davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
2022 UCI Cycling Esports World Championships

The 2022 UCI Cycling Esports World Championships was the second edition of the UCI Cycling Esports World Championships, the annual world championships for esport road bicycle racing. It was held on 26 February 2022 on the platform Zwift. Regional qualifiers took place 27–28 November 2021.
Along with professional riders, invited by their respective national cycling organisations to compete in the championships, Zwift held a number of qualification events. The first round Continental Open event series was open to all eligible riders in the Zwift community. The second round of Continental Qualifiers then determined those community riders that won a place in the UCI Cycling Esports World Championships in February 2022.
The men's race was won by 2020 Zwift Academy winner Jay Vine, while the women's race was won by Loes Adegeest.
Loes Adegeest

Loes Adegeest (born 7 August 1996) is a Dutch racing cyclist and former speed skater. As a cyclist, she currently rides for FDJ–Suez after riding for Irish IBCT team, and the Dutch amateur team Jan van Arckel and Parkhotel Valkenburg. On 26 February 2022, Adegeest won the women's race at the 2022 UCI Cycling Esports World Championships representing e-racing team Aeonian Race Team. In January 2023 she won her first UCI Women's World Tour race, the Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race. In February 2023 she defended her title as the UCI Cycling Esports World Champion.
Aviator Nation

Aviator Nation is an American clothing brand founded by Paige Mycoskie in 2006. The line consists of apparel for men, women, and children with most styles unisex, with garments designed to have a worn-in and vintage feel. Garments are advertised as having single needle stitching and hand drawn graphics. The brand carries apparel, accessories, and surfboards. The company is named after Mycoskie's love for aviator-style sunglasses. All products are manufactured in California.
Mycoskie's personal style is that of comfort and color-fused with 70s nostalgia. After failing to find clothes to fit her aesthetic, she began creating garments for herself, out of her home garage in Venice, LA in 2006. Mycoskie sold them at a local street fair, and witnessed the business potential after quickly selling out of every style, specifically her white hoodie, now known as the "signature hoodie," one of the most successful garments for the brand. In 2009, she opened the first retail store in Venice, on Abbot Kinney Blvd. The company has a website, and 15 retail outlets in the US.
Designs favor inks and dye treatments popular in the 1970s, and fabrics are intentionally distressed.
Collections include "Pray for Surf" and "Rock and Roll." Trademark graphics include a surfer, and rainbow stripes stitched in the hood of garments. The rainbow stripe designs stitched across the chest of T-shirts and hoodies in both four and five stripe combinations are also the brand's best sellers. Aviator Nation's prints include drawings from Mycoskie's earliest sketches, and she still hand draws details from lightning bolts to psychedelic maidens
Aviator Nation surfboards debuted in early 2016, shaped and airbrushed by hand.
In 2012, Aviator Nation launched a partnership with Austin City Limits Music Festival (ACL). Mycoskie designed and installed a rainbow tepee for musicians to relax and play vintage instruments, which evolved into impromptu shows. She also designed ACL x Aviator Nation merchandise.
The company has since expanded its co-branded collections for artists such as John Mayer, designing his "Born and Raised" tour merchandise and brands including SoulCycle, Rolling Stone, Gibson Guitar, Honda, FunBoy, SXSW, Celsius, AIM Youth Mental Health, and many more.
The brand is represented at some of the largest music festivals and sporting events through partnerships with Austin City Limits, Lollapalooza Music Festival; SXSW, BottleRock, Jazz Aspen Festival, Malibu Chill Cook Off, Sonoma Harvest Festival, Formula One, The Phoenix Open, The Kentucky Derby and more to be announced.
The company lends its creative designs and volunteers time raising funds for charities supporting a variety of nonprofits including The Boys & Girls Club, City of Hope, Baller Dream Foundation, Invisible Arts Network, Charity Water; Surf Aid; Heal the Bay; The Flatwater Foundation; Global Citizen and AIM Youth Mental Health.
In 2013, GQ Magazine named Mycoskie one of the "Best New Menswear Designers in America".She then created a capsule collection for GQ x GAP.
Para-cycling

Para-cycling (or paracycling/para cycling) is the sport of cycling adapted for cyclists who have various disabilities. It is governed by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The sport consists of seven different events which include road and track races. The world's elite para-cyclists compete at Track and Road Worlds Championships since 1994, the Commonwealth Games, the Paralympic Games and the World Cup since 2010.
Para-cycling originated in the 1980s, starting with visually impaired riders who competed on a tandem with a sighted partner. In New York 1984 it entered the Summer Paralympic Games, where it consisted of only road races for riders with cerebral palsy. Over the next four Paralympic Games further events were added. In Atlanta 1996 track cycling was included as well as a variety of disabilities in various functional categories. Handcycling was included in the 2000 Sydney Paralympics as an exhibition event.
Para-cycling events consist of the following three road races and five track events:
Classification of riders consists of three broad groups; visual impairment, cerebral palsy and physical impairment. These are subdivided into 14 functional categories for men and women. Riders are placed in the appropriate category according to their functional ability.
B: blind (tandem) B1-2
C: cycle C1-5
H: handbike H1-5
T: tricycle T1-2
Cycling at the Summer Youth Olympics

Cycling has been included in the Summer Youth Olympic Games since their inauguration at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, at which one event was held. Unlike the Summer Olympics, track cycling is not included, while the program features BMX racing, road cycling and mountain bike racing.
At the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics a combined mixed-gender team event with sub-events in the disciplines of BMX, road cycling and mountain biking was held. At the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics instead of competitors competing separately they compete as a team. In the boys' and girls' team events two athletes compete together. Each of the two cyclists must compete in two of the following events, with only one team member competing per event; BMX, Mountain Bike Cross-country Race, Mountain Bike Cross-country Eliminator and Road Time Trial. Both members will also have to compete in the Road Race event. For the mixed team relay, two boys and two girls will form a team. The event will be composed of a Mountain Bike Cross-country Race, performed by one boy and one girl and a Road Race, performed by the other two team members. For NOCs who qualified only two boys or girls lots will be drawn to form combined teams.
Cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' time trial

