davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Guitarrón mexicano

The guitarrón mexicano (Spanish for "big Mexican guitar", the suffix -ón being a Spanish augmentative) or Mexican guitarrón is a very large, deep-bodied Mexican six-string acoustic bass guitar played traditionally in Mariachi groups. Although similar to the guitar, it is not a derivative of that instrument, but was independently developed from the sixteenth-century Spanish bajo de uña ("fingernail[-plucked] bass"). Because its great size gives it volume, it does not require electric amplification for performances in small venues. The guitarrón is fretless with heavy gauge strings, most commonly nylon for the high three and wound metal for the low three. The guitarrón is usually played by doubling notes at the octave, a practice facilitated by the standard guitarrón tuning A1 D2 G2 C3 E3 A2. Unlike a guitar, the pitch of the guitarrón strings does not always rise as strings move directionally downward from the lowest-pitched string (A2, which is the 6th string from the lowest-pitched string, is a perfect 5th below its adjacent string E3).
The guitarrón was the inspiration behind Ernie Ball's development of the first modern acoustic bass guitar, released on the market in 1972.
The guitarrón is used in Mexican Mariachi groups, which usually consist of at least two violins, two trumpets, one Spanish guitar, a vihuela (a high-pitched, five-string guitar-type instrument), and the guitarrón. A strap is usually used to keep the instrument up and playable. The guitarrón is the principal rhythm instrument in the mariachi group, and it serves as the bass instrument, playing deep pitches. The rhythmic propulsion of the basslines played on it help to keep the other instruments together. It is unusual for a group to have more than one guitarrón player.
Guitarrón players need good left-hand strength to stop (press down the strings onto the fingerboard) the heavy strings of the instrument and a strong right hand, specifically the index, middle finger, and thumb, to pluck the thick, heavy strings (usually a metal and a nylon string). The right hand is typically used to pluck two strings at a time, to play the bassline in octaves, even though it is notated as a single note bass part. Since the strings are so thick, the player has to keep on or a bit ahead of the beat, rather than behind the beat. The instrument is used to play basslines that "walk" through the chord progression with rising and falling arpeggio figures and scales. The instrument plays more ornamented lines to embellish cadences and key, meter, or tempo changes.
The back of the guitarrón is made of two pieces of wood that are set at an angle making the back shaped like a shallow letter V. This design feature increases the depth and overall size of the instrument. The arched shape helps the instrument to project a strong, deep tone. The sides and back are made from Mexican cedar and the top is made from tacote, a wood that is both lightweight and strong. Tuning machines with worm gears serve to increase or decrease the tension on the strings, which is how the instrument is tuned.
سی این جی

سی این جی (compressed natural gas - CNG) وہ قدرتی گیس ہے جسے دباو کے تحت رکھا گیا ہو۔ عام طور پر یہ دباو ہوا کے دباو سے 200 گنا زیادہ ہوتا ہے یعنی 200 atm ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے مقابلے میں کار کے ٹائر کے اندر ہوا کا دباو صرف 2 atm ہوتا ہے۔ سی این جی وہی گیس ہوتی ہے جو عام طور پر گھروں میں چولھا جلانے کے لیے پائپ لائن سے آتی ہے اور پاکستان میں یہ سوئی گیس کہلاتی ہے۔ یہ میتھین پر مشتمل ہوتی ہے جسے کیمیا میں CH4 سے ظاہر کیا جاتا ہے۔ یہ پٹرول اور ڈیزل کے متبادل کے طور پر گاڑیوں میں استعمال کی جاتی ہے۔
ایک کلوگرام سی این جی میں 55.5 میگا جول توانائی ہوتی ہے۔ اس کے مقابلے میں ایک لٹر پٹرول میں 32.4 میگا جول توانائی ہوتی ہے۔ یعنی اگر سی این جی (فی کلو) اور پٹرول (فی لٹر) کی قیمت برابر بھی ہو تو سی این جی سے گاڑی 70 فیصد زیادہ فاصلہ طے کرے گی۔
دنیا میں گاڑیاں چلانے کے لیے سب سے زیادہ سی این جی ایران میں استعمال ہوتی ہے۔ پاکستان دوسرے نمبر پر ہے جبکہ ارجنٹینا تیسرے نمبر پر ہے۔
پاکستان میں سی این جی کے اعداد و شمار کچھ یوں ہیں۔
پاکستان میں قدرتی گیس کا صرف %7.2 سی این جی پر صرف ہوتا ہے۔ اگر ہفتے میں ساتوں دن سی این جی مہیا ہو تو بھی یہ %9.1 بنتا ہے۔ پورے ملک میں استعمال ہونے والی سی این جی ملک بھر میں ہونے والی گیس چوری سے کم ہے۔ اگر حکومت پاکستان گاڑیوں کے لیے سی این جی مکمل طور پر بند کر دے اور اس طرح بچ جانے والی گیس سے بجلی بنائے تو 600 میگا واٹ بجلی بنے گی جو شارٹ فال کا صرف 8 فیصد ہے۔
ایلفن سٹون کالج

ایلفنسٹن کالج ممبئی یونیورسٹی سے وابستہ ہے اور ممبئی کے قدیم ترین کالجوں میں سے ایک ہے۔ اسے 1834 میں قائم کیا گیا تھا۔ یہ برطانوی عہد کا ایک نامور کالج تھا۔ اس کالج کے سابق طلبہ میں ، ڈاکٹر۔ باباصاحب امبیڈکر بال گنگا دھر تلک ، ویرچند گاندھی ، بدر الدین طیب جی ، جمشید ٹاٹا ، فیروز شاہ مہتا ، کاشی ناتھ تریمبک تیلنگ ، مہادیو گووند رانڈے اور دادا بھائی نورجی شامل ہیں۔
اس کالج کا نام ممبئی ضلع کے گورنر ، ماؤنٹ سٹوارٹ ایلفن سٹون کے نام پر رکھا گیا ہے ۔
19 ویں صدی کے آغاز تک ، ممبئی سمندری تجارت اور صنعت کے فروغ پزیر مرکز کے طور پر ابھرا تھا۔ وغیرہ سی 1824 بمبئی آبائی ایجوکیشن سوسائٹی میں ہندوستانی طلبہ کے لئے ایک انگریزی اسکول شروع کیا گیا۔
ممبئی کے علاقے میں تعلیم کو فروغ دینے کے لیے بمبئی آبائی ایجوکیشن سوسائٹی کے تحت ایک تنظیم قائم کی جانی چاہیے جو اسکول سے الگ ہوگی۔ اس کے ل . سی 1827 قرارداد منظور کی گئی اور فیصلہ کیا گیا کہ اس کا نام ایلفن اسٹون کالج ہونا چاہیے۔ اس کالج کا نام ممبئی ضلع کے سابق گورنر ، ماؤنٹ سٹوارٹ ایلفن سٹون نام پر رکھا گیا تھا ، جس نے ممبئی میں اعلی تعلیم کے آغاز کے لیے پہل کی تھی۔
ایلفنسٹون کالج کے پرنسپلز کی فہرست
ایم اے قادری 1920 میں ، [[پیکر: میک ڈرائگ | ایویلیس | ایم اے قادری 1920 میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کی وفات 1897 میں ہوئی۔گوری گھڑی وڈارے عبد الحکیم رتوڈیرے سندھ اور 1980 لاڑکانہ۔ سندھ میں پہلے مسلم سندھی نے 1922 میں براہ راست ڈپٹی کلکٹر قائم کیا۔ غوری عبد الحکیم رتوڈیرے سندھ 1897 میں ایلفنسٹن کالج لاڑکانہ میں پیدا ہوئے تھے۔ سندھ میں پہلے مسلم سندھی نے 1922 میں براہ راست ڈپٹی کلکٹر قائم کیا۔ وہ ایلفنسٹن کالج بمبئی کا سابق طالب علم تھا
ادیب ، شاعر ، سندھ سے سکالر ، مرزا کلیچ بیگ۔ برطانوی حکومت نے اس کا نام 'شمس العلماء' رکھا۔
زیکریکس دیسائی ، منیجنگ ڈائریکٹر ، ٹائٹن واچز (ٹائٹن کمپنی)
گوپال کرشنا گوکھلے ، جو تحریک آزادی ہند کے بانی ممبر ، سماجی مصلح ہیں
سوجاتا منوہر ، ہندوستان کی سپریم کورٹ کے سابق جج
برٹش ہاؤس آف کامنس میں بیٹھے ، وہ پہلے ایشین دانشور ، ماہر تعلیم ، کپاس کے تاجر اور ابتدائی ہندوستانی سیاسی رہنما تھے۔ دادا بھائی نورجی
فلم سٹی

