davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Haco Industries Kenya Limited

Haco Industries Kenya Limited is a Kenyan personal and home care products manufacturer that distributes its products in the countries of the East African Community and in the Comesa Region.
The headquarters and main factory of Haco Industries Kenya Limited (HACO) are located in the neighborhood known as Kasarani, in the city of Nairobi, Kenya's capital city, about 16 kilometres (10 mi), by road, north-east of the city centre. The geographical coordinates of the company headquarters are: 01°13'13.0"S, 36°54'43.0"E (Latitude:-1.220278; Longitude:36.911944).
Kenyan entrepreneur Chris Kirubi founded HACO in the early 1970s, manufacturing a single product back then. Early products included shaving products and stationery. In the 1990s, the company diversified into personal and home care products. Its product-line includes stationery, disposable shavers, personal care products, and household detergents.
HACO partners with international brand-name owners to manufacture branded products in its area of distribution. Such partners include Société Bic of France, Pro-line International Inc. of the United States, Alberto-Culver Inc. of the USA, E.T. Browne Drug Company Inc. of the United States and Jeyes Plc. of the United Kingdom. HACO distributes its manufactured products in Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and Rwanda.
Products include plastic pens, disposable shavers, hair care products, skin and home care products.
HACO was founded by industrialist Chris Kirubi in 1974. In 2008, Tiger Brands, the South African home products conglomerate acquired a 51 percent controlling interest in the company, for an estimated KSh363 million (approx. US$3.63 million).
When the two joint-venture partner disagreed on future strategy, Kirubi agreed to buy back the 51 percent shareholding that he had sold to Tiger Brands, albeit at a premium. That buy-back was concluded in December 2017, leaving Chris Kirubi as the sole owner of the company.
In August 2018, Société Bic of France and Haco Industries, signed an agreement to end Haco's tenure as franchisee and Bic's relationship as "franchiser". The separation would include the sale to Bic of Haco's semi-automated production line, at an undisclosed sum. In December 2018, the arrangement received regulatory approval from the Competition Authority of Kenya, and is expected to close by 1 January 2019. In February 2019, Business Daily Africa reported that Société Bic paid KSh714 million (€6.3 million) to conclude this acquisition.
Ivona Galbrun

Ivona Galbrun (a-wechoù Erwanez Galbrun), ganet Yvonne Laurent e Pariz d'an 20 a viz Mezheven 1904, marvet e Brelevenez (Lannuon) d’an 22 a viz Here 1985, a zo un emsaverez vreton (anv barzhez: “Iona”). Bevañ a reas e Breizh e Mousteruz e-pad ar Brezel-bed kentañ hag eno e tommas ouzh ar brezhoneg hag ouzh Breizh. Sevel a reas e Bear ur C'helc'h Keltiek ha tro he devoe da zaremprediñ ur bern tud, evel Taldir-Jaffrennou ha Mari Manac'h (“Lady Mond”). E 1946 e savas ar gelaouenn Me a Zalc'ho, darempred etre ar c'helc'hioù keltiek. Labourat a reas gant Armañs ar C'halvez e skol vrezhonek Ploueg-ar-Mor. Kendelc'her a reas he buhez-pad da skoazellañ an emsav.
Kafe Koefet (sonerien)

Kafe Koefet a zo ur strollad breizhat sonerezh fest-deiz ha fest-noz. Abaoe 2006 ur pezh mell avantur dija ! Adalek kavioù ha tavarnioù Pariz betek leurennoù Enez Frañs, Breizh ha pelloc'h, ar strollad ne baouez ken da skignañ e goktel saourus, galonus ha leun a startijenn ennañ. Kustum eo Kafe Koefet da seniñ gant mignoned pedet gante. Hiziv an deiz eo deuet da vezañ ur pevarad, hag a vez graet eus an triad "istorel" Cyril Guiguian (gitar), Erwan Quintin (violoñs), Ludovic Rio (akordeoñs kromatek), ha nevez zo asambles gant Thomas Fortin (bombardoù, treujenn-gaol ha saksofon). Un dokumañter oa bet enrollet diwar-bouez ar strollad e 2013 : "Kafe Koefet, des bretons à Paris".
Entente culturelle bretonne

Emglev Sevenadurel Breizh (Entente Culturelle Bretonne) a oa ur gevarzhe dezhi ar pal klask bodañ Breizhiz e Norzh Pariz ha sevel obererezhioù evito en he sal anvet « Kervarker » a oa staliet e 17vet arondisamant Pariz. E 1962 e krogas gant se, met war-dro 1969 e serras e sal. Herve ar Menn, teñzorier kentañ, ha prezidant da c’houde, a voe unan eus e bennoù pouezusañ.
Hervez Armel Calvé, bet eil sekretour kentañ ar gevarzhe, e voe savet Emglev Sevenadurel Breizh e-tro 1962 « evit ober par d’ar greizenn vreizhek Kêr-Vreizh staliet war ar c'hlann gleiz » (Pariz)..
Er c'hentañ burev e kaved hervezañ :
Staliet e voe ar sal emvod « Kervarker » e niverenn 17 ar straed Guy Môquet, Pariz (17vet). Koulskoude, un Entente culturelle bretonne a voe anezhañ a-raok ma vefe digoret ul lec’h. Hervez Pêr Trepos e voe adembannet ar Barzaz Breiz e 1959 diwar atiz an Entente culturelle bretonne.
War batrom Emgleo Breiz e voe savet an Emglev evel ur goudor evit kervarzheoù, met n’eus bet gwelet nemet div anezho er sal Kervarker : Kenvreuriezh ar Viniaouerien (KAV), krouet e 1931, ha Kevredigezh kelennerien ar Brezhoneg, krouet e 1966.
E kreiz an Emglev e voe krouet « Kevredigezh kelennerien ar Brezhoneg » a glaskas sevel kenurzhierezh ar c’hentelioù brezhoneg a veze roet e pep korn eus Rannvro Pariz diwar atiz bodadegoù Brezhoned (kelc’hioù keltek, kevarzheoù), d’ar 1añ a viz C’hwevrer 1966. Hervez Armel Calvé, ne zeuas ket a-benn da gompezañ an traoù, pa ne felle ket da aozerien ar c’hentelioù heuliañ urzhioù.
E miz Meurzh 1966 e voe dispaket un diskouezadeg gant levrioù ha mareadegoù brezhonek.
Chom a reas bev ar c’hevarzhe goude 1969 ha pelloc’h emañ e chomlec’h e ti Éric Pianezza-Lepage. Seveniñ a ra e obererezhioù breizhek hiziv. Merañ a ra ar priz Herve ar Menn abaoe 1988 evit enoriñ kendalc’h an hengoun sevenadurel breizhek. E 2021, Thierry Rouaud, prezidant, a embannas e oa garedonet kumun Sant-Riwal gant ar Priz Herve ar Menn evit hec'h ober diehan evit kendelc’her ha kas war-raok ar brezhoneg hag ar sevenadur breizhek.
Galv (aozadur)