Girls' time trial was part of the cycling at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics program. The event consisted of one lap of cycling at a length of 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi). It was held on 22 August 2010 at The Float at Marina Bay. This was not an official individual event and therefore medals were not given. However the performance of the athletes provided points towards the Combined Mixed Team event for cycling.
The race began at approximately 9:00 a.m. (UTC+8) on 22 August at The Float at Marina Bay.
Uno-X Mobility (men's team)

Uno-X Mobility is a Norwegian UCI ProTeam established in 2016, as a continuation of the earlier Team Ringeriks-Kraft. Uno-X Mobility was initially established as a cooperation between Uno-X, Ringerike Sykkelklubb and Lillehammer Cykleklubb, and had its inaugural season in 2017. The team is sponsored by fuel station chain Uno-X, which is part of the Reitan conglomerate.
The team held UCI Continental status until 2020, when it upgraded to a ProTeam. In September 2018, the team launched a development program, the Uno-X Mobility Development Team, which became a UCI Continental team in 2021. The team was granted a wildcard spot to compete in the 2023 Tour de France and adopted custom jerseys sponsored by REMA 1000 for the race. Uno-X was again invited to the Tour de France in 2024.
Uno-X pursues the goal of becoming the first Scandinavian team to hold a UCI WorldTeam license for both women and men. Having achieved WorldTeam-status for their women's team in 2022, the men's team seeks to gather enough points for a promotion in 2026.
In January 2024, former cyclist and world champion Thor Hushovd replaced Jens Haugland as General Manager for the team.
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Rajaleña

El rajaleña es una danza y género musical variante del bambuco con influencia del joropo y sanjuanero. Es una de las expresiones musicales más auténticas de Colombia. Su presencia se da con mayor intensidad en el departamento del Huila y en algunos municipios del sur tolimense como Prado, Alpujarra ,Dolores y Natagaima. Tiene sus orígenes en las zonas rurales colombianos del territorio conocido como el Tolima Grande. En la interpretación de sus coplas, el género permite la improvisación y los mensajes cargados de picardía y doble sentido. Este aire de origen y carácter comunitario posee composiciones que son consideradas como anónimas y parte integral del patrimonio colectivo comunitario.​
El significado del término “Rajaleña” tiene diferentes versiones sobre su origen:
El Rajaleña es una expresión musical de carácter folclórico. En el Huila, existen cuatro tonadas según las diferentes subregiones: Tonada de Fortalecillas, tonada de Aipe, de Peñas Blancas, tonada de Campoalegre y Tonada de Teruel. La tonada más variada es la de Fortalecillas, en ella se reúnen tres formas diferentes de entonar las coplas, los estribillos y la revuelta.
Es una variedad del sanjuanero, según otras, el rajaleña ha sido definido como el bambuco crudo, sin mezcla, auténtico. En él está todo el sentir de la tierra del Alto Magdalena, es la danza popular del calentano antiguo. En el rajaleña está la tradición del Tolima Grande.
El rajaleña también es una cultura representativa de Colombia porque es uno de los primeros géneros musicales desarrollados en la cultura musical contemporánea de Colombia.
El rajaleña es tradición pura de los colombianos, generalmente una creación colectiva que sobre un ritmo musical establecido que nacen en la percusión de maderas con instrumentos autóctonos de América y que al ritmo de la labor cotidiana trasmitían información de los acontecimientos a zonas distantes, haciendo llamados, con los gritos típicos de esta forma de comunicación, sobre bases musicales y que cuenta historias que son del interés quienes escuchan
Con su ritmo de bambuco, la partitura se basa en una armadura de compás binario con subdivisión ternaria 6/8, aunque se puede interpretar en compás ternario con subdivisión binaria o 3/4.
Los instrumentos típicos del rajaleña son la guitarra acústica, el tambor, las maracas, el ritmo en un canto de niños y jóvenes del departamento del Huila en Colombia el Grupo Canto Nuevo.
La rajaleña nacida en la región del Tolima y Huila también nombran los paisajes regionales como el río Magdalena y lo expresa en su canto el Grupo Cantar Latino.​
Del rajaleña no se puede tener buen registro de interpretaciones ya que estas describen situaciones particulares de una región de la que generalmente no se conservan archivos musicales.
Un clásico del rajaleña se puede ver en la interpretación del grupo huilense del municipio de Aipe Aires de Piedra Pintada que se refiere a un monumento histórico con petroglifos Pijao,​ interpretado por Luz Estella Luna, reconocida cultora de este aire musical.
Chandé (Colombia)

El chandé es un aire musical folclórico originario del Caribe Colombiano. Es un ritmo alegre y fiestero que hace parte de la idiosincrasia costeña y de los carnavales. Proviene de la fusión de ritmos indígenas con la música negra africana y se ejecuta de manera tradicional con un tambor alegre, maracas, flautas de millo o gaitas, acompañadas por las palmas de los danzantes. Al ser interpretado por una orquesta, la tambora sería reemplazada por un timbal (paila) o una batería, y los otros tambores por congas. El chandé es un ritmo de cortejo y no importa la manera del cortejo sino la forma en la que se demuestra...
En el carnaval de Barranquilla, el chandé tiene su espacio en la danza del Garabato. Esta danza coreográfica representa el enfrentamiento entre la vida y la muerte. Actualmente este baile se considera una de las danzas populares del carnaval.
Subregión de Occidente (Norte de Santander)

La subregión Occidente, denominada también como provincia de Ocaña,​ es una de las 6 subregiones del departamento colombiano de Norte de Santander. Se ubica en el occidente del departamento y está integrada por los siguientes 10 municipios:​​​
Algunos municipios de ésta subregión forman parte, a su vez, de la más amplia región del Catatumbo.
Pelón Santamarta

