davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
マッコイ斎藤

マッコイ斎藤（マッコイさいとう、本名：斎藤 誠〈さいとう まこと〉、1970年2月9日 - ）は、日本のテレビディレクター、演出家、テレビプロデューサー。番組制作プロダクション「SHOW-GUN」代表取締役。マッコイ斉藤の表記で出演することがある。スカパーJSATグループ番組審議会委員。山形県出身。
山形県立新庄農業高等学校（現・山形県立新庄神室産業高等学校）を卒業。ビートたけしに憧れテレビ業界への道を志し、山形県から役者を目指し上京するが訛りが抜けず挫折。
ある雑誌に載っていた『天才・たけしの元気が出るテレビ!!』（日本テレビ）等の番組制作を担当していたIVSテレビ制作のスタッフ募集の広告が目に留まり応募、入社。
入社すぐは、番組制作とは別部門であるタレントショップ運営の部署に配属、タレントショップの店長職に就く。
2年ほどたった後、異動願が通り『天才・たけしの元気が出るテレビ!!』のADに配属。
当時IVSテレビ所属の高橋がなり（後にAV監督を経て実業家）、CHAIN宗（後にAV監督）に師事。テレビ制作を学ぶ。
『天才・たけしの元気が出るテレビ!!』でディレクター・デビュー。その後も深夜番組を中心に活動。ガレッジセールのゴリの名付け親。
2001年、制作プロダクション「笑軍様 有限会社」を発足し、独立。同社代表取締役就任。従弟はテレビプロデューサー、テレビディレクターで「笑軍」所属の姉崎正広。発足後しばらく仕事が増えない状態が続く中、矢作兼（おぎやはぎ）・堀内健（ネプチューン）との飲み会で、たまたまその店に石橋貴明（とんねるず）が訪れる。石橋と話をした後、石橋から「おまえ、うちの番組やってみろよ」と声をかけられ、『とんねるずのみなさんのおかげでした』（フジテレビ系列）制作に参加。その後同番組の演出としてクレジットされ、「全落・水落シリーズ」等のヒット企画を演出。
総合演出担当の『おねがい!マスカット』（テレビ大阪→第3期以降テレビ東京）は、多数のシリーズが制作されるヒット番組になる。
お笑いDVDの演出も多数担当、2002年には映画『PLAY BALL』で映画監督デビュー。
ジャニーズ事務所所属グループ・KAT-TUNのTBSテレビにおける冠番組の演出も担当。「KAT-TUNの世界一タメになる旅!」では進行役となる天の声としても出演。
YouTubeでは、「貴ちゃんねるず」(石橋貴明のチャンネル)、「清ちゃんスポーツ」(清原和博のチャンネル)などの演出を手がけている。
2024年7月、自身の制作会社「笑軍」の名称を「SHOW-GUN」に変更。
以下、総合演出担当
以下、構成担当
以下、PSV担当
日本流通産業

日本流通産業株式会社（にほんりゅうつうさんぎょう、英：Nihon Ryutsu Sangyo Co., Ltd.）は、『くらしモア』ブランドでスーパーマーケット向けに食品・衣料品・インテリアなどを供給する日本の企業。1974年（昭和49年）設立。略称はニチリウ（にちりゅう、英：Nichiryu）。「リウ」は「流」の字音仮名遣で、発音は「りゅう」である。大阪市福島区に本社を置く。代表者は大桑弘嗣（オークワ代表取締役社長）。
同社の役員は、基本的に参加スーパーの運営会社の役員が兼務している。
CGCやオール日本スーパーマーケット協会といった他のコーペラティブチェーンと違い、総合スーパーの加盟が多いことや、生活協同組合・ドラッグストアも加盟していることが特徴である。
加盟順に記載。
2022年2月現在。
清水建設

清水建設株式会社（しみずけんせつ）は、東京都中央区京橋に本社を置く、大手総合建設会社（スーパーゼネコン）。日経平均株価の構成銘柄の一つ。
同社のコーポレートメッセージは「子どもたちに誇れるしごとを。」（日本語）「Today's Work, Tomorrow's Heritage」（英語）である。
スーパーゼネコン5社（清水建設、大林組、鹿島建設、大成建設、竹中工務店）の一角である。民間の建築工事に強みがある。受注活動では、大手他社と異なり採算度外視の大型工事をさけ、中小の物件の受注にも積極的である。得意分野は、建築では医療機関、土木ではLNGタンクの施工であるといわれている。さらに、歴史的な経緯から、伝統的な神社建築、寺院建築にも豊富な実績を有している。2019年5月10日には、宮内庁で行われた大嘗祭のための大嘗宮の建設の一般競争入札で、予定価格の6割の価格で落札し受注に至る。
宮大工の安全を願う神事に由来する、伝統的な建築儀式である手斧始め（ちょうなはじめ）を仕事はじめの1月4日に本社で執り行っている。建設業で手斧始めを受け継いでいるのは、清水建設と金剛組（大阪）だけである。
創業家である清水家の現在の当主は、七代目"清水基昭"で、清水地所社長、清水建設取締役を務めている。六代目当主の清水満昭は2020年現在は清水地所会長である。
三金会の会員企業であり第一勧銀グループに属している。
渋沢栄一の教えである、道徳と経済の合一を旨とする「論語と算盤」を社是としている。
経営理念は、2019年に見直され、「真摯な姿勢と絶えざる革新志向により 社会の期待を超える価値を創造し 持続可能な未来づくりに貢献する」である。
2019年までは、以下の経営理念であった。
歴史的にも数多くの名建築を手掛けている。例えば国立屋内総合競技場（主体育館：1964年 設計・丹下健三）など枚挙に暇がない。
詳しくは 清水建設の歴史 を参照のこと。
以下は一例である。
施工中物件に関しては、新築物件開発情報サイトによると、40件程である。
清水建設総合開発が開発した住宅地は以下の通り
建設関連事業
開発・不動産関連事業
サービス関連事業
リニア中央新幹線の建設工事の入札に於いて不正が行われたとして、工事を請け負っているゼネコン4社の1つである同社が、2017年12月に東京地方検察庁から偽計業務妨害容疑で捜索を受けていたことが明らかになり、1月22日までに談合を認めた。なお他の3社は大林組が談合を認め、鹿島建設と大成建設は否定し続けた。その結果として、法人としての清水は起訴されたが、鹿島と大成の幹部は逮捕・起訴されたのに対し大林・清水の幹部は不起訴（起訴猶予）となった。
10月22日、東京地方裁判所は私的独占の禁止及び公正取引の確保に関する法律（独占禁止法）違反罪で大林組に罰金2億円、清水建設に同1億8千万円を言い渡した。2019年1月18日大林組と清水建設は、有罪判決が出たことを踏まえ、国土交通省関東地方整備局から2月2日から6月11日の120日間営業停止処分を受けたとそれぞれ発表した。対象は、全国の新たな民間の土木工事となる。
2021年8月、清水建設社員 (当時29歳) が自殺し、2023年5月、社員は労働基準監督署から労災認定を受けていた事が分かった。
日本テレビ放送網の本社演奏所「日本テレビタワー」や大林組幹事のJVで参加した「日本テレビ放送網麹町分室」などの施工を承った関係で、日本テレビ系列での提供が多い。
奈良新聞

