davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Noguchi table

The Noguchi table is a piece of modernist furniture first produced in the mid-20th century. Introduced by Herman Miller in 1947, it was designed in the United States by Japanese American artist and industrial designer Isamu Noguchi. The Noguchi table comprises a wooden base composed of two identical curved wood pieces, and a heavy plate glass top.
The base was originally produced in walnut, birch, and cherry. It was later offered in ebonized walnut. Cherry bases were made only during the first year the table was on the market, and have been highly sought since. Birch bases were discontinued after 1954. As of 2016, the table is available in an ebonized finish, walnut, white ash and natural cherry.
The top was originally issued in 7⁄8-inch (22 mm) heavy plate glass. In 1965, the thickness of the top was reduced to 3⁄4 inch (19 mm), and its base height was raised, increasing the table's total height from 15 inches (380 mm) to 15.75 inches (400 mm).
Since the late 1980s, indexing pins have been installed on the pivot rod with matching slots milled into the legs to ensure that the two leg elements are set up at a 52-degree angle for maximum aesthetic appeal and optimal stability.
Glass of water theory

The glass of water theory is a doctrine asserting that in a communist society, satisfying sexual desires and love will be as simple and unimportant as drinking a glass of water. The theory is commonly associated with Alexandra Kollontai, although such characterization ignores the complexity of her theoretical work. Anatoly Lunacharsky criticized the theory in his article "On Everyday Life: Young People and the 'Glass of Water' Theory". The theory’s place in the Soviet ideological framework was later replaced by The Twelve Sexual Commandments of the Revolutionary Proletariat by Aron Zalkind.
1929 is considered the year of the end of the Bolshevik sexual revolution and the theory of the glass of water as its basis. However, several researchers in the history of the sexual revolution in the USSR argue that the sexual revolution formally ended in 1935 with the enactment of a law criminalizing pornography.
Prospekt's March

Prospekt's March is the seventh extended play by British rock band Coldplay and their first since Remixes (2003). It was released on 21 November 2008 in Europe and Japan, later released globally the following week. The EP features several left-over tracks from the Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends studio sessions and was also made available in the album's deluxe edition.
The cover features Eugène Delacroix's original painting The Battle of Poitiers, similar to the cover art featured on Viva la Vida, which included another Delacroix painting, Liberty Leading the People. On 5 November, Coldplay offered an exclusive preview of the EP via their Facebook application and through their website. The song "Glass of Water" was released in anticipation for the project and entered the iTunes Top 100 songs, being also performed live by the band on 4Music.
Upon the EP's release, "Life in Technicolor II" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 90 despite not being a promotional effort. The band would later confirm the song as an official single and release its physical version on 8 February 2009, which made the track rise to a new peak of number 28. One year later, it was nominated for the 52nd Grammy Awards in the Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Short Form Music Video categories.
Throughout the recording of Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends, Coldplay communicated to fans through their website, and some of the song titles were revealed during the recording. The name "Poppyfields" was first revealed in September 2007; in late October 2007, a message said that "Famous Old Painters" and "Glass of Water" had been written and were being considered for the album. "Prospekt's March" appeared for the first time in December of the same year; all the notes were signed by the pseudonym Prospekt, strengthening rumours that this would be the album's title. Those songs did not make it to the album's final track listing, so were featured on the Prospekt's March EP, except for "Famous Old Painters", which was never released.
In an interview for Coldplay's official website, frontman Chris Martin said that all the songs on the EP came very close to inclusion on Viva la Vida, and that they were "all part of the same family". In the same interview, the frontman stated that the idea was always to put these songs out by the end of 2008. Coldplay confirmed five songs for Prospekt's March on 3 October 2008, all of which had not been completed in time for Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends. The playlist was changed to eight songs on 5 October. Six of the eight tracks are new recordings of the band.
Prospekt's March debuted at number 15 on the Billboard 200 with 77,000 copies sold.
All songs written by Coldplay (Guy Berryman, Jonny Buckland, Will Champion and Chris Martin), except "Lost+", which was co-written by Shawn Carter.
The Glass of Water

The Glass of Water: or, Effects and Causes (French: Le verre d’eau ou Les effets et les causes) is an 1840 five-act stage comedy by the French writer Eugène Scribe that is set at the court of Queen Anne of Great Britain during the early 18th century. It premiered at the Théâtre-Français in Paris on 17 November 1840 and has been translated into several languages, including into German in 1841 by Alexander Cosmar.
The play is a prime example of the well-made play or 'Pièce bien faite', in which all the characters' motivations are so interlocked that the action at any given point is markedly consistent in an almost positivist way, with the political and historical processes making up its theme acting perfectly logically and consistently. Its subtitle Effects and Causes clearly refers to this understanding of history and theories of progression, typical of the mid-19th century.
Anne is not a strong ruler and remains under the influence of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough. The queen is attempting to end the War of the Spanish Succession but Sarah hopes to profit from prolonging it and thus keeping her husband the Duke of Marlborough in his position as commander-in-chief of the British army.
Sarah's greatest enemy is Lord Bolingbroke (a fictionalised version of Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke), who wants peace, the Marlboroughs' fall from grace and the position of prime minister. To achieve this, he makes use of Masham, a young officer in the royal guard who is in love with Abigail but is loved by both Sarah and Anne. Bolingbroke thus turns the feelings of the two powerful women (the Duchess Sarah Marlborough and Queen Anne) to the advantage of his own court intrigues.
Marlborough opposes Bolingbroke, leading the British government inscrutably and arbitrarily. It is Marlborough who is mainly responsible for what Bolingbroke sees as the unnecessary and costly war against Louis XIV of France and Bolingbroke accuses him of acting according to the maxim "The most insignificant things can often have the greatest impact. You may think, as does all the world, that political disasters, revolutions, the fall of an Empire, originate from serious, deep, important causes. Not even close! States are subjugated or defended by heroes, by great men, but those great men are led by little passions, caprices, vanities. "(Act I, Scene 4).
The play has been adapted for television in Sweden in 1960 as Ett Glas vatten (with Gunnel Lindblom as Anne), in Hungary in 1977 as Sakk-matt (with Judit Halász as Anne) and twice in the USSR of the same title Stakan vody (Стакан воды) (once as a 1957 television play and once as a 1979 telefilm with Natalya Belokhvostikova as Anne). It has also been adapted for film twice times in Germany (once as a 1923 silent film and once as a musical in 1960).
Two-Toed Tom