Pedro León Franco Rave (Medellín, 1867-Medellín, 1952), conocido artísticamente como Pelón Santamarta, fue un compositor y cantante colombiano.
Nació en la ciudad de Medellín. El seudónimo de Pelón Santamarta lo eligió en memoria de su padre Pedro León Franco, también músico, nacido en la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia.
Su profesión original fue la sastrería. Sin embargo, Pelón Santamarta dedicó su vida a la música del interior de Colombia, y muy especialmente al bambuco, ritmo que contribuyó a popularizar en Colombia y otros países, especialmente en Centro y Norteamérica.
Inicialmente, su carrera musical la ejerció conformando varios duetos y tríos que no prosperaron, hasta que con otro sastre, compañero de oficio y llamado Adolfo Marín, integró por fin un conjunto funcional, el dueto Pelón y Marín.
El dueto Pelón y Marín se trasladó a México a difundir sus éxitos, labor que lograron con creces. En ese país enseñó el son bambuquero a varios músicos mexicanos, entre ellos el compositor Ricardo Palmerín, que a la postre se convirtió, en su época, en el más importante autor del bambuco yucateco. Este género llegó a México para quedarse, como legado colombiano, y hoy día representa una alternativa cultural musical mexicana importante, algo así como la ranchera en Colombia representa un legado de México.​
Además de México, el dueto difundió su música en numerosas giras por Jamaica, Cuba, Honduras y Guatemala. Tras el matrimonio de Adolfo Marín, el dueto se desintegró. Después de conformar uno nuevo con Luis Felipe Moreno, al poco tiempo también este contrajo matrimonio y Pelón Santamarta se quedó entonces solo. Pelón regresó a Medellín, donde se dedicó a trabajar como cantinero, a componer, y a cantar para sus amigos.
Es en este período cuando compuso su obra considerada cumbre, el bambuco “Antioqueñita”, con letra del poeta Miguel Agudelo (Medellín, 1883-1954), y que fue grabado en Nueva York. Entre sus muchísimas composiciones, figuran:
Uno de los más grandes pioneros y verdadero gran maestro de la música colombiana, el compositor pasó sus últimos diez años de vida en un asilo de ancianos de Medellín, donde murió.
Es considerado como una de las grandes glorias de la música del interior de Colombia.​ A este respecto, el escritor y editor Moisés Melo​ lo destaca como una de las figuras más grandes del arte colombiano, y lo evocó al lado de escritores como García Márquez, Mutis, Vallejo, pintores como Botero y fotógrafos como Leo Matiz, en la inauguración de la Feria del Libro 2009.​
Sobre la vida y obra de este compositor existen numerosas fuentes y referencias, algunas de las cuales son las siguientes.
Sanjuanero

El Sanjuanero, often called simply Sanjuanero, (translation "St. John's Festivities Song") is a traditional Colombian bambuco song. Its music was written in 1936 by Anselmo Duran Plazas and its lyrics were written by Sofía Gaitán Yanguas. It was first performed on July 12, 1936. and recorded for the first time in the 1950s by the duo Garzon y Collazos. It's one of Colombia's most recognizable folkloric songs, and it is the anthem of the Festival Folclórico y Reinado Nacional del Bambuco.
The traditional Sanjuanero choreography was created by folklorist Inés García de Durán in 1960 and consists of three basic steps (caminado, bambuqueado, and contradanza), eight basic figures and five or more adornment figures.
El Sanjuanero is commonly associated with Huila's Festival Folclórico y Reinado Nacional del Bambuco celebrated each year, in Neiva during the feasts of Saint Peter and Saint John. The Reinado Nacional del Bambuco is a contest similar to beauty pageants in which contestants, each representing a Colombian Department, are judged on six parameters, one of which is performance of the Sanjuanero dance.
Venezuelan bambuco

The Venezuelan bambuco is a musical genre is typical of the Andean region of Venezuela. It is also found in the States of Zulia, Bolívar, Lara and in the Capital District (Caracas). The instruments typically used are piano, bass and guitar, and sometimes mandolin and flute. Characteristic pieces include: "Mañanitas Navidenas" by Marco Antonio Useche, "Brisas del Torbes" by Luis Felipe Ramón y Rivera, “Tu Partida” by Augusto Brandt, “Serenata” by Manuel Enrique Perez Diaz and “Hendrina” by Napoleón Lucena
احمد زويل

الدكتور احمد حسن زويل (اتولد فى دمنهور، 26 فبراير 1946،مات فى 2 اغسطس 2016)، عالم مصرى امريكانى، كسب فى 1999 بجايزة نوبل فى الكيميا.
اتولد فى دمنهور، وبعدها عزل على دسوق مع اسرته وابتدا تعليمه الاساسى والثانوى، و فى سنة 1963 دخل كلية العلوم فى جامعة اسكندريه و عاش وقتها فى بيت خاله فى على ربيع حماد فى منشية افلاقه فى دمنهور واخد بكالوريوس العلوم قسم كيميا سنة 1967 بدرجة امتياز مع مرتبة الشرف.
بعد ما اتخرج من كلية العلوم - جامعة اسكندرية فى مصر سنة 1967 اخد شهادة الماجستير من جامعة اسكندريه و اشتغل كمتدرب فى شركة "شل" فى اسكندريه و بعدها سافر على امريكا عشان يكمل دراساته العليا واخد شهادة الدكتوراه سنة 1974 من جامعة بنسلفانيا و بعد شهادة الدكتوراه و انضم لفريق الابحاث فى جامعة بيركلى فى ولاية كاليفورنيا . و فى سنة 1976 اتعين استاذ مساعد فى الفيزيا الكيميائيه فى كلية كالتك و ابتدا مشواره العلمى فى الدراسات و الابحاث. عينته مؤسسة كاليفورنيا للعلوم و التكنولوجيا استاذ اول للكيميا فى معهد لينوس بولينج و فى سنة 1999 اخد جايزة بنيامين فرانكلين على انجازاته و اسهاماته العلميه فى خدمة العلم باكتشافه لـ " ثانية الفيمتو " اللى هى اصغر وحده زمنيه فى الثانيه و اتعمل له احتفال كبير فى فيلادلفيا استلم فيها جايزته القيمه.
اخد الدكتور احمد زويل جوايز كتيره على انجازاته كان منها جايزه من معهد كاليفورنيا للتكنولوجيا فى باسادينا(1990) جايزة وولف (1992)، و جايزة هربرت برويا (1995)، و جايزة ليوناردو دافنشى للامتياز (1995)، و جايزة والش (1997)، و جايزة ألكسندر فون هامبولدت الامريكيه، و ميدالية الاكاديميه النيديرلانديه للعلوم و الفنون.
فى سنة 1999، و هو عنده 53 سنه، اخد جايزة نوبل فى الكيميا كتتويج عظيم لانجازاته العلميه الهايله اللى حققها فى فى دراسة وتصوير ذرات المواد المختلفه وقت تفاعلاتها الكيميائيه، فكان بكده اول مصرى ياخد جايزة نوبل فى المجال العلمى.
فى ابريل 2009 اختاره الرئيس الأمريكى باراك اوباما ضمن مجلس مستشارى العلوم والتكنولوجيا التابع للبيت الابيض و اللى بيضم 20 عالم مرموق فى مجالات مختلفه.
مدينة زويل للعلوم والتكنولوجيا

