davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Iglesia de Santo Domingo (Jerez de la Frontera)

La iglesia de Santo Domingo, también llamado de forma indistinta como convento de Santo Domingo, son una iglesia y convento católicos situada en Jerez de la Frontera (Andalucía, España).
Su importancia histórica radica es ser uno de los primeros templos en levantarse fuera del recinto amurallado. La tradición cuenta que en la iglesia de Santo Domingo se celebró la primera misa católica en Jerez, tras la Reconquista, oficiada por el patrón de los marineros, Pedro González Telmo.
Junto a la Iglesia se encuentran los Claustros de Santo Domingo.
La iglesia actual perteneció originalmente convento de Santo Domingo, levantado en el siglo XIII​ tras la Reconquista de la ciudad por parte de Alfonso X El Sabio. Experimentó una gran transformación tras la desamortización de Mendizábal, desafectando entre otras instalaciones los claustros para su uso civil. En 1886 volvió a ser monasterio habitado, construyéndose un nuevo edificio anexo para alojamiento de los dominicos.​
El conjunto conventual y eclesiástico de Santo Domingo es una de las más valiosas muestras del patrimonio andaluz, en cuya arquitectura se conjugan elementos mudéjares, góticos y renacentistas. Hermandades: - Hermandad De La Oración En El Huerto - Hermandad Del Rocío - Archicofradía Del Rosario - Corte De Consolación
A principios del siglo XX albergó un museo​ tras su desamortización, llegando a albergar más de 3.000 piezas.​
Es la sede de la Hermandad del Rocío de Jerez.
Los claustros de Santo Domingo, anexos a la iglesia, construidos en el siglo XV, pasaron a uso civil en siglo XIX y propiedad municipal en 1983.
Actualmente acoge exposiciones y actos culturales tras su restauración.
El Convento poseyó un extenso olivar en el siglo XVI,​ así como un importante rebaño de ganado.​
En 2019, gracias al rodaje de la serie The Crown se pudo restaurar la fachada lateral del edificio.​
No obstante hay piezas, como un Cristo de caña de más de 500 años, que necesita restauración.​
En 2020 se produce el robo de una estatua de San Pío V de su retablo.​
La Iglesia es sede de la hermandad de El Huerto (de pasión), y la del Rosario de los Montañeses (de gloria, que procesiona el día de El Pilar​).
Antonio Mariscal Trujillo (2003). Por las Calles del Viejo Jerez. Ediciones Jerezanas. 84-95570-07-6.
Club de Remo Valle de Camargo

El Club de Remo Camargo es un club deportivo cántabro que fue fundado en el año 1979 por un grupo de amigos, entre ellos el presidente Fernando López Lejardi. Durante su trayectoria ha alcanzado importantes éxitos disputando regatas en todas las categorías y modalidades de banco fijo, en bateles, trainerillas y traineras y también activamente en pruebas de banco móvil por todo España.
En el año 1981 se organizó el primer evento organizado por el club, el Trofeo Virgen del Carmen y en 1983 se debuta en trainera, gracias a una embarcación de segunda mano comprada a Portugalete. En 1985, consiguen el segundo puesto en el Gran Premio del Nervión y la Bandera Petronor.
A partir de 1983, se compite en las principales pruebas del calendario de traineras hasta el año 1989 que no pueden sacar la trainera al agua por problemas para completar el barco. A año siguiente, en 1990 se vuelve a sacar la trainera al agua y lo hace ininterrumpidamente hasta el año 2000, en el que vuelve a tener el mismo problema que antaño. Tres son los años que el barco no sale al agua y en el año 2003 vuelve a competir. En el 2004 se continua compitiendo pero en 2005 vuelven los problemas para completar.
En el año 2006 se inscriben en la Liga ARC y se clasifican en la primera división aunque los resultados no fueron muy buenos, a pesar de ello ganaron la regata de Fuenterrabía. En 2007 realizan un papel muy bueno en la liga, siendo cuartos aunque sin ganar ninguna regata. En 2008 finalizan terceros en la liga, siendo sextos en 2009. En la campaña 2010 logran el subcampeonato y alcanzan el ascenso a la Liga ACT después de superar las regatas de promoción.
En 2023 consiguen situarse en la zona tranquila de la Liga ARC 1, siendo la trainera referente masculina en Cantabria al ganar el Autonómico y sacando también barco femenino en regatas de pretemporada y calendario de Cantabria.
Bandera del Sudán

La bandera del Sudán fue adoptada el 20 de mayo de 1970. Es una bandera dividida en franjas horizontales del mismo tamaño. La franja superior es de color rojo, la central es blanca y la inferior negra. En el lado más próximo al mástil figura un triángulo de color verde.
Hasta el golpe militar encabezado por Yaafar al-Numeiry que tuvo lugar en 1969, la bandera de Sudán fue de color azul, amarillo y verde. Años antes de la independencia de Sudán del Sur, ya se consideraba sólo el estandarte de la región norte del país. Sudán del Sur había adoptado una nueva bandera, la actual, con un triángulo azul al asta y una estrella amarilla en el interior, además de una franja negra, una roja y otra verde, todas horizontales, separadas entre sí por dos finas franjas blancas.
El rojo significa la sangre vertida de los mártires y sacrificio de la independencia, el blanco significa la paz, optimismo y luz, el verde significa Islam y agricultura y el negro simboliza Sudán, Sudán quiere decir negro en árabe.
Campeonato Europeo de Remo