Galv, anvet Comité d'Action pour la Langue Bretonne da gentañ (CALB), a oa un aozadur-stourm evit ar brezhoneg hag a oa bet krouet e 1969 e Brest gant UDB, ar JEB, hag Ar Falz. Yaouankizoù Penn-a-raok Breizh a zeuas da vout ezel war-lerc'h ar grouidigezh. E gwirionez e oa ur benveg etre daouarn UDB.
E penn an aozadur e oa ur burev gant dileuridi eus ar JEB, Fañch Broudig, Gaby Mer ha Jean-Yves Lagadeg, eus UDB, Yves Le Berre, Jean Le Dû (a yeas war-du ar PCF prestik goude), Erwan Evenou, eus Ar Falz, Armañs Keravel ha Fañch Morvannou hag eus Yaouankizoù Penn-a-raok Breizh Klaod an Duigou... Fañch Broudig a voe lakaet da sekretour, Erwan Evenou a gemeras e blas goude. Awenet e oa ar strollad gant ar varksouriezh diouzh ar c'hiz goude 1968. Kinnig a rae goulenn kreskiñ kelenn ar brezhoneg er skol, en ur mare ma ne oa tost netra, met ne ginnige ket ober kalz tra d'an izili, ha ne oa ket gwall vrudet. Divodet e voe ar strollad e penn-kentañ 1974.
Kerzhadegoù a voe aozet evit ar yezh, evel an hini eus Ploue d'an Oriant e penn-kentañ miz Even 1971 gant 700 a vanifesterion. . E 1972 e voe kerzhadegoù lec'hel en nev-amzer, etre Ar Gemene ha Pondi da skouer.
Gwerzhet e veze levrig Galv, anvet GALV : Livre blanc et noir de la langue bretonne. Skrivet e veze Hag or yez? (= hag hor yezh) ouzh ar mogerioù gant Galv, tri ger digomprenus a-walc'h evit an dud.
Tennet eus rentañ-kont Ouest-France Kemper (19 a viz Genver 1970) diwar-benn meeting Galv e Kemper:
Odette du Puigaudeau

Odette Loyen du Puigaudeau, bet ganet e 1894 e Sant-Nazer hag aet d’an Anaon e 1991 e Maroko, a oa un dudoniourez vreizhat.
Merc’h e oa d’ar boltredourez Henriette Van den Broucke ha d’al livour naonedat Ferdinand du Puigaudeau, bet ganet en un tiegezh a baramantourien.
Desavet e voe Odette du Puigaudeau e Maner Kervaudu er Groazig a-raok mont da Bariz e 1920 da studiañ ar morioù er Sorbonne. Goude he studi ez eas da dresourez er Collège de France, da stilourez e Ti Lanvin ha da gazetennerez war vigi-toneta eus Breizh.
E 1934 e veajas evit ar wech kentañ e Maouritania gant he mignonez, an arzourez Marion Sénones. A-neuze e c'houestlas he buhez da Sahara ar C'hornôg ha d’ar Vorianed. Mont a reas da gargadez a gefridi evit ministrerezhioù ha kevarzheoù gouiziek, da saverez abadennoù sevenadurel evit ar radio, da deuliourez evit ur ministrerezh ha da renerez burev ar ragistor e Mirdi an Hendraoù e Rabat.
Remont Jestin

Remont Jestin (Raymond André Gestin er marilhoù-kêr), ganet e Landerne, e 1902, ha marvet e Menton, e 1991, a oa ur c’helenner arbennigour war ar sumereg, ur yezhoniour, ur prederour levezonet gant Friedrich Nietzsche, ul livour hag ur skrivagner brezhonek, stag ouzh Breizhiz e Pariz, evel Goulven Pennaod ha Kêr-Vreizh hag an Entente culturelle bretonne. Lesanvioù e-leizh a implijas evit skrivañ e zanevelloù, e studiadennoù pe e bennadoù : Rieg Jestin, Rigakos, Gestin’'. Sinañ a rae e studioù war ar sumereg, Raymond-Riec Jestin.
Desavet e voe e brezhoneg gant e vamm-gozh e Bro-Leon. Goude bezañ desket ar galleg e-unan e tremenas e vachelouriezh ha ez eas da Bariz evit heuliañ studioù en École du Louvre. Goude bezañ graet mil micher ez eas da chom da Istanbul. Pa oa o verdeiñ er Mor Kreizdouar e voe goulennet digantañ mont da reiñ harp da hendraourien e Mezopotamia e-men e reas enklaskoù war ar sumereg. Distroet da Bariz e 1935 ha tremenet an doktorelezh war al Lizhiri diwar-benn ar verb sumerek e tapas ur post eilkelenner war ar sumereg e Skolaj Bro-C’hall. Dont a reas da vout kelenner en École pratique des hautes études ("Skol Bleustrek ar Studioù Uhel") adalek 1953. Pelloc’h e kejas gant Goulven Pennaod pa voe mennozhioù an tu-dehou pellañ boutin etrezo, gouennelouriezh ha azeulerezh an nerzh hag e skrivas pennadoù politikerezh ha prederouriezh er gelaouenn a voe rener anezhi, An Nerzh. hag er Stourmer eus ar memes spered.
Ken abred ha 1935 e savas ur pennad brezhonek evit Gwalarn’’ a-zivout ar brezhoneg eeun ha bloaz goude ur studiadenn war ar vouddhaegezh ha ne oa ket bet eus ar seurt-se betek-henn.
Ober a reas anaoudegezh gant emsaverion arall e Kêr-Vreizh evel Goulven Pennaod e skrivas pennadoù evitañ en e gelaouennoù Ar Stourmer hag An nerzh. Un heuliadenn hir a skrivas er gelaouenn Ar stourmer : "Hent ar ouenn ? Hent an natur" dindan an anv-pluenn Rigakos e-men e kav an nen displegadennoù a-zivout an Istor hervez ur savboent kenel-werinelour ha gouennelour.
Gant Goulvenn Pennaod ha Herve ar Menn e savas ul lec’h sevenadurel e Norzh Pariz, Kervarker e anv hag e kemeras penn Emglev Sevenadurel Breizh a rene an traoù e 1962, met ne badas ket an obererezh pelloc’h eget 1968.
Studiadennoù a skrivas ivez evit an ti-embann hag ar gelaouenn Preder. Unan eus dodennoù pouezusañ oberenn Remont Jestin e oa an nerzh a-ziwar an natur hag ar ouenn dre brederouriezh ar Baganed ha hini Friedrich Nietzsche.
War-dro 1950 e krogas Remont Jestin gant an eoulliverezh hep m’en doe resevet stummadur arzel ebet. Donezonet e oa ken e c’hellas sevel un diskouezadeg e stal-arz Bernheim, e Pariz
Matilin an Dall

Matilin an dall a oa ur talabarder breizhat eus an XIXvet kantved.
Matilin an dall a oa ganet en 1789 e Kemperle e Kerne. Aet e oa d'an anaon e 1859 e Kemperle.
Mathurin Furic e oa e anv ofisiel, Matilin Furic e oa e anv brezhonek.
Ur ganaouenn a zo bet savet dezhañ, war don gavotenn an Aven, a veze sonet gantañ a-hervez.
Marine Lavigne