فلم سٹی (انگریزی: Film City) ممبئی، بھارت کے مشرقی گورے گاوں میں واقع سنجے گاندھی نیشنل پارک کے جوار میں فلم اسٹوڈیو کا ایک کامپلیکس ہے۔ اس میں متعدد رکارڈنگ کمرے، باغات، جھیلیں، سنیما ہال اور میدان ہیں جن میں بالی وڈ کی اکثر فلمیں بنتی ہیں۔ اسے 1977ء میں حکومت نے فلم کو فروغ دینے کے لیے بنایا تھا۔ وی شانتا رام نے فلم سٹی کا خاکہ تیار کیا تھا۔ اور ان کی زیر نگرانی یہ مکمل ہو سکا۔ 2001ء میں اس کا نام بدل کر دادا صاحب پھالکے نگر رکھ دیا گیا۔ دادا صاحب پھالکے بالی ووڈ کے پہلے پروڈیوسر اور ہدایتکار تھے اور انھیں بھارتی فلم انڈسٹری کا بابا کہا جاتا ہے۔ بالی ووڈ کی تقریباً تمام فلمیں یہاں بنتی ہیں۔ یہاں فلم سازی کے تمام مقامات موجود ہیں جیسے مندر، عدالت، قید خانہ، جھیل، پہاڑ، جھرنا، گاؤں، تفریح گاہ، باغ اور ایک مصنوعی واٹر فال وغیرہ۔
فلم سٹی میں کل آٹھ فلم سازی کے مقامات ہیں جہاں کل 800 لوگ کام کرتے ہیں۔
2014ء میں مہاراشٹر کے سیر و سیاحت بورڈ نے عوام کی زیارت کے لیے اسے میہا کر دیا۔ اس کا ٹکٹ تقریباً 650 روپئے فی کس ہے۔
List of RAL colours

The following is a list of RAL Classic colours from the RAL colour standard. The visual samples are approximate and informative only.
Below is a list of RAL Classic colours from the RAL colour standard. Alongside every colour, the corresponding values are given for:
The visual samples displayed on the screen are not binding because brightness and contrast may vary from screen to screen – and neither are the colours on a printout from a printer. For binding colour samples, always obtain an official RAL Colour fan deck.
In the RAL Design System Plus, there are groups of colours every 10° of hue and additionally at 75°, 85° and 95°. Possible lightness values are 15% through 90% in steps of 5% for monochromatic shades of grey (i.e. C = 0%) and 20% through 90% in steps of 10% and additionally 85% and 93%. Chroma values are also mostly confined to steps of 10% or 5%, but with some exceptions, and the maximum value varies.
Mumbai Skywalk Project

The Mumbai Skywalk Project is a series of pedestrian skyways in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The skywalks connect Mumbai Suburban Railway stations and other high-concentration commercial areas with various destinations. The purpose of the skywalks is efficient dispersal of commuters from congested areas to strategic locations, such as bus stations, taxi stands, shopping areas, etc. and vice versa.
The first skywalk was inaugurated on 24 June 2008. There are 36 skywalks in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. The average daily foot count for 23 skywalks in August 2010 was estimated at 565,000.
Mumbai's Suburban Railway has one of the highest passenger densities of any urban railway system in the world. With almost 7 million passengers using the system daily, as well as the associated transport interchanges in their vicinity (bus stations, taxi stands, autorickshaw stands, car parks, etc.) the areas around the suburban railway stations are the most congested in the city. The problem is further aggravated by the presence of hawkers and parked vehicles, making the commute hazardous for pedestrians. The skyways were constructed to reduce risk to pedestrians.
MMRDA planned to build 50 skywalks in the first phase, ranging from 1 to 2 miles in length. The first 18 skywalks were to be built by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC). Following feedback and criticism of some of the skywalks based on the proposed routes or other conflicting development plans, 17 of these were cancelled and others added.
The first phase of Mumbai Skywalks consisting of 50 skywalks was expected to cost about ₹6.0721 billion (US$70 million). The proposed Mahim East skywalk was challenged by the Mahim Skywalk Protest Committee. MMRDA announced in June 2009 that it was cancelling the proposed Mahim East skywalk due to "alignment conflicts with the Dharavi Redevelopment Project."
The first Skywalk was completed in June 2008 from Bandra station to Kalanagar Junction, measuring 1.3 km. It is used by over 100,000 pedestrians daily. As of 2024, both Bandra east and Bandra West skywalks have been demolished.
MMRDA recovered some of the cost of maintenance through the sale of advertising space on the walkways.
There are currently 37 skywalks in Mumbai Metropolitan Region.
8. Siddha Sky – Located at Wadala, Mumbai, having longest rooftop skywalk.
The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City

The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City is an Indian drama film released on 23 November 2018. The film is written and directed by Tariq Khan and is produced by Rajesh Pardasani under the banner of Lakshya Productions. The film marks the acting debut of veteran filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt who stars alongside actor Kay Kay Menon in the film.
The Dark Side of Life: Mumbai City is a multi-plotted story which revolves around the lives of six individuals who are pushed to the brink of depression while battling their emotional and financial problems.
The film's soundtrack was produced by various artists, The film had six original songs. The theme of the film, "Aawargi" was sung by Jubin Nautiyal and composed by Sabir Khan and the lyrics were helmed by Azeem Shirazi. Other songs include "Tu Mujhse Nilkalta Nahi", "Ae Zindagi", "Muddaton", "Saanp Seedi Wala Saanp" (promotional song) and "Aawargi Deewangi". The album received a mainly-positive response from critics, especially the song "Aawargi" was appreciated.
Ram Gopal Varma filmography

