davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
洋紫荊

洋紫荊（學名：[Bauhinia × blakeana] 错误：{{Lang}}：文本有斜体标记（帮助）），别名香港蘭（英語：Hong Kong Orchid Tree）；英文名：Red-flowered、camel’s foot，是豆科羊蹄甲屬的有花植物，屬於常綠喬木，於香港首次發現，因而在1965年獲定為香港市花。該樹現廣泛作為行道樹進行栽培，其花大而艷麗。此花乃紅花羊蹄甲（B. purpurea）與宮粉羊蹄甲（B. variegata）雜交而成的品種，與大部分雜交種一樣有無法自然繁殖的問題；其花粉因缺少特定染色體而一般無法結果，如能結出莢果（長15至30公分）亦通常不帶種子、無法成熟。
羊蹄甲属中有3个种的中文名经常被混淆导致混乱，以下為它們在兩岸三地較常用的中文譯名：
就以上所見，單“洋紫荆”一詞就分別指三種不同的羊蹄甲屬植物。
洋紫荊作為香港法定代表花卉，在《香港特別行政區基本法》第一章第十條提述香港區旗及區徽時被稱作「紫荆花」，英文版則使用泛指羊蹄甲屬的“bauhinia”。然而“紫荆花”一名除在中國南方多泛指羊蹄甲屬外，也可以泛指紫荆亚科的其他花卉，甚至特指紫荊屬物種紫荊（Cercis chinensis）的花。紫荊與洋紫荊兩個物種的花朵外觀有顯著分別，但因中國大陆媒体多依照“紫荆花”一名来宣传香港市花，引致部分中國大陆民眾誤以為香港市花為紫荊的花。
洋紫荊首先在1880年左右於香港島薄扶林鋼綫灣由一名巴黎外方傳教會的神父發現，並且以插技方式移植到在薄扶林道的伯大尼修道院。1908年，當時的植物及林務部總監鄧恩（S.T. Dunn）將洋紫荊判定為新物種，並且於《植物學報》（英國及外國）第46卷，324至326頁（Journal of Botany）發表有關資料。人們將洋紫荊的拉丁文學名的种加詞命名為（Blakeana），以紀念熱愛研究植物的第12任香港總督卜力（Sir Henry Arthur Blake）伉儷。現存於漁農自然護理署香港植物標本室編號 Hong Kong Herb. No.1722 的模式標本，相信該標本是最初發現的原樹標本。
1964年，市政局議員在會議中提議香港應要有自己的代表性花卉，並提出多種生長於香港的花卉以供甄選，經過半年多的甄選及開會討論，市政局常務會議一致通過，建議選用洋紫荊，之後提交香港政府考慮，香港政府於1965年1月19日宣布接納提議，洋紫荊自此成為香港市花，並開始在香港大量種植作為市區綠化之用。1973年，市政局將洋紫荊作為徽號，並且成為市政局旗幟上的圖案，寓意香港這個遠東海港，有如該棵於1880年唯一一次於野外發現的洋紫荊一樣唯一和珍貴。此特有品種在1967年引入台灣，並在1984年成為嘉義市的市花及市樹。
2004年，香港大學的Carol P. Y. Lau、Lawrence Ramsden及Richard M. K. Saunders於美國植物學會的植物學術期刊（American Journal of Botany）發表研究文章，從洋紫荊的外部、花朵及種子的形態，以及其繁殖能力及基因序列與紅花羊蹄甲和宮粉羊蹄甲作對比及分析，證實洋紫荊並非獨立品種，而只是前述兩個品種雜交而成的混種。提出更正洋紫荊的學名為“Bauhinia purpurea×variegata 'Blakeana', cv. nov.”（cv.（cultivarietas）指栽種變種，nov.（nova）表示這個是新的名稱）。
洋紫荊是常綠喬木，株高一般可達5米，樹身的高度可達10米，幹長彎曲或平出，生長迅速。單葉互生，先端分岔，由頂端深裂成心形，約8至15厘米長，約等寬，大而薄，葉脈明顯，全綠，相信是由兩片小葉合併而成。由於葉面像心形，因此有些人會稱之為聰明葉，並用以製作書簽。
洋紫荊總狀花序頂生或腋生，花萼管狀，單側開裂成佛燄苞狀。花瓣5片，較寬，鮮豔紫紅色，具有香氣，上花瓣（旗瓣）有深紫色的脈紋，其餘四片脈紋較淺，有雄蕊5枚，通常不结果。由於花朵貌似蘭花，因此也有香港蘭之稱。
香港有長出莢果的洋紫荊。洋紫荊結果現象在大埔區出現。種植洋紫荊旁有結果的紅花羊蹄甲、開花的白花羊蹄甲和宮粉羊蹄甲，同一地方有4個羊蹄甲屬的品種。在大埔河畔見到結果洋紫荊共有3棵，莢果的數量甚多，並且有很多的位置與花並存。莢果很多未長大已萎縮，而打開莢果內裡沒有種子和沒有繁殖能力。
洋紫荊的葉較羊蹄甲的大，上端葉緣較尖，喜好高溫，常栽培在日照充足的地方，夏季乾旱期要多補充水分，病蟲害少。花期約在10月開始，而且花期頗長，由每年的11月初至翌年3月。
由於混種植物不能自行繁殖，這亦即是表示，現時香港所有的洋紫荊都是該棵於1880年首次於野外發現（亦是唯一一次於野外發現）的洋紫荊的複製品。因此，洋紫荊的基因池受到侷限，這也是洋紫荊對病菌的抗抵力較弱的原因。另一個問題是洋紫荊和其他羊蹄甲屬的樹木一樣，木質較弱，在風暴下較易倒塌，由於香港位處西太平洋颱風帶，所以在廣泛種植時便需要考慮風災的問題，應避免種植在當風的位置。
早在1965年1月，香港政府宣布採納市政局的提議把洋紫荊定為香港市花，1973年經改組後的市政局也選用洋紫荊作為標誌。1990年代香港教育電視中學英文科片頭以花卉系列為主題，其中中學二年級版本為洋紫荊（Bauhinia Series）。1997年後香港特別行政區繼續採納洋紫荊的元素作為區徽、區旗及硬幣的設計圖案。香港金融管理局标志的主体图案也是一朵洋紫荊。香港會議展覽中心新翼面向維多利亞港一面對開為金紫荊廣場，放有象徵香港主權移交的洋紫荊雕像。
洋紫荊在1967年引入台灣，並在1984年成為嘉義市的市花及市樹。台灣的國立中正大學及國立臺灣科技大學也是使用洋紫荊作為校花。
香港市花