Marine Lavigne, ganet d'ar 6 a viz Du 1997 e Douarnenez, a zo ur ganerez vrezhonek ha saverez pozioù vreizhat. Kanerez a-vicher eo abaoe 2022, goude bezañ kemeret perzh en Eurovision gant he c'hanaouenn Fulenn hag he strollad Ahez.
Savet eo bet Marine Lavigne e Poullann en ur familh eus ar C'hab ha Penn Sardin. En hentad divyezhek ar skol François-Guillou e Douarnenez he doa desket brezhoneg hag eno e oa bet lakaet da ganañ evit ar wech kentañ. E skolaj Diwan Kemper he doa desket kanañ ha diskanañ gant Louise Ebrel en ur c'hlub kan ha dizoloet sevenadur Galiza dre ur staj kan gant Elsa Corre. Kendalc'het he doa he deskadurezh e lise Diwan Karaez gant atalieroù kinniget gant Annie Ebrel ha Krismenn pe gant stajoù emvarrekaat er vro.
Kroget he doa da ganañ gant Sterenn Diridollou el lise hag e daouad war-lerc'h. Da c'houde e oa bet heñchet he strollad An Teir gant kanerezed a-vicher evel Rozenn Talec ha Marthe Vassallo. Goude ur bak lennegel hag ur bloavezh prepa lennegel eo bet Marine war studioù LLCE spagnoleg betek ur master e skol-veur Roazhon 2. Paouezet he doa gant he studioù evit bezañ kanerez ha skrivagnerez a-vicher e 2022.
E fin ar bloazvezh 2017 e voe skrivet ganti pozioù ar ganaouenn Betek an trec'h dibabet evel kanaouenn ofisiel ar Redadeg 2018. Kanet he doa anezhi gant div vignonez bodet en ur triad anvet Penn Salsardin ha gant sonerien evit seniñ un ton salsa. Er memes bloaz, gant he strollad An Teir (div gomerez eus ar skolaj ennañ) e oa bet savet gant tri soner a-vicher ur grouidigezh evit "New Leurenn #3" da-geñver Gouelioù Etrekeltiek an Oriant. Gant ar raktres-se e oa ganet ar strollad Eben hag embannet ur bladenn er bloaz war-lerc'h. Brudet eo ar strollad evit e ganaouennoù gant temoù a-vremañ (benelouriezh, ar pobloù, an douar...) savet diwar tonioù hengounel. Gant Jonathan Dour he doa savet ur strollad all e fin 2021, Seim, un triad gant an tabouliner Antonin Volson.
E miz Eost 2021 he doa graet anaoudegezh gant ar soner Alexis Morvan (Alvan) e Roazhon. Pozioù zo bet kavet diouzhtu gant Marine Lavigne diwar mojenn Katell Gollet adskrivet. Enrollet eo bet ar ganaouenn Fulenn gant he strollad Ahez war ar sonerezh sonaozet gant Alvan. E miz Genver 2022 eo bet rakdibabet ar ganaouenn gant France TV evit kenstrivadeg Bro-C'hall an Eurovision. En em gavet eo ar strollad nevez-savet-mañ betek gourfenn Eurovision Frañs e Pariz war-eeun war France 2 50 vloaz rik goude skignadenn sonadeg Alan Stivell war Europe 1 (pladenn À l'Olympia). D'an noz-mañ d'ar 5 a viz Meurzh 2022 e oa bet choazet ar strollad Alvan & Ahez da vezañ kannaded Frañs en Eurovision gant ar ganaouenn Fulenn. Douget he doa Marine he c'hanaouenn skrivet e brezhoneg betek Torino en Italia da genstrivañ e anv Bro-C'hall evit ar gourfenn skignet d'ar 14 a viz Mae ha gwelet gant ouzhpenn 165 milion a dud war-eeun e Europa a-bezh.
Ahez a vesk ar yezhoù war ur sonerezh a-vremañ. E fin 2022 en doa kenlabouret Ahez gant ar strollad Algaire eus Asturiez gant ar ganaouenn Llume e astureg hag ul lodenn ouzhpennet e brezhoneg.
Hilaire Rama

Hilaire Rama, bet ganet war Aod an Avel (Martinik) d'an 19 a viz Gouere 1948, a zo ur soner gitar-boud breizhat a orin martinikat hag a zo o chom e Bro Pourlet, er Gemene, abaoe pell. Tad eo da Elodie, kanerez, ha da Stéphane, soner gitar-boud ivez.
Jean-Michel Alhaits

Jean-Michel Alhaits a zo ur soner bason ha talabarder. Kelenner war ar bason ha sonerezh kambr eo er Skol-Sonerezh Vroadel e Cachan.
Sonet en deus asambles gant Pierre Yves Artaud, Michel Becquet, Arnaud Dumond, Sophie-Véronique Choplin, Detlev Eisinger, Yan Honeyman, Claude Khan, Roger Muraro, Aurel Nicolet, Kun-Wo Paik,Teddy Papavrami, Anne Queffélec, Michel Strauss,...
Fleuves

Fleuves a zo ur strollad sonerezh savet gant tri soner, Emilien Robic (klarinetenn), Romain Dubois (piano Rhodes) ha Samson Dayou (gitar-boud), e Penn-ar-Bed e 2012.
Mesket e vez gant ar strollad-mañ sonerezh Breizh, jazz ha sonerezh elektronek. Troet eo tonioù ar strollad-mañ war-zu ar sonerezh da zañsal. Evit-se e vez klevet Fleuves peurvuiañ er festoù-noz pe er gouelioù e Breizh.
Daou albom studio hag un EP zo bet embannet ganto betek-henn. An daou albom-mañ zo bet degemeret mat gant ar publik hag anavezet evel div bladenn a-galite gant an dud a vicher.
An tri soner a ra ar strollad zo o tont eus redennoù sonerezh disheñvel. En em gavet int memestra dre hentoù ar sonerezh : da gentañ penn etre Émilien Robic hag e genderv Samson Dayou er strollad Kentañ. Ar Brestiz Romain Dubois ha Samson Dayou a labour asambles e-pad ouzhpenn 10 vloaz. Krouet e oa bet un daouad Robic-Dubois e 2012 evit ar genstrivadeg "Duo libre" da-geñver kampionad ar sonerien e Gourin. Ar maout az a ganto, ar perzh a gendrec'hiñ anezho da grouiñ ur gwir strollad.
Troioù: Emvod ar Gelted en Oriant 2017, 2019, 2021 ha 2022
Prizioù :
Fête du Citron