El Campeonato Europeo de Remo es una competición europea del deporte de remo que es organizada por la Federación Internacional de Sociedades de Remo (FISA). Actualmente se realiza cada año.
El primer Campeonato Europeo se celebró en 1893, un año después de la fundación de la FISA, en el lago Orta (Italia). En 1974 fue sustituido por el Campeonato Mundial de Remo.
En mayo de 2006 la FISA decidió restablecer este evento, con periodicidad anual y con apertura a todos los remeros inscritos en las respectivas federaciones europeas. El primer campeonato de esta nueva era se celebró en septiembre de 2007 en la ciudad polaca de Poznań.
Actualmente se compite en 16 categorías, 8 masculinas y 8 femeninas (se resaltan las que forman parte del programa olímpico):
Beach of La Concha

The Beach of La Concha (Basque: Kontxa Hondartza [kontʃa ondarts̻a]; Spanish: Playa de La Concha [ˈplaʝa ðe la ˈkontʃa], "cone shell beach") is a crescent shaped urban seaboard of the city of San Sebastián located at the Bay of La Concha in the Basque Country, in northern Spain. Its name “Concha” is given upon its remarkably regular shape. The scenic setting in the Bay of La Concha and the 19th century elegance of fashionable seaside resorts have made the site very popular, as it is frequently cited as one of the most beautiful and the most famous urban beaches in Europe.
Léon Degrelle, a Belgian politician and one of the most notable Nazi collaborators during World War II, made a water landing at La Concha in May 1945 to escape Allied repercussion. He would go into exile in the country until his death in 1994. In addition, the beach of La Concha is referenced in Ernest Hemingway's classic The Sun Also Rises; the main character Jake Barnes briefly swims and dives in the Beach of La Concha at the end.
It is a sandy beach and shallow substrate, in which the tide fluctuation greatly affects the area available for use. It can be considered an urban beach in widespread use.
43°19′03″N 1°59′12″W﻿ / ﻿43.31750°N 1.98667°W﻿ / 43.31750; -1.98667
City Council of San Sebastián

The City Council of San Sebastián (Basque: Donostiako Udala, Spanish: Ayuntamiento de San Sebastián) is the institution that governs the Basque city of San Sebastián (Spain). Its premises are located in the former casino of the city next to the Bay of La Concha.
The building was built in 1887 at the Gardens of Alderdi-Eder of San Sebastián, next to the Nautical Royal Club, to house the main casino. The opening ceremony was attended by Queen Maria Christina of Austria. However, it closed as a casino after the ban on gambling in 1924. On 14 April 1928, an agreement was reached to open in this building the Center of Attraction and Tourism, later this moved to a building next to Hotel María Cristina. On 20 January 1945, the council moved to this building. The architects Alday and Arizmendi amended the initial project in 1943 and turned the former casino into council. Until then, the City Hall was located in Constitution Square (Parte Vieja), now headquarters of the Municipal Library.
After the democratic restoration in 1977 and after a brief period in which a municipal manager, led first by Ramón Jáuregui and subsequently by Iñaki Alkiza, took over the city government, the first democratic elections were held in 1979. Although lacking absolute majority, candidate of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) Jesús María Alkain prevailed for Mayor. In the next term (1983–1987), Ramón Labayen took over his party fellow, also without absolute majority. However, San Sebastián became a stronghold of PNV's splinter party Eusko Alkartasuna, with its candidate making it to office at the next election (1987). They formed a minority coalition government with Euskadiko Ezkerra, which allowed it to remain as mayor during the term 1987–1991. In 1991, Odón Elorza (PSE-EE/PSOE) became mayor, with the support of PP and PNV. With various covenants (with PNV and EA in 1995, with PP in 1999), he remained at the head of the council since then, and since 1999 with majority of votes and seats. After the 2007 elections, PSE-PSOE formed government with the municipal group Aralar-Alternatiba (formerly Aralar-Ezker Batua). In the May 2011 elections, Bildu's candidate Juan Carlos Izagirre won unexpectedly the elections, starting off a new period. Eneko Goia (PNV) has served as mayor since 2015, the first of his party to hold the position since Labayen in 1987. He was reelected in 2019 and again in 2023. These are the mayors who have governed the city council since the 1979 election:
Concha Méndez

Concepción Méndez Cuesta (Madrid, 27 July 1898 – Coyoacán, Mexico, 7 December 1986) was a leading Spanish poet and dramatist and member of the Generation of '27 who became known in the literary world under the name Concha Mendez.
Concha was born into a well-to-do family and was educated in a French school, studying music and art. She was highlighted as a gymnast and became a champion swimmer. In 1919 she decided to travel the world spending time in London, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. When she was nineteen she met Luis Buñuel while vacationing in San Sebastián who became her first boyfriend. They were formally engaged for five years until she became tired of his insufferable character. Through this artistic atmosphere she became friends with Rafael Alberti, Federico García Lorca, and Luis Cernuda who encouraged her to join their group which become the Generation of '27. Concha and Alberti shared a love for the sea and later in her life she considered him to be her mentor. She published her first collection of poetry, Inquietudes (Concerns) in 1926.
In 1931 Lorca introduced her to the poet and publisher from Málaga, Manuel Altolaguirre They were married the following year and together founded the printing press Verónica which edited the publication, Héroe (for which Juan Ramón Jiménez contributed lyrical character portraits of Spanish heroes) and 1616. The name 1616 commemorates the year of the deaths of Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare and to foster literary relations between England and Spain the poems were published in their original language as well as the translation. Federico García Lorca, Luis Cernuda, Jorge Guillén, Pablo Neruda, Miguel de Unamuno and Moreno Villa were collaborators.
From 1933 to 1935, Concha and Manuel lived in London where their first child died in infancy and their daughter Paloma was born. During the Spanish Civil War, the couple supported the Republic but left Spain for their child's safety. They lived in England, France and Belgium and at the end of the Civil War they went into exile in Paris where they met Paul Éluard. In 1939 they left Paris and traveled to Havana, Cuba and reestablished their printing press, Verónica, publishing a poetry collection called El ciervo herido (The Wounded Deer) between 1939 and 1943.
In 1944, they both went to Mexico and later Manuel divorced Concha, leaving her for the Cuban actress/producer, María Luisa Gómez-Mena y Vivanco. They were both killed in a car accident while returning from the San Sebastián International Film Festival on 23 July 1959.
From 1944 to 1979, she ceased publication except for a poetry anthology in 1976. Her last book, Vida o río (Life or River), appeared in 1979.
In 1990, Memorias habladas, memorias armadas (Spoken Memories, Armed Memories) was published in Madrid. This was a work drawn from tapes that had been recorded by her granddaughter Paloma Ulacia Altolaguirre.
In Málaga, Spain the Calle Poeta Concha Méndez is named after her.
Atlantic Rowing Race

