davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
ست وزراء تنوخیہ

ست الوزراء تنوخیہ ( 624ھ – 717ھ ) آٹھویں صدی کی شام کی محدثہ ، فقیہہ تھیں ۔ وہ ابو عبد اللہ حسین بن ابی بکر مبارک زبیدی اور ابو منجی بن لاطی کی آخری طالبہ تھیں ۔ اس کے قابل ذکر پیشروؤں کے ساتھ ام الدرداء اور فاطمہ بنت عبد الملک ابن مروان، متقی خلیفہ عمر بن عبد العزیز کی اہلیہ، اس کی نمائندگی کرتی ہیں جسے محمد اکرم ندوی شام کی طرف سے علم حدیث کہتے ہیں۔
واضح رہے کہ عربی لفظ "سِت" کا مطلب ذاتی نام نہیں ہے۔ اس کا مطلب ایک خاتون کے طور پر ایک باعزت سلام ہے جو عام طور پر خواتین کے کرداروں سے منسوب ہوتا ہے یا ان خواتین کو جو علم میں کچھ غیر معمولی صلاحیت رکھتی ہیں۔ مثال کے طور پر، 980 میں مصر میں فاطمی خاندان کی ملکہ نے ست الملک کا لقب اختیار کیا ۔ اسی بنا پر آپ کی علم حدیث میں غیر معمولی صلاحیت کی وجہ سے ست کا لقب دیا گیا۔
شیخہ کی پیدائش دمشق میں سنہ چھ سو چوبیس (624ھ) کی یکم تاریخ کو ہوئی تھی اور اسی پر مورخین نے متفقہ طور پر اتفاق کیا ہے، سوائے شیخ شمس الدین جزری کے، جنھوں نے اپنی تاریخ میں اس کا تعین کیا۔ اس کی پیدائش کا سال 630ھ ہے۔ سیت وزیراء، عمر بن اسد ابن منجی تنوخیہ حنبلیہ کی بیٹی تھیں کنیت نام: ام محمد، ام عبد اللہ اور انھیں وزیرہ کہا جاتا ہے: ایک محدثہ ، فقیہہ تھیں۔ وہ دمشق میں پیدا ہوئے ، وہیں پلی بڑھی اور وہیں وفات پائی۔اس نے صحیح بخاری کو ابو عبد اللہ زبیدی کی سند سے لیا اور اسے روایت کیا اور مسند الشافعی کو دمشق میں اور پھر مصر میں سنہ 705ھ میں متعدد بار نقل کیا۔ اپنی پوری زندگی میں، ست وزراء کے بہت سے طلبہ تھے، جن میں عام آدمی اور رئیس شامل تھے۔ وہ نوے سال سے زیادہ زندہ رہیں۔ جیسا کہ ابن کثیر نے بیان کیا ہے، اس نے اپنی آخری سانس تک، اپنی طویل زندگی کے آخری دن تک تعلیم حاصل کی۔
اس نے اپنی تدریس میں غیر معمولی لگن، مستقل مزاجی اور استقامت کا استعمال کیا ہے۔ وہ دمشق میں صحیح بخاری کی تعلیم کے لیے مشہور تھیں، جو احادیث کا اصل مجموعہ ہے (جس میں 7,000 سے زیادہ احادیث شامل ہیں جنہیں اس وقت کے سنی مسلم علما نے متفقہ طور پر قبول کیا تھا) ۔ احادیث کی روایت میں اس کے اہم کردار کا ثبوت صحیح بخاری (تاریخ 8 ویں صدی) کے روشن عنوان صفحہ پر مرکزی عنوان میں نظر آتا ہے، جس میں کہا گیا ہے کہ فربری کی روایت کا سلسلہ ست الوزراء سے جا ملتا ہے۔ دوسرے لفظوں میں راوی نے ست وزراء کی احادیث کے ساتھ سلسلہ رسول بھی سنا۔
مقرزی نے اس کی تعریف ’’ مسندۃ معمرہ‘‘ میں کی ہے ۔ ابن طغری بردی کہتے ہیں: "یہ اپنے زمانے کا سفر بن گیا اور دنیا بھر سے لوگ اس کی طرف سفر کرتے تھے۔" ابن عماد نے کہا: اس وقت کا حامی بہت اچھا تھا۔ اس کے سنہری طالب علم نے اسے "وقت کا حامی" کے طور پر بیان کیا، پھر اس نے کہا: "اور وہ اچھا کام کر رہی تھی۔" الصفدی نے کہا: "وزراء کی خاتون ایک صالح، لمبی عمر والی شیخ تھیں جو وقت کی پابند تھیں... اور وہ تقرریوں کے لیے اپنے عزم میں ثابت قدم اور صبر کرنے والی تھیں۔ "
آپ کا انتقال 717ھ میں بروز جمعرات، 18 شعبان کو ہوا اور انھیں قاسیون میں مظفری مسجد کے اوپر ان کی مٹی میں دفن کیا گیا۔
کلاں مینار

