davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Amuruu

'Amuruun' aanaa fi magaalaa maqaa ilmaan Jaawwii keessa ishee tokkoon kan moggaafamteedha. Amuruun ilma sadi qaba. Hortee Sadan Amuruu jedhamuun waamamu ykn Hortee Amuruu Salgan jedhames ni waamamu waan ilma sadan suni ijoolle sadi sadi ofi jalatti qabaniif. Aanaan Amuruu qabeenyaawwan uumamaa hedduu kan qabduuf bakkeewwan hawwata turizimi kanneen akka Odaa Nafiroo, Dhagaa Qeerroo, Dhagaa Mooyyee, Bosonaa Angar fi Guraaloophoo, Albuudota kanneen akka Warqii, Gaasii, Ashaboo fi Horaa bishaan faa qabdi.Haalli qilleensa ishee jireenyaaf mijaatu kan tahe Badda-daree fi gammoojii ofi keessa qabdi. Oomishaale dheedhii fi kuduraaf muduraa qabdi.
Og-barruu

Ogbarruun kalaqa sammuu ta’ee, jechoota filatamoodhaan yaad barbaade afaaniinis ta’ee, barreeffamaan mi’eessee miidhagsee kan dhiyeessuudha. Ogbarruun kalaqa sammuu dhala namaa, ogummaafi dandeettii, aadaa, duudhaa, falaasamaafi haala jiruufi jireenyaa, akkasumas dhageettii keessoo ofii, gaddaafi gammachuu qaban kan ittiin ibsataniidha. Akka kanaan barreeffamni hololoofi bifa walaloon dhiyaatan hojii kalaqaa taanaan ogbarruu jala galu. Asoosamni, ogwalaloofi do’iin ogbarruu jalatti ilaalamu.
Ogbarruun afoolaas ta'e, barreeffama amaloota nama bashannansiisuu, barsiisuu, kakaasuu, koofalchiisuu, qirqiirsuu, gaddisiisuu, gammachiisuu, amansiisuufi kkf of-keessaa qabuudha. Akka Zarihuun jedhutti, ogbarruun waan barreeffame mara qofa osoo hin taane kan afaaniin darban afoola kanneen akka walaloo fa’aa ni dabalata. Ogbarruu ilaalchisuun Asaffaan akka lafa kaa’eetti, safuu fi falaasama hawaasummaan kan itti dhiyaatuudha. Hojii kalaqaa kamiyyuu keessatti yoo dhimma hojii sanaa isa gooroo hin ta’iin , dhimmi rakkina safuu osoo hin ka’iin hin hafu.
Hayyoota garaagaraan jechi Afaan Ingiliish literature jedhu Afaan Oromootin ogbarruu jedhamee hiikame. Haata’u malee, jechi ogbarruu ogummaa barreeffamaa ta'uu bu'uureffachuun, barreeffama qofaaf kan jedhani mormanis jiru.
Ummanni Oromoo ogbarruu ofii qaba. Ogbarruu fayyadamuun haala jiruu fi jireenya isaa ibsata. Ogbarruun Oromoo yeroo gara yerootti suutan dagaagaa kan dhufeedha. Haala guddinaafi dagaagina ogbarruu Oromoo keessatti, dhiibbaa mootummoonni darban biyya keenya bulchaa turan irraan ga'an irraa kan ka'e afaanichi carraa afaan hojii, afaan barnootaa, afaan sab-qunnamtii, afaan qorannoofi qo'annoo akkasumas carraa afaan barreeffamaa ta'uu sadarkaa eegameen argachaa turu dhabuun qancaruu danda'e.
Qorannaan ogbarruu jala bu’ee fayidummaa isaanii fi dadhabinna isanii saaxilee kallattii ifaa ta’e akeekus baay’ee xiqqaadha. Fakkeennaaf sadarkaa digirii sadeessootti, ogbarruu Oromoo irratti qorannaan hojjataman keessa kan Dr. Addisuu Toleessaa geerarsa Oromoo irratti hojjatan, kan Dr. Taaddesee Jaalataa afoolaa fi tapha ijoolle Oromoo Gujii irratti hojjatan, kan Dr. Asafaa Teferraa ogwolaloo diddaa Oromoo Salaalee irratti hojjatan fi biyya keessa Yuunivarsitoota Finfinne (Dr. Xilahuun Taliilaa, Dr. Teshoomee Egeree, Dr. Destaa Dessalenyii) fi Yuunivarsiti Jimmaa kan eeramaniidha.
Barreessaa
Barreessaa doo'ii
Galalchitoota
Walaleessaa
Banna people

