Éléktronika

Widang éléktronika nyakup studi jeung kagunaan sistim nu dioperasikeun ku jalan ngadalikeun aliran éléktron (atawa pamawa muatan séjénna) dina parangkat saperti klép térmionik jeung sémikonduktor. Rancangan jeung konstruksi sirkuit éléktronik pikeun méréskeun masalah praktis mangrupa téhnik integral dina widang téhnik éléktronika jeung ogé kacida pentingna dina rancangan hardware keur téhnik komputer. Sakabéh aplikasi éléktronika ngalibatkeun transmisi informasi atawa power. Nu pangpangna mah ukur nu patali jeung informasi.
Studi parangkat sémikonduktor anyar jeung téhnologi sabudeureunnana kadang-kadang dianggap minangka bagian tina fisika. Artikel ieu ukur fokus kana aspék téhnik tina éléktronika.
Sistim éléktronik digunakeun keur ngawangun rupa-rupa tugas. Kagunaan utama sirkuit éléktronik nyaéta:
Sakabéh aplikasi di luhur ngalibetkeun nyieun jeung/atawa ngadetéksi médan éléktromagnétik sarta arus listrik. Sedengkeun énérgi listrik geus dipigunakeun salila sawatara wanci saméméh ahir abad ka-19 keur ngirimkeun data ngaliwatan jalur telegrap jeung telepon, perkembangan dina éléktronika tumuwuh sacara éksponénsial sanggeus datangna radio.
salah sahiji cara nempo sistim éléktronik nyaéta ku jalan ngabagi jadi 3 bagian:
Contona, sét televisi ngandung 3 bagian. Asupan televisi ngarobah sinyal broadcast (katarima ku anténe atawa asup ngaliwatan kabel) jadi sinyal arus/tegangan nu bisa digunakeun ku parangkat. Sirkuit pamrosésam sinyal dina jero televisi ngabagi-bagi informasi tina sinyal ieu ngajadikeun tingkat brightness, warna jeung sora. Parangkat kaluaran satuluyna garobah informasi ieu balik deui kana wangun fisik. Solobong cahya katoda (cathode ray tube, CRT) ngarobah sinyal listrik jadi gambar nu ketempo dina layar. Speaker nu digerakkeun ku magnét satuluyna ngarobah sinyal jadi sora nu bisa kadéngé.
An electronic component is any indivisible electronic building block packaged in a discrete form with two or more connecting léads or metallic pads. Components are intended to be connected together, usually by soldering to a printed circuit board, to créate an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly (resistor, capacitor, transistor, diode etc.) or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits (operational amplifier, resistor array, logic gate etc). Active components are sometimes called devices rather than components.
Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits. The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.
Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linéar effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators etc. Good examples of analog circuits are vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.
Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit. This type of circuit is usually called 'mixed signal'.
Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linéar and non-linéar operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output.
Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Booléan algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangéable in the context of digital circuits. In most cases the number of different states of a node is two, represented by two voltage levels labeled "Low" and "High". Often "Low" will be néar zero volts and "High" will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use.
Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example.
Building-blocks:
Highly integrated devices:
Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated circuits (ICs) which have both analog circuits and digital circuits combined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board. Mixed-signal circuits are becoming incréasingly common. Mixed circuits contain both analog and digital components. Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples. Other examples are transmission gates and buffers.
Héat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include heatsinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as liquid cooling for computers. These techniques use convection, conduction, & radiation of héat energy.
Noise patali jeung sakabéh parangkat éléktronik. Noise ilaharna didéfinisikeu minangka sinyal naon baé nu teu dipiharep nu asupkana asupan sirkuit. Noise henteu sarua jeung distorsi sinyal nu disababkeun ku sirkuit.
Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.
Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linéar systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.
Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.
Electronic test equipment is used to créate stimulus signals and capture responses from electronic Devices Under Test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired.
Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive (such as a test light consisting of just a light bulb and a test léad) to extremely complex and sophisticated such as Automatic Test Equipment.
Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies, resistors, capacitors, semiconductors (such as transistors), and integrated circuits. Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs such as ORCAD or Eagle Layout Editor, used to maké circuit diagrams and printed circuit board layouts.
Loba cara nu béda-béda pikeun ngahubngkeun komponén-komponén nu geus digunakeun mangtaun-taun mimiti tina wiring titik ka titik ngagunakeun papan képéng nu dipasang dina sasis, maké printed circuit board sarta kiwari dipungkas ku integrated circuit. Sababaraha cara nu kungsi digunakeun nyaéta: