davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (Egypt)

The Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy of Egypt is the government ministry in charge of managing and regulating the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity in Egypt. Its headquarters are in Cairo. The current minister is Mohamed Shaker. The ministry was established in 1964 with presidential decree No. 147.
An agreement was made with Siemens, a German company, to implement power stations in Beni Suef, the New Administrative Capital, and Borollos by mid 2018.
The Aswan Dam, inaugurated in 1971, "can generate 10 billion kilowatt-hours annually.".
A new high dam to pump and store water to produce electricity in Ataka was in the works in mid 2017 in conjunction with Sinohydro, a Chinese company.
In 2015, Egypt began negotiations with Russian company Rosatom, for building a nuclear power plant in Dabaa and by the end of 2016, the ministry and the company were in their final negotiations on the deal. By 2017, negotiations were completed.
Eni, an Italian company is working on the large petrol field discovered in Egypt in 2015.
As anticipated a year before, in September, 2018, a 4.4 billion agreement was signed for the building of a 6.6 GW coal-power plant in Hamrawein, Egypt and would take at least six years to complete and become operational. The project was mothballed in 2020.
Intergovernmental Authority on Development

The Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) is an eight-country trade bloc in Africa. It includes governments from the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes. It is headquartered in Djibouti.
The Intergovernmental Authority on Development was established in 1996. It succeeded the earlier Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), a multinational body founded in 1986 by Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda and Kenya, with a focus on development and environmental control. IGADD's headquarters were later moved to Djibouti, following an agreement signed in January 1986 by the member states. Eritrea joined the organization in 1993, upon achieving independence.
In April 1995, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government met in Addis Ababa, where they agreed to strengthen cooperation through the organization. This was followed with the signing of a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter / Agreement on 21 March 1996. The Revitalised IGAD, a new organizational structure, was eventually launched on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti.
IGAD have partner states outside the Horn of Africa, Nile Valley and the African Great Lakes for participating at IGAD-RCP meetings on an ad hoc basis.
In September 2006, the AU Peace and Security Council approved an IGAD proposal to deploy an IGAD Peace Support Mission in Somalia (IGASOM).
On 21 February 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1744, which authorized the deployment of a new African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) in place of IGASOM.
Ambassador Mahboub Maalim handed over as Executive Secretary to Workneh Gebeyehu in late 2019. Maalim, a Kenyan nominee, had served from 2008 to 2019.
List of dams and reservoirs in Australia

Dams and reservoirs in Australia is a link page for any dam or reservoir in Australia.
There are three key water storage facilities located in the Australian Capital Territory. The fourth source of water for Canberra, Googong Dam, is in NSW. In addition, there are four smaller man-made reservoirs used for recreation and as traps for sediment and fertilizers .
There are 2,250 dams, weirs, catchments, and barrages in New South Wales. Of these, 135 facilities are considered major dams according to the Australian National Committee on Large Dams.
The largest reservoir in New South Wales is the 4,798,000-megalitre (1.055×10 imp gal; 1.267×10 US gal) Lake Eucumbene in the Snowy Mountains, formed by the Eucumbene Dam.
There are 805 named water storage facilities located in the Northern Territory. Of these, four facilities are considered major dams according to the Australian National Committee on Large Dams.
There are 183 key water storage facilities located in Queensland. These facilities represent a total capacity of 13,389 gigalitres (2,945×10^ imp gal; 3,537×10^ US gal) for Queensland. This does not include privately owned off-stream storage sites used for water harvesting.
There are 103 dams in Tasmania. Of these, 100 facilities are considered major dams according to the Australian National Committee on Large Dams.
The largest reservoir in Tasmania is the 12,359-gigalitre (2,719×10^ imp gal; 3,265×10^ US gal) Lake Gordon in the South West region of the state, formed by the Gordon Dam. As of 2015, 44 per cent of all the dams in Tasmania were constructed for the purpose of generating hydro-electricity.
El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant

El Dabaa Nuclear Power Plant is the first nuclear power plant planned for Egypt and will be located at El Dabaa, Matrouh Governorate, Egypt, about 320 kilometers northwest of Cairo. The plant will have four VVER-1200 reactors, making Egypt the only country in the region to have a Generation III+ reactor.
On November 19, 2015 Egypt and Russia signed an initial agreement, under which Russia will build and finance Egypt’s first nuclear power plant. In December 2017 preliminary contracts for the construction of four VVER-1200 units were signed in the presence of Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi and Russian President Vladimir Putin. Rosatom will build the plant, and supply Russian nuclear fuel for its entire life cycle.
The Nuclear Power Plants Authority (NPPA) submitted applications for construction permits for units 1 and 2 in June 2021, and applications for units 3 and 4 in December 2021. The permit for unit 1 was issued by the Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority (ENRRA) in June 2022. First safety-related concrete was poured in July 2022. In October 2022, ENRRA gave construction approval for unit 2, whose construction started on 19 November.
In 2022, Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power was contracted to construct 82 ancillary buildings and structures. Doosan Enerbility was sub-contracted to build the turbine buildings and related structures for about $1.2 billion.
In 2025 welding lasted for 20 days was completed for the upper half of the VVER-1200 reactor vessel for El Dabaa plant, new materials and technologies will help to increase the service life to 100 years.
The project will cost US$28.75 billion of which Russia will finance 85% as a state loan of US$25 billion and Egypt will provide the remaining 15% in the form of installments. The Russian loan has a repayment period of 22 years, with an annual interest rate of 3%.
Lekela Power

