davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ballance (video game)

Ballance is a 3D puzzle video game for Microsoft Windows. It was developed by German studio Cyparade, published by Atari Europe, and first released in Europe on 2 April 2004. The gameplay is similar to Marble Madness, in that the player controls a ball via keyboard, moving it along a course while trying not to fall off the screen.
In the game, the player controls a rolling ball and must guide it throughout the game's 13 levels (12 levels originally; another downloadable level, level 13 "Speed", is available on the developer's homepage). It can be transformed into a wood, stone, or paper ball via specialized transformer pads, which give the ball varying weights, affecting gameplay.
The wooden ball is very stable and can be used for several puzzles in the game. The player initially launches into and leaves all levels with a wooden ball.
The stone ball is extremely heavy, and can be accidentally rolled off an edge very easily, but can easily push down specific objects like boxes and bridges. Furthermore, rolling a stone ball through a bridge made of planks will make the bridge collapse.
The paper ball is very light. Its surface is not smooth, unlike the wooden and stone balls, and so its movement is slightly variable. A paper ball can be blown into the air by ventilators and can roll up steep hills easily.
Two power-ups are available. If the ball rolls into them they provide either an extra ball or extra points. Checkpoints are scattered evenly across levels so that if a player falls off the course they only have to restart the game from the last checkpoint reached.
There are 12 levels, which progress in difficulty throughout the runtime. On occasion, the player has to push other balls down slopes and holes or onto rails to continue rolling along the path. Each level requires the player to complete physical challenges, which often involve puzzles about physics or routing. The side-rail is introduced in level 3, requiring the player's ball to roll on its side along two rails which are aligned vertically one above the other. In level 12, the player's ball has to balance on the center of the mono-rail, which is composed of only one rail.
"Ballance" was met with positive reviews from critics upon release. An Adrenaline Vault review by Bob Mandel described the game's graphics as "heavenly", particularly admiring the "exquisite detail". Mandel thought the sounds were "absolutely outstanding", enjoyed the music and thought the gameplay was exciting and intense.
In the late 2010s, the game achieved renewed popularity among users of Bilibili. Concurrently, several studios in China published and marketed copies of the program under different names, including Ballance: The Return.
On January 5, 2024, the game was re-released on Steam and GOG, this time published by Ziggurat Interactive.
Kororinpa

Kororinpa (コロリンパ), known as Kororinpa: Marble Mania in North America, is a video game for Nintendo's Wii video game console. It was released in Japan on December 2, 2006 as a launch title for the Wii, then in Europe on February 23, 2007 and North America on March 20, 2007.
Kororinpa is based on the marble game Labyrinth, but instead of using knobs on the sides to tilt the level, the player rotates the Wii Remote as if they were holding the twisted pathways of each maze in order to navigate a spherical object to the end goal. There are 45 levels that increase in difficulty sequentially and eventually require some speed as well as accuracy.
Some mazes cause the player to tilt them in such a way so that a wall becomes a floor, or to interact with objects such as magnets or conveyor belts. Each level contains a number of orange crystals and a single green crystal. Collection of all orange crystals is necessary for progression, while green crystals are optional, but unlock secret levels. In addition, players may be awarded with bronze, silver, or gold trophies for completing levels within a predetermined amount of time. Obtaining these trophies unlocks new balls, music, and 5 additional bonus levels. Once the forty-five single-player levels have been completed, a mirror mode is unlocked.
The Wii version received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN UK cited the game as being "hard not to warm to", noting the "jolly soundtrack and cunning level design difficult to resist". However, they criticized the game for its lack of levels or challenge, and its "ill-conceived camera". In Japan, however, Famitsu gave it a score of all four sixes for a total of 24 out of 40. GameZone gave it a score of 6.5 out of 10, saying that the game "utilizes the Wii nicely. It's not a game that will last a long time, though, and it doesn't offer enough game hours to warrant the initial price."
Kororinpa sold only 2,416 units on December 2, 2006, the day of the Wii launch in Japan.
Marble Saga: Kororinpa features a plot in which the player assists a small ant named Anthony and his colony to locate the Golden Sunflower Seed. Players navigate through seventy-one stages across nine areas to open the Stump Temple, the final area. Marble Saga: Kororinpa also features thirty special stages in the North American release and one hundred special stages in the European release designed for use with the Wii Balance Board controller. The game features multiplayer race modes, an edit mode for custom stage creation and sharing through Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, and Mii integration. The game was released in North America on March 17, 2009, in Europe on May 1, 2009 and in Japan on August 6, 2009. A Nintendo 3DS follow-up was planned but never released.
Swing (video game)

Swing is a computer puzzle game, released for the PlayStation and PC, developed in Germany by the now defunct Software 2000. The game was released in the US under the name Marble Master. A downgraded version of the game was released for the Game Boy Color.
Released in 1997, the object of the game is to score points by dropping balls onto sets of see-saws, in rows of three or more of the same colour. The twist, however, is that each ball has a different weight, determined by the number written on the front of it. The higher the number, the heavier the ball. This means that if a ball is placed onto one side of the see-saw which is heavier than the total value of the balls on the other side, the balance would be upset, sending the top ball flying across the playing field to land on another column. Cascade 'throws' can be achieved, and the game is over if a column reaches too tall. A variety of bonus balls, all with special uses, also feature.
In the UK, the Official UK PlayStation Magazine gave the game 6 out of 10. According to them, the game was just 'another tetris clone'. The review also described the difficulty as perching "somewhere between the taxing and the brutal."
In 1999, a sequel was released: Swing Plus: Total Mind Control. The game was never released outside Germany.
In 2008, a Java open source remake was made named XSwing Plus and released under GPLv2 and CC BY.
In 2015, a remake for Android made in Unity3D was released as Color-X-Plode. One year later it was also released for iOS.
Art James

