davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Double-breasted

A double-breasted garment is a coat, jacket, waistcoat, or dress with wide, overlapping front flaps which has on its front two symmetrical columns of buttons; by contrast, a single-breasted item has a narrow overlap and only one column of buttons.
On most modern double-breasted coats, one column of buttons is decorative, while the other is functional. The other buttons, placed on the outside edge of the coat breast, allow the overlap to fasten reversibly, left lapel over right lapel. To strengthen the fastening, a functional inner button, called the jigger (or anchor button), is usually added to parallel-fasten the overlapped layers together from the inside.
Double-breasted suit jackets, sports jackets and blazers typically have one to four rows of buttons (each row containing two buttons), one or two of the rows functional. Each fastening method is identified using "number-on-number" terminology; the first number is the total number of front buttons, the second is the number of fastening buttons below the lapels (i.e. the second number also is the number of corresponding buttonholes). Six-on-two and six-on-one (as shown in the picture on the right) are the common button stances, but others exist. Stylistically, double-breasted suit jackets usually have peaked lapels, and fasten left lapel over right lapel as usual for men's jackets. Some may find that six buttons overwhelms their shorter torso, a four- or six-button configuration in which only the bottom one fastens may be a better option. The four-button double-breasted jacket that buttons at the lower button is often called the "Kent", after the man who made it popular—Prince George, Duke of Kent.
Double-breasted was the norm for frock coats during the 19th century. The early lounge suits that started to arrive around the turn of the 20th century tended to be single-breasted. Ever since, single-breasted has been the norm for suit jackets, but double-breasted suit jackets were popular from the mid-1930s until the late 1950s, and again from the mid-1980s to the early 2000s.
By the mid-2000s, men's double-breasted jackets were not as popular in the United States, and it was difficult to find them at many retail clothing stores. However, they continued to be popular in the United Kingdom, and in America were produced for and advocated by the high-end menswear lines of Joseph Abboud and Ralph Lauren, as well as by bespoke tailors such as Thomas Mahon.
The trench coat is also traditionally double-breasted, single-breasted versions being civilian interpretations of the original military-derived fashion. Other coat styles typically featuring a double-breasted construction are the Guards Coat and the greatcoat styles of overcoats. The Chesterfield coat may be found in either single or double-breasted.
Single-breasted

A single-breasted garment is a coat, jacket, vest, or similar item having one column of buttons and a narrow overlap of fabric. In contrast, a double-breasted coat has a wider overlap and two parallel rows of buttons. Single-breasted suit jackets and blazers typically have two or three buttons (jackets with one or four buttons are less common), and a notch lapel. However, from the 1930s onwards, peaked lapels on a single button jacket have been variably in fashion. The width of the lapels is one of the most changeable aspects of the jacket, and narrow peak lapels on single-breasted jackets became popular during the 2000s.
Historically, the single-breasted jacket was worn by the ground troops: it was easier to mount a horse with the fronts spreading out to the sides. The back of the jacket also had one slit for ease of dressage. Those who were especially enterprising even cut the floors in the front, and so appeared a modern tailcoat. Buttons on a single-breasted jacket could be from one to four, and one of them should always be buttoned. The lowest one, on the contrary, is not in the buttonhole.
In general, a single-breasted jacket is a more versatile and practical option. Due to several layers of fabric in the belly area, models with two rows of buttons can be very plump. Also, if the wearer slouches, such a jacket will gather in unsightly folds. A single-breasted set could better conceal these shortcomings.
Although this term largely describes men's suits, this type of garment exists among woman's garments.
Onegin stanza

Onegin stanza (Russian: онегинская строфа oneginskaya strofa), sometimes "Pushkin sonnet", refers to the verse form popularized (or invented) by the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin through his 1825–1832 novel in verse Eugene Onegin. The work was mostly written in verses of iambic tetrameter with the rhyme scheme aBaBccDDeFFeGG, where the lowercase letters represent feminine rhymes (stressed on the penultimate syllable) and the uppercase representing masculine rhymes (stressed on the ultimate syllable). For example, here is the first stanza of Onegin as rendered into English by Charles Johnston:
Like the Shakespearean sonnet, the Onegin stanza may be divided into three quatrains and a closing couplet (normally without stanza breaks or indentations), and it has a total of seven rhymes, rather than the four or five rhymes of the Petrarchan sonnet. Because the second quatrain (lines 5–8) consists of two independent couplets, the poet may introduce a strong thematic break after line 6, which is not feasible in Petrarchan or Shakespearean sonnets.
In Russian poetry following Pushkin, the form has been utilized by authors as diverse as Mikhail Lermontov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Jurgis Baltrušaitis and Valery Pereleshin, in genres ranging from one-stanza lyrical piece to voluminous autobiography. Nevertheless, the Onegin stanza, being easily recognisable, is strongly identified as belonging to its creator, and its use in œuvres of any kind implicitly triggers a reading of the particular text against the backdrop of Pushkin's imagery and worldview.
John Fuller's 1980 "The Illusionists" and Jon Stallworthy's 1987 "The Nutcracker" used this stanza form, and Vikram Seth's 1986 novel The Golden Gate is written wholly in Onegin stanzas.
The Onegin stanza is also used in the verse novel Equinox by Australian writer Matthew Rubinstein, serialized daily in the Sydney Morning Herald and currently awaiting publication; in the biography in verse Richard Burgin by Diana Burgin; in the verse novel Jack the Lady Killer by HRF Keating (title borrowed from a line in Golden Gate in Onegin stanza rhymes but not always preserving the metric pattern); in several poems by Australian poet Gwen Harwood, for instance the first part of "Class of 1927" and "Sea Eagle" (the first employs a humorous Byronic tone, but the second adapts the stanza to a spare lyrical mood, which is good evidence of the form's versatility); and in the verse novel "Unholyland" by Aidan Andrew Dun. The British writer Andy Croft has written two novels in Onegin stanzas, Ghost Writer and 1948. Brad Walker used the form for his 2019 novella Adam and Rosamond, a parody of Victorian fiction, Michael Weingrad uses it for his 2024 novel of coming of age in early 1980's Philadelphia, Eugene Nadelman.
Some stanzaic forms, written in iambic tetrameter in the poetry of Vladimír Holan, especially in the poems "První testament" and "Cesta mraku", were surely inspired by Onegin stanza.
Kamancheh

The kamancheh (also kamānche or kamāncha) (Persian: کمانچه, Azerbaijani: kamança, Armenian: քամանչա, Kurdish: کەمانچە ,kemançe) is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Turkmen, and Uzbek music with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.
The kamancheh is related to the rebab which is the historical ancestor of the kamancheh and the bowed Byzantine lyra. The strings are played with a variable-tension bow.
In 2017, the art of crafting and playing with Kamantcheh/Kamancha was included into the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists of Azerbaijan and Iran.
The word "kamancheh" means "little bow" in Persian (kæman, bow, and -cheh, diminutive). The Turkish word kemençe is borrowed from Persian, with the pronunciation adapted to Turkish phonology.
It also denotes a bowed string instrument, but the Turkish version differs significantly in structure and sound from the Persian kamancheh.
There is also an instrument called kabak kemane literally "pumpkin-shaped bow instrument" used in Turkish music which is only slightly different from the Iranian kamancheh.
The kamancheh has a long neck including fingerboard which kamancheh maker shapes it as a truncated inverse cone for easy bow moving in down section, pegbox in both side of which four pegs are placed, and finial Traditionally kamanchehs had three silk strings, but modern instruments have four metal strings.
Kamanchehs may have highly ornate inlays and elaborately carved ivory tuning pegs.
The body has a long upper neck and a lower bowl-shaped resonating chamber made from a gourd or wood, usually covered with a membrane made from the skin of a lamb, goat or sometimes a fish, on which the bridge is set.
From the bottom protrudes a spike to support the kamancheh while it is being played, hence in English, the instrument is sometimes called the spiked fiddle.
It is played sitting down held like a cello though it is about the length of a viol. The end-pin can rest on the knee or thigh while the player is seated in a chair.
Kamancheh is usually tuned like an ordinary violin (G, D, A, E).
Pushkin Industries

Pushkin Industries is an American publisher of podcasts and audiobooks. It was co-founded in 2018 by Malcolm Gladwell and Jacob Weisberg. As of 2021, it hosts over 25 podcasts.
The company was co-founded in 2018 by Malcolm Gladwell and Jacob Weisberg, based on an idea by Weisberg. The two worked together on Gladwell's podcast Revisionist History at Panoply Media and after Panoply exited the medium, the two wanted to do more projects together and started Pushkin.
In 2019, Tim Harford launched his podcast Cautionary Tales on the network. That same year, Pushkin began producing audiobooks, beginning with Gladwell's Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know.
Among other books, it published Miracle and Wonder: Conversations with Paul Simon, co-written by Gladwell and based on interviews with the musician Paul Simon. Gladwell's The Bomber Mafia was written and conceived of as an audio production with sound effects and music. Only after the script was complete was a book produced.
Pushkin Industries won "Podcast Network of the Year" at the 2021 Adweek Podcast Awards.
In July 2022, Pushkin Industries agreed to buy the podcast studio Transmitter Media, marking the company's first acquisition.
In September 2023, Pushkin laid off 17 employees, comprising more than 30% of its staff. As part of the reorganization, former Transmitter owner Gretta Cohn became CEO, while Weisberg took the title of executive chair. The change came amid significant layoffs in the podcast industry, including at Spotify and Sony. In November 2023, the company's producers and staff voted to unionize and joined Writers Guild of America, East.
As of 2024, the company's most popular podcasts include Gladwell's Revisionist History; Harford's Cautionary Tales; The Happiness Lab, hosted by Laurie R. Santos; and Against the Rules with Michael Lewis, where Lewis covered the Sam Bankman-Fried trial.
Official website
Chapéu-de-couro

O chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus macrophyllum ou Echinodorus grandiflorus), também conhecido pelos nomes de chá-da-campanha, erva-do-brejo e erva-do-pântano, é uma erva da família das alismatáceas. Ocorre desde o sul do México até o Brasil. Tal erva aparece em locais pantanosos, possuindo folhas coriáceas, com trinta centímetros de comprimento, flores brancas dispostas em racemos e aquênios com uma semente.
É ornamental e apropriada para aquários, tendo, ainda, uso medicinal. A infusão das folhas fornece chá laxativo. Uma pesquisa confirmou sua eficácia em casos de hipertensão. Também é usado popularmente como antirreumático e diurético, contra inflamação de pele e de garganta, reumatismo, artrite e sífilis e como depurador do sangue e eliminador de ácido úrico.
A planta produz um rizoma do qual se extrai uma massa. Dessa massa, pode ser feito um doce, como se fosse abóbora. Este doce é muito bom como depurativo do sangue.
A planta é utilizada na produção dos refrigerantes brasileiros Mineirinho , Mate Couro e Mate Cola.
Chapéu de couro

Conhece-se como chapéu de couro os chapéus feitos de couro tradicionalmente utilizados por vaqueiros nordestinos na tarefa de aboiar o gado, é uma parte importante do traje tradicional do Nordeste brasileiro. Apesar da designação comum, os chapéus de couro não possuem um formato único. Antes variam imensamente conforme a localidade do vaqueiro, servindo como identificador de sua proveniência.
Inicialmente, os chapéus de couro serviam a fins práticos, protegendo a cabeça do vaqueiro das ervas espinhosas da caatinga, do sol e da chuva. Eram frequentemente ensebados com sebo de boi, a fim de torná-los impermeáveis. A partir do sucesso de Luiz Gonzaga no Sudeste, entretanto, que utilizava vários modelos de chapéu de couro em suas apresentações, como marca de sua origem nordestina, os chapéus de couro passaram gradativamente a ser utilizados como símbolo da vida sertaneja e do homem nordestino.
Governador Newton Bello