مدينه زويل للعلوم والتكنولوجيا هوا مشروع مبادر لتطوير العلم و التعليم فى مصر و اتسمت باسم العالم المصرى الراحل احمد زويل, و هيا مؤسسه مستفله و بيتم تمويلها من التبرعات من الهيئات و الاشخاص. اتبنت فى مدينه 6 اكتوبر على مساحه 270 فدان بعد موافقه من رئيس الوزرا عصام شرف.
26 فبراير

26 فبراير هو اليوم ال57 من ايام السنة فى التقويم الجريجورى . و فيه بعده 309 (310 فى السنة الكبيسة) يوم لحد نهاية السنة.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
حلم العلم

حـِلم العـِلم هو الاسم اللى سمّاه الكاتب و الشاعر المصرى "جمال بخيت" فى جورنال مصرى مستقل لـ مطالبة الشعب المصرى بـ دعم مشروع انشاء جامعه او هيئه علميّه مستقله فى مصر, عشان تساعد مصر على التقدم فى المجال العلمى و تبقى من الدول المتقدمه. "جمال بخيت" دعى الناس للمشاركه المادّيّه بـ التبرّع. و طالب بـ تكوين هيئه علميه مستقله, عشان خاطر كل المطلوب لـ تقدّم العلوم و التواصل مع احدث الانجازات العلميه, و يشرف على الهيئه دى "مجلس اُمناء" مسئولين عن سياسة الهيئه و تحديد أولوياتها و استلام التبرعات. اقترح ان يكون مجلس الاُمناء (الدكتور احمد زويل, الدكتور محمد البرادعى, الدكتور مجدى يعقوب, الدكتور مصطفى السيد, الدكتور فاروق الباز, الدكتور محمد غُنيم, و الدكتور محمد النشائى). و مساهمة الدوله تكون فى مساهمة الدوله فى اصدار قرار جمهورى بـ تخصيص الأراضى اللازمه للمشروع و اعفاء المشروع من الجمارك و الضرايب لـ اعتباره مشروع قَومى. لان بـ النسبه للاحصاءات, الدوله بتخصص اقل من 1% من انتاج الناتج القومى للبحث العلمى, و المجتمع المصرى بيستقبل كل سنه أكتر من 2 مليون خرّيج, ماعندهمش العناصر اللازمه عشان ينافسو السوق العالمى, نتيجه لـ تدهور المناهج الدراسيه.
بعد ما أخد "احمد زويل" جايزة نوبل فى الكيميا سنة 1999, ابتدا اكلام على تأسيس جامعه او مؤسسه علميه لـ استغلال الامكانيات البشريه المصريه, و تقليل هجرة العلما المصريين للتدوير على مناخ علمى مناسب.
دعوة "جمال بخيت" فى الاساس كانت فى سنة 2007, لما كتب مقاله بيدعى فيها المصريين لـ مساندة مشروع اقترح بـ اسم "مؤسسة احمد زويل العلمية". بس الفكره دى ماتحققتش بـ سبب قلة امكانيات الدوله.
يوم 7 فبراير 2009, استضافت "منى الشاذلى" العالِم المصرى احمد زويل فى برنامجها "العاشرة مساءاً", اللى اتكلم فيها عن تصوّرهُ فى ان المصريين مستعدّين يعملو حاجه لـ بلدهم بـ شَرط التأكد من ان المشروع يكون حقيقى, من-غير تزوير و سرقه, و انه حيفيد الأجيال المصريه, و مع التأكد ده هو اتصوّر ان علما مصريين جوّا و برّا مصر و اعلاميين حيشتركو فى الدعايه لـ تأسيس مؤسسه علميه مصريه بـ تمويل من الشعب المصرى. و طرحت "منى" نفس فكرة "جمال بخيت" فى "الاشتراك الشعبى". بعدين اتصل واحد صاحب مكتبَه فى مدن الدلتا, بيعلن استعداده للمشاركه.
بعدين "جمال بخيت" كتب مقاله فى 24 فبراير 2009, و دعى فيه الشعب المصرى بـ التمويل النقدى, عشان ينجزو مشروع تأسيس مؤسسه علميه مصريه, لـ اعتبارهُ ان التمويل النقدى هو اكبر عائق على أى مشروع. فـ اقترح فكرة "الاشتراك الشعبى", ان يبقى فيه 40 ألف مواطن ملتزم بـ المشاركه بـ 2500 جنيه فى السنه, لـ مدّة عشر سنين, عشان تجميع بليون جنيه كـ حَد ادنى, و يتحدد الحَد الأقصى على حسب رغبة و قدرة المواطنين.
بول بوير (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)

بول بوير (بالانجليزى: Paul D. Boyer) كان عالم كيمياء حيويه و استاذ جامعة من امريكا.
بول بوير من مواليد يوم 31 يوليه سنة 1918 فى بروفو.
درس فى ثانويه بروفو و جامعة ويسكونسين-ماديسون و جامعة بريجم يانج.
كان عضو فى:
بول بوير مات فى 2 يونيه سنة 2018.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
ماكس بيرجمان (عالم كيمياء حيويه من الرايخ الالمانى)

ماكس بيرجمان (بالانجليزى: Max Bergmann) كان عالم كيمياء حيويه و استاذ جامعة و كيميائى من الرايخ الالمانى و امريكا.
ماكس بيرجمان من مواليد يوم 12 فبراير سنة 1886 فى فورت.
كان عضو فى:
ماكس بيرجمان مات فى 7 نوفمبر سنة 1944.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
كريستيان هاس (عالم كيمياء حيويه من المانيا)

كريستيان هاس (بالانجليزى: Christian Haass) عالم كيمياء حيويه و استاذ جامعة من المانيا.
كريستيان هاس من مواليد يوم 19 ديسمبر سنة 1960 فى مانهايم.
درس فى جامعة هايدلبرج.
عضو فى:
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
بول برج

