davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Impatiens sodenii

Impatiens sodenii is a species of flowering plant in the family Balsaminaceae known by the common names poor man's rhododendron, Oliver's touch-me-not, and shrub balsam. It is native to Kenya and Tanzania, and widely cultivated as an ornamental plant.
This plant is a subshrub growing up to 1.5 meters tall. The stems are succulent, and woody toward the bases. It is hairless, with leaves in whorls of up to 12, especially near the ends of the branches. The leaves are widely lance-shaped, or occasionally more oblong, with toothed edges. They are up to 18 centimeters long.
Flowers occur year-round, singly or in pairs. They are white or pink, sometimes with darker markings, and measure up to 5 centimeters in width. The lowest sepal behind the corolla tapers into a long, thin spur up to 8 centimeters long. The greenish fruit capsule is up to 2.4 centimeters long and undergoes explosive dehiscence when mature.
This plant is used as an ornamental garden shrub, and is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Several cultivars have been bred, including the white-flowered 'Madonna'. 'Flash' has white flowers with pink markings, and 'La Vida Rosa' has flowers marked with a deeper pink.
This is the most commonly grown impatiens in New Zealand, where it has escaped cultivation and become a weed. It is cultivated in Australia, where it has naturalized in a few areas in Western Australia and New South Wales. It is documented as an introduced species in the Canary Islands, Hawaii, and Colombia.
Acanthus (plant)

Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. This flowering plant is nectar-producing and depends on butterflies, such as Anartia fatima, and other nectar-feeding organisms to distribute its pollen. Common names include Acanthus and bear's breeches. The generic name derives from the Greek term ἄκανθος (akanthos) for Acanthus mollis, a plant that was commonly imitated in Corinthian capitals.
The genus comprises herbaceous perennial plants, rarely subshrubs, with spiny leaves and flower spikes bearing white or purplish flowers. Size varies from 0.4 to 2 m (1.3 to 6.6 ft) in height.
29 species are accepted:
Acanthus leaves were the aesthetic basis for capitals in the Corinthian order of architecture; Several species, especially A. balcanicus, A. spinosus and A. mollis, are grown as ornamental plants.
Acanthus leaves also have many medicinal uses. Acanthus ilicifolius, whose chemical composition has been heavily researched, is widely used in ethnopharmaceutical applications, including in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine. Various parts of Acanthus ilicifolius have been used to treat asthma, diabetes, leprosy, hepatitis, snake bites, and rheumatoid arthritis. The leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, noted for their antioxidant properties, are used for making herbal tea in Thailand and Indonesia.
Hedychium coronarium

Hedychium coronarium, the white garland-lily or white ginger lily, is a perennial flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae, native to the forest understorey of Asia.
Other common names include butterfly lily, Khumpui, fragrant garland flower, Indian garland flower, white butterfly ginger lily or white ginger.
It is an upright perennial which may reach 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) in height. It has long pointed leaves, with heavily scented white flowers with yellow bases. In its native environment flowering occurs between August and December.
It is native to the Eastern Himalayas of India (Sikkim and Tripura), Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan, through northernmost Myanmar and Thailand, southern China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi and Guangdong) to Taiwan in the East.
It is typically found growing in forests.
It is cultivated in warm temperate and subtropical regions of the world as an ornamental. In China it is cultivated for use in medicine and production of aromatic oil, due to the strong characteristic fragrance of the flowers, said to be reminiscent of jasmine.
In the UK, Hedychium coronarium has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
It is evergreen in warmer climates, but deciduous in mild winter temperate regions of North America and Europe. In the UK it is rated by the Royal Horticultural Society as hardy down to −5 °C (23 °F) in mild or coastal areas (H3).
It is also grown in state Tripura, the Northeastern region of India and is known as Khumpui. Hedychium coronarium is regarded sacred and is mentioned in folk tales of the Tripuri people.
Hedychium coronarium is the national flower of Cuba, where it is known as mariposa (literally "butterfly") due to its shape. Women used to adorn themselves with these fragrant flowers in Spanish colonial times; because of the intricate structure of the inflorescence, women hid and carried secret messages important to the independence cause under it. The plant has become naturalized in the cool rainy mountains in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province in the west, the Escambray Mountains in the center of the island, and in the Sierra Maestra in the very east of it.
Beyond its native range H. coronarium may be invasive in shallow water systems, along streams and in waterlogged areas. Once established, it is difficult to control due to vegetative reproduction through the underground spread of rhizomes. It was introduced in Brazil in the era of slavery, said to have been brought to the country by African slaves who used its leaves as mattresses, and is now considered naturalised in the states of Rio de Janeiro (where it is classed as invasive), Bahia and Espírito Santo. This species was first introduced as an ornamental to Hawaii around 1888 by Chinese immigrants, and is now considered a serious invader in mesic to wet areas of Maui and Hawaii island. Additionally, it is invasive in South Africa, where it is a declared weed, and propagation of plant material is considered prohibited. It is also invasive in New Caledonia.
Atrial cross

An atrial cross is a large cross placed in the capilla abierta, atrium, or large open space in front of Mexican church buildings. Most from recent centuries are in stone, with extensive ornamental carving in relief. They are a distinctive element of religious architecture in Mexico.
Originating during the Novohispanic era, these crosses reflect the fusion of pre-Columbian cultures and European Christianity. These stone sculptures, particularly found in the Valley of Mexico, are an element of an architectural style known as Tequitqui.
They may be compared with high cross tradition of the British Isles, also begun in a newly-converted society.
Atrial crosses have their roots in the time of the Spanish conquest of Mexico. Originally made from wood, they were commonly erected in the atriums of new churches and convents, serving as focal points for the evangelization of Indigenous populations. These crosses became symbols of the Catholic Church's presence and a visual reminder of the new faith being introduced. Mendicant friars placed the crosses in the center of their buildings to symbolize their belief in the centrality of Jesus Christ; for Mesoamericans the central placement also evoked the axis mundi.
They were normally produced by indigenous artisans. As a result, they combined symbolic Christian iconography like the Arma Christi with Indigenous iconography, such as local plants.
The pictographic nature of these sculptures was used to help convey the passion of Jesus to Indigenous peoples.
The face of Jesus Christ is sometimes included on the crosses. Some of these depictions have Indigenous facial features rather than European. The inclusion of plants and flowers has been interpreted as a symbolic representation of the atrial cross as a tree of life.
Capsicum frutescens

