davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
رزمیہ

ایک قسم کی طویل نظم جس میں کسی قوم یا فرد کے بہادرانہ کاموں کی سلسلہ وار داستان منظوم ہو رزمیہ(انگریزی: Epic) کہلاتی ہے۔ اس قسم کی نظم عموماً مثنوی ہوتی ہے اور نفس مضمون میں بعض دفعہ غیر فطری واقعات کو بھی داخل کر لیا جاتا ہے لیکن یہ کوئی خوبی نہیں۔ یورپ میں اس قسم کی قدیم اور مشہور رزمیہ نظمیں ایلیڈ اور اوڈیسی ہیں جنہیں ایک قدیم یونانی شاعرہومر نے تصنیف کیا تھا۔ اینیڈ کا رزم نامہ بھی ایک یونانی شاعر ورجل کا شاہکار ہے۔ انگریزی میں ملٹن کی ’’فردوس گم شدہ‘‘ بھی اسی قسم کی ایک نظم ہے۔ ہندوستان کی مہابھارت اور رامائن مشہور رزمیہ نظمیں ہیں۔ یہ دونوں سنسکرت میں ہیں۔ فردوسی کاشاہنامہ اور نظامی کا سکندر نامہ فارسی کی مشہور رزمیہ نظمیں ہیں۔ اردو میں شاہنامہ سلام (مصنف حفیظ جالندھری ) بھی اس قسم کی ایک کتاب ہے جس میں تاریخ اسلام کو نظم کے پیرائے میں بیان کیا گیا ہے۔ اردو مرثیہ میں بھی کہیں کہیں رزمیہ کی خصوصیات نظر آتی ہیں۔
راجہ اسحاق

راجا اسحاق (راجا اسحٰق) نامور اردو شاعر، مصور، خطاط، موسیقار ہیں۔ ان کی جائے پیدائش لیہ ہے۔ 1966ء میں پیدا ہوئے۔ بی اے تک تعلیم آبائی شہر سے حاصل کی۔ بعد ازاں ایم۔ اے اردو کے لیے اورینٹل کالج لاہور میں زیر تعلیم رہے۔
بانگ درا

بانگ درا برصغیر کے عظیم شاعر و فلسفی محمد اقبال کی شاعری پر مشتمل پہلا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو 1924ء میں شائع ہوئی۔ بانگ درا کی شاعری علامہ محمد اقبال نے 20 سال کے عرصے میں اِرقام کی تھی اور اس مجموعے کو تین حصوں میں تقسیم کیا گیا ہے۔
یک مصرعی نظم

یک مصرعی نظم اردو شاعری کی ایک جدید قسم ہے۔ اس کی ابتدا چترال سے ہوئی۔,۔ رحمت عزیز چترالی نے پہلی یک مصرعی نظم 1996ء میں لکھی اور اس کے بعد 2010ء میں روف خیر اور دیگر پاکستانی شعرا نے بھی چند یک مصرعی نظمیں کہیں۔ اُردو اور کھوار زبان میں سب سے پہلی یک مصرعی نظمیں رحمت عزیز چترالی نے کہی، اور اسی کو ہی اردو اور کھوار زبان میں یک مصرعی نظم کہنے والے شعرا سبقت حاصل ہے-
Tragacanth

Tragacanth is a natural gum obtained from the dried sap of several species of Middle Eastern legumes of the genus Astragalus, including A. adscendens, A. gummifer, A. brachycalyx, and A. tragacantha. Some of these species are known collectively under the common names "goat's thorn" and "locoweed". The gum is sometimes called Shiraz gum, shiraz, gum elect or gum dragon. The name derives from the Greek words tragos (meaning "goat") and akantha ("thorn"). Iran is the biggest producer of this gum.
Gum tragacanth is a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble mixture of polysaccharides obtained from sap that is drained from the root of the plant and dried. The gum seeps from the plant in twisted ribbons or flakes that can be powdered. It absorbs water to become a gel, which can be stirred into a paste. The major fractions are known as tragacanthin, highly water-soluble as a mucilaginous colloid, and the chemically related bassorin, which is far less soluble but swells in water to form a gel. The gum is used in vegetable-tanned leatherworking as an edge slicking and burnishing compound, and is occasionally used as a stiffener in textiles. The gum has been used historically as a herbal remedy for such conditions as cough and diarrhea. Powders using tragacanth as a basis were sometimes called diatragacanth. As a mucilage or paste, it has been used as a topical treatment for burns. It is used in pharmaceuticals and foods as an emulsifier, thickener, stabilizer, and texturant additive (E number E413). It is the traditional binder used in the making of artists' pastels, as it does not adhere to itself the same way other gums (such as gum arabic) do when dry. Gum tragacanth is also used to make a paste used in floral sugarcraft to create lifelike flowers on wires used as decorations for cakes, which air-dries brittle and can take colorings. It enables users to get a very fine, delicate finish to their work. It has traditionally been used as an adhesive in the cigar-rolling process used to secure the cap or "flag" leaf to the finished cigar body.
In the Middle East, and in Turkey in particular, gum tragacanth is used in paper marbling to make size on which to float and shape the pigments, just as carrageenan is used in the West.
Gum tragacanth is also used in incense-making as a binder to hold all the powdered herbs together. Its water solubility is ideal for ease of working and an even spread, and it is one of the stronger gums for holding particles in suspension. Only half as much is needed, compared to gum arabic or something similar.
It is common in Indian cuisine as "Goond Kateera" (also spelled as "Gond Katira" - Hindi: गोंद कतीरा, Urdu: گوند کتیرا). "Goond" means "glue" or "tree sap" in Hindi, so that would mean "tree sap of Kateera". A common dish that uses it is the Jammu and Kashmir cuisine's special sundh.
In European patisserie, gum is mixed with fine sugar and colorants to make gum paste, used to make edible decorations, such as imitation flowers and fruits, much like fondant.
Fisherman's Friend menthol lozenges and Pastiglie Leone contain gum tragacanth as an ingredient.
Art Garfunkel

