davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Alexander Kiprov

Alexander Alexandrov Kiprov (Bulgarian: Александър Александров Кипров; 11 September 1916 – 6 June 2000) was a Bulgarian chess player and chess administrator.
Alexander Kiprov studied law at Sofia University. He worked as a judge.
Alexander Kiprov played for Bulgaria in the Chess Olympiad:
Alexander Kiprov played for Bulgaria in the unofficial Chess Olympiad:
Alexander Kiprov played for Bulgaria in the Men's Chess Balkaniad:
Later Alexander Kiprov played correspondence chess actively. In 1964 he won the Bulgarian Correspondence Chess Championship, and later helped the Bulgarian national team to win silver medals at the 7th Correspondence Chess Olympiad (1972–1976).
For many years Alexander Kiprov was vice president of Bulgarian Chess Federation. Also he was author of many chess books.
Gergana Peycheva

Gergana Peycheva (Bulgarian: Гергана Пейчева; born 30 July 2003) is a Bulgarian chess player who holds the titles of FIDE Master (FM, 2018) and Woman International Master (WIM, 2020).
Gergana Peycheva played for Bulgaria in European Youth Chess Championships and World Youth Chess Championships. In 2014 Gergana Peycheva won European School Chess Championships in G11 age group.
Gergana Peycheva twice won Bulgarian Women's Rapid Chess Championships: 2019 and 2022.
Gergana Peycheva played for Bulgaria in the Women's Chess Olympiad:
In 2018, she was awarded the FIDE Master (FM) title and received the FIDE Women International Master (WIM) title two years later. Also Gergana Peycheva is a FIDE Instructor (2020).
Antoaneta Stefanova

Antoaneta Stefanova (Bulgarian: Антоанета Стефанова; born 19 April 1979) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and Women's World Champion from 2004 to 2006. She has represented Bulgaria in the Chess Olympiad in 2000 and the Women's Chess Olympiad since 1992.
Stefanova was born in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. When she was four years old, she received chess lessons from her father, Andon Stefanov, a designing artist.
In 1989, Stefanova won the Girls U10 section at the World Youth Chess Festival in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. In 1992, she played, at the age of 13, in her first Chess Olympiad in Manila, Philippines. In the same year she became European under-14 girls' champion at the European Youth Chess Championship in Rimavská Sobota. Stefanova won the Bulgarian women's championship in 1995.
She tied for fourth place in the 4th Hawaii International Chess Tournament in 1997 scoring 7 points out of 10 games. Thanks to this result Stefanova achieved her first norm for the title Grandmaster. In January 1998, her FIDE rating broke into the top ten of women worldwide. She played in the open section at the 2000 Chess Olympiad. In 2001, Stefanova tied for first place (finishing second on countback) in the 19th Andorra Open.
In June 2002, she won the 3rd European Individual Women's Championship in Varna. Stefanova was awarded the title of Grandmaster at the FIDE Presidential Board meeting in Doha in July 2002 as the ninth woman to ever have reached that rank. At the end of July 2002, she won the Wismilak International Chess Tournament, a category 8 (average rating 2446) round-robin tournament in Surabaya, Indonesia, scoring 9½/11 points with a performance rating of 2750.
She participated in the 2004 Corus B tournament in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands: she scored 6/13 points with a rating performance of 2537, placing ninth out of fourteen participants. Stefanova became the tenth Women's World Chess Champion in June 2004 by winning a 64-player knockout tournament held in Elista, Kalmykia, under the auspices of FIDE.
In 2008, she won the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia, and the women's individual rapid tournament of the 2008 World Mind Sports Games in Beijing. In 2012, Stefanova won the Women's World Rapid Chess Championship. She was the runner-up in the Women's World Chess Championship 2012, losing to Anna Ushenina in the final on the tie-break. In 2017, Stefanova won two gold medals at the IMSA Elite Mind Games in Huai'an, China, in the women's rapid chess event and the women's blitz chess event.
In November 2023 the Bulgarian Women's chess team with Stefanova as captain won the European championship.
Stefanova vs. GM P. Nikolic, Wijk aan Zee 2005. In a Catalan Opening, Stefanova castles queenside and gets a kingside attack. Nikolic resigns on Move 24.
In 2021 she became a Member of Parliament for There Is Such A People and was nominated as the party's candidate for the prime minister position.
M-Tel Masters

Mtel Masters was an annual super-GM chess tournament held between 2005 and 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria, sponsored and organized by the Bulgarian mobile network operator, M-Tel. The tournament was held as a double round-robin at the five-star Grand Hotel Sofia.
The first edition of the tournament took place between 11 and 22 May 2005 as part of M-Tel's tenth anniversary celebrations and with the participation of top chess players such as Viswanathan Anand, Veselin Topalov, Vladimir Kramnik, Michael Adams, Judit Polgár and Ruslan Ponomariov. M-Tel Masters 2005 was classified in FIDE's Category 20 and was named the strongest tournament of 2005 according to the average Elo rating of the participants of 2744. The winner of the tournament was the Bulgarian Veselin Topalov, with the award being conferred by President Georgi Parvanov.
The 2006 tournament took place between 10 May and 21 May and was attended by Veselin Topalov, Viswanathan Anand, Ruslan Ponomariov, Peter Svidler, Étienne Bacrot and Gata Kamsky. Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho played the token initial move of the 2006 tournament, which was officially opened by the President of Bulgaria, Georgi Parvanov.
Topalov won the tournament for the second time after a decisive comeback from a somewhat hesitant start. He recorded four consecutive wins in the final rounds to clinch the M-Tel Masters 2006 first place with 6½ points, also defeating his main rival Gata Kamsky in the penultimate round.
M-Tel Masters' 2007 edition was held between 9 May and 20 May and featured Veselin Topalov, Liviu-Dieter Nisipeanu, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Gata Kamsky, Michael Adams and Krishnan Sasikiran. Topalov won the tournament for a third consecutive time in a dramatic fashion, defeating the then-current leader Sasikiran in the final round.
The 2008 M-Tel Masters was held 8–18 May. Vasyl Ivanchuk won by a wide margin. Ivanchuk won his first five games, lost no games, and had a positive score against every other player. Veselin Topalov, who had won the tournament the three previous years, was second.
The 2009 edition of the tournament took place from 12 to 23 May. Besides regular feature Veselin Topalov, the participating grandmasters were Magnus Carlsen, Vasyl Ivanchuk, Alexei Shirov, Wang Yue and Leinier Domínguez.
The tournament was cancelled because of the World Chess Championship 2010 match in Sofia.
Isidor Gunsberg

