Amazi muri Afrika

Amazi muri Afurika ni ikibazo cyingenzi gikubiyemo amasoko, gukwirakwiza no gukoresha ubukungu umutungo wamazi kumugabane. Muri rusange, Afurika ifite hafi 9% by'amazi meza ku isi na 16% by'abatuye isi. Mu nzuzi zayo harimo Congo, Nili, Zambezi, Niger n'ikiyaga cya Victoria, gifatwa nk'ikiyaga cya kabiri kinini ku isi. Nyamara umugabane niwo wa kabiri wumye ku isi, aho miliyoni z'Abanyafurika ziracyafite ikibazo cyo kubura amazi umwaka wose.
Uku kubura guterwa nibibazo byo gukwirakwiza kutaringaniye, ubwiyongere bwabaturage no gucunga nabi ibikoresho bihari. Rimwe na rimwe, hari umubare muto wabantu baba aho hari amazi menshi. Urugero, 30 ku ijana by'amazi yo ku mugabane wa Afurika ari mu kibaya cya Kongo gituwe gusa 10 ku ijana by'abatuye Afurika. Hariho itandukaniro rikomeye muburyo bwimvura igaragara ahantu hamwe nigihe. Hariho kandi igipimo kinini cyo guhumeka mu bice bimwe na bimwe by'akarere bigatuma habaho ijanisha rito ry'imvura ahantu nk'aha. Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hari itandukaniro rikomeye hagati y’umwaka n’imbere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’ikirere n’amazi, ku buryo mu gihe uturere tumwe na tumwe dufite amazi ahagije, Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara ihura n’ibibazo byinshi bifitanye isano n’amazi bibangamira iterambere ry’ubukungu kandi bikabangamira imibereho y’abaturage bayo. . Ubuhinzi bwo muri Afurika bushingiye ahanini ku buhinzi bugaburirwa n’imvura, kandi munsi y’ubutaka buhingwa ku mugabane wa 10%. Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’imihindagurikire iragaragara cyane. Isoko nyamukuru y'amashanyarazi ni hydropower, igira uruhare runini mubushobozi bwashyizwemo ingufu. Urugomero rwa Kainji ni umutungo w'amashanyarazi usanzwe utanga amashanyarazi mu mijyi minini yose yo muri Nijeriya ndetse n'igihugu baturanye, Nigeriya. Niyo mpamvu, ishoramari rihoraho mu myaka icumi ishize, ryongereye ingufu zituruka
Gukemura ibibazo by’amazi y’ingufu n’umutekano w’ibiribwa bibangamiwe n’ibitagenda neza mu bikorwa remezo by’amazi, iterambere, n’ubushobozi bwo gucunga kugira ngo abaturage babashe kwiyongera vuba. Ibi byiyongereyeho kuba Afrika ifite igipimo cyimijyi yihuta kwisi. Iterambere ry’amazi n’imicungire biragoye cyane kubera ubwinshi bwumutungo w’amazi arenga imipaka (inzuzi, ibiyaga n’amazi). Hafi ya 75% bya Afrika yo munsi yubutayu bwa Sahara biri mubice 53 by’ibibaya by’imigezi byambukiranya imipaka myinshi. Izi mbogamizi zihariye nazo zirashobora guhinduka mumahirwe mugihe ubushobozi bwubufatanye bwambukiranya imipaka bwakoreshejwe mugutezimbere umutungo wamazi yakarere. Isesengura ry’imirenge myinshi y’umugezi wa Zambezi, urugero, ryerekana ko ubufatanye bw’inzuzi bushobora gutuma 23% by’umusaruro w’ingufu ziyongera nta shoramari ry’inyongera. Inzego nyinshi n’inzego zemewe n’ubufatanye bw’imipaka zirahari, nk’Ubuyobozi bw’Uruzi rwa Zambezi, Amasezerano y’umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo (SADC), Ubuyobozi bw’Uruzi rwa Volta na Komisiyo y’ikibaya cya Nili. Icyakora, harasabwa izindi mbaraga kugira ngo turusheho guteza imbere ubushake bwa politiki, hamwe n’ubushobozi bw’imari n’inzego zikenewe mu bikorwa by’amakoperative yunguka-inyungu hamwe n’ibisubizo byiza ku nkombe zose.
Amazi yo mu butaka agira uruhare runini mu gukomeza gutanga amazi n’imibereho muri Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara cyane cyane kubera kuboneka kwinshi, muri rusange ubuziranenge bwo hejuru, ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’imbere bwo gukumira ibice by’amapfa no kongera imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Nyamara hari amasoko make ahari yo gutanga amazi meza yo kunywa muri Afurika, bumwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu 2007 bwerekanye ko Abanyafurika barenga 40% bakoresha amazi y’ubutaka nk’isoko nyamukuru y’amazi yo kunywa, cyane cyane mu bihugu byo muri Afurika y’Amajyaruguru n’Amajyepfo.
Mu gihe ibiranga hydrogeologiya n’ikirere byo mu karere ako ari ko kose bigena ko amazi y’ubutaka aboneka kandi akuzuzwa, ubwinshi n’ubwiza bw’amazi yo mu butaka biterwa ahanini n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka n’imicungire y’abaturage viii mu ntara y’amazi.
Amazi meza aracyari isoko yingenzi yo kunywa amazi (39%) mumijyi, nyamara ibyobo bigenda biba ngombwa (24%). OMS (2006) yavuze ko, mu 2004, abantu 16% bonyine bo muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara ari bo babonaga amazi yo kunywa binyuze mu rugo (igikoni cyo mu nzu cyangwa igikanda mu gikari). Ndetse iyo hari amazi ahari aha hantu, usanga haboneka amazi meza yo kunywa byoroshye kuko hari ingaruka zo kwandura bitewe nimpamvu nyinshi. Ibintu nko gufata nabi bitewe nubushobozi buke bwimari, umwanda nisuku nke rimwe na rimwe bitewe nubushobozi buke bwamafaranga. Iyo amariba yubatswe kandi hagashyirwaho ibikoresho by’isuku y’amazi, rimwe na rimwe gupima ubuziranenge bw’amazi ntibikorwa kenshi nkibikenewe, no kubura uburezi mubantu bakoresha isoko y'amazi