davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Moonton

Shanghai Moonton Technology Co. Ltd. (Chinese: 上海沐瞳科技有限公司; pinyin: Shànghǎi mù tóng kējì yǒuxiàn gōngsī), commonly known as Moonton, is a Chinese multinational video game developer and publisher owned by the Nuverse subsidiary of ByteDance and based in Shanghai, China. It is best known for the mobile multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game Mobile Legends: Bang Bang released in July 2016.
Moonton was established in April 2014 within the Minhang District of Shanghai, China. One of its co-founders was Justin Yuan, who became chief executive officer (CEO) of the company in late 2018 after Xu Zhenhua.
Moonton's first video game, the tower defense (TD) game Magic Rush: Heroes, was released on 6 April 2015. Following the completion of Magic Rush: Heroes, Moonton began development for a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game. Mobile Legends was released as Mobile Legends: 5v5 MOBA in 2016, and became popular in Southeast Asia, notably in Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia, where it was the most-downloaded free mobile game app among iPhone users in 2017. The game is distributed by Elex Tech in the United States.
At present, the company claims to currently employ over 1,600 people throughout its global offices.
Riot Games suspected that Mobile Legends: 5v5 MOBA infringed on the intellectual property League of Legends, and demanded that Google remove the game from Google Play and App Store. Moonton removed the game before Google could act and eventually relaunched it as Mobile Legends: Bang Bang on 9 November 2016. In July 2017, Riot Games filed a lawsuit against Moonton over copyright infringement, citing similarities between Magic Rush and Mobile Legends against League of Legends. The case was dismissed by Central District Court of California in the United States on grounds of forum non conveniens.
Tencent, the parent of Riot Games, followed with a separate lawsuit in Shanghai No.1 Intermediate People's Court against Xu Zhenhua, previously a senior Tencent employee, for violating non-competition agreements. Tencent won the lawsuit in July 2018 and was awarded a settlement of $2.9 million (CN¥19.4 million).
On 22 March 2021, the developer of TikTok, BABE, Resso and Lark ByteDance, through its video game subsidiary Nuverse, acquired Moonton for US$4 billion. ByteDance reportedly won over a bid from Tencent.
Mobile Legends: Bang Bang is a minor revision of Mobile Legends: 5v5 MOBA but was considered a separate product in the forty-four–page lawsuit filed by Riot Games against Moonton.
Digital product design

Digital product design is an iterative design process used to solve a functional problem with a formal solution. A digital product designer identifies an existing problem, offers the best possible solution, and launches it to a market that demonstrates demand for the particular solution. The field is considered a subset of product design. Some digital products have both digital and physical components (such as Nike+ and Fitbit), but the term is mainly used for products produced through software engineering. Since digital product design have become mainstream in the creative industry, a digital product designer oftentimes is simply referred to as a "product designer" in job posts.
Digital product design is a transdisciplinary field because a digital product designer sees the project from end-to-end; from recognizing an opportunity and understanding the customer's need through to final delivery. A digital product designer is an integral part of the creative team at every stage of the process who leads the UI and UX design throughout, and is also involved in the product strategy with an entrepreneurial mindset to help get it to the market. Although computer programming is not a required skill for a digital product designer, digital product designers need to have a high-level understanding of how all of the technical pieces work together in order to ensure that the creative vision is fully realized. Although part of a digital product designer's job is to oversee the look and feel of the product as well as the development of the software system, digital product design is a different creative process and career path from graphic design and web design.
Digital product design is a broadly interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary course of study combining fields of Computer Technology, Industrial design, Entrepreneurship, Marketing, and Humanities. Established as a modern degree addressing needs for cross-disciplinary education, one of its fundamental objectives is to develop lateral thinking skills across more rigidly defined academic areas recognized as a valuable component in expanding technological horizons.
Digital Product Design is part of the Advertising & Digital Design BFA program at Fashion Institute of Technology.
Digital Product Design is taught at Rhode Island School of Design.
Digital Product Design is a concentration in Communication Design MPS program at Parsons.
Digital Product Design is a certificate program at Pratt institute.
Chocolate liquor

Chocolate liquor, also called cocoa liquor, paste or mass, is pure cocoa in liquid or semi-solid form. It is produced from cocoa bean nibs that have been fermented, dried, roasted, and separated from their skins. The nibs are ground to the point cocoa butter is released from the cells of the bean and melted, which turns cocoa into a paste and then into a free-flowing liquid.
The liquor is either separated into (non-fat) cocoa solids and cocoa butter, or cooled and molded into blocks, which can be used as unsweetened baking chocolate. Like the nibs from which it is produced, it contains both cocoa solids and cocoa butter in roughly equal proportion. Its main use (often with additional cocoa butter) is in making chocolate.
The name liquor is used not in the sense of a distilled, alcoholic substance, but rather the older meaning of the word, meaning 'liquid' or 'fluid'. The terms paste and mass are also commonly used. According to American legislation, chocolate liquor is classified as a chocolate product. According to European legislation, it strictly remains a cocoa product until sugar is added.
Chocolate liquor contains roughly 53 percent cocoa butter (fat), about 17 percent carbohydrates, 11 percent protein, 6 percent tannins, and 1.5 percent theobromine.
Raw chocolate

