davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
METAR

METAR es el estándar internacional en aviación del formato del código utilizado para emitir periódicamente informes de las observaciones meteorológicas en los aeródromos. Es análogo al código SA utilizado en Estados Unidos. Es un acrónimo traducido del francés (MÉTéorologique Aviation Régulière) como Informe meteorológico aeronáutico de rutina (en inglés: METeorological Aerodrome Report). El código SPECI es el nombre en código dado al METAR emitido en una rutina no programada especial, ocasionada por cambios en las condiciones meteorológicas. La sigla SPECI se traduce como Selección Especial del Informe Meteorológico para la Aviación. Es usado por los meteorólogos, para ayudarse en los pronósticos del tiempo y son especialmente útiles para informar a los pilotos de las aeronaves de las condiciones meteorológicas de los aeropuertos de destino y actuar en consecuencia. Los informes meteorológicos METAR usualmente vienen de los aeropuertos. Típicamente se emiten cada media hora o una hora (depende del aeródromo); sin embargo, si las condiciones cambian significativamente pueden actualizarse con informes meteorológicos especiales llamados SPECI.
El formato se introdujo el 1 de enero de 1968, y ya ha sido modificado muchísimas veces. EE. UU. y Canadá lo adoptaron desde el 1 de junio de 1996.
Este reporte se consigue para determinado aeródromo por su código ICAO/OACI (ejemplos: KMIA Miami, EE. UU. y LEPA Palma de Mallorca, España) y contempla entre otros datos: viento, visibilidad, nubosidad y temperatura.
Estos son muy útiles, no solo para la aviación, sino también para los usuarios de internet, gracias a que se accede a ellos libremente desde el Servicio Nacional del Clima de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica (institución conocida por su nombre en inglés: National Weather Service) y las páginas de meteorología de muchos países.
Aunque el formato general de los reportes METAR es un estándar global, los campos específicos varían algo entre el estándar de uso internacional y el usado dentro de Norteamérica.
La clave Metar internacional está dada por el siguiente orden: METAR - Lugar - fecha y hora - viento - visibilidad - fenómenos - nubes - temperatura - presión
Es un indicador de 4 letras según la OACI
Ejemplo:
SPJC
En este caso es el Aeropuerto Internacional Jorge Chávez, en Lima, Perú.
Día del mes, hora y minutos en UTC (Tiempo Universal Coordinado) seguido de la letra Z (zulú)
Ejemplo:
251200Z (día 25 y hora 12:00 Zulú)
Está compuesto de dos componentes:
Dirección redondeada a la decena de grados más próxima (Tomese en consideración para la dirección los 360° disponibles, sabiendo que 0° o 360° es el norte, 90° es el este, 180° es el sur y 270° el oeste)
Ejemplo:
24015KT: 240° CON 15 NUDOS
Ejemplo:
1400: 1,400 metros
Cerro Mohinora

El Cerro Mohinora es una montaña que forma parte de la cordillera de la Sierra Madre Occidental en el estado mexicano de Chihuahua, ubicado en el municipio de Guadalupe y Calvo. El Cerro Mohinora alcanza una elevación de 3,300 metros (10, 8267 pies) sobre el nivel del mar. El clima de la montaña es extremadamente frío en invierno y templado a medio frío en verano. El área del Cerro fue declarada como Área Natural Protegida, con el carácter de Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna el 1 de agosto de 2012​​
De acuerdo al Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Biodiversidad de la Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO) en el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Cerro Mohinora habitan más de 310 especies de plantas y animales de las cuales 14 se encuentra dentro de alguna categoría de riesgo de la Norma Oficial Mexicana NOM-059 y 6 son exóticas,​​
La montaña comenzó a formarse durante el período geológico del Paleógeno, caracterizado por una intensa actividad volcánica en la zona, arrojando lava y cenizas sobre la meseta circundante y concluyendo tras violentas erupciones piroclásticas creando la Sierra Madre Occidental. El Cerro Mohinora se elevó a una elevación de más de 3,300 m sobre el nivel del mar durante el Pleistoceno por una intensa actividad tectónica. La montaña está compuesta principalmente de rocas ígneas.
Utilizando la clasificación climática de Köppen, el clima de la montaña es de clima continental húmedo (Dfb). Los veranos son frescos con temperaturas que raramente alcanzan los 25 °C (77 °F) y los mínimos del verano caen por debajo de los 10 °C (50 °F)​ regularmente. Hay fuertes tormentas de junio a octubre. Los inviernos son muy fríos, alcanzando un máximo alto de 0 °C (32 °F) y alcanzando un máximo bajo de -31 °C (-24 °F). Las tormentas de nieve en invierno con fuertes vientos son comunes y generalmente se produce más de 1 metro (~ 3 pies) de nieve por temporada.
Charles W. Gilmore

Charles Whitney Gilmore (1874 - 1945) fue un paleontólogo estadounidense, que nombró dinosaurios en América del Norte y Mongolia, incluyendo Alamosaurus, Alectrosaurus, Archaeornithomimus, Bactrosaurus, Brachyceratops, Chirostenotes, Mongolosaurus, Parrosaurus, Pinacosaurus, Styracosaurus y Thescelosaurus.
Era hijo de John Edward Gilmore y de Caroline M. Whitney. Gilmore obtuvo su Bachelor of Science en la Universidad de Wyoming en 1901.
Se casó el 11 de octubre de 1902, con Laure Contant. Como estudiante, fue asistente en el Departamento de Paleontología de vertebrados del Museo Carnegie de Historia Natural de Pittsburgh, desde 1901 a 1904. Y a partir de ese año, trabajó en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Instituto Smithsoniano donde fue preparador hasta 1909, luego conservador de 1908 a 1911, asistente conservador de 1911 a 1918, conservador asociado de 1918 a 1923, y conservador a partir de 1923. Gilmore realizó más de quince expediciones para estudiar reptiles fósiles.
Además de describir nuevos dinosaurios, Gilmore escribió varias monografías, incluyendo una monografía de 1914 de Stegosaurus, otra de 1920 de dinosaurios carnívoros, una revisión de 1936 de Apatosaurus, como también un estudio más enfocado en 1925 del Camarasaurus juvenil.
La abreviatura Gilmore se emplea para indicar a Charles W. Gilmore como autoridad en la descripción y taxonomía en zoología.
Barilium dawsoni