Two-Toed Tom is a legendary alligator in the Southern United States who terrorized swamp residents in Florida and Alabama. The name originates from the legendary alligator having lost all but two toes on one or more feet to a steel trap.
The story of Two-Toed Tom originated in the 1920s, at least as early as 1922, according to an anecdote by Esto, Florida councilman Ralph Dupree, born in 1912, who said that he had heard the story "since he was 10 years old". One of the earliest written accounts can be traced to the 1934 book Stars Fell on Alabama, by Carl Carmer. In the book, the story of Two-Toed Tom, often referred to simply as Two-Toe or Red-Eye, refers to a red-eyed, 14-foot alligator who would regularly eat farmers livestock as well as men and women, the latter of which he was also said to have raped before eating. The story continues to tell of multiple failed attempts to kill the alligator, including an ex-military sharpshooter who spent over a week in a hunting blind, waiting for the creature, and another incident where the alligator was chased into a pond by farmer Pap Haines, into which 15 syrup buckets of dynamite were lit and thrown into, in an unsuccessful attempt to kill Two-Toe. The story ends with it being mentioned the gator was said to have made his way down to Florida, though the narrator, an old man named Gilmore, believed he'd be back to Alabama eventually.
Other sources attest that Two-Toed Tom, after leaving Alabama, took up residence in the Sand Hammock Lake, between Esto, Florida and Noma, Florida. In a chapter dedicated to the legend in the book Holmesteading by E.W. Carswell, it's described that the creature continued to frequently eat livestock, and would also bellow in response to the whistle at the Alabama-Florida Lumber Company mill in Noma. Further failed attempts at killing Two-Toed Tom are described here as well, with a group of local boys shooting at it with .22 caliber rifles and shotguns, to no effect.
Two-Toed Tom arises again in 1972, when an article in the Pensacola News Journal reported that two-toed tracks had been found on Boynton Island, near the community of Red Head, Florida.
Starting in 1987, a festival has been held in Esto, Florida dedicated to Two-Toed Tom, however as of 2019, its future has been called into question, due to a lack of support.
Two-Toed Tom is mentioned briefly in Go Set a Watchman by Harper Lee.
Toe-Toed Tom is featured in the videogame South of Midnight, where Hazel and a big talking catfish encounter him while searching for Hazel's mother. It is depicted as a ginormous albino alligator with an island attached to his back, in order to distract Tom, Hazel must ring the bell of an abandoned church in order to get past him. She later finds out that Tom was transformed from being mistreated by his previous owner, who starved Tom to the point of having a neverending hunger.
Brooklyn Orchid

Brooklyn Orchid is a 1942 American comedy film directed by Kurt Neumann and written by Earle Snell and Clarence Marks that was one of Hal Roach's Streamliners. The film stars William Bendix, Joe Sawyer, Marjorie Woodworth, Grace Bradley, Richard "Skeets" Gallagher, Florine McKinney and Leonid Kinskey. The film was released on January 31, 1942, by United Artists.
This was the first of the so-called Taxi Comedies series, which featured Bendix, Sawyer, and Bradley playing the same characters. The latter two films were The McGuerins from Brooklyn and Taxi, Mister.
A couple of cab drivers, Tim McGuerin and Eddie Corbett, cope with the women in their lives. Tim's social-climbing wife Sadie has a secret, that she once worked as a stripper. Eddie's conniving sweetheart Mabel plans to use this information against Sadie when she becomes irritated by her.
Tim and Eddie go fishing and catch a whopper—a beautiful woman. Lucy Gibbs turns out to be the winner of the "Brooklyn Orchid" beauty pageant, but rather than be pleased, she's actually making a suicide attempt over its adverse effect on her life. She now blames Tim and Eddie for spoiling her plans.
The boys take their ladies to a health spa, but Lucy follows them and complicates matters. When a band strikes up, Mabel announces that Sadie is in the room and can do her "act". Lucy saves the day, pretending to be Sadie and hiding her secret. Sadie then cuts up Mabel's dress and tosses her into a swimming pool. Tim and Eddie decide not to go fishing again.
Ivory (color)

Ivory is an off-white color named after, and derived from, the material made from the tusks and teeth of certain animals, such as the elephant and the walrus. It has a very slight tint of yellow.
The color is often associated with purity and elegance. In Western culture, it is also associated with weddings and other formal occasions. In Eastern cultures, ivory has been used for centuries in the creation of decorative objects and religious artifacts, such as Buddha statues and other sculptures. The cultural acceptance of the use of ivory as a material has declined over time, with the practice being outlawed in much of the world.
The first recorded use of ivory as a color name in English was in 1385.
The color "ivory" was included as one of the X11 colors when they were formulated in 1987.
Plants
Birds
Dendrochilum

