davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Begtse

Begtse (Wylie: beg tse chen lcam sring; "Begtse the Great Coat of Mail") is a dharmapala and the lord of war in Tibetan Buddhism, originally a pre-Buddhist war god of the Mongols.
The name Begtse (Wylie: Beg tse) is a loanword from Mongolian begder, meaning "coat of mail". He is also given the name and epithet Jamsaran (Wylie: lCam sring), meaning "Great Coat of Mail", which is a translation of the Mongolian.
Begtse has red skin and orange-red hair, two arms (as opposed to other Mahākālas, who have four or six), three blood-shot eyes and is wielding a sword in his right hand. He also holds a human heart in his right hand. In the stock of his right arm, he holds a bow and arrow and a halberd with bannet. He wears a chainmail shirt, which gave rise to his name, Jamsaran. He wears a Mongolian helmet with a crown of five skulls and four banners in the back. He is also accompanied by his consort, Rikpay Lhamo, and his main general, Laihansorgodog. They are surrounded by Jamsaran's satellites, the twenty-nine butchers.
Jamsaran is represented in Mongolian, and to a lesser extent Tibetan, Cham dance.
Ülgen

Bai-Ülgen or Ülgen (Old Turkic: 𐰈𐰞𐰏𐰅𐰣; Cyrillic: Үлгэн) is a Turkic creator-deity, usually distinct from Tengri but sometimes identified with him in the same manner as Helios and Apollo. His name is from Old Turkic bay, "rich", and ülgen, "magnificent". Ülgen is believed to be without either beginning or end.
In Tengrism, the Ulukayın, regarded as a cosmic axis between earth and sky, was regarded as sacred to him, as was the horse (horse-sacrifice was a part of his worship). Ülgen symbolizes goodness, welfare, abundance, plentiness of food, water, etc. Furthermore, he created earth, heaven and all living beings. In addition, he controls the atmospheric events and movements of stars. He creates land for people to live on, the heads of both humans and animals and the rainbow. He was regarded as the patron god of shamans and the source of their knowledge.
It is believed that Ülgen has been created from Kayra (Tengere Kayra Khan). He is the highest deity after Tengri in the pantheon. Often, Ülgen is compared with Tengri and at times they are thought to be on par, or even the same. In some sayings, the name/function of Ülgen may be (partially) interchangeable with that of Tengri.
Ülgen is described as the enemy of Erlik who is the god of evil and darkness. Ülgen assumes the protectorship of humankind against him.
Bai-Ülgen lives on the sixteenth floor of the sky above the stars, sun and moon in a golden house. Mere humans may never reach him, only shamans and kams who possess astral powers can. Animals are used for sacrifice in worship of him, especially horses. Once in every third, sixth, ninth, or twelfth year, a shaman may sacrifice a white horse as the first step of reaching Ülgen. Then he must ride its soul, penetrate through all the layers of heaven until he reaches Ülgen. Firstly, the kam (shaman) meets Yayık who is the servant of Ülgen. This entity informs the kam whether or not the offering has been accepted. If the sacrificial rite has been successful, the shaman is able to learn from the omniscient Ülgen of impending dangers, such as bad harvests.
Ülgen has seven sons, the Ak oğlanlar (White Boys) or Kıyatlar:
Ülgen also has nine daughters, called Akkızlar or Kıyanlar, but no one knows their names. His daughters are source of inspiration for shamans.
Mie (pose)

The mie (見え or 見得, Japanese pronunciation: [mi.eꜜ]), a powerful and emotional pose struck by an actor, who then freezes for a moment, is a distinctive element of aragoto Kabuki performance. Mie means 'appearance' or 'visible' in Japanese, and one of the primary purposes of this convention is to draw attention to a particularly important or powerful portion of the performance. It is meant to show a character's emotions at their peak, and can often be a very powerful pose. The actor's eyes are opened as wide as possible; if the character is meant to seem agitated or angry, the actor will cross his eyes. In Japanese, the mie pose is said to be "cut" by the actor (見得を切る, mie wo kiru). Audience members will shout out (kakegoe) words of praise and the actor's name at specific times before and after the pose is struck.
The practice of mie is said to have originated with Ichikawa Danjūrō I in the Genroku era, along with the aragoto style itself. There are a great many mie, each of which has a name describing it, and many of which are associated with particular lines of actors.
In the Genroku mie, one of the most famous or well-known, the actor's right hand is held flat, perpendicular to the ground, while his left hand is pointed upwards, elbow bent. At the same time, the actor stamps the floor powerfully with his left foot. This mie is most strongly associated with the character Kamakura Gongorō Kagemasa, the hero of the play Shibaraku, and is said to have been invented by Ichikawa Danjūrō I.
Two mie cut by the priest Narukami, in Narukami Fudō Kitayama Zakura, are the "post-wrapping pose" (柱巻きの見得, Hashimaki no mie), in which the actor wraps his arms and legs around a post, column, or long weapon such as a naginata, and the Fudō no mie (不動の見得), which is meant to resemble the Buddhist figure Fudō Myoō, is a very strong pose, meant to evoke anger and power.
In Kanjinchō, the monk Benkei cuts the Fudō no mie while holding a scroll (the play's titular "subscription list" or kanjinchō) in one hand and Buddhist prayer beads in the other. Another pose taken by Benkei in this play is the so-called "rock-throwing pose" (石投げの見得, Ishinage no mie), which is meant to look like its namesake.
The term tenchi no mie (天地の見得), or "heaven and earth pose," is used when two actors, one low on the stage and one high above, on a rooftop or other set-piece, strike a pose simultaneously.
Gihwa