Governador Newton Bello (também conhecido como Chapéu de Couro) é um município brasileiro do estado do Maranhão. Sua população estimada segundo o censo 2022 era de 10.713 habitantes com 5.556 homens e 5.157 mulheres, com a maioria de habitantes residentes na zona rural.
Raimundo Coelho, conhecido popularmente como "Raimundo Chapéu de Couro" chegou na região no início do desbravamento de suas matas no ano de 1958 com o propósito de cultivar a terra devido a grande fertilidade nela encontrada e de uma mata muito extensa. Porém, era morador do povoado Marajá e em seguida transfere seu comércio para um povoado que está nascendo as margens da futura BR 316. Apesar de não ser o primeiro morador, mas se tornou o mais conhecido da vila devido seu comércio, aos poucos se tornou comum dizer "vou lá no Chapéu de Couro" em referência ao comércio e que depois passou ser uma referência a todo o povoado, sendo assim "batizado" de Chapéu de Couro". Aos poucos outras pessoas foram chegando, atraídos pelo trabalho na roça e outros comércios, tendo como maior destaque o beneficiamento de arroz, pecuária e extração de madeira e babaçu. Com a ampliação da BR 316 que liga Santa Inês–MA a Belém–PA, houve uma grande melhoria no escoamento da produção e uma melhor expectativa de vida para que mais pessoas viessem para a Vila Chapéu de Couro que pertencia ao município de Monção-MA. Depois, passou a pertencer ao município de Zé Doca, com o nome de Governador Newton Bello em homenagem ao Governador do Estado do Maranhão Dr. Newton Bello.
A independência política do município só foi possível com o plebiscito de 11 de junho de 1994, sendo emancipado em 10 de novembro do mesmo ano pelo Decreto Lei n.° 6.149 pelo então Governador em exercício Dr. JOSÉ RIBAMAR FIQUENE.
Na cidade de Governador Newton Bello tem as seguintes Igrejas: Igreja Assembleia de Deus, Igreja Batista, Igreja Adventista e Testemunhas de Jeová. Mas a maior Igreja é a Igreja Católica, cuja história se confunde com a história da própria cidade.
Segundo Padre Elinaldo Nunes, a história do catolicismo no povoado Chapéu de Couro se deu a partir de 1961 com a construção da primeira capela. Esta capela foi construída por seis mulheres, dentre elas Dona Milagres do Chico Crente, e dedicada a São Francisco de Assis. Em 13 de janeiro de 1969 a Diocese de Viana cria a Paróquia de Nossa Senhora da Conceição no povoado Chapéu de Couro, desmembrando-a da paróquia de Monção, os motivos da criação da nova paróquia são claros no decreto de ereção quando o vigário capitular, Monsenhor Mario Cuomo, afirma: “Sendo que a Vila Chapéu de Couro neste últimos anos aumentou em número de moradores e tornou-se bastante grande e com exigência, sempre a mais sentida, duma assistência pastoral própria”.
Instrumento musical

Um instrumento musical é um objeto construído com o propósito de produzir música. Os vários tipos de instrumentos podem ser classificados de diversas formas, sendo uma das mais comuns, a divisão de acordo com a forma pela qual o som é produzido. O estudo dos instrumentos musicais designa-se por organologia.
A data e a origem do primeiro aparelho considerado como instrumento musical é objecto de debates. Arqueólogos tendem a debater o assunto referindo a validade de várias evidências como artefacto e trabalhos culturais. Os primeiros instrumentos musicais possivelmente sequer foram desenvolvidos com objetivos puramente musicais, mas sim para permitir que caçadores imitassem a voz de animais diversos de modo a atrair potenciais presas.
Instrumentista é aquele músico que toca um instrumento. Já Multi-instrumentista é aquele músico que toca mais de um instrumento musical.
Entretanto, nem todo músico é um instrumentista (também chamado de concertista, na música erudita). Alguns músicos seguem uma carreira sem tocar instrumento algum, como a de: Bibliotecário; Terapia Musical; Engenheiro de Som; Produtor Musical; Historiador; Educação Musical; Direito Musical; Jornalismo em Música; Empresário Musical; Disc ou Video Jockey; Diretor de Programação; Designer de Software ou Hardware de Música; Musicologia; Musicografia; até mesmo o Compositor pode saber tudo sobre os instrumentos, mas não tocar nada; Estes não são intérpretes, mas os maiores estudiosos acadêmicos do campo de Música, noutras especializações.
A tessitura de uma voz ou instrumento musical é a extensão de notas em que um instrumento pode tocar. Por padronização identifica-se a tessitura através do nome e da oitava da nota mais grave e da mais aguda que um instrumento pode executar. Por exemplo, a extensão útil de um saxofone alto vai de Reb2 (Ré bemol da segunda oitava) até La4 (Lá da quarta oitava). A tessitura do piano vai do La0 até o Do8.
Chamam-se registros as três regiões em que a tessitura de um instrumento ou voz pode ser dividida. Divide-se em registro grave, médio e agudo. Cada registro tem características próprias. Em alguns casos o timbre é muito diferente de região para região. Em alguns instrumentos nem é possível executar todas as notas de uma escala em determinadas regiões. Além disso, certos efeitos sonoros que alguns instrumentos permitem só podem ser executados em um dos registros instrumentais.
O conhecimento da tessitura e do registro instrumental são fundamentais para a perfeita execução do instrumento e para a composição musical. De outra forma, um compositor poderia escrever uma melodia para um determinado instrumento com notas que ele não fosse capaz de executar.
O conceito de tessitura só faz sentido para instrumentos que permitem variação de altura, mas o registro pode indicar a região de alturas predominante mesmo em instrumentos de altura indefinida.
Coda (música)

