davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Transport (Colombia)

The Ministry of Transport (Spanish: Ministerio de Transporte) is the national executive ministry of the Government of Colombia responsible for regulating transportation in Colombia.
The Ministry of Transport was created in 1905 during the presidency of Rafael Reyes under the name of Ministerio de Obras Públicas y Transporte or Ministry of Public Works and Transport with the main function of taking care of national assets issues, including mines, oil (fuel), patents and trade marks, railways, roads, bridges, national buildings and land not privately owned.
In the early 20th century roads and highways maintenance and construction regulations were established. Rivers were cleaned, dragged and channeled and the navigational industry was organized. The Public works districts were created, as well as the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Colombia (National Railways of Colombia). Among other major projects developed were the aqueduct of Bogotá, La Regadera Dam and the Vitelma Water Treatment Plant. The Ministry also created the National Institute of Transit (from the Spanish Instituto Nacional de Tránsito), (INTRA) under the Transport and tariffs Directorate and was in charge of designing the first National roads plan with the support of many foreign multinational construction companies.
In the late 20th century the ministry introduced regulations to install tolls on highways in order to finance public works and the Highway Police was restructured to participate more actively in the vigilance and control of transportation matters. Ports of Colombia was created to build, maintain and control the maritime and fluvial ports of the country. The Neighbouring Roads Fund was established to supervise constructions, improve and maintain roads and bridges. The Ministry also created the National Roads Fund financed with resources generated from fuel taxes to finance other road works.
In December 1993, the Colombian government restructured the entity seeking to improve it, formally naming it the Ministry of Transport. In the early year of 2000 the Ministry was once again subject of restructuring, this time receiving more autonomy to define, formulate and regulate transportation, transit and its infrastructure policies. In the last decade the Ministry has developed important projects; new roads and highways, tunnels and bridges, recovered some of the railway system, improved service and security in airports and maintains fluvial and maritime ways.
Chiva, Spain

Chiva is a municipality in the comarca of Hoya de Buñol in the Valencian Community, Spain. It has a population of 16,750 inhabitants (INE 2023). It is a Spanish-speaking town, in which Spanish has the legally recognised linguistic predominance compared to Valencian, co-official regional language of the Valencian Community. Part of the Hoya de Buñol region, it is located 31 kilometres inland following the A3 Highway from the capital of Valencia in direction towards Madrid.
Chiva has the largest municipal park in Valencia; the mountainous Paraje Natural Municipal Sierra de Chiva, with a surface area of more than 5,500 ha.. This enclave is considered to have ecological, scenic and cultural significance, for which it justified its status as a protected area.
Remains from the Metal Age, the Iberian and Roman periods have been found in Chiva. It seems that the first traces of human presence in what is now the municipality of Chiva appear in the Epipalaeolithic period, between 8,000 and 5,000 BC. After many centuries under the Al-Andalus muslim rule, Chiva was conquered around 1246 or 1247 by King James I of Aragon as part of the Reconquista efforts to recliam the Iberian Penisnula to Christianity. A large part of the Muslim population remained, and the town constantly changed lordships in the centuries that followed.
When the Revolt of the Brotherhoods broke out in 1519, the Agermanados demanded the baptism of the Muslim population, which the large Muslim population of Chiva strongly opposed. The expulsion of the Moors in 1609 led to an almost total depopulation. In 1797, an important demographic recovery was noted, mostly due to the development of agriculture, both from dry farmed crops and those based on irrigation.
Pascual Madoz between 1845-1850 reported the existence of some industrial development related to agricultural activities, although it was the later arrival of the railway and the expansion of vineyards that brought about a greater economic boost. In the 20th century, the workers' movement developed significantly, as shown by the repercussions of the anarchist strike of 1911 and the crisis of 1917, as well as the good electoral results of the PSOE in 1919. During the 20th century, the population experienced a greater intensification of crops, greater industrial development and significant demographic growth. The crisis in the wine sector led to a period of economic and population recession that lasted until the 1970s, when there was a new expansion based on industrial development and the creation of an important nucleus of second homes, both favoured by the proximity to the metropolitan area of Valencia.
During the October 2024 Spain floods, a year's worth of rain fell on Chiva on 29 October 2024.
Fule-Malvar Mansion

The Fule-Malvar Mansion, also known as the White House, is a historic house located at San Pablo in Laguna Philippines.
In 1991, the National Historical Institute placed a historical marker. In 2018, it was declared a heritage edifice by virtue of San Pablo City Local Ordinance 53–2018, which also declared the San Pablo Heritage zone, recognizing its historical and aesthetic significance. The building is protected under National Cultural Heritage Act.
Built by spouses Eusebia Fule and Potenciano Malvar, the first appointed mayor after the approval of Commonwealth Act No. 520 creating the city of San Pablo. The mansion was finished in 1915, designed by architect Abelardo Lafuente García-Rojo.
The mansion provided housing for visiting presidents, government officials and dignitaries like Manuel L. Quezon, Sergio Osmena, Manuel Roxas and Ramon Magsaysay.
The mansion was bequeathed to their nephews and nieces who eventually sold it to National Life Insurance Company in 1966. Acquired in 1988 by the Philippine American Life Insurance Company which restored it to its previous form in 1990 which maintained the building till its departure from the premises in 2021.
In 2022, after repairs, it now houses the 3rd District Congressional Satellite Office.
14°04′18″N 121°19′21″E﻿ / ﻿14.07160°N 121.32253°E﻿ / 14.07160; 121.32253
List of millionaire racehorses in Australia

