davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Carmen Posadas

Carmen Posadas (born August 13, 1953, in Montevideo) is a prize-winning Uruguayan-Spanish author of books for children. She also writes for film and television. She is a recipient of the Premio Planeta de Novela. She became an honorary professor of the University of Peru in 2010.
She was born in Montevideo in 1953 as the daughter of an Uruguayan diplomat. She has lived in Madrid since 1965. Besides Madrid, she has also lived in many capital cities including Moscow, Buenos Aires, and London where her father was ambassador.
She went to Oxford University but left before graduating when she married Rafael de Cueto. They had two children, Sofía (1975) and Jimena (1978). She later divorced de Cueto and married Mariano Rubio. In 1985, she was granted Spanish nationality. In 1988, she became a host on Spanish public television RTVE.
She began her literary career in 1980 writing books for children. In 1984, she won the Premio Nacional de Literatura (Spanish prize of literature). In 1996 she published her first novel, Cinco Moscas Azules (Five Blue Flies) which was one of the most original and successful books of the year. Her second novel, Pequeñas infamias (Little Indiscretions), won the coveted Planeta Prize in 1998. Since then, she has sold more a million copies in more than fifty countries and she has been translated in 23 languages. More recent successful books are "Childs Play" and "The Red Ribbon".
Her brother, Gervasio Posadas, is also a prize-winning novelist.
Complete bibliography:
Gervasio Posadas Mañé

Gervasio Posadas Mañé, more widely known as Gervasio Posadas, is a prize-winning novelist, born in Uruguay and currently resident in Spain.
Gervasio Posadas was born in Montevideo in 1962, the son of an Uruguayan diplomat. He and his three siblings spent their childhood travelling between diplomatic missions in the USSR, Argentina and the United Kingdom, eventually taking up residence in Spain. He worked for several multinational companies as a marketing specialist before dedicating himself to writing on a full-time basis. He published his first novel El secreto del gazpacho (The Secret of Gazpacho), a lampoon of self-improvement manuals, in 2007, with a further six to follow, including Niki Zas y el retrete nuclear (Niki Zas and the Radioactive WC) – a novel for children – and La venganza es dulce y además no engorda (Vengeance is Sweet and Won’t Make You Fat), which was included in the New Spanish Books 2009 shortlist of books recommended for translation into English.
El mentalista de Hitler (Hitler’s Clairvoyant), published in May 2016, is based on the true story of Erik Jan Hanussen, who predicted Hitler’s rise to power in the early 1930s. According to the Spanish writer Juan Eslava Galán, “it’s a splendid novel, that reveals a little known side of Nazi Germany.” His latest novel, El mercader de la muerte (Merchant of Death) is centred around the enigmatic figure of Basil Zaharoff, an international gun-runner who was particularly active in the 1930s. It has been described by the novelist Lorenzo Silva as "A crude life journey, from Constantinople to Montecarlo, narrated with rare elegance and which reads like one of the best-written mystery stories."
Gervasio is the brother of the writer Carmen Posadas, with whom he jointly wrote Hoy caviar, mañana sardinas (Caviar today, Sardines Tomorrow), which won the Premio Sent Sovi for Gastronomic Literature in 2008 and the Prix Eugénie Brazier for Best Gastronomic Novel in 2014.
The author writes a blog for the Spanish edition of the Huffington Post.
Brazier

A brazier (/ˈbreɪʒər/) is a container used to burn charcoal or other solid fuel for cooking, heating or rituals. It often takes the form of a metal box or bowl with feet, but in some places it is made of terracotta. Its elevation helps circulate air, feeding oxygen to the fire. Braziers have been used since ancient times; the Nimrud brazier dates to at least 824 BC.
The word brazier is mentioned in the Bible. The Hebrew word for brazier is believed to be of Egyptian origin, suggesting that it was imported from Egypt. The lone reference to it in the Bible being the following verse:
Roman Emperor Jovian was poisoned by the fumes from a brazier in his tent in 364, ending the line of Constantine.
In Arabic, the brazier is called kanoun.
Despite risks in burning charcoal on open fires, braziers were widely adopted for domestic heating, particularly and somewhat more safely used (namely in unglazed, shuttered-only buildings) in the Spanish-speaking world. Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl noted that Tezozomoc, the Tlatoani of the Tepanec city of Azcapotzalco, slept between two braziers because he was so old that he produced no natural heat. Nineteenth-century British travellers such as diplomat and scientist Woodbine Parish and the writer Richard Ford, author of A Handbook for Travellers in Spain, state that widely braziers were considered healthier than fireplaces and chimneys.
The brazier could sit in the open in a large room; often it was incorporated into furniture. Many cultures developed their own variants of a low table, with a heat source underneath and blankets to capture the warmth: the kotatsu in Japan, the korsi in Iran, the sandali in Afghanistan, and the foot stove in northern Europe. In Spain the brasero continued to be one of the main means of heating until the early 20th century; Gerald Brenan described in his memoir South from Granada its widespread habit in the 1920s of placing dying embers of a brazier beneath a cloth-covered table to keep the legs and feet of the family warm on winter evenings.
Moist rose and grapevine trimmings produce a pungent, sweet-smelling smoke, and make charcoal, but unless fully pre-dried (seasoned or kilned) as with wood, do produce carcinogenic particulates in the air.
Aromatics (lavender seeds, orange peel) were sometimes added to the embers in the brazier.
A "brazier" for burning aromatics (incense) is known as a censer or thurible.
In some churches a brazier is used to host a small fire, called new fire, which is then used to light the Paschal candle during the Easter Vigil.
Braziers were common on industrial picket lines, largely replaced by protest marches and rallies, and a newspaper casts strikes as more white collar as a further reason for their decline.
The Japanese translation is hibachi - principally for cooking and in cultural rituals such as the Japanese tea ceremony.
Since 1957 Dairy Queen has used the word "brazier" on their signage to indicate the particular locations that serve hot food like hot dogs and hamburgers, etc..
Línea P (Metrocable de Medellín)

