davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Chopped liver

Chopped liver (Yiddish: געהאַקטע לעבער, gehakte leber) is a liver pâté popular in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine. This dish is a common menu item in kosher Jewish delicatessens in Britain, Canada, South Africa, Argentina and the United States.
The dish is often made by sautéing or broiling liver and onions, adding hard-boiled eggs, salt and pepper, and grinding that mixture. The liver used is generally veal, beef, or chicken.
The quintessential fat used is schmaltz, but different methods and materials exist, and the exact process and ingredients may vary from chef to chef.
Chopped liver is often served on matzah, or with rye bread as sandwiches.
Chopped liver is high in protein, but also high in fat and cholesterol. There are low-fat, mock and vegetarian alternatives, often made of a combination of peas, lentils, string beans, eggplant, or mushrooms.
The Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang identifies the earliest use of the expression "chopped liver" in its derogatory sense—meaning "something trivial; something to be scoffed at"—as Jimmy Durante's remark on his 1954 CBS-TV show, "Now that ain't chopped liver."
In a 1980 monologue, Johnny Carson humorously referenced the phrase while discussing unemployment statistics, saying, "If everyone on welfare were chopped liver, you could spread them on a line of Ritz crackers from here to Bulgaria." A decade later, actor Michael Douglas used the phrase to express frustration about his secondary role in a movie, saying, "What was I—chopped liver or something?"
This show-business usage helped transform the dish into a metaphor for disdain. Its evolution may also have been shaped by underworld slang, where it referred to "a beaten and scarred person," and by the urban adaptation of the rural expression "That ain't hay." The dish became associated with triviality and was often used as a humorous metaphor by Jewish comedians in the Borscht Belt. Lexicographer Sol Steinmetz suggests that its status as a mere side dish or appetizer, overshadowed by staples like chicken soup or gefilte fish, made it an apt symbol of insignificance.
Chop chop (phrase)

"Chop chop" is a derogatory phrase first noted in the interaction between Cantonese and English people in British concessions in Southern China. It spread through Chinese workers at sea and was adopted by British seamen. "Chop chop" means "hurry" and suggests that something should be done now and without delay. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word "chopsticks" originates from this same root.
The term may have its origins in the South China Sea, as a Pidgin English version of the Cantonese term cuk1 cuk1 (Chinese: 速速), meaning quick, which in turn is similar in usage to the Mandarin term kuài kuài (Chinese: 快快) or may have originated from Malay.
Cecina (meat)

In Spanish, cecina [θeˈθina] is meat that has been salted and dried by means of air, sun or smoke. The word comes from the Latin siccus (dry), via Vulgar Latin (caro) *siccīna, "dry (meat)".
Cecina is similar to ham and is made by curing cow, horse or rabbit meat. The best known cecina is Cecina de León, which is made of the hind legs of a cow, salted, smoked and air-dried in the provinces of León and Palencia in northwestern Spain, and has PGI status.
The word cecina is also used to name other kinds of dried or cured meat in Latin America.
In Mexico, most cecina is of two kinds: sheets of marinated beef, and a pork cut that is sliced or butterflied thin and coated with chili pepper (this type is called cecina enchilada or carne enchilada). The beef version is salted and marinated and laid to dry somewhat in the sun. The marinated beef version can be consumed uncooked, similar to prosciutto. The pork "cecina enchilada" must be cooked before consumption. The town of Yecapixtla is well known for its version of the dish, which varies from region to region.
আলী মনসুর

আলী মনসুর (২৩ ডিসেম্বর ১৯২৩–৪ নভেম্বর ২০০২) বাংলাদেশের অভিনেতা, কাহিনীকার, চিত্রনাট্যকার, প্রযোজক ও পরিচালক ছিলেন। নাট্যকলা বিশেষ অবদানের জন্য তিনি তৎকালীন পাকিস্তানের শ্রেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্রকার হিসেবে নিগার অ্যাওয়ার্ড, ১৯৬৯ সালে বাংলা একাডেমি পুরস্কার এবং ১৯৯৪ সালে একুশে পদকে ভূষিত হন।
আলী মনসুর ২৩ ডিসেম্বর ১৯২৩ সালে ব্রিটিশ ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গের ২৪ পরগনায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তার পিতার নাম মোঃ খোরশেদ আলী ও মায়ের নাম আঞ্জুমান আরা বেগম। চার ভাই, তিন বোনের মধ্যে তিনি ছিলেন সবার বড়। তার ছোট ভাই আলী কওসার একজন অভিনেতা ও চিত্রপরিচালক। স্ত্রী রাফিয়া মনসুর ছিলেন নৃত্যশিল্পী ও নৃত্যপরিচালক। তিনি ১৯৪২ সালে কলকাতা সিটি কলেজ থেকে বিকম পাস করেন। লেখাপড়া করেন কলকাতা আশুতোষ কলেজে।
আলী মনসুর কলকাতা আশুতোষ কলেজে পড়ার সময় বিভিন্ন পত্রপত্রিকায় লেখালেখি করতেন। ১৯৪৩ সালে তার লেখা নাটক ‘পোড়োবাড়ী’ প্রখ্যাত চিত্রপরিচালক কে ডি বাবুর পরিচালনায় রঙমহলে মঞ্চস্থ হয়। এই নাটকের গানে কন্ঠ দিয়ে ছিলেন হেমন্ত মুখার্জী। ঢাকা বেতারের নাট্য শিল্পী, অনুষ্ঠান ঘোষক এবং সংবাদ পাঠক হিসেবে চাকুরিতে যোগ দেন। পাশাপাশি তিনি মঞ্চনাটকের সাথে জড়িত থাকেন। করতেন নাটক রচনা-পরিচালনা ও নাটকে অভিনয়। তিনি ৩ আগস্ট ১৯৫৬ সালে মুক্তিপ্রাপ্ত আবদুল জব্বার খান পরিচালিত বাংলাদেশের প্রথম সবাক বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র ‘মুখ ও মুখোশের’ অভিনেতা। গাজী কালু চম্পাবতী, নবাব সিরাজউদ্দৌলা, রাজাসন্যাসী, ভাই বোন’সহ প্রায় অর্ধ-শতাধিক চলচ্চিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন। চলচ্চিত্র প্রযোজনা ও পরিচালনা করেছেন আলী মনসুর। ‘মহুয়া’ ও ‘জানাজানি’ ছবি প্রযোজনা ও পরিচালনা করেন তিনি।
আলী মনসুর ৪ নভেম্বর ২০০২ সালে ঢাকায় মৃত্যুবরণ করেন।
কাজী মোরশেদ

