davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Héctor Azar

Héctor Azar (Atlixco, Puebla, 17 de octubre de 1930 - Ciudad de México, 11 de mayo de 2000) fue un abogado, dramaturgo, maestro, escritor y académico mexicano.
Obtuvo una licenciatura en Derecho, y una maestría en Letras en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Se especializó en el teatro, llegando a ser director de escena, promotor teatral y cultural. Parafrasenado a Aristóteles, se autodefinió como un Zoon Theatrykon o animal teatral.
Fue director de la Casa del Lago, jefe del Departamento de Teatro de la UNAM y jefe del Departamento de Teatro del Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (INBA). Como director llevó a escena más de cien obras y como dramaturgo escribió más de veinticinco obras. Como promotor del teatro, fundó el Teatro del Caballito, el Centro Universitario de Teatro, el Teatro de la Ciudad Universitaria, la Compañía de Teatro Universitario, el Espacio C, el Teatro Espacio 15, el Foro Isabelino, la Compañía Nacional de Teatro y el Centro de Arte Dramático (CADAC).
En 1993, fue designado secretario de Cultura por el gobierno del estado de Puebla. Durante su gestión fundó la Compañía Estatal de Teatro y la Orquesta Sinfónica del Estado de Puebla. Organizó el Magno Festival Palafoxiano y creó los museos de Arte Virreinal y Arte Moderno.​
Fue miembro de la Sociedad Mexicana de Geografía y Estadística, de la Academia Nacional de Arquitectura y miembro del Seminario de Cultura Mexicana. Fue nombrado miembro de número de la Academia Mexicana de la Lengua, tomó posesión de la silla II el 14 de mayo de 1987. Murió en la Ciudad de México el 11 de mayo de 2000.​
Como escritor, incursionó en varios géneros literarios:
Videojuego tradicional

Un videojuego tradicional es una adaptación a videojuego de un juego no perteneciente a las computadoras (como un juego de mesa o juego de cartas).
La mayoría de los juegos de mesa y de cartas que han alcanzado una amplia y difusa popularidad han sido adaptados a videojuego, como por ejemplo Monopoly, Generala, Corazones y Solitario.
Los videojuegos tradicionales, especialmente los videojuegos de cartas, se han convertido en un pilar de los sistemas de computadoras debido a que son relativamente simples y funcionan en la mayoría de las computadoras.
Mesa de juego

Una mesa de juego es un tipo de mueble diseñado para desarrollar juegos de mesa sobre él.
Por lo general, la diferencia entre las mesas de juego y las mesas tradicionales radica en que su tablero ha sido diseñado para entablar algunos juegos de mesa específicos o juegos de mesa en general. Entre las mesas de juego más comunes se encuentran las que tienen dibujado o taraceado un tablero cuadrado de 8 x 8 casillas para jugar al ajedrez o las damas o el clásico tablero de triángulos rojos y negros del juego del backgammon.​
Algunas mesas simplemente se diferencian del resto por tener un tapete cubriendo el tablero superior con el fin de desarrollar juegos de cartas sobre el mismo o cualquier otra actividad lúdica que se pueda realizar sobre una mesa. Las mesas de juego suelen contar con cajones en uno o varios de sus lados en los que se guardan las fichas, los dados, las barajas o los tableros necesarios para el completo desarrollo del juego. Una vez terminada la actividad, se guardan en los mismos para tenerlos accesibles para la siguiente ocasión.
Además, las mesas de juego suelen tener un doble fondo y un mecanismo de tapas de madera. Gracias a esto, se pueden desplegar los juegos en el doble fondo y poner las tapas cuando se quiera, pudiendo utilizar así la mesa tanto para jugar como para comer.​ Como el juego puede que se realice de forma esporádica o distontinua, muchas mesas de juego tienen una o varias piezas plegables. Su objeto es bien que puedan ser recogidas para ocupar el menor espacio posible, en cuyo caso son las patas las que se pliegan, bien dar una utilidad decorativa o funcional al tablero en cuyo caso es éste el que se pliega o recoge sobre sí mismo por medio de bisagras.​
Algunas mesas también incluyen raíles para poder apoyar las cartas, una lámina de metacrilato para proteger mapas y luces led para dar una mejor iluminación a las partidas.
Lotería del crimen season 3

The third season of the Mexican television series Lotería del crimen was announced in January 2024. All starring cast members from the previous season returned with the exception of Tatiana del Real and Angélica Lara, who departed the series in the season premiere. The season, consisting of 24 episodes, aired from 10 June 2024 to 18 July 2024, on Azteca 7.
On 22 January 2024, TV Azteca renewed Lotería del crimen for a third season. Filming of the season concluded on 4 May 2024.
Traditional games of Mexico

Mexico has some traditional games and activities.
In the aftermath of the 1910s Mexican Revolution, indigenous sports and physical culture practices were included in some governmental programs meant to bring the various groups of Mexico together. However, such programs mostly faded away, with a minor resurgence of them toward the turn of the 21st century.
Arranca cebollitas is a game where participants form a line, with each one standing behind a fellow participant and holding that participant's waist. One opponent attempts to pull the participant at the back of the line away from the rest of the line; if successful, the opponent repeats this until they can remove all players from the line.
Pelota mixteca is a game somewhat like tennis in which participants strike the ball using a hitting surface attached to their gloved hand.
Pelota purépecha is a hockey-like game played with a ball that is on fire.
Timbomba or Kimbomba is a game about hitting a short stick as far as possible using a longer stick held in the hand.
Bullfighting is an activity introduced to Mexico by the Spanish.
Charrería involves participants going through several equestrian events.
La historia de Juana

La historia de Juana (English: Juana's Story) is a Mexican telenovela produced by W Studios for TelevisaUnivision. It is based on the 2002 Venezuelan telenovela Juana la virgen, created by Perla Farías. The series stars Camila Valero as the title character, alongside Brandon Peniche. It aired on Las Estrellas from 3 June 2024 to 30 August 2024.
Juana Guadalupe Bravo is a charming and daring twenty year old virgin whose goal is to graduate with a degree in engineering. She is the first woman in her family to go to college and only thinks of improving her life. During a health checkup, she mistakenly gets pregnant through a process of artificial insemination. Juana's life is turned upside down and she has to learn to experience motherhood without first having had the experience of being a woman or falling in love. The baby's father is Gabriel Rubio, a powerful man who has recently survived cancer. This experience makes him rethink his life and his goals as he realizes that he is missing something that makes him feel that his life will continue after his death: a child.
Filming of La historia de Juana began on 5 December 2023. A complete cast list was published the following day. The telenovela has 65 episodes confirmed for broadcast.
Vencer la culpa

