davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Strombocactus disciformis

Strombocactus es un género de cactus cuya única especie es Strombocactus disciformis, originaria del noreste y de la zona central de México: estados de Hidalgo, Querétaro y Guanajuato.
La especie presenta raíz axonomorfa y crece sobresaliendo pocos centímetros del suelo. El tallo es verdoso grisáceo y rara vez supera 9 cm de diámetro y de 3 a 10 cm de altura. Tiene tubérculos romboidales arrugados, en espiral y muy próximos entre sí, de 4 a 7 mm de largo, 7 a 11 de ancho y 4 a 7 de altura. Las areolas nacen en la punta de los tubérculos. Las costillas aparecen en las plantas adultas, entre 11 a 20. Espinas sedosas, 4 o 5. Flores cremosas, de 2 a 4 cm de diámetro. Fruto rojo, escamoso, alargado (7 mm). Semilla típica, amarronada, forma de pera, 0,5 mm de largo y 0,3 mm de diámetro.
Se multiplica mediante semillas. Necesita una temperatura media mínima de 12 °C; pleno sol; riego normal en verano, seco en invierno. Contiene alcaloides.
Strombocactus disciformis fue descrita por (DC.) Britton & Rose y publicado en The Cactaceae; descriptions and illustrations of plants of the cactus family 3: 106–107, f. 115, 116. 1922.​
Strombocactus: nombre genérico que deriva de las palabras griegas: strombos = "giroscopio", que se refiere a la forma de las plantas a medida que crecen con una tapa redondeada amplia y estrechándose hacia la base en forma de concha.​
disciformis: epíteto latíno
La especie tiene varias formas y subespecies:
Ariocarpus disciformis (DC.) MarshallAriocarpus disciformis ssp. jarmilae (Halda) HaldaCactus disciformis KuntzeEchinocactus disciformis (DC.) K.Schum.Echinocactus turbiniformis Pfeiff.Mammillaria disciformis DC.Pediocactus jarmilae (Halda) Halda Strombocactus disciformis ssp. jarmilae (Halda) HaldaStrombocactus jarmilae Halda
Ferocactus histrix

Ferocactus histrix es una especie de la familia de las cactáceas. Es originaria de México, en los estados de Aguascalientes, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Michoacán, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí y Zacatecas.
Se trata de una planta globular, de porte medio y puede alcanzar los 60 - 70 cm de altura (hasta más de 150cm) y hasta 30 cm de diámetro (hasta más de 100cm). Puede llegar a presentar hasta 25 costillas en estado adulto, con espinas radiales de hasta 4 cm de longitud.
Florece en verano, con flores pequeñas y de color amarillo. Sus frutos son comestibles de sabor ácido tipo cítrico.
Se multiplica por semillas que se encuentran en sus frutos. Estos aparecen cuando son adultos. Sus semillas se caracterizan por tener un color rojizo.
Ferocactus histrix fue descrita por (DC.) G.E.Linds. y publicado en Cactus and Succulent Journal 27: 171, en el año 1955.​
Ferocactus: nombre genérico que deriva del adjetivo latíno "ferus" = "salvaje" , "indómito" y "cactus", para referirse a las fuertes espinas de algunas especies.
El epíteto específico histrix significa (en griego), erizo o puerco espín.
Camino de Guanajuato

Camino de Guanajuato, en algunas ocasiones citada o mencionada como Caminos de Guanajuato,​​​​ es una canción ranchera, obra del compositor mexicano José Alfredo Jiménez​ y dedicada al estado de Guanajuato, del cual el compositor era originario. Fue la cuarta canción más exitosa en México en 1954, y es una de las piezas musicales más características del repertorio de su autor​​ y parte muy reconocible del folclor mexicano.​​​​
Esta canción fue compuesta para celebrar u homenajear al estado mexicano de Guanajuato,​ sin embargo, al parecer, tiene su origen en la petición de realizar una canción en honor a Guanajuato, hecha por su hermano Ignacio, quien poco tiempo después de formularla, falleció, víctima de un accidente de trabajo en la ciudad de Salamanca en 1953.​​ La canción fue compuesta y grabada ese mismo año y una partitura musical fue registrada por su autor en 1954.​
La letra celebra al estado mexicano de Guanajuato, sin embargo, probablemente por el motivo de su origen ya comentado, tiene un tono de tristeza el cual queda evidenciado en algunas de sus estrofas:
…
Una de las primeras interpretaciones que popularizó el tema, fue la versión grabada por Pedro Infante en 1953.​ aunque probablemente la versión más emblemática de la canción sea la del propio José Alfredo Jiménez acompañado por el Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán. Se pueden mencionar también las versiones de Antonio Aguilar, la de él mismo a dúo con Luis Aguilar,​ Francisco “El Charro” Avitia, Lola Beltrán, Los Alegres de Terán y Vicente Fernández en el contexto mexicano, y en el contexto internacional existe una versión en serbocroata, intitulada "Bez Tebe"​ del cantante Slavko Perovic, quien además adaptó la letra a ese idioma.​
En la letra de «Camino de Guanajuato», se mencionan algunos lugares o sitios relevantes de Guanajuato:
En 1955 se entrena la película «Camino de Guanajuato», del director Rafael Baledón, protagonizada por Lola Beltrán, José Alfredo Jiménez, Demetrio González y María Gentil Arcos.​
El verso: «La vida no vale nada» de la primera estrofa de esta canción, constituye el epitafio de la tumba de José Alfredo Jiménez.​
Opuntia guilanchi