Capsicum frutescens is a wild chili pepper having genetic proximity to the cultivated pepper Capsicum chinense native to Central and South America. Pepper cultivars of C. frutescens can be annual or short-lived perennial plants. Flowers are white with a greenish white or greenish yellow corolla, and are either insect- or self-pollinated. The plants' berries typically grow erect; ellipsoid-conical to lanceoloid shaped. They are usually very small and pungent, growing 10–20 millimetres (0.39–0.79 in) long and 3–7 millimetres (0.12–0.28 in) in diameter. Fruit typically grows a pale yellow and matures to a bright red, but can also be other colors. C. frutescens has a smaller variety of shapes compared to other Capsicum species. C. frutescens has been bred to produce ornamental strains because of its large quantities of erect peppers growing in colorful ripening patterns.
Capsicum frutescens includes the following cultivars and/or varieties:
The Capsicum frutescens species likely originated in South or Central America. It spread quickly throughout the tropical and subtropical regions in this area and still grows wild today. Capsicum frutescens is native to Central America and Northern and Western South America. C. frutescens may be related to C. chinense.
According to Richard Pankhurst, C. frutescens (known as barbaré) was so important to the national cuisine of Ethiopia, at least as early as the 19th century, "that it was cultivated extensively in the warmer areas wherever the soil was suitable." Although it was grown in every province, barbaré was especially extensive in Yejju, "which supplied much of Showa as well as other neighbouring provinces". He singles out the upper Golima River valley as almost entirely devoted to cultivating this plant, where thousands of acres were devoted to the plant and it was harvested year-round.
This pepper is common in eastern and southern India where it grows readily in a favorable climate. It is known locally by various common names.It is called 'kantharimulaku' in Malayalam.
Siling labuyo, the local cultivar of C. frutescens in the Philippines, developed from plants introduced during the Spanish colonial era. The fruits are widely used for making traditional dips (sawsawan), spiced vinegar (like sinamak), and condiments like palapa. They are also commonly added to various dishes. The leaves are also eaten as a leafy vegetable, most notably in the soup dish tinola.
Helicoverpa assulta is one of very few insects that can successfully feed on the red pepper because it can tolerate capsaicin.
Agave angustifolia

Agave angustifolia (Caribbean agave) is a species of agave plant which is native to Mexico and Central America. It is used to make mezcal and also as an ornamental plant. The cultivar 'Marginata' that white margins on the leaves is a popular variety cultivated in botanical gardens and backyards. It is very closely related to blue agave Agave tequilana, but is used to make the distilled alcoholic beverage mezcal instead of tequila, and is the predominant agave species grown in the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
Mangave

Mangaves are plants formerly given the nothogenus name × Mangave. They are derived from hybridizing species in the genus Agave and the former genus Manfreda. Manfreda is now included in Agave, so the scientific name is obsolete. Mangaves are often employed as ornamental plants in dry environments, as they possess traits of durability found in both parents. Around 30–40 cultivars were available as of 2020.
The name × Mangave was first coined in 2005 by Tony Avent of Plant Delights Nursery and Carl Schoenfeld and Wade Roitsch of Yucca Do Nursery to describe two plants growing at Yucca Do Nursery in Hempstead, Texas. The plants originated from seed collected as Manfreda in the wild in Northern Mexico that were growing adjacent to plants of Agave mitis (A. celsii). Only two seedlings from the original seed batch were hybrids. Another cultivar of the plant, 'Bloodspot', was the product of breeding Agave maculata (then known as Manfreda maculosa) and Agave macroacantha in Japan.
Around the same time that 'Bloodspot' was being developed, these crosses were being made by others including Dr. John Lindstrom of the University of Arkansas and Tony Avent of Plant Delights Nursery/Juniper Level Botanic Garden in Raleigh, North Carolina. Two breakthroughs in the development of the hybrids came when Hans Hansen of Shady Oaks Nursery in Minnesota became the first person to successfully micropropagate mangaves. Both 'Bloodspot' and 'Macha Mocha' were tissue cultured in vitro, resulting in both becoming more widespread in cultivation. Tissue culture also resulted in two new cultivars derived from a mutation of 'Macho Mocha'. These were named 'Espresso' and 'Cappucino'.
Upon moving from Minnesota to Michigan to become a plant breeder for Walters Gardens, Hans Hansen dived deeper into mangave breeding, creating over 40 cultivars as of 2018.
Mangaves resemble compact, symmetrical agaves with succulent leaves. They typically grow to 8–24 in (20–60 cm) high and up to 18 in (50 cm) wide, although some can grow up to 4 ft (120 cm) high and 6 ft (180 cm) wide. The leaves of the plant are stiff, sometimes fragile, and variable in foliage color and patterns. Mangaves flower in June and July, producing brown flowers.
Mangaves inherit the drought-resisting traits of their parent plants. They can resist high temperatures and direct sunlight, but prefer shade. The plant can survive below freezing temperatures, but can become damaged if the temperature drops below -6 degrees Celsius. Although their drought resistance makes them particularly desirable plants in hot, dry places such as California, they can also be cultivated in parts of countries like the United Kingdom. They lack the dangerous spines of many species of Agave.
About 30 cultivars were available as of November 2020. These include:
Ar Redadeg