The Fête du Citron (Occitan: Festival de Limòn) is a carnival event organised by the tourist office of the city of Menton, France, and held every year at the end of winter. It is also sometimes called Carnaval de Menton (Carnival of Menton).
The festival celebrates the annual production of specialty lemons and other citrus fruit in Menton. All the floats and sculptures present at the carnival are created from lemons and oranges.
The celebration takes place every year in mid-February. It has been recognised by the Ministry of Culture of France and entered in the inventory of intangible cultural heritage in 2019.
In 1875, hoteliers proposed to the municipality to create a carnival parade to enliven the city in winter. As early as 1876, the event attracted locals and wealthy winter visitors alike. At the time, it was fashionable for the wealthy to come and spend the winter months in the mild climate of the French Riviera. Kings, princes, and artists flocked to palaces in the city or had villas built there. The 1882 edition of the carnival was notably attended by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and it culminated with a fireworks display over Garavan Bay. The Carnival of Menton bears some similarities to its cousin from neighbouring Nice: a parade of large heads, confetti streams, flower battles, Mardi Gras celebration, and finally, the burning in effigy of the "Majesty of the Carnival". The feasts which surround the celebration mark the period before Lent.
In 1928, Menton was the main producer of lemons on the European continent. A hotelier had the idea of organizing a private exhibition of flowers and citrus fruits in the gardens of the Riviera Hotel. The event's success was such that the following year, the municipality took up the idea on its own. The name "Fête du Citron" was born in 1934. The Lemon Festival combines traditional carnival events with a celebration of Menton's reputation as Europe's lemon capital. Today, Menton is not known for the quantity of lemons it produces but rather their quality, as they are of a specialty kind sought after by chefs from across the region. The celebration features elaborate themed floats whose structures are covered in citrus fruit, primarily lemons and oranges, a large portion of which is imported from Spain every year. At the end of the event, the fruits are sold at low prices. Each year, a different theme is chosen for the festival.
The Fête du Citron is the second largest public winter event on the French Riviera after the Nice Carnival.
The celebration did not take place during the war years between 1940 and 1946, in 1991 due to the Gulf War, and in 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Festival of Pacific Arts

The Festival of Pacific Arts and Culture (FestPAC), also known as the Pacific Arts Festival, is a travelling festival hosted every four years in Oceania. It was conceived by the Pacific Community as a means to stem erosion of traditional cultural practices by sharing and exchanging culture at each festival. The major theme of the festival is traditional song and dance.
The Pacific Cultural Council (former "Pacific Arts Council" or "Council of Pacific Arts," originally "South Pacific Arts Festival Council") selects the host country and recognises that each participating country desires the opportunity to showcase its unique indigenous culture by hosting the festival. Host selection is based on principles of equity and preference is given to countries which have not yet hosted. The festival host country pays participants' costs of local travel, accommodation, meals, and other forms of hospitality. Entry to all artistic events is free to the public thereby maximising cultural outreach and inclusion.
By its vastness, the Pacific Ocean inhibits social and cultural interchange between the inhabitants of its mostly island countries. The festival, not a competition but a cultural exchange, reunites people and reinforces regional identity and mutual appreciation of Pacific-wide culture. Participating countries select artist-delegates to represent the nation at this crossroads of cultures, considered a great honour.
The 10th Festival of Pacific Arts was hosted by American Samoa from 20 July to 2 August 2008. About 2,000 artists attended the 2008 Festival of Pacific Arts from these participating countries: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Easter Island, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn Islands, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. Taiwan was allowed to send a delegation of 80 performers and artists, most of whom were Taiwanese aborigines, to the Festival of Pacific Arts for the first time in 2008.
Doreen Kuper was the Chair of the Festival of Pacific Arts that was held in Honiara in 2012. The festival attracted an audience of 200,000 people, with 3,000 performers from twenty-four countries taking part. During her time as Chair, Kuper led calls for the repatriation of art and artefacts to the Solomon Islands from non-Pacific countries.
The 13th Festival of Pacific Arts & Culture convened in Hawaii in June 2024. "Ho‘oulu Lāhui: Regenerating Oceania" served as the theme of FestPAC Hawaiʻi 2024, honouring the traditions that FestPAC exists to perpetuate with an eye toward the future.
In 2018, the Hawaii State Legislature appointed a temporary commission to oversee the planning and implementation of FestPAC Hawaii. Its nine members, appointed by the Governor, state lawmakers and officials, represented the culture, spirit and heart of Hawaiʻi. Many have experienced the power of FestPAC first hand over the years.
Шашны социологи

Шашны социологи нь социологийн шинжлэх ухааны арга хэрэгсэл, арга хэрэгслийг ашиглан шашны итгэл үнэмшил, зан үйл, зохион байгуулалтын хэлбэрийг судалдаг шинжлэх ухаан юм. Энэхүү объектив судалгаанд тоон аргууд (санал асуулга, санал асуулга, хүн ам зүй, тооллогын дүн шинжилгээ) болон чанарын аргуудыг (оролцогчдын ажиглалт, ярилцлага, архив, түүх, баримтат материалд дүн шинжилгээ хийх гэх мэт) хоёуланг нь багтааж болно.
Орчин үеийн социологи нь эрдэм шинжилгээний шинжлэх ухаан болохын хувьд 1897 онд Эмиль Дюркхаймын католик болон протестант шашинтнуудын дундах амиа хорлолтын түвшинг судалсан шашны шинжилгээнээс эхэлсэн бөгөөд социологийг сэтгэл судлал зэрэг бусад салбараас ялгах нийгмийн судалгааны үндэс суурь болсон юм. Карл Маркс (1818-1883), Макс Вебер (1864-1920) нарын бүтээлүүд шашин ба нийгмийн эдийн засаг, нийгмийн бүтцийн хоорондын хамаарлыг онцолсон байдаг. Орчин үеийн мэтгэлцээнүүд даяаршил, олон соёлт үзлийн нөхцөлд шашин шүтлэг, иргэний шашин, шашны нэгдмэл байдал зэрэг асуудлууд дээр төвлөрч байна. Орчин үеийн шашны социологи нь шашингүй байдлын социологийг (жишээлбэл, шашингүй-хүмүүнлэгийн итгэл үнэмшлийн тогтолцоонд дүн шинжилгээ хийх) багтааж болно.
Шинто

Шинто шашин (япон. 神道 синто:, «бурхадын зам») Японы эртний уламжлалт олон шүтээнтэй /политиеист/ шашин юм.
Шинто шашинд сургаалиас илүү зан үйл гол үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг байна. Шинто шашин шүтлэг норито хэмээх унлага болон өргөлөөр дамжуулан ками буюу бурхантай харилцдаг байна. Хүн амьдралынхаа туршид кэгарэ (муу муухай)-гаар хуримтлуулдаг гэж үздэг. Үүнээс сүнсээ угаахын тулд та цэвэршүүлэх ариусгах зан үйл - Мисоги хэмээх үйлдэл хийх ёстой бөгөөд энэ үеэр Шинто шашинтнууд усанд орж, бузар нь гадагшлүүлдаг гэж үздэг байна. Шинто шашны ками шүтлэгийн чухал хэсэг нь олон мянган мацури (зан үйл, ёслолын жагсаал) байдаг. Тэдний хамгийн том нь олон зуун мянган үзэгчдийг татдаг. Өнөөдөр олон мацури зан үйл нь өмнөх эртний шашны утга учрыг алдаж зүгээр л шашны баяр болж хувирсан.
Páirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne

Tá Páirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne suite in aice bhaile Chill Airne, Contae Chiarraí, Éire. Ba í an chéad páirc náisiúnta in Éirinn í. Bunaíodh í nuair a bhronnadh Eastát Mhucrois do Stáit na hÉireann sa bhliain 1932. Ó shin i leith, tá an pháirc fairsingithe as cuimse agus tá níos mó ná 102.89 km (25,425 acra) d'éiceolaíocht ilchineálach inti, Lochanna Chill Airne, coillte darach agus iúir atá tábhachtach go hidirnáisiúnta, agus beanna sléibhe san áireamh.
Tá an t-aonú tréad d'fhianna rua dúchasacha agus an tsraith chlúdaigh foraoise dúchasaigh is mó atá fágtha in Éirinn, inti.
Cill Airne