Lekela Power B.V. is an independent power producer (IPP) company based in the Netherlands, with investments on the African continent. The firm specializes in renewable energy sources (primarily wind). As of July 2022, the firm has seven operational wind power plants in three countries, with another three renewable power stations under development. At that time, its total portfolio of power stations totaled over 1,000 MW (1 Gigawatt), in generation capacity.
Lekela maintains its headquarters in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The company also maintains offices in London, United Kingdom, Cairo, Egypt and Dakar, Senegal.
The firm was established in 2015. As of July 2022, it owns, either directly or with others, a generation portfolio of over 1 Gigawatt of generation capacity, including five wind farms in South Africa (624MW); one in Egypt (252MW) and one in Senegal (159MW). At that time, the firm was also evaluating development possibilities in Ghana, Egypt and Senegal.
Between 2015 and 2022 the shareholding in Lekela Power B.V. was as illustrated in the table below:
In July 2022, the owners of the firm signed definitive sales agreements to relinquish ownership and transfer shareholding to Infinity Energy, a company based in Cairo, Egypt and Africa Finance Corporation, a development finance institution, based in Lagos, Nigeria.
The sales price is reported to be approximately US$1.5 billion. The deal is expected to close during the fourth quarter of 2022, following the requisite regulatory approvals.
The table below illustrates the power stations in Lekela Power's generation portfolio as of July 2022. The list is not all inclusive.
Mnjegere-kubwa

Mnjegere-kubwa (jina la kisayansi: Cicer arietinum) ni mmea wa mazao wa nusufamilia Faboideae katika familia Fabaceae unaopandwa katika maeneo ya tabianchi yabisi na ya joto.
Mbegu zake huitwa njegere kubwa na hupatikana katika makaka.
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Lag Badana

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Lag Badana, ni [[hifadhi ya taifa iliyopo nchini Somalia , Iko kwenye pwani ya kusini ya mbali.
Lag Badana ilikuwa mbuga ya kwanza ya taifa kuanzishwa nchini humo. Katika nusu ya pili ya miaka ya 1980, Wizara ya Utalii Somalia chini ya utawala wa Siad Barre ilitafuta kuweka tasnia ya utalii katikati mwa eneo la mbuga, na miamba ya matumbawe ya karibu na visiwa vya pwani vile vile vilifikiriwa kama sehemu ya maendeleo.
Eneo la Lag Badana lina zaidi ya spishi 200 za mimea yenye mishipa na ni makazi kwa wanyama adimu kama kudu. Kati ya mimea yote, trakribani 20 ni endemic .
Buffelspoort

Buffelspoort ni bonde la mto lenye kina kirefu. Liko kilomita 10 kutoka kikomo cha magharibi mwa Swartberge katika sehemu iitwayo Klein Swartberge. Baada ya kutoka kwenye Bwawa la Floriskraal mto Buffels unaingia kwenye milima ya Swartberg au Wit Nekke kutokea kaskazini. Bonde hilo linaunganisha milima ya kaskazini ya Swartberg na Little Karoo kusini, ambapo Mto Buffels hutokea.
Uoto katika bonde hili ni wa asili sababu ni eneo ambalo halijaguswa zaidi, yenye utajiri mkubwa wa Gamka Thicket.
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Namaqua

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Namaqua ni mbuga ya Taifa ya Afrika Kusini iliyoko takriban km 495 kaskazini mwa Cape Town na km 22 kaskazini magharibi mwa Kamieskroon . Ina eneo la zaidi ya kilomita za mraba 1300.
Hifadhi hii ni sehemu ya Namaqualand, eneo linalochukua kilomita za mraba 55,000 iliyoko ndani ya eneo la nusu jangwa la Succulent Karoo biome . Biome hii ni sehemu kuu ya bayoanuwai yenye mkusanyiko mkubwa zaidi wa mimea mizuri duniani. Hifadhi hiyo pia ina mazingira kame na mimea ya kupendeza.
Hifadhi hiyo iliundwa kulinda maua yake. Wakati wa majira ya kuchipua, maua ya mwituni huchanua huko kwa mtindo wa kuvutia. Kivutio kikuu cha watalii katika mbuga hiyo ni maua mengi ya majira ya kuchipua yenye rangi nyangavu.
Louise Guthrie

Louise Guthrie'alizaliwa mnamo tareh ' (10 Oktobamwaka 1879 - had 20 Februari 1966) alikuwani ni mtaalamu wa mimea na msanii wa mimea wa Afrika Kusini.
Isobel Louise Sophie Guthrie alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1879 Cape Town nchini Afrika Kusini, binti wa Profesa wa mimea na hisabati aliyezaliwa Uingereza Francis Guthrie pamoja na mkewe Isabella Grisbrook. Alisoma katika shule ya Rustenburg Girls High School.
Louise Guthrie alikuwa msaidizi wa mimea huko Bolus Herbarium, kuanzia mwaka 1918, hadi mwaka 1927. Alipokuwa huko, aliendeleza ustadi wake kama mchoraji mimea, anayejulikana zaidi kwa safu ya maonyesho 264 ya spishi protea iliyopatikana nchini Afrika Kusini, iliyoanza mnamo mwaka 1925, na ya mwisho ya mwaka 1947. Alitoa zawadi kwa Bolus Herbarium katika mwaka 1948
Jina la mmea wa guthriae linampa heshima kubwa Louise Guthrie. Sanaa yake imehifadhiwa kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Cape Town. Jumuiya ya mimea ya Hermanus ilifanya maonyesho ya uchoraji 76 na Guthrie mnamo mwaka 2000 huko Fernkloof hifadhi ya asili. Baadhi ya rangi zake za maji zinaonyeshwa kwenye Nyumba ya Afrika Kusini huko London.
Adriana Hoffmann