香港市花为洋紫荆（學名：Bauhinia × blakeana），別稱香港蘭（英語：Hong Kong Orchid Tree）、香港羊蹄甲，是豆科蘇木亞科羊蹄甲屬的有花植物，於香港首次發現，香港政府於1965年1月宣布採納市政局的提議，公佈洋紫荊獲選定為香港的市花。1990年被公布为香港特别行政区区旗和区徽的主体图案。
在中国大陆，该物种被称为“红花羊蹄甲”，但提及香港市花常随《香港特别行政区基本法》称“紫荆花”。在台湾，该物种被称为“艳紫荆”。
洋紫荆在1880年左右於香港島薄扶林鋼綫灣由一位巴黎外方傳教會的神父發現，並以插技方式移植至薄扶林道伯大尼修道院的一帶栽培。1908年，當時的植物及林務部總監鄧恩 （S.T. Dunn） 判定洋紫荊為新物種，並於 《植物學報》（英國及外國） 第46卷，324至326頁 （Journal of Botany）發表有關資料。為紀念熱愛植物研究的第12任香港總督卜力（Sir Henry Arthur Blake），因此鄧恩為洋紫荊命名拉丁文學名時採用卜力伉儷（Sir Henry and Lady Blake）的名稱，在學名的種冠上（Blake）而命名為（Blakeana），後來發現洋紫荆是紅花羊蹄甲（B. purpurea）與宮粉羊蹄甲（B. variegata）混交而成，學名在2004年修改為（Bauhinia × blakeana），現存於漁農自然護理署香港植物標本室編號（Hong Kong Herb. No.1722）的模式標本相信是最初發現的原樹標本。由於洋紫荊是混種植物，不能自行繁殖，不過可透過人工繁衍，正是因為當年有惜花之人，後人才能繼續觀賞到洋紫荊的艷麗，因而洋紫荊被認為是「前人種花後人賞」的例子。
1964年2月4日，當時專責為香港市區的清潔衛生、康體文娛、植樹工作及美化市容制定政策的市政局，在該局的市區康樂建設委員會召開的一個會議中討論發展銅鑼灣原軍部用地及美化市容的計劃，張有興議員在會上表示世界上大部分國家和城市都選定了能夠代表自己的花卉，提議是否也應該選出香港的象徵花卉，以便在海外宣傳香港，時任市政局主席景韓回應稱對這個提案感到愉快，即席提議選用香港茶（香港紅山茶）或香港蘭（洋紫荊），因為這兩種植物都是香港特有種，但需要問問香港旅遊協會主席及工商業管理處處長有沒有其他建議，並且請相關人士一同研究，之後市政局便開始探討香港市花的議題。市政局議員普遍認為香港應要有自己的代表花卉，時任市政局議員沙理士在同年8月表示，香港如能夠有一種代表性花卉，將有助到海外推廣香港，發展香港旅遊業，「什麽花可以代表香港？」便成為了市政局會議的主題之一。市政局主席景韓在9月表示近期的市政局會議中，市區康樂建設委員會已經兩度開會討論甄選香港市花的主題，在會上鑑賞了在香港生長花卉的幻燈片，又檢視了花卉樣本，初步選出5種候選花卉，分別是假蘋婆、山蒼樹花、吊鐘花、羊蹄甲，以及又稱「香港羊蹄甲」的洋紫荊，並列出各候選花卉的特徵及適合代表香港的原因，又提到香港市民可以提出對選擇香港市花的意見。港九各界街坊福利會主席吳多泰在10月初表示，街坊會開會討論後提議選擇桃花，旋即引起熱議，議員謝雨川對這個提議提出質疑，謝稱桃花各地皆有種植，代表性不足，而且花期短又脆弱，稍有振動花瓣便掉落，似帶有薄命之嫌，他個人較傾向選擇洋紫荊。市政局市區康樂建設委員會選出香港市花後，需要將提議交由市政局常設會議討論，經一致通過後，再提交給香港政府考慮是否採納。
1965年1月19日，香港政府公佈接納市政局的提議，洋紫荊成為香港市花，港府同時表示在1959年頒布的香港紋章仍為香港正式徽號，香港旗的樣式也不會受到宣布洋紫荊為香港市花的影響。同年4月，港府宣布將會於雨季在路旁、公園及遊樂場等種植樹木及灌木共15萬株，包括香港市花洋紫荊。英國皇室雅麗珊郡主夫婦在同年9月19日訪港的最後一日行程中到港督府親手種植一顆洋紫荊。提議及甄選出洋紫荊作為香港市花的市政局也於1973年採用洋紫荊作為局徽及局旗，寓意香港這個遠東海港，有如該棵於1880年唯一一次於野外發現的洋紫荊一樣彌足珍貴。
1990年代，香港教育電視中學英文科片頭以花卉系列為主題，其中中學二年級版本為洋紫荊（Bauhinia Series）。
1993年發行的香港硬幣，因為香港主權即將移交，過往一直印有英國君主頭像的香港貨幣需要更改設計，作為香港象徵的洋紫荊，被選為取代伊麗莎白二世頭像成為印在香港硬幣的圖案。於同年成立的香港金融管理局也採用洋紫荊作為標誌。
於1997年7月成立的香港特別行政區繼續採納洋紫荊花的元素作為區旗及區徽，區旗的洋紫荊圖案花蕊以五顆星表示，與中國國旗上的五星相對應，寓意中國大陸與香港的關係，雖然洋紫荊原為紫色，但區旗的底色要用紅色，洋紫荊花的圖案因此被改成白色。
香港在殖民地時期的多個政府部門及機構，包括醫療輔助隊、民眾安全服務隊、香港懲教署、香港海關、香港消防處、政府飛行服務隊、香港警務處及入境事務處等政府部門的徽章設計，都包含象徵英國皇室的皇冠，於1997年香港主權移交當天均以象征自治区的洋紫荊图案取代徽章上的皇冠標誌，尽管洋紫荊图案形状均与区旗上相同，但颜色确各有不同。
香港會議展覽中心新翼向維多利亞港一面對開為金紫荊廣場，放有象徵香港主權移交的金紫荊雕像，寓意「永遠盛開的紫荊花」。
在香港，「洋紫荊」是該種植物及花朵的正式名稱，香港政府及媒体在1997年之前便将香港市花的中文名称为「洋紫荊」，英文名则多用泛指「羊蹄甲属」的「bauhinia」。
1980年代，香港特別行政區基本法起草委員會编写《基本法（草案）》时在关于区旗及区徽的相关条款的中文版中使用「紫荆花」一名，而未使用區旗區徽圖案評選委員會在工作报告中使用的「洋紫荊花」一名。《香港特別行政區基本法》在1990年4月通過，其中文版中有关區旗及區徽的第一章第十條依旧使用了「紫荆花」一名，英文版则使用了“bauhinia”一名。中國大陆媒体也依照“紫荆花”来宣传香港区旗和区徽上的图案，導致中國大陆民眾多称香港市花为「紫荆花」。而“紫荆花”可以泛指紫荆亚科、紫荆属或羊蹄甲属，也可以指紫荆（Cercis chinensis）的花。紫荆和洋紫荆同属豆科紫荆亚科，但紫荆属于紫荊屬，洋紫荊属于羊蹄甲屬，在中文地區造成了两者的混淆。
紫荆和洋紫荊的外形差异极大。洋紫荊是喬木，可生長至10米高，葉片呈心形，洋紫荊的花冠大，有5片花瓣向外展開；而紫荊是灌木，生長的高度在2至5米之間，很少會長到6米，葉片呈三角形，紫荊的花冠細小，假蝶形花冠，通常在主幹或分枝上以2至10朵小花成束。
基本法在1990年公布後不久，便有學者指出其中文版中所用的「紫荊花」一名的謬誤。有評論指將「洋紫荊」開頭的「洋」字略去是出於「政治正確」的觀點，香港特區政府頒發的大紫荊勳章（Grand Bauhinia Medal）也以中文「紫荊」与英文「Bauhinia」相对应。立法會主席曾鈺成曾在專欄文章提及此問題，指《基本法》中文條文說是「紫荊花」，可能是為了搞去殖民化，更因此使特區的區旗和區徽不符合基本法。
Galaxy Macau

