davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
汉族对周边民族服饰的影响

歷史上漢族對周邊地區服飾的影響深远，周边地區的民族、包括许多其他儒家文化圈（汉文化圈）国家通过效仿华夏礼仪制度借鉴了汉人服飾的某些特征，用于吉凶宾军嘉五礼。此外，华夏宾礼也规定四夷之君必须穿本国服饰朝见中国天子，谓“蕃主服其国服”。汉唐藩属体制中，周边民族首领存在着定期朝见皇帝的所谓“朝集”制度。无论是外国君主及其使者或者臣子朝谒中国天子，接受官职，贡献方物，还是中国天子宴请外国君主，外国君主都要穿国服奉礼。国服制度促使了周边民族形成自己的民族服饰。比如，契丹太宗入晋，接触到中原衣冠制度，北归后，参照中原服制制定了本朝国服与汉服制度。
在漢人服飾传入日本之前，日本人仍穿着简单的土著服装，或爲套头装，或爲对襟装。直到古坟时代后期，受中原和朝鲜半岛服饰的影响，豪族服饰出现了左衽的倾向。进入飞鸟时代，推古天皇十一年十二月，宫廷开始仿照中原隋朝的服饰制度，制定了自己的冠服和朝服制度，东亚大陆的服饰制式对日本的影响走向系统化
琉球人與日本和族同源，同時也深受中原文化的影響，因此衣冠與明代漢人服飾、江戶時代和服一脈相承，稱爲琉裝。琉球國於16世紀時確立了階級制度和相應的服飾制度。
韓國稱韓服（韓語：한복／韓服），古時及北朝鮮稱朝鮮服（朝鮮語：조선옷／朝鮮옷）。古朝鮮半島平民多穿白衣，只有貴族才能穿帶花紋的綾羅綢緞。朝鮮三國時代末期，唐人將漢人服飾帶到朝鮮半島，那裡的貴族才開始穿著襦、裙、袍、褲，其新羅國服飾與唐人相同。在李氏朝鲜时期，其服飾深受明朝初期衣冠制式的影響，誕生了如今赤古里裙、襖裙、周衣等樣式。
近現代韓服改良了部分細節，如：女性的赤古里裙上衣極短，下裙的位置提高；男性的腰帶位置也有提高；男性長袍的衣長稍有減短，至小腿位置；繫帶位置靠中；護領普遍較寬。
歷史上，秦朝統一百越，越南領土歸服中國，但由於和中原距離較遠，中原帝國的控制力有限，故越南和中原帝國分分合合，直到宋朝時越南丁朝皇帝被冊封爲交趾郡王，首次從中國領土變為中國的藩屬國。此時的越南已經受到漢族文化極深的染化，歷代正統服制多因襲或模仿中原漢族王朝的樣式。越南在屬明時期，於明朝的統治下被迫「束髮易服」，被明朝征剿過後倖存的土著都掌人亦被強迫「更名易服」，以及更改有都掌特色的地名，消除都掌文化。後黎朝時期，越南朝廷曾頒文禁止清朝風俗流入越南。阮朝建立後，一方面對大清稱臣，一方面對朝服、官服、禮服等正式服飾做出了明確規定，官服主要參酌大明制度，此時代的服飾與中原宗藩裝束十分相似。阮朝又影響了眞臘等其藩屬國的衣冠制度。
北魏王朝原是由鲜卑族成立，孝文帝继位时只有五岁，由祖母冯太后主持政事他迁都洛阳，发起汉化改革，禁穿胡服，改穿汉服；禁说鲜卑语，改说汉语；改胡姓为汉姓。“魏太子恂不好学，体素肥大，苦河南地热，常思北归。魏主赐之衣冠，恂常私著胡服。”拓跋力微的长子拓跋沙漠汗在中原期间，受到汉文化的熏陶，归北时，因穿着汉人的服饰，又援弹飞丸，射落飞鸟，结果引起鲜卑部落各首领的疑忌与恐慌：“太子风彩被服，同于南夏，兼奇术绝世，若继国统，变易旧俗，吾等必不得志，不若在国诸子，习本淳朴。”太武帝拓跋焘曾因为贺狄干“言语衣服类中国，以为慕而习之，故忿焉，既而杀之”。孝文帝冲破重重阻力推行“用夏变夷”的服饰改革后，至东、西魏又大肆复旧。
中國人民大學清史研究学者丁超指出馬甲就是由明代罩甲演變而成，并认为建州女真從朝鮮人記載的“雜亂無章”走向“貴賤有別”的過程當中受到了漢族服飾很大影響。明代初期禁止民人穿著「馬褂的先祖」對襟衣和罩甲等服飾：“禁官民步卒人等服對襟衣，唯騎士許服……其不應服而服者罪之”，但後來由於禁令漸漸廢弛而逐漸走入民間，這一世俗化和普及化的過程，被認為會對關外的滿洲有所影響，由於滿洲的崛起有賴於騎射之利，而對襟衣之類又便於騎射。在此情形下，經濟文化相對落後的滿洲被指理所當然地大量借鑒了明代的冠服制度。
公元1129年，金朝政權下令禁民漢服，又令髡髮，不如式者殺之。後來海陵王首先宽松了政策：“诏河南民，衣冠许从其便”，最後結果反而是女真人的服飾漢化。
契丹族习惯着長袍左衽，圓領窄袖，疙瘩紐襻，褲腳放靴筒內，有髡髮的习俗。有研究指出，達斡爾族的祖先是契丹人的一支，其很多風俗和契丹人相同，曾使用契丹文，服飾也仍和契丹人一樣左衽。在建立辽国後，採取官分南北的政策。南官管理漢人，採取漢制，故官服也沿襲“漢服”；北官管理契丹人，採取契丹國制，故官服因襲契丹族“髡髮左衽”的風格，稱爲“國服”；又，凡三品以上官員行大禮時一律用漢服。常服和官服同，皇帝和漢官著漢服，皇后和契丹官著契丹服。
隨著胡漢文化的交流，遼國初期時契丹人就出現了“长袍右衽、衣裳分制、妇女下衣着裙子”的漢服制式，在遼國中後期更甚，胡漢混裝的現象頗為明顯，契丹人著漢服，漢人著契丹服的狀況頗為普遍。
室韦最初披发左衽，衣服与契丹类似。但其是否为蒙古人的来源不明，蒙古建国后的服饰本身就是右衽和方领。忽必烈統一中国后受汉文化影响后产生了辫线袄和质孙服，部分延用了前代服裝。
元朝前後蒙古袍受汉制服装影响产生了质孙服，质孙服又反作用於汉服，使产生了曳撒制式，“曳撒”的名字即来自於“质孙”。蒙古退回漠北之后的服装演化不明，清朝以降可能对满族服饰产生了影响，除了厄鲁特以外，当今常见的蒙古袍从布里亚特到内蒙古均大同小异，大部分地區仍然能見到交領右衽的傳統服飾。
漢服隨古代漢族移民傳入台灣，台灣各族原住民均有其民族服飾，與漢服並無關連，不過被漢化的原住民亦可能穿著漢服，而一些原住民的早期服裝也看到類似漢服的交領右衽樣式。早期台灣漢族服飾由於明鄭政權的建立而主要遵循明朝儀制。1650年代後，满清政權開始嘗試與明鄭談判，從鄭成功以至鄭經，服制問題始終是明鄭與滿清雙方談判時所重視的條件之一。
一些臺灣原住民如布農族人在清初至日治期間與漢族人有經濟上的來往，部分部落的布農族人在與漢族人彼此交易中，獲得了漢族人的衣飾，也穿起了漢服。自從接觸了漢族文化之後，逐漸形成男穿長衫女穿裙，日本人鈴木作太郎在1932年的著作裡指出，布農族人的穿著和泰雅族人同樣是麻織布上衣，只是婦女後來仿漢人穿著綿衣衫褲。可見在日治時代，部分部落的布農族已經大量穿著漢服，與傳統族服正為穿用。
布依族、侗族、哈尼族、黎族、苗族、瑶族、彝族、羌族、達斡爾族、畲族等等周邊少數民族的服飾共同特點是如今仍是或曾經是交領、左衽，歷史上部分受到漢族影響出現了右衽，如壯族的服飾也可以右衽，但交領左衽仍占多數。
门巴族、不丹族等族群深受藏族文化和漢文化影響，現在仍是交領右衽。
漢族和藏族同源於漢藏先民，同樣具有交領的衣著特點。歷史上漢藏文化又有著長期交流，藏人的藏袍深受漢服的影響，很早就出現了右衽、繫帶的特點。但為了方便勞動，通常將衣長改短；為了避寒，又將袖長增長。
唐代時，敦煌一度被吐蕃占领，當地汉人被迫从「夷俗」，只有祭祖时才穿上汉人服飾，“遗衣整巾潜泪垂，誓心密定归分记”，设法回归唐朝。吐蕃汉人沿袭汉服保持民族气节和习俗，保持和唐朝的联系。
李美越

