davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Outline of Kenya

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Kenya:
Kenya is a country in East Africa. The capital city is Nairobi, 2nd largest in Africa (after Cairo). Kenya spans an area about 85% the size of France or Texas. The population has grown rapidly in recent decades to roughly 38 million. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and the second among the highest mountain peaks of Africa, and both were originally usually pronounced /ˈkiːnjə/ in English, though the native pronunciation and the one intended by the original transcription Kenia was [ˈkɛnja]. During the presidency of Jomo Kenyatta in the 1960s, the current English pronunciation of /ˈkɛnjə/ became widespread because his name retained the native pronunciation. Before 1920, the area now known as Kenya was known as the British East Africa Protectorate and so there was no need to mention mount when referring to the mountain.
Geography of Kenya
Environment of Kenya
Regions of Kenya
List of ecoregions in Kenya
Administrative divisions of Kenya
Counties of Kenya Kenya is divided into 47 Counties
List of cities in Kenya
Major towns:
Some smaller towns:
Demographics of Kenya
Politics of Kenya
Government of Kenya
Court system of Kenya
Foreign relations of Kenya
International organization membership of Kenya Kenya is a member of: The Republic of Kenya is a member of:
Law of Kenya
Military of Kenya
Local government in Kenya
History of Kenya
Culture of Kenya
Sports in Kenya
Economy of Kenya
Education in Kenya
Health in Kenya
Kenya
Wikimedia Atlas of Kenya
Kill Me Quick

Kill Me Quick, published in 1973, is a novel by Meja Mwangi. The novel won the Jomo Kenyatta Prize for Literature in 1974.
The story follows Meja and Maina, two young boys who move to the city after obtaining their secondary school diplomas. They hope to find jobs in order to support their families back home. Initially unsuccessful, the pair live in dumpsters, eating rotten fruit and stale cakes, unable to return home as failures. Eventually, they obtain jobs at a farm working for a very rich family. Maina causes problems in the house while blaming Meja, who suffers the consequences. Meja is put on half rations, moved from job to job, then has his rations almost completely revoked. After Maina's biggest episode, the pair lose their jobs. Maina and Meja split after Maina steals from a store and gets Meja in trouble. Meja flees home only to return to the city and work in a coal mine. Maina joins a gang in "shanty land," led by a boy named Razor who claims they went to school together. Here, Maina attempts to run a scheme selling milk to clients in the area, which he has stolen from the rich neighborhood. Eventually, he is caught. The pair meet up again in prison, but soon go their separate ways. Meja continues to go in and out of prison, and Maina ends up on trial for murder.
Treatment of women
Like many other postcolonial Kenyan novels, women are depicted as objects for sexual pleasure, or as Nici Nelson puts it, only there as "screws for the main characters." Sara, Razor's girlfriend, is there for the sole purpose of allowing him to obtain pleasure in front of his gang. Maina's girlfriend Dehliah is mentioned briefly, and she works as a "barmaid," also known as a prostitute.
Disillusionment with Independence
Ayo Kenhinde remarks that Kill Me Quick' "presents a harsh account of urban life in postcolonial Kenya." The novel opens with the lines:
Kenhinde remarks that this is what Mwangi sees every day, and that "he has a vision of life as hell." Meja illustrates how what he sees is so much less than what he was anticipating, which is a general discourse among the genre. Arlene Elder echoes this idea of disillusionment, coining what she terms the 'pursuit of the Kenyan Dream." Within the novel, the protagonists are "Frustrated again and again by a hypocritical society that pays lip service to the value of formal education, but fails to reward those who believe it promises." Like the American Dream, the Kenyan Dream is unable to be achieved, and Meja and Mania are left to suffer.
Urban Geography
Sarah Smiley uses Kill Me Quick and the rest of Mwangi's "urban novels" to illustrate the pitfalls of the urban centers. Smiley uses them as a teaching tool for students, believing that these fictional accounts are accurate representations of real urban experiences. Passages are selected and used to create a geography for a Kenyan urban center, which is then used to teach students the similarities between other cities. The novel's urban landscape serves to highlight the corruption and crime of the plot, but it is also a place where people live and move about in their daily lives, a concept few scholars address.
List of aircraft by tail number

This list is only of aircraft that have an article, indexed by aircraft registration "tail number" (civil registration or military serial number). The list includes aircraft that are notable either as an individual aircraft or have been involved in a notable accident or incident or are linked to a person notable enough to have a stand-alone Wikipedia article.
Including United States Coast Guard aircraft
(People's Republic of China)
CCCP are the Cyrillic letters for SSSR, which was the official registration prefix for the Soviet Union. CCCP is generally quoted in English sources, and is used here.
(Republic of China)
1973 in film

This page covers significant events of the year 1973 in film. Warner Bros. and Walt Disney Studios celebrated their 50th anniversaries.
The top ten 1973 released films by box office gross in the United States and Canada are as follows:
The highest-grossing 1973 films in countries outside of North America.
The following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1973. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1973. This list also includes gross revenue from later re-releases.
The year's highest-grossing actor worldwide was Hong Kong martial arts film star Bruce Lee, who died the same year.
Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
Puteri Indonesia 2025

Puteri Indonesia 2025 adalah edisi ke-28 dari ajang kontes kecantikan Puteri Indonesia yang akan diselenggarakan pada 2 Mei 2025 di Plenary Hall, Jakarta International Convention Center di Jakarta, Indonesia. Di akhir acara, Harashta Haifa Zahra dari Jawa Barat akan memahkotai penerusnya.
Acara ini juga rencananya akan dihadiri oleh pemenang Miss Supranational 2024 Harashta Haifa Zahra dari Indonesia; Miss International 2024 Huynh Thi Thanh Thuy dari Vietnam; Miss Cosmo 2024 Ketut Permata Juliastrid Sari dari Indonesia; dan Miss Charm 2024 Rashmita Rasindran dari Malaysia.
Untuk edisi ke-28, Yayasan Puteri Indonesia (YPI) secara resmi telah mengumumkan bahwa malam penobatan akan kembali digelar di Plennary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center di Jakarta pada tanggal 2 Mei pukul 20.00 WIB–dihitung satu bulan pasca Hari Raya Idulfitri 14446 Hijriah. Yayasan kembali menunjuk Maria Febryani selaku Direktur Kreatif PT. Indonesia Entertainment Produksi (IEP) untuk menangani malam penobatan. Setelah lima edisi berturut-turut, SCTV kembali menjadi salah satu mitra media sekaligus jaringan televisi yang memiliki hak siar penuh untuk menayangkan malam penobatan secara langsung.
Seperti pada edisi sebelumnya, sejumlah kontestan pertama terpilih melalui kompetisi regional yang diselenggarakan di masing-masing provinsi. Provinsi-provinisi tersebut meliputi Sulawesi Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Bangka Belitung, Jawa Timur, Banten, dan Jawa Barat. Sementara itu, 32 kontestan lainnya disaring oleh komite seleksi melalui audisi pusat. Selain itu, dipilih juga satu delegasi dari provinsi pilihan yang telah ditentukan sebagai 'Puteri Indonesia Favorit Daerah', yang kemudian dipilih oleh pemirsa melalui pemungutan suara di situs resmi. Keempat pemenang akan memperoleh tambahan titel '2' dalam gelar regional mereka. Sebagaimana ketentuan dalam edisi sebelumnya, organisasi juga memberikan kesempatan kepada 2 alumni yang belum pernah menembus potongan akhir di edisi-edisi sebelumnya untuk kembali berkompetisi.
Dari seluruh 38 provinsi yang mengirimkan delegasi, terdapat 6 provinsi yang menggelar kompetisi regional untuk memilih delegasi mereka. Mereka adalah:
Pemenang voting tertinggi per provinsi akan bersaing secara penuh untuk menjadi kontestan Puteri Indonesia 2025.
Berikut adalah daftar 45 kontestan yang telah terpilih dan terkonfirmasi untuk berkompetisi:
Berikut ini adalah daftar kontestan yang pernah berkompetisi pada kontes kecantikan nasional lain.
Wiranto

