davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Swindle (filamu ya 2013)

Swindle ni filamu ya Kimarekani ya mwaka wa 2013.
Wahusika wakuu kwenye filamu hiyo ni Noah Crawford, Chris O'Neal, Jennette McCurdy, Noah Munck, Ariana Grande, Ciara Bravo, na Fred Ewanuick.
Filamu hii inamzungumzia kijana aitwae Griffin ambaye alipata kadi ya thamani na kuiuza kwa bei isiyo halali, kwa hiyo akashirikiana na marafiki zake kwenda kuichukua hiyo kadi na kuiuza kwa bei halali.
Sheaffer Okore

Scheaffer Okore ni makamu mwenyekiti wa Ukweli Party na kiongozi wa zamani wa programu za ushirika wa raia katika eneo la siasa nchini Kenya. Ana shahada ya kwanza katika Uhusiano wa Kimataifa na Diplomasia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi .
Scheaffer ni mwanaharakati ambaye amekuwa akiongea kuhusu haki ya kijamii, haki za binadamu, ufeministi, na unyanyasaji wa kijinsia.
Mwaka 2018 Okore alionekana na Africa Youth Awards kama mmoja wa vijana mia moja mashuhuri zaidi katika uwanja wa sheria.
Vihiga

Vihiga ni mji wa Kenya magharibi ulioko upande wa mashariki wa Msitu Kakamega. Mji huu uko kando ya barabara ya Kisumu na Kakamega na kilomita tano tu kaskazini kwa ikweta.
Vihiga imetoa jina lake kwa kaunti ya Vihiga ambayo makao makuu yake yako Mbale iliyoko katika manispaa ya Vihiga. Manispaa hiyo ina wakazi 118,696 (sensa ya mwaka 2009).
Manispaa ya Vihiga ina wadi sita, mbili kati ya hizo (Central Maragoli na Wamuluma) ziko katika eneo bunge la Vihiga huku nne zilizobaki (Chavakali, Izawa, Lyaduywa na Maragoli Kaskazini) ni sehemu ya eneo bunge la Sabatia. Katika uchaguzi mkuu wa mwaka 2002, viti vyote sita vya baraza vililishindwa na National Rainbow Coalition.
Wamaragoli ndio kabila kuu katika eneo hili na mji huu hujulikana pia wakati mwingine kama Maragoli. Watu wanaoishi Vihiga hujitambulisha kimsingi kama "Wamaragoli" na wanazungumza lugha inayoitwa Kimaragoli. Lugha hiyo ni tofauti kabisa kati ya makabila mengine ya Waluhya na ndiyo lugha ya kwanza ya Kiluhya kutumika kutafsiria Biblia. Wengi wa Wamaragoli waliongokea Ukristo ndani ya madhehebu ya ya Quaker, ambayo bado inafuatilia hadi leo. Watiriki, Waidakho na Wabanyore ndio makabila mengine katika eneo hili.
Vihiga pia ni jina la moja ya divisheni ndani yake. Divisheni nyingine ni pamoja na Sabatia, Hamisi, Lwanda na Emuhaya.
0°3′0″N 34°43′30″E﻿ / ﻿0.05000°N 34.72500°E﻿ / 0.05000; 34.72500
Kaunti ya Vihiga

Kaunti ya Vihiga ni mojawapo ya kaunti za Kenya zilizopo baada ya katiba mpya ya Jamhuri ya Kenya kupatikana mwaka 2010.
Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2019 wakazi walikuwa 590,013 katika eneo la km2 563.8, msongamano ukiwa hivyo wa watu 1,047 kwa kilometa mraba.
Makao makuu yako Vihiga.
Kaunti ya Vihiga imegawanywa katika maeneo bunge yafuatayo:
Moses Akaranga

Reverend Moses Akaranga is a Kenyan politician who served as the first governor of Vihiga county having been defeated by Dr. Wilberforce Ottichilo in August 2017. He is also former Member of parliament for Sabatia constituency, having defeated Musalia Mudavadi of KANU from the Sabatia Constituency seat in the 2002 elections on a Ford-Kenya ticket. He served only one term and was defeated by Mudavadi, who was now representing Orange Democratic Movement at the 2007 elections.
He is the first Kenyan Member of Parliament to unseat a sitting Vice President.
In 2002, he was elected as M.P for Sabatia Constituency. He served as a Commissioner with the Parliamentary Service Commission and was the Chairperson of the Parliamentary Staff Welfare Committee. In 2003, he was appointed as Assistant Minister for Agriculture and in 2004 became Minister of State for Public Service in the Office of the President. During his tenure as a Minister, Kenya was awarded the prestigious United Nations Public Service Award. He initiated Performance Contracting in the Public Service, introduced the Rapid Results Initiative program (RRI), oversaw the review of civil servant salaries and the increment of pensions to all retired civil servants. He has also served as the vice chairman of the Humanitarian Settlement Fund. He previously worked as a Senior Business Manager at Barclays Bank of Kenya Limited thereafter working with the [[Pentecostal Assemblies of Kenya]] (P.A.G. Kenya) as the General Administrator. In Kenya’s 2013 general election, Moses vied in the gubernatorial elections, winning as Governor of Vihiga County, alongside Deputy Governor Caleb Temba Amaswache. He was elected on a PPK party ticket.
Vihiga County

Vihiga County is a County located in the former Western Province of Kenya with its headquarters in Mbale, the largest town in the county. According to the 2009 census,the county has a population of 554,622 and an area of 563 km. Vihiga was formerly a district, split from Kakamega District in 1990. The 2019 census recorded a population of 590,013, an increase of 35,391 from the 2009 count.
Religion in Vihiga County
The district has five constituencies:
0°4′N 34°40′E﻿ / ﻿0.067°N 34.667°E﻿ / 0.067; 34.667
Speaker of the National Assembly of Kenya