Baile i gContae Chiarraí in Éirinn is ea Cill Airne. Tá an baile suite ar bhruach thiar thuaidh Locha Léin, cuid de Pháirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne. Is iomaí ní is díol spéise atá sa bhaile agus sa cheantar máguaird amhail Ardeaglais Mhuire, Caisleán an Rois, Teach Mhucrois, Lochanna Chill Airne, Na Cruacha Dubha, Dún Lóich agus araile.
Is í Cill Airne an t-ionad turasóireachta is cáiliúla agus is mó a bhfuil forbairt thráchtála déanta air in Éirinn. Is baile margaidh í atá lonnaithe san áit a dtagann bóithre Luimnigh-Bheanntraí agus Chorcaí-Thrá Lí le chéile agus is í baile ardeaglaise dheoise Chaitliceach Chiarraí í.
Tá clú is cáil ar fud na cruinne ar na radhairc rómánsúla de lochanna is de shléibhte atá le feiceáil sa cheantar. Tá iomrá ar shaibhreas, éagsúlacht agus raidhse fhlóra an cheantair chomh maith (ina measc Arbutus unedo agus an raithneach thearc úd Trichomanes radicans). Tá roinnt séadchomharthaí ársa inspéise ann chomh maith. Sa bhaile féin is é an t-aon fhoirgneamh arbh fhiú trácht air ná Ardeaglais Naomh Muire (1842-55), a dhear Augustus Welby Pugin; tá sé seo ar cheann de na heiseamláirí is fearr sa tír de shéipéil a tógadh i stíl na hAthbheochana Gotaí.
Bunaíodh an chéad lonnaíocht san áit dár mhair taifid de timpeall na bliana 640, ar Inis Faithlinn i Loch Léin. Lonnaíocht reiligiúnach a bhí ann, mainistir a bhunaigh Naomh Finian Lobhar.
Is as Cill Airne don gceoltóir Amano.
Páirc Náisiúnta na Mara

Tá Páirc Náisiúnta na Mara (PNM) suite in Chorca Dhuibhne agus Uíbh Rathach, Contae Chiarraí, i nGaeltacht Chiarraí Thiar. Tá 283 ciliméadar cearnach de limistéir i gceist, ar muir agus ar tír, an Pháirc Náisiúnta is mó sa tír. Ar muir is mó atá an áis agus tá PNM ar an gcéad pháirc náisiúnta farraige sa tír.
Tá níos mó ná 280 km d'éiceolaíocht ilchineálach inti, flóra agus fána atá tábhachtach go hidirnáisiúnta, agus beanna sléibhe san áireamh.
Ar na háiteanna atá i bPNM tá beagnach 6 ciliméadar cearnach sa Chonair, a chosain timpeall €6 milliún ar an stát sa bhliain 2023. Tá 1,400 acra sléibhe agus foraoise ag síneadh le Slí na Conarach.
San áireamh sa PNM chomh maith tá talamh ar an mBlascaod Mór, An Tiaracht, Oileáin an Mhachaire, Sceilg Bheag, Sceilg Mhichíl, Duínis, ar Chnoc Bréanainn, Trá Inse agus teach, páirc agus trá Dhoire Fhionáin in Uíbh Ráthach. Ina theannta sin tá abhantrach in aice láimhe — An Abha Mhór, agus naoi gcinn de lochanna — ann. Tá an fharraige timpeall ar na Blascaodaí agus an ceantar caomhnaithe speisialta ag Ceann Chiarraí sa pháirc nua chomh maith.
Tá PNM dírithe go háirithe ar chosaint agus ar chothú na bithéagsúlachta agus oidhreacht shaibhir seandálaíochta an cheantair.
Tá cáil na n-éan ar an gceantar a bhfuil fáil ann ar an bpuifín, an guairdeall agus an fabhcún gorm. Tá ainmhithe ann amhail an madra uisce, an broc agus an giorria sléibhe. Is ann atá teacht ar an t-aon chnádán dúchasach sa tír. Chomh maith leis sin feictear san fharraige an míol mór, an liamhán gréine agus an deilf.
Caisleán an Rois

Is túrtheach ón 15ú haois é agus daingean ar imeall Loch Léin, i bPáirc Náisiúnta Chill Airne, Contae Chiarraí, Éire é Caisleán an Rois. Is é baile sinsear Chinn Chlann Uí Dhonnchadha, a bhain le Brownes Chill Áirne níos déanaí.
Tá an caisleán á oibriú ag Oifig na nOibreacha Poiblí, agus tá sé oscailte don phobal go séasúrach le turais threoraithe.
Tógadh Caisleán an Rois go déanach sa 15ú haois ag Clann Uí Dhonnchadha Mór (Ross) a bhí i gceannas go háitiúil, cé gur athraigh an úinéireacht le linn an Dara Éirí Amach Deasmhumhan sna 1580í go dtí Clann Mhic Cárthaigh. Thug sé an caisleán agus na tailte ar léas ansin ag Sir Valentine Browne, sinsear Iarlaí Neidín.
Bhí an caisleán ar cheann de na cinn deiridh a ghéill do Mhaolchinn Oilibhéir Chromail le linn Chogadh na hAon Bhliana Déag, agus níor tógadh é ach amháin nuair a tugadh airtléire ar bhád tríd an Leamhain. Choinnigh an Tiarna Múscraí (MacCarthy) an caisleán in aghaidh Edmund Ludlow, a mháirseáil go Ros le 4,000 saighdiúir cos agus 200 capall; áfach, is ar uisce a d'ionsaigh sé an daingean. Bhí tuar ag na hÉireannaigh nach bhféadfaí Ross a ghlacadh go deo go dtí go bhféadfadh long chogaidh snámh ar an loch, ionchas dochreidte ("Ross may all assault disdain; Till on Lough Lein strange ship shall sail."). I mí an Mheithimh 1652, ghéill na ceannairí, Mac Cárthaigh agus Dónall Ó Briain, do Ludlow i gCaisleán an Rois. Rinneadh gialla díobh.
Ag deireadh na gcogaí, bhí na Brownes in ann a thaispeáint go raibh a n-oidhre ró-óg chun páirt a ghlacadh san éirí amach agus choinnigh siad na tailte. Faoin mbliain 1688, bhí teach mór tógtha acu in aice leis an gcaisleán, ach mar gheall ar a chloí le Rí Séamas II Shasana tar éis an Réabhlóid Glórmhar cuireadh ar deoraíocht iad. Rinneadh beairic mhíleata den chaisleán, rud a d’fhan amhlaidh go dtí go luath sa 19ú haois. Níor fhill na Brownes chun cónaí ar an Ros ach thóg siad Teach Neidín gar do Chill Áirne.
I measc Gobharnóirí an gharastúin i gCaisleán an Rois bhí:
Is sampla tipiciúil é an caisleán de dhaingne taoisigh Éireannacha a tógadh le linn na Meánaoise. Bhí bartasán cearnacha sa túrtheach ar na coirnéil trasna ar a chéile agus balla tiubh. Bhí bábhún cearnógach timpeall ar an túr ar dtús agus é á chosaint ag túir chruinn-chúinne ar gach taobh.
Áed Ruad, Díthorba agus Cimbáeth