Na música, a coda (do italiano: "cauda", símbolo:) é a seção com que se termina uma música, onde o compositor/arranjador poderá ou não utilizar ideias musicais já apresentadas ao longo da composição. Em partituras musicais que envolvam repetições de um ou mais temas antes da secção final, a coda representa um salto na leitura musical da partitura, de acordo com o símbolo sobre a barra de compasso de onde o salto se origina, e a barra de compasso inicial da coda.
A coda começa a ser parte integrante do currículo de estudo de regência por volta do século XII ou XIII.
Em partituras que envolvam repetições de um ou mais temas antes da secção final, a coda representa um salto na leitura da partitura. Nestes casos uma indicação informa ao músico a ordem de execução das repetições. "D.S. al Coda" (Dal Segno al Coda) indica que o músico deve retornar até o segno e tocar até encontrar o símbolo de coda , pulando para o final. "D.C. al Coda" (Da Capo al Coda), indica que o músico deve tocar do início da partitura até encontrar a marca de coda e pular para o final.
No caso da figura acima, a música deve ser executada até chegar em "D.S. al Coda", voltar até o símbolo "Segno" e então tocar a música até o último compasso, onde se encontra a figura "Coda".
No caso da figura acima, a música deve ser executada até o último compasso, onde está a indicação "D.C al Coda", voltar ao início da música e continuar a execução da peça até encontrar o símbolo "Coda", finalizando a execução.
Mate Couro

Mate Couro é uma empresa brasileira fabricante de bebidas não alcoólicas.
Fundada em 1947, produz um refrigerante que mistura as ervas mate e chapéu-de-couro com a semente de guaraná. A indústria Mate Couro S/A está situada em Belo Horizonte, no estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais.
A empresa produz diversos sabores de refrigerantes, entre eles Mate Couro Guaraná, Mate Couro Limão, Mate Couro Laranja e Mate Couro Uva, além do Mate Couro Limão de baixa caloria e o Mate Couro de Abacaxi
Em parceria com a Royal Crown, a Mate Couro vem produzindo o mundialmente consumido refrigerante RC Cola desde Abril de 2008, porém somente produzindo para o mercado mineiro.
Idiofone

Idiofone é um instrumento musical cujo som é provocado pela sua vibração. É o próprio corpo do instrumento que vibra para produzir o som, sem a necessidade de nenhuma tensão. Esta categoria compreende a maior parte dos instrumentos executados por atrito (como o reco-reco e o guiro), por agitação (como o chocalho, caxixi e ganzá), assim como muitos instrumentos de percussão melódica, como os xilofones. Os blocos sonoros, claves e pratos são exemplos de idiofones percutidos sem intenção melódica.
Exemplos são:
Música Boa Ao Vivo

Música Boa Ao Vivo é um programa de televisão musical produzido e exibido pelo Multishow desde 29 de abril de 2014. Foi apresentado por Thiaguinho entre 2014 e 2015, Anitta entre 2016 e 2017, Iza entre 2018 e 2019 e Ivete Sangalo entre 2020 e 2021. Desde 2022 é apresentado por Gloria Groove.
Foi reexibida pela TV Globo, aos sábados à tarde, de 4 de abril a 9 de maio, com retorno entre 1.° de agosto a 3 de outubro de 2020, por causa do adiamento do programa Simples Assim, que seria exibido nesse horário, por conta da pandemia da Covid-19, a atração foi substituída pela Sessão de Sábado, com previsão para anteceder o novo programa Simples Assim a partir de 10 de outubro.
A temporada estreou em 29 de abril de 2014, às 20h30. Apresentada por Thiaguinho, a temporada teve 16 programas. O último programa foi em 14 de outubro de 2014.
A temporada estreou em 14 de abril de 2015 e acabou em 3 de novembro de 2015, às 20h30. Foi apresentada novamente por Thiaguinho.
A temporada estreou em 12 de abril de 2016, apresentada por Anitta.
A temporada foi apresentada novamente por Anitta.
A quinta temporada foi apresentada pela cantora Iza.
Pelo segundo ano consecutivo, a cantora Iza apresentou o programa.
Novamente Ivete Sangalo apresenta o programa, pela primeira vez fora dos Estúdios Globo, diretamente de Salvador.
A temporada estreou em 13 de setembro de 2022, apresentada por Gloria Groove.
Caixinha de Música (Ao Vivo)

Caixinha de Música (Ao Vivo) é o segundo álbum ao vivo da cantora brasileira Vanessa da Mata, lançado em 29 de setembro de 2017 pela Sony Music. Gravado na Casa Natura Musical nos dias 26 e 27 de maio de 2017 em São Paulo, o projeto conta com quatro versões: versão digital, álbum físico, DVD e o kit CD + DVD.
O álbum foi primeiramente lançado em três partes no formato de extended play (EP) contando com duas músicas cada; o primeiro, "Caixinha 1", foi lançado em 25 de agosto de 2017 -, o segundo, "Caixinha 2", foi lançado em 8 de setembro de 2017 -, e o último, "Caixinha 3", foi lançado em 22 de setembro de 2017. O álbum foi bem avaliado internacionalmente, com a crítica da revista Sábado afirmando que o álbum é um "espelho do talento da artista como compositora e intérprete."
"Caixinha de Música" conta com novas composições, incluindo "É Tudo o Que Eu Quero Ter" e "Gente Feliz (Sinceridade)" - que foram lançadas em versões de estúdio anteriormente ao álbum -, regravações como "Impossível Acreditar Que Perdi Você", sucesso dos anos 70 do cantor Márcio Greyck, "Vá Pro Inferno Com Seu Amor", de Milionário e Zé Rico, e "Mágoas de Caboclo", de Nelson Gonçalves -, além dos sucessos "Ainda Bem", "Ai, Ai, Ai", "Boa Sorte/Good Luck" e "Amado". Após o lançamento do álbum, um remix de "Impossível Acreditar Que Perdi Você" feito por Leo Breanza foi lançado como single no dia 27 de outubro de 2017.
Créditos adaptados do Tidal.
Leather flying helmet

