davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Désa

Cithakan:Wewengkon administratif papréntahan Indonésia
Désa (ꦢꦺꦯ), miturut dèfinisi universal, yaiku aglomerasi panggonan ing karang padésan (rural). Ing Indonésia, istilah désa iku kanggo wewengkon administratif ing Indonésia sing ana ing ngisoré kacamatan lan dipandégani déning Kepala Désa. Kepala Désa iku racaké diarani Lurah. Wiwit lumakuné otonomi laladan istilah désa bisa karan mawa jeneng liya, upamané ing Sumatra Kulon karan nagari, lan ing Papua lan Kutai Kulon, Kalimantan Wétan karan kampung. Semana uga kabèh istilah lan institusi ing désa bisa karan kanthi jeneng liya miturut karakteristik adat désa mau. Bab iki dadi pangaku lan pangajining pamaréntah marang mula buka lan adat enggonan.
Miturut Peraturan pamaréntah Nomor 72 Tahun 2005 ngenani Désa, karan yèn désa iku kesatuan masarakat hukum sing duwé wates-wates wewengkon sing duwé wewenang kanggo ngatur lan ngurus kapentingan masarakat saenggon, miturut asal-usul lan adat istiadat saenggon sing diakoni lan diurmati sajeroning sistem papréntahan Nagara Kesatuan Républik Indonésia.
Désa iku dudu bawahan kacamatan, amarga kacamatan minangka péranganing perangkat laladan kabupatèn/kutha, lan désa dudu péranganing perangkat laladan. Béda karo Kalurahan, désa duwé hak ngatur wewengkoné luwih ombèr. Nanging sajeroning perkembangan sabanjuré, sawiji désa bisa diowahi statusé dadi kalurahan.
Kawenangan désa yaiku:
Désa duwé papréntahan dhéwé. papréntahan désa dumadi saka pamaréntah désa (sing nyakup Kepala Désa lan Perangkat Désa) lan Badan Permusyawaratan Désa (BPD)
Éthiopia

Républik Dhémokratik Federal Éthiopia (Ityop'iya, basa Amhara ኢትዮጵያ) iku nagara kang dumunung ing Afrika.
Éthiopia ndarbèni sajarah kang paling jangkep minangka nagara mardika ing bawana mau. Minangka nagara tuwa dhéwé ing donya, kawasan Éthiopia uga minangka salah siji panggonan peradaban kang paling wiwitan ing donya. Papréntahan Éthiopia pisanan diwangun udakara taun 980 SM lan nampa agama Kristen ing abad angka 4 M. Nagara iki cukup unik yèn dibandingaké karo nagara-nagara Afrika liyané amarga ora naté dijajah wektu jamané Parebutan Afrika, lan terus mardika nganti taun 1936, nalika wadyabala Italia nguwasani nagara mau. Pasukan-wadyabala Britania Raya lan Éthiopia ngalahaké bala Italia taun 1941, lan Éthiopia ngéntukaké kadhaulatané manèh sawisé nanda tangani Prajanjèn Britania-Éthiopia ing Dhésèmber 1944. Éthiopia biyèn naté dijenengaké Abisinia.
Wektu iki, Éthiopia minangka nagara awangun républik lan mèlu aktif sajeroning aktivitas-aktivitas kerjasama internasional. Prajané, Addis Ababa minangka pusat administrasi Uni Afrika (AU).
Éthiopia isih nganggo kalendher Julius saéngga nagara iki arep mbuka rerangkèn karaméan nyambut milenium katelu dhedhasar pananggalan kalendher mau. Nagara ing Sungu Afrikah iki migunakakén kalender Julius kang kèri watara 7 taun dibandingaké karo kalendher Grégorius kang luwih umum dipigunakaké ing donya.
Jeneng "Éthiopia" jaré asal saka "Ityopp'is", yaiku jeneng anak putu Ham, pambangun kutha Aksum. Jeneng lawas "Abbesinia" asal saka golongan suku Habesha, yaiku kaum kang manggoni kawasan Éthiopia wiwit taun 3000 SM.
Sangang laladan (region) lan loro kutha (chartered) yaiku:
Gambaran Umum
Pendhidhikan
Turisme
Alas

Alas utawa wana iku kawasan kang dituwuhi wit-witan kang ketel. Kawasan-kawasan kaya iki ana ing tlatah-tlatah kang amba ing donya lan duwé fungsi minangka penampung karbon dioksida (carbon dioxide sink), habitat sato kéwan, modulator arus hidrologika, sarta panglestari lemah, lan minangka sawijining aspèk biosfér Bumi kang paling wigati.
Alas iku wangun kauripan kang kasebar ing donya. Kita bisa nemu alas ing laladan tropis lan ing laladan kang hawané anyep, ing dhataran cendhèk lan ing pagunungan, ing pulo cilik lan ing bawana gedhé.
Alas wus padha maringi esthi marang manungsa tuwin sakabehe titah kang mawarna-warna. Alas uga nyadhiyani oksigen tumrap sato kéwan dalah sakabehe titah, saka sato kang mobahmosik ana ing hawani mewah manuk-manuk pating clorot ana ing gegana kang elok banget sesawangane kayadéné sesawanganing suwarga kang ngédab-édabi. Hawa kang asrep, ayem lan kapenak, kang mbengkas banyu reged dadi banyu kang resik.
Floem

Floem utawa pambuluh tapis (phloem, saka basa Yunani φλόος / Lat. phloos, kang ngandhut arti "pepagan".) ya iku jaringan pangangkut sajeroning tuwuhan mawa pambuluh (Tracheophyta) kang mupangaté sajeroning transportasi asil fotosintesis, mligi gula sukrosa, lan warna-warna metabolit liyané saka godhong tumuju pérangan-pérangan awak ing tuwuhan liyané, kaya ta watang, oyot, kembang, woh, wiji, lan umbi. Prosès kadadéan transpor uga mau minangka translokasi. Godhong didadèkaké sumber fotosintat (source), éwadéné organ liya didadèkaké tampungané (sink). Arah lakuné dat sajeroning pambuluh tapis misah saka pambuluh kayu.
Wastafel