Vencer la culpa (English: Overcoming Guilt) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Rosy Ocampo for TelevisaUnivision. The series is the fifth production of the "Vencer" franchise, and aired on Las Estrellas from 26 June 2023 to 13 October 2023. It stars Claudia Martín, Gabriela de la Garza, María Sorté and Romina Poza.
Four women, Manuela (Gabriela de la Garza), Amanda (María Sorté), Paloma (Claudia Martín) and Yaneli (Romina Poza), find their fates intertwined when Dulce, a young woman they barely knew, mysteriously vanishes. Having doubts that her brother is involved in Dulce's disappearance, Yaneli decides to investigate, meeting Manuela, Paloma and Amanda along the way. Their search will lead them to build a strong friendship that will help them overcome their own guilt.
In October 2022, Rosy Ocampo announced that a fifth series for the Vencer franchise was in development. On 4 November 2022, it was announced that Vencer la culpa would be the title of the series. Throughout late March and early April, Ocampo revealed cast and characters through her social media accounts. Filming began on 14 April 2023.
Vencer la culpa (Music from the Original TV Series) is the soundtrack to the series. It was released by Moon Music Records on 23 June 2023.
Enrico Casarosa

Enrico Casarosa (born 20 November 1971) is an Italian director, screenwriter and storyboard artist. Best known for his work at Pixar, he has directed the short film La Luna (2011) and the feature film Luca (2021), which both were nominated for Academy Awards.
Casarosa was born in Genoa, Italy, but moved to New York City in his twenties, to study animation at the School of Visual Arts and Illustration at the Fashion Institute of Technology.
Casarosa began his professional career as a background designer and storyboard artist on several animated TV series, including 101 Dalmatians: The Series and PB&J Otter. Before joining Pixar, he worked as a storyboard artist at Blue Sky Studios on Ice Age and Robots.
In 2002, Casarosa joined Pixar, where he worked as a story artist on Cars, Ratatouille, Up and Cars 2. In late 2004, Casarosa started a drawing marathon community called SketchCrawl and has been organizing the event ever since. In 2011, his short film La Luna premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival in France, and was released theatrically with Pixar's Brave in 2012.
He then worked as head of story on The Good Dinosaur when Bob Peterson was directing the project beginning in 2011, and as a story artist on Coco.
Casarosa most recently directed the Pixar Animation Studios film Luca, released on Disney+ on 18 June 2021, in the United States. The film received generally positive reviews from critics for its nostalgic feel and acting and the film won a Hollywood Critics Association award for Best Picture.
In October 2022, Cararosa was confirmed to be developing another original Pixar feature film.
Casarosa currently resides in San Francisco with his wife Marit and daughter Fio.
In 2008, Enrico Casarosa (along with Ronnie del Carmen, Daisuke Tsutsumi and Yukino Pang) initiated the Totoro Forest Project, a fundraising exhibition/auction to support the non-profit Totoro Forest Foundation. This initiative also produced a corresponding art book reprinting the various pieces contributed and included the likes of James Jean, Charles Vess, Iain McCaig and William Joyce among others.
Christian Lara (footballer)

Christian Rolando Lara Anangonó, nicknamed Diablito (Little Devil) (born April 27, 1980 in Quito), is an Ecuadorian former footballer who played as a midfielder.
He spent most of his career with C.D. El Nacional football team in Ecuador. After a spell in Al-Wakrah SC in the Qatari League, he returned to his homeland from the Middle East to play for Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (LDU) and went on to win the Ecuadorian Championship. He was then transferred to another Ecuadorian team in the city of Guayaquil Barcelona SC. In the year 2007 he received the award of being the best player playing in Ecuador's league.[1]
On January 2, he signed for Colombian team Deportivo Pereira. On June 17, 2009 Lara was signed again with Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito.
He is a midfielder. He made his Ecuador national team debut in 2001. Looked on for a long time as one of Ecuador's most promising players, he scored and made an assist against Argentina in the CONMEBOL 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONMEBOL) to lead Ecuador to a 2-0 win over the South American giants. He was in the team's squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ecuador's second appearance in the finals. At 162 cm, he was considered the shortest player to play in the Germany 06 edition. In his last current played with Ecuador game against El Salvador, he scored the first goal in a 5-1 home win in Quito.
El Nacional
LDU Quito
Kumeyaay astronomy

Kumeyaay astronomy or cosmology (Kumeyaay: My Uuyow, "sky knowledge") comprises the astronomical knowledge of the Kumeyaay people, a Native American group whose traditional homeland occupies what is now Southern California in the United States and adjacent parts of northern Baja California in Mexico. A deeply rooted cosmological belief system was developed and followed by the Kumeyaay civilization based on this knowledge including the computing of time (Kumeyaay Mat’taam).
The first evidence of astronomical observations and visual registration was discovered in the El Vallecito archeological zone. The "Men in a square" rupestric painting located at El Diablito area of El Vallecito depicted a square that aligns with sunlight on the Fall equinox. These paintings were made by the Kumeyaay people, possibly during nomadic travels. Kumeyaay sand paintings and rock art modeled the passage of the sun, moon, and constellations.
Observation areas were made by the Kumeyaay to watch and register astronomical events. However many were destroyed by vandals before protection measures were instituted.
Constellations:
Toodle-Fucking-Oo

"Toodle-Fucking-Oo" is the sixteenth episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the third of the show's second season. It was written by Frank Renzulli, directed by Lee Tamahori, and originally aired on January 30, 2000.
Dr. Melfi becomes tipsy while dining in a restaurant with some female friends. On the way out, she sees Tony at a table with his companions and awkwardly attempts small talk. Leaving, she waves and calls "Toodle-oo!" The men make crude comments about Melfi, and Tony pretends she is an old girlfriend. Melfi is mortified by her own behavior and acknowledges to her therapist, Dr. Elliot Kupferberg, that in order to evade her responsibility as a therapist she behaved like "a ditzy young girl."
Meadow throws a party for a few friends at Livia's house. However, the party spins out of control when a lot of uninvited people show up, leading to drug use and heavy drinking. The police arrive, and an officer who knows Tony contacts him. Tony finds Meadow drunk and drives her home, but he and Carmela do not know how to punish her. She prompts them to take away her credit card for three weeks, while still providing cash for gas. She walks away, smiling to herself.
At first, Janice defends Meadow, saying she is showing her independence, but when she sees the state of the house, she is furious. Tony and Carmela tell her to stop interfering with their parenting. Janice says she ought to leave the Soprano house, but she and Carmela reconcile and she is persuaded to continue to stay. Meadow overhears their argument and, when Tony goes to the house to have the locks changed, he finds her scrubbing the floor. He turns away, perplexed by this remorse.
Jackie Aprile's older brother Richie is released after ten years' imprisonment. He says he has mellowed out by taking up meditation and yoga, but he cannot accept that Tony, a younger man, is now the boss of the DiMeo crime family. Richie also resents that he does not have the same privileges he enjoyed before his imprisonment. When Tony says these things will come in time, Richie says, "What's mine is not yours to give me."
Richie demands payments from a former associate, "Beansie" Gaeta, now a pizzeria proprietor. When Beansie refuses, Richie viciously assaults him. Another night, he waits in a parking lot and threatens Beansie with a gun, but he manages to escape. Later, when Beansie returns to his car, Richie rams into him and then drives over him as he lies on the ground. In the hospital, Beansie is told he may never walk again. Tony asserts his authority over Richie and tells him there will be a problem if he does not show respect.
Between the two assaults on Beansie, Richie meets with Uncle Junior and pledges his loyalty to him. Richie happens to meet Janice at a yoga class and begins trying to revive the relationship they had years previously.
Listed in order of first appearance:
Lotería Santa Lucía