The speaker is the presiding officer of the Kenyan National Assembly. From 1966 to 2013 the National Assembly was the unicameral body of the Kenyan Parliament.
The speaker is elected by the National Assembly (Kenya) from among persons who are qualified to be Members of the Parliament. The speaker's term lasts for a period of five years, and primarily comes to an end when a new house of parliament first meets after an election in line with Article 106 of the Constitution of Kenya
Previously, there were separate speakers of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Source:
Amason Kingi Jeffah (2022 to present) Source:
1997 Kenyan general election

General elections were held in Kenya on 29 December 1997 to elect the President and the members of the National Assembly. The result was a victory for the ruling Kenya African National Union, which won 107 of the 210 seats in the National Assembly, and whose candidate Daniel arap Moi won the presidential election. Following the election, Moi appointed a further 12 members to the Assembly.
Of the 12 appointed members, six were representatives of KANU, two from the Democratic Party, and one each from the National Development Party, FORD–Kenya, the Social Democratic Party and Safina.
In 1998 Mwai Kibaki took a petition against Moi to court, having served Moi by publishing the notice of the petition in the Kenya Gazette. However, judges Emmanuel O'Kubasu, Mbogholi Msagha and Moijo ole Keiwua ruled that Kibaki should have served Moi with the petition personally. Their position was upheld at the Court of Appeal by judges Omolo, Bernard Chunga (Chief Justice), AB Shah, AA Lakha and Owuor JJ.
Sabatia

Sabatia, the rose gentians, is a genus of about 20 species of flowering plants in the family Gentianaceae, native to eastern and central North America (Nova Scotia west to Wisconsin and New Mexico, and south to Florida and Texas), Central America, and the Caribbean.
They are annual or perennial herbaceous plants growing to 10–130 cm tall, with opposite leaves. The flowers are produced in large cymes at the top of the stems; the flower corolla has 5–12 lobes, colored pink or white, with a contrasting central yellow 'eye'. The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds.
Source: USDA, Arkansas Native Plant Society
Several species are cultivated as ornamental plants in gardens.
Sabatia campestris

Sabatia campestris (Texas star; also prairie rose-gentian, prairie sabatia, meadow pink) is a species of Sabatia, native to the south-central United States, from Texas east to Mississippi and north to Iowa and Illinois. It is also locally naturalized in New England.
Sabatia campestris is an annual plant growing to 15–25 cm (6–10 in) tall with pairs of opposite leaves 8–40 mm long and 5–20 mm wide. The flowers are produced in open, long-stalked cymes at the top of the stems; the flower corolla is about 40 mm diameter, with five pink (rarely white) lobes with bluntly acute apices, and a contrasting bright yellow central 'eye'; they are hermaphrodite (contain both male and female organs). The fruit is a capsule containing numerous small seeds.
Its natural habitats are sandy prairies, woodland edges, and stream banks.
Sabatia campestris is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens, where it requires moist soil and partial to full sun.
It can be used for medical purposes as an anti-periodic and tonic. It is also possible to obtain a herbal tea from the plant.
Sabatia angularis

Sabatia angularis, commonly called rosepink, rose pink, square-stem rose pink or rose gentian is a biennial flowering plant in the Gentianaceae (gentain) family. It is native to central and eastern North America.
S. angularis grows 0.8–0.9 metres (2.5–3 ft) tall, although in the first year this biennial plant appears only as a low rosette of leaves. In the second year, one or more stems rise from the basal leaves. The stems are 4-sided, appearing as a square in cross section, and glabrous, with flexible, thin wings on the edges. The lower part of the main stem is unbranched, with branches growing primarily from leaf nodes on the upper part. The leaves are opposite, simple, entire (without teeth), glabrous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, and measure up to about 3.8 centimetres (1.5 in) long and 2.5 centimetres (1 in) wide.
The plant blooms from June to September with fragrant pink (occasionally white) flowers that are up to 2.5 centimetres (1 in) across. The flowers have 5 petal-like obovate lobes. Yellowish triangular markings on the inner edge of the lobes give the appearance of a star in the middle of the flower. After the flowers fade, the plant produces seed capsules that contain numerous tiny seeds. Seeds are spread by the wind, and the plant will reseed itself.
The genus name honors Liberato Sabbati, an 18th century Italian botanist. The specific epithet is Latin for "angular", referring to the square stems.
It is geographically widespread in the United States, in the southern U.S. from Arizona in the west all the way to the east coast, and in the northern U.S. from Illinois in the west to Massachusetts in the east. It is native to Ontario but it is believed to be extirpated.
S. angularis is found in a variety of habitats, in glades, along roadsides, in fields, and along the margins of woods.
Салам

Саламът е осолена наденица от ферментирало и изсушено месо от различни животни. Някога саламите са били популярни сред италианските селяни, тъй като може да се съхранява на стайна температура до десет години, което е добре при евентуален глад или недостиг на месо. Различни видове салам произлизат от Италия, Франция, Унгария, Германия, Белгия и Испания.
Христо Българиев

Христо Българиев е български индустриалец.
Роден е през 1862 г. в Габрово. Завършва четвърто огделение. Работи като търговец, притежава кланица в квартал Лъката в Габрово. Произвежда и търгува със салами, пастърма, суджуци. Акционер е в чорапената фабрика „Звезда" в Габрово, както и акционер и член на Управителния съвет на „Принц Кирил“ АД. Женен е за Минка Българиева, от която има пет деца: Пенчо, Христо, Васил, Донка и Пенка. Умира през 1927 г. в Габрово.
Симеон Хаджиянев