奈良新聞（ならしんぶん）は、株式会社奈良新聞社が発行している、奈良県の県域日刊新聞（地方紙）。
奈良県の郷土紙として、県内ニュースを重点に報道している朝刊単独紙。第二次世界大戦直後の1946年に「大和タイムス」として創刊した。2016年（平成28年）10月26日で創刊70周年を迎えた。サンケイリビング新聞社と提携。
紙面情報をもらい、主婦層を対象とした無料タブロイド判生活情報紙「ならリビング」（34万6,650部）を第1金曜日に発行。産経新聞をはじめ朝日新聞、毎日新聞・読売新聞の全国紙4紙の朝刊に折り込み、配布している。
また、第3金曜日には「ならリビングクーポン」を発行。ならコープ12万世帯に宅配するほか、イオンなど主要ショッピングセンターに6万部を置き配している。「奈良県年鑑」「奈良県高校紹介」などを定期刊行しているほか書籍の発行事業も行っている。
現在、朝日新聞大阪本社の管轄にある朝日プリンテック堺工場（大阪府・堺市）に印刷を委託して行っている。同工場では、奈良県・大阪府泉州地域・和歌山県・三重県伊賀・東紀州向けの朝日新聞・日刊スポーツなども印刷している。
毎月1日付朝刊1頁に掲載。
奈良新聞社では、以下の4冊を発行している（2018年9月時点）。
基本12頁建て。概ね巻頭は県内のニュースを中心とした構成で、1-3頁は主に県内のニュースを中心とした社会面、4頁は地方版「地域総合面」とラジオ番組表、5頁はテレビ（地デジ・BS）番組表、6・7頁は広告・または企画特集。
巻末は全国ニュースが中心で8・9頁はスポーツ、10頁は生活面、11頁は経済面（株式市況は平均株価、円相場の終値、奈良県内の野菜・青果・家畜・花きの市場のみを収録しており、個別銘柄の一覧は未収録）、12頁は主に全国のニュース（国内・国際）が掲載されている。
4コマ漫画はあしはらたいじの『のち晴れッ』が連載されている。
日油

日油株式会社（にちゆ、英語: NOF CORPORATION）は、日産コンツェルンに由来する日本の化学メーカー。旧商号は日本油脂株式会社（にほんゆし、英語: Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Ltd.）。春光グループと芙蓉グループの加盟企業 。
「バイオから宇宙まで」のコーポレートスローガンが示すように、油化、化薬、化成、食品、ディスプレイ材料、ライフサイエンス、DDS、防錆と幅広い事業をカバーする多角化企業である。
旧社名の「油脂」が示す通り油化事業に比重を置いている一方で、化薬事業においては自衛隊向け防衛産業およびH-IIAロケット打ち上げ用固体推進薬のメーカーとして宇宙産業に携わる。また、化成事業でも有機過酸化物製品、機能性ポリマー製品、石油化学製品、電子材料など多彩な事業を展開している。
コトバンク

コトバンクは、出版社などが提供する辞書・辞典・データベースを横断して検索できるウェブサイト。広告を収益源とし、利用料金は無料。運営者は株式会社CARTA HOLDINGSのグループ会社であるDIGITALIO（旧社名VOYAGE MARKETING）。2009年のサービス開始当初は「kotobank」の表記であったが、現在はカタカナによる表記となっている。
2008年6月、朝日新聞社と株式会社ECナビが、かつて発刊されていた現代用語事典『知恵蔵』をオンライン化した「みんなの知恵蔵」のサービスを開始したところ、「情報の網羅性を高めてほしい」という意見が集まり、各出版社の参加を仰いでさまざまな企業が参加できる辞書プラットフォームとしての再構築が進められた。2009年4月23日に朝日新聞社と株式会社ECナビが運営を行う形で「kotobank」のサービスがスタートした。発足時、講談社、小学館、朝日新聞出版の各社が提供するものを核とした44辞書・事典の計43万項目を網羅することを謳った。創設当初はページ内に朝日新聞社のwebサイト「asahi.com」の関連ニュースが表示されるなど、朝日新聞社との連携が強いものであった。
2011年3月より朝日新聞とジェネシックスがiPhone向け電子辞書プラットフォームアプリ「kotobank for iPhone」の配信を開始。2011年10月には運営を行っていたECナビは株式会社VOYAGE GROUPに商号変更した。
2019年10月1日、株式会社VOYAGE GROUPの企業再編に伴い、CARTA HOLDINGSの子会社である株式会社VOYAGE MARKETINGが運営を行うこととなった。2021年6月に登録商標が朝日新聞社からVOYAGE MARKETINGに譲渡された。
2022年1月、運営を行っている株式会社VOYAGE MARKETINGが社名を株式会社DIGITALIOに変更した。
同年5月、運営元の株式会社DIGITALIOと小学館のグループ会社である株式会社C-POTが事業提携し、コトバンクはこの2社での共同運営体制になった。
2009年のサービス開始時、朝日新聞社をはじめとする運営者らはインターネット上の情報の信頼性の低さを指摘して、「情報の信頼性とクオリティ、そして検索性の高い、日本最大の無料用語解説サイトを目指します」と謳った。朝日新聞社のデジタルメディア本部長大西弘美は「信頼性の高いサイトを構築する」と述べている。
国立国会図書館収集書誌部は、コトバンク掲載の項目のうち「『百科事典マイペディア』等、冊子体が存在する、またはその後継のもの」「語句の解説が特定利用者向けではなく一般的なもの」は国立国会図書館件名標目表の普通件名新設時に作業の参考として利用してよいとしている。
エムツー (ゲーム会社)