Wiranto (lahir 4 April 1947) adalah seorang mantan perwira tinggi militer dan politikus senior berkebangsaan Indonesia. Saat ini, ia diberi mandat oleh Presiden Prabowo Subianto menjabat sebagai Penasihat Khusus Presiden bidang Politik dan Keamanan. Sebelumnya, ia menjabat sebagai Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden pada akhir 2019. Kiprahnya di politik di awali ketika dirinya ditunjuk menjadi Menteri Pertahanan dan Keamanan menjelang berakhirnya masa Orde Baru. Saat itu, Wiranto tergabung dalam Golongan Karya hingga akhirnya ia membentuk partai baru bernama Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat pada tahun 2006.
Wiranto merupakan lulusan Akademi Militer Nasional 1968 berhasil meniti karier militer sampai puncak jabatan di ABRI (sekarang TNI) sebagai Panglima merangkap Menhankam.Jabatan rangkap sebagai Menhankam/Pangab, kecuali Wiranto juga pernah dijabat oleh Jenderal TNI (Purn.) M. Jusuf. Pada pergantian Orde Baru ke Orde Reformasi tahun 1998/1999, Wiranto sebagai Menhankam/Pangab memiliki peran yang sangat menentukan dalam mengawal proses pergantian tersebut.
Selain Menhankam, ia juga pernah dipercaya sebagai Menko Polhukam di era dua presiden, yakni Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid dan Presiden Joko Widodo. Setelah merampungkan tugasnya sebagai Menko Polhukam, sejak 13 Desember 2019, ia dipercaya oleh Presiden Joko Widodo sebagai Ketua Dewan Pertimbangan Presiden.
Di bidang politik, Ia memenangkan Konvensi Partai Golkar ditahun 2003 dan kemudian pada tahun 2006 Ia mendirikan Partai Hanura (Partai Hati Nurani Rakyat) sekaligus menjadi Ketua Umum dan berhasil dihantarkannya mendapat jatah kursi di DPR-RI pada 2 periode. Ia juga pernah mencalonkan diri sebagai calon Presiden (2004) dan calon Wakil Presiden (2009) namun tidak berhasil sebagai pemenang.
Wiranto mendapatkan sejumlah tanda kehormatan atas prestasi dan jasanya baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri, diantaranya:
Kiri dan kanan (politik)

Dalam spektrum politik, sebuah ideologi, partai maupun posisi politik dapat diklasifikasikan dengan istilah kiri dan kanan. Sistem klasifikasi ini mempertentangkan politik sayap kiri dan sayap kanan. Istilah ini berasal dari Prancis, dimana sayap kiri dianggap sebagai "partai gerakan" dan sayap kanan sebagai "partai keteraturan". Posisi di tengah-tengah dua sayap ini disebut sentrisme atau posisi moderat. Selain itu, pada kenyataannya seseorang atau suatu kelompok dapat saja memiliki posisi sayap kiri dalam suatu hal dan sayap kanan dalam hal lain.
Pada umumnya, sayap kiri diasosiasikan dengan ide-ide seperti kebebasan, persamaan derajat, solidaritas, pembelaan hak-hak, perjuangan sosial, reformasi dan internasionalisme, sedangkan sayap kanan diasosiasikan dengan ide-ide seperti hirarki, keteraturan, kewajiban, tradisi, nasionalisme, dan mematuhi pihak berwenang.
Kelompok-kelompok yang berbeda dapat diklasifikasikan ke sayap kiri maupun kanan. Pengamat politik biasanya mengelompokkan anarkisme, komunisme, sosialisme, sosialisme demokrasi, libertarianisme kiri, progresivisme, liberalisme sosial, persamaan ras dan gerakan buruh ke kelompok sayap kiri. Konservatisme, libertarianisme kanan, neokonservatisme, imperialisme, monarkisme, fasisme, reaksionerisme, dan tradisionalisme, biasanya dianggap sayap kanan.
Berbagai ideologi politik, seperti demokrasi Kristen, progresivisme, beberapa bentuk liberalisme, Pancasila, dan sentrisme radikal, dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai sentris.
Berikut adalah ideologi politik kontemporer paling utama menurut posisinya.
Muradi

Prof. Muradi, M.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D. lahir di Jakarta pada tanggal 10 Mei 1975. Beliau merupakan Guru Besar Ilmu Politik & Keamanan dan Direktur Program Pasca Sarjana Ilmu Politik (Magister & Doktoral) di Universitas Padjajaran (UNPAD) dari 2016 - 2021.
Ia aktif mengajar di almamaternya sejak tahun 2004 hingga saat ini. Sejak mahasiswa aktif dalam pergerakan mahasiswa, pernah menjadi Ketua Umum Badan Perwakilan Mahasiswa (BPM) Fakultas Ilmu Budaya dan menjadi Koordinator Umum BPM Universitas Padjadjaran pada tahun 1997-1998. Menjadi Ketua Umum Keluarga Aktivis Universitas Padjadjaran (KA Unpad) di periode yang sama. Menjelang Soeharto jatuh, Muradi menjadi Koordinator Umum Forum Mahasiswa Bandung (FMB), organisasi yang menaungi lebih dari 80 kampus se-Bandung Raya. Muradi merupakan anggota Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia (GMNI) Cabang Bandung pada 1995, dan saat ini menjabat sebagai Ketua DPP Persatuan Alumni GMNI (PA GMNI) bidang Politik Pertahanan & Keamanan dan Luar Negeri (2016-2021).
Muradi menyelesaikan pendidikan Strata Satu di Jurusan Sejarah, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Padjadjaran. Kemudian Ia melanjutkan pendidikan Strata Dua dan Strata Tiganya di tiga universitas berbeda, yakni Program Pasca Sarjana Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia (UI), Program Kajian Stratejik, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapura, dan School of Politics and International Studies, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. Muradi juga menjabat sebagai Sekretaris Jenderal Pimpinan Pusat Ikatan Alumni Universitas Padjadjaran (PP IKA UNPAD), Bandung sejak tahun 2016 sampai tahun 2020. Pada kepengurusan PP IKA UNPAD periods 2020-2024, Muradi dipercaya menjadi Ketua Dewan Pakar PP IKA UNPAD.
2024