Opuntia guilanchi es una planta perteneciente a la familia de los cactos (Cactaceae).
Planta arbustiva, con ramificación abierta, de 1.5-2 m de alto, aisladas, a veces forman matorrales. Tronco bien definido, de 15-50 cm de diámetro con aréolas de 5 mm de diámetro, corteza escamosa, escamas longitudinales formando cordones paralelos entre sí. Cladodios obovados, de 14-16 x 20-24 cm, verde claros con manchas púrpuras bajo las aréolas. Epidermis pubescente, estomas paracíticos, rectangulares y oblongos. Aréolas con fieltro en 7-10 (-12) series, subcirculares, obovadas a piriformes, de 2- 3 mm de diámetro, algo elevadas, distantes 12-15 mm entre sí, con fieltro moreno amarillento pasando a negro. Glóquidas amarillo claras, hasta 2 mm de largo. Espinas 2-3 o 4-5 en cladodios viejos, aciculares, divergentes o reflejas, ligeramente aplanadas, a menudo torcidas, de 5 a 20 mm de longitud, con la edad hasta 3.5 cm de largo, blancas, moteadas a grisáceas, nunca anuladas, quebradizas. Flores de 7 x 8 cm en la antesis, al principio verdosas anaranjadas después rosadas; pericarpelo tuberculado. Fruto xoconostle, subgloboso, de 4 cm de diámetro, pubescente, aromático, de color variable, generalmente amarillo, pero con frecuencia con la base color rojo anaranjado; aréolas subcirculares, distantes 6 mm entre sí, con notorias glóquidas amarillas, paredes del fruto anchas, ácidas, comestibles. Semillas irregulares, anguladas, con arilo angosto, como de 4 mm de diámetro, con funículos secos.​
Arbustivas, 1.5-2 m de alto. Tronco 15-50 cm, corteza escamosa, escamas longitudinales formando cordones paralelos entre sí. Cladodios obovados, verde claros. Epidermis pubescente. Aréolas 7-10 (-12) series, subcirculares, obovadas a piriformes, algo elevadas, con fieltro moreno amarillento pasando a negro. Glóquidas amarillo claras. Espinas 2-3 o 4-5 en cladodios viejos, aciculares, divergentes o reflejos, ligeramente aplanados, a menudo torcidos, blancos, moteadas a grisáceas, nunca anuladas, quebradizas. Flores verdosas anaranjadas a rosadas; pericarpelo tuberculado. Fruto xoconostle, subgloboso, pubescente, generalmente amarillo con la base color rojo anaranjado.​
Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Aguascalientes, Jalisco, Guanajuato, Querétaro, Estado de México e Hidalgo.​
Macroclima, BWw Clima desértico Clima árido con precipitaciones inferiores a 400 mm y BSx Clima árido continental Pacífico BW clima muy seco, desértico. Altitud, menor de 1500 m s. n. m. Tipo de vegetación, matorral xerófilo y pastizal.​
Especie no considerada bajo ninguna categoría de protección de la NOM- 059- ECOL-SEMARNAT- 2010.​
Carnaval cultural de Valparaíso

El Carnaval cultural de Valparaíso es una iniciativa del Estado chileno para apoyar el desarrollo de la ciudad de Valparaíso, declarada Patrimonio de la Humanidad. Es el centro de las actividades culturales de relieve nacional y latinoamericano.​
La organización de este evento corresponde al Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y Las Artes y a la Municipalidad de Valparaíso. Su implementación y ejecución está a cargo de un Comité Ejecutivo conformado por el Director del Consejo Regional de la Cultura y Las Artes, Luciano San Martín.​
Este carnaval, se realizó desde el año 2001 hasta el año 2010.​
La ciudad invitada fue Barranquilla, Colombia.
La ciudad invitada fue Bahía Blanca, Brasil.
La ciudad invitada fue Guanajuato, México.
La ciudad invitada fue Barcelona, España.
Bull Mountain (Garfield County, Utah)

Bull Mountain is a 9,187-foot (2,800 m) elevation summit located in northern Garfield County of Utah, United States. Bull Mountain is part of the Henry Mountains which are set between Capitol Reef National Park to the west, and Glen Canyon National Recreation Area to the east. Mount Ellen is immediately southwest of Bull Mountain, and Burr Desert spreads out to the northeast. It is situated in a dry, rugged, and sparsely settled region, set on primitive land administered by the Bureau of Land Management. Precipitation runoff from this mountain drains into tributaries of the Colorado River. The nearest town is Hanksville, 17 miles to the north, and Robbers Roost is 20 miles to the northeast.
Spring and fall are the most favorable seasons to visit Bull Mountain. According to the Köppen climate classification system, it is located in a Cold semi-arid climate zone, which is defined by the coldest month having an average mean temperature below 32 °F (0 °C), and at least 50% of the total annual precipitation being received during the spring and summer. This desert climate receives less than 10 inches (250 millimeters) of annual rainfall, and snowfall is generally light during the winter.
Mountain river

A mountain river is a river that runs usually in mountains, in narrow, deep valley with steep banks, rocky stream bed, and accumulated rock debris.
Mountain rivers are characterized by high slope and flow velocity, insignificant depth, frequent rapids and waterfalls, as well as dominated washed out processes. The gradient of a mountain river is calculated at 60–80 m/km in upper stream and 5–10 m/km in lower. More precisely it is greater than or equal to 0.002 m/m along most of its stream length. Speed of stream is measured at 1 to 4.5 m/s and higher.
Mountain rivers have significant hydro energy producing potential and in arid conditions often used for irrigation.
They play an essential role in shaping the surrounding landscape through erosion and deposition, creating deep valleys, gorges, and waterfalls.
Features of a Mountain River:
1. Steep Gradient: The river descends rapidly from higher altitudes, often forming rapids and cascades.
2. Cold and Clear Water: The water is usually fresh, cool, and rich in oxygen, supporting diverse aquatic life.
3. Rocky Channels: These rivers often flow through rugged terrain with boulders and gravel in their beds.
4. Erosion Power: Due to their speed and volume, they erode rocks and transport sediments downstream.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/rivers/
[Available on AGU's website or academic repositories]
https://link.springer.com
Black Mountains (Nevada)