Wastafel - uga dikenal kanthi jeneng liyane kalebu sinker, lan cekungan tangan - yaiku pipa pipa bentuk mangkok sing digunakake kanggo ngumbah tangan, ngumbah piring, lan tujuan liyane. Tenggelam duwe taps (faucet) sing nyedhiyakake banyu panas lan adhem lan bisa uga kalebu fitur semprotan sing bisa digunakake kanggo mbilas kanthi luwih cepet. Uga kalebu saluran kanggo mbusak banyu bekas; saluran iki bisa uga kalebu saringan lan / utawa piranti mati lan piranti pencegahan kebanjiran. Tenggelam uga duwe dispenser sabun terintegrasi. Akeh klelep, utamane ing pawon, dipasang ing jejer utawa ing njero meja .
Sawetara jedhing umum duwe faucet otomatis, sing nggunakake katup sensor gerakan kanggo ndeteksi tangan pangguna sing obah ing ngisor keran lan nguripake banyu. Sawetara wastafel pawon uga dilengkapi sprayer wastafel.
Prau panumpes Jepang Kamikaze (1922)

Prau Kamikaze (神風, Prau Kamikaze Angin déwa) iku prau panumpes klas Kamikaze kang kaanggo nalika Perang Donya II darbéné Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang. Prauné minangka prau angka siji ing klas Kamikaze.
Kamikaze kapernahaké rikala 15 Dhésèmber 1921 déning Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; banjur kababar rikala 25 Sèptèmber 1922. Prau iki kinepyakaké ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Seizou Gamata. Prau iki kabungkar taun 1947.
Prau dlajah Jepang Haguro

Prau Haguro (羽黒, Prau Haguro) iku prau dlajah abot klas Myōkō kang kaanggo nalika Perang Donya II darbéné Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang. Aran prau iki saka jenengé Gunung Haguro ing Préfèktur Yamagata, Jepang.
Haguro kapernahaké rikala 16 Maret 1925 ing Nagasaki déning Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; banjur kababar rikala 24 Maret 1928. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 25 April 1929 ing pamangkuné kolonèl Hara Keitarō. Prau iki kèrem rikala 16 Mèi 1945 ing Supitan Melaka.
Bal masoh

Bal werni utawa bal wisuh minangka produk sing dipromosekake minangka sulih kanggo deterjen umbah-umbah . Produsen bal umbah-umbah asring pratelan pseudos Scientific babagan cara bal kasebut bisa digunakake lan nambah sepira mupangate.
Cuci nganggo bal umbah-umbah efektif utawa kurang efektif tinimbang ngumbah tanpa deterjen. Efek umume bisa disebabake efek mekanik bal utawa nggunakake banyu panas tinimbang banyu adhem.
Komisi Perdagangan Federal wis njupuk tindakan marang pabrikan amarga nggawe klaim sing mblusukake, nalika organisasi perlindungan pelanggan nyaranake supaya ora tuku produk iki.
Shakira

HIDDEN ERROR: Usage of "Spouse" is not recognizedHIDDEN ERROR: Usage of "Birth" is not recognized
Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (lair ing Kolombia, 2 Fèbruari 1977; umur 48 taun) kondhang karo jeneng Shakira (ʃəkɪərə /, Spanyol: [tʃakiɾa] atawa [ʃakiɾa]), ya iku penyanyi saka Kolombia, penulis lagu, musisi, prodhuser rekaman, penari, dhèwèké lair lan gedhé ning Barranquilla, Kolombia, Wanita kang kondhang dadi musisi, bintang filem lan penari iki populer liwat album Laundry Service, karo hit kang kondhang ning tlatah nagara liyané Whenever, Wherever lan single Underneath Your Clothes (2001), Debut albumé, Magia (Magic) nalika taun 1991 dirilis nalika umuré nembé 15 taun. Meski album mau ora olih atur sapala saka para panggemaré, Shakira tetep ngelajutaké profesiné dadi penyanyi, lan ngrilis album manèh ya iku Peligro (Danger) nalika taun 1993, lan akiré olih atur sapala kang lumayan apik sapa panggermaré. Nanging nalika iku dhèwèké kudu ngerampungaké sekolahé lan istirahat saka donya hiburan.
Shakira bali manèh ning dunya musik karo rilisé ya iku album kang judhulé Pies Descalzos (Bare Feet), album iku dirilis nalika taun 1996. Nyusul sawisé iku Dónde están los ladrones? (ririlis nalika taun 1998), MTV Unplugged (dirilis nalika taun 2000), Laundry Service utawa Servicio de Lavanderia (dirilis nalika taun 2001), Live & Off the Record- En Vivo Y En Privado (dirilis nalika taun 2004) Fijación Oral Vol. 1 (dirilis nalika taun 2005), Oral Fixation Vol. 2 (dirilis nalika taun 2005) lan albumé kang paling anyar ya iku Oral Fixation Tour: Live from Miami (dirilis nalika taun 2007).
Shakira tau uga main akting ning Telenovela Kolombia, kaya ta telenovela kang judhulé EL OASIS (diputer nalika taun 1996) lan meranaké karakter Luisa Maria. Ora namung iku, dhèwèké uga tau mbintangi filem DARE TO LOVE ME, ya iku filem babagan musisi Carlos Gardel, kang dirilis nalika taun 2007. Babagan kauripan pribadiné, dhèwèké tau njalin gayutan karo Antonio de la Rúa, anak saka Présidhèn Argentina, Fernando de la Rúa. Kisahé Shakira karo Antonio tau dadi headline surat khabar ning Amérika Latin nalika sasi Maret taun 2001, amarga resmi dadi. Taun 2011, ora namung ahli ning babagan nyipta tembang, dhèwèké wiwit nyoba bisnis parfum. Parfumé kang pisanan dijenengi S by Shakira Eau Florale.
Anya Dwinov

