davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Al treilea salt mortal

Al treilea salt mortal este un film românesc din 1980 regizat de Alecu Croitoru după un scenariu de Nicolae Mărgeanu și Atanasie Toma. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ion Dichiseanu, Jean Constantin și Maria Clara Sebök. A avut premiera la 21 iulie 1980.
În timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, în 1944, un geolog român descoperă uraniu. Serviciile de spionaj engleze și germane încearcă să-l prindă, dar acesta dispare. Tatăl său este un faimos actor de circ și este folosit de spioni drept momeală pentru a-l prinde pe geolog. Acesta însă este salvat de membrii rezistenței locale.
Titlul de lucru al filmului a fost Circul spionilor. Au avut loc filmări la Circul de Stat din București. Asistentă de regie a fost Cristina Nichituș-Mihăilescu.
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.956.573 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.
Mănăstirea Săpânța-Peri

Mănăstirea Săpânța-Peri este un așezământ monahal din Transilvania, aflat pe teritoriul nordic al satului Săpânța din județul Maramureș. Ea contiună tradiția vechii mănăstiri ortodoxe din Peri ale cărei ruine se găsesc acum în zona localității Hrușovo din Ucraina.
În anul 1391, nepoții lui Dragoș Vodă au dăruit Mănăstirii Peri terenuri și bunuri, fiind ridicată o biserică din piatră. Mai bine de 300 de ani, această biserică de piatră a fost folosită ca sediu al Episcopiei Române a Maramureșului, fiind ulterior ridicat de către meșterul Ioan Macarie un lăcaș care să servească drept loc de rugăciune pentru comunitatea greco-catolică din împrejurimi. Mănăstirea purta pe vremea voievozilor Dragoșești hramul Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail. La Mănăstirea Peri au fost traduse și copiate în limba română pentru prima dată „Psaltirea”, „Evanghelia”, „Legenda duminicii”, „Codicele Voroțean” și „Faptele Apostolilor”. În anul 1404, o seamă de nobili români au reîntărit posesiunea Mănăstirii, pomenind de donația anterioară a lui Balc și Drag: trei sate (Taras, Criva și Peri) și o moară "în țara Câmpulungului pe apa Săpânței, unde se varsă Săpânța în Tisa". "Iar după moartea lor, și Dumitru voievod și fratele său Alexandru.
Meșter au întărit în fața noastră mănăstirii aceste stăpâniri din uricul lor", spune hrisovul.
Evenimentele istorice au dus la distrugerea mănăstirii în anul 1783.
Mănăstirea Săpânța-Peri a fost înființată în anul 1997, în hotarul satului Săpânța, din dorința de a reînnoda tradiția istorică a vechii Mănăstiri Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail, din Peri, Maramureș. Ctitorită de părintele paroh Grigore Lutai, după planurile arhitectului Dorel Cordoș, Mănăstirea Săpânța Peri a primit, din anul 2005, o obște de maici, care a continuat lucrările de construcție începute anterior. Biserica în stil maramureșean a mănăstirii a fost placată, inițial, cu 8,5 kilograme de aur, iar crucea, înaltă de șapte metri, la rândul ei, învelită cu patru kilograme de aur. Construcția se află pe malul Tisei și fost realizată între anii 1998 și 2003. Turla mănăstirii este vizibilă de la o distanță de cinci kilometri peste Tisa și poate fi admirată de românii din Transcarpatia, regiune a Maramureșului istoric rămasă în Ucraina. În prezent mănăstirea găzduiește 6 măicuțe, stareță fiind Stavrofora Agnia Ciuban.
Cu o înălțime maximă de 78 m, biserica mânăstirii Săpânța-Peri se situează în prezent pe locul 3 între lăcașurile de cult din România, după catedrala ortodoxă din Timișoara și biserica romano-catolică Sf.Mihail din Cluj, și înaintea altor edificii impozante de zid, precum bisericile evanghelice din Bistrița sau Sibiu.
Plată per click

Plata per clic (în engleză pay per click, abreviat PPC, sau cost per click, abreviat CPC ) e o metodă de a face marketing online prin intermediul căreia plățile către publisheri și rețeaua specifică se fac per accesare (clic). Cu alte cuvinte, reclama făcută advertiserilor este platită doar dacă vizitatorii accesează reclamele dând clic pe ele.
Metoda pay-per-clic este utilizată de către platformele de marketing ale motoarelor de căutare, cum ar fi Google AdWords (redenumit Google Ads în 2018) și Microsoft Bing Ads. Campaniile de publicitate apar în formă de anunțuri text sau imagine, deasupra sau sub rezultate organice, pe paginile cu rezultatele motorului de căutare sau pe oricare site ales, fiind marcate de obicei într-un mod distinctiv. Poziția anunțurilor publicitare depinde de prețul cuvintelor, strategiiile de licitare și numărul de participanți la procesul de licitare pentru cuvintele cheie vizate.
Rețelele sociale precum Facebook și Twitter au adoptat de asemenea metodata de plată per clic, aceasta devenind în scurt timp un instrument de marketing online popular în rândul utilizatorilor.
Există mai multe site-uri care pretind a fi primul model PPC pe web, cu multe apariții la mijlocul anilor 1990. De exemplu, în 1996, prima versiune cunoscută și documentată a unui PPC a fost inclusă într-un director Web numit Planet Oasis. Aceasta a fost o aplicație desktop care conține legături către site-uri web de informații și comerciale și a fost dezvoltată de Ark Interface II, o diviziune a Packard Bell NEC Computers. Reacțiile inițiale ale companiilor comerciale la modelul "pay-per-visit" al Ark Interface II erau, însă, sceptice. Până la sfârșitul anului 1997, peste 400 de mărci importante plăteau între $ .005 și $ .25 pe clic plus o taxă de plasare.
În februarie 1998, Jeffrey Brewer de la Goto.com, o companie de pornire cu 25 de angajați (mai târziu Overture, acum parte a Yahoo!), a prezentat o dovadă a conceptului de plată pe clic pentru motoarele de căutare la conferința TED din California. Această prezentare și evenimentele care au urmat au creat sistemul publicitar PPC. Creditul pentru conceptul modelului PPC este în general acordat fondatorului Idealab și Goto.com Bill Gross.
Biserica de lemn din Goila

Biserica de lemn din Goila, comuna Căbești, județul Bihor, datează din secolul XVIII. Are hramul „Adormirea Maicii Domnului”. Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI: BH-II-m-B-01154.
Îndată după anul 1750, cei câțiva locuitori ai satului Goila și-au construit o bisericuță modestă de lemn pe care au înzestrat-o cu toate cele necesare rânduielii creștine. Au păstrat-o până în zilele noastre, după ce, din vechime, i-au mai adăugat câte ceva, fără a schimba prea mult din înfățișarea pe care a avut-o dintru început.
Bisericuța din Goila este una modestă și aproape neschimbată de la momentul construcției. Altarul are un plan pentagonal, cu pereții longitudinali ușor retrași spre interior, iar laturile de răsărit se încheie în vârf ascuțit. Deasupra altarului, acoperișul este ușor denivelat față de coama acoperișului navei. Crucea din vârful turnului se ridică doar cu puțin peste acoperiș, deoarece clopotnița are un coif piramidal, terminat cu un glob, fără obișnuita săgeată. Pereții bisericii nu au linie verticală, ci una oblică, amintind parcă de funcțiile unor contraforturi, și sunt acoperiți azi cu un strat gros de ceamur, peste care s-au așternut straturi succesive de var. Grinda-tirant din naos prinde pereții de nord și sud, asigurând stabilitatea bolții semicilindrice, făcută din bârne mai subțiri, legate prin cuie de lemn în arcul dublou median. Console nu există, acoperișul pornind direct din cununa superioară a pereților, iar cheotorile sunt ascunse. Lipsa elementelor decorative este suplinită prin piesele de mobilier, specialitatea locuitorilor satului.
Ușile altarului pictate pe pânză, au fost realizate de David Zugravu. Inscripția de pe ușa diaconească atestă:"...s-au zugrăvit la anul 1764. David Zugravu". La ușa „proscomidiei”, inscripția reamintește numele talentatului pictor de biserici: „să se știe că acsete dveri amu zugrăvitu eu David zugravu ...” Precizările anului și numele zugravului sunt date deosebit de importante pentru conturarea vieții și activității celui care a fost cu adevărat un mare artist al vremii sale.
Un număr de 14 icoane pe sticlă, toate lucrate de pictorii iconari de la Nicula, împodobesc pereții bisericii. Dintre icoanele pe sticlă, o „Sfântă Troiță” este cu totul ieșită din comun, artistul popular contopind într-o figură trei fețe distincte încadrate în nimbul triunghiular. O imagine similară nu se întâlnește în Bihor decât pe un perete al altarului bisericii de lemn din Șebiș. Cele mai multe din icoanele de la Goila datează din secolul al XVIII-lea.
Mai mulți cercetători amintesc că la biserica din Goila se afla înainte vreme o Cazanie scrisă la 1724 de copistul „Popa Ioan din Țara Leșească lăcuitoriu în Bălaia”. Nu se știe nimic de urmele acestui manuscris.
Sare de bucătărie