李美越（英語：Miles Moretti），男，美越混血，网络红人。2023年11月，因在抖音平台发布身着东北大花衣走在法国巴黎街头的短视频登上热搜，获得不少海内外网友的关注。
据李美越称，自己出生于美国，父母出生于越南，自己爷爷姓黎（后改姓李）、生于中国广东，自己姥爷是英裔美国人，这种混血家庭给自己的身份认同和社交带来了困扰，一直难以融入其他群体。李美越大学时选择了中文专业，并于2015年首次来到中国发展，曾担任高中历史老师。
2025年3月，李美越在“甲亢哥”的中国行直播中擔任隨身翻譯，过程中多处不当言辞引发甲亢哥及网民不满，批评其恶意丑化中国。李美越发视频回应称无意贬损，是调侃目的、节目效果呈现不佳与文化差异。
包头巾 (发饰)

包头巾、包头、包髻、包髻儿是漢服首服中常见的成年女性发式。
这种用绢、帛一类布巾包裹髮髻的发式，在宋代即是常见。明朝小說《东京梦华录》载，中等说媒人者戴冠子，黄包髻。山西省太原市晋祠彩塑中亦有这种发式。包髻的特征在于布巾的包裹技巧。将布巾包成各式花形，或做成一朵浮云等物状，并饰以鲜花、珠宝等装饰物，最终形成一种简洁朴实，又不失为精美大方的发式。元代，包髻亦成为一种单独的发饰。到明代，这种布巾形式的发饰已是妇女流行的发饰。至清初，演变出钿子。
明代小说《金瓶梅词话》中使用“包髻儿”、“扎包髻儿”一类词语。“包髻儿”所指的髮髻样式是“将红绳、花枝乃至钗簪等饰物包扎或插缀于髻上或鬓间”，使髮髻显得“蓬松俏丽，吸引人的眼球”。不使用布巾。这种发饰本作“宝髻”，初为年轻妇女所用。正德年间之后，因男风盛行，青年男性特别是娈童、男妓多喜欢梳这种发饰。《金瓶梅词话》使用这种词语时，多是描写娈童、男妓的男扮女裝的特点。
束髮

束髮是古代漢人常用的一種髮型，一般通過髮簪、冠帽、头巾等头饰來束缚住頭髮以形成髮髻并固定髮型。在中國古代，束髮被普遍視爲成年男子最爲重要的身份標志，也因为《孝经》中“身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤，孝之始也。”的記載而成爲孝行的一大衡量標準。古代男子一般于15歲起开始束发，故15岁也称“束发之年”，20岁时加冠并举行冠禮，以示成年。
关于古代中原人束发习俗的最早记载可追溯至商周时期，并在春秋战国时代发展成为华夷之辨的重要根据。孔子在论语中曾提到的“微管仲，吾其被发左衽矣”即是将华夏族束发右衽这一特征与当时北方游牧民族披发左衽的特征所区分对立。故而束发发型在后来日益成为古代汉族的民族象征之一，而披发、散髮、断发等发型则被视为蛮族习俗被加以唾弃。历史上入主中原的少数民族政权曾多次针对这一习俗下达剃发令，如金朝就曾在靖康之变后禁止其境内汉人留发，但汉人的束发习俗一直到清代的剃发易服令之后才在中国完全消失。
丝绦

絲絛，又称宫绦、宫縚、绦带，指宫廷中特制或仿照宫廷式样所制的丝带，是中国一种系在腰间的悬挂配饰，类似于吊配（英语：Norigae）。附有圆穗头一副，穗头前半尺处打一花结，坠子则多为玉石、金银、陶瓷、珐琅等饰物，尾端为流苏。
絲絛起源于结绳记事，从战国时期开始即在服装装饰中就开始应用。漢服“宽衣博带”，“束服之结”自然成为絲絛在服装装饰中的一种重要的应用；古人尚玉，周代男子就有佩玉的习俗，《尔雅义疏》中记载“佩玉之组条，用以连贯玉者，也叫纶，用丝绳婉转结之”，出土文物显示，早在战国时期，就已出现了众多种类的佩玉绳结，并在此后的中国各朝代得到了进一步发展但曾一度失传。随着21世纪汉服复兴运动的兴起，絲絛再一次开始流行于一些汉服爱好者之间，在一些特色商店也可以找到它們。
剪瓷雕

剪瓷雕亦称嵌瓷、剪黏、剪花、聚饒、扣饒、貼饒（潮州話：dah4 rieu5），为流行于中国福建沿海地區、广东東南部潮汕地區、台湾和越南等地区的一种传统建筑装饰工艺，屬瓷片拼貼（英语：Trencadís）的一種，以颜色鲜艳、胎薄质脆的彩瓷器（如碗、盘、壶等）或残损价廉的瓷器为原材料，使用粗钳、铁剪、木锤、砂轮等工具将其剪、敲、磨成形状大小不一的细小瓷片，进而贴雕人物、动物、花卉和山水等，并装饰于寺庙宫观等建筑物的屋脊、檐角、照壁、墙面和门窗框、门窗楣等部位。潮汕地區和越南的剪瓷雕用途還不限於建築物外部裝飾，例如潮汕地區亦应用于工艺挂屏，摆设于客厅、佛堂内，越南應陵中的啟成殿內部以剪瓷雕裝飾。剪瓷雕的题材以吉祥如意、福禄寿喜和花鸟虫鱼、人物故事为主要内容，其工艺兼具绘画的色泽感和雕塑的立体感，并可长年经受日曝雨淋、海碱侵袭而不褪色。
剪瓷雕的发源尚未厘清，一说为明清时期福建漳州平和和漳浦一带的制瓷艺人发明，因当地一度民窑瓷业发达，碎瓷片极为丰富；一说为由广东潮州地区传入闽南，因历史上中原移民曾由潮州进入福建，潮州与漳州诏安毗邻，两地居民往来频繁，民俗风情几近相似，文化艺术风格亦趋于一致；第三种说法为源自泉州，因其自五代起便有德化窑、安溪窑、晋江窑等丰富的陶瓷资源。文献表明明末以前剪瓷雕已经盛行于粤东、闽南各地，最迟在清康熙时已传入台湾。越南則於阮朝時從中國傳入。
因天灾、地震及建筑翻修等原因，中國大陸及台灣清前期以前的作品已多不见，现存者以道光、同治年间以及近现代的作品居多，其中福建地区现存最早的作品为漳州的云霄天地会遗址高溪庙，为清代康熙时的作品。越南則有不少阮朝的作品。
清代剪瓷雕的材料来源以民窑五彩或粉彩瓷器为主，以红、黄、青、白、黑、青花等为六种主要色系，最初工匠多用瓷厂废弃的碎瓷和边角料，民国之后随着剪瓷雕业的高度发达，瓷厂亦专门烧制用于剪瓷雕的彩瓷碗，此外在民国时期彩色玻璃也开始少量应用，1980年后台湾艺人亦采用“淋搪”法替代瓷器堆贴，即以灰泥塑形，阴干后上釉。
剪瓷雕的技艺主要表现在剪、黏、嵌（二者均指将瓷片粘在作品表面）和雕等环节，并结合了绘画和灰塑造型工艺，其制作工具大多为艺人自创，用于剪瓷的钳子形似老虎钳，平口，钢口偏软，25厘米到35厘米大小长短不等，亦使用界尺砍圻大块瓷片，传统的粘合剂为以贝壳灰、草筋灰（或纸筋、麻丝、棉花）、糯米粉与红糖水搅拌捶打而成的“麻糬灰”，现状亦使用石灰和水泥替代。
剪瓷雕分平雕、浮雕（分半浮雕和叠雕）和圆雕（或称立体雕）三种形式（嵌瓷主要技法则称为平饶、半浮沉饶、立体饶和饶字），平雕为平面拼贴，一般用于近景，着重于构图和烘托背景，远景如屋顶装饰等则通常使用其它几类，其中半浮雕多用于表现道具与场景，叠雕多用于表现房屋和花卉树木等，圆雕多用于表现人物形象和正脊上空的飞禽走兽，此类雕刻需以立体的灰塑造型为底胚，通常以石块、砖瓦、钢筋、铁铜丝为框架，以麻灰塑造坯型，待泥坯干后或半干后嵌入瓷片。
剪瓷雕的题材主要分为以下几类：
其中，装饰于正脊的剪瓷雕题材多为二龙戏珠、双凤朝阳、龙头、鳌鱼，垂脊下端的题材多为穿著漢服的人物，檐下墙壁的题材多为花鸟虫鱼，照壁则多用麒麟、狮、象、仙鹤、鹿等。
闽南地区：以漳州东山关帝庙剪瓷雕（代表人物为闽南画家林少丹和剪瓷雕名匠孙齐家）、诏安县沈氏艺圃家族剪瓷雕（现为福建省级非物质文物遗产）以及泉州南安县翔云镇梅庄村陈祥华陈氏家族剪瓷雕为代表，大都传承于广东潮州名师，并经历了本地工匠、艺人的不断改造和创新。
潮汕地区：以潮州嵌瓷、汕头大寮嵌瓷（代表为潮南区成田镇大寮乡许氏家族嵌瓷）和揭阳普宁嵌瓷为代表，现均为中华人民共和国国家级非物质文化遗产。
台湾：台湾的剪黏常与交趾陶结合使用，学界将台湾的剪黏艺人分为潮州与泉州两派，前者以柯训、洪坤福和苏杨水为代表，后者以葉王和何金龙为代表，另外還有石連池、王石發、王保原、葉鬃、葉進益、葉進祿、葉進淵、陳三火等人也是名匠師。台灣的剪黏匠師通常會以以灰泥塑形，再將經過剪裁的陶瓷片粘於其上，因此台灣的剪黏匠師通常也有高超的泥塑技巧與繪畫根基。
以下图片示意剪瓷雕在建筑中的应用：
以下图片示意剪瓷雕的细节：
大集镇