Raw chocolate (raw ground chocolate paste when ground) is chocolate produced from unroasted cocoa beans with minimal processing.
Whether "raw" is an accurate description of the product is contested due to the high amount of processing involved and the beans reaching temperatures above what is generally understood as cooking during fermentation.
Chocolate's quality is heavily impacted by the basic raw materials and various steps of its manufacturing process. Traditional chocolate-making steps include conching, tempering, emulsification, flavouring, fermentation, drying, roasting, and grinding cocoa seeds, which are then combined with materials such as cocoa mass, sugar, cocoa butter, and, in certain cases, milk components. Crucial chemical reactions occur throughout these processes, particularly during fermentation, drying, roasting, and conching, which have a substantial impact on the final product's flavour and texture. Furthermore, these stages cause chemical changes that alter the biological properties of cocoa seeds.
In contrast to traditional chocolate, which requires roasted cocoa beans, raw chocolate is produced using unroasted cocoa beans, cocoa butter, and cane sugar. This differs from regular chocolate where the cocoa beans must be roasted. Because of the precision required to make raw chocolate, the beans must not exceed 48 °C (118 °F).
Crushing and deshelling cocoa beans, refining cane sugar, and conching cocoa butter are all steps in the raw chocolate production process, followed by moulding and refining the combination at a regulated temperature over several weeks. The chocolate is then tempered, crystallised, taken from the mould, and packaged.
To transform cacao into chocolate requires a significant amount of processing. Due to this, it is contested whether the resulting chocolate can be considered raw as the term is conventionally understood. Further, the fermentation cocoa beans generally undergo in making chocolate is an exothermic reaction, and temperatures regularly stay over 40 °C (104 °F). This is beyond the point at which cooking is generally understood to begin. In some fermentations, temperatures exceed 50 °C (122 °F).
Gianduja (chocolate)

Gianduja or gianduia is a homogeneous blend of chocolate with 30% hazelnut paste, invented in Turin during Napoleon's regency (1796–1814). It can be consumed in the form of bars or as a filling for chocolates.
Gianduja is chocolate stretched with hazelnut butter. Similarly to standard chocolate, it is made in both plain and milk versions. It may also contain other nuts, such as almond. As a bar, gianduja resembles normal chocolate, except for the fact that it is softer due to the presence of hazelnut oil, which is liquid at room temperature unlike cocoa butter. However, like conventional chocolate, gianduja is usually tempered.
Chocolate hazelnut spreads are also notably inspired from gianduja. They tend to use, however, other ingredients, typically cocoa powder and vegetable oils rather than cocoa butter-based chocolate.
The Continental System, imposed by Napoleon in 1806, prevented British goods from entering European ports under French control, putting a strain on cocoa supplies. A chocolatier in Turin named Michele Prochet extended the little chocolate he had by mixing it with hazelnuts from the Langhe hills south of Turin. It is unclear when gianduja bars were made for the first time. However, Kohler is generally credited for the addition of (whole) hazelnuts to chocolate bars in 1830. It is also known that, in 1852, Turin-based chocolate manufacturer Caffarel invented gianduiotto, which is a small ingot-shaped gianduja.
It takes its name from Gianduja, a Carnival and marionette character who represents the archetypal Piedmontese, natives of the Italian region where hazelnut confectionery is common. A textbook by Le Cordon Bleu writes this naming was an attempt to appeal to children.
Hazelnuts are toasted, refined to the size of cocoa, and mixed with chocolate. Artisans are able to make gianduja on a small-scale, permitting control over flavor, firmness and color.
Media related to Gianduia at Wikimedia Commons
Banco Español-Chile

El Banco Español-Chile (también denominado Banco Español de Chile) fue un banco chileno.
Fue fundado en abril de 1900 como Banco Español Italiano,​ y el 31 de diciembre de 1905 pasó a denominarse Banco Español de Chile.​ En 1921 compró los activos del Banco Santiago.​ A partir de los años siguientes el banco comenzó a tener problemas financieros que se tradujeron en el cierre de su sucursal en Barcelona, España,​ y su quiebra y liquidación en enero de 1926.​
La entidad fue reconstruida en marzo de 1926 como Banco Español-Chile.​​ Fue estatizado en 1970 por el gobierno de Salvador Allende,​ y regresó a privados en 1973;​ al momento de su re-privatización la Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (Corfo) era propietaria del 93,95% de las acciones del banco. Hacia 1978 los principales accionistas del banco eran el Grupo Vicente Puig (56%) y la Corporación de Molinos de Chile (33%).​
En abril de 1979 fue uno de los primeros —junto con los bancos de Talca, del Trabajo, de Concepción, Israelita y de Crédito e Inversiones— en operar las tarjetas de crédito Visa para cuentas corrientes.
Debido a la crisis económica de Chile de 1982, el banco fue liquidado y sus activos fueron adquiridos por el Banco Santander, el cual cambió de nombre a Banco Español-Chile el 26 de febrero de 1982, y cuya denominación mantuvo hasta el 20 de octubre de 1989 en que retornó al nombre de Banco Santander-Chile.​
El edificio que albergaba al Banco Español-Chile en Santiago está ubicado en calle Agustinas 920,​ en pleno centro de la capital chilena. Fue diseñado por los arquitectos Carlos y Alberto Cruz Eyzaguirre y Escipión Munizaga, y construido entre 1940 y 1944.​​ Originalmente el banco sólo utilizaba los primeros pisos de la construcción, mientras que en los superiores había oficinas particulares, sin embargo el banco terminó por ocupar todo el edificio.​
La construcción recoge las influencias europeas, aunque conservando el toque moderno del art déco. Tiene un atrio central, donde todos los pisos dan en balcones, y está coronado por una cúpula.​ Con la compra del Banco Español-Chile por el Banco Santander Chile, el edificio pasó a propiedad de este último.
Ilusión financiera