The Black Mountains, a mid-Miocene formation, in Nevada are a series of rugged, arid rocky volcanic mountains ranging in elevations to 3310 ft. The range lies on the north shore of Lake Mead, at the southwest corner of the Overton Arm, about 25 mi south of Overton, Nevada.
The Black Mountains are mostly within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, with a small valley bordering north, the Bitter Spring Valley at the southeast of the arid Muddy Mountains
Deep canyons and washes that flow southeast into the Overton Arm of Lake Mead cut into the mountain range. The range contains deposits of soft manganese oxides/hydroxides.
The Armijo Route of the Old Spanish National Historic Trail ran down the Virgin Valley-Overton Arm section of the valleys now occupied by Lake Mead. The trail descended the Colorado from the mouth of the Virgin River, avoided Boulder Canyon, at the southwest of the Black Mountains, where the range is separated from the Black Mountains in Arizona. The trail heading west to Las Vegas Wash, entered the mountains, went southwest of Pyramid Peak to Pinto Valley, and then skirted Hamblin Mountain to the south, with Pinto and Razorback Ridges north; past Cottonwood Spring. North of those ridges lies the small, but broad, arid drainage valley, Bitter Springs Valley, which is southeast of, and adjacent the Muddy Mountains. The trail passes the southern third of the mountain range on the west, making the circuit around Hamblin Mountain and descending Callville Wash. The southwestern end of the Black Mountain range, is now at Callville Bay. At the time of the Old Spanish Trail the trail led to the bottom land valley along the Colorado River below the mouth of Boulder Canyon, that headed towards Las Vegas Wash.
The northwest, and north of the mountains can be accessed by the paved route, North Shore Road, from Nevada State Route 564, Henderson, Nevada, about 30-mi to the south-southwest.
Alcatraz Island in popular culture

Alcatraz Island has appeared many times in popular culture. Its appeal in film derives from its picturesque setting, natural beauty, isolation, and its history as a U.S. penitentiary (now a museum) – from which, officially, no prisoner ever successfully escaped.
Most appearances of Alcatraz island in popular culture are related to its former status as a federal prison. Both real life and fictional accounts of imprisonment on the island have been popular.
One of the best-known of Alcatraz's historic inmates was Robert Franklin Stroud, known as "The Birdman of Alcatraz". His biography was written by Thomas E. Gaddis and then adapted into a film in 1962, with Burt Lancaster playing the lead role.
The 1995 film Murder in the First depicts a man who spends three years in solitary confinement at the prison. One of the prisoners, Kyle Oberholzer, was charged with rape, murder and fornicating.
Many films and television series have exploited Alcatraz Island's reputation as a prison from which it was almost impossible to escape. For example:
Alcatraz's isolated and fortified image has meant that it has been used as a location for fictional hostage scenarios in various instances.
Alcatraz has also been portrayed often as a safe haven or base of operations in post-apocalyptic fiction, such as the film The Book of Eli (2010).
A number of books were written or co-authored by former Alcatraz prisoners, e.g.:
Deserts and xeric shrublands

Deserts and xeric shrublands are a biome defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric (Ancient Greek ξηρός xērós 'dry') shrublands form the largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area. Ecoregions in this habitat type vary greatly in the amount of annual rainfall they receive, usually less than 250 millimetres (10 in) annually except in the margins. Generally evaporation exceeds rainfall in these ecoregions. Temperature variability is also diverse in these lands. Many deserts, such as the Sahara, are hot year-round, but others, such as East Asia's Gobi Desert, become quite cold during the winter.
Temperature extremes are a characteristic of most deserts. High daytime temperatures give way to cold nights because there is no insulation provided by humidity and cloud cover. The diversity of climatic conditions, though quite harsh, supports a rich array of habitats. Many of these habitats are ephemeral in nature, reflecting the paucity and seasonality of available water. Woody-stemmed shrubs and plants characterize vegetation in these regions. Above all, these plants have evolved to minimize water loss. Animal biodiversity is equally well adapted and quite diverse.
The conversion of productive drylands to desert conditions, known as desertification, can occur from a variety of causes. One is human intervention, including intensive agricultural tillage or overgrazing in areas that cannot support such exploitation. Climatic shifts such as global warming or the Milankovitch cycle (which drives glacials and interglacials) also affect the pattern of deserts on Earth.
Xeric shrublands can experience woody plant encroachment, which is the thickening of bushes and shrubs at the expense of grasses. This process is often caused by unsustainable land management practices, such as overgrazing and fire suppression, but can also be a consequence of climate change. As a result, the shrublands' core ecosystem services are affected, including its biodiversity, productivity, and groundwater recharge. Woody plant encroachment can be an expression of land degradation.
The World Wide Fund for Nature highlights a number of desert ecoregions that have a high degree of biodiversity and endemism:
Luna Maya

Luna Maya, anu ngaran aslina Luna Maya Sugeng, lahir di Dénpasar, 26 Agustus 1983. Luna Maya dipikawanoh minangka saurang artis berbakat kalayan sagudang talenta,ti mimiti jadi pamaén akting, modél, presenter, sarta penyanyi.
Kahirupan pribadina henteu loba dipikanyaho umum kajaba hubungan kontroversialna jeung salah sahiji idola Indonesia, Ariel Peterpan, anu anggeus di tengah jalan sabot Ariel kawin jeung Sarah Amalia, anu nungtut tanggung jawab Ariel alatan geus hamil.
Mimiti bulan Désémber 2008, Luna Maya ngajalin hubungan deui jeung Ariel Peterpan, anu statusna duda réngsé cerai ti Sarah Amalia dina 27 Méi 2008.
Luna Maya ngamimitian karirna di dunya modél catwalk, tuluy asup ka dunya seni peran, rék film atawa sinetron. Di filmna 30 Hari Mencari Cinta ngaranna beuki dipikawanoh. Sumawona sanggeus manéhna jadi béntang sabun lux taun 2006, ngaranna beuki terkenal. Selang sataun saterusna luna maya balik jadi pemeran di film brownies di dinya manéhna beuki lila beuki dipikawanoh. Henteu ngan di dunya film sarta sinetron, tapi manéhna ogé bisa jadi presenter di acara musik, anu saterusna luna ngacakan dunya tarik sora.
Nyacah Gancang