Barilium dawsoni ("Isquion pesado de Dawson") es la única especie conocida del género extinto Barilium de dinosaurio ornitópodo iguanodóntido que vivió a principios del período Cretácico, hace aproximadamente 138 millones de años durante el Valanginiense en lo que es hoy Europa. Fue descrito por primera vez como una especie de Iguanodon, I. dawsoni por Richard Lydekker en 1888​ y en 2010 fue reclasificada como un taxón independiente.​
El nombre del género Barilium se deriva del griego barys, "pesado", y del latín ilium, "hueso ilíaco".​ Más tarde, en el mismo año 2010, Kenneth Carpenter y Yusuke Ishida lo asignaron independientemente al nuevo género Torilion,​ que es por lo tanto un sinónimo más moderno objetivo de Barilium. Lydekker basó la especie sintipo en la serie BMNH R798, 798a, 803 a 805, 806, 798b, 802, 802a y 799-801.​ Norman eligió a NHMUK R 798 y R802, una vértebra dorsal y un ilion izquierdo, como el lectotipo.​
Contemporáneo con Hypselospinus, inicialmente también encuadrado en el género Iguanodon, Barilium es un robusto iguanodontoniano de 8 metros de largo.​ Es conocido por dos esqueletos parciales encontrados en Sussex del Este, Inglaterra,​ en la Arcilla de Wadhurst datadas a mediados del Valanginiense en el Cretácico Inferior.​
Barilium se diferencia de Hypselospinus sobre la base de características vertebrales, de la pelvis, el tamaño y la constitución.​ Barilium era más robusto que Hypselospinus, con vértebras grandes como Camptosaurus e incluye cortas espinas neurales, mientras que Hypselospinus es conocido por sus espinas neurales largas y estrechas, escarpadas e inclinadas.​
Volcanic field

A volcanic field is an area of Earth's crust that is prone to localized volcanic activity. The type and number of volcanoes required to be called a "field" is not well-defined. Volcanic fields usually consist of clusters of up to 100 volcanoes such as cinder cones. Lava flows may also occur. They may occur as a monogenetic volcanic field or a polygenetic volcanic field.
Alexander von Humboldt observed in 1823 that geologically young volcanoes are not distributed uniformly across the Earth's surface, but tend to be clustered into specific regions. Young volcanoes are rarely found within cratons, but are characteristic of subduction zones, rift zones, or in ocean basins. Intraplate volcanoes are clustered along hotspot traces.
Within regions of volcanic activity, volcanic fields are clusters of volcanoes that share a common magma source. Unlike a large volcano with satellite or subsidiary vents, a volcanic field's vents have their own source of magma, possibly of different compositions (such as basalt and rhyolite), and these vents may span an area of thousands of square miles. Scoria cones are particularly prone to cluster into volcanic fields, which are typically 30–80 kilometers (19–50 miles) in diameter and consist of several tens to several hundred individual cones. The unusually large Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt has nearly 1000 cones covering an area of 60,000 square kilometers (23,000 sq mi).
Pinacate Peaks

The Pinacate Peaks (Sierra Pinacate, O'odham: Cuk Doʼag) are a group of volcanic peaks and cinder cones located mostly in the Mexican state of Sonora along the international border adjacent to the U.S. state of Arizona, surrounded by the vast sand dune field of the Gran Desierto de Altar, at the desert's southeast.
The Spanish name for the Pinacate Peaks geographic feature is the Sierra Pinacate, which is used in their homeland of Mexico.
The Pinacate Peaks lie just north of the fishing resort of Puerto Peñasco. The tallest of the peaks is Cerro del Pinacate (also called Volcan Santa Clara), with an elevation of 3,904 feet (1,190 m). The Mexican Spanish word pinacate is derived from the Nahuatl word for the endemic desert stink beetle, pinacatl.
The volcanoes here have erupted sporadically since about 4 million years ago, probably in association with the opening of the Gulf of California. The most recent volcanic activity was about 11,000 years ago. The Pinacate Desert is home to the largest sand dunes in the Americas.
A variety of flora and fauna occur in the Pinacate Mountains, including the sculptural Elephant Tree, and Bursera microphylla.
Padre Eusebio Kino, the founder of many Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert, explored here in 1698 and several times later.
NASA sent astronauts here starting in 1965 for geologic training, given the similarity of the terrain to the lunar surface, and included training models of lunar surface equipment. Apollo 14's Alan Shepard and Ed Mitchell, and Apollo 17's Jack Schmitt trained here in Feb. 1970.
The El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve is a biosphere reserve, in the Spanish language Reserva de la Biosfera el Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar, managed by the Mexican Federal Government's SEMARNAT - the Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, in collaboration with the government of the State of Sonora's IMADES agency.
Facts about the reserve:
Cabezon Peak

Cabezon Peak is a large volcanic plug that is a prominent feature in northwestern New Mexico. It rises to 7,785 feet (2,373 meters) in elevation, and nearly 2,000 feet above the floor of the Rio Puerco Valley. Cabezon Peak is two miles south of the old ghost town of Cabezon and the Rio Puerco. This volcanic neck is formed of basalt and is part of the Mount Taylor volcanic field. A volcanic neck or plug is formed when magma from an existing volcano solidifies in the pipe or neck and the surrounding sediment is eroded away. Marine Cretaceous rocks of the Mancos Shale and Point Lookout Sandstone are exposed around the base of Cabezon Peak.
Cabezon means “big head” in Spanish. This stems from a Navajo myth which holds that it is the head of the giant Ye’i-tsoh after being slain by the twins Nayenezgani and To’badzistsini. The first geologist to study Cabezon Peak was likely Clarence E. Dutton, who also photographed the peak in 1884–1885. Further studies were carried out by Douglas Wilson Johnson in 1907 and C.B. Hunt in 1938. All identified the peak as an exhumed volcanic neck.
Mesa Prieta is south of Cabezon Peak.
Cabezon Peak is the solidified core of a volcano that erupted 2.658 ± 0.032 million years ago, based on argon-argon dating. The eruption at this volcano likely began with lava fountains from the vent, which built up a scoria cone. Lava later ponded in the interior of the cone, solidifying into a massive plug. Erosion then stripped away the less resistant scoria, leaving the highly resistant plug visible today.
The visible plug is nearly cylindrical in shape; it is approximately 0.5 kilometers (0.3 mi) across at its base, and tapers to 0.15 kilometers (0.1 mi). The plug is composed mostly of basalt columns, about 0.5 to 2.5 meters (1.6 to 8.2 ft) in diameter, that are vertical in the upper part of the plug but splay outwards at its base. The topmost part of the plug is scoria that remains from the original cone.
The lava erupted at Cabezon Peak was alkaline basalt in composition; that is, a lava relatively low in silica, and moderately enriched in alkali metals. The basalt that solidified from this lava contains visible crystals (phenocrysts) of olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and magnetite in a very fine-grained matrix. The origin of the alkaline basalt is uncertain. It may have formed in the upper mantle where hot rock crept upwards beneath the Rio Grande rift.
The basalt of Cabezon Peak contains a small number of xenoliths, fragments of solid rock that were entrained in the magma from the upper mantle or lower crust.
List of large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province