A leather flying helmet, also known as an aviator hat, bomber hat or soft flight helmet, is a usually leather cap with large earflaps, a chin strap, and often a short bill that is commonly turned up at the front to show the lining (often fleece or fur). It is often worn with goggles. It may be made of other materials, such as felt.
With the rise of motorsport and aviation at the start of the 1900s, leather was becoming a popular choice for protective gear from the cold and the engine noise. It has many advantages that made it the ideal material for flying helmets: It is warm, durable, impermeable to liquids including water, flexible, and can be cut to curve around the head. It is wind proof and has the great advantage of not accumulating dust. It was also found that leather helmets offered some protection against fire. Manufacturers of early flying helmets were Alfred Dunhill Ltd. and Gamages of London, England, and Roold in Paris.
Female pilots in the early part of the 1900s were able to wear the same design of protective clothing, including helmets, as their male counterparts.
British engineers led by Charles Edmond Prince added throat microphones and earphones into these helmets during World War I for hands-free communications in the noisy and windy environment of aircraft cockpits.
With the advent of closed-cockpit airplanes, head protection became less necessary (Charles Lindbergh still wore a leather helmet when he crossed the Atlantic in 1927, though his Spirit of St. Louis monoplane had a closed cockpit).
In air forces, leather helmets were continuously used and developed. A well-known early leather flying helmet was the British Type B helmet, designed to accommodate earphones in pockets in the ear-flaps and easy to wear with oxygen masks and goggles. The Imperial War Museum has several examples used in both World Wars, with detailed descriptions. See illustration above of a Type B flying helmet that belonged to Spitfire delivery pilot Helen Kerly, now in the Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum.
With the advent of jet fighters after the Second World War, solid plastic and, later, carbon fiber flight helmets replaced leather helmets in the cockpits of aircraft. Aviator's hats continue in popularity as a fashion accessory and winter headwear.
Ilu (drum)

An Ilú or Ilu is the Yoruba name for a type of Brazilian wooden folk drum, found characteristically in the northern provinces of Pernambuco and Ceará.
It has a cylindrical shape with skins at the top and bottom and is normally played with hands. It is mostly used in religious rituals, coming usually in three sizes, curved or flat-shaped. This make these drums sound slightly different from each other, and to allow performers to play on a standing position. They are built on a cross-shaped base.
The same term was earlier used for double-headed barrel-shaped drums, a similar drum from southern Brazil is known as a Tambu.
Rikki Rockett

Richard Allan Ream (born August 8, 1961), known professionally as Rikki Rockett, is an American drummer for rock band Poison. The band has sold more than 50 million albums worldwide and 15 million records in the United States alone.
Richard Allan Ream was born on August 8, 1961, in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, the youngest of two children of Norman and Margaret Ream. He attended Cedar Cliff High School in Camp Hill.
In late 1993, Rockett discovered that the then guitarist Richie Kotzen of Poison was having a relationship with Deanna Eve, Rockett's fiancée at the time. Kotzen was fired due to this incident. In VH1's Behind the Music, singer Bret Michaels said he never wanted to speak to Kotzen again.
In 1995 Rikki co-created and coloured the 6 issue comic book series, Sisters Of Mercy, published by Maximum Press.
After almost 20 years with Poison, Rockett released his first solo album Glitter 4 Your Soul on January 7, 2003, which was distributed online. The album was a tribute to 1970s glam rock. He also guested on Britny Fox's Bite Down Hard.
On April 26, 2007, Rockett announced the creation of Rockett Drum Works Inc. It is a drum manufacturing company, specializing in the creation of ultra custom drum kits, snare drums and custom accessories. Prior to setting up his enterprise, Rockett worked for Chop Shop Custom Drum. He departed after conflicting opinions with Chop Shop founder Brian Cocivera. Rockett recruited most of the staff from Chop Shop along with some newer staff members.
In 2015 Rockett co-formed a new rock supergroup the Devil City Angels with guitarist Tracii Guns (L.A. Guns), bassist Eric Brittingham (Cinderella) and vocalist and rhythm guitarist Brandon Gibbs (Cheap Thrill). Their self-titled debut album was officially released September 11, 2015.
In October 2008, Rockett married longtime girlfriend Melanie Martel. On July 14, 2009, they had their first child, Jude Aaron Rockett. On March 2, 2013, Rikki and Melanie had their second child, a daughter named Lucy Sky. Both children are named after The Beatles' songs "Hey Jude" and "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds". They separated in July 2015 and their divorce became final in June 2017.
Rockett holds a black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, under trainer Renato Magno and trains at Street Sports Brazilian jiu-jitsu, located in Santa Monica, California.
Rockett is a vegan.
In December 2015, Rockett announced that he had been battling throat cancer. In July 2016, he reported that he is now cancer-free. In July 2021, Rikki celebrated the fact that he is still cancer free, six years after the original diagnosis.
Hot mic

A hot mic, sometimes referred to as an open microphone or (in aviation) a stuck mic, is in general an apparent error in which a microphone is switched on or remains on, especially without the speaker realizing.
A special case of hot mic is the microphone gaffe, in which the microphone is actively collecting and transmitting sound gathered near a subject who is unaware that their remarks are being transmitted and recorded, allowing unintended listeners or viewers to hear parts of conversations not intended for public consumption. Such errors usually involve live broadcasting in radio or television, and sometimes material is recorded and played back via media outlets. Such events can cause embarrassment for the person or organization involved, sometimes resulting in serious confrontations and employment termination.
Martelo