Gihwa (Korean: 기화; Hanja: 己和, 1376–1433), also known as Hamheo Teuktong was a Buddhist monk of Korean Seon and leading Buddhist figure during the late Goryeo to early Joseon eras. He was originally a Confucian scholar of high reputation, but converted to Buddhism at the age of 21 upon the death of a close friend. He wandered among the Korean mountain monasteries, until he had the fortune of becoming the disciple of the last Korean national teacher, Muhak.
Gihwa's writings showed a distinctive mixture between iconoclastic and subitist Seon language, and a strong appreciation for the scriptural tradition. Thus, he took up from Jinul the tradition of unification of Seon and Gyo Buddhism. Among his writings, there are four works in particular that made a deep impact on the subsequent Seon tradition in Korea. These are:
As a result of his fourth major work, the Hyeonjeong non, Gihwa distinguished himself as the primary Buddhist respondent to the rising Neo-Confucian polemic of his period, as he responded with vigor to the Neo-Confucian criticisms of Buddhism.
Gihwa died while residing at Jeongsusa, at the southern tip of Ganghwado, where his tomb can still be visited. Gihwa's commentary on the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment was translated by A. Charles Muller, in 1999.
Essence-Function is a key concept in East Asian Buddhism and particularly that of Korean Buddhism. Essence-Function takes a particular form in the philosophy and writings of Kihwa.
At the age of 21, he entered Uisangam in Gwanaksan and became a Buddhist monk. The following year, he learned a Buddhist service from Jacho of Hoeamsa [ko]. After that, he returned from a trip to famous mountains across the country and devoted himself to ascetic practice.
Future for Religious Heritage

Future for Religious Heritage (FRH) is a non-faith, not-for-profit heritage organisation registered in Belgium, with members across Europe. FRH is a member of the European Heritage Alliance 3.3, an informal European sectoral platform. The association was a stakeholder of the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018.
"Begun as a grass-roots movement in 2009, the Future for Religious Heritage took shape in 2011 as a network of groups from more than 30 countries, dedicated to finding ways to keep churches, synagogues and other religious buildings open, if not for services, then for other uses." FRH has an office in Brussels.
Its members include the National Museum of Denmark, the Archbishopric of Prague, Chorus Venezia, Din l-Art Ħelwa, Museum Catharijneconvent, the Department for Cultural Heritage Conservation of the Church of Sweden, the Churches Conservation Trust, the Diocese of London, English Heritage, Friends of Friendless Churches, The Historic Religious Buildings Alliance, Jewish Heritage UK, the National Churches Trust, Scotland's Churches Trust, Culture Directorate of Government of Cantabria, among many others.
FRH bring the voice of the sector to the European Institutions, while also working with its members to facilitate the development of cross border projects.
These projects aim to fully exploit the potential of religious heritage in its various aspects:
Sacred buildings, their contents and their history represent the biggest single portfolio of Europe's historic patrimony.
Religious buildings bind communities together through the worship and non-worship activities that take place within them. They are often the only public buildings remaining.
Places of worship attract visitors from afar and from nearby. Religious buildings represent five out of ten of Europe's most visited sites and make a major contribution to tourism GDP.
Their physical presence marks the cityscape or rural environment.
Kharkhorin Rock

47°11.152′N 102°51.235′E﻿ / ﻿47.185867°N 102.853917°E﻿ / 47.185867; 102.853917
Kharkhorin Rock, also Kharkarin Rock or Phallic Rock, is a large statue of a penis raised on a platform on the steppe, located near Erdene Zuu Monastery (part of the World Heritage Site entitled Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape) in Kharkhorin, Övörkhangai Province of Mongolia. The phallic rock statue has dual functions; primarily it is a reminder to the monks to remain celibate, but it is also a symbol of fertility and human life.
Legend states that a monk who had vowed to be celibate had turned out to be a womanizer. As punishment he was castrated to remind him of his vows of celibacy. As a warning to the other inmate monks of the monastery, a rock in the shape of a penis was prominently engraved as a stone phallus called "Kharkhorin Rock" within walking distance from the monastery, to remind them that they should not be indulging in any sexual activity with the local women.
Lonely Planet says that the statue "points erotically to something interestingly called a 'vaginal slope'" which is hidden in a small valley, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the southeast of Erdene Zuu Monastery. The river flowing in this basaltic rocky area originates from the Gyatruu range to Kharkhorin soum. It is accessed from the main road by a well-used path. One can see a larger newer statue from the road from Ulaanbaatar road and 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Karakhorin hill. Many visitors seek the opportunity to visit the original statue, and many women also approach the site to seek blessings for a child to be born to them. The smaller, 24 inches (610 mm) stone phallus is located within the grounds of the monastery itself, just to the northeast of the main monastery building.
There are also four rocks in the shape of turtles (considered to be symbols of protection and eternity) marking the four cardinal directions of the ancient boundary limits of Karakorum. The stones are inscribed with their past history on the back.
Food

Nri bụ ihe ọ bụla a na-eri iji nye nkwado na-edozi ahụ maka ihe dị ndụ. Nri na-abụkarị nke osisi, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ fungal, ma nwee ihe oriri dị mkpa, dị ka carbohydrates, abụba, protein, vitamin, ma ọ dị ka mineral. Ihe dị ndụ na-eri ihe ahụ ma mkpụrụ ndụ nke ihe ahụ na-eri ya iji nye ike, mee ka ndụ dịgide, ma ọ bụ kpalie uto. Ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nwere omume iri nri dị iche iche nke na-egbo mkpa nke metabolism ha pụrụ iche, na-agbanwekarị iji mejupụta otu niche gburugburu ebe obibi n'ime ọnọdụ ala ụfọdụ.
Ụmụ mmadụ na-eri ihe niile na-eme mgbanwe nke ukwuu ma nwee ike inweta nri n'ọtụtụ usoro okike dị iche iche. Ihe ka ukwuu n'ike nri achọrọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nri, nke na-emepụta nri na ọrụ ugbo siri ike ma na-ekesa ya site na nhazi nri dị mgbagwoju anya na usoro nkesa nri. Usoro ọrụ ugbo a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mmanụ ala, nke pụtara na usoro nri na ọrụ ugbo bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na-enye aka na mgbanwe ihu igwe, na-aza ajụjụ maka ihe ruru 37% nke ngụkọta gas na-ekpo ọkụ.
Usoro nri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọtụtụ nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ gụnyere: nkwado, ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu, akụnụba, ụba mmadụ, inye mmiri na nchekwa nri. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa na-ahụ maka nchekwa na nchekwa nri dị ka International Association for Food Protection, World Resources Institute, World Food Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation, na International Food Information Council.
Iwu Nhazi Nri (Wales) 2013