La Línea P del Metrocable de Medellín, conocida como Metrocable Picacho,​ es una línea de teleférico de servicio masivo urbano e integrado, inaugurada el 10 de junio de 2021. Su recorrido atraviesa la zona noroccidental de Medellín, partiendo desde la estación Acevedo, donde se integra con la Línea A del Metro de manera gratuita; extendiéndose hasta la Estación El Progreso, con una longitud de 2,7 km.​
Cuenta con cuatro estaciones que impactan directamente a las Comunas 5 (Castilla) y 6 (Doce de Octubre), y de forma indirecta a la Comuna 1 (París) del municipio de Bello. De oriente a occidente se disponen así: Acevedo, SENA, Doce de Octubre y El Progreso.​El proyecto generó el desplazamiento de más de 1,200 personas y afectó a más de 300 familias. Además, entidades como el Metro de Medellín e ISVIMED, entre otras, habrían engañado a los habitantes; muchos terminaron expropiados mediante vías administrativas, mientras que otros entregaron sus viviendas por valores irrisorios.
Durante la construcción del Metrocable Picacho, en el proceso de empalme del cable portador tractor (encargado de soportar las telecabinas durante el recorrido), una de las máquinas encargadas de mantener la tensión de las cuerdas que soportan el cable portador tractor presenta una falla técnica que provoca la rotura del cable, cayendo sobre la Autopista Norte, una estación de servicio de Terpel y la Feria de Ganado.​ El incidente tuvo lugar el 7 de enero de 2021, dejando heridas a siete personas que se encontraban transitando la Autopista Norte.​ Dadas las garantías del fabricante del cable y las solicitudes del Metro al mismo, se reemplazó el cable que cayó con uno totalmente nuevo proveniente de Suiza.​
La operación instructiva de manera gratuita, denominada marcha blanca se inició el 26 de abril de 2021.​ Posteriormente, se da inicio a la operación comercial el 10 de junio de 2021.​
A comparación de las otras 5 líneas de Metrocable que operan en la ciudad de Medellín, las 137 telecabinas implementadas en la Línea P tienen una mayor capacidad, adecuadas para 12 personas, en un sistema que permite transportar hasta 36.800 usuarios al día,​ y 4000 pasajeros hora/sentido.​ Es la segunda línea de Metrocable que transporta más usuarios en la ciudad, detrás de la Línea K.​
La puesta en marcha de esta línea implicó que se ampliara la Estación Avecedo, donde se integra con las Líneas A y K, para así aumentar la capacidad de las plataformas de la línea de Metro en función del creciente flujo que ingresaría desde el sector noroccidental de la ciudad gracias al nuevo Metrocable.​
La línea P del Metrocable de Medellín cuenta con cuatro estaciones de teleféricos, todas ellas se encuentran en el municipio de Medellín. La totalidad de las estaciones están adaptadas para facilitar el ingreso a personas de movilidad reducida (PMR).​
A continuación, el listado de las estaciones de la línea P de occidente a oriente. En negrita, estaciones de combinación con otras líneas del SITVA.
Estación La Aurora (Metro de Medellín)

La Estación La Aurora es la Tercera estación de la línea J Metro de Medellín. Se encuentra en el corregimiento de San Cristóbal (Medellín).
Es la última estación de la Línea J que lleva al sector de La Aurora y la Villa Suramericana (Noroccidente de la ciudad) por medio del MetroCable. La Aurora cuenta con rutas integradas.
Carlos Gaviria (director)

Carlos Gaviria (Bogotá, Colombia; 9 de febrero de 1956) es un director colombiano de cine y televisión. Retratos en un mar de mentiras es su ópera prima, donde además de director es guionista y editor.
Carlos "el negro" Gaviria (como lo conocen en el medio) tiene una Maestría en Bellas Artes del Departamento de Cine de la Universidad de Nueva York.
Vivió durante varios años en los Estados Unidos donde participó en varias producciones. Como director de fotografía, participó, entre otras, en la cinta Don’t Let Go, protagonizada por Scott Wilson y Katherine Ross, la cual ganó el Festival de Cine de Westchester (EE. UU.); The Ghost Club (2003); Corriente peligrosa (1998); Un arma, un auto, una rubia (A gun, a car, a blonde), protagonizada por el ganador del Óscar Billy Bob Thornton, John Ritter, Kay Lenz y Jim Metzler.
Fue consultor de UNICEF, donde creó y dirigió algunos documentales, incluido 500 segundos: los hijos de Las Américas (1994), que fue presentado en más de 250 estaciones alrededor del mundo. También dirigió Minas (1995), un documental de 25 minutos sobre las minas de carbón en Colombia, con el que ganó el premio como Mejor Director y Mejor Editor en Bogotá (Colombia) y participó en la competencia oficial del Festival Internacional de Cine Documental Cinéma du Réel en París (Francia). En 2006, dirigió y produjo con Franz Baldassini el documental Declaraciones de guerra, el cual se emitió en la cadena de cable Starz Encore de los Estados Unidos, durante 18 meses.
En televisión se puede destacar la dirección de 30 capítulos de una hora de La ley del silencio, una serie dramática producida por FremantleMedia para NBC-Telemundo en Dallas, Texas (EE. UU.); la dirección de quince episodios de la serie Mujeres asesinas (2007) de Vista Producciones para RCN Televisión, ganadora del premio TV y Novelas a Mejor Serie Dramática en Colombia durante dos años consecutivos y que además fue nominada al Premio India Catalina como Mejor Serie en el Festival Internacional de Cine y Televisión de Cartagena de Indias; la codirección de la miniserie de sesenta capítulos de una hora de Rosario Tijeras emitida por el Canal RCN y producida en Medellín (Colombia) por Teleset-Sony.
En cine, ha dirigido Retratos en un mar de mentiras, un relato del drama de los desplazados por el conflicto interno colombiano. Carlos Gaviria ha construido con su cinta un espejo donde lleva a la memoria reciente de su país y recuerda lo muy poco que se ha avanzado en sanar sus heridas históricas.
Autobús eléctrico

