davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Charro Days

Charro Days, also known as Charro Days Fiesta or Charro Days Festival, is a two-nation fiesta and an annual four-day pre-Lenten celebration held in Brownsville, Texas, United States in cooperation with Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The grito—a joyous Mexican shout—opens the festivities every year. This festival is a shared heritage celebration between the two border cities of Brownsville, Texas and Matamoros, Tamaulipas. The Charro Days festivals usually have about 50,000 attendees each year. This celebration includes the Sombrero Festival as well as a parade that goes down Elizabeth St. through Historic Downtown Brownsville, TX.
The festival was first organized in 1937 and celebrated in 1938 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce to recognize Mexican culture and honor the charros, or the "dashing Mexican gentlemen cowboys." In addition, it is stated in the official webpage that the Charro Days festival was also created to bring people together during the effects of the Great Depression. Although not proven, it is rumored that the first “unofficial” Charro Days was realized in the early to mid-1800s, when people from the city of Brownsville, Texas, and Matamoros, Tamaulipas, just across the Rio Grande in Mexico, came together to celebrate a cooperative cultural festival to honor the two nations.
The festival went on hiatus in 1942–45 & 2021.
The four-day festival has daily parades, food stands and music, people dancing in the street, boat races, fireworks, bull fights, and a rodeo in Brownsville and in its sister city of Matamoros.
Costumes reflecting Mexico's tradition have been used by those who partake in the occasion. Men, for the most part, wear traditional Mexican costumes—whether it is the charro costume or a cowboy one—while women wear the colorful Huipil costume. The traditional costume is often worn by adults, elders, and children on all four days to celebrate and honor borderland heroes.
Mr. Amigo Association, an organization that works for the friendly relationship with Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico and Brownsville, Texas, United States and to preserve the Charro Days and Sombrero Festival celebrations, became a part of Charro Days in 1967. Sombrero Fest, a three-day Washington Park street party with food, popular rock, country and Tejano performers, was added in 1986. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that the first president of the Mr. Amigo Association was the former president of Mexico, Miguel Alemán Valdés.
During the creation of NAFTA agreement in 1988-1989, Congressman Solomon Ortiz presented the Mr. Amigo Association with the Mr. Amigo Review Award for the distinction of being one of the first organizations to extend friendship and mutual understanding between the United States and Mexico. The Mr. Amigo Review Award remains on exhibit at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. as a model of bi-national friendliness between these two countries.
Skip Wise

Allen Harper "Skip" Wise Jr. (born July 25, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player.
Wise was a sensation as a high school player at Dunbar High School in Baltimore, Maryland. In his junior year in 1973, Wise led Dunbar to a victory over DeMatha High School, led by future NBA star Adrian Dantley.
Wise then played at Clemson University and was the first freshman to win first team all-conference honors in the Atlantic Coast Conference.
Wise left Clemson after his freshman year, signing with the Baltimore Claws of the American Basketball Association in 1975. However, drugs impaired his play; in Terry Pluto's book on the ABA, Loose Balls, a coach found Wise shivering in the locker room, suggesting heroin use. The Claws folded after playing three preseason exhibition games (with the 20-year-old scoring 23 points in those contests, including twelve in Baltimore's last-ever game), so Wise then signed with the Golden State Warriors. The Warriors dropped him after a few days, however, with Wise's drug use as a major reason (allegedly, Warriors coach Al Attles caught Wise using heroin in the team locker room). In November, Wise hooked on with the San Antonio Spurs and appeared briefly in two games; they were his only regular season games as a professional, as the Spurs cut him by the end of the month.
Wise eventually served prison time for drug-related crimes in the 1970s and 1980s, before returning home to Baltimore and working in a local community center.
Jurnee Smollett

Jurnee Smollett (n. 1 octombrie 1986) este o actriță americană, cunoscută pentru rolul Jess Merriweather din serialul de televiziune Friday Night Lights. Cele mai notabile roluri ale sale sunt cele din filmele Secretul Evei, The Great Debaters și The Defenders.
S-a născut în New York, fiica lui Janet, activist pentru drepturile omului, și a lui Joel Smollett. Tatăl său este evreu și mama sa are origini afro-americane. Părinții săi s-au despărțit în 1997, iar divorțul lor s-a finalizat în 2003. Este al patrulea dintre cei șase copii.
A primit critici favorabile pentru rolul său din producția independentă Eve's Bayou din 1997. La casting, regizorul Kasi Lemmons a fost cucerit de creola care era perfectă pentru un copil al anilor '60. A jucat împreună cu sora sa în show-ul de televiziune On Our Own (între anii 1994–1995) și a apărut în mai multe producții, având roluri mai mici, dintre care Hangin' with Mr. Cooper, Full House, Martin, Wanda At Large, House sau Anatomia lui Grey. În 1996 a fost distribuită în filmul lui Francis Ford Coppola, Jack. În anul 2000 a apărut împreună cu Sharon Stone (având rolul fiicei personajului interpretat de Sharon Stone) și Billy Connelly în comedia Beautiful Joe. În anul 2001 a jucat alături de o altă mare actriță, Angela Bassett, în filmul Ruby's Bucket of Blood, având tot rolul fiicei sale.
Philip Pullman