کلاں مینار (فارسی / تاجک: Minâra-i Kalân, Kalon Minor, Kalon Minaret( بخارا ، ازبکستان میں پائے کلاں قلعہ مسجد احاطے کا ایک مینار ہے اور شہر کا ایک نمایاں مقام ہے۔
اوستا بقاء نامی معمار کا ڈیزائن کردہ یہ مینار 1127 میں قاراخانیہ کے حکمران محمد ارسلان خان نے مسلمانوں کو دن میں پانچ بار نماز کے لیے بلانے کے لیے تعمیر کیا تھا۔ ایک پہلا ٹاور مکمل ہونے سے پہلے ہی گر گیا۔ یہ سرکلر پلر بیکڈ اینٹوں کے ٹاور کی شکل میں بنایا گیا ہے اور اوپر کی طرف تنگ ہوتا ہے۔ یہ نچلے حصے میں 9 میٹر (29.53 فٹ) قطر اور نیچے 6 میٹر (19.69 فٹ) اوور ہیڈ کا ، 45.6 میٹر (149.61 فٹ) اونچائی (نقطہ سمیت 48 میٹر) ہے۔
ایک اینٹوں کا سرپل سیڑھیاں ہے جو ستون کے چاروں طرف روٹونڈا تک مڑتی ہے۔ ٹاور کے اڈے میں اینٹوں سے بنی اس کے آس پاس تنگ سجاوٹی ڈور ہیں جو سیدھے یا اخترن دونوں انداز میں رکھی گئی ہیں۔ فریز کو شیلیوں کے ساتھ نیلے رنگ کے شیشے سے ڈھانپ دیا گیا ہے۔
جنگ کے اوقات میں ، جنگجوؤں نے مینار کو چوکیدار کے طور پر دشمنوں کی تلاش میں استعمال کیا۔
اس کی تعمیر کے تقریباً سو سال بعد ، ٹاور نے چنگیز خان کو اتنا متاثر کیا کہ اس نے اس کو بچانے کا حکم دیا جب اس کا ارد گرد اس کے آدمیوں نے تباہ کر دیا تھا۔ اسے ٹاور آف ڈیتھ کے نام سے بھی جانا جاتا ہے ، کیوں کہ حال ہی میں جب تک کہ بیسویں صدی کے اوائل میں مجرموں کو اوپر سے پھینک کر پھانسی دی جاتی تھی۔ 1938 میں شہر کا خفیہ دورہ کرنے والے فزٹروئے میکلین ، اپنی یادداشت کے مشرقی نقطہ نظر میں کہتے ہیں ، "1870 سے صدیوں پہلے اور پھر سن 1917 سے 1920 کے درمیان میں شورش زدہ سالوں میں ، مردوں کو یہاں ان کی موت کے لیے ڈالا گیا۔ "
کچھ تاریخی ذرائع کے مطابق ، اس جگہ پر کلان مینار کی تعمیر سے قبل ایک اور مینار تھا ، ایک چھوٹا ، جو بعد میں گر پڑا اور اس کی جگہ موجودہ تعمیر کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا گیا۔
یہ مینار 1127 (XII صدی) میں تعمیر کیا گیا تھا ، جب بخارا کاراخانی ریاست کا حصہ تھا۔ اس تعمیر کا آغاز کرنے والا کاراخانی خاندان کا حکمران ارسلان خان محمد تھا -، جو شہری ترقی کے لیے جانا جاتا تھا۔ تعمیر کا آغاز کرنے والے کے طور پر اس کا نام مینار کے ایک بیلٹ پر نقش کیا گیا ہے۔ مینار کا معمار باکو کا ماسٹر تھا ، جسے بعد میں مینار ہی سے 45 میٹر دور دفن کر دیا گیا تھا۔ معمار کی مرضی میں کہا گیا کہ مینار اگر گرتا ہے تو ، اس کے سر پر گر پڑا اور اسے وصیت کی کہ اسے اس کی نشان دہی کی جگہ پر دفن کرنے کے لیے۔ علامات کے مطابق ، ماسٹر بلڈر ، جس نے الاباسٹر اور اونٹ کے دودھ سے مینار کی بنیاد رکھی تھی ، غائب ہو گیا ، لیکن صرف دو سال بعد واپس آیا ، جب فاؤنڈیشن پائیدار ہو گئی اور اینٹ کے کام پر آگے بڑھی ۔
ایک وقت میں ، مینار نے متعدد کام انجام دیے۔ یہ بھی ایک مذہبی تقریب تھی خاص طور پر، اس کے لیے استعمال کیا گیا تھا ایک ہی وقت میں ایک مشاہدے ٹاور تھا، اذان (بلا مسلمانوں کے لیے دعا کرنے کے لیے) کلان مسجد ، اگلے مینار واقع ہے جو۔ حکمرانوں اور دوسرے مواقع فرمانوں کو پڑھنے کے لیے قریبی علاقے میں آبادی کو بھی اس کا نام دیا جاتا تھا۔
1924 میں ، دیوار کا ایک چھوٹا سا حصہ اور مینار کے مقرنوں کو بحال کر دیا گیا۔ 1960 میں ، اوچیل بوموموروڈو کی بانی کے ذریعے ، مینار کے زیرزمین حصے کی مرمت اور تقویت ملی ، جہاں مینار کی بنیاد موجود ہے۔ 1997 میں ، بخارا کی 2500 ویں برسی تک ، میناروں کی مکمل تعمیر نو کی گئی اور بہترین کاریگروں نے اسے بحال کیا۔ اس کے بعد کے سالوں میں ، مینار نے بحالی کے چھوٹے کام بھی انجام دیے ۔
مثلہ

مثلہ مثلہ لغت میں عبرتناک سزا کو کہتے ہیں اور اصطلاح میں کسی انسان کے ناک کان وغیرہ کاٹ کر صورت بگاڑدینا مثلہ کہلاتا ہے۔شریعت کی رو سے جس طرح زندہ انسان عزت وتکریم کا مستحق ہے ایسے ہی مردہ انسان کی عزت وتکریم لازم ہے۔جس طرح زندہ انسان کو تکلیف دینے سے تکلیف ہوتی ہے اسی طرح مردہ کو بھی تکلیف ہوتی ہے۔آپ ﷺنے فرمایا مردے کی ہڈی توڑنا اور اسے ایذا پہنچانا ایسا ہی ہے جیسے زندہ کی ہڈی توڑنا چنانچہ اس وجہ سے شریعت نے مثلہ سے منع کیاہے کیونکہ اس میں انسان کی صورت بگاڑنا اور اس کی توہین و تذلیل کرنا ہے۔
انسان اور دیوتا (کتاب)

انسان اور دیوتا (
اردو: انسان اور دیوتا ؛Eng: Man and Gods) نسیم حجازی کا 1944 کا اردو ناول ہے۔ قدیم ہندوستان میں کچھ وقت میں ترتیب دیا گیا، اس ناول میں انسانوں اور ان کے دیوتاؤں کے درمیان عجیب و غریب تعلق اور مروجہ ذات پات کے نظام کے ظلم کو دکھایا گیا ہے۔
راجا کا جنرل سکھ دیو جو دریا کو پار کرتا ہے، نچلی ذات کے لوگوں کی بستیوں کو مسمار کرنے کا عزم کرتا ہے، لیکن ان کی مہربانی سے متاثر ہوتا ہے۔ وہ ان خیالات کے ساتھ پیدا ہوا تھا کہ نچلی ذات کے شودر جانوروں سے بھی بدتر ہیں لیکن اسے اسی بستی کی ایک نچلی ذات کی لڑکی کنول سے محبت ہو جاتی ہے۔ وہ دونوں فرار ہو کر راوی کے کنارے پر چرواہوں کے ایک گاؤں میں رہنے لگے۔ گاؤں کا نیا سردار رامو ، جو بہت چالاک شخص ہے، ایک دن اس خیال کے ساتھ آتا ہے کہ دیوی دیوتاؤں میں، نچلی ذات اور اعلیٰ سماج کے درمیان فرق ہے۔ ان کے پاس طاقتور معبود ہیں جن کی وہ عبادت کرتے ہیں۔ یہ دیوتا انھیں اچھوت کا سبق سکھاتے ہیں۔ ان کی تعلیمات کی وجہ سے، برہمن ہمارے ساتھ نفرت سے پیش آتے ہیں، ہماری زمینیں چھینتے ہیں اور ہم پر ظلم کرتے ہیں۔ اگر ہم اپنے معبود خود بنائیں گے تو رفتہ رفتہ وہ بھی ہمارے معبودوں سے ڈرنے لگیں گے۔ ہم ان اونچی ذاتوں کو اچھوت بنا دیں گے، ہم ان کے ساتھ وہی سلوک کریں گے جو وہ ہمارے ساتھ کرتے رہے ہیں اور جب یہ سب کچھ دیوی دیوتاؤں کے نام پر کیا جائے گا تو کوئی اس کی مخالفت نہیں کر سکے گا۔ سکھ دیو کو رامو کا خیال پسند نہیں ہے لیکن اس کا بیٹا بھی شہر کی ایک اعلیٰ کاسٹ لڑکی سے پیار کرتا ہے۔ کہانی سکھدیو کی ایک اعلیٰ کاسٹ خاندان کے فرد کے طور پر شناخت کے انکشاف کے ساتھ ختم ہوتی ہے۔
انسان اور دیوتا کا پہلا حصہ 1940 میں لکھا گیا تھا۔ بعد ازاں یہ ناول 1944ء میں مکمل ہوا
عالم آرا