The Atlantic Rowing Race is an ocean rowing race from the Canary Islands to the West Indies, a distance of approximately 2,550 nm (2,930 statute miles or 4,700 km). The race was founded in 1997 by Sir Chay Blyth with subsequent races roughly every two years since. The early races were run by Challenge Business Ltd. until the race was bought by Woodvale Events Ltd., managed by Simon Chalk, in October 2003. In May 2012, Atlantic Campaigns SL, managed by Carsten Heron Olsen bought the rights to the Atlantic Rowing Race, now called The "Talisker Whisky Atlantic Challenge" – The World's Toughest Row. Since 2015, the race has been held annually starting each December.
For more race details, see: 2005 Woodvale Atlantic Rowing Race
For more race details, see: 2007 Woodvale Atlantic Rowing Race
Ocean rowing records for The Atlantic Rowing Race are maintained by Ocean Rowing Stats.
Kontxako Bandera

The Kontxako Bandera (Basque) or Bandera de la Concha (in Spanish, meaning "Flag of the Kontxa") is one of the oldest and most famous estropada race along the Bay of Biscay, held annually in the Kontxa, the main bay of San Sebastián, Spain. It takes place on the first two weekends in September and regularly draws crowds of more than 100,000 people and around 20 rowing teams. It was first held in 1879 and has been held most years since with the main exception of the war years.
In Galician it's called Bandeira da Cuncha and Drapeau de La Concha in French.
Estropadak is a very popular form of rowing competition common all along the coast of the Northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.
A crew is made up of thirteen oarsmen and the cox, who faces them at the stern. The boats are called traineru (trainera in Spanish, trainière in French) and are derived from 19th century fishing boats.
This is the most important competition in the Bay of Biscay and takes place the first two Sundays in September, within the framework of the Basque Week, with the best teams from all along the Northern coast competing against each other.
The teams must row three nautical miles to a buoy, turn around and return to the starting line. So instead of the normal four lengths, teams only do two lengths in this race.
The final always consists of two races between the eight finalists. To qualify, all teams bar one must take part in a race against the clock on the first weekend, the seven best of which go forward to the finals the following weekend. The eighth team is always from the host town and does not have to qualify. In the finals, the eight teams race in two groups of four across the same distance again.
For example, in the 2007 race there were 21 teams taking part:
Of these, the top seven went into the final which Orio won with a time of 19:16.68.
Listed here after their town with the name of the team given in brackets:
Spain at the 1984 Summer Olympics

Spain competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, United States. 179 competitors, 163 men and 16 women, took part in 104 events in 23 sports.
In its third Olympic archery competition, Spain was represented by two men and two women. Women's Individual Competition:
Men's Individual Competition:
Men's 400 metres
Men's 1,500 metres
Men's 5,000 metres
Men's 10,000 metres
Men's Marathon
Men's Long Jump
Men's 20 km Walk
Men's 50 km Walk
Men's Hammer Throw
Men's Pole Vault
Women's 100 metres
Women's High Jump
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)
Men's Featherweight (– 57 kg)
Men's Lightweight (– 60 kg)
Four cyclists represented Spain in 1984.
Men's 3m Springboard
Two fencers, both men, represented Spain in 1984.
Three male modern pentathletes represented Spain in 1984.
There were eight competitions for men and Spain qualified four boats, but had no women competing in 1984. Although he had competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics, Manuel Vera Vázquez was still the youngest competitor of the Spanish rowing team. The coxless pair of Fernando Climent and Luis María Lasúrtegui was a surprise medallist, and as of 2016, the team's silver medal is the only Olympic rowing medal that the nation has ever won.
Men's 200m Freestyle
Men's 400m Freestyle
Men's 1500m Freestyle
Men's 100m Backstroke
Men's 200m Backstroke
Men's 100m Breaststroke
Men's 200m Breaststroke
Men's 100m Butterfly
Men's 200m Butterfly
Men's 200m Individual Medley
Men's 400m Individual Medley
Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
La Concha Bay