Philip Pullman CBE (n. 19 octombrie 1945, Norwich, Anglia, Regatul Unit) este un scriitor britanic. A scris, pe lângă alte cărți, seria Materiile întunecate, o trilogie fantasy.
Pullman s-a născut în Norwich (Norfolk, Marea Britanie), fiul pilotului Alfred Outram și al lui Audrey Evelyn Merrifield. Familia călătorea foarte mult din cauza locului de muncă al tatălui său, ajungând inclusiv în Zimbabwe, unde a făcut și o parte din școală. Tatăl său a fost ucis într-un accident de avion în 1953 când Philip avea 7 ani. Mama sa s-a recăsătorit.
Odată cu mutarea lor în Australia, Pullman a descoperit benzile desenate, inclusiv Superman și Batman, un domeniu care încă îl mai atrage. Din 1957 a făcut școala Ysgol Ardudwy în Harlech, Gwynedd și a petrecut timp în Norfolk cu bunicul său. În această perioadă, a descoperit cartea Paradis Pierdut a lui John Milton, care urma să aibă o influență majoră în Materiile întunecate.
Din 1963, Pullman a urmat cursurile Colegiului Exeter din Oxford. În 1970 s-a căsătorit cu Judith Speller și a început să predea și să scrie piese pentru teatrul școlare.
A predat cu normă redusă la Westminster College, Oxford între 1988 și 1996, continuând să scrie literatură pentru copii. A început să lucreze la Materiile întunecate în 1993. Primul volum a fost publicat în 1996 și a câștigat Premiul Carnegie, unul dintre premiile cele mai prestigioase din domeniul literaturii pentru copii și Premiul Guardian Children's Fiction.
Frumoasa și bestia (film din 2017)

Frumoasa și bestia (titlul original: Beauty and the Beast) este un film american, muzical, de dragoste, de Bill Condon, produs de David Hoberman si Todd Lieberman, după un scenariu de Stephen Chbosky si Evan Spiliotopoulos.
Filmul este o adaptare live-action după musicalul Frumoasa și bestia (1994) și, de asemenea, o nouă adaptare a filmului de animație din 1991. În distributie sunt actorii Emma Watson, Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Ewan McGregor, Stanley Tucci, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Audra McDonald, Ian McKellen si Emma Thompson.
Teatrul Odeon

Teatrul Odeon este un teatru din București, situat pe Calea Victoriei.
A fost fondat în 1946, sub numele de Teatrul Muncitoresc C.F.R. Giulești pe Calea Giulești nr. 16.
În 1974 Sala Comedia a Teatrului Național a devenit Sala Majestic a Teatrului Giulești. Spațiul este proprietatea Primăriei Municipiului București și administrată de Teatrul Odeon. După 1990 și-a schimbat denumirea în Teatrul Odeon. Primul director sub noua denumire a fost Vlad Mugur, urmat de Alexandru Dabija și Dorina Lazăr.
Clădirea teatrului, care a fost ridicată în perioada interbelică, dispune de două săli de spectacol:
În fața teatrului este instalat bustul lui Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
Premiile acordate teatrului sunt:
Materiale media legate de Teatrul Odeon la Wikimedia Commons
Hermann Helmer

Hermann Gottlieb Helmer (n. 13 iulie 1849, Harburg, Regatul Hanovrei, azi Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg – d. 2 aprilie 1919, Viena) a fost un arhitect german.
A înființat în anul 1873 împreună cu arhitectul Ferdinand Fellner biroul de arhitectură Büro Fellner & Helmer (sau Atelier Fellner & Helmer) în Viena. Biroul a funcționat până în 1919.
Printre proiectele se numără: Teatrul Național din Timișoara (1871-1875), Teatrul Național „Vasile Alecsandri” din Iași (1894-1896), Teatrul Național din Cluj (1904-1906), Teatrul de Stat din Oradea (1899-1900), Opernhaus Zürich etc.
Rundbogenstil

Rundbogenstil (stilul arcadelor rotunde) este un stil arhitectural de renaștere istorică din secolul al XIX-lea, popular în țările germanofone și în diaspora germană. Combină elemente ale arhitecturii bizantine, romanice și renascentiste cu motive stilistice specifice. Rundbogenstil reprezintă o ramură germană a arhitecturii neoromanice, folosită uneori și în alte țări.
Stilul a fost creația deliberată a arhitecților germani care căutau un stil național german de arhitectură, în special Heinrich Hübsch (1795–1863). A apărut în Germania ca un răspuns și o reacție împotriva stilului neogotic care ieșise în prim-plan la sfârșitul secolului al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea. Prin adoptarea fațadei netede a arhitecturii bisericești antice târzii și medievale, ea și-a propus să extindă și să dezvolte simplitatea nobilă și grandoarea liniștită a neoclasicismului, mergând în același timp într-o direcție mai potrivită pentru ascensiunea industrialismului și apariția naționalismului german. Semnele distinctive ale stilului, pe lângă arcurile rotunjite de la care își ia numele, includ „sprâncene” deasupra ferestrelor și crenelarea inversată sub streașină.
Rundbogenstil a fost utilizat pentru mai multe gări, inclusiv cele din Karlsruhe, Leipzig, München, Tübingen și Völklingen. Acestea erau de obicei "gări de primă generație" (construite între 1835 și 1870); unele au fost demolate pentru a fi înlocuite cu clădiri mai mari. Gările din Tübingen și Völklingen sunt încă existente, în timp ce Bayerischer Bahnhof din Leipzig este parțial păstrată.
Rundbogenstil a fost utilizat pe scară largă și în arhitectura sinagogilor. Prima sinagogă în acest stil a fost Sinagoga din Kassel, proiectată de Heinrich Hübsch împreună cu Albrecht Rosengarten, construită în orașul natal al lui Rosengarten, Kassel, Hesse-Kassel, în 1839. Un exemplu timpuriu în Statele Unite este Sinagoga Gates of Heaven din Madison, Wisconsin, construită în 1863 și proiectată de August Kutzbock, un imigrant din Bremen, Germania. Kutzbock a proiectat și clădiri laice în stil Rundbogenstil, cum ar fi Casa Carrie Pierce (1857) din Madison, restaurată în 2008 și transformată în hotel boutique, cunoscut sub numele de Mansion Hill Inn.
Arhitectura Rundbogenstil a avut o influență semnificativă în Anglia, unde clădirile lui Alfred Waterhouse pentru ceea ce este acum cunoscut sub numele de Muzeul de Istorie Naturală (inițial Colecția de Istorie Naturală a Muzeului Britanic) din Londra reflectă o emulare directă și conștientă a acestui stil.
Rundbogenstil a fost, de asemenea, folosit pe scară largă în Belgia, atât pentru clădiri publice, cât și pentru biserici. Un promotor entuziast al neoclasicismului și Rundbogenstil în Belgia a fost arhitectul Lodewijk Roelandt (1786-1864), care a locuit în orașul Gent. Printre realizările sale în Rundbogenstil se numără Biserica Sf. Ana (Sint-Annakerk (Gent)) și școala de echitație Arena Van Vletingen, ambele din Gent, precum și Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-van-Bijstand-der-Christenenkerk (Sint-Niklaas) la Sint-Niklaas.
Listă de formații post-punk