Art James (born Arthur Simeonovich Efimchick; October 15, 1929 – March 28, 2004) was an American game-show host, best known for shows such as The Who, What, or Where Game; It's Academic; and Pay Cards! He was also the announcer and substitute host on the game show Concentration.
James was born in Dearborn, Michigan, to Russian immigrants (fluent in Russian, he taught English to Russian immigrants). He attended Wayne State University in nearby Detroit, where he studied engineering. He worked as an announcer for the Armed Forces Network while stationed in Germany after World War II.
An old Army friend, who was an executive with NBC, asked James to audition for a new game show, Concentration, hosted by Hugh Downs, which needed an announcer. Concentration ran from 1958–73, and was NBC's longest-running game show. He went on to either announce or host over a dozen game shows, including Say When!!; It's Academic; The Who, What, or Where Game; Pay Cards!; Temptation; The Joker's Wild; Blank Check; The Magnificent Marble Machine; Concentration; Catchphrase; and Tic-Tac-Dough. He also made an appearance in Kevin Smith's movie Mallrats.
He started Art James Productions in 1975 with his business partner and producer, Dan Cross. Their joint company staged game shows that were specially created to communicate marketing and corporate strategies to key stakeholders of Fortune 500 companies.
One episode of Say When! included a classic blooper by James while doing a live in-show commercial for Peter Pan peanut butter; during the sales pitch, he dropped a knife into the near-empty glass jar, breaking out the bottom and causing the knife to fall through. Though he struggled to keep from laughing, and because a retake was impossible, James still finished the commercial. The gaffe has been shown on many blooper specials.
James was a frequent contributor to TV Guide, writing about the world of game shows. He was living in Chaska, Minnesota, at the end of his life, and died of unspecified natural causes during a visit to his brother in Palm Springs, California.
KDE Education Project

The KDE Education Project (or KDE-Edu project) develops free educational software based on the KDE technologies for students and parents. These educational software is translated into more than 65 languages, so that users can access them without any problems. The KDE-Edu project also provides free software educational to support and facilitate teachers in planning lessons.
The KDE-Edu project is available for BSD and Linux; Microsoft Windows support is in beta.
The KDE-Edu project was started in July 2001. The goal of the project is to develop Free Educational Software (GNU General Public License) within the KDE environment. This software is mainly aimed to schools, to students and to parents at home as well as to adults willing to extend their knowledge.
This software is bundled in the kdeedu package. All applications are fully KDE compatible.
Marble Drop

Marble Drop is a puzzle video game published by Maxis on February 28, 1997.
Players are given an initial set of marbles that are divided evenly into six colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple, with two more colors available to purchase: black and silver (steel). These marbles are picked up and dropped by the players into funnels leading to a series of rails, switches, traps and other devices which grow more complex as the game progresses. The aim is to ensure that each marble arrives in the bin of the same color as the marble. Players must determine how the marble will travel through the puzzle, and how its journey will change the puzzle for the next marble. When a marble runs over certain sections of the puzzle, the paths may be rerouted or cut off, either temporarily or permanently. For example, if the marble runs over a button, it might hop, skip and jump a diversion that sends the next marble down a different road.
There are 50 puzzles in total, including five bonus puzzles which can only be accessed by solving a combination of locks which appear in certain puzzles. Each puzzle is decorated with da Vinci-style notes and sketches. These explanatory notes are a part of the background, informing the player of new pieces of equipment and their effects. At the end of each puzzle, the marbles that have been guided into their proper bins are returned to the player. Lost marbles must be purchased when they are needed to complete a puzzle. Steel (silver) balls are 20 percent of the price of colored marbles and can be used as test marbles or to help release a catch instead of using a valuable colored marble; additionally, there are steel-coloured exit bins in the final puzzle. Black marbles are very expensive, but change to the correct color when they arrive in a bin.
Marble Drop received lukewarm reception upon release. It received a ranking of 5.2 out of 10 from GameSpot, considering it dull. Computer Games Magazine gave it a 2.5 out of 5.
Arek TV

Arek TV ya iku televisi lokal ing kutha Surabaya. Jangkauane ing wewengkon Surabaya lan kiwa-tengené kaya ta Sidoarjo, Pasuruan, Bangkalan, Lamongan, Gresik, lan Mojokerto. Arek TV digiyaraké lumantar frekuensi 48 UHF.
Paraguay national beach soccer team

The Paraguay national beach soccer team represents Paraguay in international beach soccer competitions and is controlled by the APF, the governing body for football in Paraguay. The team debuted in 2013 at the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup and has been classified since then in all editions as of 2017. Regionally, Paraguay has been one of the strongest teams in South America since 2013.
They are locally known as Pynandi, which is translated as 'barefoot' from guarani language.
Win Draw Loss Voided or Postponed Fixture
The following players and staff members were called up for the 2021 FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Barefooted Friends