The Banna people, also Banya, are an Omotic ethnic group in Ethiopia that inhabit the Lower Omo Valley, primarily between the Weyto and Omo rivers. They live in an area between the towns of Gazer and Dimeka, with the traditional area of the Banna being divided into two ritual regions: Ailama (around Gazer) and Anno (spanning from Benata to Dimeka). According to the 2007 census, they number at around 47,000 individuals. They engage primarily in agriculture and supplement this by pastoralism, hunting, and gathering. They are mainly traditionalists, however, a significant share are Christians, and they have their own king.
Most Banna are speakers of the Banna variety of the Hamar-Banna language (a member of the putative Southern branch of the Omotic languages), although some also speak the related Aari language in and around Mokocha and Chali. Some Banna claim only slight difficulty when communicating with speakers of the Hamar and Bashada varieties of the same language, and despite their linguistic proximity there is a clear virtual border to the Banna between themselves and the neighboring Hamar in specific.
Jonathan Taylor Thomas

Jonathan Taylor Thomas (né Weiss; born September 8, 1981) is an American actor and director. He is known for portraying Randy Taylor on Home Improvement and voicing young Simba in Disney's 1994 animated feature film The Lion King and Pinocchio in New Line Cinema's 1996 film The Adventures of Pinocchio.
Thomas was born on September 8, 1981, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Sacramento, California, and then to Los Angeles. Thomas's paternal uncle was playwright and actor Jeff Weiss (1940–2022). Thomas has Pennsylvania Dutch and Portuguese ancestry.
In 2000, Thomas enrolled at Harvard University, where he studied philosophy and history and spent his third year abroad at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. In 2010, he graduated from the Columbia University School of General Studies.
Thomas began his television career in 1990, playing the role of Kevin Brady, the son of Greg Brady, on The Bradys, a spin-off of the 1970s TV show The Brady Bunch. In 1991, Thomas appeared in three episodes of Fox's sketch comedy series In Living Color. That same year, he was cast as middle son Randy Taylor on ABC's sitcom Home Improvement. Despite looking much younger, in reality, Thomas was a month older than Zachery Ty Bryan who played his elder brother Brad. Thomas remained with Home Improvement well into his teenage years but left the show in 1998 to focus on academics, and was only involved in three episodes of the final season.
Since departing Home Improvement, Thomas has acted only occasionally. In early 2004, he had a small guest role on 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, another ABC sitcom, and appeared in the WB's Smallville in 2002 and 2004. In 2005, Thomas appeared in UPN's high school detective drama Veronica Mars and was also featured on The E! True Hollywood Story's episode on Home Improvement.
On March 22, 2013, Thomas guest-starred on the second-season finale of his third ABC sitcom, Last Man Standing, and again in the fourth episode of the third season on October 11, 2013, reuniting with Tim Allen, his TV father from Home Improvement. On January 10, 2015, he had a small cameo on the twelfth episode of the fourth season of Last Man Standing, reuniting with both of his TV parents from Home Improvement, Tim Allen and Patricia Richardson.
Thomas directed three episodes of Last Man Standing between 2013 and 2016.
Since 2017, Thomas has served as a national board member of the media labor union SAG-AFTRA.
Thomas appeared in many films during and after his run on Home Improvement. He had a few roles as a voice actor in his child years, including Disney's animated feature The Lion King, in which he voiced the protagonist Simba as a cub.
He also appeared in live-action films. Among the ones he starred in are those from Disney: Man of the House, Tom and Huck, and I'll Be Home for Christmas. Other live-action films starring Thomas are an adaptation of The Adventures of Pinocchio (in which he played and voiced the titular character), Wild America, Speedway Junky, and Walking Across Egypt.
Long Stick Goes Boom: Live From Da House of Rust