Post-punk este o mișcare muzicală care a început la sfârșitul anilor 1970, ca urmare a „exploziei” punk rock. Perioada esențială care este în mare parte citată ca post-punk a fost între anii 1978–1984. După 1984, numeroase formații au continuat să lanseze muzică în acest stil, dar odată cu apariția alternative rock ca un termen umbrelă pentru toate formațiile underground de la mijlocul anilor '80, ele nu au fost mereu tratate ca formații post-punk.
Segmentul auto european

Cu excepția celor din programul european de evaluare a siguranței Euro NCAP, segmentele de vehicule din Europa nu au caracterizare sau reglementări oficiale. Deși definiția este vagă, există puțină suprapunere între segmentele A-F pe baza parametrilor de greutate și dimensiune.
Segmentele de modele tind să se bazeze pe comparație cu modele de mărci binecunoscute. De exemplu, o mașină precum Volkswagen Golf ar putea fi descrisă ca fiind din clasa de mărime Ford Focus sau invers. VW Polo este mai mic, deci aparține cu un segment sub Golf, în timp ce Passat-ul mai mare este cu un segment deasupra.
Numele segmentelor au fost menționate, dar nedefinite, în 1999 într-un document al UE intitulat Case No COMP/M.1406 HYUNDAI / KIA REGULATION (EEC) No 4064/89 MERGER PROCEDURE.
Conservatorismul în Statele Unite ale Americii

Conservatorismul american este un sistem larg de convingeri politice din Statele Unite ale Americii, care este caracterizat prin respectul pentru tradițiile americane, republicanism, susținerea valorilor iudeo-creștine, absolutismul moral, piața liberă și liberul schimb, anticomunism, individualism, predicarea excepționalismului american, și apărarea Culturii Occidentale de amenințările generate de socialism, autoritarism, și relativismul moral.
Libertatea celor care se conformează valorilor anglo-americane, libertatea economică, conservatorismul social și promovarea idealurilor iudeo-creștine sunt credințe de bază, cu un accent special pe consolidarea pieței libere, limitarea dimensiunilor și sferei de implicare a guvernului în economie, și opoziția față de impozitele mari și pe controlul exercitat de sindicate asupra antreprenorilor. Conservatorii americani consideră libertatea individuală, în limitele conformității cu valorile americane, ca trăsătură fundamentală a democrației, care contrastează cu liberalii moderni americani, care, în general, pun mai mare preț pe egalitate și dreptate socială.
Conservatorismul american provine din republicanism, care respingea guvernarea aristocratică și monarhică, în baza principiilor Declarației de Independență din 1776, în care se afirma că „Toți oamenii sunt creați egali, sunt înzestrați de Creatorul lor cu anumite Drepturi inalienabile, printre acestea sunt Viața, Libertatea și Căutarea Fericirii”. În 1789, Constituția Statelor Unite a stabilit o Republică federală și domnia legii. Toate marile partide politice americane sunt bazate pe aceste două documente. Activiștii conservatori se îmbracă ocazional și în ziua de azi în costume din epoca revoluționară și sărbătoresc episoade revoluționare, cum ar fi Partida de Ceai de la Boston. Filosofia conservatoare are continuitate și cu tradiția liberală clasică din secolele al XVIII-lea și al XIX-lea, care pleda pentru economie Laissez-faire, numită și libertate economică și dereglementare.
Istoricii susțin că tradiția conservatoare a jucat un rol major în cultura și politica americană după 1776. Cu toate acestea, ei au subliniat că o mișcare conservatoare organizată a jucat un rol-cheie în politică doar după 1950. Mișcarea recentă își are baza politică în Partidul Republican, deși și unii democrați au fost figuri importante ale istoriei timpurii a mișcării.
Potrivit lui Peter Viereck, conservatorismul american se remarcă prin aceea că nu a fost legat de o monarhie, de o aristocrație latifundiară, de o biserică oficială, sau de o elită militară. În schimb, conservatorii americani s-au înrădăcinat ferm în republicanismul american, căruia conservatorii europeni i se opuneau. Ei sunt angajați, conform lui Seymour Martin Lipset, în credința în „superioritatea [Americii] față de sistemul rece reacționar monarhic și mai rigid legat de statutul social din societatea europeană.”
Cavalcada (film)