Adriana Elisabeth Hoffmann Jacoby (29 Januari 1940 - 20 Machi 2022) alikuwa Chilean mwanabotania, mazingiralai, na mwandishi. Alikuwa katibu mtendaji wa Tume ya Taifa ya Mazingira ya Chile (Kihispania: Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente, CONAMA) kutoka mwaka 2000 hadi 2001. Alitetea |usimamizi endelevu]] na ulinzi wa misitu ya Chile, akiongoza upinzani dhidi ya ukataji miti katika jukumu lake kama mratibu wa Defensores del Bosque Chileno (Walinzi wa Msitu wa Chile) tangu mwaka 1992.
Hoffmann aliandika makala kuhusu mazingira kenye gazeti la El Mercurio katika mwaka wa 1990 na alipinga makubaliano ya biashara huria ambayo yangebadilisha misitu ya asili na kilimo cha miti cha kibiashara. Aliikosoa serikali ya Chile kwa kutokuwa na sera ya kilimo cha misitu.
Hoffmann alifanya urafiki na mfanyabiashara Mmarekani na mpambanaji wa uhifadhi Douglas Tompkins, ambaye alitoa ufadhili kwa Defensores del Bosque. Alijitetea jitihada zake za kuanzisha akiba ya asili ya ekari 1,200 katika Wilaya ya Maziwa ya Chile. The New York Times iliripoti kuwa alisema: "Ikiwa uwekezaji huu ungekuwa mahali pengine isipokuwa Chile, Bwana Tompkins angekuwa anachukuliwa kama shujaa. Lakini kilichotokea ni Chile, ambapo wivu na choyo na masilahi ya biashara ni taasisi."
Hoffmann alitambuliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa mwaka 1997 kama mmoja wa wanasayansi wa mazingira 25 wanaoongoza wa muongo huo kwa juhudi zake za kulinda misitu ya Chile. Kwa utafiti wake juu ya mimea ya Chile na kazi yake katika elimu ya mazingira, Hoffmann alipokea Tuzo ya Luis Oyarzún kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Austral ya Chile mwaka 2003. Alipokea Tuzo ya Mshiriki kutoka Cactus and Succulent Society of America mwaka 2009.
Hoffmann alihudumu kwenye jopo la majaji la Programu ya Mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa ya Sasakawa Prize.
Hoffmann aliandika zaidi ya vitabu kumi na viwili na kutoa mwongozo kuhusu mimea, mimea ya dawa, na rasilimali ya botania ya Chile. Kati ya kazi zake alikuwa La Tragedia del Bosque Chileno, ambayo inajumuisha maandishi na picha zinazoonyesha ukataji miti haramu katika misitu ya Chile.
Ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa

Ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa unafafanuliwa kama "uwezo wa kijamii, kiuchumi na mifumo ikolojia wa kukabiliana na tukio la hatari au mwelekeo au usumbufu". Hii inafanywa kwa "kujibu au kupangwa upya kwa njia zinazodumisha utendakazi wao muhimu, utambulisho na muundo wao muhimu." huku pia ikidumisha uwezo wa kukabiliana na hali ya hewa." Lengo kuu la kuongeza ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa ni kupunguza hatari ya hali ya hewa ambayo jamii, majimbo na nchi nzima kwa hivi sasa. kuhusiana na athari nyingi za mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Hivi sasa, juhudi za kujenga ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa zinajumuisha mikakati ya kijamii, kiuchumi, kiteknolojia na kisiasa ambayo inatekelezwa katika viwango vyote vya jamii. Kuanzia hatua za jumuiya hadi mikataba ya kimataifa, kushughulikia ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa inakuwa kipaumbele, ingawa inaweza kusemwa kuwa kiasi kikubwa cha nadharia bado hakijatafsiriwa katika vitendo. Licha ya hayo, kuna vuguvugu thabiti na linaloendelea kukua linalochochewa na mashirika ya ndani na ya kitaifa kwa lengo la kujenga na kuboresha ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa.
Ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa unahusiana na juhudi za kukabiliana na mabadiliko ya tabianchi. Utekelezaji wa vitendo ni pamoja na miundombinu inayostahimili hali ya hewa, kilimo kinachostahimili hali ya hewa na maendeleo yanayohimili tabianchi. Mbinu nyingi zenye lengo la kupima ustahimilivu wa hali ya hewa hutumia fasili zisizobadilika na zilizo wazi za ustahimilivu, na kuruhusu vikundi tofauti vya watu kulinganishwa kupitia vipimo vilivyosanifiwa.
Ustahimilivu

Ustahimilivu (kutoka kitenzi cha Kiarabu) ni mchakato na uwezo wa kukabiliana na mambo magumu na changamoto za maisha, kulingana na ufafanuzi kutoka Chama cha Kisaikolojia cha Marekani (APA). Ustahimilivu unamaanisha kubadilika kiakili, kihisia, na kitabia na uwezo wa kuzoea mabadiliko husika yalikufika.
"Ni uwezo wako wa kustahimili shida na kukua licha ya changamoto za maisha," anasema Amit Sood, MD, mkurugenzi mtendaji wa Kituo cha Kimataifa cha Ustahimilivu na Ustawi na mmiliki wa mpango wa Chaguo Resilient.
Ni muhimu kutambua kwamba kuwa mstahimilivu kunahitaji seti ya ujuzi ambao unajengeka kwa muda. Kujenga uthabiti kunahitaji muda, nguvu, na usaidizi kutoka kwa watu walio karibu yako. Kuna uwezekano pia utapata vikwazo njiani. Inategemea tabia na ujuzi wa mtu bibinafsi, kama kujipenda na uwezo wa kufanya mawasiliano na wengine kuhusu tatizo linalokusibu. Sababu zinazoweza kuchangia mtu kuwa mstahimilivu ni pamoja na usaidizi wa kijamii na rasilimali zinazopatikana kwa wakati huo.
Kuwa mstahimilivu hakumaanishi kwamba hupati wasiwasi, kuumia kihisia, au kuteseka. Kuonyesha uthabiti/ustahimilivu ni pamoja na kufanya kazi katika hali ya maumivu ya kihisia na mateso.
Mstahimilivu ni mtu ambaye ana ujuzi thabiti wa kukabiliana na hali hiyo na anayeweza kutumia rasilimali zake zilizopo, kuomba msaada inapohitajika, na kutafuta njia za kudhibiti hali inayomkabili. Watu walio na ustahimilivu wa kisaikolojia wanaweza kutumia ujuzi na nguvu zao kukabiliana na changamoto za maisha kama vile:
Badala ya kukata tamaa au kutumia mikakati isiyofaa ya kukabiliana na hali hiyo, watu wenye ustahimilivu hukabiliana na magumu ya maisha kwa kusubiri, kujiamini na kuamini kwamba hili nalo litapita.
Ikiwa unatatizika kukabiliana na changamoto, usiogope kuzungumza na mtu ambaye una hakika unamuamini au mtaalamu wa afya ya akili. Hata watu wastahimilivu wanahitaji usaidizi na sehemu ya kuwa mstahimilivu ni kujua wakati wa kuomba msaada
Elizabeth Swai