Long Stick Goes Boom: Live From Da House of Rust (also known as Long Stick Goes Boom - Live From Da House of Rust and by other titles) is a live album by melodic hard rock band Krokus. Released on 24 March 2014 in Europe and 22 April 2014 in North America by the label Columbia, it was recorded on August 30, 2013 at the "House of Rust" venue in Solothurn, Switzerland. The album has received praise from publications such as AllMusic and Blabbermouth.net, and it peaked at the #3 position on the official Swiss album chart.
The album was recorded in front of a rowdy, upbeat "hometown crowd", with the concert taking place in Solothurn, Switzerland on August 30, 2013. Its title comes the group's song "Long Stick Goes Boom" (also known as just "Long Stick"), which is a track initially from the 1982 album One Vice at a Time. That song has been one of Krokus' most popular hits over their career (peaking at #22 in the U.S., for example), and a version of it incorporating elements of the Who's track "Pinball Wizard" begins the release.
Krokus' members have felt their studio albums don't quite capture their natural sound, as played on stage before a live audience, which is a factor that frontman Marc Storace has called "frustrating to hear". As well, the live album aimed to capture the distinct abilities and performance styles of the band's three guitarists. After everything finished, Storace felt pleased with Live From Da House of Rust due to its "animalistic" feel.
The album captures the group as a six-man line-up made up of Mark Kohler, Mandy Meyer, Flavío Mezzodi, Marc Storace, Fernando Von Arb, and Chris Von Rohr. As well, Chris Von Rohr contributed to the album's production work. The release's track selection encompasses multiple decades of the group's history while having a relative emphasis on their recent work from the 2000s and 2010s.
Speaking about the recording venue, frontman Storace has remarked:
AllMusic published a supportive review by music critic Gregory Heaney, who remarked that "the band delivers an energetic set that'll easily make listeners forget these guys have been at it" for about four decades. He additionally remarked that Live From da House of Rust "bundles the stalwart rock band's stage presence into a nice little package, giving you the best seat in the house". Blabbermouth.net also ran a positive review, with Ray Van Horn Jr. writing that frontman Storace "sounds like he's in full defiance of time and he's having a ball at this concert".
Commercially, the album achieved success in the band's native country, with Live From da House of Rust peaking at the #3 position on the official Swiss album chart. The release spent a total of nine weeks on said chart.
One Vice at a Time

One Vice at a Time is the sixth studio album by the Swiss hard rock band Krokus, released in 1982 by Arista Records. It is notable for the strong influence of Australian hard rock band AC/DC on the songs and production, and was the first album to feature Mark Kohler on rhythm guitar. It includes a cover of the Guess Who's song "American Woman". The song "Long Stick Goes Boom" is used in the video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the fictional in-game radio station "V-Rock".
Bruce Dickinson, who at the time had just been hired as Iron Maiden's new lead vocalist, provides backing vocals on the track "I'm on the Run". Producer Tony Platt was best known for his prior work as engineer with AC/DC.
UK-based company Rock Candy Records reissued the album on CD in 2014.
The band's live album Long Stick Goes Boom: Live From Da House of Rust took its title from the lead-off song on this release.
At the time of release British press has negatively commented on the musical content of the album, condemning the musicians as copycats of AC/DC. Reviewer Dante Bonutto from Kerrang! magazine wrote in March of 1982: "Krokus's infatuation with AC/DC seems to rule out even a hint of progress. On the evidence One Vice at a Time (and it's true of previous albums, also) the band are less concerned with creating something new than aping a tried, tested and successful formula. With the help of producer Tony Platt, who engineered on Highway to Hell and Back in Black, Krokus create passable facsimile of Angus and Co's distinctively-layered sound. The motivations behind the music and that all-important AC/DC swagger, however, can't be reproduced, a fact that leaves the album sounding two-dimensional and soulless. Music by numbers (largely) predictable and uninspired".
Séréh