Isidor Arthur Gunsberg (also spelled Günzberg, Hungarian: Gunsberg Artúr Izidor; 1 November 1854 – 2 May 1930) was a Hungarian chess player, best known for narrowly losing the 1891 World Chess Championship match to Wilhelm Steinitz.
Gunsberg began his career as the player operating the remote-controlled chess automaton Mephisto, but later became a chess professional. He moved to Great Britain in 1876, later becoming a naturalized British citizen on 12 May 1908.
In the late 1880s and early 1890s Gunsberg was one of the top players in the world. He decisively won a national tournament in London in July 1885, and a few weeks later won the 4th German Chess Congress in Hamburg. In match play, he defeated Joseph Blackburne and Henry Bird in 1886. In 1887, he shared first with Amos Burn in the London tournament. In 1890 he drew a match with Mikhail Chigorin, a former and future challenger for the world chess championship. Later that year, Gunsberg himself challenged Wilhelm Steinitz for the world title. The match took place in New York City and Gunsberg lost with four wins, six losses, and nine draws.
In 1916 he sued the Evening News for libel when they said that his chess column contained "blunders". He won the suit after the High Court accepted a submission that in chess matters, eight oversights did not make a "blunder".
Arpad Elo calculates that Gunsberg's best 5-year average Elo rating was 2560. According to Chessmetrics, Gunsberg's best single performance was his 1887 match against Blackburne, where he scored 8 of 13 possible points (62%). Also, Gunsberg's performance in the world championship match against Steinitz indicated he was a part of the world elite in the late 1880s and early 1890s. However, in the year he qualified for the match against Steinitz, 1889, Gunsberg played in three different international tournaments: Amsterdam, the German Chess Congress, and the US Chess Congress. At Amsterdam, he finished in 5th place out of 9 competitors with an exact 50% score, 4/8, behind Burn, a young Emanuel Lasker, Mason, and Van Vliet. At the German Chess Congress, he finished tied for 4th–7th places out of 18 competitors, with a +3 score, 10/17, behind Tarrasch, Burn, and Mieses. Finally, at the US Chess Congress, his best result, and the reason he was allowed to challenge Steinitz, he finished in lone 3rd place out of 20 competitors, with a +19 score, 28½/38, behind Weiss and Chigorin.
Later on, Gunsberg's position among the foremost chess masters would slip. In the famous Hastings 1895 chess tournament, Gunsberg finished with a −3 score of 9/21, good for a share of 15th–16th place out of 22 competitors.
Nana Ioseliani

Nana Ioseliani (Georgian: ნანა იოსელიანი; born 12 February 1962) is a Georgian chess player. She was awarded by FIDE the Woman Grandmaster title in 1980 and the International Master title in 1993.
Already in 1978 she was supposed to be on the Soviet woman's team playing at the 23rd Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires. However, the entire team consisted of Georgian players, and Soviet officials replaced Ioseliani - the youngest - for a Russian-born player. Ioseliani was on the Soviet team during the 24th and 25th Olympiads. Later she joined the Georgian team in the 30th Chess Olympiad and again in the 31st and 32nd. Her team won gold all five times. She participated in the three next Olympiads too; Georgia ending in 3rd, 2nd and 4th place, respectively. Her individual score was 65 points from 88 games (+49, =32, -7).
In 1979 and in 1980 she was the girls winner of the European Junior Chess Championship. She has twice won the candidate's tournament to play for the Women's World Chess Championship. In 1988 she challenged defending champion Maia Chiburdanidze, and lost by 8½ to 9½ (+2, =11, -3). Her championship appearance in 1993 marks her as the first and only player for Georgia to represent the country in a World Chess Championship. In 1993 she played Xie Jun, and lost by 2½ to 8½.
She has won the Women's Soviet Chess Championship four times. Ioseliani also played for Georgia in the 1997 World Team Chess Championship, scoring 1½/7 on board 2.
Ioseliani made a Grandmaster (GM) norm in the 2000 Schuhplattler Munich edition of the Women–Veterans chess tournaments.
Since 2003, Ioseliani has taken a break from chess playing, and is an entrepreneur in Prague.
In 2021, Ioseliani appeared in the documentary Glory to the Queen alongside Nana Alexandria, Nona Gaprindashvili, and Maia Chiburdanidze.
In 1978 she was acting in a cinematography too. In a short comedy Pereryv she was a chess player, who beat all her male colleagues.
World Open chess tournament

The World Open chess tournament is an annual open chess tournament usually held in Philadelphia. The inaugural event was held in New York in 1973 with 732 players, and was won by Walter Browne.
The tournament is divided into different sections, with typically 100–200 players in the top section. The 1986 edition had as many as 1507 participants, arguably a world record for a chess tournament. It is usually played in the first week of July, over Independence Day Weekend. All editions have been organized by the Continental Chess Association.
All players finishing equal first are listed; the winners after tie-breaks are boldfaced.
U.S. Open Chess Championship