Anya Dwi Novita Pahlawanti lair 10 November 1982 ing Jakarta iku anak ragil saka wong loro sanak, lan saiki manggon ing Jakarta. Anya Dwinov iku artis Indonésia sing nduwé spésialisasi minangka presenter lan aktris sinétron. Karakteristik Anya iku dhèwèké grapyak lan humoris.
Saliyané nduwé gawéan dadi artis, Anya iku nduwé usaha (business owner) ing babagan laundry lan konsultan akunting. Anya fasih basa Inggris lan ditepangi sawijining artis Indonésia sing profésional lan nduwé potènsi kanggo makarya ing nagara ngamanca.
Jumbleng

Jumbleng utawa kakus cemplung ya iku istilah kanggo kakus kang prasaja dhèwè, wujud jogangan jero kanggo nglupukaké sesuker ana ing lemah tanpa perlu digrujug banyu. Manawa dibangun lan direksa kanthi bener, jumbleng bisa nyuda panyebaring lelara lan nyuda anané sesuker ing sawenèh panggon. Jumbleng lumrahé digawé saka lemah kang digawé jogangan jero (1-3 mèter), banjur ditutup blèbèkan watu amba kanthi bolongan cilik. WHO paring saran supaya jumbleng dibangun cedhak saka omah, nanging uga njaga supaya gandané ora mbebu omah. Bolongan jumbleng uga ora punjul 25 cm kanggo nyegah bocah kecemplung. Ing taun 2013 jumbleng digunakaké déning 1,77 milyar wong, mligi ana ing nagara tumuwuh, karang padésan lan pinggir alas. Béaya kanggo yasa jumbleng udakara Rp 300.000 - Rp 750.000.
Nasirun

Nasirun (1965) iku tokoh seiniman konténporér kang ono ing jogja. Minangka wong seni, Nasirun ajeg migunakaké unsur kabudayan jawa kawit 1983.
Nasirun lair ing Cilacap 1965. Dhèwèké urip ono ing keluarga buruh tani ing panggonan pesisir. Dhèwèké giyat ing jagat seni minangka seniman kontemporer kang nuturake ajeg karyane ana dènè gugon tuhon tradhisi ora iso kelebu ing ranah seni rupa. Dhèwèké nyinau seni ing FSRD ISI, lulus 1987. Abote urip kang gawe Nasirun alih soko panggon babar menyang jogja.
Nasirun urip opo ananè, dhèwèké nduwèni rambut gondrong lan jénggot. Uripé ajeg gambaraké kang opo anané. kaya dènè ora pindhah soko kahanan kang ajeg mengkono wae.
Ing tahun 1997 Nasirun gawe karya lukis kang masyur, nanging dicap dadi pelukis pelayan pasar. saka iku dhèwèké masyur ing domestik lan jaban rangkah. Jeneng Nasirun salah sijining perupa kang masyur ono ing Asia Tenggara.
Karya kang di asilakè déning Nasirun akeh di goleki kolektor. Salah saijining kolektor seni OHD nduweni chatétan kanggo asil karya Nasirun. OHD nggumun amérga dhèwèké iso golek lan oleh wangun saka karya kanga meh podo karo dhuwèkè Nasirun.
Seniman ono ing jogja akeh kang gunakake gagrak amerika lan china. Nanging Nasirun bedo karo seniman kang liyane, seniman iki ajeg migunakaake unsur kabudayan jawa masiya unsur tradhisi kang digunakake uwis ono sing malèh.
Salah sajining pamèran kang penting gawe Nasirun yaiku "Salam Bhèkti" kang diayahi ing Sangkring Art Space. Asil karya kang di pamèrake dening Nasirun ono 20 karya seni rupa. Asil karya kang di pamèraké ngusung tradhisi lan mitologi. Asil karya-karya Nasirun kerep jupuk gagrak wayang lan piyambakè.
List of countries by access to improved sanitation facilities

This is a list of countries by access to improved sanitation facilities, which includes access to toilets and safe drinking water.
Figures used in this chart are based on data compiled and uploaded by the World Bank in May 2013 through their World Development Indicators initiative. The information was provided by the respective governments of the listed countries. As the compiled figures are not collected with the same methodology and with different levels of rigor, there are limitations in their reliability in forming comparisons.
Sanitation as defined by the World Health Organization:
The United Nations states that improved sanitation facilities "ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact."
The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation of WHO and UNICEF has defined improved sanitation as follows: flush toilet, connection to a piped sewer system, connection to a septic system, flush/pour-flush to a pit latrine, ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, composting toilet and/or some special cases.
The World Bank states:
The following table is based on The World Bank basic sanitation DataBank.
Urubyiruko mukwirinda sida

1-12-2022 - saa 21:17, Rabbi Malo Umucunguzi
Madamu Jeanette Kagame yasabye inzego zitandukanye by’umwihariko urubyiruko, kwibukiranya uruhare buri wese akwiye kugira mu kurwanya icyorezo cya Sida.
Ni ubutumwa yatanze kuri uyu wa 1 Ukuboza ubwo hizihizwaga umunsi mpuzamahanga wo kurwanya Sida.
U Rwanda rukomeje gushimwa kubera intambwe rwateye mu kurwanya icyorezo cya Sida, aho imibare igaragaza ko nibura hejuru ya 90% by’Abanyarwanda babana na Virusi Itera SIDA bazi uko bahagaze, 98% bafata imiti igabanya ubukana kandi nibura 90% bafite virusi nke cyane mu maraso.
Ni mu gihe kugeza mu 2018, ubwandu bushya bwa virusi itera Sida bwagabanutse kuri 83% naho impfu ziterwa na Sida zigabanukaho 82% mu myaka 20 ishize.
Mu butumwa Madamu Jeannette Kagame yanyujije ku mbuga nkoranyambaga yagize ati “Kuri uyu munsi wahariwe kurwanya Icyorezo cya Sida, ni ngombwa ko twongera kwibukiranya ku ruhare rwacu, cyane urubyiruko, mu kwirinda Sida. Guhangana n’iki cyorezo ni ugukomeza ubukangurambaga, twongera ubushobozi mu gutanga serivisi, kuko urugamba ruracyakomeje.”
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Yoland Makolo