The following is a list of the highest-earning racehorses in Australia and New Zealand.
* denotes still racing
The criteria for inclusion in the above list are as follows. The purpose of these criteria is to include only horses that should be recognised as being Australasian.
Currently out-of-date (refer to list above for highest prize money earners)
° Still racing
Viewed: $5,761,030 (Melbourne Cup Winner) (deceased 2010) Shocking: $4,215,775 (Won 2009 Melbourne Cup) Black Caviar:$3,912,550
Weekend Hussler: $3,068,900 (7 Group 1 wins) Princess Coup (retired 2009): $2,858,339 Sirmione: $1,666,375 Zipping: $4,320,195 Master O'Reilly: $2,385,150 Wonderful World (retired 2007): $1,373,950 Sebring: $2,537,060 Nom Du Jeu: $1,946,874 Triple Honour: $1,553,410 Casino Prince (retired 2008): $1,166,500 Sniper's Bullet: $1,371,075 No Wine No Song: $1,051,940 La Montagna: $1,081,650 Littorio: $1,023,475 Magnus (retired 2008): $1,298,397 Seachange (retired 2008): $1,418,276 Maldivian (retired 2009): $2,541,550 Samantha Miss(retired 2009): $1,734,760 Whobegotyou: $1,178,950 Rebel Raider(retired 2011): $1,053,870 Scenic Blast: $1,893,094
Delta Blues $8,052,535 Takeover Target (retired 2009) $6,028,311 Efficient $4,246,525 Eremein $4,260,445 Racing to Win $3,471,785 Railings (retired 2008): $3,172,110 Pop Rock $2,656,110 Desert War (retired)$3,046,610 Tawqeet (retired 2007) $2,340,548 County Tyrone(retired) $2,316,420 Roman Arch (retired) $2,114,230 Super Elegant (retired 2007) $2,043,150 Haradasun (retired 2008) $2,731,170 Grey Song (retired 2006) $1,951,500 Bomber Bill (retired 2007) $1,892,330 Gold Edition (retired 2008) $3,182,195 Honor in War (retired 2008) $1,993,541 Paratroopers $1,930,185 El Segundo (retired 2007) $3,791,875 Lad of the Manor (retired 2007): $1,661,150 Yell (retired) $1,566,450 Headturner (retired) $1,598,035 Our Smoking Joe (retired 2008) $1,586,700 Miss Andretti (retired 2008) $2,848,991 Mr Murphy (retired 2006) $1,500,250 Spark of Life $1,529,260 Xcellent (retired 2008) $1,483,938 Mnemosyne (retired 2006) $1,371,975 Aqua D’Amore (retired 2007) $1,936,850 Casual Pass (retired 2008) $1,432,600 Titanic Jack (retired 2006) $1,228,950 Red Oog (retired 2008) $1,188,385 Apache Cat (retired 2010): $3,439,225 Niconero (retired 2009) $2,186,680 On a Jeune(retired 2007) $1,274,430 Mahtoum $1,061,660 Undue $1,119,255 Pompeii Ruler $1,760,400 Mentality$1,939,195 Belle Bizarre$1,008,090 Blutigeroo $2,028,575 Forensics (retired 2009): $3,487,500 Divine Madonna (retired 2008) $2,013,390 Fiumicino $1,438,725 Tuesday Joy (retired 2009): $2,894,050 Gallic (retired 2007) $1,374,550 Bentley Biscuit (retired 2008) $1,446,725 Gilded Venom $1,131,985 Theseo $1,559,280 Mimi Lebrock (retired 2009): $1,152,095 Sarrera $1,027,350 Mr Baritone $1,034,845 Valedictum (retired 2009) $1,239,578
Chivas Regal

Chivas Regal (/ˈʃɪvəs/) is a blended Scotch whisky produced by the Chivas Brothers subsidiary of Pernod Ricard in Scotland.
Chivas Regal was created in 1909 by Chivas Brothers Master Blender Charles Stewart Howard as a 25-year-old luxury whisky.
1939 saw the debut and continued success of Chivas Regal 12-year-old Blended Scotch in the US, at what was to become a global standard proof value of 75 degrees, i.e., 42.8% ABV. (The Americans mark it as 86 proof as they double the ABV to arrive at proof value.) Henceforth, quality, age (generally 12 years), cost (high), popularity (sales) and demography (high-end) would define a "premium" Scotch Whisky.
In 1997, the Chivas Regal range was expanded with the launch of much older whiskies, such as the Chivas Regal 18-year-old, and in 2007 the Chivas Regal 25. Other expressions followed, like the Mizunara in 2014, The Icon in 2015 and the XV in 2018.
In 2001, Pernod Ricard acquired Chivas Brothers. Its sales grew by 61% between 2002 and 2008. In global terms, Chivas Regal recorded volume sales of 4.9 million nine-litre cases in 2012 and 2013, but sales decreased to 4.4 million cases in 2015. It has been the world's fourth-best-selling Scotch whisky since 2016. Chivas Regal has been the market-leading Scotch whisky aged 12 years and older in Europe and Asia Pacific.
Strathisla distillery in Speyside is home to Chivas Regal and its visitor centre. Founded in 1786 as Milton/Miltown distillery, it is the oldest working distillery in the Highlands of Scotland. The Strathisla single malt is the core malt whisky in all Chivas Regal blends, buttressed by malts from Longmorn, The Glenlivet, Allt-a-Bhainne, Miltonduff Distillery and Braes of Glenlivet (now Braeval) among other distilleries, and grain from Strathclyde distilleries in the Lowlands.
Chivas Regal whiskies have performed well at international spirit ratings competitions. In 2013, the San Francisco World Spirits Competition jury awarded its Double Gold Medals to the Chivas Regal 18yr, 21yr and 25yr whiskies.
57°32′44″N 2°57′08″W﻿ / ﻿57.54556°N 2.95222°W﻿ / 57.54556; -2.95222
Sugar industry of India