Not to be confused with the U.S. Chess Championship.
The U.S. Open Championship is an open national chess championship that has been held in the United States annually since 1900. The top American player usually qualifies for the U.S. Chess Championship.
The tournament was originally the championship of the Western Chess Association, and was called the Western Open. In 1934, the Western Chess Association became the American Chess Federation and the tournament became the American Chess Federation congress. In 1939, that organization merged into the United States Chess Federation (USCF) and the tournament became the U.S. Open.
In early years the tournament was usually small, and most years play was conducted as round robin. In some years it had to be divided into preliminary and final sections. It grew larger starting in 1934, necessitating use of different formats. In 1946, the Swiss System was used for preliminary rounds, and in 1947 and subsequent years the tournament was held as a single section paired by the Swiss System.
For many years, the tournament had 12 or 13 rounds and lasted two weeks. After experimentation with various less-demanding formats, in recent years it has usually been nine rounds; the 2015 tournament was nine rounds in nine days.
Tournament participation grew through the 1950s and 1960s. Milwaukee 1953 had 181 entrants, setting a new record for the tournament. Cleveland 1957 had 184 players, and San Francisco 1961 set another attendance record with 198 players. The 1963 Open at Chicago had 266 entries, making it the largest chess tournament held in the United States to that time. The tourney was slightly smaller at Boston in 1964, with a field of 229.
The 1983 Open at Pasadena was the largest ever, at 836 official entries; it also featured the participation of Viktor Korchnoi, who had played in the last two World Championship matches.
In the 2000s, the fields were over 400 to 500 entries. The tournament began in some editions to decline both in attendance and importance, and often many winners are involved in a tie for first, especially since the mid 1990s.
The cash prizes awarded were large for their time and added to the tournament's popularity. In 1962, the entry fee was $20, with a first prize of $1,000, second prize $500, third $300, fourth $200, fifth $100, sixth through tenth $50 and eleventh through fifteenth $25. The Women's Open Champion won $200, and the women's runner-up $100. Additional cash prizes were awarded to the top women, the top junior, and for the best scores in the Expert, A, B, and C classes. The 2024 guaranteed prize fund was $60,000, with $10,000 for first place.
The Chess Players (Eakins)

The Chess Players is an 1876 genre painting by the American painter Thomas Eakins, Goodrich catalogue #96. It is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.
It is a small oil on wood panel depicting Eakins' father Benjamin observing a chess match. The two players are Bertrand Gardel (at left), an elderly French teacher, and the somewhat younger George Holmes, a painter. The men are in a dark, wood-panelled Victorian parlour with a quality of light suggesting late afternoon. The game is well in progress, as many pieces have been removed from the board. Holmes, the younger player, seems to be winning the match, as he has taken the queen of his opponent (the top of which pokes out of the table's drawer), and his own black queen is well-positioned in the centre of the board. Eakins painted The Chess Players for his father, and signed the painting in Latin, "BENJAMINI. EAKINS. FILIUS. PINXIT. '76"—"the son of Benjamin Eakins painted this"—in small letters on the drawer of the table. Michael Clapper of Franklin & Marshall College has noted, "Eakins’s choice of [chess] and his knowledgeable treatment of it suggest that he was familiar with and interested in the game, though there is little direct evidence of it apart from the painting."
Art historian Akela Reason proposes that the painting is a tribute to a number of the artist's father-figures: Holmes probably was Eakins's first art teacher; Gardel was his French teacher; Benjamin Eakins was his literal father; and Jean-Léon Gérôme, his master at the École des Beaux-Arts, is represented by a print of Ave Caesar Morituri te Salutant, over the clock.
Author Martin Berger has analyzed the content of the painting in detail, finding it an evocation of the passage of time and ascribing it a highly personal meaning in Eakins' life. The younger chess player's attempt to kill the older player's king is analogous to the Oedipal complex. In the way that his father Benjamin is placed in opposition to Eakins the painter, the two may be envisioned as playing out a psychological "conflict" across the other axis of the chess board. In this light it is not coincidental that the painting was made on wood panel rather than canvas. While Eakins has humbled himself before his father in signing the painting only by reference to being Benjamin's son, he also presents his father ambivalently. Elevating his father's status, he places Benjamin centrally, with the vanishing point behind Benjamin's head. Yet Eakins has obscured his father's face by shadow and by the angle at which he looks down upon the game. Although the painting was dedicated to Benjamin, the title "The Chess Players" curiously leaves Eakins' father out of the narrative of the picture.
List of Jewish chess players

Jewish players and theoreticians have long been involved in the game of chess and have significantly contributed to the development of chess. Chess gained popularity amongst Jews in the 12th century. The game was privileged by distinguished rabbis, as well as by women.
Of the first 13 undisputed world champions, six were Jewish or had some Jewish ancestry: Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Mikhail Botvinnik, Mikhail Tal, Bobby Fischer and Garry Kasparov. The Modern School of Chess espoused by Steinitz and Siegbert Tarrasch, the Hypermodernism influenced by Aron Nimzowitsch and Richard Réti, and the Soviet Chess School promoted by Botvinnik were all strongly influenced by Jewish players. Other influential Jewish chess theoreticians, writers and players include Johannes Zukertort, Savielly Tartakower, Akiba Rubinstein, Gyula Breyer, Rudolf Spielmann, Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, David Bronstein, and Miguel Najdorf.
Arpad Elo, the inventor of the scientific rating system employed by FIDE, analysed some 476 major tournament players from the 19th century onward, and of the 51 highest ranked players, approximately one half were Jewish. This includes one of the strongest ever players, Garry Kasparov, who was world No. 1 from 1985 until his retirement in 2005. Kasparov is of Jewish descent, through his father. Bobby Fischer, the highest rated player in history when he became world champion in 1972, had a Jewish mother and likely Jewish father despite antisemitic views. The list also includes Judit Polgár, widely regarded as the strongest female chess player ever.
Beer-sheba in Israel is the city with the most chess grandmasters per capita in the world. Israel has also won one silver and one bronze medal at Chess Olympiads.
The list refers to chess players who are Jewish and have attained outstanding achievements in chess.
Simon Rubinstein (chess player)

Simon Rubinstein (c. 1910–1942) was an Austrian chess master. He participated several times in the Leopold Trebitsch Memorial Tournament in Vienna; took 12th in 1932 (Albert Becker won), tied for 11–12th in 1933 (Ernst Grünfeld and Hans Müller won), tied for 6–7th in 1936 (Henryk Friedman won), and took 2nd, behind Lajos Steiner, in 1937/38. He died in a concentration camp in 1942.
Intendente de Canelones

El intendente de Canelones es quien ejerce el poder ejecutivo en lo que respecta a las tareas domésticas del Departamento de Canelones (Uruguay) (transporte, cuidado de las ciudades, residuos, alumbrado público, entre otras) mediante la Intendencia Departamental de Canelones.
En caso de ausencia del intendente, el cargo es ejercido por el secretario general. Según la Constitución actual, el intendente es votado en elección popular directa, que se realiza en una fecha diferente a la de las elecciones presidenciales. Tiene un mandato de cinco años y es posible reelegirlo de modo inmediato por un único período más.
Su actual titular es Marcelo Metediera.​
Congreso Nacional de Intendentes