Martelo (hammer) is the name for roundhouse kick in capoeira. The kick targets the head of the opponent with the top of the foot.
Martelo was not used in traditional capoeira Angola. The kick was introduced to regional capoeira in the 1930s by mestre Bimba, likely from Asian martial arts.
There are several variations of martelo kick, and it is often combined with other techniques.
Martelo em pé (standing hammer) or just martelo is a fast and powerful kick, traditionally performed with the top of the foot. The arms are important in the martelo, helping to generate power and momentum, and to preserve balance. After the kick, the kicking leg swiftly returns under control.
The kick is usually delivered from the back leg in ginga.
To execute the hammer kick, one adjusts the supporting foot's angle for alignment, raises the knee in front of the body, turn sideways and forcefully extends the leg to kick with the top of the foot.
Martelo do chão starts from the negativa position. In this position, the hand opposite to the supporting one moves towards the extended leg. The hip lifts, and the previously bent leg kicks the opponent.
This kick is commonly used as an offensive move from the ground against a standing opponent. It is more common in capoeira Angola.
Chapéu de couro (leather hat), also known as S-dobrado (double-S), is a complex move that starts on the floor and springs towards the opponent, in a slicing motion through the air, with each leg following the same path. This kick can be used to surprise the opponent by leaping at them directly from a grounded position.
The player starts in a negative position, then executes a powerful hop from their leading foot, swinging the other leg upward and forward across their body while keeping one hand on the floor. To gain momentum, the player should coordinate their legs, torso, free hand, and head in the same direction as the kick. In the kicking phase of the movement, the player does not reach back with the free hand to place it on the ground as they would in S-dobrado. Instead, they complete the kick with their free hand remaining off the ground and land on their kicking foot.
According to Da Costa, S-dobrado follows a fake sweep. The capoeirista initiates a strong rasteira in front of the opponent, without making contact, supporting themselves with one leg and the arm on the same side. The opposite arm, on the side of the extended leg, rises for balance. When the sweeping leg approaches the supporting leg, the raised hand touches the ground. Aided by the momentum generated by the sweep, the supporting leg extends, lifting off the ground and delivering a powerful kick to the opponent.
The Rhythm of the Saints

The Rhythm of the Saints is the eighth solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Paul Simon, released on October 16, 1990, by Warner Bros. In much the same way that Simon's previous album, Graceland, released in 1986, drew upon South African music, this album was inspired by Brazilian musical traditions. Like its predecessor, the album was commercially successful and received mostly favorable reviews from critics.
In 1992, The Rhythm of the Saints earned two nominations for the 34th Grammy Awards – Album of the Year and Producer of the Year.
Simon had traveled to Brazil on five different occasions between 1988 and 1989, taking particular interest in the sounds coming from various street musicians that he encountered. He was encouraged to visit Brazil after Eddie Palmieri told him that "the journey of the drum goes with the slave trade, from West Africa to Brazil, then up the Caribbean." During his time in the city of Salvador, Bahia, he encountered the music ensemble Grupo Cultural Olodum after hearing that they were rehearsing there. Simon was impressed with their playing and recorded the ensemble two days later for "The Obvious Child", which became the opening track to Rhythm of the Saints.
On Rhythm of the Saints, Simon decided to build many of the tracks around polyrhythmic percussion patterns. He said that the rhythms influenced some of the melodies and lyrics that later accompanied the compositions. Simon constructed chord changes around these rhythms and described the chord progressions on Rhythm of the Saints as "more adventurous" than the work on his previous album, Graceland.
The Rhythm of the Saints peaked at No. 4 on the US album chart, while Graceland had peaked at No. 3, ranking them both among Simon's most commercially successful albums. The album was also successful across the Atlantic, reaching No. 1 on the UK album chart. However, with the exception of "The Obvious Child", none of its three singles—including "Proof" and "Born at the Right Time"—charted or received substantial radio play. "The Obvious Child" also failed to reach the US top 40, although it reached No. 15 in the UK, becoming Simon's last major hit there. The album was certified Multi-Platinum.
Alongside various musicians, Simon performed live versions of many of the songs from the album at a free concert in Central Park, New York City on August 15, 1991, in front of an audience of around 500,000 people. The performance was recorded and later released as the album Paul Simon's Concert in the Park.
All tracks composed by Paul Simon, except "The Coast" (music by Simon and Vincent Nguini) and "Spirit Voices" (Portuguese lyrics by Milton Nascimento).
Bonus tracks (2004 reissue)
Notes:
Breosla

Is éard atá i gceist le breosla ábhar ar bith a dhóitear nó a athraítear chun fuinneamh nó teas a fháil uaidh. Is iomaí cineál breosla atá ann, leacht, gás agus solad. Dóitear adhmad mar bhreosla ar fud an domhain. Is amhlaidh gurb é seo an breosla is sine a bhain daoine feidhm as. Dónn daoine breosla eile amhail artola chun inneall a chur ag gluaiseacht; gás chun tithe a théamh agus bia a chócaireacht. Sa lá atá ann inniu faightear fuinneamh ó bhreoslaí eithneacha.
Is breosla é bia freisin. Faigheann daoine agus ainmhithe fuinneamh ó bhia. Tiontaítear an bia go fuinneamh sna cealla.
Ag deireadh na dála, eascraíonn an fuinneamh go léir atá ar fáil i mbreoslaí ón ghrian.
Breosla iontaise

