전기 전등이 400여 개의 텐트를 밝히게 되었으며, 더 많은 방문객들이 음악을 들으며 술을 마실 수 있도록 양조장들은 거대한 맥주홀(Bierhalle)을 만들었다.
1910년에 옥토버페스트는 100주년을 맞았으며, 120만 리터의 맥주가 소비되었다.
1914년부터 1918년까지는 제 1차 세계대전으로 인해 축제가 열리지 못했다. 1919년과 1920년에도 대규모 축제는 열리지 못하고 소규모의 가을 축제만 열렸다. 1923년과 1924년에는 인플레이션으로 인해 다시 한번 축제가 취소되었다. 또한 제 2차 세계대전 동안인 1939년부터 1945년까지도 축제가 전혀 열리지 못했다. 전쟁이 끝난 1945년부터 1948년까지 역시 소규모의 가을 축제만이 열릴 수 있었다. 축제가 처음 생긴 이래 옥토버페스트는 24번 열리지 못했다.
1950년 뮌헨 시장 토마스 빔머가 처음으로 맥주통 꼭지를 따는 행사로 축제를 시작했다. 이것은 현재는 옥토버페스트의 빠질 수 없는 전통이 되었다. 이후 옥토버페스트는 다시 세계 최대의 민속축제로 발전해갔다.
1980년 9월 26일에는 옥토버페스트 최악의 사건이 터졌다. 축제가 열리는 축제장 대문에서 폭탄이 터져 13명이 죽고 200여 명이 부상을 입었다. 그중 68명은 중상이었다.
옥토버페스트에는 현재 매년 600만 명이 찾고 있으며, 방문자의 수는 매년 늘고 있다. 이들 중에 독일인이 아닌 외국인의 수는 15% 정도에 이르며, 이탈리아, 미국, 일본, 호주인들이 그 중에 다수를 차지한다.
그러나 방문한 사람들의 과음이 점점 문제가 되고 있다. 축제장이 술주정꾼의 난장판으로 만들지 않기 위해서 2024년에는 "조용한 옥토버페스트(Ruhigen Wiesn)"라는 조직이 결성되기도 했다. 또한 각 텐트 운영자들은 17시 이전에 전통 관악음악만 연주하고, 음악의 크기도 85 데시벨 이하가 되도록 강제하고 있다. 밤이 되면 대중음악도 연주할 수 있다. 이는 옥토버페스트가 가족과 노인들도 거부감 없이 방문할 수 있고, 전통적인 분위기도 유지하기 위한 것이다.
라마단

라마단(아랍어: رمضان)은 이슬람력으로 아홉 번째 달이다. 라마단이라는 명칭은 아랍어로 ‘타는 듯한 더위와 건조함’을 뜻하는 ‘라미다(ramida)’ 또는 ‘아라마드(arramad)’에서 유래되었다. 뜨거운 태양으로 마르다 못해 갈라진 땅바닥과 같은 상태를 설명할 때 사용하는 것으로 금식으로 인한, 위에서 느껴지는 타는 듯한 갈증과 고통을 의미한다. ‘금식’을 뜻하는 사움은 이슬람의 다섯 기둥 중의 네 번째로,라마단의 기간에는 금식이 행해진다. 라마단은 마지막 십일 동안 절정에 이른다. 그 기간 동안의 한 홀수 일(27번째 날이라는 견해도 있으며, 정확한 날짜에 대해서는 많은 이론이 존재)은 라일라트 울카드르(권능의 밤)로 불리며, 예언자 무함마드가 코란의 첫 번째 경구를 계시 받은 날로 여겨 기린다. 라마단 기간 중에는 이슬람 신자가 아닌 외국인이라도 금식하는 사람들 앞에서 먹거나 마시는 것은 예의에 어긋나므로 외국인들이 먹거나 마시려면 금식하는 사람들 앞에서 떨어져야 한다.
이슬람권에서 라마단은 그저 종교적 행사가 아니다. 종교활동의 범위를 넘어 일상의 시선으로 라마단을 들여다보면, ‘라마단 증후군’을 어렵지 않게 확인할 수 있다. 라마단 한 달은 낮에도 밤에도 분주하게 지내는 기간이다. 공식적인 금식이 진행되는 낮 시간 동안에도 사회 활동이 중단되지 않는다. 낮 시간 동안 사회 활동을 하고 밤 시간 동안 먹고 마시다 보니, 라마단 기간엔 심신이 지쳐 있는 무슬림들을 쉽게 만날 수 있다. 한 달 동안 하루를 쪼개 ‘2교대 근무’를 하는 셈이기 때문이다.
라마단 기간에 ‘심야 폭식’으로 인한 체중 증가도 스트레스 요인이다. ‘금욕의 달’ 라마단엔 오히려 평균 음식 소비량이 평소보다 30~40% 이상 증가한다는 게 일반적인 평가다. “폭식은 건강에도 안 좋고, 바르지 못한 라마단 수행 태도”라는 지적이 끊이지 않음에도, 낮 동안 굶었던 이들은 밤에 과식을 하기 마련이다.
라마단을 축하하는 풍습도 바뀌고 있다. ‘라마단 카드’는 이제 어엿한 문화상품이 됐다. 인터넷 공간에선 ‘e카드’가 유행한다. 집집마다 상점마다 형형색색의 라마단 장식등 ‘파누스’가 밤이 되면 더욱 축제 분위기를 돋운다. 캐럴만 없다 뿐이지, 기독교의 크리스마스를 연상시키기에 충분하다. 신문과 방송, 각종 전단지마다 라마단 특수를 노린 광고가 넘쳐난다. 라마단 특수는 일 년 매출액의 30~40%를 차지한다. 라마단이 “과식과 쇼핑의 시간으로 전락했다”는 탄식이 나오는 것도 이 때문이다.
전통을 중시하는 무슬림들에게 라마단은 여전히 중요한 종교적 의무를 수행하기 위해 절제하고 엄수해야 할 명절임이 분명하다. 라마단 기간에 이프타르(저녁)와 수후르(아침) 외엔 음식물을 입에 대지 않고 사원에서 기도를 하는 신실한 이들이 여전히 적지 않다. 하지만 이슬람 사회도 변하고 있다. 라마단은 더 이상 종교의 영역에만 갇혀 있지 않고, 일상생활 전반에 영향을 끼치는 ‘사회현상’으로 변하고 있다.
라마단 기간에는 음식(음료와 식료), 흡연, 성행위 등이 모두 금지된다. 라마단 기간 동안 무슬림들은 폭력, 화, 시기, 탐욕, 중상 등을 삼감으로써 이슬람의 가르침을 따르고 서로 잘 지내고자 한다. 모든 음탕하고 반종교적인 행위 역시 금지된다.
금지 사항들은 전통적으로 동틀녘에 햇살이 보이기 시작하는 순간부터 해가 수평선 아래로 완전히 저물 때까지 지켜진다. 이 시간을 각각 파즈르, 마그리브라 한다.
다음과 같은 상황에 있는 사람들은 금식의 의무가 완화되지만, 라마단이 끝나면 라마단 기간 중에 금식을 하지 못한 일수를 반드시 채워야 한다.
금식은 신자들에게 인내와 자제력을 가르치고 소외된 사람들을 되돌아 보게 하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 금식은 또한 신에 대한 순종을 나타내는 행위이다. 금식의 계율을 충실히 지킴으로써 개인적인 과실과 악행을 속죄하고 천국에 이르기 위해 노력하는 것이다. 금식 기간은 신앙을 공고히 할 수 있는 시간이 된다.
민주주의