Barefooted Friends (Korean: 맨발의 친구들) was a South Korean reality-variety show; a part of SBS's Good Sunday lineup, along with Running Man. It was first aired on April 21, 2013. The show is a "real outdoor hardship variety"; a spin on typical outdoor variety shows. The members experience "real happiness" with others through challenges. The words, Barefooted is supposed to mean essence, sincerity, and real hardships, where as Friends not only represents the cast, but the people that are met as well. It has garnered attention as being the come-back program for Kang Ho-dong, the main MC of the program, after leaving Good Sunday's X-man in April 2007. After a seven-month run, the program was cancelled due to low ratings and to make room for K-pop Star 3, with the final episode airing on November 17, 2013.
In 2020, due to the requests of Kim Hyun-Joong's Japanese fans, after the completion of his previous Japanese variety show "Raw Hyun-Joong", the Japanese Cable Television "Satellite Theatre (Eisei Gekijo)" began to air Barefooted Friends from June 28 till July 28.
A new life experience meeting new people in a new place, and exploring the cultural heritage and natural environment unseen elsewhere, the members search for real beauty and happiness on foreign soil. The members travel to foreign countries to experience "real happiness" with locals. Unlike typical vacations, they live like locals and experience what a day in their life is like. Members must provide for themselves as no support from staff is given. The members experience the essence of culture, food, music, nature, and lifestyle while surviving on their own in the foreign country. This program is a differentiated real variety program providing affection and enlightenment to viewers.
The members take part in challenges based on different themes (diving, song writing, cooking, etc.).
The original members of Barefooted Friends are Kang Ho-dong, Yoon Jong-shin, Yoo Se-yoon, Kim Bum-soo, Kim Hyun-joong, Yoon Si-yoon, Eunhyuk, Uee Unlike the other members, this is the first time Kim Bum-soo, Kim Hyun-joong, Yoon Si-yoon, and Uee are participating in a variety show as regulars, and the synergy effect between the experienced variety seniors and rookies are anticipated. As of June 9, 2013, Yoo Se-yoon has left the program due to his DUI case, and will not appear from episode 10. Eun Ji-won has replaced him. On June 11, 2013, Kim Bum-soo suffered an injury to his knee during the recording of the Diving Special and was transported to a hospital. He has since left the program. Eunhyuk has not appeared on the program since the diving special, and is presumed to have left the program. On October 31, 2013, it was announced that Kim Hyun-joong has completed his final filming of the program and will be leaving due to schedule conflicts, airing November 3.
In the ratings below, the highest rating for the show will in be red, and the lowest rating for the show will be in blue. Ratings listed below are the individual corner ratings of Barefooted Friends. (Note: Individual corner ratings do not include commercial time, which regular ratings include.)
World Masters Games

The World Masters Games is an international multi-sport event held every four years which, in terms of competitor numbers, has developed into the largest of its kind. Governed by the International Masters Games Association (IMGA), the World Masters Games is open to sports people of all abilities and most ages – the minimum age criterion ranges between 25 and 35 years depending on the sport. Auckland, New Zealand hosted the event's ninth edition from 21 to 30 April 2017.
Anyone can participate in the games so long as they are over the age of 35 though some sports will allow athletes who are younger than that. Participants compete for themselves – there are no country delegations. Beyond the age requirement and membership in that sport's governing body, there are no competition qualification requirements.
Toronto staged the first World Masters Games in 1985. Since then, World Masters Games has also taken place in Aalborg, Aarhus and Herning (1989), Brisbane (1994), Portland, Oregon (1998), Melbourne (2002), Edmonton (2005) and Sydney (2009). The Sydney 2009 World Masters Games attracted a record 28,676 competitors. This is more than double the number of competitors that took part in the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games.
The Games has been popular with retired professional athletes and former Olympic competitors, with over 230 past Olympians taking part in the 2009 edition.
2017 Summer Games Sports List (28) :
The Americas Masters Games is a regional multi-sport event which involves participants from the Americas region. Governed by the International Masters Games Association (IMGA), the Americas Masters Games is open to participants of all abilities and most ages – the minimum age criterion is 30 years. Participants compete for themselves, instead of their countries. There are no competition qualification requirements apart from the age requirement and membership in that sport's governing body.
The event's first edition was hosted by Vancouver, Canada from 26 August to 4 September 2016. The second edition was scheduled for 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil but was cancelled due to the COVID-19 outbreak.
The Guest Book

The Guest Book is an American anthology comedy television series created by Greg Garcia. Season 1 stars Charlie Robinson, Carly Jibson, Lou Wilson, and Kellie Martin, while season 2 stars Jibson, Eddie Steeples, Kimiko Glenn, Jimmy Tatro, and Dan Beirne.
The series centers on the lives of the employees of, and visitors to, vacation rental properties: season 1 focuses on the renters of Froggy Cottage in the small mountain town of Mount Trace, while season 2 follows the renters of Barefeet Retreat in the oceanside town of Mabel Beach. The regular cast plays residents in the town(s), while each episode is focused on a different guest star who plays an out-of-town vacationer. Garcia, who based the show on his habit of writing fake guest-book entries while on vacation, wrote all the episodes, and makes brief season-two appearances as street beggar Homeless Jack.
The series premiered on TBS on August 3, 2017. On September 13, 2017, TBS renewed it for a second season, which premiered on October 23, 2018. Garcia tweeted on September 12, 2019 that TBS had cancelled the series.
The intended fifth episode of the series was originally intended to air on August 24, 2017, but was held back as it "contained elements that were deemed too sensitive" at that point in time. At the end of August 2017, Garcia noted on Twitter that the held episode would not be made available "for awhile", and that he hopes that it will be released at a later date. In mid-September, Garcia again posted on Twitter and confirmed that the episode would air the next Thursday as the eighth episode of the season, albeit in an edited form to fit its new place in the show's continuity.
When the episode aired, the sensitive elements were revealed to be in relation to the Unite the Right rally which took place two weeks before the episode was originally due to air. The episode depicted an Alzheimer's patient regaining his spousal abuse tendencies and racist personality - going as far as sewing and wearing a KKK outfit with the intention of attending a rally, while also revealing he once murdered an African American while burning down a local black church.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 64% based on 11 reviews, with an average rating of 6.33 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "An outstanding cast and sporadically sharp humor make The Guest Book worth checking out, even if its anthology formula leads to a bumpy journey from episode to episode." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 55 out of 100 based on 9 reviews.
List of social nudity places in Asia