কাজী মোরশেদ (২৪ এপ্রিল, ১৯৫০ - ৩ অক্টোবর, ২০১৪) একজন স্বনামধন্য বাংলাদেশী চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালক। তিনি কাহিনীকার, চিত্রনাট্যকার, সংলাপ রচয়িতা ও প্রযোজক হিসেবেও সফল ছিলেন। তিনি চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালক এস এম শফির সহযোগী হিসেবে চলচ্চিত্রাঙ্গনে প্রবেশ করেন। তার পরিচালিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্র ছলনা (১৯৮৯)। সান্ত্বনা (১৯৯১) চলচ্চিত্রের জন্য তিনি শ্রেষ্ঠ চিত্রনাট্যকার বিভাগে জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। তার পরিচালিত ঘানি (২০০৬) চলচ্চিত্রটি শ্রেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্র ও শ্রেষ্ঠ পরিচালকসহ ১২টি বিভাগে ১৩টি জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার লাভ করে। তার পরিচালিত সর্বশেষ চলচ্চিত্র একই বৃত্তে ২০১৩ সালে মুক্তি পায়।
কাজী মোরশেদ সত্তরের দশকে চলচ্চিত্রকার এস এম শফির সহকারী হিসেবে কাজ চলচ্চিত্রে কাজ শুরু করেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি বাংলাদেশ বেতার-এর প্রোগ্রাম পরিচালক হিসেবে কাজ করেন। চিত্রপরিচালক আমজাদ হোসেনের অনুপ্রেরণায় তিনি আবার চলচ্চিত্রে ফিরেন। এ সময় তিনি আমজাদ হোসেনের সহকারী হিসেবে জন্ম থেকে জ্বলছি, দুই পয়সার আলতা, ভাত দে চলচ্চিত্রের সহকারী পরিচালক হিসেবে কাজ করেন। এছাড়াও কাজ করেছেন এ জে মিন্টুর লালু মাস্তান চলচ্চিত্রের সহকারী পরিচালক হিসেবে।
কাজী মোরশেদ পরিচালিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্র ছলনা। চলচ্চিত্রটি ১৯৮৯ সালে মুক্তি পায়। ১৯৯১ সালে তার পরিচালিত সান্ত্বনা চলচ্চিত্রের জন্য তিনি শ্রেষ্ঠ চিত্রনাট্যকার হিসেবে জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। এরপর তার পরিচালিত কিছু উল্লেখযোগ্য ব্যবসা সফল চলচ্চিত্র শুধু তুমি, প্রেম যমুনা, নয়নের নয়ন। ২০০৬ সালে পরিচালনা করেন কলুদের দুঃখ-আনন্দ, জীবন সংগ্রাম ও বাস্তবতার নিরিখে চলচ্চিত্র ঘানি। চলচ্চিত্রটি শ্রেষ্ঠ চলচ্চিত্রসহ মোট ১২ বিভাগে জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার জিতে নেয়, যার মধ্যে সেরা প্রযোজক ও পরিচালকসহ ৫টি পুরস্কার পান কাজী মোরশেদ। ২০১৩ সালে নির্মাণ করেন একজন ফল বিক্রেতা ও তার স্বামী পরিত্যক্তা মেয়ের দুঃখ-দুর্দশার জীবন নিয়ে একই বৃত্তে। এরপর তিনি দ্য লক নামে একটি চলচ্চিত্রের কাজ শুরু করেছিলেন।
চলচ্চিত্র পরচালনার পাশাপাশি তিনি আমজাদ হোসেন পরিচালিত জন্ম থেকে জ্বলছি, ও শহীদুল ইসলাম খোকন পরিচালিত পালাবি কোথায়, ম্যাডাম ফুলি চলচ্চিত্রসহ ২৮টি চলচ্চিত্রের চিত্রনাট্য ও সংলাপ রচনা করেন। তিন কুতুব নামে একটি চলচ্চিত্রের চিত্রনাট্য লিখেছেন কাজী মোরশেদ কিন্তু পরিচালক শহীদুল ইসলাম খোকন-এর অসুস্থতার কারণে তা এখনও নির্মিত হয় নি। এছাড়াও তিনি কয়েকটি নাটক পরিচালনা করেছেন।
২০১৪ সালের ১ অক্টোবর বুকে ব্যাথার কারণে তাকে রাজধানী ঢাকার জাতীয় বক্ষব্যাধি হাসপাতালে ভর্তি করা হয়। ৩ অক্টোবর সকালে তিনি হৃদরোগে মারা যান। জুমার পর তার বাসবভন কালসীতে জানাজার নামাজের পর তাকে ঢাকার মিরপুর ১১ নম্বরে তার বাবার কবরের পাশে দাফন করা হয়।
ঘরে-বাইরে (চলচ্চিত্র)

ঘরে-বাইরে বাঙালি চিত্রপরিচালক সত্যজিৎ রায় পরিচালিত একটি চলচ্চিত্র। রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর রচিত একই নামের একটি উপন্যাস অবলম্বনে নির্মিত এই ছবিটি মুক্তি পায় ১৯৮৪ সালে। এই ছবিতে অভিনয় করেন সৌমিত্র চট্টোপাধ্যায়, ভিক্টর বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, জেনিফার কাপুর ও স্বাতীলেখা সেনগুপ্ত। সত্যজিৎ রায় ১৯৪০-এর দশকে তাঁর প্রথম ছবি পথের পাঁচালী নির্মাণেরও আগে এই ছবির চিত্রনাট্য রচনা করেছিলেন। এই ছবির বিষয়বস্তু নারীমুক্তি, যা সত্যজিতের বহু ছবিতে বহু ভাবে উঠে এসেছে। নারীর মুক্তিকামনার তার ভালবাসার পাত্রকে কীভাবে স্পর্শ করে, তা এই ছবিতে বিশেষভাবে পরিস্ফুট। ছবিটি ১৯৮৪ কান চলচ্চিত্র উৎসবে পাম ডি'অর-এর জন্য প্রতিযোগিতামূলক বিভাগে দেখানো হয়।
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র

প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র (৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ১৯০৪ - ৩ মে ১৯৮৮) কল্লোল যুগের একজন বহুমুখী প্রতিভার অধিকারী বাঙালি কবি, ছোটগল্পকার, ঔপন্যাসিক এবং চিত্রপরিচালক। বাংলা সাহিত্যে তার সৃষ্ট জনপ্রিয় চরিত্রগুলি হল ঘনাদা, পরাশর বর্মা, মেজকর্তা এবং মামাবাবু।
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র ১৯০৪ সালের ৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ভারতের উত্তর প্রদেশ রাজ্যে তার পিতার কর্মস্থল বারাণসীতে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন৷ তার পৈতৃক নিবাস ছিল বর্তমান পশ্চিমবঙ্গের দক্ষিণ চব্বিশ পরগণা জেলার রাজপুরে৷ তিনি ছিলেন পশ্চিমবঙ্গের হুগলি জেলার কোন্নগরের সম্ভ্রান্ত মিত্র বংশের সন্তান৷ তার পিতার নাম জ্ঞানেন্দ্রনাথ মিত্র এবং তার মাতার নাম সুহাসিনী দেবী৷ খুব অল্প বয়সেই তিনি মাতৃহারা হন৷
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র এক সময় কলকাতার ২৮ নম্বর গোবিন্দ ঘোষাল লেনের মেসবাড়িতে বাস করতেন৷ পরবর্তীকালে পড়াশোনার জন্য তিনি ঢাকাতে থাকতে শুরু করেন৷ একবার ১৯২৩ খ্রীষ্টাব্দের নভেম্বর মাসে ঢাকা থেকে কলকাতায় ফিরে এসে ওই মেসবাড়ির ঘরের জানলার ফাঁকে একটি পোস্টকার্ড আবিষ্কার করেন। চিঠিটা পড়তে পড়তে তার মনে দুটো গল্প আসে। সেই রাতেই গল্পদুটো লিখে পরদিন পাঠিয়ে দেন জনপ্রিয় পত্রিকা প্রবাসীতে। ১৯২৪ সালের মার্চে প্রবাসীতে 'শুধু কেরানী' আর এপ্রিল মাসে 'গোপনচারিণী' প্রকাশিত হয়, যদিও সেখানে তার নাম উল্লেখ করা ছিল না। সেই বছরেই কল্লোল পত্রিকায় 'সংক্রান্তি' নামে একটি গল্প বেরোয়। এরপর তার মিছিল(১৯২৮) এবং পাঁক(১৯২৬) নামে দুটি উপন্যাস বেরোয়। পরের বছর বিজলী পত্রিকায় গদ্যছন্দে লেখেন 'আজ এই রাস্তার গান গাইব' কবিতাটি।
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্রের প্রথম কবিতার বই ‌'প্রথমা' প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৩২সালে। বৈপ্লবিক চেতনাসিক্ত মানবিকতা তার কবিতার প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য। প্রথম জীবনে তার ছোটোগল্পের তিনটি বই বেরোয় - 'পঞ্চশর', 'বেনামী বন্দর' আর 'পুতুল ও প্রতিমা'। মানুষের সম্পর্কের ভাঙ্গা গড়া, মনের জটিলতা, মধ্যবিত্ত ও নিম্নবিত্তের ব্যথা বেদনার কথা প্রকাশে প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র ছিলেন স্বকীয়তায় অনন্য।
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র সৃষ্ট জনপ্রিয়তম চরিত্র ঘনাদা, গল্পবাগীশ সর্বজ্ঞানী মেসবাড়ির ঘনশ্যাম দাস আজো সব বয়েসের পাঠকদের কাছে প্রিয়। তার এই অমর চরিত্র ৭২ নং বনমালী নস্কর লেনের মেসবাড়ির বাসিন্দা ঘনাদা প্রথম প্রকাশিত হয় ১৯৪৫ সালে। এছাড়াও তিনি অনেকগুলি ছোট গোয়েন্দা গল্প ও উপন্যাস লিখেছেন যার মুখ্য চরিত্র পরাশর বর্মা, যে পেশায় গোয়েন্দা হলেও নেশায় কবি। তার সৃষ্ট চরিত্র মামাবাবুকে তিনি বহু এডভেঞ্চার উপন্যাস ও ছোটগল্পে এনেছেন যেগুলি কিশোরদের ভেতর জনপ্রিয় ছিল।
প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র প্রথম বাঙালি সাহিত্যিক যিনি নিয়মিত কল্পবিজ্ঞান বা বিজ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক গল্প-উপন্যাস রচনায় মনোনিবেশ করেন। তার বিজ্ঞান সাহিত্য রচনার শুরু ১৯৩০ সালে। রামধনু পত্রিকায় ক্ষিতীন্দ্রনারায়ণ ভট্টাচার্য তাকে ছোটদের জন্যে লিখতে অনুরোধ করলে 'পিঁপড়ে পুরাণ' কাহিনীটি লেখেন। এটিই তার প্রথম কল্পবিজ্ঞান রচনা। 'কুহকের দেশে' গল্পে তার কল্পবিজ্ঞান ও এডভেঞ্চার কাহিনীর নায়ক মামাবাবুর আত্মপ্রকাশ। ১৯৪৮ সালে 'ড্র্যাগনের নিঃশ্বাস' বের হলে মামাবাবু পাঠক মহলে জনপ্রিয় হন। তার রচিত কয়েকটি বিখ্যাত কল্পবিজ্ঞান গল্প ও উপন্যাসের নাম নিচে দেওয়া হল:
এছাড়া আকাশবাণীর উদ্যোগে লিখিত "সবুজ মানুষ" নামে একটি চার অধ্যায়ের বারোয়ারি কল্পবিজ্ঞান কাহিনির প্রথম অধ্যায় রচনা করেন প্রেমেন্দ্র মিত্র। অবশিষ্ট তিনটি অধ্যায় লিখেছিলেন অদ্রীশ বর্ধন, দিলীপ রায়চৌধুরী ও সত্যজিৎ রায়।
পথ বেঁধে দিল, রাজলক্ষ্মী (হিন্দি), নতুন খবর, চুপি চুপি আসে, কালোছায়া, কুয়াশা, হানাবাড়ী তাঁর পরিচালিত ছবি। এছাড়াও তিনি বহু সিনেমার কাহিনীকার, চিত্রনাট্যকার ও উপদেষ্টা ছিলেন।
মন্টেজ: লাইফ, পলিটিক্স, সিনেমা