Séréh (Cybopogon cytratus) nyaéta salah sahiji tutuwuhan tina kulawarga Poacéae. Ieu mangrupa sabangsaning tutuwuhan jujukutan nu daunna panjang siga eurih. bédana, rumpun séréh leuwih gedé jeung sok tumuwuh ngagorombol. Daun séréh miboga wangun ipis, lempeng, tulang daun sajajar, tungtung daun nyungcung jeung sisina keusrak. Sok kapanggih bagian luar jerona warna beureum. Sistim akarna kuat pisan jeung jero. Séréh resep kana tempat nu jemlék jeung deukeut kana cai, taneuh nu gembur/ngeprul, antukna teu héran mun tutuwuhan séréh loba tumuwuh di aréa pasawahan, irigasi, wahangan, jeung sajabana. pikeun ngalobakeun ieu tutuwuhan bisa dilakonan ku cara neukteuk rimpangna/anakna atawa ku cara misahkeun dapuranna tuluy dipelak. séréh miboga loba ngaran di daérah-daérah, saperti sere (Jawa); sarai, sorai, sange-sange (Sumatera); Tonti, sare (Sulawesi); hisa, isa (Maluku).
Séréh ngandung minyak atsiri kalawan ngandung citral, geraniol, citronrllal, methylheptenone, eugenol methyleter, dipenten, eugenol kaninen, kadinol jeung limonene, Salian éta, sérh ngandung alkaloid, flavonoid, jeung polifenol.
Séréh dipaké minangka bungbu dapur pikeun nyeungitkeun kadaharan; minyak séréh mangrupa minyak atsiri meunang nyuling tina pepelakan ieu.
Salah sahiji kagunaan lianna tina séréh nyaéta bauna nu bisa dipaké keur ngusir reungit, boh pepelakannana, atawa ogé minyakna.
Chikungunya

Chikungunya nyaéta salah sahiji panyakit anu dibalukarkeun ku virus genus Alphavirus jeung Famili Togaviridae. Ieu virus sumebar ka manusa ngaliwatan reungit Aedes Aegypti atawa Aedes Albopictus. Dua reungit anu nyababkeun chikungunya téh bisa ogé népakeun panyakit demam berdarah. Ku kituna, anu keuna ku chikungunya bisa ogé keuna demam berdarah dina waktu anu sarua. Chikungunya asalna tina basa Swahili anu ngagambarkeun nyeri atawa flu tulang nepi ka anu ngalaman panyakitna bongkok bakat ku nyeri sendi atawa tulang. Lian ti éta, aya anu nyebutkeun ogé yén chikungunya téh asalna tina basa Makonde anu hartina melengkung ka luhur alatan nyeri sendi. Reungit anu nyababkeun ieu panyakit biasana ngégél beurang waktu manusa keur ngalakukeun aktivitas. Manusa anu kakeunaan ieu panyakit biasana anu cicing di daérah tropis, sanitasi lingkungan goréng, lansia, cicing di tempat wabah, orok anu kakara brol jeung anu kakeunaan panyakit kronik. Nepi ka ayeuna vaksin panyakit chikungunya can kapanggih. Ku kituna, tarékah anu panghadéna ngabasmi véktor anu ngalantarankeun panyakitna.
Virus Chikungunya mimiti kapanggih waktu keur ayana wabah dina taun 1952 di wilayah Newala, Tanzania. Tuluy ieu panyakit sumebar di daérah Afrika, Asia, Eropa, jeung di perairan India dan Pasifik. Di Indonesia mimiti kapanggih di Samarinda dina taun 1973. Dina awal taun 2001, kejadian luar biasa (KLB) demam Chikungunya lumangsung di Muara Enim, Sumatera jeung Aceh. Data Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia nyebutkeun yén 5.042 kasus chikungunya di Indonesia salila taun 2019. Tina éta kasus, aya 1.044 kasus kajadian di provinsi Jawa Barat, disusul Lampung 829 kasus jeung Gorontalo 534 kasus. Ngan, nepi ka ayeuna can aya kasus tilar dunya alatan chikungunya.
Gejala anu kaalaman ku nu kakeunaan panyakit chikungunya biasana karasa sanggeus 3 nepi ka 10 poé sanggeus digégél ku reungit anu nyababkeunana. Gejala umumna kawas kieu.
Aya sababaraha cara keur ngungkulan ieu panyakit.
Bayawak batik

Bayawak batik (Varanus ornatus) nyaéta hiji spésiés bayawak, pituin Afrika Kulon. Habitatna aya di leuweung hujan dataran handap. Sato ieu kaasup ka sub-marga Polydaedalus bareng jeung bayawak Nil, bayawak sabana, sarta bayawak lian.
Kahakananna kapiting, serangga, babakaur, sarta rodént leutik.
Citakan:Varanoidea
Citakan:Kadal-stub
Panah