Iwu Iwu ịdị ọcha nke nri (Wales) 2013 anaw 2 [1] bụ iwu nke Mgbakọ Mba maka Wales iji mee ka ọkwa nri bụrụ iwu. A ga-emekwa ka ọkwa ahụ pụta ọha site na iji ihe mmado ọcha nri. [2] [3] [4] Akọ ego akwụkwọ ọcha nri dị na weebụsaịtị ụlọ ọrụ iwu nri .
GTBank Food and Drink Festival

GTBank Food and Drink bụ emume nri nke a na-eme kwa afọ na Lagos nke Guaranty Trust Bank na-akwado. E mere mbipụta mbụ ahụ ụbọchị abụọ na 2016 ebe ihe omume kwa afọ na-esote buzi nke a na-eme ụbọchị anọ. N'ihe omume ahụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere nri na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ si n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Naịjirịa na mba ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta. Ndị na-egosi nri na-egosi ma na-ere ngwaahịa nri dịgasị iche iche site na nri ndị dị ọhụrụ na nri kpọrọ nkụ, ihe oriri, achịcha, ihe oriri na-eri, mmanya na champagne.
E wezụga ihe ngosi ahụ, akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ihe omume ahụ gụnyere ahụmịhe nri dị ka nri na mmanya, isi nri na ndị isi nri mba ụwa na Naijiria a ma ama, na ntụrụndụ egwu. E meela ebe ahụ na Ligali Ayorinde, mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nke Oniru-Lekki, Victoria Island kemgbe e bidoro ya.
Dị ka ihe ngosi nri kachasị ukwuu n'Africa, ihe omume ahụ egosipụtala ndị ama ama na-esi nri na ndị hụrụ nri n'anya si Naijiria na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa nke gụnyere Alex Oke, Gbubemi Fregene, Tiyan Alile, Ozoz Sokoh, Marcus Samuelsson na Phil Howard na ndị ọzọ.
Ebe nrụọrụ weebụsaịtị
Ụbọchị Ịgụ na Ịgụ Ihe Mba Nile

Ụbọchị Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụzọ bụ ememe mba ụwa nke a na-eme kwa afọ na 8 Septemba, nke UNESCO kwupụtara na 26 Ọktoba 1966 na nnọkọ nke iri na anọ nke Nzukọ Ezumezu UNESCO. Emere ya na nke mbụ ya na 1967. Ebumnuche ya bụ ime ka mkpa ịgụ na ide dị maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, obodo na ọha mmadụ pụta ìhè. A na-eme ememe n'ọtụtụ mba.
Ihe dị ka nde 775 enweghị nkà ịpụ na ide; otu n'ime ndị okenye ise ka na-amaghị akwụkwọ na ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ n'ime ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị; nde ụmụaka 60.7 anaghị aga akwụkwọ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-aga n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na-ahapụ. Dị ka UNESCO si kwuo "Global Monitoring Report on Education for All (2006) ", South Asia nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ala nke ndị okenye (58.6%), nke ndịda Sahara Africa (59.7%). Mba ndị nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị ala n'ụwa bụ Burkina Faso (12.8%), Niger (14.4%) na Mali (19%). Akụkọ ahụ na-egosi njikọ doro anya n'etiti amaghị akwụkwọ na mba ndị dara ogbenye, na n'etiti enweghị akwụkwọ na ajọ mbunobi megide ụmụ nwanyị.
Ememe nke International Literacy Day gụnyere isiokwu ụfọdụ, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na Education For All goals na mmemme ndị ọzọ nke United Nations dị ka United Nations Literacy Decade. Isiokwu emume ahụ maka 2007 na 2008 bụ "Ịgụ na ide na ahụike", na ihe nrite enyere ndị otu nọ n'ihu agụmakwụkwọ ahụike. Nke a bụkwa ihe a na-ekwusi ike na 2007-2008 biennium nke United Nations Literacy Decade. Karịsịa, Ụbọchị Ịgụ na Ịgụ na Ụba nke Mba Nile nke afọ 2008 kwusiri ike na Ịgụ n'Ịgụ na Ịrịa Epidemics na-elekwasị anya na ọrịa ndị na-efe efe dịka HIV, ụkwara nta na ịba, ụfọdụ n'ime nchegbu ahụike ọha na eze n'ụwa. Maka afọ 2009-2010, a kwusiri ike na "ịgụ na ide na inye ikike", na-echebara Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị echiche pụrụ iche na inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike. Isiokwu nke emume 2011-2012 bụ "Ịgụ na ide na udo". Isiokwu nke 2022 bụ Ịgbanwe oghere mmụta ịgụ na ide iji tụgharịa uche n'ihe dị mkpa nke oghere mmụta agụmakwụkwọ maka ịkwalite ume na ikwe nkwa agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, nke ziri ezi, na nke gụnyere mmadụ niile.
Ndị edemede na-esonụ na-akwado UNESCO site na Writers for Literacy Initiative: Margaret Atwood, Paul Auster, Philippe Claudel, Paulo Coelho, Philippe Delerm, Fatou Diome, Chahdortt Djavann, Nadine Gordimer, Amitav Ghosh, Marc Levy, Alberto Manguel, Anna Moi, Scott Momaday, Toni Morrison, Érik Orsenna, Gisèle Pineau, El Tayeb Salih, Francisco Jose Sionil, Wole Soyinka, Amy Tan, Miklós Vámos, Aburahman, Bando, Wei Wei Ọ bụghị naanị na ndị edemede na-enye aka n'ịkwalite mmata banyere nsogbu nke amaghị akwụkwọ: tinyere itinye aka na ndị edemedo, enwere ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na òtù ọrụ ebere na-akwado ọgụ megide amaghị akwụkwọ. Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado International Literacy Day gụnyere Global Development Research Center, Montblanc, National Institute for Literacy, na Rotary International.
Templeeti:Literacy
Egungun

