davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections

The 1876–77 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between June 5, 1876, and March 13, 1877. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 45th United States Congress convened on October 15, 1877. The size of the House increased to 293 seats with the addition of the new state of Colorado.
These elections coincided with the (heavily contested) election of President Rutherford B. Hayes and the United States Centennial. Hayes' Republican Party was able to recover from the Democratic Party many of the seats it had lost two years before as the economy improved slightly. However, the Democrats retained a majority and were able to use the disinterest of the people in Republican Reconstruction led projects to help keep crucial seats. Republican congressional leadership had a difficult time distancing itself from the corruption of the Ulysses S. Grant administration or the legislature's impact on the economy downturn.
The previous election included 4 Independents, in Illinois and Massachusetts.
In 1845, Congress passed a law providing for a uniform nationwide date for choosing Presidential electors. This law did not affect election dates for Congress, which remained within the jurisdiction of State governments, but over time, the states moved their congressional elections to this date as well. In 1876–77, there were still 8 states with earlier election dates, and 1 state with a later election date.
Elections before Election Day (United States):
Standard Election Day:
Election after Election Day:
Alabama redistricted and eliminated its at-large seats, going from 6 districts and 2 at-large seats to 8 districts. The state also elected a full delegation of Democrats, voting out the two Republicans.
There were two elections to the new state of Colorado.
Connecticut had been electing is members late in the cycle, even after the terms had begun. But starting in 1876, the state joined the others in electing its members on the November 7, 1876 Election Day. The delegation remained 3 Democrats and 1 Republican.
Wisconsin elected eight members of congress on Election Day, November 7, 1876.
List of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900)

This is a list of state leaders in the 19th century (1851–1900) AD, except for the leaders within British south Asia and its predecessor states, and those leaders within the Holy Roman Empire.
These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 19th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Angola
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo: Belgian; today, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congo: French; today, the Republic of the Congo
Equatorial Guinea
Gabon
São Tomé and Príncipe
Great Lakes area
Horn of Africa area
Indian Ocean
Libya
Tunisia
Egypt
Sudan
Algeria
Morocco and Western Sahara
Botswana
Eswatini/ Swaziland
Lesotho
Malawi
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Liberia
Mali
Mauritania
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Togo
Antigua
The Bahamas
Barbados
Cuba
Dominica
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Dominican Republic
Haiti
Netherlands
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Trinidad and Tobago
Belize
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Canada
Mexico
United States
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Kazakhstan
Tibet
Uzbekistan
China: Mainland
China: Taiwan
Japan
Korea
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar / Burma
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Timor
Vietnam
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
United Arab Emirates: Trucial States
Yemen
Bulgaria
Croatia
Greece
Kosovo
Montenegro
Serbia
Slovenia
Germany Empire
Austria-Hungary
Bohemia
Liechtenstein
Switzerland
These are leaders of constituent states from the German mediatisation in 1806 until the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866. Leaders of constituent states within the Holy Roman Empire are excluded up to the time of German mediatisation (1801–1806).
Romania
Russia
Ukraine
Denmark
Finland
Sweden–Norway
Italy
Malta
San Marino
Vatican City
Andorra
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
France
Luxembourg
Monaco
Netherlands
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Russia: Dagestan
Australia
Papua New Guinea
Chile
Fiji
French Polynesia
New Zealand
Samoa and American Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
United States: Hawaii
Vanuatu
Eneo bunge la Limuru

Eneo bunge la Limuru ni mojawapo ya Majimbo 290 ya uchaguzi nchini Kenya. Ni moja kati ya majimbo kumi na mawili yaliyo katika kaunti ya Kiambu.
Jimbo hili lilianzishwa mnamo Uchaguzi Mkuu wa 1963, mwaka ambapo Kenya ilipata uhuru. Mbunge wake wa kwanza alikuwa James Samuel Gichuru.
Kaunti ya Kiambu

Kaunti ya Kiambu ni mojawapo ya kaunti za Kenya zilizopo baada ya katiba mpya ya Jamhuri ya Kenya kupatikana mwaka 2010.
Ilikuwa mojawapo ya wilaya za Kenya katika Mkoa wa Kati baada ya nchi kupata uhuru.
Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2019 wakazi walikuwa 2,417,735 katika eneo la km2 2,538.6, msongamano ukiwa hivyo wa watu 952 kwa kilometa mraba.
Kupakana na Nairobi kumeifanya iwe na idadi ya wakazi wengi mijini, kwa sababu ya maendeleo katika sekta ya mali yasiyohamishika. Sekta za viwanda na ukulima pia zimechangia kukuza kaunti hii kiuchumi.
Makao makuu ya kaunti hii ni mji wa Kiambu. Hata hivyo, utendaji wa kaunti hutekeleza majukumu yake kutoka Thika, ambayo wilaya yake imemezwa tena na Kiambu (2010).
Kaunti hii imepakana na kaunti za Nairobi (kusini), Machakos (mashariki), Nakuru (magharibi), Nyandarua (kaskazini magharibi) na Murang'a (kaskazini).
Topografia ya kaunti ina nyanda za juu na nyanda za kati.
Kaunti ina vyanzo kadhaa vya maji.
Kiambu hupata misimu miwili ya mvua: Machi hadi Mei na Septemba hadi Disemba. Miezi kati ya Juni hadi Agosti huwa msimu wa baridi kali. Halijoto hutegemea na eneo. Maeneo ya nyanda za juu hupata baridi zaidi. Kata ndogo za Lari na Limuru na sehemu za magharibi za Gatundu Kusini, Gatundu Kaskazini na Githunguri hupata ukungu mzito na baridi ifikayo 7°c.
Gavana, sasa Ferdinand Waititu, ndiye mkuu wa kaunti na serikali. Yeye huchaguliwa kwa muhula wa miaka mitano katika uchaguzi mkuu. Ana nguvu za utendaji na za kuteua wanakamati wa Kamati ya Utendaji ya Kaunti baada ya kuidhinishwa na Bunge la Kaunti. Hata ingawa mji mkuu wa kaunti uko Kiambu, utendaji wa serikali uko mji wa Thika.
Bunge la Kaunti ya Kiambu ni la chumba kimoja. Lina wajumbe 60 waliochaguliwa kutoka wadi sitini za kaunti na wajumbe 27 walioteuliwa. Kila mjumbe anashikilia hatamu ya miaka mitano, inayofanywa upya katika uchaguzi mkuu. Spika wa bunge na naibu wake huchaguliwa na wajumbe. Bunge la Kiambu liko katika mji wa Kiambu.
Kuna Mahakama Kuu ya Kiambu iliyoanzishwa tarehe 20 Juni 2016. Ina jaji mmoja.
Kamishna wa kaunti huteuliwa na Rais wa Kenya. Yeye ni mwakilishi wa rais kusaidia mambo ya utawala wa serikali ya kitaifa.
Kaunti imegawanywa katika maeneo bunge yafuatayo:
Ken Walibora

Profesa Ken Walibora (1965 - 2020) alikuwa mwandishi kutoka Kenya.
Ken alizaliwa Baraki, Bungoma, Kenya mwaka wa 1965. Jina la mama yake lilikuwa Ruth Makali.
Alihudhuria shule hizi:
Aliaga dunia baada ya kugongwa na gari tarehe 10 Aprili 2020.
Daniel Ebenyo

Daniel Simiu Ebenyo (alizaliwa 18 Septemba 1995) ni mwanariadha wa mbio za kati kutoka nchini Kenya.
Alitoka Baragoi, kaunti ya Samburu, baada ya kumpoteza baba yake katika maisha yake ya awali katika ajali aliyoipata akiwa na mifugo yao, alilelewa na mama yake na baadae bibi yake.Alitokea na kusema kuwa ni kilomita 24 kila siku kutoka nyumbani kwenda shuleni,shule ya sekondari ya Aiyam ndiko kuliko mfanya kuwa mwanariadha mzuri hivi sasa,kwa kuwa njia aliyokuwa akipita kuelekea shule ilikuwa mbaya na hatari hivyo ilimfanya kuweza kutembea umbali huo mrefu kwa muda mfupi akitoka asubuhi ili kuweza kuwahi vipindi vyake vya shuleni.
Alimaliza katika nafasi ya pili katika majaribio ya mashindano ya dunia ya kitaifa ya Kenya 2019. Japokuwa alishindwa kumaliza mashindano yale, kwakua alishindwa kuwa na vigezo vya Riadha kutoka shirika la riadha liitwalo Athletes Integrity Unit (AIU).Simiyu alipitia majaribio ya kuweza kujiunga na mashindano mara kadhaa lakini alishindwa kupita katika vigezo vikuu vitatu ambavyo ni vya lazima kuvifikia mchezaji yeyote kabla ya kuanza mashindano hayo,ikiwemo kipimo cha mkojo na damu. Simiyu ali lilaumu shirika la riadha la kenya kwa kuto kumtaarifu mapema kuhusu vigezo hivyo kabla ya yeye kusaini majaribio hayo. Alivunjika moyo sana na kutishia kuacha mashindano hayo,na kwenda kujiunga na mashindano ya magari,na alishinda Safaricom Kisii ya kilomita 10 katika muda wa dakika 29:16.71 ,na pia kilomita 10 katika mashindano ya Nairobi Marathon katika rekodi ya muda wa dakika 28:23.
Alianza msimu wake wa mwaka 2021 na ushindi wa elite-only San Silvestre Vallecana wa kilomita 10 nchini hispania mnamo tarehe 3 ya Januari.
Sony Lab'ou Tansi

Sony Lab'ou Tansi (5 Julai 1947 - 14 Juni 1995), aliyezaliwa Marcel Ntsoni , alikuwa mwandishi wa riwaya, hadithi fupi, hadithi, na mashairi wa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Ingawa alikuwa na miaka 47 tu alipokufa, Tansi bado ni mmoja wa waandishi mashuhuri wa Kiafrika na mtaalamu mashuhuri zaidi wa "Uandishi Mpya wa Afrika." Riwaya yake ya "The Antipeople" ilishinda tuzo ya Grand Prix Littéraire d'Afrique Noire. Katika miaka yake ya baadaye, aliendesha kampuni ya maonyesho huko Brazzaville katika Jamhuri ya Kongo.
Mtoto mkubwa zaidi kati ya watoto saba, Tansi alizaliwa katika nchi ya zamani Kongo ya Ubelgiji, katika kijiji cha Kimwaanza, kusini kabisa mwa jiji ambalo sasa linajulikana kama Kinshasa katika siku za kisasa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo. Awali alikuwa amefundishwa kwa lugha ya kienyeji, lugha ya Kikongo, na alianza tu kuzungumza Kifaransa akiwa na umri wa miaka kumi na mbili, wakati familia yake ilihamia Kongo-Brazzaville, leo inajulikana kama Jamhuri ya Kongo . Alihudhuria École Normale Supérieure d'Afrique Centrale huko Brazzaville ambapo alisoma fasihi, na alipomaliza masomo yake mnamo 1971, alikua mwalimu wa Kifaransa na Kiingereza huko Kindauba. Wakati akiwa mwalimu mchanga alianza kuandika kwa ukumbi wa michezo baadaye mwaka huo, alichukua jina la kalamu "Sony La'bou Tansi" kama kodi kwa Tchicaya U Tam'si, mwandishi mwenzake wa Kongo ambaye aliandika mashairi ya mashtaka ya kisiasa juu ya ukandamizaji asili ya serikali.
Mwanzoni mwa kazi yake, Tansi aliendelea kujisaidia kwa kufundisha na alifanya kazi kama mkufunzi wa Kiingereza huko Collège Tchicaya-Pierre huko Pointe Noire wakati akifanya kazi za riwaya zake mbili za kwanza na tamthilia kadhaa. Mnamo 1979 alianzisha ukumbi wa michezo wa Rocado Zulu Theatre, ambao ungeendelea kufanya maigizo yake barani Afrika, Ulaya, na Merika pamoja na kuonekana mara kwa mara kwenye Tamasha la Kimataifa la Fransifophoni huko Limoges.
Baada ya kufundisha kwa miaka mingi, Tansi aliendelea na kazi ya serikali, akihudumu kama msimamizi katika wizara kadhaa huko Brazzaville. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 aliungana na kiongozi wa upinzaji Bernard Kolélas kupata Harakati ya Kidemokrasia ya Demokrasia na Maendeleo Jumuishi (MCDDI), chama cha kisiasa kinachopinga serikali ya kikomunisti ya Rais Denis Sassou Nguesso na Chama cha Wafanyikazi cha Kongo. Vikosi vya mrengo wa kushoto vilifanikiwa kumsukuma Rais Sassou kuelekea demokrasia, na Waziri Mkuu wa zamani Pascal Lissouba alirudi kutoka uhamishoni na akachaguliwa kuwa Rais katika Uchaguzi wa rais wa Jamhuri ya Kongo, 1992, uchaguzi wa Agosti 1992. Katika mwaka huo huo, Tansi alichaguliwa kuwa bunge kama naibu wa jimbo la Makélékélé huko Brazzaville, lakini ushiriki wake katika siasa za upinzani ulimkasirisha Rais Lissouba, na pasipoti yake iliondolewa mnamo 1994.
Hivi karibuni Tansi aligundua kwamba alikuwa ameambukizwa virusi vya UKIMWI, lakini vizuizi vya kusafiri kwa Lissouba vilimzuia kwenda nje ya nchi kutafuta matibabu kwa ajili yake na mkewe. Mwenzi wa Tansi, Pierrette, alikufa kutokana na ugonjwa huo mnamo 31 Mei 1995 na Tansi alifuata siku 14 baadaye.
Waadhola