El Congreso Nacional de Intendentes es un organismo que reúne a todos los Intendentes de los diecinueve departamentos de Uruguay.
El Congreso de Intendentes se realiza de manera ordinaria los primeros jueves de cada mes y extraordinariamente cuando así lo decida la Mesa o si algún Intendente lo demanda. El plenario designa a los delegados en las Comisiones con el Poder Ejecutivo y resuelve las Comisiones Interdepartamentales del organismo.
La Mesa del cuerpo está compuesta por el presidente y sus dos Vicepresidentes, pudiendo ampliarse con los consejeros del organismo. Su elección se realiza mediante dos tercios de votos de los Intendentes, turnándose los cargos los partidos políticos representados en el Congreso.
Las primeras reuniones tuvieron lugar por iniciativa del intendente montevideano Germán Barbato en 1943.
En 1959, el Concejo Departamental presidido por Daniel Fernández Crespo le dio una Secretaría General.
Funciona desde hace décadas, como un ámbito de discusión y coordinación de temáticas de carácter departamental, ya sea de materia presupuestaria o de organización territorial de Uruguay. En la Constitución de 1997 fue reconocido e institucionalizado.
Hay otros organismo afínes, como el Congreso Nacional de Municipios, creado luego de la creación de los Municipios en Uruguay, integrado por alcaldes de todo el país, como también el Congreso Nacional de Ediles, integrado por los legisladores departamentales de todo el país.​​
El Congreso Nacional de Intendentes en la actualidad presidido por el intendente de Durazno, Carmelo Vidalín, mientras que el intendente de Canelones, Marcelo Metediera, ocupa la vicepresidencia.
Este organismo ha sido presidido por otros intendentes a lo largo de la historia como:
Uno de los temas que más concitaron la atención del público, fue la instauración de una patente de rodados única a nivel nacional, que significó un diálogo directo entre el Presidente y los gobiernos departamentales.​ Este episodio no ha quedado aislado, ya que a lo largo de los diferentes periodos y gobiernos, se continuó por esa línea de trato directo entre el ejecutivo nacional y departamental. Tal fue el ejemplo, de la implantación y el funcionamiento de la Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay.​
Intendente de Montevideo

El Intendente de Montevideo es quien ejerce el poder ejecutivo en lo que respecta a las tareas políticas de ese departamento, mediante la Intendencia Departamental.
El Intendente conforma el ejecutivo departamental en conjunto con el secretario y prosecretario general, quienes además integran la línea de sucesión en caso de vacancia del mismo. A la vez, el intendente cuenta con un gabinete de departamentos y divisiones.​
El primer titular fue del puesto fue Daniel Muñoz, quien asumió el 19 de enero de 1909.​ En la actualidad Mauricio Zunino es el actual Intendente de Montevideo, tras la renuncia de Carolina Cosse a instancias de las elecciones presidenciales 2024​
Los requisitos para ser Intendente se encuentran detallados en el Artículo 267 de la Constitución de la República:
De acuerdo con el Artículo 266 de la Constitución de la República, el Intendente dura cinco años en el ejercicio de sus funciones, con posibilidad de una única reelección inmediata, debiendo renunciar al cargo al menos tres meses de los comicios. Asimismo, simultáneamente con la elección del Intendente se eligen cuatro suplentes, que según el orden serían llamados para ejercer las funciones en caso de vacancia del cargo, impedimento temporal o licencia del titular.​
El cargo y figura de intendente municipal - o departamental - es creado el 18 de diciembre de 1908 con la aprobación de la ley de creación de las Intendencias Municipales. El primer designado, aunque no de forma directa fue Daniel Muñoz. Posteriormente, una nueva carta magna aprobada en 1918 sustituirá la figura de intendente por un Consejo de Administración, aunque surgirían otras reformas y constituciones que irían modificando dicho cargo, por lo que el ejecutivo departamental pasó de ser colegiado a unipersonal, para volver a ser colegiado. Hasta que finalmente la aprobación de la Constitución de 1967, creó nuevamente la figura del intendente departamental. aunque desde la creación de los municipios de Montevideo, el cargo se lo conoce oficialmenre como intendente departamental.
El ejecutivo de Montevideo supo utilizar a lo largo de su existencia diferentes edificios como sedes, entre ellos el Palacio Shaw, el Palacio Gómez y por último el Palacio Jackson, hasta la construcción del Palacio Municipal en la década de 1940.​ A su vez, el intendente de Montevideo gozaba de una residencia para el mismo y su familia en el barrio Prado. La misma fue convertida en un centro cultural en los años cincuenta bajo la presidencia de Daniel Fernández Crespo en el Consejo Departamental.​
Jefe Político y de Policía de Montevideo

El cargo de Jefe Político y de Policía de Montevideo fue el cargo dado para el titular del ejecutivo departamental de Montevideo, capital de Uruguay.
El mismo fue creado por la Constitución de 1830 en su artículo 118. El Jefe Político además del rol ejecutivo, tenía la jurisdicción de la Policía departamental, y era designado directamente por el Poder Ejecutivo. Fue suprimido el 18 de diciembre de 1908 al promulgarse la ley de creación de las Intendencias Municipales. El primer Intendente de Montevideo, Daniel Muñoz, asumiendo el 19 de enero de 1909.
A su vez, fue creada también la Jefatura de Policía de Montevideo.
Consejo Departamental de Montevideo

El Consejo Departamental de Montevideo fue el poder ejecutivo que gobernó de manera colegiada el departamento de Montevideo entre los años 1952 y 1957.
Los consejos departamentales de gobierno fueron creados junto con el Consejo Nacional de Gobierno por la Constitución de 1952. El Consejo Departamental de Montevideo estaba integrado por siete miembros, los cuales tenían atribuciones meramente ejecutivas del departamento y eran electos en las elecciones nacionales. La presidencia Consejo era de forma protempore entre sus miembros.​
A su vez, la Junta Departamental era quien ejercía funciones legislativas y de contralor.​
Dicha forma de gobierno, luego de tres períodos consecutivos, fue sustuida en 1966, año en que se promulgó una nueva Constitución, la cual reemplazo el gobierno colegiado por un gobierno unipersonal, tanto a nivel nacional como departamental. De esta forma, en Montevideo se crearía nuevamente la figura del intendente departamental.
Al igual que el Consejo Nacional de Gobierno, la presidencia del Consejo Departamental rotaba cada uno año, por los integrantes electos con mayoría en los respectivos periodos.
Capital punishment in Uruguay