La ilusión financiera es un fenómeno que consiste en la deformación de la representación de la realidad del comportamiento o funcionamiento del Sector público que percibe la ciudadanía.
Uno de los primeros autores que estudió el fenómeno de la ilusión financiera fue el profesor italiano Amilcare Puviani (1854-1907), en su obra Teoría de la ilusión financiera (1903).
Para Álvaro Rodríguez Bereijo, la ilusión financiera es el "medio de modificar la valoración que los sujetos hacen de la actividad financiera, alterando su coste o su utilidad, con el fin de obtener la aquiescencia de los contribuyentes a la política financiera del Estado, aunque dicha política esté presidida por la protección de los intereses egoístas de la clase dominante".​
La creación de ilusión financiera es una de las alternativas ideológicas que existen para afrontar los fallos del Sector público: otras opciones democráticas legítimas podrían ser el control de dichos fallos mediante la democratización de las reglas de elección colectiva y la evitación de dichos fallos mediante la desregulación o la privatización de la actividad pública (la reducción de la participación del Sector público dentro del sistema económico).
Ante la realidad de la existencia de fallos del Sector público, la ilusión financiera cumple una función de ocultación de esa realidad para aumentar el umbral de tolerancia social hacia los problemas de ineficacia o ineficiencia públicas, para evitar la deslegitimación de la actividad pública y para reducir la contestación ciudadana y favorecer la cohesión social.
Todos los agentes que participan en el proceso político de toma, ejecución y control de las decisiones públicas (es decir, toda la ciudadanía en sus cuatro posibles roles de votantes, representantes políticos, administradores públicos y miembros de alguna asociación ciudadana que actúe como grupo de interés) pueden estar interesados en contribuir a generar ilusión financiera entre la ciudadanía y también en oponerse a la existencia de esa ilusión financiera.
Uno de los contrapesos democráticos de la ilusión financiera es la transparencia pública, entendida como la apertura del Sector público a la divulgación de información acerca de su actividad.
Los mecanismos para generar ilusión financiera pueden ser muy diversos. Entre ellos destacan, por su eficacia ilusionista y su uso generalizado en la actualidad, los siguientes:
Los mecanismos generadores de ilusión financiera pueden dirigirse a exagerar los beneficios reales de las iniciativas públicas, a encubrir los costes verdaderos de la actividad pública, a ocultar o confundir la cuantía o el destino de los programas de gasto público, a ocultar o confundir el reparto de la contribución ciudadana a la financiación pública, a ocultar la corrupción y la incompetencia en la gestión pública, etc.
Cuenta de ahorro

Una cuenta de ahorro es un tipo de cuenta de depósito ordinaria a la vista (producto pasivo), en la que los fondos depositados por la cuenta tienen disponibilidad inmediata y generan cierta rentabilidad durante un periodo determinado según el monto ahorrado.
Las condiciones de remuneración varían en función del producto concreto. Así, pueden existir cuentas de ahorro que abonen los intereses por ejemplo mensual, trimestral o anualmente. Igualmente, la remuneración puede ser lineal (mismo interés para cualquier saldo), por tramos de saldo o incluso en especie.
Este tipo de cuentas también pueden estar sujetas al pago de comisiones.
Los servicios asociados a una cuenta de ahorro también varían según la entidad. Pueden ir desde los más básicos, como ingresos y pagos de cheques o transferencias, hasta otros más complejos como tarjetas de débito o crédito asociadas a la cuenta.
Las cuentas de ahorro o caja de ahorro son utilizadas principalmente por los particulares y entidades civiles.
Sirven para tres cosas:
El porcentaje que el banco aporta a una cuenta de ahorro varía entre el 3%.
Línea 50 (Avanza Zaragoza)

La línea 50 es una línea regular diurna de Avanza Zaragoza. Realiza el recorrido comprendido entre el barrio de Vadorrey y el barrio rural San Gregorio en la ciudad de Zaragoza (España).​
Tiene una frecuencia media de 15 minutos en días laborables en horario de mañanas. Su frecuencia habitual en días laborables en horario de tardes y fines de semana es de 30 minutos.
Es una línea de especial importancia, ya que comunica el hospital de la margen izquierda con los barrios a los que les da servicio. Junto con el Centro Médico de Especialidades Grande Covián.
Otros lugares de interés que están en el entorno de la Línea 50 son el Centro Comercial GranCasa y la Ciudad de La Justicia. Este último, sede de muchos servicios administrativos tanto de la ciudad, como de la región.
Fue creada en el año 1996 junto con la línea 20.
Cajero automático

Un cajero automático es una máquina expendedora usada para extraer dinero utilizando una tarjeta de plástico con banda magnética o un chip (por ejemplo, tarjeta de débito o tarjeta de crédito), sin necesidad de presencia del personal del banco.​
Suelen tener una pequeña impresora matricial o impresora térmica para imprimir los resguardos de la operación.​
Los cajeros automáticos varían dependiendo de la necesidad de cada banco. Principalmente se dividen en dos tipos: full y cash.
Los cajeros automáticos full son aquellos que permiten extraer dinero y realizar depósitos (mediante sobres, comúnmente). Estos cajeros suelen estar dentro de los bancos, ya sea solo o con alguno más, otro full o cash, pero éste suele ser el cajero principal en la sucursal.
También existen cajeros automáticos para el pago con dinero en efectivo, contrario a lo comúnmente conocido en donde los equipos entregan dinero.
Cajero corresponsal