Un autobús eléctrico es un autobús propulsado por uno o más motores eléctricos.
Hay dos categorías principales de autobús eléctrico:
Para obtener información sobre los autobuses que utilizan una combinación de motores de combustión interna y propulsión eléctrica, consulte autobús eléctrico híbrido.
En la actualidad hay más de 25 fabricantes de trolebuses.
Los fabricantes de otros tipos de autobuses totalmente eléctrico (en su mayoría autobuses de batería):
Fabricantes de motorizaciones que se emplean en autobuses todo-eléctricos:
Entre otros, el constructor francés PVI ha creado el Watt System, autobuses de autonomía eléctrica ilimitada, que utilizan polos de tótem en las paradas de autobús.​
Los pantografos y colectores bajocarrocería se integran en las paradas de autobús para la recarga ultrarrápida del autobús, haciendo posible el utilizar una batería más pequeña, lo que reduce la inversión inicial, acercándolo el precio al un autobús diésel, y los costes subsiguientes, en especial los de mantenimiento que son inferiores.​​​​
Para información sobre dónde se utilizan trolebuses, consulte Trolebús
Autoridades de tránsito que utilizan los autobuses de batería u otro tipo de autobuses todo-eléctricos, distintos de los trolebuses:
Hay un mandato de California para que el 15% de los autobuses nuevos a partir de 2011 sean eléctricos.
Existe una Directiva de la Unión Europea que mandata la compra de autobuses eléctricos para los servicios públicos. Asimismo, ZeEUS (Zero Emission Urban Bus System) implantará los autobuses eléctricos en Europa; es un proyecto de la Comisión Europa coordinado desde Bélgica por la Union Internationale des Transports Publics (UITP) y en el que participan otras 40 empresas e instituciones.​
La directiva europea se ha transpuesto en la Ley de Economía Sostenible.
Drive Star es un Plan de CalCars para reducir el consumo de petróleo, mediante la conversión a eléctricos de camiones, camionetas y autobuses.​
Harriet Christina Cany Peale

Harriet Christina Cany Peale (Philadelphia, 1799 – idem, 1869 a oa ul livourez stadunanat, un ezel eus al luskad Hudson River School.
Ganet e oa bet e 1799 e Philadelphia, e Pennsylvania, merc'h da Charles ha Mary Cany, a oa kenwerzhourien.
Pa voe intañvez a-raok 1840 e labouras Harriet Cany e stal he zud hag e teskas al livouriezh digant ar poltredour Rembrandt Peal (1778-1860), a euredas e 1840. Ur studio a rannent e Philadelphia.
Er bloaz-se end-eeun e tiskouezas an arzourez taolennoù er Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, ma kendalc'has da ziskouez betek diwezh he buhez.
Berzh bras a eure e 1848 gant he zaolenn Her Mistress's Clothes ma weler ur vatezh afroamerikan gwisket gant dilhad ha bravigoù he implijerez wenn, a zo en he c'hichen dirak ur melezour.
Mervel a reas e Philadelphia d'an 12 a viz Genver 1869, oadet a 70 vloaz. E bered iliz katolik St. Mary e Philadelphia emañ he bez.
William Hart

William McDougal Hart (Paisley, 31 a viz Meurzh 1823 – Mount Vernon, 17 a viz Mezheven 1894) a oa ul livour stadunanat a orin skosat, ezel eus al luskad Hudson River School. Bet e oa deskard d'al livour akademiek gall Jules Joseph Lefebvre a-raok dezhañ arbennikaat war al livañ dremmvroioù ha chatal.
E Paisley e Bro-Skos e oa bet ganet William Hart e 1823, nav bloaz a-raok ma tivroas e diegezh da SUA evit em staliañ en Albany (New York).
E stal ul livour kinkler en Albany hag e Troy e voe deskard, war lez dehou an Hudson, ma labouras da livañ dremmvroioù war gostezioù karroñsoù. Goude 1834 ec'h eas da boltredour ivez. E dibenn ar bloavezhioù 1830 e veajas dre stadoù ar Midwest, e Michigan dreist-holl, da glask urzhiadoù poltredoù, hep ober berzh avat.
Er bloaz 1848 e voe lakaet e daolenn gentañ war ziskouez en National Academy of Design (NAD) e New York. Bloaz war-lerc'h e titroas da Albany, hag e dibenn ar bloaz en devoe ur yalc'had digant un doktor Ormsby evit mont da Europa ha studiañ al livañ gweledvaoù eno. E Bro-Skos e livas betek 1852 kent distreiñ da Albany ha dilojañ da New York e 1853. Evel an darn vrasañ eus gweledvaourien SUA e reas staliañ ur studio eno, e 1858, ar bloavezh ma voe degemeret evel ezel en aozadur an NAD ; adalek ar bloaz-se betek kreiz ar bloavezhioù 1870 e tiskouezas ingal e oberennoù eno. Ouzhpenn d'an NAD e oa William Hart ezel eus an American Watercolor Society, ma voe kadoriad adalek 1870 betek 1873.
E 1865, oajet a 42 vloaz, e voe dilennet da gadoriad kentañ ar Brooklyn Academy of Design.
D'ar 17 a viz Mezheven 1894 e varvas William Hart e Mount Vernon, Stad New York, oajet a 71 vloaz. E bered Green-Wood e Brooklyn e voe beziet.
E doare an Hudson River School e voe oberennoù William Hart a-hed e remzad ; hollbouezus eo ar gouloù hag an aergelc'h en e zremmvroioù, dreist-holl bannoù heol a-veskell ha skeudoù er raktalennoù. (??
En e oberennoù diwezhañ e livas kalzik a chatal, un dodenn a gaver en Hudson River School ivez evit aroueziañ an darempred peoc'hus etre mab-den hag an natur. Plijout a rae ar stil d'an dastumerien, ken e veze kavet taolennoù chatal W. Hart, en hogos holl stalioù ma vezent gwerzhet diouzh ar c'hresk, hag e kazi holl zastumadoù prevez war aodoù reterel ar Stadoù-Unanet.
Gant e dresadennoù ivez eo bet brudet William Hart. Scene at Napanoch, Ulster County, New York a voe an oberenn bennañ en diskouezadeg aozet e 1883 gant rann an arzoù en New England Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Institute e Boston ; A Quiet Nook (1885) zo ur skouer all eus e ampartiz.
Heinrich Heine