Ram Gopal Varma, often referred to by his initials RGV, is an Indian film director, screenwriter and producer, primarily known for his works in Hindi and Telugu cinema. Varma has directed films across multiple genres, including parallel cinema and docudrama noted for their gritty realism, technical finesse, and craft. Regarded as one of the pioneers and prolific filmmakers of new age Indian cinema.
In 2010, Varma received critical acclaim at the Fribourg International Film Festival, Switzerland; a retrospective of his filmography, highlighting Mumbai Noir was staged by film critic Edouard Waintrop, a delegate in the Directors' Fortnight of the Cannes Film Festival. Satya and Company, in particular, were cited by British director Danny Boyle as influences on him for their "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld", their display of "brutality and urban violence".
Tír Fíacrach Múaide

Tuath in oirdheisceart chúige Chonnacht ba ea Tír Fhiacrach Mhuaidhe (Sean-Ghaeilge Tír Fíacrach Múaide) ar bhruach na Muaidhe i gContae Shligigh, tíre dhúchais sinsear na gConnacht, Fiachra mac Echach Mugmedóin. Caomhnaítear an t-ainm sa bharúntacht, Tír Fhiachrach, a cruthaíodh sa bhliain 1603.
Bhronn Tiobraid, taoiseach Uí Fhiachrach le linn bheatha Naomh Cholm Cille, tailte thart timpeall ar Chnoc na Maíle, gar den Scrín. Bhunaigh Naomh Adhamhnán mainistir ann.
Sa bhliain 598, tharla Cath Eachros idir Cairbre Drom Cliabh agus Cineál Fhiachrach.
Sa bhliain 982, fuair Aedh ua Dubhda, rí Uí Fhiachrach Mhuaidhe, bás secura morte. Ghlac a rítheaghlach an sloinne Ó Dubhda.
An Caiseal Mór

Is lios cloiche (caiseal) agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta é An Caiseal Mór, atá suite i gContae Shligigh, Éire.
Tá Caiseal Mór suite 1.6 km (1 mhíle) siar ó dheas ó Mhainistir Réadáin, siar ó Loch Uí Ghadhra.
Seans gur sa Chré-Umhaois (2000–500 R.Ch) an lonnaigh daoine ar an suíomh. Is dócha gur ón Iarannaois luath (5ú-1ú haois RC) atá na ballaí caisil cloiche, ach d'fhéadfadh siad a bheith ó níos luaithe. B'fhéidir gurb é Ráth Clochair a luaitear in Annála na gCeithre Máistrí: 871 R.Ch. "Lugaid Íardonn mac Énna Derg, 41ú Ard-rí na hÉireann, mharaithe ag Sírlám mac Finn i gcath Ráth Clochair."
Rinneadh obair athchóirithe ar sa 19ú haois.
Tá trastomhas inmheánach 26 m (85 tr) ag an dún. Tá na ballaí 2.3 m (7 tr 7 orlach) airde agus 4.2 m (14 tr) tiubh.
Téann cúig staighre go barr an bhalla.
Tugtar Geata an Mhaoir ar an mbealach isteach. Tá pasáiste múrmhaisiú agus dhá uaimh thalún. Tá ballaí cloiche tirime ar na uaimheanna talún agus tá leaca móra cloiche ar an díon.
Tuama Dingeach na Cabraí

Is tuama dingeach áiléir agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta suite i gContae Shligigh é Tuama Dingeach na Cabraí.
Tá an tuama suite 4.7 km taobh thiar de Chúil Áine i mbunchnoic Shliabh Gamh. Ritheann craobh-abhainn de chuid na hAbhann Bige taobh thiar den suíomh.
Tógadh an tuama c. 2500–2000 R.Ch., sa Choparaois nó sa Chré-umhaois. Tá aghaidh an bhealaigh isteach ag féachaint siar ó dheas, i dtreo luí na gréine ag grianstad an gheimhridh.
Tá an tuama 12 m ar a fhad, le ballaí seachtracha dúbailte agus clocha ag an mbealach isteach. Tá dhá sheomra adhlactha ann, 2.5 m agus 4 m ar fad, agus na leaca dín tite isteach.
Tír Ollíol

Tuath i dtuaisceart chúige Chonnacht ba ea Tír Oirill (Sean-Ghaeilge Tír Ollíol [sic]). Ba bhall í de chónaidhm Íochtar Chonnacht go dtí an bhliain 1603.
Ainmníodh í as Ailill mac Echach Mugmedóin, leasdeartháir Niall Naoighiallach. Uí Ailealla, ba ea a mhuintir ach d'imigh siad go luath as cuimhne.
Clann Mhic Dhonnchadha d'Uí Bhriúin Aoi, géag Mhic Dhiarmada as Magh Loirg, ba ea tiarnaí Thír Oirill. Glacadh an sloinne as Donnchadh mac Tomaltaigh na Carraige ua Mhic Dhiarmata a bhí ina rí Mhagh Loirg ón mbliain 1197-1207. Scaradh as a chéile níos deireanaí iad, buíon ansin lonnaithe i gCúil Mhuine agus i mBaile an Dúin, agus buíon eile i mBaile an Mhóta (An Corann).
Caomhnaítear an t-ainm sa bharúntacht, Tír Oirill, in oirdheisceart Chontae Shligigh.
Saint Patrick departed across the mountain of the sons of Ailellus, and he founded churches there, Taemnach, and Ethenach, and Cell Angle, and Cell Senchuoe.
AD 545.2 St. Ailbhe, of Seanchu Ua nOiliolla, died.
Petra