Ar Redadeg zo ur redadeg hir, war droad, noz-deiz e-pad meur a zevezh, aozet a-hed hag a-dreuz Breizh evit dastum arc'hant evit ar brezhoneg hag ar gallaoueg. Bep eil bloaz e vez aozet en deizioù kentañ a Vae.
Aozet e oa bet ar Redadeg kentañ e 2008, gant Diwan evit lidañ he 30 vloaz.
Aozet eo gant ar gevredigezh Ar Redadeg, diazezet e Morzhell, e Bro-Roazhon.
Savet eo war batrom Korrika Euskal Herria a zo bet krouet e 1980 hag a vez redet bremañ bep eil vloaz. Eno e vez redet war-dro 2 300 km dre an holl vroioù euskarek (Euskadi ha Nafarroa e Spagn, hag Iparralde e Bro-C'hall).
Ur redadeg a-eiladoù eo, 9 km a vez redet e pep eurvezh. Pep kilometr a vez redet gant un den er penn a-raok o tougen ur vazh-test kizellet e koad, ha neb a gar war e lerc'h. Evit dougen ar vazh-test war-hed ur c'hilometr eo ret paeañ 100 euro. E kêrioù ha kêriadennoù e vez aozet un degemer d'an arvesterien ha d'ar rederien, predoù, sonadegoù.
Ar vazh-test zo ur vazhig koad, ennañ ur barzhoneg a vez lennet e dibenn ar redadeg. Arouez ar brezhoneg douget a zorn da zorn (hag "a di da di" hervez al lugan pennañ) eo.
Kanaouennoù zo bet savet evit ar Redadeg, ha gallout a reer klevout anezho:
Redadeg 2018

Redadeg 2018 eo ar 6vet Redadeg, anezhi 1 800 km dre bemp departamant Breizh e miz Mae 2018.
C'hoarvezet eo eus ar 4 a viz Mae 2018, pa loc'has eus Kemper, betek an 12 a viz Mae pa zegouezhas e Plougerne.
Redadeg 2008

Redadeg 2008 a oa ur redadeg 600 kilometr, war droad, noz-deiz, eus Naoned da Garaez, dre Redon, Gwened, Henbont, Kemper, Plougastell, Lesneven, Montroulez, Lannuon ha Gwengamp, aozet gant Diwan en deizioù kentañ a Vae e 2008 evit lidañ he 30 vloaz.
Aozet e oa gant ar gevredigezh Ar Redadeg, diazezet e Morzhell, e Bro-Roazhon.
Ur redadeg a-eilek e oa, 9 km a veze redet e pep eurvezh. Pep kilometr a veze redet gant un den er penn a-raok o tougen ur vazh-test kizellet e koad, ha neb a gare war e lerc'h. Evit dougen ar vazh-test war-hed ur c'hilometr e oa ret paeañ 100 euro. E kêrioù ha kêriadennoù e veze aozet un degemer d'an arvesterien ha d'ar rederien, predoù, sonadegoù.
Setu an tennadoù-hent a zo bet redet : - 1añ a viz Mae: Naoned-Kemperle - 2 a viz Mae: Kemperle-Lanneur - 3 a viz Mae: Lanmeur-Karaez
Loc’hañ a reas ar redadeg e Naoned d’ar Merc'her 30 a viz Ebrel 2008, da walarn, da skeiñ war-du Gwened. Degouezhout a reas e Karaez d'ar Sadorn 3 a viz Mae, war-dro 16 eur 30, a-raok ar gouel aozet eno gant tud Diwan. Kêrioù pennañ treuzet : Naoned, Kernitron-al-Lann, Blaen, Redon, Kistreberzh, Gwened, Sant-Teve, An Alre, Henbont, An Oriant, Kemperle, Banaleg, Rosporden, Kemper, Brieg, Kastellin, Daoulaz, Plougastell-Daoulaz, Ar Releg-Kerhuon, Gwipavaz, Plabenneg, Lesneven, Montroulez, Lannuon, Gwengamp, Plijidi, Karaez.
Ur ganaouenn a oa bet kempennet evit Redadeg 2008, gant EV, ur ganaouenn gozh, Redadeg, a c'haller selaou amañ: [1] (You Tube).
Redadeg 2012

Redadeg 2012 zo ur Redadeg dre Vreizh a c'hoarvez e miz Mae 2012 e Breizh adalek an 12, ma loc'h eus Brest, betek Douarnenez ma tegouezh d'an 19 a viz Mae, goude 1 500 km dre bemp departamant Breizh.
Ofis publik ar brezhoneg

Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg (OPAB) zo un diazezadur publik a genlabour sevenadurel (DPKS) bet krouet gant Rannvro Breizh, Rannvro Broioù-al-Liger, kuzulioù pemp departamant Breizh istorel hag ar Stad c'hall d'ar 17 a viz Gwengolo 2010 da gemer lec'h ar gevredigezh Ofis ar Brezhoneg adalek miz Here 2010. Er bloaz 1999 e oa bet krouet Ofis ar brezhoneg diwar youl Rannvro Breizh. Abaoe 2004 e oa bet embannet fraezh c'hoant ar Rannvro da gemmañ ar statud a-benn sevel un DPKS.
Brudañ ar yezh hag he skoazellañ d'en em zispakañ war holl dachennoù implij ur yezh zo e-touez kefridioù pennañ OPAB. Lakaat a ra an Ofis publik da dalvezout ar politikerezhioù yezh a vez fiziet ennañ gant ar strollegezhioù publik a zo ezel eus an Diazezadur. Strivañ a ra da frammañ diorroadur ar c'hinnig deskadurezh divyezhek peurgetket. Perzh a gemer ivez, da vat, el labour pinvidikaat korpus ar yezh hag azasaat ar brezhoneg ouzh ezhommoù ar bed a-vremañ.
Setu amañ aozadur OPAB e dibenn ar bloaz 2021.
Labourat a ra ar pol Yezh war korpus ar brezhoneg.
Redadeg 2010