Elizabeth Swai (alizaliwa tar.) ni mwanamke mjasiriamali aliyepitia changamoto nyingi katika mafanikio yake.
Alianza maisha ya kujitegemea akiwa na umri mdogo.
Akiwa na umri wa miaka 18, Elizabeth aliajiriwa na shirika la UNHCR hadi mnamo mwaka 2003. Baada ya kuacha kazi hiyo, Elizabeth alifanya utafiti wa kina kuhusiana na mambo ya ufugaji. Kisha kuridhishwa na utafiti wake aliweza kupata wadhamini wawili wa kumwezesha kuanzisha kampuni yake ya AKM Gilters, iliyoanzishwa mnamo mwaka 2006.
Ana mtoto mmoja wa kike.
Gicumbi ya kijani

Gicumbi ya kijani ni mradi ambao unajihusisha na kuimarisha uwezekano wa kupunguza athari zitokanazo na mazingira katika jamii za Rwanda ya Kaskazini, hususan wilaya ya Gicumbi Ni mradi ambao ulianzishwa mnamo Octoba 26, 2019 na serikali ya Rwanda kupitia wizara ya mazingira na Rwanda Green Fund (FONERWA).
Uzuri

Uzuri ni sifa ya nafsi, mnyama, mahali, tendo, wazo, neno, tungo, sauti, picha au kitu chochote kinachopendeza.
Kimsingi, kwa wanaomuamini Mungu, ni sifa yake ambayo inajumlisha zile za umoja, ukweli na wema, na kujitokeza katika utakatifu wa watu wake.
Kwa namna mbalimbali uzuri unachunguzwa na falsafa, sosholojia, saikolojia n.k. na kulengwa na binadamu tangu zamani za kale, hasa kwa njia ya sanaa za aina mbalimbali. Tangu mtu yupo, hawezi kuridhika na mahitaji ya mwili tu.
Pengine uzuri unategemea utamaduni, lakini mara nyingi unapendeza watu wote.
Mang'amuzi ya "uzuri" mara nyingi yanatokana na utambuzi wa ulinganifu na uasilia, unaomfanya mtu ajisikie salama na kuridhika.
Hata hivyo, kwa kuwa mara kadhaa ni mang'amuzi ya binafsi, mithali ya Kiingereza inasema, "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" ("uzuri umo jichoni mwa mtazamaji")hata pengine ni suala la urithi.
African Beauty

"African Beauty" ni jina la wimbo uliotoka tarehe 15 Machi, 2018 kutoka kwa msanii wa muziki wa kizazi kipya kutoka nchini Tanzania - Diamond Platnumz akiwa na Omarion kutoka nchini Marekani. Wimbo unatoka katika albamu ya A Boy From Tandale na wa tisa kutolewa kama single kutoka katika albamu hiyo halkadhalika wa kwanza kutolewa baada ya albamu kutoka. Wimbo umetayarishwa na Laizer Classic kupitia studio za Wasafi Records wakati biti limetengenezwa na Krizbeatz. Sifa pekee ya wimbo huu ndio wa kwanza kwa Chibu kutumia tangazo la kuratibu umri wa mtazamaji katika Youtube. Hii inatokana na ukakasi wa video yenyewe ilivyo. Ikiwa hujajisajili Youtube ili itambue umri wako, video haifunguki hadi ujisajili.
Vilevile ndio wimbo wa kwanza wa Chibu kuwa na matoleo mawili ya video, yenye umri wa kawaida na ya watu wazima. Diamond alipakia video ya wimbo huu mara mbili. Tarehe 15 Machi alipakia yenye kuonesha sehemu kubwa ya utupu wa mwanamke, wakati ya tarehe 16 Machi 2018 imepungua kuonesha utupu.
True Beauty

True Beauty (kwa Kikorea: 여신강림; RR: Yeosin-gangnim) ni safu ya runinga ya Korea Kusini iliyoangazia Moon Ga-young, Cha Eun-woo, Hwang In-youp, na Park Yoo-na.
Inazingatia msichana wa shule ya upili ambaye, baada ya kuonewa na kubaguliwa kwa sababu ya kuonekana mbaya, anaongoza sanaa ya mapambo kujibadilisha kuwa "mungu wa kike" mzuri.
Ilirushwa kwenye tvN kutoka Desemba 9, 2020, hadi Februari 4, 2021, kila Jumatano na Alhamisi saa 22:30 (KST).
Doryanthes palmeri

Doryanthes palmeri, also known as the giant spear lily, is one of only two species of plant in the genus Doryanthes and the family Doryanthaceae, both being endemic to eastern Australia. It grows in a rosette and the leaves can reach the length of about 3 m (10 ft). The flowers arise in springtime on a stalk which may reach 5 m (16 ft) in height. A succulent perennial, its leaves are hairless and grow in the shape of a sword. The giant spear lily is listed as Vulnerable under the New South Wales Threatened Species Act (1995).
Doryanthes palmeri is grown as an ornamental plant. It does not tolerate frosts, so in temperate zones it requires protection during the winter months. It requires a sheltered position in full sun.
Aeonium