2024 (MMXXIV) merupakan tahun kabisat yang diawali hari Senin dalam kalender Gregorian, tahun ke-2024 dalam sebutan Masehi (CE) dan Anno Domini (AD), tahun ke-24 pada Milenium ke-3, tahun ke-24 pada Abad ke-21, dan tahun ke- 5 pada dekade 2020-an.
Berikut ini adalah peristiwa yang akan terjadi pada 2024:
An Oriant

An Oriant a zo ur gêr hag ur porzh-mor eus Bro-Gwened ha departamant ar Mor-Bihan. Pennlec'h arondisamant an Oriant eo ivez, ha dre-se sez un isprefeti.
Diazezet e voe e 1666 pa voe aotreet da Gompagnunezh an Indez en em staliañ eno gant ar roue gall Loeiz XIV, dre-se anv ar gêr. En XX kantved e teuas da vezañ ur porzh-pesketa bras. Peogwir e oa bet staliet eno brasañ bon splujerezioù Europa gant an Nazied e voe bombezet taer ar gêr gant ar Gevredidi, ha damzistrujet e voe.
Bremañ eo troet armerzh An Oriant war ar mor, dre he arsanailh milourel, he forzh-pesketa, he forzh-kenwerzh, he fol redadegoù en donvor. Kampus Skol-veur Kreisteiz Breizh (SKB) a voe krouet e 1995. Emvod meur ar Gelted, festival brasañ Breizh, a sach kantadoù a viliadoù a dud bep miz Eost.
Emañ Inez Lokmikael e su d'An Oriant, e Lenn-vor an Oriant.
Abaoe 2014 ez eus daou ganton ouzh hec'h ober :
Oberezhioù Kergroaz a zeu da heul d‘ar gêr An Oriant. Kibelloù eoul-maen a harzh sevel-kêrioù e lec'h-mañ. Diskargerezh simant, soja pe tro-heol a boultrenn ar porzh.
En XX kantved, en em treuzlakaet listri roueder e lec'h bad-dre-lien. Met re blas a gemeront. E 1927 e tilog ar porzh-pesketa betek ul lec'h anvet Keroman (Ker-homañ ?). Porzh-pesketa Kerroman a zo ganet. Etre an daou vrezel e voe krouet porzh Keroman en Oriant a-benn diorren an obererezh-se war ul live greantel. Ar porzh-pesketa a ya d'arnevezaat a-nebeudoù.
Emmanuel Svob, maer ar gumun, a zilezas e gargoù maer ha kuzulier-kêr d'ar 27 a viz Genver 1941, anvet e voe Auguste Donval, ur mezeg-jeneral, mignon gant François Darlan, en e blas d'an 2 a viz Ebrel 1941, met dav e voe dezhañ dilezel d'an 8 a viz Mae 1942 dre ma tape e begement a bep tu abalamour d'ar c'hudennoù pourvezañ, e eilvet eilmaer, Eugène Gallois-Montbrun, a gemeras e lec'h d'an 19 a viz Even 1942.
Gourenez Kerroman a oa dibabet da zegemer un diazez bigi-spluj german "U-boot ". An diazez dindanvor eus An Oriant eo adimplijet gant ar Merdeadurezh-brezel betek d'an 11 a viz C'hwevrer 1997, a-raok bezañ daskoret evit obererezhioù disoudard. A-vremañ, eo digor gant an holl dud ar weladenn an darn Keroman III hepken. Darnoù all a zo diimplijet pe implijet gant embregerezh.
Karrnijourion e oant holl. Marvet int e-pad an Eil Brezel Bed.
Arondisamant an Oriant

Arondisamant an Oriant a zo anezhañ ur rann velestradurel eus Frañs, e departamant ar Mor-Bihan hag e rannvro Breizh.
Rannet e oa arondisamant an Oriant e 15 kanton (betek 2014) hag e 60 kumun :
Adrannet e voe arondisamantoù ar Mor-Bihan d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2017. 58 kumun zo en arondisamant an Oriant bremañ.
Eil brezel-bed
Sankenn an Oriant

Sankenn an Oriant, pe enserradenn an Oriant, pe Chakod an Oriant, a oa un dachenn dalc'het gant armeoù Alamagn betek diwezh an Eil Brezel-bed, en-dro da gêr an Oriant. Mont a rae an dachenn-se eus al Laeta er c'hornaoueg da Blouharnel er reter hag e-barzh e oa ivez Groe hag ar Gerveur. Dalc'het e oa bet gant an Alamaned evit gallout mirout an diazlec'h listri-spluj.
Hent-houarn

An hent-houarn a zo ur sistem treuzdougen div lodenn ennañ :
Dre astenn, ar ger hent-houarn a vez implijet evit an embregerezhioù-korvoiñ, da lavaret eo ar re a laka an hentoù-houarn da vont en-dro.
An dro-lavar hent-houarn a zeu eus ar galleg, hemañ un droidigezh rik eus ar saozneg. Ez-ofisiel eo bet lakaet war wel en ordrenañs roueel embannet d'ar 26vet a viz C'hwevrer 1823 p'eo bet aotreet e vefe savet al linenn hent-houarn kentañ e Bro-C'hall evit ur vengleuz c'hlaou e Sant-Steven (Loire).
Hent

Un hent a zo un egorenn ma c'hall an dud mont da vale warnañ eus ul lec'h d'unan all. Terket e vezont diouzh ezhommoù an dud hag en ur dennañ kont eus ar skoilhoù naturel pe denel. Dre vras e vez an hentoù war an douar noazh pe kaledet gant mein bilet. Dre astenn e vez kaoz eus an hentoù war vor koulz ha, dre skeudenn, pep tra a seblant ober e hent evel war hentoù difetis er spered hag ar vuhez kevredigezhel. Dre skeudenn ivez e veze gwelet (hag e vez c'hoazh) un hent en oabl steredennet, Hent (pe Heñchoù) Sant-Jakez (pe Hent Sant-Jalm), da lavaret eo un darn eus galaksienn m'emañ an Douar enni.
Eus an hentoù koshañ digoret gant an dud kentañ, marteze o heuliañ reoù al loened bras ha gouez betek hor c'hevredigezhioù modern ez eus bet ezhomm eus ar c'hehentiñ (ken+hentiñ), da lavaret eo kaout darempredoù etre an dud ha mont d'ar parkoù evit gounid ar boued. Ne oant nemet gwenodennoù (pe ribouloù pe hentigoù) war an douar noazh a-raok ma'z eus bet lakaet meur a hini anezho da vezañ ledan a-walc'h evit tremen an dud war an daou du. Dre m'eo bet an Denelezh o kreskiñ e-keñver ar boblañs ez eus bet muioc'h-muiañ a hentoù evit mont da bep lec'h anavezet hag eus pep lec'h da n'eus forzh peseurt lec'h all ken emañ an holl hentoù o kroaziañ an eil gant egile. Pa vez daou hent pe ouzhpenn o kroaziañ ez eus ur c'hroashent. War ar c'hroashentoù e vez staliet peurvuiañ meur a dolpadur-annez bihan ha bras.
Goude ma oa bet ijinet ar rodoù ken ma veze aesoc'h kas an traoù hag an dud war garbedoù ez eas an hentoù etre an tolpadurioù-annez da vezañ ledanaet diouzh an tremen ha diouzh ledander ha tizhder ar c'harbedoù. En XX kantved, pa greskas ar boblañs, brasded ar c'harbedoù e voe savet gourhentoù, meur a forzh ganto, eus daou forzh evit pep tu (hent peder forzh) betek ar gourhentoù daouzek forzh kavet er Stadoù-Unanet.
Rhuallt