Sarea de bucătărie este denumirea populară a unui amestec mineral alcătuit în majoritate din clorură de sodiu (NaCl). La obținerea sării de bucătărie, aceasta poate să conțină până la 3 % sare marină și 15 % alte săruri, cum ar fi (Ferocianura de potasiu cunoscut ca E536 sau Antiaglomerant), sau (Ferocianura de sodiu cunoscuta ca E535). In comerț se poate găsi sarea rafinată care conține și alte substanțe pentru îmbunătățirea calităților sării în afară de sarea propriu zisă.
Sarea de bucătărie, deși contribuie la creșterea presiunii osmotice intracelulare și presiunii sanguine, datorită ionilor de sodiu, constituie un conservant și condiment de bază în alimentație, fiind folosită în industria conservelor, în tăbăcărie, în industria chimică etc. Un substituent recomandat medical în anumite situații este clorura de potasiu (KCl) care nu prezintă efectele secundare menționate, dar nu prezintă același gust. Consumul zilnic de sare recomandat este de cca. 5 g. Sarea se folosește la orice mâncare.
Sare derivă din cuvântul latin sal. Aceeași origine o are și cuvântul salariu, deoarece soldații romani au fost, în anumite timpuri, plătiți în sare.
Asimilarea în organism a unei cantități prea mari de sare poate conduce la serioase probleme de sănătate, precum creșterea presiunii arteriale, disfuncții cardiovasculare, atac de cord, osteoporoză și cancer stomacal. Doar în 2010, 15% din decesele cauzate de infarct au fost din cauza consumului excesiv de sare.
Sarea a constituit un bun vândut și cumpărat - o marfă - tot timpul. Sunt atestate drumuri comerciale numite drumuri ale sării, servind inițial la transportarea sării.
După sortimentul de sare acesta mai poate conține substanțe adăugate:
Sare este cuvant romanesc care nu se trage din cuvantul sal (latinesc). Cuvantul sare este cuvant stravechi al limbii vorbite in arealul Carpatic. Cuvantul "salar", "salariu" este cuvant inprumutat.
Tutton's salt

Tutton's salts are a family of salts with the formula M2M'(SO4)2(H2O)6 (sulfates) or M2M'(SeO4)2(H2O)6 (selenates). These materials are double salts, which means that they contain two different cations, M and M' crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice. The univalent cation can be potassium, rubidium, caesium, ammonium (NH4), deuterated ammonium (ND4) or thallium. Sodium or lithium ions are too small. The divalent cation can be magnesium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc or cadmium. In addition to sulfate and selenate, the divalent anion can be chromate (CrO4), tetrafluoroberyllate (BeF4), hydrogenphosphate (HPO4) or monofluorophosphate (PO3F). Tutton's salts crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/a. The robustness is the result of the complementary hydrogen-bonding between the tetrahedral anions and cations as well their interactions with the metal aquo complex [M(H2O)6].
Perhaps the best-known is Mohr's salt, ferrous ammonium sulfate (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2(H2O)6). Other examples include the vanadous Tutton salt (NH4)2V(SO4)2(H2O)6 and the chromous Tutton salt (NH4)2Cr(SO4)2(H2O)6. In solids and solutions, the M' ion exists as a metal aquo complex [M'(H2O)6].
Related to the Tutton's salts are the alums, which are also double salts but with the formula MM'(SO4)2(H2O)12. The Tutton's salts were once termed "false alums".
Tutton salts are sometimes called Schönites after the naturally occurring mineral called Schönite (K2Mg(SO4)2(H2O)6). They are named for Alfred Edwin Howard Tutton, who identified and characterised a large range of these salts around 1900. Such salts were of historical importance because they were obtainable in high purity and served as reliable reagents and spectroscopic standards.
Some organic bases can also form salts that crystallise like Tutton's salts.
Doftana prison

Doftana was a Romanian prison, sometimes referred to as "the Romanian Bastille". Built in 1895 in connection with the nearby salt mines, from 1921 it began to be used to detain political prisoners, among them Max Goldstein, a revolutionary whose detonation of an explosive device in the Romanian Senate chamber in December 1920 prompted widespread suppression and detention of political radicals, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, who was later the Prime Minister of Romania (1952–1955), and the Chairman of the State Council of Romania (1961–1965), and Nicolae Ceaușescu, who went on to be General Secretary of Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989), and the first President of Romania (1974–1989).
The prison is situated close to the village with the same name, in the Telega commune of Prahova County.
From 1924 it is noted that the inmates began to write and edit a newspaper by hand using paper slips and smuggled pencils. It went by various names such as Doftana Red and Bolsheviks Handcuffed.
During the communist period of Romania just after World War II, it was transformed into a museum, which has since been deserted due to lack of funds.. The composer Alfred Mendelssohn wrote The Destruction of Doftanas, a symphonic poem about it.
Not only Romanian communists were imprisoned here, also captured German and Soviet soldiers and Hungarian civilians.
45°08′12″N 25°46′24″E﻿ / ﻿45.13667°N 25.77333°E﻿ / 45.13667; 25.77333
Marston, Cheshire

Marston is a village and civil parish within the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester, in Cheshire, North West England. It is sited beside the River Weaver, close to Anderton and the Anderton Boat Lift. The nearest major settlement is Manchester, which lies 15 miles (24 km) to the north-east. It is the site of the Lion Salt Works, which is now an industrial museum.
Marston lies west of the Peak District on the Cheshire Plain. Superficial Alluvium deposits on the West side of Marston has produced higher, fluctuating topography in this area as well as glaciofluvial deposits on the South side producing a ridge by Wincham Brook. The surrounding flat areas are composed of Devensian Till.
One of Marston's defining features is its old salt mine. First worked on since around 1777, the mine covers an excavated area of 85 acres.
In 1884:
Since then the mine has been illuminated with over 10,000 lights, used for banquets and visited by distinguished members of the British Association in 1854. The new lighting and visit by the British Association attracted almost 1,000 individuals to the mine in one day.
In 1874 the Church of St Paul was erected. Designed by Mr. Douglas, architect of Chester, in the Early English style, it consists of an organ chamber on the south side, nave, north aisle with porch and a low spire and turret containing one bell.
Historically Marston was a Township in the Great Budworth Parish (Bucklow Hundred, SJ 6776) and became a Civil Parish in 1866. Between 1837 and 2009 Marston had been part of 5 Registration districts- Northwhich (1837–1974), Vale Royal (1974–1998), Cheshire Central (1998–2007), Cheshire (2007–2009) and Cheshire West and Chester (2009+). In 1889 Marston's area was reduced by 272 acres due to a boundary change- Wincham, east of Marston, gained this area which included 18 individuals as well as Jackson's and Barber's Farm. Marston had a population of 538 according to the 2011 census.
In 1881 the primary occupation (making up 12.4% of the total population) was "Worker in Mineral Substances". This large section of employment would have been due to Marstons extensive salt mine. At this time period workers in this industry where all male- 23% of males worked in this industry in 1881.
Media related to Marston, Cheshire at Wikimedia Commons
로마 지하철역 목록