Panah nyaéta pakarang anggang nu sistemna ngawengku pakakas paluncur (gondéwa) jeung proyéktil (jamparing). Pamakéan gondéwa jeung jamparing biasana ajang moro jeung pangperangan, malah dina pangperangan mah nyangkaruk dina sajarah karekam sarta ilahar di sakumna budaya. Ari papanahan mah mangrupa seni, latihan sarta kaparigelan dina ngagunakeun gondéwa mangsa ngabelesatkeun jamparing., ari jalma nu purah manah disebutna pamanah.
Ari nu sok nyieun gondéwa disebut tukang gondéwa, mun nu sok nyieun jamparing disebut tukang jamparing, mun nu mroduksi ruruhit tungtung jamparing disebut tukang ngaruruhitan.
Gondéwa mangrupa gagang panjang nu élastis kawas rancatan anu dicangreudan ku tali di pada tungtungna kalawan nyambung. Nalika tali gondéwa dibetot ka tukang, puhu gondéwa milu melendoy, nendeun énérgi élastis. Jamparing nu mangrupa proyéktil panjang mibanda cécépét di puhuna nu distabilkeun ku ruruhit ditungtungna, tuluy diposisikeun ku cara neundeun puhuna nu aya cécépétan téh kana tali gondéwa. Tali nu dikaitan ku jamparing téh dibetot ka tukang tuluy dileupaskeun, élastisitas tungtung pada tungtung gondéwa ngarobah énérgi poténsial nu kateundeun jadi énérgi kinétik, nu saterusna ditransmisikeun liwat tali gondéwa kana jamparing, nu ngabelesatkeun jamparing kalawan gancang pisan.
Panah téh pakarang perang nu penting di sabagian loba paradaban mangsa sajarah kuna. Saprak périodeu modérn awal, ieu panah téh arang langka kapanggih lantaran kasilih ku pakarang seuneu nu loba dipaké dina pangperangan. Kiwari, gondéwa jeung jamparing utamana mah dipaké pikeun kaperluan moro jeung olahraga papanahan.
Bijilna panah téh kira-kira ti jaman paléolitik luhur nepi ka jaman mésolitikum. Di lokasi Nataruk di Turkana County, Kénya, sempalan obsidian kapanggih aya dina jero tangkorak jeung dina di jero rongga toraks rorongkong lianna, kajudi geus dipaké jamparing nu tungtungna diruruhitan batu minangka pakarang mangsa harita. Dina période glasial pamungkas katompérnakeun, pamakéan gondéwa kasampak geus sumebar ka sakuliah buana nu didumuk, kaasup lebahan kulon, iwal Australi.
Turi

Citakan:Kegunaanlain
Turi (Sesbania grandiflora) nyaéta tangkal leutik nu asalna tina kulawarga Fabaceae. Ieu tangkal ditaksir mimitina ti Asia Kidul jeung Asia Tenggara, sanajan kiwari mah geus sumebar ka saban daérah utamana nu mibanda iklim tropis. Dina basa inggrisna, agathi, ngarana dicokot tina bahasa Bengali, agati.
Tangkal turi mibanda ngaran daérah séwang-séwangan saperti: dina basa (Jawa jeung Sunda, nyebutna tangkal turi); disebut ogé toroy ku urang Madura, tuwi ceuk urang Bali, turing, suri di Sulawesi kalér, palawu dina basa Bima, gala-gala di Timor. Jeung réa-réa deui.
Kai tangkal turi mah kasebut hipu kalayan dina hirupna henteu lila, jangkung tangkalna 5-12 m . Akarna ngajarendil tur matak nambahan subur kana taneuh. Kembangna bijil tina régang, barodas aya ogé nu beureum tur rubak kawas kukupu. Ngagarantung dina saranggeuy aya 2-4 kembang, kembang nu can ligar/masih kudu wujudna kawas arit. Kulit tangkalna hawuk aya ogé nu semu coklat, wajudna kasar bareulah kawas rorombeheun. Dauna kawas daun peuteuy ata selong, pedah leuwih rubak jeung paranjang. Buahna ngawujud polong, ngagantug, kawas kacang panjang, panjangna 20–55 cm, mangsa masih kénéh ngora kelirna héjo dinama geus gumading kulitna robah semu konéng. sikina ogé kawas siki kacang panjang pedah ukuranna leuwih badag..
Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba

Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba (born 1968), is a Japanese-Vietnamese visual artist. He works in drawing, and video art. He grew up in Japan and currently lives in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba was born in 1968 in Tokyo to a Japanese mother and a Vietnamese father. In 1968, the year he was born was the same year of the Tet Offensive staged by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese troops. He spent his childhood in Japan.
He earned B.F.A. degree (1992) from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC), and an M.F.A. degree (1994) from the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA).
He has had solo exhibitions at the Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, the Museo d'Arte Contemporanea, Rome, Kunsthalle Wien, Austria, Smithsonian Freer Gallery of Art / Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and a retrospective of his work was shown at the Manchester Art Gallery in England. His work has been included in numerous biennials, including the Shanghai Biennale, the Venice Biennale, the Istanbul Biennial, and the São Paulo Biennale.
Nguyen-Hatsushiba's films explore Vietnamese history and national identity, and have referenced issues such as the displacement of Vietnamese "boat people" after the Vietnam War. Alienation is Hatsushiba's principal theme. Happy New Year features a processional dragon, coiling around the reef like a sea-serpent while capsules of coloured dye explode to form underwater fireworks. The installation Garden of Globes is representative of a lunar landscape of silver orbs floats beneath a suspended canopy of rickshaws, old engine parts and other flotsam of Vietnamese urban life. Jun Nguyen-Hatsushiba's video work, Memorial Project Nha Trang, Vietnam: Towards the Complex—For the Courageous, the Curious, and the Cowards, was filmed in 2001 on the southeast coast of Vietnam. This was the artist's first video work and offers captivating images of local fishermen pulling cyclos (rickshaws) underwater toward an area where the artist stretched about thirty mosquito nets across the sea bed. The cyclos, submerged in deep water, represent the weight of tradition and reference Vietnam's historical past in the context of the country's struggle with the processes of modernization. Memorial Project Nha Trang, Vietnam also marked the beginning of Nguygen-Hatsushiba's ongoing project Breathing is Free 12,756.3. The project is the culmination of a body of work on the global refugee crisis. As Nguyen-Hatsushiba travels around the globe he will run through the cities and environments, working towards covering a distance equivalent to the earth's diameter (12,756.3 kilometers). To date Nguyen-Hatsushiba ran in Chicago, Taipei, Manchester, Singapore, Luang Prabang, Taichung, Karlsruhe, Ho Chi Minh City, Oami, Lucerne, and Geneva. A series of virtual earth drawings, illustrating the movement of populations around the world, serves as an exhibition counterpart along with installation pieces. Arizona State University Art Museum hosted to US premier of the exhibition. It has since travelled to Rymer Gallery, School of Art Institute of Chicago. Breathing is Free 12,756.3 is co-organized by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.
Anacyclus pyrethrum

Anacyclus pyrethrum, the pellitory, Spanish chamomile, Mount Atlas daisy, bertram, or Akarkara, is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. It is native to Mediterranean Europe and parts of North Africa, but also naturalised in other parts of Europe, India and Pakistan. This herbaceous perennial resembles chamomile species in habitat and appearance.
The plants known as pellitory-of-the-wall and spreading pellitory belong to a different family, the nettles (Urticaceae).
Although one might assume from the specific epithet pyrethrum that this plant contains pyrethrins, it does not. Both pyrethrum and "pellitory" derive ultimately from the ancient Greek for "fire" (πῦρ).
Anacyclus pyrethrum var. depressus (sometimes considered a separate species, Anacyclus depressus), called mat daisy or Mount Atlas daisy, is grown as a spring-blooming, low-water ornamental. It produces mats of grey-green, ferny foliage and single daisy-like white flowers. It is suitable for growing in an alpine or rock garden. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
Extracts of Anacyclus pyrethrum have anabolic activity in mice and also increase testosterone in the animal model.
Ayurveda (ancient Mesopotamian now Indian medical system) and Siddha (the real ancient medical system of India (Dravidian), have uses for this plant root and it has been used for centuries as a medicine. It is called Akkal-Kara in Hindi, Akkal Kadha in Marathi, Akkala-karra Malayalam, Akkarkkara (അകർക്കാര)(Telugu: అక్కలకఱ్ఱ) and Akkarakaaram (Tamil: அக்கரகாரம்). A kind of oil is prepared by a method known as pit extraction (Tamil: குழி எண்ணெய்).
In The Perfumed Garden (from 15th century Tunisia), al-Nefzawi recommends pelleter taken externally as an ointment on the penis and scrotum or internally to enhance sexual pleasure and enhance erection (ch. 13, 15, 17).
List of Italian inventions and discoveries