Rhuallt zo ur gêriadenn vihan e hanternoz Kembre, e Sir Ddinbych. Emañ er reter da gêr Llanelwy, e-harz Bryniau Clwyd. Un hent a gas war-eeun eus ar gêriadenn d'an ode en torgennoù.
Tremen a ra gwenodenn Kleuz Offa dre Rhuallt. Da vare ar Romaned e oa an hent a gase eus Chester da Segontium (e-kichen Caernarfon) o tremen dre ar gêriadenn ivez.
Hent-bale hir 37

An Hent-bale hir 37 a gas eus Gwitreg betek Douarnenez. Tremen a ra dre an Argoad.
Bro-Roazhon
Bro-Sant-Maloù
Bro-Wened
Kernev
Echuiñ a ra e Douarnenez evel hent-bale hir 38.
Cwmifor

Cwmifor zo ur gêriadenn vihan e-kreiz Sir Gaerfyrddin. Emañ er biz da Llandeilo, war an hent a gas da Llanymddyfri. Maenordeilo eo ar gêriadenn dostañ. E kumuniezh Maenordeilo a Salem emañ.
Tremen a ra ar stêr Tywi hebiou d'ar gêriadenn, er c'hreisteiz.
The Book of Romance

The Book of Romance zo anv ul levr saoznek e 1902, anezhañ unan eus The Lang's Fairy Books, dastumadoù kontadennoù ar skrivagner Andrew Lang (1844–1912).
Ennañ naontek kontadenn tennet eus levrioù marc'hegiezh ar Grennamzer, adkontet d'ar vugale, diwar-benn ar Roue Arzhur, Karl Veur, Robin Hood.
9 × 23 mm Steyr

An 9 × 23 mm Steyr, anvet ivez 9 mm Steyr, zo ur c'halibr kartouchennoù ijinet e 1911 gant an embregerezh aostrian Steyr evit ar bistolenn damaotomatek Steyr M1912. Implijet e oa bet er bistolenn-vindrailher MP 34 ivez. Goude an Anschluss e 1938 e voe adkambret an armoù-mañ e 9 mm Parabellum evit kordañ gant ezhommoù ar Wehrmacht. Ral eo an armoù e 9 mm Steyr hiziv-an-deiz, ha produet e vez ar munision-mañ gant an embregerezh italian Fiocchi a-nebeudoù hepken.
Cei

Kae, Cei, Cai fab Cynyr, Cai Hir e kembraeg (Sir Kay e saozneg, Keu e galleg) zo unan eus an harozed en-dro d'ar roue Arzhur e mojennoù Kembre.
Kaoz zo anezhañ e Culhwch ac Olwen, ma sikour Culhwch en amprouennoù roet dezhañ gant ar ramz Ysbaddaden Pencawr a-benn gallout dimeziñ da Olwen, merc'h ar ramz-se.
"Cai Hir" zo bras ha kreñv, feuls an tamm anezhañ. Eñ ha Bedwyr (Sir Bedivere) zo e-touez ar c'hwec'h marc'heg dibabet da ambroug Culhwch, un trede o vezañ Gwalchmei (Sir Gawain).
Cai an hini a ra an amprouenn gentañ, a zo mont da gerc'hat kleze Wrnach Wyddel. Eñ ivez, gant Bedwyr, a veaj war divskoaz Eog Llyn Llyw da glask penn da Vabon fab Modron.
En Historia Regum Britanniae Jafrez Menoe e weler Cei ha Bedwyr o sikour ar roue Arzhur da drec'hiñ war ramz Menez Mikael ar Mor. Da gont Anjev eo lakaet gant Jafrez.
Gant Chrétien de Troyes eo un den birvidik, feuls an tamm anezhañ, ha foeñvour diboell.
El lennegezh kembraek ez eus anv eus e varv, lazhet gant Gwyddawg, hag Arzhur o vont d'e zialañ. E skrid Jafrez Menoe hag en Alliterative Morte Arthure eo lazhet er brezel gant an impalaer roman Lucius.
Caer Gai zo bet anvet diwar e anv, ha meneget eo en oberennoù Beirdd yr Uchelwyr evel e lec'h-annez.
Guillaume Norbert

Guillaume Norbert a zo ur c’hoarier mell-droad gall ganet ar 14 a viz Here 1980 e Châtenay-Malabry. E ment a zo 1m80 evit 76kg. Difenner pe kreizour a c’hell bezañ hervezh an ezhommoù. Kleizour eo. Mab Patrick Norbert eo, hag a oa Prezidant ar SCO Angers.
Dre ma oa gloazet alies ne c’hoarias nemet daou c’hrogad gant an FK Naoned e-pad ar bloavezh 2004-2005, hini ebet e 2005-2006.
Ur c’hontard en deus gant an FK Naoned betek 2009.
Leoneg (romaneg)

Al leoneg (anvet c'hoazh en un doare hengounel cabreirés, senabrés, paḷḷuezu...) a zo an anv implijet evit deskrivañ ar rummad yezhoù pe rannyezhoù eus ar skourr asturek-leonek, e proviñsoù spagnol León ha Zamora.
Implijet e voe ivez ar ger "leoneg" gant skrivagnerien zo, adalek ma voe embannet gant Menéndez Pidal e 1906 ar studiadenn “Sobre el dialecto leonés”, evit merkañ an holl yezhoù pe rannyezhoù a vez komzet eus Cantabria betek Extremadura. Koulskoude eo diaes a-walc'h abalamour d'ar yezhoniezh ha d'an istor envel "leoneg" ar yezhoù asturek. Neuze e vez implijet kentoc'h gant an darn vrasañ eus ar skrivagnerien ar ger "asturek-leonek" evit merkañ ar rummad yezhoù-se.
Strollad Komunour Nepal (Kreizenn Unaniezh-Masal)