Un cajero corresponsal, corresponsal bancario o, en ciertos países, agente financiero es un servicio financiero ofrecido por un negocio local bajo la autorización de una entidad bancaria.​ No se debe confundir con asesor financiero, que se emplea como sinónimo al agente bancario en otros países.
Permiten que los clientes pueden realizar transacciones sin tener que desplazarse hasta sucursales de las entidades financieras.​ Son especialmente útiles en zonas de difícil acceso, en donde esta figura ha garantizado el acercamiento de la población al sistema financiero.​
En Perú está regulado desde 2005 por la SBS a partir de una modificación de la Ley General del Sistema Financiero.​ En la publicación del diario El Peruano los cajeros corresponsales son definidos como:​
El primero en ser autorizado para operar agentes bancarios fue el Banco de Crédito.​ Desde 2012 el Banco de la Nación opera su propio agente Multired con la posibilidad de realizar pagos a instituciones del Estado.​​ En 2012 el BCP inauguró su primer agente móvil por la Amazonía.​
Según Asbanc, en 2012, existieron 13,239 agentes.​ Para el 2015, el 14.04% de las operaciones realizadas fueron en agentes bancarios.​
En México es regulado acorde al Capítulo XI de la Circular Única de Bancos publicada en el Diario Oficial de la Federación el 2 de diciembre de 2008.​ En 2015 se reportó un total de 27422 módulos por todo el país.​
En Colombia los corresponsales bancarios juegan un papel fundamental para garantizar la cobertura del sistema financiero en todo el territorio nacional.​ Regulados por el Decreto 2233 de la Superintendencia Financiera, están conectados a los establecimientos de crédito o cooperativas con actividad financiera en tiempo real a través de sistemas de transmisión de datos.​
Banco Exterior (Venezuela)

Banco Exterior es un banco que inició sus operaciones el 24 de enero de 1958, tras haber sido fundado por el Banco Exterior de España, conjuntamente con un grupo de empresarios venezolanos y extranjeros. El Banco forma parte de la Asociación Bancaria de Venezuela.
El 21 de enero de 1956, bajo la tutela del Banco Exterior de España, un grupo de empresarios venezolanos y extranjeros constituyen una Compañía Anónima Venezolana cuya denominación sería, "Banco Exterior, Compañía Anónima",​ quedando registrada de esta forma ante el Registro Mercantil de la Primera Circunscripción de Caracas.
El objeto de la Compañía sería realizar toda clase de operaciones bancarias autorizadas por la Ley, teniendo como Capital inicial 20 millones de bolívares, representado por 40 mil acciones nominativas con un valor nominal de Bs. 500 cada una. No obstante, no es sino hasta el 24 de enero de 1958 cuando finalmente abre sus puertas al público.
Posteriormente, en el año 1971, modifica la estructura patrimonial original de manera que pueda acogerse al régimen consagrado en la Ley, el cual establece límites a la participación extranjera en un máximo de 20%.
El primer semestre del año 1997, el Banco EXTERIOR fue autorizado para funcionar como Banco Universal, lo que permite ofrecer una mayor variedad de productos y servicios financieros.​
Continuando con los cambios generados de la conversión a Banco Universal, durante el primer semestre de 1998, el Banco EXTERIOR dio inicio al proceso de fusión con las empresas Fondo Exterior y Arrendadora Exterior.
Actualmente EXTERIOR forma parte del Grupo IF, de origen español, cuya actividad empresarial comprende diversas áreas que van desde el sector industrial hasta el sector financiero.
Dentro del Sector Financiero del Grupo Fierro, del cual forma parte Banco EXTERIOR, cuenta con Bancos aliados en:
El edificio sede de Banco EXTERIOR se encuentra ubicado en la Avenida Urdaneta, entre esquinas de Urapal a Río, La Candelaria, Caracas, Venezuela. Código Postal 1010. En ella operan las dependencias principalmente administrativas y operativas de la institución.
Banco Exterior de España