Симеон Танев Хаджиянев (изписване до 1945 година: Симеонъ Таневъ хаджи Яневъ) е български търговец и революционер, деец на Вътрешната македоно-одринска революционна организация.
Роден е в 1868 година в гевгелийското село Мачуково, тогава в Османската империя. Установява се в Солун, където се занимава с търговия - държи два магазина, фабрика за салами и гостилницата на хотел „Вардар“. Хаджиянев е легален деец на ВМОРО и в гостилницата му отсядат лидери на организацията като Гоце Делчев, Иван Гарванов и други. При влизането на българската войска в Солун, 520 български войници са настанени в хана му и в магазините му. По време на Междусъюзническата война той е арестуван, а имуществото му ограбено. В 1916 година е отново арестуван като българин, този път от английските войски, настанили се в Солун. Интерниран е в Мудрос на Лемнос, а по-късно на Малта. Връща се в Солун при семейството си на 23 февруари 1919 година. Поставен е под постоянен надзор от властта и е принуден да плаща чести подкупи.
По силата на българо-гръцката конвенция за изселване се изселва в България и се установява в София. Отваря магазин на булевард „Македония“ № 2, който обаче фалира.
На 10 март 1943 година като жител на София подава молба за българска народна пенсия, която е одобрена и пенсията е отпусната от Министерския съвет на Царство България.
Стара планина (стандарт)

Стара планина се нарича утвърден от Министерството на земеделието и храните стандарт за производство на месни продукти от свинско, говеждо и птиче месо. Стандартът е доброволен за производителите на месни продукти. Технологичните изисквания за производството на продуктите са разработени от Експертен съвет по безопасност на храните, Асоциацията на месопреработвателите в България и технолози по месопреработка. В Стандарта Стара планина са описани задължителните здравно-хигиенни показатели и норми, технологията на производство, опаковане, етикетиране и пакетиране и изискванията за транспорт и съхранение, методите за вземане на проби и методите за изпитване.
„Стара планина“ влиза в сила от 2 август 2010 г. в сила с девет утвърдени стандарта:
Произведените продукти не трябва да съдържат соя, картофено нишесте, фибри или механично обезкостено месо. Носят специален зелен етикет с изобразени три стилизирани хълма с бял, зелен и червен цвят.
Мария Кондратенко

Мария Стефанова-Кондратенко е български учен, микробиолог.
Родена и израснала в България. Завършва Института по хранителна промишленост в Пловдив през 1952 г. с първия випуск. През 1973 г. тя ръководи екип от изследователи в разработването на закваски, важни за индустриалното производство на българско кисело мляко. Кондратенко основава Genesis Laboratories, семейна компания, посветена на разширяването на границите на микробиологичните изследвания.
През 2003-та година пише книга, озаглавена "Българско Кисело Мляко", заедно с Желязко Симов, в която изследва значимостта на продукта от здравна гледна точка. Автор е също на книгата "Българското име на дълголетието" с подзаглавие Домашно приготовление на киселото мляко, която издава през 2005-та година.
След издаването на книгата, режисьорът Румен Смилевски снима документален филм, озаглавен по същия начин, с участието на Юлия Григорова (вничка на д-р Стамен Григоров и ст.н.с д-р инж. Мария Ст. Кондратенко), филмът може да бъде намерен свободно онлайн под заглавието "Българското име на дълголетието: документален филм за българското кисело мляко"
През 70-те години на миналия век инж. Кондратенко и нейният екип започват обиколка из селата, за да събират природни подкваси за кисело мляко. Целта им е да извлекат, селектират, комбинират и създадат закваска за промишлени цели, която да запази лечебните свойства на природната закваска. Задачата се оказва трудна. В природната закваска има два микроорганизма - Lactobacillus bulgaricus и Streptococcus thermophilus, които съжителстват в хармония. Специалистите пречистват различни щамове и ги комбинират отново, но симбиозата между двете бактерии се губи. След хиляди опити, те най-накрая успяват. С получените закваски, България започва да произвежда кисело мляко, което съдържа живи и здравословни микроорганизми до края на срока на годност, без никакви консерванти, стабилизатори или други добавки.
България сключва многомилионни договори за продажба на български закваски с Финландия и Япония.
Млечнокисела ферментация

Млечнокиселата ферментация е сложен биохимичен процес, при който под действието на специфични бактерии захарите се разграждат и като главен продукт се получава млечна киселина.
Тази ферментация е била известна на човечеството още в дълбока древност и е използвана при получаването и запазването на редица продукти. Въпреки че още в 1782 г. Шееле установява млечнокисела киселина във ферментиралите продукти, едва в средата на XIX в. Пастьор доказва биологичната същност на този процес.
В зависимост от продуктите, които се получават при разграждането на глюкозата, млечнокиселата ферментация се разделя на:
По форма млечнокиселите бактерии се разделят на пръчковидни и коковидни.
Пръчковидните млечнокисели бактерии се отнасят към род Lactobacillicus. Клетките на бактериите от този род са къси и дълги пръчици разположени поединично, на двойки или често на верижки. Обикновено са неподвижни. Спори не се образуват.
Представителите на род Lactobacillicus са твърде взискателни към хранителните източници. За растежа им са необходими аминокиселини, пептиди, продукти от разграждането на нуклеиновите киселини, витамини, соли, мастни киселини. Тези бактерии са анаеробни или факултативно анаеробни. Развиват се в температурни граници от 5 до 35 °C, но най-често температура е 30-40 °C. Оптималното pH, по-ниско от 5,0. По-голямо значение имат следните пръчковидни бактерии:
Видове, които ферментират глюкоза без образуване на газ.
Изолиран е от българското кисело мляко през 1905 г. от българина Стамен Григоров, студент по медицина в Швейцария. Тя има пръчковидна форма и е вид бацил. Тази бактерия участва във ферментацията на глюкоза, фруктоза, галактоза и лактоза. L. bulgaricus е основният вид в българското кисело мляко.
Синтезира вещества, които потискат развитието на гнилостните микроорганизми. Поради това е била препоръчана от Иля Мечников за удължаване живота на хората. Според него високият процент на столетниците на Балканския полуостров и в Кавказ се дължи на голямата консумация на кисело мляко.
При ферментиране на глюкоза се отделя газ (CO2). Около 50% от крайния продукт е млечна киселина. В голямо количество се образуват оцетна киселина и етилов алкохол.
Среща се главно в млякото. Понякога заема над 90% от микрофлората на млякото. Клетките са разположени по двойки, в дълги и къси верижки. Колониите са малки, плътни с гладки краища.
Типична термофилна млечна бактерия. Оптимална температура за развитието и е 40-50 °C. Проявява особена чувствителност към антибиотици, поради което се използва като тест-култура за установяване на пеницилин в млякото. Тя е основен компонент в закваската и микрофлората на българското кисело мляко и швейцарското сирене.
C6H12O6 = 2C3H6O3 + 75 kJ
Костелив орех