2013년 12월 현재 기준으로 로마 지하철에는 A선과 B선 두 개의 노선이 있으며 지하철역은 총 52개가 있다.
이 목록에서는 환승이 가능한 역은 굵은 글씨로 표기했으며 그 역에서 환승할 수 있는 노선을 괄호 안에 적어놓았다.
(동쪽 구간)
(북동쪽 구간)
(공통 구간)
안심역

안심(혁신도시,첨복단지)역(Ansim station, 安心驛)은 대구광역시 동구 송정삼거리에 있는 대구 도시철도 1호선의 지하철역이다. 부역명은 혁신도시·첨복단지이며 인근에 안심차량사업소가 있다. 이 역부터 설화명곡역까지 지하 구간이다.
대구 도시철도 1호선에서 유일하게 섬식 승강장 구조로 되어 있으며 차내에서 내릴 때도 왼쪽 문으로 내려야 하는 역이다.
신라 말기, 후백제의 견훤과 맞붙었던 공산 전투에서 패전해, 신숭겸 등의 부하들을 잃고 도망쳤던 고려의 왕건이 이곳에 다다라서야 안심했다는 것에서 유래하였다. 참고로 왕건이 견훤과의 전투에서 패전한 곳이 대구 시내버스 업체 광남자동차 차고지가 있는 봉무동의 파군재삼거리다. 안심은 원래 대구가 아닌 경산군 안심읍이었다가 대구시 안심동으로 편입된 지역이다. 안심역이 있는 송정삼거리에서 반야월 구길과 신길이 나뉘며, 대구 도시철도 1호선은 반야월 신길로 운행한다. 2014년 2월 28일 부역명에 혁신도시·첨복단지가 적용되었다. 첨복단지는 첨단의료복합단지의 약칭이다.
1면 2선의 곡선 섬식 승강장이 있는 지하역이다. 스크린도어가 설치되어 있다.
현재 대구 도시철도 1호선의 32개역 중 유일무이하게 섬식 승강장 구조를 갖추고 있는 역이다. 이 역은 약간의 곡선 구조가 있으며, 승강장과 열차 사이가 단차가 있다.
동촌~안심 구간 중에서 승객이 가장 많다. 이로 인해 2016년에 스크린도어가 우선 설치되었다.
화랑대역

화랑대역(花郞臺驛, Hwarangdae station) 또는 서울여대역(Seoul Women's Univ. station)은 서울특별시 노원구 공릉2동에 있는 서울 지하철 6호선의 지하철역이다. 역명은 대학명으로 오해할 수 있으나, 인근에 있는 육군사관학교의 별칭인 화랑대라는 이름을 따서 정했으며, 서울여대입구는 서울특별시가 확정한 병기역명이다. 인근에 육군사관학교와 서울여자대학교가 있다. 2010년 12월 20일까지 이 역에서 약 800m 거리에 한국철도공사 경춘선의 철도역이었던 화랑대역이 있었으나, 꽤 멀리 떨어져 있어 이름만 같을 뿐 관계는 없다. 이 역과 태릉입구역 사이에 연결 선로가 있으며, 6호선 전동차가 7호선 도봉차량사업소에서 중검수를 받기 위하여 이 선로를 사용한다. 이 역 위에는 묵동천이 지나간다.
2면 2선의 상대식 승강장을 갖추고 있는 지하역으로, 스크린도어가 설치되어 있다.
2000년 자료는 개통일인 2000년 8월 7일부터 12월 31일까지 147일간의 집계를 반영한 것이다.
서울메트로

서울메트로(Seoul Metro)는 대한민국 서울 지하철 1호선·2호선·3호선·4호선·9호선 2단계 구간, 부산-김해경전철 등의 운영을 담당했던 서울특별시 산하의 지방 공기업이다.
1970년 6월 서울특별시 지하철건설본부가 발족된 이후 지하철 1, 2호선을 건설하였고, 1980년 2월에는 민간자본을 끌어들이기 위하여 서울지하철건설을 설립하였으며, 1980년 9월 1일 서울특별시지하철건설본부에서 분리하고, 서울지하철건설주식회사를 해산하여 서울특별시 지하철공사를 설립하였다. 2005년 10월 27일에 사명을 서울메트로로 변경하였다. 2016년 11월 23일에 서울특별시 도시철도공사와 통합이 확정되어 2017년 4월 30일 서울교통공사로 통합되었다.
이동평균

이동평균(移動平均, moving average, rolling -, running -)은 전체 데이터 집합의 여러 하위 집합에 대한 일련의 평균을 만들어 데이터 요소를 분석하는 계산이다. 이동산술평균(Moving Mean) 또는 롤링산술평균(Rolling Mean)이라고도 하며 유한 임펄스 응답 필터 유형이다. 단순이동평균, 누적이동평균, 가중이동평균이 있다.
일련의 연속된 숫자와 고정된 부분 집합 크기가 주어지면, 이동 평균의 첫 번째 요소는 연속된 숫자의 첫 고정 부분 집합의 평균을 취하여 구한다. 그런 다음 "앞으로 이동"하여 하위 집합을 변경한다. 즉, 부분 집합의 첫 번째 숫자를 제외하고 연속된 숫자의 다음 값을 포함시킨다.
금융 분야에서 단순이동평균(Simple Moving Average)은 이전 n개 데이터의 비가중 평균이다. 그러나 과학 및 공학 분야에서 평균은 일반적으로 중앙 값의 양쪽에 있는 동일한 수의 데이터에서 가져온다. 이로써 평균의 변동은 시간이 아닌 데이터의 변동과 일치하게 된다.
동일한 가중치가 적용되는 대표적인 단순이동평균의 사례는 주식시장에서 n일 동안의 주가에 대해 이전 n일의 종가의 평균이다. 그 가격이 p M , p M − 1 , … , p M − ( n − 1 ) {\displaystyle p_{M},p_{M-1},\dots ,p_{M-(n-1)}} 일 경우 공식은 다음과 같다.
연속적인 값을 계산할 때 새로운 값이 합산되고 가장 오래된 값이 제거되므로 이와 같이 간단한 경우에는 매번 전체 합산이 필요하지 않다.
선택하는 기간은 단기, 중기 또는 장기와 같은 관심있는 이동 유형에 따라 다르다. 금융 용어에서 이동평균 수준은 하락장에서의 지지 또는 상승장에서의 저항으로 해석될 수 있다.
단순이동평균의 주요 단점은 단기적인 신호를 상당히 많이 놓칠 수 있다는 것이다. 최악의 경우 완전히 뒤집힌 결과가 나타날 수도 있다. 이로 인해 데이터의 저점 위치에 고점이 나타나는 예기치 않은 결과가 발생할 수 있다. 또한 일부 빈번한 변동이 제대로 제거되지 않아서 결과가 예상보다 부드럽지 않을 수 있다.
누적이동평균(Cumulative moving average)에서, 데이터는 순서화된 데이텀 스트림에 도달하고, 사용자는 현재 데이텀 포인트까지 모든 데이터의 평균을 얻고자 한다. 예를 들어, 투자자는 특정 주식에 대한 현재까지 모든 주식 거래의 평균 가격을 원할 수 있다. 각각의 새로운 트랜잭션이 발생할 때, 트랜잭션시의 평균 가격 누적 평균을 사용하여 그 지점까지의 모든 거래에 대해 계산될 수 있고, 일반적으로 균등하게 가중된 N 값들의 시퀀스인 x 1 . … , x n {\displaystyle x_{1}.\ldots ,x_{n}} 의 현재까지 평균은 다음과 같다.
가중평균은 샘플 창의 다른 위치에 있는 데이터에 다른 가중치를 부여하기 위해 계수를 곱한 평균이다. 수학적으로 가중이동평균은 고정 가중 함수를 사용한 기준점의 합성곱이다. 응용 분야 중 하나는 디지털 그래픽 이미지에서 모자이크를 제거하는 것이다. 금융 데이터의 기술적 분석에서 가중이동평균(Weighted Moving Average)은 등차수열에서 가중치가 감소한다는 특별한 의미를 갖는다. n 일 가중이동평균에서 최신 날짜의 가중치는 n 이고 두 번째 최신 날짜의 가중치는 n - 1이며 계속해서 가중치가 1이 될 때까지 줄어든다.
오른쪽 그래프는 가장 최근 데이텀 포인트에 대한 가장 높은 가중치에서 0으로 가중치가 어떻게 감소하는지 보여준다. 다음 지수 이동 평균의 가중치와 비교할 수 있다.
지수이동평균(Exponential Moving Average) 또는 지수가중이동평균(Exponentially Weighted Moving Average)은 지수적으로 감소하는 가중치를 적용하는 1차 무한 임펄스 응답 필터다. 이 경우 오래된 데이터에 대한 가중치는 기하 급수적으로 감소하지만 0이 되지는 않는다. 오른쪽 그래프는 가중치 감소의 예를 보여준다.
급수 Y에 대한 가중이동평균은 재귀적으로 계산할 수 있다.
응용 분야에 따라 권장되는 값은 있지만 선택해야 할 "허용된" α {\displaystyle \alpha } 값은 없다. 일반적으로 사용되는 α {\displaystyle \alpha } 값은 2 / ( N + 1 ) {\displaystyle 2/(N+1)} 다. 이는 α E M A = 2 / ( N S M A + 1 ) {\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {EMA} }=2/\left(N_{\mathrm {SMA} }+1\right)} 일 때 단순이동평균과 지수이동평균의 가중치가 같은 값을 갖기 때문이다.
이동평균 회귀모형에서 관심 변수는 관찰되지 않은 독립 오차 항의 가중이동평균이라고 가정한다. 이동평균의 가중치는 추정할 매개 변수다.
이 두 개념은 종종 이름으로 인해 혼동되고 많은 유사점이 있지만 각각의 고유한 방법을 나타내며 매우 다른 상황에서 사용된다.
대륙 이동설