Is cathair stairiúil agus suíomh seandálaíochta i ndeisceart na hIordáine í Petra (Araibis: ٱلْبَتْرَاء, rómhánaithe: Al-Batrāʾ; Sean-Ghréigis: Πέτρα, “carraig”, Nabataeis: 𐢛𐢚𐢓𐢈). Thug seanáitritheoirí na háite Raqmu nó Raqēmō uirthi.
Tá sí suite in aice leis an sliabh Jabal Al-Madbah, i ndobharcheantar timpeallaithe ag na sléibhte a chuimsíonn an taobh thoir de ghleann Arabah a shíneann ón Mhuir Mharbh go Murascaill Aqaba.
Tá daoine ina gcónaí sa cheantar thart ar Petra ó chomh luath le 7000 RC. D'fhéadfadh sé gur chuir na Nabataeigh faoi sa chathair chomh luath leis an 4ú haois RC, cé gur as an dara haois RC an fhianaise seandálaíochta is luaithe a bhaineann leis na Nabataeigh. B'Arabaigh fáin iad na Nabataeigh a rinne lárionad trádála réigiúnach de Petra, ag baint leas as a cóngaracht do na bealaí trádála túise.
Shaothraigh na Nabataeigh ioncam suntasach ón ngnó trádála, agus ba í Petra croílár a saibhris. Bhí na Nabataeigh cleachta le bheith ina gcónaí san fhásach, murab ionann agus a gcuid naimhde, agus bhí siad in ann an fód a sheasamh in aghaidh ionsaithe trí leas a bhaint as tír-raon sléibhtiúil an cheantair. Bhí siad an-oilte ar bhailiú uisce báistí, ar an talmhaíocht, agus ar an tsnoíodóireacht cloiche freisin.
Bhí rath ar Petra sa 1ú haois AD, nuair a tógadh an struchtúr cáiliúil Al-Khazneh — ina mhásailéam don rí Nabataech Aretas IV, creidtear — agus bhí thart ar 20,000 duine ina gcónaí sa chathair ag an am sin.
Cé go raibh an ríocht Nabataech ina stát cliaint de chuid Impireacht na Róimhe sa chéad aois RC, níor chaill sí a neamhspleáchas go dtí an bhliain 106 AD, nuair a chloígh na Rómhánaigh Petra. Gabhadh an ríocht isteach san impireacht, agus athainmníodh mar Arabia Petraea í. Tháinig laghdú ar thábhacht Petra de réir mar a tháinig bealaí trádála farraige chun cinn, agus tar éis crith talún sa bhliain 363, a scrios a lán foirgneamh.
Sa ré Bhiosántach, tógadh roinnt eaglaisí Críostaí, ach lean an chathair ag meathlú, agus faoi thús na ré Ioslamaí, bhí sí tréigthe cé is moite de scata fánaithe. D'fhan sí i bhfolach go dtí gur tháinig Johann Ludwig Burckhardt uirthi arís sa bhliain 1812.
Caithfear dul trí altán darb ainm an Siq, 1.2km ar fad, chun Petra a bhaint amach. Tá clú agus cáil ar an gcathair as a hailtireacht charraig-ghearrtha agus as a córas seoladán uisce. Tugtar an “Rose City” ar Petra i mBéarla mar gheall ar dhath na cloiche as a raibh sí snoite.
Tá Petra ina Suíomh Oidhreachta Domhanda de chuid UNESCO ó 1985 i leith. Rinne UNESCO cur síos ar Petra mar “cheann de na maoine cultúrtha is luachmhaire in oidhreacht chultúrtha an chine dhaonna”.
Sa bhliain 2007, vótáladh Al-Khazneh ar cheann de Sheacht nIontas Nua an Domhain. Is siombail den Iordáin í Petra, agus is í an áit a tharraingíonn an líon is mó turasóirí sa tír. Thug níos mó ná 1.1 milliún turasóir cuairt ar Petra in 2019, an chéad uair a thug níos mó ná milliún duine cuairt uirthi i mbliain amháin. Chuir an phaindéim COVID-19 isteach go mór ar thurasóireacht sa chathair sa bhliain 2020, ach tháinig feabhas ar an scéal go luath tar éis sin, agus thug 260,000 duine cuairt ar Petra in 2021.
Doris Lessing

Úrscéalaí, file, drámadóir, leabhrógaí, beathaisnéisí agus gearrscéalaí ab ea Doris May Lessing CH (née Tayler). Do rugadh í ar an 22ú lá de Dheireadh Fómhair sa bhliain 1919 i gcathair Kermanshah na hIaráine agus do fuair sí bás ar an 17ú lá de Shamhain sa bhliain 2013 i Londain Shasana.
Do bronnadh go leor duaiseanna uirthi, Duais Chuimhneacháin James Tait Black (1995), Duais David Cohen (2001) agus Premio Príncipe de Asturias (2001) ina measc. Do moladh Duais Nobel na Litríochta di sa bhliain 2007 agus ba í an duine is críonna a fuair an duais seo riamh.
Is dócha gurb iad na húrscéalta The Grass is Singing (1950) agus The Golden Notebook (1962) na saothair is iomráití dá cuid.
Ainmneacha Gaeilge Fhásra na hAstráile

Tá tréithe ar leith ag baint le fásra na hAstráile, mar atá le hainmhithe agus le héin na tíre. D'ainmnigh na Bundúchasaigh gach planda agus ainmhí sa tír ina gcuid teangacha féin, agus tháinig cuid de na hainmneacha sin isteach i gcaint na gcoilíneach a bhí ag cur fúthu san Astráil ó dheireadh an 18ú haois amach. Cumadh ainmneacha eile i mBéarla de réir mar ba ghá.
Ag seo cuid ainmneacha Gaeilge ar fhásra dúchasach na tíre, de réir mholtaí lucht Gaeilge na hAstráile..
Sligeach

Is é Sligeach (Sligo i mBéarla) príomhchathair Chontae Shligigh, agus tá sé ar an dara ionad cathrach is mó i gCúige Chonnacht (níl ach Gaillimh níos mó). Tá Institiúid Teicneolaíochta, Sligeach suite i Sligeach. Thit an daonra ag an daonáireamh seo chaite i 2006 go dtí beagáinín faoi 18,000 daoine.
Fuair an áit an t-ainm 'Sligeach' ón bhflúirse sliogán a bhí le haimsiú ins an abhainn agus ins an inbhear freisin. Bhí an t-ainm 'Sligeach' ar an Abhainn Garbh Óg freisin. Tá sé scríofa i litreacha de chuid na Suirbhéireachta Ordanáis ó 1836 gur 'faightear cairteacha lán le sliogáin faoi thalamh i ngach uile áit laistigh den bhaile mór ina bhfuil foirgnimh ann anois.' Bhí an áit iomlán seo, ón inbhear ag an mbaile mór agus cois fharraige, go dtí bá Baile Éasa Dara saibhir le hacmhainní mhara agus iad á n-úsáid ón méisiliteach.
Bunaíodh an chéad timpeallán sa bhaile mór timpeall tuama ón neoiliteach (darbh ainm 'Ceathrú na Mainistreach Thuaidh' i 'mBailtíní na Garbhóige').
Sligeach–Liatroim (Dáilcheantar)

Is Dáilcheantar 4 suíochán é Sligeach–Liatroim.
Sa dáilcheantar in Olltoghchán 2024 bhí contae Shligigh agus contae Liatroma ina n-iomlán chomh maith le sciar de dheisceart Dhún na nGall, ceantar thart ar Bhun Dobhráin ina bhfuil idir 5,000 agus 6,000 vóta. Tá a dhá oiread níos mó daonra i Sligeach ná i Liatroim. Ar an gcaoi sin, bíonn de ghnáth trí cinn de shuíocháin ag iarrthóirí atá lonnaithe i Sligeach agus ceann ag iarrthóir i Liatroim.
Olltoghchán 2016
In Olltoghchán 2016, toghadh Martin Kenny (SF), Tony McLoughlin (FG), Eamon Scanlon (FF) agus Marc MacSharry (FF/Neamhspleách in 2021). Theip ar Susan O'Keeffe (LO).
Olltoghchán 2020
In Olltoghchán 2020, toghadh Marc MacSharry (FF/Neamhspleách in 2021). Martin Kenny (SF), Marian Harkin (Neamhspleách), agus Frank Feighan (FG).
Olltoghchán 2024
In Olltoghchán 2024, bhí seachtar déag cláraithe le seasamh, ina measc triúr de na Teachtaí Dála a toghadh in 2020: Martin Kenny (SF), Marian Harkin (Nspl) agus Frank Feighan (FG - bhí cuid de na vótaí a bhíodh ar fáil dó i Ros Comáin, a chontae dúchais, caillte aige in 2024).
Bhí titim amach bhinbeach idir an Teachta Dála Marc McSharry, a toghadh d’Fhianna Fáil in 2020 agus ceannaire an pháirtí Micheál Martin (FF). Bhí sé de mhisneach ag McSharry a rá go raibh Varadkar ag déanamh beithé de Mhicheál Martin. Ba é a dheireadh gur éirigh McSharry as an bpáirtí in 2021. Ar an 15 Deireadh Fómhair 2021, d'éirigh MacSharry as Páirtí Pairliminte Fhianna Fáil i ndiaidh do tacú leis an rúin mí-mhuiníne san Aire Gnóthaí Eachtracha Simon Coveney sa Dáil. Níor sheas sé san Olltoghchán 2024, ach sheas col ceathar leis, an Comhairleoir Edel McSharry (FF). Sí atá i gceannas ar an Scoil Altranais atá ag Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta an Atlantaigh [ATU] i Sligeach.
Sa deireadh thiar thall, toghadh in 2024 Eamon Scanlon (FF) agus atoghadh Martin Kenny (SF), Marian Harkin (Neamhspleách), agus Frank Feighan (FG).
Dartry Mountains

