davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Tugu Simpang Lima

Tugu Simpang Lima nyaѐta salah sahiji wangunan nu boga sajarah di Kabupatѐn Garut. Tugu Simpang Lima jadi lambang sabab aya 5 arca jelema anu jadi cirina. Tugu Simpang Lima lokasina stratѐgis sarta mangrupa gerbang wewengkon pakotaan Garut ti sagala arah.
Tugu Simpang Lima ieu jadi salah sahiji lambang sajarah di Kabupaten Garut. Sajarawan Garut, Warjita, nѐtѐlakeun yѐn Tugu Simpang Lima geus aya ti mimiti taun 1990-an. Dѐwan Cabang Harian (DHC) Angkatan 45 Garut, nyaѐta komunitas anu ngajieun ayana Tugu Simpang Lima di Kabupaten Garut.
DHC 45 ngagagas, Tugu nu aya di wewengkon kiwari tѐh perlu diadegkeun minangka lambang kasuksesan perjuangan jeung perlawanan masarakat Garut ngalawan penjajah. Tahun 1992, Tugu Simpang Lima diresmikeun langsung ku Bupati Momon.
Tugu Simpang Lima anu ngabogaan 5 arca nu jadi cirina miboga harti sorangan. Lima pahlawan nu hartina 5 unsur pejuang kamerdѐkaan di Garut, nyaѐta Tentara Rakyat, TNI, Ulama, Pamuda, jeung Wanita.
Monumén Pahlawan Révolusi

Monumén pahlawan révolusi pancasila téh nyaéta monumen nu dijieun pikeun pikeun miéling kajadian Lubang Buaya dina panghianatan Gerakan 30 September atawa G30S/PKI. Dina kajadian éta geus palastra 7 pahlawan révolusi sanggeus diculik jeung dipaténi kalawan kejem.
Katujuh pahlawan éta nyaéta:
Tujuhanana diabadikeun dina wangun patung nu nangtung luhureun tutup nu melengkung kalawan rélief nu ngagambarkeun lalakon kajadian ti mimiti prolog nepi ka epilog kajadian jeung numpes G30S/PKI ku ABRI jeung rahayat.
Sacara gurat badag ieu monumen ngabogaan wangun saperti tutup sumur tempat para pahlawan revolusi mimiti dikubur. Tugu nu mangrupa batu pépéling pikeun tujuh pahlawan révolusi sarta relief nu nyaritakeun lalakon G30S/PKI, jeung lapangan upacara.
Nu ngarancanakeun jeung nu tanggungjawab dina ngawangun monumén ieu té nyaéta Saptono. Tim panata nu mangrupa mahasiswa ASRI jurusan Patung, dipupuhuan ku Edhi Sunarso, jeung panata dasarna nyaéta Zeni Angkatan Darat dipupuhuan ku Kolonel II Kamaryani. Patung-patung pahlawan révolusi dijieun tina parunggu nu miboga jangkung kurang-leuwih 2,5 meter, rélief nu dijieun jangkungna 1,5 m sapanjang 20 tina bahan batu cor (artificial stone). Ditungtung liang sumur, dina tutup sumur, aya batu tulis nu eusina tekad para pajoang Pancasila nu eusina: “Cita-cita perjuangan kami untuk rnenegakkan kemumian Pancasila tidak rnungkin dipatahkan hanya dengan rnengubur karni di dalam sumur ini, Lubang Buaya, 1 Oktober 1965." .
Taun 1972 mangrupa tahap akhir ngangeuskeun sakabéh komplék wangunan monumén. Monumén ieu diaranan ku Kasad kalayan kasaluyuan ti Presiden diresmikeun salaku "Monumen Pahlawan Revolusi dan Kesaktian Pancasila", kaasup ogé gedung Sasmita Loka Pahlawan Revolusi Ahmad Yani nu teu bisa dipisahkeun tina ieu monumen.
Les Ramoneurs de Menhirs

Les Ramoneurs de Menhirs zo ur strollad punk brezhonek bet savet e 2006. Eric Gorce a son ar vombard, Richard Bévillon ar binioù kozh, Maurice Jouanno a zo kaner (e brezhoneg Gwened) ha Loran - bet soner er Bérurier Noir er bloavezhioù 80 - zo gitarour. Klevet e vezont e-kerzh sonadegoù a bep seurt ha troet mat int gant meur a stourm : brezhoneg, ekologiezh, gwirioù ar pobloù, stourmoù sokial hag a-enep d'ar varc'hadourien-avel...
Savet eo bet ar strollad e 2006. Goude un nebeud sonadegoù ec'h enrollont ar bladenn studio gentañ, «Dañs an diaoul». Ar ganerez Louise Ebrel, merc'h Eugénie Goadeg anezhi, a vez klevet e-barzh meur a ganaouenn en albom. Ar Ramoneurs de Menhirs a gemer perzh e-barzh gouelioù meur etrekeltiek an Oriant. E miz Genver 2008, e reont ur droiad dre Europa (Bro-Skos, Bro-Frañs, Bro-Suis). E miz Ebrel e ya ar maout ganto e kenstrivadeg Kan ar Bobl, e-barzh rummad ar strolladoù sonerezh. E miz Ebrel 2010 e savont un eil pladenn, «Amzer an dispac'h» hec'h anv. D'an 10 a viz Mae e oant e Roazhon o seniñ dirak an dud kanaouenn "ofisiel" Ar Redadeg.
Dibar a-walc'h eo dre ma vez mesket enni gitar-tredan punk ha boest-lusk Loran asambles gant ur c'houblad binioù-kozh/bombard ha sonioù hengouneloc'h. Gwech an amzer e pedont arzourien a bep seurt da seniñ ganto : Louise Ebrel, Gilles Servat, bagad Kemper, bugale ar skolioù brezhonek da geñver ar Redadeg 2010... Daoust dezho implijout sonioù kozh e vez modern a-walc'h temoù o c'hanaouennoù : enno e klever pozioù diwar-benn saveteiñ koad Breselien, Nicolas Sarkozy hag ar gevredigezh c'hall a-vremañ, ar stourmoù sokial, ar stourmoù evit adunaniñ Naoned ouzh peurrest Breizh ha kas ar brezhoneg war-raok, gwirioù Indianed an Amerik, ar gwir da vutuniñ drammoù zo...
Plijout a reont kenaén d'ar re yaouank, d'ar re gozh avat e vez diaesoc'h chom da selaou sonerezh ken trouzus.
Gant Louise Ebrel ha Maurice Jouanno
Paotr Treoure

Paotr Treoure a oa anv-pluenn Augustin Konk, beleg a Vro-Leon, brudet ivez evel An aotrou Konk.
Dindan meur a stumm e kaver e anv-pluenn : Paotr Treoure, Paotr-Tréouré, Potr Treoure… Hervez katalog Levraoueg broadel Bro-C'hall ez eo Paotr Treoure ar stumm etrebroadel.
D'ar 16 a viz Here 1874 e voe ganet Augustin Konk e Treoure, e parrez Plougin. E skolaj Lesneven e reas e studi kent bezañ beleget e 1898. Kure e voe e Kastell-Paol, person e Lokenole goude-se ; e 1930 e voe person e Plouneour-Traezh, ma chomas betek e varv d'ar 26 a viz Kerzu 1952 e Kastell-Paol.
Er skolioù katolik e veze lakaet ar vugale da zeskiñ e vojennoù dre an eñvor, evel ma veze desket Fablennoù Jean de la Fontaine e galleg.
E 2021 ez eus bet embannet ur bladenn gant TES, enni darn eus e vojennoù, asambles gant re all, troet e brezhoneg diwar fablennoù La Fontaine gant meur a aozer ha lennet gant meur a vouezh (Mari Kermareg, Loeiza Beauvir, David ar Gall...).
Un toullad kanaouennoù zo bet savet gantañ, war tonioù eus Bro-Skos, Kembre, Kernev-Veur, SUA ; re all kempennet hepken. En o zouez :
Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (ganet d'an 20 a viz Ebrel 1889 e Braunau am Inn, Aostria ha marvet dre emlazh d'an 30 a viz Ebrel 1945 e Berlin) a oa ul livour kartennoù-post dianavezet deuet da vezañ ur politikour aostrian-alaman, penn an NSDAP (alamaneg: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, strollad nazi), kañseller (adalek miz Genver 1933) ha prezidant (adalek 1934) Alamagn ha "Führer" (d.l.e. sturier) an Trede Reich nazi.
Hervez ar pezh a lenner en e levr Mein Kampf (skrivet gantañ asambles gant Rudolf Hess en toull-bac'h e 1924) e oa anat dezhañ e oa tonket da vezañ (Vorsehung) sturier ar bobl alaman, ha se zo kaoz e stagas d'ober war-dro politikerezh goude fin ar brezel bed kentañ, e dibenn ar bloavezh 1918. Dre ma oa helavar ha ma ouie ober brud e tastumas kalz a dud en-dro dezhañ buan a-walc'h.
E 1919 e lakaas e anv en DAP, a zeuas da vezañ an Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ur pennadig war-lerc'h.
Diwar e urzh eo e voe kroget an Eil Brezel Bed dre dagañ Polonia d'ar 1añ a viz Gwengolo 1939 ha drouklazhet 11 milion bennak a dud (en o zouez 6 milion a yuzevien) e kampoù-diouennañ savet gant an SSed war dachenn Polonia dreist-holl ha gant an Einsatzgruppen gwallvrudet. Kiriek eo ivez da varv 30 milion bennak a dud all lazhet e-kerzh ar brezel kroget gantañ.
Adolf Hitler a zo bet ganet d’an 20 a viz Even 1889 en ostaleri Gasthof zum Pommer, Vorstadt Nr. 219, e Braunau am Inn, ur gêr vihan eus Aostria-Uhel e-kichen harz Alamagn-Aostria. Pevare eo eus ur familh 6 bugel Alois Hitler an tad ha Klara Pölzl ar vamm. An darn vrasañ eus ar vugale a varv d’un oad izel; e c’hoar vras Paula († 1960) a zo an hini nemeti a chomo bev. Alois Hitler, tad Adolf, a oa maltouter. Ganet ar 7 a viz Even 1837, Alois a gemer da gentañ anv familh e vamm, Maria Anna Schicklgruber met d’ar 6 a viz Even 1876 e kemer anv e dad “Hitler”. Desavet eo Adolf en un doare strizh gant e dad, kozh a-walc’h, war e leve e 1895. An 3 a viz Genver 1903 e varv e dad, heuliet an 21 a viz Kerzu 1907 gant e vamm hag a varv diwar krign-bev ar bronn. Lisead na fall na mat da vare e skoliata e lise Realschule Linz, nac’hañ a ra Hitler heuliañ hent e dad. Deuet da vezañ emzivad, bevañ a ra gant ur yalc’had vihan. C’hwitañ a ra div wech e arnodenn evit mont da akademiezh arzoù-kaer Vienna e 1907 hag an 8 a viz Here 1908. Plijout a ra dezhañ sonerezh Richard Wagner ha plijout a ra dezhañ lenn ivez. Ober a ra leun a dammoù labourioù disheñvel, en ur vevañ er baourentez e-pad 5 bloaz. Diwezhatoc’h e skrivo e barzh Mein Kampf : « E-pad 5 bloavezh ‘m eus ranket, e-giz darbarer er penn-kentañ, ha livour bihan goude-se, gounit va boued ha ma gopr a oa re zister evidon da zebriñ." E-kerzh e vloavezhioù tremenet e Vienna eo e krogo Hitler da vezañ gouennelour, memes ma 'z eo dibosupl gouzout da beseurt mare resis eo ez eo kroget da grediñ en ideologiezh-se.
What a Country!