대륙 이동설(大陸 移動說, Continental drift theory)은 독일의 기상학자인 알프레트 베게너가 제창한 학설로, 원래 하나의 초대륙으로 이뤄져 있던 대륙들이 갈라져 이동하면서 현재와 같은 대륙들이 만들어졌다는 이론이다.
1912년에 그의 저서 《대륙의 기원》(Die Entstehung der Kontinente)에서 베게너는 지질, 고생물, 고기후 등의 자료를 바탕으로 태고에는 대서양의 양쪽의 대륙이 각각의 방향으로 표류했다는 대륙이동설을 주장하였다. 1915년에는 《대륙과 해양의 기원》(Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane)에서 ‘판게아’라는 초대륙(거대한 육괴)이 존재하였고 약 2억년 전에 분열한 뒤 표류하여 현재의 위치와 모습을 가지게 되었다고 발표하였다. 그러나 베게너는 대륙 이동의 원동력을 설명할 수 없어 그의 학설은 학계로부터 인정받지 못했다. 대륙을 이동시키는 힘은 베게너 이후 다른 학자들에 의해 맨틀의 대류로 제시되었으며, 대륙 이동설은 판 구조론으로 발전된다.
대륙 이동의 증거
Gangseo District, Seoul

Gangseo District (Korean: 강서구; RR: Gangseo-gu; Korean pronunciation: [ka̠ŋ.sʰʌ̹.ɡu]) is one of the 25 districts (gu) of Seoul, South Korea. It is located on the south side of the Han River. South Korea's third busiest airport, Gimpo International Airport, is located in Gonghang-dong, where many flights fly to cities like Busan, Jeju, and Gwangju. The Magok Industrial Complex, located in Magok-dong, is a major hub for research and development, housing numerous R&D centers and corporate headquarters.
Since the Gimpo International Airport is located in gangseo district number of aviation headquarters are located nearby. The Korea Airports Corporation headquarters, Korean Air's headquarters, Korean Airport Service, Ltd., and Air Total Service are located in Gonghang-dong. Asiana Airlines's headquarters are located in Asiana Town in Osoe-dong. Jin Air has its headquarters in Deungchon-dong. Eastarjet has its headquarters in Banghwa 2-dong.
The Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB) FDR/CVR Analysis and Wreckage Laboratory is on the property of Gimpo International Airport in Gwahae-dong, Gangseo District. Previously the ARAIB had its headquarters in Gonghang-dong, Gangseo District. The ARAIB headquarters are now in Sejong City.
Outline of mining

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to mining:
Mining – extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually (but not always) from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam. Any material that cannot be grown from agricultural processes, or created artificially in a laboratory or factory, is usually mined.
Some examples of materials that are extracted from the earth by mining include:
Rock blasting
Engines used in mining
Commuting matrices

In linear algebra, two matrices A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} are said to commute if A B = B A {\displaystyle AB=BA} , or equivalently if their commutator [ A , B ] = A B − B A {\displaystyle [A,B]=AB-BA} is zero. Matrices A {\displaystyle A} that commute with matrix B {\displaystyle B} are called the commutant of matrix B {\displaystyle B} (and vice versa).
A set of matrices A 1 , … , A k {\displaystyle A_{1},\ldots ,A_{k}} is said to commute if they commute pairwise, meaning that every pair of matrices in the set commutes.
The notion of commuting matrices was introduced by Cayley in his memoir on the theory of matrices, which also provided the first axiomatization of matrices. The first significant results on commuting matrices were proved by Frobenius in 1878.
Rural–urban commuting area

Rural–urban commuting areas (RUCAs) categorize U.S. census tracts based on measures of urbanization, population density, and daily commuting. RUCA codes range from urban (1) to highly rural (10). RUCAs are a classification scheme that use the standard Census Bureau urban area definitions in combination with commuting information to characterize all of the nation's census tracts. Census tracts are used to establish RUCAs because they are the smallest geographic building block for which reliable commuting data are available.
RUCA codes are updated every year and may be found on the website of the Economic Research Service (ERS) of the United States Department of Agriculture and the University of Washington.
This article incorporates public domain material from Jasper Womach. Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
বাল-গণপতি