Arthur Ira "Art" Garfunkel (n. 5 noiembrie 1941) este un cântăreț, poet și actor american cel mai cunoscut ca membru al trupei de muzică folk Simon & Garfunkel. În particular este cunoscut ca fiind vocalist pe hit single-ul "Bridge over Troubled Water" ce a atins primul loc în topuri. Cariera sa solo include un hit în top 10, trei hituri în top 20, șase hituri în top 40, paisprezece singleuri Adult Contemporary top 30, cinci Adult Contemporary pe primul loc, o nominalizare la Globurile de Aur și una la People's Choice Awards. El a jucat în filmul american Boxing Helena.
Garfunkel este de origine româno-evreiască, bunicii săi paternali fiind originari din Iași.
Art rock

Art rock este un subgen de muzică rock, apărut la sfârșitul anilor 1960, cu influențe din art (avant-garde și muzică clasică). Conform Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary termenul a fost utilizat pentru prima dată în 1968. Art rock a fost o formă muzică de "dorea să extindă limitele rock & roll-ului", și a optat pentru un aspect mai experimental și mai conceptual al muzicii. Art rock-ul are influențe din câteva genuri, printre care muzica clasică și jazz-ul în compoziții de mai târziu.
Din cauza influențelor de natură clasică și experimentală, art rock-ul adesea a fost sinonimizat cu rockul progresiv; deși aceste genuri se diferențiază, rockul progresiv punând mai mult accent pe simfonie și melodie, în timp ce art rockul se focusează pe muzica de avant-gardă.
Genul a căpătat o popularitate majoră la începutul anilor 1970, prin formații ca Jethro Tull, Electric Light Orchestra, 10cc, the Moody Blues, Emerson, Lake and Palmer și Procol Harum.
Stogastulpis

Stogastulpis (plural - Stogastulpiai) sau Stâlp cu acoperiș este un altar tradițional lituanian din lemn. Numele, stogastulpis, este o combinație a două cuvinte lituaniene - stogas, care înseamnă acoperiș, și stulpas, care înseamnă stâlp. Stâlpii acoperișului pot avea de la unul până la trei straturi de acoperișuri stilizate. Stâlpii pot fi simpli sau bogat decorați. În zilele noastre cele mai frecvente ornamente sunt un amestec distinctiv de simbolism creștin și motive tradiționale solare, celești și din natură. Stogastulpiai, împreună cu crucile lituaniene, sunt comune pe întreg teritoriul Lituaniei și pot fi găsite în biserici, în piețele satelor, în cimitire, în ferme, în parcuri, în câmpuri, în păduri și la intersecții.
Biblioteca Congresului Statelor Unite ale Americii

Biblioteca Congresului Statelor Unite ale Americii (în engleză The Library of Congress of the United States of America, cunoscută sub forma prescurtată adesea folosită de Library of Congress) este biblioteca publică cea mai mare și importantă, fiind de fapt biblioteca națională a Statelor Unite ale Americii.
Situată în trei clădiri în Washington, D.C., Library of Congress este simultan și cea mai mare bibliotecă a lumii după numărul de rafturi, numărul de cărți și numărul de obiecte aflate în colecția sa. Aceasta conține mai mult de 30 de milioane de cărți și alte materiale tipărite în peste 470 de limbi, mai mult de 61 de milioane de manuscrise, cele mai rare colecții de cărți din America de Nord, inclusiv forma nefinisată a Declarației de Independență, una din cele patru copii existente în toată lumea a Bibliei lui Gutenberg, peste 1 milion de ediții ale ziarelor din toată lumea din ultimele trei secole, peste 6.000 de benzi desenate, filme, 4,8 milioane de hărți, 2,7 milioane de înregistrări, peste 13,7 milioane de poze și imagini, inclusiv desene arhitecturale și piese de artă, Betts Stradivarius și Cassavetti Stradivarius. După retragerea lui James H. Bullington, care a slujit între anii 1987 și 2015, titlul oficial de Librarian of Congress a fost conferit lui David S. Mao, cel de-al paisprezecelea director al Bibliotecii Congresului de la ființarea sa.
Titlul de Librarian of Congress (în traducere, Bibliotecarul Congresului) desemnează directorul întregii instituții. Această persoană este numită de președintele Statelor Unite la recomandarea și aprobarea Senatului țării, servind în calitatea de bibliotecar șef al tuturor secțiunilor Bibliotecii Congresului. Una din responsabilitățile cu care este însărcinat Librarian of Congress este aceea de a numi un Poet Laureate, un poet laureat consultant în poezie.
Doar paisprezece persoane au avut cinstea și onoarea de a fi Librarian of Congress în cei 216 ani de existență a instituției culturale.
Lahıc copper craft

Lahıc copper craft is a traditional folk art of Lahıc, Ismailli in Azerbaijan. It includes the production of copper crockery and other products. It was added to UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2015.
The Aliyev family, one of the copper-smith families of Lahıc, Ismailli, started this craft for the first time in 1725.
Since the 19th century Lahıc, Ismailli has become the main center of copper in Azerbaijan. Large quantities of household goods and home appliances were made in Lahıc. In the middle of the nineteenth century, there were about 200 workshops in Lahıc, Ismailli.
In 1878, a copperware that prepared in Lahic village awarded with a gold medal at the Paris World Exposition. Currently, many handmade Lahic crafts are displayed in museums from London and Paris to Moscow and Istanbul.
On April 19, 2010 in Lahıc, Ismailli a course was opened regarding copper craft. Twelve young men graduated from the first course. The director of the course was the teacher – Nazar Aliyev. Many of the young people who have completed the first year have been employed at the Lahıc Historical and Cultural Reserve. The rest were engaged in copper craft in shops.
In November 2015, the Lahıc copper craft was nominated to the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists. On December 3 of that year, this craft was included in the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
The whole process is realized under the coordination of the copper-smelting master and usually there are apprentices help the master in order to get essential knowledge and techniques. The coppersmith-hammerer is responsible for pumping the air into the smelting furnace and then the copper hammered into thin plates. These plates are shaped and then polished and decorated with engravings by the craftsperson in the final stage of the process. The decorations on the copperware reflects the traditional and cultural values of the local population. The final products are sold by the masters in the local workshops.
The ready copperwares include household goods and home appliance such as churns, trays, carafes, colander, bowls, and boilers. It is estimated that there are over 40 types of copper handmade items, and categorized in five groups: the copperwares for dishes, tableware, dairy products, carrying water, and other household items for daily requirements.
Lahıc copper craft was depicted in postage stamps belonging to the "Azerbaijan-Romania Joint Issue" in December 2014.
Русский фольклор