What a Country! is an American sitcom starring Garrett M. Brown and Yakov Smirnoff that aired in first-run syndication from September 27, 1986, to May 23, 1987. The series is based on the British sitcom Mind Your Language and was intended as a showcase for Ukrainian-American comedian Yakov Smirnoff, whose catchphrase provided the show's title. Five years previously in 1981, an episode of sit-com Diff'rent Strokes titled "Almost American" had served as a backdoor pilot for a US version of Mind Your Language but it was not picked up for a series.
What a Country! is set in a class of recent immigrants to the United States who are trying to pass the citizenship test. Their teacher, Taylor Brown (played by Garrett M. Brown), is a part-time substitute teacher looking for a high school soccer coaching job, while the students are:
Gail Strickland initially played the character of Principal Joan Courtney, though she was replaced by Don Knotts during the series' run.
Urang Abai

Urang Abai adolah suku bangso nan tingga di wilayah Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. Mereka adolah salah ciek sub-kalompok masyarakaik Dayak nan marupoan panduduak asli pulau Kalimantan. Urang Abai tanamo dek rumah panjang tradisionalnyo sarato budayo urang Abai ko kuek jo animisme jo kapercayaan tradisional. Urang Abai ko tarampil dalam patanian, baburu jo mamanciang. Salain itu, urang Abai ko juo dikenal sabagai pangrajin tekstil tradisional, mangukia jo bamusik. Populasi urang Abai ko ketek, sakita 10.000 orang.
Urang Abai ko alah tingga di wilayah Kalimantan Barat salamao berabad-abad. Urang Abai, samo seperti suku Dayak lainnyo, urang Abai memiliki masyarakaik tradisional nan berlandaskan animisme jo pemujaan terhadap arwah leluhur. Urang Abai ko memiliki rasa kebersamaan nan kuek jo tingga di rumah panjang, nan merupoan rumah komunal gadang nan dapek menampuan banyak urang. Salamo abaik ka-19, penjajah Belando lah mulai berdatangan di Kalimantan Barat jo menguasai wilayah tasabauik.
Suku Dayak Abai, seperti suku Dayak lainnya, terkena dampak kedatangan penjajah jo kebijakan kerja paksa yang diterapkan. Banyak orang Abai dijadikan pekerja paksa untuak bekerja di perkebunan karet jo kelapa sawit. Pada abaik ka-20, pemerintah Indonesia mambalakuan kebijakannan bertujuan untuak mangasimilasi masyarakaik Dayak ka dalam budayo dominan, termasuk kebijakan untuk mengubah mereka menjadi Kristen jo Islam.
Hal iko manyebabkan hilangnyo praktik tradisional jo warisan budayo di antara banyak kelompok Dayak. Meskipun demikian, masyarakaik Abai masih mempertahankan banyak adat jo kepercayaan tradisional urang Abai, jo taruih mewariskan budayo mereka ka generasi mandatang.
Urang Antanos

Urang Antanosi adolah sabuah kalompok etnik di Madagaskar nan bamukim di wilayah Anosi di balah tinggaro Madagaskar, ado pulo Urang Antanos nan tingga di Bezaha, nan marupokan parantau dari Anosy wakatu Urang Merina manunduakkan Koto Anosy. Kiro-kiro ado 360.000 urang nan mangaku sabagai Urang Antanosi pado tahun 2013.
Urang Antanosi mambantuak sakironyo duo parasen dari pamukim Madagaskar kasadonyo, mambantuak ciek sabagai kalompok etnik Malagasy nan takaciak pado jumlah jo wilayah tradisional. Urang Antanosi banyak bamukim di Wilayah Anosi di tinggaro Madagascar, ado pulo Urang Antanosi nan tingga di Bezaha, nan marupokan parantau dari Anosi wakatu Urang Merina manunduakkan Koto Anosi.
Urang Taman

Urang Taman, atau disabuik juo Dayak Taman, dek sabagian ahli dianggok masih bagian dari kalompok bangso Urang Maloh, iyolah masarakaik nan badiam di wilayahKecamatan Kembayan, Sekadau Hilia, Nanga Taman, jo Nanga diKecamatan Bunut Hulu di Kabupaten Kapuas, Hulu, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Jumlah populasinyo sakita 5.000-6.000 jiwa. Bahasonyo tamasuak rumpun bahaso Austronesia, kalompok bahaso Melayu-Polinesia Barat di Kalimantan. Agamo nan dianuik sabagian gadang Urang Taman adolah agamo Kristen jo agamo tradisional.
Urang Kantuk

Suku Dayak Kantuk/Kantu' marupokan salah satu sub suku kalompok Dayak yang mandiami sabagian wilayah di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Di kabupaten iko, wilayah panyebaran suku Dayak Kantuk talueh dibandiang subsuku dayak lainnyo. Bahaso yang digunokan disabuik bahaso Kantuk. Suku Dayak Kantuk tasebar di 14 kacamatan jo 13 kacamatannyo barado di Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu. Suku Dayak Kantuk bajumlah 4.900 jiwa panduduak di Kecamatan Nanga Kantuk jo 9.198 jiwa panduduak di Kecamatan Semitau pado taun 1982.
Suku Dayak Kantuk tingga dan manatap sahari-hari di Rumah Panyai atau yang kini lazim disabuik Rumah Betang. Kabudayaan manenun juo tadapek pulo pado suku iko yang umumnyo dikarajoan oleh kaum padusinyo.
Dayak Kantuk mampunyoi hubuangan yang cukuik dakek jo babagai subsuku dayak lainnyo, antaro lain: Iban, Ketungau, Seberuang, Desa, dan Mualang. Pabedaan yang tampak hanyo pado dialek bahaso jo sabagian kosakata tatantu. Diyakini kalau asal-muasal kabaradoan suku Dayak Kantuk iko adolah daerah Tampun Juah, sabuah wilayah yang talatak di daerah hilia Sungai Sekayam jo dakek dengan daerah Segumon.
Sabalum malangsuangkan panikahan adat, proses partamo adolah tunangan dan jiko di dalam aturan adat barang tunangan iko haragonyo sajuta untuak balang tunang atau sanksi adat yang mano jiko calon marapulai laki-laki mambarikan cincin, mangaluakan ongkos jo makhiari tunangannyo mako sagalo yang alah dibarikan hilang pacuma atau indak bisa di mintak baliak. Lalu kemaya nikah gereja (kapan nikah gereja) langsung nikah adat.
Salanjuiknyo, acara nikah adat suku kantuk supayo indak di ganggu gugat, indak pulo manjadi bahan omongan “kalau besi udah dijilat, manuk (ayam) udah disayat disah kedua laki bini (suami istri) dan adat bejalai (bejalan)”. Akan ado sanksi atau hukum adat elok dari suami atau istrinyo yang minta carai, yoitu:
Barang-barang yang digunokan dalam nikah adat suku dayak kantuk, yoitu:
Suku urang Kantuk iko punyo ciek ritual nan dinamokan "nyengkelan tanah", atau mamberkati tanah, tujuan religi Dayak Kantuk iolah, mamintak bantuan kapado Tuhan, agar mamberkati urang Dayak Kantuk salamo sataun kalender. Tarutamo mohon berkat bagi Dayak Kantuk nan batani supaya salamo malakukan aktifitas ekonomi, tarutamo katiko mambukak lahan ladang, untuak ditanami padi sabagai jaminan pasokan sumber pangan untuak sataun kamudian. Peserta yang talibat di dalam upacara nyengkelan tanah, ritual agama asli Dayak Kantuk, duduk baselo di ateh tikar yang dihampar di tanah tabukak diselingi musik gendang basahut-sahutan dan lokasi dipagari buliah yang alah dibalah ampek, dikabek malaingka dan balikkan jo kayu cerucuk yang dipancang bajejer bantuak pasagi ampek.
Aisyah Aminy