Nyacah Gancang (Basa Inggris: quick count) nyaéta hiji métode pikeun ngira-ngira hasil pamilihan umum (pamilu). Carana mah ukur ngitung hasil ahir sora di TPS (Tempat Pemungutan Suara) nu dijadikeun conto (sampel). Sangkan bisa ngawakilan sakabéh TPS nu aya, TPS conto dipilih maké métode cuplik acak statistik.
Ngitungna bisa gancang sabab teu jiga cara ngitung lembaga pamilihan resmi nagara (KPU/KPUD/KIP) nu bertingkat, Nyacah Gancang mah, salian teu sakabéh TPS diitung, langsung ngitung saréngsé TPS ngitung sora.
Ku kamajuan téhnologi, kiwari mun maké Nyacah Gancang hasil pamilihan bisa kanyahoan sababara jam sanggeus TPS tutup.
Salah sahiji kagunaan nyacah gancang téh bisa dijadikeun kontrol gawé lembaga pamilihan resmi. Ceuk sajarahna gé, nyacah gancang lahir sabab ayana kateupercayaan rahayat ka nagara.
Dina pamilihan présidén Filipina taun 1986, Presidén petahana Ferdinand Marcos ngaklaim geus meunang. Aya hiji lembaga swadaya masarakat ngaranna Namfrel (National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections) nu bisa ngunjukkeun hasil itungan nu beda. Nyacah gancang Namfrel, nu disebut PVT (Basa Inggris: Parallel Vote Tabulation), mah mangmeunangkeun lawan Marcos, Corazon Aquino. Rahayat Filipina leuwih percaya kana hasil itungan Namfrel.
Di Indonésia, nyacah gancang geus galib dilakukan loba pamilihan. Boh ditingkat nasional (pamilihan anggota législatip jeung presidén), ogé di tingkat daérah (pamilihan gubernur, bupati atawa wali kota).
Lembaga surpéy nu munggaran ngalakukeun nyacah gancang di Indonésia nyaéta LP3ES (Lembaga Penelitian Pendidikan Penerapan Ekonomi dan Sosial) nu dumasar kana pangakuan salah saurang mantan ketuana, Roestam Éfféndi geus ngalakukeun di taun 1997.
Ieu daftar lembaga surpéy nu kungsi ngalakukeun di Indonésia:
Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia

Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat Républik Indonésia atawa sakapeung disebut Déwan Pangwakil Rahayat (Basa Indonésia: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, disingget DPR-RI atawa DPR) nyaéta lembaga luhur nagara anu kasusun dina sistem tata nagara Indonésia minangka lembaga wawakil rahayat. DPR kasusun ku anggota partéy pulitik anu dipilih langsung tina pemilihan umum.
Dumasar kana fungsina, lembaga anu aya patalina jeung DPR nyaéta DPRD. Anu wilayah gawéna di tingkat provinsi disebut DPRD Propinsi sedengkeun di tingkat kabupatén/kota disebut DPRD Kabupatén/Kota. Ditilik dina UU Pemilu No 10 taun 2008 ditetepkeun yén:
Kaanggotaan DPR diresmikeun ku kaputusan présiden. Sarta dipiharep anggota DPR kudu domisili di puseur dayeuh nagara. Mangsa jabatan DPR nyaéta lima taun sarta dipungkas nalika anggota DPR anu anyar ngucapkeun sumpah/jangji. Saméméh diistrénan, anggota DPR ngucapkeun sumpah/jangji babarengan anu dipingpin ku Ketua Mahkamah Agung dina sidang Paripurna DPR.
Aya tilu fungsi DPR nyaéta: législasi, anggaran jeung pangawasan.
Fungsi législasi nyaéta DPR boga fungsi minangka lembaga anu nyieun undang-undang babarengan jeung présiden.
Fungsi anggaran nyaéta DPR boga fungsi minangka lembaga anu boga hak pikeun netepkeun Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara atawa APBN.
Fungsi pangawasan nyaéta DPR boga fungsi minangka lembaga anu ngawas jalanna undang-undang di pamaréntahan.
Iwal ti fungsi, DPR ogé boga hak nyaéta: Hak interpelasi, angkét, jeung menyatakan pendapat.
Hak interpelasi nyaéta hak DPR pikeun ménta katerangan ka pamaréntah ngeunaan kawijakan pamaréntah anu penting jeung penting sarta boga dampak mangpaat pikeun kahirupan masarakat.
Hak angkét nyaéta hak DPR pikeun nalungtik hiji kawijakan pamaréntah anu disawang bakal pagedrug jeung aturan undang-undang.
Hak imunitas nyaéta hak DPR anu disebut kekebalan hukum. Unggal anggota DPR teu bisa ditungtut di hareupeun jeung di luar pengadilan lantaran pernyataan, pertanyaan/sawangan anu diébréhkeun ngaliwatan lisan atawa tulisan dina rapat-rapat DPR, salila teu patukang tonggong jeung aturan tata tertib jeung kode étik.
Hak ngedalkeun pendapat nyaéta hak DPR pikeun ngébréhkeun sawangan kana kawijakan pamaréntah ngeunaan kawijakan luar biasa anu aya di jero nagara sarta ku rékomendasi solusi atawa minangka tindak lanjut jalana hak interpelasi jeung hak angkét. Pikeun ngagampangkeun tugas anggota DPR, dijieun komisi-komisi anu kerjasama jeung pamaréntah minangka mitra gawé.
Di kantor DPR-RI aya 11 komisi, anu unggal komisi mibanda urusan séwang-séwangan. Saperti:
Ahmad Héryawan