Ру́сский фолькло́р (русское устное народное поэтическое творчество) — в узком смысле словесная (устная) составляющая русской традиционной культуры; в широком смысле все духовные сферы русской традиционной культуры.
Русский фольклор передавался из поколения в поколение в виде песен или сказаний, авторство которых не сохранилось. Размер произведений русского фольклора варьируется от эпической былины до короткой пословицы. Научный интерес к фольклору возник в первой половине XVIII века — его изучали В. Н. Татищев, В. К. Тредиаковский и М. В. Ломоносов. Важнейшие жанры русского фольклора — былины, песни, сказки и заговоры.
Традиционная систематизация разделяла фольклорные жанры на эпос, лирику, драму. Однако современные фольклористы предпочитают деление на сферы: прозаическую, музыкально-песенную, обрядово-игровую, театральную и пармиологическую (клишированные речевые формулы).
В русском фольклоре эпос передаётся через песню или прозу.
Русская фольклорная лирика делится на два жанра: песни и частушки. Обрядовая поэзия связана с определённым обрядом различных циклов: календарного, семейного и в особых случаях (пожары, засухи, эпидемии и т. п.).
Паремии (речевые клишированные формулы) — пословицы, поговорки, загадки, поверья, приметы, пожелания, клятвы, божбы, проклятия и пр. — именуются также малыми фольклорными жанрами.
Детский фольклор создаётся либо взрослыми для детей, либо самими детьми.
Не упомянутые выше жанры:
Русские народные головные уборы

Русские народные головные уборы, как в любой традиционной культуре, имели четкую дифференциацию. Некоторые его формы отмирали с течением времени, другие сохранились до XX века.
Наиболее роскошным являлся женский головной убор. По его деталям часто можно было узнать, откуда владелица, её возраст, семейное и классовое положение.
В первую очередь, чётко различался девичий и женский («бабий») головной убор. Незамужние носили более скромные уборы; также для девичьего убора была характерна открытая макушка и волосы на виду (пример — обруч, повязка), в то время, как замужние прятали волосы целиком.
Женский головной убор всегда сочетался с причёской. Девушки носили 1 косу, а замужние крестьянки плели 2, оборачивая их вокруг головы или укладывая в пучок.
Надевание какого-либо головного убора впервые часто сопровождалось определёнными обрядами.
Кумач

Кума́ч (от араб. kumāš‎) — хлопчатобумажная ткань полотняного переплетения, окрашенная в ярко-красный, реже в синий цвет. В XVIII — первой половине XIX века кумач изготавливался татарами Казанской губернии, со второй половины XIX века производство кумача освоили и на фабриках других губерний Российской империи. Со второй половины XVIII века «кумачовый» или «кумачный» воспринимался как красный цвет.
Кумач шёл на пошив однотонных сарафанов с орнаментальной вышивкой («кумачников») и отделку мужских рубах (для контрастных по цвету ластовиц, поликов, аппликации). В Советском Союзе из кумача делали флаги, знамёна и транспаранты, поэтому впоследствии слово «кумач» ассоциировалось с красным флагом.
Русские сезоны (фестиваль)

Фестиваль «Русские сезоны» (полное название: Фестиваль русской культуры в дизайне «Русские сезоны») — ежегодный фестиваль дизайна, посвященный русской культуре в дизайне. Фестиваль проводится ежегодно при поддержке Министерства промышленности и торговли Российской Федерации (Минпромторг)
Фестиваль впервые проведён в 2015 году. Основатель и президент фестиваля — российский дизайнер Дарья Мациевская.
Свою миссию фестиваль формулирует как «интеграция русских культурных традиций в современный дизайн, объединение профессионалов индустрии дизайна, моды, промышленности и бизнеса, открытие и поддержка новых имен». Эмблемой «Русских сезонов» является стилизованное яйцо Фаберже с алмазной сеткой, которое призвано олицетворить виртуозность исполнения, свойственную русским мастерам, а также символизирует возрождение российской индустрии дизайна и моды.
Основную часть программы «Русских сезонов» традиционно составляют конкурс молодых дизайнеров, выставки, дискуссии с участием представителей российской лёгкой промышленности и индустрии моды и дизайна, лектории. В разные годы проведения фестиваля в экспозицию выставок входили одежная группа, аксессуары, изделия российских народных промыслов, ювелирные украшения, предметы интерьера, домашний текстиль..
С 2016 года партнёром и основной площадкой фестиваля является ЦУМ.
В 2017 году фестиваль совместно с Минпромторгом России провел конкурс молодых российских дизайнеров моды, интерьера и посуды. Победители конкурса получили возможность совместно с российскими фабриками разработать изделия, которые были представлены на экспозиции в мае 2017 года.
В 2015—2017 годах среди спикеров круглых столов и дискуссий фестиваля были Денис Мантуров, Виктор Евтухов, Михаил Куснирович, Денис Симачёв, Татьяна Михалкова, Наталья Туровникова, Ольга Вильшенко, Наталья Гольденберг, Вика Газинская, Ольга Дудина.
В 2015—2017 годах на фестивале были представлены работы молодых российских дизайнеров, в том числе из Высшей школы народных искусств, Британской высшей школы дизайна, с Факультета дизайна НИУ ВШЭ и других. Также в 2017 году на фестивале были представлены изделия более 30 российских фабрик.
C 2018 года фестиваль «Русские сезоны» при содействии негосударственного института развития «Иннопрактика» стал организатором акселерационной программы поддержки и развития российских инновационных проектов в области легкой промышленности.
Программа Seasons Tech состоит из 10-ТИ образовательных интенсивов, цель которых — передача знаний и формирование навыков для создания и продвижения продукта. В ходе программы участники получают профессиональную экспертную помощь, содействие в координации всех этапов разработки проектов и тестирования продуктов, знакомятся с индустриальными партнерами и ведущими экспертами легкой промышленности и инноваций в двух треках: технологическом и цифровом.
В финале участники презентуют свои проекты, трое лучших в каждом треке, получают гранты на развитие.
Пижмовые блины