Galaxy Macau (Chinese: 澳門銀河綜合渡假城, Portuguese: Galáxia Macau) is a casino resort located in Cotai, Macau. Construction on the Cotai project began in 2002. Its opening was rescheduled several times. Galaxy Entertainment Group's developer announced on 10 March 2011 that the HKD 14.9 billion (US$1.9 billion) resort would officially open on 15 May 2011. The resort was designed by Gary Goddard. Currently consists of seven different luxury resort hotels, each with a theme: Galaxy Macau, Okura, Banyan Tree, JW Marriott, Ritz-Carlton, Raffles, and Andaz.
When the Cotai project's first phase opened in 2011. The 550,000 square metres (5,900,000 sq ft) property offered around 2,200 hotel rooms comprising the Galaxy Macau hotel tower, complete with casino and entertainment areas, as well as two hotel partners, the Japanese-owned Hotel Okura and the Singapore-operated Banyan Tree Hotel.
On 26 April 2012, Galaxy Macau announced that JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotels would be added to the Cotai resort. Galaxy's Chief Financial Officer Robert Drake said it would start construction of the two hotels at the end of 2013 and begin operations gradually from 2016 through 2018.
According to a presentation released by Galaxy Entertainment, the total investment for Galaxy Phase 2 was estimated to be 16 billion HKD, with construction completion scheduled for mid-2015. Phase 2 would consist of 450,000 square metres (4,800,000 sq ft) of new resort space, additional rooms across the five hotels, and an increased casino table count of up to 500. Phase 2 was eventually opened on 27 May 2015.
There are 6 gold-covered cupolas at the top of the two towers of Galaxy Macau. Four measure 15 metres (49 ft) high and the other two at 24 metres (79 ft). The cupolas feature a laser show system which projects laser beams into the sky every 15 minutes. It is claimed to be the largest laser show in the world and is visible across Macau.
On 15 December 2011, Galaxy Macau opened UA Galaxy Cinemas & East Square.
As part of its Phase 3 expansion, a large-scale 16,000-seat arena named Galaxy Arena, a 650-seat auditorium, 40,000 square metres of MICE space, and a 700-room Andaz hotel was completed in the second half of 2021. The expansion, named Galaxy International Convention Centre (GICC), is built adjacent to Macau Light Rapid Transit's Cotai West Station. Announced on 1 March 2021, Galaxy Macau had signed an agreement with Accor (Raffles Hotels & Resorts) to bring the Raffles brand to the resort.
The 450-room Raffles at Galaxy Macau is housed in an all-new exclusive all-suite tower as part of Phase 3 which was opened. Located east of the resort, the hotel now features a glass airbridge connecting the two towers on every floor. A Mediterranean-inspired garden with a glass house as its focal point, an infinity edge pool, a luxury spa, and a fine dining restaurant are also part of the hotel. Raffles at Galaxy Macau opened in the second half of 2021.
Phase 4 of the expansion, which was non-gaming focused, added approximately 2,000 hotel rooms to the resort and was completed in 2022.
22°08′59″N 113°33′10″E﻿ / ﻿22.14972°N 113.55278°E﻿ / 22.14972; 113.55278
Park Connector Network

The Park Connector Network (PCN) of Singapore is a network of walking/running/cycling paths that connects the various parks and other green spaces in Singapore. Both the parks and the PCN are managed by National Parks Board (NParks).
As part of the National Cycling Plan to promote cycling, the Land Transport Authority (LTA) is constructing networks of cycling paths within towns. These cycling paths connect with the PCN, enabling people to safely cycle both intra-town (e.g., from home to MRT station) and inter-town (longer distance cycling).
The proposal to form a park connector network was approved in 1991 by The Garden City Action Committee. In 1995, The Kallang Park Connector became the first park connector to be implemented. Stretching over nine kilometres, the park connector links two regional parks: Bishan Park and Kallang Riverside Park. In December 2007, the Eastern Coastal Loop, a 42-kilometre loop, was completed, providing a link from East Coast Park to Changi Beach Park. By January 2012, 200 kilometres of the PCN had been completed. In 2015, NParks had completed 300 kilometres of the PCN, along with the Central Urban Loop.
Tree conservation areas in Singapore

Tree conservation areas are large urban areas in Singapore in which no tree with a girth above 1 metre when measured 50 centimetres from the ground may be felled without permission from the National Parks Board.
There are currently two such areas, Central TCA (South Central of Singapore) and Changi TCA (Eastern Parts of Singapore).
On 20 November 2002, a large tree was chopped down by a property management company, DTZ Debenham Tie Leung. The tree in question was a Hopea sangal, or Chengal pasir tree, a rare tree reputed to have given Changi its name. In addition, the tree was standing in a tree conservation area, which forbids any unauthorised felling of a tree with a girth above 1 metre. The tree in question had a girth of 3.4 metres.
Public sentiment against the felling was high, and the courts imposed a S$8,000 fine on the company for the offence, which has a maximum fine of S$10,000. The company was also ordered to pay S$76,035 to the state in compensation for the felling.
Nature groups and concerned citizens were determined to ensure that this episode became a lesson to be learnt for others. In September 2003, the logs which has been cut down were recovered and transformed into sculptures. A major educational drive, called "The Hopea sangal Tree: Sculpture Symposium", was organised by The Sculpture Society (Singapore) in partnership with the National Parks Board and the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, and with the support of the Nature Society (Singapore) and the Urban Redevelopment Authority, representing a government-NGO combined effort to raise awareness towards the conservation of trees.
Seeds recovered in September 2002 were grown in National Parks Board's Pasir Panjang Nursery. On 7 November 2004, Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew planted a sapling in Hendersonville (between blocks 103 and 104), Henderson Crescent.
List of mammals of Singapore