Ahmad Héryawan (éjahan asli: Ahmad Heryawan, gumelar di Sukabumi, 19 Juni 1966; umur 58 taun) nyaéta saurang pulitikus Indonésia sarta gubernur propinsi Jawa Kulon nu ayeuna keur ngajabat. Taun 2008, Ahmad Héryawan kapilih jadi Gubernur Jawa Kulon pikeun période 2008-2013 babarengan jeung wawakilna Dédé Yusuf.
Ahmad Héryawan babar di Sukabumi 19 Juni 1966. Atikan ti tingkat SD nepi ka SMA dianggeuskeun di Sukabumi, sedengkeun tingkat sarjana di Fakultas Saréat LIPIA Jakarta taun1992.Ahmad heryawan lahir di sukanumi,Jawa Kulon tanggal19 juni taun 1966.
Anjeunna jadi anggota DPRD DKI Jakarta 1999, ayeuna manéhna ogé aktip ngabina di sawatara yayasan sosial, pemberdayaan balaréa sarta lingkungan. Sajaba minangka pulitikus sarta mubalég, Ahmad Héryawan kungsi ngajar di sawatara paguron luhur. Ahmad Héryawan nyekel kalungguhan minangka Pupuhu Umum PB Persatuan Umat Islam (PUI) saprak taun2004-ayeuna, saterusna anjeunna nyekel kalungguhan Wawakil Pupuhu DPRD Propinsi DKI Jakarta période 2004-2009.
Taun 2008, Ahmad Héryawan kapilih jadi Gubernur Jawa Kulon pikeun période 2008-2013 minangka calon ti Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) babarengan jeung wawakilna Dédé Yusuf, urut aktor sarta anggota DPR ti PAN.
Milangkala ngahadép ka acara pemilihan kepala daerah (gubernur) kanggo propinsi Jawa Kulon nu bade dilangsungkeun taun 2008, Partey Kéadilan Sejahtera ngusahakeun tiasa koalisi sareng sabaraha hiji partey nu aya di DPRD Jawa Kulon, nu tujuanna supaya tiasa nyandak salah sahiji kader ti parteyna janten Wakil Gubernur di pilkada taun 2008.
ku lantaran partey-partey nu rencana diajak koalisi ku PKS, ngusung calon masing masing, nyaéta Partey Golkar nu koalisi jeung Partey Demokrat ngusung pasangan gubernur incumbent Danny Setiawan jeung Iwan Ridwan Sulandjana, teras PDIP nu koalisi jeung PPP ngusung pasangan Agum Gumelar jeung wakil gubernur incumbent Nu'man Abdul Hakim, maka PKS pun akhirnya ngawanikeun manéh ngusung calonna sorangan janten gubernur, calonna nyaéta Ahmad Heryawan nu keur ngajabat janten Wakil Ketua DPRD DKI Jakarta, di mana kanggo posisi wakil gubernur, PKS ngajak PAN koalisi terus nempatkeun artis Dede Yusuf atawa Yusuf Macan Effendie janten calon wakil gubernur.
Hasil itungan pilkada gubernur Jawa Kulon ieu, méré kejutan yén pasangan Ahmad-Dede nu tadina underdog tiba tiba mimpin perolehan pilkada ku 40% leuwih sora ngéléhkeun pasangan Agum-Nu'man di posisi kadua jeung Danny-Iwan di posisi terakhir.
Hasil ieu nganteurkeun Ahmad Héryawan janten gubernur Jawa Kulon nu katilubelas ngagentos pa Danny Setiawan.
Cikarang (kota)

Cikarang (Aksara Sunda: ᮎᮤᮊᮛᮀ) nyaéta kota industri jeung ongkoh ibu kotana Kabupatén Bekasi. Kota Cikarang kabagi lima kacamatan nyaéta Cikarang Kalér, Cikarang Wétan, Cikarang Kidul, Cikarang Kulon, jeung Cikarang Pusat. Kota Cikarang ngawatesan kacamatan Kedungwaringin jeung Kabupatén Karawang di palebah wétanana, ngawatesan kacamatan Sérang Baru jeung Bojongmangu di palebah kiduleunana,ogé ngawatesan kacamatan Cibitung jeung Sétu di palebah kulonana, ongkoh ngawatesan kacamatan Sukatani jeung Karangbahagia di palebah kalérna.
Suku anu cicing di wilayah kota Cikarang téh nyaéta suku Betawi jeung suku Sunda. Suku Betawi cicing di palebah kalér jeung kulon kota Cikarang, atanapi Suku Sunda cicing di palebah kidul jeung wétanana.
1. Ariefana, Pebriansyah (2021-09-21). "Sejarah Cikarang, Kini Jadi Kota Industri Terbesar se-Asia Tenggara". Suara.com: https://bekaci.suara.com/read/2021/09/27/161025/sejarah-cikarang-kini-jadi-kota-industri-terbesar-se-asia-tenggara Diakses tanggal 2025-01-22.
Boxer TV Access

Boxer TV Access nyaéta pay-TV-provider televisi digital terrestrial (digital terrestrial television (DTT)). Ngamodél kana ITV Digital Britania, Boxer TV Access ngadeg dina Oktober 1999. Sababaraha saluran dina DTT Swedia free-to-air, tapi lolobana salurannana nyaratkeun langganan ti Boxer. Ahir September 2007, Boxer nyarita yén manéhna boga 693 000 pelanggan.
Kiwari aya 23 saluran leuwih, gumantung kana lokasina. 98 persen populasi bisa narima saluran nu dienkripsi ti Boxer, kajaba keur MUX5 nu leuwih heureut. MUX1 leuwih lega (99,8 persen nalika switch-off) tapi henteu ngandung sababaraha saluran Boxer.
Boxer TV Access dipiboga ku Teracom nu dipibog ajeung dikadalikeun ku nagara, katut 3i.
Kajaba lamun dicatet, kartu dekoding kudu dipaké. Dumasar kana Desember 2006.
Boxer has been criticized as the services provided begun highly unpopular with only 500 users of digital television transceiver the first yéar in operation. The services that are offered was alréady available through other méans and because of this any normal private company would have gone bankrupt.
The state funneled huge amount of capital for advertisement which réached the cost equal of one Cataract surgery for one advertisement shown. While on Boxer's homepage they stated that money was to be spent moderately and responsible the commercial was broadcasted in every opportunity on all commercially funded channels however the sales of the digital television transceiver did not pick up speed. Not until 2003 when it was decided shutdown all analog television broadcasts before 2008, Boxer started to sell digital transceivers.
Critical voices has been raised within Sweden that the Swedish state drove the reformation from analog to digital broadcasting to ensure a state-control of what can be broadcasted. Because of the limited bandwidth only a select few channels is permitted to broadcast. These channels are hand picked by the state possibly limiting controversial channels.
Boxer has a monopoly for encrypted of television signals in the digital terrestrial network. If a broadcaster gets to distribute television it must either broadcast free-to-air or use the encryption services of Boxer. This is a contravention to Européan Union rules which require that there is an open market for radio and television broadcasting. On October 17, 2006 the European Commission announced that it was taking Sweden to the European Court of Justice for failure to abolish the monopoly. Neelie Kroes, Commissioner for Competition, said: "I regret that I have had to refer Sweden to the Court, but Swedish viewers should no longer be denied their right, guaranteed by (EU) law, to choose digital terrestrial TV suppliers".
Pamilihan umum Présiden Indonésia 2009