Egungun, ( egúngún na akara udaolu Yorùbá) n'ụzọ sara mbara bụ ihe ọ bụla mmanwu Yoruba ma ọ bụ ihe mkpuchi, ihe oyiyi ọ bụla. Kpọmkwem, ọ bụ mmanwu ndị Yoruba maka nsọpụrụ nna ochie, ma ọ bụ ndị nna nna n'onwe ha dị ka ndị agha mkpokọta. Eégún bụ mbelata ụdị (abbreviation site assimilation) nke okwu egúngún na nwere otu ihe pụtara. [Rowlands, EC (1973-01-01). "Yoruba (Teach Yourself Books", isi nke asaa, peeji nke 39] Enwere echiche na-ezighi ezi na Egun ma ọ bụ Eegun (eégún with Yorùbá tone marks) bụ otu ụdị, ma ọ bụ na ọ na-anọchi anya ndị nna ochie ebe egúngún bụ mmanwu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ. Echiche a na-ezighị ezi bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na America site n'aka ndị na-efe Orisa na-adịghị asụ asụsụ Yorùbá dị ka asụsụ obodo. "Egungun bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya nke mmụọ nke ndị nna nna hapụrụ ahapụ bụ ndị na-eleta obodo mmadụ kwa oge maka ncheta, ememe na ngọzi."
Nhazi nke ụdị Egun ma ọ bụ Egungun, nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ ọrụ kwụ ọtọ, mana n'ezie ọ dị mgbagwoju anya ịkọwapụta nghọta nke ụtụ isi obodo.
Koba (sweet)

Koba is a sweet made from ground peanuts, brown sugar and rice flour. It is a traditional food of Madagascar (where it is also known as koba ravina or kobandravina), especially in the highlands. In marketplaces and gas stations one may find vendors selling koba akondro, a sweet made by wrapping a batter of ground peanuts, mashed bananas, honey and corn flour in banana leaves and steaming or boiling the small cakes until the batter has set.
Part of the Malagasy cuisine of Madagascar, koba akondro ([kubaˈkundʐʷ]) is sold in marketplaces and gas stations by vendors. It is made by wrapping a batter of ground peanuts, mashed bananas, honey and corn flour in banana leaves and steaming or boiling the small cakes until the batter has set. Peanut brittle is also sold.
Coconut shrimp

Coconut shrimp is a shrimp dish prepared using shrimp and coconut as primary ingredients. It can be prepared as a crunchy dish with the shrimp coated and deep fried, pan-fried or baked, and as a sautéed dish using coconut milk and other ingredients. It can be prepared and served on skewers.
Crunchy coconut shrimp is typically prepared using shrimp that are coated with flour, placed in an egg wash, coated with a flaked coconut and bread crumb mix, and then deep fried. The shrimp can be butterflied prior to being coated. Panko bread crumbs or standard bread crumbs can be used, as can a mixture of both. Chopped nuts such as macadamia and almond can be used as additional ingredients to coat the shrimp.
This version of the dish can also be baked, pan-fried, or grilled, rather than deep-fried. Baked versions may have fewer calories and fat compared to deep-fried versions. After cooking, the shrimp have a crunchy texture. It may be served with various dipping sauces, such as sweet and sour sauce, peach sauce, apricot sauce, sweet chili sauce, and marmalade, among others. It can be served with lime wedges, and lime zest can be used as an ingredient in the dish.
Crunchy coconut shrimp can be served as an appetizer or as a main course. It is a common menu item at seafood restaurants and is a popular dish at tiki bars in the Caribbean and the Florida Keys.
Coconut shrimp is also prepared as a sautéed or stir-fried dish using coconut milk as an ingredient. This version of the dish may be served atop rice. Additional ingredients can include onion, garlic, tomatoes, parsley, and various spices.
Coconut shrimp prepared using coconut milk can be prepared kebab-style on skewers and may include marinating the shrimp in the coconut milk and other ingredients prior to cooking. Additional foods, such as pineapple, may be placed on the skewers. This dish can be cooked by grilling or in a pan and may also be accompanied with various dipping sauces.
Gros Michel

Gros Michel (French pronunciation: [ɡʁo miʃɛl]), often translated and known as "Big Mike", is an export cultivar of banana and was, until the 1950s, the main variety grown. The physical properties of the Gros Michel make it an excellent export produce; its thick peel makes it resilient to bruising during transport and the dense bunches that it grows in make it easy to ship.
Gros Michel is a triploid cultivar of the wild banana Musa acuminata, belonging to the AAA group.
Its official designation is Musa acuminata (AAA Group) 'Gros Michel'.
Synonyms include:
Gros Michel is known as Guineo Gigante, Banano, and Plátano Roatán in Spanish. It is also known as Pisang Ambon in the Philippines and Indonesia, Thihmwe in Burma, Chek Ambuong in Cambodia, Kluai hom thong in Thailand, Pisang Embun in Malaysia, and Chuoi Tieu Cao #2 in Vietnam.
French naturalist Nicolas Baudin carried a few corms of this banana from Southeast Asia, depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of Martinique. In 1835, French botanist Jean François Pouyat carried Baudin's fruit from Martinique to Jamaica. Originally called the "Figue Baudin" ("Baudin's fig"), the fruits were later referred to as "Poyo," after their Jamaican importer; the origin of the name "Gros Michel" is unknown.
Gros Michel bananas were grown on massive plantations in Honduras, Costa Rica, and elsewhere in Central America. The variety was once the dominant export banana to Europe and North America, grown in Central America but, in the 1950s, Panama disease, a wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, wiped out vast tracts of Gros Michel plantations in Central America, though it is still grown on non-infected land throughout the region.
By the 1960s, the exporters of Gros Michel bananas were unable to keep trading such a susceptible cultivar, and they started growing resistant cultivars belonging to the Cavendish subgroup (another Musa acuminata AAA).
A 2013 paper described experiments to create a version of Gros Michel which is resistant to black sigatoka, another fungal infection.
"Yes! We Have No Bananas", a novelty song about a grocer from the 1922 Broadway revue Make It Snappy, is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.
The Gros Michel has a higher concentration of isoamyl acetate, the ester commonly used for "banana" food flavoring, than the Cavendish. This higher concentration is responsible for the myth that banana flavoring was based on the Gros Michel, but artificial banana flavor was not based on any specific cultivar.
Acidity regulator