Пижмовые блины (англ. tansy cakes) — традиционное пасхальное блюдо средневековой английской кухни. Его название произошло от растения пижма (лат. Tanacetum vulgare, англ. tansy), которое добавляли в тесто, в результате чего выпечка приобретала характерный привкус. В 1767 году журнал Connoisseur писал, что «Мясной пирог … столь же необходим к Рождеству, как пижмовые блины к Пасхе».
Обычно блюдо с виду представляло собой что-то среднее между блином и омлетом. Самый простой вариант рецепта — это выпечка теста с соком зелёной пижмы. В более поздних рецептах, таких как «Справочник хорошей хозяйки» XVI века, в яичное тесто, которое жарили как блины, было добавлено больше ингредиентов, таких как петрушка, пиретрум и фиалка, со слегка зелёным оттенком из-за добавления пижмы и других трав. Пижмовым блинам также можно было придать зелёный цвет, добавив шпинатный сок. Рецепт из издания The Compleat Housewife (1727) добавлял в тесто белое креплёное вино и подслащивал жареные блины крыжовником и сахарной пудрой.
Выпечка и вино были обычным явлением в пасхальных традициях. Некоторые авторы XIX века считали, что традиция есть блины или кексы из пижмы, которые имели сладкий и горький вкус, была связана с еврейскими традициями поедания печенья, кексов, сделанных из горьких трав. Иногда пижмовые блины были больше похожи на пудинг, чем на кексы или блины, как, например, рецепт XVIII века Ханны Гласс в книге «Искусство кулинарии, изложенное просто и легко» (The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy). Это сложное блюдо с неаполитанским печеньем, маслом, сливками, бланшированным миндалём, яйцами, тёртым хлебом и розовой водой, водой цветков апельсина и другими специями и сладостями.
Элизабет Гаскелл, «Леди Ледлоу»:
Также считается, что появление пижмы на средневековом пасхальном столе имело определённый смысл. Во время Великого поста христиане придерживались долгой скучной диеты из чечевицы и сушёной рыбы. Пижма, как утверждалось в одном из первых рецептов, «полезна для желудка, излечивая метеоризм, вызванный употреблением в пищу бобов и рыбы во время поста».
К началу XX века пижмовые блины уже считались старомодными и практически исчезли с пасхального стола.
Blintz

A cheese blintzes or blintz (Hebrew: חֲבִיתִית; Yiddish: בלינצע) is a rolled filled pancake in Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine, in essence a wrap based on a crepe or Russian blini. The corresponding Russian dish is called blinchiki, literally "little blini".
Traditional blintzes are filled with sweetened cheese, sometimes with the addition of raisins, or fruit preserves and then slightly sautéed. They are served on Shavuot. The word blintz in English comes from the Yiddish word בלינצע or blintse, coming from a Slavic word блинец [blin-yets] meaning blin, or pancake.
Like the knishes, blintzes represent foods that are now considered typically Jewish, and exemplify the changes in foods that Jews adopted from their Christian neighbors.
For Passover, matzo meal is used instead of flour.
SunSunSun

SunSunSun (燦々SUN, SunSunSun, born October 8, 1993), is a Japanese novelist. They are best known for their light novel series Alya Sometimes Hides Her Feelings in Russian.
Originally, they were active on the novel posting site Shōsetsuka ni Narō ("Let's Become a Novelist"), primarily focusing on short stories. Inspired by other novels on the site, they posted their first novel around October 2017.
Their writing led to them being contacted by a representative of Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko, who wanted to serialize one of their short stories. This would become "Alya Sometimes Hides Her Feelings in Russian", their publishing debut. According to Kadokawa, its first volume was their highest-sold new paperback light novel from April 4, 2020 to March 31, 2021, their most downloaded romantic comedy e-book at release from September 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021, and their best-selling light novel of 2021.
When asked about authors and works that influenced them, they mentioned Accel World by Reki Kawahara, the first light novel they ever purchased, particularly noting Kawahara's influence on their detailed character portrayals and how they approach psychological descriptions. As for works they consider masterpieces, they pointed to Fullmetal Alchemist and Attack on Titan. On the other hand, they mentioned that they do not typically read science fiction.
Open Russian Festival of Animated Films

The Open Russian Festival of Animated Films (Russian: Откры́тый Росси́йский Фестива́ль Анимацио́нного Кино́), also known as "Suzdalfest" ({langx|ru|"Суздальфест"}}}}, is an annual animation film festival held in Suzdal, Russia. It is devoted to professional appraisal of domestic Russian animation. The festival takes place in late winter or early spring (in 2007 it was on the first five days of March) and accepts only animated films from the Russian Federation and (after a 1999 referendum) from Belarus made in the last three years.
The festival was first held in 1996 at a boarding house called "Birch Grove" near the town of Tarusa. For the first five years, the festival continued to be held in the "Birch Grove". Since 2002, the event has been held in Suzdal. The organizers call the festival the main site of Russian animation and the only professional screening of the entire animation program.
Because of the extreme scarcity of Russian animation in the post-perestroika era, submissions from the last three years were accepted. Along with auteur films, commercial reels, video clips and television bumpers were allowed. The prizes were handed out according to profession, and any member or guest of the festival was able to vote for their favourite film. The three leading winners were given wooden planks hewn by founder and president Aleksandr Tatarskiy and signed by their colleagues. For the first number of years, the festival did not have an official name and was known simply as "Tarusoy" (Тарусой).
Since 2006, the jury situation changed, and films have been judged by a panel of 33 Russian animation professionals representing varied professions in the art. 2008 was the first festival held after the death of Aleksandr Tatarskiy, who had headed all the previous festivals. The artistic director in his place was Aleksandr Gerasimov.
Playwright Vadim Zhuk had been leading led the opening and closing ceremonies of Suzdalfest for more than 20 years. He died during a visit to the Suzdalfest on March 20, 2025.
Historically, the prizes have varied in different years; on some years the jury decided to not give out a Grand Prix and other years featured specific awards tailor-made to the films which were in the competition. In 2007, the prizes were: Grand Prix (also 2nd and 3rd place), Best Direction, Best Dramaturgy, Best Visuals, Best Animation, Best Sound, Best Student Film, Best Interstitial Animation and Best Film for Children.
Additionally, before 2009, the festival allowed internet users of Rambler Vision to see the films first and vote for their favourites. The Prize of Audience Sympathies was awarded at the closing ceremony.
Paratroopers' Day