The Loteria Santa Lucia (Santa Lucia Lottery) is one of the largest lotteries in Guatemala, which many people support and play to help the deafblind across the country. The payout of the Santa Lucia lottery is determined by the proportion of deafblind people who were born in Guatemala, against the proportion of people with other problems. According to Guatemalan studies, over 50 million people, over 50 years, have helped the deafblind.
Afang

Afang es una sopa de verduras que se origina de los efiks, en el estado de Cross River y los Ibibios de Akwa Ibom en el sur de Nigeria.​​ También es un plato de los anaang, otra etnia que vive en ambos estados y que han adoptado este plato como parte de su identidad cultural, y también en otras partes de África.​ Se sirve en ceremonias (bodas, entierros, festivales...etc.) aunque también es un plato cotidiano.​ La sopa Afang es muy nutritiva y el costo de la preparación puede adaptarse según las necesidades de la familia. Los ingredientes utilizados para preparar la sopa afang incluyen carne de res, pescado, aceite de palma, cangrejo de río, pimienta, shaki (callos de res), hojas de agua, hojas de okazi, cebolla, sal de bígaro y otros condimentos.
Sopa de quinua

La sopa de quinua es un plato originario de los Andes. Además de quinua, esta sopa lleva por ingredientes papas, cebolla larga, maní, leche y, dependiendo de la región y el gusto, se le agrega carne roja (cerdo o res) o carne blanca (pollo), además de queso rallado. Esta receta andina tiene un gran valor de proteínas, fibras, minerales y vitaminas.​
Según datos históricos, la siembra de la quinua pudo haber empezado entre los 3000 a. C. y los 5000 a. C.​ en los territorios de Perú y Bolivia, mientras que en Ecuador los primeros datos que se tiene de este producto datan del año 500 a. C.​ Este pseudocereal era el grano básico de incas y aimaras; su siembra era pretexto para rendir homenaje al dios Inti.
Plastiki

Plastiki (kutoka Kigiriki πλαστική plastiki yaani "iliyopewa umbo fulani" ) ni aina ya maunzi mango yanayoundwa kwa njia ya kikemia na kukubali umbo lolote yakiwa teke.
Plastiki ni maunzi sintetiki ambayo haitokei katika mazingira kiasili. Inatengenezwa kwa kuunganisha molekuli nyingi kuwa nyororo ndefu ya polima.
Kuna aina nyingi za plastiki. Kwa kuchagua kemikali na kuongeza madawa mbalimbali kuna chaguo kubwa ya tabia kama ugumu, kubadilika umbo, unyumbufu, uvumilivu kwa joto au baridi au muda wa kudumu.
Wakati wa kutengenezwa plastiki inakubali kila umbo hivyo hutolewa kama filamu, punje, vipande bapa au umbo lolote linalotakiwa. Mifuko na maunzi ya kufugia bidhaa huwa ni plastiki. Plastiki haipokei maji au unyevu hivyo kitu kinachofungwa kabisa ndani ya karatasi ya plastiki inabaki kavu.
Maunzi ya kwanza katika historia yaliyofanana na plastiki ilikuwa aina ya lami iliyopatikana baada ya kupika utomvu ya miti fulani. Baadaye wataalamu walibuni njia za kubadilisha vitu kama pembe ya wanyama kwa kuipika pamoja na madawa ilikukubali kubadilishwa umbo.
Hatua kubwa ilikuwa mbinu wa kutia dawa la sulfuri kwenye mpira asilia. Kwa njia hii Charles Goodyear wa Marekani aliweza kutengeneza mpira ulioendelea kuwa laini. Aliendelea kubuni njia ya kubadilisha tabia za mpira kuwa mgumu kabisa.
Maendeleo makubwa ya plastiki ilipatikana na utaalamu wa kutumia mafuta ya petroli. Mafuta haya mazito ni mchanganyiko wa kemikali mbalimbali. Katika viwanda vya kusafishia mafuta maunzi haya yanatenganishwa na molekuli zinazofaa zinatolewa kwa matenegnezo ya aina za plastiki.
Matumizi ya wastani ya plastiki kwa kila mkazi yalikuwa mwaka 2000:
Hadi mwaka 2017 mnamo tani bilioni 8.3 zilitengenezwa duniani. Tani milioni 6.3 za jumla hii zimekuwa takataka isiyotumiwa tena. Asilimia 9 ya takataka hiyo zilirejereshwa na kutumiwa tena kwa umbo tofauti. Asilimia 12 zilichomwa na asilimia 79 ziliwekwa kwenye dampo za takataka au kukaa katika mazingira.
Plastiki huoza polepole sana. Hii inasababisha machafuko ya mazingira hasa pasipo na huduma za takataka. Aina nyingi zikichomwa zinatoa gesi za sumu. Matengenezaji wa Plastiki yanahitaji matumizi ya kemikali nyingi za sumu ambazo ni hatari kwa mazingira.
Hivyo nchi nyingi zimeanza kutoa sheria juu ya matumizi ya plastiki.
Uchafuzi wa plastiki

Uchafuzi wa plastiki ni mrundikano wa vitu na chembe za plastiki (k.m. chupa za plastiki, mifuko na shanga ndogo) katika mazingira ya Dunia ambayo huathiri vibaya wanadamu, wanyamapori na makazi yao. Plastiki zinazochafua mazingira zimeainishwa kulingana na umbo kuwa dogo, au kuwa kubwa. Plastiki ni ya bei nafuu na ya kudumu na kuifanya iweze kubadilika sana kwa matumizi tofauti; Matokeo yake wazalishaji huchagua kutumia plastiki juu ya vifaa vingine. Walakini, muundo wa kemikali wa plastiki nyingi huzifanya kuwa sugu kwa michakato mingi ya asili ya uharibifu na matokeo yake ni polepole kuharibika. Kwa pamoja, mambo haya mawili huruhusu kiasi kikubwa cha plastiki kuingia katika mazingira kama taka isiyosimamiwa vizuri na kuendelea kuwepo katika mfumo wa ekolojia.
Nyuki-plastiki