There are currently about 65 species of mammals in Singapore. Since the founding years of modern Singapore in 1819, over 90 species have been recorded, including megafauna such as tigers, leopards and sambar deer. Most of these have since become locally extinct largely due to rapid urban development, with occasional large mammals such as Asian elephants swimming across the Straits of Johor from Johor, Malaysia.
Many surviving species have critically low population numbers, the most seriously endangered being the cream-coloured giant squirrel, last sighted in 1995 and now possibly extirpated. The Raffles' banded langur is also down to around 60 individuals. However, some species have been rediscovered in more remote parts of the country, such as the Malayan porcupine which was detected on Pulau Tekong in 2005, and the greater mouse-deer on Pulau Ubin in 2009.
The most commonly seen native mammals are the crab-eating macaque and plantain squirrel. The largest terrestrial mammal is the sambar deer, however, its population still remains extremely small. The wild boar is far more common, found in relatively large numbers throughout the main island, and also on the offshore islands of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong. The largest marine mammals are species like the dugong and dolphins.
Family Suidae (pigs)
Family Cervidae (deer)
Family Tragulidae (mousedeer)
Family Herpestidae (mongooses)
Family Viverridae (civets)
Family Mustelidae (weasels, otters and relatives)
Family Felidae (cats)
Family Delphinidae (marine dolphins)
Family Phocoenidae (porpoises)
Family Physeteridae (sperm whale)
Family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats)
Family Emballonuridae (sheath-tailed bats)
Family Nycteridae (hollow-faced bats)
Family Megadermatidae (false vampires)
Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats)
Family Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats)
Family Vespertilionidae (evening bats)
Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats)
Family Cynocephalidae (colugo)
Family Soricidae (shrews)
Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures)
Family Tapiridae (tapirs)
Family Manidae (pangolins)
Family Lorisidae (lorises)
Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)
Family Elephantidae (elephants)
Family Muridae (mice and rats)
Family Spalacidae (mole-rats)
Family Sciuridae (squirrels)
Family Hystricidae (Old World porcupines)
Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)
Family Dugongidae (dugong)
Wildlife of Singapore

The wildlife of Singapore is surprisingly diverse despite its rapid urbanisation. The majority of fauna that remain on the island exist in nature reserves such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.
In 1819, Singapore was mostly covered in rainforests. During that time, it still contained flora shared with the Malay Peninsula, but even then, the biodiversity of fauna was relatively low. Following the establishment of the British trading post, rapid deforestation began due to crop cultivation, and was largely completed by the 20th century. By some estimates, there has been a loss of 95% of the natural habitats of Singapore over the course of the past 183 years. Due to the deforestation, over 20 species of freshwater fish, 100 species of bird, and a number of mammals became locally extinct. A 2003 estimate put the proportion of extinct species as over 28%.
In modern times, over half of the naturally occurring fauna and flora in Singapore is present only in nature reserves, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area. Estimates made in 2003 have said that the rapid habitat destruction will culminate in a loss of 13-42% of populations in all of Southeast Asia. To combat these problems, the Singaporean government made the Singapore Green Plan in 1992 and the new Singapore Green Plan in 2012 to continue it. The plan aims to keep tabs on the unstable populations of fauna and flora, to place new nature parks, and to connect existing parks. In addition, there were plans to set up a National Biodiversity Reference Centre (now known as the National Biodiversity Centre). The last goal was reached in 2006 when the centre was founded (it also accomplished the establishment of two new nature reserves in 2002). Since its foundation it has been formulating various specific initiatives including attempts to conserve the hornbill and the rare dragonfly Indothemis limbata.
Singapore has roughly 80 species of mammals (out of 11 different orders) including 45 species of bats and three species of non-human primates. Currently, the only introduced non-domestic mammal species in Singapore is the variable squirrel. The abundance of bats however has been decreasing rapidly due to habitat loss of over 95%.
Singapore is the occasional home of 395 species of birds (out of which roughly 180 species are resident).
Singapore contains a relatively large number of reptiles, a total of about 110 species (4 of which are introduced). Most of the species, roughly 75 are snakes (mainly Colubrid snakes).
Singapore has 30 species of amphibians (out of which two species, the painted bull frog and the American bullfrog, are introduced).
Singapore currently contains 1358 known species of native vascular plants, of which approximately 759 are critically endangered.
Singapore's land area is dominated by urban development that is interspaced by natural reserves, waterways, parks and a large interlinked network of over 300 km of park connectors (PCN). The indigenous fauna that has adapted to the urban environment includes the following:
Other wildlife sightings include the following:
Hopea odorata

Hopea odorata is a species of tree in the plant family Dipterocarpaceae. It is found in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
H. odorata is a large tree reaching up to 45 m (150 ft) in height with the base of the trunk reaching a diameter of 4.5 m (15 ft). It grows in forests, preferably near rivers, at elevations to 600 m (2,000 ft). In places such as West Bengal, the Andaman Islands and southern Vietnam it is often planted as a shade tree. Valued for its wood, which shows resistance to termites, it is a threatened species in its natural habitat.
In Thailand, where it is known as ta-khian (Thai: ตะเคียน), this tree is believed to be inhabited by a certain tree spirit known as Lady Ta-khian (Thai: นางตะเคียน), belonging to a type of ghosts related to trees known generically as Nang Mai (นางไม้).
Mkonge Dume

Mkonge dume au mkatani ni spishi ya mmea katika familia Asparagaceae unaokuzwa kwa ajili ya vitembwe vyake au katani.
Mkonge dume una asili ya Meksiko lakini imesambazwa nchi nyingi za kitropiki kutokana na umuhimu wake wa kiuchumi, hasa zao la katani. Kuna mashamba makubwa kwenye kanda la pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki. Kwa miaka mingi Tanzania iliongoza duniani katika zao hilo.
Richard Hindorf