Christian Johann Heinrich Heine (Düsseldorf, 13 a viz Kerzu 1797 — Pariz, 17 a viz C'hwevrer 1856 ) a oa ur barzh hag ur c'hazetenner alamanek.
Diasur eo deiziad ganedigezh H. Heine. Ur marc’hadour mezher yuzev e oa e dad, Samson Heine ; e 1825 e tilezas Heine relijion e dud hag e troas da gristen avielour.
Da Vro-Saoz ha da Italia e veajas goude e studi. E 1831 e kuitaas Alamagn hag ec'h eas da Vro-C’hall da chom, da-heul Reveulzi Gouere. Sevel a rae a-du gant mennozhioù monarkiezh vonreizhel Bro-C'hall, gant ar frankiz a oa er vro-se gant ar skrivagnerien hag ar gazetennerien, ha gant mennozhioù nevez ar prederour Henri de Saint-Simon (1760-1825).
E Pariz e voe Heinrich Heine kenskriver ar gazetenn alamanek Allgemeine Zeitung eus Augsburg. Tud brudet a zarempredas e Pariz, evel Gérard de Nerval ha Hector Berlioz, hogen atav e chomas un tamm e diavaez ar metoù-se. Ne oa ket troet kement-se gant al lennegezh c'hallek ha ne skrive nemet en alamaneg. E 1833 e voe berzet e skridoù e Prusia hag e 1835 e Stadoù all ar C'hengevread alaman.
Pa voe emsavadegoù dre Europa e 1848 ne savas ket a-du gant Dispac'h miz C'hwevrer e Bro-C'hall, met en deroù d'an nebeutañ e savas a-du gant an dispac'h er Stadoù alaman, evit goulenn ma vefent demokratel hag unvan.
E 1841 e timezas d'ar C'hallez Mathilde Mirat (1815-1883). Adalek 1845 e c'houzañvas diwar ur c'hleñved nervel hag adalek 1848 e rankas chom war e wele. Pa ne c'helle ket skrivañ ken e c'houlenne ouzh ur sekretour skrivañ e werzennoù evitañ. D’ar 17 a viz C'hwevrer 1856 e varvas e Pariz, ma voe beziet e bered Montmartre.
Barzhoniezh leun a velkoni a gaver e skridoù Heine, romantelezh mesket gant gwirionded an emsav Junges Deutschland ("Alamagn Yaouank"). Ur c'hazetenner modern e oa war an dro, ha skriver feilhetonoù. Lod eus e varzhonegoù a voe lakaet sonerezh warno gant sonaozourien evel Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt, Richard Wagner ha brudetoc’h c’hoazh e voe e labour dre-se. An hini vrudetañ eus e varzhonegoù, Die Lore-Ley, a voe lakaet sonerezh warni gant Friedrich Silche.
Da vare an Trede Reich e voe berzet skridoù Heine abalamour ma oa eus ur familh yuzevien, ha devet e voent e-kerzh un Auto de fé e miz Mae 1933.
Giants' grave

Giants' grave (Italian: tomba dei giganti; Sardinian: tumba de zigantes or gigantis) is the name given by local people and archaeologists to a type of Sardinian megalithic gallery grave built during the Bronze Age by the Nuragic civilization. They were collective tombs and can be found throughout Sardinia, with 800 being discovered there.
A stone cairn lies over the burial chambers, with some examples having a cup-shaped entrance similar to the court cairn tombs of Ireland.
There are two general types of giants' tomb. In the so-called "slab type", uncut slabs are buried on end in the ground, and are arranged side-by-side. There is usually a central stele, which is the largest slab (up to 4 m in height) and has a doorway cut through it.
In the more primitive slab-type giants tombs, the central slab is unmodified aside from the entrance that is cut through it at the base, or else there is a crude dolmen-like arrangement of 3 uncut rocks to form the entrance (Osono, Sortali, Lolghi, Pescaredda). In more advanced slab-type giants tombs, the central slab is modified so as to be rounded on top, and has a simple design carved into the front surface (Dorgali, Goronna, Santu Bainzu, Coddu Vecchju).
The sepulchres have a characteristic rectangular plan with an apse. The burial chamber is usually 5 to 15 metres long and 1 to 2 metres high. The structures were originally covered by a mound resembling the shape of an overturned ship. Near the entrance an obelisk (betile in Sardinian) is usually found, which symbolizes the gods or ancestors who watched over the dead.
The so-called "block type" tombs are made of rectangular-cut blocks (Bidistili, Madau II, Seleni II, Iloi, Mura Cuata).
There are also structures similar to the block-type giants tombs on the island of Malta, in the United Kingdom and in Menorca (naveta).
Giants' grave of Coddu Vecchiu

Coddu Vecchiu is a Nuragic funerary monument located near Arzachena in northern Sardinia, dating from the Bronze Age. The site consists of a stele, stone megaliths and a gallery grave, and is one of the larger Nuragic Giants' graves on the island. The Nuraghe La Prisgiona is located nearby.
The site was excavated in 1966 by Editta Castaldi. Among the artifacts recovered were pans, bowls and plates with comb decoration, as well as vases with bent necks, and vase fragments of the early Nuragic Bonnanaro culture, suggesting the monument was constructed early in the Nuragic period c. 1800–1600 BC.
Coddu Vecchiu appears to have originally consisted of a cist, which was expanded during the middle Bronze Age c. 1800–1600 BC and covered with a gallery grave and the ornate stele portal stone and megaliths characteristic of Giants' graves. The stone forecourt consists of eleven granite stones arranged in a semicircle and measures about 12 meters (39 feet) across. It has been hypothesized that the semicircular arrangement of the stones may have been an attempt to harness the telluric current of the granite for rejuvenative purposes. The central stele stands about 4 meters (13 feet) high and contains the entrance into the tomb. The gallery grave extends behind the forecourt, measures about 10 meters (33 feet) long, and was probably once covered by a tumulus.
The upper portion of the stele was once taken by a local farmer and used as a plow, but it was soon recovered and restored to its place in the monument. Coddu Vecchiu is among the most well-preserved of Giants' graves, and continues to be a popular tourist attraction.
Northwestern Europe

Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined subregion of Europe, overlapping Northern and Western Europe. The term is used in geographic, history, and military contexts.
Geographically, Northwestern Europe is given by some sources as a region which includes Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Northern France, parts of or all of Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Iceland. In some works, Switzerland, Finland, and Austria are also included as part of Northwestern Europe.
Under the Interreg program, funded by the European Regional Development Fund, "North-West Europe" (NWE) is a region of European Territorial Cooperation that includes Belgium, Ireland, Luxembourg, Switzerland, the Netherlands and parts of France and Germany.
During the Reformation, some parts of Northwestern Europe converted to Protestantism, in a manner which differentiated the region from its Roman Catholic neighbors elsewhere in Europe.
A definition of Northwestern Europe was used by some late 19th to mid-20th century anthropologists, eugenicists, and Nordicists, who used the term as a shorthand term for the part of Europe with a predominantly Nordic population. For example, Arthur de Gobineau, the 19th-century aristocrat who published works on the pseudoscience of scientific racism, included parts of Northwestern Europe in what Leon Baradat described as his "Aryan heaven".
There is close genetic affinity among some Northwest European populations, with some of these populations descending from Bell Beaker populations carrying steppe ancestry. For example, the Beaker people of the lower Rhine overturned 90% of Great Britain's gene pools, replacing the Basque-like neolithic populations present prior.
Old Stone House (Winnsboro, South Carolina)

Old Stone House is a historic home located near Winnsboro, Fairfield County, South Carolina. It was built in 1784, and is a two-story, side-gable roofed, stone building, with a double-pile floor plan and stone end chimneys. The façade has a central door with a massive stone lintel flanked by single four-over-four windows with stone lintels. It was built by Samuel Gladney (ca. 1740–1800) and in 1870 it was purchased by the Lebanon Presbyterian Church for use as a parsonage.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
Department of Environment and Forests

The Department of Environment and Forests is one of the departments of Government of Tamil Nadu. The department was created in 1995 and is responsible for environmental management and forests in the state.
Tamil Nadu Forest Department is the nodal agency responsible for the protection and management of forests in the state. Forests occupy an area of 22,643 km (8,743 sq mi) constituting 17.4% of the geographic area. The state has varies forest ecosystems with the Western Ghats being one of the eight hottest biodiversity hotspots in the world and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. There are about 2,000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu and more than 5900 species of plants.
The department is also responsible for the management of wildlife protection areas. Protected areas cover an area of 3,305 km (1,276 sq mi), constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the 22,643 km (8,743 sq mi) recorded forest area of the state. Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the Nilgiri Hills, the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve in the Agastya Mala-Cardamom Hills and Gulf of Mannar coral reefs. The state has five National Parks, 18 wildlife sanctuaries, five elephant sanctuaries as per Project Elephant, five tiger reserves as per Project Tiger and seventeen bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu. There is one conservation reserve, two zoos recognised by the Central Zoo Authority of India and five crocodile farms. The department also manages the Government Rubber Corporation, Tamil Nadu Forest Plantation Corporation Limited (TAFCORN), Tamil Nadu Tea Plantation Corporation (TANTEA) and Tamil Nadu Biodiversity Conservation And Greening Society (TNBCGS).
The Environment department is responsible for pollution control across various ecosystems through the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board. The department formulates policies to mitigate the impact of pollution in water bodies, control of air and noise pollution, climate change adaptation and coastal regulation.
Ministry of Forests and Environment

The Ministry of Forests and Environment (Nepali: वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्रालय) is a governmental body of Nepal responsible for the conservation of forests and managing the environment in the country. Its main purposes are to enhance sustainable growth of the forest and water sectors and to manage the biodiversity, flora and fauna and also to increase the development of forest related enterprises in order to combat poverty throughout the rural areas of Nepal.
Throughout its history, the ministry had several different names and portfolios. Under the Koirala cabinet and the first Oli cabinet, it was the Ministry of Forests. In 2018, under the Second Oli cabinet, the portfolio of the ministry was changed from Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation to Ministry of Forests and Environment.
Two departments serve under the ministry to facilitate and implement its work:
This is a list of former Ministers of Forests and Soil Conservation since the Nepalese Constituent Assembly election in 2013:
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Bangladesh)

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Bengali: পরিবেশ, বন ও জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন মন্ত্রণালয়; Paribēś, bana o jalabayou paribarton mantraṇālaẏa) is a ministry of the government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh whose role is ensuring the sustainable environment and optimum forest coverage.
This Ministry was established to look after all environmental matters in Bangladesh, and the Ministry is a permanent member of the Executive Committee of the National Economic Council. The Ministry is a participant in the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The main functions of the Ministry include environmental conservation, survey of forest and environmental elements, prevention of environmental degradation and pollution control, afforestation and restoration of degraded areas, and overall protection of the environment. Previously the ministry's name was the Ministry of Environment and Forest. On 14 May 2018, the cabinet changed the name to Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
From 1947 to 1962, the divisional forest department was under the Conservator of Forests, and subsequently under the Chief Conservator of Forests till 1971. When Bangladesh became independent in 1971, the reserved and proposed reserved forests came under the jurisdiction of the Bangladesh Forest Department. From 1971 to 1989, the Bangladesh Forest Department was under the Ministry of Agriculture. During 1987-89, Forestry was a department of the Ministry of Agriculture, under a Secretary. The Department of Environment (DoE) was established in Bangladesh in 1977 under the Environmental Pollution Control Ordinance, 1977. Finally, the Bangladesh Ministry of Forest and Environment was established in 1989. At the same time, the Forest Department was placed under this Ministry as a technical wing and the Department of Environment was responsible for the implementation of the Environment Protection Act, of 1995.
In 2004, the Ministry of Forest and Environment of Bangladesh, in collaboration with the Ministry of Forests of the Government of India, conducted a significant tiger survey in the Sundarbans, a unique mangrove forest ecosystem shared by both countries. This survey was part of ongoing efforts to monitor and conserve the Bengal tiger population in this distinctive habitat. Subsequent studies and surveys in the region have focused on the ecological adaptations of Sundarbans tigers, their diet, and movement patterns, contributing valuable information for conservation strategies. Regular tiger population assessments have shown fluctuations in numbers, reflecting the challenges and successes of conservation initiatives. These efforts align with broader regional commitments to tiger conservation, including increasing protected areas and reducing human-tiger conflicts, which have helped stabilize the tiger population in the Sundarbans over time.
Pine needle tea