Waadhola (pia: Jopadhola; kwa lugha yao: Abakiga, yaani watu wa mlimani) ni kabila la Waniloti wanaoishi mashariki mwa Uganda (Wilaya ya Tororo) walipohamia katika karne ya 16.
Lugha yao ni Kiadhola (Dhopadhola), mojawapo kati ya lugha za Kiniloti.
Tuzo ya Kiswahili ya Mabati Cornell

Tuzo ya Kiswahili ya Mabati Cornell (kwa Kiingereza: the Mabati Cornell Kiswahili Prize for African Literature) ni tuzo kwa ajili ya waandishi wa lugha ya Kiswahili iliyoanzishwa mwaka 2014 na Mukoma wa Ngugi, ambaye ni profesa katika chuo kikuu cha Cornell University, pamoja na Lizzy Attree . Malengo ni kutangaza na kuendeleza fasihi ya Kiswahili katika bara la Afrika kwa kutuza waandishi wa mashairi na riwaya.
Tuzo hiyo inadhaminiwa na kampuni ya Mabati Rolling Mills ya nchini Kenya na Cornell University cha New York nchini Marekani .
Moyez G. Vassanji

Moyez G. Vassanji (amezaliwa 30 Mei 1950) ni mhariri kutokea Kanada ambae anaandika kwa jina la M. G. Vassanji.
Kazi za Vassanji zinajulikana kote Amerika ya Kaskazini, Afrika, na Amerika ya Kusini, na zimetafsiriwa katika lugha kadhaa.
Mnamo 2016, alichapisha riwaya nane, pia idadi ya hadithi fupi na makusanyo ya masimulizi halisia. Maandiko ya Vassanji ambayo yamepokea madai ya muhimu, mara nyingi huzingatia masuala ya uhamiaji, watu waishio ugenini, uraia, jinsi na ukabila.
The Perfect Nine: The Epic of Gĩkũyũ and Mũmbi

The Perfect Nine is a Gikuyu novel written by Kenyan author and playwright Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o. After escaping starvation and conflict, Gikuyu and Mumbi make their home at the tranquil and abundant base of Mount Kenya. The Perfect Nine are their beautiful daughters, and when ninety-nine suitors show up on their estate wanting to marry them, the parents advise their girls to make their own decisions but to make the right choice The work is a retelling of the Gikuyu creation myth.
After escaping starvation and conflict, Gikuyu and Mumbi made their home at the tranquil and abundant base of Mount Kenya. The Perfect Nine are their renownedly beautiful daughters, and when ninety-nine suitors show up on their estate wanting to marry them, the parents advise their girls to make their own decisions but to make informed ones.
In order to locate a mystical cure for their younger sister Warigia, who is paralyzed, the young women must first go off on a perilous expedition with the suitors. The girls' quest to return home is met with fewer suitors as they up the mountain. They must use their quick thinking and brave hearts to overcome fear, doubt, hunger, and numerous dangerous ogres. The most difficult part will probably be Warigia's surprise experience.
The Perfect Nine was nominated for the International Booker Prize in 2021, making Thiong'o the first individual to be nominated both as author and translator. It is also the first nominated book to be written in an indigenous African language.
A review for journal World Literature Today described it as a "triumph" and praised the dreamlike and timeless quality of the poetry.
Kamirithu

Kamirithu is a settlement in Kiambu County, within Kenya's former Central Province. It was one of the colonial villages established during the scramble for the Kenyan "White Highlands" in the early 1900s. Kamirithu is the home of Chief Kamiri and Chief Jairus. Kamirithu is best known from Ngugi wa Thiong'o's Kamirithu Educational and Cultural Center, which was an open-air theater where Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want) was first performed.
"'Kamirithu"' is a suburb of Limuru located within the greater Kiambu district. The boundaries of Kamirithu are marked by three roads and one highway: The road to Narok to the north, the Limuru–Mutarakwa road to the west, and the Nairobi–Nakuru highway (A104 road) to the east. The Manguo pond, a tourist bird-watching attraction, is located north of Kamirithu. Towards Limuru Kamirithu is the Mutambuki Quarry, a source of building stones. Toward it sunsets the beginning of the Mau escarpment known as Wahinya Quarry.
The village was burned down in 1955 and replaced by an emergency settlement, which was later developed into a permanent settlement.
The name of Kamirithu comes from the Mirithu, which means "a flat place on which rests a pool of water defiant to drought."
Kamirithu is an important place in the book Wrestling with the devil: a prison memoir, as it is the home town of its writer Ngugi wa Thiong'o.
The neighborhood contains many smaller, cohesive settlements, including:
Ngũgĩ wa Mirii