Italian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, by Italians.
Italian people – living in the Italic peninsula or abroad – have been throughout history the source of important inventions and innovations in the fields of writing, calendar, mechanical and civil engineering, musical notation, celestial observation, perspective, warfare, long distance communication, storage and production of energy, modern medicine, polymerization and information technology.
Italians also contributed in theorizing civil law, scientific method (particularly in the fields of physics and astronomy), double-entry bookkeeping, mathematical algebra and analysis, classical and celestial mechanics. Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.
The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognized to be Italian.
The following is an extract of the most noteworthy geographical discoveries, partially or totally Italian:
Isaw

Isaw is a popular street food from the Philippines, made from barbecued pig or chicken intestines. It is a type of inihaw. The intestines are cleaned several times and are then either boiled, then grilled on sticks. For presentability, the intestines are usually applied with orange food coloring. Once cooked, it is usually dipped in vinegar or sukang pinakurat (vinegar with onions, peppers, and other spices). They are usually sold by vendors on street corners during the afternoons.
Pierino da Vinci

Pierino da Vinci, nombre por el que se conoce a Pier Francesco di Bartolomeo (Vinci, ca. 1530 - Pisa, 1553), fue un escultor italiano del renacimiento. Era sobrino de Leonardo da Vinci, hijo de su hermano menor Bartolomeo.
La información biográfica de este artista proviene casi exclusivamente de Le Vite de Giorgio Vasari, el cual aporta una mezcla de hechos reales y legendarios, difícilmente inseparables debido a la carencia de otras fuentes.
Se adiestró en el taller de Baccio Bandinelli, amigo de su tío Leonardo, pero sobre todo con Niccolò Tribolo, que le ayudó a desarrollar su talento: con él colaboró en la creación de los más bellos jardines a la italiana, como los de la Villa di Castello y de la Villa La Petraia (1545 hasta 1548). Después de estos trabajos accedió a los encargos ducales gracias a una relación privilegiada con hombres de cultura muy ligados a la corte, como Benedetto Varchi y Luca Martini.
Sus relieves y sus esculturas muestran una cierta influencia del estilo de Miguel Ángel, hasta el punto que algunas de ellas fueron atribuidas a este en el pasado. También fue influido por la elegancia de Benvenuto Cellini y la pureza de Andrea Sansovino, aunque pronto desarrolló un estilo personal dotado de persuasión y fuerza expresiva.
Trabajó mucho en Pisa: en la piazza della Berlina se encuentra todavía una Piedad de su mano, mientras que para el proveedor de las galeras, Luca Martini, esculpió un punzante grupo de Sansón y el filisteo (1551-52, hoy en día en el Palazzo Vecchio de Florencia, un Dios fluvial (esculpido en 1548 cuando sólo tenía dieciocho años de edad, hoy en el Louvre) y un bajorrelieve con La muerte del conde Ugolino (escena de La Divina Comedia de Dante). De esta última obra existen dos ejemplares: una copia en terracota, conservada en la actualidad en el Bargello, y otra en bronce, creída original de Pierino y que fue recientemente adquirida para el Museo Liechtenstein de Viena. Había pertenecido durante siglos a la mansión inglesa de Chatsworth House. Otra importante obra alegórica es el grupo de Cosme I fundando la Universidad de Pisa, hoy en la pinacoteca de los Museos Vaticanos. Hay otra escultura suya en el Palacio Barberini (Sala dei Raffelleschi), una estatua de Eros y Anteros, que formaba parte de una fuente.
Murió con sólo veintitrés tres años de edad, a causa de la malaria (1553), por lo que no pudo expresar completamente su potencial artístico, que ya sus contemporáneos calificaron como de altísimo nivel.
Caballo de Leonardo