ہندوستان کی پہلی بولتی فلم، جو 14 مارچ، 1931ء کو ممبئی کے میجسٹک تھیٹر میں پیش کی گئی۔
اس وقت ہندوستان میں اردو زبان کا بول بالا تھا اور فلم کے پوسٹرز پر چونکانے والے جملے لکھے گئے تھے، مثلاً ’اٹھہتر مردہ انسان زندہ ہو گئے انھیں بولتے دیکھو‘۔ اس انداز نے لوگوں کی بھیڑ اکٹھا کر دی اور پولیس کے لیے اس بھیڑ پر قابو پانا مشکل ہو گیا۔ اس فلم کے ٹکٹ بلیک بھی ہوئے۔
اس زمانے میں فلمی کمپنیاں فلم پروڈیوس کرتی تھیں اور پہلی بولتی فلم عالم آراء امپیریل مووی ٹون کے بینر تلے بنی۔ فلم کے ہدایت کار اردشیر ایرانی تھے۔ اس وقت فلمسازی کے میدان میں بڑی تعداد میں پارسی مذہب کے لوگ حاوی تھے اور ان کی کئی کمپنیاں تھیں۔
جس اسٹوڈیو میں فلم بن رہی تھی وہاں قریب ہی ریل کی پٹری تھی اور ہر چند منٹ بعد ریل گزرتی تھی۔ اس لیے شور سے بچنے کے لیے ساؤنڈ ریکارڈنگ رات کے وقت کی جاتی تھی اور مائیکروفون سیٹ پر چھپا کر رکھے جاتے تھے۔
اس فلم میں ہیرو کا کردار مراٹھی تھیئٹر کے اداکار ماسٹر وٹھل نے کیا۔ ہیروئین زبیدہ تھیں، جو اپنے دور کے ایک امیر گھرانے سے تعلق رکھتی تھیں۔ فلم میں پرتھوی راج کپور اور ایل وی پرساد بھی شامل تھے۔ اس فلم میں کل 22 نغمے تھے۔
Kensico Cemetery

Kensico Cemetery, located in Valhalla, Westchester County, New York was founded in 1889, when many New York City cemeteries were becoming full, and rural cemeteries were being created near the railroads that served the city. Initially 250 acres (1.0 km), it was expanded to 600 acres (2.4 km) in 1905, but reduced to 461 acres (1.87 km) in 1912, when a portion was sold to the neighboring Gate of Heaven Cemetery.
Many entertainment figures of the early twentieth century, including Russian-born Sergei Rachmaninoff, were buried here. The cemetery has a special section for members of the Actors' Fund of America and the National Vaudeville Association, some of whom died in abject poverty.
The cemetery contains four Commonwealth war graves, of three Canadian Army soldiers of World War I and a repatriated American Royal Air Force airman of World War II.
As of December 2021, eight Major League Baseball players are buried here, including Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Lou Gehrig.
Sharon Gardens is a 76-acre (31 ha) section of Kensico Cemetery, which was created in 1953 for Jewish burials.
41°04′40″N 73°47′11″W﻿ / ﻿41.0779°N 73.7865°W﻿ / 41.0779; -73.7865
Battle at Khore

The Battle at Khore (Urdu: : کھوڑ کی جنگ, Sindhi: :کوڙ جي جنگ) was fought between the Kalhora tribe and the Mughal Empire in approximately 1699 in the village of Khore. Today, that village is known as Torre, and it lies on the Nai Gaj, an ephemeral river, near Johi Taluka in Dadu District, Sindh, Pakistan.
Prince Muhammad Mu'azzam, the then-governor of Multan and Lahore, came from Lahore and attacked Sindh. Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro, who had succeeded his father, Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro in 1692, wanted to compromise and surrender, but his younger brother, Yar Muhammad Kalhoro, refused, leading to a battle. The Mughal army was commanded by Gaj Singh Bhatti, Raja Surajmal Udhepuri, and Raja Udhey Singh (who died over the course of the battle). However, the Mughal army defeated the Kalhora force.
Chinese Cemetery (Danyor)

The Gilgit Chinese Memorial Cemetery (Chinese: 吉尔吉特中国烈士陵园, Urdu: گلگت چینی یادگاری قبرستان), locally known as the China Memorial (Shina: چائنہ یادگار, lit. 'Chinā Yadgār'), is a graveyard located in Danyor, Gilgit–Baltistan, about ten kilometres away from the capital city of Gilgit across the Gilgit River. The cemetery, established in early 1970, serves as the final resting place of Chinese workers and engineers who died during the construction of the Karakoram Highway (KKH) in Pakistan throughout the 1960s and 1970s. The tombstones placed over the graves contain epitaph inscriptions in Chinese characters.
In August 2011, a Chinese delegation consisting of retired People's Liberation Army soldiers, journalists and a relative of a worker visited the cemetery to pay homage to the deceased. The visit was widely publicized in the Chinese media. Prior to their departure for Pakistan, they had also met the Pakistani ambassador to China, Masood Khan, who was highly appreciative of their gesture. In April 2013, a ceremony was held at the cemetery in which key Chinese and Pakistani officials were present, including the consul of the Chinese embassy in Islamabad, Zhang Lianyou, officials of the China Road and Bridge Corporation, members of the Gilgit–Baltistan Legislative Assembly and Pakistani law enforcement personnel. During the ceremony, tributes were paid to the deceased and a pledge was laid on behalf of the Chinese government for a renovation of the cemetery. Pakistani officials present at the occasion lauded the contributions of the Chinese workers as a symbol of healthy and longstanding bilateral relations between China and Pakistan.
The Karakoram Highway is an international highway which runs across the Karakoram mountain range and through the Khunjerab Pass, thereby connecting China's Xinjiang region with the neighbouring Pakistani administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan in the Kashmir region. It serves as the primary land transport link between Pakistan and China. Construction of the highway was carried out jointly between the governments of Pakistan and China from 1966 to 1979. The construction of the highway had created difficult conditions for Chinese and Pakistani workers due to the high elevation of the mountain range and turbulent weather. Estimates for the highway construction's death toll ranges from around 1000–5000 people, of which nearly a third were Chinese workers who had died mostly in landslides, avalanches and accidental falls. Newer reports estimate the casualties to be higher than initially reported, and difficult to pinpoint due to the nature of the terrain in the region.
The cemetery remains an important visitor attraction in Gilgit.
Boothill Graveyard (Tombstone, Arizona)

Boothill Graveyard is a small graveyard of at least 250 interments located in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona. Also known as the "Old City Cemetery", the graveyard was used after 1883 only to bury outlaws and a few others. It had a separate Jewish cemetery, which is nearby.
"Boot Hill" refers to the number of men who died with their boots on. Among a number of pioneer Boot Hill cemeteries in the Old West, Tombstone is among the best-known, and it is one of the city's most popular tourist attractions.
Originally called Boothill Cemetery, the graveyard was founded in 1878. After a new city cemetery was built elsewhere, the old cemetery stopped accepting new burials in about 1883 (save for very few exceptions) and fell into disrepair until the 1940s, when the city began to restore and preserve it.
In order to attract tourists, some of the Boot Hill grave sites are falsely marked, and fictitious claims of burials have been made by the cemetery's various operators over the years.
The following are the images of some of the notable graves in the historic Boothill Graveyard.
Official Website - DiscoverBoothill.com
Tombstones of Ahlat