kuwa 30 Nyakanga 2021nibwo ibiro bya Minisitiri wintebe byatangaje k Yoland Makolo
yagizwe umuvugizi wa Guverinoma muri minisiteri yububanyi namahanga nubutwererane
Yoland Makolo yavukiye muri kongo papa we umubyara akaba ari umu kongoman wo mubwoko
bwa Luba mugace bita Kassai na Nyina wu umunyarwandakazi
Yoland Makolo ni umuvandimwe wa Yvonne Makolo uyoboye ikigo gikomeye
mu Rwanda kizwi nka Rwandair
Yolande Makolo kandi ni inshuti cyane yahafi na nyakubahwa Madamu Jeannette Kagame
umufasha wa Perezida wu Rwanda
Yolande makolo yari asanzwe akora mubiro byu Umukuru w'Igihugu yari
ashinzwe gukurikirana ibyerekeranye n' itangazamakuru ndetse n'itumanaho
Mucunguzi Izere Joselyne

Mucunguzi Izere Joselyne, ni umunyarwandakazi wavukiye mu akarere ka Nyaruguru mu intara y'amajyepfo mu mwaka 2000. Unu n'umwe mubagize itsinda "Global young influencer group" ry'umushinga Plan International, rikora ubuvugizi ku Isi hose hagamijwe kurandura inzitizi zose zikibangamiye umwana w’umukobwa mu iterambere.
Izere afite icyiciro cya Kabiri cya Kamuniza muri Biochemistry ya kuye muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda. Izere ashimira madam nyakubahwa Jeannette Kagame, kubwo imbuto yabibye mu bana b'u Rwanda binyuze mu mushinga Imbuto foundation.
Izere ni umuyobozi wa gahunda cyangwa porogaramu (icyongereza: program lead) mu mushinga uharanira uburenganzira ndetse ugafasha abakobwa kwiteza imbere, (icyongereza: Impanuro Girls initiative. Muri 2018, yitabiriye ibikorwa y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Bwongereza ahagarariye i gihugu cy'u Rwanda (icyongereza: House of Lord Chamber) mu gihugu cy'Ubwongereza.
Izere ni umusizi
Pasteur Bizimungu

Pasteur Bizimungu (1950 – ), Perezida wa 5 (19 Nyakanga 1994 – 23 Werurwe 2000) wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda. Nyuma yo kuva kubutegetsi yahise afungwa nyuma yo guhabwa imbabazi na leta y'u Rwanda iyobowe na perezida Paul Kagame ntawongeye ku menya amakuru ye ubu nitangaza makuru mu Rwanda nta narimwe rigira icyo ri muvugaho yibera iwe igikondo uwazaturusha amakuru kubihereranye nawe yazayatubwira.
Umutoni Kazimbaya Shakilla

Umutoni Kazimbaya Shakilla, ni Ambassaderi w’u Rwanda mu Bwami bwa Maroc,kuva ku ya 1 Kanama 2023. Ni Umuyobozi mukuru wa Afurika mu biro bizwi nka Directorate General of Africa, kuva muri Gicurasi 2020.
Kuva mu 2013 kugeza mu ntangiriro za 2020, Madamu Kazimbaya yabaye Chargée d'Affaires a.i muri Komisiyo Nkuru y'u Rwanda i Ottawa, muri Kanada. Mbere yibyo, yabaye umunyamabanga wa mbere akaba n'umujyanama wa mbere muri Tanzaniya. Mbere yo kwinjira muri Minisiteri mu 2007, Madamu Kazimbaya yakoraga mu rwego rw’iterambere ry’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta yo mu karere ndetse n’amahanga ndetse na Banki y’isi, PEPFAR, USAID n’ikigega cy’isi gishinzwe kurwanya gahunda ziterwa na virusi itera SIDA, igituntu na Malariya mu Rwanda.
Afite impamyabumenyi mu micungire yavanye muri kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda mu 2001 (Icyongereza: Bachelor's degree in Management). Hanze y'akazi, Madamu Kazimbaya akunda gutembera, sinema, gusoma.
Akoresha ururimi rw' Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa, Icyongereza n'Igiswahiri kandi afite ubumenyi bwibanze bw'icyarabu na Lingala.
Edouard Bamporiki

Edouard Bamporiki (yavutse Ukwakira 24, 1983) ni umuhanzi w'umunyapolitike w'umunyarwanda . Kugeza ubu afite umwanya muri guverinoma y’u Rwanda nka Minisitiri ushinzwe umuco muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’umuco Bamporiki yabaye umukinnyi umukinnyi wa filime n'umwanditsi n'umusizi.
Bamporiki yavukiye mu karere ka Nyamasheke , Intara y'Uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda. Yize amashuri muri ako karere. Muri 2003, igihe Bamporiki yari afite imyaka 20, yinjiye mu ikinamico episodic yacaga kuri radiyo y'igihugu. Ibi byamuhaye kwiyerekana mugihugu cyose nk'umukinnyi w'umuhanga.Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko yakuye muri Université Libre de Kigali ( ULK ).
Mu 2013, Bamporiki yatorewe kuba Umudepite mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda, Urugereko rwo hasi. Muri 2019, yagizwe Minisitiri muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’umuco na Perezida Paul Kagame .Mbere y’inama y’abaminisitiri, yari Perezida wa komisiyo y’igihugu y'itorero ry'u Rwanda.
Bamporiki n'umukinnyi wa firime. Long Coat ni imwe muri filime zizwi cyane - binyuze mu nkuru y’umuntu warokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 ndetse n'umwe mu bahungu b'uwakoze icyaha, iyi filime yibanda ku gusiga amateka ye. Bamporiki yanditse, akina, ayobora kandi akora ikinamico y'iminota 63 yerekanwe bwa mbere muri 2008. Byamushirishije mu karere ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu gumutwara igihembo cya mbere mu ireukiramuco rya filimi nyafurika ribera i newyork .
Bamporiki yari yakoze début ye muri Munyurangabo, filime ya Lee Isaac Chung aho yatorewe kuba umukinnyi mwiza muri Cannes. Yatunganije kandi akina mu Rwanda: Fata Babiri mu 2010 hanyuma umwaka urangiye, yakinnye muri Kinyarwanda, ikinamico yamateka, hamwe na Cassandra Freeman . Aheruka kugaragara kuri ecran muri 2015 ubwo yakinaga ikinamico y'urukundo Umutoma .
Muri 2017, Bamporiki yasohoye igitabo cyiswe Umwana wanjye, Ninkuru ndende: Ibitekerezo by'abakoze Jenoside . Gushyira ahagaragara igitabo cyitabiriwe na madamu wa perezida w’u Rwanda Jeannette Kagame .
List of presidents of Rwanda