Richard Hindorf (Duisburg - Ruhrort, , Ujerumani, Novemba 17, 1863 - Berlin - Dahlem, Mei 13, 1954) alikuwa mwanasayansi Mjerumani wa kilimo, na msafiri. Alishughulika sana na Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani (kwa Kijerumani: Deutsch-Ostafrika) katika maisha yake.
Baba yake, Heinrich, alikuwa mwalimu wa shule. Baada ya kumaliza shule, alifika Halle kusoma kilimo na sayansi ya siasa. Halafu, akafanya kazi huko New Guinea, ambako alisimamia kituo kikuu cha mashamba ya Kampuni ya New Guinea kutoka 1887 hadi 1889.
Kwa hamu ya kuona nchi za wakoloni alitembea mpaka Java, Sumatra, Australia, Ceylon na Misri .
Alifika Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani mwaka wa 1891, na baadaye, alirudi nchini mara kwa mara katika maisha yake. Awali, alianza shamba la kahawa hapo Derema, penye milima ya Usambara. Pia alitoka kwenda safari ya Afrika Kusini Magharibi mwa Afrika (Kijerumani: Deutsch-Südwestafrika ), Afrika Kusini, Msumbiji na Kamerun.
Mchango wake muhimu wa kilimo katika Afrika Mashariki ulikuwa kuanzisha kilimo cha mkonge, hasa katika eneo la Usambara na Tanga. Miaka ya 1892-3, alisoma katika Bulletin ya Kew namba 62 kwamba mmea wa mkonge, Agave sisalana, ambao hupatikana nchini Mexico, unaweza kusitawi katika mazingira ya hali ya hewa sawa na Mexico, na alijaribu kupanda mkonge wa kwanza ulioletwa kutoka Florida, karibu na mdomo wa Mto Pangani. Mafanikio yasiyofikirika ya mashamba ya mkonge mwishowe yalisababisha bidhaa hiyo kuwa mkuu wa nchi kuuza nje kwa miaka mingi na chanzo kubwa cha mapato kwa uchumi. Hatimaye, Tanganyika ikawa muuzaji mkubwa wa mkonge kuliko nchi zote nyingine duniani.
Mchango mwingine muhimu ulikuwa katika msingi wa Taasisi ya Utafiti ya Amani. Hata mwaka wa 1890, katika gazeti la Kijerumani, alileta wazo la kituo cha utafiti katika koloni ya Afrika Mashariki ya Ujerumani kama vituo vingine vilivyosimamishwa katika koloni za Uingereza na Uholanzi.
Hindorf mwenyewe alikuwa mshiriki mwenza wa Kamati ya Uchumi ya Kikoloni (Kijerumani: Kolonial-wirtschaftliches Komitee ), na kamati hiyo mwaka wa 1898 ilisanya fedha huko Berlin kwa lengo la kuanza na kuendesha kituo hicho cha utafiti kitropiki katika milima ya Usambara. Kwa msaada wa Franz Stuhlmann, mwanabotania Mjerumani, kituo hicho kilijengwa huko Amani, Wilaya ya Muheza, katika milima ya Usambara Magharibi, pamoja na bustani kubwa ya mimea na miti.
Wakati wa Vita vya Kwanza vya Ulimwengu, mwaka wa 1915, aliingia vitani katika jeshi chini ya Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck, na alishiriki katika upinzani maarufu wa askari wa Ujerumani katika ukoloni huo mpaka mwisho. Hata hivyo, alikamatwa na Uingereza huko Dar es salaam mwaka wa 1917 na alifungwa gerezani.
Notiosorex cockrumi

Notiosorex cockrumi, also called Cockrum's gray shrew or Cockrum's desert shrew, is a tiny species of shrews named in 2003. This red-toothed shrew, which is as light as a penny, is the first new mammal species from the U.S. state of Arizona since 1977. Its range extends from Arizona to central portion of the Mexican state of Sonora.
The shrew is found in desert habitats from southeastern and south-central Arizona to central Sonora. It typically inhabits desert shrub, and plant communities dominated by mesquite, agave, cholla, and oakbrush. It burrows in the soil or in fallen logs and debris.
The shrew is very small and is insectivorous. It has a brown-gray color with a reddish-pink nose, tail and feet. Its nose has large whiskers and it also possesses large ears.
Peen tong

Peen tong or pian tang (Chinese: 片糖; pinyin: piàntáng; Jyutping: pin3 tong4; Cantonese Yale: pintòng) and wong tong (Chinese: 黃糖; pinyin: huángtáng; Jyutping: wong4 tong4; Cantonese Yale: wòngtòng), is a Chinese brown sugar and sugar candy that is used in various Chinese desserts and also consumed alone as a snack. In China, it is sold in slab or brick form in one-pound packages, and occasionally as a bulk food item.
Peen tong is used as an ingredient in desserts, sauces and sweet soups. Peen tong is sometimes used as an ingredient in nian gao, whereby the slab of peen tong is scraped and the resultant shavings are used in the dish. Another method for its use in nian gao is to dissolve the peen tong in water, which is less time-consuming compared to scraping it. It is used as an ingredient in jiandui (Chinese: 煎堆; pinyin: jiānduī; Cantonese Yale: jīndēui), a sesame ball prepared using glutinous rice flour. Peen tong is also used in haptou wu (Chinese: 合桃糊; pinyin: hétáo hú; Jyutping: hap6 tou4 wu2; Cantonese Yale: hahptòu wú), a sweet Chinese walnut soup.
Laezh-ribod

Al laezh-ribod zo un evaj a deu eus laezh ar saout pa vez ribotet an dienn anezhañ d'ober amann. A-wechoù e kreder eo un evaj "breizhek", met evet e vez e broioù all evel Flandrez Belgia, Pakistan pe Afganistan ivez .
Gwechall, war ar maez, e veze debret patatez gant laezh-ribod, ha krampouezh gwinizh-du e-barzh laezh-ribod.
Studierien Breizh a gustume evañ laezh-ribod war-lerc'h un nozvezh pant e dibenn an XXvet kantved. Ne raent nemet evel ar roulerien a rae kemend-all a-raok dezho abaoe kantvedoù er vro. Kontet e veze gant lod e c'hallent chom yac'h ha derc'hel da lonkañ ma kasent ul litrad laezh-ribod war-draoñ er beure war-lerc'h. Siwazh, ne soñj ket a-walc'h al lonkerien yaouank a vremañ el louzoù-se a rafe vad d'o yec'hed ha da saverien-saout ar vro.
Hiziv e c'haller kavout laezh-ribod en tiez-krampouezh, met gwelloc'h e vez d'an anaoudeien goulenn a belec'h e teu, betegouzout.
Ken kustum e vezer bremañ ouzh ar boued sukret ma ne blij ket kalz al laezh-ribod ken, ha nebeutoc'h c'hoazh d'ar vugale. Koulskoude, pa welont o zud oc'h evañ laezh-ribod e reont kemend-all aes, en-vihan. Diaesoc'h e vez kregiñ gant al laezh-ribod pa vezer krennard.
Hini Sant-Maloù pe Lanfeun a vez kavet eus ar c'hentañ gant lod.
Bridel, Le Craulois, Even ha Paysan Breton zo merkoù breizhat brudet.
Displijus e vez skaotañ gwer war-lerc'h laezh-ribod: pegañ a ra ouzh ar gwer. Gwelloc'h eo evañ laezh-ribod e bolennoù pe listri-pri, aesoc'h da skaotañ.
Gwastell chokolad