Hj. Aisyah Aminy, S.H. (lahia di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat, 1 Desember 1931; umua 93 taun) adolah politikus asal Indonesia. Inyo marupoan anggota DPR RI/MPR RI sajak tahun 1977 hinggo tahun 2004 mawakili Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP). Aisyah tacatai sabagai salah surang politikus Indonesia nan paliang lamo duduak di kursi parlemen.
Aisyah lahia dari pasangan Muhammad Amin dan Jalisah asa Nagari Magek, Agam, Sumatera Barat. Urang gaeknyo marupoan padagang paliang tanamo di Padangpanjang. Aisyah marupoan salah saurang siswa Diniyah Putri. Satamaik dari sekolah tersebut, inyo malanjuikan Sekolah Guru Agama. Kudian inyo mandapek gala sarjana hukum di Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta.
Pado maso Agresi Militer Belanda II, inyo turuik bajuang dengan bagabung di bagian dapua umum jo Palang Merah Indonesia. Pado maso manampuah bangku kuliah di Yogyakarta, inyo aktif di organisasi PII jo Himpunan Mahasiswa Islam.
Kariernya dimulai katiko inyo diajak dek Mohammad Roem untuak manjadi pambela hukum Kasman Singodimedjo. Sejak itu, inyo taruih diajak dek Roem untuak manangani kasus-kasus hukum. Pado tahun 1959, inyo alah manjadi advokat independen dan taruih bakarajo di bidang itu hinggo tahun 1987.
Pado tahun 1967, inyo tapiliah sabagai anggota DPR-GR. Kudian sajak tahun 1977 hinggo 2004, inyo taruih tapiliah sabagai anggota MPR jo DPR dari Partai Persatuan Pembangunan. Di parlemen, inyo marupoan salah saurang ahli bicara. Dek santiang mandebat, inyo diagiah gala "Singa Betina dari Senayan".
Aisle chair

An aisle chair, also known as a straight or high back wheelchair is a specially modified wheelchair used by airline operators and airports for use in narrow spaces such as airplane aisles and lavatories, along with extra assistance for boarding and deplaning. Aisle chairs can either be stored on board an aircraft in a designated space or kept in storage on airport grounds. For aisle chairs stored on board, they are used in-flight as mobility aids for passengers who are otherwise immobile without assistance.
Prior to the popularization of aisle chairs, disabled passengers often faced obstacles during boarding, deplaning and in-flight. The restrictive space of the aircraft often meant that frequent transfers to and from wheelchairs were often commonplace, causing discomfort for passengers and reducing their independence. Cabin crew often have to allocate their time to helping less physically abled passengers, creating a challenging environment especially if there were no wheelchairs on board.
The aisle chair was therefore designed to facilitate boarding and assist with movement for passengers with limited to no mobility inside the cabin. As conventional wheelchairs were too large for the narrow aisles of passenger airliners, they were created as a solution to enable mobility-handicapped passengers to move around for necessary purposes, such as using the lavatory or disembarking.
There have been recent innovations to the aisle chair, such as a new seat transfer assist mechanism which makes use of guide rails to secure the aisle chair to the seat. It can also be used to transfer passengers backwards into their seat given enough forward legroom.
Most airlines also have on-board aisle chairs for immobile passengers to use during flight.
Auditorium

An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances. For movie theaters, the number of auditoriums is expressed as the number of screens. Auditoriums can be found in entertainment venues, community halls, and theaters, and may be used for rehearsal, presentation, performing arts productions, public speeches or as a learning space.
The term is taken from Latin (from audītōrium, from audītōrius ("pertaining to hearing")); the concept is taken from the Greek auditorium, which had a series of semi-circular seating shelves in the theatre, divided by broad 'belts', called diazomata, with eleven rows of seats between each.
The audience in a modern theatre are usually separated from the performers by the proscenium arch, although other types of stage are common.
The price charged for seats in each part of the auditorium (known in the industry as the house) usually varies according to the quality of the view of the stage. The seating areas can include some or all of the following:
Sports venues such as stadiums and racetracks also have royal boxes or enclosures, for example at the All England Club and Ascot Racecourse, where access is limited to royal families or other distinguished personalities. In other countries, sports venues have luxury boxes, where access is open to anyone who can afford tickets. Additionally, some sports venues were themselves called auditoriums, such as the former Buffalo Memorial Auditorium.
Faldstool

Faldstool (from the O.H. Ger. falden or falten, "to fold," and stuol, Mod. Ger. Stuhl, "stool"; from the medieval Latin faldistolium derived, through the old form fauesteuil, from the Mod. Fr. fauteuil) is a portable folding chair, used by a bishop when not occupying the throne in his own cathedral, or when officiating in a cathedral or church other than his own; hence any movable folding stool used during divine service.
Whatever the origins, it is difficult not to note the general resemblance to the curule chair or sella curulis, which according to Livy supposedly derived its name from currus, "chariot", and like the Roman toga originated in Etruria, but much earlier stools supported on a cross-frame are known from the New Kingdom of Egypt.
Just as a campstool of similar form came to be used by military commanders in the field, so it became the ceremonial chair that accompanied the bishop in his official visitations. The bishop will either use the faldstool as a seat, or kneel in front of it, resting his forearms on it in prayer like a prie-dieu, depending upon the rubrical requirements. Other prelates may be granted the use of a faldstool during services, with certain limitations. The faldstool may be covered with silk cloth in red, green or violet, depending upon the liturgical season or the rank of the prelate.
In the Anglican Church, a faldstool is a desk at which a litany is recited. It also refers to the small, upholstered prie-dieu at which the British sovereign and the royal consort kneel during important religious services such as coronations and weddings.
The term faldistory has a similar meaning.
Train seat