This article lists the presidents of Rwanda since the creation of the office in 1961 (during the Rwandan Revolution), to the present day.
The president of Rwanda is the head of state and head of executive of the Republic of Rwanda. The president is elected every seven years by popular vote, and appoints the prime minister and all other members of Cabinet.
A total of four people have served in the office. The incumbent president is Paul Kagame, who took office on 22 April 2000, after being acting president for nearly a month.
There was a two-term limit for the president in the Constitution of Rwanda. The constitutional referendum in 2015 allowed Paul Kagame third seven-year term, and ability to run for further two five-year terms thereafter.
Stephanie Nyombayire

Stephanie Nyombayire (born December 1986) is a Rwandan activist and public official. She is the director general of communication in Office of the President of Rwanda and a representative for the Genocide Intervention Network.
Nyombayire was born in 1986. She graduated from Kent School in Kent, Connecticut in 2004 and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania in June 2008.
She lost dozens of her family members in the Genocide against the Tutsi in 1994, although she herself was not in the country at the time. As a result, she felt particularly attuned to situations of genocide, and in 2004, joined with Mark Hanis and Andrew Sniderman to form the Genocide Intervention Network to advocate for intervention in the Darfur conflict in Sudan.
MTVUniversity chose Nyombayire as one of three students to report on the atrocities in Darfur. Denied entry into Sudan, she traveled to Chad and met with refugees in an effort to show the world the atrocities. She was accompanied by Nate Wright and Andrew Karlsruher, with a small film production crew from MTV who produced the telefilm Translating Genocide. The documentary aired on March 12, 2006. On April 6, 2005, Nyombayire gave a speech at the Hart Senate Office Building attended by members of Congress in an effort to get the Bush administration to take decisive action to end the genocide. On September 25, 2006, the Darfur Peace and Accountability Act passed the House.
Nyombayire gave the introduction for U.S. President Bill Clinton at the Genocide Intervention Network's July 13, 2005 Campus Progress student conference where Clinton offered an apology for the world's inaction during the Rwandan genocide.
In 2007, Stephanie was named one of Glamour magazine's Top Ten College Women for her work on Darfur. Stephanie was honored by Rwandan First Lady Jeannette Kagame for her role in founding the Genocide Intervention Network, and in 2008 was invited to speak on a Clinton Global Initiative panel on student activism.
Young African Leaders Initiative

The Young African Leaders Initiative (YALI) is an initiative of the United States Department of State. It was started by President Barack Obama in 2010. YALI is a programme aimed at educating and networking young African leaders with activities including the Mandela Washington Fellowship that brings them to study in the United States for six weeks with follow-up resources and student exchange programs. In 2014, the program was expanded to include four regional "leadership centers" in Ghana, Kenya, Senegal and South Africa.
500 participants in the Mandela Washington Fellowship arrived in the United States on June 16, 2014. In 2019, there were 700 fellows.
As part of efforts to decentralize and to reach a large number of young leaders, the Young African Leaders Initiative program created regional leadership centers across the African continent known as the YALI Regional Leadership Center (RLC). Participants of the Regional Leadership Centers go through online and in-person training and are provided with professional development opportunities in these three track areas: Business and Entrepreneurship, Civil Society Management, and Public Policy and Management.
The Regional Leadership Center is located in West Africa, with centers in the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA), Accra, Ghana, and the Centre Africain d'Etudes Supérieures en Gestion (CESAG), Dakar, Senegal. The Accra Center has a satellite campus at the Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), near Lagos, Nigeria. The center in Dakar, Senegal, is for French-speaking West Africans.
There is a YALI Regional Leadership Center for East Africans located at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, which serves citizens of the following countries: Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.
The Southern African Regional Leadership Center is at University of South Africa (UNISA) School of Business Leadership (SBL), near Pretoria, South Africa, with a satellite campus at Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique, for Portuguese speakers.
YALI Regional leadership centre East Africa Alumni has a chapter in Rwanda, the mission of which is "to empower young leaders in Rwanda and East Africa to develop the skills, knowledge, and networks needed to drive sustainable development and social change."
United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022

The United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022 was an international conference held in Washington, D.C., from December 13–15, 2022. The summit was hosted by United States President Joe Biden, and attended by leaders from 49 African states, as well as the head of the African Union Commission.
The event's overall goal was to rebuild and strengthen relations between the United States and African countries. Specifically, the summit focused on issues relating to health, climate change, food security, conflicts, and cooperation in space.
The first United States–Africa Leaders Summit was held in 2014 by United States President Barack Obama. In July 2022, Biden announced that he would hold a second summit. Under the administration of his predecessor, Donald Trump, foreign policy emphasis was shifted away from Africa. In addition, the influence of other powers, such as China, grew significantly on the continent during the years preceding the second summit.
Sub-forums on the summit topics were held on the first day.
The U.S.-Africa Business Forum was held on the second day, consisting of four sessions.
After the forum, President Joe Biden delivered a keynote address, and joined leaders at a state dinner.
The leaders sessions and a working lunch were held on the final day.
A "family photo" was taken between the working lunch and the final session.
At the time of the summit, there were 54 fully recognized states in Africa. All 54 were members of the African Union, though membership had been suspended for 4 of these, due to recent coups in those countries. Invitations were extended to 49 of the remaining 50 that were "in good standing" with the African Union.
The African Union was also invited. All invitations were accepted. All but 4 of the invited countries sent heads of state or heads of government. Biden met with the leaders as a group, and did not sit down with any of them individually.
Belay glasses