Kalz rekipeoù gwastelloù chokolad zo dre ar bed. Gallout a reont bezañ servijet en un abadenn deiz-ha-bloaz, un emvod familh, evit an dibenn-pred pe merenn-vihan, hag all.
Aozennoù :
Lakait ar chokolad hag an amann da teuziñ en ur gastelaodenn war dan gorrek. Lakait ar forn da dommañ (180 °C). Dispartiit ar gwennoù-vi d'ar melenoù. Basit ar gwennoù en erc'h. Lakait ar bleud, ar melennoù, ar sukr hag ar goell d'ar chokolad hag an amann en ur veskañ. Lakait ar gwennoù en erc'h. Diskargit en ur plad. Lakait da boazhañ er forn e-pad 25 mun. (kalon war deuz) pe 35 mun.
Gallout a reer kinklañ anezhi gant malzennoù chokolad, sukr lindr, perlez ha stered sukr hag all.
Enez Tristan

An Enez Tristan, anvet dre vras ar Fort gant tud ar vro, gwechall "Enez Tutuarn", a zo un enezenn e Bae Douarnenez, e kumun Douarnenez, e Penn-ar-Bed hag e Bro-Gerne. Mont di a c'haller war droad pa vez izel ar mor. Eno emañ tour-tan Enez Tristan.
Prenet eo bet gant Mirva an Arvor ha gwarezet eo gant an ensavadur-se.
Muzuliañ a ra e-tro 6 hektar a c'horread, 450 m a hirder ha 250 m a ledander hag emañ un 200 metr bennak e-tal porzh Douarnenez. Ur winieg hag un toullad gwez-frouezh zo eno.
Ur peniti a oa eno en XII kantved, ma veve Robert, a voe eskob Kerne adal ar bloaz 1113 betek 1130.
E dibenn ar XVIvet kantved e oa repu Fontanella .
Perc'hennet e oa gant diskennidi ar barzh gall Jean Richepin abaoe 1911 pa voe prenet gant Mirva an arvor.
Eno e vije bez Tristan, niz d'ar roue Marc'h, roue Kerne, hag Izold, gwreg ar roue, kuzhet dindan div wezenn skoulmet an eil gant eben.
Hervez ur vojenn all e vije ar pezh a chom eus Kêr Is.
Karget eo bet an ejen Couign-amann da beuriñ geot an enez. Anvet eo bet Couign-amann, ha n'eo ket Kouign-amann, peogwir eo « C » lizherenn gentañ anvioù an ejened ganet e 2007.
Butter churning in Nepal

The churning of butter is an important part of Nepalese livelihood. Not only a part of day-to-day activity, it is a component of traditional culture and identity of Nepalese society. It involves the separation of butter from curd by the action of centrifugation using a series of traditional devices.
Theki (Nepali: ठेकी) is the largest of all devices used in churning butter, and is the primary device used. Cylindrical in shape at the body, it has a narrow neck while the mouth is a spreading fan-like structure. It is most commonly made up of darigitho (Nepali: दारीगिठो) wood, so commonly called as Daar ko theki in rural areas. Rhododendron (Nepali: गुराँस) is also used. It is used to hold the curd during the process and is where the Madaani is inserted.
Madaani, (Nepali: मदानी) also known as Ghupa, it is the most important and major functional device used in the churning process. It is a tool made with the following parts:
(Nepali: तोर्सो/तरो) It is a flat structure consisting of hole at one end to let the Saro of Madaani in and thereby holding it in place while tied with a rope at the other end to hold it on a supporting structure. It can be made up of any wood but Falat (Nepali: फलाँट) and Katus (Nepali: कटुस) are considered the best.
(Nepali: ढुंग्रो) It is a hollow, cylindrical structure made up of bamboo (Nepali: बाँस) used for holding the churned milk at the end of the churning process.
The curd accumulated over a period of few days is brought and collected in the Theki. Then, Madaani held onto the Torso is inserted inside the Theki. Then Neti is moved to and fro until butter separates from the curd. Addition of hot water at the middle of the process can fasten the process but care should be given to the period and amount of water to be added. Addition of more water at the latter stages of the process can significantly decrease the butter content. The completion of the process is detected by moving the Pora around the surface of the churned liquid where butter separates from rest of the liquid and accumulate into a mold. It takes about 20 minutes. Then, butter is taken out and collected, while churned milk (Nepali: मोही) is collected in Dhungro.
Werner Egli described the butter churning process as follows:
Butter cake

A butter cake is a cake in which one of the main ingredients is butter. Butter cake is baked with basic ingredients: butter, sugar, eggs, flour, and leavening agents such as baking powder or baking soda. It is considered one of the quintessential cakes in American baking. Butter cake originated from the English pound cake, which traditionally used equal amounts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to bake a heavy, rich cake.
The invention of baking powder and other chemical leavening agents during the 19th century substantially increased the flexibility of this traditional pound cake by introducing the possibility of creating lighter, fluffier cakes using these traditional combinations of ingredients, and it is this transformation that brought about the modern butter cake.
Butter cakes are traditionally made using a creaming method, in which the butter and sugar are first beaten until fluffy to incorporate air into the butter. Eggs are then added gradually, creating an emulsion, followed by alternating portions of wet and dry ingredients. Butter cakes are typically rich and moist when stored at room temperature, but they tend to stiffen, dry out, and lose flavor when refrigerated, making them unsuitable for filling or frosting in advance with ingredients that must be refrigerated, such as cream cheese frosting and pastry cream.
Erin French

Erin French is an American chef and author. She is the owner of The Lost Kitchen, a renowned 40-seat restaurant in Freedom, Maine.
She was a semifinalist for James Beard Award for Best Chefs in America in 2016, 2018, 2019, and 2020. In November of 2024, Erin interviewed celebrity chef Ina Garten in connection with Ina's book tour at the historic Boston Symphony Orchestra.
The Lost Kitchen is a TV Series on Magnolia Network.
1950-årene

1950-årene var et tiår som varte fra 1. januar 1950 til 31. desember 1959. I kjølvannet av andre verdenskrig fortsetter verden å stabilisere seg. Det europeiske kull- og stålfellesskap, forløperen til Den europeiske union, oppsto i starten av tiåret. Warszawapakten ble inngått i 1955, etter at Vest-Tyskland ble anerkjent som en suveren stat og sluttet seg til NATO.
Flere kriger og opptøyer forekom, inkludert Koreakrigen (1950–1953), oppstanden i Ungarn (1956) og Suezkrisen (1956). Sovjetunionen og Storbritannia utvikler atomvåpen, og førstnevnte sender opp den første menneskeskapte satelitten, Sputnik 1.
Tredjekultursbarn