Ngũgĩ wa Mirii (1951 – 2/3 May 2008) was a Kenyan-Zimbabwean playwright, social worker and teacher, most known for his play Ngaahika Ndeenda, which he co-authored with fellow Gikuyu writer Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. The play depicts the injustices and excesses of post-colonial Kenya, and was staged by non-intellectuals in an open-air theatre at the Kamirithu Educational and Cultural Center in Limuru.
Born in Roromo, Limuru, Kenya, Ngũgĩ wa Mirii was the second born in a family of six children born to John Mirii and Elizabeth Wanjiku. He was educated at Ngenia Secondary School and from 1972 to 1974 worked with the Kenya Posts and Telecommunications Corporation. He obtained a diploma in Adult Education at the Institute of Adult Studies, Nairobi University, and then joined the Institute of Development Studies. While working there he became involved with peasants and workers in community development at Kamiriithu, Limuru.
In 1977, Ngũgĩ wa Mirii and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o co-authored a play titled Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want). Both playwrights were arrested six weeks after the play debuted, and detained in prison.
Five years later, their next play Mother Cry for Me, forced both playwrights into exile, with Ngũgĩ wa Mirii settling in Zimbabwe while Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o fled first to Britain, and then to the United States.
In 1982, Ngũgĩ wa Mirii fled to Zimbabwe where he lived in exile. Ngũgĩ wa Mirii was joined a year later by his wife, Wairimu wa Ngũgĩ and one-year old daughter, Elizabeth Wanjiku Ngũgĩ. He then joined Zimbabwean Foundation for Education with Production (ZIMFEP) where he worked for several years.
In Zimbabwe, he wrote extensively about the Pan-African cause. In 1985, he was awarded funding to found the Zimbabwean Association of Community Theatre. He was granted Zimbabwean citizenship shortly after.
Ngũgĩ wa Mirii was known as a supporter of Robert Mugabe and Zanu-PF.
On 3 May 2008, Ngũgĩ wa Mirii died in a car accident in Zimbabwe, after he drove into a stationary lorry nearby the suburb of Eastlea. He was 57 at the time.
Kenya Literature Bureau

The Kenya Literature Bureau (KLB) is a publishing house and state corporation in Kenya founded in 1947. It is located in South-C off Popo Road in Nairobi.
The Kenya Literature Bureau was initially established by the "East Africa governments (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda)" in 1947 as the East African Literature Bureau as an "offshoot" of the missionary-owned Ndia Kuu Press in order to publish books for the general public in Kiswahili, East African vernacular languages and English. The Bureau's first director was Charles Granston Richards, who held that post for fifteen years.
The regional status continued after independence with the establishment of the East African Community (EAC). In the early 1970s the Bureau published many pioneering anthologies of English-language poetry from East Africa:
However, in 1977, the EAC collapsed and the reins of the bureau were transferred to the Kenyan Ministry of Education thereby making it a department under that ministry. In 1980, the KLB Act was passed by the Kenyan Parliament making it a state corporation—a status it holds to this day.
Panel discussion

A panel discussion, or simply a panel, involves a group of people gathered to discuss a topic in front of an audience, typically at scientific, business, or academic conferences, fan conventions, and on television shows. Panels usually include a moderator who guides the discussion and sometimes elicits audience questions, with the goal of being informative and entertaining. Film panels at fan conventions have been credited with boosting box office returns by generating advance buzz.
The typical format for a discussion panel includes a moderator in front of an audience.
Television shows in the English-speaking world that feature a discussion panel format include Real Time with Bill Maher, Loose Women, The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore, as well as segments of the long-running Meet the Press. Quiz shows featuring this format, such as QI and Never Mind the Buzzcocks, are called panel games.
Panels at sci-fi fan conventions, such as San Diego Comic-Con and New York Comic Con, have become increasingly popular; there are typically long lines to get access to the panels. The panels often feature advance looks at upcoming films and video games. Panels and the early screenings at conventions have been credited as increasing the popularity of blockbuster films in recent years.
One of the earliest film panels was at the 1976 San Diego Comic-Con, when publicist Charles Lippincott hosted a slideshow—in front of a "somewhat skeptical" audience—for an upcoming film called Star Wars. Five years later, the Blade Runner panel at the 1981 San Diego Comic-Con featured a film featurette, before featurettes were popular. At the 2000 event, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring preview panel ushered in today's era of hugely popular panels.
A manel is a panel whose participants are all men. The term is a portmanteau word deriving from the man and panel. The Oxford Dictionaries and Cambridge Dictionaries teams both published blog posts on the word in 2017, suggesting the term was new at that time. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, such panels, in academia, the private sector, the media, government, and beyond, became the object of feminist critique and of extensive media discussion, as well as academic research. Commentators challenged conference organizers and speakers to refuse to present manels. Organisations responding included The Financial Times, whose board decided in August 2017 to end men-only conference panels, and encouraged its journalists not to participate in these elsewhere.
Elder of Ziyon

Elder of Ziyon is an American pro-Israel blog. It is written anonymously.
According to the blog's FAQ, the blog's name is an ironic reference to the antisemitic hoax The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, which claims Jews control the world. The blog's writer, known as "Elder", explains that the name of the blog "is meant to be ironic, of course. Now it makes it a little harder for me to be taken seriously by the media at large - on one occasion, The Jerusalem Post edited out a reference to me because it sounded too weird (the reporter told me that)."
According to The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles the blog "serves as a watchdog against anti-Zionism."
The American Zionist Movement has described Elder as "perhaps the most quoted blogger in the area of Middle East politics". The blog had a high rank on Technorati.
On September 13, 2013 The Jerusalem Report published the article Battle of the Bloggers, which called Elder of Ziyon "perhaps the most influential" pro-Israel blog.
In 2016 McGraw-Hill discontinued a widely used textbook after Elder of Ziyon started a campaign against a map alleged to show the progressive loss of land by the Palestinians since 1946. In response, Jewish Voice for Peace organized a letter by 35 prominent academics accusing the publisher of censorship.
In April 2013 the blog published a scoop revealing that writers for MIFTAH, a nonprofit founded in 1998 by Palestinian leader Hanan Ashrawi were repeating a centuries-old smear over the Passover holiday on their Arabic Web site, accusing Jews of using Christian blood to prepare the Passover matzoh, causing The Algemeiner Journal to name the blog as one of its Jewish 100.
On May 21, 2012 the American Zionist Movement sponsored a program that focused on pro-Israel advocacy. The panel discussion was called Israel in the Write Light, and "Elder" appeared at the panel discussion.
In February 2022, Elder of Ziyon published his book Protocols: Exposing Modern Antisemitism.
In December 2024, Elder of Ziyon published a collection of his political cartoons in He's An Anti-Zionist Too!: Cartoons by Elder of Ziyon
Besides original articles, the blog is known for its cartoon posters (including the "Apartheid?" series, which has been used on many campuses).
Rayne Kruger