有限会社エムツー（英: M2 Co.,Ltd.）は、千葉県我孫子市に本社を置く日本のコンピュータゲームソフトウェア制作会社である。いわゆるレトロゲームの現行ハードウェアへの移植復刻で知られる。
かつて存在していたゲームメーカーであるコンパイルが遺した知的財産権のうち、『武者アレスタ』を除く「アレスタ」シリーズの版権を保有する。また2023年に株式会社ライトウェイトから、同社が保有していたPCエンジンの全ソフトの権利を譲渡された。
2016年にパブリッシャー化を発表し、過去のアーケードSTGタイトルを主軸とした「M2ショットトリガーズ」シリーズを自社からリリースしている。
社名は設立当時の商業登記法に基づく商業登記規則等がアルファベットでの登記を認めていなかったため「エムツー」が正式なものとなっている。2002年に商業登記規則等の改正によりアルファベットの使用が認められた以降においても社名は変更しておらず、公式ウェブサイト、SNSアカウントにおいてもエムツーの表記を使用している。そのため本項においても原則「エムツー」と表記する。
経営理念として、「面白さ至上主義」を掲げ、テレビゲーム制作を通じて「面白いとは何か？」を追求し、変化を続ける世の中で娯楽という形で人々の生活を豊かにする事を目指すとしている。
もともとエムツーは活動を開始した1993年に移植開発をしたメガドライブ（MD）版『ガントレット』から、レトロゲームの移植を現在に至るまで連綿と続けている。ここで言う「移植」とは「オリジナルハード用のゲームプログラムを他機種でネイティブに動く形にリプログラミングし直す技術」を端的に表現したものだが、近年はそれらとは異なるエミュレーション技術を駆使した移植作品も多くなっている。これまでに手掛けた移植作は日本のメジャーゲームメーカー製のものが多いが、特にセガのゲームタイトル移植についてはPlayStation 2（PS2）の「セガエイジス2500シリーズ」（後半）に始まり、ニンテンドー3DSの『セガ3D復刻プロジェクト』・Nintendo Switch版『SEGA AGES』といった同社の復刻シリーズに長きに渡って担当し、深い繋がりを持っている他、2019年にセガゲームス（当時）が直接リリースした復刻系ゲーム機・メガドライブ ミニにプリインストールされるメガドライブ用ゲーム42作品（＋α）の移植を全て担当している。
セガ以外では、コナミ系作品（『ツインビー ポータブル』・『沙羅曼蛇 ポータブル』・『コナミ アーケード コレクション』・『PCエンジン mini』）、ナムコ系作品（『ナムコミュージアムDS』）、タイトー作品（『ダライアス コズミックコレクション』）などの移植タイトルに関わっている。
また、PS2『ファンタジーゾーン コンプリートコレクション』収録の『SYSTEM16版ファンタジーゾーンII』などの移植の枠に留まらないアレンジタイトルや『グラディウス リバース』『魂斗羅ReBirth』『ドラキュラ伝説 ReBirth』といったリメイクタイトルなども手掛ける。
開発タイトルは移植作が多くを占めるが、『デ・ジ・キャラット でじこミュニケーション』など少数ながら非移植系タイトルの開発も手掛けており、2013年には初の自社オリジナルIPタイトルとして『アホ毛ちゃんばら』をリリースした。
開発ライブラリがマルチプラットフォームであることを利用し、ゲーム機向けのタイトルでありながら、エミュレーションによらないWindowsネイティブなコードでの体験版を公開したこともある。
マルチプラットフォーム対応のアニメーション技術『E-mote』（エモート）を開発。他社製品での導入事例も存在する。2019年には「E-mote」を使い、オリジナルのノベルゲーム『Tokyo School Life』をNintendo SwitchとPC（Steam）にてリリースした。
※詳細は該当リンクとM2公式サイトを参照。
以下はプラットフォーム未発表。
シューティング祭り / エムツーショットトリガーズ 関連
Tejime

Tejime (手締め), also called teuchi (手打ち), is a Japanese custom of ceremonial rhythmic hand clapping, typically accompanied by enthusiastic exclamation by the participants, performed at the end of a special event to bring the occasion to a peaceful, lively close. Tejime may be performed at the conclusion of such events as a celebration, meeting of shareholders, or the close of bargaining or other business negotiations. Tejime observes fulfillment, realization, and completion.
Tejime begins by a call from the leader, typically "ote wo haishaku" (お手を拝借), after which the participants, just before clapping their hands, usually yell "iyō'o" (イヨーオ), "yo" (ヨッ) or "mō itchō" (もう一丁) in order to synchronize timing.
Tejime is an abbreviated form of teuchi de shimeru (手打ちで締める), "teuchi" meaning "to strike a deal" or "to come to an agreement" and shimeru (締める) meaning "to tie" or "to fasten" (in this case, "to close"). Teuchi is used synonymously with tejime, with the former preferred in the Kansai Region.
There are various ways of clapping hands. The main types are:
For example, in the case of sanbon-jime, the ceremony would go like this:
Other types of tejime include Ōsaka-jime (大阪締め) and Hakata te ippon (博多手一本), which is performed during the Hakata-Gion Yamakasa Festival (博多祇園山笠), held in Fukuoka in July.
Hakushu (Shinto)

Hakushu 拍手 (神道) is a word used to refer to ceremonial clapping in Shinto. It is also known as Kashiwade.
It is a part of the two bows, two claps, one bow [ja; simple] practice done when praying at a shrine in Japan.
Ceremonial clapping is quiet and soft.
It is considered to have a Buddhist meaning with the right hand meaning Buddha and the left hand meaning all beings so unification of Buddha and all beings. As Buddhism and shinto have been together for so long it is unclear which one it originated from.
The practice is present in Aikido and Bujinkan.
Hakushu has a long history in Shinto. The Wajinden describes the people of the Yayoi period as clapping in worship.
Some people considered it as Buddhist, with the right hand meaning Buddha and the left hand meaning all beings so unification of Buddha and all beings. As Buddhism and shinto have been together for so long it is unclear which one it originated from.
However the origin of the modern "Two bows, two claps, one bow" etiquette can be traced back to the "Shrine Festival" in 1873, where it was written as "revisit applause." Over time, various methods were devised and improved, leading to the creation of the current etiquette. The "Shrine Rituals and Events Etiquette" enacted in the 40th year of the Meiji era defined the etiquette as "returning, clapping twice, pressing together, praying, praying, clapping twice, and bowing again." However, at Usa Jingū and Izumo-taisha, it is correct etiquette to bow twice, clap four times, then bow once.
It is widely accepted that "two bows, two claps, one bow" is the formal etiquette of worship for the chief priest. The etiquette was created through the long experience and improvement of the predecessors and is a reflection of the respect for the gods.
Clap (Seventeen song)

"Clap" (Korean: 박수; RR: Baksu) is a song by South Korean boy group Seventeen. It was released as the lead single from their second studio album Teen, Age on November 6, 2017.
In October 2017, Pledis Entertainment revealed that Seventeen would be releasing their second studio album titled Teen, Age. The full track list was revealed on October 28, with "Clap" serving as the album's lead single.
On November 7, Seventeen first performed "Clap" on a special broadcast by Mnet, alongside other songs from Teen, Age.
The lyrics for "Clap" were written by Seventeen members Woozi, Jeonghan, Hoshi, Mingyu, DK and Seungkwan, alongside regular collaborators Park Ki-tae of Prismfilter and Bumzu.
"Clap" has been described as a pop rock song, with a "gritty" guitar riff underscoring the song's chorus. It was composed by Woozi, Bumzu and Park, in the key of G♯ major with a tempo of 100 beats per minute.
The music video for "Clap" was released on the same day as Teen, Age. It was directed by VM Project Architecture, and features the members of the group planning and editing their own music videos. Within one month, the video had reached 10 million views on YouTube, a milestone that Seventeen celebrated by releasing a commentary video breaking down the behind the scenes content of making the music video. In 2021 it became Seventeen's second music video to surpass 100 million views, after "Don't Wanna Cry", four years after its release.
Critics noticed the return to Seventeen's earlier sound with "Clap", in contrast to the group's previous release "Don't Wanna Cry". Jung Yu-na reviewed the song for IZM, describing it as having a "masculine and powerful aura", and commended the use of guitar riffs during moments without singing or rapping.
On South Korean music programs, "Clap" won two first place awards.
Credits adapted from the Teen, Age lyric book.
Location
Credits and personnel
HandClap