Capital punishment in Uruguay was abolished from the legal system in 1907 by Law N° 3238, passed during the government of president Claudio Williman, and later removed from the constitutional system in 1918. The death penalty had been expressly established by Uruguayan Constitution of 1830.
Capital punishment was applied since the time of Spanish colonization in the current territory of Uruguay. The usual method of execution was by hanging or, for military or political crimes, by firing squad.
In 1764, shortly after the beginning of his term as Governor of Montevideo, Agustín de la Rosa erected a gallows on the site of the present-day Constitution Square to "strengthen the peacefulness of the population and to frighten restless people". Occasionally, the death penalty was performed by garrote, in particular when the condemned was white.
In the first constitution of the nascent Uruguayan state, the death penalty was explicitly mentioned in articles 26 and 84, which regulate the powers of the Chamber of Representatives and the presidential pardon.
The death penalty was abolished by Law N° 3238 of 23 September 1907, during the government of Claudio Williman. Article 1° of the law states:
This law was passed after heated debates between abolitionists and anti-abolitionists, with the elimination of capital punishment for military crimes being particularly contentious. The law was unconstitutional at the time of its promulgation, since articles 26 and 84 of the 1830 Constitution, still then in force, explicitly sanctioned the death penalty. However, the Constitution of 1830 did not provide any protocol for the nullification of laws that contravened it. Such a mechanism does exist in the current Constitution.
In 1918, the abolition became constitutional when it was included in the new Constitution that came into force that year, which states:
All subsequent constitutions have upheld that prohibition. It can be found in the Constitution of 1967 in article 26. Uruguay's last execution was performed in the Maldonado Department on 29 September 1902.
Jawar Mohammed

Jawar Mohammed (Oromo: Jawaar Mahammad; ግእዝ፡ ጃዋር መሐመድ born 12 May 1986) is an Ethiopian political analyst and activist. One of the founders of the Oromia Media Network (OMN), Jawar was a leading organizer of the 2014–2016 Oromo protests. He has been credited with toppling the incumbent government in February 2018 and bringing Abiy Ahmed to power.
Jawar Mohammed was born on 12 May 1986 in the Dhumuga, Arsi Province bordering Hararghe. His father was Arsi Oromo, of Muslim faith, while his mother an Orthodox Christian; the inter-religious union was novel but gained acceptance within the community. Jawar describes his father as non practicing Muslim and Communist while his paternal grandfather was officially Muslim but seemed atheist. In contrast to his Christian grandparents who he describes very religious Orthodox Christians. He regularly attends Church with his Lutheran wife.
Jawar began his formal education at a Catholic school in Asella. He attended secondary school in Adama until 2003, when he was awarded a scholarship to study at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore, from which he graduated in 2005. He described his experience at the UWC as awakening his consciousness to his own Oromo identity. He graduated from Stanford University in 2009 with a degree in political science, and acquired a Master's in human rights from Columbia University, in 2012.
On 30 June 2020, Jawar along with Bekele Gerba, Eskinder Nega and Sintayew Chekol were arrested by government amidst a riot sparked after singer Hachalu Hundessa murder. They were charged with terrorism in context of "inciting violence" at the crackdown. On 5 February 2021, the Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC) Chief Commissioner Daniel Bekele said that "very close supervision is required to prevent any grave threat to their health and life and that reasonably justified demands of the prisoners must be addressed" following reports indicating their health condition deterioration and undergoing hunger strike at prison.
On 7 January 2022, the Ethiopian government announced it would release several political prisoners including Jawar, stating it was "to pave the way for a lasting solution to Ethiopia’s problems in a peaceful, non-violent way" through a “national dialogue”.
Jawar published a 500 page memoir titled I Will Not Regret (Amharic: አልፀፀትም, Oromo: Hin Gaabbu on 19 December 2024 and unveiled in Nairobi, Kenya. The book is centered around his life and persecutions under the Ethiopian government, especially during the Hachalu Hundessa riots. He explained "At first, it was difficult to even obtain paper. Later, with the help of prison guards and others, I managed to smuggle the pages out one by one".
List of North American cities by population

For the majority of cities in North America (including the Caribbean), the most recent official population census results, estimates or short-term projections date to 2020, with some dating 2022 at the latest. This list compiles figures for all North American cities with a population within city limits exceeding 500,000 that year. These figures do not reflect the population of the urban agglomeration or metropolitan area, which typically does not coincide with the administrative boundaries of the city. They refer to mid-2020 populations with the following exceptions:
Bold represents largest city in country, Italic represents capital city.
Aleksander Balos