Large-volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include Basin and Range eruptions in Utah, California, Idaho, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Wyoming, and Oregon, as well as those of the Long Valley Caldera geological province and the Yellowstone hotspot.
The volcanic fields within the Basin and Range Province include Northwestern Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, Central Nevada, the Great Basin, Southwestern Nevada, the Mojave Desert, and the Long Valley Caldera regions. Named fields include Coso Volcanic Field, Mono Lake Volcanic Field, Marysvale Volcanic Field, San Juan volcanic field, Indian Peak, Central Colorado volcanic field, Jemez volcanic lineament, Mogollon-Datil volcanic field, Santa Rosa-Calico, and Boot Heel volcanic field.
Many geological features in Western United States have a Northeastern orientation; the North American craton motion has the same orientation as well. For example: the Trans-Challis fault zone in Idaho, the Snake River in Oregon, the Garlock Fault in California, the Colorado River in Utah, the Colorado Mineral Belt, Crater Flat-Reveille Range-Lunar Crater lineament, the Northwestern Nevada volcanic field, the San Juan caldera cluster in Colorado, the Socorro-Magdalena caldera cluster in New Mexico, Jemez Lineament, and the Yellowstone hotspot trail. But the Yellowstone hotspot trail was modified through faults and extension.
Prior to the Eocene Epoch (55.8 ± 0.2 to 33.9 ± 0.1 Ma), the convergence rate of the Farallon and North American Plates was fast and the angle of subduction was shallow. During the Eocene, the Farallon Plate subduction-associated compressive forces of the Laramide orogeny ended, plate interactions changed from orthogonal compression to oblique strike-slip, and volcanism in the Basin and Range Province flared up. It is suggested that this plate continued to be underthrust until about 19 Ma, at which time it was completely consumed and volcanic activity ceased, in part. Olivine basalt from the oceanic ridge erupted around 17 Ma and extension began. The extension resulted in roughly north-south-trending faults, the Great Basin, the Walker trough, the Owens graben, and the Rio Grande rift, for instance.
The large-volume eruptions in the Basin and Range Province include:
The Rupelian age/stage (Paleogene period/system, Oligocene epoch/series) spans the time between 33.9 ±0.1 Ma and 28.4 ±0.1 Ma (million years ago).
Ojo Alamo Formation

The Ojo Alamo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico spanning the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary. Non-avian dinosaur fossils have controversially been identified in beds of this formation dating from after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but these have been explained as either misidentification of the beds in question or as reworked fossils, fossils eroded from older beds and redeposited in the younger beds.
The Ojo Alamo Formation is divided into two subunits separated by a large unconformity—a gap in the geologic record. The lower Naashoibito member (sometimes considered part of the Kirtland Formation) was deposited during the Maastrichtian age of the Cretaceous period, specifically between about 69-68 million years ago. It overlies the De-na-zin member of the Kirtland formation, though the two are separated by another large unconformity that spans a period of geologic time equivalent to 73-69 million years ago. All dinosaur fossils probably come from this unit. Although argon dating suggest the naashoibito member would be dated to 66.5 mya. The upper unit of the Ojo Alamo Formation is the Kimbeto Member, which was deposited mainly during the earliest Cenozoic (Danian age of the Paleogene period), between 66 and 64 million years ago.
Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, though all dinosaur remains come from the lowest part of the formation, the Naashoibito member (sometimes considered part of the Kirtland Formation, which dates to the late Maastrichtian stage of the Cretaceous period).
Some researchers have claimed to find isolated non-avian dinosaur remains in the younger Kimbeto Member. If this is the case, it would represent the only known instance of a non-avian dinosaur population persisting after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. However, most scientists consider these to have been stratigraphically misinterpreted or reworked from the older Naashoibito member.
The following species are known to be present in the Naashoibito Member "Alamo Wash Fauna".
Fish
Amphibians
Squamates
Testudines
Crocodylians
Dinosaurs
Mammals
The formation was named by Barnum Brown in 1910 for exposures near Ojo Alamo springs in the San Juan Basin. Baltz et al. reassigned the lower beds to the Kirtland Formation in 1966, but this has not been generally accepted.
Kirtland Formation

The Kirtland Formation (originally the Kirtland Shale) is a sedimentary geological formation.
The Kirtland Formation is the product of alluvial muds and overbank sand deposits from the many channels draining the coastal plain that existed on the inland seashore of North America, in the late Cretaceous period. It overlies the Fruitland Formation. It is found in the San Juan Basin in the states of New Mexico and Colorado, in the United States of America.
The base of the Kirtland Formation and its lowest sub-unit, the Hunter Wash member, has been dated to 75.02 ± 0.13 Ma. Together with the upper part of the underlying Fruitland Formation, this contains fossils representing the Hunter Wash local fauna. The border between the Hunter Wash member and overlying Farmington member dates to approximately 74 million years ago. The top of the Farmington member and bottom of the overlying De-na-zin member has been radiometrically dated to 73.83 ± 0.18 Ma ago. The top of the De-na-zin member, which contains the Willow Wash local fauna, has been dated to 73.49 ± 0.25 Ma ago.
Overlying the De-na-zin member is a unit called the Naashoibito member This has often been considered to be part of the Kirtland formation, but more recently has been transferred back to the overlying Ojo Alamo Formation, which it had originally been part of.
The formation was named by C.M. Bauer in 1916 for exposures near the Kirtland Post Office.
In Search of the Turtle's Navel

In Search of the Turtle's Navel (originally titled "The Search for the Turtle's Navel" from 1976 to 1979) is the 1976 debut album by guitarist Will Ackerman. Some consider the album to be the start of new-age music. The album took Ackerman from his work as a carpenter and head of Windham Hill Builders to becoming a professional musician and executive of Windham Hill Records.
The picture on the album cover is one Ackerman took of his younger sister Elinor when they were children.
All compositions by Will Ackerman
Original Track Listing 1975-1979
Rerelease Track Listing 1979–present
Olyutorsky District

Olyutorsky District (Russian: Олю́торский райо́н) is an administrative and municipal district (raion) of Koryak Okrug of Kamchatka Krai, Russia, one of the eleven in the krai. It is located in the northeast of the krai. The area of the district is 72,352 square kilometers (27,935 sq mi). Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Tilichiki. Population: 5,036 (2010 Census); 7,170 (2002 Census); 12,833 (1989 Soviet census). The population of Tilichiki accounts for 34.6% of the district's total population.
The major rivers in the district are the Pakhacha and Apuka, having their headwaters close to the north-flowing Mayn River, as well as the Ukelayat and the Velikaya River flowing into the Bering Sea. Lantzeff speaks also of the Olyutora River, which does not appear on modern maps and which he distinguishes from the Pakhacha. The Olyutor Range, Pikas Range and Ukelayat Range mountain chains, as well as the southern part of the Komeutyuyam Range are in the district.
In 1714, Russians built the ostrog (fortress) of Olyutorsk to control the coast and land route from Kamchatka to Anadyrsk; a function it shared with Aklansk. It was besieged by the Yukaghirs and Koryaks. It lost its importance after the sea route from Okhotsk was opened.
The Alyutors, a branch of the Koryaks lived in the area or somewhat west. There were also Yukaghirs, some of whom had been brought south by the Russians.
Тамга