بول برج (بالانجليزى: Paul Berg) كيميائى و عالم احياء جزيئيه و عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا.
بول برج من مواليد يوم 30 يونيه سنة 1926 فى بروكلين.
درس فى ثانويه ابراهام لينكون و جامعة كيس وسترن ريسرف و Clare Hall و جامعة ولايه بنسلفانيا.
عضو فى:
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
ماكسين سينجر

ماكسين سينجر (بالانجليزى: Maxine Singer) عالمه احياء جزيئيه و عالمه كيمياء حيويه و عالمه احياء و كيميائيه من امريكا.
ماكسين سينجر من مواليد يوم 15 فبراير سنة 1931 فى بروكلين.
درست فى جامعة ييل و كليه سوارثمور و ثانويه ميدوود.
عضو فى:
شاركت فى:
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
كريشنا كومار (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)

كريشنا كومار (بالانجليزى: Krishna Kumar) عالم كيمياء حيويه و كيميائى من امريكا.
كريشنا كومار من مواليد يوم 1 نوفمبر سنة 1970 فى تشيناى.
درس فى جامعة براون.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
بيتر باير (عالم كيمياء حيويه من المانيا)

بيتر باير (بالانجليزى: Peter Beyer) عالم كيمياء حيويه و باحث و استاذ جامعة و بايولوچيست من المانيا.
بيتر باير من مواليد يوم 9 مايو سنة 1952 فى هانوفر.
درس فى جامعة فرايبورج.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
چوزيف ر (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)

چوزيف ر (بالانجليزى: Joseph R. Lakowicz) عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا.
چوزيف ر من مواليد يوم 1 يناير سنة 1948 فى فيلادلفيا.
درس فى جامعة لاسال و جامعة الينوى فى شيكاجو.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
يوجين كينيدى (عالم كيمياء حيويه من امريكا)

يوجين كينيدى كان عالم كيمياء حيويه و استاذ جامعة من امريكا.
يوجين كينيدى من مواليد يوم 4 سبتمبر سنة 1919 فى شيكاجو.
درس فى جامعة دى بول و جامعة شيكاجو.
كان عضو فى:
يوجين كينيدى مات فى 22 سبتمبر سنة 2011.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
نوبل

نوبل مدينه امريكيه اداريا بتتبع مقاطعه كليفلاند, اوكلاهوما.
نوبل بترتفع عن سطح البحر 364 متر
وصل عدد السكان فى نوبل 6481 انسان.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
العرب الحاصلين على جايزة نوبل

الشخصيات العربيه أو من أصول عربية اللى كسبو جايزة نوبل فى مختلف المجالات.
حصل العرب على 8 جوايز نوبل ( من 2019)، أى يقارب من 0.95% من الحاصلين على جوايز نوبل. وده رغم أن العرب بيشكلو حوالى 4% من سكان العالم. حوالى 6 جوايز من أصل 8 حصل عليها العرب هيا نوبل للسلام.
حصل العرب على 3 فئات من الجوايز الست: السلام والكيمياء والأدب. حصل المتلقى العربى الأول، انور السادات، على جايزة نوبل للسلام فى سنة 1978. و كان -انور السادات- رئيس لبلاده لما اخد الجايزة.
كيميا

الكيميا (انجليزى: Chemistry; فرنساوى: Chimie; المانى: Chemie) هو العلم اللى بيدرس الماده ومراحل التغيير بتاعتها. فيه اختلاف كبير على اصل اسم "الكيميا". علم الفيزيا كمان بيناقش الماده، بس الفرق بينهم ان الفيزيا بتناقش اساسيات الماده، والكيميا بتناقش كل حاجه فى الماده من التكوين، والسلوك، والهيكل، وخصايص المادة، والتغييرات اللى بتمر فيها التفاعلات الكيماويه. وكمان الفيزيا بتركز على دراسة الذرات والجزيئات والكريستالات فى الحاجات المتعلقه بالطاقه والكون.
الكيميا بيتفرع منها علوم تانيه:
احمد زويل الحايز على جايزة نوبل فى الكيميا اشهر عالم كيميا مصرى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
كلية العلوم جامعة اسكندريه

كلية علوم اسكندرية اتأسست فى اغسطس سنة 1942 وابتدت الدراسة فيها فى اكتوبر سنة 1942 وهى من اول الكليات اللى ضمتها جامعة اسكندرية (فاروق الاول وقتها).
يوجد اربع مقرات لكليه العلوم :
و فيه مبنى تانى بيتم بناه دلوقتى فى المجمع النظرى ، بس فيه شوية خلافات عليه بين كليه التجاره و كليه العلوم.
قسم العلوم البيولوجية : يقبل الطلاب الحاصلين على الثانوية العامة قسم علوم
قسم العلوم الطبيعية: يقبل القسم طلبة الثانوية العامة قسم رياضة
قسم العلوم الجيولوجية :
Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation

Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation is a nonprofit, independent institution of learning, research and innovation. The concept of the City was proposed in 1999 and its cornerstone laid on January 1, 2000. It's named after its founder the late Dr. Ahmed Zewail, the Nobel laureate in chemistry 1999. After numerous delays, the project was revived by the Egyptian cabinet's decree on May 11, 2011 following the January 25 Revolution. The Cabinet labeled it a National Project for Scientific Renaissance and named it Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology with its three constituents – the university, research institutes, and technology park.
The cornerstone of Zewail City of Science and Technology was laid on January 1, 2000 in the Sheikh Zayed District of 6th of October City, Giza. Present at the ceremony were Ahmed Zewail, then Prime Minister Atef Ebeid, and a number of ministers including Ahmed Nazif, who later became involved in his capacity as Prime Minister. After many delays in the City’s establishment, the January 25 revolution in 2011 led to the revival of the initiative, and Ahmed Zewail was asked by the Egyptian government to form the Supreme Advisory Board and re-launch the initiative on its original site. On May 11, 2011 the Cabinet of Ministers issued a decree to establish the National Project for Scientific Renaissance, and named it Zewail City of Science and Technology. The City was officially inaugurated on November 1, 2011 in two buildings belonging to the Egyptian government on the Sheikh Zayed premises. The final legal status was established when the City was granted a law that outlines the City’s aims and constituents, as well as its financial and administrative structures.
In March 2015, Samih Sawiris donated 100 million Egyptian pounds to the City.
Zewail city of science and technology currently has seven research institutes with further plans to increase this number to twelve. The main intention of the city is to cover all scientific fields required for development of the Egyptian society. The current institutes are:
Former Egyptian president Adly Mansour issued a decree on April 9, 2014 granting 198 acres to Zewail City for the construction of the new campus in the October Gardens of 6 October City. In March 2015, president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi decreed that the new campus be built by the Engineering Authority of the Egyptian Armed Forces and inaugurated in a one-year time frame. Zewail City’s University of Science and Technology and Research Institutes are now fully operational at the new campus as four building are completed (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). The headquarters is also fully functional in Cairo’s Garden City. Further plans include the possibility of opening another campus for the city in the New Suez Canal region during the coming years.
List of American Chemical Society national awards

