davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Spanish nobility in Cuba

Cuban nobility encompasses all the individuals and families recognized in Cuba as members of the aristocratic class, hence possessing inheritance privileges.
The 19th century Spanish Empire saw much of its power weakened by its rival countries (France and the United Kingdom), it also saw many of its colonies in America being influenced by the republican ideologies of the recently independent United States. In an effort to strengthen its holdings, the Spanish Crown decided to grant titles of nobility to much of the colonial aristocracy. This bestowing of royal grace made the recipients loyal to the Crown, and more assimilated to the Iberian titled nobility. No other Spanish colony received as many grants of noble titles as Cuba, a jewel of the late Spanish Empire.
The Cuban aristocracy had always attempted to create a second Paris or Madrid in its main cities of Havana, Matanzas and Santiago de Cuba. Elegant, rich decorated manors, governmental buildings, opera houses, play houses, palaces, etc. covered the streets of the capital. The Spanish Crown was not the only entity to award titles of nobility, the Catholic Church made use of its authority to also award titles in the island. Families, through marriage and inheritance, also bore European titles, such as those from France, Italy (including the former Kingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies) as well as Germany.
The non-royal titles issued in Cuba follow the Spanish designation and resembled those of continental Europe. They were those of: Duke (Duque), Marquis (Marqués), Count (Conde), Viscount (Vizconde), Baron (Barón), Lord (Señor)—in that order of importance and social standing. The title of Grandee of Spain was usually annexed to another noble title but may also be bestowed on a person without a traditional noble title, in the last case the person would have Grandee of Spain written after his name; all Grandees are addressed as Excellency, the title being equal to that of a Duke and all Dukes are Grandees. Titles bestowed often had the name of a place in Cuba (e.g. Marqués de Pinar del Rio, Conde de Yumurí), the surname of the family (e.g. Marqués de Azpesteguia, Conde de Casa (house) Montalvo) or in remembrance of some Royal favor or deed (e.g. Marqués de la Gratitud, Marqués de la Real Proclamación).
After the revolution of 1898, many of these nobles stayed in the island, or moved to other former Spanish colonies, such as Puerto Rico; some returned to Spain. Although the new Republic of Cuba did not give itself the power to create and bestow new titles of nobility, it did not interfere with the already established tradition. Many families who possessed noble titles continued to use them, and the public respected their historical meaning and social position.
This all changed when Cuban Revolution took place on the island; soon the Communist government moved against these nobles, forcing many to return to Spain or into exile in the United States.
The last titled nobleman to live in Cuba, Don Ignacio Ponce de León y Ponce de León, Marqués de Aguas Claras and Count de Casa Ponce de León y Maroto died in La Habana in 1973 leaving a remaining descendant.
List of state leaders in the 16th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD, except for the leaders within the Holy Roman Empire, and the leaders within South Asia.
These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 16th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.
Angola
Cameroon
Chad
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of the
São Tomé and Príncipe
Great Lakes area
Horn of Africa area
Madagascar
Ifriqiya
Egypt
Sudan
Morocco
Angola
Mozambique
Zimbabwe
Benin
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Ghana
Guinea-Bissau
Mali
Niger
Nigeria
Senegal
Canada
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Peru
Kazakhstan
Russia
Tajikistan
Tibet
Uzbekistan
China: Ming dynasty
Japan
Korea
Mongolia
Brunei
Cambodia
Indonesia
Laos
Malaysia
Myanmar / Burma
Philippines
Thailand
Vietnam
Iran
Oman
Turkey
Yemen
Croatia
England and Ireland
Scotland
Ireland
Austria
Hungary
Poland
Kalmar Union
Denmark–Norway
Sweden
Southern Italy
Malta
Andorra
Navarre
Portugal
Spain
France
Low Countries
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Russia: Dagestan
Chile: Easter Island
Tonga
United States: Hawaii
Silver Throne

The Silver Throne (Swedish: Silvertronen or Drottning Kristinas silvertron) is a throne which has been used by the Swedish monarch at coronations, accessions to the throne and the State Opening of Parliament. The Silver Throne is located in the Hall of State at Stockholm Palace.
The Silver Throne was made for Queen Christina's coronation in 1650. Crafted by Abraham Drentwett in Augsburg, Bavaria, it was a gift from Count Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie. Since coronations stopped being practiced the throne has been used for state openings of parliament (until 1975) and enthronement ceremonies (last for Carl XVI Gustaf in 1973). It was last used in 1974 for the State Opening of Parliament.
The throne took a prominent role in 2023 for a formal portrait of King Carl XVI Gustaf to mark his Golden Jubilee.
On 14 September 2024, a woman was arrested after walking past the cordons around the throne and sitting on it. The woman was arrested on suspicion of vandalism and violation of Sweden’s Protection Act. Initially, there were media reports that the throne had been damaged in the incident, but this was later denied by the Swedish Royal Court.
A replica of the throne was made for the Greta Garbo film Queen Christina in 1933, and then also used in the 1989 Batman film as the throne of the Joker.
Magnate

The term magnate, from the late Latin magnas, a great man, itself from Latin magnus, "great", means a man from the higher nobility, a man who belongs to the high office-holders or a man in a high social position, by birth, wealth or other qualities in Western Christian countries since the medieval period. It also includes the members of the higher clergy, such as bishops, archbishops and cardinals. In reference to the medieval, the term is often used to distinguish higher territorial landowners and warlords, such as counts, earls, dukes, and territorial-princes from the baronage. In Poland the szlachta (nobles) constituted one of the largest proportions of the population (around 10-12%) and 'magnat' refers to the richest nobles, or nobles of the nobility - even though they had equal voting rights in Poland's electoral monarchy.
In England, the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all tenants-in-chief of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of Parliament led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families. A similar class in the Gaelic world were the Flatha. In the Middle Ages, a bishop sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the manors and the associated knights' fees.
In the Tudor period, after Henry VII defeated Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry made a point of executing or neutralising as many magnates as possible. Henry would make parliament attaint undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry also used the Court of the Star Chamber to have powerful nobles executed. Henry VIII continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men, and the ones he did were all "new men": novi homines, greatly indebted to him and with very limited power.
The term was specifically applied to the members of the Upper House of the Diet of Hungary in the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary, the Főrendiház, that can be translated as the House of Magnates, an equivalent to the British Peers.
Magnates were a social class of wealthy and influential nobility in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Velikaš is the Serbo-Croatian word for 'magnate', derived from veliko ('great, large, grand'). It was used to refer to the highest nobility of Serbia in the Middle Ages and Croatia in the Middle Ages.
In Spain, since the late Middle Ages, the highest class of nobility hold the appellation of Grandee of Spain and was known earlier as ricohombres.
In Sweden, the wealthiest medieval lords were known as storman (plural stormän), "great men", a similar description and meaning as the English term magnate.
Monarca

Monarca is a Mexican drama television series created and produced by Diego Gutiérrez. It stars Osvaldo Benavides, Juan Manuel Bernal, Rosa María Bianchi, and Irene Azuela. The plot revolves around a billionaire tequila magnate and his family in the corrupt world of Mexico's business elites riddled with scandal and violence. The series was released on September 13, 2019, on Netflix. On October 24, 2019, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on January 1, 2021. In March 2021, the series was canceled after two seasons.
La Monarca Bakery