„Костелив орех“ е българска телевизионна новела (историческа драма) от 1973 година на режисьора Нина Янкова, по сценарий на Янко Янков. Оператор е Йордан Йорданов. Музикален оформител е Методи Иванов. Художник на филма е Петър Николов.
По произведение на Славчо Дудов.
Яфо

Яфо (или Яфа) е бивш град и понастоящем (от 1949 г.) най-старият квартал на Тел Авив, Израел.
Яфо е сред най-важните пристанища на Древен Израел и най-старите селища в света. Открити са археологически находки от XVIII век пр.н.е. Споменава се от XV – XIV век пр.н.е.
Според легендите там Персей освобождава Андромеда и от там пророкът Йона тръгва на път за Таршиш. Според Библията в Яфо апостол Петър възкресява вдовицата Тавифа.
През 1949 г. град Яфо е присъединен към неговото разраснало се предградие Тел Авив, който е преименуван на Тел Авив – Яфо през 1950 г.
Яфо е център на репатриралите в Израел български евреи. И днес там има много магазини и кафенета с надписи на български език.
Развити са дървообработващата, химическата, циментовата промишленост. Изнасят се портокали и други плодове.
Стоян Алексиев

Стоян Цветков Алексиев е български актьор и режисьор.
Роден е във Варна на 15 март 1951 г. През 1975 г. завършва актьорско майсторство за драматичен театър във ВИТИЗ „Кръстьо Сарафов“ в класа на проф. Елка Михайлова. Играе на сцените на театрите в Шумен (1975 – 1978), Варна (1978 – 1984), Пловдив (1984 – 1987). От 1997 г. е на щат към Народния театър „Иван Вазов“.
В Театър 199 играе в постановките: „Процесът по изчезване тялото на Исус Назарянина“ от Стефан Гечев, „Порок и престъпление (Вечерята)“ от Жан Клод Брисвил, „Вайсман и червенокожият“ от Георг Табори, „Син портокал“ от Джо Пенхол, „Фантомна болка“ от Елена Алексиева.
През 1997 – 2000 г. е директор на Драматичен театър „Стоян Бъчваров“.
Негова племенница е актрисата Лорина Камбурова.
Алексиев се занимава активно с озвучаване на филми и сериали. Участва във войсоувър и нахсинхронните дублажи на редица сериали, измежду които „Срещи с Джордан“, „Изгубени“ (дублаж на „Александра Аудио“), „Извън играта“ (в първите няколко сезона), „Кунг-фу пилета“, „Илай Стоун“, „Шоуто на Шантавите рисунки“, „Кейси под прикритие“ и други.
Озвучава и аудио книги на български език на Аудиокниги.бг, вече Сторител България.
През 2022 г. Алексиев е заместен от Петър Бонев за озвучаването на Гру в „Миньоните 2“.
Дюлев мармалад

Дюлевият мармалад е сладко дюлево желе или дюлев бонбон. Основните съставки са дюли и захар или пчелен мед.
Исторично мармаладът е направен от дюли, и българска дума „мармалад“ идва от португалската дума „marmelada“, означаваща „дюлева препарация“ (и използва описанието „дюлев мармалад“ и „дюлев конфитюр“; „marmelo“ = „дюля“), но в наше време (на английски) се отнася главно към конфитюри, направени от цитрусови плодове, особено портокали.
Телешко варено

Телешко варено е традиционно ястие от българската кухня, приготвено от нарязано телешко месо и зеленчуци (лук, домати, моркови, червени чушки, картофи), гъби, червен пипер, черен пипер, сол, олио.
Популярно основно ястие.
Нарязаното на късове месо се задушава заедно с лука в растителна мазнина, добавят се последователно гъбите и червеният пипер. Долива се вода или бульон и се вари докато месото стане почти готово. Добавят се нарязаните на средно едро картофи, нарязаните чушка и домат.
Добавят се подправките и солта. При поднасянето се поръсва с нарязан на едро магданоз, може да се добави заквасена сметана.
Hoppel poppel