Sugar has been produced in India since ancient 1200BC and then it spread to other parts. Sugarcane is a native of tropical Indian and Pakistan subcontinent then to Southeast Asia. In India, sugarcane is planted thrice a year in October, March and July depending on part of the country. Most of the sugar production in India takes at local Cooperative Sugar mills. After gaining Independence, India made serious plans for overall industrial development of sugar industry.
Sugar industry is a big business in India. Around 525 mills produced more than 30 million tonnes of sugar in the last crushing season, which lasted from October to April. This makes it the world's largest producer, unseating Brazil. Some 50 million farmers and millions of more workers, are involved in sugarcane farming. India is the world's largest consumer of sugar. According to data from the Indian Sugar Mills Association, the country's sugar mill produce 268.21 lakh (26,821,000) tonnes of sugar between October 1, 2019, and May 31, 2020.
On May 24, 2022, the Indian government announced that India will restrict the export of sugar from June 1, 2022. This restriction has been ordered to maintain domestic availability and ensure price stability.
Sugar cane is very important input for making sugar. When production of sugar cane increases, sugar production also increases. Sugar cane's production increased from 110 million tonnes in year 1961 to 405 million tonnes in year 2019. Sugar cane are grown in 2413 thousand hectare in 1961 year to 5061 thousand hectare in year 2019. Production quality for sugar cane is also increased. Production quantity improved from 45 tonnes/hectare to 80 tonnes/hectare.
Traditionally, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra produce the majority of sugar cane in India. This can be attributed to rich soil surrounding major rivers present in both states. However, in 2019 Maharashtra was hit with floods thus affecting total production.
The processing of sugarcane generates bagasse, molasses and press mud. Indian sugar industry has been using these by-products to generate bioethanol, electricity and many other products over the years.
Teknik kedirgantaraan

Teknik kedirgantaraan atau Aeronautika dan Astronautika (Inggris: aeronautics and astronautics atau aerospace engineering) adalah bidang disiplin teknik yang mempelajari segala sesuatu yang terkait dengan upaya penjelajahan manusia di dalam atmosfer dan di luar angkasa. Contohnya adalah aerodinamika, struktur, rancangan pesawat, material , interaksi manusia dan mesin, teknik kendali terbang, aeroelastisitas, teknik propulsi, navigasi , bandar udara, fisika terbang, satelit, roket, dan lain-lain.
Beberapa perguruan tinggi di indonesia yang mempunyai jurusan teknik kedirgantaraan, antara lain
Beberapa perguruan top dunia yang mempunyai jurusan kedirgantaraan, antara lain:
Klasemen medali Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996

Klasemen medali Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996 adalah klasemen medali selama pelaksanaan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996. Olimpiade ini berlangsung di Atlanta, Amerika Serikat sejak 19 Juli hingga 4 Agustus 1996. Terdapat 10.320 atlet dari 197 Komite Olimpiade Nasional (KON) yang bertanding dalam 271 nomor pada 26 cabang olahraga.
Atlet dari 79 KON meraih setidaknya satu medali. Tuan rumah Amerika Serikat meraih medali emas terbanyak dengan 44 medali. Mereka juga menjadi peraih total medali terbanyak dengan 101 medali.
* Tuan rumah penyelenggara (Amerika Serikat)
Chandra Warsenanto Sukotjo

Letnan Jenderal TNI (Purn.) Chandra Warsenanto Sukotjo, M.Sc., (lahir 14 Januari 1965). adalah Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Pakistan sejak 24 Maret 2025 setelah dilantik oleh Presiden Prabowo Subianto. Sebelumnya ia juga merupakan Purnawirawan TNI-AD yang terakhir menjabat sebagai Komandan Pusat Polisi Militer Angkatan Darat ke-32.
Chandra, merupakan lulusan Akademi Militer (1988-A) yang berasal dari korps Polisi Militer (CPM). Jabatan terakhir bintang tiga ini adalah Komandan Pusat Polisi Militer Angkatan Darat.
Yayan Sofiyan

Laksamana Muda TNI Yayan Sofiyan (lahir 1 September 1970) adalah seorang perwira tinggi TNI-AL yang sejak 29 November 2023 mengemban amanat sebagai Asisten Operasi Kasal.
Yayan, merupakan alumnus Akademi Angkatan Laut (AAL) angkatan ke-XXXIX/tahun 1993. Jabatan terakhir laksamana berbintang dua ini adalah Panglima Komando Armada II.
Kebaya janggan

Janggan (bahasa Jawa: ꦗꦁꦒꦤ꧀, translit. janggan) adalah salah satu jenis busana tradisional Jawa untuk perempuan. Janggan secara tradisional digunakan oleh para wanita Jawa sebagai pakaian sehari-hari, khususnya di Jawa Timur dan Jawa Tengah, serta Yogyakarta.
Pada masa modern, popularitas Janggan mulai naik daun terutama setelah rilisnya seri film berjudul Gadis Kretek.
Janggan tercipta dari hasil adaptasi pakaian adat Jawa lainnya, yakni Surjan yang umumnya dikenakan oleh pria. Sesuai dengan namanya, janggan, yang merujuk kepada kerah yang menjulang; bentuk kerah yang tinggi dan lengan tertutup yang panjang menjadikan pakaian ini memiliki ciri khas tersendiri (dibandingkan dengan varian kebaya lainnya) yang mana juga menyiratkan ketegasan dan ketangkasan bagi sang pemakai, hal tersebut lantaran Janggan semula merupakan pakaian yang biasanya dikenakan oleh para wanita dalam kalangan abdi dalem di keraton-keraton.
Jas

Jas (dari bahasa Belanda: jas, harfiah: "mantel") adalah pakaian resmi model Eropa, berlengan panjang dan dipakai di luar kemeja. Berdasarkan jumlah baris kancing di bagian depan, jas terdiri dari jas kancing sebaris (single breasted) dan jas kancing dua baris (double breasted).
Jas umumnya dipadukan dengan celana panjang atau rok yang serasi menjadi setelan jas.
Jas launs adalah model jas standar yang paling umum, dulunya berasal dari Inggris sebagai pakaian untuk berkegiatan di alam bebas. Bila hanya disebut jas, maka jas yang dimaksudkan adalah setelan jas model standar (jas launs) lengkap dengan kemeja dan dasi, dan biasanya dipakai pria bekerja di kantor.
Bila dalam undangan disebutkan kode busana black tie, maka pria diminta memakai jas resmi yang disebut tuksedo. Jas diner (dinner suit, sebutan di Britania) atau tuksedo (tuxedo atau tails, sebutan di Amerika Serikat dan Kanada) adalah setelan jas resmi berwarna hitam, bagian belakang jas berbuntut, dan dipakai bersama dasi kupu-kupu hitam dan kemeja putih. Kode busana black tie bukan berarti jas standar warna gelap dengan dasi hitam.
Tuksedo dulunya merupakan alternatif dari mengenakan jas ekor (dress coat). Sementara itu, jas yang dipakai bekerja di kantor merupakan pengganti dari jas panjang (frock coat) dan jas pagi (morning coat), atau setelan pagi (morning suit).
Blazer adalah sejenis jas santai untuk pria dan wanita yang di bagian saku depan sering diberi lambang dari sekolah atau organisasi, dan sering dipakai sebagai seragam. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, blazer hanya sering mengacu kepada sejenis jas untuk wanita yang dipakai di luar blus atau kemeja dengan bawahan berupa rok, kulot, atau celana panjang.
Banana Republic