Nyuki-plastiki (kutoka Kiing. polyester bees) ni nyuki wadogo wa family Colletidae katika familia ya juu Apoidea ya oda Hymenoptera wanaojenga viota vyao ardhini, hasa katika udongo wenye mchanga, au katika mbao, katikati ya miamba au katika machimbo ya nyungunyungu. Hupaka mnyeso fulani kwa ulimi wao kwenye ukuta wa chimbo. Baada ya kukauka mnyeso huo unafanana na plastiki (poliesta). Spishi za nusufamilia Hylaeinae huitwa nyuki uso-njano mara nyingi. Nyuki hawa ni wapweke, lakini huenda kujenga viota vyao karibu na kila kimoja mpaka mkongamano wa maelfu ya viota. Wanatokea duniani kote, hasa Australia na Amerika ya Kusini, lakini Afrika pia ina spishi nyingi ambazo 21 katika Afrika ya Mashariki.
Hao ni nyuki wadogo wa urefu wa mm 2.5-7. Wana ndimi fupi. Spishi za nusufamilia Colletinae zina nywele nyingi kiasi, lakini Hylaeinae zina nywele chache na fupi zaidi. Colletinae ni nyeusi zenye nywele nyeupe, maziwa au njano kuzunguka thoraksi na katika milia kwenye fumbatio. Zina nywele maalum kwenye femuri za nyuma ambazo hukusanya na kushikilia chavua ambazo kwa pamoja huitwa skopa (scopa). Hylaeinae hazina skopa lakini hubeba chavua katika gole lao. Pia ni nyeusi lakini sehemu za mwili, fumbatio hasa, zinaweza kuwa nyekundu huku uso na sehemu za miguu zikiwa njano au maziwa kwa kawaida.
Majike wa Colletinae huchimba machimbo kwenye udongo tifutifu kiasi ambapo huweka viota vyao. Ingawa kila jike huchimba chimbo lake mwenyewe, mamia hadi maelfu ya machimbo yanaweza kutokea pamoja katika eneo dogo. Chimbo lina shimo kuu lenye matawi mafupi. Kijumba cha kizazi hutengenezwa mwishoni mwa kila tawi kwa usaidizi wa mnyeso kutoka kwa tezi za mate ambao hukauka kwenye tabaka linalofanana na plastiki na kuzuia maji na ukuaji wa kuvu. Vijumba vinatolewa na donge la mchanganyiko wa chavua na mbochi na yai hutagwa juu ya kila donge. Majana wanaoibuka kisha hupata chakula tayari. Baada ya bambuaji nne jana anakuwa bundo, ambamo nyuki mpevu huibuka mwanzoni mwa msimu wa mvua.
Majike wa Hylaeinae hutafuta mashimo yaliyopo ama ardhini, kama machimbo ya nyungunyungu, au katika mbao au katikati ya miamba. Ndani, wanaunda safu moja ya vijumba ambavyo huvipatia maelezi ya kiowevu ya chavua yaliyochanganywa na mbochi. Kama nusufamilia nyingine, kuta za vijumba zimepakwa na mnyeso unaokauka kwenye tabaka linalofanana na plastiki. Vinginevyo, mzunguko wa maisha ni sawa.
Meno ya plastiki

Meno ya plastiki (kwa Kiingereza: tooth buds) ni jina vinalopewa vijino vinavyoonekana kwenye fizi za mtoto kama uvimbe mweupe wa kung'aa. Meno changa hayo hayajapata madini ya kutosha na huwa laini, ndiyo maana huitwa “meno ya plastiki”.
Katika Ulimwengu wa Tatu, Afrika Mashariki ikiwemo, meno hayo yanawapa wasiwasi wazazi wengi kutokana na dhana potovu ya kwamba ni minyoo ndani ya meno na kwamba yanaleta madhara kama vile kutapika, kuharisha na kupatwa na homa kwa mtoto.
Dhana hiyo husababisha watoto wengi wenye umri wa miezi 6 hadi 24 kutolewa meno hayo kana kwamba kuyatoa ndiyo suluhisho pekee la mtoto kupona.
Vijijini Kenya katika kundi la watoto 95 wenye umri kati ya miezi sita na miaka miwili waliotahiniwa mwaka 1991/92, 87% walipatikana kuwa wameng'olewa jino moja au zaidi. Katika kundi la watoto wa umri wa miaka 3-7, 72% ya watoto walikuwa hawana magego.
Utafiti unaonyesha kuwa waganga wa jadi ndio wanaosambaza habari hizo na kuleta hofu kwa wazazi kwamba meno hayo yasipotolewa huweza kusababisha kifo cha mtoto.
Mtoto anapofikia umri wa kouta meno, fizi huvimba na mara nyingi vijitoto vya meno huonekana ndani ya fizi katika maeneo ambayo meno hutokea baadae. Vijino hivyo havina uhusiano wowote na mtoto kuumwa bali viko pale kama ishara ya meno yatakayoota mdomoni.
Elimu kubwa inahitajika kwa jamii ili kuondoa imani potovu na kutunza afya ya kinywa na meno ya watoto. Tujifunze kila siku kuhusu mambo yanayojadiliwa mitaani ili kujua ukweli na kupeleka elimu sahihi kwa jamii.
Madhara ya kutoa meno hayo ni kama ifuatavyo:
Upasuaji wa plastiki

Upasuaji wa plastiki ni aina maalum ya upasuaji unaojumuisha utengenezaji mpya, urekebishaji au ubadilishaji wa mwili wa binadamu. Upasuaji huu unaweza kuwekwa katika makundu makuu mawili. Kundi la kwanza ni upasuaji wa kutengeneza upya ambapo ni pamoja na upasuaji wa mkono, upasuaji wa uso na matibabu ya majeraha yanayotokana na kuchomwa na moto au tindikali. Aina nyingine ni upasuaji wa urembo. Wakati aina ya kwanza kazi yake kubwa ni kurekebisha sehemu ya mwili au kuongeza ufanisi wake, aina ya pili dhumuni lake ni kuimarisha uonekano wa sehemu ya mwili. Aina hii ya pili ni maarufu sana kwenye nchi zilizoendelea na hasa miongoni mwa watu maarufu kwenye fani mbalimbali kama muziki, filamu, n.k. Hata hivyo, aina zote hizi hutumika duniani kote.
Inaaminika matumizi ya neno "upasuaji wa plastiki" kwenye lugha ya Kiingereza ni mwaka 1598. The surgical definition of "plastic" first appeared in 1839, preceding the modern "engineering material made from petroleum" sense of plastic (coined by Leo Baekeland in 1909) by 70 years.
Upasuaji wa plastiki ili kurekebisha pua iliyovunjika inaaminika kuwa ndio upasuaji wa kwanza wa aina hii unaotajwa kwenye Edwin Smith Papyrus, maandiko ya Misri ya Kale, moja ya maandiko ya kale kabisa ya utabibu duniani kati ya mwaka 3000 hadi 2500 KK.. Upasuaji wa plastiki ulikuwa ukifanywa huko India toka mwaka 800 KK. Sushruta ndiye mtabibu aliyechangia kwa kiasi kikubwa kwenye nyanja hii karne ya 6 kk.
Kazi za udaktari za Sushruta na Charak, zilizokuwa zimeandikwa kwa lugha ya Sanskriti, zilitafsiriwa kwa lugha ya Kiaranu wakati wa utawala wa Abbasid mwaka 750 BK. Tasfiri ya Kiarabu ilifika hadi Ulaya. Nchini Italia, familia ya Branca ya Sicily na Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) walijifunza mbinu za Sushruta.
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Madakitari wa kiingereza walisafiri hadi India ili kuona upasuaji wa plastiki ukifanywa kwa mtindo wa utabibu wa India.
Bamba la gandunia