Тамга гэдэг нь албаны болон бусад бичиг баримтыг баталгаажуулах үед ашиглаж ирсэн хэрэгсэл юм. Тамга нь эрт үеэс хэрэглэж эхлэхдээ цаас, шавар баримал, хөшөө дурсгал, төмөр эдлэл, торго даавуу бүхий зураг, сэлт дээр ямар нэгэн дүрсийг билэгдэл болгон товойлгон дүрслэн уг зүйлээ тодорхой нэг эзэнтэй гэсэн ойлголт өгөх зориулалттай бүтээгдсэн. Эрт үеэс үүрэг зориулалтаараа төрийн болон хувийн компани зэрэгт хуулийн дагуу хэрэглэж буйг тамга, хувь хүн өөрийн хүсэл сонирхолд тулгуурлаж, зөвхөн өөрийгөө илэрхийлэх зориулалттай бол тэмдэг гэж нэрлэж ирсэн. Аман ярианд тамга, тэмдэг гэсэн хоршоо үгээр хэрэглэдэг.
Хүн үүссэн үеэс хадан дээр амьтны дүрст тэмдэг үлдээсэн зүйл ажиглагддаг. Энэ нь тамга үүсэх анхны эхлэл болсон гэж үздэг. Энэ нь сүүлдээ хөгжсөөр үсэг бичиг үүссэн үед дөрвөлжин эсвэл зуувин, дугуй , гурвалжин зэрэг дүрсэн дотор дүрс буюу үг сийлж, үлдээх замаар хамгийн анхны тамга төст дүрсийг эртний Мисир, Шүмерийн хотууд, эртний Ся, Шан улсуудын хотуудаас ваар, зураг, модон дээр сийлж үлдээсэн байдлаар олдож ирсэн. Төрт улсууд үүссэн цагаас хот улсууд, жижиг улсын хаад, ноёдын хэрэглэх тамга нь энгийн иргэний тэмдэг хоёрын зааг ялгаа үүсч эхэлсэн. Ингэхдээ төрийн тамга нь дорно дахинд дөрвөлжин хэлбэрийг олсон бол, өрнө дахинд дугуй хэлбэр бүхий тамга хэрэглэж байсан. МЭӨ III зуунаас хойш тамга нь тухайн бүс нутаг, орны авианд тааруулсан үсэг бичгээр үйлдэх болсон өнөө хүртэл тасарашгүй иржээ. Харин хувийн тэмдэг нь ямар нэгэн дүрс, билэгдэл, эзэн хүнийг илэрхийлэх бичиг сийлсэн хэдий ч, албаны тамгаас жижиг хэмжээтэй байв.
Хятадын эзэн хааны тамга

Хятадын эзэн хааны тамга нь Хятадын түүхэнд эзэн хаадын сүр хүчийг баталж, бүх хятадыг нэгтгэн захирах эрхийг бататгаж өгдөг байсан учраас чухал байр суурь эзэлдэг байжээ.
МЭӨ 221 онд Цинь ванлигийн эзэн, 6 улсыг нэгтгэж дуусаад өөрийг бүх хятадын эзэн хаанд өргөмжилсөн. Ингэснээр Байлдаант улсуудын үе төгссөн. Урьд Жао ванлигт хадгалагдаж байсан Хэшиби хэмээх тэнгэрийн чулуу гэж алдаршсан Хаш чулуугаар Цинь Ши хуаний зарлигаар шинэ тамга бүтээсэн. Уг тамганд "Тэнгэрийн ивээл өнөд мөнх" (受命於天，既壽永昌) гэсэн үгийг тэргүүн сайд Ли Си нарын хүмүүс бичиж, Сүнь шоу нарын хүмүүс тамга сийлсэн. Тиймээс хожим «Хаш эрдэнийн тамга» (Монголоор Хасбуу тамга гэж нэрлэдэг), Төр залгамжлах эрдэнэ гэж нэрлэгдсэн.
Цинь улс мөхсөний дараа тус тамга нь Хан улсын эзэн хааны гарт орсон. Энэ үеэс түүнийг «Төр залгамжлах эрдэнэ» хэмээн хүндэтгэн нэрлэж, үүнээс сэдэвлэсэн олон домог зохиогдсон. Баруун Хань улсыг МЭ 9 онд Ван Ман мөхөөж, өөрөө эзэн хаан болж, улсын нэрийг сольсон. Ингээд эзэн хааны тамгыг атгахыг шаардсан, гэвч бэлбэсэн хатан хилэгнэж, тамгыг эвдэж сүйтгэсэн. Гэвч Ван Ман зарлиг буулгаж дахин сэргээн бүтээлгэсэн.
Зүүн Хань улс мөхөх үеийн үймээнээр Эзэн хааны тамга үрэгдэн алга болжээ. Энэ үеэс эхлэн «Хан улсын эзэн хааны суудал, хаш эрдэнийн тамга»-ны төлөөх тэмцэл өрнөж, Гурван улсын үеийг эхлүүлэх үндэс болсон юм.
Хан улсын сүүлээр үрэгдсэн Цинь улсын эзэн хааны тамгыг хятад газар оршиж байсан бүх улсууд хуурамчаар хийж, домог яриа зохиож, олон түмний сэтгэлийг татахыг эрмэлзэж байсан.
Энэ хэрээр тус тамганы үнэ цэнэ улам өсөж, ард түмний дунд эзлэх байр суурь нь бэхжиж байв. Чухамдаа энэ сэтгэлийг ашиглах оролдлогыг Жинь улс, Умард өмнөд төрийн үе, Сүй улс, Тан улс, Таван ханлиг, 10 ванлигийн үе, Ляо улс, Сүн улс, Юань улс, Мин улс, Чин улсууд удаа дараа ашиглаж, тус бүрийн тамга үйлдэж байсан юм.
Төрийн тамга

Богд Хаант Монгол Улсыг байгуулсны дараа Шашин төрийг хослон баригч Нарангэрэлт, түмэн наст богд хааны тамга гэсэн төрийн тамгыг хашаар үйлдсэн байна.
Олноо Өргөгдсөн Монгол Улс
Японы эзэн хааны тамга