민주주의(民主主義, 그리스어: δημοκρατία dēmokratía, 영어: Democracy)는 국가의 주권이 국민, 민중에게 있고 민중이 권력을 가지고 그 권력을 스스로 행사하며 민중과 시민을 위하여 정치를 행하는 제도이자 그러한 정치 사상이다. 그리스어인 Demos(민중)와 Cratos(지배)라는 두 가지 단어의 합성어 Democratia에서 유래한다. 자유,사회,인민민주주의 등이 있다.
민주주의는 의사결정 시 시민권이 있는 대다수나 모두에게 열린 선거나 국민 정책투표를 이용하여 전체에 걸친 구성원의 의사를 반영하고 실현하는 사상이나 정치사회 체제이다. 간단히 '민중, 국민이 주권을 행사하는 이념과 체제'라고도 표현할 수 있다. 의외로 유럽만이 아닌 다른 지역에서도 민중이 주권을 행사하는 이념과 체제가 있었으나 그리스처럼 결국 왕과 귀족들에게 멸망을 당했다. 이후 민주주의는 그리스에서 기원하여 로마에서 발전한 공화주의의 영향을 크게 받게 되어 모리치오 비롤리처럼 공화주의가 민주주의의 아버지라고 주장하는 사람들도 있다.
오늘날 민주주의의 내용은 복잡하고 다의성을 띠지만, 민주주의 국가가 되려면 최소한 1) 국민의 기본권 존중, 2) 권력의 전제화를 억제할 여러 중요한 정치제도 확립이 충족되어야 한다. 이 조건 두 개가 충족되지 못한 국가는 어떠한 뜻에서도 민주주의 국가가 아니다. 근대 민주주의의 역사는 이 두 가지 조건을 확립하고 발전시킨 것이다.
그렇다면 국민의 기본권이 무엇인지가 의문으로 떠오른다. 정치과학자 레리 다이아몬드 (Larry Diamond)는 민주주의 사회의 기본권에 대해서 다음과 같이 설명했다. 1) 선택권 - 자유롭고 공정한 선거를 통해 정부를 선택하고 교체할 수 있는 정치 제도에 국민들이 참여할 수 있고, 2) 참정권 - 정치 및 시민 생활에 국민들이 적극적으로 참여할 수 있으며, 3) 인권 - 모든 국민의 인권이 보장되며, 마지막으로 4) 평등권 - 모든 국민에게 법률 및 절차가 동등하게 적용되는 법치 사회가 보장되어야 한다고 했다.
민주주의는 다양한 의사 결정 방법을 사용할 수 있지만 다수결이 지배적인 형태이다. 개인이나 집단의 권리에 대한 법적 보호와 같은 보상이 없다면 정치적 소수자는 "다수의 횡포"에 의해 억압 받을 수 있다. 다수결은 합의 민주주의와 대조되는 경쟁적 접근 방식을 수반하며, 선거와 일반적으로 심의가 실질적이고 절차적으로 "공정"해야 한다는 필요성을 만들어낸다. 즉, 정의롭고 공평해야 한다. 일부 국가에서는 정치적 표현의 자유, 언론의 자유, 언론의 자유가 유권자가 충분한 정보를 얻고 자신의 이익과 신념에 따라 투표할 수 있도록 하는 데 중요하다고 여겨진다.
또한 민주주의의 기본적 특징은 모든 유권자가 사회 생활에 자유롭고 완전하게 참여할 수 있는 능력이라고 제안 되었다. 사회 계약 개념과 모든 유권자의 집단적 의지에 중점을 둔 민주주의는 모든 자격을 갖춘 시민이 입법에서 동등한 발언권을 갖는 정부 형태로 정의되기 때문에 정치적 집단주의의 한 형태로 특징 지어질 수도 있다.
공화주의는 통치받는 자의 동의에 의한 통치라는 공유된 원칙 때문에 대중적으로 민주주의와 연관되지만, 공화주의는 사람들이 어떻게 규칙. 고전적으로 "공화국"이라는 용어는 민주주의와 귀족정을 모두 포함했다. 현대적 의미에서 공화정 형태의 정부는 군주가 없는 정부 형태이다. 이 때문에 민주주의는 공화국이거나 영국과 같은 입헌 군주제가 될 수 있다.
민주주의의 기원은 고대 그리스의 폴리스에서 유래하였는데 고대 그리스어의 데모스 (Demos →민중;시민;다수)와 크라티아 (Kratia →;권력;지배)의 합성어인 데모크라티아 (그리스어: δημοκρατία →국민에 의한 지배)가 민주주의의 어원이나 고대 그리스의 민주주의는 각 폴리스에 한정된 시민에게만 참정권을 인정했을 뿐이었다. 예컨대 여성이나 노예는 시민으로 인정되지 못하였으며, 그리스인이라고 하여도 다른 폴리스에서 이주한 사람에게는 시민권이 주어지는 일이 드물었다. 아테네를 비롯한 민주제는 군주제 국가나 과두제 국가와 경쟁하며 혼재하였다.
의외로 현대와 가까운 민주주의 시작은 클레이스테네스와 같은 그리스나 로마의 민중파 귀족들이 귀족파 귀족들과 싸워서 이기거나 많은 것들을 제공하여 양보를 얻어낸 것이었다.
예로부터 이어져 내려오는 '순수 민주주의'라는 용어로 불리는 직접 민주주의는 행정부 정책을 국민이 투표하여 결정하는 정치 체제이다. 매개자나 대표자 없이, 의사결정을 하는 권력을 국민이 직접 행사하므로 직접민주주의로 불린다. 역사상 투표하려고 일정한 장소에 특정 지역의 모든 국민이 모이기가 어려워서 이런 행정부 형태는 드물었다. 그리하여 이제까지 모든 직접민주주의는 통상 도시 국가처럼 작은 공동체에서 이루어졌고 가장 대표할 정도로 전형이 될 만한 특정이 있는 예로는 고대 아테네의 민주주의를 제시하나 다수 참여에 의거한 민주주의라는 이념상 유형으로서는 외국인, 여성, 노예의 정치 참여를 배제하는 등 계급사회를 전제하였고 시민에 한정된 민주주의로서 직접민주주의는 기술상 난점으로 도외시되었다.
대의 민주주의는 국민 거의 대부분이 행정부 정책에 직접 투표하지 않고 대표자를 선출하여 행정부나 국회 구성으로 대신하므로 간접민주주의라 불린다. 대표자들은 전체에 걸쳐 비례 대표제로 선출되거나 특별한 부분집합, 통상 지역상으로 선거구)을 대표하여 선출되거나 그 둘을 절충한 형태로 선출된다. 대의민주주의 거의 대부분은 국민투표와 시민이 참여하는 직접행동 같은 직접민주주의 요소를 포함하지만, 대의민주주의는 국민이 선거철의 선거기간에만 주권을 존중받는다고 여길 수 있다는 점에서 정치 참여를 부정적으로 생각하는 단점이 있을 수 있게 된다.
이코노미스트는 자유롭고 공정한 선거 과정, 시민의 자유, 행정부의 기능, 정치 참여와 정치 문화 등 5가지 일부에 한정되지 않게 전체에 걸친 분류에 초점을 두어 167개 국가의 민주주의 지수를 조사하여 발표하였다. 2010년 조사 결과에서, 노르웨이가 전체 10점 만점에서 평점 1000002033.14(파이) 점으로 1위를 기록하였다.
Mud sports