Charles Rayne Kruger (29 January 1922 – 21 December 2002) was a South African author and property developer.
Charles Rayne Kruger was born on 29 January 1922 in Queenstown, in the eastern Cape Province, the son of an unmarried 17-year-old daughter of a British Army officer. As his father had disappeared, his mother married Victor Kruger, a Johannesburg estate agent. He was educated at Jeppe High School and the University of the Witwatersrand.
Kruger's first wife was the actress Nan Munro, a widow, 16 years older than him, with three children. They later divorced, and he married the restaurateur, chef and television presenter Prue Leith. They had a son, the Conservative MP Danny Kruger, and adopted a Cambodian daughter, Li-Da.
List of South Africans

This is a list of notable and famous South Africans who are the subjects of Wikipedia articles.
Also see: Prelates, clerics and evangelists
See also: South African poets and Afrikaans language poets
David Sipunzi, South African trade unionis (1960–2020)
See also: Gcaleka rulers, Rharhabe rulersNdwandwe people, Xhosa Chiefs
Empadão goiano

O empadão goiano é uma torta salgada típica do estado de Goiás com variados recheios.
A torta era originalmente chamada de empada ou empada goiana, até que nos anos 80 passou a ser chamada de empadão ou empadão goiano, talvez para distingui-las das empadas e empadinhas que estariam se popularizando.
Via de regra, a torta é assada em fôrma, forrada com a própria massa, normalmente redonda e geralmente servida quente. Seu tamanho contudo varia muito. Um empadão individual tem 14 ou 15 centímetros de diâmetro, mas são comuns os de 20 centímetros, e podem chegar a mais de 35 centímetros.
O recheio também varia bastante. A carne predominante é o frango, geralmente peito, acompanhado de lombo ou pernil de porco. Não há uma receita definida, o ideal é que se tenha liberdade para aproveitar restos de frango, peru, carne de porco ou linguiça.
Além da carne, são ingredientes básicos, o queijo de minas, a guariroba e azeitonas em molho à base de tomate. Existem contudo muitas variações, nas quais é comum o acréscimo de milho verde, ovos, vários tipos de pimenta e legumes.
Alguns dos ingredientes ordinariamente encontrados no empadão podem ser obtidos em Goiás mesmo, ao passo que outros têm que ser trazidos de outros lugares, como a farinha de trigo e as azeitonas. Assim, pode-se inferir que o empadão deve ter tomado suas formas atuais no contexto da expansão da fronteira agrícola do estado, da implantação e expansão de ferrovias e rodovias, e da transferência da capital para Goiânia.
Muito apreciado em Goiás, especialmente na cidade de Goiás, a torta é considerada um produto da identidade goiana. Como um dos pratos regionais mais conhecidos no Brasil, está em processo de reconhecimento como Patrimônio de Natureza Imaterial pelo Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional (IPHAN).
Por esse valor simbólico, o empadão é consumido com uma certa ritualização. Isto pode ser constatado comparando-se as ocasiões em que é servido com aquelas em que se servem empadas ou empadinhas, que seriam parecidas se não fosse pelo tamanho e pelo significado simbólico. Empadinhas são normalmente encomendadas e servidas em aniversários, casamentos e reuniões comerciais (em meio a muitas outras quitandas) enquanto o empadão goiano é preparado em casa e servido em casa, em datas festivas e reuniões familiares (freqüentemente como prato principal)..
O empadão pode ser todavia encontrado para comercialização, geralmente em barracas de feiras ou restaurantes de culinária regional. As empadas e empadinhas, por sua vez, são comercializadas em panificadoras, confeitarias, lanchonetes ou supermercados.
Culinária de Goiás

A culinária de Goiás originou-se no rio Vermelho, numa reunião entre portugueses, mineiros e bandeirantes paulistas com índios goiases. Como as outras, essa culinária foi miscigenada trazida pelos bandeirantes com os seus costumes culinários no século XVII.
As carnes eram conservadas pela gordura animal e assim faziam longas viagens até o destino, na capital. Essa culinária é umas das mais peculiares que existe, devido a essa mistura de culturas e com a falta de recursos alimentícios na região, tiveram que substituir alguns alimentos por outros, batata pela mandioca e etc. Isso se deu também, pois utiliza frutos do Cerrado.
Empadão goiano
Pamonha
Leitão à pururuca
Arroz com pequi
Carne na lata
Frango com Guariroba
Peixe na Telha
O Arroz com pequi é o tradicional prato de Goiás, fruto do Cerrado, o pequi possui casca grossa e polpa carnuda, cheio de espinhos dentro, que pode causar acidentes para quem não os vê. Preparado com arroz e mais ingredientes servidos nos restaurantes de Goiânia.
O empadão goiano pode ser preparado por diversas carnes como: frango, porco ou de boi, com predominância da carne de frango. Batatas cozidas, queijo minas e os demais ingredientes para fazer uma empada.
A galinhada é um prato que vai além com arroz e galinha, acompanha também milho, pequi, guariroba, açafrão.
Esse prato é feito pela Guariroba que é uma espécie de um palmito, só que mais amargo do que o normal e o frango caipira é o mais utilizado nos restaurantes goianos, acrescentando os demais ingredientes para compor a iguaria.
Cajuzinho do Cerrado
Doces Cristalizados
Alfenim
Pastelinho
Trufa de paçoca com Baru
Chocolate com Peri
Mané Pelado
Cuca Goiana
Típico doce goiano, com uma massa seca com óleo de amêndoas doce.Vindo da era medieval pelos imigrantes, desembarcando em terras tupiniquins. Doce simples de se fazer, mas que exige atenção dos confeiteiros.
Confunde-se com uma receita salgada, mas é considerado um doce, contendo os ingredientes: manteiga, banha de porco, farinha de trigo, fermento em pó, leite, ovos e canela.
Um doce servido numa taça, parecido com um sorvete, mas é feito por: amendoim torrado, leite condensado, margarina, açúcar, e baru. O baru é uma amêndoa vindo do Cerrado.
Doce simples de se fazer e bem recomendado, feito por: chocolate amargo, creme de leite e leite condensado.
Bolo tradicional feito por mandioca, queijo ralado, coco, ovos, açúcar e manteiga.
Meu Livro de Cordel