মন্টেজ: লাইফ, পলিটিক্স, সিনেমা (ইংরেজি: Montage: Life, Politics, Cinema) বৈশ্বিক সিনেমা জগতে বাঙালির ও বাংলার প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী বিখ্যাত বাঙালি চিত্রপরিচালক মৃণাল সেনের ইংরেজি ভাষায় লিখিত একটি বই। তিনি বরাবরই তার জীবন ও সিনেমাকে আমাদের চারপাশে ঘটে চলা সামাজিক ও অর্থনৈতিক পরিস্থিতির অবিচ্ছেদ্য অঙ্গ বলে মনে করতেন এবং সেটাই তার এই বইটির উপজীব্য। বইটি সীগাল বুক্‌স থেকে ১ জানুয়ারী ২০০২ সালে প্রকাশ পায়।
বিংশ শতাব্দীর ষাট ও সত্তরের দশকের মৃণাল সেন সাধারণ মধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণীর মানুষের জীবন কাহিনী সিনেমার মধ্যদিয়ে প্রকাশ করে সিনেমার জগতে আত্মপ্রকাশ করেন। তার সূক্ষ এবং অতন্দ্র সুচিন্তিত চলচ্চিত্র ভাবনার মধ্যদিয়ে বিংশ শতাব্দীর ষাট ও সত্তর দশকের নিম্নমধ্যবিত্ত শ্রেণীর নানা সামাজিক চিন্তা ও তাদের নিয়ে রাজনৈতিক উত্তেজনা, বাম মনোভাবাপন্ন রাজনীতি এবং কলকাতা শহরের নানা ঘটনা সুচারুভাবে প্রকাশিত হয়েছে। মৃণাল সেন এই সব কিছুকেই তার চলচ্চিত্র ভাবনার স্বর্ণভূমি বলে ব্যক্ত করেছেন। সেই সকল ঘটনাই তার এই বইতে লিপিবদ্ধ করে প্রকাশ করেছেন।
১৯২৩ সালের ১৪ মে মৃণাল সেন তৎকালীন ব্রিটিশ ভারত পূর্ব বঙ্গের (বর্তমান বাংলাদেশ) ফরিদপুরের একটি শহরে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। ফরিদপুরে থাকাকালীন সময়ে তিনি সেখানেই উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষা সম্পন্ন করেন। এরপর তিনি পড়াশোনার জন্য কলকাতায় আসেন এবং স্কটিশ চার্চ কলেজ এবং কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পদার্থবিদ্যা পড়াশোনা করেন। ছাত্রাবস্থায় তিনি কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির সাংস্কৃতিক শাখার সঙ্গে যুক্ত হন। কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পড়াশোনা করবার পর তিনি একজন সাংবাদিক, একজন ওষুধ বিপননকারী এবং চলচ্চিত্রে শব্দ কলাকুশলী হিসাবে কাজ করেন। ২০১৮ সালের ৩০ ডিসেম্বর কলকাতায় ৯৫ বছর বয়সে বার্ধক্যজনিত সমস্যার তার মৃত্যু হয়।
মন্টেজ বইটি বিংশ শতাব্দির শেষ পঞ্চাশ বছরের বাংলা সিনেমা তথা বিশ্ব সিনেমার একটা সারসংক্ষেপ হিসাবে লেখা হয়েছে। বইটির প্রথম ভাগ নানা ঘটনার মৌলিক নিবন্ধের সংকলন, বিভিন্ন ঘটনার বিবরণ, চিঠিপত্র, থিয়েটার, চলচ্চিত্র এবং সমালোচনা ইত্যাদি নানা বিষয়কে আলোকিত করেছে। এছাড়াও বাংলার সমসাময়িক চিত্রপরিচালক সত্যজিৎ রায় ও ঋত্বিক ঘটকের নানা সমালোচনা, চার্লি চ্যাপলিনের অনুপ্রেরণা, বিদেশি চিত্রপরিচালকদের নানা বক্তব্য বা লাতিন আমেরিকার নানা শহরে বিভিন্ন বিদ্বজনের সাথে তার সাক্ষাৎকার সুশৃঙ্খলভাবে লেখা হয়েছে। সবমিলিয়ে তার এই বইটা ব্যক্তি ও চলচ্চিত্রকার উভয় মননের মৃণাল সেনের অদ্বিতীয় সৃষ্টিশীল মননের বহিঃপ্রকাশ করেছে এবং তার বহু প্রশংসিত সিনেমাগুলোর অপ্রকাশিত নানা ঘটনাকে তুলে ধরেছে।
বইটির পরিচ্ছেদ গুলি যথাক্রমেঃ
লেখকের উল্লেখযোগ্য চলচ্চিত্র সমূহ
সিনেমা এন্ড আই

সিনেমা এন্ড আই (ইংরেজি: Cinema and I) বৈশ্বিক সিনেমা জগতে বাঙালির ও বাংলার প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী অচঞ্চল অনমনীয় দৃঢ় প্রতিজ্ঞ বিখ্যাত বাঙালি চিত্রপরিচালক ঋত্বিক ঘটকের ইংরেজি ভাষায় লিখিত একটি বই। অসামান্য এই বইটি তার বেশ কিছু প্রবন্ধ ও সাক্ষাৎকার নিয়ে লিখিত। লেখকের অন্যান্য বই গুলির মধ্যে On the cultural "Front", Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema অন্যতম। ১৯৮৭ সালের ১৭ জানুয়ারী ঋত্বিক মেমোরিয়াল ট্রাস্ট বইটি প্রকাশ করেন।
ঋত্বিক ঘটক পূর্ববঙ্গের (বর্তমান বাংলাদেশের) জিন্দাবাজার, ঢাকা জেলায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তার মায়ের নাম ইন্দুবালা দেবী এবং বাবা সুরেশ চন্দ্র ঘটক। তিনি বাবা-মায়ের ১১তম এবং কনিষ্ঠতম সন্তান। ১৯৪৩ এর দুর্ভিক্ষ এবং ১৯৪৭ এর ভারত বিভাগের পরে পূর্ববঙ্গের প্রচুর লোক কলকাতায় আশ্রয় নেয় এবং এরই ধারাবাহিকতায় তার পরিবার কলকাতায় চলে যায়। ১৯৪৬ সালে রাজশাহী কলেজ থেকে আই.এ এবং ১৯৪৮ সালে বহরমপুর কৃষ্ণনাথ কলেজ থেকে বি.এ ডিগ্রি লাভ করেন। ১৯৫০ সালে কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে ইংরেজিতে এম.এ কোর্স শেষ করেও পরীক্ষা না দিয়ে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ত্যাগ করেন তিনি।
ঋত্বিক ঘটক বিংশ শতাব্দীর বাঙালি চলচ্চিত্রকারদের মধ্যে সবথেকে দৃঢ় প্রতিজ্ঞ অনমনীয় ব্যক্তিত্ব। এই বইটি মূলত তার লেখা বিভিন্ন নিবন্ধ, সাক্ষাৎকারকে সিঞ্চিত করে লেখা হয়েছে। মোট ২০টা প্রবন্ধ ও ১৭ টি সাক্ষাৎকারকে চমৎকার ভাবে শৈল্পিক ভঙ্গিমাতে লিপিবদ্ধ করা হয়েছে এবং খুবই সূক্ষ ভাবে মানব সভ্যতার প্রাচ্য ও পাশ্চাত্যের সংস্কৃতি ও আচার-আচরণএর প্রভেদকে ঐতিহাসিক সময়ের থেকে সমকালীন সময়ের আঙ্গিকে তুলে ধরা হয়েছে। বইটি সিনেমা প্রেমী মানুষের সাথে ইতিহাস সচেতন মননের উপযোগী করে লিখিত।
২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর

২৫ সেপ্টেম্বর গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২৬৮তম (অধিবর্ষে ২৬৯তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ৯৭ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
ইতিহাস (দ্ব্যর্থতা নিরসন)

ইতিহাস হলো অতীত ঘটনার বিবরণ।
সাধারণত ইতিহাস দ্বারা বোঝাতে পারে:
এছাড়াও ‘ইতিহাস’ বলতে বোঝাতে পারে:
কন্নড় চলচ্চিত্র

কন্নড় চলচ্চিত্র ভারতীয় রাজ্য কর্ণাটকের কন্নড়ভাষী চলচ্চিত্র শিল্প। এই শিল্প সাধারণভাবে স্যান্ডেলউড নামে পরিচিত। কন্নড় ছাড়াও তুলু ও কোঙ্কণীতে কিছু কিছু চলচ্চিত্র এই রাজ্যে নির্মিত হয়।
মারাঠি চলচ্চিত্র

মারাঠি চলচ্চিত্র (মারাঠি: मराठी चित्रपट, মরাঠি চিত্রপট) ভারতের মারাঠিভাষী চলচ্চিত্র শিল্প। এটি দেশের অন্যতম প্রাচীন স্থানীয় চলচ্চিত্র শিল্প। মারাঠি ভাষাইয় প্রথম সবাক চলচ্চিত্র ছিল অযোধ্যেচা রাজা। প্রভাত ফিল্মস প্রযোজিত এই ছবিটি মুক্তি পায় ১৯৩২ সালে; অর্থাৎ, প্রথম হিন্দি সবাক চলচ্চিত্র "আলম আরা" মুক্তি পাবার ঠিক একবছর পর। সাম্প্রতিক বছরগুলিতে মারাঠি চলচ্চিত্রের সমৃদ্ধি ঘটেছে। ভারতের মহারাষ্ট্র রাজ্যের রাজধানী মুম্বই শহরে এই শিল্পের মূল কেন্দ্র অবস্থিত।
Fazil (director)

Abdul Hameed Muhammed Fazil (born 4 February 1949), known mononymously as Fazil, is an Indian film director, film producer, screenwriter and actor who works in Malayalam cinema, in addition to directing a handful of Tamil films. He made his directorial debut with the 1980 film Manjil Virinja Pookkal.
His popular films include Ente Mamattikkuttiyammakku (1983), Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu (1984), Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal (1986), Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal (1987), Ente Sooryaputhrikku (1991), Pappayude Swantham Appoos (1992), Manichitrathazhu (1993), Harikrishnans (1998). His 1993 film Manichitrathazhu won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. He won the Best Director award at the 13th Kerala State Film Awards for his 1984 film Ente Mamattukkuttiyammakku.
His father wanted him to be a doctor, but in school and college, extracurricular activities dominated his time. He wrote plays and staged them with his friends; Nedumudi Venu was his college mate while he was in S.D. College, Alappuzha, and this group was perhaps the first mimicry team that entertained crowds. "I used to mimic stars like Sathyan, Prem Nazir, Sivaji Ganesan and Govindankutty." He completed his graduate and post-graduate degrees in economics from the department of economics at S.D. College in Alappuzha.
Since the early 1980s, Fazil has directed 31 movies. His debut was with the Malayalam film Manjil Virinja Pookkal, produced by Navodaya Appachan, which was also Mohanlal's first theatrical movie. Fazil has a knack for spotting talent. He introduced some of the biggest names in films in South India:
With numerous Malayalam films, as well as several Tamil films and one Telugu film, Fazil has won the most number of State awards for the best film with popular appeal and aesthetic value.
Fazil has two sons, Fahadh Faasil and Farhaan Faasil, and two daughters. Fahadh and Farhaan are both actors working primarily in the Malayalam film industry. Fahadh is married to actress Nazriya Nazim.
Mahendran (filmmaker)

J. Alexander (25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019), known professionally as Mahendran, was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor, known for his work in the Tamil film industry. Mahendran is regarded as one of the greatest film makers of Tamil cinema and has influenced several filmmakers of the generations that followed.
Mahendran entered the film industry as a screenwriter, writing scripts for nearly 26 films. He made an immediate impact with his first directional venture Mullum Malarum (1978). Mahendran's next film Uthiripookkal, based on a short story written by Pudumaipithan, firmly established him as an important filmmaker in Tamil cinema. His Nenjathai Killathe won three National Film Awards including the award for the best regional film.
He has also acted in films during the latter part of his film career, including Kamaraj (2004), Theri (2016), Nimir (2018) and Petta (2019).
Mahendran was born on 25 July 1939 to Joseph Chelliah, a teacher and Manonmani. Mahendran did his schooling in Ilayangudi and completed his intermediate at American College, Madurai. Later he joined Alagappa Government Arts College to do a Bachelor of Arts in Economics. During his college days, he was very active in stage plays. It was during that time when M. G. Ramachandran (M.G.R.) was invited as the chief guest for the college day during which Mahendran gave a speech that directly criticized the commercial elements that existed in cinema. Impressed by his speech M.G.R. praised Mahendran and said that he could become a good critic. After completing his degree, he went to Madras to study law. Seven months after joining the course he had to discontinue due to financial concerns. He then decided to go back to Ilayangud. However, on the insistence of Karaikudi Kannappa Valliappan he joined Inamuzhakkam, a periodical as a journalist. It was during this time he met M.G.R. again and he was asked to write the screenplay of Ponniyin Selvan after the former decided to make a film based on the story. The idea of developing the screenplay into a film got delayed, and M.G.R. asked Mahendran to write a story for his drama troupe. Mahendran wrote a script titled Anaadhaigal. M.G.R. decided to make a film based on the play. He named the film Vaazhve Vaa and acted in the lead role alongside Savitri. The project got shelved after three days of shooting. Soon M.G.R. acted in a film called Kaanchi Thalaivan and he recommended Mahendran to the director to make him an assistant.
Mahendran made his breakthrough as a screenwriter for the film Naam Moovar in 1966. After the success of the film he got more offers from the same banner and worked in films like Sabaash Thambi and Panakkara Pillai, both released in the subsequent years. He also wrote the script for Nirakudam starring Sivaji Ganesan. He announced that he was working on a new film in 2014 starring newcomers, for which Ilaiyaraaja would score music. He also worked as an actor in the films Kamaraj (2004), Theri (2016), and Nimir (2018).
Mahendran died on 2 April 2019, at the age of 79.
Rahul Sadasivan

Rahul Sadasivan is an Indian filmmaker and screenwriter who works in Malayalam cinema. He is notable for directing horror films.
Rahul was born in Palakkad, Kerala, India. He completed his schooling in Bharatha Matha Higher Secondary School, Chandranagar. He studied filmmaking in London Film Academy, and went on to complete his master's degree in animation and VFX from University of South Wales.
Rahul made his directorial debut soon after his London Film Academy course with Red Rain (2013), a science fiction film based on the red rain phenomenon in Kerala. While the film was lauded by genre fans, it did not achieve mainstream success. Rahul's sophomore film, Bhoothakaalam (2022), came 9 years later, in a direct to streaming release on SonyLIV. It helped the horror film gain national attention and was widely praised for its atmospheric treatment and complex themes. His third film, Bramayugam (2024), a big-budget period horror was produced by Night Shift Studios, a film production company exclusively created to produce Horror-Thriller features. The film gained pre-release attention due to star Mammootty's negative role and Rahul's choice to present the film wholly in black-and-white. It was well received by critics and became a box-office success upon release.
Bijoya Ray