大集鎮，是中华人民共和国山東省菏泽市曹县下辖的一个乡镇级行政单位。
大集鎮下辖以下地区：
大集东街村、​大集西街村、​大集南街村、​大集北街村、​大集东北街村、​曹海村、​胡楼村、​徐庄村、​刘楼村、​付海村、​任庄村、​张庄村、​李八庄村、​大寺村、​姚万楼村、​姚集村、​郭洼村、​吴庄村、​花王楼村、​安庄村、​李楼村、​葛楼村、​胡庄村、​殷庙村、​文昌阁村、​王庄村、​毛庄村、​丁楼村、​常庙村、​赵岗村、​孙庄村、​陈河村和​桑庄村。
2010年底，有村民尝试开设网店销售演出服、摄影服，曹县的农村电子商务自此开始发展。漢服興起後，漢服生產成為大集鎮的重要產業之一。据曹县县委副书记、县长梁惠民给出的数字，大集镇生产了中国大陆最多的表演服饰，每年承包了全国70%的演出服，汉服销量占到市场的1/3。大集镇还是中国首批“淘宝镇”、山东省唯一一个淘宝村全覆盖的乡镇。
Hanfu footwear

Hanfu also includes accessories, such as footwear. There were many etiquette which rule people's daily lives, and this included the use and etiquette of shoes and socks wearing.
Collectively, shoes are typically called lü (履) since the Han dynasty. In the Qin dynasty, shoes were referred as ju (屦). The word xie (鞋) eventually replaced the word lü to become a general name for shoes.
Since the ancient times, Chinese shoes came in various kinds; there were leather shoes (made of tanbark and pelt), cloth shoes (made of silk, hemp, damask, brocade, and crepe), and straw shoes (made of leaves and stems of cattail, corn leaves, and kudzu), ji (屐; wooden clogs). Han Chinese typically wore lü (regular shoes), xi (shoes with thick soles), and ji (wooden clogs). Different shoes were worn based on their appropriateness for specific occasions; shoes also denoted the social ranks of its wearers. Lü (履) were worn for formal occasions whereas ji (屐) was used for informal occasions.
Hōkoku-ji

Hōkoku-ji (報国寺) is an old temple in the Kenchō-ji school of the Rinzai sect of Zen Buddhism located in Kamakura, Japan. Famous for its bamboo garden, it is also known as "Bamboo Temple".
A statue of Gautama Buddha, called Shaka Nyorai in Japanese, in a sacred hall is the temple's principal image. The original of a statue of Sho Kan'non is on display at the Kamakura Museum of National Treasures. The temple is sometimes called Takuma-dera after the artist of a statue of Kashyap which was destroyed by a fire in 1891 in an adjacent hall.
The temple is No. 10 on the Kamakura 33 Kannon pilgrimage. The grounds cover approximately 13,000 square metres (140,000 sq ft).
The family temple of both the Ashikaga and Uesugi clans, Hōkoku-ji was established by founding priest Tengan Eko in 1334 (the first year of the Kenmu era) to commemorate Ashikaga Ietoki, grandfather of Ashikaga Takauji the first shōgun of the Ashikaga shogunate.
Known posthumously by his Buddhist name Butsujo Zenji, Eko was a member of the Five Mountains Zen literary school. Copies that he made of Buddhist teachings and carved wooden seals of his names "Tengan" and "Eko" are Important Cultural Properties and are in the Kamakura Museum on the grounds of the Shinto shrine Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū. Other treasures owned by the temple include a painting on silk of Zaichū Kōen dating to 1388, a Muromachi-period painting of Arhats, and a pair of paintings of flowers and birds from Ming China, all Prefectural Cultural Properties kept in the same museum; a number of further works have been designated for protection at a municipal level.
Ashes of the Ashikaga family including Ietoki and Yoshihisa who both died by seppuku (Yoshihisa was only age 13), are reportedly buried in the large caves at the temple's west side.
The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake destroyed most of the temple structures including the original straw roof on the main hall. A similar roof is maintained on the bell tower today. Most of the temple structures were rebuilt.
Near the bell tower, five-tier memorial towers called gorintō commemorate the thousands of warriors who were killed in the 1333 battle in Kamakura that marked the end of rule by the Hōjō clan.
A former annex behind the main hall was a training area where Butsujo Zenji also wrote poetry. Today a grove or forest of about 2000 mōsō bamboo sits in place of the annex. The site has a small tea house or chashitsu that is popular with tourists.
35°19′12″N 139°34′09″E﻿ / ﻿35.3200°N 139.5693°E﻿ / 35.3200; 139.5693
Sumua