Cavalcada este un film american din 1933 regizat de Frank Lloyd. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Diana Wynyard și Clive Brook. A câștigat Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun film.
Oferind o imagine a vieții englezești din Ajunul Anului Nou 1899 până la ziua de Anul Nou din 1933, filmul este prezentat din punctul de vedere al doi locuitori ai Londrei, Jane și Robert Marryot. Mai multe evenimente istorice servesc ca fundal pentru acest film, inclusiv Al Doilea Război al Burilor, moartea Reginei Victoria, scufundarea Titanicului și Primul Război Mondial.
Gossip Girl: Intrigi la New York

Gossip Girl (în română Gossip Girl: Intrigi la New York) este un serial american pentru adolescenți bazat pe volumele cărților cu același nume, scrise de Cecily von Ziegesar. Serialul a fost produs de Josh Schwartz și Stephanie Savage și a avut premiera pe postul de televiziune THE CW în data de 19 septembrie 2007. Evenimentele din luxosul Upper East Side al Manhattan-ului din orașul New York sunt povestite pe un blog de "Gossip Girl", personaj neidentificat în serial, vocea fiind a actriței Kristen Bell. Serialul începe cu reîntoarcerea Serenei van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) din misterioasa ședere la o școală din Connecticut. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester), pe care autoarea o descrie ca fiind regina dintr-un joc de șah, este vechea prietenă și rivala ocazională a Serenei, dar și Regina Albină (Queen Bee) a scenei sociale din Liceul Constance Billard. Povestea îi urmărește și pe Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick), băiatul rău din Upper East Side, Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford), prietenul cel mai bun al lui Chuck, aducând și alte personaje pe scena controversată a Manhattan-ului: Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley), prietenul lui Nate și iubitul, apoi fostul iubit al Serenei; Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr), prietena cea mai bună a lui Dan; și sora cea ambițioasă a lui Dan, Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen).
Fiecare episod începe cu pagina de pornire a site-ului “Gossip Girl” și cu imaginea Serenei din episodul întâi. Apoi, este prezentată o recapitulare a evenimentelor care sunt relevante pentru narațiunea viitoare, după care, recapitularea se încheie tot cu pagina de pornire a site-ului, numai că de această dată cu imaginea unui alt personaj și cu un text despre un eveniment recent care are legatură cu imaginea.
Naratorul este “Gossip Girl” care începe recapitularea cu propoziția: “Gossip Girl, aici. Singura voastră sursă din viețile scandaloase ale elitei Manhattanului“ și încheie recapitularea șoptind: “Unde a fost ea?” și ”Serena”. Apoi, vocea lui “Gossip Girl“ spune: “Și cine sunt eu? Este un secret pe care nu îl voi spune niciodată! Știi că mă iubești... XOXO, Gossip Girl”.
În timpul fiecărui episod, întotdeauna are loc un eveniment social, fie mare sau mic. Joshua Safran a explicat: “Noi îl structurăm (serialul) astfel încât, în fiecare săptămână episodul să conducă la un nou eveniment”.
Striezelmarkt

The Striezelmarkt in Dresden is one of the first genuine Christmas markets in the world. Founded as a one-day market in 1434, it celebrated its 585th anniversary in 2019. Its 240 stands attract about 3 million visitors from all over the world. The annual market lasts throughout the Advent season until Christmas Eve.
This market event was first mentioned in 1434, under Friedrich II, Elector of Saxony, when it was held the Monday before Christmas on the Altmarkt square. Originally, it was a one-day market to provide the citizens of Dresden with the sale of meat for the Christmas meal after the traditional Advent period of fasting.
In the 21st century, the Striezelmarkt has developed into a huge event with 240 stands. It takes up a large part of Dresden city centre and lasts throughout the Advent period until Christmas Eve.
The word Striezelmarkt comes from Strüzel or Stroczel, which was the name of a type of cake sold at the market; it is now widely known as Stollen or Christstollen. Stollen is a light airy fruitcake that is quite low in sugar, and today is available in many parts of the world. The true Dresden Stollen, however, is produced in the city and distinguished by a special seal depicting Augustus II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. The shape of the cake is meant to be reminiscent of the entrance to a mine tunnel (the literal meaning of Stollen), reflecting the area's silver and tin mining history.
Today the most famous features of Dresden Striezelmarkt are the world's largest usable Christmas arch with a breadth of 13.5 metres (44 ft) and a height of more than 5 metres (16 ft) and the 14-metre (46 ft) high Erzgebirge Christmas pyramid. Situated on the Dresden Striezelmarkt is a children's adventure world. Here, the prune chimney sweep’s cottage and the bakery are open for kneading and arts and crafts. A puppet theatre, merry-go-round, and a children's railway are also operating. On the Dresden Striezelmarkt, a daily stage programme takes place. During Advent weekends, special events such as Dresden Stollen Festival and Pyramid and Christmas Arch Festival take place.
At the centre of the Striezelmarkt stands a 20 metres (66 ft) high spruce, brought from the nearby Tharandt woods and decorated with lights. At the back of the market square there is a painted wooden fairy-tale castle, designed to operate as a giant Advent calendar. Children's entertainers open a door each day and present a puppet show. On Fridays, Father Christmas himself visits.
Apart from the famous Stollen, other specialities originate from Dresden and were originally sold at the Striezelmarkt.
Lapland New Forest