Acidity regulators, or pH control agents, are food additives used to change or maintain pH (acidity or basicity). They can be organic or mineral acids, bases, neutralizing agents, or buffering agents. Typical agents include the following acids and their sodium salts: sorbic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, and propionic acid. Acidity regulators are indicated by their E number, such as E260 (acetic acid), or simply listed as "food acid".
Acidity regulators differ from acidulants, which are often acidic but are added to confer sour flavors. They are not intended to stabilize the food, although that can be a collateral benefit. Acidity regulators are also important for food safety, as incorrect pH can result in bacteria growth.
Port Louis

Port Louis (Porlwi e kreoleg Maoris) eo kêr-benn republik Moris, er Meurvor Indez. Kêr ha porzh brasañ ar vro an hini eo ivez. Ur c'hêr industriel ha touristel eo war un dro, ha deuet eo da vezañ ivez brasañ plas arc'hantel Afrika issahariat asambles gant Johannesburg.
Glad savadurioù ar c'hêr zo ur skeudenn eus he istor trevadennel pinvidik. Bez eus tiez trevadennel gall eus an XVIII kantved (en o zouez Ti ar Gouarnour), moskeenn Jummah, Iliz-veur saoz Saint James, an templ indian tamil, C'hoariva Port Louis, tachenn ar redadegoù "Champ de Mars" hag ar bagodenn sinaat.
Caudan Waterfront eo marina nevez Port Louis, ul lec'h touristel eo lec'h ma kaver kalz stalioù, pretioù, letioù hag ur greizenn arz.
Busoù he deus ar c'hêr, hag ur "metro skañv" hag a ya betek Curepipe, eil kêr ar vro e 15 km alese, abaoe 2019. An aerborzh etrebroadel Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam emañ e 48 km eus ar gêr-benn. Div c'har ar c'hirri-boutin he deus ivez.
Anvet e voe Noordwester Haven da gentañ gant an Hollandiz, da lavaret eo Porzh ar Gwalarn. Troet e voe e Port Nord-Ouest gant ar C'hallaoued goude. Port-Louis a voe roet d'ar c'hêr, marteze en enor d'ar roue gall Loeiz XV e 1721 pe 1722, pe marteze en enor da Porzh-Loeiz da vare ar gouarnour Mahé de la Bourdonnais e 1735. E-pad an Dispac'h gall e voe adanvet Port Nord-Ouest hag ivez Port de la Montagne evit ar porzh ha Ville de la Montagne evit kêr etre 1793 ha 1795. E miz Eost 1806, e-pad impalaeriezh Buonaparte, e voe anvet Port-Napoléon gant ar gouarnour Decaen, ha pa erruas ar Saozon e 1810 e voe roet endro he anv a Port Louis (hep barrennig).
147 688 a dud a oa o chom eno e 2003, 149 194 hervez niveradeg 2015, ha 147 066 hervez niveradeg 2018.
Skolioù publik ha prevez a zo e Port Louis. Goproù ha frejoù zo ar skolioù prevez a zo paeet gant ar gouarnamant avat. Chom a ra d'ar gerent paeañ ar frejoù-skol, evit al levrioù hag an unwiskoù da skouer, met prestoù war gampi izel a vez kinniget dezho gant ar gouarnamant.
Ur skol-veur publik zo er vro : Skol-veur an Teknologiezhioù Moris, e distrig Port Louis. Skolioù prevez zo ivez e teknologiezhioù ar c'helaouiñ, ar management, ar gontouriezh hag ar glañvdiourezh.
Begerel

Begerel (Bécherel e galleg) a zo ur gumun eus Breizh e departamant Il-ha-Gwilen. Pennlec'h Kanton Begerel eo.
"En gul, e groaz eoriek en argant, karget gant pemp brizhenn erminig en sabel"
Ardamezioù kozh familh a Zinan; Jaffrez a Vegerel e gemeras perzh ouzh aloubadeg Bro-Saoz gant Gwilherm a Normandi, ha goude se ouzh kroazadegoù e 1096.
Niver a annezidi
Tiphaine Raguenel

Tiphaine Raguenel (war-dro 1335 - 1373) a oa un itron eus Dinan, e Breizh, pried Beltram Gwesklin, hag un astrologourez eus ar XIVvet kantved.
Merc'h e oa da Robin III Raguenel, aotrou Châtel-Oger, haroz emgann an Tregont, ha da Janed Dinan, beskontez La Bellière. Dimeziñ a reas en 1363 da v-Beltram Gwesklin. Ur skouer a garantez kourtes e oa o dimeziñ hervez ar vojenn, hi plac'h kenenek, hag eñ gwaz divalav hag atav o redek da bell vro.
Brud he doa da vezañ ur vaouez desket. E 1359 he dije diouganet e vije bet trec'h Gwekslin war Thomas Canterbury.
He c'hlopenn a vije bet kavet en un ti e Dinan. Hiziv an deiz e c'haller gweladenniñ e Menez Mikael ar Mor un ti e anv "ti Tiphaine Raguenel" ma vije bet o chom ennañ. Soñjal a reer edo o chom e ti ar gouarnour kentoc'h, rak e wreg e oa.
Tonna