The Tombstones of Ahlat, is the world's largest Turkish-Islamic cemetery in the Middle Ages, located in the Ahlat district of Bitlis in Turkey. The cemetery is an open-air museum today.
Ahlat is a district center in Bitlis Province at the Lake Van shore. The tombstones are in and around the citadel of Ahlat at about 38°45′N 42°30′E﻿ / ﻿38.750°N 42.500°E﻿ / 38.750; 42.500.
The most important tombstones are in the cemeteries known as Harabe şehir cemetery, Taht'ı Suleyman cemetery, Kırklar cemetery, Kale cemetery, Merkez cemetery and Meydanlık cemetery. Among these, only the Kale cemetery has Ottoman tombs .
The history of the city dates back to 900 BC, the Urartu era but the tombstones are from the medieval age. Although the tombstones are known as Seljukid era, according to the governorship of Ahlat they belong to the era of the Shah-Armens, Ayyubid dynasty, the Mongol and the Safavid eras. These periods correspond to the 12th-15th centuries.
The city was referred to as Khlat in Byzantine times, Khelath in Assyrian times, Halt in Arab times, and Ahlat in Iranian and Turkish times. It presided over a number of kingdoms, from the Hurrians in 4000 B.C. to the Ottoman era. Following 1071, it served as the Turkish base as they moved from the east to the west. It has served as the capital of the Shah-Armens, a Seljuk clan, since the early 12th century. Ahlat holds a significant position in the lives of academics, religious leaders, artists, Sufis, and believers that it reared. Because of this characteristic, it is known as "Kubbet-ül Islam" in the Islamic world and has been likened to Bukhara (Uzbekistan) and Balkh (Afghanistan).
This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on February 25, 2000, in the Cultural category.
White Plains Rural Cemetery

White Plains Rural Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in the city of White Plains, Westchester County, New York. The cemetery was organized in 1854 and designed in 1855. It contains miles of narrow, paved roads, none of which are in a straight line. The roads create circular and lozenge-shaped areas for burials. Also on the property is a former church, now a cemetery office. It was built in 1797, and is a 2+1⁄2-story, five-by-three-bay frame building with a high-pitched gable roof. It was modified for office use in 1881.
The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 19, 2003.
Paddington Old Cemetery

Paddington Old Cemetery is a civic cemetery that opened in 1855. It is located in Willesden Lane, Kilburn, in the London Borough of Brent. It is also known as Paddington Cemetery or Willesden Lane Cemetery. It is Grade II listed, Entry Number:1001542.
In 1855 Paddington Burial Board purchased 24 acres of rural land in Willesden. Cemetery designer Thomas Little created a horse-shoe tree-lined path layout. On each side of the entrance he built lodges and in the centre, two Gothic-style chapels (grade II listed, Entry Number:1359002). Its original formation was in a rural landscape which later became a green open space. There is a war memorial by the western entrance. There are 213 graves for casualties of World War I and World War II. The Goetze Memorial (c. 1911), erected by artist Sigismund Goetze in memory of his parents, is Grade II listed, Entry Number:1389534.
By 1923 the cemetery was rapidly becoming filled, and the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington decided to acquire new land for a cemetery further out of London. This was opened as "Paddington New Cemetery" (now known as Mill Hill Cemetery) in 1936, leading to the site on Willesden Lane becoming known by its current name of "Paddington Old Cemetery".
The City of Westminster sold the cemetery to Brent Council in 1986 and still manages it today (2000). Paddington Cemetery received a Special Commendation in the 'Cemetery of the Year Awards' in 1999, the cemetery office being praised for their work in reinstating the cemetery from closed status to local use. To celebrate the Millennium in 2000 new trees were planted and there is an apiary within the cemetery that produces 'Tombstone honey'.
51°32′20″N 0°12′18″W﻿ / ﻿51.539°N 0.205°W﻿ / 51.539; -0.205
Hope Cemetery

Hope Cemetery is a rural cemetery in Barre, Vermont. The city calls itself the "Granite Capital of the World", and the cemetery is known for the superb granite craftsmanship on its memorials and tombstones.
Hope Cemetery was established in 1895, with the purchase of 53 acres of farmland for $7,000. It was designed by the landscape architect Edward P. Adams. By 1895, skilled artisans from around the world, especially Italy, emigrated to Barre to participate in the booming granite industry. One of the main uses of granite throughout the country was in tombstones and memorials. It is estimated that one-third of all memorials in the United States came from Barre.
Silicosis, a respiratory disease caused by granite dust, was common among the artisans and sculptors who were breathing it in every day, which led to an abnormally high death rate. In addition, the 1918–1919 Spanish flu epidemic caused many additional deaths, adding to the need for tombstones. Knowing that death was imminent and possibly around the corner, many sculptors were given to designing their own tombstones to showcase their skill. It is estimated that 75% of the tombstones were designed by the occupants of the graves.
Hope Cemetery has since grown in size to 65 acres (26 ha), and there are more than 10,000 tombstones and memorials located inside. All of its stones are made from "Barre Grey" granite. The cemetery is a common tourist destination, and has been referred to as a "'Museum' of granite sculpture," the "Uffizi of Necropolises", by Vermont folklorist Joseph A. Citro, a "Gallery of granite artistry," a "sculpture garden" and a "Huge outdoor museum."
It is still possible for ornate and unusual tombstones to be put into Hope Cemetery. These large memorials can range in cost from US$20,000–30,000+. Simple headstones cost about $2,000.
Hope is the largest of three cemeteries managed by the city of Barre. It was featured in a story run by the Associated Press, and was also featured in a segment in National Geographic on cities and towns in America.
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New Jewish Cemetery, Kraków

The New Jewish Cemetery (Polish: Nowy cmentarz żydowski w Krakowie) is a historic necropolis situated on 55 Miodowa Street in Kraków, Poland. Located in the former Jewish neighborhood of Kazimierz, it covers an area of about 4.5 hectares (11 acres). Since 1999, the cemetery is a registered heritage monument. The grounds also feature a well-preserved mortuary.
The New Jewish Cemetery was founded in 1800 on grounds purchased by the Jewish Qahal from the Augustinians. It was enlarged in 1836 with additional land purchased from the monks. Following Poland's return to independence, the New Cemetery became nearly full. From 1932 on, burials were directed to a new plot bought in 1926 by the Qahal along Abrahama Street and the one at nearby Jerozolimska Street, both in the Wola Duchacka neighborhood (now part of Podgórze district). These two other cemeteries formed the site of the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp during the Holocaust and no longer exist. The Jews from the Kraków Ghetto were sent there.
Following the Nazi invasion of Poland in World War II, the New Cemetery was closed to outsiders and the Germans sold the most valuable stonework to local masons. Other headstones, as well as slabs, were turned into construction material and used for paving the supply road to the camp, including the courtyard of commandant Amon Göth, who is known for having insisted that the Jews pay for their own executions. Meanwhile, the old bones at the cemetery were often left uncovered and scattered around in what looked like an open-pit mine. Caretaker Pina Ladner, who used to live on premises, was sent to Płaszów beforehand, and shot.
Soon after the war ended, a local civil engineer identified only as Mr. Stendig, likely Jakub Stendig, a camp survivor, recovered many tombstones from the Płaszów camp site, and arranged to have them reinstalled at the New Cemetery.
In 1957, the grounds were renovated with funds from the Joint Distribution Committee. On March 24, 1999, the cemetery, including the 1903 mortuary, were entered into the register of historical monuments of Kraków.
The New Jewish Cemetery features a renovated brick mortuary hall built in 1903, as well as the postwar lapidary memorial fitted with old headstones and crowned with a block of black marble. The cemetery contains over 10,000 tombs, the oldest dating from 1809. There are many monuments commemorating the death of Jews killed during the Holocaust.
Those buried at the New Jewish Cemetery of Kraków include:
Dead Bodies