A train seat is a seat used in a passenger train's passenger railroad car allowing passengers to sit during their travels.
A train seat design has a seat base height, seating angle, seat depth (the distance from the front edge of the seat to the back of the seat), seat hardness and seat width that can support the sitting position of average passengers. The seats generally have paddings or are cushioned, providing a level of comfort to the passengers and distributing the sitting passenger's weight. The chairs generally are equipped with armrests and neck support at a height of the average passenger. At the back of a chair often flip-down tables, magazine racks and waste containers are installed for passengers behind them. More luxurious railroad coaches like lounge cars can provide recliners with special upholstery with amenities like headphone connections and electronic visual displays are the like.
To use the available space in an optimal way often also jump seats are installed that only take up space when a passenger sits on it. When nobody uses them there's extra space for bicycles, strollers and the like. These seats are generally installed near the doors, which means at stops passengers who wish to continue using these seats will have to stand up to make room for passengers who want to leave the train.
Train passenger coaches can have different seating layouts, based on the coach's maximum seating capacity, that determine the placement of the train seats, space for walking and legroom for the passengers. In a corridor coach there are several compartments with generally two times three seats facing each other. The chairs in an open coach, with one or more open plan areas with a centre aisle, are usually arranged in pairs of two with an aisle seat and a window seat. In a composite coach are mixed-class cars featuring both open seating and compartments. Some seats, generally close to the train doors, are designated as priority seats for elderly, disabled, pregnant women and the injured. In first class coaches individual seat arrangements with more legroom are provided for. The chairs are not necessarily facing the direction that the train is travelling as trains change direction and often sets of seats are arranged facing each other with a single or double tables in between.
In most trains there's free or open seating. In case one can make seat reservations, train seating plans or train seat maps are provided in computer reservation systems to allow future train passengers to select their seat, usually an aisle seat or window seat. On railway platforms passenger information systems generally display coach and seat numbers, allowing passenger to more easily find their reserved seat in the train.
Jarabe de fruta

El jarabe, melaza o sirope de fruta es un jugo de fruta que ha sido concentrado mediante un proceso culinario llamado reducción, obteniendo un líquido espeso que es utilizado en diversas gastronomías como endulzante.
Los jarabes de frutas han sido utilizados en diversas culturas en diversos periodos históricos:
También hay productos específicos que contienen melaza de fruta como ingrediente, como el churchkhela georgiano, un caramelo hecho de mosto de uva y frutos secos
En la industria alimentaria moderna, a menudo se elaboran siropes a partir de frutas menos caras que la uva, como manzanas, peras o piñas. También son muy frecuentes en la elaboración de cócteles,​ especialmente cócteles tropicales.
Jugo de pomelo

El jugo de toronja o zumo de pomelo es el jugo resultante de exprimir pomelos (Citrus × paradisi). Como todos los cítricos, es rico en vitamina C y su sabor varía entre dulce, ácido y un pequeño regusto amargo. Las variaciones incluyen pomelo blanco, pomelo rosa y pomelo rojo.​​
El jugo de pomelo es importante en la medicina debido a sus interacciones farmacológicas con muchos medicamentos comunes, incluidos la cafeína, que pueden alterar su comportamiento en el cuerpo.
El zumo de pomelo es una bebida común para el desayuno en los Estados Unidos.​
Se ha encontrado que el pomelo y su jugo interactúan con numerosas drogas, lo que en muchos casos produce efectos adversos.​ Esto sucede de dos maneras: una es que el pomelo puede bloquear una enzima que metaboliza la medicación, y si la droga no se metaboliza, entonces el nivel de la droga en la sangre puede llegar a ser demasiado alto, lo que lleva a un efecto adverso;​ El otro efecto es que la toronja puede bloquear la absorción de drogas en el intestino, y si la droga no se absorbe, entonces no hay suficiente en la sangre para tener un efecto terapéutico.
Un pomelo entero o un vaso de 200 ml de jugo puede causar toxicidad por sobredosis de drogas.​ Los medicamentos que son incompatibles con el pomelo generalmente lo indican en su embalaje o en el prospecto.​ Las personas que toman drogas pueden hacer preguntas a su proveedor de atención médica o farmacéutico sobre las interacciones entre la toronja y las drogas.
El jugo de pomelo se usa en varios cócteles, como en el Sea Breeze, que consiste en jugo de pomelo, vodka y jugo de arándano;​ También el Hemingway Special, con ron, jugo de lima y marrasquino. En el Galgo y su variante, el Perro Salado​ y la Mimosa de pomelo.
Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest

Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest,​ es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito conjuntamente por Wendy Cooper & William T. Cooper en el año 2004.
Fruits of the Australian Tropical Rainforest, cubre las plantas con fruto, de la selva tropical de Australia en Queensland se extiende desde Rockhampton en el Trópico de Capricornio hasta el estrecho de Torres. Identifica y describe 2.436 especies de las cuales 1.236 se ilustran en colores vibrantes.
Kiribath

El kiribath (de කිරි kiri, ‘leche’ y ඛත් bath, ‘arroz’) es un plato tradicional de Sri Lanka hecho de arroz, que se prepara cociendo éste con leche de coco.​ En tamil el plato se llama paacor. Los orígenes del kiribath no están claros, pero se ha convertido en un plato tradicional presente en casi todos los hogares de Sri Lanka.
El kiribath es un plato esencial para los momentos auspiciosos.​ Suele servirse para desayunar el primer día de cada mes y es una parte importante para los cingaleses al celebrar el año nuevo. El kiribath se cocina y sirve como primera comida tras el amanecer del año nuevo.​
La receta del kiribath es bastante simple. Después de que el arroz se cueza en agua hirviendo unos 15 minutos, se añade la leche de coco y se vuelve a cocer hasta que absorbe el líquido. También se añade sal. Hay diversas variantes, añadiendo varios ingredientes como semillas de sésamo o anacardos.
El kiribath suele servirse con lunu miris, una mezcla de cebolla roja y especias. También se consume con jaggery y plátano. En el año nuevo cingalés o en otras ocasiones especiales, se sirve junto a dulces tradicionales como el kevum, el kokis y la athirasa.
La forma estándar de servir el kiribath es poner sobre una bandeja plana, nivelándolo y cortándolo en trozos con forma de diamante.
Premio Pulitzer: Editorial