The places where social nudity is practised for recreation in Asia include nude beaches (also known as clothing-optional beaches or free beaches) and some naturist resorts.
There are some beaches and jungles in Sri Lanka where public nudity is allowed.
In Thailand there are a number of naturist resorts that are member resorts of the Naturist Association Thailand. While some secluded areas may informally be recognized as "unofficial" nude beaches, public nudity is generally not culturally accepted, and Thai laws prohibit it.
Some previously textile resorts are also becoming naturist resorts.
Bro Gwened (Voynet)

Bro Gwened, pe Bro Kêr-Wened, zo ur vro hervez al lezenn Voynet. Bodet ez eus 59 c'humun enni, e 5 kumuniezh kumunioù, ha 215 000 a dud zo o chom enni.
E distro-skol 2024 e oa enskrivet er skol Diwan hag er c'hlasoù divyezhek 1 331 skoliad (6,7 % eus skolidi ar vro evit a sell ouzh ar c'hentañ derez).
Gwened Tolpad

Gwened Tolpad, a oa anvet Kumuniezh tolpad-kêrioù Bro-Wened a-raok ar bloaz 2010, a oa ur gumuniezh tolpad-kêrioù e departamant ar Mor-Bihan, e Breizh. Krouet e voe e 2000. D'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2017 e oa deuet da vezañ Mor Bihan - Gwened Tolpad-kêrioù, goude kendeuziñ gant div etrekumuniezh-all.
24 c'humun a yae d'ober Gwened Tolpad.
Kendeuzet e voe kumunioù Teiz ha Noaloù d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2016 d'ober ur gumun nevez, Teiz-Noaloù.
Charles Le Quintrec

Charles Le Quintrec (ar C'hentreg, e brezhoneg) zo ur skrivagner ha kazetenner gallek, bet ganet d'ar 14 a viz Meurzh 1926 e Pleskob (Mor-Bihan), hag aet d'an Anaon d'ar 14 a viz Du 2008 en Oriant.
Skridvarnour ofisiel Ouest-France eo bet e-pad 15 vloaz.
Raktres Translate (brezhoneg)

Ar raktres Translate pe translate.bzh a zo e bal pourveziñ d'ar brezhoneg korpusoù skrid pe kleved a c'hellor sevel ostilhoù urzhiataerel diwarno evit troidigezhioù emgefre dre an naouegezh alvezel.
Savet e voe ar raktres e 2024 diouzh kenstroll ar skolveuriadez Mélanie Jouitteau, an diorroer, Gweltaz Duval-Guennoc hag ar c'helaouenner-diorroer Web, Philippe Argouarc'h. Diazezet eo war al labour diorren graet gant an eil, p'en deus azasaet d'ar brezhoneg ar meziant frank Vosk, a zo implijet evit kas ar gomz da destenn (anaoudadur ar gomz),hag a zo bet anvet Anaouder gantañ. An enklaskerez a evesha diorroadur ar brezhoneg ent-hollek ha, dreist-holl, e-keñver ar pezh a c'hoarvezo diwar araokadennoù an ostilhoù nevez a vezo kaset gant an naouegezh alvezel. Pa oa oc'h implij Anaouder e sante diouer an etrefas Web evit ma c'hellfe bezañ degaset danvez ha dafar gant kumuniezh ar vrezhonegerien. Philippe Argouarc'h en doa savet al lec'hienn translate.bzh, ha deuet eo David Le Meur evel kenurzhier en anv font debarzhadur Breizh niverel.
Muioc'h a ditouroù : Treterezh emgefre ar brezhoneg Hervez Mélanie Jouitteau, bezañs ar brezhoneg er vuhez foran a c'hello mont da goll ma n'eus ket trawalc'h a skoroù niverel evel troerioù emgefre pe anaouderien al lavar, diwar ar c'hleweled pe ar skridoù. Tapet eo bet darn eus ar marc'had gant embregerezhioù bedel, Google an hini galloudusañ. Ma n'eus ket a droer e brezhoneg e-barzh Google Translate e teu an ezvezañs-se eus treuted an testennoù pe enrolladurioù brezhonek niverelet ha frank o gwirioù-implijout. Ouzhpenn ar c'horpusoù dioueradus (Wikipedia e brezhoneg, troidigezhioù graet gant an Ofis, levrioù niverelaet...) ez eus enrolladurioù dre gomz pe klewelet a c'hellfe bezañ tretet gant ostilhoù treuskrivañ da vezañ kinniget da neb a gar e-touez kumuniezh ar vrezhonegerien, o vezañ m'eo aet kalz anezho da vezañ barrekoc'h-barrekañ war an teknikoù urzhiataerel.
Kinniget ez eus un toullad ostilhoù war al lec'hienn translate.bzh da vezañ implijet evit treuskrivalavarouzhpennañevitostilhunkinnigetvezeallñ, anaout pe ezvonegañ (diskodañ) ar brezhoneg evit ma vo tretet pe krouet korpusoù. Troerien a vo kinniget ivez. Pa vez savet muioc'h-muiañ a filmigoù brezhoneg enno war ar genrouedad e vo posubl diboullañ ar c'homzoù hag an istitloù brezhonek ma'z eus anezho. Eus un tu all e vez dispaket un ostilh evit ouzhpennañ istitloù.
Pascweten