The Dartry Mountains (Irish: Sléibhte Dhartraí) are a mountain range in the north west of Ireland, in the north of counties Sligo and Leitrim. They lie between Lough Melvin, Lough Gill and Lough MacNean. The highest point is Truskmore at 647 metres (2,123 ft). Other notable mountains include Benbulbin at 526 metres (1,726 ft), Benwiskin at 514 metres (1,686 ft), and Tievebaun at 611 metres (2,005 ft).
The mountains are named after the old túath of Dartraighe, which was part of the kingdom of Bréifne. The mountains are very close to the Breifne Mountains, which lie to the southeast.
The range is a large dissected limestone plateau. Glaciation has carved the distinctive shapes of this mountain range. The range includes the valleys of Glencar, Glenade and Gleniff.
Breabag

Breabag (815 m) is a mountain in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland, in the Assynt area of Sutherland.
A flat-topped summit, it is usually climbed from its western flank, where the Bone Caves of Assynt are located. The nearest settlement is Inchnadamph.
58°05′49″N 4°54′32″W﻿ / ﻿58.097°N 4.909°W﻿ / 58.097; -4.909
Golden Grass

Golden Grass is the first greatest hits album by the American rock band the Grass Roots, released in November 1968 by Dunhill Records. The LP's release in the fall of 1968 followed the success of the group's highest-charting single, "Midnight Confessions". It featured a song written by Carole King and Toni Stern titled "Lady Pleasure", which was previously unreleased by the group, as well as a new single, "Bella Linda", which was originally written (in Italian, as "Balla Linda") by the Italian songwriting duo of Lucio Battisti and Mogol. The Grass Roots' version of the song, which was given English lyrics by Barry Gross and Steve Barri, charted at No. 28. Golden Grass is the highest charting Grass Roots album at #25, and was certified gold by the RIAA in 1970.
Some of the songs included on Golden Grass feature unique touches by arranger Jimmie Haskell. The album showcases the Grass Roots' first two top ten singles, "Let's Live for Today" and "Midnight Confessions", both of which feature trade-off vocals by primary vocalists Warren Entner and Rob Grill. The rest of the songs, save for "Bella Linda" and the previously unreleased "Lady Pleasure", are drawn from the group's previous two albums, Let's Live for Today and Feelings. Among these are two original songs by the band's members. This album concludes the group's psychedelic period and phases them into their soulful transition shown on their following album, Lovin' Things.
"Bella Linda," "Midnight Confessions," and "Lady Pleasure" are previously unreleased on a Grass Roots album.
The original release of Golden Grass is on Dunhill ABC in stereo. Graphic design and art direction by Philip Schwartz.
All songs produced by Steve Barri. (*) produced with P. F. Sloan.
Syngonanthus nitens

Syngonanthus nitens is a grass-like species of Eriocaulaceae which exists in the region of Jalapão, state of Tocantins, Brazil - the region is part of the Brazilian cerrado. Its main characteristic is the bright and gold color, hence their common name "capim dourado", which literally means "golden grass".
The making of handicrafts from S. nitens began in Jalapão, in the Afro-Brazilian community of Mumbuca in the municipality of Mateiros. Indigenous people, probably from the Xerente ethnic group, taught the art to local inhabitants when passing through the region around the 1930s. The handicrafts are made of coils of S. nitens scapes sewn tightly together with strips from the Moriche Palm's (Mauritia flexuosa) young leaves. For decades the handicrafts were only made by women for household uses and/or sporadic selling. Today, there are at least 12 local community associations. The handicrafts are usually sold in small shops of local artisan associations.
Syngonanthus nitens' flowering starts in July and seeds are produced from the beginning of September through October. The Tocantins State Government, through its Environmental Agency (Naturatins), established a regional law (Portaria 55/2004 and 092/2005) allowing scape harvesting only after September 20, and requiring flowerhead cutting and dispersal in the grassland areas just after scape harvesting. This regional law can be an efficient tool for contributing to the sustainability of S. nitens handicraft activities.
Schmidt, I. B.; Figueiredo, I. B.; Sampaio, M. B. 2007. Capim dourado e buriti: práticas para garantir a sustentabilidade do artesanato. Brasília.
More Golden Grass

More Golden Grass is the second compilation album by the American rock band the Grass Roots, released in September 1970 by Dunhill Records. It includes the No. 15 charting single "Temptation Eyes", the No. 61 charting single "Come On And Say It", and the No. 35 charting single "Baby Hold On". The album charted at No. 152.
The songs featured unique touches by arrangers Jimmie Haskell and Sid Feller. The songs reflected the group's soulful re-direction by Dunhill and the three-part harmony of the primary vocalists Entner, Grill and Provisor. Five songs from the band's composers were included. This album highlights five hits from the prior two albums Lovin' Things and Leaving It All Behind, plus three hit singles issued during 1970. The remainder were B-sides from prior singles and two to be used on singles to be issued in 1971. Many of these songs were re-issued on their third compilation album titled Their 16 Greatest Hits that was released the next year. Their 16 Greatest Hits would showcase hits from all five of the group's studio albums in one package and stay in print longer than any of their albums.
The original release of More Golden Grass is on Dunhill ABC in stereo. The front cover was designed by Cal Schenkel with photography by Ed Caraeff.
All songs produced by Steve Barri with assistance from the Grass Roots.
The Grass Roots
Additional personnel
Fluffy, Fluffy Cinnamoroll