Airborne Forces Day (Russian: День Воздушно-десантных войск) also known as Paratroopers' Day (Russian: День десантника) is a professional military holiday observed in Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, celebrated on 2 August annually. It was formerly celebrated in the Soviet Union until its collapse in 1991. It was celebrated in Ukraine as Airmobile Forces Day from 1999 until 2017 (Ukrainian: День високомобільних десантних військ, romanized: Den vysokomobilnykh desantnykh viisk). It is the official holiday of the former Soviet Airborne Forces and the modern Russian Airborne Forces.
The birthday of the Airborne Forces is considered to be 2 August 1930. On this day at military exercises of the Moscow Military District, a 12 member paratrooper unit was parachuted for performing a tactical task. Airborne Forces Day is currently celebrated on 2 August, on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 31, 2006 “On the Establishment of Professional Holidays and Memorable Days in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation".
In Ukraine, from 1999 to 2017 Airmobile Forces Day day was celebrated on 2 August. From 2017 Ukraine’s Airmobile Forces were renamed Air Assault Forces, their traditions revised, and a new Air Assault Forces Day [uk] declared 21 November, which is the day of the patron of the paratroopers, Archangel Michael. According to President Petro Poroshenko this move was "Ukrainianization of the historical and political calendar - to replace the Soviet-Russian imposed on us."
Airborne Forces Day, which is a professional holiday for active and reserve airborne troops, is traditionally celebrated throughout Russia, Belarus and other countries. During the holiday, many cities traditionally held demonstrations of paratroopers, concerts, charity events, festivals, crafts fairs and souvenirs exhibition and sale. In some Russian cities, it is customary to turn off the fountains on the day of the Airborne Forces and to release all employees responsible for their work on a day off. This is done in order to reduce the damage from the celebration.
Arrived on vacation

"Arrived on vacation" (Russian: Прибыл на каникулы) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Soviet artist Fyodor Reshetnikov. It was painted in 1948 and is an example of socialist themes in art. It is located in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. In 1949, the artist was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree.
Reshetnikov was popular as a caricaturist before this painting; "Arrived on vacation" thus was a valuable and successful experience in genre art for the artist.
The painting itself depicts a joyful event. A family greets a young boy, a returning Suvorov military cadet, who has come home for the New Year celebration and long holidays. The grandson, in military uniform, is happy – with a glowing face and a wide smile, he greets his grandfather with a mock military salute. His grandfather stands at attention, accepting the salute. The characters in the painting are the Suvorov military cadet, his grandfather, and a girl wearing a Pioneer tie, depicted with love and humor. The festive atmosphere in the house and the characters' charm highlight the painting's optimism, showing that the long war is over and a bright and happy future is ahead. On the other hand, the piece also has a sense of drama as the boy's parents are not depicted. The fact that after the war, children who had lost their relatives often enrolled in the Suvorov Military School, hints that they may not have survived.
"Arrived on vacation" brought Reshetnikov fame and has become one of his most well-known works. The painting has often been used in Russian-language classes to teach students how to write an essay; the Soviet school curriculum used the painting as an essay-writing topic for many years. The circulation of postcards featuring a reproduction of the painting totals over 13 million copies, much more than any other postcard in the former USSR.
Reshetnikov's famous 1952 painting, "Low Marks Again", contains a reproduction of "Arrived on vacation" on one of the walls. The artist also used a reproduction of "Low marks again" in his later painting "Reexamination".
A monument dedicated to graduates of Suvorov military schools and the cadet corps was unveiled at the St. Petersburg Suvorov Military School located at Sadovaya Street 26. The composition of the sculpture recreates the scene depicted in "Arrived on vacation": a young military man salutes his grandfather; the heroes of the monument also bear a resemblance to their prototypes. The monument was erected on the initiative of the commander of the Western Military District Anatoly Sidorov, a graduate of Suvorov School. The sculptor was Karen Sarkisov, who created the monument in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Suvorov and Nakhimov schools in Russia.
Ciigoo