Sumua adolah sabuah sumber mato aia nan alah digali. Salain sumber aia, pado kadalaman tatontu sumua dapek juo marupokan sumber minyak atau gas.
Sumua tradisional biasonyo babantuak lubang nan lumayan gadang diagiah tembok mambulek sakuliliangnyo. Untuak manyauak aia, biasonyo jo caro ditimbo atau dikerek manggunokan embe, ado juo nan mamakai masin pompa tanago listrik. Sumua-sumua modern, tarutamo di daerah perkotaan, biasonyo ketek dan hanyo sagadang pipa paralon. Sumua itu disabuik sumua bor karano caro mambueknyo mangunokan bor atau jo caro pangeboran. Aianyo disedot manggunokan sebuah peranti listrik nan disabuik pompa aia.
Ado pulo namonyo sumua resapan, bangunan rekayasa teknik dengan bantuak sumua, akan tetapi gunoonyo sebagai tampek penampungan aia nan datang dari ateh tanah.
Sumua resapan marupokan jenis sumua nan tabantuak sacaro alami dan dibantu dek resapan-resapan aia pado suatu daerah atau lokasi tatantu.
Sumua resapan juo maambiak alih fungsi untuak manampuang aia pambuangan dan aia hujan kadalam tanah.
Pemanfaatan sumua resapan untuak mengairi lahan jo mambendung aia apobilo saluran irigasi sadang mangalami gangguan sarupo kakurangan aia.
Sumua resapan dapek manggantikan samantaro dari sumber irigasi, sahinggo dapek dikatokan jikok sumua resapan juo punyo peran pantiang untuak mambantu proses irigasi katiko sadang kakurangan aia.
Katiko aia PDAM sadang mangalami masalah, biasonyo pendistribusian aia akan talambek dan masyarakat akan mamanfaatkan sumua resapan sebagai aia cadangan samantaro.
Sumua serapan bafungsi manyerap aia nan barasal dari ateh permukaan tanah, mako dari itu sumua serapan mambantu mangurangi aliran pado permukaan dan mencegah tajadinyo ganangan aia nan balabiah.
Aia nan barasa dari sumua serapan juo dapek dikonsumsi sebagai aia minum dan kebutuhan bahan makanan sahari-hari.
Manfaat lain dari sumua resapan adolah dapek diandalkan oleh masyarakat sekitar untuak manjadi sumber aia utamo di satu lingkungan atau daerah.
Biasonyo, sumua resapan akan dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sakitar sebagai sumber aia utamo nan mambantu mamanuhi kabutuhan kehidupan sahari-hari.
Tanah nan barado di sekitar sumua resapan akan tajago kelembabannyo. Sahinggo sangat cocok untuak digunokan bacocok tanam.
Jiko tajadi kakariangan mako masyarakat bisa manggunokan aia sumua resapan untuak aia cadangan lahan pertaniannyo.
Mambangun sumua resapan jo babarapo langkah mudah. Namun sabalumnyo, harus mamiliah lahan nan tapek talabiah dahulu, yakni:
Caro mambuek sumua resapan berikut:
Sumua marupokan objek pantiang dalam serial film The Ring (versi Amerika) dan Ringu (versi Jepang).
నవరాత్రి (సినిమా)

నవరాత్రి ఏప్రిల్ 22, 1966లో విడుదలైన తెలుగు చలనచిత్రం. తాతినేని రామారావు దర్శకత్వం వహించిన ఈ చిత్రంలో అక్కినేని నాగేశ్వరరావు, సావిత్రి ప్రధానపాత్రల్లో నటించగా, తాతినేని చలపతిరావు సంగీతం అందించారు. తమిళంలో సంచలన విజయం సాధించిన నవరాత్రి (நவராத்திரி, 1964) దీనికి మాతృక. తమిళచిత్రంలో హీరోగా వేసిన శివాజీ గణేశన్ ఈ ఒకే చిత్రంలో 9 పాత్రలు పోషించి సంచలనం సృష్టించారు.
దర్శకత్వం: తాతినేని రామారావు నిర్మాణం: అనుమోలు వెంకట సుబ్బారావు రచన: ముళ్ళపూడి వెంకటరమణ సంగీతం: తాతినేని చలపతిరావు నేపథ్య గానం: ఘంటసాల, పి. సుశీల, జమునారాణి ఛాయాగ్రహణం: పి.ఎన్. సెల్వరాజ్ నిర్మాణ సంస్థ: ప్రసాద్ ఆర్ట్ పిక్చర్స్
நவராத்திரி (திரைப்படம்)
న్యూఢిల్లీ కాళిబరి దేవాలయం

న్యూఢిల్లీ కాళిబరి దేవాలయం, న్యూఢిల్లీలో ఉన్న కాళీకాదేవి దేవాలయం. 1930లలో స్థాపించబడిన ఈ దేవాలయం, లక్ష్మీనారాయణ దేవాలయానికి (బిర్లా మందిర్) సమీపంలో ఉంది.
దేశ రాజధాని న్యూఢిల్లీలో బెంగాలీ జనాభా పెరుగుతున్న నేపథ్యంలో అనేక సంవత్సరాల అభ్యర్థనల తరువాత, లక్ష్మీనారాయణ దేవాలయం పక్కన దేవాలయ రహదారిలో ఒక ఎకరం భూమి కేటాయించబడింది. కొల్‌కత్తాలోని కాళీఘాట్ కాళీ ఆలయంలో ఉన్న ప్రతిమ (విగ్రహం)తో కాళీ దేవి రూపంలో దేవి విగ్రహాన్ని రూపొందించారు. మందిరం కమిటీ 1935లో సుభాష్ చంద్రబోస్ మొదటి అధ్యక్షుడిగా అధికారికీకరించబడింది. మొదటి మందిర భవనాన్ని సర్ జస్టిస్ మన్మథ నాథ్ ముఖర్జీ ప్రారంభించాడు. కొంతకాలం తరువాత అధికార యంత్రాంగం మరో భవనాన్ని ఏర్పాటు చేసింది. బెంగాలీ పర్యాటకులు అక్కడ బస చేయడానికి వసతి గదులు ఉన్నాయి. ఇందులో ఒక గ్రంథాలయం కూడా ఉంది.
ఈ దేవాలయంలో జరుపుకునే దుర్గా పూజ, నగరంలోని పురాతన దుర్గా పూజలలో ఒకటి. ఇది 1925లో ప్రారంభమైంది. కాళిబరి అసలు దేవాలయం బైర్డ్ రోడ్ (నేటి బంగ్లా సాహిబ్ రోడ్)లో ఉంది, ఇక్కడ స్థానిక బెంగాలీ సంఘం వార్షిక దుర్గా పూజల కోసం వస్తారు. 1931 తర్వాత ప్రస్తుత దేవాలయం వచ్చిన తర్వాత అది ఇక్కడికి మార్చబడింది. ఢిల్లీలోని వందలాది పూజా కమిటీలకు ఇది నోడల్ పాయింట్‌గా కొనసాగుతోంది, ఢిల్లీ బెంగాలీలలో విస్తృతంగా గౌరవించబడుతుంది. 1910లో ప్రారంభమైన ఢిల్లీ దుర్గా పూజా సమితి నిర్వహించే కాశ్మీరీ గేట్ వద్ద ఢిల్లీలోని పాత పూజలు మాత్రమే జరుగుతున్నాయి. తిమార్‌పూర్ లో 1914లో సివిల్ లైన్స్ పూజా సమితి ద్వారా నిర్వహించబడిన తిమార్‌పూర్ పూజ. 1936 నుండి పూజ ఆచారాలు కూడా మారలేదు. రవీంద్ర సంగీతం, పారాయణంలో సాంప్రదాయ పోటీలు ఇప్పటికీ నిర్వహించబడుతున్నాయి. పూజా పండల్‌ను నిర్మించేందుకు కోల్‌కతా నుండి కళాకారులను రప్పిస్తారు.
న్యూఢిల్లీలోని కన్నాట్ ప్లేస్‌కు పశ్చిమంలో ఈ దేవాలయం ఉంది. స్థానికంగా ఉండే బస్సులు, టాక్సీలు, ఆటో-రిక్షాల ద్వారా ఢిల్లీ నగరం నుండి సులభంగా చేరుకోవచ్చు. సమీపంలోని ఢిల్లీ మెట్రో స్టేషన్ నుండి సుమారు 2 కి.మీ.ల దూరంలో ఉంది.
శనీశ్వర శివాలయం