Redadeg 2010 eo anv ofisiel an eil redadeg evit ar brezhoneg a oa loc'het e Roazhon d'an 10 a viz Mae 2010 da 11 eur diouzh ar beure hag a oa echuet e Pondi d'ar 15, da 5 eur goude merenn, a-benn 1200 km. Klasket e oa bet dastum 100.000 €, an hanter a vo evit Diwan, an hanter evit raktresoù all.
Goulennet e oa bet sevel ur ganaouenn a vefe hini ofisiel ar Redadeg 2010, diwar-benn ar « brezhoneg er gêr ». Brudet eo bet ar ganaouenn Redadeg 2010 savet gant David ar Gall, kelenner e Diwan.
Div ganaouenn a oa bet kinniget e 2008 met ne oant ket bet gwall implijet.
An arc'hant a vo dastumet gant ar Redadeg a vo roet da gevredigezhioù zo. Un hanter (50 000 €) a vo roet da Ziwan hag an hanter all (50 000 €) a vo rannet etre kevredigezhioù all a ginnig raktresoù evit ar brezhoneg.
Ar raktresoù a zo bet dibabet evit bezañ skoazellet gant ar Redadeg 2010 a zo :
An daou raktres-mañ a vo skoazellet ma vez dastumet arc'hant a-walc'h :
Simbol

Ar simbol, pe ar vuoc'h, a oa un dra (ur [botez-koad|votez-koa]]d da lakaat en e gerc'henn alies) a veze roet d'ur bugel pa veze tapet o komz brezhoneg er skolioù gallek.
D'e dro e c'halle e reiñ d'ur bugel a gleve o vrezhonegañ. An hini a veze ar simbol gantañ e diwezh an devezh a veze kastizet en un doare bennak gant ar skolaer. Evel-se e tesked d'ar vugale paouez da gomz brezhoneg, eveshaat ha flatrañ an eil egile.
Doareoù heñvel a veze e trevadennoù Bro-C'hall hag e re Bro-Saoz.
Ar simbol zo bet roet e parrez Boulvriag koulz er skol gristen hag er skol-Stad.
Gouel ar Sakramant

Gouel ar Sakramant zo ur gouel relijiel katolik hag anglikan a vez lidet d'ar Yaou a deu goude Gouel an Dreinded, da lâret eo tri-ugent devezh goude Pask.
Hervez istorourien 'zo e voe krouet ar gouel-se, gouel Corpus Christi pe hini korf ha gwad Jezuz, en XII kantved.
Corpus Christi eo an anv e latin, un anv a vez adkavet el lec'hanvadurezh.
Gouel Breizh

Gouel Breizh (Fête de la Bretagne e galleg) a zo un hollad abadennoù ha festoù savet war-dro an 19 a viz Mae (devezh sant Erwan, sant-paeron Breizh) e Breizh hag er bed a-bezh gant Bretoned divroet. Abaoe 2009 eo meret gant Kuzul-rannvro Breizh. Betek 2010 e veze anv eus «Gouel Erwan» ha «Saint-Yves» pe «Fest'Yves» e galleg, met divadezet e oa bet war-lerc'h klemm aozadurioù laik.
Nedeleg

Nedeleg zo ur gouel kristen, hini ganedigezh Jezuz, mab Doue hervez ar gristenion. "Gouel Ginivelezh Hor Salver" eo an anv dik el liderezh kristen.
E 1843 e skrivas Charles Dickens ar romant A Christmas Carol a reas da spered an Nedeleg advevañ.
Hiziv an deiz e vez lidet gouel Nedeleg gant nann-kristenion ivez. Dizoueidi, yuzevion, muzulmidi, hogos an holl familhoù a laka ur wezennig sapr kinklet en o sal-vras da geñver dibenn ar bloaz.
D'ar 25 a viz Kerzu an hini eo e vez lidet Nedeleg peurvuiañ (Nozveilh ar Pellgent a c'hoarvez eta etre ar 24 hag ar 25), nemet evit darn eus an ilizoù reizhkredennek, a zalc'h d'ar 7 a viz Genver (e Rusia, Polonia, Tchekia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Jorjia), ha d’ar 6 a viz Genver emañ evit Iliz Armenia.
An deiziad a zo bet termenet gant an iliz katolik da glotañ gant Gouel Yann ar Badezour, d'ar 24 a viz Mezheven, c'hwec'h miz a-raok, lesanvet "an Diaraoger", dre m'en doa disklêriet "Me eo ar vouezh a gri en dezerzh : kempennit an hent d'an Aotrou".
Gouel ar familh eo evit kalz a dud, gouel ar vugale dreist-holl, a c'hortoz gant mall profoù ar " Mabig Jezuz " evit ar gristenion, pe "Tad-kozh Nedeleg" (pe an Tad Nedeleg) bet degaset gantañ "dre ar siminal", e-harz ar wezenn-sapr, dirak botoù pep hini, e-pad noz ar Pellgent.
Giz ar profoù da-geñver Nedeleg en deus lakaet ar gouel-se da vezañ ur mare a-bouez evit ar c'henwerzh, ha kavet e vez abeg en emdroadur-se a zo natur koulskoude en armerzh a hiziv, diazezet war ar beveziñ.
C'hoarielloù, c'hoarioù pe arc'hant a vez profet d'ar vugale ha d'ar grennarded, ha profoù all d'an dud gour a-wechoù ivez. Paket e vezont gant paper-prof ha lakaet e vezont e traoñ ar wezenn Nedeleg. Digoret e vezont da hanternoz pe d'ar beure war-lerc'h.
Hetet e vez un Nedeleg Laouen d'an dud e kalz yezhoù
Ar Redadeg

