Bogd Khan Mountain

Bogd Khan Mountain (Mongolian: Богд хан-уул; lit. 'Mount St. Khan') is a mountain in Mongolia that overlooks the nation's capital, Ulaanbaatar, from a height of 2,261 metres (7,418 ft) to the south of the city.
Bogd Khan Mountain, along with Mongolia's other sacred mountains Burkhan Khaldun and Otgontenger, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 6, 1996, in the Cultural category. World Heritage sites are those that exhibit universal natural or cultural significance, or both. In 1783 the local Mongolian government of the Qing dynasty declared the Bogd Khan a protected site, for its beauty.
Mount Bogd Khan Uul was already protected during Zanabazar's time. Zanabazar was said to have meditated under a tree called Janchivsembe in Nukht Valley of Mount Bogd Khan Uul. Russian envoy V.S.Turskii, the son of a Tobolsk landowner, was sent to the 1st Jebtsundamba Khutugtu Zanabazar (1635–1723) and his brother Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj in 1681. In his report he makes the following notes when covering the period June 2, 1681, to June 16, 1681 (he describes two pavilions that were built somewhere between the current Sky Resort and MCS Coca-Cola Plant in eastern Ulaanbaatar):
In 1778, the Mongolian governor (minister) of Khuree (Urga, present-day Ulaanbaatar) Sanzaidorj sent a letter to the Qianlong Emperor requesting approval of annual ceremonies dedicated to Mount Bogd Khan Uul. The Mongolian letter and the reply from Beijing in Mongolian is kept in the Central State Archives of Mongolia.
The text of governor Sanzaidorj's translated letter reads:
To this the Board for Administration of Outlying Regions in Beijing replied in Mongolian:
In July 1920, Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, who obtained the support of the revolted population after the sacrilege that was the imprisonment of the Khutuktu Bogd Khan, positioned his troops on the Bogd Khan Uul, due to its past where Genghis Khan once found refuge. This location offers a very clear view of Urga, former name of Ulaanbaatar, allowing the siege to be planned. For two months, Ungern organized immense fires on the mountain that terrorized the superstitious Chinese populations, convinced of rites, and associated them with the sacred pyres commonly organized on the mountain. They believed Ungern was calling on the help of the gods, and perhaps even the help of the Grand Khan. In a true psychological war, his men also spread dark rumors that it was a call to the gods, Japanese reinforcements, Russians, or Buriats… This escalated into total paranoia among the Chinese forces, astounded by the fact that Ungern had dared to enter Urga by day, and had corrected a sentry who had fallen asleep by striking him with a whip for lowering his guard. Following this incident, the Chinese were convinced of the support of malevolent spirits with Ungern, and the Mongols convinced of his divine support. Finally, Ungern's efforts culminated when the Bogd Geghen Djibsun Damba Khutuktu, the sacred Tulku of the Mongols, imprisoned by the Chinese forces in July 1920 near the Bodgo ül, contacted Ungern and confirmed his approval to be rescued and freed from Chinese rule. Tibetans and Buriats, disguised as Khambo Lama, infiltrated under Ungern's orders to liberate the Khan, leading him directly to the summit of the Bogd Khan Mountain. The Chinese soldiers were increasingly astonished and terrified by Ungern's audacity, accentuating this psychological battle, while at the same time, Ungern, on the brink of this victory, was completely cornered. The north was controlled by the Soviets, Manchuria by the Chinese, and he lacked supplies, men, ammunition, and clothing. The Chinese army withdrew significantly under the direction of Guo Songling, heading to China with the elite of its troops and three thousand cavalry, leaving the remaining ten thousand completely disorganized, demoralized, silent… The city was curiously deserted at the very end of January 1921. Ungern lit final bonfires to make believe in esoteric rites, like the arrival of his reinforcements, conforming to the myths that his spies spread in the city. He promised his men three days of looting, provided they did not cross the sacred thresholds of the temples. On February 1, 1921, Ungern, after years of wandering and modest exploits, laid the first stone of his demented dream to restore the Mongol Empire. On February 2, 1921, Ungern launched the assault and left the Bogd Khan Uul to conquer Urga.
The ceremony of worshipping Mount Bogd Khan Uul used to take place over two days. Religious ceremonies were held on the first day which was followed by a festive naadam on the second day. There are two ovoos (sacred pile of stones or cairns) on Tsetsee Gun (Duke Tsetsee) peak. The east ovoo was called Religion Ovoo, the west was called State Ovoo. Each Ovoo received food offerings, full cow offering and a number of sheep offerings. These offerings were said to be arranged as tall as the ceiling of a 10 walled ger. The various dairy products, airag and yoghurt sent from the surrounding provinces were collected a month in advance in Chuluut gorge. On the day of the ceremony these offerings were all loaded on camels and taken up to Tsetsee Gun peak. Khans and nobles (noyans) would ascend on horseback up State Gathering Gorge early before sunrise. At the same time around 50 lamas including high-ranking Tsogchin Unzad and Gesgui would make their way from Ikh Khuree (Urga proper) while around 40 lamas would make their way from Manjusri Monastery (built in 1733) on the south side of the mountain and join them at the Ovoo. First the Khan's decree was read. The credentials written on yellow silk and other ceremonial silk was burnt in a censer. Then the worshippers would circle the Ovoos clockwise each according to their rank holding silk scarves and offering select food offerings in respect. The two peaks of Mount Bogd Khan Uul were given the title Duke (гүн) and awarded a salary of 50 lang. This salary was offered to them wrapped in silk on top of the mountain. After the ceremony the food was distributed to the 30 monastic schools and 10 monasteries. The spirits of the mountain were visualized as a strong Khangarid bird and a white-bearded old man riding a deer (Цагаан Өвгөн). These sacred characters could be seen participating in the Tsam dances. Eventually an eight-sided, golden-roofed temple was built for the ceremony. It was permanently staffed by two monks who were met weekly by the mountain police to replenish their candle oil and food supplies.