The List of American Chemical Society national awards attempts to include national awards, medals and prized offered by the American Chemical Society (ACS). The ACS national awards program began in 1922 with the establishment of the Priestley Medal, the highest award offered by the ACS. As of 2016, the ACS offers a 64 national awards, medals and prizes based on scientific and professional contributions in chemistry. A category of ACS awards is available on Wikipedia. The complete list of current awards is:
Abdel Hadi Kandil

Abdel Hadi Kandil (2 March 1935–23 March 2019) was an Egyptian chemist and politician who was the oil minister of Egypt between 1984 and 1991.
Kandil was born in Al Zarqa, Damietta, on 2 March 1935. He received a degree from Ain Shams University in 1956. He graduated from the Petroleum Institute in Milan, Italy, in 1964.
Following his graduation Kandil began to work as a chemist in the Petroleum Pipelines Company. Then he became the head of the quality control department at the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation where he worked in various capacities until March 1973. He was named as vice chairman and board member of the Petroleum Corporation for operations on 23 June 1976. He became the Egyptian member in the board of directors of the Arab Maritime Petroleum Transport Company and also, was named as a member of the National Investment Bank. His other posts included the chairman of the Petroleum Research Council and board member of the faculty of science at Ain Shams University. He became the chairman of the Petroleum Corporation in October 1980.
Kandil was appointed minister of petroleum in 1984 to the cabinet led by Prime Minister Kamal Hassan Ali. Kandil replaced Ezzedin Hilal in the post. Kandil also served in the post in the cabinets headed by Aly Lotfy Mahmoud and Atef Sedky. His term lasted until May 1991 when he was removed from the office due to his close relations with the Italian gas and oil company ENI. Phil Andrews and Jim Playfoot cited Kandil's education at the Petroleum Institute in Milan as a reason for this alliance. Kandil's successor as oil minister was Hamdi Al Banbi. During his tenure Kandil visited Israel in late May 1985 being the first Egyptian minister to visit the country since 1982.
Kandil was married and had children. He died in Cairo on 23 March 2019.
1999

1999 (MCMXCIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1999th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 999th year of the 2nd millennium, the 99th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1990s decade.
1999 was designated as the International Year of Older Persons.
Media related to 1999 at Wikimedia Commons
Welch Award in Chemistry

The Welch Award in Chemistry is awarded annually by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, based in Houston, Texas, to encourage and recognize basic chemical research for the benefit of mankind. The award, which has been given since 1972, is one of the largest and most prestigious awards in the field of chemistry. Several of its recipients subsequently were awarded the Nobel Prize.
The award is named in honor of Robert Alonzo Welch, who made a fortune in oil and minerals and had a strong belief in the ability of chemistry to make the world a better place. In his will, Mr. Welch stated: “I have long been impressed with the great possibilities for the betterment of Mankind that lay in the field of research in the domain of Chemistry.” The prize has a value of $500,000.
Source: Welch Foundation
Majed Chergui

Majed Chergui (born 1956 in Casablanca) is a Swiss and French physicist specialized in ultrafast dynamics of light-induced processes. He is a Honorary professor of the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) and the Université de Lausanne. He was founding director of the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) at the EPFL between 2016 and 2021.
He is now project leader at Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy).
Majed Chergui was born in Casablanca (Morocco) in 1956 and grew up in Algeria and Lebanon. He received his BSc in Physics and Mathematics from Chelsea College (now King’s college, University of London) in 1977, his Master's degree in atomic and molecular physics from the Université Paris-Sud (Orsay, now Université Paris-Saclay) in 1978 and his PhD from the same University in 1981. In 1986, he received his Habilitation under the supervision of Venkataraman Chandrasekharan at the Université Sorbonne Paris Nord. Between 1987 and 1989, he was an Alexander von Humboldt fellow in the group of Professor Nikolaus Schwentner at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the Free University of Berlin.
M. Chergui was assistant Lecturer of Physics at the Université Sorbonne Paris Nord between 1980 and 1982, then research assistant at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) between 1982 and 1989. From 1987 till 1993, he worked at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the Free University of Berlin, first as a postdoc, then as senior research assistant. In 1993 he was appointed full professor of Experimental Condensed Matter Physics at the University of Lausanne, where he stayed until 2003, to move to the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) as Professor of Chemistry and Physics and head of the Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy at EPFL's School of Basic Sciences. He founded the Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS) at the EPFL in 2016 and was its director until 2021. In 2022, he retired and became Honorary Professor of the EPFL and group leader at the Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste (Italy).
He has been Editor-in-Chief of the journal Chemical Physics between 2009 and 2014. He then founded the journal “Structural Dynamics” (AIP Publishing) and was its Editor-in-Chief between 2014 and 2020.
He is mostly known for pioneering developments in ultrafast (picosecond-femtosecond) X-ray spectroscopies, and ultrafast multidimensional deep-ultraviolet spectroscopy, which he utilised to solve scientific questions in Physical (Bio)Chemistry and in Materials Science.
He is also Fellow of:
the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) 2014 (UK), the European Physical Society (EPS) 2015, the American Physical Society (APS) 2015 (USA), The Optical Society of America 2016 (USA), American Crystallographic Association (ACA) 2018 (USA), the European Academy of Sciences (EurASc) 2021, The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) 2022, as well as Foreign Correspondent of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences since 2018.
Advisory council of Egypt's scientists and experts