Banana Republic adalah sebuah unit toko pakaian yang menjual pakaian mewah. Banana Republic dimiliki oleh Gap Incorporated, sebuah perusahaan yang juga mengoperasikan unit toko pakaian GAP, Old Navy dan Forth & Towne, serta toko melalui Internet, Piperlime.
Banana Republic aslinya didirikan oleh Mel dan Patricia Ziegler pada tahun 1978. Toko mereka pada mulanya adalah sebuah toko baju berlantai dua yang menjual pakaian bertemakan safari (penjelajahan di hutan-hutan Afrika dan Asia) dan pelesir. Mayoritas penjualan mereka didapatkan dari katalog mereka yang eksentrik, yang menyajikan barang-barang kelas atas dan unik dengan dibumbui cerita-cerita fiksi yang panjang lebar dari lokasi-lokasi eksotis. Mereka juga menjual barang-barang yang diproduksi massal dengan penyajian yang sama. Perusahaan ini bersaing secara langsung dengan katalog J. Peterman, katalog yang menjadi bahan sindiran di sinetron komedi Seinfeld.
Bersamaan dengan meluasnya operasi dari perusahaan ini, Banana Republic menjadi terkenal dengan tema dekorasi toko-tokonya, yang sering kali menampilan barang-barang otentik seperti Jeep dan daun-daunan asli, dan dilengkapi dengan elemen atmosfer seperti kabut dan asap buatan.
Gap Incorporated membeli Banana Republic pada tahun 1983, yang kemudian mengarahkan operasinya menjadi toko-toko penjual pakaian mewah. Produk-produk eksentrik yang biasanya untuk para turis dihilangkan secara berkala dan digantikan dengan barang-barang "mewah tetapi santai" seperti yang dikenal saat ini. Pada suatu masa, Banana Republic 'memangsa' pelanggan-pelanggan produk Gap. Untuk memisahkan dirinya dari Gap sebagai penjual barang-barang yang lebih untuk kelas atas, Banana Republic kadang-kadang membeli dan merenovasi bangunan-bangunan bersejarah untuk toko-tokonya.
Beberapa elemen dari iklan dan promosi perusahaan pada masa lalu digunakan ke dalam rancangan pakaian santai terbaru. Banana Republic menawarkan pakaian untuk pria dan wanita. Khusus untuk wanita, perusahaan ini menawarkan pakaian dengan ukuran normal (regular) dan kecil (petite). Beberapa toko khusus pakaian pria juga telah mengikuti model ukuran tersebut.
Hingga hari ini, Banana Republic telah mengoperasikan lebih dari 400 toko di Amerika Serikat (termasuk Puerto Rico), dan 24 toko di Kanada. Dua toko lagi juga baru-baru ini dibuka di Tokyo, Jepang. Pada bulan Januari 2007, Banana Republic mengumumkan akan membuka toko-toko mereka di Korea Selatan dan Inggris. Perjanjian waralaba juga telah ditanda tangani di Malaysia, Singapura dan Uni Emirat Arab.
Daftar Menteri Riset dan Teknologi Indonesia

Menteri Riset dan Teknologi (Menristek) merupakan salah satu jabatan di Kabinet Merah Putih yang saat ini berlaku, sebelumnya posisi ini dikenal dengan Menteri Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi (Menristekdikti) sekaligus Kepala Badan Riset Inovasi Nasional sebelum dilebur kedalam Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi.
Sejak tahun 1978 dalam Kabinet Pembangunan III sampai Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu pada 2006, Menteri Riset dan Teknologi merangkap Kepala Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, serta kepala Badan Pengelola Industri Strategis dalam Kabinet Pembangunan VI (1989-1998). Jabatan ini pertama kali dibentuk dalam Kabinet Kerja I sebagai Menteri Negara Urusan Research Nasional.
Hingga 2024, mantan Menteri Riset dan Teknologi yang masih hidup, yakni:
Institut Teknologi Indonesia Serpong