Aeonium, the tree houseleeks, is a genus of about 35 species of succulent, subtropical plants of the family Crassulaceae. Many species are popular in horticulture. The genus name comes from the ancient Greek αἰώνιος / aiōnios (ageless). While most of them are native to the Canary Islands, some are found in Madeira, Cape Verde, Morocco, in East Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya) and Yemen.
The succulent leaves are typically arranged on a basal stem, in a dense, spreading rosette. A feature which distinguishes this genus from many of its relatives is the manner in which the flowers bear free petals, and are divided into 6 or 12 sections. Each rosette produces a central inflorescence only once, and then dies back (though it will usually branch or offset to produce ensuing rosettes).
Low-growing Aeonium species are A. tabuliforme and A. smithii; large species include A. arboreum and A. valverdense. They are related to the genera Sempervivum, Aichryson and Monanthes, as can be seen by their similar flower and inflorescences. Recently, the genus Greenovia has been placed within Aeonium.
All but two species are native to at least one of three different Macaronesian archipelagos (the Canary Islands, Madeira, or Cape Verde) Most aeoniums are from the Canary Islands, The only species not native to these three Macaronesian island groups (Aeonium stuessyi and Aeonium leucoblepharum) are found in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania; and Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda and Yemen, respectively. Aeonium arboreum is native to both the Canary Islands and Morocco.
Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023:
Much hybridising has been done, resulting in several cultivars of mixed or unknown parentage. The following species and cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
Hybridising between Aeonium species or cultivars and other Crassulaeceae species or cultivars has produced intergeneric crosses:
Some species have been introduced in California.
UK national collections of aeoniums are held by Mellie Lewis at Clun in Shropshire and by Inverewe at Poolewe, Wester Ross in Scotland.
Euphorbia grantii

Euphorbia grantii (syn.) Synadenium grantii) is a species of succulent plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, which is native to Africa.
The specific epithet grantii is in honour of the Scottish explorer James Augustus Grant. It was originally described by Daniel Oliver in 1875. The plant has the common name of African milk bush. The synonym Synadenium grantii is in circulation, too.
The plant is native in the African tropics, in particular in Malawi, Kenya and Uganda. It grows at altitudes of 500–2100 meters. It has been introduced in many other tropical regions.
It is often grown as a hedge plant and as a traditional grave marker among the peoples of central Kenya (Agĩkũyũ, Akamba, etc.).
In 1952 during the Mau Mau Uprising, the poisonous latex of the plant was used to kill cattle.
Dracaena bagamoyensis

Dracaena bagamoyensis, synonym Sansevieria bagamoyensis, also known as snake plant is a succulent plant native to Kenya and Tanzania.
Dracaena bagamoyensis grows long stems (over 60 centimetres (2.0 ft)), with slender, flat, succulent leaves.
It very closely resembles the related Dracaena arborescens, which has wider, more pliable leaves. The leaves of D. bagamoyensis are narrower (under 16 millimetres (0.63 in)) and more brittle.
Dracaena stuckyi

Dracaena stuckyi, synonym Sansevieria stuckyi, is a species of succulent plant native to Africa including Mozambique, Tanzania, and southern Kenya. It is a member of a group of related Dracaena including Dracaena angolensis and Dracaena pearsonii, that grow upright, cylindrical foliage and are native to dry biomes.
Dracaena stuckyi can form clustering series of short distichous stems each bearing from one to several erect leaves, along the trailing rhizomes of the plant. Leaves are circular in cross-section but with a shallow channel on the inner side, leathery, fleshy, dark and decorated with pale marbling. Plants grow to a height of approximately 2 metres depending on light and moisture availability.
Inflorescences occur in spring or autumn, bearing fragrant, yellow-white flowers.
Crassula pubescens

Crassula pubescens is a succulent plant, common and widespread in the southern Karoo regions of South Africa.
A small (up to 40 cm), shrubby perennial, with delicate, erect stems and pubescent (velvety) leaves that are 1-3 cm long.
The peduncle emerges above the leaves of the rosette. The peduncle is 3-15 cm long, with one or two bract-pairs (not 15-40 cm long with 2-5 bract pairs like those of Crassula subacaulis). The tips of its 2-3mm long petals are roughly twice as long as they are broad, and have rounded appendages (not beaked/rostrate like those of Crassula atropurpurea).
This species is variable, and several subspecies exist, which differ in their core features:
C. pubescens is closely related to the similar species Crassula subaphylla (which has longer petals - 3,5-4,5 mm), Crassula cultrata, Crassula cotyledonis, Crassula atropurpurea and Crassula nudicaulis.
C.pubescens is much smaller than Crassula cultrata (which has a distinguishing spike inflorescence and leaves that are usually longer than 3 cm).
It occurs from the Cedarberg area in the west, throughout the Little Karoo, into the Eastern Cape Province. It is recorded from the Worcester and De Doorns areas, from Napkys, Riversdale, Gouritz, Montagu, Laingsburg, Ladismith, Vanwyksdorp, Uniondale and Mossel Bay.
Hyphaene coriacea