Aleksander Balos ( gbasara 1970) bụ onye omenkà Romania-Polish-American na onye na-ese ihe atụ, mara maka foto foto oge ochie ya na-asụ okwu na dị ugbu a. Ọ na-ebi ugbu a na United States ma bụrụkwa nwa amaala America.
Aleksander Balos na Gliwice, Poland. Nna ya Jan ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ihe na nne ya Janina bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụghịkwa onye so na Communist Party Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza ma ọ bụ PZPR, na n'ihi nkatọ Jan si kwuo okwu nke iwu n'oge 1980, e debere aha ya na ndepụta nke ezigara n'ogige ọrụ Soviet. Mgbe Janina nwụsịrị na 1982, ahụ ike Aleksander dara ruo mgbe ọ nwere nnukwu ihe ngosi ahụ ọkụ rheumatic nke mebiri obi ya, mee ka ọ sie n' ọgwụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14 ruo ọnwa isii. N'ihi ihe ịma aka nke onwe ya na ọnọdụ nsogbu na eze na akụ na nke etiti afọ 1980 Poland, Balos lekwasịrị anya ya n'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ na-achọ ụzọ isi na mba ahụ ma nkwa West. N'oge mmalite nke 1989 mgbe ọ dị afọ 18 ọ nwere ike adiga United States, mgbe ọ natachara akwụkwọ ikike ụmụ akwụkwọ iji gaa St. Joseph High School na Kenosha, Wisconsin . [1] Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ ama agbamume nke onye mmụta nkà ya Kathy Gagliardi, bụ onye isi ya aka akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ iji ikike nkà..
Balos akwụkwọ akwụkwọ zuru oke na Mahadum Kadịnal Stritch [1] na Milwaukee WI, ebe ọ ike ihe osise na ike na Prọfesọ Garry Rosine . Mgbe o mechachara BFA ya wee hụ ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Charles Allis Art Museum wee gosi na Northwwest Mutual Art Gallery na Kadịnal Stritch dị ka Alumni na 2009. [2] Na 1995 Balos kwagara Chicago ka ọ akwụkwọ na mmemme atelier European oge gboo na School of Representational Art na Bruno Surdo [3] na Mike Chelich . N'ebe a, ọ na-amụ ụzọ ịse na ụdị ụdị. Na 1998, o teepu triptych ikpeazụ ya na Ann Nathan Gallery na Chicago, nke butere ihe ngosi na-esote na Chicago, [4] yana n'obodo ndị ọzọ na US na Europe. Eziokwu ihe atụ na ihe ndị na-eso bụ ọtụtụ n'ime arụ ọrụ Balos na '90s na ngosi 2000s. N'oge ahụ, Balos na- ịgba na Europe ugboro ugboro iji usoro usoro na usoro nke egwuregwu ndị nna ochie ochie. Ụbọchị Balos na-eji ụdị echiche echiche dị iche iche na mmejọ nke adị mmadụ na-ama atụ aro. Ebum n'obi na ndị na-ege ntĩ ga-a akara ihe odide , n'ihi na ọ bụ nna mgbe ahụ ike na-enweta ihe ha nha n'oge na nke onwe. Mgbe ọ nọ na Chicago, Balos ghọkwara nwa amaala America.
Ebe ọ bụ na 1997 Balos nọchitere anya ya site na Ann Nathan Gallery na Chicago, ebe o mere ihe ngosi solo ise. [1] Ebe ọ bụ na 2000 Balos enyela aka ọrụ na ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka na New York, Atlanta, Chicago, Paris, Utrecht na Barcelona; na maka ihe ngosi nka dị ka Ihe ngosi Armory na NY, Art Chicago, EXPO Chicago, Palm Beach3, Art Palm Beach, WWK Biennale na Munich, na ihe ngosi Summer Academy Royal na London.
Na 2005 Balos kwagara Northern California na anụ ahụ ọrụ yaagbasawanyela ngwa ngwa, na-eji abstractions na usoro mgbasa ozi ọtụtụ na ụdị. Balos na-kwa ịse na ndị na-enye n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ atelier ArtRoster [1] na Ugwu Shasta, ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ya na-eme mmemme "Forgery Show" [2] kwa afọ na 1 nke afọ ọ gbalagara.
Na 2018 Balos kwuru Vast Self, [1] a 501 (c) (3) ọrụ ebere nsogbu #83-1669166
Deresh Ramjugernath

Deresh Ramjugernath FAAS bụ Ọkammụta si mba South Africa n'isi ọmụmụ Engineering Technology and Applied Sciences. Ọ bụụrụ osote onye isi nnyocha na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) na osote onye isi na nkuzi na mmụta na Mahadum Stellenbosch (SU) ugbu a.
Ramjugernath gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya niile na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal. O bu ụzọ nweta nzere BSc ya n'isi ọmụmụ Chemical Engineering n'afọ 1993, nzere MSc sochiri ya n'afọ 1995, na nzere Ph.D. n'isi ọmụmụ Chemical Injinia n'afọ 2000.
Ramjugernath ghọrọ ọkammụta nke injinia kemịkal mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na otu na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal. N'afọ 2007, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi Research and Postgraduate Studies na ngalaba Engineering nke otu Mahadum ahụ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi nke nnyocha na osote onye nnọchi anya Innovation, Commercialization, na Entrepreneurship tupu a họpụta ya dị ka osota onye isi nke mmụta na nkuzi na Mahadum Stellenbosch. Nnyocha Ramjuger na-elekwasị anya na Thermodynamics / Separation gụnyere nkwụsi ike ikuku-mmiri dị elu, nkwụsi Ike ikuku-mmị dị ala, nkwụsi okwu mmiri na mmeghachi omume kemịkal, pyrolysis, thermodynamics dị elu, nkwụsi nkwụsi ọrụ gas hydrate, na nkwụsi ọkụ plasma dị elu.
A họpụtara Ramjugernath ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù Academy of Sciences of South Africa, African Academy of Sciences kemgbe 2015, na onye òtù South African Academy of Engineering.
Ọ natara ihe nrite President's Award site na National Research Foundation (NRF), na National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF), South Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye natara Vice-Chancellor's Research Award site na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal.
Mmiri Roselle

Ìhè ọṅụṅụ Roselle, nke a maara dị ka Bissap, wonjo, foléré, Dabileni, tsobo, obo, Siiloo, soborodo ma ọ bụ Sobolo n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Africa, Sọrel na Caribbean, na agua de Jamaica na Mexico, bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ nke sitere na ifuru. Nke osisi Roselle, ụdị Habiscus..A na-eme ka "juice" dị ụtọ ma mee ka ọ jụọ oyi, ọ bụ ihe na-enye ya mmiri ma mgbe a na-enye ọkụ, a pụkwara ịkpọ ya tii hibiscus.
Ìhè ọṅụṅụ Roselle juice, nke a na-ewerekarị na friji, bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ dị mma a na-achota n'ọtụtụ mba odida anyanwu Africa na Caribbean. Ọ bụ mmiri na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo. Ndị Burkinabes, Ndị Senegal, na Ndị Ivory Coast na-akpọ ya bissap, Ndị Naijiria na-akpọ ọ obo ebe Ndị Ghana na-akpọkwa ya Zobo. Ọ na-atọ ntakịrị mkpụrụ vaịn na ntakịrị ka mmiri kranberịma enwere ike iji akwụkwọ mint. A pụkwara inye ya ụtọ ọ bụla nke mmadụ họọrọ - mgbe ụfọdụ na oroma ma ọ bụ ginger, mmiri pineapple, ahịhịa tii, vanilla, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. Na Ghana, Naịjirịa, na Senegal, a na-enye mmiri roselle oyi, ebe na Egypt, a na'enye ya ọkụ.
Mmiri Roselle, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmadụ na-anyụ mamịrị, egosila na ọ na-achịkwa ọbara mgbali elu ma belata ọbara mgbali. O nwekwara ọkwa dị elu nke vitamin C, ya mere a na-eji ya agwọ oyi nkịtị ma mee ka usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Nnyocha ụfọdụ egosila ọrụ antimicrobial.
ihe ọṅụṅụ Zobo bụ ihe ọṅụṅụ dị na Naịjirịa. A na-eme ya site na akwụkwọ hibiscus kpọrọ nkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. A na-erekarị ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na n'akụkụ ụzọ. A na-enye ihe ọṅụṅụ Zobo n'oge oriri ma enwere ike ịṅụ ya dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ ezinụlọ.
A na-eme ihe ọṅụṅụ Hibiscus site n'isi akwụkwọ hibiscus n'akụkụ ginger, galik ruo ihe na-erughị otu awa. A na-enye ya ọkụ ma ọ bụ jụọ oyi dabere na ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ebe e mepụtara ya. Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-eji eme ihe ọṅụṅụ obo gụnyere nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, lime na agba aka. A na-asacha ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ahụ ma hapụ mmiri obo. Ihe ọṅụṅụ roselle nwere ụtọ yiri mmiri cranberry ma ọ na-acha ọbara ọbara.
A na-etinye ihe ọṅụṅụ obo n'ime karama dị ọcha nke a pụrụ imechi iji gbochie mmebi.
Amale Andraos