Mud sports are sports that take place in, or heavily incorporate, mud.
Mud bogging, or mudding, is a form of off-road motorsport popular in Canada and the United States in which the goal is to drive a vehicle through a pit of mud or a track of a set length. Winners are determined by the distance traveled through the pit. However, if several vehicles are able to travel the entire length, the time taken to traverse the pit will determine the winner.
Mud runs are a popular activity involving mud. Participants run a distance of 5 kilometres (3 mi) to as long as 20 kilometres (10 mi), while crawling through mud bogs, and battling other obstacles. A notable example is Tough Mudder. In the United States, U.S. Mud Sports also organizes events.
Mud wrestling is a form of wrestling that takes place in mud.
Dirt biking involves biking through muddy tracks and courses.
Swamp football is a variation of association football played in bogs and swamps, originating from Finland.
United States towns and cities such as Albuquerque, New Mexico, Gillette, Wyoming and Anchorage, Alaska hold yearly events in which participants play volleyball in a giant mud pit.
The Mud Olympics (German: Wattolümpiade) was a mud sports event in the German town of Brunsbüttel, first held in 2004. It featured sports including mud handball, mud football and mud sled racing. Money was raised for cancer patients. The final edition took place in 2024.
A 2019 study published in the Sports Medicine – Open journal found that there was a meaningful risk of infection from mud sports events. The study recommended shifts in practice and policy, such as site condition monitoring, improved messaging about the risks of infection, and implementation of pre- and post-event wash stations. More than 100 people contracted a bacterial infection after a 2024 Tough Mudder event in California.
Thalassotherapy

Thalassotherapy (from the Greek word thalassa, meaning "sea") is the use of seawater as a form of therapy. It also includes the systematic use of sea products and shore climate. There is no scientific evidence that thalassotherapy is effective.
A particularly prominent practitioner was Dr. Richard Russell, whose efforts have been credited with playing a role in the populist "sea side mania of the second half of the eighteenth century", although broader social movements were also at play. In Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal, an area believed to have high concentrations of iodine due to kelp forests, and subject to sea fog, the practice is in historical records since 1725 and was started by Benedictine monks; it expanded to farmers shortly after. In the 19th century, heated saltwater public baths opened and became especially popular with higher classes. Others claim that the practice of thalassotherapy is older: "The origins of thermal baths and related treatments can be traced back to remote antiquity. Romans were firm believers in the virtues of thermalism and thalassotherapy".
The therapy is applied in various forms, as either showers of warmed seawater, application of marine mud or of algae paste, or the inhalation of sea fog. Spas make hot seawater and provide mud and seaweed wrapping services.
Peat pulp bath

A peat pulp bath, a form of peloid therapy, is a bath prepared of peat pulp from wetlands. Balneotherapy in form of peat pulp baths is offered in many health resorts. Its therapeutic principle is based on thermal and/or biochemical effects of peloid application on the human body.
Paracelsus described "moor" as a remedy for certain diseases. Later, soldiers of Napoleon learnt about peat pulp and mud baths in Egypt and brought this knowledge to Europe. Jérôme Bonaparte, Napoleon's brother gave command to erect the first health resort with peat applications for his troops after the Battle of Leipzig in Bad Nenndorf. However, an earlier peat pulp resort has been alleged to have existed in Bad Pyrmont in 1802. In the 19th century, peat pulp resorts have been founded in many European health resorts including Marienbad (1813), Franzensbad (1827), Karlsbad (1836) and Bad Aibling (1845).
The exact mechanism, by which balneotherapy with peat pulp unfolds beneficial effects, has not been fully clarified. Explanations include effects resulting from the contents of the applied peloids and thermal stress. It is assumed that therapeutic outcomes result from a combination of direct and indirect actions on the body. At the biochemical level, increased concentrations of β-endorphin, ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-β have been observed. On the contrary, circulating levels of prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, interleukin-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α decrease after thermal mud therapy.
Several clinical trials have analysed the efficiency of mud and peat pulp in a diverse area of diseases. Beneficial effects were observed in rheumatic and other musculoskeletal diseases, hypertension, infertility and diseases of the skin.
In plantar fasciitis, peloid and paraffin treatments had similar beneficial effects on pain and quality of life. In combination with heliotherapy liman peloid baths were effective in the treatment of psoriasis.
In a randomised controlled study including females with symptomatic osteoarthritis, peloid therapy was more effective than paraffin treatment. In subjects with tennis elbow and lower back pain peloid therapy was more effective than kinesio taping or home exercise, respectively.
Balneotherapy with peloids is assumed to be effective for certain chronic gynaecological diseases.
Inflatable movie screen