Ciigoon ummata Oromoo biratti tooftaa dubbii haala dhoksaa ta'een yeroo dabarsuun barbaadamu itti fayyadamuudha. Ciigooon jecha ykn gale ykn hima hiika mul’ataa fi dhokotaa of keessaa qabu ta’ee kan himoota yaada Walqabataa qaban lamaan himamu dha.Ciigoon qaamota gurguddoo sadii of keessatti qabata isaanis; dubbii dacha,soorgoo fi sookoo fa’a dha
1.Dubbii dacha/sobbooqoo: dubbii dacha qaama ciigo ta’ee jecha , gaalee ykn hima ciigoo Sana keessatti hiika dhaanquu(hiika mul’ata fi dhokataa)
of keessatti qabatuu dha.
hiika kana argachuuf bo’oo jalqabaafi isa itti aanu waliin xiinxaluu gaafata.
2.soorgoon: ciigoo keessatti ergaa ifaa yoo ta’u, qabiyyyee walalichaatiin tokko
waan ta’eef argachuunsaa xiinxala sammmuu(gadi fageenyaan yaaduu)hin gaafatu.
3.Sookoo: sookoon immo hiika dhokotaa itti yaaduu gaafatu dha.
Hiika kana argachuuf bo’oo jalqabaa fi isa itti aanurratti xiyyeeffachun kan barbaachisu osoo hin taane hiika dubbiin dacha qofaasaa dhaabbatee kennuu xiiinxaluu dha. yommuu ciigoo tokkof sookoo isaa barbaannu dubbi dacha ciigoo sanaa irra deddeebinee sagaleessuu, sagalee jechootaa jijjiiruu dhaan (dheeressun, gabaabsuun, laaffisuun, jabeessuun) sagaleessuu gaafata.
Fakkeenyota ciigoo
Buna kee lammaffaa eegaa kutadheera
Jecha dachaa :buna kee lammafaa
Soorgooo: buna dhugaatii dhiiseera
Sookoo:barakaa ykn bina kee 2 hin dhugu .
Karaa kee gubbaatti Bishooftuu argite
Jecha dachaa :Bushooftuu
Sorgoo:Magaalaa Bushooftuu agarte
Sookoo:Waan badaa ,fokkisa agartee
Tokkuma filadhu hamma garaa hirtu
Jecha dachaa:hamma garra hirtu
Sorkoo :muka tokko filadhuu kori
Sookoo :waan tokko hojjechuuf hin mamin
Qulqulluu bishaaniii isa wayya dhugaa
Jecha dachaa:Isa wayya dhugaa
Soorgaa :bishaan wayya bishaan dhugaa
Sookoo : waan dhugaa ta’e waayya ,dhugaa dubbachuu wayya
Wayyaaas miiccadhaa bareechaa addeessaa
Jecha dachaa:addessaa
Soorgoo :qulqulleessuun adii godhaa
Sookoo :ji’a ykn baatii
Bakka geessu hin beeknu inni abbaa hin qabu
Jecha dachaa:Inni abbaa hin qabu
Soorgoo :kan eeyyuyyuu miti /mi’ichi abbummaa hin qabu
Sookoo : inni abbaa dhalche hin qabu
Balleessumaaf jedhee ija qabee cabse
Jecha dachaa: Ija qabee cabse
Soorgoo :Ija masaaqulaa qabee cabse
Sookoo:Agartuu( ija ) isaa qabee cabse
Osoo bira jirruu hundumaa wallaalle
Jecha dachaa:Hundumaa wallaalle
Soorgoo :Waan hundumaa wallaalle /beekumsa dhabne
Sookoo :Nama Hundumaa jedhamu wallaalle
Ni nyaatta ni dhugda siifan fida amma
H.D :Siifan fida amma
Soorgoo :siifan dhiheessa
Sookoo :nama ‘’Siifan ‘’jedhamun dhiheessaa
Harree manna baafne
Jecha dachaa:Harree manaa baafne
Soorgoo :harree beeyilada manaa manaa baafne
Sookoo :xurii haxoofneee (qulqulleessine ).
Tarree Ciigoo Oromoo
Black Ivory Coffee

Black Ivory Coffee is a brand of coffee produced by the Black Ivory Coffee Company Ltd in northern Thailand from Arabica coffee beans consumed by elephants and collected from their waste. The taste of Black Ivory coffee is influenced by elephants' digestive enzymes, which break down the coffee's protein. The company claims to rescue elephants from tourist trade abuse.
Black Ivory Coffee is among the world's most expensive coffees, at US$2,000 per kilogram. The producer sells the coffee to select luxury hotels, where it is sold at US$50 per cup. The coffee can also be purchased online. The coffee product in 2021 was 215kg. The supply of Black Ivory coffee depends on the availability of coffee cherries, the appetite of the elephants, the number of beans destroyed through chewing of the beans and the ability of the mahouts and their wives to recover intact beans. The high price of the product is largely due to the large number of coffee cherries needed to produce the finished product: 33 kilograms (72 pounds) of raw coffee cherries results in one kilogram (2.2 lb; 1,000 g; 35 oz) of the finished product. Most of the beans are not recoverable as they are chewed by the elephants, become fragmented, or are lost in the bush after being excreted.
This coffee was first produced by Black Ivory Coffee Co. Ltd. at the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation in Chiang Saen, an elephant refuge that cares for rescued elephants. Now, Black Ivory Coffee no longer produces in the Golden Triangle but in Surin province in north east Thailand. Approximately 20 elephants at the foundation produce the coffee. Eight percent of Black Ivory Coffee Company sales are donated to the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation, which is used to fund the elephants' health care. The consumption of the coffee cherries does not adversely affect the elephants, and veterinary tests concluded that caffeine is not absorbed from the coffee cherries they consume.
Bro-Naoned

Bro-Naoned eo ar vro ar muiañ er c'hreisteiz eus an nav bro a ya d'ober Breizh. E gevred ar vro emañ, gant Anjev er reter dezhi, ha Poatev er su. E 2021 e oa 1 477 352 a dud o chom e Bro-Naoned, 7 365 km² ar gorread anezhi ha daou c'hant c'hwec'h kumun ha tregont enni.
Emañ Bro-Naoned en he fezh e Breizh-Uhel ha komzet e veze gallaoueg eno. A-wezhioù e vez staget tammoù eus Bro-Werrann e Breizh-Izel avat.
Komzet a veze brezhoneg er bevarenn walarn eus ar vro en IX kantved hag aet eo ar brezhoneg e Bro-Werrann da get er bloavezhioù 1960.
E distro-skol 2024 e oa enskrivet er skolioù Diwan hag er c'hlasoù divyezhek 710 skoliad (1,1 % eus skolidi ar vro evit a sell ouzh ar c'hentañ derez).
Kontelezh Naoned

Edo kontelezh Naoned er marz savet gant rouaned ar Franked war harzoù Breizh dizalc'h. Aloubet e voe gant Nominoe, kentañ roue Breizh, e 851, hag anavezet e c'halloud gant feur-emglev Angers. Gant Salaun e voe kresket c'hoazh ar rouantelezh war-zu ar reter. Met ken bras e oa deuet ar vro da vezañ ma oa diaes da zifenn war un dro diouzh ar Franked hag ar Vikinged. Adal deroù an X kantved edo Naoned dindan gwarez konted Anjev. Daoust da se e voe aloubet gant ar Vikinged eus 919 da 937 a-raok bezañ kemeret gant Alan II. Goude-se e teuas Bro-Naoned da vout ur gontelezh, hag ar gonted anezhi a veze dalc'hmat o'n em gannañ gant konted Roazhon da c'houzout piv anezho a vije dug Breizh. Pep hini en devoa skoazellerien
Dre zimeziñ ez eas Naoned digant Tiegezh Kerne gant Tiegezh Anjev, ar re Plantagenêt, a-raok bout staget ouzh domani Duged Breizh en XIII kantved.
Eskopti Naoned