La Concha Bay is a small bay situated on the Spanish coast that separates the city of the San Sebastián from the Cantabrian Sea. The name "La Concha" means "The Shell" as in Seashell in Spanish, referring to the general shape of the bay. The bay is home to La Concha Beach, Ondarreta Beach, and Santa Clara Island.
The bay occupies the space between mount Igueldo (west) and mount Urgull (east). According to geological studies, the bay originally extended from mount Igueldo to mount Ulía, which forms the eastern border of Zurriola Beach, since in all likelihood mount Urgull could have been an island. Therefore, the ancient bay, with a coastline more than 3000 meters long, contained all three of the city's beaches and two islands. Later, with the sediment that accumulated at the mouth of the Urumea River, a small isthmus was formed that connected Urgull island to the mainland, converting it into a mountain. This was how the current bay formed, whose shell shape would be solidified with the construction of the esplanade.
The city's beaches have a combined length of approximately 2000 meters, 1400 of which correspond to the La Concha Beach and the remaining 600 to Ondarreta Beach. While tidal changes are frequent and greatly affect the width of the beaches, these changes only last a few hours. Santa Clara Island is slightly more than 1000 meters from La Concha Beach and is reachable by ferry.
The promenade that borders La Concha Bay is composed of various sections with distinct names. Beginning from the east around the aquarium, this section hugs the hillside of mount Urgull and would eventually be given the name Paseo Nuevo. Continuing west, the walk runs through the city's small fishing port, and later, and at the base of the Town Hall building, La Concha promenade begins. Along the promenade and extending to the end of the bay is the famous La Concha railing, designed by Juan Rafael Alday and installed in the 1910s. This section of the promenade contains the most outstanding architectural and ornamental elements that border the bay: some characteristic street lamps located at the beginning of the down ramp to the La Concha Beach, two large clocks, the buildings of La Perla spa, and the Royal Bath House. Further west, the beachfront reaches Paseo de Miraconcha, which ends at Miramar Palace. Between Miramar and The Comb of the Wind sculptures, the promenade is called Paseo de Ondarreta reflecting Ondarreta Beach which it borders. The promenade comes to an end at the edge of the bay with the collection of sculptures called The Comb of the Wind, designed by sculptor Eduardo Chillida, who is from San Sebastian and whose museum reopened in April 2019.
Archivo-Biblioteca de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela

El Archivo-Biblioteca de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela es una institución que custodia el patrimonio documental y bibliográfico del Cabildo y Catedral de Santiago de Compostela, integrado por volúmenes y documentos desde la Edad Media hasta la actualidad. Es uno de los principales centros de investigación jacobea del mundo.
Se ubica actualmente en uno de los brazos del claustro de la Catedral, ofreciendo servicios de consulta y documentación.
El origen del Archivo de la Catedral compostelana se encuentra en el thesaurum medieval y en las organizaciones documentales que fueron desarrolladas por los arzobispos Diego Gelmírez, en la primera mitad del siglo XII, y Berenguel de Landoria, en el primer cuarto del XIV. Desde el mismo momento de la inventio, o descubrimiento del edículo apostólico, en el siglo IX, el enorme desarrollo político y socioeconómico de la nueva institución eclesiástica que velaba por el enclave fue imponiendo la conservación, como garante de sus derechos, de todo tipo de documentación: real, pontificia, eclesiástica y civil; una documentación integrada, junto con los volúmenes y códices existentes, en el Tesoro.
Poco a poco, con el paso de los siglos se fue conformando una masa documental que podemos considerar integrada por: documentación en tumbos; documentos sueltos; y posteriormente legajos de época moderna y contemporánea. Fue el primer obispo y arzobispo de la sede, Diego Gelmírez, hacia el primer tercio del siglo XII, el primero que desarrolló una ordenación mínimamente archivística del conjunto, con una selección de documentación, organización de la misma y copia de nuevos soportes, dando lugar a volúmenes como el Tumbo A (siglos XII-XIII) en su primera fase, cartulario con la documentación regia de los siglos IX-XIII y con una galería de miniaturas de reyes, reinas e infantas de Castilla y León. De esta centuria destaca también el Codex Calixtinus, piedra angular de la historia medieval jacobea.
Dos siglos después el arzobispo Berenguel de Landoria, tras sofocar una revuelta urbana en Santiago, emprende una segunda labor de reordenación, sobre la misma base de selección, ordenación, organización y copia de documentación para renovar el soporte. Así, se producen los tumbos B y C, con documentación real, pontificia, eclesiástica y civil.
En el caso de la documentación medieval destacan:
En la actualidad los fondos del Archivo-Biblioteca están integrados por más de 11 000 documentos medievales, gran cantidad de documentación de época Moderna y Contemporánea, más de 4.000 volúmenes en la Biblioteca Antigua, desde el siglo XV hasta el XIX, y una Biblioteca Jacobea de apoyo a investigadores.
Museo de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela

El Museo de la Catedral de Santiago de Compostela es una institución española que acoge diversas obras artísticas y arqueológicas, propiedad de la catedral de Santiago de Compostela, que abarcan desde la época romana hasta la actualidad. El museo se ubica en diversas dependencias dentro del complejo catedralicio. Fue fundado en 1930.
El museo abarca diversos espacios catedralicios, con diferente situación dentro de la fábrica catedralicia:
Contiene varias salas, capillas y el claustro de la catedral. Cuenta con exposición de objetos de la época romana, medieval y hasta el siglo XVIII. Deben destacarse la tumba de Teodomiro, piezas de la antigua portada de las Platerías, antiguo coro catedralicio del Maestro Mateo reconstruido, el bello rosetón de la portada occidental, relieves de Gregorio Español, tablas pequeñas de Juan Bautista Celma, retablo de la Transfiguración de Cristo de José Ferreiro, Santiago Peregrino de Gambino, el gallardete de la Nao Capitana de la Batalla de Lepanto, colección de tapices flamencos de diversas épocas, tapices sobre cartones de Goya y Rubens, una imagen de Nuestra Señora de la Preñada regalada por la reina Isabel de Portugal, etc.
Permite ver el espacio arquitectónico sobre el que el Maestro Mateo sustentó el Pórtico de la Gloria salvando el desnivel de la colina preexistente. Además exhibe una preciosa colección escultórica en el mismo salón de la obra, y otras esculturas procedentes de partes de la catedral derrumbadas por reformas que abarcan desde el románico al gótico tardío.
Se pueden contemplar los sepulcros de los reyes Fernando II y Alfonso IX y las reinas Juana de Castro y Berenguela. El Tesoro conserva piezas de oro, vidrios, marfil, etc., desde los siglos IX al XX. A destacar la custodia de Antonio de Arfe de 1539-45.
Se trata de un edificio anexo a la catedral e integrado en el Museo. Permite visitar uno de los palacios medievales mejor conservados de España, ejemplo de arquitectura románica con usos civiles. Existió un palacio anterior, que el arzobispo Diego Gelmírez reconstruyó de raíz desde 1117. Destacan sus ménsulas, que sobresalen en el denominado Salón de Ceremonias, con representaciones de un banquete.
Hospital de San Antonio de los Peregrinos

El hospital de San Antonio de los Peregrinos fue un hospital de la ciudad española de Segovia, fundado por Diego Arias Dávila en el siglo XV.​
El hospital lo fundó en noviembre de 1461 Diego Arias Dávila para, según Pascual Madoz, «albergue de peregrinos, dotes de huérfanas y pan á pobres».​ Aparece descrito en el decimocuarto volumen del Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar con las siguientes palabras:​
Foncebadón

Foncebadón es una localidad española perteneciente al municipio de Santa Colomba de Somoza, en la comarca de la Maragatería, provincia de León, comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Estuvo abandonado hasta el resurgir de la peregrinación a Santiago en la última década del siglo XX. Posee tres bares-restaurantes, cuatro albergues, uno de ellos con categoría de albergue turístico, dos con categoría de Turístico de los Caminos a Santiago y un cuarto albergue de peregrinos sin fin lucrativo, un bar-tienda de ultramarinos y una pensión. Desde poco antes del resurgir de la peregrinación, algunos antiguos habitantes de Foncebadón y sus familiares más cercanos están volviendo a rehabilitar las viviendas abandonadas o derruidas que quedaban.
El pueblo comenzó a ser abandonado a finales de los años 60, principio de los años 70, debido mayoritariamente a las dificultades económicas que el pueblo tenía en ese momento. Gran parte de la población emigró hacia Madrid u otras ciudades de España en busca de empleo y de una vida alejada de la agricultura, la ganadería o la minería, ya que estos eran los únicos oficios que ofrecían Foncebadón y sus aledaños. Pasados unos pocos años, toda la demografía del pueblo se redujo drásticamente de un centenar de habitantes a dos personas.
Debido al abandono masivo que sufrió el pueblo, este, como otras muchas localidades de la región, fue víctima de saqueos que en la mayoría de casos dañaban seriamente las casas que a los muy pocos años, acabarían derrumbándose sobre sí mismas, tal y como pasó con la hoy reformada parroquia o el colegio.
Situado cerca de la Cruz de Hierro, en la ruta del Camino de Santiago Francés. Es paso obligado de peregrinos para superar el puerto.
En el siglo X fue sede de un concilio. El obispo Gaucelmo estableció aquí un albergue y un hospital de peregrinos.
En los años 90 una de las últimas habitantes de esta localidad, se vio envuelta en un problema relacionado con las campanas de la parroquia. La Iglesia exigía que las campanas de la ya derruida parroquia, fueran restauradas y ofrecidas a otra iglesia para su uso, a lo que la vecina reaccionó subiéndose al campanario armada con una vara y exigiendo que dejasen el pueblo tal cual estaba, ya que esas campanas podrían servirla para advertir a los pueblos cercanos de que se había quedado atrapada en el pueblo por inclemencias meteorológicas. También para que los peregrinos que pasan por Foncebadón, no se pierdan entre la niebla.​
Albergue

Se conoce como albergue a la casa, posada o cualquier otro espacio en el que una persona halla hospedaje, abrigo, comodidad o resguardo, por lo tanto, cobijo, cuidado, es porque es albergue. Su sentido se extiende también a la cueva, concavidad o cualquier otro paraje en el que los animales, especialmente, las fieras, se recogen y se pone a cubierto de los malos temporales.
El Padre Guadix, citado por Covarrubias, dice que el término proviene de la palabra árabe barga que significa choza o casa pajiza. Diego de Urrea, citado por el mismo Covarrubias, dice que procede del verbo árabe berge que significa descansar, aquietarse, recogerse, juntarse.
Diccionario de la lengua castellana, 1770
Hospitalero

Hospitalero/a es la persona encargada del cuidado de un hospital, o también, aunque está en desuso, la que hospeda en su casa.​
En el Camino de Santiago, recibe este nombre la persona que, de forma voluntaria, colabora en el mantenimiento y cuidado del albergue de peregrinos. Esta persona tiene que haber realizado el Camino de Santiago y atiende a los peregrinos difundiendo la historia, el arte y la cultura del entorno donde se sitúa el albergue, así como resolviendo las dudas y preguntas sobre la ruta.​
Hospital de la Caridad (Roncesvalles)