"HandClap" is a song recorded by American indie pop band Fitz and the Tantrums. The song was released as the lead single from their self-titled album Fitz and the Tantrums on March 25, 2016, through Elektra Records. It is their highest-charting song on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 53. The song was also included in Playground Games's Forza Horizon 3 soundtrack and Just Dance Unlimited for Just Dance 2017. A rendition of the song was also performed on the South Korean-Japanese survival show Produce 48 in 2018. Since its release, the song has gained popularity from its usage during sporting events.
Group dating

Group dating is a modern pattern for dating where a group of single people organize a night out, with the hope of forming romantic partnerships. It is most popular in Japan, where it is known as gōkon. In the U.S., group dating is becoming a safer alternative to single dating (especially blind dating), which also helps to ease tension, because both parties will feel more comfortable having the company of their friends.
Group dating is often recommended by parenting experts as more age appropriate form of dating for preteens than one-on-one dating.
In Japan, a gōkon (合コン) is a group blind date, typically used to form at least some friendships between two groups that are each of a single sex. Generally, a single man and woman who know each other organize the gōkon in advance, each agreeing to bring three or four eligible friends. The typical venue is usually a restaurant, an izakaya or any similar venue that offers food and drinks and accommodates socializing with others.
The term gōkon comes from the Japanese words konpa (a party for members of a single group, class, or club) and gōdō ("together", "combination"). Generally speaking, gōkon are not primarily intended to result in one-night stands (something more associated with nanpa), but rather for making new acquaintances and possibly forming long-term relationships. Typically groups of men and women will sit opposite each other and converse with one another, while simultaneously whispering discussions with their same-sex peers about which potential partners they find attractive. Sometimes games are played to reduce tension and encourage a convivial atmosphere.
Since the advent of mobile phones, texting on and showing it to others has become popular as an alternative to whispering.
According to an article in USA Today:
According to a San Diego Union-Tribune article:
Gōkon-style events have also developed independently at Oxford and Cambridge universities, where they are known as 'crewdate' or 'swap', respectively.
بھارتی دو ہزار روپے کا نوٹ

بھارتی دو ہزار روپے کا نوٹ (انگریزی: Indian 2000-rupee note) 8 نومبر 2016ء کو جاری کیا جانے والا ایک بھارت کا کرنسی نوٹ ہے۔ یہ نوٹ عام روایات سے ہٹ کر گلابی رنگ میں جاری ہوا تھا۔ ملک کی تاریخ میں یہ سب سے زیادہ قدر والی نوٹ ہے۔ اس سے قبل ایک ہزار روپے کی نوٹ سب سے زیادہ قدر والی نوٹ تھی۔ یہ ہزار روپے کی نوٹ 2016ء کی بھارت میں 500 اور 1000 کے نوٹوں کا اسقاط زر کی وجہ سے ساتھ ہی رواں 500 کی سابقہ ہیئت کی نوٹ بھی عدم کار گرد ہو گئی۔ البتہ 500 کے لیے ایک نئی شکل کی نوٹ جاری بھی ہوئی ہے جب کہ ہزار روپے کے نوٹ کو دو ہزار سے بدل دیا گیا ہے۔
بھارت میں نومبر کے مہینے میں جب کروڑوں شہری نوٹ کے بحران سے دو چار تھے اسی دوران جنوبی ریاست کرناٹک کے دار الحکومت بنگلور میں منعقدہ ایک شادی میں پیسے پانی کی طرح بہائے گئے۔ اس شادی میں ہونے والے اخراجات پر ملک بھر میں بحث ہوئی۔ شادی میں سب سے زیادہ دلھن کے والد، بزنس مین اور سابق وزیر جناردن ریڈی پر بحث ہوئی۔حکومت نے کالے دھن پر قابو پانے کے لیے 500 اور 1000 کے نوٹوں کو منسوخ کر دیا تھا۔ آئی ٹی فرم میں کام کرنے والی روما نے بی بی سی کو بتایا کہ وہ بنگلور میں زیادہ تر اتوار کی چھٹی اے ٹی ایم کی قطاروں میں گنوا دیتی تھیں۔ ایسا محض 2000 روپے نکالنے کے لیے کرنا ہوتا تھا۔ اس وقت ایک دن میں اے ٹی ایم سے 2000 روپے سے زیادہ نہیں نکلتے تھے۔
Antrapaiméadracht

Tomhas eolaíochta ar an gcorp daonna (méid an duine) is ea antrapaiméadracht, chun críocha comparáide . Sainmhíniú eile is ea "staidéar comparáideach ar thoisí chorp an duine is a athruithe le himeacht ama".
Is iad na toisí is minice a ndéantar staidéar orthu ná meáchan, airde, tiús fhilleadh craicinn, imlíne lár na géige, faid choibhneasta na ngéag, agus cóimheas idir coim is cromáin. Tá cairteacha caighdeánacha ar fáil a léiríonn gnáth-raon na dtoisí seo do ghrúpaí éagsúla (mar shampla, aoisghrúpa buachaillí ar leith). Soláthraíonn an staidéar léargas ar éabhlóid an duine, cothú, agus oiriúnú daoine do chúinsí aeráide is eile. Baintear feidhm as i ndearadh earraí mar éadaí,éadaí, suíocháin feithicil, leapacha is eile.
Bhunaidh Francis Galton an chéad saotharlann antrapaiméadrachta i Londain sa bhliain 1884.
Bhunaigh an tOllamh Daniel J. Cunningham saotharlann antrapaiméadrachta i gColáiste na Tríonóide i mBaile Átha Cliath i 1891.
Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá antrapaiméadracht curtha san áireamh sa dearthóireacht, mar shampla chun anailís a dhéanamh ar an tionchar ar dhearadh táirge agus an ghaol idir táirge agus úsáideoir;
Glenn Marine Group