Fluffy, Fluffy Cinnamoroll (ふわふわ♥シナモン, Fuwa Fuwa Shinamon) is a full-color manga series written and illustrated by Yumi Tsukirino and based on an original story by Chisato Seki. Aimed at elementary school girls, it stars the Sanrio character Cinnamoroll and was released in North America by the Vizkids line of Viz Media. It was originally serialized in Japan from 2005 through 2008 in Pucchigumi.
Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy, authors of The Anime Encyclopedia: A Century of Japanese Animation, described Fluffy, Fluffy Cinnamoroll as "sugar-sweet".
This series tells the story of a cloud puppy who learns how to fly and moves into a café. The cafe's owner believes that the puppy's tail looks like a cinnamon roll, so the owner gives him the name "Cinnamoroll". He and his friends go on adventures and face the antagonist, a dark cloud named Cavity.
Issue #3 of the comic was #9 on The New York Times manga best sellers list for April 29-May 5.
Rebecca Silverman of the Anime News Network ranked the series "B" overall, "B−" for the story, and "B" for the art. Silverman argued that the book has a "sweet story, simple art, and bright colors" that appeal to its intended audience, although the book would not hold the interest of an adult reader; she stated "All in all," the first two volumes of the series "provide a nice transition from the picture book to the chapter book, or simply an alternative for the reluctant reader."
The series resulted in increased attention towards a Cinnamoroll movie.
Hole in the Rock (rock formation)

Hole in the Rock is a narrow and steep crevice in the western rim of Glen Canyon, in southern Utah in the western United States. Together with another canyon on the eastern side of the Colorado River, it provided a route through what would otherwise be a large area of impassable terrain.
In the fall of 1879, the San Juan Expedition of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was seeking a route from south-central Utah to their proposed colony in the far southeastern corner of the state. Rejecting two longer routes, they chose a more direct path that initially took them along the relatively benign terrain beneath the Straight Cliffs of the Kaiparowits Plateau. However, when this led them to the 1200-foot (400 m) sandstone cliffs that surround Glen Canyon, they needed a way to cross to the eastern rim. They found (and named) Hole in the Rock, a narrow, steep, and rocky crevice and sandy slope that led down to the river. Directly across the river was Cottonwood Canyon, a tempting route up to Wilson Mesa on the other side.
They worked for months to prepare the road, using blasting powder to widen the upper section and hand chisels to carve anchor points directly into the sandstone. On January 26, 1880, the expedition (250 people, 83 full-sized wagons, and over 1000 head of livestock) began their descent to the river. Wagons were heavily roped, and teams of men and oxen were used to lower the wagons through the upper crevice, which has slopes approaching 45°. Further down, a wooden track had been constructed along a slickrock sandstone slope. Posts in drilled holes supported horizontal beams to allow passage of the wagons.
After an even more difficult journey on the east side of the river, the expedition founded the community of Bluff in southeastern Utah. They used the Hole in the Rock route as a supply road for only a year before replacing it with an easier route to the north, at Hall's Crossing. Decades later, miners of the Hoskaninni Mining Company carved steps onto the same path used by the Mormon pioneers. The blasting holes, anchor points, and gouges from the hubs of the expedition's wagons are still visible in the walls of the crevice.
Hole in the Rock can be reached today via two routes. The primitive Hole in the Rock Trail, which closely follows the path of the 1879 expedition, runs southeast from near the town of Escalante to a parking area just above the crevice. Alternatively, the bottom of the route can be accessed by boat, at buoy 66 on Lake Powell in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area.
The Hole in the Rock was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
Rimrock

Rimrock is the sheer rock wall at the upper edge of a plateau, canyon, or geological uplift. It may refer to either the rock formation or to the rock itself. Rimrock may be composed of almost any stone—basalt, gneiss, granite, sandstone, etc.—and is frequently layered. Many times it overlays a softer stone which erodes away underneath. American Indians in the West often used cavities found below rimrock to construct dwellings and granaries.
The geologic formation has lent its name to many places in the western United States.
Communities:
Canyons:
Cliffs:
Lakes:
Mountains:
Ridges:
High Schools:
சிறுவர் திருமணம்

சிறுவர் திருமணம் அல்லது குழந்தைத் திருமணம் என்பது திருமண வயதை அடையாத ஆண், பெண் இரு பாலினத்தவருக்கும் நடத்தப்படும் திருமணம் ஆகும். இதில் திருமண வயது என்பது நாடுகளுக்கிடையில் சட்டங்களின் அடிப்படையில் மாறுபடுகிறது.
இந்திய நாட்டுச் சட்டப்படி பெண்ணிற்கு என்றால் 18 வயதும், ஆணிற்கு 21 வயதும் முடிவடைந்திருக்க வேண்டும். இந்தியாவில் திருமண வயதை அடையாத நிலையில் நடத்தப்படும் திருமணங்கள் குற்றமாகக் கருதப்பட்டு தண்டனைகள் அளிக்கப்பட்டு வருகின்றன.
ஒருபால் திருமணம்

ஒருபால் திருமணம் என்பது ஒருபாலருக்கிடையே நடைபெறும் திருமணம் ஆகும். ஆணுக்கும் ஆணுக்கும், அல்லது பெண்ணுக்கும் பெண்ணுக்கும் நடைபெறும் திருமணம் ஒருபால் திருமணம். ஒருபால் திருமணம் ஆணுக்கும் பெண்ணுக்கும் நடைபெறும் திருமணத்தைப் போன்று எல்லா நாடுகளிலும் ஏற்றுக் கொள்ளப்பட்டது அல்ல. முதன்முதலாக 2001 இல் நெதர்லாந்தில் ஒருபால் திருமணத்தை ஒப்புக்கொள்ளும் சட்டம் கொண்டுவரப்பட்டது. ஜூலை, 2016 நிலைப்படி, அர்கெந்தீனா, பெல்ஜியம், பிரேசில், கனடா, கொலம்பியா, டென்மார்க், பிரான்சு, ஐசுலாந்து, அயர்லாந்து, லக்சம்பர்க், மெக்சிக்கோ, நெதர்லாந்து, நியூசிலாந்து, நோர்வே, போர்த்துகல், தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா, எசுப்பானியா, சுவீடன், ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம் அமெரிக்க ஐக்கிய நாடு, உருகுவை ஆகிய நாடுகளில் ஒருபால் திருமணம் சட்டபூர்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்பட்டுள்ளது. பல ஐரோப்பிய, தென் அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில் ஒருபால் கூட்டமைப்புகள் சட்ட முறையில் ஏற்றுக் கொள்ளப்படுகின்றன. 2016 ஆம் ஆண்டு நிலைப்படி ஆப்பிரிக்க நாடுகளில் ஒருபால் திருமணத்தைச் சட்டபூர்வமாக ஏற்றுக்கொண்டுள்ள ஒரே நாடு தென் ஆப்பிரிக்கா மட்டுமேயாகும். ஆசியாவில் எந்த நாட்டிலும் இத்திருமணம் ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளப்படவில்லை. ஆனால் இசுரேல் மட்டும் வெளிநாடுகளில் நடைற்ற ஒருபால் திருமணத்தை ஏற்றுக் கொள்கிறது. பல மத்திய கிழக்கு, ஆபிரிக்க நாடுகளில் இது சட்டத்துக்கு எதிரானது. இவற்றில் பல நாடுகள் ஒருபால் திருமணத்துக்கு தடை விதித்துள்ளன. சில நாடுகள் இத்திருமணத்திற்கு ஆயுள் தண்டனை அல்லது மரண தண்டனை விதித்துள்ளன.
ஒவ்வொரு முறை அமெரிக்க அதிபர் தேர்தல் நடைபெறும்போதும் ஒரு பால் ஈடுபாடுள்ளோர் விஷயத்தில் ஆதரவா, எதிர்ப்பா என்னும் கேள்வி எழுந்துவிடுகிறது. இதற்குப் பதில் அளிப்பதே பெரும் பிரச்னையாகப் போய்விடுகிறது. மாறிவரும் இன்றைய சமூகத்தில் மனிதனின் தேவைகளும் சவால்களும்கூட பெரிதும் மாற்றம் கண்டுள்ளன. இந்தத் தேவைகளைப் பூர்த்தி செய்ய அரசியல்வாதிகள் அவ்வப்போது சில முயற்சிகள் மேற்கொள்கிறார்கள். மக்களின் ஆதரவைப் பெறுவது, தங்கள் அரசியல் செல்வாக்கை உயர்த்திக்கொள்வது என்று இதற்குப் பல உள்நோக்கங்கள் இருக்கும்.
கானாவில் திருமணம்