El Hospital de la Caridad de Roncesvalles o también conocido como hospital de peregrinos, fue un edificio —actualmente desaparecido— que fue levantado hacia mediados del siglo XII por el obispo de Pamplona, Sancho de Larrosa, con el fin de atender a los caminantes jacobeos. Anteriormente, en el lugar ocupado actualmente por la ermita de San Salvador de Ibañeta, ya existió otro establecimiento más antiguo y similar en las funciones prestadas. Desde finales del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX existe otro hospital que fue ampliado y mejorado en 2009: es el actual albergue de peregrinos.​
Varios autores sitúan en el Alto de Ibañeta la mansio conocida como Summo Pyreneo expresado en el Itinerario 34 del Itinerario Antonino,​ la vía romana entre Burdigalia (Burdeos) y Asturica Augusta (Astorga),​ Ab Asturica Burdigalam entrada natural por la llamada Vía Aquitania. El lugar también ya presentaría desde el siglo I d. C. una vinculación espiritual con el Sol o Júpiter.​
En una carta de Sancho el de Peñalén, datada en 1071, es mencionado el monasterio noble y leal de Ibañeta.​ Unos años después, en 1110 es donado al monasterio de Leyre por un miembro de la familia real. Desde los siglos IX y X todos los peregrinos que realizaban el Camino de Santiago encontraba asistencia y reposo en el Alto de Ibañeta donde existía el monasterio de San Salvador que disponía de hospital.​
La ubicación de Roncesvalles, más abrigada frente a las condiciones meteorológicas, favoreció el cambio entre 1127 y 1134 durante el obispado de Sancho de Larrosa.​​ Se creó un cabildo de canónigos encargados de dirigir el hospital, el albergue y la iglesia y paulatinamente obtuvieron rentas de lugares cercanos, del entorno de Pamplona, y situados en la propia ruta jacobea que ayudaron a su mantenimiento.
La superficie del edificio, estimada tras las excavaciones realizadas en la década de 1990 es que hubiera superado los 500 m en planta mostrando un aspecto interior bastante similar al mostrado actualmente por el edificio conocido como Itzandeguía.​​ Es más, puede que, incluso, Itzandeguía pudo haber sido el "hospital viejo" del que se habla en 1206.​
En el códice La Preciosa (del siglo XIII), expuesto en el Museo de Roncesvalles,​ lo llama Domus hospitalis e indica la existencia de dos casas para enfermos (hombres y mujeres) dotadas además de unas condiciones excelentes tanto para enfermos como sanos, bien fueran católicos, paganos, judíos, herejes, etc. Ambas casas estaban iluminadas de día y de noche por lo que cabe suponer que estaban provistas de ventanales. El códice arroja otros datos como la existencia «de una despensa repleta de frutos de diversas procedencias».​
El hospital que existe actualmente, en fase aún de ampliación y mejora (2009), fue diseñado en 1792 por el arquitecto José Poudez, y se levantó entre 1802 y 1807 con los criterios de la arquitectura neoclásica. Consiste en un gran bloque horizontal con tres plantas hacia el patio y cuatro hacia el este, apenas marcado por ventanales cuadrangulares y al que se accede por un portal con arco de medio punto enmarcado por pilastras, friso y frontón triangular.
American Gothic House

La Casa de American Gothic (del inglés American Gothic House), también conocida como Casa Dibble (Dibble House) es una casa en Eldon, Iowa, icono del estilo Gótico Carpintero, que sirvió como fondo para la pintura de 1930 de Grant Wood, American Gothic. Generalmente la pintura es considerada como la obra más famosa de Wood y una de las más reconocidas en el arte estadounidense, habiendo sido modelo de numerosas parodias. Grant Wood, que vio la casa solamente una vez en su vida, hizo inicialmente un boceto de su fachada, el cual terminó luego en su estudio de Cedar Rapids.
Gótico inglés

Gótico inglés (English Gothic en lengua inglesa) es la denominación historiográfica de la subdivisión local del arte gótico que se desarrolló en Inglaterra entre 1180 y 1520 aproximadamente. Un estilo que, en voz de Martín González, arranca antes incluso que en Francia, y del que precisamente beberá el arte galo a partir deblos siglos XII y XIII. Sus influencias, sin embargo, así como la fama del gótico inglés estarán limitadas por condicionantes territoriales, tales como su posición insular.​
Además de la decoración escultórica fijada a los elementos arquitectónicos (capiteles, pórticos), la escultura gótica inglesa se produjo en soportes muebles, de tipo retablo, en los que se desarrolló el estilo llamado Nottingham alabaster ("alabastro Nottingham").​
Ejemplos de pintura gótica inglesa son el psalterio Tickhill (Tickhill Psalter, siglo XIV),​ el díptico de Wilton (ca. 1395) o el retablo Westminster (Westminster Retable, ca. 1270).​
Este artículo incorpora texto de una publicación sin restricciones conocidas de derecho de autor: Varios autores (1910-1911). «Encyclopædia Britannica». En Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Encyclopædia Britannica. A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature, and General information (en inglés) (11.ª edición). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; actualmente en dominio público.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela

The Archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela (Latin: Archidioecesis Compostellana) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Spain. It is the most senior of the five districts into which the church divides the region of Galicia.
The seat of the archdiocese is the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, dedicated to the Apostle James.
The archdiocesan jurisdiction covers most of the parishes the central part of Galicia, including the cities of A Coruña and Pontevedra. As per 2014, it pastorally served 1,178,000 Catholics (88.9% of 1,324,741 total) on 8,546 km in 1,071 parishes and 3 missions with 732 priests (536 diocesan, 196 religious), 4 deacons, 1,052 lay religious (400 brothers, 652 sisters) and 22 seminarians.
Covers all Galicia, with four suffragan sees :
On 5 December 1095 Pope Urban II issued the bull Veterum sinodalia transferring the diocese of Iria to Compostela.
In 1120 Pope Calixtus II raised Compostela to an archdiocese.
Tinéu