Tredjekultursbarn (engelsk: Third culture kid) er et begrep som brukes om personer som vokste opp i andre land enn sitt opprinnelsesland i hele eller deler av oppveksten, vanligvis på grunn av foreldrenes arbeid. Mange er barn av bistandsarbeidere, diplomater, misjonærer, helsearbeidere, forsvarsansatte, næringslivsansatte, journalister og akademikere. Tredjekultursbarn beveger seg mellom kulturer før de har hatt mulighet til å fullt ut utvikle sin personlige og kulturelle identitet.
Begrepet ble introdusert av antropologen og sosiologen Ruth Hill Useem (1915–2003) i 1950-årene og har etterhvert blitt et eget forskningsområde, særlig i USA. Useem et al. (1963) beskrev erfaringen som tredjekultursbarn som knyttet til særegne normer for mellommenneskelig atferd, arbeidsrelaterte normer, livsstil og kommunikasjon, og beskrev dette som en tredje kultur som er felles for alle tredjekultursbarn.
Begrepet har i senere år kommet under noe kritikk og til dels blitt erstattet med andre og mer inkluderende begreper og beskrivelser som «globale nomader», «globalt mobile unge» og «barn med internasjonale oppvekstforhold».
I 2019 ble essaysamlingen Third culture kids utgitt på norsk av Gyldendal forlag. Boken inneholder bidrag fra en lang rekke norske samfunnsdebattanter og kulturarbeidere, mange av dem med familiebakgrunn fra land utenfor Norge. Blant bidragsyterne er Jonis Josef, Leo Ajkic, Kamzy Gunaratnam, Marta Tveit, Iselin Shumba, Faten Mahdi Al-Hussaini og Zeshan Shakar.
George Adamski

George Adamski (født 17. april 1891, død 23. april 1965) var en polskfødt amerikaner som var en av de første som hevdet å ha sett en UFO. Han fortalte i boken Flying Saucers Have Landed (1953) at han møtte utenomjordiske vesen i november 1952.
Ved det første møtet i 1952 møtte han Orthon fra Venus, en middels høy humanoid med blondt hår, som han kommuniserte med gjennom telepati. Adamski skal ha tatt bilder av ufoer fra andre planeter, og reist med dem. I 1962 hevdet han å ha deltatt i en konferanse på Saturn. Han så på seg selv som «filosof, lærer, student og ufoforsker».
Adamski skrev flere bøker, slik som Inside the Space Ships (1955) og Pioneers of Space: a Trip to the Moon, Mars and Venus (1949). Flyvende tallerkener har landet ble utgitt på norsk i 1954. Et utdrag finnes i antologien New Age, 2007.
Giulia Lollobrigida

Giulia Lollobrigida (født 12. april 1995) er en italiensk skøyteløper som deltar i nasjonale og internasjonale konkurranser i både rulleskøyter/inline og i hurtigløp og representerer Italia.
Hun er flere ganger europamester på rulleskøyter.
Hennes far er Maurizio Lollobrigida og er en tidligere rulleskøyteløper, og hans tante er den kjente italienske skuespillerinnen Gina Lollobrigida. Giulias eldre søster Francesca Lollobrigida er også en skøyteløper som konkurrerer i både rulleskøyter/inline og i hurtigløp.
Junior-VM på skøyter deltatt i 2 VM ved 3 konkurranser.
Team Coop–Repsol (women's team)

Team Coop–Repsol (UCI Code: HPU) is a professional women's cycling team based in Norway that competes in elite road bicycle racing events.
It is sponsored by Coop Norge, a Norwegian cooperative with head office in Oslo, and Repsol, a Spanish multinational energy and petrochemical company based in Madrid.
On 14 August 2013 it was announced that South African National time trial and road race champion Ashleigh Moolman would be joining the team from Lotto–Belisol Ladies.
On September 1 Cyclingnews.com reported that Kirsten Wild would leave Giant–Shimano and join the team for the 2015 season on a 2-year contract and later in the same month Vita Heine Petersone joined the team for the following season. On 27 October the team signed Tatiana Guderzo, with Thea Thorsen and Cecile Gotaas Johnsen signing contract extensions.
In March 2021, the women's Team Hitec Products merged with the men's Team Coop for form the current team.
Ella's Kitchen

Ella's Kitchen (Brands) Limited, trading as Ella's Kitchen, is a company that makes organic baby and toddler food, sold in through retail and e-commerce internationally. Founded in 2004, the company was purchased by Hain Celestial Group in 2013.
Ella's Kitchen was started by Paul Lindley in 2004, naming the brand after his daughter Ella. He left his job as managing director at Nickelodeon and launched the business with personal savings. The first store to launch the organic baby food was Sainsbury's in 2006. Original advertising was done through Nickelodeon whom he offered a share of revenue in exchange for free advertising.
In 2009, the company expanded to Sweden, Norway, and the United States and by 2014 was the UK's best-selling baby food company. The company was purchased by Hain Celestial Group in 2013 and became part of the company's global infant, toddler and kids division. In 2016, it was awarded a B Corporation certification.
Ella's Kitchen manufactures and distributes organic baby food. It has approximately 80 branded food products including baby and toddler food, smoothies, snack ranges and more. It was the first brand to bring pouches to the baby food market.
Official website
Intra (Teka)

Intra is a Norwegian industrial design and manufacturing company.
It was founded as a retailer of building articles in 1947, and was located at Buran in Trondheim. In the 1960s the company started designing and manufacturing washing sinks in stainless steel, and it took the name Intra in the 1970s. The company expanded to kitchen products as well as other bathroom products, and hired industrial designers. In the 1980s it moved to Storsand in Malvik Municipality. The owners also bought a Swedish and a Danish company, creating the Intra Group. In 2007 it was sold to the multinational Teka Group.
Vim (cleaning product)

Vim is the name of a range of household cleaning products originally produced by Lever Brothers (later Unilever). The Vim brand is currently owned by the German multinational company Henkel, while Unilever retains ownership in Canada and Vietnam.
Vim scouring powder, one of the first products created by William Lever, first appeared on the market in 1904, an offshoot of Monkey Brand scouring soap. The name is thought to derive from the colloquial English word "vim" which has the same meaning as the Latin vis, vim ("force", "vigour").
Vim was produced at Port Sunlight near Liverpool, England. The name Vim remained solely associated with the scouring powder until 1993, when a range of associated products were released. Vim was also the name of a detergent tablet manufactured by Lever Brothers, and sold in the United States during the 1960s. It was the sponsor of the sitcom on CBS, The Lucy Show, starring Lucille Ball.
Former owner Unilever abandoned Vim in favour of rival product Jif, although it was still sold in some other countries in Europe.
In December 2004, it was sold to the group Guaber, based in Italy. Vim is currently owned by Henkel Group after its acquisition of Spotless Group in 2015, although it is still marketed by Unilever in Canada and Sri Lanka, where it has a 90% market share. Vim is also sold as a Unilever brand in South Africa and India.
Steam cleaning