Is soláthraí seirbhísí muirí atá bunaithe i Singeapór é Glenn Marine Group, lena n-áirítear lóistíocht chabhlaigh agus oibriú tacaíochta ar an gcladach lena n-áirítear críochfoirt mhara agus oibríochtaí calafoirt.
Bunaíodh an chuideachta mar Glenn Marine Enterprise i 1946 i Penang, an Malae, ag soláthar seirbhísí loinge do longa bhí ag baint úsáide as Cé Swettenham..
I mí Mheán Fómhair 2013, tháinig fochuideachta de chuid na cuideachta, an conraitheoir tacaíochta long Glenn Defense Marine Asia (GDMA), díríodh aird an phobail ar imscrúdú leanúnach ar scannal éillithe laistigh de Chabhlach na SA. In 2010, Bhí oifigigh an Chabhlaigh in amhras go raibh cuid de na billí a chuir cuideachta GDMA ón Téalainn stuáilte. De réir ionchúisitheoirí a bhí ag fiosrú an cháis, ghearr an chuideachta an iomarca airgid ar an gCabhlach as earraí agus seirbhísí de mhéid a sháraigh 20 milliún dollar. Líomhnaítear gur earcaigh príomhfheidhmeannach, uachtarán agus cathaoirleach na cuideachta, Leonard Glenn Francis, ar a dtugtar ‘ Fat Leonard ,’ líonra brathadóirí laistigh den United States Seventh Fleet de chuid an Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS), a sholáthródh dó faisnéis rúnda faoi sceidil oibriúcháin long an Chabhlaigh, agus foláireamh a thabhairt dó nuair a rinne iniúchóirí cabhlaigh iarracht idirbhearta gnó amhrasacha a imscrúdú le Glenn Marine. Mar mhalairt air sin, d’éiligh ionchúisitheoirí go gcuirfeadh Francis striapacha, costais taistil agus buntáistí eile ar fáil d’oifigigh an chabhlaigh.
Bairneach mín

Is moileasc mara gastrapódach san fhine Patellidae (na “fíorbhairnigh”) é Patella pellucida, ar a dtugtar an bairneach mín go coitianta.
Faightear an bairneach mín amach ó chóstaí an Atlantaigh, ón Íoslainn agus an Iorua go dtí an Phortaingéil. Ní fhaightear i Muir Bhailt é, ná sa Danmhairg, sa Bheilg nó san Ísiltír.
Fásann sé suas le 15 mm ar fad. Is furasta an speiceas seo a aithint mar gheall ar a shliogán ómra tréshoilseach a bhfuil spotaí gorma lonracha ag rith i línte trasna bharr an tsliogáin.
Is ar Laminaria (ceilp) in uisce sruthach a chónaíonn an bairneach mín go príomha ach ar Fucus serratus ar an íochtar cladaigh freisin, síos go dtí thart ar 30 m.
Rinne Séamus Mac an Iomaire cur síos ar an mbairneach mín ina leabhar Cladaí Chonamara:
Pagurus bernhardus

Is é Pagurus bernhardus an fhaocha gliomaigh is coitianta ar chóstaí an Atlantaigh san Eoraip. Tugtar an portán sligreach, an saighdiúir portáin, nó go simplí an fhaocha gliomaigh air. Fásann a charapás suas le 3.5cm ar fad. Faightear é i limistéir charraigeacha agus ghainmheacha araon, ó uiscí Artacha timpeall na hÍoslainne, Oileánra Svalbard, agus na Rúise, chomh fada ó dheas le deisceart na Portaingéile, ach ní fhaightear é sa Mheánmhuir. Is dramhóir uiliteach é P. bernhardus a scroblálann splíonach, agus atá in ann bia a fháil trí uisce a scagadh freisin, nuair is gá.
Úsáideann Pagurus bernhardus sliogáin de chuid roinnt speiceas gastrapód i gcomhair cosanta: Littorina littorea, Littorina obtusata, Nassarius reticulatus, Gibbula umbilicalis, Nucella lapillus, agus Buccinum san áireamh. Sna codanna níos teo dá raon, is minic a fhaightear an bundún leice Calliactis parasitica ag fás ar an sliogán a bhfuil Pagurus bernhardus ina chónaí ann. In uiscí níos fuaire, is é Hormathia digitata a chomhlíonann an ról seo. Troideann faochain ghliomaigh le chéile faoi shliogáin ghastrapóid, agus is fearr leo sliogáin de chuid speiceas áirithe.
Rinne Séamus Mac an Iomaire cur síos ar an bhfaocha gliomaigh ina leabhar clúiteach Cladaí Chonamara:
Cianabaictéir

Is éard is na cianabaictéir ann ná fíleam de bhaictéir uatrófacha Ghram-dhiúltacha, ar féidir leo fuinneamh bitheolaíoch a fháil trí fhótaisintéis. Tá colainn cosúil le halga acu agus struchtúr ceallach (prócarótach) cosúil le baictéar. Tagann an t-ainm "cianbhaictéir" nó "cyanobacteria" ó dhath na mbaictéar (Gréigis: κυανός (kyanós) gorm), atá mar an gcéanna mar bhunús leis a hainm coitianta algaí gormghlasa, cé nach bhfuil siad aicmithe go heolaíoch mar algaí. Is cosúil gur tháinig siad ó dhúchas ó thimpeallacht fionnuisce nó talún.
Is dócha gurb iad na cianobaictéir an tacsón is líonmhaire dá raibh riamh ar an Domhan agus na chéad orgánach arb eol a tháirg ocsaigin. Trí ocsaigin a tháirgeadh agus a scaoileadh mar fhotháirge fótaisintéise, meastar gur iompaigh na cianabaictéir an t-atmaisféar luath, a bhí ar bheagán ocsaigine ( atmaisféar dhí-ocsaídithe), go hatmaisféar ocsaídeach, is cúis leis "An Ocsaídiú Mór" agus "meirgeadh an Domhain", rud a d'athraigh go mór comhdhéanamh foirmeacha beatha ar an Domhan.
Majoidea

Is ollfhine de phortáin iad na Majoidea a chuimsíonn na crúbacha éagsúla.
Tá cúig fhine sna Majoidea:
Caitear anois leis na finte "Pisidae" agus "Tychidae" mar na fofhinte Pisinae agus Tychinae den fhine Epialtidae, agus caitear le "Mithracidae" anois mar an fhofhinte Mithracinae den fhine Majidae.
Aicmiú de réir Chlár Domhanda na Speicis Mara (Béarla: World Register of Marine Species) :
I measc na speiceas suntasach laistigh den ollfhine tá:
Tá fine iontaiseach amháin ann, Priscinachidae, arna léiriú ag speiceas amháin, Priscinachus elongatus, ó Cheineamánach na Fraince.
Caisleán Aircín

Caisleán scriosta ón 13ú haois in Inis Mór, Contae na Gaillimhe, Éire is ea Caisleán Aircín. Is le Roinn Comhshaoil, Aeráide agus Cumarsáide na hÉireann é. Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta atá ann.
Is dócha gur thóg muintir Uí Bhriain é sna 1200í, chuaigh sé trí úinéirí éagsúla sa 16ú agus sa 17ú haois, Tadhg Ó Flaithbheartaigh i 1607 ina measc. Faoi na 1650idí, leagadh an bunstruchtúr agus tógadh dún nua méadaithe do Oilibhéar Cromail, áit ar fhan gharastúin ar feadh na 1660idí. Ó na 1700idí, tá sé neamháitrithe. Sa lá atá inniu ann, tá cuid de bhalla agus geata uisce ar an taobh thuaidh, túr ag an gcúinne thoir theas, agus bartasán.
Domhnall Gleeson