Bijoya Ray (née Das; 27 October 1917 – 2 June 2015) was the wife of the Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray. Their son Sandip Ray is also a film director. Bijoya and Satyajit were first cousins. Bijoya's father was the eldest half brother of Satyajit Ray's mother. After a long courtship, they were married in 1949. Bijoya Ray acted and sang playback song in a Bengali feature film called Shesh Raksha in 1944 and also acted in the documentary Gaach (The Tree) by Catherine Berge in 1998. She died in Kolkata on 2 June 2015, aged 97, after suffering from acute pneumonia.
Bijoya Ray was born as Bijoya Das in Patna to Charu Chandra Das, a barrister and Madhuri Devi, younger sister of nationalist leader 'Deshbandhu' C R Das's wife Basanti Devi. She was the youngest of four daughters. One of her elder siblings Sati Devi was a well-known singer and musical exponent who worked with Uday Shankar in Almora and at Prithvi Theatre in Bombay and her daughter Ruma Guha Thakurta was a well-known personality in music and the acting world who was formerly married to the legendary singer Kishore Kumar. Her paternal aunt was Kanak Das (Biswas), an established singer. She is also related to Atul Prasad Sen, the legendary Bengali composer, singer, lawyer and philanthropist.
Bijoya grew up in Patna and was educated in a convent. She had a gifted voice and her father wanted to send her to Paris to be trained in soprano and western classical music. In 1931, when she was thirteen her father died and she and her mother and sisters had to come to Calcutta to her paternal uncle Prasant Das's house. It was here that she met her first cousin Satyajit. They were drawn to each other very soon and their common interests were Film and western classical music. She graduated from the Jogamaya Devi College, an affiliated undergraduate women's college of the historic University of Calcutta, in Kolkata. After graduating, she worked as a teacher at Bethune School and Kamala Girls School, Kolkata and also as a clerk in a government office for a brief time. She left her job and went to Bombay to start a film career.
She worked in a few films without success or satisfaction. In 1949 she married Satyajit Ray. Their only son Sandip was born in 1953. Bijoya Ray remained a constant inspiration and influence in Ray's life. After her husband died in 1992, she lived in Calcutta with her son Sandip, daughter-in-law Lalita and grandson Saurodip. She wrote an autobiography "Amader Kotha (আমাদের কথা ISBN 81-7756-687-3)" which was published by Ananda Publishers. She died on 2 June 2015 at the age of 97 after suffering from Pneumonia.
Underground culture

Underground culture, or simply underground, is a term to describe various alternative cultures which either consider themselves different from the mainstream of society and culture, or are considered so by others. The word "underground" is used because there is a history of resistance movements under harsh regimes where the term underground was employed to refer to the necessary secrecy of the resisters.
For example, the Underground Railroad was a network of clandestine routes by which African slaves in the 19th-century United States attempted to escape to freedom. The phrase "underground railroad" was resurrected and applied in the 1960s to the extensive network of draft counseling groups and houses used to help Vietnam War-era draft dodgers escape to Canada, and was also applied in the 1970s to the clandestine movement of people and goods by the American Indian Movement in and out of occupied Native American reservation lands. (See also: Wounded Knee Occupation).
The filmmaker Rosa von Praunheim documented the legendary New York underground scene in the 1970s around Andy Warhol in some of his films, for example in Underground and Emigrants (1976) and Tally Brown, New York (1979). Since then, the term has come to designate various subcultures such as mod culture, hippie culture, punk culture, techno music/rave culture, and underground hip hop.
The unmodified term "The underground" was a common name for World War II resistance movements. It was later applied to counter-cultural movements, many of which sprang up in the United States during the 1960s.
The 1960s and 1970s underground cultural movements had some connections to the Beat Generation, which had, in turn, been inspired by the French author philosophers, artists, and poets as Louis-Ferdinand Céline or the Existentialist movement, which gathered around Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus in Paris during the years that followed the aftermath of World War II. Sartre and Camus were members of Combat, a French resistance group formed in 1942 by Henri Frenay. Frenay, Sartre, and Camus were all involved in publishing underground newspapers for the resistance. The French intellectuals which inspired underground american author as Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and William Burroughs in North America in the 1940s was steeped in socialist thinking before the Cold War began.
In the Esquire magazine (1958), Jack Kerouac stated:
Today, many aspects of underground culture have become more accessible and commercialized, often losing their original spirit. Niche music genres, fashion styles, and art forms are now widely marketed to mainstream audiences, which can dilute their authenticity.
Moreover, the ease of access to cultural products online has blurred the lines between underground and mainstream. Consequently, what was once considered "underground" is now often integrated into popular culture, resulting in a loss of the exclusivity and community that originally defined these movements.
Guy

Guy zo un anv-badez gallek (distaget /gi/) ha saoznek (distaget /gaɪ/) deveret eus an anv italianek hag alamanek Guido, hag a zeu eus an anv germanek Wido. Kavet e vez Guy evel anv-tiegezh ivez. Meur a zen anvet Guy zo sent pe wenvidien en iliz katolik pe ortodoks.
Tregon

Tregon a zo ur gumun eus Kerne-Izel, e kanton Molan met sko ouzh Konk-Kerne, e departamant Penn-ar-Bed, e mervent Breizh.
Beg Trevignon
Erwan Vallerie ː Treguenc, XI; Treguent, 1038; Treguenc, 1084; Treguent, XII; Treguenc, 1112; Tregunc, 1270; Trefguen, 1368; Trefguenc, 1368; Tresguenc, 1368; Tregueuc, 1370; Treguenc, 1516, 1536; Treguen, 1630
Karrnijourion e oant o-zri. Mervel a rejont e-pad an Eil Brezel Bed, daou anezhe d'an 28 a viz Gwengolo 1940 pa gouezhas o c'harr-nij (Beaufort Mk I marilhet N1149 ha kodet AW-V) er mor, an trede hini pa gouezhas e garr-nij (Wellington X marilhet HF483 ha kodet AS-S) er Forest-Fouenant e miz Eost 1943; luc'hskeudenn.
Niver a annezidi
Hilion

Hilion (skrivet Hillion e galleg) a zo ur gumun eus eus kanton Tregaeg, e departamant Aodoù-an-Arvor, e norzh Breizh.
Bras eo eo ar gumun-se (gorread: tost da 2 500 ha peogwir ez eus div barrez en unan: Hilion ha Sant-Reunan.
Hir eo an aod ivez: 12 km, peogwir eo Hilion ur c'hourenez (kelc'het gant "mirlec'h naturel Bae Sant-Brieg", an hini vrasañ e Breizh).
En gul, e sourin en argant karget gant teir brizhenn erminig en sabel ouzh red ar sourin Diforc'h ardamezioù Roland de Hilion (1278) Kuzul ar Gumun ː 29 Ebrel 1989
Ploufragan

Ploufragan a zo ur gumun eus Breizh e departamant Aodoù-an-Arvor. Pennlec'h kanton Ploufragan eo.
Plofragan, 1167; Ploufragan, 1230; Ploefragan, 1368; Plefragan, 1369; par. de Ploefragan, 1371; Plouffragan, 1427; Ploffragan, 1575; Ploufragan, 1622
Talvoudegezh = ploe (parrez diazez) - Fragan (anv den)
Niver a annezidi
Tourc'h (kumun)

Ur gumun eus Kernev (Bro-Gerne) e kanton Konk-Kerne eo Tourc'h. En departamant Penn-ar-Bed emañ e mervent Breizh. [tɔʁx] e vez distaget hec'h anv gant tud ar c'horn-bro ha neuze [tuʁx] gant ar re all a belloc'h. Annezidi Tourc'h a vez graet tud Tourc'h anezho pe raloc'h a-galz Tourc'hiz, maouezed ha gwazed anezho. Paotr Tourc'h ha plac'h Tourc'h a-hent-all a vez graet eus unan ac'hane.
Ur gumun war ar maez eo Tourc'h er su da Penn-ar-Bed. War-hed 21.3 km war-nij emañ bourc'h Tourc'h diouzh Kemper, en tu reter dezhi ha neuze 63,8 diouzh Brest er mervent. Strizh eo tachenn ar gumun eus an norzh d'ar su. 8,3 km eo en he hirañ pa ne dap ket 3 km en he ledanañ.
Ar c'humunioù en-dro dezhi a vez graet anezho : Eliant, Rosporden, Skaer, Leuc'han ha Kore. Meur a stêr zo oc'h ober harz d'ar gumun: Stêr-Aven (er c'hornôg diouzh tu Kore hag er reter diouzh tu Skaer ha Rosporden), ar wazh-dour (e) Pont Ar C'hleudig (er reter diouzh tu Skaer), Stêr-Jet (er c'hornôg diouzh tu Kore) ha neuze ar wazh-dour (e) Pont Ar Bastad (er su diouzh tu Rosporden).
E galleg ofisiel e vez skrivet Tourch hag e brezhoneg eo Tourc'h gant C'H. Merkañ a ra ar skriv-se ar soniad [X] en anv. War panelloù kêr ne weler nemet TOURC'H.
Orin an anv
Pa zeuas Brezhoned Enez-Vreizh da Arvorig da annezañ hag int o tec'hel kuit dirak an Angled hag ar Saozon etre ar pevare kantved hag ar seizhvet kantved e rajont en o bro nevez gant anvioù rouantelezhioù pe anvioù lec'hioù eus o enezenn c'henidik. E-giz-se emañ Llanelian, Llangollen da skouer hag ur stêr hec'h anv Afon Twrch e kontelezh Denbighshire e Bro-Gembre. Dereout a ra an anvioù kembraek-se ouzh Eliant, Langolen ha Tourc'h. En Afon Twrch emañ ar ger "afon" zo heñvel ouzh "aven" koulz lâret stêr ha neuze "twrc'h" zo mil heñvel ouzh "tourc'h" a dalv kement ha pemoc'h gouez.
En argant e c'houzhoc'h tremenant en sabel, lagadek ha stilhonnek en argant, e vevenn en glazur; e gab en argant karget gant pemp brizhenn erminig en sabel.
Niver a annezidi
Brezel Sina ha Japan (1937-1945)