Pascweten (died 876) was the count of Vannes and a claimant to the rule of Brittany. He was a son of Ridoredh of Vannes, a prominent and wealthy aristocrat first associated with the court of Erispoe in the 850s. He owned vast landed estates and salt works (as at Guérande) in southeastern Brittany and was a patron of Redon Abbey.
Pascweten was a son-in-law of Salomon, Duke of Brittany, in August 867, when he negotiated a lasting peace at Compiègne with Charles the Bald on behalf of his father-in-law and prevented the king from marching on Brittany. Pascweten swore an oath of fidelity to Charles on Salomon's behalf.
In 874 Pascweten, Wrhwant, and Wigo, son of Riwallon, Count of Cornouaille, conspired against Salomon and assassinated him, but since each hailed from a different regional party, they soon found themselves at odds with Salomon gone. Pascweten and Wrhwant fought over the succession to Breton rule for the next two years. They divided the country between them, though Regino of Prüm records that the latter received a larger share. By mid 876 both were dead and Pascweten's brother, Alan the Great, had succeeded him in Vannes and carried on the fight against Judicael of Cornouaille.
Gurvand

Wrhwant, Gurwant, Gurwent or Gurvand (Latin: Vurfandus) (died 876) was a claimant to the Kingdom of Brittany from 874 until his death in opposition to Pascweten, Count of Vannes.
Wrhwant was complicit in the conspiracy which assassinated Salomon in 874. However, he was of the faction which had been outside Salomon's court and he hailed from northwest Brittany. He was, however, never styled "Count". He mustered 200 men to fight the Vikings in 874. After Salomon's death, he and Pascweten divided the country between them, though Regino of Prüm records that the latter received a larger share. The two soon fell out and fought over the succession. He had died by the middle of 876 and his son Judicael had taken up his role.
His wife was a daughter of Erispoe, and in some reconstructed genealogies their one daughter was married to Berengar of Rennes.
Jean-Claude Andro

Jean-Claude Andro (1937, Quimper – 2000) was a French writer. He published his first novel at 22 and then left to teach in Mexico (1960–62). He then pursued a career as a novelist and translator (Zone sacrée and Chant des aveugles by Carlos Fuentes and Christ des ténèbres by Rosario Castellanos).
In 1998 he was awarded the prix Henri de Régnier bestowed by the Académie française for all his work. In addition to this prize, he was also awarded the Prix Amic (1993 and 1996) and the Prix Mottard (1995) by this same Académie.
Gravlaks

Gravlaks er en nordisk rett bestående av rå laks som har blitt marinert i salt, sukker og dill. Gravlaks serveres ofte som en forrett i tynne skiver enten på brød eller med kokte poteter med gravlakssaus, en dill- og sennepssaus.
I middelalderen ble gravlaks laget av fiskere som saltet laksen og gjæret i tønner, for deretter å grave ned tønnene i sanden om høsten. Ordet gravlaks kommer fra ordene grave/grav og laks, det vil si laks gravd ned i jorda.
I dag brukes sjelden gjæring i produksjonsprosessen. I stedet blir laksen dynket i en tørr marinade bestående av salt, sukker og dill, og lar den ligge i denne i noen dager. Mens laksen ligger slik, forandrer fuktigheten den tørre marinaden slik at den blir en meget konsentrert lake. Denne metoden kan også brukes på andre fete fisker, men laks er den vanligste. Moderne varianter av marinaden kan blant annet inneholde fennikel og Pernod (en alkoholholdig drikk), svart pepper og korianderfrø, eller pepperrot.
Gravlaks som selges i butikker blir noen ganger røykt.
Palindrom

Et palindrom er et ord, uttrykk eller tall som gir samme resultat enten det leses fra høyre eller venstre (man ser vanligvis bort fra mellomrom og tegnsetting mellom bokstavene).
Ordet palindrom kommer fra de greske ordene palin (πάλιν, «tilbake» eller «igjen») og dromos (δρόμος, «bane» eller «vei»).
Palindromer finnes i mange vestlige språk, men de er særlig vanlige i engelsk på grunn av den store variasjonen og hyppige reversingen av bokstavpar i ord. Finsk er et annet språk med høy forekomst av palindromer, og innehar faktisk verdensrekorden for det lengste palindromet, saippuakivikauppias, som betyr "såpeselger".
Listeria

Listeria er en bakterie-slekt som inneholder sju arter. Listeriose (infeksjon med Listeria-bakterien) er vanligvis en tilstand uten symptomer, eller den gir et influensaliknende sykdomsbilde. Hos risikogruppene (gravide, eldre, mennesker med svekket immunforsvar) kan den gi alvorlig sykdom. Listeriose er en sjelden sykdom. I Norge ble det i perioden 1995-2004 årlig meldt mellom ni (1998) og 21 (1997 og 2004) tilfeller av listeriose; totalt 168 i hele perioden og for perioden 1977-2003 ble det meldt 289 tilfeller. Sannsynligvis er det betydelige mørketall, dvs. uoppdagede tilfeller.
Bakterien er navngitt etter Joseph Lister og Listeria-arter er Gram positive bacilli.
Bakterien forekommer i alle typer matvarer, men er vanligst i kjøtt, melkeprodukter og i rå grønnsaker. Den vanligste smittemåten er ved inntak av forurenset, spiseklar mat, det vil si mat som ikke trenger å stekes eller kokes. Et eksempel på mat som har ført til smitte, er ost av upasteurisert melk, vakuumpakket kjøttpålegg (påvist i 1992), gravlaks og røkelaks. L. monocytogenes har evnen til å formere seg ved kjøleskapstemperatur, noe som gjør mat med i utgangspunktet lang holdbarhet ekstra utsatt. Rakfisk regnes av Mattilsynet som et risikoprodukt og det anbefales at utsatte personer, som gravide, holder seg unna rakfisk.
Den arten som forårsaker sykdom hos mennesker er L. monocytogenes. Den kan forårsake infeksjoner i mange organer i kroppen hos svekkede eller disponerte individer. Gravide som får infeksjonen, kan selv være relativt upåvirkede, men fosteret kan dø enten før eller etter fødsel. Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø utga i 2018 en vurdering av risiko for utvikling av listeriabakterier i en lang rekke matvarer.
De vanligste typene infeksjoner med Listeria er meningitt, (hjernehinnebetennelse), endocarditt, (betennelse i hjerteklaffer og laget på innsiden av hjertet), lymfeknuter og konjunktiva, (øyesekken).
Listeriose er en zoonose, det vil si at den kan smitte fra dyr til mennesker. Et eksempel er smitte ved listeriose hos sau.
Dill