Ar Redadeg (Breton for The Race) is a relay race modelled on the Basque Korrika. It takes place around Brittany over three days and three nights from Naoned (Nantes) to Karaez (Carhaix). Its aim is to raise funds each year to finance a project promoting the Breton language.
While the Korrika has taken place every two years since 1980, this is the first Redadeg to be organised started on April 30, 2008. The runners covered some 600 km (370 mi) at an average speed of 9 km (5.6 mi) per hour.
The route for Ar Redadeg was planned so it would go through the five Breton départements: Penn-ar-Bed (Finistère), Aodoù-an-Arvor (Côtes-d'Armor), Mor-Bihan (Morbihan, the only one to have been given a Breton name in French), Il-ha-Gwilen (Ille-et-Vilaine) and Liger-Atlantel (Loire-Atlantique). Note that the latter is not included in the region of Brittany, as defined by the French authorities, even though it is historically a part of Brittany. Starting the race in Naoned (Nantes), the préfecture of Liger-Atlantel is therefore highly significant.
At the end of every kilometre, runners would pass each other a baton containing a message to be read in Karaez at the end of the race. One fund-raising method in this event is payment by each runner of 100 euros for the privilege of bearing the baton over a kilometre.
The funds raised in the 2008 edition of the race will benefit the Diwan Schools, through which the French Ministry of Education curriculum is taught using the Breton language. The itinerary went through as many towns and cities as possible where Diwan schools are operating.
French governments have traditionally refused to give official status to any of the many languages spoken in France such as Alsatian, Basque, Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch (West Flemish) and Occitan, to mention only the better known continental ones. Instead, some acknowledgement was given to some of these languages (such as Breton) under the form of bilingual road signs and some teaching of regional languages on a voluntary basis. In spite of its linguistic and cultural diversity, and appeals made by linguistic minorities for granting of official status for their languages, France only lists French as its official language, while United Kingdom, for example, has granted official status to French (as an official language of Jersey) and Welsh (in Wales), along with Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland).
The existence of schools such as Diwan plays an essential role in the efforts made to pass the Breton language on to new generations, but the lack of an official status for the language they promote weakens their position.
Dom Duff

Dominique Le Duff (born 20 August 1960) is a Breton singer-songwriter.
Le Duff was born in Plouescat in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France. Dom Duff was raised on his parents coastal farm and learned both French and breton language.
In 1974 he started learning guitar, then joined various local bands for fifteen years. After horticultural studies he worked as a teacher, in garden centers, and as technician for vegetable seeds companies.
In 1995 he started to be a full-time musician and teamed up with friends to start the Breton music band Diwall. They toured a lot Europe and released two albums : "Dansal ha Nijal" (Dancing and Flying 1997) and "Setu ar Vuhez" (That's life 1999).
In 1999 he established himself as a solo act. His songwriting is mostly in Breton and 2003 was the release of his first album "Straed an Amann"(Butter street), nominated for 2003 best Breton album.
He is collaborating with artists such as Alan Stivell for the album Emerald, and joined him for the magical breton night Yaouank in Rennes on 11/19/2009. Dom collaborate also with Kila, Pascal Lamour, Bagad Roñsed Mor, Skilda.
In February 2010 Duff started a side project "Brythonics". He teamed up with Swansea songwriter Andy Jones. They wrote songs about Brythonics migrations and the show has been played three times in Brittany.
In 2012, Dom Duff has been asked to write the anthem of the famous breton relay "Redadeg" and Foeter Breizh (Breton Wanderer) was released for the event, been sung by runners all over the 1500 km all over Brittany.
Early 2013, he started a crowdfunding campaign to help him release his new project Babel Pow Wow, an album celebrating Global Diversity. The campaign worked well, about 300 listeners and pledgers helped him to reach the goal, through his crowdfunding page and also his website. Dom and collaborators started also their own label Paganab to help him release the album.
Rith

Rith (Irish pronunciation: [ɾˠɪh]) is a relay race organised in support of the Irish language. It was held for the first time in 2010 and coincided with Seachtain na Gaeilge, the Week of the Irish Language. It started in Galway and finished in Belfast, traversing both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
Rith is a spin-off from the Korrika, a relay race organised in the Basque in support of the Basque language since 1980. It has since spun off the Correllengua in Catalonia; Ar Redadeg in Brittany; and Corsa d'Aran in the Vall d'Aran.
Correllengua

The Correllengua (Eastern Calatan: [korəˈʎeŋɡwə]) is a campaign that is held annually in the Catalan Countries. Created in 1993 by cultural Catalan association Coordinadora d'Associacions per la Llengua Catalana (CAL), it has the aim of promoting the use of Catalan language. Inspired by the Basque Korrika, the Correllengua is a series of celebrations, street dances, cultural acts and fanfare of all kinds (such as Correfoc) in order to spread the Catalan language.
Mazapán de la Rosa

El Mazapán de la Rosa es un dulce de pequeño tamaño de origen mexicano, elaborado con azúcar, cacahuate y saborizante artificial, y es el producto estrella del grupo empresarial mexicano Dulces de la Rosa, con sede en Tlajomulco, Jalisco, México. Se trata de una de las botanas más populares del país, cuyo origen se remonta a los años 50.​ La receta surgió del mazapán, un dulce típico de España que originalmente se hacía con almendras.
Entre 1948 y 1950,​ el matrimonio de Don Jesús Michel González y Doña Elvira Velasco Rolón abren un negocio de dulces en Guadalajara, Jalisco, para mantener a su numerosa familia de trece hijos. Durante los primeros años, la empresa, que se llamaba Conitas, vendió diversos tipos de dulces: grageas, paletas y caramelos. No fue hasta 1950, cuando crearon la receta del Mazapán de la Rosa, inspirado en la receta original española de mazapán pero con un cambio: el uso de cacahuate en vez de almendra, ya que este fruto seco era más barato. Tampoco lleva huevos, mientras que la receta original sí.
En un principio, el emblema de los mazapanes Conitas no fue una rosa, sino tres fresitas. Sin embargo, al tiempo que comenzaron a promocionar su nuevo producto y se hacía más popular, otra empresa que también vendía mazapanes amenazó con demandarles porque su logotipo eran tres cerezas y ambos se veían bastante parecidos. El señor Michel decidió cambiar las fresas por una rosa, ya que por aquel entonces, Guadalajara se promocionaba como «la ciudad de las rosas».​
En 2018, con motivo del Día Mundial del Mazapán (12 de enero), la empresa Dulces de la Rosa cocinó el mazapán más grande del mundo, rompiendo un Récord Guiness, en un evento que organizaron con el ayuntamiento en la Plaza Fundadores de Guadalajara.​
Generalmente, el Mazapán de la Rosa se vende en las tienditas, y varios mercados y supermercados en México y los Estados Unidos, y se consume como botana o golosina. Sin embargo, también se pueden cocinar postres con el mazapán, como el helado de Mazapán de la Rosa, el agua fresca de Mazapán de la Rosa,​ natillas de Mazapán de la Rosa​ y hasta conchas de Mazapán de la Rosa.​
Además de los mazapanes populares, la empresa Dulces de la Rosa también cuenta con una línea de mazapanes sin azúcar y cubiertos de chocolate en dos tamaños diferentes, el mediano de 25 g, y el gigante de 66 g. La cobertura de chocolate se realiza con licor de cacao, azúcar, manteca de cacao, leche, etc. El mazapán gigante cuenta con la capacidad de contener doble relleno.​
Chocolate Chip Cookies (album)