An eil Brezel Sina ha Japan a grogas gant aloubadeg reter Sina gant arme impalaeriezh Bro-Japan. C'hwec'h vloaz goude aloubadeg Mandchouria, impalaeriezh Bro-Japan a zalc'he gant e bolitikerezh emledañ e Sina. Sur eus o chañsoù da echuiñ ar brezel buan ez eas ar Japaned betek ober ar raktres da c'hounit ar brezel en un nebeud sizunvezhioù : daoust da drec'hioù kentañ Bro-Japan e padas ar brezel e-pad eizh vloaz. Rediet e oa an impalaeriezh da verañ un dachenn ec'hon ha na oa ket sur.
Tagadenn Bro-Japan a zegasas un dreverzh er Brezel diabarzh a enebe ar C'huomintang ha strollad komunour Sina abaoe dek vloaz. Sevel a reas an div gostezenn un eil talbenn unvan sinaat. Ar brezel etre Sina ha Bro-Japan a oa gwadek-kenañ, ha dilerc'hioù pounner en doe war istor Bro-Sina ha war ar c'hempouezioù geopolitikel eus al lodenn-se eus ar bed en degadoù bloavezhioù goude.
Adalek 1939 e krogas ar brezel d'en em ledañ e diavaez Sina, gant ar brezel etre Bro-Japan hag an URSS e Mongolia. Adalek 1941 en em renkas Republik Sina a-du gant ar Gevredidi. Brezel Sina a zeuas da vezañ en un doare ofisiel ul lodenn eus an Eil Brezel-bed.
Echuiñ a reas brezel Sina ha Japan pa godianas Bro-Japan e 1945, hag heuliet e oa gant adkrog ar brezel diabarzh e Sina.
Emgann Corregidor (1945)

An Emgann evit adtapout Corregidor (saozneg: The Battle for the Recapture of Corregidor ; filipineg: Labanan para sa Corregidor) a voe stourmet etre ar 16 hag ar 26 a viz C'hwevrer 1945, etre un nerzh tagañ stadunanat hag ur gwarnizon japanat o klask difenn enezenn Corregidor. Japaniz o devoa tapet ar c'hreñvlec'h digant an United States Army Forces in the Far East e-pad un emgann kentañ, e 1942.
Kalz soudarded japanat a oa marvet beuzet o klask tec'hout diouzh an enezenn roc'hellek. Un darn eus soudarded ar gwarnizon, marteze miladoù a dud, a oa aet da guzhat e fozioù ha ribouloù en enezenn. O klask heuliañ hent spered ar Bushidō, an difennerien, kuzhet evel ar re en Malinta Hill, o devoa kavet gwelloc'h en em lazhañ eget kodianañ. E Corregidor e voe klevet tarzhadennoù dindan zouar e-pad devezhioù goude fin an emgann. Hervez mammennoù Japan e oa 6700 soudard japanat er gwarnizon war an enezenn pa oa bet ar 503rd PRCT hag ar 34th Infantry o tilestrañ. Diwar an hollad e oa chomet bev 50 den ; 19 all a oa bet prizoniet hag 20 soudard a oa chomet kuzhet (Zanryū nipponhei) hag a oa kodianet d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 1946 hepken.
Prix Décembre

The Prix Décembre, originally known as the Prix Novembre, is one of France's premier literary awards. It was founded under the name Prix Novembre in 1989 by Philippe Dennery (Michel Dennery, according to other sources). In 1998, the founder resigned after he disapproved awarding of the prize to Michel Houellebecq's novel Atomised. The prize then got a new patron – Pierre Bergé – and a new name: Prix Decembre.
Winners:
France at the 1976 Summer Olympics

France competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 206 competitors, 177 men and 29 women, took part in 128 events in 18 sports.
In France's second appearance in modern Olympic archery, one woman and one man represented the nation. Albert Le Tyrant posted France's best placing since 1920.
Women's Individual Competition:
Men's Individual Competition:
Men's 800 metres
Men's 5,000 metres
Men's 10,000 metres
Men's 400m Hurdles
Men's Marathon
Men's 4x100 metres Relay
Men's Long Jump
Men's High Jump
Men's Pole Vault
Men's 20 km Race Walk
Women's 200 metres
Men's Light Flyweight (– 48 kg)
Fourteen cyclists represented France in 1976.
18 fencers, 13 men and 5 women, represented France in 1976.
Three male pentathletes represented France in 1976.
Stone Age (band)

Stone Age is a French pop rock band that combines Celtic, primarily Breton, themes with contemporary electronic arrangements, with the addition of world and new age elements. Originally from Paris, the group is composed of Michel Valy, Marc Hazon, Jérôme Guéguen, and Dominique Perrier. Stone Age has released five studio albums to date: Stone Age (1994), Les Chronovoyageurs (1997), Promessa (2000), Totems d'Armorique (2007), and Bubry Road (2022).
Stone Age was formed in 1992 in Paris by three former members of the instrumental Breton group Gwendal: Bassist Michel "Kervador" Valy, who had previously worked with Breton musician Alan Stivell, Canadian singer Robert Charlebois, as well as French singers Jean-Patrick Capdevielle and Philippe Lavil; keyboardist Jérôme "Lach'ilaouët" Guéguen, who had collaborated with new-age composer Jean-Michel Jarre; and drummer Marc "Ponkallec" Hazon, who had played on Sheila's 1980 album, Pilote sur les ondes. They added keyboardist Dominique "Terracotta" Perrier, who has also worked with Jarre.
Writing songs that incorporated elements of Celtic, primarily Breton music, with world and new age compositions, into a pop rock and electro sound, the group released their debut, self-titled album in 1994. It included guest vocals by Janet Woollacott, who went on to marry Perrier. The record earned them a Victoires de la Musique nomination the following year in the World Music category.
In 1997, they issued their sophomore album, Les Chronovoyageurs, which also featured Woollacott on vocals, as well as other guest musicians, such as guitarist Patrick Rondat, hurdy-gurdy player Gilles Chabenat, and multi-instrumentalists Loïc Taillebrest and Robert Le Gall.
Stone Age's third album, Promessa, came out in 2000. Seven years later, they issued Totems d'Armorique. After a fourteen-year hiatus, the band returned in 2021 with the announcement of a fifth studio album, titled Bubry Road, which was released the following year.
France at the 1972 Summer Olympics

France competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. 227 competitors, 197 men and 30 women, took part in 132 events in 18 sports.
In the first modern archery competition at the Olympics, France entered three men and two women. Their highest placing competitor was Jacques Doyen, at 21st place in the men's competition.
Men's Individual Competition:
Women's Individual Competition:
Men's 100 metres
Men's 800 metres
Men's 1500 metres
Men's 5,000 metres
Men's 4 × 100 m Relay
Men's High Jump
Men's Pole Vault
Men's Flyweight (– 51 kg)
Men's Light Middleweight (– 71 kg)
Fifteen cyclists represented France in 1972.
Men's 3m Springboard
Men's 10m Platform
Women's 3m Springboard
19 fencers, 15 men and 4 women represented France in 1972.
Three male pentathletes represented France in 1972.
Men's Individual Competition:
Men's Team Competition:
Men's Coxed Pairs
Thirteen male shooters represented France in 1972.
Men's 100m Freestyle
Men's 200m Freestyle
Men's 4 × 100 m Freestyle Relay
Men's 4 × 200 m Freestyle Relay
Men's Slalom:
Men's Figure Skiing:
Men's Jump:
Women's Slalom:
Women's Figure Skiing:
Women's Jump:
Camaïeu (company)

Camaïeu (French pronunciation: [kamajø]) was a French retail clothing company which manufactured and sold its own collections of women's clothing.
Mainly aimed towards women 20 to 40 years old, the company operated a chain of boutiques in Belgium, Czech Republic (to 2020), France, Hungary (to 2020), Italy (to 2020), Morocco, Poland (to 2020), Romania, Russia, Slovakia (to 2020) and Spain. In 2007, the company opened its 600th boutique. As of October 2013, Elizabeth Cunin became CEO after leaving Comptoir des Cotonniers and Princess Tam Tam.
On October 1, 2022 Camaïeu shut down.
Monoprix