Amale Andraos (amụrụ n'afọ 1973) bụ onye na-ese ihe na New York. Ọ bụ dean nke Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (2014-2021) ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Columbia Climate School. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ New York City WORKac na di ya, Dan Wood. A matara mmetụta ya na ọrụ iwu ụlọ gburugburu ụwa mgbe a kpọrọ ya Honorary Fellow nke Royal Architectural Institute of Canada na 2021.
Andraos akụziwo na Princeton University School of Architecture, Harvard Graduate School of Design, University of Pennsylvania School of Design na American University na Beirut. N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọnọdụ ahụ. Akwụkwọ ya gụnyere We Will Get There When We Cross That Bridge (Monacelli Press, 2017), The Arab City: Architecture and Representation (Columbia Books on Architecture and the city, 2016), 49 Cities (Inventory Press, 3rd edition, 2015), na Above the Pavement, the Farm! (Princeton Architectural Press, 2010).
A kpọrọ Andraos otu n'ime "Ndị nkuzi 25 Kasị Mma maka afọ 2016" site na DesignIntelligence, nke na-akọwa ya dị ka itinye "nnukwu nsogbu ụwa n'ime usoro mmụta na ọhụụ siri ike na idu ndú siri ike.
Andraos na di ya Dan Wood guzobere WORKac na 2003. Omume a dị na New York City, yana ọrụ na US na mba ofesi. Omume a enwetala nkwado mba ụwa maka ọrụ ndị dị ka Public Farm 1 maka MoMA PS1 Young Architects Program, Edible Schoolyards na PS216 na Brooklyn na PS7 na Harlem, NY, isi ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ maka Wieden + Kennedy, kwa na New York, ntụgharị ebe obibi nke ụlọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke New York akpọrọ Stealth Building, Miami Museum Garage, na Rhode Island School of Design Student Center na Providence. Andraos na-akọwa ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ya dị ka "mpaghara nke obodo ukwu, ime obodo, na ihe okike".
Tupu ya esonye guzobe WORKac, Andraos nwere ọkwa na Rem Koolhaas / OMA na Rotterdam na New York, Saucier + Perrotte na Montreal na Atelier Big City kwa na Montreal.
Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2015, Andraos na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu ụlọ ọrụ maka Architectural League nke New York na AUB Faculty of Engineering and Architecture International Advisory Committee. Ọ nọkwa na New Museum's New INC. Kansụl ndụmọdụ.
Hossein Sadri

Ọkà mmụta Hossein Sadri bụ onye Iran na Azerbaijan, na onye ọkà mmụta Turkey, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye na-emepụta obodo na onye na-eme ihe iji ịhụ maka ikike ihe ruuru mmadụ. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na School of Art & Design na Mahadum Coventry. N'agbata afọ 2010 na 2021, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka prọfesọ zuru oke nke ihe owuwu na ime obodo na Mahadum Girne American ebe o nwere ọkwa onye isi nke Faculty of Architecture, Design & Fine Arts n'agbata oge 2012-2016. O nwekwara ọkwa nkuzi na nyocha na Islamic Azad University of Tabriz na IRAN (2003-2005), National Academy of Sciences na AZERBAIJAN (2006), The American University in Canterbury - UK (2011), na The City University of New York na USA (2018). Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke Architecture, Philosophy, na Environmental Sciences and Policy na Islamic Azad University of Tabriz na IRAN (1997-2005), Gazi University (2006-2010), Hacettepe University (2007), na Yildiz Technical University (2007) na TURKEY, na Central European University na HUNGARY (2007 & 2008). Akwụkwọ edemede nzere Ph.D. ya nke akpọrọ Architecture and Human Rights bụ ọmụmụ nke ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere AUMME (Architecture and Urbanism in the Mediterranean and the Middle East), netwọk agụmakwụkwọ na ọkachamara mpaghara na ngalaba nke ihe owuwu na oche nke nzukọ nke abụọ ya na 2014. Dị ka onye isi oche nke CAUMME-Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism nke abụọ na Mediterranean na Middle-East International Conference, ọ meghere mkparịta ụka banyere njedebe nke oge ọkachamara na ihe owuwu site na iwebata okwu ahụ bụ Post-Professionalism. O sokwa wee dezie Cities without Capitalism, okwu mbido nke Peter Marcuse dere nke Routledge bipụtara n'afọ 2022.
Dị ka onye na-alụ ọgụ ịhụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ọ bụ onye otu Amnesty International. Ọzọ kwa, kemgbe afọ 2006 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nhazi Ankara, onye nhazi mba nke ime ihe Ngwa ngwa na Turkey, onye nhazi nke Counter Terror na ikpe ziri ezi, onye nhazi Istanbul, onye mmekọrịta EU nke Amnesty International Turkey, onye otu International Relations Group na onye nhazi mba maka agụmakwụkwọ ikike ihe ruuru mmadụ na Turkey.
Tatjana Schneider