Hoppel poppel is an egg casserole made with leftovers, a dish associated with frugal housewives.
Found in German and Austrian cuisine, the casserole dish is also associated with the Midwestern United States. The basic recipe for the casserole is home fries (fried potatoes), scrambled eggs, and onion. Sometimes it is topped with melted cheese. Other ingredients like green pepper or mushrooms can be added to the basic combination, and a variety of meats can be used including bacon, ham and salami.
The basic form of the dish was just potatoes, onions, meat and scrambled eggs, but more elaborate variations could be devised with green peppers, melted cheese and mushrooms. The meat could be ham, bacon, sausage, or even all-beef salami. Hoppel poppel was served at Jewish delicatessens (despite not strictly adhering to kosher dietary regulations) and these establishments made the dish with all-beef salami.
To make Hoppel Popel the first step was to cook the meat in a skillet, then set the cooked meat aside and add the onions to cook in the drippings. The onions were removed from the pan once they took on a golden color, and butter was added to the remaining drippings, then the potatoes were seasoned with salt and pepper and when they were browned the meat and onions were returned to the pan and the eggs added until the eggs set.
Another way of making hoppel poppel without pork begins by parboiling the potatoes, then slicing them and frying in vegetable oil. Butter is added with onions, mushrooms, green peppers and beef salami. The eggs and whisked with milk and parsley and gently scrambled in the skillet. When the eggs have started to set the cheese topping can be added, and the dish cooked covered for a few more minutes until the cheese has melted and the eggs are fully cooked.
Hoppel poppel could also be made with boiled beef to use up leftovers. This version of the dish begins by cooking the boiled beef and onion in butter, with bacon. When the bacon is cooked whisked eggs are added and cooked like an omelette.
For a hoppel poppel with ham, cubed potatoes and onions were pan-fried in butter until the potatoes were browned, then ham was added to the skillet. Eggs were whisked with cognac, salt and pepper, and Worcestershire sauce and poured into the skillet, cooked gently as an omelette, with fresh parsley. When the omelette is set it was topped with grated cheese and finished in the broiler.
Genoa salami

Genoa salami is an American variety of dry, cured, unsmoked salami. It is normally made from coarsely ground pork, but may also contain a small amount of beef and has a natural casing. Under US regulations, it must have a moisture to protein ratio of no more than 2.3:1, as contrasted with dry or hard salami, which are limited to 1.9:1.
The name Genoa salami denotes the style of preparation rather than geographical origin.
Southern Bulgaria

Southern Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Южна България, Yuzhna Balgariya) is the southern half of the territory of Bulgaria, located to the south of the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains which conventionally separates the country into a northern and a southern part. Besides the Balkan Mountains, Southern Bulgaria borders Serbia to the west, North Macedonia to the southwest, Greece to the south, Turkey to the southeast and the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast to the east.
Geographically, the terrain in Southern Bulgaria is much more varied than that of the north, with the Upper Thracian Plain stretching in the east, while the south and west are dominated by some of Bulgaria's highest mountains such as Rila, Pirin and the Rhodopes, as well as smaller and/or lower mountains and valleys in the west, such as Vitosha, Belasitsa, Osogovo, the Sofia Valley, the Sub-Balkan valleys and the Kraishte region. Southern Bulgaria covers an area of 62,414 square kilometres and has a population of 5,085,872 as of 2009 (63% of Bulgaria's entire population), with a population density of 81.5 people per km. The three largest cities are the national capital Sofia, the largest city in Thrace, Plovdiv, and the major Black Sea port of Burgas.
Administratively, Southern Bulgaria includes the following 14 Bulgarian provinces:
Historically, Southern Bulgaria covers the historical regions of Thrace and Macedonia (Pirin Macedonia). The Bulgarian South also has a number of often unclearly defined or overlapping sub-regions, particularly in the west and southwest, such as Chech, Shop region, Kraishte, Burel, Visok, Zabardie, Znepole, Graovo, Osogoviya, Piyanets, Podgorie, Razlog, Rupchos, Tamrash, etc. Southern Bulgaria is also conventionally divided into Southwestern, Central Southern and Southeastern Bulgaria, with slightly varying borders.
In Antiquity, the Jireček Line divided Latin (in the north) and Ancient Greek (in the south) language influence in the Balkans, with Northern Bulgaria to the north of it and Southern Bulgaria to the south. Much later, after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878, all of Northern Bulgaria and the region of Sofia became the Principality of Bulgaria while most of the rest of Southern Bulgaria was part of Eastern Rumelia until the Bulgarian unification in 1885. Pirin Macedonia became part of Bulgaria after the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, and the only Bulgarian gains by the otherwise catastrophic post-World War I Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine of 1919 were two small strips of land in southern Sakar.
Orange Guard

The Agrarian National Guard (Земеделска народна гвардия, Zemedelska narodna gvardiya), unofficially known as the Orange Guard (Bulgarian: Оранжева гвардия, Oranzheva gvardiya) was a Bulgarian paramilitary organization created by the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU). It operated during the premiership of the Agrarian politician Aleksandar Stamboliyski, who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 1919 to 1923. The Guard not only functioned as Stamboliyski's bodyguard, but also carried out the government's radical land-reform policies. The militia earned its unofficial name, the Orange Guard, from the opposition – in reference to BANU's official color. It was divided in two parts – infantry and cavalry.
The radical left-wing politician and one-time leader of the Radomir Rebellion of 1918, Rayko Daskalov (who held several ministerial posts in the BANU government), personally commanded the Orange Guard, having suggested its formation.
The militia became involved in a number of violent confrontations with the political opposition, such as quelling the large transport strike of 1919-1920 (organized by Communists, Anarchists and Socialists) and attacking the founding convention of the right-wing Constitutional Bloc in 1922. It also clashed with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). After Benito Mussolini staged his March on Rome in October 1922, the National Alliance (a military-academic opposition group) considered launching a "March on Sofia", but abandoned the idea out of fear of Orange Guard retaliation.
When the Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923 (led by the military and a coalition of right-wing parties, in cooperation with the IMRO) ousted the Agrarian government on 9 June 1923, most of the Orange Guard was concentrated in the capital of Sofia. The attack came as a surprise to the peasant militiamen, who were quickly disarmed. The new Democratic Alliance government of Aleksandar Tsankov later dissolved the organization. On orders of the IMRO leader Todor Aleksandrov, an IMRO agent assassinated Rayko Daskalov, the Orange Guard commander, on August 23, 1923 in Prague (where he had formed a BANU government in exile).
Slovak cuisine