Institut Teknologi Indonesia (ITI) merupakan perguruan tinggi swasta yang berlokasi di Kecamatan Setu, Kota Tangerang Selatan. Awal berdirinya perguruan tinggi ini dibentuk oleh Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia (PII) melalui Yayasan Pengembangan Teknologi Indonesia (YPTI) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tenaga insinyur teknik di Indonesia pada 1 Oktober 1984. Yayasan Pengembangan Teknologi Indonesia (YPTI) ini dipimpin oleh Prof. Dr. Ing. B.J. Habibie yang juga menjabat sebagai Ketua Pembina YPTI hingga pada tahun 2019.
Pada awal berdirinya, ITI dikawal oleh beberapa nama besar tokoh-tokoh PII seperti Baharuddin Jusuf Habibie, Hartarto, Aburizal Bakrie, Ismet Iskandar, Tamudji, dan G.M. Tambubolon, dan mantan Mendikbud Prof. Dr. Wardiman. Pada 1 Oktober 1984, ITI diresmikan oleh Prof. Dr. Ing B.J. Habibie di Gedung Graha Purna Yudha Jakarta, dan tanggal tersebut ditetapkan sebagai Dies Natalis ITI. Pendiriannya ditetapkan melalui Surat Keputusan Yayasan No. 01/Kept-YPTI/84 Tanggal 2 Juni 1984 dan telah memulai kegiatan perkuliahannya tanggal 1 Oktober 1984. Pada tahun 2006 dilakukan penguatan pengelolaan melalui pembaharuan Struktur Organisasi Yayasan sesuai Akta Notaris yang ditanda tangani Faisal Abu Yusuf SH Nomor 11 tanggal 14 Desember 2006.
Institut Teknologi Indonesia kental dengan suasana teknologinya karena berdekatan dengan kawasan strategis Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (PUSPIPTEK) dan Kawasan Industri Taman Takno Serpong. Kawasan ini merupakan salah satu National Science and Techno Park yang pertama dan terbesar di Indonesia. Selain sebagai bagian dari kawasan Taman Tekno, Institut Teknologi Indonesia juga digunakan sebagai bagian dari kawasan arboretum dan kebun percobaan.
"Institut Teknologi Indonesia didirikan di dalam kawasan Pusat Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi agar tercipta sinergi, sebagai wahana bagi para Insinyur untuk membangun peradaban masa depan bangsa Indonesia."
Jakarta, 2 Maret 2016
Prof. Dr. -Ing. B. J. Habibie
Program studi di Institut Teknologi Indonesia tidak dinaungi di bawah fakultas; Institut Teknologi Indonesia memiliki beberapa program studi di antaranya:
PSPPI-ITI
Terdapat setidaknya 17 Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) dan 3 Unit Kegiatan Kerohanian Mahasiswa (UKK) yang aktif pada tahun 2019:
Wakil Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Indonesia

Wakil Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia, umumnya disingkat Wamendiktisaintek adalah pembantu Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Indonesia. Wakil Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi saat ini dijabat oleh Fauzan bersama Stella Christie sejak 21 Oktober 2024.
Dalam penyusunan Kabinet Merah Putih, Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi dipisah menjadi 3 kementerian yakni Kementerian Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi, serta Kementerian Kebudayaan. Pemisahan tersebut membuat jabatan Menteri Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi turut dipecah menjadi 3 yakni Menteri Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi, serta Menteri Kebudayaan Indonesia.
Jabatan Wakil Menteri Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Indonesia dibentuk untuk pertama kalinya dan perdana dijabat sejak 21 Oktober 2024 oleh Fauzan bersama Stella Christie.
Gaji Wakil Menteri diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 176/PMK.02/2015 tentang Hak Keuangan dan Fasilitas Lainnya bagi Wakil Menteri. Menurut Pasal 2 ayat (1) huruf a Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 176/PMK.02/2015, tunjangan jabatan bagi wakil menteri adalah 85 persen dari tunjangan Menteri. Sehingga tunjangan dari wakil menteri sebesar Rp11.566.800 per bulan.
Merujuk Pasal 3 PMK, wakil menteri akan menerima fasilitas dari negara berupa kendaraan dinas, rumah jabatan, dan jaminan kesehatan seperti menteri negara. Jika kementerian yang bersangkutan belum mampu menyediakan rumah bagi wakil menteri, maka dapat diberikan kompensasi berupa tunjangan perumahan sebesar Rp 35.000.000 per bulan.
Luar angkasa

Luar angkasa atau antariksa (bahasa Inggris: outer space) merujuk pada bagian yang relatif kosong dari jagat raya, di luar atmosfer dari benda "celestial". Istilah luar angkasa digunakan untuk membedakannya dengan ruang udara dan lokasi "terrestrial".
Karena atmosfer Bumi tidak memiliki batas yang jelas, namun terdiri dari lapisan yang secara bertahap semakin menipis dengan naiknya ketinggian, tidak ada batasan yang jelas antara atmosfer dan angkasa. Ketinggian 100 kilometer atau 62 mil ditetapkan oleh Fédération Aéronautique Internationale merupakan definisi yang paling banyak diterima sebagai batasan antara atmosfer dan angkasa.
Di Amerika Serikat, seseorang yang berada di atas ketinggian 80 km ditetapkan sebagai antariksawan. 120 km (75 mil atau 400.000 kaki) menandai batasan di mana efek atmosfer menjadi jelas sewaktu proses memasuki kembali atmosfer (re-entry). (Lihat pula garis Karman).
Proses masuk-kembali dari orbit dimulai pada setiap 122 km (400.000 kaki).
Kesalahan pengertian umum tentang batasan ke angkasa adalah orbit terjadi dengan mencapai ketinggian ini. Orbit membutuhkan kecepatan orbit dan secara teoretis dapat terjadi pada ketinggian berapa saja. Gesekan atmosfer mencegah sebuah orbit yang terlalu rendah.
Ketinggian minimal untuk orbit stabil dimulai sekitar 350 km (220 mil) di atas permukaan laut rata-rata, jadi untuk melakukan penerbangan antariksa orbital sungguhan, sebuah pesawat harus terbang lebih tinggi dan (yang lebih penting) lebih cepat dari yang dibutuhkan untuk penerbangan antariksa suborbital.
Mencapai orbit membutuhkan kecepatan tinggi. Sebuah pesawat belum mencapai orbit sampai ia memutari Bumi begitu cepat sehingga gaya sentrifugal ke atas membatalkan gaya gravitasi ke bawah pesawat. Setelah mencapai di luar atmosfer, sebuah pesawat memasuki orbit harus berputar ke samping dan melanjutkan pendorongan roketnya untuk mencapai kecepatan yang dibutuhkan; untuk orbit Bumi rendah, kecepatannya sekitar 7,9 km/s (28.400 km/jam — 18.000 mill/jam). Oleh karena itu, mencapai ketinggian yang dibutuhkan merupakan langkah pertama untuk mencapai orbit.
Energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kecepatan untuk orbit bumi rendah 32MJ/kg sekitar dua puluh kali energi yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai ketinggian dasar 10 kJ/km/kg.
Penjelajahan antariksa