Eskopti Naoned (Dioecesis Namnetensis e latin), a zo unan eus nav eskopti istorel Breizh, hag a glote mui-pe-vui gant Bro-Naoned gwechall, gant departamant al Liger-Atlantel hiziv.
An eskopti a-vremañ a zegouezh gant departamant al Liger-Atlantel abaoe 1801, stag ouzh Arc'heskopti Teurgn, hag ouzh Arc'heskopti Roazhon abaoe 2003.
Arondisamant Naoned

Arondisamant Naoned zo ur rann velestradurel c'hall, e departamant Liger-Atlantel e rannvro Broioù-al-Liger.
Rannet e oa arondisamant Naoned e 29 c'hanton betek 2014:
Krouet e oa bet kumunioù nevez en arondisamant e-pad bloavezhioù 2016 ha 2017.
Krouet e oa bet arondisamant Kastell-Briant-Ankiniz d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2017 ; 4 c'humun eus arondisamant Naoned oa bet lakaet ennañ.
D'an 31 a viz Kerzu 2017, ez eus 76 kumun en arondisamant.
Maine-et-Loire

Maine-et-Loire (French pronunciation: [mɛn e lwaʁ] ) is a department in the Loire Valley in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France. It is named after the two rivers, Maine and the Loire. It borders Mayenne and Sarthe to the north, Loire-Atlantique to the west, Indre-et-Loire to the east, Vienne and Deux-Sèvres to the south, Vendée to the south-west, and Ille-et-Vilaine to the north-west. It also borders Ille-et-Vilaine in the north for just 20 yards (19 m), France's shortest department boundary. Its prefecture is Angers; its subprefectures are Cholet, Saumur and Segré-en-Anjou Bleu. Maine-et-Loire had a population of 818,273 in 2019.
Maine-et-Loire is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790, mostly out of the southern portion of the former province of Anjou. Originally it was called Mayenne-et-Loire, but its name was changed to Maine-et-Loire in 1791. Its present name is drawn from the rivers Maine and Loire, which meet within the department.
Maine-et-Loire is part of the current region of Pays de la Loire. The principal city is Angers, the seat of a bishopric and of a court of appeal.
It has a varied landscape, with forested ranges of hills in the south and north separated by the valley of the Loire. The highest point is Colline des Gardes at 210 m (690 ft). Part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site lies in Maine-et-Loire.
The area has many navigable rivers such as the Loire, Sarthe, Mayenne, Loir, and Authion.
The most populous commune is Angers, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 6 communes with more than 20,000 inhabitants:
The inhabitants of Maine-et-Loire have no official qualifier. They are sometimes known as Angevins, from the former province of Anjou, or Mainéligériens, from the name of the department.
Population development since 1801:
The president of the Departmental Council is Florence Dabin, elected in July 2021.
Châteaux of the Loire Valley
Anjou traditions
Angers and around:
Saumur and around:
Cholet and around:
Segré and around:
Chalonnes-sur-Loire

Chalonnes-sur-Loire is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France. It is located on the left bank of the river Loire in the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site area.
The town is in the heart of the Anjou, a historical agricultural region southwest of Angers renowned for Loire Valley wines. The Layon flows into the Loire at the commune.
The airport nearest to Chalonnes-sur-Loire for regional flights is Angers – Loire Airport (41 km), and for international flights is Nantes Atlantique Airport (67 km).
Chalonnes-sur-Loire is twinned with:
Chambord, Loir-et-Cher

Chambord (/ʃɒ̃ˈbɔːr/, US also /ʃæmˈbɔːrd/, French: [ʃɑ̃bɔʁ]) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department, region of Centre-Val de Loire. It is best known for its Château de Chambord, part of the Loire Valley UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It is best known as the location of the Château de Chambord, one of the most recognisable châteaux in the world because of its very distinct French Renaissance architecture. The château forms a parallelogram flanked at the angles by round towers and enclosing a square block of buildings, the façade of which forms the centre of the main front. The profusion of turrets, pinnacles, and dormer windows which decorates the roof of this, the chief portion of the château, constitutes the main feature of the exterior, while in the interior are a well-preserved chapel of the 16th century and a famous double staircase, the construction of which permits two people to ascend and descend respectively without seeing one another. There are 440 apartments, containing pictures of the 17th century and souvenirs of the comte de Chambord.
The château was originally a hunting-box of the counts of Blois, the rebuilding of which was begun by Francis I. in 1526, and completed under Henry II. It was the residence of several succeeding monarchs, and under Louis XIV. considerable alterations were made. In the same reign Molière performed Monsieur de Pourceaugnac and Le Bourgeois gentilhomme for the first time in the theatre. Stanislaus, king of Poland, lived at Chambord, which was bestowed by his son-in-law, Louis XV., upon Marshal Saxe. It was given by Napoleon to Marshal Berthier, from whose widow it was purchased by subscription in 1821, and presented to the duc de Bordeaux, the representative of the older branch of the Bourbons, who assumed from it the title of comte de Chambord. On his death in 1883 it came by bequest into the possession of the family of Parma.
Sully-sur-Loire

Sully-sur-Loire (French pronunciation: [syli syʁ lwaʁ], literally Sully on Loire) is a commune in the Loiret department, north-central France. It is the seat of the canton of Sully-sur-Loire. It lies on the left bank of the river Loire.
The château of Sully-sur-Loire dates from the end of the 14th century and is a prime example of a medieval fortress. It was built at a strategic crossing of the Loire river. The château was expanded by Maximilien de Béthune, first duke of Sully and prime minister of King Henry IV of France (1560–1641), who is buried on the grounds of his château. The family of the dukes of Sully retained ownership of the château until the 20th century.
King Louis XIV, his mother Queen Anne of Austria and prime minister Cardinal Mazarin sought refuge in the château of Sully-sur-Loire in March 1652 after they were driven out of Paris during the revolt of the French nobility known as the Fronde.
Cathar castles