Dead Bodies is a 2003 Irish drama film by Robert Quinn starring Andrew Scott, Katy Davis, Eamonn Owens, Darren Healy and Kelly Reilly. The screenplay was written by Derek Landy.
It was the first film shot in Ireland on high definition.
Tommy McGann (Scott) gets back together with his ex-girlfriend, after breaking up with her recently. But later on, the two fight, in which Tommy leaves the apartment as he pushes her out of his way. He returns later to find her dead, realising he pushed her onto the table where she fell and cracked her head. Tommy drives the body out into the woods and buries it there. Soon after, the police discover the body of not only Tommy's victim, but also someone else whose murderer is still at large.
Dead Bodies was nominated for four IFTA awards and won three for Best Actor in a Film (Andrew Scott), Best Editing (Dermot Diskin) and Best Sound/Sound Editing (Daniel Birch).
Unnao dead bodies row

On 14 January 2015, more than one hundred unidentified dead bodies were found floating in the River Ganges in Unnao district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. The dead bodies are believed to be of mostly unmarried girls and children. They were later buried at the riverbank.
The bodies, which were mostly of children and unmarried girls, were first noticed on 14 January 2015 by some villagers at Ganga Ghat Shuklaganj balu ghat in Unnao district when crows and dogs were feeding on them. The area was cordoned off by officials and 104 dead bodies were retrieved from the river. Samples were taken for forensic DNA profiling, as, according to officials, postmortem was not possible. Without going for cremation the dead bodies were buried at the riverbank. On the same day, six more dead bodies were found floating in the river and retrieved from the neighbouring district of Jhansi.
One of the explanations given by the officials was that since the river had changed its course due to the construction of a new barrage, the water level became lower and the bodies surfaced. A magisterial enquiry was ordered by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Akhilesh Yadav to uncover the facts of the incident. The chairperson of Bahujan Samaj Party, Mayawati, demanded CBI enquiry into the incident and said that it "has infused fear among people". Azam Khan, a cabinet minister in Uttar Pradesh government, accused political rival Sakshi Maharaj of being responsible for the incident;
The dead bodies were found floating in a canal at Ganga Ghat Shuklaganj balu ghat, which connects to the Ganges and is 60 km southwest from Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh and 30 km northeast from Kanpur.
The Ganges River is regarded as a holy river by Hindus and many crematory ghats are on its banks. Police officials of Unnao have offered an explanation that the bodies were of "people who were dumped in the river or buried on the banks after their families could not afford a proper cremation."
Kwétiau

Kwétiau (Hanzi: 粿條, hanyu pinyin: guotiao, juga disebut 沙河粉, shā hé fěn) nyaéta sajinis mie Tionghoa anu warnana bodas anu dijieuna tina béas. Kwetiau nyaéta kadaharan asalna ti Tiongkok anu dijieuna tina tipung tarigu, ragi, soda, ammonium bicarbonat jeung uyah.
Mimitina kwetiau ilaharna dijual ku pamayang jeung patani. Kwetiau atawa Char kway teow, anu hartina potongan mi beras goreng. Dina resep aslina, kwetiau digoréng dina lemak babi kalayan ngahasilkeun rasa anu gurih. Char kway téow aya di pusat kadaharan di Singapura seperti di Maxwell Road Hawker Centre anu jadi hidangan andalan di Princess Terrace Cafe. Sajarahna mah di jaman Dinasti Song, sélér Jin ti kalér kuat pisan, geus sabaraha kali nyerang negeri Song. Anu satuluyna Karajaan Song diéléhkeun anu mana kaisar Wei jeung Xin beunang. Tuluy raja Gang ngadegkeun dinasti Song Kidul. Untungna aya saurang jéndral anu ngarana Yue Fei mingpin tentara Song pikeun ngalawan. Hanjeluna saencan anjeunna bisa ngarebut deui ibu kota Song, anu saeutik deui jarakna kira-kira 22 kilométér. Kajadian ieu jadi kasang tukang ayana kadaharan kwetiau anu aya sawatara jalma anu geuleuh ka Chin Kuai anu geus mitnah Jendral Yue Fei, maranéhna nyieun tipung tarigu anu ngagambarkeun Chin Kuai jeung pamajikana, dihijikeun jadi hiji, anu satuluyna di goréng tuluy di dahar. Baheula ieu kadaharan téh ngarana Yu –Zha (goréng jeung minyak) Chin Kuai, anu diringkas jadi Yu Zha Kuai (Hokkian Yu Tjah Kwee), Tjah kwee atawa Yutiao (Basa Mandarin) anu ayeuna dipikawanoh kwetiau.
31 Pébruari

31 Pébruari, nurutkeun kalénder Kulon modéren (nurutkeun Grégori), nyaéta hiji tanggal anu henteu nyata. Tanggal ieu sakapeung dipaké pikeun conto, jeung tujuan hiji informasi jadi écés tanpa perlu nengetan naha mibanda tanggal nyata atawa henteu nyata.
30 Pébruari sakapeung ogé dipaké dina harti anu sarua.
Maséhi

Kecap Maséhi biasana ngarujuk kana taun tarikh nurutkeun Kalénder Grégorian. Kecap ieu asalna tina Basa Arab.
Mimitina taun Maséhi ngarujuk kana taun anu dianggap minangka taun kalahiran Nabi Isa atawa Yesus ti Nazarét. Sabalikna, istilah Saméméh Maséhi (SM) ngarujuk kana mangsa saméméh taun kasebut. Lolobana masarakat non-kristen biasana ngagunakeun singgetan M sarta SM sanajan henteu ngarujuk kana konotasi Kristen kasebut. Sistem penanggalan anu ngarujuk kana taun Maséhi mimitina diadopsi di Éropa Kulon salila abad ke-8.
Dina basa Inggris sarta dipaké sacara internasional, istilah Maséhi disebutna Anno Domini (AD) sarta saméméh Maséhi disebutna Before Christ (BC).
Ramo