Dendrochilum (commonly abbreviated Ddc. in horticulture) was a genus of epiphytic, lithophytic and a few terrestrial flowering plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). It is now considered to be a synonym of Coelogyne Lindl. The name of this genus was derived from Ancient Greek words dendron ("tree"), and either cheilos ("lip") or chilos ("green food"), alluding to either the flowers' large lip or to their epiphytic growth. These orchids are popular among orchid collectors.
Dendrochilum are distributed at higher elevations in the humid rainforests throughout the Malesian region, with some in the surrounding lands; thus they occur from Southeast Asia to New Guinea. However, most species are found on Borneo or the Philippines.
This genus produces miniature, fragrant, star-shaped flowers that are generally produced in two rows on erect or arching pendant, many-flowered racemes. These inflorescences can grow to a length of 50 cm (20 in) (e.g. in the Hay-scented Orchid, D. glumaceum). The stems are ovoid to cylindrical, striped, sharply reduced pseudobulbs, about 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long, with green to brown bracts at their base. Each carries one or two tough, erect and lanceolate leaves, usually about 20 cm (7.9 in) long, with narrow petioles. The elliptical leaves of the Long-leaved Dendrochilum (D. longifolium) may grow to a length of 40 cm (16 in).
The precise number of species is disputed; many websites accept as few as 100 or so, while others recognize far more. For example, the World Checklist of Monocotyledons lists 390 records, including names that have become synonyms. Numerous new taxa have become known in recent decades.
Many of these orchids (67 species in the list used here) were named by Johannes Jacobus Smith, an eminent Dutch botanist. The genus' type species, described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1825, is Dendrochilum aurantiacum of Java and Sumatra. Several species were formerly separated in Acoridium (established by Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck and Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen in 1843) or Platyclinis (established by George Bentham in 1881), but these two taxa are now regarded as synonyms of Dendrochilum.
Orchis purpurea

Orchis purpurea, the lady orchid, is a herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Orchis of the family Orchidaceae.
Orchis purpurea reaches on average 30–100 centimetres (12–39 in) of height. The leaves are broad and oblong-lanceolate, forming a rosette about the base of the plant and surrounding the flower spike. They are fleshy and bright green, and can be up to 15 cm long. The inflorescence is densely covered with up to 50 flowers. The sepals and upper petals are violaceous or purple (hence the Latin name purpurea of the species). The flower's labellum is pale pink or white, with a center spotted by clusters of violaceous or purple hairs. It is divided into three lobes; the outer two are small and narrow, and the inner is large, rounded, and heart-shaped. Flowering occurs in late April to June.
This orchid can be found in most parts of Europe, northern Africa, Turkey and the Caucasus. It usually grows in sloping woodlands, particularly in mixed deciduous / oak forests, but occasionally occur in meadows. It prefers limestone or chalk soil and partially shaded locations at an altitude of 0–1,350 metres (0–4,429 ft) above sea level.
Orchis purpurea may be mistaken for the military orchid (Orchis militaris) or monkey orchid (Orchis simia). The three species often hybridize, making them difficult to identify, although the shape of the labellum is distinct to each species.
Deer, especially the muntjac, and slugs are among the greatest threats to this orchid. Human activity - woodland clearance, picking flowers or uprooting plants - is a major concern.
Laelia

Laelia is a small genus of 25 species in the orchid family (Orchidaceae). Laelia species are found in areas of subtropical or temperate climate in Central and South America, but mostly in Mexico. Laelia is abbreviated L. in the horticultural trade.
Mostly epiphyte herbs (with a few lithophytes) with laterally compressed pseudobulbs. One to four leathery or fleshy leaves are born near the top of each pseudobulb, and can be broadly ovate to oblong. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme (rarely a panicle). The flowers have 8 pollinia; petals are of a thinner texture than the sepals; sepals and petals are of similar shape, but the sepals being narrower; the lip or labellum is free from the arched flower column.
Species of Laelia can be found from western Mexico south to Bolivia, from sea level to mountain forests.
The genus Laelia was described as part of subfamily Epidendroideae by John Lindley. Brazilian Laelias, after being classified for several years under Sophronitis, have now been placed in the genus Cattleya. Moreover, species formerly placed in the genus Schomburgkia have been moved either to the genus Laelia or Myrmecophila.
Laelia comprises the following species:
Species in this genus are found in forests from sea level to mountain habitats above 2000 m. Species from above 2000 m of elevation like L. albida, and L. autumnalis are adapted to temperate climates and can be grown outdoors in places like the Mexican Plateau, California and other subtropical areas with cool summers.
Laelia is one of the orchid genera known to use crassulacean acid metabolism photosynthesis, which reduces evapotranspiration during daylight because carbon dioxide is collected at night.
Laelias can be grown fastened to tree trunks, as long as the tree won't cast a deep shadow; they can also be fastened to a piece of branch or a slab of cork so they can be hung in a place facing south. The growing medium must have good drainage, rapidly drying after watering; pieces of pine bark, charcoal or pebbles are good choices. If grown mounted they definitely need approximately 50–70% humidity, while cooler temperatures increase the blooming process. Watering can be done 2–3 times a week, but with lower frequency in winter. Fertilization can be done with a very dilute solution, twice a month especially during growing season (May to November in Northern Hemisphere).
Hybrids of Laelia with other orchid genera are placed in the following nothogenera (this list is incomplete):
Rhyncholaelia is a distinct genus rather than a nothogenus.
Dendrobium nobile