El Banco Exterior de España (BEX) fue una entidad bancaria española que operó entre 1928 y 1991. A lo largo de su historia la entidad financiera estuvo especializada en cuestiones relacionadas con el comercio exterior. En 1991 se integró en la corporación bancaria Argentaria, tras lo cual desapareció.
Fue creado en 1928, mediante Real decreto-ley del 12 de agosto de 1928, siendo José Calvo Sotelo ministro de hacienda.​ Tras el estallido de la Guerra civil el Banco Exterior fue intervenido por la República,​ mientras que en la zona sublevada se reconstituyó otro «Banco Exterior» que ayudó a las fuerzas sublevadas en sus operaciones comerciales en el exterior.​
Durante la posguerra el BEX tuvo un período de crecimiento como una especie de «banco oficial» especializado en la promoción del comercio exterior, impulsando la entidada bancaria la empresa pública Fomento de Comercio Exterior (FOCOEX).​ A diferencia de otras entidades de crédito, el BEX no fue nacionalizado durante la década de 1960.​ Hasta su transformación en 1971, el capital del banco, que cotizaba en bolsa, se repartía entre el Instituto Nacional de Industria (20%), Banco de España (15%), banca privada española (15%) y Cámaras de Comercio (10%), quedando el 40% restante en manos de particulares.​
En 1971 pasó por un proceso de transformación jurídica y funcional que llevó a que el Estado fuera su accionista mayoritario, al tiempo que su actividad se especializaba para concentrarse de manera más clara en las operaciones de comercio exterior. A este fin se le fijó un coeficiente obligatorio del 30% de sus recursos que debía destinarse a operaciones de crédito a la exportación.​
Para desarrollar sus actividades en fuera de España, el banco contaba con nueve entidades de las que era accionista único o mayoritario: el Banco Español de Londres, el Banco Español de París, el Banco Español en Alemania, el Banco Español en Bruselas, el Century National Bank (en Nueva York) , tres entidades denominadas Banco Exterior pero con personalidades jurídicas distintas y con sede en Panamá, Nicaragua y Paraguay respectivamente, y la Financiera Ibero-americana en Ecuador.​
Desapareció en 1991, tras su integración junto a varios bancos públicos en la corporación Argentaria.​
Ministro de Finanzas (Irlanda)

El Ministro de Finanzas (en irlandés: An tAire Airgeadais) es el ministro de mayor rango en el Departamento de Finanzas del Gobierno de Irlanda. El ministro es responsable de todos los asuntos financieros y monetarios del Estado, y es considerado el segundo miembro más importante del Gobierno de Irlanda, después del Taoiseach. El actual titular del cargo es Paschal Donohoe.​​​
El Ministro de Finanzas ocupa el segundo puesto ministerial más importante del Gabinete irlandés, después del Taoiseach. Está al frente del Departamento de Finanzas, responsable de todos los asuntos financieros de la República de Irlanda. Es uno de los tres cargos del Gobierno que la Constitución exige que ocupe un miembro del Dáil Éireann, siendo los otros dos el de Taoiseach y el de Tánaiste. Muchos ministros que han ocupado la cartera de Finanzas han llegado a ser Taoiseach, como Jack Lynch, Charles Haughey, Albert Reynolds, John Bruton, Bertie Ahern y Brian Cowen.
El departamento y el ministro se denominan ocasionalmente Irish Exchequer (Hacienda irlandesa en español) (o simplemente Exchequer), término que antes se utilizaba bajo el nombre de Ministro de Hacienda de Irlanda.
Uno de los aspectos más importantes del trabajo del Ministro es la elaboración del Presupuesto anual que se anuncia al Dáil en un discurso, que debe pronunciarse antes del 15 de octubre debido al acuerdo Two-Pack. En el presupuesto, el Ministro detalla el programa de gastos del Gobierno para el año siguiente. El presupuesto se compone de:
El rey de las finanzas

El rey de las finanzas es una película española de comedia estrenada en 1944, coescrita y dirigida por Ramón Torrado y protagonizada en los papeles principales por Miguel Ligero y Mercedes Vecino.​
Para divertirse sin que sus mujeres se enteren, un grupo de empresarios se inventa la existencia de Carrasco, un importante financiero, con quien tienen frecuentes reuniones de trabajo. Cuando organizan una fiesta para una adinerada cubana con la que quieren hacer negocios, las esposas se empeñan en que Carrasco sea invitado. La sorpresa de los maridos es mayúscula cuando un timador, conocedor de la situación, se presenta a la fiesta como Carrasco y conquista a la millonaria cubana.
Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (Paraguay)

El Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas, anteriormente Ministerio de Hacienda (Paraguay) es un organismo técnico del Estado paraguayo, dependiente del Poder Ejecutivo. Es el principal responsable de la gestión de la política fiscal y demás temas afines a las finanzas públicas del país. Su actual ministro es Carlos Fernández Valdovinos quien asumió funciones el 15 de agosto de 2023 en el mandato del presidente Santiago Peña.
El Ministerio de Hacienda es la primera y más antigua de las Secretarías de Estado del Paraguay, cuyo precedente es la Oficina de la Real Hacienda, importante repartición del gobierno colonial español en el Paraguay.
Con la Independencia de Paraguay en 1811, la Oficina de la Real Hacienda pasó a denominarse Ministerio de Hacienda, pero siguiendo con las mismas funciones y roles de entidad administradora de los bienes del Estado.
Durante el periodo posterior a la Guerra de la Triple Alianza, con la reorganización del Estado paraguayo, sus funciones se ampliaron a la par que aumentaba la complejidad de las finanzas públicas.
La actual estructura y organización del ministerio se establece durante la transición democrática, con la promulgación en 1992 de una nueva ley orgánica que establece y amplía sus funciones y competencias.
El ministerio posee tres viceministerios, cuyas funciones son;
Subsecretaría de Estado de Administración Financiera, encargada de la administración del Tesoro Nacional y su sistema de pagos; la formulación y control del Presupuesto Público; la gestión, registración y control de la Deuda Pública, así como la administración del sistema de jubilaciones y pensiones del Estado, entre otras funciones. Su actual viceministro es Marco Elizeche.
Subsecretaría de Estado de Tributación(SET), encargada del establecimiento de las normas y sistemas para la administración de los impuestos fiscales, en lo correspondiente a su liquidación, fiscalización, determinación, recaudación, cobranza, aplicación de sanciones y demás disposiciones que la ley lo autorice. Su actual viceministro es Oscar Orué.
Subsecretaría de Estado de Economía, tiene a su cargo la formulación de la política fiscal del país, así como el manejo de las relaciones con las empresas públicas e instituciones financieras del Estado y organismos internacionales en los asuntos que competen al Ministerio de Hacienda. También interviene en la formulación y negociación de acuerdos económicos bilaterales y multilaterales en general. Su actual viceministro es Roberto E. Mernes Rabl.
Effective interest rate