An inflatable movie screen is an inflatable framework with an attached projection screen. Inflatable screens are used for outdoor movies, film festivals, drive-in theaters, sports, social, fundraising and other events requiring outdoor projection.
The projection frame is made from PVC-coated fabric layers joined by high-frequency welding or mechanical sewing. The projection surface can be made of PVC or spandex, with the latter providing for rear projection capabilities. The projection surface can be detachable for ease of care. The frame is inflated with a high-pressure air blower. Larger frames may require a three-phase blower. For bigger screens, the blower typically continues to operate, ensuring the screen remains fully inflated. With some brands, screen sizes up to 7m or 24ft width do not require a constantly operating air blower.
Screens can be held upright with help of a supporting structure (A-frame or inflatable legs) or with the system of straps and counterweights.
In comparison to traditional and heavy steel constructions, inflatable screens can be set up in a few hours or less, with the smallest screens taking one minute to inflate. This can be useful for environments where wind may be a factor. This is one of the major drawbacks of an inflatable screen. Even a small wind can make these fly like a kite without proper anchoring. Inflatable screens can be deflated quickly adding to their safety. Inflatable screens are lightweight and highly portable compared to other structures used to support screens like a truss or scaffold. A 16-metre-wide (52 ft) screen usually fits on a single pallet. A truss or steel system takes up an entire truck. Inflatable screens reach sizes up to 560 square metres (6,000 sq ft). The noise of the blowers is reduced significantly by noise cancelling blowers.
Scarecrow

A scarecrow is a decoy or mannequin that is often in the shape of a human. Humanoid scarecrows are usually dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops. Scarecrows are used around the world by farmers, and are a notable symbol of farms and the countryside in popular culture.
The common form of a scarecrow is a humanoid figure dressed in old clothes and placed in open fields to discourage birds such as crows or sparrows from disturbing and feeding on recently cast seed and growing crops. Machinery such as windmills have been employed as scarecrows, but the effectiveness lessens as animals become familiar with the structures.
Since the invention of the humanoid scarecrow, more effective methods have been developed. On California farmland, highly-reflective aluminized PET film ribbons are tied to the plants to produce shimmers from the sun. Another approach is using automatic noise guns powered by propane gas. One winery in New York has even used inflatable tube men or airdancers to scare away birds.
Scarecrow Fact and Fable, Peter Haining, 1986
Media related to Scarecrows at Wikimedia Commons Media related to Scarecrow festivals at Wikimedia Commons
Mud pie

Making a mud pie is a children's activity or game that consists of creating a mixture of water and soil and playing or pretending to make food or a pie. Mud pies are not meant to be eaten, although they can be thrown in the face. A broader category describes this activity as mud play.
Mud pies are composed of a mixture of water and soil. Other ingredients are sometimes added to the basic water and soil mixture such as plants and pebbles. The 'pie' will stay together if the mud is sticky – similar to bread dough. In addition to mud pies, children often create other structures like mud sandwiches and mud-based tea parties.
Creating a mud pie can be a very enjoyable activity and is thought to nurture the imagination of a child. Making mud pies allows the exploration of textures, and establishes the basis of scientific reasoning as they change the variables such as the addition of less water or even freezing the mixture. Some children do not enjoy the activity. A child may hesitate to "get dirty."
Many people recall this childhood activity with fondness. An author recounts: "As a child, I was drawn to mud. Some of my fondest childhood memories saw me covered in the stuff, head to toe."
Digging a small hole, adding water and stirring with a stick is one method used by children to create the mud pie. Some choose to organize a party or event for children with creating mud pies as part of the activities. The benefits of making mud pies include strengthening the sense of touch and developing "true" creativity. Some take a more formal approach to the activity and dedicate children's play spaces to the making of mud pies. A mud pie kitchen can be created to make other mud play 'food'. A mud center can be created in a school setting. Some teachers are able to incorporate art and music into mud pie-making activities during school.
Other ingredients have been proposed, including:
Washing up afterwards is to be expected.
Some desserts made out of crushed cookies and other ingredients are called mud pies or puddings.
Chikhal Kalo

The Chikhal Kalo is a traditional mud festival that celebrates Lord Krishna’s childhood. The festival happens in the Devki Krishna temple in Marcel, Ponda Taluka in North Goa district of the Indian state of Goa.
The word Chikhal Kalo means “Mud Bath.” and the celebration pays homage to the profound bond shared between the farming community of Goa and Mother Earth.
In the festival, people smear oil to the body and play in the mud replicating the games played by Lord Krishna as a child. The festival is attended by both locals and tourists. The festival has been recognised and promoted by the Goa state tourism department.
Erta Ale Range

Erta Ale Range is the most important axial volcanic chain of the Afar Depression, Afar Region, Ethiopia. It consists mostly of shield volcanoes.
The active volcano Erta Ale is a prominent feature of the range. The highest volcano of the range is Ale Bagu, with an elevation of 1,031 m (3,383 ft) above sea level. Other named peaks (with their elevations) include Alu (429 m (1,407 ft)), Dalaffilla (578 m (1,896 ft)) and Borale Ale (668 m (2,192 ft)).
This volcano of Erta Ale is the most active in Ethiopia and rises to 613 m (2,011 ft) at its highest point. It is one of many shield volcanoes in the area and is 50 km (31 mi) wide with a 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) elliptical summit containing many steep pit craters. Its perpetually active pit craters are renowned for their churning lava lakes.
13°36′N 40°40′E﻿ / ﻿13.600°N 40.667°E﻿ / 13.600; 40.667
Volcanogenic lake

A volcanogenic lake is a lake formed as a result of volcanic activity. They are generally a body of water inside an inactive volcanic crater (crater lakes) but can also be large volumes of molten lava within an active volcanic crater (lava lakes) and waterbodies constrained by lava flows, pyroclastic flows or lahars in valley systems. The term volcanic lake is also used to describe volcanogenic lakes, although it is more commonly assigned to those inside volcanic craters.
Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption. Examples:
Lakes in maars fill small craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent. Examples:
These are some examples of rare lava lakes where molten lava in a volcano maintains relative equilibrium, neither rising to overflowing nor sinking to drain away.
Alaji Basalts