I Miotaseolaíocht na nGael, Ard-Ríthe seanscéalach na hÉireann ab Áed Rúad mac Badarn, Díthorba mac Deman agus Cimbáeth mac Fintan, triúr garmhac Airgeadmhair.
Bhí an triúr i réim ar bhonn uainíochta, ar thrí sheal seacht-mbliana. Fuair Áed bás ag deireadh a thríú seala, ag bádh i n-eas darb ainm anois Eas Rua as (roimhe sin, Eas Doinn). Deirtear gurbh fheart mara agus gaoithe a bhás. Thóg Díthorba agus Cimbáeth a sealanna, agus ansin d'éalaigh Macha Mong Rúad, iníon Áed, teacht i réim ina áit. Dhiúltaigh Díthorba agus Cimbáeth í, agus tharla cath. Maraíodh Díthorba, agus chuir Macha iachall ar a mhic ráth a thógáil di ag Eamhain Mhacha. Phós sí Cimbáeth agus bhí siad beirt i réim ar feadh seacht mbliana fós. D'éag Cimbáeth den phlá ansin, d'éirigh Macha ina banríon ina haonar, an t-aon Ard-Bhanríon amháin in Éirinn.
Níl na foinsí ar aon tuairim faoi réim na huainíochta.
Níl Áed nó Díthorba ann mar Ard-Ríthe ar chor ar bith i Leabhar Gabhála na hÉireann. Tar éis bás an t-iar-Ard-Rí Lugaid Laigdech, maraithe ag Áed, chuireadh isteach scéal an dinnseanchais faoi bhunú Eamhna Mhacha. Ansin tháinig Cimbáeth i gcoróin, i gcomharbacht a deirtear ar Dhíthorba, agus a bhí i réim ar feadh ocht mbliana is fiche.
Insítear i scéal an dinnseanchais conas a bhí na colanna ceathrar i réim ar bhonn uainíochta, ar seal seacht mbliana faoi thrí.
Aontaíonn Annála na gCeithre Máistrí leis seo, ach de réir Seathrún Céitinn, bhí Áed agus Díthorba i réim beirt ar feadh aon bhliain is fiche, Cimbáeth ar feadh fiche.
I bhfoinsí ar leith, faightear croineolaíochtaí ar leith dá réim:
Cillín Pháirc na mBó

Eaglais mheánaoiseach agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta i gContae Luimnigh, Éire is ea Cillín Pháirc na mBó.
Tá Cillín Pháirc na mBó suite 5.2 km (3.2 mhíle) soir ó Eas Géitine.
Tógadh Cillín Pháirc na mBó sa 15ú haois. Bhí sé in úsáid go dtí 1811. Deisíodh é sna 1930idí faoi stiúir Canon Wall.
Is séipéal dronuilleogach neamh-adhartha é Cillín Pháirc na mBó. Tá fuinneoga cúnga air agus cloigtheach cosúil le túirínt.
Cath Lios Cearúill

Tharla Cath Lios Cearúill i gContae Chorcaí sa bhliain 1642. Bhuaigh an ceannasaí Protastúnach Murchadh Ó Briain, Barún Inse Uí Chuinn, ar arm Caitliceach de chuid Lucht na Comhdhála a raibh Gearóid de Barra, saighdiúir gairmiúil, i gceannas air.
Is éard a bhí i arm na Comhdhála mílistí a thóg tiarnaí áitiúla tar éis Éirí Amach na bliana 1641. Saighdiúirí Sasanacha agus Protastúnaigh áitiúla a bhí in arm an Bhrianaigh.
Ghabh de Barra Caisleán Lios Cearúill, daingean ar bhruach na hAbhann Bige, agus é ag iarraidh smacht a fháil ar Chorcaigh. Thosaigh an t-imshuí ar 20 Lúnasa. Bhí páirceanna laisteas agus laistiar den chaisleán, agus portaigh nó coillte thuaidh agus thoir. An Sáirsint Thomas Ryeman a bhí i gceannas ann, tríocha fear aige agus armlón go leor, ach shuigh de Barra a chuid gunnaí móra ar chnocán agus ghéill Ryeman Dé hAoine 2 Meán Fómhair.
Bhí arm na Comhdhála ag brath ar Dhún ar Aill a bhaint amach, ach tháinig an Brianach ó Chorcaigh chun an caisleán a athghabháil agus shocraigh de Barra ar dhul i ngleic leis. Bhí a arm roinnte ina thrí ghasra: an eite dheas ar ardán leis an marcra, an eite chlé le hais an chaisleáin agus gunnaí móra mar chosaint acu, an príomhghasra idir an dá cheann eile agus pící ar iompar acu.
Thug an t-ionad seo buntáiste d’fhórsaí na Comhdhála, agus d’iarr an Brianach na hÉireannaigh a mhealladh amach le hamas bréige. Theip air: chosain na hÉireannaigh an áit le muscaedóirí, agus bheartaigh an Brianach ar iad a ionsaí i gceart. Bhí a chuid coisithe lag le cruatan, agus ba mhó an éifeacht a bhí lena mharcra. Bhí gunnaí móra na nÉireannach suite ró-ard chun mórán díobhála a dhéanamh.
Sheas na hÉireannaigh an fód go maith ar dtús. Oilibhéar Stevenson, Caitliceach de shliocht Sasanach, a bhí i gceannas ar mharcra na Comhdhála. Thug siad fogha faoin namhaid agus scaip iad. Ghabh siad an Brianach féin, ach d'éirigh le deartháir an Bhrianaigh Stevenson a mharú le urchar áidh, rud a chuir beaguchtach ar na hÉireannaigh. Tar éis comhrac dian chúlaigh siad, agus ní raibh an cos-slua Éireannach cleachtach a ndóthain chun seasamh in éadan mharcra an Bhrianaigh. Ba í an eite chlé ba righne a sheas, ach thug siad an portach orthu féin faoi dheireadh. Rugadh corp Stevenson ó Lios Cearúill go dtí mainistir Eas Géitine, agus adhlacadh é le hais uaigh a athar sa tseaneaglais ann.
Maraíodh os cionn 700 saighdiúir de chuid na Comhdhála, agus a lán oifigeach san áireamh. Is iomaí fear d'uaisle Chaitliceach na háite a maraíodh: chaill Gearaltaigh Dheasmhumhan ocht bhfear déag, agus cuireadh iad go léir i ráth a bhí in aice na háite. Chroch an Brianach caoga oifigeach ar maidin an lá dár gcionn, agus d'fhan Corcaigh i seilbh na Sasanach.
Hipitéis substráit Ghaeilise