Pamilihan Présidén jeung Wakil-Présidén Republik Indonésia Taun 2009 (ilahar disingget jadi Pemilu Présidén 2009) dilaksanakeun pikeun milih Présidén jeung Wakil-Présidén Indonésia jaman 2009 - , 2014 . Pamungutan sora dilaksanakeun dina tanggal 8 Juli 2009 . Pasangan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono - Boediono junun jadi pinunjul dina hiji babak langsung kalayan sora 60,80%, ngéléhkeun pasangan Megawati Soekarnoputri - Prabowo Subianto sareng Muhammad Jusuf Kalla - Wiranto .
Pasangan calon anu kapilih nyaéta pasangan calon anu ngahontal langkung ti 50% tina undian kalayan sahenteuna 20% undian dina tiap propinsi anu sumebar langkung ti 50% propinsi indonésia . Dina acara éta henteu aya pasangan calon anu sora minuhan sarat ieu, 2 pasang calon anu ngahontal sora anu kahiji sareng kadua dipilih deui dina pamilihan umum (babak kadua). Dina hal jumlah jumlah pangluhurna anu diala ku 2 pasang calon, dua pasang calon henteu deui dipilih ku rahayat dina pemilihan umum. Dina hal anu jumlah sora pangluhurna anu diala ku 3 atanapi leuwih pasangan calon, tekad jajaran kahiji sareng kadua jajaran dumasar kana sebaran lega sora anu ditarima dina tahap. Dina kasus yén sora kadua pangbadagna kalayan jumlah anu sarua ditampa ku leuwih ti 1 pasangan calon, tekad kasebut dijieun dumasar kana sebaran anu langkung lega di wewengkon akuisisi sora.
Démokrasi

Démokrasi asalna tina Basa Yunani démokratia. Demos artina rahayat, sedengkeun kratia artina pamaréntahan. Nagara nu paham démokrasi, ngahormat kana hak pulitik warga negarana. Maranéhna bébas pikeun ngébréhkeun pamadeganana. Prakték démokrasi geus dijalankeun ku penduduk Athena, Yunani Kuna, kira-kira 2.500 taun ka tukang. Dina waktu éta, sakumna rahayat ngariung pikeun netepkeun undang-undang pikeun warga dayeuh maranéhanana. Tapi, alatan kamekaran jumlah penduduk anu kitu gancang nambahan, palaksanaan démokrasi ayeuna nyaéta ngaliwatan wawakil. Rahayat milih wawakilna pikeun nyieun kaputusan luhur ngaran maranéhanana. Dina nagara démokratis, kabéh warga mibanda hak partisipasi dina pamaréntahan. Di Indonésia contona, warga anu geus umurna 17 taun atawa kungsi nikah bisa milu dina pemilihan umum (pemilu) pikeun milih présidén sarta wawakil présidénna, anggota DPR minangka wawakilna di pamaréntah puseur, sarta anggota DPRD di pamaréntahan wewengkon.
Aya dua wangun palaksanaan démokrasi, nyaéta démokrasi langsung sarta démokrasi wawakil. Nurutkeun Jéan Jacques Rousséau (1712-1778), filsuf Perancis, démokrasi langsung bisa dijalankeun lamun minuhan hal katut (1) jumlah wargana leutik, (2) pemilikan sarta kamakmuran kabagi rata, (3) masarakat sarta kabudayaanna boga sipat homogen. Prakték démokrasi langsung kungsi dijalalnkeun dina mangsa pamaréntahan Kleistenes di Athena, Yunani Kuna (508 SM). Sedengkeun démokrasi wawakil nyaéta hiji kaputusan dicokot ti sora panglobana. Demokasi wawakil mimitina ngembang dina abad ka-18 sarta abad ka-19 di Inggris sarta Amérika Sarikat. lolobana nagara di dunya ieu ngalaksanakeun sistem pamaréntahan dina wangun démokrasi wawakil. Pamingpin nagara sarta wawakil rahayat dipilih ku rahayat ngaliwatan pemilu. Nagara anu ngajalankeun sistem démokrasi sarupaning ieu biasana disebut nagara républik.
LilyPichu

Lily Ki (nacida el 20 de noviembre de 1991), más conocida como LilyPichu, es una personalidad de Internet, cantautor, música, actriz de doblaje y animadora estadounidense. Es miembro de OfflineTV, un grupo de creadores de contenido. Ki fue una de las streamers de Twitch más vistas durante su tiempo en la plataforma,​ y ganó un Streamer Award.​ En julio de 2022, Ki anunció que había firmado un acuerdo de exclusividad con YouTube y que cesaría su actividad en Twitch. Ha participado en los doblajes de varios personajes de anime y videojuegos.
Ki nació el 20 de noviembre de 1991. Es de ascendencia coreana y tiene un hermano llamado Daniel. Comenzó a aprender piano a la edad de cinco años después de que sus padres descubrieran su interés por la música.​
Ki crea contenido relacionado con videojuegos, arte y música.​ En el 2011 su canción parodia "I'll Quit LoL" se volvió viral en YouTube.​ En 2015, hizo su debut musical con el lanzamiento de su álbum Lilies. En julio de 2017, un video de Ki tocando la melódica para cosplayers desprevenidos en Indy PopCon también se volvió viral y se convirtió en su video de YouTube más visto hasta la fecha.​ Ese mismo mes, se unió a OfflineTV, un grupo de creadores de contenido.​ En septiembre de 2018, Riot Games lanzó una serie de anuncios en YouTube para League of Legends en los que participaron Ki y otros creadores.​
Ki fue la quinta streamer de Twitch mujer más vista en 2020.​​ En 2020, fue nominada al premio Shorty a Streamer de Twitch del Año.​ Ese mismo año, apareció en un anuncio de 5 Gum.​ En 2021, Ki protagonizó el video musical de la canción "Inferno" de Bella Poarch y Sub Urban, donde apareció junto a otros creadores.​ En la primera edición de los Streamer Awards en 2022, Ki fue nominada a Mejor Streamer de League of Legends y Mejor Streamer de música, ganando en esta última categoría.​
En julio de 2022, se anunció que Ki había firmado un contrato de exclusividad con YouTube y ya no transmitiría en Twitch.​
Never Gone Tour

Never Gone Tour fue una gira de conciertos realizada por la boyband estadounidense Backstreet Boys durante el año 2005. La misma incluía todas las canciones de su quinto álbum, Never Gone, y todas sus canciones del Hits del 2001 Chapter One, Esta fue la última gira con Kevin Richardson, quien dejó la banda en junio del 2006 para dedicarse a otros intereses.
Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2