Tatjana Schneider bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi ugbu a Institute for History and Theory of Architecture and the City (GTAS) na Technical University Braunschweig na Germany. Tupu nke a, ọ bụ onye nkuzi ukwu na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield, England na, na 2014/15, Prọfesọ maka History na Theory of the City na HafenCity University Hamburg, Germany. O nwere Ph.D. sitere na Mahadum Strathclyde (2006), aha edemede ya bụ "Mechanisms of themed environment".
Weebụsaịtị "Creative Economy" nke British Council na-ekwu na:
Schneider bụ onye nchoputa nke ụlọ ọrụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ụlọ Glasgow Letters on Architecture and Space (GLAS, 2000-2007), yana Sheffield-based AGENCY - Transformative Research into Architectural Practice and Education na 2007 na Radical Architectures Network na 2013.
Akwụkwọ nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield,
nke Architecture, Mahadum Sheffield,
Laura Kurgan

Laura Kurgan bụ ónyé South African architect na osote prọfesọ na Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP). Ọ na-eduzi interdisciplinary Center for Spatial Research na GSAPP, nke o guzobere dị ka Spatial Information Design Lab na 2004. Kemgbe afọ 1995, ónyé na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na-arụ ọrụ nkè ya na New York City nkè a na-akpọ Laura Kurgan Design. É nyela ya Rockefeller Fellowship na Graham Foundation Grant. E gosipụtara ọrụ Kurgan na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama gụnyere ZKM Karlsruhe, Museum of Modern Art, New Museum na Venice Architecture Biennial.
N'afọ 2013, MIT Press bipụtara akwụkwọ ya "Close Up at a Distance: Mapping, Technology and Politics". Akwụkwọ ahụ na-enyocha mmetụta nke teknụzụ ọhụụ nkè ógè a gụnyere GPS, mgbasa ozi nke data site na ịntanetị, na Google Earth na eserese mmekọrịta anụ ahụ na nke mebere emepe. Na nyocha Jennifer S. Light nke akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu na akụkụ kachasị ike nke isi mbido n'akwụkwọ ahụ bụ na ọ "na-ewebata ndị ọkachamara na-emepụta ihe na ụdị ọhụrụ nkè mgbasa ozi". E gosipụtara ọrụ ahụ na mkparịta ụka ya na Neil Brenner na Mahadum Princeton's School of Architecture n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013.
N'ịbụ nke e kere na Spatial Information Design Lab na Mahadum Columbia na Justice Mapping Center, Million Dollar Blocks bụ ókwú Laura Kurgan na Eric Cadora chepụtara iji kọwaa ego ndị na-atụ ụtụ isi nwéré ike iji mee ka ndị mmadụ nọrọ n'otu obodo. Ọrụ ahụ jiri ozi sitere na usoro ikpe mpụ mepụta map nke gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ búrú ibu nke ndị mmadụ a tụrụ mkpọrọ site na mpaghara ole na ole na ọbọdọ ise nke America. N'akwụkwọ édémédé ya na The Atlantic banyere ọrụ ahụ, Kurgan dere "Nationwide, a na-eme atụmatụ na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-ahapụ ụlọ mkpọrọ ka e jidere n'ime afọ atọ. Ịkwaga n'ihu n'etiti ụlọ mkpọrọ na mpaghara ole na ole a na-ahụ ányà abụghị naanị na ọ na-efu ego na-eme ka ndụ obodo ghara ịdị mma. N'afọ 2008, e gosipụtara onyinyo sitere na ọrụ ahụ, nke akpọrọ "Architecture and Justice 1", na Museum of Modern Art na New York City maka ihe ngosi Design and the Elastic Mind. Ebe ọ bụ na Museum of Modern Art chịkọtara ọrụ ahụ. N'ime édémédé màkà ihe ngosi nke afọ 2008, n'oge na-adịbeghị ányá, e gosipụtara map Brooklyn site na ọrụ ahụ ọzọ na Museum of Modern Art màkà ihe ngosi ya Scenes for a New Heritage: Contemporary Art from the Collection. N'ime katalọgụ màkà ihe ngosi Design and the Elastic Mind, nke ónyé nhazi Paola Antonelli dezigharịrị, ónyé na-akụzi ihe n'ọbọdọ ukwu Peter Hall kwuru na ọrụ ahụ, "na-enye ụdị ihe atụ ọhụrụ màkà nyocha dị oke egwu".
Emere ya na ndị otu sitere na Spatial Information Design Lab, Pen American Center na Brown Institute for Media Innovation, ọrụ a nyochara nkwupụta n'efu n'ịntanetị na China. Dị ka onye isi nchọpụta, Kurgan duuru ndị otu nchọpụta ya n'inyocha na ịhụ ụzọ ndị ọrụ ịntanetị China na-eji iji nweta ma sonyere n'akụkụ nke weebụ nke a na-egbochi na mbà ahụ.
Federal College of Education, Abeokuta

Federal College of Education Abeokuta (FCEA), (nke a na -akpọbu Federal Advanced Teachers College ) bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọha enyere ikike inye akwụkwọ asambodo nke National Education (NCE) nye ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke ọma. E hiwere ya na afọ 1976 na Osiele, Ogun State, ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Nigeria . Dr. Rafiu Adekola Soyele bu godụ onye etinyere dịka onye isi oge nta.. Kọleji ahụ na -eme usoro igụ akwụkwọ ụzọ atọ: NCE, nzere a ana enweta site na mmekọrita Mahadum Ibadan na Mahadum Steeti Lagos, na PGDE.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ bụ mahadum izizi mbụ na steeti Ogun. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bidoro ịrụ ọrụ na afọ 1976, n'otu ebe ya na Abeokuta Grammar School, tupu ọ kwaga ebe nke ya ahụ na adịgide adịgide na afọ 1978 na Osiele.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na -enye ọtụtụ nkuzi n'okpuru ngalaba ndị a;
Ụlọ akwụkwọ a na -enyekwara ụmụ akwụkwọ aka inweta ahụmịhe na ngalaba ọmụmụ ha dị iche iche site na mmemme SIWES.