La Monarca Bakery is a Mexican bakery-cafe that operates twelve-retail locations in Los Angeles California, United States.
The company was founded in 2006 by Ricardo Cervantes and Alfredo Livas, opening its first bakery in the city of Huntington Park, within the historic Pacific Boulevard commercial district. In 2009, the company opened its second location in City of Commerce, CA. and in 2010 opened its third location in Santa Monica. In 2012, La Monarca Bakery opened its fourth store in South Pasadena, CA. In 2013, La Monarca Bakery opened its fifth store in Hollywood in January, 2014, and its sixth store in Boyle Heights. Its seventh location opened in Highland Park in 2015. The eighth location opened in Whittier, California in 2016. In 2017 the company opened its ninth location in Pico Rivera, California, its 10th store in Cesar Chavez and its 11th location on Western and Santa Monica Blvd in Hollywood. The most recent La Monarca Bakery location opened in 2018 in Lincoln Heights.
La Monarca Bakery makes traditional Mexican pan dulce and sells Mexican coffee sourced from Oaxaca, Mexico. They brew traditional Cafe de Olla, a Mexican coffee drink.
La Monarca Bakery has also been profiled in Forbes, in their 5th Annual "Small Giants" piece and The Los Angeles Times in their 2017 Guide to Best Bakeries in LA. La Monarca Bakery's Highland Park grand opening in 2015 was keynoted by California State Senate President Pro Tempore Kevin De Leon.
La Monarca Bakery offers Mexican pan dulce, cookies and cakes. La Monarca Bakery's coffee and espresso drinks are made utilizing La Marzocco equipment. La Monarca serves Mexican savory and sweet fare.
La Monarca Bakery was founded by Monterrey, Mexico natives Ricardo Cervantes and Alfredo Livas after completing their MBA studies at Stanford University's Graduate School of Business.
Fuu

Fuu merupakan alat musik Papua yang terbuat dari kayu dan bambu dan dimainkan dengan cara meniupkan udara ke lubang atau bagian yang terbuka. Selain digunakan sebagai sarana komunikasi untuk memanggil orang lain, alat musik ini digunakan untuk mengiringi tarian masyarakat Papua, khususnya suku Asmat, Kabupaten Merauke. Dari segi bentuknya, fuu tampak seperti seruling dan juga tabung karena diameternya yang lebar. Biasanya, fuu dimainkan dengan alat musik Papua lainnya seperti tifa atau kelambut.
Fuu juga digunakan untuk berburu hewan di hutan. Sebelum memasuki hutan, beberapa warga atau pemburu akan memanjat pohon dan meniup fuu. Begitu hewan mendekat karena suara Fuu, mereka akan menggunakan senjata seperti panah dan tombak untuk membunuh hewan tersebut. Setelah berhasil berburu dan keluar dari hutan, fuu akan ditiup lagi sebagai tanda keberhasilan dalam berburu hewan seperti babi hutan atau rusa.
Fuu adalah alat musik tradisional yang memiliki peran penting dalam budaya Papua, baik dalam konteks upacara adat, tarian, maupun komunikasi spiritual. Sebagai instrumen musik, fuu sering digunakan dalam berbagai kegiatan, seperti tarian tradisional Yospan, yang berfungsi sebagai hiburan dalam acara adat, penyambutan tamu, dan gelaran budaya. Tarian Yospan yang diiringi fuu menggambarkan persahabatan dan kegembiraan, terutama bagi para pemuda dan pemudi Papua.
Selain perannya dalam hiburan dan perburuan, fuu juga digunakan dalam upacara adat untuk tujuan spiritual, seperti memanggil roh nenek moyang, memohon berkah, atau merayakan peristiwa penting dalam daur hidup, seperti panen, pernikahan, atau kelahiran. Masyarakat Papua percaya bahwa alam semesta dan makhluk hidup memiliki kekuatan spiritual yang besar, dan fuu menjadi jembatan untuk menghubungkan dunia manusia dengan dunia roh nenek moyang.
Armida Alisjahbana

Prof. Dr. Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, S.E., M.A. (lahir 16 Agustus 1960), (nama gadis Kusumaatmadja) adalah Menteri Negara Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional Republik Indonesia/Kepala Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional pada Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II. Ia juga adalah Guru Besar Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD). Saat ini ia juga menjabat sebagai Direktur Utama Center for Sustainable Development Goals Studies, Universitas Padjadjaran.
Armida pernah menjabat sebagai Ketua Program Studi Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan (sekarang Ilmu Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan / IESP) FEB UNPAD dan Ketua Laboratorium Penelitian, Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat dan Pengkajian Ekonomi (LP3E) FEB UNPAD. Ia adalah lulusan FE Universitas Indonesia dan meraih gelar Master of Arts in Economics dari Universitas Northwestern, Amerika Serikat, serta Doctor of Philosophy in Economics dari Universitas Washington, Amerika Serikat. Ia juga menulis berbagai riset yang terkait dengan desentralisasi fiskal. Armida sering berkiprah sebagai konsultan untuk Bank Dunia dan Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).
Armida adalah putri kedua dari pasangan Prof. (Em.) Dr. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja S.H. (Sunda) dan Siti Hadidjah (Minangkabau). Armida menikah dengan Andi Alisjahbana yang saat ini menjabat sebagai Direktur Teknologi & Pengembangan PT Dirgantara Indonesia. Mereka dikaruniai dua orang anak, Arlisa Alisjahbana dan Ariana Alisjahbana. Armida adalah menantu dari alm. Prof. Dr-Ing. Iskandar Alisjahbana.
Paviliun Peony

Paviliun Peony (Chinese: 牡丹亭; pinyin: Mǔdān tíng; Wade–Giles: Mu-tan t'ing), adalah drama tragikomedi romantis yang ditulis oleh dramawan Tang Xianzu pada 1598, alur ceritanya diambil dari cerita pendek "Du Hidup Kembali Demi Cinta". Drama ini menceritakan kisah cinta antara Du Liniang dan Liu Mengmei, mengatasi semua kesulitan, melampaui ruang dan waktu, hidup dan mati, hingga akhirnya bisa berkumpul kembali.
Berbeda dengan drama cerita pendek pada zaman dinasti Tang, drama ini adalah integrasi dinamis dari legenda dan kenyataan di zaman Dinasti Ming. Adegan cinta dalam mimpi, kebangkitan Du Liniang, atau elemen supernatural yang tampak absurd dalam sebuah drama, tetapi hal ini mencerminkan humanisme, melalui hasrat kuat protagonis dan pengejaran cinta yang tak henti-hentinya, serta mengungkap kemerosotan masyarakat di bawah sistem feodalisme yang terjadi pada saat itu.
Drama ini awalnya ditulis untuk pementasan opera Kunqu, salah satu genre seni teater tradisional Tiongkok yang paling tua, dan pertama kali dipertunjukkan pada tahun 1598 di Paviliun Pangeran Teng. Dengan plot yang canggih, struktur dramatis yang luar biasa dan karakter yang digambarkan dengan baik, Paviliun Peony telah menjadi drama paling populer dari dinasti Ming, terutama karakter yang digambarkan dengan sangat bagus, Du Liniang berhasil menjadi tokoh yang mewakili wanita dalam drama Tiongkok kuno. Sebagian besar audiens dan kritikus kontemporer membuat estimasi yang tinggi terhadap sebuah drama. Paviliun Peony menjadi salah satu yang paling klasik dalam seni teater tradisional Tiongkok, dan grup teater Kun tidak dapat menganggap repertoar mereka lengkap tanpa mementaskan drama ini.
Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival

Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival (JIJJF) atau hanya Java Jazz Festival (JJF), merupakan festival musik jazz terbesar yang diselenggarakan setiap tahun pada awal bulan Maret sejak tahun 2005 di Jakarta, Indonesia, oleh Java Festival Production.
Selain menghadirkan musisi jazz mancanegara maupun dalam negeri, festival ini juga diperkaya musisi dari genre musik yang lain seperti R&B, Soul dan Reggae. Beberapa dari musisi terkemuka yang hadir pada tahun 2006 adalah James Brown, Earth, Wind & Fire, Eric Benet, Bubi Chen, dan Angie Stone. Sementara pada tahun 2007, Sergio Mendes, Chaka Khan, Lisa Ono dan Jamie Cullum adalah para musisi yang turut tampil. Menurut situs resmi festival ini, lebih dari 67.000 pengunjung menghadiri festival selama tiga hari pada tahun 2006.
Banyak penampilan spesial yang disajikan dalam festival jazz ini, diantaranya Santana, Lee Ritenour dan Dave Koz. Tak hanya penampilan spesial saja tetapi ada penampilan seperti Steve Lukather, Barry Likumahuwa Project, Robben Ford, Sandy Winarta Quartet, Sheila Majid, Joy Tobing, Chieli Minucci & Special EFX, Bob James dan musisi jazz lainnya.
Peter F. Gontha adalah orang di balik kemegahan festival jazz. Ia banyak terlibat dalam aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan jazz. Ia termotivasi dan terinspirasi dari visi bahwa orang-orang dari seluruh dunia dapat bekerja bersama dalam damai dan harmoni melalui media musik yang indah. Ia melihat musik sebagai satu-satunya bahasa internasional, memotong semua hambatan dan membuka hati dan pikiran di mana pun terdengar.
"Presiden (kala itu) Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono bertanya ke saya bagaimana mengembalikan citra Indonesia di mata dunia setelah bencana gempa dan tsunami di akhir 2004. Saya jawab bikin festival jazz karena saya ngerti-nya jazz. Kami ajak musisi internasional ke Indonesia untuk melihat langsung kondisi kita," papar Peter. "Beliau setuju dan saya lalu segera cari sponsor. Salah satu yang saya hubungi adalah BNI. Belum selesai saya berbicara, mereka sudah mengiyakan," lanjut Peter. Hingga kini, BNI masih menjadi sponsor utama acara ini.
Pendiri Museum Rekor Indonesia, Jaya Suprana memberikan penghargaan piagam tertinggi rekor dunia untuk Java Jazz Festival. Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival memecahkan rekor dunia sebagai "Festival Jazz Terbesar di Dunia", sebanyak 1.300 musisi, artis & grup musik di 21 panggung. Pergelaran ini merupakan festival jazz yang pertama kali diadakan dalam satu kawasan.
Diwas

The Diwas is a native bamboo wind instrument from the Philippines that is a variation of the well-known pan flute or panpipes. It is made of bamboo, with one end closed with bamboo nodes. It does not have finger holes (or tone holes) like other popular aerophones, such as flutes. The Diwas compensates by grouping pipes of graduated lengths together. The player shifts from one pipe to another to produce sounds with varying pitches. In Kalinga, these individual pipes are known as saggeypo, which is why the Diwas is sometimes called saggeypo. The number of attached saggeypos can range from five to eight.
The instrument is played by blowing on the embouchure of the instrument. The embouchure has two distinct sides, but either can be used to play the instrument. When playing on the side with the shorter cut, the instrument produces a higher pitch than when playing on the side with the longer cut.
How the instrument produces its sound can be explained by the concept of closed-end pipes/tubes. When the player blows on the embouchure, air jets enter the body of the instrument and create vibrations. The slanted cut in the embouchure controls the airflow in the body. The time for this vibration to reach the end of the body and get reflected back determines the frequency produced by the instrument. Therefore the length of the tube determines the frequency produced by the instrument.
Most of the variations of the Philippine bamboo panpipes can be traced to northern Luzon, where the instrument is known by different names. In Balangaw, the instrument is called dad-ayu. In Bontoc, it is known as diwdiw-as. In Tingguian, dwdew-as. In Kankanai, diwas. In these variations, the number of pipes ranges from five to eight. The size, length, and radius of the instruments vary from one ethnic group to another, but exact measurements are not required. The aesthetics of the instrument also varies from one group to another.
In Kalinga, "saggeypo" and "Diwas" are the same because "saggeypo" refers to the individual pipes of the "Diwas". There is no significant difference in the physical features of the saggeypo and diwas. However, since the diwas is a group of saggeypo strung together, the lengths of the pipe are more fixed. Typically, saggeypo has no fixed length.
Production of the Diwas does not depend on exact measurements. This affects the generality of the music in Indigenous peoples of the Philippines. Unlike Western music tradition, which depends largely on musical notes in producing melody, Indigenous music in the Philippines depends highly on rhythm. This is why sizes, length, radius, etc. of instruments in the Philippines have no fixed value where these values are important in producing pitch.
Yu (wind instrument)

The Yu (竽; pinyin: yú) is a free reed wind instrument used in ancient China. It is similar to the sheng, with multiple bamboo pipes fixed in a wind chest which may be made out of bamboo, wood, or a gourd. Each pipe contains a free reed, which is also made of bamboo. Whereas the sheng is used to provide simultaneous tones in harmony (in fourths and fifths), the yu is played in single lines melodically. The instrument was used, often in large numbers, in court orchestras of ancient China (and was also exported to Korea and Japan) but is no longer used.
Although the yu is now obsolete, it is known to most Chinese speakers through the saying "Làn yú chōng shù" (濫竽充數), meaning "to fill a position without having the necessary qualifications." The saying is derived from the story of Nanguo (南郭), a man who joined the royal court orchestra of King Xuan of Qi (宣王, 319 BC–300 BC), the ruler of the State of Qi (Shandong province) as a yu player. Although the man did not actually know how to play this instrument, he knew that the orchestra had no fewer than 300 yu players, so he felt secure that he could simply pretend to play, and thus collect a musician's salary. Upon the king's death, Nanguo was eventually exposed as an impostor when the king's son Min (湣王, 300 BC–283 BC), who had succeeded his father as king, requested that the musicians play individually rather than as an ensemble. On the night before he was to play, Nanguo fled the royal palace as he feared being punished for lying about his instrumental abilities, never to return.
మురుగన్ ఆరు నిలయాలు

