Balsamic vinegar

Balsamic vinegar (Italian: aceto balsamico) is a dark, concentrated, intensely flavoured vinegar made wholly or partially from grape must: freshly crushed grape juice with all the skins, seeds, and stems.
The Italian word balsamico (from Latin balsamum, from Greek βάλσαμον, bálsamon) means 'balsam-like' in the sense of "restorative" or "curative"; cf. English 'balm'. Ultimately from Ancient Hebrew-Phoenician בשׂם (bāśām or besem, IPA [baːˈɬaːm]), the name means 'perfume or spice', with the consonant sequence of the letter 'λ' and 'σ' deriving from Ancient Greek to pronounce the שׂ (ś) sound, sounding back then as [ɬ].
The term balsamico in "balsamic vinegar" originates from the Latin word balsamum and the Greek word βάλσαμον, both conveying the idea of something "restorative" or "curative". The practice of cooking grape can be traced back to ancient Roman times, where it was valued both as a medicinal remedy and a sweetener or condiment in cooking. The story of balsamic vinegar began in the 11th century in the city of Modena; by 1046, it was already gaining a wider reputation. The future Holy Roman Emperor, King Henry III, requested Marquis Bonifacio of Canossa to craft a high quality vinegar in his castle. By the late 1200s, vinegar production flourished at the Este Court in Modena, with the term balsamic first recorded in 1747 in the ledgers of the Este family cellars.
In the second half of the 19th century, the provinces of Emilia joined the newly formed Kingdom of Italy, and balsamic vinegar of Modena was promoted at national and international exhibitions. While aristocratic families cultivated a refined balsamic tradition, local peasant families began to blend it with wine vinegar, creating a lighter version for everyday use.
This practice eventually led to the creation of Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI and widespread distribution across the world. Historically, in the area of Modena and Reggio, the vinegars produced in the houses were made more pleasant by flavouring them with herbs, liquorice, rosemary, roses, vanilla, or by producing them with different raw materials (trebbiano, moscato...) or procedures, creating over the centuries a widespread fame for "Modena-style vinegars".
In 1747, in the registers of the cellars of the Ducal Palace of Modena, located in Rubiera, the adjective "balsamic" appeared for the first time, to distinguish a particular type from the many others present in the palace. In 1830 this definition was further refined, so that the vinegars present at the Court were divided into "balsamic", "semi-balsamic", "fine", and "common".
With the birth of the Italian State in 1860, the awakening of the markets gradually aroused more interest in balsamic vinegar, and considerable historical and bibliographical research was carried out on this product. At the end of the 19th century, the balsamic vinegar of Modena began to appear at exhibitions, creating great interest locally and internationally.
From a regulatory point of view, the first ministerial authorization to produce "balsamic vinegar of Modena" dates back to 1933. After World War II, the economic boom led some producers, such as Telesforo Fini and the Monari-Federzoni family, to market a different product under the name "balsamic vinegar", which was a mix with wine vinegar for daily use. This made balsamic vinegar common on Italian tables and began its spread to foreign countries.
In 1965, further regulations on the use of the term "balsamic vinegar" were established, and the first production regulations for "balsamic vinegar of Modena" were created. In 1976, to distinguish traditional production methods from industrial ones, the term "natural" balsamic vinegar was adopted, later changed to "traditional" due to legislative requirements.
The term aceto balsamico is unregulated, but there are three protected types of balsamic vinegar:
Many products contain Aceto Balsamico di Modena IGP as an ingredient, such as glazes and other condiments.
Only two consortia produce true traditional balsamic vinegar, that of Modena and neighbouring Reggio Emilia. True balsamic vinegar is made from a reduction of pressed Trebbiano and Lambrusco grapes. The resulting thick syrup, called mosto cotto in Italian, is subsequently aged for a minimum of 12 years in a battery of several barrels of successively smaller sizes.
The casks are made of different woods such as chestnut, cherry, oak, mulberry, ash, and juniper. True balsamic vinegar is rich, glossy, deep brown, and has a complex flavour that balances the natural sweet and sour elements of the cooked grape juice with hints of wood from the casks.
Reggio Emilia designates the different ages of their balsamic vinegar (aceto balsamico tradizionale di Reggio Emilia) by label colour. A red label means the vinegar has been aged for at least 12 years, a silver label that the vinegar has aged for at least 18 years, and a gold label designates that the vinegar has aged for 25 years or more.