Bamba gandunia ni jina lililobuniwa hivi karibuni kwa mapande yanayounda sehemu ya nje ya dunia yetu. Sehemu hiyo ya nje huitwa ganda la dunia na chini yake kuna sehemu ya dunia ambayo ni ya joto kiasi ya kwamba miamba na elementi zote zinapatikana katika hali ya giligili yaani kuyeyushwa. Hiyo sehemu ya nje ya dunia si pande moja bali kuna mapande mbalimbali kandokando yanayoelea juu ya mata ya moto ndani yake. Unaweza kusoma zaidi katika makala kuhusu muundo wa dunia.
Gandunia ni elimu kuhusu ganda la dunia. Hoja ya sayansi kuhusu gandunia ni kwamba ganda la dunia limevunjika mapandemapande yanayoitwa mabamba. Kila bamba linapakana na mabamba mengine. Mabamba yasukumwa na mikondo ya moto chini yake kama majani yanayokaa usoni mwa maji yanayoanza kuchemka katika sufuria. Hivyo kila bamba lina mwendo wake wa pekee pamoja na au dhidi ya mabamba mengine. Tetemeko la ardhi ni dalili ya kwamba mabamba yamesuguana na hivyo kusababisha mishtuko tunayojua kama tetemeko la ardhi.
Mabamba hayo ni sehemu ya nje ya tabakamwamba (lithosferi). Tabaka hilo limevunjika katika mapande makubwa 7 na vingine vidogo vinavyoelea juu ya tabaka lenye hali ya kiowevu chenye mnato mzito.
Mabamba hayo yote yameonekana kuwa na mwendo wa sentimita kadhaa (cm 2 - 20 zimepimwa) kwa mwaka. Mwendo huo husababishwa na nguvu ya magma (mwamba moto wa kiowevu) inayopanda juu na kusukuma mabamba hayo.
Mabamba makubwa ya ganda la nje ya dunia ni:
Kati ya mabamba madogo kuna:
Mwendo wa mabamba hayo umesababisha kutokea na kuvunjika kwa mabara katika historia ya dunia yetu.
Wataalamu hufikiri ya kwamba dunia ilikuwa na bara kubwa moja tu (Pangaea) miaka milioni 300 - 150 iliyopita iliyovunjika katika mapande au mabamba mbalimbali.
Hata mabamba yaliyopo kwa sasa yanatarajiwa kuendelea kuhamahama, kuvunjika au kupotea kabisa.
Kwa mfano Afrika iko katika mwenendo wa kupasuliwa kwenye mstari wa Bonde la Ufa yaani Afrika ya Mashariki inaelekea kujitenga na sehemu nyingine ya bara ikiwa bamba la pekee. Penye Bonde la Ufa la sasa bahari itatanda baada ya miaka milioni 20.
Bara Hindi au bamba la Uhindi inaendelea kugonga bamba la Asia na kujisukuma chini ya milima ya Himalaya - kuna uwezekano ya kwamba itaingia kabisa na kutoweka.
Mshewa

Mshewa ni kata ya Wilaya ya Same katika Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2022, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 5,471 . Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 6,154 walioishi humo.
Kata ya Mshewa ina vijiji vya Marindi, Mshewa, Manka na Goma.
Mshewa ina ofisi ya kijiji, shule ya msingi, shamba la kilimo na jengo la kahawa linalomilikiwa na Vuaso Cooperative Union.
Pamoja na kanisa la mtaa KKKT usharika wa Marindi, Mshewa kuna Kanisa la Neno na kanisa la EAGT.
Mshewa aliishi Martin Shafuri, mchungaji mwenyeji wa kwanza eneo la Mbaga baada ya wamisionari wa Kilutheri; wakati wa kustaafu alipewa kiti kimeandikwa "Ikaa si uheme". Alifariki mwaka 1976.
Karibu na nyumbani kwake ametokea mchungaji wa pili, Elineema Mwakulala Mndeme ambaye alizaliwa tarehe 24 Aprili 1971. Alibarikiwa kuwa mchungaji tarehe 12 Septemba 1999.
Watu wengine maarufu hapo Mshewa ni pamoja na familia za Simeon Mapande, Mwang'ombe, Lukwaro Wiljohn Mwakulala, Sheshe, Timotheo Mnzava, mzee Fundi, mzee Kirito, mzee Hoseni (Kaloko), Mapande, Zuberi Mpanga, Rafaeli Semboja, mzee Ngwijo, Solomoni Chazuka na Enirisha, mzee Omary Mkose, Preygod Liana Mmbaga.
Arakinida

Arakinida ni ngeli ya wanyama wasio na utimgongo. Kiasi wanafana na wadudu lakini wana miguu nane badala ya sita. Katika uainishaji wa kisayansi wamepangwa kama oda kati ya arithropoda.
Aina kati yao zinazojulikana zaidi ni buibui pamoja na nge na visusuli. Wadogo kati yao ni kupa na funduku.
Miili huwa na mapande mawili ambayo ni kichwa pamoja na kidari mbele na tumbo nyuma. Ila tu kwa funduku pande zote mbili hazionekani vizuri maadamu zimekua kama sehmu moja. Tabia inayoonekana vizuri ni miguu nane. Hata hapa funza za funduku wengi wana miguu sita tu.
Aina nyingi huwa na miiba ya sumu inayoweza kuuma. Kazi yake ni kusaidia uvindaji wa wanyama wengine lakini kwa spishi kadhaa sumu ni hatari hata kwa viumbe vikubwa kama binadamu akidungwa.
Zama za Chuma