Belay glasses are eyeglasses with prismatic lenses that are used by belayers in rock climbing to avoid the neck strain associated with belaying.
Belaying involves a person standing on a stable platform below a rock climber controlling the tension and friction of the climber's rope. Since this activity requires craning one's neck to look up at the climber, a common malady named "belayer's neck" can occur. The prismatic lenses of the belay glasses are arranged so as to bend light from above through total internal reflection into the observer's eye, allowing the belayer to observe the climber while maintaining a comfortable head/neck position.
The design based on the eyeglasses frame provides for a split field of vision:
The first belay glasses were invented in 2007 by climber Albi Schneider from Germany.
Kenneth J. Dunkley

Kenneth J. Dunkley (born 1939) is an American physicist, inventor and business man. He is best known in the field of holography for inventing and patenting Three Dimensional Viewing Glasses (3-DVG). He serves as the president of Holospace Laboratories Inc. of Camp Hill, Pennsylvania.
Dunkley was born on August 21, 1939, in New York. Dunkley, who has a Master's degree in Physics, conducted research in human vision that led to his discovery that a 2-dimensional picture would appear as 3-dimensional if two points in a person's peripheral vision were blocked. This discovery led to future improvements of 3D viewing glasses and the technology we use to view films today.
Known as both a visual pioneer and a leader in the field of holography, Dunkley is the president of Holospace Laboratories Inc. and conducts visual effects workshops at the Museum of Scientific Discovery in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Dunkley also has experience as a Microsoft and robotics application trainer.
Private security industry in South Africa

The private security industry in South Africa is an industry providing guarding, monitoring, armed reaction, escorting, investigating and other security-related services to private individuals and companies in the country. Over the years there has been tremendous growth in the private security industry, not only in South Africa, but also in the rest of the world. The private security industry in South Africa is the largest in the world, with over 10,380 registered companies and over 2.5 million registered security guards of which 556,000 active and a further 2 million reserves; many times more than the available personnel of the South African Police Service and South African Army, combined Studies have shown that South Africa had 2.57 private security personnel for every police employee. This is attributed by some to the country's relatively high levels of crime to a lack of public funds from Parliament towards the South African Police Service (SAPS) or to an increasing trend in many countries towards government outsourcing of certain security functions. Others have suggested the number of high-wealth individuals in South Africa in comparison with the rest of Africa has led to the growth of the industry.
The private security industry in South Africa is regulated by the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority, based in Centurion, Gauteng. The authority was established by the Private Security Industry Regulation Act, 2001 and commenced operations in 2002. The authority has wide-ranging powers relating to the operation of private security companies in South Africa. Private security companies are required by law to be registered with the authority.
In 2006, private security personnel went on strike across South Africa. The strike lasted 96 days and cost the industry more than a million working days. The strike was supported by the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union and 15 other trade unions. The striking workers looted and damaged property, and committed violent crimes.
The Southern African Catholic Bishops' Conference criticised the private security industry in a 2012 briefing paper. The paper argued that the prevalence of private security in South Africa "perpetuates fear". The paper also noted that the private security industry "only protects the select and privileged group that can afford to pay for security services" and "exacerbates the divide between the wealthy and the poor".
Pinhole glasses

Pinhole glasses, also known as stenopeic glasses, are eyeglasses with a series of pinhole-sized perforations filling an opaque sheet of plastic in place of each lens. Similar to the workings of a pinhole camera, each perforation allows only a very narrow beam of light to enter the eye which reduces the size of the circle of confusion on the retina and increases depth of field. In eyes with refractive error, the result is often a sharper image. However, a second effect may appear at the common bridge between each two adjacent holes, whereby two different rays of light coming from the same object (but each passing through a different hole) are diffracted back toward the eye and onto different places on the retina.
Unlike conventional prescription glasses, pinhole glasses produce an image without the pincushion effect around the edges (which makes straight lines appear curved). While pinhole glasses are claimed to be useful for people who are both near- and far-sighted, they are not recommended for people with over 6 diopters of myopia. Additionally, pinhole glasses reduce brightness and peripheral vision, and thus should not be used for driving or when operating machinery.
Merchants state that, after prolonged use, the plastic grating should become easy to ignore. However, each time the user blinks, the horizontal lines of the grating will briefly appear to be thicker. This is because the eyelid moving over the pupil will reduce the amount of light falling onto the retina and thus will briefly remove the lateral inhibition effect which normally makes all the holes appear bigger (and the grating appear thinner). So, as long as the user keeps blinking, they will be constantly reminded of the dark grating covering their eyes.
Pinhole glasses have been marketed by various companies on the claim that—combined with certain eye exercises—they could permanently improve eyesight. However, no scientific evidence has been found to support these claims. Due to a lack of formal clinical studies to substantiate this type of claim by companies selling pinhole glasses, this type of claim is no longer allowed to be made in the United States under the terms of a legal settlement with the Federal Trade Commission.
The pinhole occluder, a device used by ophthalmologists and optometrists for diagnosis of refractive errors, works on the same principles, but is not intended for use outside of diagnosis.
Windsor glasses