Penjelajahan antariksa adalah eksplorasi fisik dari benda di luar Bumi dan biasanya menyangkut teknologi, ilmu pengetahuan, dan politik yang berhubungan dengan luar angkasa. Salah satu yang paling terkenal dan aspek penting dari penjelajahan angkasa adalah pendaratan manusia pertama di bulan dalam perlombaan antariksa antara Amerika Serikat dan Uni Soviet.
Ide mengirim objek ke angkasa terdapat di dalam pikiran dari banyak penulis sains fiksi ratusan tahun sebelum hal itu menjadi kenyataan. Beberapa karya ini juga menulis penggambaran bagaimana hal tersebut dapat dilakukan. Pada abad 20, dengan pengembangan propulsi teknologi yang cukup, material yang kuat dan ringan dan terobosan teknologi dan sains lainnya, ide misi luar-bumi tidak lagi hanya sekadar impian tetapi suatu kenyataan.
Projek Vanguard ditransfer dari NRL ke NASA sesaat sebelum peluncuran.Uni Soviet telah mencoba rendezvous lebih awal pada Agustus 1962; Namun, Vostok 3 dan Vostok 4 hanya berjarak lima kilometer satu sama lain, dand berada dalam bidang orbit yang berbeda. Pravda tidak menyebut informasi ini dan menandakan bahwa rendezvous telah dilaksanakan.
Kapal angkasa penggunaan ulang pertama (Pesawat Ulang Alik) diluncurkan oleh AS pada perayaan tahunan ke-20 penerbangan Gagarin, 12 April 1981. Pesawat angkasa penggunaan ulang pertama (dan sejauh ini) otomatis adalah Buran, diluncurkan oleh USSR pada 15 November 1988.
Zaman Angkasa

Zaman Angkasa adalah sebuah periode waktu di mana aktivitas-aktivitas yang berkaitan dengan perlombaan ruang angkasa, eksplorasi ruang angkasa, teknologi ruang angkasa, dan pengembangan-pengembangan kebudayaan yang dipengaruhi oleh peristiwa-peristiwa tersebut. Zaman Angkasa umumnya dianggap dimulai dengan Sputnik (1957).
Zaman Angkasa dimulai dengan pengembangan beberapa teknologi yang terjadi pada 4 Oktober 1957, dengan peluncuran Sputnik 1 oleh Uni Soviet. Ini adalah saltelit artifisial pertama di dunia, yang mengorbit Bumi selama 98.1 menit dan memiliki berat sebesar 83 kg (183 pon). Peluncuran Sputnik 1 menandai sebuah zaman baru dari politik, ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi yang menjadi dikenal sebagai Zaman Angkasa.
Zaman Angkasa dinilai telah mempengaruhi:
Templat:Penerbangan ruang angkasa
Sarjana Teknik

Sarjana Teknik (S.T.) adalah gelar akademik sarjana di bidang teknik atau rekayasa. Gelar akademik ini mulai digunakan pada tahun 1993. Sebelumnya, Insinyur (Ir.)/ S.T. merupakan gelar akademik yang dipakai oleh lulusan teknik contoh Teknik Sipil. Gelar ini diberikan kepada mahasiswa program studi tingkat Strata 1 (S-1) pada suatu perguruan tinggi. Dalam program akademik internasional, Sarjana Teknik setara dengan Bachelor of Engineering (B.E. atau B.Eng.).
Gelar diartikan sebagai singkatan yang berupa awalan atau akhiran, dan disematkan pada nama seseorang. Penambahan gelar ini sebagai tanda hormat, jabatan, atau profesional di suatu bidang. Pada awalnya penulisan gelar di negara ini belum baku seperti sekarang. Sebelumnya, gelar yang digunakan di Indonesia adalah Doktorandus (Drs.), Doktoranda (Dra.), dan Insinyur (Ir.). Pada tahun 1993 dipakai bentuk baku dari penamaan gelar, berdasar Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia No. 036/U/1993. Keputusan menteri ini berisi tentang gelar dan sebutan lulusan perguruan tinggi.
Program studi yang menggunakan gelar akademik ini:
Sejak 2017, lulusan dari Arsitektur dan Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota tidak mendapatkan gelar Sarjana Teknik lagi, melainkan gelar Sarjana Arsitektur (S.Ars.) dan Sarjana Perencanaan Wilayah dan Kota (S.PWK.).
Virginia (given name)

Virginia is a Germanic and Romance feminine given name derived from the Ancient Roman family name Verginius or Virginius. According to legend, Virginia was a Roman girl who was killed by her father in order to save her from seduction by the corrupt government official Appius Claudius Crassus.
The name was the 34th most common name for American women and girls, according to the census of 1990. It was the 545th most popular name given to baby girls born in the United States in 2007.
Virginia Dare was the first child born to English parents in North America. Virginia O'Hanlon wrote a letter that prompted the famous "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" editorial in the September 21, 1897 edition of the New York Sun. The most famous Virginia is probably the English modernist author Virginia Woolf.
FELDA Soeharto

FELDA Soeharto or Kampung Soeharto is a FELDA settlement in Hulu Selangor District, Selangor, Malaysia. It is located near the Selangor-Perak border.
Established in 1962 as Felda Sungai Dusun, it was named in honour of the former Indonesian president Suharto, who visited this village on 18 March 1970.
3°41′33″N 101°21′38″E﻿ / ﻿3.6924598°N 101.3604818°E﻿ / 3.6924598; 101.3604818
Chope