Японы Эзэн Хааны тамга (Япон: 天皇御璽) нь Япон улсын гол хоёр тамганы нэг юм.
Японы Эзэн Хааны тамга нь ойролцоогоор 9 см талт тэг дөрвөлжин, "Эзэн хааны их тамга" (天皇御璽) гэсэн 4 ханз бүхий, 4.5 кг цул алтаар урласан тамга бөгөөд дархан Абэй Рэкидо (安部井 櫟堂) ганцхан жилийн дотор сийлж 1874 онд Мэйжи эзэн хаанд барьсан байдаг.
Ашиглагдаагүй үедээ нил ягаан уутанд байдаг бөгөөд тамганы тосыг төрийн тусгай үйлдвэрт гарган авдаг.
Японы Эзэн Хааны тамгыг шинэ хууль тогтоол, гэрээ хэлцэл, элчин сайдуудын зөвшөөрөл болон хөөлтийн бичиг, төлөөллийн бичиг сэлтэд дарж ашиглана. Мөн шинэ эзэн хаан сэнтийд залрах ёслолд ширээний урд тавиатай байдаг байна.
Эзэн хаадын тамга Нара үеээс гарч ирдэг байна. Анхандаа зэсээр хийгддэг байжээ.
Arroz al horno

El arroz al horno (arròs al forn en valenciano) es un plato típico de la Comunidad Valenciana. Se elabora en cazuela de barro y se cocina como su nombre indica en el horno. Por el recipiente que se utiliza en algunos lugares de la Comunidad Valenciana recibe el nombre de cassola (cazuela en castellano), que generalmente está hecha de cerámica o barro.
Arroz al horno, arroz típico valenciano más concretamente de la región de la ribera (senyera)un pequeño pueblo,donde se comenzaron hacer en calderos o paellas. Su origen está en el aprovechamiento de los restos del cocido por lo que sus ingredientes principales son los garbanzos y los diversos productos procedentes del cerdo utilizados en su elaboración (chorizo, morcilla, carne y pelotas elaboradas con carne picada) junto con el caldo obtenido. Además se le añaden patatas, tomate y una cabeza de ajos coronando la cazuela. También es común su elaboración sin utilizar el cocido, simplemente con caldo o incluso agua y añadiéndole embutidos, costillas de cerdo o panceta.
Existen diferentes maneras de denominar el plato, siendo común también la de arròs passejat (arroz paseado, debido al hecho de que había que llevar la cazuela al horno de pan más cercano porque antiguamente no había hornos domésticos en los hogares), cosa que en Altura, Agres y Cheste todavía se ve.
Aunque es un plato muy común en toda la Comunidad Valenciana, son especialmente renombradas en su elaboración las localidades de Almácera, Alboraya, Chella, Agres, Cheste, Beniarrés, Muro de Alcoy, Senyera, Castelló de la Ribera,Torrente (conocido como rossejat o cassola de Sant Blai)​ Onteniente y Játiva, celebrando esta última un concurso internacional de elaboración de arroz al horno.
Arroz empedrado

El arroz empedrado (también conocido como arroz empedrao o simplemente empedrao) es un plato típico de la comarca castellonense del Alto Palancia en la Comunidad Valenciana (España). Sus ingredientes son arroz, alubias, bacalao seco, pimentón y ajos principalmente y se sirve meloso.​ Debido a que no contiene ningún producto cárnico es un plato típico de la cuaresma (plato de Semana Santa). Este plato también es típico de la Comarca del Noroeste en la Región de Murcia.​ Este es el plato típico de la localidad castellonense de Vall de Uxó, donde se cocina con carne,​ habitualmente de caza. Además, en el municipio alicantino de Jijona, se le denomina arroz de fábrica, por ser una comida común de los trabajadores en las fábricas de turrón.​
Valencia (género)

Valencia es un género de peces actinopterigios de agua dulce,​ y el único de la familia monotípica Valenciidae. Este género está distribuido en los ríos de la vertiente mediterránea del sur de Europa.​ En ocasiones, este género se ha citado dentro de la familia Cyprinodontidae.​
Actualmente, se reconocen tres especies vivientes en este género:​
Además, se incluye una especie extinta del Mioceno:
Michele Casadei Massari

Michele Casadei Massari es un chef italiano, restaurador y experto en Internet, nacido en Riccione, Italia.​ Es el fundador y chef ejecutivo de Piccolo Café Restaurant y Lucciola.​ También es chef ejecutivo de Ferrari North America.​
Casadei Massari montó un quiosco de café con su amigo Alberto en Union Square, en Manhattan, en 2009. El 1 de abril, abrió el primer restaurante Piccolo Cafe. También puso en marcha un servicio de cáterin a través de este restaurante en 2014.​
Con sede en Nueva York,​ Casadei Massari creó Lucciola, un restaurante italiano, en diciembre de 2017.​ Está situado en la calle 90, en la avenida Amsterdam. En 2019, presentó un programa de cocina, "This is Italy", que se celebró en la sede de Urbani Truffles.​ Fue uno de los siete chefs invitados a la Jova Beach Party, un evento de entretenimiento en vivo celebrado en 2019.​​
A partir de 2020, Casadei Massari es el chef ejecutivo de Piccolo Cafe Restaurant, Lucciola y Ferrari North America.​ También es el chef ejecutivo de la Biografilm Food Academy.​ Se le conoce como el chef de los cinco ingredientes porque sigue la regla de utilizar cinco ingredientes en sus platos.​
Adobada

Adobada (Spanish for "marinated") is a preparation for many dishes that are common in Mexican cuisine. Adobada is generally pork marinated in a "red" chili sauce with vinegar and oregano, but it can refer to different types of meat and to marinades closer to al pastor. It is generally served on small, pliable maize tortilla along with sautéed vegetables and cheese.
"Carne adovada" is a baked meat dish that is a specialty in New Mexican cuisine. In its simplest form, raw pork is cut into strips or cubes and placed in a large plastic bag with New Mexico red chili powder or minced red chili peppers (Hatch, Chimayo, or guajillo chili peppers), garlic, oregano, cumin, lime/lemon juice and/or vinegar, and salt, then mixed and refrigerated overnight. The dish is cooked by baking at low heat wrapped completely in foil or in a covered dish like a casserole dish to keep the meat moist.
The southern New Mexican version is usually pork cut into strips and chunks. Historically, before refrigeration, the pork was fermented in red chile in a crock using lactobacillus bacteria cultures. Fermented meat was a way of preservation and imparted a "sour" taste to the pork which explains why modern New Mexican adovada recipes call for a bit of white vinegar or lemon/lime juice. The red chile is prepared "con pellejo" with bits of the chile skin using spices of fresh minced garlic, mortar and pestle ground oregano, comino (cumin), cilantro, and coriander seeds that may or may not be toasted. The dish is then baked until the meat is tender, moist and succulent on the inside while encrusted with a semidry and crisp red chile exterior that is almost blackened. Other versions of red chile and boiled or braised pork may be claimed as carne adovada. Other versions of red chili and pork-skin pellejo are actually what is known as chile Colorado. Carne adovada may be served with a tortilla, beans and rice, fideos or homefries, or papas with a fresh vinegar slaw or salad.
Another version is found in central New Mexico. Chunks of pork are dipped in milk and rolled in a dry rub of red chili con pellejo, garlic powder, salt, and cumin. These are tossed into a large fry pot with chicharrones and deep fried until crisp on the outside and tender and succulent inside.
In certain states in Mexico, carne adobada refers to marinated pork meat. It is a very common ingredient for tacos, in the area of Colima, Jalisco and Michoacán states. In some parts of the state of Guerrero, it is known as "carne enchilada" which means chili dressed meat. In the "Huasteca" area (San Luis Potosí, Tampico, Veracruz and Hidalgo) it may be called "cecina enchilada". Cecina stands for the thin cut steaks. Most of the Mexican variations of adobada use guajillo or chipotle chiles for the marinade, both of which can be hot and spicy.
The combination of spices, chiles, and vinegar used for the marinade is called "adobo". Numerous recipes and regional variations for the adobo seasoning impart different flavors to carne adobada. Many carne adobada recipes from Mexico use the spices allspice, cinnamon, cloves, bay leaf, and/or nutmeg, which are not typically used in the New Mexico-style dish.
Piti (food)