Aisteoir, stiúrthóir agus scríbhneoir Éirennach is ea Domhnall Gleeson, a rugadh ar 12 Bealtaine 1983 i mBaile Átha Cliath, Poblacht na hÉireann. Tá páirteanna imeartha aige i scannáin agus san amharclann, agus thuill a ról ar Broadway in The Lieutenant of Inishmore ainmniúchán do Ghradam Tony sa bhliain 2006. Chuaigh sé ar an stáitse in Amharclann an Gheata, i mBaile Átha Cliath, leaganacha de American Buffalo agus Great Expectations.
Bhí Gleeson páirteach freisin i sraitheanna teilifíse dála The Last Furlong, Black Mirror, Your Bad Self. Ar na scannáin a raibh rólanna aige iontu tá Six Shooter, Studs, Boy Eats Girl agus Ex Machina. D'imir sé ról an ghinearáil gan trócaire úd Hux in Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens agus Star Wars: Episode VIII - The Last Jedi, chomh maith le páirt Bill Weasley sna scannáin Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Cuid 1 agus Cuid 2, a rinneadh sna blianta 2010 agus 2011 faoi seach. Is mac le Brendan Gleeson é, aisteoir a rinne páirt an charachtair Alastor Moody sna scannáin Harry Potter.
Sunny Jim's Sea Cave

Sunny Jim's Sea Cave is a cave in the La Jolla community of San Diego, California. It is a popular tourist attraction in the area for its resemblance to the British cereal mascot Sunny Jim. The Cave Store, a gift shop above the cave, offers access to it for a fee. It is also the only underwater cave that can be accessed through land in California.
In 1902, German entrepreneur Gustav Schultz hired two Chinese laborers to dig out a tunnel from the gift shop, then Schultz's residence, to the caves below, one of which being Sunny Jim's Sea Cave. Schultz believed that tourists who wanted to access the sea caves below would pay money to use the tunnel. The laborers took two years to dig the entire area out only using a shovel and pickaxe. Schultz began to hold tours in 1905. Originally, the cave was accessed through a rope, but a staircase was created not long after. L. Frank Baum, the author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, gave the cave its name. The cave was rumored to be used to transport whiskey illegally into San Diego during the Prohibition era. Bootleggers additionally used the area to transfer opium. The cave may have been also used to smuggle immigrants into the U.S. Jim Allen bought the store in 1994. Before the acquisition, the business mostly made money only from selling seashells.
The Cave Store was originally the residence of Gustav Schultz. It offers 15 to 20-minute-long group tours to the cave through a 145-step staircase. 90% of the store's revenue comes from entrance fees for the cave. California sea lions can be occasionally heard from the cave. It is possible to access the cave from the ocean, although the store prohibits people from entering the ocean from the viewing platform that visitors reach at the end of the staircase.
List of caves in Gibraltar

This is a list of all discovered caves in Gibraltar.
Caves form above sea level, and the reason for some caves being located below sea level is that for much of the last 100 thousand years, sea level has been lower than its present level, by up to 120m. This means that the caves which are now underwater may at one time have been lived in by people. These caves are the subject of research projects.
The caves within the Rock of Gibraltar have been used as shelter during sieges and attacks on the islands for hundreds of years. The caves have also been used to store water and ammunition on a routine basis, and historically Neanderthals lived in a number of the caves.
There are thought to be over 200 caves in Gibraltar. These are the caves that are above ground:
Biddeford Pool

Biddeford Pool is a neighborhood within the city of Biddeford, Maine, named for a large tidal pool located off Saco Bay south of the mouth of the Saco River. It is approximately 6 miles (10 km) southeast of downtown Biddeford, to which it is connected via State Route 208. The center of Kennebunkport is 10 miles (16 km) to the southwest, connected via State Route 9. Biddeford Pool has a post office with the ZIP Code 04006.
Biddeford Pool is the site of Maine's first recorded permanent settlement, then called Winter Harbor (not to be confused with present-day Winter Harbor, Maine). In the winter of 1616-1617, Richard Vines, a physician, resided here as part of the colonization efforts of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, lord proprietor of Maine. An early village developed on the north side. In 1688, Fort Mary was built near the pool's entrance.
The former Fletcher's Neck Lifesaving Station, closed in 1971 and on the National Register of Historic Places, still stands at Ocean Avenue and Fourth Street.
During World War II the Biddeford Pool Military Reservation was established from 1941 to 1945, on what is now the Abenakee Golf Club. It had four circular concrete platforms called "Panama mounts" for 155 mm guns, three of which remain today. From December 1941 to 12 February 1943 it was garrisoned by Battery F of the 240th Coast Artillery of the Maine National Guard; this unit was then relieved by Battery E of the 22nd Coast Artillery, which departed in October 1943; it is unclear what unit was at the site after that time.
The small harbor hosts both vacationers and lobstermen. Its water level fluctuates from a large navigable body during high tide to mostly mudflats during low tide. The only exception is the deep mouth, where a gut is located which is naturally dredged by tidal current. It is locally known as "The Gut." Consequently, this is the area where most boats are moored. Wood Island Light is located about a mile offshore to the northeast.
Biddeford Pool is bounded by the mainland to the south and west, by Hills Beach to the north, and by East Point to the east. The area is a popular summer destination for visitors from as far south as Florida and as far west as California. The pool is surrounded by tall grass salt marshes that are home to a variety of birds and other wildlife. East Point Sanctuary, maintained by the Maine Audubon Society, is considered to be one of the premier birding spots on the northeast coast. Mile Stretch Road, a sandy strip of beach which connects the neighborhood of Biddeford Pool to the mainland, is a notable tombolo.
Points of interest around Biddeford Pool include the Biddeford coastal neighborhoods of Hills Beach, Fortune's Rocks, and Granite Point; and the Kennebunkport coastal area of Goose Rocks.
43°26′43″N 70°21′31″W﻿ / ﻿43.44528°N 70.35861°W﻿ / 43.44528; -70.35861
Blue Abyss