Tonna zo ur gêriadenn hag ur gumuniezh e kontelezh Castell-nedd Port Talbot, e kreisteiz Kembre. Emañ er biz da gêr Castell-nedd, ha poblet e oa gant 2 499 a dud e 2011.
En XIX kantved e oa deuet da vezañ ur c'hornad greantel pa voe digoret mengleuzioù glaou ha labouradegoù e-kreiz ar maezioù. Dismantroù eus an amzer gozh zo, evel an Ivy Tower, ur maner a voe savet war-dro 1780.
Dancing in the Street (kanaouenn)

Dancing in the Street a zo ur ganaouenn saoznek savet gant Marvin Gaye (1939-1984), Ivy Jo Hunter (1940-) ha William "Mickey" Stevenson (1940-).
Berzh bras a reas ar sonenn pa voe kanet hag enrollet e miz Mezheven 1964 gant ar strollad kanerezed stadunanat Martha and the Vandellas.
Ska punk

Ar sonerezh ska punk zo sonerezh punk kejet gant ska
Peurvuiañ e vez mesket dre seniñ an diskan en doare punk hag ar peurrest en doare ska, pe ar c'hontrol. Strolladoù ska punk a son kanaouennoù a zo penn-da-benn gant al lusk ska, pe c'hoazh penn-da-benn gant al lusk punk.
Mesket e voe evit ar wech kentañ ar ska hag ar punk e-pad al luskad Two-Tone e dibenn ar bloavezhioù 1970 gant strolladoù evel The Specials, The Selecter ha The Beat. E penn kentañ ar bloavezhioù 1980 e krogas ar sonerezh-se da vezañ anavezet en Europa, dre ar strollad Madness, met er bloavezhioù 1990 hepken e krogas da vezañ brudet er Stadoù-Unanet dre Fishbone (krouet e 1979) ha, dreist-holl, Operation Ivy (1987).
Helen Keller

Helen Adams Keller (27 a viz Even 1880 e Tuscumbia, Alabama - 1añ a viz Even 1968 en Arcan Ridge, Easton, Connecticut) a oa ur skrivagnerez, stourmerez ha prezegennerez stadunanat. Bouzar ha dall e oa hag e voe an den nammet kentañ a dapas un diplom er skol-veur.
Daou film a zo diazezet war buhez Helen Keller :
Half Japanese

Half Japanese a zo ur strollad rock bet savet e Maryland, [[Baltimore] e 1975. Alies e vez liammet o stil gant luskad ar rock dazeilat. Mont a ra Half Japanese war-hanter gant kalz stiloù sonerezh abaoe ar bloavezhioù 1980 : da gentañ tout No wave (1981-1983), ha art rock (1983-1986), grunge (1989-1992), lo-fi (1998-2001). Abalamour d'o stil(où) dezhe o-unan eo start renkañ anezhe en ur stil ledan : savet ha maget int bet gant levezonoù a bep seurt, sed pezh a laka anezhe da gaout ur spered dezhe o-unan. Sonerezh ar strollad a vez sellet outañ evel ur seurt diampradur a-fed sonerezh pop dre implij kement diskordañs pe disgwiadenn a zo e-barzh kanaouennoù savet a-ziwar hensonioù pop.
Seán O'Casey

Seán O'Casey (Seán Ó Cathasaigh en iwerzhoneg), ganet d'an 30 a viz Meurzh 1880 e Dulenn ha marvet d'an 18 a viz Gwengolo 1964 e Torquay (Bro-Saoz), zo ur skrivagner saoznek eus Iwerzhon. Broadelour ha sokialour e oa. Kemer a reas hent an harlu da vont da Vro-Saoz da chom.
Anna May Wong

Anna May Wong zo un aktourez stadunanat a orin sinaat, ganet Wong Liu-tsong ( 黃柳霜 e sinaeg; Huáng Liǔshuāng e pinyin), d'an 3 a viz C'hwevrer 1905 e Los Angeles (California), marvet d'an 2 a viz C'hwevrer 1961 e Santa Monica (California).
He zud-kozh a oa deuet eus Sina, ha merc'h e oa da Wong Sam-sing ha Lee Gon-toy, tud vunut eus Los Ángeles. Anna May Wong a veze graet anezhi gant he zud abaoe bihan, goude ma oa Liu Tsong hec'h anv, abalamour da aesaat an traoù dezhi er vro. En desped d'he zud e troas Anna May en ur filmgarourez, ma tivizas kemer perzh ha c'hoari er filmoù a veze graet nepell diouzh he zi.
E 1922, da 17 vloaz, e krogas da vat gant ar film The Toll of the Sea (1922), goude e reas The Thief of Bagdad en 1924 gant Douglas Fairbanks. e dibenn ar bloavezhioù 1920 e oa ken dipitet gant al labour kinniget dezhi en Hollywood ma'z eas da Europa.
E 1932 e c'hoarias gant Marlene Dietrich er film Shanghai Express ha kaoz a voe eus un darempred a garantez etrezo o-div.
Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton, ganet Hillary Diane Rodham d'ar 26 a viz Here 1947 e Chicago (Illinois), zo ur bolitikourez amerikan ezel eus ar Strollad Demokrat. Pried Bill Clinton eo, bet 42vet prezidant Stadoù-Unanet Amerika etre 1993 ha 2001.
Protestant eo Hillary Clinton.
War ar renk edo evit an dilennadegoù prezidant e caucus 2008 ; Barack Obama avat eo a voe galloudekaet en anv ar strollad demokraetel. War ar renk e voe Hillary Clinton e 2016 adarre, ha galloudekaet da gevezañ ouzh Donald Trump a-benn warlerc'hiañ Barack Obama.
Hedera hibernica