Chocolate Chip Cookies is an album by Canadian folk rock band Leslie Spit Treeo, released in 1996. It is subtitled "A Rock & Roll Adventure".
The band intended to make "the mother of all concept albums." It contains a cover of Bob Snider's "Ancient Eyes". The band promoted the album by embarking on a full tour of Canada.
A double album, Chocolate Chip Cookies was originally released in a unique paper bag package similar to a cookie bag, with labelling that resembled the design of a Chips Ahoy! bag. Several weeks after the album's release, Nabisco threatened the band with a copyright infringement lawsuit, and in response, the band recalled all unsold copies of the album, held a bonfire in Toronto's High Park to burn the cookie bag packages, and rereleased the album in a conventional jewel case.
The Times Colonist stated: "Those seeking Mellon Collie-type angst in their sprawling, double disc epics will take solace in 'Average Joe''s rallying chorus cry of 'Life sucks!' and ballad 'Book of Rejection''s assertion that 'self- esteem may be over-rated/You're going nowhere without some hatred'."
AllMusic wrote that "the whole, interspersed with Chipmunks-speed spoken-word snippets that more or less advance (or confuse) the narrative, is worthy of Frank Zappa's wry genius in its combination of self-mockery and pinpoint satire."
Dasik

Dasik (Korean: 다식; lit. "tea food") is a bite-size hangwa that is normally accompanied by tea. It can be made by kneading grain or other edible seed flour or pollen with honey, then pressing them into a decorative mould called dasikpan (다식판). A dasik plate usually consists of an assortment of dasik of different colours, including green, yellow, pink, black, and white. Typical ingredients include: rice flour, pine pollen, black sesame, chestnut, and soybean.
Dasik is a food that was introduced to Korea from China during the Song dynasty in China. Dasik became a ceremonial food for weddings during the Joseon dynasty.
Dasik is shaped with a wooden or porcelain press that forms a patterned confectionery. The press is engraved with a design that forms an embossed pattern on the dasik piece. The design would symbolize the family's name in order to wish for a long life or for a special event, like hwangap or 60th birthday or weddings. Press the dough into a Dasikpan that has letters, flowers or a geometric pattern is embossed. The surface of dasik has letters, flower patterns, or Chinese letters 壽·福·康·寧 representing long life, luck, health and peacefulness. Two dasikpan forms one set. Its length is 30–60 cm, width is 5–6 cm, and thickness is 2–3 cm.
Sarasah

Sarasah atau aia tajun adolah formasi geologi dari aliran aia nan maalia malalui suatu formasi batu-batuan nan maalami erosi dan jatuah ka baruah dari keatinggian. Sarasah dapek barupo buatan nan biaso digunokan di taman. Babarapo sarasah tabantuak di lingkuangan barisan gunuang nan acok tajadi erosi.
Abu Road

Abu Road marupoan kabupaten dalam distrik Sirohi di nagara bagian Rajasthan, India.
Manuruik sensus India pado taun 2001, Abu Road punyo jumlah panduduak sabanyak 47.320 jiwa. Dari jumlah tu, laki-laki ado 53% dari jumlah populasi kasadonyo dan padusi ado %.
Manuruik sensus India pado taun 2001 Abu Road punyo tingkek pandidikan (kamampuan mambaco) 68%, iyolah malabihi tingkek rato-rato nasional; tadiri dari 60% dari lelaki jo 40% padusi nan dapek mambaco. 15% dari populasi baumua di bawah 6 taun. (2001)
Queens Park Rangers F.C.

Queens Park Rangers F.C. adolah sabuah klub sepak bola Inggirih di kota London nan kini bamain di Liga Utamo Inggirih, divisi nan paliang tinggi di sipak bola Inggirih. Klub iko mamainan patandiangan kandangnyo di Loftus Road nan bakapasitas 18.360 panonton.
Ipswich Town F.C.

Ipswich Town F.C. adolah sabuah tim sipak bola Inggrih. Bamarkas di Ipswich. Tim iko tabantuak taun 1878. Klub iko mamainkan patandiangan kandangnyo di Stadion Portman Road nan bakapasitas 30.000 panonton.
Saragam mareka bawarna biru jo sarawa putiah. Klub iko kini balaga di Liga Championship Inggrih.
Leba jalua kareta api

Leba jalua kareta api atau leba trek atau leba sepur atau jua leba rel (bahaso Inggirih: track gauge) adolah leba antaro sisi dalam kapalo rel pado leba sepur kareta api. Hampir anam puluah parsen trek kareta api di saluruah dunia manggunokan trek nan lebanyo 1435 mm, nan pado akhianyo disabuik sabagai sepur standar. Lebar trek yang kurang dari itu disebut sebagai sepur sompik (bahaso Inggirih: narrow gauge) dan nan lobiah leba disabuik sabagai sepur leba (bahaso Inggirih: broad gauge).
Di babarapo nagara ado nan manggunokan leba trek nan babedo sahinggo pado tampek-tampek tatantu paguno tigo rel dalam ciek sepur, sahinggo lintasan dapek dipakai basamoan antaro kareta dangan leba sepur nan ketek dan leba sepur nan godang.
Parsinyalan kareta api