మురుగన్ ఆరు నివాసాలు, ఇవి దక్షిణ భారతదేశం, తమిళనాడు రాష్ట్రంలో హిందూ దేవత మురుగన్‌కు అంకితం చేయబడిన ఆరు దేవాలయాలు. వీటిని వివిధ దేవాలయాలలో కందస్వామి, కార్తికేయ, స్కంద, వడివేల అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. మురుగన్ ఈ ఆరు పవిత్ర నివాసాలు గురించి తమిళ సంగం సాహిత్యం, నక్కీరర్ రచించిన తిరుమురుగత్రుపడై, అరుణగిరినాథర్ రచించిన తిరుప్పుగలో ప్రస్తావించబడ్డాయి. తిరుపరంకుండ్రం, తిరుచెందూర్, పళని, స్వామిమలై, తిరుత్తణి, పజముదిర్చోలై అనే ఆరు నివాసాలు ఉదహరించడ్డాయి.
స్కాంద పురాణం తమిళ పునరావృతమైన కంద పురాణంలో మురుగన్ పురాణం వివరించబడింది. పురాణ కథనం ప్రకారం, రాక్షసుడైన శూరపద్మన్ ఒకసారి దేవతలను స్వర్గం నుండి తరిమికొడతాడు. దేవతలు ఆ తరువాత విష్ణువు, బ్రహ్మల సహాయం కోరతారు. వారు శివుని తపస్సు నుండి భంగం కలిగించి, పార్వతితో ప్రేమలో పడటానికి కామదేవుడికి ఆపనిని అప్పగిస్తారు. ఆ జంట తరువాత మురుగన్‌కు జన్మనిచ్చింది. మురుగన్ యుద్ధంలో శూరపద్మను చంపి, దేవతలకు స్వర్గాన్ని పునరుద్ధరిస్తాడు. మురుగన్ యుద్ధానికి ముందు దేవతల నాయకుడుగా అభిషేకించబడ్డాడు. మురుగన్ వల్లీ దేవతను ప్రేమతో వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు. తిరుచెందూరులో జరిగిన యుద్ధం తర్వాత దైవాయనైని వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు.
తమిళ సాహిత్యంలో, ఐదు రకాల భూమి గురించి వివరించబడింది.అవి కురింజి (పర్వత ప్రాంతం), ముల్లై (అటవీ ప్రాంతం), మారుతం (వ్యవసాయ ప్రాంతం), నీతాల్ (తీర ప్రాంతం), పాలై (ఎడారి ప్రాంతం). సంగం సాహిత్యంలో వివిధ దేవతలు ఈ ప్రాంతాలకు పోషక దేవతలుగా పేర్కొనబడ్డారు. ఈ గ్రంథాల ప్రకారం కురింజి ప్రాంతానికి మురుగన్ ఆరాధ్యదైవం.
అరుణగిరినాథర్ తిరువణ్ణామలైలో జన్మించిన 15వ శతాబ్దపు తమిళ కవి. ప్రాంతీయ సంప్రదాయం ప్రకారం, అతను తన ప్రారంభ సంవత్సరాలను అల్లర్లతో మహిళలను మోసగించే వ్యక్తిగా గడిపాడు. తన ఆరోగ్యం క్షీణించిన తరువాత, అతను అన్నామలైయార్ ఆలయం ఉత్తర గోపురంపై నుండి దూకి ఆత్మహత్యకు ప్రయత్నించాడు, కానీ మురుగన్ దేవుని దయతో అతడు రక్షించబడ్డాడు అప్పటి నుండి అతను మంచి భక్తుడుగా మారాడు. అతను మురుగన్‌ను కీర్తిస్తూ తమిళ శ్లోకాలను కూర్పు చేసాడు. వాటిలో అత్యంత ముఖ్యమైంది తిరుప్పుగ . అరుణగిరినాథర్ వివిధ మురుగన్ ఆలయాలను సందర్శించి తిరువణ్ణామలైకి తిరుగు ప్రయాణంలో పళనిని దర్శించుకుని స్వామినాథ స్వామిని కీర్తించాడు. తిరుపరంకుండ్రం ఆరు నివాసాలలో మొదటిదిగా పరిగణించబడుతుంది. మురుగన్‌కు బదులుగా వేల్ అనే దివ్యమైన ఈటెకు అభిషేకం నిర్వహించబడే ఏకైక ఆలయం ఇది. పళని మురుగన్ అత్యంత ప్రముఖ నివాసంగా పరిగణించబడుతుంది.
ఆరు దేవాలయాలలోని ప్రధాన సంప్రదాయాలలో ఒకటి, పళని దేవతను అనుకరిస్తూ తమ వెంట్రుకలను విస్మరిస్తానని ప్రతిజ్ఞ చేసే భక్తులు ఇక్కడ క్షవరం చేయుంచుకోవటం ఆచారం. మరొక విషయం, ఆలయాన్ని రోజంతా మూసివేయడానికి ముందు, రాత్రిపూట గంధపు జిగురుతో విగ్రహం తలపై పీఠాధిపతి అభిషేకం చేయడం విశేషం. దానివలన రాత్రిపూట ఔషధ గుణాలు వంటబడతాయని చెప్పబడింది. రక్కల చందనం వలె దానిని భక్తులకు పంపిణీ చేస్తారు. సాధారణంగా అనుసరించే ఆరాధన పద్ధతిలో భక్తులు సాంప్రదాయ దుస్తులను ధరించి, కొండమాదిరి రూపంతో మెరుస్తున్న కాగితంతో తళతళ మెరిసేవిధంగా పూలతో అలంకరించబడిన కావిడిని కాలినడకన కొండపైకి తీసుకువెళ్లడం ఇక్కడ ఆనవాయితీగా ఉంది.
భారత ఆరోగ్య, కుటుంబ సంక్షేమ మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ

ఆరోగ్యం & కుటుంబ సంక్షేమ మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ, MoHFW అనే సంక్షిప్తీకరణతో కూడా పిలువబడుతుంది, ఇది భారతదేశంలో ఆరోగ్య విధానంతో ఛార్జ్ చేయబడిన ఒక భారత ప్రభుత్వ మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ. భారతదేశంలో కుటుంబ నియంత్రణకు సంబంధించిన అన్ని ప్రభుత్వ కార్యక్రమాలకు కూడా ఇది బాధ్యత వహిస్తుంది.
ఆరోగ్య & కుటుంబ సంక్షేమ శాఖ మంత్రి మంత్రి మండలిలో సభ్యునిగా క్యాబినెట్ హోదాను కలిగి ఉంటారు. ప్రస్తుత మంత్రి జగత్ ప్రకాష్ నడ్డా, ప్రస్తుత ఆరోగ్య శాఖ సహాయ మంత్రి (MOS: మంత్రికి సహాయకుడు అంటే ప్రస్తుతం జగత్ ప్రకాష్ నడ్డాకు సహాయకుడు) అనుప్రియా పటేల్ & ప్రతాపరావు గణపత్రావ్ జాదవ్ ఉన్నారు.
1955 నుండి మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ ఇండియన్ ఫార్మాకోపోయియాను ఇండియన్ ఫార్మకోపోయియా కమిషన్ (IPC) ద్వారా క్రమం తప్పకుండా ప్రచురిస్తుంది, ఇది భారతదేశంలో ఔషధాలు, ఔషధాలు మరియు ఆరోగ్య సంరక్షణ పరికరాలు & సాంకేతికతలకు ప్రమాణాలను నిర్దేశించే స్వయంప్రతిపత్త సంస్థ.
మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ రెండు విభాగాలు & ఆరు సబార్డినేట్ కార్యాలయాలతో కూడి ఉంటుంది. డిపార్ట్‌మెంట్ ఆఫ్ హెల్త్ అండ్ ఫ్యామిలీ వెల్ఫేర్ & డిపార్ట్‌మెంట్ ఆఫ్ హెల్త్ రీసెర్చ్ అండ్ డైరెక్టరేట్ జనరల్ ఆఫ్ హెల్త్ సర్వీసెస్.
ఇవి కూడా చూడండి: భారతదేశంలో ఆరోగ్య సంరక్షణ
డైరెక్టరేట్ జనరల్ ఆఫ్ హెల్త్ సర్వీసెస్ అనేది పబ్లిక్ హెల్త్, మెడికల్ ఎడ్యుకేషన్ & హెల్త్ కేర్‌కి సంబంధించిన సాంకేతిక పరిజ్ఞానానికి బాధ్యత వహించే విభాగం. DGHS క్రింద ఉన్న సంస్థలు మరియు సంస్థలు:
ఆరోగ్య శాఖ అవగాహన ప్రచారాలు, ఇమ్యునైజేషన్ ప్రచారాలు, నివారణ ఔషధం మరియు ప్రజారోగ్యంతో సహా ఆరోగ్య సంరక్షణతో వ్యవహరిస్తుంది . ఈ విభాగం పరిపాలనా నియంత్రణలో ఉన్న సంస్థలు:
కుటుంబ సంక్షేమ శాఖ (FW) కుటుంబ సంక్షేమానికి సంబంధించిన అంశాలకు బాధ్యత వహిస్తుంది, ముఖ్యంగా పునరుత్పత్తి ఆరోగ్యం, తల్లి ఆరోగ్యం, పీడియాట్రిక్స్, సమాచారం, విద్య కమ్యూనికేషన్స్; NGOలు & అంతర్జాతీయ సహాయ సమూహాలతో సహకారం ; గ్రామీణ ఆరోగ్య సేవలు. కుటుంబ సంక్షేమ శాఖ దీనికి బాధ్యత వహిస్తుంది:
డిపార్ట్‌మెంట్ ఆఫ్ హెల్త్ రీసెర్చ్ (DHR) భారతదేశంలో బయోమెడికల్ పరిశోధన యొక్క సూత్రీకరణ, మద్దతు, సమన్వయం & ప్రచారం కోసం బాధ్యత వహిస్తుంది
దూరదర్శన్ సప్తగిరి

దూరదర్శన్ సప్తగిరి (తెలుగు భాషలో) తొలి టీవి ఛానల్. ఇది 1977 సంవత్సరంలో అక్టోబరు 23న అప్పటి రాష్ట్రపతి నీలం సంజీవరెడ్డిచే ప్రారంభింఛబడింది. హైదరాబాద్ దూరదర్శన్ కేంద్రం నుంచి మొదట్లో రోజుకి మూడు గంటల పాటు కార్యక్రమాలు ప్రసారం అయ్యేవి.1998 నుంచి 24గంటల ప్రసారాలు ప్రారంభం అయ్యాయి. 2003 ఏప్రియల్ 2 నుండి దీని పేరు " సప్తగిరి" ఛానల్ గా మార్చారు. 2014 ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ విభజన అనంతరం విజయవాడలో చిన్న స్టూడియో స్థాయిలో ఉన్న ఉపకేంద్రాన్ని నవ్యాంధ్రప్రదేశ్ రాష్ట్ర ప్రాంతీయ ప్రసారానికి ప్రధాన కేంద్రంగా కేంద్రప్రభుత్వం గుర్తించింది. ఈ కేంద్రాన్ని ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ ముఖ్యమంత్రి నారా చంద్రబాబునాయుడు, కేంద్ర పట్టణాభివృద్ధి, పార్లమెంటరీ వ్యవహారాల శాఖా మంత్రి ముప్పవరపు వెంకయ్య నాయుడు ప్రారంభించారు.
1996 వరకు తెలుగులో ఉన్న ఏకైక టివి ఛానల్ దూరదర్శన్ సప్తగిరి. ఆంధ్రప్రదేశ్ అంతటా ఇది అశేష ప్రేక్షకాదరణను చవిచూసింది. 1996 తరువాత ఇతర ప్రైవేటు ఛానళ్ళు రావడంతో క్రమంగా ప్రేక్షకాదరణను కోల్పోయింది. 1996కు ముందు ప్రతి రాత్రి 7:30గంటలకు వార్తలు చదివే వక్తలు ఎంతో పేరు ప్రఖ్యాతులు సంపాదించారు. శాంతి స్వరూప్, లక్ష్మి, రమాకాంత్ తదితరులు ఇంటింటా పేరొందారు. శుక్రవారం రాత్రి 8గంటలకు ప్రసారం అయ్యే చిత్రలహరి కార్యక్రమం అత్యంత ప్రేక్షకాదరణ పొందింది.
Aplanchado

El aplanchado es un dulce tradicional consumido en el Ecuador y el sur de Colombia, principalmente Popayán, consiste en una masa horneada de hojaldre cubierta por una capa de glace dulce horneado,​ que se sirve en porciones rectangulares.
Este postre ecuatoriano, se consume a lo largo del año y en ciudades andinas del Ecuador como Quito es vendido en locales comerciales panaderías y pastelerías.​​ En la actualidad empresas comerciales han industrializado su producción.​
Pampa de Higos Urco

La pampa de Higos Urco es un lugar histórico en Chachapoyas, Perú, donde la batalla del mismo nombre se libró el 6 de junio de 1821, antes de que José de San Martín proclamó la independencia del Perú.​​​​
En el recuerdo y la conmemoración de la batalla, hay una pequeña plaza elevada.
List of wars by death toll

This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths directly or indirectly caused by the deadliest wars in history. These numbers encompass the deaths of military personnel resulting directly from battles or other wartime actions, as well as wartime or war-related civilian deaths, often caused by war-induced epidemics, famines, or genocides. Due to incomplete records, the destruction of evidence, differing counting methods, and various other factors, the death tolls of wars are often uncertain and highly debated. For this reason, the death tolls in this article typically provide a range of estimates.
Compiling such a list is further complicated by the challenge of defining a war. Not every violent conflict constitutes a war; for example, mass killings and genocides occurring outside of wartime are excluded, as they are not necessarily wars in themselves. This list broadly defines war as an extended conflict between two or more armed political groups. Consequently, it excludes mass death events such as human sacrifices, ethnic cleansing operations, and acts of state terrorism or political repression during peacetime or in contexts unrelated to war.
List of Greek dishes

This is a list of notable dishes found in Greek cuisine.
Apart from the mainstream Greek pitas, regionally can be found various different versions.
There is a wide variety of cheeses made in various regions across Greece. The vast majority of them are unknown outside Greece. Many artisanal hand made cheeses, both common varieties and local specialties, are produced by small family farms throughout Greece and offer distinct flavors. A good list of some of the varieties of cheese produced and consumed in Greece can be found in the List of Greek Protected Designations of Origin cheeses article. Here are some of the more popular throughout Greece:
Madura United F.C.