Tineo is a concejo (municipality) in the Principality of Asturias, Spain. It is situated on a small tributary of the Narcea River. It is the second-largest municipality in Asturias. It is bordered to the north by Valdés, to the south by Cangas del Narcea, to the west by Villayón and Allande, and to the east by Salas, Miranda and Somiedo.
Mining, agriculture and stock-rearing have been the principal industries since the early 20th century.
Top left, Castle Tinéu Top right, Coat of Arms from García de la Plaza, the local Heroe Bottom left, Coat of Arms by the Cistercians Monastery in Castilla Bottom right unten, Coat of Arms by the Franciscans in the Monastery of Tieno middle, das Coat of Arms from the Count of Tineo
The Way of St. James or Camino de Santiago named "The Northern Way" (Camino de la Costa) Camino Primitivo passes Luarca. There are also two Pilgrim Heritages:
The Sacred Art Museum of Tinéu is located at the Plaza Alonso Martinez inside the Convento de San Francisco del Monte ("Convent of San Francisco del Monte"), a 14th-century Roman Catholic church accessible via the AS-217 road.
Cudillero

Cudillero (Asturian: Cuideiru) is a municipality in the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Nowadays, Cudillero's main economic activities are related to tourism, but it is also known for its fishing industry. A legend says that it was founded by the Vikings. In addition to Castillian some locals still speak a dialect called Pixueto.
Usually, Spanish-media considers Cudillero as one of the most beautiful villages in Spain.
(See image at right)
The Way of Saint James, named The Northern Way (Camino de la Costa) passes through Cudillero. There is also a Pilgrim Heritage Hostal: Albergue de Peregrinos «Soto de Luiña» - Soto de Luiña, s/n – 3156-Cudillero with 20 Beds. Phone 985-59.00.03
Cudillero has nine parishes (administrative divisions):
National Historic Landmark District

A National Historic Landmark District (NHLD) is a geographical area that has received recognition from the United States Government that the buildings, landscapes, cultural features and archaeological resources within it are of the highest significance and worthy of preservation.
The boundaries of an NHLD typically include contributing properties that may themselves be listed distinctly as a National Historic Landmark or on the National Register of Historic Places but may also include non-contributing properties. The U.S. federal government designates historic districts through the National Park Service, a division of the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Once designated an NHL District, districts often become cultural destinations and generate economic benefits for the communities from history-related tourism. NHLDs often qualify for preservation grant monies but dramatic or negative change to them can impact their integrity and create cause for concern over the loss of NHLD designation. These threats can come from development or climate change as evidenced most recently with the catastrophic damage to the Lahaina NHLD from wildfires.
One of the largest NHLDs is the island of Nantucket, Massachusetts at over 30,000 acres; some are much smaller, including the Cobblestone National Historic Landmark District in New York state, which is under one acre in size.
There are just over 100 National Historic Landmark Districts in the U.S., including:
Arteixo

Arteixo (Galician: [aɾ.ˈtej.ʃʊ]; Spanish: [aɾ.ˈtej.xo] (Arteijo)) is a municipality in the province of A Coruña, part of the autonomous community of Galicia in northwestern Spain. Its area is 93.76 km and its population is 31,005 (2013). Its population density is 317.43 people/km.
It is an industrial town that belongs to A Coruña metropolitan area.
Notable landmarks are a Repsol refinery - with its associated industry - and the corporate headquarters of Inditex which is better known for its worldwide chain of clothing stores, Zara.
It has tungsten, titanium and tin mines.
As of 2007, the Outer Harbour of A Coruña is being built here, in the Punta Langosteira Peninsula, to replace the busy harbour that is now in the city centre. The construction is planned to finish in 2020.
It is drained by rivers Seixedo and Arteixo.
European medieval architecture in North America

Medieval architecture in North America is an anachronism. Some structures in North America can however be classified as medieval, either by age or origin. In rare cases these structures are seen as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. Although much of this is pseudoscience, these buildings are of interest to American scholars of medieval architecture.
Medieval building that have been transported to North America in modern times.
Other later period buildings were also transported like the Cotswold Cottage, built in the early 17th century in Chedworth, Gloucestershire, England, now in The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury, London, which was designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1677 is now the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri. It includes a spiral staircase which probably dates to the 12th century.
In the 19th Century a movement to recreate medieval architecture reached the Americas, the Gothic Revival. Neo-Gothic styles buildings were erected bringing more medieval architecture into the United States. Not all architects were true to the original design and style. The traditional Lancet arch and triforium found in medieval churches was combined, in some instances, with modern technology to create buildings like the Tribune Tower, a skyscraper in Chicago.
Dowel