Pine needle tea or pine leaf tea is a herbal tea made from pine needles, or the leaves of pine trees (trees of the genus Pinus). In Korea, the tea made from the leaves of Korean red pine (P. densiflora) or Manchurian red pine (P. tabuliformis) is known as solip-cha (솔잎차), while the tea made from the leaves of Korean pine (P. koraiensis) is known as jannip-cha (잣잎차) or baek yeop-Cha (백엽 차). In North America, pine needle tea may be made from the leaves of Eastern white pine (P. strobus) and Loblolly, Virginia Pine, Long Leaf Pine.
Solip-cha is a herbal tea made mostly from the leaves and needles of Korean red pine or Manchurian red pine. Pine needles are usually harvested around December; preferably before midday; from 10 to 20 year-old trees located mid-mountain and facing southeast, that have grown in sunny places. Two types of sollip-cha can be made:
The first method uses fresh or dried pine needles. The harvested leaves are soaked in water for a day and then cleaned, rinsed, trimmed of the sharp tips, and halved or cut into three pieces. They can be used right away or dried in a shaded area before being used. For 60 millilitres (2.1 imp fl oz; 2.0 US fl oz) of water, 10–15 grams (0.35–0.53 oz) of dried pine needles or 20–30 grams (0.71–1.06 oz) of fresh pine needles are infused over low heat. As the tea has the properties of an astringent, honey or sugar is added to improve taste.
The second method consists of using fermented pine needles. The harvested leaves are trimmed of their sharp tips and washed, then placed in a sugar solution made with 600 millilitres (21 imp fl oz; 20 US fl oz) water and 100 grams (3.5 oz) of sugar, which is then fermented in a sunny place for a week (in summer) or more (in other seasons). Well-fermented sollip-cha is filtered with cloth and consumed as cold tea.
The leaves that grow eastward are harvested for making the tea. 50 grams (1.8 oz) of fresh pine needles are washed, drained, and boiled in 300 millilitres (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) water. When it comes to a boil, it is brewed on a low heat, and drunk without the leaves.
Chamber tomb

A chamber tomb is a tomb for burial used in many different cultures. In the case of individual burials, the chamber is thought to signify a higher status for the interred than a simple grave. Built from rock or sometimes wood, the chambers could also serve as places for storage of the dead from one family or social group and were often used over long periods for multiple burials.
Most chamber tombs were constructed from large stones or megaliths and covered by cairns, barrows or earth. Some chamber tombs are rock-cut monuments or wooden-chambered tombs covered with earth barrows. Grave goods are a common characteristic of chamber tomb burials.
In Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe, stone-built examples of these burials are known by the generic term of megalithic tombs. Chamber tombs are often distinguished by the layout of their chambers and entrances or the shape and material of the structure that covered them, either an earth barrow or stone cairn. A wide variety of local types has been identified, and some designs appear to have influenced others.
General terms:
Ngong, Kenya

Ngong ni mji ulio karibu na Ngong Hills, sambamba na Bonde la Ufa, kusini magharibi kwa Nairobi, kusini mwa Kenya. Kuna vitongoji vya Nairobi kama Ongata Rongai, Kiserian, Matasia na Kitengela ambapo wakazi (ambao kimsingi ni wa Nairobi) hujenga nyumba katika maeneo ya utulivu mkubwa kuliko ya mji.
Ngong ni kata ya kaunti ya Kajiado, Eneo bunge la Kajiado Kaskazini.
"Ngong" ni neno la Kimasai linalomaanisha "nguyu" kutokana na vilele vinne vya ushi, ambayo inasimama peke yake kutoka eneo tambarare la Nairobi. Vilima vya Ngong, kutoka mteremko wa mashariki, vinaangalia Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Nairobi, na kaskazini mwa mji wa Nairobi. Vilima vya Ngong, kutoka mteremko wa magharibi, vinaangalia Bonde la Ufa futi 4000 chini, ambapo vijiji vya Wamaasai vimekuwa vikiendelezwa.
Idadi ya jumla ya wakazi wa Ngong ni 107,188 (sensa ya mwaka 2009), na mwinuko wa Ngong ni mita 1961 katika urefu, lakini urefu wa milima ni kama mita 2460 juu ya usawa wa bahari.
Katika miaka ya utawala wa ukoloni wa Uingereza, eneo kuzunguka vilima vya Ngong ilikuwa sehemu ya kilimo ya walowezi, nyumba nyingi za jadi za ukoloni bado zinaonekana katika eneo hilo.
Katika filamu ya 1985 Out of Africa, vilele vinne vya Ngong hutokea katika usuli kadhaa karibu na nyumba ya Karen Blixen's. Bado wakazi wa mitaa huripoti kuona simba katika vilima wakati wa miaka ya 1990.
Kaburi la wapweke la Denys Finch Hatton, iliyo na alama ya obelisk na bustani, iko kwenye mteremko wa mashariki wa vilima vya Ngong, inayoelekea hifadhi kubwa ya mbuga.
Bomas of Kenya