Piti is a soup in the cuisines of the South Caucasus, its bordering nations, and Central Asia, and is prepared in the oven in individual crocks with a glazed interior (called piti in Turkic languages). It is made with mutton and vegetables (tomatoes, potatoes, chickpeas), infused with saffron water to add flavour and colour, all covered by a lump of fat, and cooked in a sealed crock. Piti is served in the crock, usually accompanied by an additional plate for "disassembling" the meat and the liquid part with vegetables, which may be eaten separately as the first (soup with veg.) and second (meat) course meal.
Piti is a variety of abgoosht, particularly popular in Iran. In Armenia, it is called putuk (Armenian: պուտուկ), the Armenian word for crock.
The main ingredients of piti are mutton, tail fat, chickpeas, potato, onions, dried alycha or other kinds of cherry plum and saffron. Meat is gradually simmered with already soaked chickpeas in piti-pots. Potatoes, onions, alycha and saffron infusion are added 30 minutes before the meal is ready. Sumac powder is also served separately.
In Armenia, putuk (Armenian word for crock) is traditionally served directly in the clay pot in which it was cooked. The soup is often accompanied by an Armenian leavened bread called matnakash, which can be dipped into the broth. In some regions, the soup is consumed in two steps. Firstly, the broth is served with the bread, and secondly the meat gets added to the broth and the side dish gets served. The main ingredients include lamb meat, mutton, tail fat chickpeas, potatoes, onions, dried alycha and saffron.
In Azerbaijan, piti is eaten in two steps. Firstly, bread is crumpled on a plate and then spiced. After that, the broth is poured over it. Secondly, more crumpled bread is added to the plate and the remainder of the Piti (mutton fat, meat and vegetables) are poured over, mixed together, and eaten.
Shaki piti uses boiled chestnuts. It is cooked in an pot. Firstly, chickpeas, mutton and tail fat are put in the pots. After that water is added and the dish gets cooked.
Ngao ya Jamii

Ngao ya Jamii ni mashindano unaoashiria ufunguzi wa msimu mpya wa michezo yanayofanyika mara moja kwa mwaka unazozikutanisha mshindi wa msimu wa nyuma wa Ligi Kuu Tanzania Bara na mshindi wa Kombe la FA Tanzania. Ikiwa mshindi wa Ligi kuu ndiye mshindi wa Kombe la FA, mpinzani atakuwa aliyeshika nafasi ya pili kwenye msimamo wa ligi. Mashindano hayo yanatambulika rasmi na Shirikisho la mpira wa miguu Tanzania (TFF) na Shirikisho la mpira wa miguu Afrika (CAF).
Kuanzia msimu wa 2022/23, TFF ilitangaza mabadiliko kwenye mfumo wa mchezo wa ngao ya Jamii. TFF ilbadilisha kanuni ya (19:1) kuhusu mchezo wa Ngao ya jamii ambapo kwa sasa kutakuwa na shindano la Ngao ya Jamii na sio mchezo mmoja. Mfumo huu mpya unamaanisha kutakua na michezo ya nusu fainali na fainali. Michezo ya Nusu fainali ingezikutanisha Mshindi wa Ligi dhidi ya aliyeshika nafasi ya tatu kwenye msimamo, na Aliyeshika nafasi ya pili dhidi ya aliyeshika nafasi ya nne kwenye msimamo wa ligi. Timu za Young Africans, Simba, Azam na Singida big Starts ndizo zilizokua za kwanza kushiriki kwenye mfumo huu mpya, na Simba ndio timu ya kwanza kushinda taji la Ngao ya Jamii kwa kutumia mfumo huu.
Source: RSSSF
Musoma (mji)

Musoma ni mji wa Tanzania uliopo kwenye mwambao wa mashariki wa Ziwa Viktoria. Musoma imepata halmashauri na hadhi ya manisipaa. Manispaa hiyo inapakana na Wilaya ya Musoma Vijijini.
Ni makao makuu ya Mkoa wa Mara.
Katika sensa ya mwaka 2002, idadi ya wakazi wa mji huo ilihesabiwa kuwa 108,242 na katika ile ya mwaka 2022 walihesabiwa 164,172 .
Kabla ya ukoloni eneo la Musoma lilikuwa nchi ya Wakabwa, kundi la Wajaluo waliowahi kuhamia hapa.
Wajerumani wa kwanza walifika mnamo mwaka 1910: walikuwa wamisionari, kwa majina Dominik na Paulo, waliojenga makazi na shule karibu na makao ya Mtemi Nyabange.
Wakafuatwa na afisa wa kwanza Mjerumani aliyeitwa na wenyeji "Bwana Sirusi" mwenye kazi ya afisa forodha. Huyu Sirusi alihamia mahali pa Musoma ya leo kwa sababu huko kina cha maji ufukoni kilifaa zaidi kwa meli kufika. Hivyo Musoma ilianzishwa kama bandari na baadaye makao ya ofisa mdogo wa Mkoa wa kikoloni wa Mwanza.
Baada ya kuondolewa kwa Wajerumani, Waingereza waliingia. Katika eneo la kudhaminiwa la Tanganyika Musoma ilikuwa makao makuu ya wilaya (district) ikaingia vile katika Tanzania huru.
Mwalimu Julius Nyerere alisoma shule Musoma kuanzia mwaka 1934 na tarehe 21 Januari 1953 alirudi huko kufunga ndoa na Maria Waningu Gabriel Magige katika Kanisa Katoliki la Musoma Mwisenge .
Rihanna