Meu Livro de Cordel, é um livro de poesia, escrito por Cora Coralina e publicado originalmente em 1976; sendo seu segundo livro publicado.
Contando com 43 poemas, foi publicado em 1976 pela Editora Cultura Goiana. A autora já havia publicado em 1965 o livro Poemas dos Becos de Goiás e Estórias Mais, seu primeiro livro aos 75 anos.
O título é uma homenagem da autora a "todas as estórias e poesia de cordel e o atestado de suas afinidades com os contadores anônimos nordestinos, "povo de minha casta, meus irmãos do Nordeste rude".
Caturaí

Caturaí é um município brasileiro do estado de Goiás. Possui uma área 205,075 km², e sua população estimada em 2022 é de 5 184 habitantes.
Até no ano de 2015 ocorria na praça central, a Festa do Arroz, que era uma dedicação à lavoura comunitária. Atualmente, ocorre o Encontro de Carreiros, que teve sua primeira edição no ano de 2017, o evento mantém a tradição e a cultura goiana. No mês de junho, por volta do dia 13, ocorre a tradicional festa a Santo Antônio de Pádua, padroeiro da cidade.
O município de Caturaí, teve início na década de 30, com a mudança de Antônio Moreira de Melo, paulista que veio se estabelecer em Goiás.
Antônio com sua família, Carolina da Luz (esposa), e Virgílio Moreira de Melo (filho), compraram uma fazenda chamada Rio do Peixe.
A família de Antônio doou uma parcela de quatro alqueires para famílias carentes da região, onde começaram as primeiras construções. O povoado em sua fundação era freguesia de Inhumas.
Em seguida, um senatório e um centro espírita foram inaugurados no dia 8 de janeiro de 1938.
Com a aglomeração de pessoas foi fundado o povoado, cujo nome original era Santo Antônio de Pádua, que permaneceu como seu padroeiro.
O plano da cidade foi elaborado por João Miguel de Lima, genro de Virgílio de Melo, com o auxílio de um topógrafo ou técnico agrimensor (conforme imagem da Planta Original da Cidade de Caturaí). A planta apresenta pequenas alterações se comparada com imagens recentes de satélite. No verso do mapa consta o nome de Manoel Lopes da Silva, porém, não está claro qual a sua participação no processo.
36,4% das residências possui esgotamento sanitário básico adequado. (IBGE 2010)
Predominantemente católica: 62%, seguido por evangélica 18% e espirita 7% (dados IBGE 2010)
Ribeirão Rio do Peixe.
Córrego Pateiro
Córrego Serra abaixo
Basicamente agropecuária.
Lista de municípios de Goiás

Os municípios de Goiás são as subdivisões oficiais do estado brasileiro de Goiás, localizado na região Centro-Oeste do país. De acordo com o IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), o estado possui 246 municípios, a sétima maior quantidade dentre as unidades da Federação e o maior do Centro-Oeste. A área total do estado é de 340 086 km², sendo também sétimo maior do país, com extensão comparável a países como a Finlândia. O município com a maior área é Niquelândia, com mais de 9 800 km² de extensão. O menor é Anhanguera, com aproximadamente 44 km². Goiás faz divisa com Mato Grosso do Sul (sul), Bahia, Minas Gerais e Distrito Federal (leste), Tocantins (norte) e Mato Grosso (oeste), este último separado de Goiás pelo rio Araguaia.
Farinha de rosca

Farinha de rosca ou pão ralado é o pão seco moído, utilizado em inúmeras receitas, sempre com a característica de recobrir ou engrossar alimentos, como na confecção de empanados, pratos com carne moída ou para enfarinhar formas de bolo. A farinha é um ingrediente muito antigo usado em receitas de todo o mundo.
Hell's Kitchen (localidade)

Hell's Kitchen (em inglês: Hell's Kitchen; lit. "Cozinha do Inferno"), também conhecida como Clinton e Midtown West, é um bairro de Manhattan, na cidade de Nova Iorque, que inclui a área entre as Ruas 34 e 59, a 8ª Avenida e o Rio Hudson.
Hell's Kitchen é um bairro com inúmeras opções de restaurantes, bares, cafés, e lanchonetes. As opções vão desde pratos tradicionalmente americanos até culinárias bastante exóticas, contando com restaurantes de grandes redes, como McDonald's, Chipotle, e Burger King, como também restaurantes de bairro bastante autênticos, como o Empanada Mama, que oferece comida brasileira e sul-americana.
O bairro oferece diversas opções para quem procurar boates e casas noturnas. Perto do rio Hudson, estão duas das mais conhecidas: a Pacha e a Hudson Terrace.
A proximidade do Distrito Teatral e a desvalorização dos imóveis que ocorrera no passado transformaram o Hell's Kitchen num local ideal para atores aspirantes, e, também por isso, possui diversas casas de shows no estilo off-off-Broadway.
O principal acesso de Nova Iorque a Nova Jérsia (através do Lincoln Tunnel) se dá pelo Hell's Kitchen e, com isso, Hell's Kitchen recebe altos índices de tráfego, especialmente em horários de pico. O bairro é muito bem servido por ônibus e metrôs, pois dentro dele fica uma das maiores estações destes dois meios de transporte em Nova Iorque: a Port Authority.
Bife à parmegiana