The effective interest rate (EIR), effective annual interest rate, annual equivalent rate (AER) or simply effective rate is the percentage of interest on a loan or financial product if compound interest accumulates in periods different than a year. It is the compound interest payable annually in arrears, based on the nominal interest rate. It is used to compare the interest rates between loans with different compounding periods. In a situation where a 10% interest rate is compounded annually, its effective interest rate would also be 10%.
The effective interest rate is calculated as if compounded annually. The effective rate is calculated in the following way, where r is the effective annual rate, i the nominal rate, and n the number of compounding periods per year (for example, 12 for monthly compounding):
For example, a nominal interest rate of 6% compounded monthly is equivalent to an effective interest rate of 6.17%. 6% compounded monthly is credited as 6%/12 = 0.005 every month. After one year, the initial capital is increased by the factor (1 + 0.005) ≈ 1.0617. Note that the yield increases with the frequency of compounding.
When the frequency of compounding is increased up to infinity (as for many processes in nature) the calculation simplifies to:
where e ≈ 2.72 {\displaystyle e\approx 2.72} is Euler's mathematical constant.
The primary difference between annual percentage rate (APR) and effective interest rate, is that the effective interest rate includes the compounding effect, while APR assumes the payee has paid off all interest on a loan each month. Additionally, the APR method, depending on legal jurisdiction, reflects other factors that may effect the cost of a loan such as including fees that may be charged as a part of a loan. Effective interest is the standard in the European Union and many other countries, while APR is often used in the United States.
Annual percentage yield or effective annual yield is the analogous concept for savings or investments, such as a certificate of deposit. Since a loan by a borrower is an investment for the lender, both terms can apply to the same transaction, depending on the point of view. For a zero-coupon bond such as a US treasury bill, an annual effective discount rate may be specified instead of an effective interest rate, because zero coupon bonds trade at a discount from their face values.
In accountancy, the term effective interest rate is used to describe the rate used to calculate interest expense or income under the effective interest method. This is not the same as the effective annual rate, and is usually stated as an APR rate.
SONIA (interest rate)

SONIA (Sterling Overnight Index Average) is the effective reference for overnight indexed swaps for unsecured transactions in the Sterling market. SONIA is a risk-free rate.
SONIA was launched in March 1997 by WMBA Limited, and is endorsed by the British Bankers Association (BBA).
The Bank of England took on administration of rate in April 2016. Two years later, in April 2018, the rate underwent a number of reforms. In the same year efforts to promote SONIA as the standard Sterling interest rate benchmark for loans, derivatives and bonds were stepped up.
In July 2019, UK transport group National Express obtained the first corporate loan referencing SONIA. The loan was drawn from NatWest as part of a pilot scheme before launch into the wider market.
In February 2021 the Working Group on Sterling Risk-Free Reference Rates (RFRWG) announced the end of the GBP Libor by the end of 2021 and recommended to cease initiation of GBP LIBOR-linked loans, bonds, securitisations and linear derivatives by end of March 2021.
On each London business day, SONIA is measured as the trimmed mean, rounded to four decimal places, of interest rates paid on eligible sterling denominated deposit transactions. The trimmed mean is calculated as the volume-weighted mean rate, based on the central 50% of the volume-weighted distribution of rates.
Eligible transactions are:
The rate conventions are: annualised rate, act/365, four decimal places.
In 2018, SONIA (floating rate) bonds accounted for 20.7 per cent share of UK issuance compared to 48.1 per cent share of Interbank Offered Rate (floating rate) bonds.
Clara (given name)

Clara or Klara is a female given name. It is the feminine form of the Late Latin name Clarus which meant "clear, bright, famous". Various early male Christian saints were named Clarus; the feminine form became popular after the 13th-century Saint Clare of Assisi (called Chiara in Italian), one of the followers of Saint Francis, who renounced her privileged background and founded the order of Poor Clares.
Clare was the main English form of the name used in the Middle Ages, but the Latin spelling Clara became more popular in the 19th century.
Glara is a related Kurdish name with a common origin, meaning "vision or brightness".
Permata Bank