Robyn Rihanna Fenty (anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Rihanna tu; alizaliwa Saint Michael, Barbados, 20 Februari 1988) ni msanii wa mwimbaji wa muziki wa R&B na pop kutoka nchini Barbados.
Alizaliwa mjini na kisha baadaye akaelekea zake nchini Marekani akiwa na umri wa miaka 16 ili kujiendeleza zaidi katika shughuli zake za kirekodi akiwa chini ya uongozi wa mtayarishaji wa rekodi Bw. Evan Rogers.
Baadaye akaja kuingia mkataba na studio ya Def Jam Recordings baada ya kusailiwa na kiongozi wa studio hiyo Bw. Jay-Z.
Rihanna has received 46 awards for 46 nominations
The BET Awards were established in 2001 by the Black Entertainment Television network to celebrate Black Americans and other minorities in music, acting, sports, and other fields of entertainment over the past year. The awards are presented annually and broadcast live on BET. Rihanna has received six awards from twenty nine nominations.
^ a: Barbados born producer Jimmy Senya Haynes produced and arranged Babylon the Bandit for the band Steel Pulse, but he was never credited as a member of the band.
Hitilafu ya kutaja: <ref> tags exist for a group named "tanbihi", but no corresponding <references group="tanbihi"/> tag was found
Burundi Bwacu

Burundi Bwacu" (Matamshi ya Kirundi: [buɾúːndi bɡát͡ʃu]; "Burundi yetu") ni wimbo wa taifa wa Burundi. Umeandikwa kwa lugha ya Kirundi na kikundi cha waandishi wakiongozwa na Jean-Baptiste Ntahokaja, padri wa Kikatoliki, na kutungwa na Marc Barengayabo, ilipitishwa wakati wa uhuru mnamo 1962.
Burundi bwacu, Burundi buhire,
Shinga icumu mu mashinga,
Gaba intahe y'ubugabo ku bugingo.
Warapfunywe ntiwapfuye,
Warahabishijwe ntiwahababuka.
Uhagurukana, uhagurukana, uhagurukana ubugabo urikukira.
Komerwa amashi n'amakungu,
Uhabwe impundu n'abawe,
Isamirane mu mashinga,
isamirane mu mashinga.
Burundi bwacu, ragi rya ba sokuru,
Ramutswa intahe n'ibihugu,
Ufatanije ishaka n'ubuhizi;
Vuza impundu wiganzuye uwakuganza uwakuganza.
Burundi bwacu, mpora mutima kuri twese,
Tugutuye amaboko, umutima n'ubuzima,
Imana yakuduhaye ikudutungire.
Horana ubumwe n'abagabo n'itekane.
Sagwa n'urweze, sagwa n'amahoro meza.
Guyana

--Kwa mkoa wa jirani wa Ufaransa angalia makala Guyani ya Kifaransa--
Guyana ni nchi huru katika Amerika Kusini. Imepakana na Suriname upande wa mashariki, na Brazil upande wa kusini na kusini-magharibi halafu na Venezuela upande wa magharibi.
Ni nchi ndogo ya tatu barani.
Mji mkuu ni Georgetown.
Wakazi wengi wana asili ya India (43.5%) na ya Afrika (30.2%). Asilimia 16.7 ni machotara na 9.1 ni Waindio.
Guyana ni nchi pekee katika Amerika Kusini inayotumia Kiingereza kama lugha rasmi. Hata hivyo lugha ya kawaida ni aina ya Krioli ambayo ndiyo lugha ya taifa.
Upande wa dini, wengi (57%) ni Wakristo wa madhehebu mbalimbali, wakifuatwa na Wahindu (28%) na Waislamu (7%).
Kupalizwa Maria katika sanaa

Kupalizwa Maria katika sanaa ni aina ya michoro na sanamu za Bikira Maria inayokusudiwa kuonyesha fumbo linaloadhimishwa na Kanisa Katoliki katika sherehe ya Kupalizwa Mbinguni, tarehe 15 Agosti.
Imani kuhusu fumbo jilo ilijitokeza katika sanaa muda mrefu kabla ya Papa Pius XII kutangaza (1950) dogma ya kwamba, mwishoni mwa maisha ya Bikira Maria, huyo Mama wa Yesu alichukuliwa mbinguni mwili na roho.
Pakistani

Pakistani ni nchi ya Asia ya Kusini. Imepakana na Ghuba ya Uarabuni upande wa kusini, Afuganistani na Uajemi upande wa magharibi, Uhindi upande wa mashariki na Uchina kaskazini-mashariki.
Mipaka yake na Uhindi na Uchina haitambuliki kimataifa. Pakistan na Uhindi zote mbili zinadai eneo la Kashmir zikitawala kila moja sehemu za eneo hili.
Jina la Pākistān lina maana ya "nchi ya watu safi" kwa Kiurdu.
Pakistani ina nafasi ya sita kati ya nchi duniani zenye watu wengi.
Ni nchi yenye Waislamu wengi duniani baada ya Indonesia.
Pakistani ilikuwa sehemu ya Uhindi wa Kiingereza hadi 1947.
Mwaka 1857 Wahindi walipinga utawala wa Kampuni ya Kiingereza kwa Uhindi wa Mashariki. Matokeo yake utawala ulishikwa na serikali yenyewe ya Uingereza kama koloni (1858).
Mwisho wa karne ya 19 harakati za Wahindi kutafuta uhuru zilianza upya. Mwaka 1885 chama cha INC (Indian National Congress) kiliundwa na Wahindu na Waislamu pamoja waliodai uhuru.
Mwaka 1906 viongozi Waislamu walitoka katika INC na kuunda "Shirikisho la Waislamu".
Mwaka 1917 Uingereza ulitamka ya kwamba ulitaka kuelekea polepole hali ya kujitawala kwa Wahindi. Viongozi wa wenyeji hawakuridhika na mkasi wa mabadiliko. Chini ya uongozi wa Mahatma Ghandi mwendo wa kupigania uhuru bila mabavu ulipata nguvu. Ghandi alipigania hasa umoja wa Wahindu na Waislamu lakini alipingwa na viongozi wenye itikadi kali wa pande zote mbili.
Baada ya Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia Waingereza walikubali kujiondoa katika Uhindi. Swali kubwa lilikuwa kama nchi itabaki kama nchi moja au kama maeneo ya Waislamu yatajitenga.
Tarehe 14/15 Agosti 1947 utawala wa Uingereza ulikwisha. Bara Hindi iligawanywa katika nchi mbili za Uhindi na Pakistan. Mgawanyo wa Uhindi ulikuja na vita na kumwaga kwa damu nyingi.
Tarehe 30 Januari 1948 Ghandi mwenyewe aliuawa na Hindu mkali aliyemchukia kwa sababu alitaka usawa wa Waislamu na Wahindu.
Wakati ule ilikuwa nchi moja pamoja na Bangla Desh ya leo, lakini mwaka 1971 hizo pande mbili zilitengana baada ya vita kati yao.
Nchi ni shirikisho la majimbo manne ya Punjab, Sindh, Jimbo la mpaka wa kaskazini-magharibi na Baluchistan, mbali ya maeneo matatu.
Lugha rasmi nchini Pakistan ni Kiurdu na Kiingereza. Lugha nyingine ni zaidi ya 60, lakini ni ndogo, zenye wasemaji wachache; karibu zote ni lugha za Kihindi-Kiulaya (angalia orodha ya lugha za Pakistan). Robo tatu za wakazi wanaelewa Kiurdu.
Asilimia 96.4 za wakazi ni Waislamu, hasa Wasuni. Ndiyo dini rasmi. Wahindu ni 2.14% na Wakristo 1.27%.
Latvia