Chope is a real-time restaurant-reservation booking platform that connects diners with its partner restaurants. The name “Chope” was inspired by the term chope spoken colloquially in Singapore. Chope charges restaurants fixed and per-diner fees for the use of its table booking system.
Chope was founded on June 15, 2011, with the intention of providing a real-time online service for the process of table reservations.
At the time of its startup, restaurateurs and café owners had been known to be slow to adapt to technological advancements. However, aided by the rise in internet access, this trend has been slowly changing. In July 2012, Chope announced that its application had grown to be used by over 1,000,000 diners.
On June 30, 2015 the company announced it had secured an investment of US$8M in a series C round co-led by F&H Fund Management, a fund chaired by Alibaba CTO John Wu, and NSI Ventures.
In April 2016, the company announced its acquisition of MakanLuar.com - an Indonesian restaurant reservations platform co-founded by Kunal Narang and Hiro Mohinani.
On October 16, 2017, Chope announced that it had raised a Series D funding of US$13M. The round is led by Asia-Pacific investment firm Square Peg Capital and joined by C31 Ventures and Moelis Australia. Existing investors NSI Ventures, Susquehanna International Group, DSG Consumer Partners, and SPH Ventures also came in for a top-up.
Chope was acquired by Grab in 2024. Grab, Southeast Asia's leading super app, purchased Chope as part of its strategy to expand its ecosystem in the food and lifestyle sectors.
The website and the mobile app allow users to search for restaurants and reservations based on parameters including cuisine, location, and price range. Users can also receive Chope Dollars, a rewards-point system.
The company also has a mobile application that allows users to find and book dining reservations.
The service provides restaurant owners with features aiding in reservation management.
Features include:
The company's home market is Singapore. It has also expanded to other Asian markets including Hong Kong, Mainland China, Thailand and Indonesia.
As of 2024, following GRAB's acquisition of Chope, the Hong Kong and Mainland China business operations are set to close in October 2024.
Mesty Ariotedjo

Dwi Lestari Pramesti (born 25 April 1989) is the CEO at Tentang Anak, a parenting products brand in Indonesia. Pramesti is also a pediatrician and public health practitioner. She started building Tentang Anak while taking maternity leave during COVID-19.
Mesty Ariotedjo is the youngest member of World Economic Forum 2014 from Indonesia. She is also a member of Global Shapers Jakarta.
Mesty Ariotedjo was born in Jakarta. Her father, Arie Ariotedjo, works as a business executive in a various companies. Her mother, Arti Ariotedjo (née Prawirakusumah), is a socialite and a housewife. Her grandfather, Sri Bima Ariotedjo, was the Indonesian Ambassador to the Philippines during President Soeharto's presidency.
Ariotedjo was raised as a Muslim. She has Javanese ancestry from her father and Sundanese from her mother. Ariotedjo graduated from SMA Negeri 8 Jakarta in 2007. In 2012, she graduated from Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia.
Abdul Latief (Indonesian businessman)

Abdul Latief (born April 27, 1940) is the prominent Indonesian businessman and politician. He was the founder of Pasaraya department store and television network Lativi, as well as the former Indonesian minister in the New Order era.
Abdul Latief was born on April 27, 1940, in Banda Aceh, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam. He was bought up according to Muslim and Minangkabau traditions. Latief's father was a textile trader and his mother was an activist in Aisyiyah (a part of the Muhammadiyah Islamic organization). In 1950, Latief's family moved from Banda Aceh to Jakarta.
While at school, he performed well enough academically to become the best student. After graduating, Latief worked as head of promotion in the Sarinah department store. He also attended in-store management courses in Tokyo, Japan. In 1972, Latief founded the Young Indonesian Entrepreneur Community, known as HIPMI, and he was elected as leader for 1972–1973.
After working for about nine years in department stores, in 1972 Latief decided he wanted to own a department store, but had to settle for a variety store. Starting from a mini store in Grogol, Jakarta, Latief and his brother, Abdul Muthalib, founded PT Latief Marda Corporation. Two years later, they founded PT Indonesia Product Centre Sarinah Jaya, with brand name Pasaraya. In 2001, Latief expanded his business into television, by establishing the Lativi television network. Latief is also involved in the property business with development of Sentraya 41-storey skyscraper in Blok M, South Jakarta. In 1990s, Latief published two printed media namely Tiras magazine and Neraca daily newspaper. At the end of 1990s, Abdul Latief as well as Fahmi Idris, Aminuzal Amin, and Nasroel Chas established a joint venture company Nagari Development Corporation (NDC), which aims to improve the Minangkabau community.
Today, all of his business in retailing, media, property, advertising, finance, and agrobusiness are grouped in the ALatief Corporation.
In 1993, Latief was chosen as a Minister of Manpower under Soeharto presidency. During his term of office, the government approved the regional minimum salary for labor, known as 'Upah Minimum Regional'. He was re-elected as Minister of Tourism, Art, and Culture in 1998.
Timeline of strikes in 1977

A number of labour strikes, labour disputes, and other industrial actions occurred in 1977.
A labour strike is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. This can include wildcat strikes, which are done without union authorisation, and slowdown strikes, where workers reduce their productivity while still carrying out minimal working duties. It is usually a response to employee grievances, such as low pay or poor working conditions. Strikes can also occur to demonstrate solidarity with workers in other workplaces or pressure governments to change policies.
Timeline of strikes in 1978

In 1978, a number of labour strikes, labour disputes, and other industrial actions occurred.
A labour strike is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work. This can include wildcat strikes, which are done without union authorisation, and slowdown strikes, where workers reduce their productivity while still carrying out minimal working duties. It is usually a response to employee grievances, such as low pay or poor working conditions. Strikes can also occur to demonstrate solidarity with workers in other workplaces or pressure governments to change policies.
Indri Hapsari Soeharto

Indri Hapsari Soeharto (/suːˈhɑːrtoʊ/ soo-HAR-toh, Indonesian: [suˈharto] ; Javanese: ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦠ) is an Indonesian actress, and beauty pageant titleholder who won Putri Indonesia 1997 (Miss International Indonesia 1977). She represented Indonesia at Miss International 1977 in Japan, where she was second runner-up. Soeharto was the first Indonesian to be a Miss International finalist at a major pageant.
Born in Jakarta, Indonesia, Soeharto holds a master's degree in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry from the University of Indonesia, Jakarta, her dissertation was about children with autism. She also earned her Doctorate in Philosophy (Ph.D.) from the Department of Human Communication Sciences, Health Sciences School, University of Sheffield, England, where Soeharto received a full scholarship from Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education.
After she graduated, Soeharto worked as a Special Protection project officer for international non-governmental organization (NGO) named "Plan". Soeharto worked with survivors of the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, those impacted by 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and those affected by the Insurgency in Aceh.
In 1977, Soeharto participated in and won Putri Indonesia 1977 at Taman Mini Indonesia Indah in Jakarta. She was crowned by her predecessor and Miss International Indonesia 1976, Treesye Ratri Astuti [id] of Central Java, was the last Indonesian representative to enter a Miss International beauty pageant before the organisation became inactive from 1978 to 2007.
Soeharto represented Indonesia at Miss International 1977 on 1 July 1977, at the Imperial Garden Theater in Tokyo, Japan. and was second runner-up.
Soeharto appeared in the film, Bulu-Bulu Cendrawasih [id], directed by Umar Kayam. This film is about an immigrant child who is looking for his fortune to become a model. Since then, Soeharto has appeared in other films and television films in Indonesia.
Nafisa Ali