The Alaji (upper) Basalts are the youngest series of the Ethiopian flood basalts. The most recent flows are only 15 million years old.
The name was coined by geologist William Thomas Blanford, who accompanied the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868, after the Imba Alaje mountain. So far the nomenclature has not been proposed for recognition to the International Commission on Stratigraphy.
The Alaji Basalts are the uppermost Tertiary flood basalts in Ethiopia. Locally they are covered by Pliocene shield volcanoes, such as the Simien Mountains, or Mount Guna. These flows have been deposited on the lower Ashangi Basalts and locally on intra-volcanic sedimentary rock.
Like all volcanic rocks, the Alaji Basalts originate from initial melting of the Earth's mantle. After extrusion, the magmatic structures form at the surface. Common volcanic structures such as lava tubes or ropy lavas are absent in the Alaji Basalts, but (columnar joints) are omnipresent. The basalts comprise successive flows. During cooling, newly developed crystals within the lava solidify and develop congealing stress that favours the formation of columnar joints (intersecting fractures). They are perpendicular to the surface of the lava flow: mostly vertical, but sometimes also inclined or almost horizontal.
The Alaji Basalts hold alternating layers of rhyolitic and basaltic rocks. Its thickness varies between 80 and 220 metres. The upper layer is capped by trachytic materials. The lower part of the Alaji Basalts is composed of medium- to fine-grained basalts. The middle succession holds elongated plagioclase-dominated trachytes. The mineralogy of the basaltic rocks is marked by well-aligned elongated pyroxenes and micro-plagioclases. In the mineralogy of the trachytes one notices especially the by twinning of feldspar minerals and a small amount of altered pyroxenes.
The formation outcrops widely in the Ethiopian highlands, particularly in the upper landscape positions.
Phonolite series in North Ethiopia

The phonolite or clinkstone of northern Ethiopia is a shallow-seated igneous rock. The phonolites intruded and punctured the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and the Tertiary flood basalts some 19 to 11 million years ago.
The formation occurs as plugs that have punctured the Tertiary flood basalts of the Ethiopian plateau, and form the highest peaks in their surrounding.
These phonolites are composed of alkali pyroxenes and nephelines; there are also elongated plagioclase crystals. Pyroxenes have a skeletal texture, whereas nepheline crystals are hexagonal to rectangular. The phonolites of pink to light grey colour. The outcrops hold massive (up to 25 metres long), moderately weathered blocks, generally of elongated shape; in some locations it also forms spherical outcrops.
These silica-poor rocks belong to the Adwa-Aksum trachy-phonolite volcanic field. They are also exposed in Addi Amyuq, some 3 kilometres north of Hagere Selam, on the northern slope of the ridge. The morphology of the Addi Amyuq phonolite outcrop is similar to that of Gobo Dura where the Aksum obelisks were quarried.
The phonolites are among the best exploited rocks of northern Ethiopia. Notably, they were used to carve the monolithic obelisks and other monumental stones during the Aksumite kingdom. In Tembien they are used as church bells (in line with the name clinkstone) and dimension stones.
جعران

جعران قريه فى اليمن و هيا تابعه لـ عزله المقاطن.
حسب الاحصا اللى اتعمل سنه 2004 وصل عدد السكان فى جعران 895 انسان.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله عن مقاله عن قريه. و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جعران (جنس من الحشرات)

جعران ( الاسم العلمى: Scarabaeus ) هوا جنس من الحشرات بيتبع سكاراباينى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جعران فرعونى (فَصيله من الحشرات)

جعران فرعونى ( الاسم العلمى: Geotrupidae ) هوا فصيله من الحشرات بيتبع جعليه.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جعران (دوار فى تيزى لوساطا)

جعران هوا دوار فى المغرب.
جعران موجود فى منطقه اداريه اسمها تيزى لوساطا.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
بولبوسيراتينى

بولبوسيراتينى ( الاسم العلمى: Bolboceratinae ) هوا فصيله من الحشرات بيتبع جعران فرعونى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
خنافس الجعران الغامضه

خنافس الجعران الغامضه ( الاسم العلمى: Glaresis ) هوا جنس من الحشرات بيتبع جلاريسيداى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جوتروبس

جوتروبس ( الاسم العلمى: Geotrupes ) هوا جنس من الحشرات بيتبع جعران فرعونى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
جعل مقدس

جعل مقدس ( الاسم العلمى: Scarabaeus sacer ) هوا نوع من الخنافس بيتبع جعران.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
List of ancient Egyptian statuary with amulet necklaces

An amulet, also known as a good luck charm, is an object believed to confer protection upon its possessor. The "Amulets of Ancient Egypt" fall in approximately seven major categories:
The first usages are from time periods of: ED, Early Dynastic Period, FIP, First Intermediate Period, G-R, Graeco-Roman Period, LD, Late Dynastic Period, MK, Middle Kingdom, NK, New Kingdom, OK, Old Kingdom, SIP, Second Intermediate Period, and TIP, Third Intermediate Period.
Amulets of protection: animals, gods, goddesses, etc.
(seated)-block statue of: Cuboid Statue of Tety called Tetyty, (photo), British Museum
(shiny boxwood statuette) Young Girl, (shaved head with youth side lock), Carrying oversized Pot The Durham Servant Girl, (photo, Durham Museum)
Gayer-Anderson cat, (donated to British Museum)
Thoth-as Baboon, (Louvre)
Other types of plaque-necklaces on Thoth-baboon:
vertical Painted Relief Panel of Iry, Scribe, ((correct vertical)-Painted Panel Relief of Iry. )
(two statues) Prince Rahotep, and wife Nofret
– (created by Senusret III(?), or from Kush country(?))Statues of Senusret III
(tomb relief) Maya (Egyptian) w/Staff and hieroglyph inscriptions–(Tomb of Maya)
Aqeeq

Aqeeq, akik or aqiq (Arabic: العقيق) means quartz in Arabic, and agate in Turkish, however in the context of rings usually refers to a ring set with a chalcedony stone. Well-known types of chalcedony are carnelian, agate, and onyx. It is considered a semi-precious gem stone, and rings set with golden-orange variety of carnelian or sard have special significance in the Islamic religion.
A stone is ground into shape (often a cabochon or a short, wide cylinder) and polished to a shine. Sometimes the flat surface is engraved with a religious motto in Arabic, which is sometimes inlaid with gold. The finished gem is then mounted on a ring according to the stones finished size. Both men and women wear aqiq rings as jewellery.
An aqeeq ring also has religious importance in Islam as it is considered sunnah to wear one. Muhammad wore a carnelian / aqiq ring set with silver as a commemoration of the removal of idols from the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 630 CE. Many Muslims do the same, including both Shia and Sunni clergy.
Patuxent River stone