Latvia (kwa Kilatvia: Latvija au Latvijas Republika, kwa Kilivonia: Lețmō au Leţmō Vabāmō) ni nchi za Kibalti katika Ulaya ya Kaskazini.
Imepakana na Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus na Urusi. Uswidi iko ng'ambo ya bahari ya Baltiki.
Mji mkuu ni Riga.
Latvia ni nchi mwanachama wa Umoja wa Ulaya tangu 1 Mei 2004.
Kwa muda mrefu Estonia ilikuwa chini ya Wajerumani, Wapolandi na Waswidi, halafu (1710) sehemu ya Dola la Urusi.
Katika miaka 1918-1940 ilikuwa jamhuri halafu miaka 1940-1991 mwanachama wa Umoja wa Kisovyeti.
Baada ya umoja huo wa majimbo 15 kusambaratika, Latvia ilijitangaza nchi huru tena.
Latvia ilijiunga na Umoja wa Ulaya baada ya azimio la Halmashauri Kuu ya Ulaya ya tarehe 13 Desemba 2002 iliyokutana Kopenhagen.
Katika kura ya maoni ya tarehe 20 Septemba 2003 ni 66.9% za Walatvia wote waliokubali azimio hilo.
Latvia iliingia rasmi katika Umoja wa Ulaya tarehe 1 Mei 2004 pamoja na nchi nyingine 9 za Ulaya mashariki.
Idadi ya watu inapungua, na sasa iko chini ya milioni 2.
Wakazi wengi ni Walatvia 61.6%, halafu Warusi 25.8%, Wabelarus 3,4%, Waukraina 2,3%, Wapolandi 2,1%, Walituania 1.2% na wengine 4.8%.
Lugha rasmi ni Kilatvia, ambayo ni mojawapo ya lugha za Kibalti. Wananchi walipiga kura ya kukataa Kirusi kama lugha rasmi ya pili.
Upande wa dini, wengi (78.5%) ni Wakristo wa madhehebu mbalimbali, ingawa 7% tu wanashiriki ibada mara kwa mara. Hasa ni Walutheri (34.2%), Wakatoliki (24.1%) na Waorthodoksi (19.4%). Asilimia 21.1 hawana dini yoyote.
Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika

Umoja wa Muungano wa Afrika (Kiingereza: Organisation of African Unity, OAU; Kifaransa: Organisation de l'Unité Africaine, OUA) ulikuwa jumuiya ya nchi huru za Afrika iliyoanzishwa 1963 na kudumu hadi 2002. Ulikuwa mtangulizi wa Umoja wa Afrika ambao ni jumuiya ya nchi za Afrika tangu Julai 2002.
OAU iliundwa tarehe 25 Mei 1963 mjini Addis Abeba na nchi 30 za Afrika. Kwenye mkutano wa 11 Julai 2001 Mkutano Mkuu uliamua kuunda Umoja wa Afrika kama haua mpya kwenye harakati ya kuungana Afrika na OAU ilifungwa tar. 9 Julai 2002.
Mwishoni nchi zote za Afrika zilikuwa wanachama isipokuwa Moroko iliyojitenga mwaka 1985 baada ya Sahara ya Magharibi kupokelewa katika OAU.
Uwanja wa Michezo wa The African Unity

Uwanja wa Michezo wa The African Unity ni uwanja wa mpira wa miguu nchini Aljeria. Ulizinduliwa mnamo mwaka 1986 kwenye mji wa Mascara nchini Aljeria. Uwanja huu hutumiwa na timu ya GC Mascara na una uwezo wa kuhifadhi mashabiki 22,000.
Vita vya Kagera

Vita vya Kagera (kwa Kiingereza: kwa Kiingereza: Uganda-Tanzania War) ni vita vilivyopigwa kati ya Uganda na Tanzania kuanzia tarehe 30 Oktoba 1978 hadi 11 Aprili 1979.
Vita hivyo vilihusu kugombania ardhi ya mkoa wa Kagera kati ya nchi ya Tanzania na Uganda.
Katika vita hivyo Tanzania, ikiongozwa na rais Julius Nyerere iliibuka kidedea kwa kuwapiga vema majeshi ya gaidi Idd Amini Dadah yaliyoungwa mkono wa Libya ya Muammar al-Gaddafi na pia Palestina ya Yasser Arafat.
Vita hivyo viliua watu karibu 5,000 na wengine kuachwa yatima.
Mwanzilishi wa vita hivyo alikuwa Iddi Amini Dadah aliyetaka kupewa na mwl. Nyerere ardhi ya Kagera, tena kwa shuruti ya kivita.
Nyerere aliwaongoza vema wanajeshi 100,000 wa Tanzania akisema, "mchokozi Iddi Amini Dadah ametuchokoza; uwezo wa kumpiga tunao, sababu ya kumpiga tunayo, nia ya kumpiga tunayo, hivyo tumeamua kupambana naye". Aliungwa mkono na Msumbiji na wanaharakati wa Uganda, akiwemo Yoweri Museveni.
Katika vita hiyo Iddi Amini Dadah, baada ya kushambuliwa, alikimbilia nchini Libya, halafu Saudi Arabia hadi mauti yalipompata miaka ya baadaye.
Nchini Uganda ikawa ndiyo mwanzo wa vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe.
Tanzania, iliyolaumiwa na Organization of African Unity kama kwamba ndiyo mvamizi, ililazimika kugharimia peke yake vita na hali ya usalama nchini Uganda baada ya ushindi. Jambo hilo lilizidi kudidimiza nchi katika ufukara na kufelisha mipango yake ya maendeleo. Tanzania ilimaliza kutoka katika hali hiyo mwaka 2007 tu, Uganda ilipolipa madeni yake.