El Premio Pulitzer: Editorial es una de las catorce categorías del Premio Pulitzer que se otorga anualmente para el Periodismo. Se ha otorgado desde 1917 para la escritura editorial distinguida, la prueba de la excelencia en la claridad de estilo, en propósito moral, en el razonamiento lógico y en el poder para influir en la opinión pública en lo que el escritor concibe como la dirección correcta.
Gelato University

Gelato University es una escuela en Anzola dell'Emilia, cerca de Bolonia, Italia. Fue creada por el fabricante de máquinas para helados Carpigiani en 2003, con el objetivo de enseñar a los estudiantes de todo el mundo a hacer helado de gelato.​​​​
Después del éxito que siguió a la invención de la primera heladera automática de los hermanos Carpigiani, la "Autogelatiera", en 1944,​ se formó el Grupo Carpigiani en 1946.​ Años más tarde, decidieron empezar a enseñar el arte del helado. Así, la Universidad Carpigiani Gelato comenzó en 2003.​​
El campus principal de Carpigiani Gelato University se encuentra en el corazón de Italia. Mucha gente de todo el mundo viene a Gelato University, trayendo consigo diversas habilidades y conocimientos de la cultura a las aulas y laboratorios.​ Debido a su tasa de éxito y popularidad en todo el mundo, la universidad ofrece cursos en 12 países diferentes, como "Dubái, São Paulo y Kuala Lumpur".​ Los planes para la oferta de cursos también están en marcha en otros países y también en línea.​ Debido a la creciente población internacional de la Universidad, las clases se imparten en italiano, inglés, francés y alemán.​
La universidad ofrece más de 500 cursos,​ que cuestan alrededor de € 800 ($ 1,138)​ y van desde unos pocos días​ hasta cinco semanas​ de duración (según el curso). Los cursos están disponibles para principiantes y expertos.​ Los diversos cursos que se imparten en Gelato University ofrecen de manera única una amplia gama de educación; desde el trabajo técnico práctico hasta académicos de bromatología.​ Por ejemplo, los estudiantes estudiarían diferentes tipos de azúcares e ingredientes y, en consecuencia, crearían recetas nuevas e innovadoras.​ Se aprenden temas tan específicos como la medición del contenido de la "proporción de grasa de mantequilla a azúcar".​
Head & Shoulders

Head & Shoulders (H&S) es una marca estadounidense de champú anticaspa producida por la empresa matriz Procter & Gamble, introducida en el año 1961.​
En 1982, era la «marca número uno» de champú, según la revista Marketing & Decisions, que además observó que "ninguna otra marca de cuidado del cabello obtiene tantos dólares publicitarios como Head & Shoulders, una marca de veinte años, y ninguna otra marca iguala sus ventas", a pesar de ser un champú «medicado», es decir, recomendado para la caspa.​
Desde la década de 1980, la marca se comercializa bajo el eslogan, aún utilizado, «Nunca tendrá una segunda oportunidad para dar una primera impresión», que se ha identificado como un ejemplo de «marketing de ansiedad» que Procter & Gamble suele utilizar para impulsar las ventas, al inducir temores de las consecuencias sociales asociadas con la condición personal, que el producto dice ayudar.​
En la década de 2000, sin embargo, las ventas del producto disminuyeron, un fenómeno atribuido a la sobreextensión de la marca en demasiadas variedades, con más de treinta tipos de Head & Shoulders vendidos.​ Los ingredientes activos de Head & Shoulders son los agentes antifúngicos disulfuro de selenio y piroctona olamina.​
Associated British Foods

Associated British Foods plc es un grupo empresario multinacional británico del sector alimenticio, ingredientes y ventas al público con ventas anuales de 12.900 millones de libras esterlinas​ y más de 113.000 empleados​ en 47 países. Su sede central se encuentra en Londres, Inglaterra. Cotiza en el London Stock Exchange y forma parte del índice FTSE 100. Primark, la subsidiaria de ABF para ventas al público, una cadena de vestimenta, aporta más de un 20% de la facturación del grupo.
La compañía fue fundada en 1935 por W. Garfield Weston, inicialmente se llamó Food Investments Limited, después de un mes el nombre se cambió por Allied Bakeries Limited.​ En 1960 el nombre fue cambiado nuevamente a Associated British Foods. En 1963 la compañía compró Fine Fare, una cadena británica de supermercados.​ Después de la muerte del fundador de la empresa en 1978, su hijo Garry asumió el control de la empresa, mientras que las operaciones en Norteamérica pasaron a ser controladas por su hijo Galen. Mientras que Garry mantuvo la preeminencia de la compañía en el mercado alimentario europeo, el crecimiento de ABF fue eclipsado por el gran resultado de George Weston Ltd. en Norteamérica.
La compañía vendió Fine Fare en 1986 y en 1991 compró British Sugar.​ En 1997 ABF vendió sus operaciones de venta al público en Irlanda del Norte y la República de Irlanda a Tesco.​ Estas empresas eran: Quinnsworth y Crazy Prices en la República de Irlanda y Stewarts Supermarkets Ltd. y Crazy Prices en Irlanda del Norte, la cadena Stewarts Winebarrel, Lifestyle Sports & Leisure Ltd (un negocio de venta de productos deportivos y de esparcimiento), Kingsway Fresh Foods (una empresa de procesamiento de carne) y Daily Wrap Produce (una planta de envasado de fruta y vegetales).
En el año 2000 la compañía vendió Burton Biscuits.​ Y en el año 2004 compró el negocio de especies Tone y el negocio de levaduras de Burns Philp.​ En 2006 compró Illovo Sugar, el mayor productor de azúcar de África, por 400 millones de libras,​ y en 2007 compró el negocio alimenticio indio Patak's.​
Olga Martín-Belloso