Strollad al Labour (e nepaleg: नेपाल कम्युनिष्ट पार्टी (एकताकेन्द्र–मसाल)) a 'zo anv ur strollad komunour marksour-leninour maoour a strourm dre guzh hag er-maez eus al lezenn, bet krouet e Nepal e 2002 oa oa bet kendeuzet Strollad Komunour Nepal (Kreizenn Unaniezh) (SKN (KU) gant Strollad Komunour Nepal (Masal), bet disklêriet an unvanidigezh d'an 22 a viz Ebrel gant Sekretourion-Veur an daou Strollad Ram Singh Shris (SKN (M)) ha Narayan Kaji Shrestha (Prakash) (SKN (KU). Dont a reas Mohan Bikram Singh da vezañ kentañ Sekretour-Meur ar Strollad nevez-unanet.
Sevel a ra ar Strollad a-du gant linenn bolitikel Mao Zedong hag ezel eo eus Kuzuliadeg Etrebroadel ar Strolladoù hag Aozadurioù Marksour-Leninour (Kelc'hlizher Etrebroadel) (kemeret perzh en 8vet Kuzuliadegoù).
Strollad Komunour Nepal (Kreizenn Unaniezh-Masal) a savas a-du gant derc'hel an armoù evit da a-benn da diskoulmañ kudenn politikel Nepal dre gendivizout ha kinnig a reas, gant strolladoù kleizour all, krouiñ un Dael Da c'hortoz. Sevel a ra a-enep d'ar fed ma c'hellfe en em veskañ SUA e aferioù diabarzh Nepal.
Goude ma kouezhas diktatorelezh ar Rouantelezh e miz Ebrel 2006 en em disrannas ar Strollad e meur a rann:
Prakash e teuas da vezañ Sekretour-Meur ar Strollad a-vremañ da heul an disrannoù-se.
Meur a dalbenn ledan a zo dindan beli Strollad Komunour Nepal (Kreizenn Unaniezh-Masal), en o zouez:
2016–17 Ligue 1

The 2016–17 Ligue 1 season was the 79th season since its establishment. Paris Saint-Germain were the defending champions. The fixtures were announced on 1 June 2016. The season began on 12 August 2016 and ended on 20 May 2017.
On 17 May 2017, Monaco secured the title after 37 matches, their first since the 1999–2000 season, the first under the Ligue 1 name and their eighth French title in total.
There were 20 clubs in the league, with three promoted teams from Ligue 2 replacing the three teams that were relegated from Ligue 1 following the 2015–16 season. All clubs that secured Ligue 1 status for the season were subject to approval by the DNCG before becoming eligible to participate.
The 2016–17 season saw the return of relegation play-offs between the 18th placed Ligue 1 team, Lorient, and the 3rd placed Ligue 2 team, Troyes, on a two-legged confrontation.
Troyes won 2–1 on aggregate and were promoted to 2017–18 Ligue 1; Lorient were relegated to 2017–18 Ligue 2.
Player scored 4 goals
These are the average attendances of the teams.
Enzo Le Fée

Enzo Jérémy Le Fée (born 3 February 2000) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for EFL Championship club Sunderland, on loan from Serie A club Roma.
Le Fée began his football career in the youth academy of Kéryado, before moving to the youth academy of Lorient at the age of eight. On 13 November 2018, he signed his first professional contract with Lorient. He made his professional debut for Lorient in a 0–0 Ligue 2 tie with Sochaux on 10 May 2019.
On 7 July 2023, Le Fée signed for fellow Ligue 1 club Rennes. He made his Ligue 1 debut starting in a 5-1 win over Metz.
On 10 July 2024, Le Fée signed for Serie A club Roma on a 5-year contract worth €23 million.
On 10 January 2025, Le Fée joined English club Sunderland for the remainder of the season. He scored his first Sunderland goal on 12 February 2025, in a 2-0 EFL Championship win against Luton Town.
Lorient
Eli Junior Kroupi

Eli Junior Eric Anat Kroupi (born 23 June 2006) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ligue 2 club Lorient, on loan from Premier League club Bournemouth.
Born in Lorient, Brittany, Eli Junior Kroupi is the son of former Ivory Coast international Éli Kroupi.
A pure product of the Lorient Academy [fr], Kroupi started playing with the reserve team in the Championnat National 2 in the end of the 2021–22 season. He signed his first professional contract with the club on the summer 2022. While proving to be a regular goalscorer with the reserve, he made his first appearance with the professional squad in April 2023, for the Ligue 1 game against Marseille.
Kroupi made his professional debut for Lorient on the 3 June 2023 during a home Ligue 1 against Strasbourg, to be the youngest player in his club's history breaking previous record of Mattéo Guendouzi, when he replaced Romain Faivre at the 83rd minute and his team won the match 2–1. Despite this being the last round of the 2022–23 French top flight, Kroupi became at the age of 16 years and 345 days, the third youngest player to enter the field that season, only behind Warren Zaïre-Emery and Leny Yoro.
On 23 September 2023, he scored his first Ligue 1 goal for Lorient in a 5–3 away defeat against Nantes, to be the youngest scorer in club's history, breaking previous record of André Ayew. A month later, on 8 October, after scoring twice in a 3–3 away draw against Lyon, he became the youngest player to score a brace in Ligue 1 since Bernard Zénier in 1974, at 17 years old and 107 days. On 11 October 2023, he was named by English newspaper The Guardian as one of the best players born in 2006 worldwide.
On 3 February 2025, Premier League club Bournemouth agreed to sign Kroupi for an undisclosed fee. He would remain at Lorient for the rest of the 2024–25 season.
Kroupi is a youth international for France, first receiving a call with the under-16 in October 2021. He soon became a prolific goalscorer with France youth teams, with the U16, and even more with the U17, scoring 9 goals in his first 9 appearances with the latter.
In May 2023, Kroupi was selected by Jean-Luc Vannuchi for the European Under-17 Championship, as France were the reigning champions. He was however forced to withdraw due to injury, while his team would eventually go on to reach the final of the competition.
ECOWAS passport

The ECOWAS passport is a common passport document for several countries in West Africa.
Member states of ECOWAS — the Economic Community of West African States — have implemented the common design for the passport. It was created to facilitate the intra-regional travel of member states' citizens for periods of unlimited duration. The passport can be used within the sub-region and is also recognized for international travel.
There are three types of ECOWAS passports:
The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) itself does not issue passports, but the passports issued by its 15 members share certain design features. These include the green coloured cover for ordinary passports, blue colored cover for service passports, and burgundy colored cover for diplomatic passports, as well as common security features and biometrics.
Additional common features include the inscription of the words ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS), French: COMMUNAUTÉ ÉCONOMIQUE DES ÉTATS DE L’AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST (CEDEAO), depending on the language of the issuing state. While the emblem of the ECOWAS community is emblazoned on the cover page of some passports, it is possible to notice some ECOWAS passports of certain countries with the respective state’s emblem on the cover instead. The name of the issuing country is usually the only distinguishing factor between passports issued by the various sovereign nations of the sub-region.
Near the bottom of the passport cover, depending on the official language of the issuing state, the words PASSPORT, French: PASSEPORT are inscribed on ordinary passports, OFFICIAL PASSPORT or SERVICE PASSPORT, French: PASSEPORT DE SERVICE on service passports; and DIPLOMATIC PASSPORT, French: PASSEPORT DIPLOMATIQUE on diplomatic passports.
The following information is printed on the identification page, in both English and French:
2024 Hammarby Fotboll season