Dill (Anethum graveolens) er en krydder- og medisinplante i skjermplantefamilien. Opprinnelig stammer den fra Sentral-Asia. I dag dyrkes den i mange land i Europa. Dill er en ettårig urt som kan bli opp til en meters høyde. Planten er på sitt beste når planten er 15-20 cm. høy.
Navnet dill kommer fra angelsaksisk dile som norsk og i moderne engelsk har blitt til dill. Oxford English Dictionary fører ordet tilbake til de gammel engelske dili, dile, (dil) dyle som samsvarer med gammelt lavtysk dilli, middelnederlandsk og nederlandsk dille, gammelt høytysk tilli og middelhøytysk tille samt tysk dill og dille, dansk dild og svensk dill. Falk og Torp viser også til formene dilli i oldsaksisk samt sideformen i angelsaksisk dyle, i tysk dialekt Tülle og i eldre dansk dylle.
Falk og Torp mener at ordet henger sammen med det tyske ordet Dolde (blomsterskjerm) fra oldhøytysk toldo som kommer fra den indogermanske roten *dhel (blomstre). Oxford English Dictionary mener at opprinnelsen til de germanske variantene av ordet er ukjent.
Dilla og dylla i norske dialekter, samt oldnorsk dylla brukes i norske dialekter om en annen plante, åkerdylle (Sonchus arvensis).
Dill er en ettårig urt, med aromatisk lukt og smak, som kan bli inntil 1,5 m høy, men som normalt blir mellom 75 og 100 cm. Stengelens tverrsnitt er rombeformet og den smalner og forgrenes etterhvert som den vokser. Den er glatt med fine striper.
Den tilhører skjermplantefamilien, som kjennetegnes av blomster i sammensatte skjermer. Hos dill er blomsterstanden en dobbeltskjerm, sammensatt av storskjermen som bærer skjermer med blomster, kalt småskjermer. Det er verken stor- eller småsvøp under skjermene. Storskjermen, som kan bli mellom 5 og 15 cm i diameter, består av omkring 10 til 25 stråler, omtrent 3–5 cm lange, med blomsterskjermene i enden. Småskjermene får mellom 15–25 blomster som modnes til brune frukter med ribber langs kanten.
Bladene er 3–4 ganger flikete, med smale linjeformede fliker. Øvre bladene er mindre i størrelse og mindre oppdelt. Bladskaftene får slirer.
Det er de smale, velsmakende bladene som blir brukt som krydder, men også frøene kan brukes. De har sterkere smak og brukes ikke så ofte. Dillen brukes tradisjonelt som tilbehør til for eksempel gravlaks, krepseanretninger, potetretter, salater og spesielt sammen med fisk og skalldyr. Den er hovedingrediens i dillsaus.
I Romania blir urten kalt Mărar og blir brukt i borsjtsj og i tilberedningen av sylteagurker.
Dill stammer fra et område rundt Middelhavet og sør i Russland. Zohary og Hopf bemerket at «ville og ugresslignende typer dill er utbredt i Middelhavet og i Vest-Asia.» Selv om flere kvister av dill ble funnet i graven til Amenhotep II fra rundt 1400 f.Kr., rapporteres de at de tidligste arkeologiske bevis for dyrkingen kommer fra sen neolittisk bosetninger på bredder av innsjøer i Sveits rundt 3600 f.Kr. Spor har blitt funnet i romerske ruiner i Storbritannia, og er også nevnt i Matteusevangeliet 23,23.
Bufferløsning

En bufferløsning er en vannløsning som består av en svak syre og dens korresponderende base eller en svak base og dens korresponderende syre i et (som oftest) relativt likt stoffmengdeforhold. Bufferløsningen har som funksjon at pH av løsningen endres lite når moderate mengder av en syre eller en base tilsettes. Bufferløsninger brukes som en måte å holde pH på en nær konstant verdi i en rekke kjemiske sammenhenger.
I en enkel bufferløsning har man kjemisk likevekt mellom en svak syre, HA, og dens korresponderende base, A.
Når hydrogenioner tilsettes løsningen, forskyves likevekten mot venstre, etter Le Chatelier's prinsipp, ettersom det er hydrogienioner på høyre side av likevektslikningen. Når hydroksidioner tilsettes, forskyves likevekten mot høyre ettersom hydrogenionene går bort i reaksjonen H + OH → H2O. Altså blir noe av en tilsatt reagent «brukt opp» ved at likevekten forskyves og løsningens pH-verdi endres mindre enn den ville ha gjort dersom løsningen ikke var en buffer.
Syrekonstanten for en svak syre, HA, er definert som
Metode 1: Løse to stoffer i vann
Ønsker man en buffer med pH<7, løser man en svak syre og et lettløselig salt av denne syren i vann. Ønsker man en buffer med pH>7, løser man en svak base og et lettløselig salt av denne basen i vann.
I begge tilfeller får man en løsning med en sur komponent og en basisk komponent som utgjør et syre-base-par. Løsningen blir dermed en buffer, så lenge forholdet mellom konsentrasjonene av de to komponentene er mellom 0,1 og 10.
Metode 2: Svak syre + sterk base eller svak base + sterk syre
Dette kan man se på som en syre-basetitrering. I halvtitrerpunktet er konsentrasjonen av den sure komponenten lik konsentrasjonen av den basiske komponenten. Blandingen fungerer som en buffer rundt halvtitrerpunktet. (Den delen av titrerkurven som er tilnærmet flat før man nærmer seg ekvivalenspunktet).
OBS: læreboken "Kjemien stemmer 2" oppgir i den første utgaven en tredje metode: å bruke et salt med et amfotært ion. En slik løsning er IKKE en buffer.
Fra syrekonstantlikningen, kan man lede ut den negative logaritmen til konsentrasjonen av H3O. Likningen man får da kalles bufferlikningen. Med den kan man regne ut pH i en bufferløsning laget med metode 1 og 3 (se ovenfor).
pH = p K a + log 10 [ base ] [ syre ] {\displaystyle {\text{pH}}={\text{p}}K_{\text{a}}+{\text{log}}_{10}{\frac {[{\text{base}}]}{[{\text{syre}}]}}} Der [base] er startkonsentrasjonen av base, og [syre] er startkonsentrasjonen av syre.
Bufferlikningen kan ikke brukes til å regne ut pH i en buffer laget av ett salt. Der blir pH regnet ut på vanlig måte for en saltløsning.
Bufferområdet kan forklares som det området der bufferen er aktiv, og kan motstå syre- og basetilsetninger. man kan definere bufferområdet som det området der pH i bufferen er lik: pH = p K a ± 1 {\displaystyle {\text{pH}}={\text{p}}K_{\text{a}}\pm 1} Vi kan bruke bufferlikningen til å beregne når logaritmen av basekonsentrasjonen/syrekonsentrasjonen er lik 1/-1 og dermed vite hvilket syre-/baseforhold som får pH utenfor bufferområdet. Bufferkapasiteten er også størst når konsentrasjonen av syren og basen er like store.
À la carte