Olga Martín-Belloso (Calahorra, 8 de julio de 1960) es una química española especialista en tecnología de los alimentos y profesora de la Universidad de Lérida. Es la primera mujer española en incorporarse a la Unión Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos y es presidenta de la Federación Europea de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos.​​ Trabaja en nuevas tecnologías para el procesamiento de alimentos.
Martín-Belloso es natural de Calahorra.​ Asistió al Colegio de las Teresianas, del cual se graduó en 1976.​ Estudió Ciencias Químicas en la Universidad de Zaragoza. Obtuvo su licenciatura en 1982 y su doctorado en la misma institución en 1991.​ Completó su investigación de doctorado en la Asociación de Investigación de Industrias de conservas vegetales (Centro Técnico Nacional de Conservas Vegetales) en San Adrián.
Fue nombrada catedrática de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agraria (ETSEA) de la Universidad de Lérida en 1992.​ donde además dirige el Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos.​ Sus intereses incluyen la conservación de alimentos mediante pulsos eléctricos de alta densidad de campos y el desarrollo de productos alimenticios seguros y saludables.​​ Estudió recubrimientos, incluidas nanoestructuras a base de emulsión, que incorporan principios activos como antimicrobianos, compuestos antipardeamiento y potenciadores de textura.​​
En 2016 se convirtió en la primera mujer española en incorporarse a la Unión Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos.​​ Es la directora de la Escuela de Doctorado de la Universidad de Lérida.​ Además fue designada embajadora de España del Global Harmonization Task Force ​ Resultó elegida presidenta de la Federación Europea de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos en 2019.​​
Sus premios y reconocimientos incluyen:
Gofre

Un gofre (del francés gaufre), también citado con los extranjerismos de waffle, wafol, wafel o wafle, es un desayuno típico belga y del norte de Francia. Consiste en una especie de galleta gruesa de tipo oblea, con masa crujiente y esponjosa, parecida a un barquillo, que se cocina entre dos planchas calientes. El gofre tiene apariencia de rejilla,​ resultado de los moldes de la gofrera, que es un aparato con dos placas metálicas fabricadas con hierro fundido o aluminio. La forma de la rejilla extruida asegura la cocción de la masa. Es muy común que a la masa aligerada con agua con una mezcla de harina leudada se le añadan otros ingredientes a modo de crema entre los cuales los más habituales son el chocolate, el helado o la nata. La práctica de cocinarlo entre placas que mantienen la temperatura a 100 °C y una presión de vapor constante hace útil su elaboración en climas de frío extremo, y le da el característico color anaranjado. Se sirve caliente.
El gofre moderno tiene sus orígenes en las elaboraciones con hierro pesado en la cocina medieval.​ Los hierros de hacer gofres consistían en dos placas de metal -waffer- pesadas conectadas con anillas y portátiles con unos brazos de madera. Algunas gofreras tenían en los grabados de las placas los diseños del propietario así como sus blasones o paisajes en lugar de la celda de abeja actual que imprime esa forma de rejilla al gofre. Dichas placas se empleaban para elaborar diferentes variedades.
Wafer (la placa metálica con la que se elaboraban en la Edad Media) y waffle pueden compartir en inglés raíces etimológicas comunes. Wafre (o wafer) empleada por el inglés medio en el año 1377 y adoptada por el bajo alemán como wâfel, con modificaciones entre l y r. También el neerlandés wafel, el francés gaufre (que da origen a gofre en español), o el alemán waffel comparten el mismo origen.​​
Kadir Nurman

Kadir Nurman (c.1933 – 24 October 2013) was a Turkish restaurateur, widely credited with having in 1972, in West Berlin, introduced or "invented" the fast food sandwich commonly known as the "kebab" (German: der Döner), consisting of traditional Turkish döner kebab meat stuffed together with mixed salad into a flatbread. Nurman received a lifetime achievement award from the Association of Turkish Döner Manufacturers in 2011. Afterwards, Nurman told the German magazine Frankfurter Rundschau that he was unhappy with modern döner kebab sandwiches, as "there are too many ingredients" in them.
Several people have been credited with being the "inventor of the döner kebab" in Germany, but such claims – including that for Nurman – are widely considered inaccurate. The familiar rotating döner kebab meat, roasted on a vertical spit and sliced with a sword, has been well known in Turkey since the mid-19th century. Its invention is attributed to the town of Bursa, and often credited to İskender Efendi; though it has also been ascribed to a cook named Hamdi, decades earlier in Kastamonu.
Introduced in Nurman's native Istanbul in the 1940s by restaurateurs such as Beyti Güler, it became a world-famous delicacy. Döner kebab has been sold in sandwich form there since at least the mid-1960s. The Greek gyro, was already a popular sandwich item in Athens and in New York City by 1971. Nurman himself did not claim to be the first person to have sold a sandwich of döner kebab meat even in Germany, saying in German: "Maybe someone else also did it, in some hidden corner, but no one noticed. The kebab became well-known through me."
Nevertheless, Nurman's prototypical kebab shop at West Berlin's busy central train station was a harbinger of a global trend, and his early version of the staple street snack was the framework upon which Berlin's Turkish Gastarbeiter immigrant community developed the distinctive style that has become one of the top-selling fast foods in Germany and much of Europe, and has spread around the world.
Nurman was born in Istanbul, Turkey. He emigrated to Germany from Turkey in 1960, aged 26, and moved to Berlin from Stuttgart in 1966. In 1972 he set up a fast food stall at Berlin's Berlin Zoologischer Garten railway station, in what was then West Berlin. At his stall Nurman sold grilled meat and salad inside a flat bread. He had thought that busy Berlin workers might like a portable meal. Though he did not become wealthy from his widely imitated shop, Nurman later said he was happy that so many Turkish people were able to make a living selling kebabs. At the time of his death, there were approximately 16,000 döner outlets in Germany, with over 2.5 billion euros ($3.3 billion) in annual sales.
Wengi

Wengi ya iku suwasana ing wektu salah sijiné tlatah kang angadepi kaanan peteng amarga ora kena cahya srengéngé, mula njalari kaanan peteng.Wektu lumaku planit bumi karan ngalami wengi, uga sawijiné tlatah liyané ngalami wektu rina (awan). Wayah wengi bisa disimpulake minangka wektu ing antarané surup, amblesé srengéngé ing ufuk (horizon) sisih kulon nganti metuné sréngéngé ing ufuk sisih wétan ing wayah dina sabanjuré.
Karana rotasi bumi kang muter saka arah Kulon tumuju wétan, rina lan wéngi dina tumuju arubah amarga gegantian lan ngasilaké siji dina kang kapengkar déning 24 jam
Tembung wengi duwé dasanama:
Langit wengi