Blue Abyss is a research pool planned for construction in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It will be 50 metres (160 ft) deep with a volume of approximately 42,000 cubic metres (1,500,000 cu ft), making it the world's second deepest pool after the Deep Dive Dubai.
The Blue Abyss pool will be used for training and development for commercial diving, space exploration, human life science, and submersibles. This pool could aid in reducing risk in extreme environments, including space and the sub-aquatic.
The pool itself will have several entrance points and includes a series of depths. The multi-level depths of the pool has many functions, including 'Astrolab' at 12 metres (39 ft). The total surface area of the pool is planned to be 50 by 40 metres (160 ft × 130 ft), and its deepest point at 50 metres (160 ft), giving a total volume of 42,000m 3 {\displaystyle ^{3}} of water. The pool was designed by architect Robin Partington.
The facility itself will include:
The Blue Abyss will aid in testing, training, and pre-operational exercises for the commercial diving sector. The pools indoor facility will allow for diving any time and year round. The facility will not be dependent on weather. A 30-tonne crane and lifting platforms will allow for roof access to the pool, and the sliding roof will facilitate access to insert larger training objects into the pool. The pool will allow for deep water training for offshore and inshore commercial divers and diving teams. This training will include scenarios and conditions that otherwise would be impossible for safe diving training. This would allow for an acceleration of emergency services, oceanographic research, archaeology, and civil engineering.
Submersible vehicles are a new alternative to classic diving methods. The indoor pool will permit a controlled environment allowing for submersible trials and training, including simulations. This would reduce the risk of subsea operations by moving trials and training into a safe and heavily monitored facility. Testing and training is expected to include hydrographic, pipeline and cable surveys, inspections of wind turbine foundations, vessel hulls and installations, oceanographic studies, and even film production. The pool will include roof access, as well as an R&D capability for new ROV and AUV sub-systems.
The Blue Abyss will provide a facility for spaceflight simulation, like a mission to Mars simulation. It will offer safety and experience for astronauts undergoing human spaceflight training. The facility will include a neutral buoyancy pool, parabolic flight and centrifuge training, hypo and hyperbolic chambers and micro-gravity simulation suite, and an environmental research centre.
The centre will provide human physiology and human robotic interface R&D capabilities. This will allow for extreme environment research, including human spaceflight.
The Kuehnegger Human Performance Centre will have astronaut and athlete test and evaluation facilities, with full-body suspension and hypobaric chambers for altitude training.
List of people who descended to Challenger Deep

Challenger Deep (CD) is the deepest known point in the Earth's seabed hydrosphere, a slot-shaped valley in the floor of Mariana Trench, with depths exceeding 10,900 meters. It is located in the Federated States of Micronesia. In 2019, sonar mapping of Challenger Deep by the DSSV Pressure Drop, which employed a Kongsberg SIMRAD EM124 multi beam echosounder system, showed the bottom of Challenger Deep comprised three 'pools' – Western, Central and Eastern.
In 1960, Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard were the first two humans to reach Challenger Deep, completing that dive as a team. 52 years later, James Cameron became the first person to solo dive that point. Piccard, Walsh and Cameron remained the only people to reach the Challenger Deep until 2019, when regular dives in DSV Limiting Factor began. To date, 19 of the 22 successful descents have been made in the DSV Limiting Factor. No other craft has made a repeat descent.
Astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan and mountaineer Vanessa O'Brien were the first two women to visit Challenger Deep in 2020. Victor Vescovo has made the most dives to Challenger Deep; by August 2022 he had made eleven dives to the Eastern pool, two to the Western pool, and two to the Central pool for a total of 15 dives.
The following is a list of individuals who have descended to Challenger Deep in the Federated States of Micronesia. These individuals will have descended at least 10,900 m (35,761 ft) into one of the three pools (western, central or eastern) that constitute Challenger Deep.
Centruroides gracilis

Centruroides gracilis is a species of scorpion in the family Buthidae, the bark scorpions. Its common names include Florida bark scorpion, brown bark scorpion, and slender brown scorpion. In Cuba it is known as alacran prieto ("dusky scorpion") and alacran azul ("blue scorpion"). Contrary to one of its common names, it is not actually native to Florida in the United States. It is native to northern parts of the middle Americas, including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. It is present in other parts as an introduced species, including Cuba, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Jamaica, and Florida in the United States. It is also introduced in parts of Africa, including Cameroon and Gabon, as well as the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands.)
In Florida, it is sympatric with two native Centruroides species, the Hentz striped scorpion (C. hentzi) and the Guiana striped scorpion (C. guianensis). This species is sometimes kept as a pet.
The female of the species reaches up to 10 centimeters in length, while the male can exceed 15 centimeters. It is variable in color, sometimes with individuals of different colors occurring in one population, or even one litter. It may be reddish, black with reddish chelae, dark brown with yellowish legs and red chelae, or dark brown with reddish and black tail sections.
The female gives birth to a litter of 25 to 35 young, with litters of 91 recorded. The juveniles ride on the female's back and undergo their first molt at eight days of age. A study of captive scorpions revealed the length of their life cycle. The juveniles progress through instar stages, sometimes dying of complications with the molting process. The female reaches maturity in roughly 300 days, after seven instars, but the males mature at different rates. Some reach sexual maturity in the sixth instar, at about 235 days of age, while some are not mature until the seventh instar, around 281 days old. At mating, the male engages in courtship behavior and produces a spermatophore. Females can reproduce via parthenogenesis, as well. In the laboratory the males had an average life span of about 33 months, while the females lived about 38 months.
This scorpion feeds on insects such as roaches. Captive scorpions can be fed termites or crickets.
The scorpion lives under rocks and tree bark. When given the opportunity it will live in the walls of houses and under rubbish piles in yards.
Predators of the scorpion include tarantulas, such as Tliltocatl vagans. The tarantula may kill the scorpion, even if the scorpion attacks first.
The scorpion is venomous, but much less toxic than others of its genus. Its venom is neurotoxic and cardiotoxic, causing the release of catecholamines. Local effects from the sting can include pain, redness, itching, and swelling. The venom can produce cardiac effects such as arrhythmia, pulmonary edema, tachycardia or bradycardia, and hyper- or hypotension. Other possible symptoms include nausea, vomiting, sweating, diarrhea, shock, convulsions, coma, and potentially death.
Negombata magnifica

Negombata magnifica, commonly known as toxic finger-sponge, is a species of sponge found from the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. Its reddish-brown narrow crooked branches can grow up to 70 centimetres (28 in). Negombata magnifica is extremely toxic because of the toxin latrunculin.
Negombata magnifica lives on shallow coral reefs in the northern waters of the Red Sea . Unlike many other species of sponges that live in abundance in these waters, preferring to grow between corals and rocks, or under them, Negombata magnifica grows in sight. The local fish won't touch it so it doesn't get damaged. When touched, it releases a strongly smelling, reddish juice, which instantaneously makes all the fish flee away.
Negombata magnifica is grown artificially to harvest latrunculin.
Kirsty Island

Kirsty Island is an island in Ryder Bay, west of Lagoon Island and East of Léonie Island. It has outcrops of reddish rocks and is used by scientists at Rothera Research Station as a site for marine research and recreation. It is named for Kirsty Brown, a marine biologist with the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) who died whilst snorkelling at Rothera Station in July 2003.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Kirsty Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
Yellow-green algae