Hyphaene coriacea, the lala palm or ilala palm is a species of palm tree native to the eastern Afrotropics. It occurs in eastern Africa from Somalia to Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and is also found in the coastal flats of Madagascar and on Juan de Nova Island in the Mozambique Channel Islands.
A clustering palm, usually found in groups of 2-6 but sometimes appearing solitary. The trunk grows 1-6 m tall and 10-20 cm in diameter, typically unbranched but occasionally branched, covered in old leaf bases forming a criss-cross pattern.
The crown has 9-20 leaves, spreading with recurved rachis, reaching up to 1.8 m. The open leaf sheath is up to 40 cm long, waxy brown with fibrous margins. The petiole measures 60-97 cm, widening at the base and narrowing distally, with black triangular spines up to 1 cm long. The leaf blade is about 70 cm long and 112 cm wide, divided into 39-55 segments with filaments at the sinuses. The outer segments are 31-48 cm long, central ones 40-58 cm, with faint minor veins covered in scattered reddish scales.
Male inflorescences are interfoliar, branched to two orders, with solitary or grouped rachillae 9-36 cm long. Flowers have greenish corolla lobes, yellow anthers, and a small pistillode. Female inflorescences are interfoliar, 60-120 cm long, branched to one order with 2-5 pendulous rachillae. Female flowers have slightly obovate petals, thin staminodes, and a globose ovary.
The fruit is irregularly top-shaped, 5-6 cm high and 4-6 cm in diameter, on a hairy pedicel up to 12 mm long. The mesocarp is fibrous, and the endocarp is hard and woody. The seed is about 2.7 cm wide with a homogeneous endosperm and a central hollow.
The spongy pulp of the hard, brown fruit is edible and the fruit is eaten and sold in Madagascar and in eastern Africa; its Swahili name is Mkoma. The flavour has been compared to raisins and raisin bran.
Flora Mutahi

Flora Mutahi is a Kenyan businessperson with experience in strategic leadership, business development and marketing.
Mutahi was born in Kenya and attended local schools for her primary and secondary education. She holds a B.Sc. Finance and accounts (UK), and an Executive Master of Business Administration, awarded by the University of Cape Town in South Africa.
Mutahi is the founder and CEO of Melvin Marsh International Ltd, a company that introduced flavored teas in Kenya. Melvins has received the Top 100, Fire awards for Financial reporting, and the Most Promising Entrepreneur.
In 2011 Mutahi founded a real estate company named Azizi Realtors. She also launched the Melvins Mentorship Impact Programme to provide coaching to female entrepreneurs.
In July 2016, Mutahi was appointed chairperson of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers, the first woman to occupy that office. In November 2017, she was elected vice-chairperson of the business council of the Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa.
In June 2018, it was announced that she had been appointed to the Board of the UN Global Compact.
In May 2021 she became the first female Chairperson of Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA); she is also a board member of SBM Bank Kenya.
Mutahi is a married mother of three children.
Phyllis Wakiaga

Phyllis Wakiaga is a Kenyan lawyer and corporate executive. She is a senior development advisor at the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. She is based in Nairobi, Kenya's capital city.
She served as the chief executive officer of the Kenya Association of Manufacturers, from 2015 until 2022.
She was born in Kenya, circa 1982. She studied law at the University of Nairobi, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Laws, in 2005. Later, the same university awarded her a Master of Laws, majoring in International Trade and Investment Law. She holds two diplomas; the first is a Diploma in Law, from the Kenya School of Law, and the other is a Diploma in Human Resource Management, from the Kenya Institute of Human Resources Management. Her master of Business Administration, was obtained from the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. She also studied at the Swedish Institute of Management, and is an alumnus of their program on "Sustainable Business Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility".
In 2007, she began her career at Kenya Airways (KQ), as a "customer relations executive", serving in that capacity for three years. She was then appointed coordinator of government and industry affairs at KQ. Later she became the manager of the Government and Industry Affairs Division at the airline.
In 2013, she left KQ and joined the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM), as the head of policy in charge of research and advocacy. In 2015, she was appointed as chief executive officer at KAM.
She describes her leadership style as "adaptive and situational". She emphasizes being a "team player", as vital to her success. "Success requires collective effort", she said.
Phyllis Wakiaga, is a married mother of four children. She is of the Seventh-day Adventist faith, and she teaches bible study and music classes to children at her church.
Aloe polyphylla

Aloe polyphylla, the spiral aloe, kroonaalwyn, lekhala kharetsa, or many-leaved aloe, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aloe that is endemic to the Kingdom of Lesotho in the Drakensberg mountains. An evergreen succulent perennial, it is well known for its strikingly symmetrical, five-pointed spiral growth habit.
Aloe polyphylla is commonly known as the spiral aloe in English, kroonaalwyn in Afrikaans, or lekhala kharetsa in Sesotho. The species epithet polyphylla means "many-leaved" in Greek. Taxonomically, it forms part of the Rhodacanthae series of very closely related Aloe species, together with Aloe glauca, Aloe lineata and Aloe pratensis.
Aloe polyphylla is a stemless aloe and grows its leaves in a very distinctive spiral shape which may be clockwise or anti-clockwise. The plants do not seem to sucker or produce offshoots, but from the germination of their seeds they can form small, dense clumps. The fat, wide, serrated, gray-green leaves have sharp, dark leaf-tips and grow in the five spiral rows, with about 21 leaves in each complete rotation of a spiral, suggesting a phyllotaxy of 5/21. This aloe flowers at the beginning of summer, producing flowers that range in colour from red to salmon pink and occasionally yellow, at the head of robust, branched inflorescences.
The spiral aloe grows in high, mountainous, grassy slopes at altitudes between 2,000 and 2,599 m (6,560 and 8,530 ft), and sometimes higher on east-facing slopes. Here it clings to rocky crevices and well-drained scree slopes. The climate is cool in the summer and in the winter the aloes are often covered in deep snow. The region also has a very high summer rainfall and this moisture is augmented by the clouds which engulf the Lesotho mountain peaks.
The species is highly sought after as an ornamental but is difficult to cultivate and usually soon dies if removed from its natural habitat. In South Africa, it is a criminal offence to remove plants or seed of Aloe polyphylla from their natural habitat or to buy plants from roadside vendors. The species is listed on Appendix I of CITES meaning commercial international trade is prohibited.
In cultivation in the UK this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Dorstenia foetida