Zama za Chuma katika historia kilikuwa kipindi kirefu baada ya watu kuanza kutumia vifaa vya chuma. Kabla yake, walikuwa wakitumia vifaa vya shaba na awali mawe yaliyochongwa tu.
Sehemu nyingi za Ulaya, Afrika na Asia walifikia Zama hizi za Chuma kunako mwaka wa 500 KK. Kwa upande wa Ulaya, ni kipindi cha kabla ya historia, kwa sababu watu wa Zama za Chuma hawakuwa wakiandika kumbukumbu zao.
Chuma ni rahisi kukipata, lakini ni vigumu sana kukitengenezea vifaa. Inabidi kukiyeyusha kwa halijoto ya juu kuliko shaba. Watu waliojifunza namna ya kutengeneza vifaa kwa kutumia chuma walikuwa na uwezo wa kufanya vitu vingi sana kwa vyuma hivyo.
Hii inamaanisha kwamba tabia za watu hubadilika. Kwa mfano, watu wengi wana uwezo zaidi wa kumiliki jembe la chuma. Wameweza kulima mashamba yao vizuri na mazao kukua vyema kabisa.
Baadhi ya watu walibuni sarafu ili kusaidia kununua na kuuza mazao yao na vifaa vyao vya chuma.
Chuma cha pua

Chuma cha pua (pia: chumapua, feleji) ni aloi wa chuma pamoja na gredi mbalimbali za kaboni ambayo imekuwa uti wa mgongo wa mapinduzi ya viwandani. Hadi leo ni msingi wa mashine na vifaa vingi, pia silaha zinazounda uwezo wa kijeshi wa mataifa. Pia ujenzi wa kisasa hauwezekani bila chuma cha pua.
Chuma cha pua ni ngumu kushinda chuma tupu isiyo na kaboni. Siku hizi kuna pia aloi za chumapua ambamo dutu tofauti na kaboni hutumiwa.
Kutengenezwa kwa chumapua kulikuwa sanaa ya pekee kwa karne nyingi. Silaha kama panga za chumapua zilikuwa bora kushinda panga za chuma cha kawaida. Vilevile vifaa kama visu hata majembe vilidumu kama vilitengenezwa kwa chumapua. Wahunzi walipeana mbinu za kutengeneza chumapua kama siri, kwa mfano kati ya wahunzi wa jadi wa Wahaya wa maeneo karibu na Ziwa Viktoria.
Tangu mwaka 1610 viwanda katika Uingereza vilianza kutengeneza chumapua kwa vingi ikaboreshwa katika miaka 100 iliyofuata. Mbinu hiyo ilikuwa msingi wa maendeleo ya Uingereza juu ya mataifa mengine mengi katika mapinduzi wa viwandani. Mashine zote zilitengenezwa kwa chumapua.
Mnara wa Eiffel ulikuwa jengo kubwa la kwanza lililoundwa kwa chumapua pekee. Meli za chumapua zilichukua nafasi ya jahazi za awali za ubao.
Tabia za chumapua hutegemea na kiasi cha kaboni ndani yake. Kiasi kikubwa cha kaboni husabibisha aloi kuwa ngumu zaidi lakini inavunjika kwa urahisi pia. Kiasi kidogo cha kaboni husababisha chumapua kuwa laini zaidi lakini inanapukia zaidi.
Chumapua cha kawaida huhitaji kinga dhidi ya kutu kama vile rangi au kupakwa kwa zinki.
Nyongeza za kromi zababisha chumapua kutoshika kutu. Hivyo vyombo vya chakula kama vile nyuma, visu au vijiko hutengenezwa na aloi hiyo, pia vifaa vya madaktari kama vile visu vya upasuaji.
Kevin-Prince Boateng

Kevin-Prince Boateng (hutamkwa [ˈkɛvɪn pʁɪns bo.aˈtɛŋ]; amezaliwa 6 Machi 1987 na wazazi wa mataifa tofauti: baba Mghana mama Mjerumani. Ni bingwa wa mpira wa miguu ambaye kwa sasa anachezea timu ya Eintracht Frankfurt.
Ni kiungo ambaye anaweza kucheza kama mshambuliaji. Boateng inajulikana kwa nguvu zake, kasi anapokuwa na mpira, vyenga vya kushangaza. Tovuti rasmi ya FIFA alieleza Boateng kama "mchezaji aliyebarikiwa kuwa na nguvu, kasi, hatari katika kufunga mabao.
Boateng alianza kazi yake katika klabu ya Reinickendorfer Füchse mwanzoni mwa mwaka 1994 akiwa na miaka sita kabla ya kujiunga na Hertha BSC 1 Julai 1994 akiwa na umri wa miaka saba.
Baada ya kujitokeza kutoka timu ya Hertha, Boateng alicheza Hertha BSC II kwa misimu miwili akapandishwa kikosi cha timu ya kwanza ya Hertha katika msimu wa 2005-06.
Boateng alicheza Portsmouth katika kombe la FA mwishoni mwa mwaka 2010 katika ligi kuu ya Uingereza, klabu ya Portsmouth ilimsainisha Boateng kwa mkataba wa miaka mitatu mwaka 2009 kwa ada ya kuripotiwa ya £ milioni 4. Tarehe 12 Septemba 2009, alifunga bao lake la kwanza dhidi ya Chelsea F.C., na alikuwa mchezaji bora wa mwezi Agosti katika mwaka huo. Alimaliza msimu akiwa na mabao matatu katika michezo 22.
Mwezi Mei mwaka 2010, Portsmouth alicheza na Chelsea katika kombe la FA, ambapo Chelsea ilishinda 1-0. Wakati wa mechi, Boateng alimchezea rafu kiungo wa Chelsea Michael Ballack, na kumjeruhi kiwiko. Boateng alidai kwamba Ballack alimpiga katika uso kabla ya yeye kumchezea rafu, na alimuomba msamaaha Ballack kwa rafu aliyomchezea.
Off the Wall (wimbo)

"Off the Wall" ilikuwa single ya tatu kutolewa na mwimbaji Michael Jackson kutoka katika albamu ya tano ya msanii huyu, Off the Wall.
Ilitolewa mnamo tar. 2 Februari 1980.Wimbo umetungwa na Rod Temperton na kuufanya uwe wimbo wa tatu wa Jackson kutoka katika albamu ya Off the Wall kufika kwenye 10 bora, ambamo baadaye ikaja kuingiza single nne kwenye chati hizo; Jackson alikuwa mtu wa kwanza kufikisha hizi. Wimbo unazungumzia kuwa na matatizo mengi: "achana na hayo tisa-kwa-matano yaweke juu ya rafu/ na uende kujipa raha mwenyewe".
Linda Buthelezi