The Patuxent River stone is the state gem (a form of agate) of the U.S. state of Maryland. Since it is found in red and orange this stone could also be referred to as carnelian. It is found only in Maryland, and its colors reflect the flag of Maryland.
The Patuxent River stone became the state gem effective October 1, 2004, through the passage of Chapter 272, Acts of 2004; Code State Government Article, sec. 13-319.
Royal Jewelry Museum

The Royal Jewelry Museum (Arabic: متحف المجوهرات) is an art and history museum in the Zizenia neighborhood of Alexandria, Egypt. It is located in the former palace of Princess Fatma Al-Zahra'. The building's halls contain an inestimable collection of jewels and jewelry of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty. 19th-century paintings, statues, and decorative arts are also exhibited in the rooms and lobbies. The museum was first inaugurated on 24 October 1986. After several years of renovations and expansion it was reopened in April 2010.
The museum houses major jewelry pieces and art acquisitions of the dynasty of Muhammad Ali and his descendants, who ruled Egypt for nearly 150 years from 1805 until the 1952 movement. The mother of Princess Fatima had completed the construction of the western wing before her death, when her daughter had reached the age of eighteen. Princess Fatima added an eastern wing to the palace and linked the two wings with a beautiful corridor. The Palace remained in use for summer residence until July 1952. When the princess's property was confiscated, she was allowed to reside in the palace. This was until 1964, when Princess Fatima al-Zahra’ "ceded" the palace to the Egyptian government and left for Cairo. Princess Fatima al-Zahra died in 1983.
Following 1952, the jewelry left by the Royal Family was kept secure and unseen until a 1986 decree by President Mubarak was issued to assign Princess Fatima Al-Zahra' Palace in Alexandria as a special museum to house those pieces.
The museum was renovated and developed in 1986 and 1994. Since late 2004, the Supreme Council of Antiquities has begun a comprehensive development and restoration process for the museum at an estimated cost of 10 million Egyptian pounds, with the aim of increasing its capacity to accommodate more valuable exhibits in stores that have not yet been displayed, and the museum was opened in April 2010.
The palace was built in 1919. Its walls and ceilings are adorned with oil paintings depicting various historical scenes and natural scenery. The palace windows are decorated with lead-inlaid glass artwork also depicting European-style historical scenes. It has 4,185 square metres (45,050 sq ft) of interior space, and is surrounded by gardens.
31°14′27″N 29°57′47″E﻿ / ﻿31.2407°N 29.9630°E﻿ / 31.2407; 29.9630
Turquoise (color)

Turquoise (/ˈtɜːrk(w)ɔɪz/ TUR-k(w)oyz) is a cyan color, based on the mineral of the same name. The word turquoise dates to the 17th century and is derived from the French turquois, meaning 'Turkish', because the mineral was first brought to Europe through Turkey from mines in the historical Khorasan province of Iran (Persia) and Afghanistan today. The first recorded use of turquoise as a color name in English was in 1573.
The X11 color named turquoise is displayed on the right.
Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years owing to its unique hue.
In many cultures of the Old and New Worlds, this gemstone has been esteemed for thousands of years as a holy stone, a bringer of good fortune or a talisman. The oldest evidence for this claim was found in ancient Egypt, where grave furnishings with turquoise inlay were discovered, dating from approximately 3000 BCE. In the ancient Persian Empire, the sky-blue gemstones were earlier worn round the neck or wrist as protection against unnatural death. If they changed color, the wearer was thought to have reason to fear the approach of doom. Meanwhile, it has been discovered that turquoise can change color. The change can be caused by light, or by a chemical reaction brought about by cosmetics, dust, or the acidity of the skin.
Turquoise is a stone and color that is strongly associated with the domes and interiors of large mosques in Iran, Central Asia, and Russia.
Celeste is a sky blue turquoise.
Light turquoise is a lighter tone of turquoise.
Turquoise blue is close to turquoise on the color wheel, but slightly more blue.
The first recorded use of turquoise blue as a color name in English was in 1900.
This is the web color medium turquoise.
This is the web color dark turquoise.
This is the color bright turquoise.
Firoozeh Koobi

Firoozeh Koobi (Persian: فیروزه کوبی; Firouze Koobi, or Firuzehkubi) is an Iranian handicraft made of a copper vessel that is covered with inlaid turquoise stone. It is one of the most popular souvenirs of Isfahan. Although the technique has a short history (less than 100 years), due to the use of precious stones and the design it is highly valued.
Since the ancient times in Persia, turquoise has been a valued gemstone; the oldest turquoise mine in Iran is the Nishapur mine. Roughly in the 1950s, Yusef Hakimian founded this art in Mashhad. Today, Firoozeh Koobi is created primarily in Isfahan, and many artists and craftsmen have set up turquoise workshops in this city.
Firoozeh Koobi is a product made of copper, brass, silver, or bronze, in which small pieces of turquoise stone are placed together on a part of its surface in a mosaic form. Turquoise inlaying is recognized in Iran as an art-industry in the division and classification of Iranian handicrafts, which has an artistic and aesthetic aspect and has a decorative application. Turquoise Inlaying is commonly used for decorating items such as jewelry, vases, candlesticks, and mirror frames.
Red Stone

Red Stone (Korean: 붉은보석) [Romanization: Beurg ngeun bou sog] is a 2D massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed by L&K Logic Korea.
The story of Red Stone begins in the fantasy world of Prandel as players go on an adventurous quest to search for a mystical red stone that fell from heaven. At the end of the story, the player may choose to give the red stone in exchange for rewards to one of Prandel's factions, such as the Red Devil, or the Underworld or Heaven, who seek to use the power of the Red Stone for their own gain.
When the information about Red stone was first released, The game was supposed to be a single-player RPG that the player should choose one of several characters and be proceeded with the story. And then there was no news for a while, and then all of sudden, it was released as Online MMORPG game which had almost different concept from what it was at the first place. However, back in the time when it was being developed as a single-player game, the characteristics of the game such as the transformation system were already established. The game that came out with its unique catchphrase called Transformation RPG. In fact, players were highly excited when its transformation system was released, but what came out of it was the slow-paced 2D game such as Lineage (video game). In result, many people left. However, the transformation system itself was novel and there were quite a lot strategies for it.
Red stone features the combat between the player and the monster using various skills along with the transformation system. It has two classes for each character at the same time. Converting a class is called in-game term "transformation" or "weapon conversion". Classes that transform include Magician / Werewolf, Priest / Fallen Angel, Necromancer / Devil, Princess / Little witch, Maid / Demon sorceress, and Musketeer / Alchemist . The rest are weapon conversion classes. The reason for distinguishing between transformation and weapon conversion is that the class conversion method is different. It is necessary for both transformation and weapon conversion to learn one or more of the skill of the job to be replaced, but in the case of transformation, the cost of converting the class requires 15 CP. Also, if the CP becomes negative during transformation, the transformation is cancelled.
Red Stone DS: Akaki Ishi ni Michibikareshi Monotachi (RED STONE DS 〜赤き意志に導かれし者たち〜, Red Stone DS: The Those Ones who are Led by the Red Stone) is a singleplayer only adaptation for the Nintendo DS/ Nintendo 3DS released only in Japan. It features exclusive dungeons not available in the original game.
Scarab (video game)