Ramo basa Indonésiana jari; basa Inggris digit (finger atawa toe) nyaéta bagéan tina awak anu pernahna dina leungeun jeung suku kénca jeung katuhu. Dina kaayaan normal/umum ramo téh jumlahna aya lima, tayalian ti
Ramo diwangun ku sabubuhan bagéan tulang anu ieu tulang téh dibungkus ku daging tur otot, henteu ngan manusa baé anu mibanda ramo, lolobana sato ogé mibanda ramo sok sanajan lobana henteu tangtu nepi ka lima. Pikeun jalma anu pégo (henteu bisa nyarita) mangsa nepikeun maksud atawa hubungan komunikasi jeung anu séjéna ku jalan maké ramo anu diusikkeun atawa digerakeun dina wanda anu geus ilahar tur mibanda harti anu baris dikanyahokeun kunu nénjokeun atawa batur ngobrolna. Sakapeung aya ogé ramo nu ngarandapan gangguan atawa henteu normal ku lantaran panyakit, saperti ramo nu maréréngkel nu ilahar disebut kékéd.
Lupis (food)

Lupis (sometimes lopis) is an Indonesian traditional sweet cake made of glutinous rice, banana leaves, coconut, and brown sugar sauce. Lupis is one of many glutinous rice desserts from Indonesia. Lupis are sometimes cylindrically shaped like Lontong, or shaped like a triangle. Lupis is usually eaten with thick palm sugar syrup and with shredded coconut toppings. Often eaten at breakfast or as a side dish during the evening, lupis is often sold at traditional marketplaces throughout Indonesia and is a popular food found nationwide, but especially in middle and eastern Java as well as West Sumatra. Lupis is one of the top desserts that tourists who visit Purwokerto in Java seek.
Lupis is made by first soaking glutinous rice in water, salt, and lime juice. After draining the water, the soaked glutinous rice is moved onto banana leaves in single-serving-size portions to be wrapped for shaping. The wrapped rice triangles are then put aside for the creation of the syrup condiment. Coconut sugar is dissolved in water and brought to a boil, and left to thicken. Grated coconut is then sprinkled on top of the unwrapped lupis and drizzled with coconut sugar syrup to be served.
Diet for a Small Planet

Diet for a Small Planet is a 1971 book by Frances Moore Lappé. It was a bestseller in the West, and argues for the potential role of soy as a superior form of protein. It demonstrates the environmental impact of meat production and a contributor to global food scarcity. She argued for environmental vegetarianism—practising a vegetarian lifestyle out of concerns over animal-based industries and the production of animal-based products.
The book has sold over three million copies and was groundbreaking for arguing that world hunger is not caused by a lack of food but by ineffective food policy. In addition to information on meat production and its impact on hunger, the book features simple rules for a healthy diet and hundreds of meat-free recipes. "Its mix of recipes and analysis typified radicals' faith in the ability to combine personal therapy with political activism."
Knowing that her audience would be skeptical that a vegetarian diet could supply sufficient protein, much of the book is devoted to introducing the method of protein combining. With this method of eating, different plant foods are taken together so that their combined amino acid pattern better matches that required by our bodies, termed "net protein utilization". The general principle of combining foods for optimum net protein utilization combines adjacent pairs of the following: [dairy] with [grains] with [legumes] with [seeds].
But while Lappé was correct that combining would indeed result in a more meat-like protein profile, eating a variety of plant foods throughout the day will provide one with all the amino acids required by humans, in amounts which satisfy growth and maintenance. There is no need to combine foods at individual meals.
Lappé admitted in the 10th anniversary 1981 version of the book that sufficient protein was easier to get than she had thought at first:
In some traditional cuisines there is a balance of 70% whole grains to 30% legumes, which may vary to 80% grains with 20% legumes. This tradition can be seen expressed in three regions:
Other recent authors mention that traditional cuisine in Africa combines sorghum or millet with ground nuts. The first edition, published by Ballantine, was sponsored by the Friends of the Earth organization. It includes recipes based on the complementary combinations and was followed by a collection, Recipes for a Small Planet by Ellen Buchman Ewald, with an introduction written by Lappé. A film carrying Lappé's message was distributed by Bullfrog Films.
2005 Indonesia food scare

The 2005 Indonesia food scare was a food scare in 2005 in Jakarta, Indonesia, when the government found that 60% of noodle shops in the capital had been serving noodles laced with formaldehyde, a known carcinogen. Police raids were immediately launched to shut down the large suppliers to spread awareness of the consequences faced by formaldehyde offenders that included large fines and a maximum 15-year jail term, if found guilty. Noodles in the 2007 Vietnam food scare also had the same contaminant, and the chemical preservative had also definitely been found on tofu, noodles, and salted fish. Thailand has similar formaldehyde problems. Rumors spread that it was used on chicken as well.
Chettinad cuisine

Chettinadu cuisine (Setti Nadu in tamil) is the cuisine of a community called the Nattukotai Chettiars, or Nagarathars, from the Chettinad region in Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu state in India. Chettinad cuisine is perhaps the most renowned fare in the Tamil Nadu repertoire. It uses a variety of spices and the dishes are made with fresh ground masalas. Chettiars also use a variety of sun-dried meats and salted vegetables, reflecting the dry environment of the region. Most of the dishes are eaten with rice and rice based accompaniments such as dosas, appams, idiyappams, adais and idlis. The Chettiars, through their mercantile contacts with Burma, learnt to prepare a type of rice pudding made with sticky red rice. The chefs of manapatti village near Singampunari are experts in cooking Chettinad cuisine. They always used to cook in bulk orders for marriage functions, political functions, etc. though manapatti cooking is portrayed as madurai cuisine because it is located near to madurai district, it comes under chettinad cuisine only and it also comes under the chettinad region of sivagangai district. The entire village people is famous in the art of cooking.
Chettinad cuisine offers a variety of vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Some of the popular vegetarian dishes include idiyappam, paniyaram, vellai paniyaram, karuppatti paniyaram, paal paniyaram, kuzhi paniyaram, kozhukatta, masala paniyaram, aadikoozh, kandharappam, seeyam, masala seeyam, kavuni arisi, maavurundai, and athirasam.
In Chettinad food, major spices used include anasipoo (star aniseed), kalpasi (a lichen), puli (tamarind), milagai (chillies), sombu (fennel seed), pattai (cinnamon), lavangam (cloves), punnai ilai (bay leaf), karu milagu (peppercorn), jeeragam (cumin seeds), and venthayam (fenugreek).
In the 2014 book The Bangala Table: Flavor and Recipes from Chettinad by Sumeet Nair and Meenakshi Meyyappan, historian S. Muthiah writes:
Writer Guy Trebay adds in the foreword of the same book:
Сүхбаярын Батцоож

Сүхбаярын Батцоож нь Алтан гадас одонт ураач, дүрслэх урлагийн Доктор (Ph.D) багш хүн юм.
Баарин овогт Сүхбаярын Батцоож дүрслэх урлагийн багш нь 1978 онд Дундговь аймагт төржээ. Монголын урчуудын эвлэлийн гишүүн зураач юм.
гэх зэрэг хамтын олон арван үзэсгэлэнд оролцоод байна.
Зураач С.Батцоожийн үзэсгэлэн нээгджээ
Зураач Сүхбаярын Батцоожын “ХҮЛЭГ МИНУ” уран бүтээлийн бие даасан үзэсгэлэн
Дүрслэх урлагийн багш нар хамтран судалбар хийжээ
Дорнод аймаг