Dar le Hipitéis substráit Ghaeilise, tá tionchar theangacha a bhí ann i nÉirinn roimh theacht na nGael san Iarnnaois le feiceáil sna Teangacha Gaelacha.
Lonnaíodh Éire tar éis chúlú na clúid oighir c. 10,500 BC. Meastar gur tháinig na teangacha Ind-Eorpacha i bhfad níos deireanaí, ag teacht in áit na teangacha dúchais. Moltar ámh go bhfuil tionchar na (d)teang(each)a úd fós ann trí fhianaise logainmneacha agus ainmneach pearsanta ach go háirithe, bunaithe ar ainmneacha in Geografaíocht le Tolamaes.
Tá trí smaoineamh ann maidir le teacht na teangacha Ghaeilise go hÉirinn:
Molann Gearóid Mac Eoin na focail a leanas:
agus na logainmneacha a leanas:
Molann Peter Schrijver na focail a leanas:
I staidéar eile, pléann sé roinnt smaoineamh mar mhalairt ar cháintí le Graham Isaac.
Molann Ranko Matasović na focail a leanas:
Cuireann sé in úil fosta go bhfuil focail ann i dteangacha Ceilteacha eile agus bunús neamh-Ind-Eorpach. Más fíor, is léir go raibh an substráit bhí le Gaeilge Chianach féin ach le Prótai-Cheiltis.
Molann Gerry Smyth gur focal den substráit é Dothar na Sean-Ghaeilge (An Dothra).
Examples of words found in more than one branch of Celtic but with no obvious cognates outside Celtic include:
CLG Baile Stiabhana

Is club Cumann Lúthchleas Gael i gContae Luimnigh é CLG Baile Stiabhana.
Tá sé bunaithe i bparóiste Eas Géibhtine/Baile Stiabhana in Iarthar Chontae Luimnigh ar bhruach theas Bhéal na Sionainne, 28km siar ó Chathair Luimnigh. Tagann formhór dá imreoirí ó shráidbhaile Baile Stiabhana, ó bhaile Eas Géibhtine agus ó na ceantracha tuaithe máguaird ar nós An Bán Riamhach, Máigh an Iarla agus Cluain Riasc.
Imrítear ach peil sa chlub agus tá sé nasctha le Eas Géibhtine i gcomhair na hiomána.
Níl aon páirc dá gcuid féin ag Baile Stiabhana agus baintear úsáid as páirc imeartha Eas Géibhtine atá suite ar Shráid na hEaglaise i mbaile Eas Géibhtine.
I measc peileadóirí cáiliúla Baile Stiabhana, tá Antóin Ó Móráin (Anthony Moran) a bhí ar fhoireann Luimnigh le linn blianta na 1980í agus Seán Ó Gallachóir (Shane Gallagher) agus Pádraig Ó Reannacháin (Pa Ranahan) atá ar fhoireann sinsear an chontae faoi láthair.
Páirc Náisiúnta Yosemite

Páirc náisiúnta i lár California i sléibhte an Sierra Nevada. Istigh inti tá Gleann álainn Yosemite, timpeallaithe ag aillte is sléibhte, locha, aibhneacha is crainn fhathacha mhórghiúise dúdaí ann. Tá Eas Yosemite inti freisin, timpeall 800 m ar airde. De réir dealraimh, is cráitéar seanbholcáin ollmhóir an Pháirc féin.
CLG An Cheapach (Luimneach)

Is club Cumann Lúthchleas Gael i gContae Luimnigh é CLG An Cheapach.
Tá an club bunaithe i bparóiste An Cheapach idir Áth Dara agus Eas Géibhtine in Iarthar Contae Luimnigh, 25km siar ó Chathair Luimnigh. Tagann formhór imreoirí an chlub as sráidbhaile An Cheapach, as na ceantracha tuaithe an pahróiste máguaird ar nós An Curraichín agus Baile an Gharráin, as sráidbhaile Croh agus as ceantracha tuaithe pharóiste Cróch/Cill na Fíonaí ar nós Cill na Fíonaí agus Ard na bPréachán .
Imrítear ach an pheil amháin sa chlub agus tá sé nasctha le Cróch/Cill na Fíonaí i gcomhair na an hiomána.
Tá páirc imeartha Na Ceapaí suite sa sráibhaile lámh leis an séipéal agus an scoil náisiúnta.
D’imir Peadar Ó Deaghaidh (Peter O’Dea) ar fhoireann peile sinsir Luimnigh le linn blianta na 2000.
Longchanáil Welland

Canáil in Ontario Cheanada a cheanglaíonn Loch Erie is Loch Ontario, ag dul timpeall Eas Niagara. Osclaíodh an chéad chanáil ann i 1829, críochnaíodh an chanáil nua-aoiseach i 1932, agus athchóiríodh í i 1972. 61 km ar fhad, agus is féidir le longa 223 m ar fhad í a úsáid.
Caisleán na Cathrach

Tá Caisleán na Cathrach ar na caisleáin is mó i bPoblacht na hÉireann. Chuir an tiarna Conchobar Ua Briain á thógáil ar oileán sceireach in abhainn na Siúire sa bhliain 1142, áit a raibh daingean cloiche (nó ‘cathair’) cheana. Ba shampla é den daingniú a thug na Normannaigh isteach, agus tiarna de shliocht na Normannach a shealbhaigh é ina dhiaidh sin; sa bhliain 1375 bronnadh an caisleán ar Shéamas de Buitléir, a rabhthas tar éis Barún na Cathrach a dhéanamh de toisc a dhílse a bhí sé d'Éadbhard III, Rí Shasana.
D’fhan an caisleán i seilbh na mBuitléarach, agus cuireadh go mór leis sa 15ú haois agus sa 16ú haois. (Is í an chuid is sine de an taobh is gaire don tsráid.) Thaobhaigh Buitléaraigh na Cathrach le hAodha Rua Ó Néill agus é ag dul i ngleic le fórsaí na Banríona Eilís sa dara cuid den 16ú haois. B’fhéidir go raibh an caisleán ar an daingean ba láidre in Éirinn ag an am, agus sa bhliain 1599 chuir Robert Devereux, Iarla Essex, faoi léigear é. Theip air é a ghabháil nó go bhfuair sé dhá ghunna mhóra ó Phort Láirge. I gceann trí lá bhí an caisleán gafa aige, mar, mar a deir Annála Ríochta Éireann, ‘leagadh an leath ba neasa dóibh den bhaile [an taobh thoir], gonadh iar sin dob éigean dóibh sin an baile a thabhairt d’Iarla Essex agus don Bhainríon’.
I gcogaí an 17ú haois cuireadh an caisleán faoi léigear arís dhá uair. Sa bhliain 1647 ghéill George Mathew, caomhnóir Thiarna óg na Cathrach, do Thiarna Inse Choinn, fear páirte na Parlaiminte, tar éis dó siúd bua a fháil ag Cnoc na nEas. Sa bhliain 1650 ghéill sé arís do Chromail nuair a dúirt sé siúd leis an ngarastún go ligfeadh sé dóibh ‘march away with your baggage, arms, and colours, free from injuries or violence’. Gnáth-thairiscint ba ea í sin i gcúrsaí cogaidh ag an am agus glacadh léi, ó ba léir nach seasfadh an caisleán i gcoinne na ngunnaí móra.
Bhí an caisleán ag dul chun raice faoi am seo, agus ba mhar sin dó go ceann dhá chéad bliain eile. Sa bhliain 1840 d’iarr Iarla Ghleann Gall ar William Tinsley an Halla Mór a dheisiú, obair a chríochnaigh sa bhliain 1846. Ar an drochuair níor chóiriú cruinn é ó thaobh na staire de, ach d’fhág sé an chuma ar an gcaisleán atá air go fóill.
Cailleadh Tiarna deiridh na Cathrach sa bhliain 1961, agus thit an caisleán ar an stát. Dúchas a choinníonn caoi anois air.
Tá tarraingt na gcuairteoirí ar an gcaisleán i gcónaí. Tá turais threoraithe le fáil agus seónna closamhairc ina lán teangacha.
Comhairle Pheairt is Cheann Rois