À la carte er fransk for på (spise)kartet, og refererer til en meny av tilgjengelige matretter på et spisested. Ved å bestille fra à la carte, kan kunden selv komponere sin egen fler-retters middag. Rettene inkluderer forretter, hovedretter, desserter og tilbehør, og er individuelt priset. I motsetning til en fast treretters (eller femretters) meny hvor en ferdig oppsatt kombinasjon av forrett, hovedrett, dessert og tilbehør, har en samlet pris. Utvalget av rettene på menyen er kjøkkensjefens ansvar.
Graving

Graving er en måte å konservere mat på, spesielt fisk og kjøtt. Graving verner maten mot forråtnelse og gir den en karakteristisk smak. Mest vanlig er det å grave fisk som laks, ørret og røye, men også mange andre fiskeslag kan graves. På Island er det blant annet lang tradisjon med gravet håkjerring (kæsing). Likeledes egner for eksempel filet av kveg, elg, hjort og rådyr seg godt til graving. Gravet mat regnes i dag gjerne som en delikatesse, mens den før i tiden nok var en dyd av nødvendighet.
Fisk må først renses godt og fileteres, men skinnet beholdes på. Deretter gnis maten inn med en blanding av salt, sukker og ulike krydder og urter, alt etter smak og behag. Dill nærmest obligatorisk, men også fennikel, svart pepper, koriander og pepperrot er vanlig å bruke, samt en skvett alkohol (helst akevitt). Graving har mange tradisjoner, så det er rom for en rekke lokale varianter av krydderingen. Så legges filetene i press. Marinaden hindrer bakterievekst, samtidig som enzymene i vevet brytes ned.
Gravlaks er kjent siden middelalderen. På den tiden ble det gjerne brukt lettsaltet laks som ble lagt lagvis i tønner og gravd ned i sanden over høyvannslinjen. Fisken surna og ble konservert gjennom fermentering.
Mattradisjoner i Japan

Mattradisjonene i Japan skiller seg fra andre asiatiske lands måter å tilberede maten på. I Japan er man nøye med å bevare råvarenes naturlige smak, og hvordan de holder på smaken gjennom tilberedning. I Shogun-perioden pågikk i middelalderen skjedde det store endringer i den japanske matlagingen. ble oppmerksomme på vestlig kultur, og dette forandret måtene de tidligere hadde laget maten på.
Før 1868 hadde Japan Sakoku, en lov som sa at japanerne ikke fikk reise ut av landet, og utlendinger fikk heller ikke lov til å komme inn i landet. Det var også svært få andre land som fikk gjøre handel med Japan. I 1868 ble denne loven opphevet, og «Det japanske kjøkken» oppstod som begrep for den tradisjonelle japanske maten som er tilberedt på en mer moderne måte enn tidligere. Kjøkkenet var tradisjonelt, men tok i bruk de nye ingrediensene, hjelpemidlene og metodene som kom til landet.
En tradisjon japanerne har når det gjelder mat, er å feire og hylle varene de forskjellige årstidene bringer. Om sommeren spiser de mye Unagi, som er en ål. Våren markeres med bambusskudd. Om høsten spiser de matsutake, som er en type sopp.
Japan er en øygruppe uten betydelig beitemark, slik at kjøttproduksjon er mer krevende og mindre omfattende sammenlignet med andre land.
Japanerne har spesielle tradisjoner når det gjelder bordskikk og mat. De er veldig nøye på hvordan maten blir presentert for den som skal spise. De forskjellige rettene serveres for seg, og ofte i flere små skåler og på fat. Under måltidene brukes spisepinner, og det er egne regler for hvordan de skal brukes. Pinner som stikkes loddrett ned i risen er en del av det japanske begravelsesritualet.
Ris er et svært viktig produkt i den japanske mattradisjonen og blir sett på som grunnstammen i det japanske kjøkkenet. Short grain er den dominerende rissorten. Denne type ris er seigere enn den som vanligvis brukes i Vesten. Det er også lettere å lage andre retter som inneholder ris som for eksempel sushi.
Sushi er en populær rett, i både Japan og andre deler av verden. Den inneholder i all hovedsak ris som er blandet med eddik. Risen blir toppet eller rullet inn i diverse fisk, kjøtt, skalldyr eller tang. Rå fisk blir ofte brukt i sushi, og japanerne er svært opptatt av kvaliteten på råvarene og ofte blir norsk laks valgt. Sushi serveres som regel sammen med wasabi, gari (syltet ingefær) og soyasaus. Nigiri, maki og gunkan maki er navn på forskjellige sushiretter.
Andre tradisjonelle japanske retter er:
Norway Royal Salmon