Bife à parmegiana ou filé à parmegiana, é um prato paulistano, que acabou sendo copiado por todo o Brasil. É um tipo de bife frito, composto por um pedaço de carne fatiado, empanado com farinha de trigo e ovos (clara de ovo), coberto com queijos mozarela, fatias de presunto e parmesão e bastante molho de tomate e condimentos como orégano a gosto. As vezes o queijo parmesão é substituído por fatias de queijo muçarela. Embora seja um prato inventado em São Paulo, Brasil, é muitas vezes, no próprio país, erroneamente considerado uma receita italiana a julgar pelo nome.
O nome parece derivar do italiano parmigiana, que significa aquilo ou aquele que vem de Parma, na Itália. No entanto, apesar do nome, o bife à parmegiana não existe em Parma. Ele é, na verdade, resultado da influência italiana sobre a culinária paulista - ou seja, é um prato brasileiro. Sobre isso o sociólogo Carlos Alberto Dória, da Unicamp, faz uma crítica, em seu livro "A Formação da Culinária Brasileira":
"O bife à parmegiana não é reconhecido como 'coisa nossa' porque não se encaixa na matriz de convergência étnica, em que o branco é representado apenas pelos portugueses".
Esta mistificação ou estereótipo próprio da população brasileira ignora o fato de que, em muitas regiões do país, como no estado de São Paulo, a influência de outras populações europeias supera em muito aquela deixada pelos portugueses.
Apesar de ser nacionalmente chamado bife à parmegiana, alguns ainda no interior do Brasil o chamam de bife ensopado com queijo ralado, pois recebe uma certa quantidade de molho de tomate, dando a impressão de ser ensopado.
A receita mais encontrada em São Paulo é o filé à parmegiana acompanhado de arroz, fritas e em alguns casos feijão. Porém há os que defendem que a versão mais adequada seria com macarrão espaguete ao molho sugo (Molho de Tomate). Outras versões com fettuccine ou linguine.
Culinária da Itália

A culinária italiana evoluiu através dos séculos, ao longo das mais variadas alterações sociais e políticas; suas raízes podem ser traçadas até o século IV a.C. Mudanças significantes ocorreram com a descoberta do Novo Mundo, que ajudaram a moldar muito do que é conhecido como a culinária italiana hoje em dia, através da introdução de ingredientes como batatas, tomates, pimentões e milho, todos eles parte central da cozinha daquele país, e que no entanto só foram introduzidos em grande escala a partir do século XVIII.
É uma das culinárias mais populares do mundo, com suas pizzas, massas, vinhos e outros tipos de preparações. Tanto ingredientes como pratos mudam de região para região do país. Existem diversos pratos regionais importantes que também assumiram caráter nacional, enquanto diversos pratos proliferaram, em diversas variantes, por todo o mundo. Queijo e vinho são uma parte importantíssima da cozinha do país, desempenhando diferentes papeis tanto regionalmente quanto nacionalmente, com sua grande variedade e leis de regulamentação (Denominazione di origine controllata, DOC). Também o café, mais especificamente o espresso, assumiu um papel de destaque na cultura gastronômica da Itália.
A culinária italiana evoluiu extensivamente ao longo dos séculos. Embora a Itália como país, tal qual a conhecemos hoje, não tenha se formado até a Década de 60 do Século XIX, a culinária típica daquele país apresenta raízes que vão até pelo menos o século IV a.C. Através de diversas influências ao longo desta sua história, inclusive das regiões vizinhas, e devido à mudanças ocorridas depois de conquistas e distúrbios políticos, assim como a descoberta do Novo Mundo, formou-se uma tradição culinária concreta, que é reconhecida hoje em dia como uma das mais destacadas do mundo, onde surgiu a Pizza, a Lasanha e muitas outras massas que conhecemos.
O primeiro crítico gastronômico italiana conhecido foi um Emyli de etnia grega, chamado Arquestrato, que viveu em Siracusa no século IV a.C. Entre seus escritos estava um poema que mencionava o uso de ingredientes frescos, "da estação e de primeira qualidade", e que os sabores dos pratos não deveriam ser mascarados por condimentos, ervas ou quaisquer outros temperos desta natureza, com uma ênfase especial para este estilo de preparo com os peixes. Este estilo de culinária parecia ter sido esquecido durante o século I d.C. quando a obra De re coquinaria foi publicada, com 470 receitas, incluindo muitas com grande uso de especiarias e ervas que seguramente escondiam muito do sabor natural dos ingredientes usados. Os romanos utilizavam-se dos melhores padeiros gregos para produzir os seus pães e importavam o queijo pecorino da Sicília, cujos habitantes eram tidos como os melhores mestres-queijeiros. Os romanos também eram conhecidos pela criação de cabras pela sua carne, e pelo cultivo de alcachofras e alho-poró.
Syagrus oleracea

Syagrus oleracea, the guariroba or palmito amargo, is a species of palm native to Brazil.
The term "guariroba" originates from the Tupi word gwarai-rob, which means "the bitter one".
Other common names include gueiroba, gueroba, gariroba, gairoba, palmito-amargoso, catolé, coco-babão, pati-amargoso, coco-amargoso, and coqueiro-amargoso.
This elegant species has a tall, slender trunk and arched, feathery leaves. In Brazil, this is a very popular ornamental plant, and it is also cultivated to obtain its apical bud, with a somewhat bitter taste, and for its large fruits.
The solitary, columnar tree reaches up to 20 meters (70 ft) in height. It has large leaves up to 3 meters (10 ft) long and flowers that appear in clusters during the spring until the autumn.
Its slightly elliptical fruit, yellowish-green in color, whose mesocarp and oilseed kernel are edible, occurs in clusters between October and February. This palm is cultivated by seeds, although it grows spontaneously in the forests of the Midwest and Southeast of Brazil. It prefers warm weather and well-drained soil.
It is distributed throughout the semi-deciduous forests and the Cerrado of Brazil, and also found in the Caatinga biome. It has also been reported in Paraguay and Bolivia.
Among its products, the palm heart or terminal bud stands out. Considered by many as a bitter-flavored vegetable — which in fact is when compared to sweet hearts of Atlantic Forest species — the guariroba heart of palm is a delicacy of wide culinary use in some states, including some regions of Goiás and Minas Gerais.
In the good recipes of empadão goiano, for example, it is essential to include good pieces of guariroba bitter heart of palm. Substantial food and very strong seasoning, the filling of this pie, together with guariroba, must contain pieces of chicken, preferably thighs, sausages, potatoes and whole boiled eggs or just broken in half and ripe tomatoes. It can also be used as a salad: with cherry tomatoes and plenty of seasoning.
Edible oil is extracted from the seed.
The plant is also widely used in landscaping in squares and mainly in central flowerbeds of streets and avenues in cities in the interior of Goiás, as an example in the city of Jataí that over the years has been planting thousands of seedlings throughout the city.
Next Top Model (Romanian TV series) season 2