The advisory council of Egypt's scientists and experts, Arabic: المجلس الأستشارى لعلماء و خبراء مصر is an advisory council formed by the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi in September 2014. Made up of academics and experts, according to the Presidency, the council aims to provide a strategic vision for the state in the future and to provide advisory opinions on projects such as the new Suez Canal development project. President Sisi also said that the council will help aid in correcting religious discourse, improving media discourse and improving the quality of education and linking it to the needs of the market.
The advisory council members include:
Blaise Pascal Chair

The Blaise Pascal Chairs (Chaires Internationales de Recherche Blaise Pascal), established in 1996 by the Government of the Île-de-France Region for internationally acclaimed foreign scientists in all disciplines. A scientific committee annually selects the most outstanding candidates from all over the world. Since their inception a number of famous scientists have been Blaise Pascal Chair laureates: Gérard Debreu (UC Berkeley, 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics), Ahmed Zewail (Caltech, 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Igor Mel'čuk (University of Montreal, the world leading researcher in linguistics), George Smoot (LBL, 2006 Nobel Prize in experimental Astrophysics), Robert Langlands (UBC, 1996 Wolf Prize, one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century), outstanding theoretical physicists Gabriele Veneziano (CERN/College de France), Alexander Zamolodchikov (Rutgers), and others.
City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications

The City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City) (Arabic: مدينة الأبحاث العلمية والتطبيقات التكنولوجية) is an Egyptian research institution, established by the 1993 Presidential Decree No. 85 and opened on 13 August 2000 to develop scientific technologies in the various industrial and research fields.
The City was established within New Borg El Arab city in Alexandria Governorate on an area of 225 acre, chosen for being one of the major industrial areas in Egypt, containing five industrial zones with more than 1,300 factories in various activities.
About 464 people are employed in the City, including 185 researchers in various scientific disciplines. The City has published about 500 research papers in internationally indexed journals. It has also obtained 19 international patents, 30 patents under arbitration, and 13 researchers have received scientific awards in various disciplines.
The idea of establishing a science and technology research centre dates back to 1989. A study about the required costs, funding sources, architectural designs, setting administrative, and technical and financial regulations was published in October 1992. An area of 100 acres [CONVERT] was later allocated in the university area of New Borg El Arab city in Alexandria Governorate. On 4 March 1993, Presidential Decree No. 85 was issued to establish a public scientific authority under the name of Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technological Applications. The city was officially opened on 13 August 2000, and Abdel Moneim Hammouda was appointed as the first director of the city. During its first phase, 200 research assistant and teachers were appointed.
On 11 September 2000, Presidential Decree No. 372 was issued to increase the area allocated to the city to 225 acres. On 23 May 2005, Presidential Decree No. 147 was issued to issue the city's executive regulations, which organize financial, administrative and technical affairs. On 7 September 2009, Prime Minister Decree No. 2320 was issued to establish an investment zone with an area of 135 acres within the city's scope to work in the fields of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and information technology. On 9 May 2011, after the January 25 Revolution, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces’ decision No. 85 was issued to rename it the City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, and in 2015, a Presidential Decree was issued (Cabinet No. 332) with the final approval of the planning and division of the plot of land allocated.
The science park of SRTA-City hosts the following research institutes:
QQI

Is gníomhaireacht stáit neamhspleách é QQI (Béarla: Quality and Qualifications Ireland; Gaeilge: Dearbhú Cáilíochta agus Cáilíochtaí Éireann) atá freagrach as cáilíocht, ionracas agus clú den chóras breisoideachais agus ardoideachais in Éirinn a chur chun cinn.
Tá siad freagrach as dearbhú cáilíochta seachtrach a dhéanamh ar bhreisoideachas agus ardoideachas agus oiliúint i bPoblacht na hÉireann.
Déanann siad cláir a bhailíochtú, dámhachtainí a bhronnadh agus is siadsan atá freagrach as an gCreat Náisiúnta Cáilíochtaí (CNC) a chur chun cinn, a chothabháil, a fhorbairt agus a athbhreithniú.
Ina theannta sin, cuireann siad an pobal ar an eolas maidir le cáilíocht na gclár agus na gcáilíochtaí oideachais agus oiliúna, agus cuireann siad comhairle ar an Aire Breisoideachais agus Ardoideachais maidir le beartas náisiúnta i dtaobh dearbhú cáilíochta agus breisiú an oideachais agus na hoiliúna in Éirinn.
Bunaíodh QQI in 2012 tar éis teacht le chéile idir an tÚdarás Náisiúnta Cáilíochtaí na hÉireann, Comhairle na nDámhachtainí Breisoideachais agus Oiliúna / FETAC, Comhairle na nDámhachtainí Ardoideachais agus Oiliúna / HETAC agus Bord Feabhais Ollscoileanna na hÉireann.
Quality and Qualifications Ireland / QQI
An tÚdarás um Fhaisnéis agus Cáilíocht Sláinte