Innocent Linda Buthelezi (alizaliwa 28 Juni 1969) ni mwanasoka wa zamani wa Afrika Kusini ambaye alicheza katika viwango vya kulipwa na kimataifa kama kiungo. Buthelezi alichezea klabu za Jomo Cosmos, Kaizer Chiefs, Karabükspor, Orlando Pirates, Mamelodi Sundowns na SuperSport United. Alifanya majaribio ambayo hayakufanikiwa katika Atomu za Pohang za Korea Kusini.
Pia alicheza timu ya taifa ya Afrika Kusini mechi 27 kati ya 1994 na 1997. Alikuwa sehemu ya kikosi kilichoshinda Kombe la Mataifa ya Afrika 1996 na aliweka vichwa vya habari visivyohitajika kimataifa mwaka 1997 wakati Paul Gascoigne alipomchezea rafu kiungo huyo wa kati Muingereza akitolewa nje kwa machela.
Chombo cha usafiri

Chombo cha usafiri ni kifaa chochote kinachotumiwa kusafirisha watu au mizigo.
Vyombo vya usafiri hutofautiana kama vinahudumia usafiri wa nchi kavu, wa majini au wa hewani.
Mifano ni
Hutofautishwa pia kama vinalenga matumizi ya watu binafsi au matumizi ya umma.
Shirikisho la vyombo vya habari

Shirikisho la vyombo vya habari inaelezea makampuni yanayomiliki idadi kubwa ya makampuni katika nyanja mbalimbali za vyombo vya habari kama vile televisheni, redio, uchapishaji, filamu, na hata Intaneti. Pia hutajwa kama asasi ya vyombo vya habari au kundi la vyombo vya habari.
Kwa mwaka wa 2008, The Walt Disney Company imekuwa moja kati ya kamupni za shirikisho la vyombo vya habari zilizo kubwa zaidi duniani, ikiwa ni pamoja na News Corporation, Viacom na Time Warner..
Mbanja

Mbanja ni kata ya Lindi Mjini katika Mkoa wa Lindi, Tanzania.
Kata ina vijiji 6: Mbanja, Mambulu, Likong'o, Kikwetu, Nagiriki na Mto Mkavu.
Katika sensa ya mwaka 2022 wakazi walihesabiwa 6,372 . Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 3,188 walioishi humo.
Msimbo wa posta ni 65118.
George Lilanga

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George Lilanga (1934 - 27 Juni 2005) alikuwa msanii Mmakonde kutoka Tanzania.
Alipokuwa bado kijana alijifunza kuchonga sanamu jinsi ya Kimakonde. Lakini baadaye alianza kuchora pia akitumia hasa rangi za mafuta. Aliishi Dar es Salaam. Mwaka wa 1974 aligunduliwa kuwa na kisukari. Ndio ugonjwa uliosababisha kifo chake.
Kazi yake ilioneshwa katika Afrika Remix huko Dusseldorf, Paris, London na Tokyo.
Mahali na siku aliyozaliwa havijulikani, lakini labda alizaliwa mwaka 1934. Alizaliwa bila shaka kijiji cha Kikwetu katika wilaya ya Masasi, huko Tanzania Kusini. Wazazi wake walikuwa wamakonde na kabila la wamakonde linatoka Msumbiji. Baba yake alikuwa mkulima. Baadaye, baba yake aliondoka na familia yao na alioa mwanamke mwingine.
Wakati Lilanga alipokuwa mtoto, yeye na familia yake walisogea Dar es Salaam. Baada ya sekondari, alianza kufanya sanaa ya uchongaji. Alianza uchongaji kwa kutumia mbao laini, mizizi, na mbao za mti wa ebony pamoja na kuonesha desturi ya wamakonde kwenye kazi zake. Alitumia maarifa kutoka mwaka 1961 hadi mwaka 1972. Katika Msumbiji, watu wa Ulaya wanaipenda sana sanaa yake. Katika mwaka wa 1970, Lilanga alienda tena Dar es Salaam kwa sababu alidhani ni bora zaidi kuuza sanaa jijini.
Katika mwaka wa 1971, Lilanga alipata kazi yake ya kwanza katika Nyumba ya Sanaa. Alikuwa mchongaji wa usiku, lakini wasanii wengine waliona sanaa na uchongaji wa Lilanga na walimwambia Lilanga ajiunge na Nyumba ya Sanaa. Katika mwaka wa 1972, alianza kupaka rangi na katika mwaka wa 1974, alikuwa na sanaa katika Makumbusho ya Taifa ya Dar es Salaam.
Katika mwaka wa 1974, Alichoka sana na hakuweza kuendelea kuchonga vinyago pekeyake. Lilanga alienda kumuona daktari kutokana na uchovu wa mara kwa mara na aligundulika kuwa na maradhi ya kisukari.
Katika mwaka wa 1977, alienda New York na aliuza sanaa zake katika jiji la Manhattan. Yeye alikuwa mshirikiri kwenye maonesho pia. Baadaye, katika Washington D.C. alishiriki pamoja na wasanii wa nchi mbalimbali za Afrika kwenye enesho kubwa la sanaa. Alikuwa na bahati katika Marekani, Ulaya, Afrika, India, na Japani pia.
Katika miaka ya 1980, sanaa yake ilikuwa kubwa sana pengine mita moja ya mraba. Kwa kawaida, alitumia rangi ya mafuta kupaka kazi zake za sanaa. Katika miaka ya 1990, alikuwa na mapumziko ya muda mrefu kwasababu ya ugonjwa wa kisukari, ni gonjwa mbaya sana. Alisitisha kazi yake kwa sababu ilikuwa vigumu sana. Alianza kufundisha wanafunzi wengine kuchora na kupaka rangi.
Katika mwaka wa 2000, afya yake ilikuwa mbaya sana kwa sababu alikuwa na kisukari, shinikizo la damu, na magonjwa ya moyo. Alitumia kiti cha ulemavu kutembelea, lakini alifanya sanaa. Halafu mwaka wa 2001, hakuweza kufanya sana. Sanaa ilikuwa kwa nadra na kwa vitu rahisi kuchora.
Lilanga alifariki Jumatatu ya tarehe 27, mwezi wa sita, mwaka wa 2005, mjini Dar es Salaam. Kuna sanaa ya Lilanga katika The Contemporary African Art Collection (CAAC) na Hamburg Mawingu Collection huko Ujerumani pia. Sanaa hiyo ni nzuri sana na ina rangi za kuvutia sana. George Lilanga alikuwa msanii muhimu sana wa Afrika Mashariki na sanaa zake za Kimakonde zilifanikiwa.
D’Jaro Arungu