Rock Against Bush, Vol. 2 es el segundo álbum recopilatorio del proyecto Rock Against Bush. Fue lanzado por el sello discográfico Fat Wreck Chords en agosto de 2004.​
Al igual que el anterior volumen, el álbum está compuesto por una colección de canciones, previamente lanzadas e inéditas, pertenecientes a varios artistas de punk rock. El recopilatorio también incluye un DVD con material político sobre las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2004.
*canciones inéditas/raras
Las canciones previamente lanzadas aparecen a continuación con sus álbumes originales:
La catedral de Salisbury vista a través de los campos

La catedral de Salisbury vista a través de los campos (en inglés, Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows) es un cuadro del pintor romántico británico John Constable. Está datado en 1831 (otras fuentes señalan 1829).​​ Se trata de un óleo que mide 153,7 cm de alto por 192,0 cm de ancho (180 por 218,7 con el marco incorporado).​ Pertenece a una colección particular y está en depósito en la National Gallery de Londres, Reino Unido.
Fue pintado con posterioridad al fallecimiento de la mujer del pintor, hecho ocurrido en 1829 y que le dejó muy afectado, lo que se refleja en esta obra, considerada su última obra mayor.
Más tarde añadió nueve versos de Las estaciones del poeta del siglo XVIII James Thomson que ponen de manifiesto el significado de la pintura: Que el arcoíris es un símbolo de esperanza después de una tormenta que sigue a la muerte de la joven Amelia en los brazos de su amante Celadon.
Esta pintura era una afirmación personal de sus turbulentas emociones y sus cambiantes estados de ánimo. También se le han atribuido posibles significados políticos, uno de ellos el choque entre la industrialización y la naturaleza, representado a través del choque de elementos.
Parte del simbolismo de esta obra incluye:
Aeroservicios Ecuatorianos Flight 767-103

Aeroservicios Ecuatorianos Flight 767-103 was a scheduled freight flight from Miami in the United States to Guayaquil, Ecuador with an intermediate stop in the Ecuadorian capital Quito. On 18 September 1984 the flight was being operated by a Douglas DC-8-55F jet (registered in Ecuador as HC-BKN). It failed to get airborne during the takeoff run at Quito Airport, hit an Instrument Landing System (ILS) antenna at the end of the runway and then struck several houses. All four crew and 49 people on the ground were killed.
The aircraft was a Douglas DC-8-55F four-engined jet cargo transport that had been built in United States in 1965. First delivered to Trans International Airlines on 18 May 1965 it was bought by Aeroservicios Ecuatorianos in August 1983.
An investigation concluded that the crew failed to notice that the horizontal stabiliser was set at 0.5 degrees nose up when it should have been 8 degrees nose up, this increased the time and distance needed by the aircraft to rotate and the conclusion was the aircraft did not have enough runway length to get airborne. A number of contributory factors were also involved:
The investigation made eight safety recommendations.
Newly-inaugurated President of Ecuador, León Febres Cordero, declared three days of national mourning.
A contributing factor to the accident was the airport's location in the middle of a densely populated area, with public concerns over its risks becoming acute after the AECA tragedy. A near-miss incident, which served as a premonition of another tragedy, came twelve years later on 1 May 1996, when an overloaded Fly Linhas Aéreas Boeing 727, which carried the Corinthians football team, overran runway 35 (start of runway 17) after a failed take-off in rainy conditions, hitting the ILS installation, going down a slope or embankment, hitting the perimeter wall and coming to rest in the Tufiño avenue. There were no casualties among the 79 passengers and 11 crew, but the plane was written off.
However, renewed criticism and concerns over the Mariscal Sucre Airport's location would reemerge two years later after the crash of Cubana de Aviación Flight 389, on 29 August 1998, which also occurred after a failed take-off, killing 91 people. The crash, which was an almost identical occurrence to that of AECA's, occurred at the end of the same runway from where the AECA DC-8 crashed 14 years earlier, killing up to ten people in the ground and destroying public and private property.
The CU389 tragedy led to a runway safety area being built at the airport in 1999-2000, which increased the runway excursion space for planes to stop in case of a rejected takeoff or a botched landing. However, a similar safety structure was not built in the opposite end of the runway. In the end, a new airport was finally opened in 2013, about 18 kilometres (11 mi; 9.7 nmi) east of Quito, outside its urban area.
Flag of Guayaquil

The flag of Guayaquil was established after the victory of the emancipatory troops in the independence of the city on October 9, 1820 as the insignia of the Free Province of Guayaquil that encompassed several provinces of the current Ecuadorian coast. It is maintained that it was José Joaquín de Olmedo who devised the sky blue and white pavilion, being himself the one who designed the current coat of arms of the city. The flag is divided into 5 horizontal stripes, 3 of them sky blue and the other 2 white. In addition in the central sky blue fringe there are 3 white stars.
In his "Historical Review", José de Villamil states that on October 9, 1820 "...by arrangement of the Junta (Government) was deployed the independent Guayaquil flag composed of five horizontal strips, three blue and two white and in the one from the center (blue) three stars...".
Within the history of the Ecuadorian flag, this flag is considered the 4th national flag, which flamed on the battlefield, as the insignia of the Yaguachi Battalion, during the victory of the independentist troops over the Spanish troops in the Battle of Pichincha. Within the republican history, it is the second one, if the red flag with a white X-cross is supposed to be valid, which was supposedly the one of August 10, 1809. In practice, it is the first flag that represented a truly free territory as that today is Ecuador.
There is still confusion about the representation of the 3 stars of the central strip. It is believed that the stars represent the 3 main provinces of the Royal Audience of Quito, these being: Quito, Cuenca and Guayaquil. Some historians say that they represent the 3 main cities of the Free Province of Guayaquil, which are: Portoviejo, Machala and the capital city Guayaquil.
Flag of Quito