கிறித்தவத்தில் யோவான் நற்செய்தியின்படி கானாவில் நடந்த திருமணம் ஒன்றில் இயேசு தண்ணீரை, திராட்சை இரசமாய் மாற்றியது இயேசு நிகழ்த்திய முதல் புதுமையாகும். விவிலிய கூற்றின் படி இயேசுவும் அவரின் தாயும் சென்றிருந்த திருமணம் ஒன்றில் திராட்சை இரசம் தீர்ந்தபோது, மரியாவின் வேண்டுதலால் இயேசு தண்ணீரை, திராட்சை இரசமாய் மாற்றினார். கானா என்னும் ஊரின் அமைவிடத்தைக்குறித்து அறிஞர்களிடையே ஒத்த கருத்தில்லை.
யோவான் நற்செய்தியில் மட்டுமே இந்த நிகழ்வு பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது. அதன் படி:
சாதி மறுப்புத் திருமணம்

சாதி மறுப்பு/ஒழிப்புத் திருமணம் என்பது திராவிட இயக்கத்தின் தாக்கத்தினால் விளைந்த ஒரு முற்போக்கான நடைமுறை. திராவிட இயக்கத்தின் சகோதரத்துவக் கொள்கையினால் உந்தப்பட்ட ஏராளமான இளைஞர்கள் சாதி, சமயம் பாராமல் சீர்திருத்தத் திருமணம் செய்து கொண்டனர். இந்தியாவின் தமிழகத்தில் ஈ. வெ. இராமசாமி அவர்களின் சமூகச் சீர்திருத்தப் போராட்டங்களின் விளைவாக ஏற்பட்ட மாறுதல்களுள் சாதி மறுப்புத் திருமணமும் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும் தமிழக அரசு சாதிமறுப்புத் திருமணத்தை ஊக்குவிக்கும் பொருட்டு சாதிமறுப்புத் திருமணம் செய்யும் தம்பதிகளுள் ஒருவருக்கு அரசு வேலைவாய்ப்பில் முன்னுரிமை அளிக்கிறது.
Día del Pasillo ecuatoriano

El día del pasillo ecuatoriano es un día festivo relacionado con el pasillo. La fecha del mismo es el 1 de octubre, celebrada desde 1993 por decreto ejecutivo durante la presidencia de Sixto Durán Ballén, en memoria de Julio Jaramillo,​ por ser considerado el mayor exponente de este género musical.​
Por motivo de este día, en Ecuador se realizan actividades diversas año a año para conmemorar este día. Entre las más usuales se encuentran la romería a la tumba de Julio Jaramillo, además de conciertos y charlas sobre el pasillo.​
Sombras (canción)

Sombras es una canción en ritmo de pasillo compuesta por el músico ecuatoriano Carlos Brito Benavides,​ con letra de autoría de la escritora mexicana Rosario Sansores, cuyo poema «Cuando tú te hayas ido» sirvió como base para el pasillo. La canción es considerada la pieza musical ecuatoriana más difundida internacionalmente y tiene como temática un amor intenso que es recordado desde la soledad.​​
El poema en que se basa la canción fue publicado por Sansores en 1933 como parte del poemario La novia del sol. Este libro llegó en 1936 a manos de Brito, quien, según sugiere una versión recogida por el cronista Jorge Martillo, musicalizó el poema inspirado por el fallecimiento de su madre. Brito musicalizaría posteriormente dos poemas más de Sansores: Alas rotas e Imploración.​
El pasillo fue popularizado internacionalmente por el cantante ecuatoriano Julio Jaramillo, quien lo interpretó en la película Fiebre de juventud (1966).​ Jaramillo grabó la canción en tres ocasiones diferentes: en 1959, en 1965 y en 1969, de las cuales la segunda es la más popular.​ Gracias a su interpretación, la figura de Jaramillo ha pasado a ser relacionada con el pasillo al mismo nivel que la de Brito o de Sansores.​
A lo largo de los años muchos otros artistas han interpretado el tema, entre los que se cuenta a Chavela Vargas, Paloma San Basilio, Libertad Lamarque, Julio Iglesias, Chabuca Granda, Armando Manzanero, Lucho Gatica, Alberto Cortez, Olga Guillot y José Feliciano.​​​
Fresia Saavedra

Fresia Raquel Saavedra Gómez (Guayaquil, 8 de septiembre de 1933-Guayaquil, 18 de julio de 2024)​ también conocida como La Señora del Pasillo, fue una cantante de pasillo ecuatoriana. Era la madre de la cantante Hilda Murillo.​
Fresia nació el 8 de septiembre de 1933, en la ciudad de Guayaquil, en las calles Chanduy y 9 de octubre.​
Se casó con Washington Murillo, dueño de la disquera El Cóndor, y con quien tuvo una hija llamada Hilda Murillo.​
Inició su carrera artística a los 5 años de edad, y grabó en seis temas musicales con Julio Jaramillo cuando este recién iniciaba su carrera, para la disquera de su esposo.​ Junto a Blanca Palomeque conformó el dúo "Las Porteñitas" y más tarde el dúo Saavedra-Mendoza con Maruja Mendoza.​
Autora de 37 composiciones musicales nacionales, la canción "El ladrón" fue creada por el compositor colombiano Arturo Ruiz del Castillo e interpretada por ella. En su repertorio tiene varias canciones para campañas políticas.​
Ha ocupado el cargo de supervisora de educación en el magisterio. También enseñó canto en el Museo Municipal de música popular Julio Jaramillo en el Puerto Santa Ana.​ Ella es una de las mejores exponentes del pasillo ecuatoriano.
Falleció el 18 de julio de 2024 a la edad de 90 años, luego de permanecer internada en el hospital por complicaciones en los riñones e hígado debido a la diabetes y por una caída que sufrió.​
Pepe Jaramillo