Monoprix S.A. (French pronunciation: [mɔnɔpʁi]) is a major French retail chain with its headquarters in Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine, France, near Paris. The company's stores combine food retailing with fashion, beauty and home products.
The company was founded in 1932 in Rouen by Max Heilbronn, a son-in-law of Theophile Bader, the founder of Galeries Lafayette.
In 1991, Monoprix acquired the Uniprix brand after Galeries Lafayette took over Nouvelles Galeries, the parent of Uniprix.
In 1997, the chain merged with French retailer Prisunic, in a deal that saw Casino Group acquire a 21% stake in the merged company.
In 2000, Galeries Lafayette, entered into an agreement to sell a 50% interest in Monoprix. Casino Group provided Galeries Lafayette with a put option to sell the remaining 50%. In 2012, after legal wrangling over the value of the put option, the shareholders of both firms agreed on a sale price of $1.6 billion (€1.2 billion). The Autorité de la concurrence, France's competition regulatory body, approved the transaction in 2013, with the condition that the merged group sell 58 stores. This allowed the deal to close, making Monoprix a wholly-owned subsidiary of Casino Group.
In 2023, Monoprix's parent Casino announced that they have completed a deal to avoid bankruptcy. This restructuring procedure would allow for the company to cut high debt and improve recent losses to other rival supermarket corporations. In 2024, Casino USA filed for Chapter 15 bankruptcy.
Monoprix currently has more than 700 shops in total: most under the Monoprix brand, but also smaller Monop', Monop' Daily, Monop' Station, Monop' Beauty, and Naturalia formats. It has a presence in over 250 towns and cities in France and employs around 21,000 people.
In 1933 Monoprix opened in Tunisia (Monoprix Tunisia), where there are 85 stores operated under a management contract.
Stores in Morocco had previously operated in the 20th century.
Monoprix acquired Prisunic's stores in Mauritius in 1975 and left the market in 2019; it plans to return to Mauritius in early 2025.
Monoprix entered Lebanon in 1999 and closed its stores in 2019; in early 2024 it was announced that Monoprix would return to Lebanon in 2024, but it is uncertain if the store will open due to the 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon.
Stores were opened in Andorra in 2009. They have since closed.
In 2013 Monoprix opened a store in Doha, Qatar. A store was also opened in Libya, however it later closed.
Monoprix opened in Luxembourg in 2014.
Intentions to expand to Germany, the Netherlands, Portugal, Scandinavia and Spain were announced in late 2020.
They expanded to the UAE in 2022 with the opening of a store in Abu Dhabi.
In Spring 2024 Monoprix opened its first Belgian store.
Stores are planned to open in Egypt in 2025.
French National Road Race Championships

The French National Road Race Championship is a cycling race where the French cyclists decide who will become the champion for the year to come. The event was established in 1899, a professional championship was established in 1907 and the women's championship was established in 1951. Several additional categories were added later. The record for victories is by one of the best female cyclists, Jeannie Longo, who has so far won 20 road championships.
The winners of each event are awarded with a symbolic cycling jersey which is blue, white and red, just like the national flag, these colours can be worn by the rider at other road racing events in the country to show their status as national champion. The champion's stripes can be combined into a sponsored rider's team kit design for this purpose.
굴

굴은 바다에서 사는 굴과의 연체동물 가운데 먹는 것의 총칭이다. 바위에 붙어 살기 때문에 석화(石花)라고도 한다. 조개껍데기 속에는 부드러운 몸체가 있다. 아가미는 음식물을 모아 위에서 소화하도록 하며, 안쪽의 내전근으로 껍질을 여닫는다.
굴은 익혀서 먹기도 하지만 생으로도 먹는데, 중세 유럽에는 미약으로 알려져 있었다. 음식으로서 작용에 대해 자세히 서술한 책으로는 M. F. K. Fisher가 쓴 《Consider the Oyster》라는 책이 있다.
한편 굴은 미국 공익과학센터(CSPI)가 미국 질병통제예방센터(CDC)의 자료를 토대로 열거한 가장 위험한 음식에서 4위를 차지하기도 하였다. 이는 굴이 노로바이러스나 비브리오에 쉽게 오염되기 때문이다.
굴은 영양가가 풍부해 '바다의 우유'라고도 불린다. 가을부터 겨울 동안에 영양가가 높고 맛이 좋다.
굴에는 비타민과 미네랄이 풍부하다. 비타민A, B1, B2, B12, 철분, 동, 망간, 요오드, 인, 칼슘, 아연 등이 많다. 참굴의 경우 먹을 수 있는 부분 기준 100g 당 인이 115mg, 철분이 75mg이다. 굴의 당질의 대부분은 글리코겐인데, 이 성분은 소화 흡수가 잘 되어서 어린이나 노약자, 환자 등에게 부담을 주지 않는 식품으로 권장된다.
옛날부터 빈혈과 간장병 후의 체력회복에 좋은 강장식품으로 여겨져 왔다. 한방에서는 땀을 흘리지 않게 하고 신경쇠약에 효과가 있는 것으로 여기며, 뇌일혈과 불면증에 좋다고 한다. 굴껍질은 간장 및 장질환과 두통에 가루내어 달여 먹으면 특효가 있다고 한다.
식용에 이용되는 굴의 종류에는 참굴·아메리카굴·포르투갈굴·호주굴·봄베이굴·갓굴·토굴·유럽굴·올림피아굴 등이다. 굴양식은 옛날부터 중국에서 이루어져 왔으며, 기원전 1세기에 나폴리에서 양식되었다는 기록이 남아 있다.
성숙한 굴은 내만의 수온이 2-5°C로 되는 5-8월이 산란기이다. 수중을 부유하고 있는 유생은 0.4mm 정도로 자라면 바위에 부착하기 시작하는데, 이 시기를 보아 굴껍데기나 큰가리비의 조가비를 연결한 부착기를 바닷속에 넣어 치패(稚貝)를 부착시켜 채묘(採苗)한다. 부착된 치패는 4~5일 정도 경과하면 깨알 정도로 커지는데, 이것을 종(種)굴이라고 한다.
수하식 양식은 종굴이 언제나 바닷속에 잠겨 있으므로 간조시에 노출되는 바위의 굴보다 성장이 빠르다. 굴의 부착성을 이용하여 조개껍데기 등의 부착기에 붙인 다음, 이 부착기를 다시 긴 줄에 꿰어 뗏목·뜸에 매달아 수하시켜 양식한다. 양식생물을 부착시키기 위해 부착기를 꿴 줄을 수하련(垂下連)이라 하며, 현대식 양식은 대부분 이 방법을 쓴다. 수하식 양식에는 말목식·뗏목식·로프(밧줄)식 등이 있다.
말목식(또는 간이 수하식)은 물이 얕은 연안에 말목을 박고, 그 위에 나무를 걸쳐서 수하연을 매달아 양식하는 방법인데 시설이 간단하여 굴의 종묘생산에 많이 이용된다. 뗏목식은 대나무·쇠파이프 등으로 뗏목을 만들고 그 아래에 합성수지로 만든 뜸통을 달아서 부력을 크게 한 것에다 수하연을 매단 것인데, 이 방법은 시설비가 많이 들기 때문에 굴 양식이 시작된 초기에는 많이 쓰였으나 현재는 거의 쓰이지 않는다. 로프식은 연승식(連繩式)이라고도 하는데, 수면에 로프를 뻗쳐 뜸통을 달아 뜨게 하고, 양끝을 닻으로 고정시킨 다음, 이 로프에 수하연을 매단 것이다. 파도에 견디는 힘이 크기 때문에 내만(內灣)뿐 아니라 비교적 외해에도 설치할 수가 있다.
비가 많이 와서 바다에 민물이 많이 유입되면 산소가 모자라 굴이 말라죽는 현상(빈산소수괴)이 홍합, 멍게, 미더덕 양식장 뿐 아니라 굴 양식장에서 발생한다.
한국에서 통영은 전체 생산량의 70%를 차지하고 있으며 마른굴, 훈제굴의 형태로 미국과 일본 등으로 매년 수출된다. 중국에서 인기를 끌어 통영굴의 중국수출이 증가하고 있다.
걸리버 여행기의 작가 조나단 스위프트는 "굴을 처음 먹어본 사람은 매우 용감한 사람이었을 것이다."라고 말했다. 선사시대부터 굴을 먹었다는 흔적은 굴 무덤이 세계 곳곳에서 발견된다는 것으로 알 수 있다.
서양에서는 굴은 특이하게도 각 달의 영어 이름에 R 자가 들어갈 때만 먹는다. 9월부터 이듬해 4월까지가 이에 해당한다. R 자가 들어가지 않은 5월부터 8월까지는 먹지 않았다. 한국에서도 옛날부터 굴은 보리가 패면 먹어서는 안 된다고 했다. 수온이 오르면 맛이 없고, 특히 7~8월은 굴의 산란기로 독소가 나오기 때문이다. 날이 추워지는 11월부터 1월까지는 굴 맛의 절정기다.
한국에서는 생굴로 많이 먹는다. 물에 살짝 헹구어 초장에 찍어먹는 것이 일반적이다. 이 밖에 굴국밥으로 만들어 먹기도 하며, 굴구이, 굴튀김, 굴전, 굴무침 등도 인기 있는 안주이다. 젓갈로 무쳐먹기도 하는데 이를 어리굴젓이라고 부른다. 어리굴젓은 충청남도 서산에서 생산된 것이 가장 유명하다.
이요만테