Dendrobium nobile, also known as the noble dendrobium, is a member of the family Orchidaceae. It is one of the most widespread ornamental members of the orchid family. It is the state flower of Sikkim, a pradesh in India.
Dendrobium nobile is a sympodial orchid that forms pseudobulbs. When the mother plant's life cycle ends, it produces offsets, continuing the plant's life. The new plant then repeats this cycle. Its inflorescence is erect, with blooms forming along the length of the flowering stem. It has strap-shaped, persistent leaves and blooms mostly in winter and spring, producing short, 2 to 4-flowered racemes. The flowers are fragrant, waxy, and highly variable in color, ranging from white to pink and purple. The many different cultivated varieties produce blooms of different sizes and colors.
Dendrobium nobile is an epiphytic or lithophytic plant native to southern China (including Tibet), the Himalayas (India, Bangladesh, Assam, Nepal, Bhutan), and Indochina (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam). The species is also reportedly naturalized in Hawaii. Dendrobium nobile occurs in lowland and mountain forests, often on mossy limestone rocks.
Extract of the stems of Dendrobium nobile yielded 17 phenanthrenes (including 3,4,8-trimethoxyphenanthrene-2,5-diol, 2,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxy-2,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,8-dihydroxy-3,4,7-trimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene, 2,2'-dihydroxy-3,3',4,4',7,7'-hexamethoxy-9,9',10,10'-tetrahydro-1,1'-biphenanthrene and 2,3,5-trihydroxy-4,9-dimethoxyphenanthrene). There have been many studies on the complex chemistry of the plant.
It is also one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, known as shí hú (Chinese: 石斛) or shí hú lán (Chinese: 石斛兰).
Dendrobium nobile has been added to the EU novel foods catalogue as it is deemed unsafe for human consumption within food supplements without a safety assessment.
It has become a popular cultivated decorative house plant, because it produces colourful blooms in winter and spring, at a time when little else is in flower. It is a tender plant that only survives winters in USDA hardiness zones 11 and above.
Examples of the species are grown in Kew Gardens Tropical Nursery in London and seeds are stored in the Millennium Seed Bank there.
Teleférico de Zacatecas

El Teleférico de Zacatecas es un teleférico ubicado en el centro histórico de Ciudad de Zacatecas, Zacatecas,​ este comunica el Cerro de la Bufa con el Cerro del Grillo. Fue inaugurado en 1979 y transporta alrededor de 300 mil personas al año en un recorrido de 650 metros a una altura aproximada a 85 metros.​​ Cabe mencionar que desde 2016 estuvo en etapa de remodelación y adecuación de terminales en el Cerro del Grillo y Cerro de la Bufa, así como ampliación de canastillas por la empresa francesa POMA y reactiva su servicio el 5 de mayo de 2018.
José Eulogio Bonilla Robles

José Eulogio Bonilla Robles (Fresnillo, Zacatecas; 25 de enero de 1946) es un político mexicano miembro del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), ha sido candidato a Gobernador de Zacatecas en 2004 y senador de 2000 a 2006.
José Eulogio Bonilla es Técnico en Electrónica y pasante de la carrera de Derecho, ha sido locutor y es propietario de una cadena de radiodifusoras en su estado natal, entre los cargos políticos que ha desempeñado esta el de Síndico y Presidente Municipal de Fresnillo de 1980 a 1983, Diputado al Congreso de Zacatecas, Diputado Federal en dos ocasiones, una de ellas a la LVII Legislatura de 1997 a 2000 y en 2000 electo Senador por Zacatecas para el periodo que concluye en 2006.Es agricultor y ganadero y también ha ocupado cargos importantes en las organizaciones de la ganadería.
Es Vicepresidente de La Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones (Cofetel) 2013 Fue director de turismo y gestionó el Teleférico en Zacatecas y la Discoteca de la Mina del Eden. Es miembro del Consejo Estatal de desarrollo económico 2010-2016.
En 2004 fue candidato a Gobernador de Zacatecas, PRI.
Templo de Nuestra Señora del Patrocinio o de la Bufa

El Templo de Nuestra Señora del Patrocinio o de la Bufa o santuario de la Virgen del Patrocinio es un templo católico ubicado en el cerro de la Bufa, en Zacatecas, Zacatecas perteneciente a la jurisdicción de la Diócesis de Zacatecas en el que se venera a la advocación mariana de Nuestra Señora del Patrocinio. Es considerada por sus fieles como Patrona Especial de la Ciudad y le festejan del 3 al 15 de septiembre con peregrinaciones por gremios.
Fue la primera ermita dedicada a la Virgen María en la ciudad de Zacatecas, construida en enero de 1548 en señal de agradecimiento. En 1656 se le nombró como la Virgen del Patrocinio del pueblo de Zacatecas. Debido al tiempo y al descuido la ermita cayó, por lo que se levantó una nueva capilla que se terminó de construir en 1728, y en el mes de noviembre se le colocó la imagen que aún es venerada por los fieles.
Batalla del Cerro de la Bufa