José Jaramillo Laurido (Guayaquil, 15 de diciembre de 1933 - Quito, 17 de octubre de 2006), más conocido como Pepe Jaramillo, y también El Señor del Pasillo, fue un cantante y compositor de pasillos ecuatoriano. Fue hermano del cantante Julio Jaramillo.
Pepe se especializaba en cantar pasillos, y junto a su hermano impulsaron el folklore ecuatoriano. Él se inició en la música desde joven, y su hermano Julio Jaramillo, quien era menor, le siguió los pasos en la música.
Falleció el 17 de octubre de 2006, a los 72 años de edad, luego de llevar cuatro días internado debido a una hemorragia cerebral.​​
Benigna Dávalos Villavicencio

Benigna Dávalos Villavicencio (Riobamba, c.1910 - Quito, c. 1960), fue una poetisa y compositora ecuatoriana; su obra más destacada es la letra y música del pasillo Ángel de Luz.
Benigna Dávalos Villavicencio nació en Riobamba en 1910 aproximadamente, a mediados del siglo XX creó la letra y música de la canción Ángel de Luz en el género pasillo; convirtiéndose en su obra más reconocida dentro de este género; al respecto el historiador Oswaldo Rivera dijo:​
Se le atribuye erróneamente la creación del Pasillo Brumas, que en realidad fue un poema denominado "Rimas" de "Antonio Toledo" publicado en 1955.​ Dávalos falleció en Quito en 1960 aproximadamente.​
En agosto de 2018 se inauguró el Museo del Pasillo Ecuatoriano, donde se colocaron las estatuas de los cinco compositores legendarios del pasillo donde consta el de Benigna Dávalos.​ Ángel de Luz también es conocido en el Perú bajo el nombre de "Rayo de Luz" popularizado por el dúo Las Limeñitas.
Sendas distintas

Sendas distintas es una canción en tono de pasillo compuesta por el músico ecuatoriano Jorge Araujo Chiriboga y dedicada a su esposa, la reconocida cantante Carlota Jaramillo.​ La letra cuenta la relación amorosa de una pareja con una diferencia de edad marcada y fue inspirada en la propia historia de amor entre Araujo y Jaramillo,​​ pues se conocieron cuando ella tenía 22 años y él 34. Los padres de Jaramillo se opusieron al noviazgo, por lo que la pareja decidió fugarse y casarse en 1927 en Guayaquil. La canción fue escrita cuando Jaramillo trabajaba como profesora en el colegio Simón Bolívar de Ambato.​
Jaramillo grabó el tema en 1942, acompañada de Luis Alberto Valencia.​ Con los años se convirtió en una de las canciones más emblemáticas y exitosas del repertorio de Jaramillo.​​
Carlota Jaramillo

María Isabel Carlota Jaramillo, stage name Carlota Jaramillo (9 July 1904 – 10 December 1987), was an Ecuadorian pasillo singer, known as "La Reina de la Canción Nacional" (Queen of National Song).
Jaramillo was born in Calacalí, in 1904. Her parents, Isaac Jaramillo Jaramillo and Natalia Jaramillo, were farmers. She grew in a musical family, one of her uncles and her maternal grandfather were musicians. Carlota studied in her hometown primary school and attended the “Manuela Cañizares” normal school in Quito to graduate as a teacher.
In 1922 Jaramillo and her sister won a song contest at the Teatro Sucre in Quito. They were the only women in the competition. After that Jaramillo pursued a musical career. She recorded her first record in 1938, the pasillo Amor Grande y Lejano. In 1942 she recorded with Luis Alberto Valencia, Sendas Distintas, composed by her husband, Jorge Araujo Chiriboga. Other hit songs by her include La ingratitud, Sombras, Honda pena, and Para mi tus recuerdos.
Jaramillo died on 10 December 1987 of cerebral trauma after a fall in her home. She received a funeral with full honors from the Ecuadorian society. A monument in her honor was built in Calacalí in 1972. Her house was transformed into a museum in 2004.
Corina del Parral

Corina del Parral Durán (25 January 1905 – 8 February 1979) was an Argentine writer, poet, pianist, and composer. Married to President José María Velasco Ibarra, she served four terms as the First Lady of Ecuador.
Corina del Parral Durán was born in Bahía Blanca, Argentina to Ernst Patrick Parral López-Chacón and Corina Eulogia Durán Peña on 25 January 1905. She began basic studies at the French Institute of Jeanne d'Arc and music at the Williams Conservatory, both in Bahía Blanca. She graduated from the latter with high marks, then went to Buenos Aires to continue her music and piano studies. Using her musical education, del Parral composed classical pieces for the piano and orchestra, and Argentine and Ecuadorian folk music. Her Ecuadorian musical folk songs were interpreted by the group Los Brillantes to raise funds for the Ecuadorian institution she founded herself, while she was the First Lady of Ecuador, to support the poorest childhood in Ecuador. Her music was recorded on acetate discs. Parral's works as a writer have been published by the House of Ecuadorian culture and the Central Bank of Ecuador.
In 1934, Parral and her mother attended a reception for an Ecuadorian plenipotentiary in Buenos Aires, where she met the newly elected President of Ecuador, José María Velasco Ibarra. When he was deposed, del Parral began corresponding with Velasco to encourage him during his exile to Colombia. The couple's epistolary relationship resulted in their marriage in Buenos Aires on 24 August 1938.
When José María Velasco Ibarra was elected for the second time in 1944, Parral became First Lady of Ecuador. In this capacity, she founded the institution that later became the National Institute for Children and the Family, a position that henceforth would be held by all Ecuadorian First Ladies.
Música popular (Colombia)

Within Colombia, the term Música popular (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈmusika popuˈlaɾ], 'popular music') is often used to refer to a folk music genre originated between the 1930s and 1940s in the Paisa Region, in the northwestern part of the country, influenced primarily by Mexican folk music, as well as Argentinian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian to a lesser degree. Eventually it lost these combinations and currently is a mixture of different genres of Regional Mexican.
The genre started to develop between the 1930s and 1940s in the Paisa Region (comprising the modern-day departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Quindío and Risaralda), based on Mexican folk music genres such as corrido, huapango and ranchera, as well as on bolero, tango, pasillo and others, which were very popular among campesinos around that time.
The genre started to gain popularity between the late 1940s and the 1950s, when artists such as Óscar Agudelo or Luis Ángel Ramírez started to take off. During that time, the genre was regarded as proper to Colombia's lower class.
During the late 20th century, the most well known genre's artists such as Darío Gómez, El Charrito Negro, Luis Alberto Posada, etc. were being listened all throughout the country's bars. However, the genre started to stall in the early 2000s, given the low number of well-known artists and the aging of the existing ones.
The genre saw a comeback between the late 2000s and the early 2010s, when new artists such as Pipe Bueno, Jhon Álex Castaño or Yeison Jiménez started to appear. It is not exactly known why this increase in popularity occurred. When interviewed by El Colombiano, senior manager of record label Codiscos Álvaro Picón said that Pipe Bueno played a huge roll in the process of the genre's repopularization. He also said that the popularity momentum created by Bueno was then kept by the introduction other new artists who brought the genre to listeners outside of its traditional bar niche. The softening of the lyrics of the genre's songs was also cited as a factor by Picón. He lastly said that additionally, a decline in the popularity of romantic vallenato coinciding with the revival of música popular boosted even more the rise in popularity of the last one.