Bomas of Kenya ni makumbusho ya utamaduni wa makabila ya Kenya yanayoonyesha nyumba na vijiji vya kimila kutoka pande nyingi za nchi.
Kuna makumi ya nyumba zilizopangwa pamoja kufuatana na maeneo asilia; kwa mfano Waembu, Wakalenjin, Wakamba, Wakikuyu, Wakisii, Wakuria, Waluhya, Waluo, Wamaasai, Wamijikenda au Wataita.
Getini kuna ukumbi mkubwa wenye nafasi 3,500 uliojengwa kwa namna ya kufanana na nyumba za kimila na katika ukumbi huo kuna maonyesho ya ngoma za makabila ya Kenya. Maonyesho hayo hutembelewa na wananchi na pia watalii.
Ukumbi mkubwa ulikuwa pia mahali pa mikutano ya pekee. Mkutano wa kutunga katiba mpya ulifanyika hapo baada ya uchaguzi wa rais Mwai Kibaki lakini katiba hii haikukubaliwa baadaye na serikali.
Uasi wa kijeshi wa 1982 nchini Kenya

Uasi wa kijeshi wa 1982 nchini Kenya ulikuwa jaribio lililoshindikana la kumpindua rais Daniel arap Moi.
Tarehe 1 Agosti 1982, siku ya Jumapili, kundi la wanajeshi wa anga walivamia kituo cha Redio ya Sauti ya Kenya wakidai kuwa wamepindua serikali. Kiongozi wao alikuwa Hezekiah Ochuka ambaye alikuwa afisa wa ngazi ya chini ya jeshi akishirikiana na wenzake. Tangazo lao lilisema, "Serikali ya Kenya imepinduliwa na majeshi na sasa iko mikononi mwa majeshi. Viongozi wetu wamekuwa watu wafisadi wenye matumbo makubwa wasiojali maskini."
Tangazo lilitolewa na kikundi cha wanajeshi waasi lilisababisha watu wengi kuandamana mjini na kupora mali ya maduka wakilenga hasa raia wa asili ya Uhindi mjini Nairobi. Inakadiriwa ya kwamba zaidi ya maduka 1,000 yaliporwa na nyumba za Wahindi zilivunjwa pamoja na wanawake wao kunajisiwa. Inasemekana kwamba, sababu za kuporwa kwa maduka ya Wahindi ilikuwa kutokuwepo kwa usawa wa kimaisha kati ya Wakenya na Wahindi mjini Nairobi.
Jaribio la mapinduzi halikudumu kwa muda mrefu baada ya jeshi la ardhi pamoja na polisi kuingilia kati na kupambana na uasi kwa baada ya saa sita tu. Rais Moi alikuwa nje ya Nairobi na mipango ya kurusha mabomu kwa nyumba yake huko Kabarnak haikutekelezwa.
Hezekiah Ochuka alipanda ndege akakimbilia Tanzania alipokamatwa na kurudishwa Kenya baadaye alipopelekwa mahakamani na kuhukumiwa kunyongwa kama msaliti.
Idadi kubwa ya viongozi wa uasi walikuwa wanajeshi kutoka kabila la Waluo. Inasemekana kwamba jaribio la mapinduzi lilisababishwa na azimio la Bunge la Kenya la tarehe 9 Juni 1982 lililofanya Kenya kuwa nchi ya chama kimoja. Sheria hiyo ilizuia jaribio la kiongozi wa Kiluo Jaramogi Oginga Odinga kuanzisha chama cha upinzani.
Uasi ulisababisha ukandamizi mkubwa sana. Polisi walipita katika nyumba za askari wa anga pia katika mitaa ya vibanda ambako maelfu ya wakazi walikamatwa. Pia jeshi la anga lilifutwa kufuatia tuhuma za kushindwa kutekeleza vema majukumu yake. Jumla ya watu 145 waliuawa ama na waasi au baadaye katika ukandamizi wake.
Viongozi wa Waluo walikamatwa pia; Jaramogi Odinga alifungwa katika nyumba yake na kushtakiwa: baadaye mashtaka yaliondolewa lakini mwanae Raila Odinga alifungwa jela kwa miaka sita bila kuhukumiwa.
Kwa jumla siasa ya rais Moi ilibadilika kuwa ya kidikteta baadaye na polisi ilipewa mamlaka pana kutafuta wapinzani kata kuwatesa na kuwakamata bila kuwapeleka mahakamani.
Ushuru wa kibanda

Ushuru wa kibanda ulikuwa aina ya ushuru ulioletwa na Waingereza katika makoloni yao Afrika kwa kila kibanda (au aina nyingine za kaya). Ushuru huo ulilipwa kwa pesa, kazi, nafaka au hisa na ilinufaisha mamlaka ya kikoloni kwa njia nne zilizounganishwa, kwa kukusanya pesa; kusaidia thamani ya kiuchumi ya sarafu ya ndani; kupanua uchumi mpya wa msingi wa pesa, ambao ulisaidia maendeleo ya uchumi; na kuunganisha jamii za wenyeji katika mfumo mpya wa uchumi. Kaya ambazo kimsingi zilikuwa wafugaji wa vijijini au wakulima waliendelea kutuma wanachama kufanya kazi katika miji au kwenye miradi ya ujenzi iliyofadhiliwa na serikali kupata pesa za kulipa ushuru. Uchumi mpya wa kikoloni barani Afrika ulitegemea sana ujenzi wa miji na miundombinu (kama vile reli), na katika Afrika Kusini shughuli za madini zinazopanuka haraka.
Kufikia mwaka wa 1908 kodi zifuatazo za vibanda zilianzishwa katika koloni la Afrika Kusini:
Katika koloni la Mashonaland, ambayo sasa ni sehemu ya Zimbabwe ya kisasa, ushuru wa kibanda ulianzishwa kwa kiwango cha shilingi kumi kwa kibanda mnamo 1894. Ingawa iliruhusiwa na Ofisi ya Kikoloni huko London, ushuru huo ulilipwa kwa Kampuni ya Uingereza ya Afrika Kusini (BSAC), ikifanya kwa niaba ya serikali ya Uingereza katika eneo hilo. Matukio anuwai kama vile kuletwa kwa ushuru wa kibanda, mabishano juu ya ng'ombe na mlolongo wa majanga ya asili yalichangia uamuzi wa Washona kuasi kampuni hiyo mnamo 1896, ambayo ilijulikana kama Vita ya Kwanza ya Chimurenga au Vita vya pili vya Matabele.
Ushuru huo pia ulitumika Kenya, Uganda na Rhodesia Kaskazini (sasa Zambia). Nchini Sierra Leone, ilisababisha Vita vya Ushuru wa Kibanda vya 1898 katika wilaya ya Ronietta, ambayo uharibifu mkubwa uliendelezwa kwa uanzishwaji wa Jumuiya ya Wamishonari wa Nyumbani. Uharibifu uliotekelezwa na Jumuiya ulisababisha mahakama ya kimataifa kuhusu urejesho wa uharibifu uliopatikana, ulioletwa na serikali ya Amerika kwa niaba ya Jumuiya ya Wamishonari wa Nyumbani. Jamii ililipwa fidia ya uharibifu uliofanywa kwao na waandamanaji wa Sierra Leone.
Liberia pia ilitekeleza ushuru wa kibanda, ambao katika kesi moja ulisababisha uasi wa Kru mnamo 1915.
Waluo