La Batalla del Cerro de La Bufa, que tuvo lugar en la ciudad de Zacatecas, en el estado del mismo nombre, fue un conflicto decisivo para frenar y desorganizar a los rebeldes del Plan de la Noria que, acaudillados por Porfirio Díaz, intentaban impedir que Benito Juárez se presentara a su reelección, considerada inconstitucional por aquellos.
La batalla tuvo lugar entre las fuerzas juaristas y el ejército leal al Plan de la Noria, comandado por el General Jerónimo Treviño, gobernador de Nuevo León. Actuando como general en jefe del Ejército del Norte y apoyado por Francisco Naranjo, Ignacio y Pedro Martínez, Juan E. Guerra, el ex imperialista Julián Quiroga y otros, Treviño se apoderó de Saltillo el 5 de diciembre de 1871. Allí se le unió Donato Guerra, pronunciado en Zacatecas. En febrero de 1872 el gobierno envió a Sóstenes Rocha para combatirlos. Ante su avance, los pronunciados norteños desistieron de marchar sobre Guanajuato, pero Rocha los alcanzó y derrotó el 2 de marzo en la Bufa, en Zacatecas. Las bajas y pérdidas que sufrieron en la batalla supusieron el final del ejército rebelde, aunque los sublevados, aun totalmente desbandados y desorganizados, continuaron en campaña por diversos rumbos, siempre con Treviño como jefe.
Escudo de Zacatecas

El Escudo de Zacatecas fue otorgado a la ciudad de Zacatecas —y después adoptado por el municipio y estado del mismo nombre— el 20 de junio de 1588 por el rey Felipe II, mediante una Cédula Real,
En este se encuentran representados el Cerro de La Bufa, una cruz de plata, una imagen de Nuestra Señora de los Zacatecas, el Sol, la Luna y una cifra coronada en oro. Los cuatro personajes vestidos de negro presentes en el escudo son Juan de Tolosa, Baltasar Temiño de Bañuelos, Diego de Ibarra y el capitán Cristóbal de Oñate, primeros descubridores españoles del cerro y peñasco.
Según la cédula real original, tiene la forma de un escudo español. En su único campo, predomina una elevación que representa al emblemático cerro de La Bufa, en cuyos pies nace la ciudad el 20 de enero de 1548, como producto del descubrimiento de las ricas minas de plata.
En la parte más eminente del cerro aparece una cruz de plata, y al centro, una imagen de la Virgen María, ya que las minas de plata que posteriormente llevarían a la fundación de la ciudad fueron descubiertas el 8 de septiembre de 1846, día en que la iglesia católiga celebra la natividad de la Virgen María; dabajo, el monograma real de Felipe II, rey que otorgó el escudo de armas.
En los dos extremos superiores del escudo se encuentra el sol y la luna, a diestra y siniestra del escudo, respectivamente, sobrea azul.
En la falda del cerro hay cuatro retratos de personas en el campo de plata en memoria de Juan de Tolosa, Diego de Ibarra, Baltasar Temiño de Bañuelos y el capitán Cristóbal de Oñate, principales fundadores, mineros y pobladores de Zacatecas; debajo de ellos aparece el lema Labor Vincit Omnia que significa "el trabajo lo vence todo".
En la bordura, cinco manojos de flechas y entremetidos con otros cinco arcos, que son las armas de que usaban las poblaciones indígenas del lugar.​
Extracto de la Cédula Real expedida por el Rey Don Felipe II de España el 20 de junio de 1588 en San Lorenzo de El Escorial, Madrid, en la cual otorga el escudo de armas a la Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de Zacatecas:
Nótese que la cédula no indica alguna advicación de la Virgen María en específico, mas la representación actual en el escudo es Nuestra Señora de los Zacatecas.
Aeropuerto Internacional de Zacatecas

El Aeropuerto Internacional General Leobardo C. Ruiz o Aeropuerto Internacional de Zacatecas (Código IATA: ZCL - Código OACI: MMZC - Código DGAC: ZCL​), es un aeropuerto internacional localizado en Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México. Es comúnmente conocido como Aeropuerto de Calera debido a que se cree popularmente que está localizado en el municipio de Calera de Víctor Rosales. El aeropuerto recibe tráfico aéreo nacional e internacional de la ciudad de Zacatecas.
Ciudad colonial considerada patrimonio cultural de la humanidad, ubicada en el estado del mismo nombre. Además de ser una región muy visitada por turistas nacionales y extranjeros, Zacatecas es la entidad de mayor producción en plata y el segundo en la producción de plomo, cobre, zinc y oro.
Para 2021, Zacatecas recibió a 375,930 pasajeros, mientras que para 2022 recibió a 433,952 pasajeros, según datos publicados por el Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte.
Se brinda servicio a 2 ciudades dentro del país a cargo de 2 aerolíneas. El destino de Aeroméxico es operado por Aeroméxico Connect.
Se brinda servicio a 5 ciudades extranjeras en Estados Unidos, a cargo de 2 aerolíneas.
Ver fuente y consulta Wikidata.
Nota:
Los aeropuertos más cercanos son:​
Teleférico de Durango

El Teleférico de Durango es un teleférico ubicado en el centro histórico de la Ciudad de Durango, este comunica el Cerro del Calvario con el mirador del Cerro de Los Remedios,​ tiene una capacidad de transportar a cinco mil personas al día en un recorrido de 750 metros a una altura de 82 metros,​ tuvo un costo de 90 millones de pesos y fue inaugurado el 6 de noviembre de 2010.​
Teleférico de las Barrancas del Cobre

El Teleférico de las Barrancas del Cobre es un teleférico ubicado en la Estación Divisadero en las Barrancas del Cobre (Chihuahua, México).​ Recorre una distancia de 3 km a una altura de 400 metros, transportando a 500 personas por hora. Fue inaugurado el 25 de septiembre de 2010 y tuvo un costo de 250 millones de pesos.​​
Inauguran teleférico en barrancas del Cobre en YouTube.
Teleférico de Puebla