Slovak cuisine varies slightly from region to region across Slovakia. It was influenced by the traditional cuisine of its neighbours and it influenced them as well. The origins of traditional Slovak cuisine can be traced to times when the majority of the population lived self-sufficiently in villages, with very limited food imports and exports and with no modern means of food preservation or processing.
This gave rise to a cuisine heavily dependent on a number of staple foods that could stand the hot summers and cold winters. These included wheat, potatoes, milk and milk products, pork meat, sauerkraut and onion. To a lesser degree beef, poultry, lamb and goat, eggs, a few other local vegetables, fruit and wild mushrooms were traditionally eaten.
All these were usually produced and processed by families themselves with some local trade at the country markets. Wheat was ground, and bread, dumplings and noodles were made from it. Potatoes were mostly boiled or processed into potato dough. Milk was processed into a wide range of products such as butter, cream, sour cream, buttermilk, and various types of cheese etc.
Typical pork products include sausages, smoked bacon, and lard. Spices were not widely used, and animal fats and butter were used instead of cooking oils. Main beverages included fresh and sour milk, and beer. Contemporary Slovak cuisine is widely influenced by various world cuisines and uses many different ingredients, spices and industrially processed foods.
Pork, beef and poultry are the main meats consumed in Slovakia, with pork being the most popular by a substantial margin. Among poultry, chicken is most common, although duck, goose, and turkey are also well established. Game meats, especially boar, rabbit, and venison, are also widely available throughout the year. Lamb and goat are also available, but for the most part are not very popular. The consumption of horse meat is generally frowned upon.
Grilled meat is not common in Slovakia. Instead, meat is either breaded and fried in oil (schnitzel), or cooked and served in sauce. Hungarian influences in Slovak cuisine can be seen in popular stews and goulashes. However, these have been given Slovak touches. Chicken paprikash is typically served with halušky and Hungarian goulash (spicy beef stew) is served with slices of a large bread-like steamed dumpling.
Local sausage types include krvavničky, a blood sausage, and jaternice (traditionally called hurky), a sausage with buckwheat containing any and all parts of a butchered pig.
Usually baked at Christmas time, but also all year long, Slovak traditional sweets are usually home baked and harder to find in stores.
Traditionally the main meal of the day is lunch, eaten around noon. However, changing work routine has altered this in the recent decades; today, many Slovaks have their main meal in the evening. Lunch in Slovakia usually consists of soup and a main course. It is customary in Slovakia to bring a bottle of wine or other alcohol as a gift if one is invited to visit someone's home.
Sausage roll

A sausage roll is a savoury dish, popular in current and former Commonwealth nations, consisting of sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry. Although variations are known throughout Europe and in other regions, the sausage roll is most closely associated with British cuisine.
The basic composition of a sausage roll is sheets of puff pastry formed into tubes around sausage meat and glazed with egg or milk before being baked. They can be served either hot or cold. In the 19th century, they were made using shortcrust pastry instead of puff pastry.
A vegetarian or vegan approximation of a sausage roll can be made in the same manner, using a meat substitute.
In the UK, the bakery chain Greggs sells around 2.5 million sausage rolls per week, or around 140 million per year.
The wrapping of meat or other foodstuffs into dough can be traced back to the Classical Greek or Roman eras. Early versions of the roll with pork as a filling proved popular in London during the Napoleonic Wars and it became identified as an English dish.
On 20 September 1809, the Bury and Norwich Post mentions T. Ling, aged 75, (an industrious vendor of saloop, buns, and sausage rolls). The Times first mentions the food item in 1864 when William Johnstone, "wholesale pork pie manufacturer and sausage roll maker", was fined £15 (£1,600 in 2021), under the Nuisances Removal Act (Amendment) Act 1863, for having on his premises a large quantity of meat unsound, unwholesome and unfit for food. In 1894, a theft case provided further insights into the Victorian sausage roll production whereby the accused apprentice was taught to soak brown bread in red ochre, salt, and pepper to give the appearance of beef sausage for the filling.
Similar meat and pastry recipes include the Czech klobásník, the Belgian worstenbroodje, the Dutch saucijzenbroodje, the German Münsterländer Wurstbrötchen and sausage bread in the United States.
Hong Kong has developed its own style of sausage roll. Instead of having sausage meat wrapped in puff pastry like the traditional western style, the Hong Kong style "sausage bun" (Chinese: 腸仔包) consists of a sausage wrapped inside a soft milk bread style bun.
Leblebi

Leblebi (Turkish: leblebi; Mesopotamian Arabic: لبلبي, romanized: leblebi; Arabic: قضامة, romanized: Qdameh, Qudamah; Persian: نخودچی, romanized: Nokhodchi; Sicilian: Càlia; Greek: στραγάλι; Armenian: լեբլեբուBulgarian: леблебия) is a snack made from roasted chickpeas, common and popular in Iran, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria and sometimes seasoned with salt, hot spices, dried cloves, or candy coated.
Media related to Leblebi at Wikimedia Commons
Acting President of Russia