বাল-গণপতি (সংস্কৃত: बाल-गणपति, bāla-gaṇapati, অর্থাৎ "শিশু গণেশ") হলেন হিন্দু প্রজ্ঞা ও সৌভাগ্য দেবতা গণেশের (গণপতি) একটি বিশেষ রূপ। বাল-গণপতি হলেন গণেশের শৈশবাবস্থার রূপ।
অল্প কয়েকটি প্রতিকৃতিতে দেখা যায়, শিশু গণেশকে তার পিতা শিব ও মাতা পার্বতী আদর করছেন। কোনো কোনো বর্ণনায় বাল-গণপতিকে পার্বতীর কোলে বা কাঁধে ধৃত অবস্থাতেও দেখা যায়।
বাল-গণপতির একক মূর্তিতে তাকে উপবিষ্ট অবস্থায় বা হামাগুড়ি দিতে দেখা যায়। দক্ষিণ ভারত থেকে প্রাপ্ত একটি ব্রোঞ্জ মূর্তিতে তাকে এমনই উবু হয়ে হামাগুড়ি দিতে দেখা যায়। তিনি চতুর্ভূজ। দু’টি হাতে তিনি দু’টি মিষ্টান্ন ধরে রয়েছেন এবং শুঁড়ে করে তাঁর প্রিয় মিষ্টান্ন মোদক নিয়ে খেতে উদ্যত হয়েছেন।
শ্রীতত্ত্বনিধি গ্রন্থে উল্লিখিত গণেশের ৩২টি রূপের প্রথমটি হলেন বাল-গণপতি। গণেশের অন্যান্য রূপের মতো তিনিও গজানন। শুধু এই রূপে তাঁর শৈশবাবস্থা কল্পিত হয়েছে। কোনো কোনো গ্রন্থে তাঁকে শিশু রূপে বর্ণনা না করে শুধুমাত্র তাঁর শিশুসুলভ মুখভঙ্গিমাটি বর্ণনা করা হয়েছে। তাঁর গলায় সদ্য প্রস্ফুটিত পুষ্পের একটি মালা দোদুল্যমান। তাঁর চার হাতে রয়েছে আম, আম্রশাখা, ইক্ষুদণ্ড ও একটি মিষ্টান্ন। অন্য একটি বর্ণনা অনুসারে, তাঁর চার হাতে থাকে আম, কলা, কাঁঠাল ও ইক্ষুদণ্ড। এই বস্তুগুলি পৃথিবীর "অতিপ্রাচুর্য ও উর্বরতা"র প্রতীক। কোনো কোনো বর্ণনায় আবার কাঁঠালের পরিবর্তে পুষ্পস্তবকের উল্লেখ পাওয়া যায়। তাঁর শুঁড়ে থাকে একটি মোদক অথবা কয়েতবেল। তাঁর গাত্রবর্ণ "বালসূর্য" বা নবোদিত সূর্যের মতো লাল। অন্য বর্ণনা অনুসারে, তার গায়ের রং স্বর্ণাভ।
গণেশের এই শিশুমূর্তিটি ভবিষ্যৎ সমৃদ্ধির সুযোগের প্রতীক। শাস্ত্রে বলা হয়েছে, সদাচার শিক্ষার জন্য শিশুদের উচিত গণেশের এই রূপটি পূজা করা। আরও বলা হয়েছে যে, বাল-গণপতি তার ভক্তদের এক শিশুর আনন্দ ও সুস্বাস্থ্য প্রদান করেন। দক্ষিণ ভারতে দ্বিভূজ বালকরূপী গণেশের কয়েকটি মন্দির আছে। এই মন্দিরগুলিতে তাকে পিল্লাইয়ার ("ছোটো শিশু") নামে পূজা করা হয়।
বিনায়ক-তেন

বিনায়ক-তেন বা বিনায়কাতেন(毘那夜迦天), গণপতি, কাঙ্গিতেন, কাঙ্কিতেন, শতেন, তাইশতেন, তাইশ-কাঙ্গিতেন, তেনশন, কাঙ্গি-চিজাইতেন, শতেন-সামা, ভিনায়কাতেন বা জবিতেন জাপানী বৌদ্ধ ধর্মের শিঙ্গন ও তেন্দাই শাখার একজন তেন বা দেবতা। তিনি হিন্দু ধর্মের দেবতা গণেশের জাপানী রূপ বলে গণ্য করা হয়। কোনো কোনো পণ্ডিতের মতে তিনি বোধিসত্ত্ব অবলোকিতেশ্বরের রূপ।
বিনায়কাতেনকে বৌদ্ধ ধর্মের তান্ত্রিক শাখাসমূহের সাথে যুক্ত করা হয়। যদিও তাকে হিন্দু গণেশের মতো হাতীর মাথাযুক্ত পুরুষ হিসাবে দেখানো হয়, তবে অধিকতর জনপ্রিয় রূপ হল পুরুষ ও মহিলার "দ্বৈত (শরীরযুক্ত) কাঙ্গিতেন"।
বিনায়কাতেনের বিভিন্ন নাম আছে, যেমন, বিনায়কাতেন ~ হিন্দু বিনায়ক, গনবচি ~ হিন্দু গণপতি, গনব ~ গণেশ। গণেশের মত বিনায়কাতেনও বাধা-বিঘ্ন দূর করেন। তিনি শুভ, ভাল ভাগ্যর দেবতা। তান্ত্রিক বৌদ্ধত্বে জনপ্রিয় বিনায়কাতেন সুখ - সমৃদ্ধির দাতা। তার দ্বৈত রূপকে জাপানী ভাষায় শশিন কাঙ্গিতেন বা শশিন বিনায়ক বলা হয়, চীনা ভাষায় কুয়ান শি, ও সংস্কৃত ভাষায় নন্দিকেশ্বর।.
পরবর্তী বিনায়কাতেন দুষ্ট প্রকৃতির, দ্বন্দ্ব ইত্যাদির সৃষ্টি করেন, এবং মানুষকে বিঘ্ন করতে প্রেরিত করেন।
টেমপ্লেট:জাপানী বৌদ্ধ দেবমণ্ডলী
সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী

সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী (সংস্কৃত: संकष्टी चतुर्थी) বা সংকটহরা চতুর্থী হল একটি হিন্দু অনুষ্ঠান। এই দিন হিন্দু দেবতা গণেশের পূজা করা হয়। হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা অনুসারে প্রতি মাসের কৃষ্ণা চতুর্থী তিথিতে এই অনুষ্ঠান আয়োজিত হয়। এই তিথিটি মঙ্গলবারে পড়লে তাকে বলা হয় অঙ্গারকী সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী। সকল সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী তিথির মধ্যে অঙ্গারকী সংকষ্টী চতুর্থীকেই সর্বাপেক্ষা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ মনে করা হয়।
সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী তিথিতে ব্রতকারী কঠোরভাবে উপবাস পালন করেন। রাত্রিতে চন্দ্র দর্শনের পর গণেশের কাছে প্রার্থনা জানিয়ে উপবাস ভঙ্গ করা হয়। ভক্তরা মনে করেন, অঙ্গারকী চতুর্থী তিথিতে (জ্বলন্ত কয়লাকে সংস্কৃতে ‘অঙ্গারক’ বলা হয়। এটি গ্রহদেবতা মঙ্গলের দ্যোতক। উল্লেখ্য, মঙ্গলের নামানুসারেই মঙ্গলবারের নামকরণ করা হয়েছে।) প্রার্থনা জানালে, তাদের ইচ্ছা পূর্ণ হবে। গণেশ বিঘ্ননাশকারী এবং বুদ্ধির সর্বোচ্চ ঈশ্বর। তাই ভক্তদের বিশ্বাস, এই দিন উপবাস করলে সকল সমস্যার সমাধান সম্ভব। চন্দ্র উদয়ের আগে গণেশের আশীর্বাদ লাভ করার জন্য গণপতি অথর্বশীর্ষ পাঠ করা হয়।
প্রতি মাসে গণেশকে পৃথক পৃথক নামে ও পীঠে (আসনে) পূজা করা হয়। সংকষ্টী চতুর্থীর পূজাকে ‘সংকষ্টী গণপতি পূজা’ বলা হয়। প্রত্যেকটি ব্রতের একটি উদ্দেশ্য থাকে। এই উদ্দেশ্য একটি ব্রতকথার মাধ্যমে ব্যাখ্যা করা হয়। সংকষ্টী চতুর্থী ব্রতের ১৩টি ব্রতকথা আছে। ১২টি ব্রতকথা বছরের ১২ মাসে এক-একটিতে পঠিত হয়। ১৩শ ব্রতকথাটি ‘অধিক’ বা ‘মল’ মাসে (হিন্দু পঞ্জিকা অনুসারে প্রতি ৪ বছর অন্তর বছরে একটি মাস অধিক হয়, সেটিকেই ‘অধিক’ বা ‘মল’ মাস বলে) পঠিত হয়। এই ব্রতের বৈশিষ্ট্য এই যে, প্রতি মাসের সংশ্লিষ্ট ব্রতকথাটিই সেই মাসে পঠিত হয়।
ভক্তেরা মনে করেন, এই দিন গণেশ মর্ত্যে অবতীর্ণ হয়ে ভক্তদের কৃপা করেন। এই দিনই শিব বিষ্ণু-লক্ষ্মী ও শিব-পার্বতীর উর্ধ্বে তার পুত্রকে শ্রেষ্ঠতম বলে ঘোষণা করেছিলেন।
কিংবদন্তি অনুসারে, পার্বতী গণেশকে সৃষ্টি করেছিলেন তার স্নানের সময় ব্যবহৃত চন্দন থেকে। তারপর তিনি গণেশে প্রাণপ্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এরপর তিনি গণেশকে তার স্নানের সময় দ্বাররক্ষী নিয়োগ করেন। শিব যখন গৃহে প্রত্যাবর্তন করেন, তখন তাকে না চিনে গণেশ তাকে বাধা দেন। শিব ক্রুদ্ধ হয়ে তার অনুগামী গণেদের আদেশ করেন, সেই বালককে সহবত শিক্ষা দিতে। মহাশক্তি পার্বতীর সন্তান বলে গণেশ ছিলেন অত্যন্ত শক্তিশালী। তিনি গণেদের পরাজিত করেন এবং ঘোষণা করেন, তার মা যখন স্নান করবেন, তখন কেউই গৃহে প্রবেশ করতে পারবেন না। দেবর্ষি নারদ ও সপ্তর্ষিগণ উদ্ভূত পরিস্থিতির গুরুত্ব বিবেচনা করে সেই বালককে সন্তুষ্ট করতে আসেন। দেবরাজ ইন্দ্র ক্রুদ্ধ হয়ে দেবসেনাদের নিয়ে যুদ্ধ করতে আসেন। কিন্তু কিছুতেই গণেশকে টলানো বা পরাজিত করা যায় না। ফলে বিষয়টি শিব ও পার্বতীর মধ্যে বিবাদের কারণ হয়ে দাঁড়ায়।
দেবগণ পরাজিত হওয়ার পর ব্রহ্মা, বিষ্ণু ও শিব একযোগে গণেশকে আক্রমণ করেন। এই যুদ্ধের সময় শিব গণেশের মুণ্ডচ্ছেদ করেন। এতে পার্বতী যারপরনাই ক্রুদ্ধ হন। নিজ পুত্রকে নিহত দেখে পার্বতী তার আদ্যাশক্তি রূপ ধারণ করেন। তিনি ভয়ংকরী মূর্তি ধরে জগৎ ধ্বংস করতে যান। দেবতারা পার্বতীর স্তব করতে থাকেন। শিব প্রতিশ্রুতি দেন, তিনি গণেশের প্রাণ ফিরিয়ে দেবেন। ব্রহ্মা, বিষ্ণু ও শিব একটি মস্তকের সন্ধানে বেরিয়ে পড়েন। পথে তারা দেখতে পান, এক হস্তীমাতা তার মৃত হস্তীশাবকটির জন্য কাঁদছে। তারা সেই হস্তীমাতাকে সান্ত্বনা দিয়ে সেই হস্তীশাবকের মাথাটি কেটে এনে গণেশের শরীরে স্থাপন করেন। শিব ঘোষণা করেন, সেই দিন থেকে সেই বালকের নাম হবে ‘গণেশ’।
চতুর্থী (তিথি)