Waluo (pia Wajaluo) ni kabila kutoka Sudan Kusini. Wako hasa magharibi mwa Kenya, kaskazini mwa Uganda na mashariki mwa Tanzania katika Mikoa ya Mara na Mwanza. Nchini Kenya ni kabila la nne kwa wingi wa watu (11% za wakazi wote wa nchi). Inawezekana katika nchi hizo kwa jumla wamezidi milioni 7, mbali na makabila ya jamii hiyohiyo.
Lugha yao ni Kiluo. Wenyewe hujiita Jaluo na lugha yao Dhulou.
Waluo ni mkusanyiko wa kabila la Waniloti ambalo lilisafiri kutoka Afrika ya Kaskazini kufuata mto Nile kwenda Kusini. Waluo wengi wameenea kandokando ya Ziwa Viktoria kutokana na utamaduni wao wa uvuvi.. It is estimated that Dholuo has 90% lexical similarity with Lep Alur (Alur language); 83% with Lep Achol (Acholi language); 93% with Dhopadhola (Padhola language), 74% with Anuak, and 69% with Jurchol (Luwo) and Dhi-Pari (Pari).
Sukkot

Sukkot (pia inajulikana kama Sikukuu ya Vibanda) ni sikukuu ya Kiyahudi. Katika tukio hilo, watu husherehekea ukusanyaji wa mazao ya matunda, na kukumbuka wakati uliopita Wayahudi walipokaa katika vibanda vidogo walipokuwa kwenye safari ya kutoka Misri kuelekea Kanaani.
Sukkot ni kati ya sikukuu zinazoamriwa katika Torati .
Sherehe hizo za mavuno zimeunganishwa na kumbukumbu ya historia ya Israeli. Wayahudi wanakumbuka uhamiaji wa miaka arobaini kutoka Misri kupitia jangwa la Sinai hadi "Nchi ya Ahadi" ya Kanaani. Wakati huo waliishi katika vibanda ambavyo walivijenga tena na tena kwa matawi makavu ya mitende. Kwa ukumbusho wa jambo hilo wanakaa katika vibanda vya kujitengenezea kwa muda wa siku saba kila mwaka.
Vibanda vya Sukkot ya leo hutengenezwa kwa mbao, matawi, majani na nguo na kupambwa kwa maua na matunda. Paa hujengwa kwa matawi na majani na inasemekana kuwa kiasi cha kutosha kutoa kivuli kwenye jua la mchana na kuwa na nafasi kiasi cha kuona nyota usiku. Kibanda kicho huwekwa kwenye bustani kama iko au pia kwenye roshani. Katika masinagogi mengi, maskani hujengwa katika ua wa sinagogi, ambayo inaweza kutumika kwa uhuru na wanajamii.
Mbali na kibanda, shada maalum ni muhimu kwa sherehe ya Sukkot: imefungwa pamoja kwa matawi ya mitende na vichaka vingine. Shada hilo hushikwa kwenye sinagogi kwa mkono mmoja huku mkono mwingine hushika aina ya limau kama ishara ya tunda la paradiso ambalo lina harufu nzuri sana.
Sukkot husheherekewa kwa siku saba (lakini nje ya nchi ya Israeli kwa siku moja pekee) kwenye tarehe 15 hadi 21 mwezi wa Tishri. Tarehe kwenye kalenda ya Gregori zinafuata. Sherehe inaanza jioni ya siku inayotangulia tarehe ya kwanza inayotajwa:
Kibanda-Magharibi

Kibanda-Magharibi ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati na Sudan Kusini inayozungumzwa na Wabanda. Mwaka wa 1996 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kibanda-Magharibi nchini Afrika ya Kati imehesabiwa kuwa watu 4500. Pia kuna wasemaji 3000 nchini Sudan Kusini (1982). Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kibanda-Magharibi iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi.
Kibanda-Kusini

Kibanda ya Kusini ni lugha ya Kiniger-Kongo nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati inayozungumzwa na Wabanda. Mwaka wa 1996 idadi ya wasemaji wa Kibanda ya Kusini nchini Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati imehesabiwa kuwa watu 150,000. Pia kuna wasemaji 3000 nchini Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Kufuatana na uainishaji wa lugha kwa ndani zaidi, Kibanda ya Kusini iko katika kundi la Kiadamawa-Ubangi.
Wattle (construction)

Wattle is made by weaving flexible branches around upright stakes to form a woven lattice. The wattle may be made into an individual panel, commonly called a hurdle, or it may be formed into a continuous fence. Wattles also form the basic structure for wattle and daub wall construction, where wattling is daubed with a plaster-like substance to make a weather-resistant wall.
Evidence of wattle construction was found at Woodcutts Settlement from the British Iron Age, and the Roman Vitruvius wrote about wattles in his book on architecture, De architectura, but the technique goes back to Neolithic times.
The construction of wattles starts with the uprights, whether they are set into a frame or placed into the ground. Starting at the bottom, flexible willow shoots, called withies, are woven in and out of the uprights (staves).
Wattles forms the basis of wattle and daub, a composite building material used for making walls, in which wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years, and is still an important construction material in many parts of the world. The technique is similar to modern lath and plaster, a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into a flat surface. Many historic buildings include wattle and daub construction, mostly as infill panels in timber frame construction.