D'Jaro Deus Arungu (20 Februari, 1979 - Rorya, Mara) ni mtangazaji maarufu kutoka nchini Tanzania. Hujulikana zaidi kwa jina la Baba Mzazi na pia kwa kuwa mtangazaji mkuu wa kipindi cha Papaso kupitia TBC FM (zamani PRT) kinachorushwa kuanzia saa moja usiku hadi saa nne usiku. Ambapo amekuwa katika kipindi hicho tangu kuanza kwake mnamo 2015 hadi sasa.
D'Jaro Deus Arungu alizaliwa katika Mkoa wa Mara, wilaya ya Rorya mnamo tarehe 20 Februari, 1979. Alisoma shule mbalimbali za msingi tangu 1989 hadi 1995. Kuanzia Shule ya Msingi Manyara, Shule ya Msingi Omoche A, Shule ya Msingi Masike.
Baadaye shule ya sekondari Vosa Missionary halafu elimu ya juu Benjamini Willia Mkapa. Akajapa kupata stashahada katika chuo cha uandishi wa habari cha 'The Royal College kati ya 2006-2010. Ambapo alihitihamu na Stashada ya Juu katika uga wa uandishi wa habari.
Akaja kuchukua Bachelor of Arts in Mass-Communication katika Chuo Kikuu Tumaini (Tumaini University Dar es Salaam College - TUDARCO) - 2015-2018.
Alianza kazi ya kupiga picha mbalimbali baada ya kumaliza sekondari. Katika upigaji huu wa picha ndipo alipoangukia utangazaji.
D'Jaro alikuwa na ndoto za kuwa mtangazaji miaka mingi tangu enzi za ujana wake. Imekuwa sadfa kwake kujikuta katika mikono ya utangazaji mapema mnamo mwaka 2001. Huo ulikuwa mwaka aliojiunga Times FM na kazi yake ilikuwa kutoa ripoti ya vipindi vya michezo pekee. Times alitoka 2002 akajiunga Kiss FM hadi 2003. Ilipotimu 2004, akajiunga PRT Radio (sasa hivi TBC FM) ambapo yupo hadi sasa. Hapa aliingia kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha Salamu. Kipindi ambacho kilikuwa kinaanza saa 11 jioni hadi saa 12. Zaidi ilikuwa salamu na muziki. Akaja kutokea katika vipindi vingi moja wapo ikawa Ladha za Afrika Mashariki (2006 - 2008 - Top Ten - hakipo tena), Swaga za Kikwetu (2008), Bunga Bonga na hatimaye Papaso tangu 2015.
Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya tuzo alizoshinda.
Test tube rack

Test tube racks are laboratory equipment used to hold upright multiple test tubes at the same time. They are most commonly used when various different solutions are needed to work with simultaneously, for safety reasons, for safe storage of test tubes, and to ease the transport of multiple tubes. Test tube racks also ease the organization of test tubes and provide support for the test tubes being worked with.
Test tube racks come in a variety of size, composition, material, and color. The variety of test tube racks increases the number of circumstances they can be used in whether it is to be placed in an autoclave, or to be placed in the refrigerator. The racks are most commonly made of metal wires, but they can also be found as plastic, polystyrene, foam, fiberglass, and polypropylene. Test tube racks come in the form of a classic rack, an interlocking cube form, a stack-able form, test tube drying rack, slant rack, and 1-well rack.
The classic racks are normally found in any regular laboratory and are made of wood, stainless steel, or plastic. It generally has 8 holes, 10 holes, or 12 holes to keep test tubes.
This form of test tube racks consists of several cubes of racks that are detachable and twist-able based on the side that is needed for use. Each cube can hold one size of test tubes but each of the four sides of the cube holds the tubes in various arrangements that can be adjusted for use accordingly. These racks can not only be used for test tubes, but it can also be used to hold culture tubes, centrifuge tubes, and micro-centrifuge tubes. The interlocking cube racks can also be put in the autoclave, as well as ease the transport of multiple different sized tubes.
Stackable racks are made of polypropylene and can be placed in the autoclave as well. Using a secondary frame or chassis these racks that otherwise appear as the classic test tube racks can be placed one on top of the other.
Drying Racks can be used for various purposes, including drying and holding chromatography plates, as well as drying test tubes by placing them in an inverted position in the pegs. Placing the test tubes in an inverted position not only aids in drying, but it also minimizes the accumulation of airborne contaminants and other substances. Additionally, the drying racks are usually made of polypropylene and can be placed in the autoclave.
Slant racks are used to hold the slants at the degree it is required to be placed in to be dried after the media has been inserted into the tube. It is also used to incubate certain liquid cultures at an angle so that all the tubes are uniform.
The 1 well rack is designed to hold only one test tube or any tube that fits in the space. It is normally made of epoxy-coated steel wire but can also be made of polystyrene. The racks made from polystyrene are friction-fit and can only hold tubes that match in size to the rack. These racks are autoclavable and can hold both conical or round bottom tubes.
This type of rack is designed for much smaller plastic vials. It is often made out of plastic.
Webuye

Webuye, previously named Broderick Falls, is an industrial town in western region of Kenya and home to the Tachoni people. It is located within Webuye West sub county in Bungoma County, at the slopes of chetambe hill Kenya. Located on the main road to Uganda, the town is home to the Pan African Paper Mills, formerly the largest paper factory in the region, as well as East African heavy-chemicals plant. The area is heavily populated and is used mainly for subsistence agriculture. The town has an urban population of 42,642 (2019 census).
Areas near Webuye include Lugulu, Milo, Maraka, Furoi, Lukusi, Lutacho and Misikhu. It is home to the Nabuyole Falls of Nzoia River. In Maraka, there exists the famed "mfunje" suspension bridge which consists of rickety timber strips joined together with some metal wires, precariously dangling across River Nzoia. It attracts a considerable number of both local and foreign tourists who enjoy the thrill of crossing the river on the shaky locally-made bridge.
Webuye has in the recent past also seen the establishment of some important education centres, including a constituent college campus of the Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, and a Kenya Medical Training college Campus.
Webuye town hosts Webuye County Hospital, a leading referral medical facility in the region.
The town's economy was hit hard by the dwindling fortunes of Pan African Paper Mills, which closed down in 2008 but opened up again under a new investor thus changing its identity to Rai paper manufacturing company which has resulted to once again the liveliness of the town. Currently major malls and hotels are being constructed in the town which will bring in a new air. The nearest tourist attraction is the Nabuyole waterfalls on River Nzoia. The falls are seven kilometres from Webuye and provide a cool breeze to tourists.
In the pre-independence times, Webuye was known as Broderick Falls, after the first white man to visit the nearby Nabuyole falls on River Nzoia. Today, it's named after a cobbler who repaired shoes for railway workers.
The town is located on the main railway from Mombasa to Uganda. The area around the town is inhabited by both the Bukusu and the Tachoni.
0°37′N 34°46′E﻿ / ﻿0.617°N 34.767°E﻿ / 0.617; 34.767