Pitembungan langit wengi mangku teges langit sing kasawang nalika wengi. Istilah iki lumrahé gegayutan karo astronomi sing tegesé sesawanganing wewujudan langit kaya ta lintang, rembulan, lan planit-planit sing katon cetha ing langit sawisé wayah surup. Sumbering sunar sing alami tumraping langit wengi kalebu sunaring rembulan, sunaring lintang, sorot udara (airglow), sing béda-béda gumantung papan lan wektuné. Aurora borealis nyunari langit ing Arktik, déné aurora australis ing kukuban Antarktik. Kala-kala, precetan gedhé koronah (coronal mass ejection) sing asalé saka srengéngé utawa angin srengéngé (solar wind) sing gedhé bisa njalari aurora nyandhak katulistiwa.
Surat Al Lail

Surah Al-Lail (basa Arab:الّيل, al-Layl, "Wengi") iku surat angka 92 sajeroning al-Qur'an. Surat iki dumadi saka 21 ayat, éwoning surat Makkiyah, diudhunaké sawisé Surah Al-A’la. Surat iki dijenengaké Al Lail (wengi), dijupuk saka tembung Al Lail sing ana ing ayat pisanan surat iki.
Surat Al Qadr

Surat Al Qadr (basa Arab:الْقَدْرِ) yaiku surat kaping 97 sajeroning al-Qur'an kang dumadi saka 5 ayat lan éwoning surat Makkiyah. Surat iki mudhun sawisé surat 'Abasa lan dijenengi Al Qadr (Kamulyan) kang kajupuk saka tembung Al Qadr kang ana ing ayat pisanan surta iki.
Kuran wiwit mudhun ing wengi Lailatul Qadr, kang padha karo sewu sasi. Sajeroning Islam dijelasake yèn ing wengi iki malaékat Jibril lan liyané mudhun ing donya kanggo ngatur sakabehing urusan. Ing surat al-Qadr diandharake yèn nalika pisanan mudhune al-Qur'an yaiku nalika wengi Lailatul Qadr lan uga diandharake dhuwure derajat wengi iki.
Surat Al Qadr nerangaké bab wiwitan Kuran diudhunaké, déné Surat Al-Baiyinah nerangaké salah siji sebab Allah mudhunaké Kuran.
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ : Kanthi nyebat asma Allah Ingkang Maha Mirah lan ugi Maha Asih.
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ : Kanthi nyebat asma Allah Ingkang Maha Mirah lan ugi Maha Asih.
إِنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ 97:1]] Sakbeneré Kita wis mudhunaké (Al-Quran) ing wengi kamulyan.
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ [97.2] Lan apa kowé ngerti apa wengi kamulyan iku?
لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ [97.3] Wengi kamulyan iku luwih becik saka sèwu sasi.
تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ أَمْرٍ [97.4] Ing wengi iku mudhun malaékat-malaékat lan malaékat Jibril kanthi idin Tuhan kanggo nata kabèh urusan.
سَلامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ [97.5] Wengi iku (kebak) kasajahtran nganti tekan pajar.
Breynia

Breynia is a genus in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae, first described in 1776. It is native to Southeast Asia, China, Réunion, the Indian Subcontinent, Papuasia and Australia.
The name Breynia is a conserved name, it is recognized despite the existence of an earlier use of the same name to refer to a different plant. Breynia L. 1753 is in the Capparaceae, but it is a rejected name. We here discuss Breynia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 1776.
In a 2006 revision of the Phyllanthaceae, it was recommended that Breynia be subsumed in Phyllanthus; however, new combinations in Phyllanthus for former Breynia species remain to be published.
Breynia are of special note in the fields of pollination biology and coevolution because they have a specialized mutualism with moths in the genus Epicephala (leafflower moths), in which the moths actively pollinate the flowers—thereby ensuring that the tree may produce viable seeds—but also lay eggs in the flowers' ovaries or in the space between the tepals and the carpel walls, from where their larvae consume a subset of the developing seeds as nourishment. Other species of Epicephala are pollinators, and in some cases, non-pollinating seed predators, of certain species of plants in the genera Phyllanthus and Glochidion, both closely related to Breynia. This relationship is similar to those between figs and fig wasps and yuccas and yucca moths.
93 species are accepted.
List of plant genus names with etymologies (Q–Z)

Since the first printing of Carl Linnaeus's Species Plantarum in 1753, plants have been assigned one epithet or name for their species and one name for their genus, a grouping of related species. Many of these plants are listed in Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. William Stearn (1911–2001) was one of the pre-eminent British botanists of the 20th century: a Librarian of the Royal Horticultural Society, a president of the Linnean Society and the original drafter of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.
The first column below contains seed-bearing genera from Stearn and other sources as listed, excluding names with missing derivations and those names that no longer appear in more modern works, such as Plants of the World by Maarten J. M. Christenhusz (lead author), Michael F. Fay and Mark W. Chase. Plants of the World is also used for the family and order classification for each genus. The second column gives a meaning or derivation of the word, such as a language of origin. The last two columns indicate additional citations.
Dracaena aletriformis

Dracaena aletriformis is commonly known as the large-leaved dragon tree. These plants are found in forest in the eastern areas of South Africa from Port Elizabeth to northern and eastern Limpopo. They are also found in Eswatini, but are most common in the coastal and dune forests of KwaZulu-Natal.
This plant has 8 synonyms. In the APG III classification system, the genus Dracaena is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). It has also been placed in the Agavaceae (now the subfamily Agavoideae) and the Dracaenaceae. Like many lilioid monocots, it was formerly placed in the family Liliaceae (lily family).
Single stemmed or branched (usually at the base). The leaves are large and strap-shaped in rosettes at the tips of the stem/s. The leaves are leathery, shiny, and dark green, with whitish margins. These plants may grow up to 4 metres (13 ft) tall. The flowers are produced on a much branched flowering head. The flowers are silvery-white and described as sweetly or strongly scented. The two-lobed berry-like fruit ripen to a reddish-orange colour.
The flowers open from late afternoon to early morning and attract night-active pollinator moths. Birds eat the fruit; helping to remove the orange pulp which contains a growth inhibitor that otherwise slows germination of the seeds. Snails and the larvae of the Bush Night Fighter butterfly, Artitropa erinnys, feed on the leaves. Birds and mice nest among the leaves of these plants.