Madura United Football Club (biasa disebut sebagai Madura United FC, atau hanya Madura United saja) adalah klub sepak bola profesional asal Indonesia yang berbasis di Pulau Madura, tepatnya di Kabupaten Pamekasan, Jawa Timur
Klub yang saat ini bermain pada Liga 1 Indonesia, sejak berkompetisi di kasta ke-1 di Indonesia, Madura United menggunakan 1 Stadion Yaitu, Stadion Gelora Ratu Pamelingan, yang Berlokasi di Kabupaten Pamekasan, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
Madura United didirikan sebagai Pelita Jaya F.C. pada tahun 1986 dengan markas di Jakarta. Sebagai Pelita Jaya, klub tersebut menjuarai Galatama tiga kali (1988/1989, 1990, dan 1993/1994). Setelah era Liga Indonesia dimulai untuk musim 1994/95, Pelita Jaya sering berpindah markas, pertama ke Solo (2000, Pelita Solo), Cilegon (2002, Pelita Krakatau Steel), Purwakarta (2006, Pelita Jaya Purwakarta), Bandung (2008, Pelita Jabar), dan Karawang (2009, Pelita Jaya Karawang), sebelum kembali ke Bandung pada tahun 2012 sebagai Pelita Bandung Raya. Saat menggunakan nama Pelita, klub tersebut dimiliki Bakrie Group hingga tahun 2012. Setelah dijual Bakrie, klub tersebut menjadi Persipasi Bandung Raya untuk musim 2015.
Pada 10 Januari 2016, pemilik Persipasi Bandung Raya, Ari D. Sutedi menjual lisensi klubnya kepada Prof. Achsanul Qosasi, yang notabene adalah seorang tokoh publik terkemuka di Pulau Madura dan kemudian bertransformasi menjadi Madura United F.C.
Perubahan logo dan nama dari masa ke masa
Catatan: Bendera menunjukkan tim nasional sesuai dengan peraturan FIFA. Pemain dapat memiliki lebih dari satu kewarganegaraan non-FIFA.
Catatan: Bendera menunjukkan tim nasional sesuai dengan peraturan FIFA. Pemain dapat memiliki lebih dari satu kewarganegaraan non-FIFA.
Isack Hadjar

Isack Alexandre Hadjar (lahir 28 September 2004) adalah seorang pembalap mobil profesional asal Prancis dan Aljazair, yang baru-baru ini berlomba di Kejuaraan Formula 2 untuk Campos Racing dan akan membalap di ajang Formula Satu untuk tim Racing Bulls.
Lahir dan dibesarkan di Paris dalam keluarga Aljazair, Hadjar mulai balapan go-kart kompetitif pada usia tujuh tahun. Setelah debut di balap mobil sport pada Ginetta Junior Winter Series, Hadjar melanjutkan ke formula junior pada tahun 2019. Ia finis di posisi ketiga pada Kejuaraan F4 Prancis 2020 bersama FFSA Academy, sebelum melanjutkan ke Kejuaraan Formula Regional Eropa pada tahun 2021, meraih beberapa kemenangan dan finis di posisi kelima pada musim debutnya. Ia kemudian mengikuti Formula Regional Asia dan Formula 3 FIA pada tahun 2022 bersama Hitech, meraih posisi ketiga di Formula Regional Asia dan mencatatkan beberapa kemenangan di keduanya. Hadjar naik ke Formula 2 FIA pada tahun 2023, finis sebagai runner-up di belakang Gabriel Bortoleto pada musim berikutnya bersama Campos.
Sebagai anggota Red Bull Junior Team sejak 2022, Hadjar melakukan debut sesi latihan bebas di Formula Satu pada Grand Prix Kota Meksiko 2023. Hadjar akan berlomba untuk Racing Bulls pada tahun 2025, menggantikan Liam Lawson untuk berpasangan dengan Yuki Tsunoda.
Isack Alexandre Hadjar lahir pada 28 September 2004 di Paris, Prancis, dari keluarga Aljazair yang merupakan dokter. Ayahnya, Yassine Hadjar, juga seorang mekanik go-kart. Ia memegang kewarganegaraan ganda Prancis dan Aljazair.
Hadjar awalnya mulai tertarik dengan motorsport setelah menonton film animasi Pixar, *Cars*. Orang tuanya membelikannya sebuah go-kart ketika ia berusia tujuh tahun, setahun setelah ia mulai menonton Formula Satu.
Wahju Prijo Djatmiko

Dr. Wahju Prijo Djatmiko, S.H., M.Hum., M.Sc., G.Dipl.IfSc., S.S. (lahir di Kediri, 3 Februari 1962) adalah pengacara Indonesia yang berfokus dalam bidang hukum pidana khususnya bidang korupsi. Ia juga menjabat sebagai Direktur Lembaga Kajian Hukum dan Perburuhan Indonesia. Pada tahun 2016, ia mengikuti seleksi calon anggota Komisioner Komisi Kepolisian Nasional (Kompolnas) dan lolos tahap assessment test. Selanjutnya, pada tahun 2019 diajukan oleh Presiden sebagai calon Hakim Konstitusi. Selain menjadi pengacara, ia juga seorang penulis. Namanya tercatat sebagai author di Google Scholar dan Semantic Scholar. Di samping itu, juga menjadi pembicara dalam forum-forum diskusi ilmiah. Lebih lanjut, ia memiliki pengalaman mengajar di Universitas Airlangga dan Universitas Hasanuddin.
Berhukum progresif memiliki arti bahwa dalam menjatuhkan putusannya, hakim tidak terpaku pada hitam-putih peraturan, akan tetapi juga memperhatikan nilai-nilai yang sedang menyelimuti masyarakat. Akibat dari kakunya hukum di Indonesia, banyak hal yang tidak terwadahi di dalam ius constitutum, seperti harapan, etika, dan semangat yang sedang mewarnai masyarakat. Penegakan hukum progresif tidak hanya bertumpu pada kecerdasan intelektual, melainkan juga berpijak pada kecerdasan spiritual. Keadilan prosedural tergali melalui keadilan yang berasal dari norma positif yang berlaku, sedangkan keadilan substansial diperoleh dari penyerapan nilai-nilai yang tumbuh dan hidup di masyarakat.
Dalam mengatasi persoalan korupsi dikenal dua pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan penal dan sistemik. Pendekatan sistemik dinilai sangat urgent untuk dilaksanakan dan dioptimalkan di Indonesia. Pendekatan sistemik merupakan suatu upaya berupa pencegahan kejahatan melalui kebijakan sosial yang luas. Kebijakan tersebut mencakup aspek-aspek sosial, budaya, ekonomi, politik, pendidikan, serta agama. Berdasarkan perbandingan antara pendekatan upaya penal dan sistemik terhadap penanggulangan tindak pidana korupsi di Finlandia, Hong kong, dan Jerman, pendekatan sistemik lebih memberikan hasil yang memuaskan daripada pendekatan pidana.
Beberapa kasus hukum yang menjadi atensi publik seperti:
Pandangan terhadap kasus-kasus hukum yang terjadi di Indonesia:
Selat Madura