The 2024 season was the 135th season in the history of Hammarby IF. During this season, the team participated in the following competitions: 2024 Allsvenskan, 2023–24 Svenska Cupen, and 2024–25 Svenska Cupen.
On 9 January, Hammarby's men's team together with the women's team started the pre-season with an open training for supporters to visit at Hammarby IP where each team had one half of the pitch.
On 16 January, it was reported that Hammarby reached an agreement to sign Oscar Johansson Schellhas from IFK Värnamo for a undisclosed fee.
On 22 January, the team began their training camp in Marbella, Spain. The women's team also participated in the camp, but overlapped with the men's team, arriving a bit later on February 5. All training sessions were held at Dama de Noche training facility, and both training sessions and matches were open to the public and media.
All training matches from Marbella were broadcast on Aftonbladet Plus.
Hammarby played 3 friendly matches in Marbella:
On 27 January, Hammarby announced on their official website that Nathaniel Adjei has reached an agreement with French club FC Lorient. Hammarby stated on their website: "The deal is a loan with an option for Lorient to buy, triggered if certain sporting goals, outlined in the contract, are met. If not, Adjei could return to Hammarby in the summer. The French club also has the option to permanently purchase the central defender at any time during the loan period." The Swedish tabloid Expressen reported on the possible total transfer fee to be 65 million SEK if certain bonus criterias is met. Aftonbladet claimed the deal could be worth 80 million SEK.
On 1 February, Isak Vural left for Italian Serie A club Frosinone.
Between February 17 and March 4, 2024, Hammarby participated in the national cup, Svenska Cupen. The team was drawn into Group 7, with the draw taking place on November 25, 2023. Hammarby played all three of their matches at their home ground, Tele2 Arena. Initially, they were scheduled for two home matches and one away match. However, following a request from GIF Sundsvall, the match scheduled for February 26 was moved to Tele2 Arena. The request was made by GIF Sundsvall due to safety concerns about conducting the match at available local venues. The Swedish Football Association’s competition committee approved the change, with Hammarby being listed as the home team for this match. The match took place as scheduled, at 18:30 on February 26, 2024.
Hammarby was unable to advance from the group stage. They played 1 win, 1 draw, and 1 loss. They finished second in the group with 4 points, while Mjällby advanced from the group with 7 points.
Source: FBREF Source: Swedish Football Association
Source: FBref Source: Swedish Football Association
Source: https://www.svenskfotboll.se/serier-cuper/spelarstatistik/allsvenskan-2024/115560/Only competitive matches = Number of bookings; = Number of sending offs after a second yellow card; = Number of sending offs by a direct red card.
فہرست ممالک بلحاظ ساخت عمر

عمر کی ساخت کے لحاظ سے درج ذیل ممالک کی فہرست دنیا کے ممالک کو اپنی آبادی کی عمر کی تقسیم کے مطابق ترتیب دیتی ہے۔ آبادی کو تین درجوں میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔
کسی ملک کی عمر کی ساخت معاشرے اور معیشت پر اہم اثر ڈالتی ہے۔ اگر 0 سے 14 سال کی عمر کے بچوں کا تناسب بہت زیادہ ہو تو ، یوتھ کا نام نہاد بلج ہو سکتا ہے۔ دوسری طرف 65 سے زیادہ کا تناسب بہت زیادہ ہو تو ، کسی ملک کے معاشرتی نظام پر بہت زیادہ بوجھ پڑ سکتا ہے۔
تمام اعداد و شمار سال 2017 تک کے ہیں۔ ماخذ ورلڈ بینک ۔
نیچے دیے گئے اعداد و شمار کی بنیاد پر ویژولائزیشن
حکومت پاکستان

حکومت پاکستان(انگریزی: Government of Pakistan) وفاقی پارلیمانی نظام ہے۔ جس میں صدر پاکستان کا انتخاب عوام کی بجائے منتخب پارلیمان کرتا ہے۔ اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان کا سربراہ صدر مملکت ہے جو پاکستان کی افواج کا کمانڈر انچیف بھی ہوتا ہے۔ وزیر اعظم جو انتظامی امور کا سربراہ ہوتا ہے، پارلیمانی اکثریت سے منتخب کیا جاتا ہے۔صدر پاکستان اور وزیر اعظم کا انتخاب اور تعیناتی بالکل جدا پہلو رکھتے ہیں اور ان کے دور حکومت کا آئینی طور پر آپس میں کوئی تعلق نہیں ہے۔ 6 ستمبر 2008ء کو پاکستان کے الیکٹورل کالج جو ایوان بالا (سینٹ)، ایوان زیریں (نیشنل اسمبلی) چاروں صوبائی اسمبلیوں پر مشتمل ہوتا ہے۔ عام طور پر وزیر اعظم ایوان زیریں کی اکثریتی جماعت سے تعلق رکھتا ہے اور ملک کا انتظام کابینہ کی مدد سے چلاتا ہے جو مجلس شوریٰ کے دونوں ایوانوں بالا اور زیریں سے منتخب کیے جاتے ہیں۔ اس کے علاوہ قومی اسمبلی کی ارکان اور صوبائی اسمبلی کی ارکان عوام ووٹوں کی ذریعے منتخب کرتے ہیں۔ وزیر اعظم اور صدر اس پارٹی کے منتخب ہوتے ہیں جن کے سب سے زیادہ ارکان یا امیدواران ووٹ جیت چکے ہوں اور باقی پارٹیوں کے نسبت زیادہ نشستیں حاصل کی ہوں۔اسپیکر بھی اکثریتی پارٹی کا منتخب ہوتا ہے، تاہم اپوزیشن پارٹیوں کو بھی بڑے عہدے دیے جا سکتے ہیں۔ ایک آزاد اور جمہوری پارلیمانی نظام میں اسپیکر ایک آزاد امیدوار بھی ہو سکتا ہے اور اپوزیشن سے بھی منتخب کیا جا سکتا ہے۔ ایک آزاد امیدوار وہ ہوتا ہے جس نے کسی پارٹی کی ٹکٹ پر (نشست پر) الیکشن نہ لڑا ہو۔
پارلیمانی نظام میں دو جماعتیں اہمیت کی حامل ہوتی ہے ایک وہ جماعت جو تمام جماعتوں سے زیادہ نشستیں حاصل کرلے اس کو اکثریتی یا حکومتی جماعت کہا جاتا ہے اور دوسری وہ جماعت جو دوسرے نمبر پر سب سے زیادہ نشتیں حاصل کرے اسے اپوزیشن پارٹی کہا جاتا ہے مثلاً پاکستان میں 2018ء کے انتخابات میں پاکستان تحریک انصاف کی سب سے زیادہ نشستیں تھیں تو اس نے حکومت بنا لی اور دوسرے نمبر پر پاکستان مسلم لیگ ن تھی جو اپوزیشن میں کھڑی ہوئی۔
آئین پاکستان وفاق اور صوبائی حکومت کی تشکیل کرتا ہے۔ آئین کا آرٹیکل90 سے 100 تک وفاقی حکومت کی ساخت جبکہ 129 سے لے کر 140 تک کے آرٹیکلز صوبائی حکومتوں کی ساخت بیان کرتے ہیں۔آرٹیکل 90 کے مطابق:
اسی طرح صوبائی حکومتوں کے بارے میں آرٹیکل 129 بیان کرتا ہے:
سپریم جوڈیشل کونسل پاکستان