Lapland New Forest was a short-lived winter wonderland theme park near Ringwood, Hampshire, UK, in 2008. The park had been advertised as being a "winter wonderland" with a variety of exciting family events such as a Christmas market and a "magical tunnel of light", but the majority of the promised attractions either malfunctioned or were of a very low quality. The park closed after a week following complaints from customers and poor press attention, and the organisers were charged with misleading advertising and sentenced to 13 months in prison.
The park's disastrous operation gained national news attention in the UK and has since been compared to similar ill-fated events such as Willy's Chocolate Experience.
Upon opening on 28 November 2008, the park received a great deal of criticism in the United Kingdom due to the extremely poor quality of its attractions; the nativity scene was a crudely painted billboard that could be seen across a muddy field, the "magical tunnel of light" was a line of trees with fairy lights dangling from them, the ice rink had melted due to a faulty generator, the "log cabins" were empty garden sheds, the Christmas market consisted of only four stalls and required an extra fee to enter, husky dogs and reindeer were mistreated and tethered in muddy conditions, and Santa's grotto was a very badly decorated cabin.
50,000 tickets were sold in advance, with ticket prices beginning at £25. Over £1.2 million had been made in total.
Children who had looked forward to the event were reduced to tears, especially when the actor playing Santa was caught smoking.
Violence began flaring up between visitors and workers, including an elf who was slapped and yelled at by a mother who complained about the event, two fathers brawling in the gingerbread house, and Santa being punched in the face by a father who became furious after being told his children were not allowed to sit on Santa's lap despite waiting in a four-hour-long line; a worker dressed up as a snowman received so much verbal abuse that he eventually walked off in full costume.
Lapland New Forest was closed within days of having opened.
In February 2011, Victor and Henry Mears, the brothers who ran the park, were found guilty of eight charges of misleading the public, and were jailed for 13 months each in March 2011.
In October 2011, the pair had their convictions overturned by the Court of Appeal following revelations that one of the jurors had been receiving texts from her fiancé during the trial. The fiancé had been present in court and the text messages (one of which simply read "guilty") had been seen by other jurors. The Court of Appeal's view was that this made the convictions unsafe. Dorset County Council, which had brought the original prosecution, subsequently indicated that it would not be seeking a retrial as the brothers had already served prison sentences.
Marienplatz

Marienplatz (English: Mary's Square, i.e. St. Mary, Our Lady's Square) is a central square in the city centre of Munich, Germany. It has been the city's main square since 1158.
During the Middle Ages, markets and tournaments were held in the Marienplatz, which was originally called Markth ("market"), Schranne ("grain market") and later Schrannenplatz ("grain market square"). After the grain market was moved into the modern glass-and-iron Schranne near "Blumenstrasse" in 1853, the square received its new name, starting 9 October 1854.
Marienplatz was named after the Mariensäule, a Marian column erected in its centre in 1638 to celebrate the end of Swedish occupation. Today the Marienplatz is dominated by the New Town Hall (Neues Rathaus) on the north side, and the Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus, a reconstructed Gothic council hall with a ballroom and tower) on the east side.
The Glockenspiel in the tower of the New Town Hall was inspired by the tournaments that were held in the square during the Middle Ages, and draws millions of tourists a year. Furthermore, the pedestrian zone between Karlsplatz and Marienplatz is a crowded area with numerous shops and restaurants.
The Mariensäule is a Marian column located on the Marienplatz in Munich, Germany. Mary is revered here as Patrona Bavariae (Latin: Protector of Bavaria). It was erected in 1638 to celebrate the end of Swedish occupation during the Thirty Years' War, following a respective vow by Duke Elector Maximilian I of Bavaria if the ducal residential cities of Munich and Landshut were spared from war destruction. The column is topped by a golden statue of the Virgin Mary standing on a crescent moon as the Queen of Heaven, created in 1590. The figure was originally located in the Frauenkirche. Mariensäule in Munich was the first column of this type built north of the Alps and inspired the construction of other Marian columns in this part of Europe.
At each corner of the column's pedestal is a statue of a putto, created by Ferdinand Murmann. The four putti are each depicted fighting a different beast, symbolizing the city's overcoming of adversities: war represented by the lion, pestilence by the cockatrice, hunger or famine by the dragon and heresy by the serpent.
Three weeks before Christmas the Christkindlmarkt opens at Marienplatz and other squares in the city, selling Christmas goods and food and drink.
The square is served by the Munich Marienplatz station, offering both U-Bahn and S-Bahn access.
A new station, Marienhof, will be built to the north of the square, as part of the second S-Bahn tunnel project (Zweite Stammstrecke). The new station will also connect to the existing lines.
Armenian Church, Pitești

The Armenian Church (Romanian: Biserica Armenească) is an Armenian Apostolic church located at 43 Egalității Street in Pitești, Romania. It is dedicated to John the Baptist.
Built in 1852, the church is trefoil in shape, with a hexagonal spire. It is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs, as is its chancery, which dates to the same year.
44°51′10″N 24°52′36″E﻿ / ﻿44.8529°N 24.8768°E﻿ / 44.8529; 24.8768
Assumption of Mary Church, Iași