Selat Madura adalah selat yang memisahkan Pulau Jawa dan Madura. Jarak terdekat antara kedua pulau ini berada di ujung barat Pulau Madura (pantai barat Madura atau kabupaten Bangkalan) dan di wilayah Kabupaten Gresik serta Kota Surabaya. Di selat ini terdapat pulau-pulau kecil, di antaranya Pulau Kambing, Pulau Giliraja, Pulau Genteng, dan Pulau Gili Ketapang. Selat Madura juga merupakan salah satu prasarana sekaligus sarana penunjang perekonomian yang sangat penting bagi masyarakat Jawa Timur.
Dalam beberapa sumber lama Nusantara dan Barat, selat tersebut sering dinamai sebagai Selat Surabaya, tetapi nama ini tidak diterima dalam ketentuan kartografi yang resmi.
Selat ini berada di sebelah timur provinsi Jawa Timur bagian utara, tepatnya di sebelah timur wilayah kabupaten Gresik, kota Surabaya, dan Kabupaten Sidoarjo, sebelah selatan pulau Madura, dan sebelah utara wilayah Pasuruan-Situbondo. Di selat ini juga terdapat pulau-pulau kecil, di antaranya Pulau Kambing, Pulau Giliraja, dan Pulau Genteng di dekat pulau Madura, serta Pulau Gili Ketapang di Kabupaten Probolinggo, Jawa Timur.
Selat madura juga dimanfaatkan sebagai objek pariwisata, industri, dan transportasi. Salah satunya yaitu PLTU Paiton, berada di pesisir selat ini, yakni di kecamatan Paiton, Kabupaten Probolinggo dan merupskan salah satu pembangkit listrik terbesar di pulau Jawa. Objek-objek wisata di pesisir selat Madura, diantaranya yang terkenal adalah pantai Kenjeran di Surabaya, pantai Bentar di kabupaten Probolinggo, dan pantai Pasir Putih di kabupaten Situbondo.
Sarana transportasi laut adalah kapal feri, yang menghubungkan Selat Madura di dua jalur, yaitu jalur penghubung Pelabuhan Ujung (Surabaya) dengan Pelabuhan Kamal (Bangkalan, Madura), serta jalur penghubung Pelabuhan Kalianget (Sumenep, Madura) dengan Pelabuhan Jangkar (Situbondo, Jawa Timur). Sarana transportasi lainnya, yaitu Jembatan Suramadu merupakan sarana transportasi darat penghubung Jawa-Madura dan berdampak sangat besar terhadap perekonomian kedua pulau ini.
Red Bull RB1

Red Bull RB1 adalah sebuah mobil balap Formula One yang dirancang oleh Jaguar Racing untuk kejuaraan musim 2005. Namun, dengan dibelinya tim Jaguar Racing oleh Red Bull, mobil tersebut pada akhirnya digunakan oleh tim Red Bull Racing. Mobil tersebut diluncurkan di Sirkuit Jerez pada 7 Februari 2005.
David Coulthard mengemudikan mobil tersebut di seluruh balapan pada musim tersebut, dengan Christian Klien dan Vitantonio Liuzzi saling bergantian di mobil lainnya. Liuzzi membalap di 4 balapan pertama, sedangkan Klien membalap disisa 15 balapan pada musim 2005. Tim Red Bull pada saat itu memiiki dua pembalap tes: Scott Speed dari Amerika Serikat dan pembalap Swiss Neel Jani.
Sasis mobil RB1 dirancang oleh Mark Smith, Rob Taylor dan Ben Agathangelou dan mesin dari mobil tersebut menggunakan mesin Cosworth TJ2005 30 liter (1.831 cu in) V10. Sponsor utama dari mobil tersebut adalah Red Bull. RB1 merupakan mobil pertama yang dirakit oleh Red Bull Racing setelah perusahaan minuman energi tersebut membeli tim Jaguar Racing di tahun 2004.
Hasil terbaik dari mobil RB1 merupakan posisi ke empat pada debut RB1, Grand Prix Australia 2005 di Melbourne, dan pada 2005 European Grand Prix yang digelar di Nürburgring. Kedua hasil tersebut diraih oleh David Coulthard. Hasil terbaik dari Christian Klien adalah posisi ke lima di balapan pamungkas musim 2005 di Shanghai. Hasil terbaik dari Vitantonio Liuzzi adalah posisi ke delapan pada debutnya di Formula Satu, yaitu di Grand Prix San Marino di Imola.
Setelah akhir musim 2005, Sasis RB1 kemudian dimodifikasi untuk digunakan kembali pada mobil Toro Rosso STR1 di tahun 2006.
Mobil RB1 menggunakan warna dasar biru gelap dengan stiker sponsor Red Bull diletakkan disamping mobil. Logo Red Bull juga ditempatkan pada kap dan sayap depan, dengan huruf Red Bull pada pod samping. Pada musim 2005, ban Red Bull disediakan oleh Michelin yang sekaligus merupakan penyuplai resmi Red Bull.
Pada Grand Prix F1 Monako 2005, Red Bull memasang stiker khusus pada RB1 dan kru pit mereka memakai seragam Stormtrooper sebagai bentuk promosi film Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
Mobil RB1 muncul di Episode 5 dari seri ke-14 Top Gear, dimana mobil tersebut digunakan untuk membuat lukisan dengan cat ultraviolet, dan dikemudikan oleh David Coulthard.
(legenda) (hasil dalam huruf tebal menunjukkan posisi terdepan; hasil dalam huruf miring menunjukkan lap tercepat)
Templat:F1 cars 2005
Daftar pustaka Jared Diamond

Jared Mason Diamond (lahir 10 September 1937) adalah seorang ilmuwan dan penulis Amerika yang paling dikenal akan buku-buku sains populernya, yaitu The Third Chimpanzee (1991), Guns, Germs, and Steel (1997), Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (2005), dan The World Until Yesterday (2012). Pada tahun 2012, Microsoft Academic Search mencatat terdapat 538 publikasi dengan nama Diamond sebagai penulisnya, termasuk kolaborasi dengan 343 penulis lain.
Rudy Choirudin