Scarab (stylized as S.C.A.R.A.B.) is a video game developed and published by Electronic Arts for Windows.
Scarab is a game that takes place in ancient Egypt, except that the gods use mechanized soldiers in their wars against one other. The game combines elements of shooters and strategy games, where each side can win by either defeating all opponents, or by placing and keeping the largest amount of towers around the map within a specific amount of time.
Next Generation reviewed the PC version of the game, rating it three stars out of five, and stated that "Although the missions vary a bit, they mostly stay within the same vein – kill or be killed. If you're playing alone, there are other, better titles with similar gameplay, but playing with a few friends over a LAN or on the Net, Scarab ain't bad at all."
Raisyyah Rania Yeap

Felixia Yeap Chin Yee (Bahasa Cina: 叶静仪; Cina ringkas: 枼靜儀; pinyin: Yè Jìngyí; lahir 3 Julai 1986) ialah seorang model Malaysia. Beliau merupakan Playboy Bunny yang pertama dan tunggal di Malaysia. Sejak Disember 2013, beliau telah memakai tudung, mencetuskan kontroversi di kalangan masyarakat Islam dan bukan Islam di negara itu. Pada 3 Julai 2014 bersamaan 5 Ramadan 1435H, beliau telah memeluk agama Islam dan mengambil nama Raissyah Rania Yeap binti Abdullah.
Hubungan Bosnia dan Herzegovina–Malaysia

Hubungan Bosnia dan Herzegovina–Malaysia merujuk kepada hubungan luar negeri antara Bosnia dan Herzegovina dan Malaysia. Bosnia dan Herzegovina memiliki kedutaan di Kuala Lumpur, dan Malaysia memiliki kedutaan di Sarajevo.
Hubungan antara kedua-dua negara adalah mesra. Semasa zaman Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia adalah penyokong tegas bagi nasib Bosniak dalam Perang Bosnia dengan membantu menghantar pasukan pengaman dan menempatkan keluarga Bosnia buat sementara waktu di Malaysia. Walaupun majoriti telah kembali ke Bosnia selepas perang, atau berhijrah ke tempat lain, sebilangan kecil warga Bosnia masih kekal di Malaysia.
Semasa Perang Bosnia pada 1993, Mahathir Mohamad, Perdana Menteri Malaysia pada masa itu, menyatakan kebimbangan dengan pencabulan hak asasi manusia di Bosnia dan Herzegovina. Oleh itu, beliau menghantar sekumpulan askar Malaysia untuk menyertai Operasi Pengaman PBB dan memanggil Pertubuhan Kerjasama Islam pada 1995 untuk menetapkan langkah dan membantu negara Eropah yang baru merdeka itu. Sejak itu, kedua-dua negara menjalinkan hubungan dan Malaysia telah mengiktiraf kemerdekaan Bosnia dan Herzegovina.
Perdagangan dua hala antara kedua-dua negara semakin berkembang, dengan eksport utama Malaysia ke Bosnia dan Herzegovina hampir keseluruhannya terdiri daripada produk elektronik dan elektrik, manakala import dari Bosnia dan Herzegovina kebanyakannya terdiri daripada perabot dan aluminium. Kedua-dua negara juga bekerjasama dalam bidang pertanian dan sektor halal. Tiga bank Islam Malaysia telah membuka operasi di Bosnia sejak 2010.
Alvin Tan

Alvin Tan (lahir Tan Jye Yee Cina ringkas: 陈杰毅; pinyin: Chén Jiéyì; 20 Disember 1988) merupakan seorang penulis blog Malaysia. Beliau dikenali kerana menerbitkan blog berkenaan aktiviti seksual bersama teman wanitanya dan kemudiannya dikenali kerana mengkritik Islam. Tan kemudiannya memohon suaka di Amerika Syarikat. Alvin menggelar dirinya sebagai aktivis "hak kebebasan bersuara".
Tan berketurunan Cina, merupakan seorang pelajar Undang-undang di Universiti Kebangsaan Singapura. Dia memuat naik video ke blognya sendiri yang melakukan hubungan seks dengan teman wanitanya, sambil menjemput orang lain untuk menyertai. Penentangan terhadap video ini, kerana pornografi adalah tidak sah di Malaysia dan Singapura, menyebabkan Tan dilucutkan biasiswa ASEAN untuk universiti itu. Ditekan oleh keluarga mereka, pasangan itu menutup blog mereka.
Beliau ialah pengkritik Islam, membandingkannya dengan Nazisme, dan telah meminta "pemisahan masjid dan negeri". Tan dan teman wanitanya mengambil gambar semasa makan daging babi dan memuat naiknya ke Facebook sebagai ucapan Ramadan, yang membawa kepada mereka dibicarakan kerana hasutan. Mereka mengaku tidak bersalah, tetapi dipenjarakan tanpa jaminan sehingga tamatnya perbicaraan.
Semasa Vivian Lee kekal di Malaysia untuk menghadapi perbicaraan, Tan meninggalkan Malaysia untuk ke California, dan terus menyiarkan kandungan yang kritikal terhadap Islam, termasuk video dia membaca panggilan Muslim untuk berdoa tanpa henti. Pada bulan November 2015, Tan sekali lagi menimbulkan kontroversi apabila dia memuat naik ke Facebook sebuah komik jalur foto dirinya sendiri yang membuang air besar, dan kemudian menyeka duburnya dengan halaman dari al-Quran, kitab suci Islam. Dia mengambil gambar fesanya di jalur komik itu. Beliau menyatakan dalam komennya mengenai jawatan itu bahawa apa-apa penyalahgunaan yang dia terima untuk tindakan itu hanya akan memperkuat pendapatnya bahawa Islam adalah ganas.
Semasa perbicaraan Tan dan Lee, Perdana Menteri (ketika itu) Najib Razak berkata, "Tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan muda yang menghina Islam menunjukkan bahawa kebebasan bersuara dan pendapat yang tidak bertanggungjawab boleh menjejaskan masyarakat".
Tan mempunyai 85,000 pengikut di Facebook pada November 2015, termasuk beberapa umat Islam. Walau bagaimanapun, beliau juga telah dikritik kerana membawa publisiti buruk kepada ahli komuniti etnik Cina yang lain. Semasa perbicaraannya, Peguam Negara Malaysia, Abdul Gani Patail, berkata bahawa gambar Ramadan Tan mungkin menjadi motif kepada serangan keagamaan terhadap seorang lelaki Cina.
Sebaik tiba di California, Amerika Syarikat, Tan mula bekerja secara profesional sebagai pelakon dan pengarah filem lucah.
Richard Olaf Winstedt