이요만테(아이누어: イヨマンテ)는 아이누인의 불곰에 관한 풍습이다.
겨울 말엽에 아직 월동 중인 곰굴에 들어간다. 새끼곰이 있으면 어미곰을 죽이고 새끼곰을 마을로 데리고 와 실내에서 자식처럼 키운다. 심지어 곰에게 모유를 먹였다는 말도 있다. 곰이 어느 정도 자라면 밖으로 데리고 가 통나무로 만든 작은 우리에 넣어 기른다. 이후 좋은 음식을 먹이며 성심껏 모신다. 이 새끼곰은 부락민들에게 신적 존재로 취급받는다.
곰이 두 살이 되면 우리에서 꺼내 마을 한가운데 세워진 기둥에 묶는다. 그러면 마을의 남자들이 궁시를 들어 곰을 쏘아 죽인다. 불곰은 불과 두 살에도 상당히 크기 때문에 죽이기 위해서는 엄청나게 많은 화살을 쏘아야 한다. 고슴도치가 된 곰이 죽기 직전이 되면 마을사람 한 명이 다가가 목에 영거리 사격으로 확인사살을 한다. 그 뒤 곰의 멱을 따 피를 받아서 마신다. 곰의 가죽은 벗기고, 고기는 나누어 먹는다. 곰의 해골바가지를 창대 끝에 꽂아 곰의 모피로 덮어 숭배하는 우상으로 삼는다. 이제 곰은 신들의 나라로 "보내졌다"고 선언된다.
현재 일본 실정법상 동물학대로 여겨져 불법화되었다.
결명자차

결명자차(決明子茶)는 볶은 결명자를 끓는 물에 달여낸 차다. 여름에는 따뜻하게 겨울에는 시원하게 마시는 차로서 알려져 있다.
결명자의 한자 뜻인 ‘눈을 밝게 틔우는 씨앗’이라는 이름대로 결명자는 눈을 맑고 총명하게 해주는 작용을 한다. 한약재로도 쓰이는 결명자차는 자주 마시면 결막염, 백내장, 녹내장, 신장병, 구강염, 숙취 , 고혈압, 위 질병, 변비 등의 치료에 도움이 된다. 여러 연구결과중 콜레스테롤을 낮추는 기능도 밝혀졌다.
결명자차는 혈압을 낮춰주는 효능이 있으므로 저혈압 환자에게는 해로울 수 있다. 또한 과다한 수분량으로 설사를 자주하는 사람의 건강에는 악영향을 끼칠 수 있다.
결명자 20g / 물 2리터
차관에 결명자를 넣고 물을 부어 끓인다. 끓기 시작하면 불을 줄인 후 은근히 오랫동안 달인다.
탕후루

탕후루(중국어 간체자: 糖葫芦, 정체자: 糖葫蘆, 병음: táng húlu, 한자음: 당호로)는 중국의 과일 사탕이다. 산사 등의 과일에 설탕 시럽을 발라 굳혀 먹는다. 베이징과 톈진을 포함하는 화베이 지역의 대표적인 겨울 간식이며, 최근에는 중화권 전역에서 즐겨 먹게 되었다. 중화인민공화국의 국민 음식 가운데 하나로 여겨진다.
중국어 "탕(糖, táng)"은 "설탕"을, "후루(葫芦, 葫蘆, húlu)"는 "박"을 뜻한다. "설탕 박"이라는 뜻이다. 산사를 꼬챙이에 꿴 모습이 호리병박과 비슷하게 생겨 이런 이름이 붙었다.
송나라 황제 광종의 후궁 황귀비는 몸이 허약해 어떠한 약제와 시술로도 병이 낫지 않았는데, 한 의원이 내린 산사를 설탕과 달여 식전에 먹으라는 처방을 따른 후 병이 나았다는 이야기가 있다. (산사 열매는 한방에서 소화를 돕고 복통을 진정시키는 효과가 있는 식물이다. 설탕 또한 제당기술이 발전하지 않은 옛 중국에서는 약으로 쓰였다고 한다.) 이 이야기가 백성들 사이에 퍼져, 사람들이 산사를 꼬챙이에 꿰어 팔기 시작한 것이 탕후루의 시초였다고 전해진다. 물론 실증적으론 이런 이야기의 증거는 딱히 없으며, 제작자나 상인의 상술에 가깝다. 따라서 실제 시초는 사료나 제작법 같은 실증을 기준으로 할 때 당시 시대의 한계로 이름없이 묻혔을 가능성이 높다. 이야기의 진위 여부를 확인할 수는 없지만 13세기 중반에 쓰인 문헌에 고급간식으로 탕후루가 등장하는 점을 미루어보아 탕후루가 800년도 더 된 간식이라는 사실을 확인할 수 있다.
중국에서 온 탕후루는 과일에 설탕, 물엿 등으로 만든 시럽을 얇게 발라 굳힌 길거리 음식이다. 탕후루는 한국으로 건너와 이제는 인기 간식이 되었다. 한국에서는 왕가탕후루가 프랜차이즈로 크게 번성하였고, 여러가지 프랜차이즈가 생겨났지만 2024년 현재 탕후루의 인기는 떨어졌고 탕후루 관련 기업이 사라지고 있다.
씻어서 꼭지를 따고 물기를 제거한 산사를 꼬챙이에 끼운다. 설탕과 물을 2:1 정도로 넣어 젓지 않고 끓이다가, 설탕 시럽이 찬물에 담가 굳혔을 때 바로 딱딱해질 정도로 졸아들면 산사 꼬치에 묻혀 실온에서 굳힌다. 산사 대신 귤, 거봉, 딸기, 샤인머스캣, 키위, 귤, 방울토마토, 바나나, 포도, 블루베리, 파인애플, 망고 등 다른 과일로 만들기도 한다. 설탕 시럽에서 뺄 때 꼬챙이를 빠르게 돌리면 시럽이 굳으며 설탕실이 만들어지는데, 이렇게 만든 것을 라쓰탕후루(중국어 간체자: 拉丝糖葫芦, 정체자: 拉絲糖葫蘆, 병음: lā sī táng húlu)라 부른다.
탕후루의 칼로리는 개당 200kcal내외로 여느 과일보다 더 높다. 이는 과일의 과당 뿐 아니라 설탕·물엿 등의 이당류(포도당과 과당이 결합)가 더해졌기 때문이다.
탕후루와 같은 단순당을 과다섭취할 경우 혈당스파이크(고혈당)를 일으키고 만성화되면 산화스트레스를 유발해 췌장은 물론 혈관 및 여러 장기의 건강을 해칠 수 있다. 단순당이 많은 식품을 섭취하면 혈당이 치솟으며 인슐린이 과다 분비되는데, 이런 일이 반복되면 나중엔 인슐린이 분비돼도 혈당 수치가 제대로 낮아지지 않는 ‘인슐린 저항성’이 생길 수 있다. 인슐린 저항성은 2형 당뇨병 발생의 주요 위험 인자 중 하나다.
즉, 탕후루를 너무 자주 먹으면 혈당과 비만에도 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 혈당 저하를 위해 분비된 인슐린 때문에 지방간이 생기거나 중성지방수치가 상승할 수 있어 주의해야 한다.
코미디언 홍윤화는 개인 유튜브에서 탕후루 ASMR을 하다가 임플란트가 빠졌다. 과거 헤일로 멤버였던 조성호도 탕후루를 먹다 금니가 빠진 영상을 올렸다.
탕후루 겉면에 코팅된 설탕은 끈적거려 치아에 달라붙게 되고 오랫동안 구강 내에 남게 된다. 이 당분을 먹이로 삼아 세균이 번식하고 충치가 발생한다. 치아 균열, 치주염 등이 있는 사람들은 단단한 음식을 깨물어 먹을 때 증세가 더욱 악화돼 치아가 깨지기 쉽다.
금이나 은 등 보철물이나 교정기가 빠질 수도 있는 만큼, 치아와 턱관절 손상도 주의해야 한다.
탕후루처럼 딱딱하고 끈적거리는 음식은 씹어먹지 말고 녹여서 먹어야 치아 손상을 줄일 수 있고, 섭취 후 여러 번 물로 헹궈내거나 물을 수초간 머금어 입안에 남아있는 당분을 희석 해주고 꼼꼼하게 양치하는 것이 충치 예방에 도움이 된다.
유튜버 '치과의사 찐, 강성진 서울다루치과 대표원장은 지난 17일 유튜브에 올린 영상에서“탕후루는 치과의사로서 봤을 때 충치에 정말 최악의 음식" 이라고 말했다. 직접 탕후루를 맛본 뒤 끈적하게 치아 안에 붙어 있는 게 있어 충치유발지수가 굉장히 높을 것이라 지적하였고 "탕후루 유행이 계속된다면 제가 조만간 강남에 집을 살 수 있을 것으로 생각된다."며 충치에 대한 우려를 빗댄 농담을 하였다.