চতুর্থী হল হিন্দু পঞ্জিকার চান্দ্র পাক্ষিকের (পক্ষ) চতুর্থ দিন (তিথি)। প্রতি মাসে দুটি চতুর্থী থাকে, যথাক্রমে শুক্ল ও কৃষ্ণ পক্ষের চতুর্থ দিন।
গণেশ জয়ন্তী

গণেশ জয়ন্তী (আক্ষরিক অর্থে "গণেশের জন্মদিন") বা মাঘ শুক্লাচতুর্থী বা তিলকুণ্ড চতুর্থী বা বরদ চতুর্থী হল একটি হিন্দু উৎসব। এই উপলক্ষ্যে জ্ঞানের অধিপতি গণেশের জন্মদিন উদযাপন করা হয়। এটি বিশেষ করে ভারতের মহারাষ্ট্র রাজ্যে জনপ্রিয় উৎসব এবং এটি হিন্দু পঞ্জিকার অনুযায়ী মাঘ মাসের শুক্লপক্ষের চতুর্থী তিথিতে পালিত হয়।
ঐতিহ্য অনুসারে, গণেশ চতুর্থীকেও গণেশের জন্মদিন হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়। গণেশের এই উৎসটিকে উত্তর প্রদেশে তিল চৌথ বা সাকত চৌথ নামেও ডাকা হয়, যেখানে পরিবারের ছেলের পক্ষ থেকে গণেশকে আবাহন করা হয়।
পশ্চিমবঙ্গের উৎসবগুলির তালিকা

পশ্চিমবঙ্গে বাংলা পঞ্জিকা অনুসারে অনেক ছুটি এবং উৎসব উদযাপন করা হয়। দুর্গাপূজা পশ্চিমবঙ্গের সব থেকে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ উৎসবগুলোর মধ্যে একটি হিসেবে পালিত হয়। এখানে পশ্চিমবঙ্গের প্রধান উৎসবগুলোর একটি তালিকা দেওয়া হলো.
চিত্তরঞ্জন পার্ক কালীবাড়ি

চিত্তরঞ্জন পার্ক কালীবাড়ি হল ভারতের রাজধানী নতুন দিল্লির বাঙালি-অধ্যুষিত এলাকা চিত্তরঞ্জন পার্কে অবস্থিত একটি মন্দির চত্বর ও বাঙালি সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্র। ১৯৭৩ সালে এখানে একটি ছোটো পাহাড়ে প্রথমে একটি শিব মন্দির স্থাপিত হয়। এই মন্দিরটি এখনও মন্দির চত্বরে আছে। ১৯৮৪ সালে কালী, শিব ও রাধাকৃষ্ণের জন্য তিনটি বড়ো মন্দির তৈরি হয়। শারদীয়া দুর্গাপূজা এই কালীবাড়িতে খুব জাঁকজমক করে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ১৯৭৩ সাল থেকে এই মন্দিরে দুর্গাপূজা হয়ে আসছে।
এই মন্দিরটি ১৯৭৩ সালে স্থাপিত হয়। এটি নির্মীয়মান ইবিডিপি কলোনির জমিতে গড়ে ওঠে। কলোনির এক ধারে একটি ছোটো পাহাড়ের উপর একটি শিব মন্দির স্থাপিত হয়। এই বছরই মন্দিরে দুর্গাপূজা শুরু হয়। ১৯৮৪ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারি মাসে বাংলার আটচালা স্থাপত্য শৈলীর ধাঁচে কালী মন্দিরটি নির্মিত হয়। এরপর একটি শিব ও একটি রাধাকৃষ্ণ মন্দির স্থাপিত হয়। ২০০৬-০৯ সাল নাগাদ মন্দিরগুলিতে টেরাকোটার সাজসজ্জা করানো হয়।
চিত্তরঞ্জন পার্কের বাঙালি-অধ্যুষিত এই কালী মন্দিরটি বাঙালিদের একটি সাংস্কৃতিক কেন্দ্র। কালী মন্দির সমিতি এখানে সারা বছর বহু সাংস্কৃতিক ও ধর্মীয় অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করে।
এই মন্দিরের পাঁচ দিন ব্যাপী দুর্গাপূজা একটি প্রধান উৎসব। এখানকার দুর্গাপূজা সারা দিল্লিতে জনপ্রিয়। প্রচুর মানুষ রোজ এই পূজা দেখতে আসেন। পূজার উপকরণ পশ্চিমবঙ্গ থেকে আনা হয়। মন্দিরের অন্যান্য ধর্মীয় অনুষ্ঠান হল কালীপূজা, লক্ষ্মীপূজা, সরস্বতী পূজা, গণেশ চতুর্থী ইত্যাদি। দুর্গাপূজার সময় ভক্তদের চাঁদা থেকে মন্দিরের প্রচুর টাকা আয় হয়। মন্দিরের একটি অংশে কুমোরেরা মূর্তি বানান।
মন্দিরে একটি বড় গ্রন্থাগার আছে। এখানে বাংলার সংস্কৃতি ও ভাষা সংক্রান্ত ক্লাস নেওয়া হয়। এখানে শিশুদের জন্য সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান ও প্রতিযোগিতাও হয়। মন্দিরের একটি গেস্ট হাউসও আছে।
৪