Parsinyalan kareta api adolah sabuah sistem nan paguno untuak mangatua lalu lintas transportasi rel dan manjago jarak aman antar kareta api. Pamakaian parsinyalan kareta api batujuan supayo sistem transportasi rel bakarojo dangan totap mamatuhi kaâmanan jo kasalamaikan karajo sarato bakarajo sacaro efisien jo efektif. Nagara-nagara nan ado di dunia punyo jinih persinyalan kareta api nan baragam. Kareta api dapek manggunoan sinyal barupo peluit atau semboyan, semafor babantuak semafor bandero atau sinyal semafor kareta api, bilo jalua warono nan manggunoan warono atau cahayo lampu. Parsinyalan kareta api umumnyo tabagi manjadi duo jinih iyolah parsinyalan petak jalan tatok dan parsinyalan petak jalan bagarak.
Daftar lokomotif di Indonesia

Barikuik iko adolah daftar lokomotif di Indonesia nan pernah/sadang/akan dioperasikan.
Saluruah lokomotif uok di Indonesia dioperasikan salamo era kolonial Balando hinggo era PJKA, pado maso-maso 1980-an. Di Jabodetabek, lokomotif uok dioperasikan antaro tahun 1930-an hinggo tahun 1980-1990-an (sarupo: trem uok sabananyo alah ditutuik pado awal dekade 1980-an jo trem listrik sabenarnyo alah ditutuik pado akhia dekade 1990-an karano tageser dek kareta rel listrik, lokomotif diesel, angkutan kota jo kamunculan ojek sepeda motor). Lokomotif partama di Indonesia adolah NIS 1 dan 2 milik Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, untuak malayani jalur kareta api Semarang NIS-Tanggung. Daftar lokomotif uok di Indonesia barikuik indak mancakup sado lokomotif uok nan dioperasikan dek sado operator KA di Hindia Balando. Barikuik adolah daftar lokomotif uok di Indonesia.
Lokomotif diesel adolah kendaraan rel nan manggunokan tanago diesel untuak manggerakkan saluruah rangkaian kareta api.
Wikidata: Locomotives of Indonesia
Stasiun Lubuk Alung

Stasiun Lubuk Alung (LA) marupokan stasiun kereta api kelas II nan talatak di Lubuk Alung, Lubuk Alung, Padang Pariaman. Stasiun nan talatak pado katinggian +25 meter iko tamasuak dalam Divisi Regional II Sumatra Barat.
Stasiun iko adolah stasiun pacabangan manuju ka Padang, Pariaman, jo Sawahlunto; pacabangan barado sakitar 285 m di sabalah utara stasiun. Latak stasiun iko ado di balakang pasa. Stasiun iko mamiliki limo jalur kareta api jo jalur 2 marupokan sepur luruih arah Duku-Padang jo Kayu Tanam-Padang Panjang-Sawahlunto sarato jalur 3 marupokan sepur luruih dari dan ka arah Pariaman-Naras, tapi jalur 5 alah lamo dinonaktifkan.
Sumatran tropical pine forests

The Sumatran tropical pine forests is a tropical coniferous forest ecoregion on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia.
These pine forests are found on the higher slopes of Sumatra, especially in the north of the island near Lake Toba and along the Barisan Mountains, including the tall Mount Leuser. With 2500mm of rainfall per year, the pine forests have a tropical rainforest climate but are drier than the thick rainforest areas lower down the slopes, especially on the drier eastern aspects of the mountains.
This ecoregion is one of the rare areas of pine forest in the tropics with the dominant species Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii), which has become established in areas where rainforest has been disturbed throughout history by events including landslides and forest fires, as well as human clearance. Forest fire is an ongoing and continuous feature of the life-cycle of the forest.
There is less wildlife here than in the rainforest that covers most of the island, and there are no endemic mammals, but there are still a number of near-endemic species, including birds like the Sunda robin.
The pine forests of the higher areas are less vulnerable to clearance than the valuable hardwood rainforests lower down, and furthermore, a third of them are within the Kerinci Seblat and other national parks.
Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Island Press; Washington, DC.
1997 Indonesian forest fires

The 1987 group of forest fires in Indonesia that lasted well into 1998 were probably among the two or three, if not the largest, forest fires group in the last two centuries of recorded history.
In the middle of 1997 forest fires burning in Indonesia began to affect neighbouring countries, spreading thick clouds of smoke and haze to Malaysia and Singapore. Then Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad searched desperately for a solution, and based on a plan by the head of the Malaysian fire and rescue department sent a team of Malaysian firefighters across to Indonesia under code name Operation Haze. This is to mitigate the effect of the Haze to Malaysia economy. The value of the Haze damage to Malaysian GDP is estimated to be 0.30 per cent.
Seasonal rains in early December brought a brief respite but soon after the dry conditions and fires returned. By late 1997 and early 1998 Brunei, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and Sri Lanka had also felt the haze from the smoke of the forest fires. By the time the 1997–98 forest fires were finally over some 8 million hectares of land had burned while countless millions of people suffered from air pollution.
The 1997 Indonesian forest fires were caused by changing land use which made the tropical forest vulnerable to fire during a drought associated with that year's El Niño. Indonesian forests have historically been resistant to burning even during long dry seasons and despite the use of fire to clear land for swidden agriculture. The land use changes that led to the fires were a combination of industrial-scale logging, draining peatlands for conversion to oil palm and fast-growing tree plantations, and a massive government program to drain swamps and convert them to rice paddies. A total of 240 people perished in the wildfires.
Due to the heavy smoke caused by the fires, an Airbus A300 operating as Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashed on approach to Medan's Polonia Airport. All 234 people on board died, making it the worst crash in Indonesian history.
The total economic value of the damages is conservatively estimated to be US$4.47 billion, of which by far the largest share was borne by Indonesia. This figure excludes a number of damages that are especially difficult to measure or to value in monetary terms, such as loss of human life, long-term health impacts, and some biodiversity losses.
Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere, which is between 13 and 40% of the annual carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
As part of steps taken to avoid the recurring of the Haze, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) approved the need for an early warning system in the Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) in 1998 to prevent forest fires and the resulting haze through improved management policies and enforcements, example via Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS).
General:
Purwakarta–Cileunyi Toll Road