Sir Richard Olaf Winstedt (2 Ogos 1878 - 2 Jun 1966), atau juga dikenali sebagai R. O. Winstedt, merupakan seorang orientalis berbangsa Inggeris dan pentadbir koloni dengan kepakaran tinggi tentang perihal-perihal Tanah Melayu British.
Winstedt dilahirkan di Oxford, mendapat pendidikan di Magdalen College School and New College, Oxford, dari mana beliau menerima MA. Abangnya, Eric Otto Winstedt, adalah seorang ahli sosiologi dan pengkaji bahasa Latin.
Pada tahun 1902, Winstedt menjadi kadet dalam Perkhidmatan Awam Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, dan ditempatkan di negeri Perak di mana beliau mempelajari bahasa, sejarah, adat istiadat dan kebudayaan Melayu, yang mana beliau menunjukkan minat yang sangat mendalam. Pada tahun 1913, beliau dilantik sebagai Pegawai Daerah di Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, dan menyertai jabatan pendidikan pada 1916. Pada tahun 1920, Winstedt menerima ijazah Doktor Kesusasteraan (DLitt) daripada Universiti Oxford.
Winstedt pada mulanya berkhidmat sebagai Presiden pertama Kolej Raffles, Singapura pada 1921-1931. Semasa menjawat sebagai Presiden, dia turut bertindak sebagai Setiausaha kepada Pesuruhjaya Tinggi (1923); Pengarah Pendidikan Negeri-negeri Selat dan Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu (NNMB), dan ahli kepada Majlis Legislatif, Negeri-negeri Selat (1924-1931); ahli kepada Majlis Kebangsaan NNMB (1927-1931).
Selepas sepenggal sebagai Penasihat Umum kepada kerajaan Johor (1931-1935), Winstedt bersara dari Perkhidmatan Awam Kerajaan Tanah Melayu dan dilantik sebagai pensyarah, dan kemudiannya felo kehormat, dalam bidang Melayu di School of Oriental and African Studies, di mana dia turut berkhidmat sebagai ahli Badan Penyelia, 1939-1959. Semasa Perang Dunia Kedua, dia membuat siaran dalam bahasa Melayu ke Tanah Melayu yang diperintah Jepun. Dia bersara dari pendidikan aktif pada 1946.
Winstedt telah berkhidmat dalam pelbagai lembaga penasihat, antara yang terkenal adalah Persatuan Asiatik Diraja (Royal Asiatic Society) dimana beliau berulangkali diangkat menjadi Presiden Persatuan dan memenangi Pingat Emas pada tahun 1947; Persatuan British Malaya Association of British Malaya, menduduki kerusi Presiden pada tahun 1938; Ahli Lembaga Penasihat Kolonial British untuk Pendidikan, 1936-1939; Persatuan India Diraja Royal India Society. Beliau juga merupakan felo di British Academy, dan Ahli Kehormat Institut Asia Tenggara, Persatuan Betawi Diraja Royal Batavian Society, dan Kon Instituut voor Taal­Land­en Volkenkunde.
Beliau diketahui telah memelihara banyak hasil tulisan kesusasteraan Melayu termasuklah Sejarah Melayu dan menulis pelbagai karya penting yang melibatkan Melayu dan bahasanya di dalam A History of Malaya dan A Dictionary of Malay Language.
Berikut adalah hasil karya beliau dan buku berkaitan dengannya
Lambaian Ramadan

Lambaian Ramadan ialah sebuah siri drama televisyen Malaysia 2016 arahan Along Kamaludin, dengan skrip oleh Azlina Pa'wan. Siri ini memulakan tayangan perdana di Slot Samarinda TV3 dari 31 Mei 2016 hingga 29 Jun 2016 menggantikan Demi Cinta Ain. Drama ini merupakan salah satu daripada enam siri drama bertemakan Ramadan yang disiarkan di TV3.
Mengisahkan tentang pasangan suami isteri Adam (Adi Putra) dan Shila (Siti Elizad). Rumahtangga yang mereka bina, bahagia selama 16 tahun dan mereka dikurniakan tiga orang anak iaitu Iman (Izz Ilham), Iskandar (Muntazar Ghufran) dan Nurin (Puteri Balqis). Namun kebahagian keluarga Adam dan Shila mulai hilang dengan kehadiran Warda (Reen Rahim), bekas teman wanita Adam. Biarpun tahu Adam telah pun berkeluarga, Warda tetap cuba untuk menagih cinta Adam.
Demi kepentingan perniagaannya, Ada mulai mengabaikan keluarga dan mula menduakan Shila. Malah Adam sendiri yang mengaku kepada Shila bahawa dia ada perempuan lain. Hampir setiap hari Adam dan Shila akan bertengkar, malah Adam juga mengabaikan tanggungjawabnya terhadap tiga orang anak mereka. Lebih terkesan adalah Nurin yang sangat rapat dengan ayahnya. Satu hari Nurin jatuh sakit, pada awalnya ia dianggap sebagai demam biasa namun sebenarnya Nurin menghidap penyakit yang kronik. Adakah rumahtangga Adam dan Shila akan kembali menemui sinar bahagia.
Episod akhir Lambaian Ramadan telah mencecah lebih daripada 4.0 juta penonton atau 45% syer penonton (Total 4+) sepanjang siaran dari jam 10.00 – 11.00 malam menurut Nielsen Audience Measurement. Drama ini juga mendapat sambutan hangat di Twitter sewaktu bersiaran dan berjaya membolosi takhta trending nombor satu di Malaysia dengan kata kunci #LambaianRamadan. Di Tonton, ia telah meraih lebih daripada 70,000 tontonan sepanjang tempoh siaran.