اعلی عدالتی کونسل پاکستان کے نام سے منسوب یہ جز عدلیہ کے خلاف دائر کی جانے والی درخواستوں کی سماعت کرتی ہے۔آئین پاکستان میں یہ آرٹیکل 209 کے تحت کام کرتی ہے۔
اس کونسل کی ساخت آئین پاکستان کے مطابق مندرجہ زیل ارکان پر مشتمل ہوتی ہے:
آئین پاکستان کے تحت جس منصف کے خلاف درخواست پر غور کیا جا رہا ہو، وہ معطل تسلیم ہو گا اور کوئی دوسرا مناسب منصف اس کی ذمہ داریاں سنبھال لے گا۔
اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان میں کوئی بھی اعلٰی عدالتوں کا منصف معطل نہیں کیا جا سکتا تاآنکہ سپریم جوڈیشنل کونسل اس کی منظوری نہ دے۔ یہ کونسل کسی بھی منصف کے خلاف تحقیقات اور درخواستوں پر غور کر سکتی ہے۔ یہ قدم یا تو یہ کونسل خود اٹھاتی ہے یا پھر صدر پاکستان اس کی سفارش کرتے ہیں۔ اگر یہ کونسل کسی بھی منصف کو مجرم پاتی ہے تو اس کو فی الفور اپنے عہدے سے الگ کر کے تادیبی کارروائی کا اختیار رکھتی ہے۔ یہ کونسل اس بات کا بھی اختیار رکھتی ہے کہ وہ صدر پاکستان کو منصفین بارے رائے یا سفارش پر عمل درآمد کا پابند کرے۔
2007ء میں اس وقت کے صدر جنرل پرویز مشرف نے اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان کے منصف اعظم چیف جسٹس افتخار محمد چوہدری کو معطل کر دیا اور ان کے خلاف بدعنوانی کے الزامات اس کونسل میں پیش کر دیے۔ چونکہ منصف اعظم کے خلاف یہ مقدمہ دائر کیا گیا تھا تو سپریم کورٹ کے نئے منصف اعظم اور دوسرے ارکان نے اس مقدمہ کی سماعت میں حصہ لیا۔ سپریم جوڈیشنل کونسل نے تحقیقات اور مقدمہ کی پیروی کے بعد منصف اعظم کو بحال کرنے کا حکم دیا، کیونکہ ان کے خلاف الزامات ثابت نہ ہو سکے تھے۔
ہندوستان کی نوابی ریاستیں

تقسیم ہند 1947ء سے قبل ہندوستان میں 562 نوابی ریاستیں موجود تھیں جو برطانوی ہندوستان کا حصہ نہیں تھیں۔ 1947ء میں ہندوستان کی تقسیم کے فوری بعد بہت تیزی سے تبدیلیاں آئیں اور سکم کے علاوہ تمام نوابی ریاستوں نے بھارت یا پاکستان میں سے کسی ایک کے ساتھ الحاق کا اعلان کر دیا یا انھیں فتح اور ان پر قبضہ کر لیا گیا۔
بھارت کی ریاستیں اور یونین علاقے

بھارت ایک وفاقی اتحاد ہے جس میں کل 28 وفاقی ریاستیں اور 8 یونین علاقہ جات ہیں۔ اس طرح کل تعداد 36 ہوئی۔ یہ ریاستیں اور یونین علاقے اضلاع میں منقسم ہوتے ہیں اور اس طرح بھارت کی انتظامی تقسیم بنتی چلی جاتی ہے۔
آئین ہند تمام ریاستوں اور یونین علاقوں میں انتظامی اور قانونی اختیارات تقسیم کرتا ہے اور مرکز اور ریاست کے مابین منقسم ہوتے ہیں۔
برصغیر پر کئی خاندانوں نے حکومت کی ہے اور ہندوستان کی تاریخ نے متعدد عظیم الشان سلطنتیں دیکھی ہیں۔ ہر حکومت نے اپنی الگ پالیسی اپنائی اور اپنے حساب سے ملک کی انتظامی تقسیم کی۔ برطانوی راج میں انتظامی تقسیم کے ساتھ زیادہ چھیڑ چھاڑ نہیں کی گئی اور ملک کو نوابی ریاستوں میں منقسم رہنے دیا جنہیں وہ پروونس یا ریاست کہتے تھے۔ یہ تمام ریاستیں براہ راست حکومت برطانیہ کے زیر نگیں تھے۔
آزادی کے بعد 1950ء تک زیادہ تر نوابی ریاستیں بھارت میں ضم کرلی گئیں۔ کئی پہلے کی ریاستیں انہی جغرافیائی حالت پر بحال رہیں جبکہ کچھ نئی ریاستیں یا صوبے بنائے گئے جیسے راجپوتانہ، ہماچل پردیش، مدھیہ بھارت اور وندھیا پردیش۔ ان کو مزید ریاستوں میں منقسم کیا گیا۔ کچھ نوابی ریاستیں مستقل ریاست بن گئی جیسے ریاست میسور، ریاست حیدر آباد، ریاست بھوپال اور ریاست بلاس پور۔
نیا آئین ہند 26 جنوری 1950ء کو نافذ العمل ہوا جس میں بھارت کو آزاد، جمہوری ملک قرار دیا گیا۔ نیا جمہوری ملک ریاستوں کا اتحاد قرار پایا۔ نئے آئین میں تین طرح کی ریاستوں کے درمیان میں تفریق کی گئی ہے۔
1954ء میں فرانسیسی علاقہ پدوچیری ضلع کو پدوچیری یونین علاقہ بنایا گیا۔ اس میں کاراتکال اور ماہے کو بھی ضم کیا گیا۔ 1 اکتوبر 1953ء کو ریاست مدراس کے تیلگو زبان کے علاقوں پر مشتمل آندھرا پردیش بنایا گیا۔ اس کے بعد حکومت ہند نے 1956ء میں ایک ایکٹ منظور کیا جس کے رو سے کئی نئی ریاستیں وجود میں آئیں اور متعدد کی سرحدیں تبدیل ہوئیں۔
پنجاب کی دیسی ریاستیں