శనీశ్వర శివాలయం మందిరం, ఒరిస్సా, ఇండియా లోని గోసాగరేశ్వర ప్రదేశంలో పరదారేశ్వర శివాలయం నకు దక్షిణాన ఉంది. ఈ ఆలయం తూర్పు వైపుకు ఎదురుగా ఉంది, 1.30 చదరపు మీటర్ల గర్భగుడి మధ్యభాగంలో ఒక వృత్తాకార "యోని పీఠం" ఉంది.
స్థానిక పురాణం ప్రకారం, 14 వ -15 వ శతాబ్దం ఎ.డి.లో తూర్పు గంగ రాజవంశంఅయిన గంగా యొక్క పాలన సమయంలో, లార్డ్ శివ ఒకసారి ఒక దూడను అనుకోకుండా చంపారు. దూడను చంపిన పాపం శుభ్రపర్చడానికి, అతను గోసాగరేశ్వర చెరువులో ఒకసారి స్నానం చేసి లార్డ్ గోసాగరేశ్వరను ఆరాధించాడు. అందువలన ఈ సంప్రదాయం అప్పుడు ప్రారంభమైంది ప్రస్తుతం వరకు కొనసాగుతోంది. ప్రజలు ఆవును చంపిన పాపాలను శుభ్రపర్చడానికి ఆలయం తొట్టెలో స్నానం చేయటం, గోసాగరేశ్వర ఆరాధన చేయడం అనే ఆచారాన్ని ఆచరిస్తారు.
ఈ దేవాలయం ఒకప్పుడు పూజించే ఆలయం. కానీ ప్రస్తుతం ప్రజలు దీనిని ప్రజా జీవిత ఆలయంగా భావిస్తారు, పిదా డ్యూల్ టైపోలాజీగా వర్గీకరించారు.
హిందూ భక్తిసంబంధమైన కదలికలు, హిందూ భక్తుడులో దీని ప్రాముఖ్యత సాంస్కృతికం: శివరాత్రి పండుగ. దుర్గా పూజ పండుగ సమయంలో లార్డ్ లింగరాజ్ యొక్క అతి ముఖ్యమైన సంఘటన. సోషల్: ఈ దేవాలయం వారి వివాహ వేడుకకు జంటగానే కాక, థ్రెడ్ ఉత్సవం కోసం కూడా చాలా ప్రజాదరణ పొందింది. ఇది ఒక 'అసోసియేషన్' అనగా 'ప్రజా సమావేశాలు జరుగుతున్నాయి.
ఈ ఆలయం భారతదేశంలోని ఒరిస్సా రాష్ట్ర రాజధాని కపిల్‌ప్రసాద్, ఖోర్ధా జిల్లా, భువనేశ్వర్ నగరంలో ఉంది. ఉత్తరాన పరదారేశ్వర శివ దేవాలయం, పశ్చిమాన గోసాగరేశ్వర ట్యాంక్, తూర్పున చిన్న ఆలయం V, ప్రవేశ ద్వారం దక్షిణాన ఉంది.
Raktadantika

Raktadantika (Sanskrit: रक्तदन्तिका, romanized: Raktadantikā) is a form of the Hindu goddess Durga. According to the Devi Mahatmya, Raktadantika incarnated to slay the descendants of the asura Viprachitti. Another account describes her as a form of Kali, with an entirely red body.
Raktadantika means “she whose teeth are red in colour”.
According to the Devi Mahatmya, Durga is described to have incarnated as Raktadantika to slay and devour the danava children of the asura Viprachitti. Her teeth are described to have turned as red as the flowers of a pomegranate, a consequence of which she was named Raktadantika. This legend is also featured in the Markandeya Purana.
She has been described as living in a pomegranate tree. Her red teeth are analogous to red pomegranate seed pods.
Mobility scooter

Ikinyabiziga kigendanwa (Mu icyongereza: Mobility scooter) ni ikinyabiziga gikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi gitwara abantu ku giti cyabo ndetse k'imfashanyo igendanwa ku bantu bafite ubumuga bw'umubiri, ahanini ikaba ifasha intebe y’abafite ubumuga. Iyo moteri ikoresha ibikoresho bya micromobilisite kandi bakunze kwitwa ibinyabiziga bifite moteri / scooter cyangwa scooter z'amashanyarazi. Ibi binyabiziga bidafite moteri ntibisanzwe, ndetse bigenewe abagera kuri 60% bakoresha amagare y’abafite byibuze ubumuga bw' amaguru. Mu gihe ibibazo by’amaguru bikunze gufatwa nkimpamvu yo gukoresha ibimoteri, ibinyabiziga bikoreshwa nabafite imiterere itandukanye kuva ibikomere byumugongo kugeza indwara zifata ubwonko.
Izimoteri zigenda zitandukanye nintebe y’abafite ubumuga kubera ko mubisanzwe bihendutse, mu buryo bworoshye kunyura hejuru yubutaka butaringaniye, kandi birashoboka cyane. Iyi scooters yubatswe kubantu bafite ikibazo cyo kugenda cyangwa kuzenguruka, ariko ntibakenera buri gihe intebe y’abafite ubumuga. Zikoreshwa kandi n'abantu bakeneye intebe mu intera ndende cyangwa guhagarara umwanya muremure, cyangwa abemerewe gutwara imodoka kubwimpamvu zubuvuzi.
Imodoka ya mbere isa nkaho igendagenda mu modoka yatangijwe mu 1954, kandi yishyurwa na Sears nk'intebe y’ibimuga. Ryari rifite intebe nini, ubushobozi bwa bateri yiyongereye kandi ifite ibiziga bitatu. Icyakora intebe yari imeze nkintebe ya moto - idatanga inkunga yinyuma - bigatuma idakwiye abamugaye bafite ibibazo bisanzwe nkindwara ya skeletomuscular cyangwa umunaniro. Ntabwo byari byiza mu bucuruzi.
Harambee youth employment accelerator

Harambee n'umuryango udaharanira inyungu ufite uburambe bwinshi mu gushaka ibisubizo n'udushya dushobora gukemura ikibazo cy'uushomeri kwisi yose uhereye mu Rwanda no muri Afurika.
Harambee ni ikigo cyashyiriweho gukemura ibibazo cy'ubushomeri cyari cyugarije urubyuruko cyane cyane rurangije kaminuza; hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga, ubufatanye ndetse no guhanga udushya kugirango bareme ibisubizo bifatika birandura ubushomeri mu rubyiruko. Harambe akaba ari ikigo kimaze imyaka irenga icumi kikaba gikorera mu Rwanda no mugihugu cya afurika yepfo. Mu Rwanda gikorera kuri maison de gene kimisagara.
Harambee itanga amahugurwa ku bantu bose bashaka akazi bari hagati y'imyaka cumi n'umunani kugeza kuri mirono itatu n'itanu(18-35); Harambee itanga amahugurwa kubantu bashaka kwihugura mu kuvuga ururimi rw'icyengereza, kwiga gukoresha mudasobwa neza, kwihugura muburyo umuntu ategura ikizamini cy'akazi
Competitive Enterprise Institute

Competitive Enterprise Institute (CEI): ni ikigo cy’Abanyamerika kidaharanira inyungu gikorera i Washington, gishinzwe politiki rusange iharanira guteza imbere ubwisanzure bw amasoko no kubuza Leta kugira uruhare mu gushyiraho amategeko agenga amasoko. Gishyigikiye ko habaho uburenganzira ku bihangano n’umutungo no kurengera ibidukikije ndetse kikanashishikariza abakozi n’abakoresha babo kumvikana Leta itivanze mu bikorwa byabo.
African Alliance Investment Bank

African Alliance Investment Bank (AAIB) ni "ikigo cya banki gishinzwe ishoramari" gikorera ku mugabane w'Afurika.
Icyicaro gikuru cy’iryo tsinda giherereye mu gace kitwa Melrose, mu mujyi wa Johannesburg, muri Afurika yepfo, ugereranyije kiri nko muri 11 kilometres (7 mi), mu majyaruguru y'umujyi rwagati. Igipimo ndangamerekezo kigaragaza icyicaro gikuru aho giherereye ni: 26 ° 07'47.0 "S, 28 ° 04'12.0" E (Ubunini: -26.129737; Uburebure: 28.070007).
Kuva muri Werurwe 2016, AAIB ikorera mu mashami atandukanye aho ifite amasoko mu bihugu bikurikira:
Muri buri soko iyi banki ikoreramo, haba hari ishami ryanditswe ryo muri icyo gihugu rikaba riba riyobowe n'umuyobozi mukuru utari umuyobozi nshingwabikorwa, komite nyobozi, komite ishinzwe ibyago, komite y'ubugenzuzi, umugenzuzi w'imbere mu kigo, komite ishinzwe imishahara, komite ishinzwe amasezerano na komite ngishwanama tekinike.
Ikigo gikora ibikorwa bitandukanye harimo ibi bikurikira:
26°07′47″S 28°04′12″E﻿ / ﻿26.12972°S 28.07000°E﻿ / -26.12972; 28.07000
Piano stool