Is é atá i gceist le breosla iontaise ná hidreacarbóin atá le fáil i ngual, ola, gás nádúrtha, nó aon bhreosla a dhéantar as plandaí agus ainmhithe marbha.
Is breoslaí iad – amhail gual, gás, móin agus ola – a chruthaítear sa talamh in imeacht na mílte nó na milliúin bliain, as plandaí agus ainmhithe marbha, agus a ídítear go hiomlán nuair a dhóitear iad chun fuinneamh a fháil.
Is iad na hábhair go léir a úsáideann daoine mar bhreoslaí indóite, ach amháin an mhóin, a rinneadh is a leagadh síos faoin talamh is a iontaisíodh na milliúin bliain ó shin ó phlandaí.
Maidir le móin, níl sí chomh sean leis na breoslaí eile, agus le fírinne ní chuige seo a iontaisíodh í. Go bunúsach, is ó fhuinneamh na gréine a tháinig an fuinneamh folaithe sna breoslaí seo - gual, ola is gás nádúrtha - agus sa mhóin. Nuair a dhóitear na breoslaí seo go léir táirgtear dé-ocsaíd charbóin, agus nuair a sceitear an gás seo san atmaisféar, cuireann sé le truailliú an aeir is an iarmhairt cheaptha teasa san atmaisféar.
Ba é an t-eolaí Rúiseach Mikhail Lomonosov a mhol an teoiric go raibh na hidreacarbóin seo le fáil ó na foinsí seo sa bhliain 1757.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, creidtear go forleathan go ndéanann na breoslaí iontaiseacha an dochar atá le feiceáil leis an iarmhairt cheaptha teasa agus téamh domhanda.
Cill bhreosla

Feiste leictricheimiceach a gcruthaítear fuinneamh leictreach go leanúnach inti trí imoibriú ceimiceach idir breosla ([[go minic, hidrigin)) mar hidrigin leachtach agus oibreán ocsaídeach (go minic, ocsaigin leachtach). Forbraíodh i gcomhair spásárthach í chun leictreachas is uisce, mar fhotháirge fiúntach, a sholáthar le linn taistil.
Tá cealla breosla difriúil ón gcuid is mó de na ceallraí agus iad ag iarraidh foinse leanúnach breosla agus ocsaigine (ón aer de ghnáth) chun an t-imoibriú ceimiceach a choinneáil ar siúl, ach is iondúil gur as miotail agus as a n-ian nó a n-ocsaídí atá an fuinneamh ceimiceach atá, go coitianta, cheana féin i láthair sna ceallraí, ach amháin i sreabhchadhnraí. Is féidir le cealla breosla leictreachas a tháirgeadh go leanúnach fad is a sholáthraítear breosla agus ocsaigin.
Ba é Sir William Grove a cheap na chéad chealla breosla sa bhliain 1838. D'úsáideadh an chéad chealla breosla tráchtála níos mó ná céad bliain ina dhiaidh sin tar éis do Francis Thomas Bacon an chill bhreosla hidrigine-ocsaigine a cheapadh sa bhliain 1932. D'úsáideadh an chill bhreosla alcaileach, ar a dtugtar an chill bhreosla Baconi ndiaidh a aireagóra, i gcláir spáis NASA ó lár na 1960idí chun cumhacht a ghiniúint do shatailítí agus do chapsúil spáis. Ó shin i leith, baineadh úsáid as cealla breosla i mórán feidhmchlár eile. Úsáidtear cealla breosla le haghaidh cumhachta príomhúla agus cúltaca d'fhoirgnimh thráchtála, thionsclaíocha agus chónaithe agus i gceantair iargúlta nó dorochtana. Úsáidtear iad freisin chun feithiclí cille breosla a chumhachtú, lena n-áirítear gluaisrothair, gluaisteáin, busanna, báid, gluaisrothair agus fomhuireáin.
Tá go leor cineálacha cealla breosla ann, ach is éard atá iontu go léir ná anóid, catóid, agus leictrilít a cheadaíonn iain, go minic iain hidrigine atá luchtaithe go deimhneachg (prótóin), gluaiseacht idir dhá thaobh na cille breosla. Ag an anóid is cúis le catalaíoch an t-imoibriú ocsaídithe sa bhreosla a ghineann iain (go minic iain hidrigine luchtaithe go deimhneach) agus leictreoin. Is féidir go mbeidh a leithéidí ina bhfoinsí neamh-thruaillithe fuinnimh leictrigh amach anseo nuair a thiocfaidh a gcostas anuas.
Scaollcheannach an bhreosla sa Bhreatain (2021)

Bhí fadhbanna le soláthar breosla, scaollcheannach an bhreosla agus scuainí ag stáisiúin peitril in áiteanna sa Bhreatain i mí Mhéan Fómhair agus i i mí Dheireadh Fómhair na bliana 2021. Tharla an t-éileamh mar go raibh eagla ar dhaoine nach mbeadh fáil acu ar bhreosla toisc ganntanas tiománaithe leoraí a bhí ann.
Ar 27 Meán Fómhair, dúirt Cumann Miondíoltóirí Peitril na Breataine go raibh suas le dhá thrian dá chuid ball rite amach as breosla cheana féin. D'fhág sé seo nach raibh cuid de na hearraí á dtabhairt chomh fada le hollmhargaí.
Ar dtús, dúirt Rúnaí Iompair na Breataine, nach raibh aon ghanntan breosla sa tír, agus go raibh sé de dhualgas ar thionscail an bhreosla a chuid féin a dhéanamh agus nach ceist don rialtas amháin í seo. Dúirt Aire Comhshaoil na Breataine go raibh faitíos i measc an phobail go mbuailfeadh iad le ganntan breosla, agus go raibh an ró-cheannach dá réir ar siúl.
Ansin d'fhógair Rialtas na Breataine go raibh sé lena chuid dlíthe iomaíochta a chur de leataobh.
Tamaill ina dhiaidh, chinn Príomh-Aire na Breataine,Boris Johnson cumhachtaí éigeandála a úsáid agus Arm na Breataine a thabhairt isteach leis an breosla a sheachadadh. D'iarr Rialtas na Breataine ar an Arm na Breataine i ndeireadh Mhéan Fómhair a bheith ar aire le cúnamh a thabhairt. Ach ar 1 Deireadh Fómhair, bhí suas le 150 tancaer míleata fós ag ullmhú chun breosla a thabhairt go stáisiúin nach raibh aon ola fágtha iontu.
Ansin tugadh cead 10,000 oibrí as tíortha eile le tabhairt isteach go sealadach idir Deireadh Fómhair agus Nollaig féachaint leis an ghéarchéim seo a réiteach.
In Eireann, dúirt Uachtarán Chónaidhm Iompróirí Bóthair na hÉireann 'Ba mhór an feall é dá gcaillfeadh an tAontas Eorpach tiománaithe, agus iad imeacht chuig an Ríocht Aontaithe, mar go mbeadh impleachtaí trimchúiseacha aige sin don tír s'againne'.
Ola (breosla)