Дорнод (монгол бичгээр ᠳᠣᠷᠤᠨᠠᠳᠤ – дорунаду) — Монгол Улсын аймаг.
Дорнод аймаг 1931 онд байгуулагджээ. 1941 оноос Хорлоогийн Чойбалсангийн алдраар "Чойбалсан аймаг" гэж нэрлэгдэж байгаад 1963 оноос эргэн "Дорнод" хэмээн нэрлэгдэх болжээ. Газар нутгийн хэмжээ - 123,597 км². Хүн амын тоо - 74,200 (2007 оны эцсийн байдлаар). Засаг захиргааны төв - Чойбалсан хот. Аймгийн нутаг засаг захиргааны хувьд 14 суманд хуваагддаг.
Дорнод аймаг Монгол Улсын хамгийн зүүн талд оршдог. Хэрэглээний бүсчлэлээр зүүн бүст хамаарна. Умард талаараа ОХУ (Өвөр Байгалын хязгаар), дорнод талаараа БНХАУ (ӨМӨЗО-ы Хөлөнбуйр, Хянган, Шилийн гол) гэх хоёр улстай хил залгана. Улс дотор Сүхбаатар, Хэнтий хоёр аймагтай хаяална. Тэгш тал газар зонхилно. Тус аймгийн нутагт байх Хөх нуурын хотгор (д.т.д. 560 метр) Монгол орны хамгийн нам дор газар гэгддэг.
Дунд палеозой, Юра, Цэрдийн галавын чулуулаг болон дөрөвдөгчийн неогены хурдас их тархжээ. Хэрлэн, Онон, Улз, Халх зэрэг гол урсаж, Буйр, Хөх, Галуут, Яхь зэрэг нуур долгиотдог. Цагаан хүндийн, Утаатминчүүр, Эрээн, Цагаанчулуут, Дайхар зэрэг рашаан бий.
Дорнод аймгийн нутаг засаг захиргааны хувьд дээд түвшинд 14 сум, дэд түвшинд 63 багт хуваагддаг. Дорнод аймгийн хүн амын тоо 2000 онд 75,373 байсан бол 2010 оны тооллогоор нийт хүн ам 69,552 болж буурчээ. Үүн дотор МУ-д оршин суугаа МУ-ын харьяат иргэн 68589, МУ-д оршин суугаа гадаадын харьяат болон харьяалалгүй хүн ам 284, гадаадад суугаа Дорнод аймаг, МУ-ын харьяат иргэн 679 бүртгэгджээ.
Аймгийн нутгийн ихэнхээр хээрийн хүрэн хөрс голлох бөгөөд хойд ба бүр зүүн өмнөд захаар нь нугын хүрэн хөрс тархжээ. Хээрийн өвслөг ургамал ихтэй, манай орны хадлан бэлчээрийн хамгийн их нөөцтэй аймаг юм. Халиун буга, цагаан зээр, монгол тарвага зэрэг ан амьтан элбэгтэй.
Мал аж ахуй, газар тариалан голлон хөгжүүлсэн бөгөөд барилгын материал, хүнсний үйлдвэр хөгжүүлсэн. Аймгийн төв Чойбалсан хот нь төмөр замын цэг бөгөөд энд зүүн аймгуудад үйлчилдэг дамжлага бааз ажилладаг. Дорнод аймагт ОХУ руу гарах хилийн боомт Эрээнцав, Ямалах боомт Чулуунхороот суманд, Ульхан боомт Баян-Уул сумын нутагт, Хятад улс руу гарах Хавиргын боомт Чойбалсан суманд, Баянхошууны болон Өвдөгийн боомтууд Халхгол суманд тус тус бий. Давс, нүүрс (Адуун чулуу), холимог металл, газрын тос, уран, барилгын материал зэрэг ашигт малтмалтай.
Coat of arms of the Republic of Tuva

The emblem of Tuva is a light blue field with a yellow border. In the center of the field is a traditional horseman, symbolizing Tuva's sovereignty and spirit. The coat of arms was created in 1992, and is similar to the present state emblem of Mongolia, which was adopted that same year.
The yellow symbolizes gold and Tibetan Buddhism. Blue symbolizes the morals of nomadic herdsmen (who are commonly respected in the region), as well the Tuvan sky. The blue pall symbolizes the confluence of the Bii-Khem (Bolshoy Yenisei) and Kaa-Khem (Maly Yenisei) rivers at the Tuvan capital of Qızıl, where they form the Yenisey River, known to locals as the Ulug-Khem River. White symbolizes silver and virtue; additionally, it is common in Tuva for hostesses to greet guests with silver streamers in their arms.
Mkalatusi

Mikalatusi au mikalitusi (kwa Kiing. gum tree) ni miti na vichaka ya jenasi Eucalyptus katika familia Myrtaceae.
Miti hii kiasili inatokea Australia na maeneo jirani ya Australasia. Kuna spishi zaidi ya 700 katika jenasi hii. Spishi 15 pekee ziko nje ya Australia. Siku hizi zinapatikana kote duniani kwa sababu zimepandwa kote katika maeneo tropiki na nusutropiki pamoja na Amerika, Afrika, nchi kando la Mediteranea, Mashariki ya Kati, China na Uhindi. Spishi zilizo nyingi haziwezi kustawi katika maeneo penye jalidi (kama halijoto inashuka chini ya sentigredi 0) maana mikalatusi haziwezi kukauka wakati wa baridi na kama halijoto inashuka mno maji katika matawi na shina inaganda na kuharibu seli zake.
Spishi mbalimbali zimeenezwa duniani kutokana na tabia zao za kukua haraka na hivyo kuwa chanzo cha ubao, kuwa na mafuta ndani yake yenye manufaa mbalimbali na wezo wao wa kukausha kinamasi na hivyo kupunza hatari ya malaria. Hivyo kuna pia upinzani dhidi ya kupanda mikalatusi kwa sababu zinatumia maji mengi.
Mikalatusi inapatikana kama vichaka au miti mikubwa hata mikubwa sana.
Mikalatusi za msituni huwa na shina moja ndefu na kilele cha matawi kisicho kirefu sana. Mkalatusi jitu (Eucalyptus regnans) ni mti wa majani mrefu kabisa; mmoja ulipatikana huko Tasmania mwenye urefu wa mita 97 na mzingo wa mita 20.
Vichaka vya mikalatusi vinafikia kimo cha chini ya mita 10.
Kimo cha miti yao hupangwa kuwa
Karibu spishi zote huwa na majani mwaka wote lakini chache zinatupa majani wakati wa kiangazi. Kama spishi nyingi za familia ya myrtaceae majani huwa na tezi za mafuta.
Hata miti mikubwa mara nyingi hutoa kivuli kidogo tu kwa sababu majani yanatazama chini kwa kusudi la kupunguza athira ya nuru ya jua kwenye kanda la tropiki.
Majani mapya na majani yenye umri mrefu zaidi mara nyingi huonekana tofauti kwa rangi na umbo.
Ganda inaonekana kulingana na umri wa mti. Kama miti yote mkalatusi unaongeza tabaka mpya ya ganda kila mwaka na hivyo kuongeza unene wa shina.
Kwenye spishi mbalimbali tabaka ya nje ya ganda inakauka na kuachana na shina kwa kanda ndefu au kwa vipande-vipande. Spishi nyingine zinashika ganda lililokauka kwenye sehemu ya chini ya shina pekee (kwa Kiingereza inaitwa "black butts" au "half bark"), sehemu ya juu ya shina huwa na ganda nyororo.
Mikalatusi huwa na aina ya mafuta ndani ya majani na ubao yanayoweza kuwaka. Kuna taarifa ya kwamba miti ililipuka wakati wa moto ya msituni. Moto zinaweza kuenea haraka kwenye misitu ya mikalatusi kwa sababu ndimi za moto zinaruka katika vilele vya matawi; katika hali ya joto mafuta kwenye majani huyeyuka kuwa mvuke ambako moto inaenea haraka mno. Miti ya mikalatusi zinaweza kudumisha moto kwa sababu baaada ya kuangamizwa nje kuna sehemu za kuotesha majanai na matwi zinzofichwa ndani ya ganda au kwenye sehemu ya mizizi yao. Pia mbegu ni ngumu haiharibiki haraka na kuota baada ya moto kupita.
Mto Exe