The second season of Next Top Model by Cătălin Botezatu premiered on 15 September 20, 2011, at 20:20 on Antena 1. Most of the judging panel from the previous season returned, with the exception of photographer Gabriel Hennessey. This season introduced a few notable changes: the prize package, a contract with MRA Models, increased in value from €50,000 to €70,000, and the minimum age requirement was lowered from 16 to 14, though all other participation criteria remained the same.
Applicants had to be at least 170 cm tall, between 14 and 25 years old at the time of applying, and possess a valid Romanian or Moldovan passport. Castings began on 5 May 2011 in Ploiești at the Winmarkt Grand Center and continued across more than 30 cities before concluding in Bucharest on 12 June. Out of over 8,000 applicants, only 100 advanced to the semifinal round.
Unlike the previous season, where 12 finalists were chosen, this season expanded the number to 16. Filming took place primarily in Romania throughout the summer and fall, with contestants traveling to various locations in Iceland, Turkey, and Tunisia.
The season crowned 14-year-old Laura Giurcanu from Bucharest as the winner, making her both the youngest contestant and the youngest winner in the show's history.
(Ages stated are at start of contest)
Controversy arose surrounding 17-year-old contestant Irina Batrac early in the competition. The conflict began in the fourth episode when several contestants expressed concerns about Batrac’s perceived inconsiderate attitude. This led to a heated exchange involving 21-year-old Iuliana Mînza after the runway show, which required host Cătălin Botezatu to intervene. The situation escalated in episode 6 when Batrac became visibly distressed after Mînza and fellow contestant Flori Ciupu played pranks on her, including pouring chocolate sauce into her hair while she was asleep, tampering with her toothbrush, and replacing her makeup remover with shampoo. When Botezatu addressed the contestants regarding the incident, Mînza and Ciupu were seen suppressing laughter. Despite this, neither Botezatu nor the production staff took further action to assist Batrac. Tensions eventually subsided, but Batrac was eliminated several weeks later after landing in the bottom two alongside Mînza, who had at that point been in the bottom two for three consecutive weeks. Mînza ultimately advanced to the finale, finishing as the runner-up.
Goiás State University

The State University of Goiás (Portuguese: Universidade Estadual de Goiás, UEG) is a publicly funded university located in the Brazilian state of Goiás, headed in Anápolis and with campuses in 42 cities. The university was founded in 1999, and it's one of the 3 public universities of Goiás (besides the Federal University of Goiás, and Rio Verde University).
கொத்து

கொத்து என அழைக்கப்படும் இவ்வகை உணவானது, பரோட்டாவை சிறிய அளவில் உதிர்த்து, சூடான கல்லில் வெங்காயம், கறிவேப்பிலை, தக்காளியோடு கலந்து நன்கு கொத்தி அதில் முட்டையை உடைத்து ஊற்றி, கொஞ்சம் சால்னாவையும் ஊற்றி மேலும் கொத்துவார்கள். கடைசியில் மிளகு சேர்த்து பரிமாறுவார்கள். மிக சூடாக உண்ணுவதற்கு அருமையாக இருக்கும். இதை முட்டை பரோட்டா என்றும் கூறுவார்கள். இப்போது இதில் சிக்கன் துண்டுகளையும், மட்டன் துண்டுகளையும் கூட சேர்த்து கொத்தி, சிக்கன் கொத்து, மட்டன் கொத்து என்று பல்வேறு விதங்களில் பரிமாறுகின்றனர். சைவ கொத்துப்பரோட்டாவில், முட்டைக்கு பதில் முட்டைகோஸ், காரட் மற்றும் குடை மிளகாய் போன்ற காய்கறிகளை சேர்ப்பார்கள்.
பெரும்பாலான மக்கள் பரோட்டா உணவுகளின் ஆரம்பமாக இலங்கை என உறுதியாக சொன்னாலும் பெயர்க்காரணத்தைக் கொண்டு இந்தியாவையும் பூர்வீகமாகக் கொள்ளலாம். ஆனால் பரோட்டா உணவுகளின் பூர்வீகத்தைப் பற்றிய உறுதியான ஆதாரம் எங்கும் இல்லை. வட இந்தியாவில் 'பராத்தா', மொரீஷியஸில் 'பராட்டா’, மியான்மரில் 'பலாட்டா’ என பல்வேறு பெயர்களில் அழைக்கப்பட்டாலும் 'பராத்தா' என்கிற வார்த்தையின் மூலம் சமஸ்கிருதத்தில் இருக்கலாம் என நம்பப்படுகிறது. வேத காலத்தில், 'புரோதாஷா' என்கிற உணவை, யாகம் செய்யும்போது அக்னி பகவானுக்குப் படைப்பார்களாம். அதில் பருப்பையும் நறுக்கிய காய்களையும் சேர்த்து செய்திருப்பார்களாம். அந்த 'பு-ரோ-தா-ஷம்'தான் 'பராத்தா' ஆனது என நம்பப்படுகிறது. ஏனெனில் தொடக்கத்தில் பரோட்டா செய்யப் பயன்பட்டது நெய்தான். வெகு நாட்களுக்குப் பிறகுதான் மற்ற எண்ணெய்களைப் பயன்படுத்த ஆரம்பித்திருக்கிறார்கள்.
தென் தமிழகத்தின் மாவட்டங்களான மதுரை விருதுநகர் திருநெல்வேலி மற்றும் தூத்துக்குடி மாவட்டங்களில் மிகப் பிரபலமாக விளங்கும் இவ்வுணவுப் பொருளானது மிகச் சிறப்பான முறையில் சமைக்கப்பட்டு சுவையாக பரிமாறப்படும் சிறந்த மாலை நேர உணவாகும்.
தமிழகத்தில் மட்டுமல்லாது இந்தியாவின் பிற பகுதிகளிலும் இலங்கையிலும் கிடைக்கப்பெறும் எளிய மக்களின் உணவாகும். சாலையோரங்களில் உள்ளதட்டுக் கடை என அழைக்கப்படும் மாலை நேர உணவங்களில் இது பரவலாக தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. சமீப காலமாக மற்றொரு தென்னிந்திய உணவான இட்லியும் இம்முறையில் கொத்து இட்லி என சமைக்கப்பட்டு விற்கப்படுகிறது.