Nafisa Ali is an Indian actress, politician, activist and former beauty pageant titleholder. She is a member of the All India Trinamool Congress.
Nafisa Ali was born in Kolkata, the daughter of Ahmed Ali, a Bengali man and Philomena Torresan, a woman of Anglo-Indian heritage. Nafisa's paternal grandfather, S. Wajid Ali, was a Bengali writer. Her paternal aunt (father's sister) was Zaib-un-Nissa Hamidullah, a Pakistani journalist. Nafisa is also related to the Bangladeshi freedom fighter and soldier Bir Pratik Akhtar Ahmed. Nafisa's mother later moved to Australia.
Nafisa attended La Martiniere Calcutta, where she was a House Captain. She has also studied vedanta taught by Swami Chinmayananda, who started the center Chinmaya Mission of World Understanding.
Nafisa Ali has accomplishments in several fields. She was the national swimming champion from 1972 to 1974. In 1976, she won the Femina Miss India title, represented India at the Miss International contest & was declared the 2nd runner-up. Ali was also a jockey at the Calcutta Gymkhana in 1979.
She has acted in several Bollywood films, the notable ones being Junoon (1979) with Shashi Kapoor, Major Saab (1998) with Amitabh Bachchan, Bewafaa (2005), Life In A... Metro (2007) and Yamla Pagla Deewana (2010) with Dharmendra.
She also acted in a Malayalam film called Big B (2007) with Mammootty.
Nafisa Ali contested the 2004 Lok Sabha elections unsuccessfully from South Kolkata. On 5 April 2009, she contested the Lok Sabha election from Lucknow on the Samajwadi Party ticket after Sanjay Dutt's disqualification by the Supreme Court on the basis of a prior conviction. She then rejoined the Indian National Congress party in November 2009 and said she is returning to Congress for life. However, she joined the All India Trinamool Congress in October 2021 ahead of the 2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election.
She is married to Colonel Ravinder Singh Sodhi, a polo player who won the Arjuna Award. After marriage, she chose to stop working and focus on their children: daughters Armana and Pia and son Ajit.
In September 2005, she was appointed the chairperson of the Children's Film Society of India (CFSI). She also associated with Action India, an organisation working to spread AIDS awareness. In November 2018, Ali was diagnosed with stage 3 peritoneal and ovarian cancer.
Държавно предприятие „Радиоактивни отпадъци“

Държавно предприятие „Радиоактивни отпадъци“ (ДП РАО) е българско държавно предприятие със седалище в София.
То е създадено на 8 юни 2004 година въз основа на Закона за безопасно използване на ядрената енергия, предвиждащ концентриране и обособяване на управлението на всички радиоактивни отпадъци в страната в един национален оператор.
ДП РАО включва четири специализирани поделения:
Гориво от твърди отпадъци

Горивото от твърди отпадъци (на английски: RDF - Refuse Derived Fuel) е гориво, произведено от различни видове отпадъци, като „твърди битови отпадъци“ (MSW), промишлени сухи отпадъци и отпадъци от различни търговски обекти). Представлява раздробената фракция на отпадъка. По състав RDF е смес от материали, отличаващи се с по-висока горимост (например хартия, пластмаса) в сравнение с компонентите в общия поток отпадъци. Терминът RDF не е законово дефиниран.
RDF се получава след предварително третиране на твърдите отпадъци директно от камиона за боклук и разделянето им в две фракции – горима и негорима. Специални машини намаляват размера на частиците на отпадъците, пресяват го и го разделят чрез магнити. В някои инсталации пресяването предшества третирането, а в други – обратното. В етапа на предварително третиране могат да се добавят ръчно сортиране от работници, въздушна класификация и уплътняване на боклука във формата на бали. Въпреки всички тези средства, не може да се гарантира на 100% съдържанието на крайния продукт.
RDF може да бъде произведено с различни свойства. Основните характеристики на твърдото гориво от отпадъци са калоричната стойност, пепелното- и влагосъдържание. Висококачественото RDF се отличава с ниски стойности за съдържанието на вода и пепел и с висока калоричност. В България и в развиващите се страни, където контейнерите за смет са предимно на открито и са с високо съдържание на влага, може да се очаква, че полученото RDF ще е с по-лошо качество. В такива случаи калоричната стойност на горивото ще е с ниска стойност (11 000 – 12 000 J/g), поради факта, че влагата се абсорбира от горимите материали.
Отделящата се пепел от изгарянето на RDF довежда до образуването на 4 до 6 пъти повече пепел в сравнение с изгарянето на въглища. На теория RDF горивото от отпадъци трябва да е с високи концентрации на хартия и пластмаси, реално то може да съдържа и други материали с неясен произход. Те могат да влошат характеристиките на отпадъчните горивни газове – формирането на хлороводород, който да има корозивен ефект върху вътрешните повърхности на горелката и тръбните участъци на котела. В RDF е възможно наличието на фини частици метал и стъкло. Отстраняването на тези частици е трудно, поради техните специфични физични и аеродинамични свойства. Дори при съдържание под 1%, върху топлопреносните повърхности на котела се образуват отлагания от силициев диоксид и метални оксиди. Това може да доведе до непланирано спиране на котела и необходимост от извършване на ремонтни дейности.
Твърдото гориво от отпадъци се използват главно в промишлени и моно-базирани електроцентрали. RDF се използват главно в рамките на Европейския съюз в страни с висок стандарт на рециклиране на отпадъци, както в Австрия, Германия и Холандия. Отпадъците там се третират със строг контрол от инспекционните дружества.