El Teleférico de Puebla es un atractivo turístico de la ciudad de Puebla. Está ubicado en la zona histórica de los Fuertes de Loreto y Guadalupe, comunicando el Centro Expositor, cuya estación mide 58 metros de altura, con el monumento a Zaragoza, donde la estación se encuentra a 48 metros sobre el suelo. Desde las cabinas se puede contemplar el mural urbano más grande del mundo, una vista panorámica de la ciudad, así como los volcanes Popocatépetl e Iztaccíhuatl.​ Además de los fuertes, otros atractivos en las cercanías son el Parque Paseo del Teleférico, el planetario y el Museo de la Evolución.​ Empresas Fabricantes BARTHOLET MASCHINENBAU AG del sistema mecánico, empresa del control eléctrico SISAG AG, empresa fabricante del cable FATZER BRUGG AG y todas de origen de suiza.
El teleférico cuenta con dos góndolas que brindan el servicio a un máximo de 35 personas por cabina, con un tiempo de recorrido que oscila entre tres y cinco minutos.​ Tiene un costo de $38 el viaje sencillo y $57 para el recorrido de ida y vuelta. El horario de funcionamiento es: de martes a domingo de las 10:30 a las 21:30 horas.​
En 2016 se registró la visita de 752,598 personas e ingresos por 16.8 millones de pesos. Para 2017 las cifras cayeron a 501,299 pasajeros y 11.4 millones de pesos.​
La inauguración de este sistema de transporte trajo consigo algunas críticas en medios nacionales. Además de exceder el monto presupuestado en un 116% (alcanzando un total de 359.2 millones de pesos), se le criticó ampliamente por el retraso en la obra, cuya fecha de entrega fue cambiada en cuatro ocasiones, sumando al final tres años más de lo previsto.​
Originalmente, el proyecto comprendía una longitud de casi 2 kilómetros, que conectaría el Centro Expositor, en la zona de los Fuertes, con el Centro Histórico. En 2013, tras demolerse la Casa del Torno, construcción catalogada del siglo XVII, la obra fue suspendida después de que un juez ordenó la suspensión de los trabajos en el Barrio del Artista, ya que no se contaba con los permisos correspondientes del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH).​​
Teleférico de las Grutas de García

El Teleférico de las Grutas de García es un teleférico ubicado en las Grutas de García en el municipio de García, Nuevo León.​ El teleférico recorre una distancia de 625 metros en aproximadamente 3 minutos, ascendiendo cerca de 280 metros hasta donde se encuentran las grutas.​ Cabe destacar que este teleférico sustituyó al anterior funicular.​
Unión Zacatecas

Unión Zacatecas fue un equipo que participó en la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional con sede en Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México; y Fresnillo, Zacatecas, México.
El actual club Unión Zacatecas nace en el año 2007 con la fusión entre los equipos Barreteros de Zacatecas y Gambusinos de Fresnillo.
Marcha de Zacatecas

La Marcha de Zacatecas (originalmente denominado "Marcha Aréchiga") es el himno oficial del Estado de Zacatecas, en México. Es obra del compositor zacatecano Genaro Codina (1852-1901), de oficio cohetero y arpista de afición.
Codina compuso la marcha Zacatecas en el año de 1892 y fue tocada por primera vez en público en la primavera de 1893, por la Banda del Estado, que era dirigida por Fernando Villalpando y reforzada por la Banda de Niños del Hospicio, además de una banda de guerra. El mérito de la instrumentación de la marcha corresponde a Fernando Villalpando.​
Por su aceptación y frecuente interpretación en actos oficiales, está considerada como el segundo Himno Nacional Mexicano,​ así como el Himno Nacional de la charrería mexicana. También fue utilizada como el tema de entrada del luchador profesional Perro Aguayo.​
Se dice que una tarde del año de 1891, se hallaban reunidas en la casa del compositor Fernando Villalpando varias personas, entre las que estaba Genaro Codina. Al parecer, al fragor de la conversación surgió un reto entre ambos músicos, que consistía en ver cuál de los dos componía la mejor marcha militar. Hecha la apuesta, se acordó que el vencedor de la justa musical dedicaría su marcha al entonces gobernador de Zacatecas, el general Jesús Aréchiga.
Cada uno se fue por separado a escribir su marcha, y dicen que días después, mientras paseaba por el parque hoy conocido como Alameda García de la Cadena, Genaro Codina fue bendecido por la inspiración, y de inmediato acudió a su instrumento favorito, que era el arpa, y escribió la primera versión de su marcha.
Poco después, esta marcha y la que había compuesto Villalpando fueron sometidas al escrutinio de un jurado privado, y la marcha de Codina fue declarada como la mejor de las dos. Fieles al espíritu de la apuesta original, Codina y Villalpando organizaron una serenata con la Banda Municipal de Zacatecas, para presentar la marcha ante el gobernador.
Como muestra palpable de que no había mala sangre entre los dos adversarios, Villalpando no solo hizo el arreglo para la banda a partir del original de Codina para arpa, sino que también se encargó de dirigir a la banda el día del estreno de la Marcha Aréchiga, como fue conocida originalmente la pieza. Sin embargo, inmediatamente después del estreno, el gobernador Aréchiga tuvo un gesto noble y modesto y pidió que en lugar de su nombre, la marcha ostentara el nombre del estado.
Fue así como nació la muy famosa y muy difundida Marcha Zacatecas, que desde su nacimiento fue conocida y reconocida como una especie de himno regional zacatecano. gracias a Genaro Codina.
Centro histórico de Zacatecas