Norway Royal Salmon ASA was a Norwegian fish farm company, headquartered in Trondheim, Norway with a sales office in Kristiansand. After nearly 30 years of operation, the company merged with SalMar in 2022, with SalMar acquiring all of NRS's assets and operations. While the aquaculture activities were incorporated into SalMar, the trading activities became part of Visscher Seafood Group.
Norway Royal Salmon was established by 34 Norwegian salmon farmers in 1992. The philosophy behind Norway Royal Salmon was to build a totally integrated fish farming chain in order to take full control over quality in all parts of the business. In the years that have passed since the start, the company has stuck to its business plan and has grown by acquiring and taking over various aquaculture companies. Today Norway Royal Salmon is a fully integrated salmon farming company with full control of the process from smolt to the market place. The company is a leading producer of sustainable salmon and is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. It sells about 70,000 tons of salmon every year. This equates to almost 1 million salmon meals per day, all year round.
Norway Royal Salmon has always focused on extensive research, development, cooperation and innovation. They continually aim to improve their production and they work hard to ensure that they are at the front edge of development. It was no coincidence that they were awarded most licenses – 9 – when the Norwegian Government awarded new green licenses in 2014. Furthermore, in 2015 they had their first production sites ASC certified and by 2020 all their production sites will be ASC certified
The company became publicly listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in March 2011. The IPO valued the company at 832 million NOK. Norway Royal Salmon is a member of the Global Salmon Initiative.
The company was criticized in 2011 by the Royal House of Norway for using the word "Royal" in a company name. CEO of Norway Royal Salmon said that when the company was founded in 1992, he got verbal permission to use "Royal" in the company name, as long as "Royal" wasn't the first part of the name. Communications manager Marianne Hagen at the Royal House could not find anything in the archives to support this claim.
Green Warriors of Norway reported subsidiary NRS Finnmark to the police after the escape of 3,570 farmed salmon from a facility in the Kufjorden (a small fjord on the island of Seiland in Alta Municipality. Farmed salmon is a direct threat to the wild salmon in the Alta river system.
Joulupöytä

Joulupöytä (pronounced [ˈjou̯luˌpøy̯tæ]; translating to "Yule table") is the traditional assortment of foods served at Christmas in Finland. It contains many different dishes, most of them typical for the season.
The main dish is usually a large Christmas ham, which is eaten with mustard. The ham is served with beetroot-carrot-potato-salad called rosolli, mushroom salad and casserole (laatikko) made with swede, carrot or potato or all three kind of casseroles, occasionally also a liver casserole. Gravlax and herring is also often served, and sometimes lutefisk (lipeäkala) along with boiled potatoes, peas and ryebread.
Christmas dessert consists of prune jam tarts, gingerbread and rice porridge with plum kisel. The traditional dessert beverage is alcoholic or non-alcoholic mulled wine (glögi in Finnish).
Most popular dishes in Finnish Christmas table are:
Beverages most often served are:
Most popular desserts in Finnish Christmas table are:
Lox

Lox is a fillet of brined salmon, which may be smoked. Lox is frequently served on a bagel with cream cheese, and often garnished with tomato, onion, cucumber, and capers.
The American English word lox is a borrowing of Yiddish laks (לאַקס), itself derived from Middle High German lahs (modern German form: Lachs) stemming from Proto-Germanic *lahsaz and ultimately Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *laks. Lax, chiefly a British English word for salmon, is a doublet of the word inherited from Middle English. The word has various cognates in various Indo-European languages. For example, cured salmon in Scandinavian countries is known by different versions of the name gravlax or gravad laks, with lax meaning salmon. The word is so remarkably widespread and stable across IE languages that it probably existed in its current form in the PIE language itself. This wide distribution of the term was in the past used by linguists to argue for a placement of the PIE Urheimat in the watershed of the Baltic Sea before more modern linguistics determined that the original term likely referred to a different species of fish. This line of argument – called the Lachsargument – was common especially in German-speaking linguistics for almost a century.
The traditional belly lox is known as such because it is made from the fatty fish belly. The cut is described as "paper-thin". Traditionally, the product is unsmoked and preserved by dry curing, leading to a very salty taste. As a result of consumer preferences, mass-produced "lox" generally use less salt and add cold smoke, making them more similar to a "Nova" (see below). A different cut may be used, too, in these versions.
A Nova or Nova Scotia salmon, sometimes called Nova lox, is cured with a milder brine and then cold-smoked. The cut remains thin, making it a middle ground between the old belly lox and regular smoked salmon. The name dates from a time when much of the salmon in New York City came from Nova Scotia. Today, however, the name only refers to the style of preparation and has no bearing on the source of the fish: they may come from other waters or even be raised on farms.
The following salmon dishes are almost never considered a lox in the bagel context, as a thicker cut is used.
Other similar brined and smoked fish products include chubs, sable, smoked sturgeon, smoked whitefish, and kippered herring. These delicacies are popular in delis and gourmet stores, particularly in Northeastern US cities that received significant Jewish, Eastern European and Russian immigration, such as New York City, Philadelphia and Chicago.