Cathar castles (in French Châteaux cathares) are a group of medieval castles located in the Languedoc region. Some had a Cathar connection in that they offered refuge to dispossessed Cathars in the thirteenth century. Many of these sites were replaced by new castles built by the victorious French Crusaders and the term Cathar castle is also applied to these fortifications despite their having no connection with Cathars. The fate of many Cathar castles, at least for the early part of the Crusade, is outlined in the contemporary Occitan "Chanson de la Croisade", translated into English as the "Song of the Cathar Wars (the crusade)".
Cathar strong points were generally surrounded by a walled settlement - ranging from a small village to a sizable city - known as a castrum. In relatively flat areas such as the Lauragais Plain, castles and castra were often located on nearby hills, for example Laurac, Fanjeaux, Mas-Saintes-Puelles, and Carcassonne. In more rugged areas castles and castra were typically located on mountain tops as at Lastours-Cabaret, Montségur, Termes, and Puilaurens.
When they were taken by the Catholic Crusaders they were generally offered to senior Crusade commanders who would replace the local lord as master of the castle and the surrounding area. The old lords, sometimes Cathar sympathisers, were dispossessed and often became refugees or guerrilla resistance fighters known as "faidits". The new French lords generally built themselves a new state-of-the-art castle, sometimes on the site of the old "Cathar castle", sometimes next to it, as at Puivert. In some places, notably Carcassonne and Foix, substantial parts of the existing castles date from the Cathar period.
Following the failure of the attempt to recapture Carcassonne by its Viscount, Raymond II Trencaval, in 1240, the Cité de Carcassonne was reinforced by the French king, new master of the viscountcy. Carcassonne was heavily garrisoned not only against Cathar sympathizer insurgents, but also the Catalans and Aragonese, as the Trencavels had been vassals of the King of Aragon, who was the direct descendant of Sunifred and Bello of Carcassonne.
The King of France took as frontier fortresses Cathar castles near the border between the historic Trencavel territories and the Roussillon, which still belonged to the King of Aragon. Five of these became Royal citadels, garrisoned by a small troop of French royal troops. These five Cathar Castles are known as the cinq fils de Carcassonne, the Five Sons of Carcassonne:
In 1659, Louis XIV and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees, sealing the marriage of the Infanta Marie Therese to the French King. The treaty modified the frontiers, giving Roussillon to France as part of the dowry, and moving the international frontier south to the crest of the Pyrenees, the present Franco-Spanish border. The Five Sons of Carcassonne thus lost their importance. Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they fell into decay, often becoming shelters for shepherds or bandits.
Notes
Bibliography
Joan of Brittany, Baroness of Drayton

Jeanne de Montfort (1341 – November 8, 1402), also known as Jeanne de Bretagne, was the sister of John IV, Duke of Brittany.
Her parents were John of Montfort and Joanna of Flanders.
She grew up in England together with her brother, John IV, Duke of Brittany, and was brought up with King Edward III's children. When her brother returned to Brittany to take the dukedom, she remained in England. At the age of 39 she married Ralph Basset, 3rd Baron Basset of Drayton.
In 1398 she was appointed as a Constable of Richmond Castle by the will of King Richard II.
Jeanne died on November 8, 1402. She was buried at Lavendon Abbey, Buckinghamshire.
Chronicle of Nantes

Chronicle of Nantes (Latin: Chronicon Namnetense, French: Chronique de Nantes) is an eleventh-century Latin chronicle of history extending from 570 to about 1049 AD. The original manuscript, kept in the city of Nantes, has not survived, but there exist:
Merlet presented reasons for dating the Chronicle of Nantes to the 1050s, and detected the presence of charters from the cathedral archives of Tours and Nantes, and annals and narratives in the unknown author's source materials.
Сибирийн нарс

Сибирийн нарс Pinus sibirica нь Нарсныхан овгийн мод ба Сибирь, Уралын нуруу, Саха, Енисейн Хөндий болон Монголын төв хэсгээр тархан ургадаг. Дундаж өндөр нь 30-40 м болох ба 800-850 хүртэл насална. Энэ мод нь цагаан нарсны бүлэгт хамарна.
Шилмүүс нь тав таваар багцалсан хонгорцогноос ургах бөгөөд 5-10 см урт. Боргоцой нь 5-9 см урттай, 9-12 мм хэмжээний үртэй байдаг.
Канад зэргийн хүйтэн бүсийн орнуудын томоохон цэцэрлэгт хүрээлэн, паркад чимэглэлийн зориулалтаар тарьж ургуулдаг. Сибирийн нарс нь хүйтэнд маш тэсвэртэй мод юм. Үрийг нь нарсны самар гэх ба хураан авж хүнсэнд хэрэглэх буюу худалдаалдаг. Мөн нарсны самраас тос гарган авдаг.
Baljinnyamyn Amarsaikhan

Baljinnyamyn Amarsaikhan (Mongolian: Балжиннямын Амарсайхан) is a Mongolian actor and producer, known for Thief of the Mind (2011) and Trapped Abroad (2014).
Thief of the Mind (or Mind Thief) produced by Amarsaikhan and directed by Janchivdorj Sengedorj won the Grand Prix for Best Film in 2011 during the Mongolian 2012 Academy Awards with Amarsaikhan also winning the award for "Best Lead Role - Actor" during the same event. The film also won Best Supporting Role, Best Cinematography, Best Screenplay and Best Sound Editing. Amarsaikhan was honored for his "valuable commitment in the development of the Mongolian film industry" at the event.
He currently appears in Marco Polo, a television drama series about Marco Polo's early years in the court of Kublai Khan; Amarsaikhan plays Ariq Böke. The show premiered on Netflix in December 2014. The series is produced by The Weinstein Company.