Hedera hibernica, the Atlantic ivy or Irish ivy, is a species of ivy native to the Atlantic coast of Europe.
It is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as ground cover where there are no vertical surfaces. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets which cling to the substrate. Native to the Atlantic region, it has been cultivated and can appear in the wild outside its original area, along the Atlantic coast from Portugal, Spain, France, Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea. One way in which it differs from Hedera helix (common ivy) is that the light veins on its leaves are less pronounced.
The bark is first green, but soon after it becomes gray. Old branches are light gray with a finely furrowed bark. Buds are almost hidden by the leaf base, egg-shaped and bright green. The leaves have entire margins and are ovoid or with five triangular lobes. The surface is glossy dark green with light ribs, while the underside is pale green. The leaves of flowering shoots are, however, oval with entire margins. Flowering occurs in September–October. The fruits are blue-black berries. The whole plant and also the berries are slightly poisonous.
The plant has an attractive and elegant aspect. It is quite common in gardening, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. Like the related H. helix (English ivy), H. hibernica is an invasive weed in parts of North America with mild winters: in a recent study, 83% of 119 populations of invasive ivy sampled in the Pacific Northwest were found to be H. hibernica and not H. helix as was previously thought. In fact it can be troublesome in any garden, rapidly colonising hedges, trees and borders if not kept in check.
It requires consistently moist soil, and can grow in any light environment from full sun to deep shade. Its natural habitat is forest or dense bush which is cool and cloud-covered for much of the year, such as is often found in mountainous regions near the ocean. It prefers well-drained or alkaline soils rich in nutrients and humus. In areas to which it has been introduced it may be a noxious weed or be invasive.
In the autumn its flowers are an important source of nectar for many insects, including the ivy bee Colletes hederae. The berries are a source of winter food for Common wood pigeons, thrushes, Common blackbirds and the Eurasian Blackcap. Some species of small bird use the niches it provides as nest sites.
Knights Templar in Brittany

Knights Templar in Brittany, also known locally as the red monks.
In 1127, the Order of the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ started fund-raising efforts throughout Western Europe so as to fund their crusading ambitions in the Holy Land.
By 1129, these efforts enabled the Order to receive significant donations and political backing and secured the Church's official approval at the Council of Troyes.
It was during this time that the Order received donations from the Sovereign Duchy of Brittany, mainly related to lands around Retz. Duke Conan III, ceded property on the outskirts of the commercial city of Nantes and the capital, Rennes awarding market rights in Nantes.
By 1139, Pope Innocent II had also granted the Order special privileges such as:
The subsequent Duke, Conan IV further donated property. This enabled the Order to construct castles, farms and even whole villages like Vildé-Guingalan. They cleared expanses of land in northern Brittany for crops and animal husbandry, cultivated vineyards, producing wine and operating ovens and mills. They also promoted, fairs and public markets at Pléboulle and Les Bias.
The increased competition triggered by the Orders commercial activities caused friction with local Breton leaders, required continual intervention, for example:
With the fall of Acre, in 1291 and loss of the Holy Land, much of the Orders’ rationale for existence was lost. The Church therefore wanted the Order to merge with the Knights Hospitallers. This proposal was rejected by the Order increasing its perceived arrogance.
On 13 October 1307, King Philip IV of France had every Templar in his realms arrested and their properties confiscated. News of the charges levied against the Order was greeted with incredulity outside France, particularly in Brittany, England, Portugal and Aragon.
A tradition from the 15th century states that the French sent men to Nantes on 10 August 1308 to take possession of the Orders properties there, but were driven out of the city by a mob who declared that these properties did not belong to the King of France but to the Duke of Brittany.
By March 1312, the Pope finally suppressed the Order completely and its remaining properties was transferred to the Hospitallers or confiscated by local rulers.
Allegations were used against the Order in Brittany as a pretext to seize property such as:
By May 1313, the Breton assets of the Order were eventually transferred to the Hospitallers; another religious military order.
Many local legends exist surrounding the Order in Brittany but it is unlikely that they date from 12th Century. The traditions from the 17th century seem to have been ambivalent but by the 18th and 19th centuries, the Order became portrayed in a more negative light.
The Order had become known as the red monks; a title not connected with the colour of their tunic but more with the devil, traditions depicting them as ungodly, arrogant or debauched such as:
Petunia

Petunia is a genus of 20 species of flowering plants of South American origin. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word pétun, 'tobacco', from a Tupi–Guarani language. A tender perennial, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids (Petunia × atkinsiana, also known as Petunia × hybrida).
Petunia is a genus in the family Solanaceae, subfamily Petunioideae. Well known members of Solanaceae in other subfamilies include tobacco (subfamily Nicotianoideae), and the cape gooseberry, tomato, potato, deadly nightshade and chili pepper (subfamily Solanoideae). Some botanists place the plants of the genus Calibrachoa in the genus Petunia, but this is not accepted by others. Petchoa is a hybrid genus derived from crossing Calibrachoa and Petunia.
Species include:
Petunias are generally insect pollinated, with the exception of P. exserta, which is a rare, red-flowered, hummingbird-pollinated species. Most petunias are diploid with 14 chromosomes and are interfertile with other petunia species, as well as with Calibrachoa.
The tubular flowers are favoured by some Lepidoptera species, including the Hummingbird hawk moth.
Petunias can tolerate relatively harsh conditions and hot climates, but not frost. They need at least five hours of sunlight every day and flourish in moist soil and conditions of low atmospheric humidity. They are best grown from seed. Watering once a week should be sufficient in most regions. Hanging baskets and other containers need more frequent watering. Maximum growth occurs in late spring. Applying fertilizer monthly or weekly, depending on the variety, will help the plant grow quickly.
The following is a selection of cultivars which have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Many species other than Petunia × atkinsiana are also gaining popularity in the home garden. A wide range of flower colours, sizes, and plant architectures are available in both Petunia × atkinsiana and other species.
Genetically engineered bioluminescent Petunia hybrida was approved for sales by USDA in 2023. Called 'Firefly', this white-flowered petunia glows due to inserted genes from a bioluminescent mushroom.
The Maya and Inca believed that the scent of petunias had the power to ward off underworld monsters and spirits. Their flower-buds were bunched together for magical drinks.
Melaleuca uncinata