The dowel is a cylindrical shape made of wood, plastic, or metal. In its original manufactured form, a dowel is long and called a dowel rod, which are often cut into shorter dowel pins. Dowels are commonly used as structural reinforcements in cabinet making and in numerous other applications, including:
The traditional tool for making dowels is a dowel plate, an iron (or better, hardened tool steel) plate with a hole having the size of the desired dowel. To make a dowel, a piece of wood is split or whittled to a size slightly bigger than desired and then driven through the hole in the dowel plate. The sharp edges of the hole shear off the excess wood.
A second approach to cutting dowels is to rotate a piece of oversized stock past a fixed knife, or alternatively, to rotate the knife around the stock. Machines based on this principle emerged in the 19th century. Frequently, these are small bench-mounted tools.
For modest manufacturing volumes, wood dowels are typically manufactured on industrial dowel machines based on the same principles as the rotary cutters described above. Such machines may employ interchangeable cutting heads of varying diameters, thus enabling the machines to be quickly changed to manufacture different dowel diameters. Typically, the mechanism is open-ended, with material guides at the machine's entry and exit to enable fabrication of continuous dowel rods of unlimited length. Since the 19th century, some of these dowel machines have had power feed mechanisms to move the stock past the cutting mechanism.
When dowels are glued into blind holes, a very common case in dowel-based joinery, there must be a path for air and excess glue to escape when the dowel is pressed into place. If no provision is made to relieve the hydraulic pressure of air and glue, hammering the dowel home or clamping the joint can split the wood. An old solution to this problem is to plane a flat on the side of the dowel; some sources suggest planing the flat on the rough stock before the final shaping of the round dowel. Some dowel plates solve the problem by cutting a groove in the side of the dowel as it is forced through; this is done by a groove screw, a pointed screw intruding from the side into the dowel cutting opening.
When two pieces of wood are to be joined by dowels embedded in blind holes, there are numerous methods for aligning the holes. For example, pieces of shot may be placed between the wood pieces to produce indentations when the pieces are clamped together; after the clamp is released, the indentations indicate the center points for drilling.
The word dowel was used in Middle English; it appears in Wycliffe's Bible translation (circa 1382–1395) in a list of the parts of a wheel: "...and the spokis, and dowlis of tho wheelis..."
Green woodworking

Green woodworking (also written greenwoodworking) is a form of woodworking that uses unseasoned or "green" timber. The term "unseasoned" refers to wood that has been freshly felled or preserved by storing it in a water-filled trough or pond to maintain its naturally high moisture content. This wood is much softer than seasoned timber and is therefore much easier to shape with hand tools. As moisture leaves the unseasoned wood, shrinkage occurs. This can be used as an advantage, as this shrinkage can help ensure tight joints. To enhance the effect of the shrinkage, a half of a joint may be forcibly over-dried in a simple kiln while its encapsulating component is left green. The components tighten against each other as the parts exchange moisture and approach equilibrium with the surrounding environment. The swelling of the dry tenon inside the shrinking “green” mortise makes for an incredibly tight and permanent joint despite a lack of adhesives. Bodging is a traditional green woodworking occupation, where chair components were made in the woods and exported to workshops where the complete chairs were assembled by furniture makers (or cabinetmakers, as they are referred to in the UK). Green woodworking has seen a recent revival due to increased media coverage and the renaissance of hand tool woodworking in general.
Roy Underhill

Roy Underhill (born December 22, 1950) is an American woodworker and television show host. Born and raised in Washington, D.C., he was the first master housewright at the Colonial Williamsburg reconstruction. Since 1979, he has been the host of the PBS series The Woodwright's Shop. Along with This Old House, which debuted the same year, it is the longest running PBS "how-to" show.
Underhill was introduced to traditional woodworking by a sister who worked at the Smithsonian Institution. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and earned a degree in Theater. In the early 1970s, Underhill and his wife moved to Colorado to form Homestead Arts to pursue a career in acting. When that failed, the Underhills moved to a remote area of New Mexico where traditional woodworking was one of the few means of survival.
In the late 1970s, Underhill moved back to North Carolina and Duke University, pursuing a multi-disciplinary course of study including engineering, forestry, and history and was subsequently awarded a Master of Forestry in 1977. At the birth of his first daughter, he approached the UNC Center for Public Television with an idea about a traditional woodworking show. Initially rejected, the idea was finally accepted; in 1979, filming began on The Woodwright's Shop at West Point on the Eno in Durham, N.C. Around the same time, he also took the job as master housewright and later director of interpretive development at Colonial Williamsburg in Virginia. The Woodwright's Shop would subsequently be filmed at the UNC-TV studios in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, with some episodes filmed on location in various places.
More recently, Underhill also works as a communications consultant. He is the author of several books, including The Woodwright's Eclectic Workshop and Woodwright's Shop: A Practical Guide to Traditional Woodcraft. In 2011 he gave a presentation at TEDx Raleigh, sharing the value of ingenuity and living in the present.
Underhill was teaching traditional woodworking in a classroom environment he called "The Woodwright's School" in Pittsboro,NC until August 2023. The Woodwright's School website is still active, but the school is permanently closed and the building now houses another business.
Many hand tool aficionados hold Underhill in extremely high regard and may refer to him with the shorthand "St. Roy."
Paul Sellers

Paul Sellers (born 1950) is a British woodworker, writer and teacher. He was apprenticed as a woodworker in the UK in 1965 at the age of 15. He moved to the US in 1984 and quickly became noted for his ability in traditional woodworking. He has and continues to teach people the craft of woodworking. He taught at the Homestead Heritage Woodworking School in Texas. During his time at the School he designed, and made with a team of craftspeople, cabinets for the White House. He started the New Legacy School of Woodworking that provides short courses. Sellers is the author of Working Wood which was published in 2011 and Essential Woodworking Hand Tools which was published in 2016. He then moved to premises at the Sylva Wood Centre in Long Wittenham, near Abingdon in Oxfordshire. Recently Sellers moved to larger premises in an industrial unit in Abingdon, Oxfordshire.
Sellers has established a considerable worldwide presence and following on YouTube, on his blog (PaulSellers.com) and his two websites (Common Woodworking and Woodworking Masterclasses) where he shares his long experience of woodworking with hand tools.