Dorstenia foetida, also known as grendelion, is a succulent plant in the genus Dorstenia, which is native to Eastern Africa and Arabia. It is a very variable species with a wide distribution.
A very variable species especially in shape and size of leaves, and length of petioles and stipules. It is a perennial, evergreen or caducous sub-shrub. Stem succulent, may be branched or not. Stem a thick, dark green- to mahogany-colored conical trunk, up to 15 centimeters in diameter and 30–40 centimeters in height, older parts often with peeling bark. The stem bears conspicuous and prominent round scars of petioles, inflorescences and stipules in a spiral pattern. Branches nearly as thick as the stem, up to 1–1.5 cm thick and up to 15 cm tall, with pronounced markings of leaf-, inflorescence- and stipule-scars. Leaves alternate, crowded at the top of stems and branches; stipules subulate from a broad base, 1–2 mm long, mostly long persistent; petiole 1–3.6 cm long, puberulous; blade lanceolate to ovate, obovate or elliptic, 1.8–18 x 1–2.5 cm, cuneate to rounded at the base, rounded, obtuse or acuminate at the apex, with entire, crenulate, crisp or denticulate margins, scabridulous above, sparsely puberulous below. Flower structures grayish or green (or orange/pinkish). Receptacles 1–3 together in the leaf axils, on peduncles 1–6 cm long, circular in outline, 0.6–1.5 cm in diam. (excl. appendages), appendages 7–10, linear, up to 1.5 cm long. Male flowers numerous, tepals 2, stamens 2, rudimentary ovary inconspicuous. Female flowers numerous, scattered on the upper surface of the receptacle, stigma unbranched. Fruit with elongated, minutely tuberculate, pale brown endocarp, 1–1.4 mm long. The seed pods sunk in the receptacles open explosively when ripe and send the seed flying a considerable distance.
Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman.
Deciduous and succulent bushland, open places, and on rock outcrops.
In Oman the tubers of Dorstenia foetida are cooked and eaten.
Astroloba spiralis

Astroloba spiralis is a small succulent plant of the Astroloba genus, endemic to the southern Karoo regions of the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa.
Astroloba spiralis is a compact Astroloba species, with upright, erect stems that are densely covered in pointed succulent leaves. Stems are roughly 15 cm in diameter, and reach a height of 200 mm.
The leaves are blue-green to grey in colour, they grow in 5 rows that sometimes form a gentle spiral. The leaves also have smooth surfaces (unlike the tubercled leaves of Astroloba bullulata and Astroloba corrugata). Each leaf typically has an oblique keel near the point. The flowers appear in autumn (December to May).
This species is easily confused with its close relative, the rare Astroloba herrei. Both plants also have inflated, puffed up flowers (perianths). However, the flowers of Astroloba spiralis are wrinkled (transversely rugose), and not smooth like those of A. herrei. A. spiralis is also genetically distinct, being a tetraploid. Usually spiralis also has more erect leaves (unlike the more spreading leaves of A. herrei) but this is not a rule, and only the flowers can be used to distinguish these two species with certainty.
It is indigenous to the "Little Karoo", on the southern edge of the Karoo region of South Africa. It extends through the Little Karoo from the Graaff Reinet District in the Eastern Cape Great Karoo, as far as Oudtschoorn and Calitzdorp in the Western Cape, where it becomes Astroloba spirella.
Graptopetalum paraguayense

Graptopetalum paraguayense is a species of succulent plant in the jade plant family, Crassulaceae, that is native to Tamaulipas, Mexico. Common names include mother-of-pearl-plant and ghost plant. This is not to be confused with Monotropa uniflora which is also referred to as the “Ghost plant”. G. paraguayense has white flowers which have a form of a star. The Graptopetalum paraguayense is called the ghost plant because of the residue on the leaves making it look like a ghost.
The plant has a spreading and creeping habit that reaches 20 cm high by 60 cm wide. Its appearance may vary depending on the soil and the exposure. The hanging rod can reach up to 2 m in length and a thickness of 2 cm. Green to light grey leaves can be up to 7 cm long and 3 cm wide. Thick and fleshy, they are arranged in a spiral around the stem and are very easily detached from the rosette, that is why this plant has been nicknamed "porcelain succulent".
Its flowers appearing in spring have five white petals spotted with red.
This hardy plant stands temperatures down to −10 °C. If it is sheltered from rain and too much humidity, it is easy to grow in temperate climates. It is readily propagated by cutting leaves or stems. It supports both full sun and partial shade. Watering should be avoided in the event of excessive heat. It is often used as an ornamental plant in gardens.
Data related to Graptopetalum paraguayense at Wikispecies
Opuntia engelmannii

Opuntia engelmannii is a prickly pear common across the south-central and Southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It goes by a variety of common names, including desert prickly pear, discus prickly pear, Engelmann's prickly pear in the US, and nopal, abrojo, joconostle, and vela de coyote in Mexico.
The nomenclatural history of this species is somewhat complicated due to the varieties, as well as its habit of hybridizing with Opuntia phaeacantha. It differs from Opuntia phaeacantha by being green year round instead of turning reddish purple during winter or dry seasons, as well as having yellow flowers with red centers.
Opuntia engelmannii var. flexospina is most likely a spiny form of Opuntia aciculata.
The Opuntia engelmannii range extends from California to Louisiana in the United States, and from Sonora (state) and Chihuahua (state), to the Tamaulipan matorral in north and central Tamaulipas.
In the Sonoran Desert, terminal pads face predominantly east-west, so as to maximize the absorption of solar radiation during summer rains. Although found occasionally in the Mojave Desert, it tends to be replaced by Opuntia basilaris, which does not need the summer rain.
Naturalised in southern and eastern Africa, including Loisaba in Kenya.
The overall form of Opuntia engelmannii is generally shrubby, with dense clumps up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) high, usually with no apparent trunk. The pads are green (rarely blue-green), obovate to round, about 15–30 cm long and 12–20 cm wide.
The glochids are yellow initially, then brown with age. Spines are extremely variable, with anywhere from 1-8 per areole, and often absent from lower areoles; they are yellow to white, slightly flattened, and 1–6 cm long.
The flowers are yellow, occasionally reddish, 5–8 cm in diameter and about as long. Flowering is in April and May, with each bloom lasting only one day, opening at about 8AM and closing 8 hours later. Pollinators include solitary bees, such as the Antophoridae, and sap beetles.
The purple fleshy fruits are 3–7 cm long.
The fruits were a reliable summer food for Native American tribes. The Tohono O'odham of the Sonoran Desert in particular classified the fruits by color, time of ripening, and how well they kept in storage.
Opuntia engelmannii is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use in drought tolerant gardens, container plantings, and natural landscaping projects.
Croton (plant)