Permata Bank (or Bank Permata) is a bank in Indonesia, headquartered in the capital city Jakarta. It has officially become a BUKU IV bank after receiving confirmation from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) on 20 January 2021. Serving nearly four million customers in 62 cities of Indonesia, it has 304 branch offices and two mobile branches. Currently, the bank is led by Meliza Musa Rusli as the CEO.
Permata Bank was formed with merger of five banks under the management of the Indonesian Bank Restructuring Agency (IBRA), namely:
Based on the Decree of the Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia No. 4/159/KEP.DpG/2002 dated 30 September 2002, Bank Indonesia approved the merger of the four banks under the management of IBRA into Bank Bali. Furthermore, based on the Letter of the Deputy Governor of Bank Indonesia No. 4/162/KEP.DpG/2002 dated 18 October 2002, Bank Indonesia agreed to change the name of PT Bank Bali Tbk to PT Bank Permata Tbk. Bank Artamedia's operational merger was completed on October 21, 2002, while those of Bank Prima Express, Bank Universal, Bank Patriot, and Bank Universal were completed on 4 November 2002, 18 November 2002, and 16 December 2002, respectively. The Permata Bank logo was unveiled on 18 February 2003, once the merger procedure was complete. The Permata Bank logo consists of three colors, namely blue, red and green. Blue represents eternity, red represents passion, and green represents prosperity.
The merger of the five banks is an implementation of the Government's decision regarding the Advanced Restructuring Program issued on 22 November 2001, which aims to form a bank with a strong capital structure, sound financial condition and high competitiveness in carrying out an intermediation function, with a service network. a wider range and a wider range of products.
In 2004, Standard Chartered Bank and PT Astra International Tbk took over Permata Bank and started a massive transformation process within the organization. Furthermore, as a manifestation of its commitment to PermataBank, the joint ownership of the major shareholders increased to 89.01% in 2006.
Permata Bank obtained a license as a commercial bank based on the Decree of the Minister of Finance No.19371 / U.M.II dated 19 February 1957.
On 13 December 2019, one of Thailand's largest financial groups, Bangkok Bank announced plans to acquire majority ownership of Permata Bank through conditional sale and purchase agreements with Astra International and Standard Chartered Bank. After going through a long process, PermataBank made a new history in May 2020 through an acquisition transaction conducted by Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited ("Bangkok Bank"). Bangkok Bank officially became the controlling shareholder of PermataBank after taking over 89.12% of Permata Bank's shares from the total number of shares that had been issued and paid up by Standard Chartered Bank and Astra International for Rp33.66 trillion (US$2.3 billion). On 27 September 2024, Permata Bank officially adopted Bangkok Bank's logo symbol as a new logo.
World Savings Day

The World Savings Day was established on October 31, 1924, during the 1st International Savings Bank Congress (World Society of Savings Banks) in Milan, Italy. The Italian Professor Filippo Ravizza declared this day the "International Saving Day" on the last day of the congress. In the resolutions of the Thrift Congress it was decided that 'World Thrift Day' should be a day devoted to the promotion of savings all over the world. In their efforts to promote thrift, the savings banks also worked with the support of the schools, the clergy, as well as cultural, sports, professional, and women's associations.
Representatives of 29 countries wanted to bring to mind the "thought of saving" to the worldwide public and its relevance to the economy and the individual. The World Savings Day is usually held on October 31 except in countries where this day is a public holiday, since the idea is for the banks to be open, so that the people are able to transfer their savings into their account.
The idea of World Thrift Day was not born out of nothing. There had been some examples of days that were committed to the idea of saving money in order to gain a higher standard of life and to secure the economy, for example in Spain where the first national thrift day was celebrated in 1921, or in the United States. In other countries, such as Germany, the peoples' confidence in savings had to be restored since many of them had lost their savings in the German monetary reform of 1923.
After the Second World War, World Thrift Day continued and reached the peak of its popularity in the years between 1955 and 1970. It practically became a veritable tradition in certain countries. In Austria, for instance, the official mascot of saving, the so-called 'Sparefroh' (lit. 'Happy Saver', or rather "save happily!") reached a higher degree of brand awareness than the republic's President and even a street was named after him. In the 1970s, the 'Sparefroh-Journal', an educational magazine for younger people, reached a circulation of 400,000 copies.
Nowadays the focus of the banks that organise the World Savings Day is on developing countries, where many people are unbanked. Savings banks play an important role in enhancing savings in these countries with certain campaigns and initiatives such as working with non-governmental organisations in order to double the number of savings accounts held by the poor.
Languages of Andorra

The historic and official language of Andorra is Catalan, a Romance language. Because of immigration, historical links, and close geographic proximity, Spanish and French are commonly spoken. There is a sizeable immigrant community that speaks Portuguese. Most Andorran residents can speak one or more of these, in addition to Catalan. Spanish was the most common mother tongue in Andorra according to mother tongue percentage statistics by the Andorran Government released in 2018. In 2022, Catalan became the most common mother tongue used by 55.2% of the Andorran population.
Catalan is the only official language of Andorra. It is also the historical and traditional language of the country used by government, television, radio, and other national media and is the main language of all the people living in the territory of Andorran nationality, who constitute 44% of the total population. The local dialect is Northwestern Catalan.
The Government of Andorra has recently begun enforcing the learning and use of the language within the immigrant labour force as a means to fully apply the constitution and overcome the issue of people living in a country without knowing its official language. Despite heavy tourism from Spanish-speakers from Spain, both public and private signage in Andorra is mostly monolingual in Catalan.
Andorra is the only country in which Catalan is the sole official language and the only country in which Catalan has official status in all of its territory.
Spanish is the most important language in Andorra after Catalan. It is the main language of about 70% of Spanish national immigrants. Most of them came to the country between 1955 and 1985.
Since then, Spanish has become the second most used language of the population living in the country, and moreover is the dominant language of communication amongst people of different linguistic backgrounds, thus triggering recent government efforts to promote more general and universal use of Catalan.
In the past there was sizeable Portuguese immigration to Andorra; the number of Portuguese nationals with residence in the country peaked in 2008, with 13,794 people, that is, 16.3% of the total population.
The nearby border with France, the reduced tax-free cost of living, and job opportunities in the thriving tourist industry have resulted in 7% of the country's total population being French nationals, mainly immigrants from Francophone Africa. It is the main language of communication next to Catalan in Pas de la Casa on the French border.
As with Spanish, children can be taught at school in the French language, if parents so choose.
List of largest financial services companies by revenue

