Oath of Allegiance (Australia)

In Australia, an oath of allegiance or an affirmation of allegiance is an oath of allegiance required to be made to the monarch of Australia in some situations. Oaths of allegiance are usually made on a Bible, or some other book holy to the person, such as a Torah or Quran; but the person may opt to make an affirmation in lieu of an oath. This oath is not the same as the Australian Citizenship Pledge which is required to be made when being naturalised as an Australian citizen.
All members of the Australian Parliament are required to make, before taking their seat in Parliament, an oath or affirmation of allegiance before the Governor-General of Australia or a person appointed by them. The requirement to take the oath is set out in section 42 of the Australian Constitution and the wording of the oath and affirmation are set out in the schedule to the Constitution.
The oath is:
The affirmation is:
where A.B. is the name of the parliamentarian.
Upon taking office, a governor-general-designate is required under the letters-patent of the office to take the above oath or affirmation of allegiance as well as a separate oath or affirmation of office, in the presence of the chief justice or another justice of the High Court. The current form of the affirmation of office as taken by Sam Mostyn is,
In addition to swearing the oath or affirmation of allegiance upon becoming a parliamentarian, the prime minister, ministers and parliamentary secretaries also recite an oath or affirmation of office upon entering office. The wording of this oath or affirmation is not prescribed within the constitution and is ultimately determined by the prime minister of the day. Traditionally, the oath or affirmation has repeated the swearing of allegiance to the sovereign, although this is not required and every Labor prime minister since Paul Keating has not done so. The affirmation of office below recited by Anthony Albanese was notable for not mentioning God or the monarch:
The oath taken by a member of the navy, army or air force is:
The affirmation:
The wording of the oath or affirmation of allegiance taken by newly naturalising Australian citizens has changed over time. Australian nationality was created by the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948, which came into effect on 26 January 1949. British subjects could become Australian citizens after one year's residence in Australia as an immigrant by registration, and there was no requirement to attend a citizenship ceremony or take an oath of allegiance. Non-British subjects, on the other hand, were required to apply for naturalization, which had stricter requirements, including a five-year residency. They were required to attend a citizenship ceremony and swear an oath of allegiance, which was:
In 1966, the Holt government added the clause "renouncing all other allegiance" to the oath, though there was no requirement for new citizens to formally take steps under the law of their former country to renounce the previous citizenship. In 1973, the Whitlam government ended the preferential treatment for British subjects from 1 December 1973 and inserted a reference to the "Queen of Australia", to become:
In 1986, the Hawke government removed the renunciation requirement and the requirement for candidates to state their names, the wording becoming:
In 1994, Parliament passed a bill introduced by the Cabinet headed by Paul Keating and which replaced the oath with a Pledge of Commitment to "Australia":
The prospective citizen has the option of making the pledge with or without the words "under God".
The pledge differs from the oath, as the former is "the [thing] one swears by", while the latter is a "[promise] to which one binds oneself in swearing by things".
There is also a variant known as the Australian Citizenship Affirmation that was first recited at Galston Park in NSW on Australia Day 1999 that reads:
The Department of Home Affairs encourages use of this affirmation by school students and members of the general public including on such occasions as Harmony Day (21 March), Refugee Week, Australian Citizenship Day (17 September) and Australia Day (26 January).
In February 2018, Peter Dutton, then Minister for Home Affairs, said he supports Australian school kids taking the pledge of allegiance in schools just like immigrants.
In January 2020, then-Shadow Minister for Education Tanya Plibersek called for school children to learn the Australian citizenship pledge at school.
When a member of parliament chooses to recite the oath, they often will swear-in on a religious book. Usually, this book is the Bible, but others have been used before by members of other religions. Those who do not follow a religion may choose to instead recite the affirmation.
The first Australian Muslim to be sworn in under the Quran was Ed Husic, a Labor MP, in 2013, which was met with some backlash and Islamophobic abuse on Facebook. In 2022, when Labor returned to government following their victory at the federal election, Husic was again sworn in on the Quran.