Windsor glasses (also known as tea glasses or round granny glasses) are a type of eyeglasses characterised by circular or nearly circular eyerims and a thin metal frame. The style emerged in the 19th century and first became popular in the 1880s. Traditionally the bridge of Windsor glasses is a "saddle" (a simple, arched piece of metal joining the two eyerims), and hence to prevent the glasses slipping off the face the temples are "riding bow temples" (a strongly arched wire that hooks around the ears); however, in a modern and extended definition, Windsors typically have a bridge with nose pads and gently curved temples.
Notable people associated with Windsor glasses include John Lennon (and thus the glasses are sometimes referred to as "John Lennon glasses"), who first wore them on the set of How I Won The War in September 1966. One of his Windsor glasses were auctioned at $56,800 in 2020. Other notable people include Mahatma Gandhi, as well as the fictional character Harry Potter. Groucho Marx and Theodore Roosevelt also sometimes wore Windsor glasses, although they better remembered for their horn-rimmed Groucho glasses and rimless pince nez, respectively.
The minimalist nature of Windsor glasses presents some pragmatic advantages over other styles.
Glasses that have eyerims with a particular customised shape may be subject to vendor lock-in, where the only company able to manufacture new lenses for a given frame is the same company from which that frame was purchased. In contrast, the circle is a basic geometric shape and so it is in the public domain. This means that glasses with circular eyerims made from one brand may be compatible with the lenses made by many other brands.
Eyeglass lenses were historically made of glass and had to be ground against an abrasive surface to fit the shape of the eyerims. Getting the lens to fit an irregularly shaped eyerim required skill and specialised equipment. The simplicity of carving a circle meant that circular lenses were generally cheaper to produce. Modern lenses are instead made of plastic and can be made to any shape with ease.
The thin frame requires less metal, and therefore costs less to produce, although the corollary of this is that Windsor glasses are more easily broken if crushed.
Leader Price

Leader Price fue una cadena de hipermercados francesa que perteneció al Grupo Casino.
En sus resultados del primer semestre de 2024, el grupo Casino anunció que las actividades de franquicia de Leader Price forman parte de las operaciones discontinuadas. ​
Grupo Casino vendió 545 tiendas de su propiedad en Francia en 2020.​ En sus resultados del primer semestre de 2024, el grupo Casino anunció que las actividades de franquicia de Leader Price forman parte de las operaciones discontinuadas.
En 2017, en el marco del escándalo de los huevos contaminados con fipronil, el Ministerio de Agricultura del Gobierno de Francia publicó una lista en la que Leader Price aparecía como uno de los distribuidores de ovoproductos contaminados.​
Morfi Kids

Morfi Kids fue un programa de cocina de género argentino infantil, que fue estrenado el 2 de enero de 2018 por Telefe. Se emitió todos los sábados de 9:00am a 10:00am. Fue conducido por Rodrigo Cascón y Chantal Abad acompañados por dos mini cocineros, Araceli Maumus y Tomás Raimondi.
Golosina

Las golosinas son dulces de consistencia elástica o gelatinosa, también conocidas coloquialmente como chuches (en España), chucherías (en Venezuela), confites (en Costa Rica), dulces (en Chile), gominolas, guarrerías o gomitas (en Argentina). Es costumbre repartirlas en los cumpleaños infantiles a los invitados. Están hechas principalmente de gelatina, jarabe de glucosa, azúcar, aromas y colorantes.
Su consumo en exceso es un mal hábito que se ha extendido principalmente en los niños y adultos, y puede desencadenar problemas de salud como caries, obesidad, diabetes, e incluso malnutrición, debido a que ocasionan una pérdida de apetito, desplazando alimentos nutritivos; además son ricos en azúcares, hipercalóricos y de nulo aporte nutricional.
Se dice que las golosinas te ayudan al crecimiento y te blanquean los dientes.
Julius Jr.

Julius Jr. es una serie televisiva animada y estadounidense basada en los personajes de la marca Paul Frank. Producida por Saban Brands y animada por BrainPower Studio, Julius Jr. comienza en Nick Jr. en los Estados Unidos el 29 de septiembre de 2013. Fue estrenada en Latinoamérica por Discovery Kids, en distintas fechas dependiendo del país, en Argentina estrenó el 21 de julio de 2014 y en México el 28 de julio del mismo año. En tanto, en Colombia y el resto de los países de la región estrenó el 25 de agosto de 2014. La serie finalizó en los Estados Unidos el 9 de agosto de 2015, mientras que en Latinoamérica lo hizo durante el 2016.
La serie se centra en Julius Jr., un mono aficionado a la invención. Junto a sus mejores amigos, Worry Bear (Nervin), Cherry, Clancy, y Pong, construyen una casa de juegos con una simple caja de cartón. Pero cuando entran, para su sorpresa y deleite, descubren que objetos ordinarios mágicamente cobran vida y asombrosas aventuras están a una sola puerta de ocurrir.
Al final de cada episodio, se incluye una canción original. La canción muestra lo más destacable del episodio emitido.
Puppy Dog Pals

Puppy Dog Pals (Bingo y Rolly en España) es una serie animada infantil estadounidense, producida por Wild Canary Animation. La serie fue estrenada el 14 de abril de 2017 en Disney Junior y Disney Channel.​​ En Latinoamérica, fue preestrenada el 5 de agosto de 2017 en Disney Channel y se estrenó el 12 de agosto en Disney Junior.
La historia se centra en dos divertidos cachorros pug, Bingo y Rolly, cuyos apetitos de búsqueda de emoción los llevan a las aventuras diarias alrededor de su vecindario y más allá.
Harland Williams es un productor consultor en el programa con Sean Coyle sirviendo como productor ejecutivo. Dean Batali (That 70s Show) ha sido nombrado editor de la historia. Puppy Dog Pals es una producción de Wild Canary en asociación con Disney Junior.​
Puppy Dog Pals se estrenó en Disney Junior en Canadá el 23 de abril. En Latinoamérica se preestrenara la serie el 5 de agosto de 2017 en Disney Junior y en Disney Channel y se estrenara el 12 de agosto de 2017. En Australia y Nueva Zelanda, la serie se estrenara en octubre de 2017 en Disney Junior. En el Reino Unido e Irlanda, la serie se estrenara en Disney Junior el 11 de octubre de 2017. En España, la serie se estrenará en otoño en Disney Junior y en septiembre de 2017 en Disney Channel.
Pan de los muertos