Purwakarta–Bandung–Cileunyi Toll Road or shortened as Purbaleunyi Toll Road is a toll road in Indonesia, connecting Purwakarta Regency, West Bandung, Cimahi and the city and regency of Bandung.
Before fully connected, this toll road segment was Padalarang–Cileunyi only. From 2003 until 2005, the segment of Cikampek–Padalarang was constructed. Since then, this toll road is part of Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road. The junction of both toll roads is located at kilometer 67. This toll road is famous for its scenic views, as well as notoriously known for its accidents on the Cipularang Segment.
The Purbaleunyi toll road starts from kilometre 67. This section is known as Cipularang. It has a length of 58 kilometres (36 mi). It connects Purwakarta Regency and West Bandung. This segment runs to a hill without any electricity, thus solar street lights have been installed. This section is notoriously known for its accidents, especially around kilometres 92-97. This section ends at Padalarang.
For technical aspects, Cipularang Toll Road has 2 lanes in each direction (with some little segments having a climbing lane for heavy vehicles). Unfortunately, this toll road may sometimes be closed for heavy vehicles traffic due to the difficult terrain to repair its condition. The famous event for this closure is Cisomang Bridge pillars break.
On 18 December 2022, Darangdan Toll Gate has been opened functionally as an access to Purwakarta Regency and West Bandung Regency. The toll gate was planned to be opened until 8 January 2022, and has remained operating since.
This toll road holds the record of longest exit-to-exit spans in Indonesia with Padalarang to Jatiluhur spans for 38 km without any other exits (for southbound) before being surpassed by Pematang Panggang–Kayuagung Toll Road in Sumatra, where the spans between Pematang Panggang and Kayuagung spans 91 km (KM239-KM330) without any exits between them.
This section is known as Padaleunyi. It has length of 33 kilometres (21 mi) for mainline and a grand total of 7.7 kilometres (4.8 mi) for Bandung City Main Links (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in Pasteur Link and 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) in Pasir Koja link). It crosses South Bandung, also acts as the third southern ring roads of Bandung Metropolitan Areas; the second ring road is Soekarno-Hatta Street, Bandung, while the first ring road consists of many city roads. It ends at Cileunyi, although there's an extension project to go to Sumedang and Kertajati International Airport via Cisumdawu Toll Road. For the future, this toll road will be used a main line for Southern Java toll roads network through Gedebage–Tasikmalaya–Cilacap Toll Road.
Famous destinations on this segment are:
From KM125 to KM150, Jakarta-Bandung High Speed Railway parallels this toll road.
Note that the toll road goes east–west from KM122-KM155, while from KM67-KM122, the direction is suggested south–north.
Note: The number on the exits is based on the distance from the western terminus of the Jakarta-Cikampek Toll Road, while the distance numbers are based on the distance from the western terminus of this toll road only
Indonesian National Route 14

Indonesian National Route 14 starts from Semarang on the north coast of Java and ends at Yogyakarta to the south.
It passes through spectacular mountain scenery as it proceeds through the Kedu Plain between the Merapi - Merbabu complex to the east, and Sumbing to the west.
Semarang – Ungaran – Bergas - Bawen – Ambarawa - Jambu - Pringsurat – Secang – Magelang – Mertoyudan - Muntilan – Salam - Sleman – Yogyakarta
It passes the city of Salak Fruit, Sleman. Near Mungkid, Central Java, this highway provides an entrance to Mendut and Borobudur Temples, and then the highway enters Magelang.
In Secang, Indonesian National Route 9 leading for Purwokerto diverges. After that it passes Bedono, where the Pesantren of Miftahul Jannah, owned by Pujiono Cahyo Widianto (better known as Syekh Puji), a controversial ulema and entrepreneur, is located. The highway also provides a way to view scenic Ambarawa and Rawa Pening. This National highway ends at Semarang, which is known for its Lawang Sewu, Bandeng Fish and lunpia.
The route of the former railway from Yogyakarta to Magelang runs close to the highway route, and in places former railway bridges and railway lines can be seen.
List of waterfalls in India

This is a list of waterfalls in India sorted by state. The Indian state of Karnataka has more waterfalls than any other state. Karnataka has 544 waterfalls which are at least 10 meters in height. With a height of 1493 feet, Kunchikal Falls in Shimoga District, Karnataka is the tallest waterfall in the country.
Aharbal Falls This lake is situated in the Kulgam district of Jammu and Kashmir.It is also known as "Niagara of Kashmir".Aharbal fall is on river 'Vishav', that originates from 'Kousar Nag' lake.(Raeeq Abdullah)
Idukki district alone has about 50 small or big waterfalls, most of which are not included above because of not being well known and some being only active during monsoons. It is the same with Wayanad district, Pathanamthitta district and other hilly districts.
Mirror Stone Cave

Mirror stone cave (or Goa Batu Cermin in Indonesian) is a cave or tunnel located in a rock hill in West Manggarai, Flores, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, just a few kilometers to the east of the town of Labuan Bajo.
The cave earns its name from the walls that sparkle when catching the morning sun through a crevice in the roof. The sparkling occurs because the cave walls contain salt, believed to be present from the time that the cave was presumed to be underwater thousands of years ago. Corals and fossils of marine animals have been found in the cave walls supporting the presumption that the district was once underwater.
List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft (1960–1969)

This is a list of notable accidents and incidents involving military aircraft grouped by the year in which the accident or incident occurred. Not all of the aircraft were in operation at the time. For more exhaustive lists, see the Aircraft Crash Record Office, the Air Safety Network, or the Dutch Scramble Website Brush and Dustpan Database. Combat losses are not included, except for a very few cases denoted by singular circumstances.
Information on aircraft gives the type, and if available, the serial number of the operator in italics, the constructors number, also known as the manufacturer's serial number (c/n), exterior codes in apostrophes, nicknames (if any) in quotation marks, flight callsign in italics, and operating units.
Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopter of the Indian Air Force, on an inspection tour crashed in Poonch district en route to Poonch town, killing all six people on board. Six distinguished officers of the Indian Armed Forces were on board, including three general officers, an air officer and a brigadier.