Is gníomhaireacht reachtúil, arna maoiniú ag Rialtas na hÉireann é An tÚdarás um Fhaisnéis agus Cáilíocht Sláinte (ÚFCS) a dhéanann monatóireacht ar shábháilteacht agus ar cháilíocht na gcóras cúraim sláinte agus cúraim shóisialta.. Moladh go mbunófar an tÚdarás chomh luath le 2001. Fuair ÚFCS a chumhachtaí agus a shainordú i mBealtaine 2007 faoin Acht Sláinte 2007. Feidhmíonn an tÚdarás feidhmeanna freisin faoin Acht um Chúram Leanaí 1991 agus faoi Acht na Leanaí 2001. Ní fheidhmíonn ÚFCS i dTuaisceart Éireann, áit a bhfuil an tÚdarás um Rialáil agus Feabhsú Cáilíochta (ÚRFC) mar chomhlacht coibhéiseach...
Tá roinnt tuarascálacha agus moltaí curtha le chéile ag an Údarás maidir le sábháilteacht an chúraim in ospidéil phoiblí agus phríobháideacha araon.Tá sé de chúram ar ÚFCS freisin caighdeáin sláinteachais in ospidéil phoiblí a iniúchadh.Tá sé de chúram ar ÚRFC freisin iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar chaighdeáin sláinteachais in ospidéil phoiblí.
Chomh maith le meastóireachtaí ospidéil a dhéanamh, tá sé de dhualgas ar ÚRFC taifid sláinte leictreonacha , agus rialachas faisnéise a chur i bhfeidhm,nmamanna feithimh a imscrúdú, agus sceithirí a chosaint.
Tar éis scannal Leas Cross, bhí éileamh méadaithe ar chigireacht ar thithe altranais príobháideacha agus poiblí araon. Mar thoradh air sin, tugadh cumhachtaí do ÚRFC chun tithe altranais agus seirbhísí cónaithe comhchosúla a sholáthraíonn cúram fochaighdeánach a chlárú, a iniúchadh agus, trí iarratas chuig an gcúirt, a dhúnadh.
Tá tuairiscí eisithe ag ÚRFC ar sheirbhísí cúraim altrama, ag cur síos ar easpa measúnaithe ar chúramóirí. agus ag cáineadh an "teip shuntasach" atá ar Fheidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte (FSS) monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar leanaí faoi chúram. Go háirithe, chuir ÚRFC imní in iúl maidir le ceantair Bhaile Átha Cliath agus an Oirthuaiscirt.
Uisce Éireann

Is é Uisce Éireann fóntas uisce náisiúnta nua na hÉireann atá freagrach as seirbhísí uisce ar fud na hÉireann a sholáthar agus a fhorbairt.
Bhunaigh Uisce Éireann i Márta 2013 mar chuideachta leathstáit faoin Acht um Sheirbhísí Uisce 2013. Tagann seirbhísí uisce agus fuíolluisce na 34 hÚdarás Áitiúla le chéile faoi aon soláthraí seirbhíse náisiúnta amháin.
Glacann Uisce Éireann freagrachtaí na nÚdarás Áitiúil de réir a chéile ó mhí Eanáir 2014 ar aghaidh. Tógann sé thart ar chúig bliana Uisce Éireann a bhunú go hiomlán. Bhí sé ar intinn ag an rialtas sa bhliain 2014 go mbeadh Uisce Éireann freagrach i 2019 as feidhmiú na seirbhísí uisce poiblí, lena n-áirítear bainistiú a dhéanamh ar na sócmhainní náisiúnta uisce, cothabháil an chórais uisce, infheistíocht agus pleanáil, tionscadail chaipitil a bhainistiú agus cúram custaiméirí agus billeáil.
Chomh maith le freagracht a bheith aige i leith seirbhísí uisce poiblí, tá Uisce Éireann ag déanamh cinntí caipitil agus cinntí infheistíochta maidir le bonneagar uisce na tíre ar bhonn náisiúnta.
Tá Uisce Éireann freagrach do dhá chomhlacht rialála – an Coimisiún um Rialáil Fuinnimh, an rialtóir eacnamaíoch don tionscal uisce, agus an Ghníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil, an rialtóir comhshaoil.
Níl Uisce Éireann ar cheann do na comhlachtaí poiblí atá clúdaithe faoi Acht na dTeangacha Oifigiúla 2003, i láthair na huaire.
Sa bhliain 2023, léirigh tuarascáil an GCC ar cháilíocht an uisce go raibh cáilíocht uisce sna lochanna, aibhneacha, agus inbhir in Éirinn ag dul in olcas, agus go bhfuil go leor pobal in Éirinn fós ag fulaingt ó shrianta uisce agus fógraí.
Sa bhliain 2024, mhaígh tuarascáil an GCC nach raibh an obair athchóirithe ag Uisce Éireann ar áiseanna cóireála fuíolluisce ar fud na tíre pioc sásúil.
Oakland, California

Is cathair i gCalifornia, Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá í Oakland. Tá an chathair suite i gContae Alameda agus is í an 8ú chathair is mó sa stáit.
Tá timpeall is 390,724 (2010) duine ina gcónaí sa chathair.
Bunaíodh Oakland sa bhliain 1852.
Sna 1980í bhí clú agus cáil ar Oakland mar gheall ar an méid rapcheoil a bhí ann sa cheantar.
Pápa Pius XI

Bhí Pius XI ina phápa ar an Eaglais Chaitliceach ó 1922 go 1939. Iodálach a bhí ann, darbh ainm Achille Ratti. Bhí sé ina leabharlannaí sa Biblioteca Ambrosiana i Milano sular ceapadh mar Ardeaspag Milano é. Toghadh mar phápa é tar éis bháis Beinidict XV sa bhliain 1922.
Bhí cáil ar an bPápa Pius XI mar gheall ar a chuid scríbhneoireachta ar cheisteanna sóisialta, go háirithe Quadregessimo Anno sa bhliain 1931.
Bhí air déileáil le teacht chun cinn na ndeachtóirí san Eoraip le linn na 1930idí.
Tháinig a rúnaí stáit, Eugenio Cairdinéal Pacelli, i gcomharbacht air faoin ainm Pius XII nuair a fuair sé bás sa bhliain 1939.
An Astráil Theas

Stát de chuid na hAstráile ó 1836 is ea An Astráil Theas (Béarla: South Australia, cód poist: SA). Is réigiún mór tirim é, agus is e Adelaide an phríomhchathair. Tá an-cháil ar an Astráil Theas maidir le fíon, beagnach 45% den táirgeadh náisiúnta go háirithe sa mBarossa Valley in aice le hAdelaide. Tháinig Liútaraigh as Gearmáine timpeall 1840 is chuireadar fúthu sa mBarossa Valley (60 ciliméadar ó Adelaide). Fuaireadar ithir shaibhir, dóthain báistí is dalladh gréine rompu agus thosaigh siad ar tháirgeadh fíona ann.
Tá mórchuid dhaonra an stáit ina chónaí taobh istigh de réigiún cathrach Adelaide, cathair a raibh daonra 1,262,940 aice sa bhliain 2011 (77.1% daonra an stáit). Is iad seo na láithreacha tábhachtacha daonra eile sa stáit: Mount Gambier (28,313), Whyalla (22,489), Murray Bridge (17,152), Port Lincoln (15,682), Port Pirie (14,281), Port Augusta (14,196), agus Victor Harbor (13,671).