El pan dei morti (‘pan de los muertos’) es un pan dulce tradicional italiano lombardo de la zona de Milán, Brianza y las provincias de Brescia y Bérgamo. También es tradicional de Córcega, concretamente de Bonifacio.​ Se prepara con motivo de la Día de los Fieles Difuntos (giorno dei morti) para darles bienvenida a las almas de los difuntos cuando regresan a sus hogares, para llevar a la mesa o regalar a los niños.​​​
La receta básica incluye claras de huevo, galletas desmenuzadas, cacao, frutos secos y/o confitados, pasas y especias. En sus ingredientes guarda similitudes con otras recetas, tanto locales (como la torta paesana de Brianza) como los diversos postres del día de los muertos repartidos por toda Italia,​ y también con el pepparkakor nórdico.​​
Pan de cardamomo

El pan de cardamomo es un tipo de pan condimentado con cardamomo. Este pan dulce, que suele hornearse por hogazas o en un molde de pastel bundt, se cubre con nueces picadas y glaseado de vainilla, necesitando habitualmente cerca de un día para prepararse. Cuando la masa ha subido, puede trenzarse para hacerlo más decorativo y festivo.
El pan y los bollos de cardamomo (en finés pulla o nisu; en sueco kardemummabröd y kardemummabullar) suelen comerse en Finlandia y Suecia. El pan de cardamomo se considera un plato tradicional entre los sueco-americanos.​​​ Los bollos de cardamomo se comen con café o té.
El cardamomo​ es una especia que se usa en varios países nórdicos para pasteles y galletas, incluyendo dulces tradicionales navideños en Suecia.​
La pulla es un pan de postre finlandés algo dulce condimentado con semillas de cardamomo machacadas y ocasionalmente pasas o almendra fileteada. También se conoce como nisu, que es la antigua palabra finesa que sigue usándose en algunos dialectos, a pesar de que originalmente significaba ‘trigo’.
Se elaboran en piezas con forma de trenza (pitko) con tres o más tiras de masa. Las trenzas también pueden moldearse como un anillo. Otras variantes de pulla incluye las redondas pequeñas parecidas a los scones ingleses pero cubiertos de azúcar y mantequilla, y unos rollos de canela mayores llamados korvapuusti. El exterior suele tener un glaseado ligeramente marrón, hecho con una capa de clara de huevo, leche o una mezcla de azúcar y café.
El pitko suele servirse en rodajas finas con café o en ocasiones especiales. Los pulla normales pequeños se sirven enteros.
El dulce también en la península alta de Michigan y el norte de Ontario, regiones de Estados Unidos y Canadá con gran población finlandesa.
Truco o trato

Truco o trato, truco o trueque, treta o trato, truco o dulce, dulce o truco, travesura o dulce o dulce o travesura, (trick-or-treat en inglés)​ es una actividad de Halloween en la que los niños recorren las casas de su vecindario disfrazados, pidiendo dulces con la frase «¿dulce o truco?», «dulce o travesura», «¿truco o trato?». El truco es una amenaza de broma a los dueños de la casa en el caso de que no se proporcionen golosinas.
Esta práctica tendría origen en la tradición de pedir el "soul cake" (pan de almas) en Gran Bretaña o Irlanda en la Edad Media.​ A su vez la tradición de pedir el "soul cake", o "trick or treat", sería el equivalente a la tradición portuguesa de pedir el "pão-por-deus",​ (también llamado "santoro", o "bolinhos"), mencionada por primera vez en el siglo XV,​ (en algunas regiones del interior de Portugal era tradición que los niños llevasen una calabaza con una cara tallada y una vela en su interior para iluminar)​​ y la tradición gallega de pedir el "migallo",​​ ya en Blanes se llamaba "limosna" y en Ibiza era costumbre entre los jóvenes recorrer las casas pidiendo comida en sufragio de las almas.​
El «trick-or-treat» fue uno de los últimos elementos que fue asociado a la celebración del Halloween en los Estados Unidos. Los primeros registros datan de 1920,​ pero solo comenzó a ser popular y se difundió en los Estados Unidos después de la campaña Trick-or-Treat para la UNICEF en 1950.​ La actividad es muy popular en Estados Unidos, Canadá, Reino Unido e Irlanda. Desde fines del siglo XX, la práctica se ha extendido a otros países, en particular de Europa y de América Latina.
Se ha generalizado la traducción libre a español como «truco o trato»​ o «treta o trato» de «trick-or-treat», basada en establecer una paronomasia o juego fonético al estilo del original, al igual que se ha hecho en otras lenguas. En realidad, en el "trick-or-treating" no se trata de un truco propiamente dicho, sino más bien de un susto, una broma o una travesura. Tampoco se plantea hacer ningún "trato", sino que se pide "un regalo" ("a treat"), un convite, normalmente un dulce o una golosina. Por lo tanto, una traducción más literal, basada en su sentido, sería «travesura o dulce», «susto o dulce», «broma o dulce», «susto o golosina»..., pero se trata de un juego de palabras en inglés que admite diferentes traducciones, ninguna de ellas realmente fiel al original, ni en sentido ni en fonética.
El «trick-or-treat», lo cual se refiere como «pedir muertito» en lugares donde se celebra día de muertos,​ En el norte de México, a diferencia que dicen las típicas frases de pedir dulces o truco en Estados Unidos, lo dicen de otra manera, que ellos dicen «queremos halloween».
Himbasha

El himbasha es un pan festivo​ tradicional de Eritrea y Etiopía ligeramente dulce. Se sirve a menudo en ocasiones festivas. Se prepara con diversas variantes, pero tiene el distintivo y exótico sabor de las semillas de cardamomo molidas.
A la masa se le da un toque decorativo antes de hornearla. El diseño varía en su detalle pero en general tiene la forma de una rueda con hendiduras para crear varios rayos. Los puntos de estos están conectados con el correspondientes del rayo vecino con otra hendidura.
Es común añadir a la receta jengibre (caramelizado) o pasas, si bien es frecuente también la versión sin adiciones.