The following is a list of the world's largest publicly traded financial services companies, ordered by annual sales for the latest Fiscal Year in millions of U.S. dollars according to the Fortune Global 500. (Currently the top 50 public companies are included, while privately held companies are not included).
The following is a list of the world's largest publicly traded financial services companies, ordered by annual sales for the latest Fiscal Year that ended March 31, 2018 or prior (all public companies with sales of $20 billion or more are included, while privately held companies are not included).
Beka Finance

Beka Finance is a Spanish financial services company, created in 1989 as a subsidiary of Caja Madrid (which subsequently became Bankia). Beka Finance specializes in providing and developing financial products and services, asset management, financial advisory, investment banking and direct investment.
In 2013, the company was acquired by the Catalan investor group GVC Gaesco, which subsequently sold the company to Gala Capital in 2020.
The firm is primarily owned by its management team. The chairman is investment banker and entrepreneur Carlos Tejera, formerly a consultant at McKinsey & Company and chairman of Gala Capital. Carlos Stilianopoulos, CEO of Beka Finance, was previously president of Wholesale Banking and CFO at Bankia.
Since 2020, Beka Finance has undertaken a series of international financial transactions. In 2020, bought the Portuguese loan securitization company Sagres, which had over €6.5bn under management and was previously owned by Citigroup. That year, Beka also raised €60m for its social impact fund Cuanimen.
In 2021, launched the €300m Beka & Bolschare Iberian Agribusiness Fund to invest in sustainable agriculture; it also created Beka Credit, a new €2.3bn lending platform.
In 2022, Beka acquired the securitization fund manager Haya Titulización from US fund Cerberus, with €23.2bn worth of assets under management, and agreed to buy Trea, an independent asset management firm in Spain with over €6bn under management.
The firm has invested in several FinTechs: Rebellion Pay, a payment service provider, and Hey Trade, an online broker. The company is also a large financial investor of Spanish musicals producer, SOM Produce, founded by musical producer José Maria Cámara, and of Secuoya Grupo de Comunicación, which manages audio-visual production for Netflix in Spain.
In 2014, FCC suspended a liquidity contract with Beka Finance, coinciding with the announcement that investor George Soros was taking a stake in FCC. Some media outlets have also reported that George Soros used Gala Capital, a significant shareholder in Beka Finance, as an investment vehicle to participate in the Spanish market.
In April 2021, Beka hired most of the M&A team from BNP Paribas to launch its own M&A division.
In 2021, Beka appointed former Spanish Agriculture Minister and European Commissioner for Energy and Climate Action Miguel Arias Cañete to its Board. To accept the role, Arias Cañete was required to request approval under Article 11 of the Code of Conduct for members of the European Commission.
Banco Atlántico

Banco Atlántico, S.A. was a bank in Barcelona. In 2003 Banco Atlántico became part of the Banco Sabadell Group.
In 1901, shortly after Cuba gained independence from Spain, José and Francisco Nonell y Feliu, who had been operating a currency exchange business in Cuba since 1885, relocated their business to Barcelona. In collaboration with local merchants, they established a bank called Nonell, Rovira y Matas, which aimed to facilitate the investment of repatriated funds from Cuba into local securities.
By 1917, the bank had changed its name to Nonell Hermanos, and in the 1920s, it was further rebranded as Banca Nonell. In 1946, Claudio Güell y Churruca, the Count of Ruiseñada, took control of the bank and renamed it Banco Atlántico.
In 1961, the descendants of Güell sold their shares to a new group of investors. During this time, Continental Illinois Bank acquired a stake in Banco Atlántico. However, ownership eventually passed to Rumasa, a holding company owned by José María Ruiz Mateos.
In 1975, Banco Atlántico expanded its international presence by establishing an agency in New York, which remained operational until its closure in 2001.
In 1983, the Spanish Socialist government under Felipe González and Miguel Boyer nationalized Rumasa, including Banco Atlántico. At the time, Rumasa was a conglomerate of 20 banks and approximately 300 other companies, and its financial troubles were too large for the Corporación Bancaria to manage. By this point, Banco Atlántico had become the 10th largest bank in Spain, with 172 domestic branches, an agency in New York, a branch in Grand Cayman, two subsidiaries in Switzerland and Panama, and representative offices in eight countries.
In 1984, the Arab Banking Corporation (ABC), in partnership with BBVA and Allianz, acquired Banco Atlántico from the government. Following the acquisition, Banco Atlántico expanded its private banking operations by adding subsidiaries in the Bahamas, Gibraltar, and Monaco, while divesting its subsidiary in Switzerland. Eventually, Banco Exterior replaced BBVA and Allianz as shareholders.
In 1999, BBVA regained partial ownership of Banco Atlántico after acquiring Argentaria, a group of banks created by the Spanish government, including Banco Exterior.
In 2003, Banco Sabadell acquired and absorbed Banco Atlántico, outbidding several competitors, including Barclays Bank and Caixa Geral de Depositos of Portugal.