Is comhairle áitiúil í Comhairle Pheairt is Cheann Rois a dhéileálann le Pheairt agus is Cheann Rois, ceann de na 32 limistéar comhairle in Albain . Níor bhain aon ghrúpa polaitiúil amháin tromlach na suíochán amach ar an gcomhairle ó 1999 i leith. Tá sé bunaithe i bPeairt .
Cruthaíodh ceantar darb ainm Peairt agus Ceann Rois sa bhliain 1975. Bhí Comhairle Cheantair Pheairt agus Cheann Rois ar cheann de thrí údarás de leibhéil íochtair laistigh den réigiún Taobh Tatha, in éineacht le hAonghas agus Dún Dé. Ainmníodh é i ndiaidh an dá chontae stairiúla, Siorrachd Pheairt agus Siorrachd Cheann Rois, a d'fheidhmigh a comhairlí contae le chéile mar 'Chomhchomhairle Contae Pheairt agus Cheann Rois' idir 1930 agus 1975. Cruthaíodh ceantar Pheairt agus Cheann Rois sa bhliain 1975, agus chlúdaigh sé Siorrachd Cheann Rois ina hiomlán roimh 1975 agus an chuid is mó de Shiorrachd Pheairt roimh 1975.
Lakes of Killarney

The Lakes of Killarney are a scenic attraction located in Killarney National Park near Killarney, County Kerry, in Ireland. They consist of three lakes: Lough Leane, Muckross Lake (also called Middle Lake) and Upper Lake.
The lakes sit in a low valley some 20 m (66 ft) above sea level. They are surrounded by the rugged slopes of MacGillycuddy's Reeks. Notable mountains in the range include Carrauntoohil, which, at 1,038 metres (3,406 ft) is Ireland's highest mountain, Purple Mountain, at 832 metres (2,730 ft), Mangerton Mountain, at 843 metres (2,766 ft), and Torc Mountain, at 535 metres (1,755 ft).
The N71 road from Killarney to Kenmare passes a viewpoint called Ladies View which offers a view of the lakes and valleys. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's visit in 1861, the point was apparently chosen by the queen's ladies-in-waiting as the finest in the land; hence the name.
Lough Leane (from Irish Loch Léin 'lake of learning') is the largest and northernmost of the three lakes, approximately 19 square kilometres (4,700 acres) in size. It is also the largest body of fresh water in the region. The River Laune drains Lough Leane to the north-west towards Killorglin and into Dingle Bay.
Leane is dotted with small forested islands, including Innisfallen, which holds the remains of the ruined Innisfallen Abbey. On the eastern edge of the lake, Ross Island, more properly a peninsula, was the site of some of the earliest Copper Age metalwork in prehistoric Ireland. Ross Castle, a 15th-century keep, sits on the eastern shore of the lake, north of the Ross Island peninsula.
Also known as Middle Lake or Torc Lake, Muckross is just south of Lough Leane. The two are separated by a small peninsula, crossed by a stone arched bridge called Brickeen Bridge. It is Ireland's deepest lake, reaching to 75 metres (246 ft) in parts. A paved hiking trail of approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) circles the lake.
The Upper Lake is the smallest of the three lakes, and the southernmost. It is separated from the others by a winding channel some 4 km (2.5 mi) long.
According to folklore, the lakes were the haunt of Kate Kearney, who is said to have sought there O'Donaghue, an enchanted chieftain, and to have died in madness. Kearney is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration to a view of The Upper Lake of Killarney. by William Henry Bartlett, and in a further Landon poem, Kate is Craz'd., which accompanies a picture by Joseph John Jenkins. This Kate Kearney should not be confused with the lady who provided refreshment at what is now Kate Kearney's Cottage at the Gap of Dunloe.
Burren National Park

Burren National Park (Irish: Páirc Náisiúnta Bhoirne) is one of eight national parks in Ireland managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service. It covers a small part of the Burren, a karst landscape in County Clare on the west coast.
Burren National Park was founded and opened to the public in 1991. It features 1,500 hectares of mountains, bogs, heaths, grasslands and forests. The park is the smallest of Ireland's national parks.
Garigal National Park

The Garigal National Park is a protected national park that is located within the North Shore and Forest District regions of Sydney, New South Wales, in eastern Australia. The 2,202-hectare (5,440-acre) national park is situated approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of the Sydney central business district.
Split into three distinct sections, divided by natural geography, urban development and road infrastructure, the park comprises the valley of Middle Harbour Creek and its tributaries, the slopes along the northern side of Middle Harbour as far as Bantry Bay and part of the catchment of Narrabeen Lakes.
The park trails are popular with bushwalkers and mountain bike riders, particularly between Belrose and St Ives in an area known as Cascades after the Cascades Track that runs through the area. There are over 35 trails in the park covering 120km, including both authorised bushwalking and mountain-biking trails, and unofficial or unsanctioned tracks.
The word Garigal is a derivation of the word Carigal or Caregal used to describe the indigenous people who lived in the area.
There is considerable evidence of past Aboriginal activity in the area, with over 100 Aboriginal sites recorded to date, including shelters, cave art, rock engravings, middens, grinding grooves and a possible stone arrangement.
Much of the park is bounded by residential development along the ridge tops and it is easily accessible at numerous points by road and water. Several other conservation reserves and areas of bushland are adjacent or close by the Garigal National Park, including the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, the Sydney Harbour National Park, the Manly Warringah War Memorial Park (commonly known as the Manly Dam Reserve) and a number of areas of Crown land and other reserves in Northern Beaches, Ku-ring-gai and Willoughby local government areas.
The national park is defined by the following boundaries
A Dry Sclerophyll Forest, Garigal National Park is home to a wide range of fauna, including birds, snakes and a wide range of native mammals (such as bandicoots, koalas, wallabies).
There is also a number of introduced pests, including rabbits and foxes.
Burnmoor stone circles

The Burnmoor Stone Circles are a group of five different approximately 4000-year-old stone circles in Cumbria. They are around 1 mile north of the village of Boot, on the slopes of Boat How. The site which covers roughly a square mile is looked after by the National Trust. The largest circle is known as Brat's Hill and there are two nearby pairs of circles known as White Moss and Low Longrigg.
Brat's Hill is the largest stone circle with approximately 42 stones forming an irregular circle with a diameter of 30 metres. There are five funerary cairns within the circle together with two further stones. There is an outlying stone 10 metres to the northwest of the circle.
About 100 metres to the northwest of Brat's Hill circle lie the two White Moss stone circles. One of them (White Moss North East) measures 16 metres in diameter and has 11 stones forming the circle, while the other (White Moss South West) measures 16.5 metres in diameter and has 14 stones forming the circle. Both stone circles have internal cairns.
About 500 metres to the northwest of Brat's Hill circle lie the two Low Longrigg stone circles. One of them (Low Longrigg North East) measures around 21 metres in diameter, has 15 stones forming an irregular circle, and contains two cairns. The other (Low Longrigg South West) measures 15 metres in diameter, has nine stones forming the circle, and contains a cairn at the centre.
Media related to Burnmoor stone circles at Wikimedia Commons