Modena uses a different system to indicate the age of its balsamic vinegars (aceto balsamico tradizionale di Modena). A white-coloured cap means the vinegar has aged for at least 12 years and a gold cap bearing the designation extravecchio ('extra-old') shows the vinegar has aged for 25 years or more.
These commercial-grade products imitate the traditional product. The current standard is found as part of the register of PGI productions, under the name Balsamic Vinegar of Modena (aceto balsamico di Modena). It was added to the PGI list in 2009.
They are made of as little as 20% grape must (and not necessarily from Modena or Reggio Emilia), with the addition of wine vinegar (at least 10%), and caramel (at most 2%) to stabilize the color. PGI status requires a minimum ageing period of two months in wooden barrels, rising to three years when labelled as invecchiato ('aged'). The standard mandates a number of acceptable cultivars (Lambrusco, Sangiovese, Trebbiano, Albana, Ancellotta, Fortana, Montuni) for the making grape must from. The must can either be cooked or concentrated some other way. Vinegar that has been aged for at least 10 years also needs to be included in the product, though there is no minimum amount prescribed.
As the manufacturing process is highly industrialized, the output of a medium-sized producer may be hundreds of litres per day.
Condimento ('dressing') balsamic vinegars may be labeled as condimento balsamico, salsa balsamica or salsa di mosto cotto. For those products, there is a risk of creating confusion among consumers looking for the original Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PGI, the two different Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Modena PDO, and Traditional Balsamic Vinegar of Reggio Emilia PDO.
Condimento balsamic vinegar may be made in any of the following ways:
As there are no official standards or labelling systems to designate condimento balsamic vinegar, it can be hard to tell their quality based on the packaging alone.
From a legal point of view, TBV is categorized as "food condiment", while BVM is a "wine vinegar". BVM can be produced without a lengthy aging period, whereas TBV gains its particular features during a long aging period fixed by law at no less than 12 years. TBV is the only condiment in the world produced starting from cooked grape musts without the adding of other substances, whereas BVM is a blend of concentrated grape musts, wine vinegars, and caramel (optional).
Note: there is no standard for condimenti thickened to emulate TBV. As a result, the characteristics provided here are typical rather than required.
There are also condimenti that do not use the term balsamic and hence implying even less about their method of production. The more balsamic-like products may be made by a producer of the PGI and the PDO inside Modena and Reggio Emilia provinces using a method similar to the vinegars, but not falling into the definition of either the PDO/PGI and not under consortium supervision. Examples can include a premium vinegar made from pure grape must (not a PGI because wine vinegar is required in the PGI) to so-called "white balsamic" (Condimento Bianco, made to have a similar taste with a lighter color).
Furthermore, non-Italian producers may produce products made by the same method as the vinegars, not made under consortium supervision. No reference to the PDO/PGI can be made for those products, and they cannot use the geographical names Modena or Reggio Emilia. However, because they are made outside of Italy, they are free to use the term "balsamic vinegar".
Inside of the EU, Germany and Greece both has established productions of balsamic vinegars. As a result, they opposed the original application of balsamic vinegar of Modena IGP until it was clarified that they will still be allowed to use the term "balsamic vinegar". Greece also tried unsuccessfully to obtain a geographic indication of their local balsamic vinegar after the acceptance of the IGP. In 2019, the European Court of Justice confirmed the protection on the PGI does not extend to the individual words of balsamico and aceto. As a result, producers in these countries remain free to use the words, so long as the product does not deceive the customer as to the origin of the product when the name is taken as a whole.
Traditional balsamic vinegar is produced from the juice of just-harvested white grapes, typically, Trebbiano grapes, boiled down to reach a minimum sugar concentration of 30% (brix) or more in the must, which is then fermented with a slow ageing process which further concentrates the flavours. The flavour intensifies over the years, with the vinegar being stored in wooden casks, becoming sweet, viscous, and very concentrated. During this period, a portion evaporates: it is said that this is the "angels' share", a term also used in the production of bourbon whiskey, Scotch whisky, wine, and other alcoholic beverages.
None of the product may be withdrawn until the end of the minimum aging period of 12 years. At the end of the aging period (12, 18 or 25 years), a small portion is drawn from the smallest cask, and each cask is then topped up with the contents of the preceding (next larger) cask. Freshly reduced cooked must is added to the largest cask, and in every subsequent year, the drawing and topping up process is repeated. This process where the product is distributed from the oldest cask and then refilled from the next oldest vintage cask is called solera or in perpetuum.