The Assumption of Mary Church (Romanian: Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului) is a Roman Catholic church located at 26 Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt Boulevard in Iași, Romania. It is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary.
The first church on the site, with the same dedication, was made of wood and known as the Franciscans' Church (Biserica Franciscanilor). A 1753 document, issued during the reign of Prince Matei Ghica, noted that a Catholic church had stood in Iași since the founding of Moldavia. In 1741, Grigore II Ghica donated two vineyards to the church. Three years later, Stanislau Jezierski, the Catholic bishop of Bacău, noted that the church was small and ready to collapse. Rebuilt in 1763, it was destroyed by fire in 1766. The church was rebuilt in brick starting in 1782, and was blessed in 1789. The ceiling fell during the 1802 Vrancea earthquake, prompting repairs. The fire of 1827, which affected much of the city, destroyed the roof, again necessitating work. In 1861, the priest Ioan Eugeniu Zapolski restored and expanded the church. In 1869, upon the request of Bishop Giuseppe Salandari, the interior was painted by a Franciscan friar from Italy. Salandari was buried in the church upon his death in 1873, as were eleven other bishops and priests. The south wall of the church features a sundial that seemingly dates to 1813. Until the early 19th century, the building was used as a monastery, and was the center of the Franciscan mission. It became a cathedral when the Iași Diocese was set up in 1884.
Built in the Baroque style, the church has a single cylindrical spire, tall and supple, above the entrance; this is also the bell tower. The exterior is plastered with stone dust, but has no special ornamentation. The interior features three marble altars. There is a classical organ with 21 sonic registers, made in Austria. Work on the much larger Our Lady Queen of Iași Cathedral began in the 1990s, and the older building was relegated to a parish church in 2005, when the new cathedral was inaugurated.
The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.
47°09′36″N 27°35′01″E﻿ / ﻿47.16006°N 27.58369°E﻿ / 47.16006; 27.58369
Church of the Holy Archangels, Satulung

The Church of the Holy Archangels is a Romanian Orthodox Church located on Victor Jinga Street, Săcele, Romania. Located in Satulung, a former village that is now a district of Săcele, it is dedicated to the Archangels Michael and Gabriel.
A wooden church stood on the site as early as the 17th century. The present church was built between 1794 and 1799 with contributions from the local mocan shepherds, without help from the government. The church and its affiliated school were ready in spring, and dedicated in the summer of 1799. Earlier, in 1796, Bishop Gerasim Adamović had blessed the site of the future altar. Gradually, locals also donated censers, candelabra, candleholders and vestments. They also paid for four bells. During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian Army requisitioned three of them for war materiel, leaving only the large one; the three were replaced after the war.
The church has a trefoil plan adopted from Wallachia. However, the spatial arrangement, based on cylindrical ceilings of stone, brick and wood, is characteristic of Transylvania. The western entrance has a porch, initially open but later closed with large windows, to protect the structure from the elements. The narrow spire, flanked by tympana, rises above the porch. While the latter incorporates the Brâncovenesc style, the spire and the spacious interior point to the Transylvanian Baroque, as does the rich stucco facade decoration of double pilasters and composite capitols, later degraded by unskilled workers.
The painting is in Byzantine style fresco. A stone inscription above the door indicates a date of 1803, and the artists’ names. The large iconostasis icons are from the same year. The interior painting was restored in 1994–1999. The church museum holds several religious books from 1849 to 1858, a Gospel Book from 1829 and a collection of 18th-century icons. The parish has two cemeteries: one surrounding the church, with a brick wall; and another nearby. The two-room church school ran until 1919, when the Romanian state took over. In the interwar period, one room was used as a library with over 3000 books, while the other hosted a bank. Repaired in 1975 and 2006, they now hold the church museum.
The church is listed as a historic monument by Romania's Ministry of Culture, as are the old school and the wall.
45°37′00″N 25°42′17″E﻿ / ﻿45.61665°N 25.70459°E﻿ / 45.61665; 25.70459
Magdeburg Christmas market

The Magdeburg Christmas market (German: Magdeburger Weihnachtsmarkt) is a Christmas market taking place annually in Magdeburg, Germany, at the Old Market Square [de]. It is the largest Christmas market in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, with more than two million annual visitors and over 125 Christmas stands.
Magdeburg's Christmas market dates back to a late medieval sales fair, which gave the people of Magdeburg the opportunity to stock up on food before winter. In the middle of the 20th century, it became a pre-Christmas custom. In the beginning, it took place in the area of the Alter Markt (Old Market). After large parts of Magdeburg were bombed in 1945, the Christmas market was moved to the Leiterstraße. In the 1970s, it was moved back to the Alter Markt and also to the Zentraler Platz. After the construction of the Allee-Center on the Central Square in 1995, it has only been held on the Alter Markt since then. On December 26, 2012, Germany's longest Christmas song was performed on the Magdeburg Christmas market by artists, celebrities and the Christmas market band; the song was created on the initiative of the Volksstimme newspaper, whereby readers of the magazine wrote additional verses to the melody of the German christmas carol Kling, Glöckchen, klingelingeling. In 2015, the Magdeburg Christmas market had over one million visitors.
On December 20, 2024, a Saudi man drove his car into a crowd at the market, killing 5 people and injuring 235 others. The Christmas market was subsequently closed prematurely for the rest of the season.
Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Eropa

Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Eropa merupakan bagian dari Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO, khususnya yang berlokasi di Eropa. Turki, Siprus, Israel, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia dan Caucasian serta wilayah Siberia dari Rusia dimasukkan ke dalam daftar ini dan juga daftar situs di Asia. Situs dalam wilayah jajahan Prancis, Belanda, Britania Raya dan Denmark di benua lain, juga dimasukkan di sini, meskipun juga dimuat di daftar geografis yang bersangkutan. Kazakhstan, yang hanya sebagian kecil wilayahnya termasuk Eropa, juga dimasukkan ke dalam Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia di Asia.
Situs yang ditandai (*) termasuk ke dalam Daftar Situs Warisan Dunia dalam bahaya.
also listed under Asia
also listed under Asia
juga masuk daftar di Asia
also listed under Asia
(Referred to by UNESCO as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia".)
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also listed under Asia
Note: this list includes sites in the British overseas territories
Pelacuran pria