Steam cleaning involves using steam for cleaning. Its uses include domestic applications in cleaning flooring and household dirt removal, and industrial uses in removing grease and dirt from engines.
Steam cleaning is not suited for all materials, such as materials which are vapor-sensitive or sensitive for high temperatures. Some examples include silk, some types of plastic, leather, paper, wallpaper and water-based paint.
When used without soap, detergents, or other cleaning products, steam cleaning is an eco-friendly way of cleaning.
Steam cleaning is effective in eliminating 99.9% of bacteria, and is considered a modern way to clean home air-conditioners.
In ovens, steam cleaning is an alternative to catalysis and pyrolysis for making a self-cleaning oven, and uses a lower temperature (approximately 100 Celsius) compared to catalysis (approx. 200 Celsius) and pyrolysis (approx. 500 Celsius).
Cif

Cif is a French brand of household cleaning products owned by the English-Dutch company Unilever, known as Jif in Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Middle East and the Nordic countries.
Cif was launched in France in 1965 and was marketed in competition against scouring powders such as Vim.
Cif is sold under the names Jif, Vim, Viss and Handy Andy, depending on which of the 51 countries it is sold in.
In Sweden, and South Africa, the products were originally sold under the name Vim before this was changed to Jif, the launch name in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the Netherlands and Hong Kong.
In January 2001, the name in most of these countries was changed to Cif in order to align marketing and product inventories across the continent.
In Belgium, Finland and Portugal, the product was known as Vim for quite some time, after which it became Cif. In Canada it is still called Vim. In Germany, the cleaner's name is Viss. In Iraq it is still traded as Jif, with local Arabic and English writing.
In Norway, the product is traded as Jif and owned by Lilleborg, a part of Solenis. Unilever had a decades long partnership with Lilleborg when they were given the exclusive rights to the brand Jif in Norway. Lilleborg registered the trademark in 1968. Without consent from Lilleborg, Unilever registered their trademark Cif in 1998 and started selling Cif products in 2018. Thereafter Lilleborg protested and two JIF vs CIF court cases followed. The court decided that Unilever was allowed to keep the brand Cif, but not allowed to sell Cif products in Norway.
In the United States, Cif Cream Cleaner is sold as a co-branded product with Scrub Daddy.
Marabou (chocolate)

Marabou is a Swedish chocolate brand owned by Mondelez International.
The brand was founded by the Norwegian chocolatier Johan Throne Holst (1868–1946), who already had launched the same chocolate recipe in Norway under the name Freia with great success — in the beginning of the 20th century Freia owned over 50% of the Norwegian market. During the First World War, the continental European markets were closed, so the company decided to expand to Sweden.
In 1916, the brand Marabou was created in Sweden; as the name Freja was already taken in Sweden, the company decided to name their Swedish branch after the stork in the logo. However, the actual production didn't start until 1919 due to shortages in cocoa supply caused by World War I.
Throne Holst's second son, Henning, took over Sweden's first chocolate factory in Sundbyberg, just north of Stockholm, in 1918. He was in charge of creating the brands which are still present today: Japp [sv; no], Daim, Twist, Fortuna [sv] and Non Stop [sv]. The first Marabou chocolate to be established was milk chocolate (Mjölkchoklad), which was produced using the same recipe as Freia. From the mid-1950s on, Marabou chocolate was caramelized, which significantly changed its taste. Over time, the Sundbyberg factory was not sufficient for the growing demand, so in the 1970s, production moved, after 60 years in one location, to newly built premises in Upplands Väsby, where it remains today.
At the end of the 1960s, the symbol of Marabou was changed from a stork to the rounded "M" in the company logo. It was designed by Sigvard Bernadotte. This also marked the beginning of the first commercials starring Yvonne Lombard who created the slogan "Mmm... Marabou!". Marabou chocolate is widely available in Sweden in assorted varieties.
Freia and Marabou later merged, and, in 1993, were purchased by Kraft Foods for 3 billion Norwegian kroner. Marabou chocolate is available in a number of European countries and was until September 2011 sold by IKEA in Canada, Israel, and Poland. Marabou chocolate is sold by IKEA in 23 countries: Australia, Austria, Canada, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Ireland, the UAE, the United Kingdom and the US.
In 2013, there was press coverage about Marabou's use of palm oil, which, according to Greenpeace, has a negative effect on the animals and people of the world's rain forests. According to the Marabou website (in 2020), Marabou milk chocolate (Mjölkchoklad) does not contain palm oil, but some other products of the company do. The company claims to cover their palm oil demands from a RSPO-certified system since 2013.
In January 2025, Bloomberg noted that Mondelez had removed previous commitments to make its Russian operations independent and that the company had withdrawn profits from Russia during 2024, which should not be possible for an independent company.
Media related to Marabou Chocolate at Wikimedia Commons
Finish (detergent)

Finish is the brand name of a range of dishwasher detergent and cleaning products sold by the British-Dutch company Reckitt Benckiser. The tablets, based on the original product, contain surfactants which counteract water hardness and break down foods containing starches and proteins, and remove bleachable stains and produce enzymes and foams. The product is specially designed for dishwashers. Prior to 2009, the product was known as Electrasol in North America, and as Calgonit in some European countries.
In the early 1950s, the increased use of moulded plastic dinnerware posed a number of problems. The Finish brand was created in 1953 by the US company Economics Laboratory (now Ecolab). Taking advantage of research into the needs of the dairy and food industry, the company launched two new products for the household dishwashing machine in 1953: mass-market product Electrasol, and premium product Finish. Later, in 1969, they introduced the first biological powder.
J. A. Benckiser (later Reckitt Benckiser) acquired the Consumer Products division of Ecolab Inc. in 1987. In 1995, the first two-ply powder tablet was introduced, in 1999 the red Powerball capsule, in 2008, the Finish Quantum and the first three-chamber moulded capsule. Circa 2009, all Electrasol products were rebranded under Finish label.
Comet (cleanser)

Comet is an American brand of scouring powders and other household cleaning products manufactured by KIK Custom Products Inc. The brand was introduced in 1956 by Procter & Gamble (P&G) and sold to Prestige Brands in 2001. In 2018, Prestige Brands sold the Comet brand to KIK Custom Products Inc. P&G retained the rights to market the brand in Europe and to the professional market (non-home-consumer) in the United States.
According to the Safety Data Sheets (SDS) published by Procter & Gamble for "PGP Comet Deodorizing Cleanser with Chlorinol" and Prestige Brands for "Comet Powdered Cleanser", Comet cleanser contains 60–100% calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Ingredients that are common to all Prestige Brands Comet Powdered Cleansers are listed as:
The P&G Professional Comet SDS details percentages of the major component chemicals:
(Note: Not all ingredients are listed on an SDS.)
Mixing cleaning products containing bleach or other oxygenates (such as Comet) with products that contain ammonia or acid is dangerous. The P&G Comet SDS specifically warns to: "Avoid contact with acids and ammonia."
Despite being labeled as "scratch free", the label for Comet cleanser also advises the use of plenty of water on "delicate surfaces". Comet powdered cleanser is not recommended for use on silver, painted surfaces, walls, soft plastic, aluminum, and rubber.
An alternative version uses different first lines:
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