Rudy Choirudin, (lahir 28 Oktober 1964) adalah seorang jurutama masak, penulis dan pembawa acara berkebangsaan Indonesia. Ia dikenal berkat inovasinya dalam pembuatan bumbu dasar pada masakan. Selain itu, Rudy juga menulis beberapa buku mengenai resep masakan. Ia kerap disebut sebagai juru masak terbaik di kategori masakan khas Indonesia terutama masakan rumahan yang kerap dijadikan referensi bagi ibu-ibu rumah tangga.
Anak keenam dari tujuh bersaudara pasangan almarhum R Soedakso dan RA Sabaria Zannah ini tumbuh di lingkungan yang akrab dengan dunia masakan. Ibunya adalah pengusaha restoran yang sukses karena berhasil menyulap empat warung makan menjadi restoran. Sayangnya empat kali pula ibunya harus menutup restoran itu karena harus mengikuti suaminya yang berdinas di kota lain.
Rudy yang sangat dekat dengan ibunya, telah mengenal masakan dengan berbagai bumbu sejak kecil. Bahkan saat SMP, Rudy telah belajar memodifikasi masakan. Rudy melanjutkan sekolah menengahnya di Lampung, ia pun kemudian kembali ke Surabaya untuk menamatkan SMA-nya. Pada tahun 1985, Rudy hijrah ke Jakarta untuk melanjutkan ke Akademi Pariwisata Trisakti Jakarta. Rudy juga mengikuti berbagai seminar tentang makanan dan masakan serta meraih banyak prestasi di berbagai lomba masak dan festival memasak. Rudy menemukan bumbu dasar pada tahun 1987 dan aktif memperkenalkannya.
Rudy pernah menjadi restaurant manager di Java Garden Restaurant (1988-1990), staff pengajar Lembaga Kuliner Indonesia (1990-1991), pembawa acara di salah satu Radio Wanita di Jakarta (1991-1994), dan staff khusus untuk redaksi masakan majalah wanita Kartini (1988-1995). Nama Rudy melejit berkat acara Selera Nusantara dan Resep Oke Rudy di RCTI yang diasuhnya. Acara lain yang dibawakan diantaranya adalah Foody With Rudy (antv), Simple Rudy (MNCTV, sebelumnya bernama Rasa Sayange), dan juga Rudy & Sahabat (RCTI).
Pada tahun 2025, Rudy dipercaya sebagai juri dalam ajang pencarian bakat memasak terbesar di tanah air, MasterChef Indonesia untuk musim ke-12 di RCTI, menggantikan posisi Arnold Poernomo. Ia juga sekaligus menjadi juri tertua sepanjang sejarah MasterChef Indonesia.
Itv Malang

itv Malang (singkatan dari ikatan relawan Sosial Indonesia TV) adalah stasiun televisi yang mengudara di Malang, Jawa Timur yang berlokasi di Jl. Soekarno Hatta No.94, Mojolangu, Kec. Lowokwaru dan bersiaran melalui frekuensi 31 UHF Digital.
itv Malang berdiri dengan Surat Izin Prinsip Penyelenggaraan Penyiaran dari Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika Republik Indonesia nomor 1268 Tahun 2016. itv adalah televisi di Malang Raya yang sudah menggunakan teknologi HD TV dan bersiaran di channel 51 UHF. Peningkatan mutu dan kualitas siaran adalah tujuan itv dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasional, hal ini telah dibuktikan dengan itv menjadi pertama dan satu-satunya televisi di Malang Raya yang telah menjadi anggota Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU).
itv Malang memiliki beberapa Program TV sebagai berikut:
1. Indonesian Culture Corner
2. India Corner
3. Korean Corner
4. Jejak Misteri
5. Dunia Anak Indonesia
6. Malang Raya Menyapa (berita terkini)
7. News Traffic (Memberitakan Info Kemacetan Lalu Lintas di wilayah Malang Raya)
8. Suara Indonesia (berita terkini di Indonesia)
9. Ini Malang (Wisuda, Pengajian, Event dan lagu)
10. Amazing Malang
11. Cemal-cemil Malang Raya
12. School Zone (Company Profile Sekolah)
13. Music Corner
14. Religy
Pulau Mules

Pulau Mules, juga dikenal sebagai Nuca Molas, adalah sebuah pulau yang terletak di Laut Sawu, tepatnya di sebelah selatan Pulau Flores, Indonesia. Secara administratif, pulau ini termasuk dalam wilayah Kabupaten Manggarai, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pulau Mules menawarkan pemandangan alam yang menakjubkan dengan hamparan bukit batu dan padang rumput yang luas, memberikan kesan siluet "putri tidur" yang cantik.
Pantainya yang berpasir putih berpadu dengan perairan jernih Laut Sawu, menjadikannya destinasi yang cocok untuk aktivitas seperti berselancar, snorkeling, dan menyelam. Selain itu, pulau ini menjadi habitat bagi berbagai satwa laut, termasuk penyu, lumba-lumba, dan beragam jenis ikan serta terumbu karang, yang menambah keunikan ekosistemnya.
Untuk mencapai Pulau Mules, pengunjung dapat memulai perjalanan dari Kota Ruteng, Ibu Kota Kabupaten Manggarai, kemudian melanjutkan perjalanan darat menuju Dintor dengan waktu tempuh sekitar 1-2 jam. Dari Dintor, perjalanan dilanjutkan dengan menggunakan perahu menuju Pulau Mules.
Meskipun belum sepopuler destinasi wisata lainnya di Nusa Tenggara Timur, Pulau Mules mulai dilengkapi dengan beberapa fasilitas dasar untuk wisatawan, seperti penginapan, toilet umum, restoran, tempat sampah, dan mushola.
Pulau Mules juga dikenal sebagai lokasi ekowisata yang menawarkan panorama alam yang autentik. Pulau ini juga menjadi tempat bersarang bagi burung gosong (Megapodius reinwardt), yang merupakan spesies burung endemik. Upaya konservasi dan penelitian terhadap spesies ini telah dilakukan untuk menjaga kelestariannya. Di sekitar pulau ini terdapat beragam satwa, antara lain, penyu, lumba-lumba, ikan beragam jenis, gugusan coral dan anemon yang dapat dinikmati oleh wisatawan. Pengunjung juga bisa menyaksikan indahnya pemandangan kawanan sapi, kambing, hingga rusa yang mencari rumput di padang savana.
Dengan keindahan alam yang masih alami dan belum banyak terjamah, Pulau Mules memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai destinasi wisata unggulan. Pemerintah setempat telah mulai berinvestasi dalam pengembangan pariwisata di pulau ini sejak tahun 2018, dengan harapan dapat meningkatkan perekonomian lokal melalui sektor pariwisata.
Pulau Mules menawarkan pengalaman wisata yang unik bagi mereka yang mencari ketenangan dan keindahan alam yang belum banyak tersentuh, menjadikannya permata tersembunyi di Indonesia Timur.
Keunikan Pulau Mules tidak hanya terletak pada pemandangan dan keanekaragaman hayatinya, tetapi juga ada pada aspek budaya dan sejarahnya. Berbeda dengan mayoritas penduduk Pulau Flores yang beragama Katolik, mayoritas penduduk Pulau Mules memeluk agama Islam. Menurut sejarah setempat, Islam dibawa oleh nenek moyang mereka yang berasal dari suku Ende, Bima, dan Bugis. Sedangkan bahasa yang digunakan oleh penduduk Pulau Mules juga berbeda dari bahasa Manggarai di daratan Flores, menjadikan wilayah ini kaya akan keragaman tradisi dan budaya yang hidup di wilayah ini.