Seperti pelacuran perempuan, pelacuran laki-laki adalah praktik melakukan tindakan seksual untuk mendapatkan uang. Dibandingkan dengan pekerja seks perempuan, pekerja seks laki-laki jauh lebih sedikit dipelajari oleh para peneliti, dan sementara studi menunjukkan bahwa ada perbedaan antara cara kedua kelompok ini melihat pekerjaan mereka, penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan. Pelacur pria dikenal dengan berbagai nama dan eufemisme termasuk laki-laki pendamping, gigolo, anak laki-laki sewaan, model, pemijat dan preman. Istilah "anak laki-laki sewaan" berasal dari fakta bahwa anak-anak menyewakan diri mereka sendiri kepada orang lain. Seorang pria yang tidak menganggap dirinya sebagai gay, namun yang bersedia berhubungan seks dengan klien pria untuk uang, kadang-kadang disebut "gay untuk bayaran" atau "perdagangan kasar". Pelacur pria yang menawarkan layanan kepada pelanggan wanita kadang-kadang dikenal juga sebagai "gigolo".
Klien, terutama mereka yang mengambil pelacur di jalan atau di bar-bar, kadang-kadang disebut "hidung belang" atau "trik". Mereka yang bekerja di prostitusi kadang mengacu pada perdagangan mereka karena "trik memutar".
Pelacuran pria telah banyak ditemukan di semua kebudayaan yang maju. Praktik di dunia kuno dalam penjualan kenikmatan seksual oleh laki-laki atau perempuan di tempat suci suci, atau prostitusi suci, dibuktikan oleh dipraktikkannya di kebudayaan "pagan" dalam Perjanjian Lama.
Pelacur di Yunani kuno pada umumnya adalah budak, sebagai pelacur mereka bisa kehilangan hak-hak sipil mereka. Kasus terkenal adalah Phaedo dari Elis yang ditangkap dalam perang dan dipaksa menjadi budak dan pelacur, namun akhirnya ditebus untuk menjadi seorang murid dari Socrates dan memberinya nama kepada Plato Phaedo. Yunani kuno dan Roma kuno keduanya mengakui keberadaan pelacuran laki-laki.
Bekerja sebagai pelacur pria sesama jenis di dunia Islam Abad Pertengahan juga dibatasi secara sosial ke "bawahan" seperti pada anak laki-laki dan budak, dan sementara sering mengunjungi pelacur dianggap sebagai suatu tindakan dosa, namun praktik demikian tetap terjadi.
Bukti sejarah dari catatan pengadilan dan investigasi memperlihatkan prostitusi laki-laki di tempat yang sekarang disebut Amerika Serikat pada awal akhir abad ke-17. Dengan perluasan daerah perkotaan dan agregasi masyarakat gay pada akhir abad ke-19 laki-laki/ prostitusi laki-laki menjadi lebih jelas, dan termasuk pemandian, rumah pelacuran seperti Paresis Hall di distrik Bowery di New York, dan bar prostitusi di mana yang disebut "para peri" laki-laki lainnya diminta untuk melakukan hubungan seks dan menerima komisi untuk penjualan minuman.
Pelacur lelaki muda di zaman Edo di Jepang dipanggil kagema. Klien mereka yang terutama adalah pria dewasa.
Di daerah selatan Asia Tengah dan Afghanistan, seorang remaja yang berusia 12 hingga 16 tahun yang menjadi penampil dilatih dalam lagu erotis dan menari sugestif dan bersedia sebagai pekerja seks. Mereka dikenal juga sebagai bacchá.
SPSS

SPSS adalah program komputer yang dipakai untuk analisis statistika. Sejak tanggal 28 Juli 2009, SPSS disebut sebagai PASW (Predictive Analytics SoftWare), karena perusahaan ini telah dibeli oleh perusahaan IBM dengan harga US$1,2 miliar. SPSS merupakan singkatan dari Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (atau juga Statistical Product and Service Solutions) yang dapat dipakai untuk analisa statistik parametrik maupun non-parametrik.
Aranmula Palace

Aranmula Palace (Aranmula Kottaram) is a royal palace in Kerala, India that was built over 200 years ago. It holds significant cultural and historical importance. The palace, is also known as Vadakke Kottaram (Northern Palace)
The palace is situated in front of the revered Aranmula Sree Partha Sarathi Temple and lies close to the holy River Pampa, adding to its spiritual significance.
Aranmula Palace is a prime example of traditional Kerala architecture, specifically the Nalukettu style, which is based on the principles of Thachu Sastra (the ancient science of carpentry) and Vastu Shastra (a traditional system of architecture focused on harmony with nature).
This palace features spacious courtyards, intricate wooden carvings, and clay-tiled sloped roofs, exemplifying Kerala's ancient craftsmanship and aesthetic. The traditional design emphasizes balance and natural ventilation, making it both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
The design of Aranmula palace, with its spacious courtyards, intricate wooden carvings, and clay-tiled sloped roofs, exemplifies the craftsmanship and aesthetic of Kerala's ancient architectural traditions.
The palace is also notable for its preservation of cultural and royal heritage. It was one of the palaces of the Thekkumkur family, and the last king of Aranmula resided there. The architectural beauty and historical significance of Vadakke Kottaram make it a valuable cultural treasure. The palace is renowned not only for its architectural beauty but also for its preservation of the royal heritage and cultural traditions of the region.
9°19′37″N 76°41′17″E﻿ / ﻿9.32707°N 76.68817°E﻿ / 9.32707; 76.68817
Gorkha Palace