৪ জুলীয় বর্ষপঞ্জীর একটি সাধারণ বছর যেটি বুধবার বা একটি অধিবর্ষ যেটি মঙ্গলবার দিয়ে শুরু। পূর্বানুমূলক জুলিয়ান বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে যা মঙ্গলবার দিয়ে শুরু। সেই সময়ে এই বছর ক্যাটাস ও স্যাটুরনিয়াস-এর কন্সালশীপের বছর বলে পরিচিত ছিল (বা, কম প্রচলিত, আব উরবে ক্যন্দিতার ৭৫৭ বছর; রোম প্রতিষ্ঠার বছর)। এই বছরকে ৪ বলে আখ্যায়িত করা হয় শুরুর দিকের মধ্যযুগীয় কাল থেকে, যখন ইউরোপে কমন এরা এবং অ্যানো ডোমিনি বছরের নামকরনের জন্য প্রচলিত পদ্ধতি হয়ে উঠে।
৪ জানুয়ারি

৪ জানুয়ারি গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের চতুর্থ দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ৩৬১ (অধিবর্ষে ৩৬২) দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
৪ আগস্ট

৪ আগস্ট গ্রেগরীয় বর্ষপঞ্জী অনুসারে বছরের ২১৬তম (অধিবর্ষে ২১৭তম) দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১৪৯ দিন বাকি রয়েছে।
ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া-৪

ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া-৪ হল বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদের ৩০০টি নির্বাচনী এলাকার একটি। এটি ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া জেলায় অবস্থিত জাতীয় সংসদের ২৪৬নং আসন।
ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া-৪ আসনটি ব্রাহ্মণবাড়িয়া জেলার কসবা উপজেলা ও আখাউড়া উপজেলা নিয়ে গঠিত।
১৯৮৬ সালের পূর্বে এই আসনটি কুমিল্লা-৪ নামে ছিল যদিও তখন কসবা - আখাউড়া নিয়ে গঠিত ছিল।
বিরোধীদলগুলি ২০১৪ সাধারণ নির্বাচন বর্জন করে তাদের প্রার্থীতা প্রত্যাহার করে নিলে আনিসুল হক বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায় নির্বাচিত হন।
টাঙ্গাইল-৪

টাঙ্গাইল-৪ হল বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংসদের ৩০০টি নির্বাচনী এলাকার একটি। এটি টাঙ্গাইল জেলায় অবস্থিত জাতীয় সংসদের ১৩৩নং আসন।
টাঙ্গাইল-৪ আসনটি টাঙ্গাইল জেলার কালিহাতি উপজেলা নিয়ে গঠিত।
২০১৪ সালের শেষের দিকে, মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নিউইয়র্কের একটি অনুষ্ঠানে হজ ও তাবলিগ জামাত নিয়ে বিরূপ মন্তব্য করেন আব্দুল লতিফ সিদ্দিকী। ফলে তিনি নিজ দল আওয়ামী থেকে বহিষ্কৃত হন ও মন্ত্রিত্ব হারান। ১ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১৫ সালে তিনি সংসদ থেকে পদত্যাগ করেন। পরে তার ভাই, আবদুল কাদের সিদ্দিকী, উপ-নির্বাচনে একজন প্রার্থী হতে পারে কিনা, তা নিইয়ে আইনি জটিলতায় নির্বাচন বিলম্বিত হয়েছিল। অবশেষে উপ-নির্বাচন জানুয়ারি ২০১৭ সালে অনুষ্ঠিত হয় যাতে বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগের প্রার্থী মোহাম্মদ হাছান ইমাম খাঁন নির্বাচিত হন।
বিরোধীদলগুলি ২০১৪ সালের সাধারণ নির্বাচন বর্জন করে তাদের প্রার্থীতা প্রত্যাহার করে নিলে আব্দুল লতিফ সিদ্দিকী বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতায় নির্বাচিত হন।
Kasba Ganapati

The Kasba Ganapati refers to both a particular murti of the god Ganapati in Pune, India, as well as to the temple built around the murti. The Kasba Ganapati is the presiding deity (gramadevata) of Pune. Kasba Ganpati is considered the first Manacha Ganpati, or most revered Ganpati, in Pune, Maharashtra. The idol was established in 1893 and is located in the Kasba Peth area of Pune, an ancient part of the city. It is patronized by Ganapati Bapurao Bebhan Durbar and is considered the presiding deity of Pune. The idol is said to be self-made and was originally the size of a grain of rice, but is now larger due to a layer of red sandalwood.
The temple was commissioned by Jijausaheb, after Dadoji Konddeo reported to her that a murti of Ganpati had been found in Pune. The murti's status as the premier murti in Pune was decided by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
In the year 1630, the Maratha Aristocrat and wife of Sardar Shahaji Bhosale, Jijaubaisaheb Bhosale arrived in Pune with her then infant son, Chhatrapati Shivaji maharaj, the founder of Maratha Empire. Around this time, along with other seven families, the Thakar Family migrated to Pune from the village of Indi, Bijapur district in present-day state of Karnataka. Shri Vinayak Bhatt Thakar also carried his Family deity, Lord Gajanan along with him. All these families settled near River bank around the current place of Kasba Ganapati Temple which was close to the residence of Jijabai. Jijabai perceived this as an auspicious moment and promptly decided to build a temple, which is popularly known as the Kasba Ganpati Mandir.
Since then, Pune is also known as the city of Ganesh. The Peshwas were ardent followers of Lord Ganesh. During their regime Shaniwarwada witnessed grand celebrations for Lord Ganesh.
In 1893, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Indian Nationalist Leader, initiated the now famous Ganesh Festival. His intention was to gather people sharing similar ideas and exchange thoughts to deal with the British ruler. He started celebrating Ganesh Festival from his own house called Kesari Wada. Due to his personal popularity and initiative, Ganesh Festival became a public festival soon afterwards.
There was rivalry among the various mandals regarding the privilege of immersing the murti first on the last day of the Ganpati festival. Bal Gangadhar Tilak resolved the rivalry and declared the privilege of first immersion to Shri Kasba Ganpati, as it is the local deity of Pune.
Until 1925, Shri Kasba Ganpati Mandal celebrated the festival within the premises of the temple and from 1926 it has been celebrated in an enclosed mandap. Presently, the ten days of the festival is a platform for local artists to display their talents through various cultural programs thus allowing a large number of devotees to participate in the celebrations. On the last day, Shri Kasba Ganpati plays the leading role during the immersion procession.
Ganapati Temple, Redi

15°44′35″N 73°39′27″E﻿ / ﻿15.7430614°N 73.6574438°E﻿ / 15.7430614; 73.6574438
The Ganapati temple of Redi is located approximately 30 km from Vengurla, in the small village of Redi, Maharashtra, India. The town in which this temple is situated contains iron ore mines and the Ganpati (Ganesha) idol was found in one of the mines near Rewati port in 1976. A local person by the name of Sadashiv Kambli supposedly visualized a buried statue of Ganesha in his dream and convinced local workers to dig out the statue from the seashore. After an investigation it has been found that the statue was made by the Pandava during their rule. The statue is approximately 6 ft in height and 4 ft in width. The Ganesh idol is in a sitting position and is Dwibhuja (two arms) as compared to rest of the idols which are generally Chaturbhuja (four arms). The mouse idol (vahana) was found on further excavation after two months.
Ganpati Temple, Tasgaon