The acting president of the Russian Federation (Russian: Исполняющий обязанности Президента Российской Федерации) is a temporary post provided by the Constitution of Russia. The acting president is a person who fulfils the duties of the president of the Russian Federation when cases of incapacity and vacancy occur. However, the person who takes office is more limited in power as the acting president can not dissolve the State Duma, call a referendum, or propose constitutional amendments. This post is held by the prime minister of Russia.
During the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Vice President Alexander Rutskoy was named by parliament as the acting president when the legislature announced Yeltsin's removal from office. On 21 September 1993 at 12:22 a.m., Rutskoy assumed the powers of the acting president of Russia. He took the presidential oath, stating, "I am taking the authority of President. The anti-constitutional decree of President Yeltsin is annulled."
Rutskoy's interim presidency, although constitutional, was never acknowledged outside of Russia. After the two-week standoff and the violence on the streets of Moscow, on 4 October 1993 the parliament building was taken by Yeltsin's military forces. Rutskoy and his supporters were arrested and charged with organization of mass disturbances. On the same day, Yeltsin officially dismissed Rutskoy as vice president and fired him from the military forces. The vice presidency was abolished.
Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin assumed the role of acting president when President Boris Yeltsin underwent heart surgery in 1996. Chernomyrdin served for one day, from 5 to 6 November 1996. No major event occurred during that time.
After Yeltsin resigned on 31 December 1999, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin became the acting president until the election. A snap election was held in March 2000 and was won by Putin. He officially took office of President on 7 May 2000.
The Russian Constitution does not explicitly specify who should become acting president if the prime minister is not appointed or cannot perform his or her duties. This gap is to some extent filled by the Federal Constitutional Law "About the Government of the Russian Federation", article 8 of which states:
Accordingly, if it is assumed that the performance of the duties of the president in urgent cases is one of the direct duties of the prime minister, and his deputies are authorized to perform all his duties in case of his absence, the duties of the president should be temporarily assigned to one of the deputy prime ministers in the order of substitution, established by order of the prime minister. However, the legality of the temporary performance of the duties of the president by the deputy prime ministers is groundless, both from practical and theoretical positions. So far, these gaps in the legislation have not yet manifested themselves.
On the other hand, some believe that if the prime minister cannot serve as acting president, the acting president should be the chairman of the Federation Council. However, nowhere in the legislation is this fixed.
Independent Our Home – Russia Unity
Elizabeth Shoumatoff

Elizabeth Shoumatoff, née Avinoff, (October 6, 1888 – November 30, 1980) was a portrait painter who painted the Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Other paintings of White House residents include portraits of President Lyndon B. Johnson and Lady Bird Johnson. She painted renowned American business leaders such as Richard K. Mellon of the Mellon Bank, Thomas J. Watson, Sr. of IBM, Robert W. Woodruff of Coca-Cola, Harvey Firestone, the Hunts, the Heinzes and the Duponts. Shoumatoff painted multiple generations of prominent families such as Fricks, Whitneys, Phipps and countless others. She also painted international leaders, including William Tubman, president of Liberia, Rabindranath Tagore the Nobel Prize-winning Bengali poet, the grandchildren of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg and Anne Cox Chambers, U.S. Ambassador to Belgium.
Shoumatoff was born in Kharkov on October 6, 1888, the youngest child of an aristocratic family in what was then Imperial Russia. Her father, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Avinov (1844–1911) was a lieutenant-general in the Imperial Russian Army.
Her eldest sibling Nikolai, a professor of fiscal law, was the Assistant Minister of Interior Affairs in the Russian Provisional Government under Kerensky. He was the only member of the family to remain in Russia after the Russian Revolution and was executed during the Stalinist purge of 1937. Her next oldest brother Andrey Avinoff was a prominent entomologist and artist who became the Director of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Elizabeth Shoumatoff emigrated to the United States just before October Revolution with her family. Her husband, Leo Shoumatoff, became the business manager of Sikorsky Aircraft Company in its early years. The family lived in Merrick, Long Island.
Shoumatoff's extraordinary talent for portraiture brought commissions from some of the most illustrious families in America, Great Britain and Europe. She painted over 3,000 portraits in sixty years over her lifetime. President Franklin D. Roosevelt was sitting for her at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Georgia, when he suffered a fatal cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945. While she was painting his portrait, he exclaimed: "I have a terrific headache." The original unfinished portrait hangs in the Little White House in Warm Springs and a finished copy commissioned for the Oval Office by President Lyndon B. Johnson is part of the White House collection. Johnson, who had famously rejected Peter Hurd's prior portrait of him, approved Shoumatoff's painting as his official presidential portrait.
A longtime resident of Locust Valley, New York, Shoumatoff died in November 1980 aged 92. Her estate donated some sketches related to the Unfinished Portrait to the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum in Hyde Park, New York. Some of her other works and materials from the latter part of her life are in the Archives of American Art. Elizabeth is buried in Locust Valley Cemetery, Locust Valley, New York.
Eleições estaduais no Acre em 2002