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Mto Exe katika Uingereza huanza katika kijiji cha Simonsbath, juu ya Exmoor katika Somerset, karibu na pwani ya mtaro wa Bristol, lakini lakimi hutiririka kuelekea kusini, hivyo urefu wake huwa katika Devon. Hufika kwenye bahari kupitia mdomo wa exe , juu ya kusin ya (mtaro wa Uingereza) pwani ya Devon. Kihistoria, eneo la chini kabisa la mgawanyiko wake ni Exeter, ingawa sasa kuna kuna njia ya magari ya M5 motorway 3 km kusini mwa katikati mwa mji huo.
Jina la mto limetokana na neneo la Celtic Isca linalomaanisha, maji. Jina la mto huu limechukuliwa na mji wa Exeter na makazi mengine mengi katika mkondo wake, pamoja na Exford, Up exe, Nether exe, Exwick, Exton, Exminster, na Exebridge, ambapo inajiunga na mto Barle. Mji ulio pande ya bahari ya Exmouth uko katika upande wa mashariki ya kinywa cha mto huu, na Dawlish Warren iko magharibi, pamoja na eneo la mchanga linalopitia juu ya kinywa.
Mto huu ulikimbiza ukuaji wa Exeter, na eneo la kwanza la viwanda katika mji huu lilijengwa kwenye kisiwa cha exe , katika magharibi ya mji. Kisiwa hiki kilikuwa makao ya viwanda vya karatasi na nguo; pia iliunda ardhi yenye thamani kwa njia ya kukausha maeneo ardhi iliyokuwa na maji.
Mawimbi kwenye mto huu huwa machahe katika Countess Wear, eneo laweir liliteuliwa na Countess ya Devon katika karne ya 13. Mataro wa Exeter hupitia eneo la weir ili kuwawezesha meli kufikia Exeter Quay. Wakati wa mawimbi, kinywa hiki huwa na maji mengi saba na kutumika kwa michezo inyohusiana na maji.
Reli huwa pande zote mbili za kinywa hiki. Laini ya Avocet kutoka Exeter katika upande wa mashariki wa Exmouth , na laini kuu ya Devon Kusini magharibi. laini hii huwa katika , Ukuta wa Devon Kusini kutoka Reli ya bahari Powderham katika Dawlish Warren. Feri ya Exmouth hadi Starcross hubeba abiria juu ya kinywa hiki wakati wa miezi ya jua, kuunganisha bandari katika Exmouth na gati katika reli ya Starcross karibu na kituo cha laini kuu Devon Kusini .
Wakati wa mawimbi madogo, gorofa za matope huwa kwa wingi, na hizi ni chanzo muhimu cha chakula cha ndege. Pamoja na mitaro mingine Uingereza, Kusini Magharibi na Exe ni muhimu maeneo muhimu ya ndege wa misimu ya baridi. Dawlish Warren ni eneo muhimu la kuwatazama ndege. Mto huu una maji yenye asidi na tauti wa kahawia mwitu trout kiwango cha wastani kwa kawaida huwa 8-10 oz. Tofauti na mito ya nchi za Magharibi mito mingi haina trauti wa bahari, samaki. Mita 150 tu chini ya muungano wa Mto Barle ni mojawapo ya eneo bora la samaki bora, na katika mto: Black Pool.
Mwaka wa 2008 Shirika la Mazingira lilianza mradi wa kusafisha mto kutokana na mimea iliyokuwa ikikuwa. Ili kufanya hivyo ngazi ya maji ilipungua hadi ngazi ya chini - maji kidogo yalibaki kuliko ukame uliokuwa katika mji huo.
Salt and pepper catfish

The salt and pepper catfish (Corydoras habrosus) is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the Corydoradinae sub-family of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America, and is found in the Upper Orinoco River basin in Venezuela and Colombia.
C. habrosus, is often found in periodic wetlands, large floodplains to where other species migrate seasonally. These small corydoras are prone to entrapment in receding waters, and populations can suffer during the dry season. Their natural habitat tends to be abundant in leaf litter and plant life, providing ample cover to allow these fish to roam moderately freely. As a bottom dwelling species C. habrosus tends to stick to the lower regions of the river, however, on occasion corydoras will dart up to the water surface to take in air. They use their intestines as an air breathing organ to absorb oxygen, and expel the remnant air out of the anus.
The fish will grow in length up to 1.4 inches (3.5 centimeters). It lives in a tropical climate in water with a 5.5 – 7.5 pH, a water hardness of 2 – 10 dGH, and a temperature of about 77 °F (25 °C). The diet consists of worms, benthic crustaceans, insects, and plant matter.
It is a peaceful fish and can be kept in a community aquarium of smaller fish species such as ember tetras, clown panchax, endler guppies and small species of rasbora. It should be kept in groups of at least 6 individuals, ideally 10 or more. A shoal should be kept in a tank that is at least 14 gallons in size. Salt and pepper catfish can be fed most small sinking foods including pellets, flake food and preserved baby brine shrimp. Frozen foods such as baby brine shrimp, rotifers and cyclops can also be fed either regularly or exclusively.
In captivity, breeding can be difficult to achieve. Some aquarists report that large water changes with relatively cold water can stimulate habrosus in to spawning.
Spawning is marked by obvious behaviours; males will swim close to the female, if multiple males are present they will surround the female swimming from side to side quickly. The female holds an egg visibly under her ventral fin ready for fertilising. The female can then be seen to 'massage' the males belly. The female will then choose an appropriate place to deposit her egg, usually on plants near the substrate, particularly on the underside of the leaves but can also be found on the aquarium glass and decor. Eggs are rarely placed on the top of the leaves or close to the water surface. The spawning male will protect the female from other males attempting to spawn with her.
Sun-dried banana

Sun-dried bananas are a type of food made by peeling bananas and drying them in sunlight.
They are popular in Thailand, where they are known as kluay-tak in Thai, from klauy-tak-hang for "sun-dried banana". In the Bang Kra Tum district, Phitsanulok province, kluay-tak is a popular dessert made with the local banana variety Mali-Ong, which is sweeter and softer than bananas from other geographic locations. The resulting kluay-tak is fragrant, sweet, and soft textured.