The Gorkha Palace, located in the Gorkha district of Nepal, is a historic landmark built in the 16th century by Ram Shah. The palace is built on top of a hill at an altitude of about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). This palace is an hour walk from the downtown Gorkha bazaar.
The palace is the birthplace of the king Prithvi Narayan Shah who was born in 1723 and started the unification of Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah was born in the Dhuni Pari, a part of the Palace.
The palace lies on the hilltop and is completely fortified. It is an example of Newari architecture. The walls of the palace are about three feet thick. The floors are supported by extended wooden beams.
The Gorkha Palace showcases a remarkable blend of traditional Nepalese architecture and strategic military design. Built primarily of wood and stone, the structure reflects the craftsmanship of local artisans and the architectural principles of the time. Multiple levels and intricate wooden carvings characterize the palace, with each section serving both aesthetic and functional purposes.
Gorkha Durbar also has religious importance due to the placement of various Hindu temples inside the palace.
In the western part of the palace lies Kalika temple which was built during the 17th century. The temple has wooden carvings of birds, animals and deities.
The temple of Goddess Gorakhkali lies on the southwestern side of the palace.
The Goraknath temple is located near the Gorakhali temple. Goraknath was a Hindu yogi who was an influential founder of the Nath Hindu movement and also one of the two notable disciples of Matsyendranath. This place holds a fair every year on the day of Baisakh Purnima (the full moon day on the month of Baisakh) in Gorakhnath Cave. There is also a cave that is claimed as the shelter of Gorakhnath where he meditated Tantra.
The museum located inside the premises of the palace houses various items including armours, paintings and the Divya Upadesh of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
The palace also serves as a viewpoint to observe Manaslu, Himalchuli, Annapurna and Ganesh peaks of the Himalayas in the Northern side while planes of Gorkha and surrounding villages in the southern side.
The “eternal flame” lies on the southern part of the palace which has been lit since the unification of Nepal.
The April 2015 Nepal earthquake partially damaged the palace. It took over two years for the reconstruction process to start by the Department of Archeology and the work started on November 15, 2017. As of 2022, the repair work is still ongoing.
According to the Gorkha Museum, 48,233 people visited the palace in 2015–2016. In 2016–2017, there were 72,648 visitors and in 2017–2018, there were 77,753 visitors.
Raised field

In agriculture, a raised field is a large, cultivated elevation, typically bounded by water-filled ditches, that is used to allow cultivators to control environmental factors such as moisture levels, frost damage, and flooding. Examples of raised field agriculture can be found among some Pre-Hispanic cultures of Latin America, such as those from tropical lowlands and the Budi Lake Mapuche.
Pre-Hispanic raised fields are known from the region near Santa Cruz de Mompox in northern Colombia and in the Llanos de Moxos region of lowland Bolivia. In highland Bolivia, where this was utilized by the Tiwanaku culture near Lake Titicaca, this technique is known as Waru Waru or camellones. Ancient raised-field agriculture has also been documented in Central America at Pulltrouser Swamp in Belize, where it was practiced by the Maya civilization. Toltec and Aztec people also practiced raised-field agriculture on the shore of Lake Texcoco, where these fields were known as chinampas.
Tower Gateway DLR station

Tower Gateway is a Docklands Light Railway (DLR) station in the City of London and is located near the Tower of London and Tower Bridge. It adjoins the tracks to Fenchurch Street station and is located on the site of a former station called Minories. Tower Gateway is within London fare zone 1.
It is a short walk from both Tower Hill Underground station and Fenchurch Street. Access at street level from the Minories is via escalator, stairs or lift at the western end of the station. A pedestrian crossing connects the station with Tower Hill station, its closest London Underground connection. A narrow secondary staircase entrance at the eastern end of the platform, improved considerably in the early 2000s, descends to Mansell Street. It serves the eastern edge of the City of London financial district and development around St Katharine Docks.
It was opened in 1987 as the western terminus of the initial DLR system and the station closest to central London.
The underground extension to Bank, which opened in 1991, diverges from the original route between Tower Gateway and Shadwell, the next station to the east. It dives down a steep ramp not far from the eastern end of the platforms, from which it is clearly visible. Tower Gateway is the terminus for the less busy service to Beckton. Journeys to other branches of the DLR normally require a change.
In keeping with the DLR's original basic lightweight philosophy, Tower Gateway is a simple elevated terminus. As built it had two tracks and a cross-over. When the extension to Bank opened, its importance was substantially reduced. Before reconstruction it had a fairly narrow central platform, and a single track leading from the main route to a set of points immediately prior to the platforms.
Further major alterations began on 30 June 2008. The station reopened on 2 March 2009, rebuilt as a single-track terminus to enable three-car trains with a platform on each side of the train, one for arriving passengers and the other for departures (the Spanish solution).
The typical off-peak service in trains per hour from Tower Gateway is 6 tph to and from Beckton via Canning Town. Additional services run to and from the station during the peak hours, increasing the service up to 8 tph to and from the station.
A Transport Supporting Paper released by the office of the Mayor of London envisages the closure of Tower Gateway DLR station and the branch serving it, with a replacement interchange being provided via a new station on the Bank branch connected to Tower Hill station. The reasoning is given that currently, 90 per cent of DLR City passengers use Bank station, but only 75 per cent of services go there; this would increase service to Bank from 23tph to 30tph, thereby unlocking more capacity on the Bank branch. In exchange, services from Fenchurch Street railway station might move to the current Tower Gateway location.
London Buses routes 42, 78, 100, 343 and night route N551 serve the station.