El centro histórico de Zacatecas se encuentra en el estado mexicano de Zacatecas. Está declarado por la UNESCO Patrimonio de la Humanidad desde el 11 de diciembre de 1993 como ciudad histórica. La ciudad diversos nombramientos. Forma parte del Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, que fue reconocido como Patrimonio de la Humanidad en 2010; por lo que la ciudad alberga un doble título ante la Unesco.​
Fundada en 1546 después de que descubrieron plata en la región, con la llegada de Juan de Tolosa. Poco tiempo después fue poblada por las plazas como el Jardín Juárez y la Plaza de Armas; mansiones como el palacio de la Mala Noche, e iglesias importantes como la Catedral y el Templo de Santo Domingo. La ciudad terminó siendo el foco de civilización y evangelización de la Nueva España. Zacatecas alcanzó la cima de su prosperidad en los siglos XVI y XVII. Construida sobre las empinadas laderas de un estrecho valle, la ciudad goza de vistas espectaculares y contiene muchos edificios antiguos, tanto religiosos como civiles.
Uno de los lugares ,más turísticos sería la plaza de armas que se encuentra junto con la catedral y el palacio de gobierno, la plaza de armas​ se utiliza para varios eventos y es un lugar que alberga turismo por sus antes mencionados lugares como el palacio de gobierno, que está hecho en un edificio que pertenecía al siglo XVII, fue construido en 1727, y su catedral, que es una de sus piezas arquitectónicas más maravillosas, el cual llama más la atención de los turistas, así como su elaboración de la fachada con cantera rosa, y sus decoros que es lo más llamativo estos pertenecientes del barroco novohispano mexicano, por la parte de adentro se caracteriza por ser más sencilla a diferencia de su fachada, la catedral cuenta con un estilo churrigueresco, fue creada por el papa Pio IX, quien le dio el título de catedral, su interior austero en el cual se destacan sus columnas de estilo dórico, sus altares laterales que son de un neoclásico. La catedral, fue construida entre 1730 y 1760, domina el centro de la ciudad. Se destaca por su diseño armonioso de las fachadas barrocas, donde los elementos decorativos europeos e indígenas se encuentran en ambos lados.
Otro de los sitios más importantes, es el Templo de Santo Domingo, el cual fue edificado por la orden de los Jesuitas por ahí del año 1746; más tarde en 1785 se convirtió en el segundo templo más importante de la ciudad de Zacatecas. es de estilo barroco y contiene distintos retablos, principalmente dedicados a la Virgen de Guadalupe.​
Municipio de Cuauhtémoc (Zacatecas)

El municipio de Cuauhtémoc (del náhuatl: cuautlitémoc ‘águila que cae’) es uno de los 58 municipios del estado mexicano de Zacatecas. Recibió este nombre el 29 de diciembre de 1959​ en honor al último emperador azteca Cuauhtémoc, cuyos restos fueron descubiertos por la arqueóloga Eulalia Guzmán, nacida en este municipio.​ Es el lugar de origen del exgobernador José Rodríguez Elías.​ Y en lo que hoy es la biblioteca municipal falleció Francisco García Salinas, político que impulsó el reparto de tierras, el desarrollo de la industria y la escolarización.​ Su cabecera es la localidad de San Pedro Piedra Gorda.
Se encuentra en la región centro-sur del estado, dentro de la región de los valles. Localizado a 22° 27” latitud norte y 102° 21” longitud oeste. Con una superficie territorial de 325.204 km², representan el 0.43 % de la superficie total del estado. Colinda al norte con el municipios de Ojocaliente, al oriente con Luis Moya, al occidente con Genaro Codina y al sur con los municipios de Cosío y Rincón de Romos, pertenecientes al estado de Aguascalientes.
Está integrado por un total de 20 localidades, 5 comunidades y su cabecera municipal,​ San Pedro Piedra Gorda, que se encuentra localizada a un costado de la carretera panamericana. A 57 km al sureste de la capital del estado (Zacatecas) y a 67 km al norte de la ciudad de Aguascalientes. En su territorio inicia la autopista de peaje Osiris-Cuauhtémoc que comunica a las ciudades de Aguascalientes y Zacatecas.
Según el censo de 2020 del INEGI, la población total del municipio es de 13 466 personas, de las cuales 6548 son hombres y 6918​ Representa el 0.83 % de la población total del estado y tiene una densidad poblacional de 36.64 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado.
Está integrado por 20 localidades, 5 comunidades y su cabecera municipal.​ Los principales poblados y el número de habitantes en 2010 son las siguientes:​
El gobierno del municipio le corresponde, como en todos los municipios de México, al ayuntamiento, estando éste conformado por el presidente Municipal, un síndico y el cabildo compuesto por doce regidores, siendo ocho electos por mayoría y cuatro por el principio de representación proporcional; el ayuntamiento es electo mediante voto universal, directo y secreto para un periodo gubernamental de tres años no renovables para el periodo inmediato pero sí de manera no consecutiva, todo entran a ejercer su cargo el día 15 de septiembre del año de la elección.​
El municipio se divide en cinco delegaciones municipales, cuyos titulares son electos mediante voto directo y universal en las localidades donde tienen sede.
Para la elección de Diputados al Congreso de Zacatecas y al Congreso de la Unión, el municipio de Cuauhtémoc se encuentra integrado en los siguientes distritos electorales:
Local:
Federal:
Zacatecas International Airport