Breosla iontaisithe, meascán coimpléascach hidreacarbón. Cruthaithe trí théamh is brú as fuílleach orgánach thar na milliúin bliain. Tugtar ola amh nó nádúrtha air. Líonann sí na póireanna idir na gráinní i gcarraigeacha dríodair. Bailíonn sí nuair a chuireann sraith carraige dophollta cosc nó caipín ar a ascnamh suas. Faightear le gás nádúrtha is hidreacarbóin sholadacha í (tugtar peitriliam ar an meascán sin), agus uisce. Tar éis a scagtha, úsáidtear í mar bhreosla príomhúil sa tionscal, agus mar sin tá sé an-tábhachtach sa gheilleagar, agus cinnte, i bhforthéamh an Domhain.
Renewable Energy Systems

The RES Group (Renewable Energy Systems) is the world's largest independent renewable energy company, having been in the sector for more than 40 years. As of 2023, the company had established more than 23 gigawatts of renewable energy projects worldwide and supported more than 12 gigawatts operations. Employing more than 2500 people in 14 countries, it operates onshore and offshore in wind and solar energy, in energy storage and in transmission and distribution.
Renewable Energy Systems Limited is a private limited company that was incorporated in 1981 with the role of developing, financing, constructing and managing wind farms and solar plants.
Since 2003, RES has been headquartered at Beaufort Court, Kings Langley, Hertfordshire in the UK.
The company has offices in Australia, the Americas (Brazil, Canada, Chile, Mexico, Panama and the United States), Europe (Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden), Turkey, and the United Kingdom.
Minister for Transport (Ireland)

The Minister for Transport (Irish: An tAire Iompair) is a senior minister in the Government of Ireland and leads the Department of Transport. He is also Minister for Climate, Environment and Energy.
The current Minister for Transport is Darragh O'Brien, TD.
He is assisted by two Ministers of State:
The Minister and the department are responsible for implementing an integrated transport policy.
Specific responsibilities which come under the aegis of the Minister for Transport in relation to national roads and to road transport in general include: delivering on the national roads programme as part of the national development plan; implementing the government's road safety strategy and related policies for the regulation of vehicle standards; road haulage licensing; driver licensing; and driver testing.
In respect of aviation policy, the department is responsible for ensuring that aviation practices and procedures comply with the best international standards; promoting the development of a vibrant, competitive and progressively regulated aviation sector and the provision of adequate airport infrastructure and competitive airport services.
In respect of Maritime Transport, the department is responsible for establishing, promoting, regulating and enforcing Maritime Safety and Security Standards, providing emergency response services and safeguarding the Maritime Environment. It is also responsible for ports and shipping policy.
The Department of Transport and Power was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1959. On 2 January 1984, the Department of Transport was abolished under the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1983 and its functions transferred to the Department of Communications.
The Department of the Public Service was created by the Ministers and Secretaries (Amendment) Act 1973. In 1987, the functions of the Department of Public Service were transferred to the Department of Finance, and the statutory shell used for the formation of the Department of Transport. The subsequent changes to the department name and functions are shown in detail at the departmental page.
Fuel (video game)

Fuel (stylized in all uppercase as FUEL) is an open world racing video game developed by Asobo Studio and published by Codemasters. The game was released in North America in June 2009 for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Windows. It is set in a post-apocalyptic United States after the Sun scorched the Earth, with a completely free-to-roam open world approximately 5,560 square miles (14,400 km) in size, which is roughly the size of the U.S. state of Connecticut. In the free roaming mode, the game features the ability to drive anywhere in the game world without incurring loading times, but crashing a vehicle – or invoking the reset function to return to the road – does invoke a loading screen.
Fuel is an open world racing game set in a Mad Max-like post-apocalyptic world ravaged by extreme weather fueled by global warming, with players experiencing varying weather effects such as occasional tornadoes and sandstorms, as well as an accelerated day-night cycle. The map in which the game takes place is over 14,400 square kilometers large.
Fuel evolved from a game Asobo Studio announced in 2005, called Grand Raid Offroad.
The award for largest playable area in a console game was awarded to Fuel developer Asobo Studio. Guinness World Records presented the developer with a certificate to commemorate the achievement.
Fuel received "average" reviews on all platforms according to the review aggeregation website Metacritic. Critics praised the graphics and the world design. Many of the rewards available to be unlocked were seen as not worth the effort and the racing mechanics have been noted as sloppy, with the AI opponents leading for most of the race only to slow down towards the end to allow the player to win. In Japan, where the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions were ported for release on 17 September 2009, Famitsu gave it a score of one eight, one six, one eight, and one six for a total of 28 out of 40, while Famitsu X360 gave the latter console version two sevens, one eight, and one seven for a total of 29 out of 40.