Croton is an extensive plant genus in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. The plants of this genus were described and introduced to Europeans by Georg Eberhard Rumphius. The common names for this genus are rushfoil and croton, but the latter also refers to Codiaeum variegatum. The generic name comes from the Greek κρότος (krótos), which means "tick" and refers to the shape of the seeds of certain species.
Croton is a diverse and complex taxonomic group of plants ranging from herbs and shrubs to trees. A well-known member of this genus is Croton tiglium, a shrub native to Southeast Asia. It was first mentioned in European literature by Cristóbal Acosta in 1578 as "lignum pavanae". The oil, used in herbal medicine as a violent purgative, is extracted from its seeds. Currently, it is considered unsafe and it is no longer listed in the pharmacopeias of many countries.
C. tiglium oil has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat severe constipation or heal lesions, and is used as a purgative. Wang Haogu first observed that croton seeds could also be used to treat diarrhea. It is a source of the organic compound phorbol and its tumor-promoting esters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. In the Amazon, the red latex from the species C. lechleri, known as sangre de drago (dragon's blood), is used as a "liquid bandage", as well as for other medicinal purposes, by native peoples.
Cascarilla (C. eluteria) bark is used to flavour the liquor Campari and Vermouth.
In Kenya, Croton nuts, such as those from C. megalocarpus, were found to be a more economical source of biofuel than Jatropha curcas. Jatropha curcas requires as much as 20,000 litres of water to make a litre of biofuel, while Croton trees grow wild and yield about 35 percent oil. Croton trees are planted as a windbreak in Kenya, and their use as a source of biofuel may benefit rural economies there. As arable land is under population pressure, people have been cutting down the windbreaks to expand farmland. This new use may save the windbreaks, which should help fight desertification.
Croton species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Schinia citrinellus, which feeds exclusively on the plant.
The genus is pantropical, with some species extending into temperate areas. It is one of the largest and most complex genera of angiosperms in Madagascar, where up to 150 Croton species are endemic.
Biennial plant

A biennial plant is a flowering plant that, generally in a temperate climate, takes two years to complete its biological life cycle.
In its first year, the biennial plant undergoes primary growth, during which its vegetative structures (leaves, stems, and roots) develop. Usually, the stem of the plant remains short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. After one year's growing season, the plant enters a period of dormancy for the colder months. Many biennials require a cold treatment, or vernalization before they will flower. During the next spring or summer, the stem of the biennial plant elongates greatly, or "bolts". The plant then flowers, producing fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennial plants or annual plants.
Biennials do not always follow a strict two-year life cycle: most plants in the wild can take three or more years to mature. Rosette leaf size has been found to predict when a plant may enter its second stage of flowering and seed production. Alternatively, under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its life cycle rapidly (e.g., in three months instead of two years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were vernalized before they were planted in the ground. This behavior leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favorable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature.
Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds are grown for two years, whereas those grown for edible leaves or roots are harvested after one year—and are not kept a second year to run to seed.
Examples of biennial plants are members of the onion family including leek, some members of the cabbage family, common mullein, parsley, fennel, Lunaria, silverbeet, black-eyed Susan, sweet William, colic weed, carrot, and some hollyhocks. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, for example, foxglove and stock.
Echeveria colorata

Echeveria colorata, is a species of flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, endemic to Mexico.
Echeveria colorata is an evergreen perennial succulent, with a rosette of fleshy leaves growing up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in diameter.
Synonym:
Forms:
Cultivars:
Hybrids:
Echeveria colorata is cultivated as an ornamental plant for rock gardens and as a potted plant.
In cooler temperate regions, it must be kept indoors for the winter, as it does not tolerate temperatures of −4 °C (25 °F) and below. Optimum growing temperature 23 °C to 25 °C. In Australia the summer temperatures can reach above 40 °C so protection will be required. Either move into a more shaded position or shade cloth covering of 70%.
Echeveria is named for Atanasio Echeverría y Godoy, a botanical illustrator who contributed to Flora Mexicana.
Colorata means 'colored'.
Óká

Ọka bu ịsị óche Ȯra Anambra (Anambra State)
Ọnodu ihu igwe nke Ọka bụ Udummiri na Ọkọchị. Okpomọkụ nke Obodo a na ebido karị na (28.99*c rue na 84.18*f)
Oge Udummiri na ebido karị na ọnwa Apurelu rue na ọnwa Ọktoba afọ ọbụla.
Oge Ọkọchị na ebido karị na ọnwa Ekeresimesi rue na ọnwa Maachị.
Na oge Ọkọchị, ana enwe oge Uguru nke na- ebido ọnwa Ekeresimesi ma kwụsị na ọnwa nke mbụ nke afọ.
Ọka so ná Steeti nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe na enye nsogbu nke ukwu n'ime Naijiria
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na eme ka Idei mmiri na mbuze na enye kwa nsogbu na Steeti a.
Imo Awka

Imo-Awka<https://web.archive.org/web/20190609072132/https://orientdailynews.com.ng/cover-story/anambra-capital-shut-imoka-festival//> m'obu Imo Ǫka bu èrimerè puru įche ndi Awka n'eri. Ana-akpokwa ya erimeri Umu Ǫka (Umu Awka festival). Ǫka bu isi Obodo steetí Anambra di n'ime Naijiria.<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awka/> Erimeri imo Ǫka n'adi kari n'onwa May<https://orientdailynews.com.ng/geopolis/south-east/imo-awka-deity-protects//> afo-obura.