A piano stool, also referred to as a piano bench or piano chair (depending on style) is a seat especially designed for use at the piano, which can provide more playing comfort than a normal chair.
Its height is usually adjustable to accommodate players of various sizes. It is often padded, either with an integrated foam-filled cover or a purpose-made detachable cushion. In its bench form, it sometimes has a hidden compartment for storing music sheets and other supplies.
To avoid wear, the pianist should have an appropriate posture while playing. This may involve having a straight back, relaxed shoulders, elbows slightly higher than the piano keys, feet on the floor, and ideally the pedals within reach.
The most important factor for the height of a piano bench is that the hands end up in a comfortable height for playing. However, if one is to play a piece where the pedals are used much, some pianists may have to compromise between a good height for their hands while at the same time being able to reach the pedals.
In case one sits too low, the pianist may have to compensate by lifting the elbows and shoulders, which induces strain and can lead to developing repetitive strain injury. According to one source, many non-height-adjustable stools are too low for many pianists. A method to try out different heights may be to increase the height by placing books on the seat, or other stable materials, while using a pillow is discouraged by some piano teachers since they will result in an unstable platform to play from. A footstool may also be used to improve the blood circulation in the legs, and there are also piano pedal extenders available in the market to allow shorter players who will use the pedals a lot to connect to existing floor-mounted pedals.
In case one sits too high, the pianist can end up curving their back to compensate.
Typical dimensions of a piano chair can for example be in the order of 48 cm seating height, and with between 53 cm and 64 cm seat width, while a typical grand piano chair can be a little larger with seating heights between 46 and 61 cm, and seat widths around 90 cm.
Some tips for having good ergonomy while playing can be to sit with a straight upper body, have relaxed wrists, bent fingers, to move the whole body while playing, and to sit towards the front of the seat.
Blockhead!

Blockhead! is a simple tabletop game suitable for children four years of age or older. It was invented in 1952 by G.W. "Jerry" D'Arcey and developed by G.W. and Alice D'Arcey in San Jose, California. Originally consisting of 20 brightly colored wooden blocks of varying shapes, the object of the game is to add blocks to a tower without having it collapse on your turn.
The first player sets one of the blocks on a flat surface; this is the only block allowed to touch the base. Each player then takes turns adding a single block until the tower collapses. The player that knocks over the tower on their turn loses. A player who loses three times is eliminated. The last player remaining wins.
Blockhead! uses slang terms with a block theme: A player who has lost once is called a "square"; a player who has lost twice is a "character"; a player who loses three times and is eliminated is a "blockhead".
The game was first published by G.W. "Jerry" D'Arcey in 1952. In 1954 Saalfield Publishing Company released the first 25-block version of the game. The design of the blocks has remained consistent through each edition, the only change being modifying the yellow “double hump” to be more heart-shaped. Currently, the game is produced by Pressman Toy Corporation.
Blockhead! was voted into Games Magazine's Hall of Fame and appears on the GAMES 100 list.
Games included Blockhead in their "Top 100 Games of 1982", calling the game "Very addictive" and declaring that "We know of no better equalizer of children and adults, game fanatics and non-gamers."
Close stool

A close stool was an early type of portable toilet, made in the shape of a cabinet or box at sitting height with an opening in the top. The external structure contained a pewter or earthenware chamberpot to receive the user's excrement and urine when they sat on it; this was normally covered (closed) by a folding lid. "Stool" has two relevant meanings: as a type of seat and as human feces. Close stools were used from the Middle Ages (the Oxford English Dictionary gives the first citation as 1410) until the introduction of the indoor flush toilet.
Records of the English court mention the "close stool" and detail its construction. As an example, the furniture maker and upholsterer William Green made a "close stool" in August 1537 for the Lady Mary. The stool was upholstered with crimson velvet and a silkwoman, Mistress Margery Vaughan, provided crimson silk fringes and ribbons for its decoration. Green made a leather carrying case for the stool. Close stools belonging to Cardinal Wolsey were covered with scarlet cloth and black velvet. Lady Jane Grey ordered crimson velvet to cover two close stools in July 1553.
In Scotland, equivalent close stools appear in inventories and were sometimes called "dry stools" or "stools of ease". James V of Scotland and his daughter Mary, Queen of Scots, both owned silk canopies which were suspended from the ceiling over the stool.
The close stool was sometimes called a necessary stool or a night stool. The eighteenth-century euphemism was convenience; the term was further euphemised in the nineteenth century with the term night commode, which John Gloag suggested may have derived its significance from a "balance night stool" described in Thomas Sheraton's Cabinet Dictionary (London, 1803). Sheraton's design was "made to have the appearance of a small commode standing upon legs; when it is used the seat part presses down to a proper height by the hand, and afterwards it rises by means of lead weights, hung to the seat, by lines passing over pulleys at each end, all which are enclosed in a case." This appears to be the link between "commode" as an elegant article of French furniture, and "commode" as a prosaic invalid toilet. "Close stool", in turn, is itself a euphemism for toilet chair. One meaning of commode survived into the twentieth century to refer to the flush toilet; "toilet" itself originally euphemistic.
The French term for this item of furniture is a chaise percée ("pierced chair"), as it often takes the form of a chair with a seat which raises to show the opening to the pot; similar items were made specifically as a moveable bidet.
The French secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots, Claude Nau described her talking to the Countess of Huntly about their plans to escape from Holyroodhouse after the murder of David Rizzio, while she was sitting on her chaise percée.
A nineteenth century development is the thunderbox.
The Groom of the Stool was a high-ranking courtier who assisted the monarch with the close stool.
Peltogyne

Peltogyne, commonly known as purpleheart, violet wood, amaranth and other local names (often referencing the colour of the wood) is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae; native to tropical rainforests of Central and South America; from Guerrero, Mexico, through Central America, and as far as south-eastern Brazil.
They are medium-sized to large trees growing to 30–50 m (100–160 ft) tall, with trunk diameters of up to 1.5 m (5 ft). The leaves are alternate, divided into a symmetrical pair of large leaflets 5–10 cm (2–4 in) long and 2–4 cm (1–2 in) broad. The flowers are small, with five white petals, produced in panicles. The fruit is a pod containing a single seed. The timber is desirable, but difficult to work.
The species of the genus range from southeastern Brazil through northern South America, Panama, Costa Rica, and Trinidad, with the majority of species in the Amazon Basin. P. mexicana is a geographic outlier, native to the Mexican state of Guerrero. Overharvesting has caused several species to become endangered in areas where they were once abundant.
The trees are prized for their beautiful heartwood which, when cut, quickly turns from a light brown to a rich purple color. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light darkens the wood to a brown color with a slight hue of the original purple. This effect can be minimized with a finish containing a UV inhibitor.
The dry timber is very hard, stiff, and dense with a specific gravity of 0.86 (860 kg/m or 54 lb/cu ft). Purpleheart is correspondingly difficult to work with. It is very durable and water-resistant.
As it's so stiff, it's used as a Tonewood in instruments, especially guitar fretboards and reinforcing strips in the neck of guitars and basses. Some Neck-Through-Body guitars are reinforced with Purpleheart to aid structural and tuning stability as well as for its resonant tonal properties.
Purpleheart is prized for use in fine inlay work especially on musical instruments, guitar fret boards (although rarely), woodturning, cabinetry, flooring, and furniture.
Purpleheart presents a number of challenges in the woodshop. Its hard-to-detect interlocking grain makes hand-planing, chiseling and working with carving tools a challenge. However, woodturners can note that with sharp tools, it turns clean, and sands well.
Exposure to the dust generated by cutting and sanding purpleheart can cause skin, eye, and respiratory irritation and nausea, possibly because of the presence of dalbergione (neoflavonoid) compounds in the wood. This also makes purpleheart wood unsuitable to most people for use in jewelry. Purpleheart is also a fairly expensive wood, which is why it is usually used in smaller-scale projects.
The following list of species is according to Plants of the World Online.
Optical contact bonding