Yellow-green algae or the Xanthophyceae (xanthophytes) are an important group of heterokont algae. Most live in fresh water, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from single-celled flagellates to simple colonial and filamentous forms. Xanthophyte chloroplasts contain the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, β-carotene, and the carotenoid diadinoxanthin. Unlike other Stramenopiles (heterokonts), their chloroplasts do not contain fucoxanthin, which accounts for their lighter colour. Their storage polysaccharide is chrysolaminarin. Xanthophyte cell walls are produced of cellulose and hemicellulose. They appear to be the closest relatives of the brown algae.
The species now placed in the Xanthophyceae were formerly included in the Chlorophyceae. In 1899, Lüther created the group Heterokontae for green algae with unequal flagella. Pascher (1914) included the Heterokontae in the Chrysophyta. In 1930, Allorge renamed the group as Xanthophyceae.
The monadoid (unicellular flagellates) and also sometimes the amoeboid species have been included by some authors in the Protozoa or Protista, as order Heterochloridina (e.g., Doflein and Reichenow, 1927-1929), as class Xanthomonadina, with orders Heterochloridea and Rhizochloridea (e.g., Deflandre, 1956), as order Heterochlorida (e.g., Hall, 1953, Honigberg et al., 1964), as order Heteromonadida (e.g., Leedale, 1983), or as subclass Heterochloridia (e.g., Puytorac et al., 1987). These groups are called ambiregnal protists, as names for these have been published under either or both of the ICZN and the ICN.
Xanthophyceae have been divided into the following five orders in some classification systems:
Classification according to Lüther (1899):
Classification according to Pascher (1912):
Fritsch (1935) recognizes the following orders in the class Xanthophyceae:
In the classification of Smith (1938), there are six orders in the class Xanthophyceae, placed in the division Chrysophyta:
Pascher (1939) recognizes 6 classes in Heterokontae:
Copeland (1956) treated the group as order Vaucheriacea:
In a classification presented by van den Hoek, Mann and Jahns (1995), based on the level of organization of the thallus, there are seven orders:
These are the same orders of the classification of Ettl (1978), an updated version of the classic work by Pascher (1939). Ultrastructural and molecular studies shows that the Mischococcales might be paraphyletic, and the Tribonematales and Botrydiales polyphyletic, and suggests two orders at most be used until the relationships within the division are sorted.
Informal groups, according to Maistro et al. (2009):
Unicellular flagellates, amoeboid and palmelloid taxa were not included in this study.
According to Adl et al. (2005, 2012):
Glaucophyte

The glaucophytes, also known as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a small group of unicellular algae found in freshwater and moist terrestrial environments, less common today than they were during the Proterozoic. The stated number of species in the group varies from about 14 to 26. Together with the red algae (Rhodophyta) and the green algae plus land plants (Viridiplantae or Chloroplastida), they form the Archaeplastida.
The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the evolution of chloroplasts as they may be similar to the original algal type that led to the red algae and green plants, i.e. glaucophytes may be basal Archaeplastida.
Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.
The plastids of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts', 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the plastids in other organisms, they have a peptidoglycan layer, believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria. Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a. Along with red algae and cyanobacteria, they harvest light via phycobilisomes, structures consisting largely of phycobiliproteins. The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment. Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol.
The most early-diverging genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected.
Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Motile forms have two unequal flagella, which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.
Together with red algae and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida – a group of plastid-containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium. The relationship among the three groups remains uncertain, although it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first:
The alternative, that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade, has been shown to be less plausible, but cannot be ruled out.
The internal phylogeny of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varies considerably among taxonomic sources. A phylogeny of the Glaucophyta published in 2017 divided the group into three families, and includes five genera:
A 2019 list of the described glaucophyte species has the same three subdivisions, treated as orders, but includes a further five unplaced possible species, producing a total of between 14 and 19 possible species.
As of March 2022, AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups, placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales (however the entry was dated 2011). AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera:
None of the species of Glaucophyta is particularly common in nature.
The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family Oocystaceae, in the order Chlorococcales.
Microregion of Jalapão

Jalapão is a semi-arid microregion in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Parts of the microregion have dramatic landscapes with large orange sand dunes, towering rock formations and fast-flowing clear rivers and streams. This is attractive to tourists, and led to Jalapão being chosen for a season of the US version of the Survivor TV series.
The Jalapão region has an area of 34,000 square kilometres (13,000 sq mi) and covers the municipalities of Lagoa do Tocantins, Lizarda, Santa Tereza do Tocantins, Mateiros, Novo Acordo, Ponte Alta do Tocantins and São Félix do Tocantins. It has an arid savanna climate with orange sand dunes and rock formations, but is crossed by many fast-flowing rivers and streams. Conservation units include the Jalapão State Park, the Nascentes do Rio Parnaíba National Park, the Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station, the Serra da Tabatinga Environmental Protection Area and the Jalapão Environmental Protection Area.
The region is a destination for adventure tourism and ecotourism, with the main attractions in Mateiros, Novo Acordo, Ponte Alta and São Félix. The dunes of fine orange sand reach 40 metres (130 ft) in height. The Cachoeira da Velha, a horseshoe-shaped waterfall 100 metres (330 ft) wide and 15 metres (49 ft) high. The Mumbuca and Prata villages, formerly quilombo, let tourists experience the local culture. The Serra do Espirito Santo is an interesting rock formation.
The 18th season of Survivor TV series, Survivor: Tocantins, was shot in the Jalapão region. Residents and local media complained about areas being closed and environmental damage. The producers said the closures were temporary in the areas where filming was being done, and they were committed to restore any damage.
Lögberg

Lögberg (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈlœɣˌpɛrk]), or Law Rock, was a rocky outcrop in south west Iceland, at the location for the assembly of the country's Althing parliament. The original Althing was gathered at Þingvellir, an area of dramatic landscapes which was easily accessible from the populated areas of the south west.
The exact location of the Lögberg is unknown, because of the changing geography of the rift valley over 1000 years. Two possible locations have been identified in Þingvellir, one a flat ledge at the top of a slope named Hallurinn (currently marked by a flagpole), the other in the Almannagjá fault against a rock wall. A site in the Hestagjá ravine has been put forward as ideal.
The Lögberg was the place on which the Lawspeaker (lögsögumaður [ˈlœɣˌsœːɣʏˌmaːðʏr̥]) took his seat as the presiding official of the assembly of the Althing. Speeches and announcements were made from the spot. Anyone attending could make their argument from the Lögberg. The gatherings were also convened and dissolved from it.
The Lögberg performed its purpose from the formation of the parliament in 930. It ceased to be used in 1262, when Iceland took allegiance to Norway.
64°15′35″N 21°07′22″W﻿ / ﻿64.2596°N 21.1227°W﻿ / 64.2596; -21.1227
Douro International Natural Park

The Douro International Natural Park (Portuguese: Parque Natural do Douro Internacional) is a natural park in northeast Portugal. With 868 km (335 sq mi), it is one the largest protected areas in the country. It is located in the municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro, Freixo de Espada à Cinta and Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, spanning a lengthy area along the Douro River where it functions as the border between Portugal and Spain (hence "International Douro"). The park also includes the border area of the Águeda River. The park was created to protect the scenic landscape of the region, as well as its flora and fauna.
The Natural Park is characterized by its rugged and dramatic landscapes, featuring deep river valleys, steep cliffs, and rocky outcrops. The park’s topography is the result of millions of years of erosion by the Douro River, creating a stunning and diverse natural environment.