The flag of the city and canton of Quito is defined by Article 1 of a municipal law known as Ordenanza Municipal N° 1634, passed in 1974, when Sixto Durán Ballén was mayor of Quito. The flag is divided into six equally wide vertical bands, of which the inner four are red and the outer two are blue. Article 1 also recommends that the flags be 2.40 meters by 1.60 meters, which makes it a proportion of 3 by 2. The colors are meant to represent the blood of Quiteños and the seas and skies, respectively, with the red set as Pantone 185 C and the blue as Pantone 281 C. In the center of the flag is the coat of arms of the city, or sometimes only the more simple castle, which symbolizes strength, nobility and loyalty to the city.
The "Patriots of 10 de Agosto" adopted as their flag a red banner with a white sail, to indicate their opposition to Spain, whose military flag was white with the red sail of Saint Andrés (known as the sail of Borgoña). The emblem was used by the quiteño patriots who resisted the Spanish counterattack in 1812. They were captured by the royalist troops of Toribio Montes and Juan de Sámano in the Battle of Ibarra in December of that year. For a large portion of the 20th century, by an error in the transcription of the part of the Battle of Ibarra, it was thought that the quiteño pavilion had been totally red, hung in a "white" horn. Upon the celebrations of the bicentennial of August 10, 1809, this was corrected.
Basilica of La Merced, Quito

The Basilica of Nuestra Señora de la Merced, is a Catholic temple located in the Historic Center of the city of Quito, capital of Ecuador. It is the first church and headquarters of the Mercedarian Order in the country, and for this reason it bears the title of Basilica.
The white building has five domes, a square tower and is decorated with Inca and Arabic inscriptions. Construction began in 1701, the tower was completed in 1736, and the basilica was consecrated in 1737. The architect was José Jaime Ortiz. The main altarpiece was carved and built by Bernardo de Legarda between 1748 and 1751. The sacristy behind the chancel is a work from the early 19th century. In its sacristy as well as inside the Church, there are several works by the artist Víctor Mideros.
It maintains one of the most important historical libraries in the city, both for its content and for its state of conservation. The library of La Merced unfolds on two floors of the north wing of the Convent and has access through the lower floor, as well as the upper one. Bookcases line the walls of both floors and are linked inside by a beautiful carved wooden spiral staircase. According to the inventory and cataloging carried out during the Library Conservation Project from 1994 to 1997, 22,000 volumes and more than 40,000 bibliographic records were counted.
The Merced Library Conservation Project was financed by the Getty Conservation Institute and managed by the Caspicara Foundation of Quito. The Director of the Project was the renowned Document and Paper Restorer Marcos Rivadeneira Silva in the conservation area and Ángel Oleas in the Cataloging area.
In its vaults rest, among other illustrious characters, the following:
0°13′06″S 78°30′49″W﻿ / ﻿0.2182°S 78.5137°W﻿ / -0.2182; -78.5137
La Alameda Park, Quito

La Alameda Park is a park in Quito.
This park is shaped like a triangle bounded by the streets Gran Colombia, Sodiro and 10 de Agosto. It is the oldest park in the city, its composition dates from 1596 with an area of 6.3 hectares. The park is also known as 'Chuquihuada'.
The park houses the "Churo," one of the oldest towns in the area, dating back to colonial times. The name "churo" refers to the shape of a snail.
Inside of this park was established the Quito Astronomical Observatory in 1864, the first astronomical observatory in South America. At the time of the construction it was the most gifted of South America and still has the instrumentation of the time. The park is filled with monuments. Some of the more famous among these are the sculpture built in honor of the French Geodesic Mission and to Bolivar.
The Alameda Park is a true tradition of Quito, with its natural lagoon becomes a place of relaxation for the inhabitants of the city. The park keeps inside trees that have stood the time, we can find palm trees, acacias, redwoods, toct, cedar and ash. The oldest tree of Alameda is a 120 years old macrocarpa cypress.
In 1963, The Government of Ecuador transferred title of the Observatory to the National Polytechnic School.
One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. and located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the EPN.
The Quito Astronomical Observatory (Spanish: Observatorio Astronómico de Quito – OAQ) is a research institute of EPN, the National Polytechnic School in Quito, Ecuador. Its major research fields are astronomy and atmospheric physics.[1]
La Alameda metro station is located at the southern edge of the park.
One of the Oldest Observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. Perfect for tourists and a short drive to all the hotels, The Quito Astronomical Observatory has been perfectly restored and is open for tourists.
The activities and services currently provided by the OAQ are:
The Quito Astronomical Observatory (Spanish: Observatorio Astronómico de Quito – OAQ) is a research institute of EPN, the National Polytechnic School in Quito, Ecuador. Its major research fields are astronomy and atmospheric physics.[2]
0°12′54″S 78°30′09″W﻿ / ﻿0.2149°S 78.5026°W﻿ / -0.2149; -78.5026
Victoria Randem

Victoria Randem født 1995 i Oslo, er en norsk operasanger (sopran), ansatt ved Staatsoper Berlin. Randem er utdannet ved Operahøgskolen i Oslo med Solveig Kringlebotn som lærer. Før dette hadde hun studert ved Barratt Due musikkinstitutt.
Randem var medlem av i Barnekoret ved Den Norske Opera & Ballett fra 2002 til 2012. Der gjorde hun flere solistroller, blant annet Enkefru Gnien i Peter Maxwell Davies' Askepott på Scene 2, 3. gutt i Mozarts Tryllefløyten på Hovedscenen og Pong i Gisle Kverndokks Jorden rundt på 80 dager.
Hun vant i 2020 gullmedalje i klassen for virtuositet i Manhattan International Competition. Ved Dronning Sonja Sangkonkurranse i 2023 vant hun Ingrid Bjoners stipend.
Randem hadde i 2021 den kvinnelige hovedrollen i uroppføringen av Peter Eötvös' opera Sleepless, basert på en trilogi av Jon Fosse. Operaen ble sendt i opptak i NRK Hovedscenen, 3. desember 2023, da kalt Andvake.
Stiftelsesforeningen

Stiftelsesforeningen er en interesseorganisasjon for norske stiftelser. Foreningen har som formål å synliggjøre og øke forståelsen for stiftelsesinstituttet og stiftelsers samfunnsmessige rolle, arbeide for å sikre gode og forutsigbare rammevilkår for opprettelse og forvaltning av stiftelser samt utgjøre et forum for utveksling av erfaring og kompetanse blant stiftelser.
Artikler med kategorien Norske stiftelser