Optical contact bonding is a glueless process whereby two closely conformal surfaces are joined, being held purely by intermolecular forces.
Isaac Newton has been credited with the first description of conformal interaction observed through the interference phenomenon known as Newton's rings, though it was S. D. Poisson in 1823 who first described the optical characteristics of two identical surfaces in contact. It was not until the 19th century that objects were made with such precision that the binding phenomenon was observed. The bond was referred to as "ansprengen" in German language.
By 1900, optical contact bonding was being employed in the construction of optical prisms, and the following century saw further research into the phenomenon at the same time that ideas of inter-atom interactions were first being studied.
Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonds, and dipole–dipole interactions are typically not sufficiently strong to hold two apparently conformal rigid bodies together, since the forces drop off rapidly with distance, and the actual area in contact between the two bodies is small due to surface roughness and minor imperfections.
However, if the bodies are conformal to an accuracy of better than 10 angstroms (1 nanometer), then a sufficient surface area is in close enough contact for the intermolecular interactions to have an observable macroscopic effect—that is, the two objects stick together. Such a condition requires a high degree of accuracy and surface smoothness, which is typically found in optical components, such as prisms.
In addition to both surfaces' being practically conformal (in practice often completely flat), the surfaces must also be extremely clean and free from any small contamination that would prevent or weaken the bond—including grease films and specks of dust. For bonding to occur, the surfaces need only to be brought together; the intermolecular forces draw the bodies into the lowest energy conformation, and no pressure needs to be applied.
Since the method requires no binder, balsam or glue, the physical properties of the bound object are the same as the objects joined. Typically, glues and binders are more heat sensitive or have undesirable properties compared to the actual bodies being joined. The use of optical contact bonding allows the production of a final product with properties as well as the bulk solid. This can include temperature and chemical resistances, spectral absorption properties and reduced contamination from bonding materials.
Originally the process was confined to optical equipment such as prisms—the earliest examples being made around 1900. Later the range of use was expanded to microelectronics and other miniaturised devices.
Factory second

Factory seconds, also known as factory rejects or simply seconds, are retail items that, through minor fault of manufacture, are sold to the public for a reduced rate, rather than being discarded. The goods are often resold at this lower rate after failing the factory's quality inspection, being returned to the manufacturer's factory by the original retailer, or (less frequently) being returned to the retailer or wholesaler by the customer.
The amount of damage or fault in the manufacture that may constitute an item being resold as a second varies widely; in clothing, for example, it may simply refer to a single pulled thread or mis-sewn seam, whereas in a set of items (such as crockery) it may mean there is one piece missing from the set. Other items can be slightly imperfect, reusable eco-friendly items that can be picked up, preventing them from ending up in a landfill. Generally, an item listed as a factory second will have failed quality inspection for cosmetic, rather than functional, reasons. Such items are often heavily discounted but may not have as all-encompassing a warranty or guarantee as a full-quality item (for example, the product may be non-returnable). Discount stores often rely on the sale of factory seconds as a major part of their trade.
Heraclitus the Paradoxographer

Heraclitus Paradoxographus (Greek: Ἡράκλειτος) is the author of the lesser-known of two works known as Peri Apiston (On Unbelievable Tales). Palaephatus was the author of a better-known work of paradoxography with the same title, mentioned more often in antiquity.
Heraclitus' Peri Apiston treats Greek mythology in the rationalizing manner that appealed to Christian apologists, in pithy language and thought. The text survives in a single 13th-century manuscript in the Vatican Library; it has minor imperfections, and it may well be a late Byzantine epitome of a longer work. Nothing is known of the author, although he appears to belong to the late 1st or 2nd century AD. He is unlikely to be any of the other men of the name of Heraclitus known from antiquity. The 12th-century Byzantine scholar and commentator on Homer, Eustathius of Thessalonica, is the only scholar who mentions him, as "the Heraclitus who proposes to render unbelievable [sic] tales believable".
The text includes thirty-nine items in which familiar myths are briefly recounted and explained. Heraclitus has four methods of explanation, all prominent in late Hellenistic and Roman interpretations: rationalization (that the myth represents a misunderstanding of a natural event), euhemerism, allegory, or fanciful etymology. All these techniques of exegesis were later adopted and developed by Christian theologians of Late Antiquity. Among extant mythology collections this text is of particular interest precisely because it exemplifies in brief compass, such a range of ancient strategies for the interpretation of myth.
In one notable example, Heraclitus rationalizes the three-headed Cerberus by suggesting it was simply a dog with two puppies that always walked alongside their father, creating the appearance of a three-headed creature.
Best of Styx

With the success of Styx's album The Grand Illusion, Wooden Nickel Records, Styx's previous label, released Best of Styx, which contained selected Styx songs in the Wooden Nickel catalog. Styx had left Wooden Nickel to sign with A&M Records several years earlier, so the compilation does not contain any songs from Styx's three A&M albums that preceded this album's release. "Lady", "You Need Love" and "Best Thing" are the principal songs that could be classified as hits in this collection, having charted at numbers 6, 88 and 82 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively; the remainder of the songs are selected album tracks from Styx's Wooden Nickel releases.
RCA Records reissued the album with new artwork in 1979; this artwork has been used for all subsequent reissues, including CD editions.
In 1980, Wooden Nickel released the compilation Lady, containing the same tracks as this set (in a different running order), minus the song "Winner Take All".
Filosofía antigua, misterios y magia

Filosofía antigua, misterios y magia. Empédocles y la tradición pitagórica (en inglés Ancient Philosophy, Mystery and Magic. Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition) es una obra de 1995 del filósofo británico Peter Kingsley.​​
Aunque Empédocles ha jugado un inmenso papel en el desarrollo de la cultura occidental, muy poco es lo que se sabe sobre este filósofo que vivió en Sicilia durante el siglo V a. C.. Esta obra sitúa los fragmentos filosóficos de Empédocles dentro del contexto original de la filosofía de su época. Peter Kingsley prueba que Empédocles no fue una figura aislada sino que estuvo relacionado con el antiguo pitagorismo, y sus vínculos con esta escuela demuestran el origen pitagórico de los mitos platónicos.
El libro examina también las relaciones entre la antigua magia, la ciencia y la religión. Su autor traza una línea de transmisión desde Empédocles y la tradición pitagórica hasta el sur de Egipto y el Islam. Se trata de un proceso lleno de significado para llegar a entender no sólo la filosofía griega, sino también el origen de la alquimia, el sufismo y la mística medieval.​​​
Carlos Bonell

Carlos Bonell (Londres, 23 de julio de 1949) es un guitarrista clásico británico.
Nació en Londres, Inglaterra, hijo de padres españoles. Estudió guitarra con John Williams en el Royal College of Music, institución donde posteriormente fue contratado como profesor.​ Su primera gira profesional, con gran éxito, fue en Estados Unidos; posteriormente tocó con orquestas británicas y en festivales internacionales.
Entre los músicos con los que ha tocado se encuentran los guitarristas John Williams, Juan Martín, Paco Peña y Martin Taylor, los cantantes Teresa Berganza, Patricia Rozario, Cleo Laine y Philip Langridge, y los violinistas Levon Chilingirian, Salvatore Accardo y Pinchas Zukerman.​ También trabajó junto a Paul McCartney, a quien ayudó en la composición de un concierto de guitarra.​
Cuenta con más de 20 grabaciones.
Jørstad elv-sabotasjen