پنجاب کی تقسیم سے پہلے پنجاب کی بہت سی دیسی ریاستیں تھیں۔یہ ریاستیں مکمل طور پر پنجاب کے اندر شامل تھیں۔ 1947 میں پنجاب کی تقسیم کے وقت ان میں سے کچھ ریاستیں پاکستان اور کُچھ بھارت میں شامل ہو گئیں اور اب یہ ریاستیں پاکستان اور بھارت کے مختلف علاقوں اور صوبوں میں شامل ہیں۔
ترتیب
ریاست کا نام
برطانوی ایجنٹ
اس وقت حصہ
آخری نواب یا مہاراجا
1۔ ریاست بہاولپور نوابی ریاست پنجاب, پاکستان نواب صادق محمد خان پنجم
2۔ ریاست بلاسپور نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت راجا کیرتی چند, راجا بلاسپور
3۔ ریاست فرید کوٹ نوابی ریاست پنجاب, بھارت فرزند سعادت نشان حضرت قیصر ہند راجا بھرت اندر سنگھ برار بہادر, راجا فرید کوٹ
4۔ ریاست جند نوابی ریاست ہریانہ, بھارت مہاراجا ستبیر سنگھ ("پرنس سنی"), مہاراجا جند
5۔ کالسیا نوابی ریاست ہریانہ, بھارت راجا ہمت شیر سنگھ صاحب بہادر
6۔ ریاست کانگڑا نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت راجا آدتیہ دیو چند کٹوچ
7۔ ریاست کپور تھلہ نوابی ریاست پنجاب, بھارت بریگیڈیئر مہاراجا سری سکھجیت سنگھ صاحب بہادر, مہاراجا کپور تھلہ
8۔ ریاست لوہارو نوابی ریاست ہریانہ, بھارت نواب مرزا علاالدین احمد خان (دوسرا), نواب لوہارو
9۔ ریاست مالیر کوٹلہ نوابی ریاست پنجاب, بھارت
10۔ ریاست مندی نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت راجا سری اشوک پال سنگھ, راجا مندی
11۔ ریاست پٹیالہ نوابی ریاست پنجاب, بھارت مہاراجا دھیرج سر یوداوندرا سنگھ مہندر بہادر
12۔ ریاست سیبا نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت راجا ڈاکٹر اشوک کے ٹھاکر
13۔ سدھوال نوابی ریاست پنجاب, بھارت راجا بھائی بابر جنگ سنگھ
14۔ ریاست سرمور نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت لیفٹیننٹ مہاراجا راجندر پرکاش بہادر
15۔ سوکٹ/ سرندرنگر نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت راجا ہری سین, راجا سوکٹ"
16۔ مملکت گھروال نوابی ریاست اتراکھنڈ, بھارت مہاراجا منوجندرا شاہ صاحب بہادر
17۔ ریاست امب نوابی ریاست خیبر پختونخوا, پاکستان نواب محمد سعید خان
18۔ ریاست پھلرا نوابی ریاست خیبر پختونخوا, پاکستان خان عطاء محمد خان
19۔ بیکانیر نوابی ریاست راجستھان, بھارت سری راج راجیشور مہاراجا دھیرج نریندر سوائی مہاراجا شرومنی روی راج سنگھ جی بہادر
20۔ ریاست جموں و کشمیر نوابی ریاست جموں کشمیر, بھارت; آزاد کشمیر, پاکستان; سنکیانگ, چین شریمان راجیشور مہاراجا دھیرج سری سر ہری سنگھ اندر مہندر بہادر, مہاراجا جموں کشمیر
21۔ ریاست چمبا نوابی ریاست ہماچل پردیش, بھارت ٹِکا لکشمن سنگھ
22۔ ریاست پونچھ نوابی ریاست جموں اور کشمیر, بھارت ازاد کشمیر, پاکستان دھیان سنگھ
1۔ https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%BA?wprov=sfti1
Road maintenance depot

A road maintenance depot is a depot used by road maintenance agencies for storing works equipment and organising maintenance operations. Road maintenance depots can range in size from small sheds storing just a few pieces of equipment, to vast buildings housing computer and closed-circuit television systems, allowing operators to monitor conditions across the road network.
Road maintenance depots carry gear for a number of tasks, including road works, snow removal, planting of road verge and central reservations and storm drain maintenance. Most depots will have limited accommodation facilities for staff who are on-call, particularly during heavy winter storms, when travel between the worker's home and the depot may be restricted. Road maintenance depots also include garages and repair shops for the fleets of vehicles stored within, and large depots keep supplies of fuel and road salt for drivers.
Depots carry a wide range of vehicles to cover most eventualities, depending on the location of the depot; small urban depots carry street sweeper vehicles and small gully emptiers, while larger rural and motorway-based depots hold fleets of winter service vehicles and engineering vehicles, and often tow trucks and breakdown vehicles for rescuing broken down or stranded equipment. Other vehicles commonly kept at depots include lawnmowers, sprayers and road markers.
Along with garages, most depots also have either salt barns or brine tanks, to store de-icing agents for use in winter months, and filling stations to refuel vehicles, especially those that use red diesel, which is not available at public filling stations. Larger depots have vehicle washes and repair shops to maintain the fleet, and a cafeteria and on-call room for workers.
Road maintenance depots in Germany are known as Straßenmeisterei or Autobahnmeisterei. Responsibility for operating the depot depends on the type of road covered by the catchment area of the depot; those that cover the autobahn network and major road are owned by the Federal Government, while those that cover more urban roads are operated by the local city administration.
All public road maintenance depots in the United Kingdom are owned by the Highways Agency or its contractors, although the depot on the privately owned M6 Toll is run by the operators of the road. Most are located along the edge of motorways, and are signposted "Works Exit" or "Works Access Only". These signs are also used to disguise sliproads leading to sensitive military institutions such as RAF Welford and to dissuade members of the public from using emergency evacuation routes and short cuts designed for emergency vehicles.
Katyn (rural locality)

Katyn (Russian: Кáтынь [ˈkatɨnʲ]; Polish: Katyń [ˈkatɨɲ]) is a rural locality (a selo) in Smolensky District of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located approximately 20 kilometers (12 mi) to the west of Smolensk, the administrative center of the oblast. The village had a population of 1,737 in 2007.
It is situated to the west of the city of Smolensk (about 18 km from its center) and circa 60 km from the Russian borders with Belarus. It has a station on the Berlin-Warsaw-Minsk-Moscow international railway line.
Before World War I, Gnyozdovo with the Katyn Forest belonged to the Koźliński family. In the 19th century, Piotr Koźliński married Leokadia Lefftreu, the daughter of the director of the English railway construction company in Russia. Under the marriage articles Gniezdovo and Katyn became co-owned by the British.
The Katyn Forest, in the vicinity of the village, was the site of the Katyn massacre during World War II, in which thousands of captured Polish officers and other citizens were killed. On 5 March 1940, Stalin approved, together with Voroshilov, Mikoyan and Molotov, a proposal from Beria that led to the assassination of 21,857 Poles.
Despite claims by the Poles, the Soviet Union blamed Nazi Germany for the mass murders and attempted to hide its involvement, going as far as to ban all mention of the Katyn massacre in the USSR. In 1990, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev admitted that the NKVD had executed the Poles and confirmed two other burial sites similar to the site at Katyn: Mednoye and Piatykhatky. A number of earlier mass graves of victims of the Soviet system have also been found there, because Katyn Forest had long been used as an execution site for Soviet citizens.
The NKVD resolved to execute prisoners of war and "members of various counter-revolutionary organisations, former landowners, factory owners, former Polish officers, officials and escapees". In 2004, Polish prosecutors described this as a plan to eliminate in part the "intellectual elite of the Polish Nation", so as "to prevent the rebirth of Polish statehood".
The 2007 Polish film Katyń, directed by Andrzej Wajda, is an interpretation of the events that led up to the mass execution.
Katyn has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).