Melaleuca uncinata, commonly known as broombush, broom honeymyrtle or brushwood, is a plant in the paperbark family native to southern Australia. It is harvested from the wild, and grown in plantations, for broombush fencing. The Noongar names for the plant are kwytyat and yilbarra.
Broombush is a multistemmed evergreen shrub usually less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in height, occasionally growing as a small tree to less than 5 m (16 ft). It is often found in association with mallee eucalypts. It has spreading or ascending leaves, 19–56 mm (0.75–2.20 in) long and 0.8–1.2 mm (0.031–0.047 in) wide, linear in shape, almost circular in cross-section, and tapering to a distinctly curved hook. The leaves have large oil glands along their edges.
The flowers are white, cream or yellow, and are attractive to birds. They are arranged in dense almost spherical heads, 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in) in diameter in the leaf axils. Each head contains 4 to 19 groups of flowers, each group with 3 flowers. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle with 3 to 5 stamens which are cream, white or pale greenish-cream. Flowers appear from August to December and the fruit which follow are closely packed together forming a group with a diameter of 7–13 mm (0.3–0.5 in).
Melaleuca uncinata was first described in 1812 by Robert Brown in Hortus Kewensis. The specific epithet (uncinatus) is a Latin word meaning "bearing hooks" or "barbed" "in reference to the shape of the leaf apex".
A review of the species was undertaken by Lyndley Craven in 1994 and some populations have been identified as new species. The populations in Queensland and New South Wales may also represent another taxon.
This melaleuca occurs in the Coolgardie-Esperance region of Western Australia as well as on the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia, extending eastwards to western Victoria and south-western New South Wales.
Melaleuca uncinata is the only known host of the critically endangered Rhizanthella gardneri, the "underground orchid".
Ornamental brushwood fencing comprising the grey stems, twigs and dry foliage of Melaleuca uncinata has been in use in Australia for more than 80 years. It is an important market for melaleucas although representing only 1% of the fencing market in Western Australia. Other uses include the manufacture of garden furniture, gazebos and hanging baskets. About 600,000 bundles of brushwood, each about 25 kilograms (55 lb) were used in Australia in 1994 with a predicted annual market growth of 5.5%.
The leaves of this species have been analysed for their oil content. There appears to be different types of oil collected from two groups of plants. One group contained 1,8-cineole as its major component and the other terpinen-4-ol.
Government House (Maryland)

Government House, (also occasionally known as the Governor's Mansion), is the official residence of the governor of Maryland. It is located on State Circle in the state capital town of Annapolis (Anne Arundel County), Maryland. It is situated adjacent to / across State Circle from the historic Maryland State House and surrounding legislative buildings complex for the bicameral General Assembly of Maryland (state legislature).
The residence has been the home of the Governor of the "Old Line State" since being constructed and completed in 1870; before that, from 1777 until 1869/1870, the Jennings House mansion was the official residence of the previous governors of Maryland.
The former site of Jennings House is now on the current campus of the nearby United States Naval Academy (established in Annapolis in 1845), which purchased the mansion in 1869 for $20,000 (20 thousand dollars). The Academy used the old Jennings House residence for a number of purposes for the next three decades, before finally razing it in 1901, making room for its expanded waterfront campus built on reclaimed landfill acreage.
Government House of Maryland in Annapolis was designed by Baltimore architect R. Snowden Andrews (1830–1903). Originally designed by Andrews, a former Confederate States Army officer during the American Civil War (1861–1865). Besides Victorian architecture, architect Andrews used two complementary styles of Victorian and French Second Empire style architecture with a traditional mansard style roof of slate wedges, elaborate white carved wood cornices / trim especially on porches and side-door driveway roof and also added features of Italianate style for the arched windows. The mansion was constructed with four levels of a raised basement / cellar, first and second residential floors, with a top attic level under sloping slate mansard-style roof.
It was renovated 60 years later in a 1935–1936 major make-over during the Great Depression and the happier event of the state's 300th Anniversary / Terrcentenary celebration. The architects then went back to Maryland and Annapolis historical roots to restore the official residence of the Governor to completely alter and go to a different Georgian / Colonial Revival and Federal of compatible styles of architecture to match the general style of the nearby historic red brick and unique / distinctive white wooden dome of the then 157 year old State House, across State Circle, and designed / constructed in the 1770s–1780s period and similar to much of surrounding colonial era Annapolis historic district buildings. Maryland's Government House appearance changed dramatically in the reconstruction / renovation project under successive gubernatorial administrations of then two Maryland Governors of 49th – Albert C. Ritchie (1875–1936, served 1920–1935) – Democrat; and 50th – Harry W. Nice (1877–1941, served 1935–1939) – Republican.
38°58′45″N 76°29′31″W﻿ / ﻿38.979091°N 76.491934°W﻿ / 38.979091; -76.491934
Ananthazhwar

Ananthalwar was a disciple of Saint Ramanuja and an 11th-century Vaishnava figure of India. His birthplace is recorded to be a place called Kirangoor, a small village close to Srirangapatna of Karnataka.
The story goes that the famous Vaishnava saint Ramanuja once asked Ananthalwar to raise a flower garden for Lord Venkateswara in Tirumala, the abode of Venkateswara. Ananthalwar abided by the request and went upon raising a garden. He took the help of his pregnant wife who found it difficult to do the manual labor from time to time. Lord Venkateswara, having seen the trouble of Ananthalwar assumed the form of a young boy and helped her out. On one occasion when this came to the notice of Ananthalwar, the latter was furious and he hit the boy with a crowbar on the chin. The boy then disappeared but when Ananthalwar visited the Venkateswara Temple in Tirumala, he found that the Lord was bleeding from the chin. He at once realised that it was the Lord who had helped his wife in the form of the boy and regretted his act. He applied camphor (karpuram) for the wound. Lord Venkateswara was impressed with Ananthalwar's devotion and not only forgave him but also told him that he would display the camphor applied to his chin forever as a mark of Ananthalwar's devotion. Thus, camphor is applied to the main idol's chin to this day during the rituals. Even today you can see Ananthalwar's Crowbar (with which he hit the Lord in the form of the boy) when you enter the temple, hanging on the temple's right wall.
https://guruparamparai.wordpress.com/2013/03/31/ananthazhwan/