As eleições estaduais no Acre em 2002 ocorreram em 6 de outubro como parte das eleições gerais no Distrito Federal e em 26 estados. Foram eleitos o governador Jorge Viana, o vice-governador Binho Marques e os senadores Marina Silva e Geraldo Mesquita Júnior, além de oito deputados federais e vinte e quatro deputados estaduais.
Graças ao percentual superior à metade mais um dos votos válidos a eleição foi decidida em primeiro turno com a reeleição do governador Jorge Viana, engenheiro florestal formado em 1985 pela Universidade de Brasília. Nascido em Rio Branco o governador do Acre é filho de Wildy Viana e sobrinho de Joaquim Macedo, ambos com passagens pela ARENA onde o primeiro foi eleito deputado federal e o segundo chegou ao Palácio Rio Branco após indicação do presidente Ernesto Geisel em 1978. Sempre filiado ao PT o governador Jorge Viana foi vencido em segundo turno por Edmundo Pinto perdeu o Palácio Rio Branco em 1990, elegeu-se prefeito de Rio Branco em 1992 e governador em 1998, reelegendo-se com percentual recorde quatro anos depois.
Além de se manter no poder o governador Jorge Viana elegeu os senadores Marina Silva e Geraldo Mesquita Júnior. Ela nasceu em Rio Branco, é formada em História pela Universidade Federal do Acre e foi coordenadora da Central Única dos Trabalhadores no Acre antes de ingressar no PT e eleger-se vereadora em Rio Branco em 1988, deputada estadual em 1990 e senadora em 1994. Sobre Geraldo Mesquita Júnior ele nasceu em Fortaleza e é filho de Geraldo Mesquita, político que teve passagem pela ARENA e renunciou ao mandato de senador para o qual fora eleito em 1970 após ser indicado governador pelo presidente Ernesto Geisel em 1974 e durante seu governo o filho foi seu secretário particular e veio a ocupar cargos na gestão Edison Cadaxo e no primeiro governo Jorge Viana. O outro senador do estado era Tião Viana, irmão do governador.
O antagonista do PT na eleição estadual foi Flaviano Melo. Formado em Engenharia Civil em 1974 no Centro Universitário Geraldo Di Biase com especialização na Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, ele nasceu em Rio Branco e trabalhou nas obras da Ponte Rio-Niterói e do Metrô do Rio de Janeiro antes de ir para Recife e Salvador como funcionário da Mendes Júnior. De volta ao Acre filiou-se ao PMDB e foi nomeado prefeito de Rio Branco (1983-1986) no governo Nabor Júnior elegendo-se governador em 1986 e senador em 1990. Vencido por Orleir Cameli ao disputar o governo em 1994 e por Tião Viana ao tentar se reeleger senador em 1998, foi eleito prefeito de Rio Branco em 2000 e renunciou para disputar o governo estadual, atitude que abriu caminho para que o PT conquistasse a prefeitura de Rio Branco com Raimundo Angelim (2004, 2008) e Marcus Alexandre (2012).
São relacionados os candidatos eleitos com informações complementares da Câmara dos Deputados.
Estavam em jogo 24 cadeiras na Assembleia Legislativa do Acre.
Assis Brasil

Assis Brasil é um município brasileiro do estado do Acre. Sua população, estimada em 2024 pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), é de 8 573 habitantes e sua área é de 4.974,175 km². A cidade está localizada na tríplice fronteira entre o Brasil, o Peru e a Bolívia, formando uma conurbação, ou núcleo de populações vizinhas, com a cidade peruana de Iñapari e com a cidade boliviana de Bolpebra. O município é servido pela rodovia BR-317, que é a única rodovia que liga o Brasil ao Peru.
O Poder Legislativo é representado pela câmara municipal, composta por nove vereadores com mandato de 4 anos. Cabe aos vereadores na Câmara Municipal de Assis Brasil, especialmente fiscalizar o orçamento do município, além de elaborar projetos de lei fundamentais à administração, ao Executivo e principalmente para beneficiar a comunidade.
O município embora pequeno tem muitas festas ao longo do ano, as principais são:
Há também os festejos de nível nacional que são festejados com grande alegria pela população
entre outras
O peixe mandi assado é um dos seus principais pratos típicos.
Lista de governadores do Amazonas

Esta é uma lista de governantes do estado do Amazonas. Incluem-se neste artigo todos os mandatários que governaram o território hoje chamado estado do Amazonas, desde a criação da Capitania de São José do Rio Negro pela Carta Régia de 3 de março de 1755 até à atualidade.
O Amazonas é um estado da federação, sendo governado por três poderes, o executivo, representado pelo governador, o legislativo, representado pela Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Amazonas, e o judiciário, representado pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Amazonas e outros tribunais e juízes. Também é permitida a participação popular nas decisões do governo através de referendos e plebiscitos.
Tratando-se sobre partidos políticos, todos os 35 partidos políticos brasileiros possuem representação no estado. Conforme informações divulgadas pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE), com base em dados de abril de 2016, o partido político com maior número de filiados no Amazonas é o Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCdoB), com 20 687 membros, seguido do Partido Social Cristão (PSC), com 18 934 membros e do Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), com 17 265 filiados. Completando a lista dos cinco maiores partidos políticos no estado, por número de membros, estão o Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (PMDB), com 14 742 membros; e o Partido Progressista (PP), com 13 124 membros. Ainda de acordo com o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral, o Partido Novo (NOVO) e o Partido Socialista dos Trabalhadores Unificado (PSTU) são os partidos políticos com menor representatividade na unidade federativa, com 4 e 134 filiados, respectivamente.
Atual cenário político amazonense
Em 2017 foi convocada pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral mediante o veredicto que cassou a chapa vitoriosa ao governo estadual no pleito de 2014 sob a acusação de compra de votos. Diante de tal sentença, o presidente da Assembleia Legislativa comandou interinamente o Estado até que um novo pleito decidisse quem ocuparia o Palácio Rio Negro. Ao todo nove candidaturas foram registradas para esse fim. Como nenhum candidato a governador assegurou metade mais um dos votos válidos, houve um segundo turno em 27 de agosto entre Amazonino Mendes e Eduardo Braga com a vitória de Mendes. Segundo a Constituição o novo mandatário completaria o período iniciado por seus antecessores. O pleito extraordinário de 2017 marcou, portanto, o terceiro embate entre os aliados de outrora. Nas eleições gerais de 2018, Amazonino Mendes tentou a reeleição e foi derrotado, no 2º turno, pelo jornalista Wilson Lima (PSC). Lima obteve 58,5% dos votos válidos, com uma vantagem de mais de 300 mil votos sobre o então governador, e tornou se o governador mais bem votado da história do Amazonas com 1.033.954 votos.
Através de uma Lei Imperial de 20 de outubro de 1823 D. Pedro I extinguiu as juntas governativas provisórias nas províncias e criou os cargos de presidentes, a serem preenchidos por nomeação do Imperador, e os conselhos de governos, que seriam eleitos.