Jørstad elv-sabotasjen var en sabotasjeaksjon med påfølgende togulykke som skjedde den 13. januar 1945 ved Jørstad i Snåsa kommune.
WOODLARK var den norske sabotasjegruppen fra Norwegian Independent Company No. 1 (Kompani Linge) som gjennomførte denne sabotasjen. Gruppen, som var britisk ledet, ble satt i land i Jøssundfjorden. Senere ble den supplert med flere nordmenn og tok base på svensk territorium ved Burvattnet. Gruppen hadde til mål å sabotere jernbanen slik at tyskerne ikke fikk transportert tropper via land. På grunn av problemer ved det opprinnelige målet (Granabrua) ble jernbanebroen over Jørstadelva valgt. Et tog ankom broen seks timer etter sprengningen, ukjent med sabotasjen, og toget kjørte ut i elva.
Ulykken var den siste av tolv jernbaneulykker i løpet av andre verdenskrig, og den togulykken i Norge som har krevd flest menneskeliv. 78 tyske soldater og to norske jernbaneansatte omkom i ulykken. Ca. 100 personer ble skadet. I tillegg omkom én nordmann under opprydningsarbeidet. 46 av 48 hester som var med toget ble enten drept i selve avsporingen eller var så sterkt skadet at de måtte avlives på stedet av tyskerne.
Sprengningen førte til en meget spent situasjon med fare for tyske represalier. Dette fordi operasjonen var den mest omfattende av en rekke lignende sabotasjeaksjoner. Umiddelbart etter sprengningen ble det bygd en ny trasé og krisebru for jernbanen. Den 19. januar var broen igjen farbar for tog. Denne traseen med brukar kan godt sees i dag, mellom jernbanen og vegen. Merk: Det var ingen veg her på sørsida av Snåsavatnet i 1945.
Jørstadelva krigsminne ble åpnet 8. mai 1995, på 50-årsdagen for fredsslutningen. Siktemålet for dette krigsminne er å kombinere respekt for krigens dåd med håpet om framtidig fred og forsoning. Krigsminnet består av en støtte tilegnet operasjon WOODLARK og en støtte tilegnet operasjon RYPE*
Operasjon RYPE var kodenavnet på en amerikansk fallskjermstyrke, the Norwegian Operations Group (NORSO), som ble droppet i Snåsafjella 24. mars 1945 og hadde tilholdssted på Gjevsjøen fjellgård. Styrken tilhørte organisasjonen The Office of Strategic Services (OSS), forløperen til U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) og ble ledet av den senere CIA-sjefen William Colby. Soldatene var rekruttert fra 99th Battalion (Separate) US Army, en bataljon som var opprettet i 1942 for å drive geriljaaksjoner bak fiendens linjer. Styrken i Snåsafjella var hovedsakelig norskamerikanere og hadde base på Gjefsjøen Fjellgård ved Gjevsjøen.
En av Heimevernets innsatsstyrker, Innsatsstyrke RYPE ble opprettet som del av Trøndelag Heimevernsdistrikt 12 i 2005. Denne fikk navnet «Rype» etter aksjonen under andre verdenskrig.
NOR-WAY Bussekspress

NOR-WAY Bussekspress (NBE) kjører ti ekspressbussruter i Norge. Selskapet er et norsk kjedesamarbeid mellom ulike busselskaper som står for driften av rutene.
I dag dekker NOR-WAY Bussekspress strekninger over hele Sør-Norge, inkludert hele strekningene mellom Oslo, Kristiansand, Stavanger, Bergen, Sogndal og over fjellet til Fagernes og tilbake til Oslo, fjellovergangen Haukeli, og avganger til Trysil og Førde. Langs strekningen betjenes både trafikk lokalt og regionalt.
Årlig reiser rundt 2 millioner passasjerer med NOR-WAY-rutene.
Da NOR-WAY Bussekspress ble lansert 1. april 1988, var det et positivt gjennombrudd for rutebilnæringen. Et tidlig problem var at det ikke ble gitt tillatelse til å kjøre buss parallelt med jernbanen. Men den restriktive politikken myknet etter hvert og det medførte nye bussruter, samt at tidligere ekspressbussruter ble forlenget. Et eksempel er ruten fra Sogn og Fjordane som tidligere bare gikk til Gol, hvor passasjerene måtte skifte til jernbane, før turen fortsatte til Oslo. Gradvis ble ekspressbuss-rutenettet utbygd til et landsomfattende rutenett.
I dag kan man reise over hele Sør-Norge med ekspressbuss, også utenfor de områdene der det går toglinjer.
I tillegg er det billettsamarbeid med Flybussen rute FB2 mellom Oslo bussterminal og Oslo lufthavn.
Bane NOR

Bane NOR SF er et norsk statsforetak med ansvar for infrastruktur på jernbanen i Norge. Det ble bestemt opprettet i februar 2016 og kom i drift fra 1. januar 2017.
I etableringsfasen var Bane NOR kjent som Jernbane­infrastruktur­foretaket SF. Foretaket ble vedtatt opprettet av Kongen i statsråd 5. februar 2016 og kom i operativ drift 1. januar 2017. Etableringen av foretaket var en del av Erna Solbergs regjerings jernbanereform.
Det vedtektsfestede formålet er å sørge for tilgjengelig jernbane­infrastruktur og effektive og brukervennlige jernbane­infrastruktur­tjenester (inkludert knutepunkts- og terminalutvikling) som grunnlag for transport av personer og gods på det nasjonale jernbanenettet. Foretakets oppgaver er planlegging, utbygging, forvaltning, drift og vedlikehold av det nasjonale jernbanenettet, trafikkstyring og forvaltning av jernbaneeiendom, som foretaket etter avtale med Jernbanedirektoratet har påtatt seg ansvar for. Dette er hovedsakelig områder Jernbaneverket hadde ansvar for tidligere.
Foretaket eies av Samferdselsdepartementet og fungerer operativt fra 1. januar 2017. Det skal i hovedsak finansieres gjennom avtaler med Jernbanedirektoratet om forvaltning, drift og vedlikehold av eksisterende infrastruktur og om planlegging og utbygging av ny infrastruktur, i tillegg til inntekter fra salg av tjenester til togselskaper, kjøreveisavgift og inntekter knyttet til eiendom. Bane NOR overtok eierskapet av Rom Eiendom fra NSB-konsernet.
Bane NOR er organisert i fem divisjoner med ansvar for hver sine virkeområder og fire konsernstaber med fagansvar på tvers av divisjonene.
Bane NORs tekniske regelverk er en samlebetegnelse for normaler innenfor de ulike jernbanetekniske fagområder.
Tekniske regelverk er et viktig styringsverktøy og et viktig hjelpemiddel ved prosjektering, bygging og vedlikehold av jernbaneanlegg, og i tillegg har læreplaner og retningslinjer for jernbanekompetanse betydning.
Den 9. august 2022 meldte NRK at Bane Nor innrømmet å ha brøytet for dårlig på jernbanestrekningen over Saltfjellet foregående vinter. Selskapet CargoNet krevde på grunn av dette 17 millioner NOK i erstatning fra Bane NOR. Også SJ meldte at de kom til å kreve erstatning fra Bane NOR for dårlig brøyting på strekningen.
Første juledag 2024 ble all togtrafikk i Norge stoppet på grunn av feil i kommunikasjonen mellom togene og togledersentralen.
Rena

Rena er et tettsted og administrasjonssenteret i Åmot kommune i Østerdalen i Innlandet. Tettstedet har 2 131 innbyggere per 1. januar 2023, og ligger 30 kilometer nord for Elverum. Rena ble grunnlagt i 1871 og var opprinnelig en stasjonsby i forbindelse med Rørosbanen.
Åmot kirke fra 1902 ligger i sentrum og er stedets fremste turistattraksjon. Kirken er i tømmer, tegnet av arkitekt Henrik Bull.
Rena stasjon er jernbanestasjonen på Rena og et stoppested på Rørosbanen. SJ Norge betjener togruter til Hamar, Røros og Trondheim fra Rena.
Rena flyplass, Landsørkje ligger 4 km nord for Rena leir.
Innlandstrafikk betjener Rena med bussruter til Elverum, Koppang, Deset, Osen og Åsbygda.
I 1913 ble hjørnestensbedriften Rena kartonfabrikk grunnlagt av Tollef Kilde. Fabrikken ble nedlagt i 1998. Rena kartonfabrikk ble revet 2007. Nå står bare kontorbygget, fabrikkpipa og verkstedet igjen.
På Rena ligger også Rena leir med befalskole for Hæren.
Rena har vært lærested for høyere utdanning siden 1978, med plasseringen av daværende Hedmark distriktshøgskole. Skolen ble i 1994 til Høgskolen i Hedmark, avdeling Rena (ØSIR). I 2017 ble Høgskolen i Hedmark slått sammen med Høgskolen i Lillehammer til Høgskolen i Innlandet.
Rena skole og Åmot ungdomsskole ligger også på stedet.
Hvert år arrangeres Birkebeinerrennet og rittet som går fra Rena til Lillehammer.
Radio Midt-Østerdal sender fra Åmot kulturhus på Rena.
Rena er også kjent for sine solide røtter innen rock og beslektede musikksjangere. Fra 60-tallet og frem til i dag har stedet hatt et stort antall band og artister. I dag blir disse ivaretatt gjennom sin egen frivillige organisasjon Rena-Rock. Rena-Rock holder gratis rockeskole for barn, arr. av konserter, felles øvingslokaler etc.
Rikssenteret for fallskjermidrett ligger på Østre Æra flyplass, mellom Rena og Osen langs fylkesvei 215, og drives av Oslo Fallskjermklubb. Fallskjermhoppingen foregår vanligvis mellom soloppgang og solnedgang, alle dager været tillater det fra mai til september.