The Lord Ganapati Temple is situated in the city of Tasgaon in Sangli district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Most of the Ganapati idols have a left-sided trunk, while this temple's idols' trunk bends towards the right. The Ganapati idol with the trunk curved towards the right is said to be 'active (jagrut)’. This Ganapati is regarded as a living idol, ready to bless communities with good luck, wisdom, prosperity and happiness. The idol is embellished with solid gold, weighing 125 kilograms (276 lb).
Parasuram Bhau Patwardhan (Raje of Tasgaon Sansthan) was Sar-Senapati of Nanasaheb Peshwa, who had established this Tasgaon Sansthan. Raje Parashuram had fought more than 100 wars against the Tipu Sultan in South India. At that time Tipu Sultan was impressed by the temples of southern India and its culture of worship.
The construction of a temple at Ganapati was begun in 1779 by Parasuram Bhau Patwardhan and finished in 1799 by his son Appa Patwardhan. These construction was made by Hindu- Wadar caste peoples from Karnataka. Its architecture resembles South Indian temple construction. It consists of an image−chamber and a hall (Mandapa) of plain but finely worked stone. The image−chamber is 9.44m x 8.83m and the hall 13.71m x 10.36m. The image−chamber has a spire 10.36m, flanked by our smaller ones 2.43 meters shorter making a grand composition. Mandapa has a flat roof of carved Stone slabs. The hall consists of a nave with three aisles made by two rows of pillars with a 3.04m space between them. At the hall's entrance are two shrines of the bull Nandi and the Garuda Guard 6.40m high including the pinnacles (shikhara). The entrance gateway formed by a masonry arch surmounted by a tower of the form known as the Gopura The Gopur is a large and lofty pinnacle. Gopura at Gadag in Karnataka State, India is comparable. It is seven-storied, gradually tapering to a ridge at the top. The lowest storey measures 11.27m, the whole is 29.08 m high, and the kalas (pinnacles) and curved arms are 0.17 m higher. Gopura is carved into images of gods and goddesses.
The Grand celebration occurs in the city on next day of Bhadrapat Chaturthi when thousands of people gather to celebrate this auspicious occasion. This festival is cultural and religious event helping the people to unit together. This Ganpati stays for one and half-day. The Procession starts in afternoon for immersion of Ganpati. The 30 feet 'Ratha' (chariot) used to decorate specially for this occasion. Ratha is pulled by the Ganpati devotees up to stream where they do immersion of Ganpati. This tradition has continued since 1785. And the first reference to given for these ratha was that caste should be announced to Apparaje Patvardhan, because they was constructed the temple of Sansthan's Ganpati. First the Ratha was made of teak wood which was too heavy. Due to its accident in one year, new iron Ratha came into picture.
Group of temples at Magadi, Karnataka

The Ranganatha Swamy and the Someshwara temples are located in the historic town of Magadi, about 41 km from Bangalore, the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. These temples are protected monuments under the Karnataka state division of the Archaeological Survey of India.
Magadi was first founded by the Chola dynasty around 1139 A.D. during their rule over the region. Magadi is the birthplace of Kempe Gowda, the Vijayanagara chieftain who founded Bangalore in the 16th century. Kempe Gowda and the chiefs who followed him built many architectural temples here.
The presiding deity of the temple is lord Vishnu in his standing posture, similar to the one in Tirupati. The name of this temple is actually Paschima Venkatachalapthi temple as the presiding deity faces west. The area in which the temple is located is called Tirumale. However nowadays it is more popular as Ranganatha temple due to the presence of a small image of Rangatha on the temple wall which is believed to be growing in size every year. According to the priest of the temple, The sanctum of the Ranganatha temple was first consecrated in early 12th century by the Chola ruler and the temple has undergone renovations and expansion since. Based on an inscription on a Garuda sthamba (Garuda pillar) in front of the temple, the tall decorative Gopurams (towers) were added by the famous Vijayanagara empire King Krishnadeva Raya in 1524 A.D. Contributions were also made by the Mysore regent Tipu Sultan; and the Maharaja of Mysore, Jayachamaraja Wodeyar. The Ranganatha temple complex consists of several shrines which includes sanctums for the Hindu deities Rama, Sita, Anjaneya, Lakshmi, Venugopala Krishna and Ranganatha (a form of the Hindu god Vishnu). Legend has it that the main deity (Ranganatha) was installed by Sage Mandavya lending the location the name "Mandavya Kshetra" (abode of Manavya). The pillars in the temple have attractive sculptures in relief. On either side of the temple entrance are two large colorful images of elephants.
According to the noted epigraphist and historian B. Lewis Rice, the Someshwara temple was built by Kempe Gowda II after coming to power in 1569 A.D. However, there is another view that the temple was actually built by his descendant Kempavira Gowda III in 1712 A.D. Notable structures in the large temple complex include a spacious inner prakara (courtyard) with lofty towers and mantapas (halls) which are in a state of neglect. Pillar decor includes motifs of dancing girls, soldiers, birds, and animals such as lions in relief. The complex includes a small shrine for Parvati, consort of the Hindu god Shiva. A short distance from the complex is a mantapa for Nandi, the vehicle of the god Shiva.
Chennakeshava Temple, Hullekere

The Chennakeshava temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu is located in the village of Hullekere, in the Arasikere Taluk, about 22 km from the commercial town Arasikere. It was built in 1163 A.D. by a minister of Hoysala empire king Narasimha I. The art historian Adam Hardy categorizes the architectural style as a single shrine (vimana) construction with miniature vimanas, the basic building material being Soap stone. The monument is protected by the Karnataka state division of Archaeological Survey of India.
The temple has all the basic features of a Hoysala era construction. According to art historian Gerard Foekema, being a single vimana (cella or shrine) construction it qualifies as a ekakuta plan (a tower called shikhara over the shrine). The entrance to the temple is through an open pillared hall or porch (mukhamantapa) followed by a closed hall (mantapa or navaranga). The porch consists of an awning supported by half pillars and parapets on either side. The decor on the parapet walls, ceiling, lintel over the entrance and the pillars is noteworthy. The inner walls of the shrine is square and plain where as the outer walls (also square) have numerous recesses and projections that is used for decorative relief which includes Kirtimukha, Aedicula (miniature decorative towers), deities in relief and half pilasters. The closed hall connects to the sanctum via a vestibule (called sukhanasi). The vestibule also as a tower that looks like a low protrusion of the tower over the shrine. The ceiling of the compact closed hall is supported by four lathe turned pillars that divide the ceiling into nine tastefully decorated bays.
At the top of the main tower is the kalasha, a decorative water-pot like structure which stands on a large ornate dome. This dome is the largest piece of sculpture in the temple and can be 2m x 2m in size. On the tower over the vestibule (also called sukhanasi, Foekema calls it the "nose") is located the Hoysala emblem of a royal warrior (legend has it that it is Sala, the founder of the empire) stabbing a lion. The design of the tower, according to art historian Percy Brown, is a characteristic feature to the Hoysala art. According to Brown, the decorative details in the wall of the shrine is carried through the tower. The tower is divided into decorative tiers with each tier diminishing in height and culminating in an "umbrella" like structure. Brown also claims the lathe turned pillars with four brackets above are a signature style of the 11th-13th century Chalukya-Hoysala architectural idiom.
Palenque Estéreo

Palenque Estéreo es una estación de radio de carácter comunitario que transmite desde San Luis de Palenque, Colombia. Opera en la frecuencia de 96.7 FM y su señal cubre los municipios de San Luis de Palenque y Trinidad, en el departamento de Casanare, además de algunas zonas rurales de Yopal y Nunchía.
Su programación se basa en contenidos musicales, información local de San Luis de Palenque y avisos de interés comunitario. Esta emisora salió al aire en el año 2009.
Palenque

En Hispanoamérica históricamente el término palenque hacía referencia a un «lugar alejado que servía de refugio a los esclavos fugitivos»,​ lugares que también son conocidos como cumbes (Venezuela) o como quilombos o mocambos en las colonias portuguesas. Por lo anterior, el término pasó a verse con el tiempo como sinónimo de «libertad», en el entendido de que toda persona que ingresaba a un palenque era automáticamente libre.​Los palenques estaban constituidos principalmente por personas nacidas en África, de ascendencia africana nacidas en las Américas y personas indígenas.​
Por su historia y uso, de este término se ha derivado el nombre de varios topónimos y manifestaciones culturales. Así, Palenque puede hacer referencia a diversos artículos:
Entre 1603 y 1799, en Nueva Granada, se da cuenta de varios palenques, entre los que destacan el de la Matuna (posteriormente San Basilio), Tabacal, Sierra María, Matubere, Bongue, Duanga o Arenal.​ Durante el siglo XVII en Cartagena, la población negra era seis veces superior a la blanca.​