Zacatecas International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional de Zacatecas); officially Aeropuerto Internacional General Leobardo C. Ruiz (General Leobardo C. Ruiz International Airport) (IATA: ZCL, ICAO: MMZC) is an international airport situated in Calera de Victor Rosales, Zacatecas, Mexico. It manages national and international air traffic in the metropolitan area of Zacatecas and the entire state of Zacatecas. In addition to commercial flights to Mexico and the United States, it also supports various tourism, flight training, executive, and general aviation activities. Operated by Grupo Aeroportuario Centro Norte (OMA), the airport is named in honor of Leobardo C. Ruiz, a military and diplomatic figure. In 2023, the airport handled 443,582 passengers, decreasing to 371,280 in 2024.
The airport is located 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the city center, at an elevation of 2,177 metres (7,142 ft) above sea level. It is equipped with one runway measuring 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in length. The apron has four stands capable of accommodating narrow-body aircraft.
In 2010, 25 million pesos were invested in the airport to add a new 1,200 square meter international wing and remodel the domestic area.
The passenger terminal provides a range of services typical of a regional airport, including check-in facilities for both domestic and international flights, a VIP lounge, parking areas, car rental services, taxi stands, and a departure concourse with four gates offering direct access to the apron, allowing passengers to board their planes by walking to the aircraft.
Additionally, the airport hosts logistics and courier companies and features a dedicated general aviation terminal supporting various activities such as tourism, flight training, executive aviation, and general aviation.
Bufa Hill

Bufa Hill or El Cerro de la Bufa is a hill found east of historic downtown area of the Mexican city of Zacatecas and is of historic and cultural significance in the state of Zacatecas.
The origin of Bufa Hill's name is disputed. What is, perhaps, the best-known version of the tale says that the hill was christened Bufa by Juan de Tolosa. Bufa is a word that originated from Aragonese, meaning pig bladder, which was used to describe the unique shape of the hill.
Bufa Hill, which lies to the east of historic downtown Zacatecas, is 2,610 meters above sea level. The mountain served as a home to several Aridoamerican tribes, from whence the city Zacatecas received its name. The Chichimecan tribes that inhabited the Zacatecan area were the Caxcanes, Guachichiles, Guamares Irritilas, Huicholes, Tecuexes, Teules, Tepehuanes, Coras, y Zacatecas. The Zacatecas tribe was considered to be one of the most important. Thus, not only did the city of Zacatecas inherit the tribal name, but so did the state. The Caxcanes occupied a large portion of what now comprises the states of Jalisco and Zacatecas. The Bufa is a tourist attraction that marks the victory of the Battle of Zacatecas, a significant moment in the history of the state.
The four founding fathers of Zacatecas, a mining city, were Juan de Tolosa, Cristóbal de Oñate, Diego de Ibarra, and Baltazar Temiño de Bañuelos.
When the Spanish, who were searching for precious metals, arrived at what is now Zacatecas, they entered through a mountainous path that led to a valley. Soon, they came across a large mountain which Juan de Tolosa named Bufa Hill.
In the year 1588, Bufa Hill had gained so much importance that it was included in the city's arms, with the support of Felipe II.
Bufa Hill was also important in the arrival of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and in the Mexican War of Independence.
22°46′41″N 102°33′54″W﻿ / ﻿22.7781°N 102.5650°W﻿ / 22.7781; -102.5650
General Pánfilo Natera Municipality

General Pánfilo Natera is a municipality in the Mexican state of Zacatecas, located approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the state capital. It is named after Pánfilo Natera [es], commander of the Central Division of the Constitutional Army in the Mexican Revolution, and governor of Zacatecas in 1915 and from 1940 to 1944.
The municipality of General Pánfilo Natera is located at an elevation between 2,000 and 2,700 metres (6,600–8,900 ft) on the Mexican Plateau in southeastern Zacatecas. It borders the Zacatecan municipalities of Villa González Ortega to the southeast, Ojocaliente to the southwest, Trancoso to the west, and Guadalupe to the northwest. It also borders the municipality of Villa de Ramos in the state of San Luis Potosí to the northeast. The municipality covers an area of 442.1 square kilometres (170.7 sq mi) and comprises 0.6% of the state's area.
As of 2009, 47.2% of the land in Pánfilo Natera is used for agriculture. The remainder of the land comprises matorral (35.3%), grassland (7.6%), mesquite shrubland (4.5%), and urban areas (1.3%). The municipality lies in the endorheic basin of El Salado. Apart from a small mountainous area in the north of the municipality, its terrain is generally flat. There are no permanent rivers in the municipality.
Pánfilo Natera has a temperate semi-arid climate with dry winters. Average temperatures in the municipality range between 14 and 18 °C (57–64 °F), and average annual precipitation ranges between 400 and 500 millimetres (16–20 in).
The municipality of General Pánfilo Natera is situated in an area that was originally inhabited by the Guachichil, one of the Chichimeca nations. The first Spanish settlement in the area was established in 1763. After Mexican independence, the area was first part of the state of San Luis Potosí, but was annexed to the municipality of Ojocaliente in Zacatecas in 1857.
On 21 July 1928, the municipality of La Blanca was established, separating it from Ojocaliente. The municipality was renamed in honour of General Pánfilo Natera on 11 November 1964.
The municipal government of General Pánfilo Natera comprises a president, a councillor (Spanish: síndico), and thirteen trustees (regidores), eight elected by relative majority and five by proportional representation. The current president of the municipality is Freddy González Vázquez.
In the 2020 Mexican Census, the municipality of General Pánfilo Natera recorded a population of 23,526 inhabitants living in 6040 households. The 2010 Census recorded a population of 22,346 inhabitants in Pánfilo Natera.
INEGI lists 44 localities in the municipality, of which three are classified as urban:
General Pánfilo Natera is primarily an agricultural municipality. The main crops grown are corn, beans and chiles.
Federal Highway 49 runs through the municipality, connecting it to the cities of Zacatecas in the west and San Luis Potosí in the southeast.