El 22 de julio de 1489 el embajador de Florencia en Milán, Pietro Alamanni, envió una de sus habituales misivas a Lorenzo de Medici. En ella decía, entre otras cosas, lo siguiente:
Aunque expresa las dudas sobre si Leonardo sería capaz de terminar esta maravillosa obra lo cierto es que se la había encargado al toscano, lo que supone para él la culminación de sus siete años en la corte milanesa. Por fin le encargan un trabajo a su altura y la maquinaria cerebral del artista empieza a trabajar a todo vapor, teorizando, buscando, investigando y proyectando en este sentido.
Leonardo lo quiere hacer encabritado sobre sus dos patas traseras, pero abandona la idea por ser técnicamente imposible dado su gran tamaño. Finalmente opta por hacerlo al trote.
Leonardo dejó algunos escritos sobre cómo sería la escultura.
Desgraciadamente, Leonardo no pudo fundir el caballo. Lo que sí hizo fue un molde de arcilla enorme, a tamaño real, de la estatua, media unos siete metros de altura por los mismos de largo. Según Vasari: «Todos los que vieron el gran modelo de barro aseguraron que era la más excelente y magnífica obra que habían visto nunca.»
Poco tiempo después Milán entró en guerra con Francia y para poder hacer cañones y munición se fundió todo el bronce apartado para la obra. Después se destruyó el molde de arcilla, perdiéndose una de las obras maestras de la escultura del Renacimiento.
Premio Mundial de Artes Leonardo da Vinci

El Premio Mundial de Artes Leonardo da Vinci es un galardón establecido por el Consejo Cultural Mundial como un reconocimiento para aquellos quienes ofrecen un mensaje positivo a la humanidad a través de las diferentes expresiones de arte.
El premio se confiere a un artista reconocido cuyo trabajo constituye una contribución significativa al legado artístico del mundo. El galardón se ha presentado bienalmente desde el año 1999.
El jurado calificador está constituido por artistas reconocidos internacionalmente, autoridades, y miembros del Consejo Cultural Mundial.
The premio que lleva el nombre del artista Leonardo da Vinci consiste en un diploma, una medalla conmemorativa, y US$10,000.
[[Categoría:Leonardo da Vinci]En Venezuela lo promociona Alianza K Internacional
Da Vinci's Demons

Da Vinci's Demons es una serie dramático-histórico-fantástica transmitida del 12 de abril de 2013 hasta el 26 de diciembre del 2015 a través de la cadena Starz. La serie fue creada por David S. Goyer y protagonizada por Tom Riley.
La serie contó con la participación invitada de actores como Peter Guinness, Hugh Bonneville, Paul Rhys, Philip Arditti, Raoul Trujillo, entre otros.
El 23 de julio de 2015 se anunció que la serie había sido cancelada y la tercera temporada sería la última,​​ la cual se transmitió del 24 de octubre de 2015 hasta el 26 de diciembre del mismo año.
Ambientada en la Florencia Renacentista del siglo XV, la serie siguió la vida temprana del joven Leonardo da Vinci, quien a sus 25 años posee un gran talento para la creación, lo artístico e intelectual y para el desarrollo de ideas, pero que se muestra insolente y sarcástico ante una casta gobernante que no acepta que nadie la supere.
Durante su búsqueda de financiación para poder desarrollar sus alocados proyectos, Leonardo termina realizando la colombina para el Carnaval de Cuaresma, lo cual le da la oportunidad de mostrarle a Lorenzo de Medici sus proyectos de ingeniería militar, una acción que llama la atención de la familia Medici y de la familia rival los Pazzi.
Mientras tanto Leonardo se encuentra con Saslan Al Rahim, miembro de una secta antigua que pone en duda la forma con la que los poderes mantienen al pueblo apartado del conocimiento y los beneficios que éste puede aportar a la mayoría que no ha sido bendecida ni por su posición ni por dinero.
La cadena ordenó ocho episodios para la primera temporada del drama, la segunda temporada contó con diez episodios.
La tercera temporada fue estrenada en el 2015 y contó con 10 episodios.
La serie contó con la participación de los directores David S. Goyer, Jamie Payne, Paul Wilmshurst y Michael J. Bassett. Fue escrita por David S. Goyer y marcó la primera colaboración entre Starz y BBC Worldwide bajo un nuevo acuerdo de coproducción creado después de la realización de Torchwood: Miracle Day.​
La música de la serie fue compuesta por Bear McCreary.
Después de haber tenido un estreno con altas audiencias con más de 2,14 millones de espectadores la cadena decidió renovar la serie para una segunda temporada.​
El 17 de abril de 2013 la cadena Starz anunció que había renovado la serie para una segunda temporada la cual se estrenó el 22 de marzo de 2014.​​
Para la segunda temporada fueron contratados los escritores Jonathan Hickman y Matt Fraction para que escribieran dos episodios de la nueva temporada.​
En mayo del 2014 la cadena Starz anunció que la serie había renovado para una tercera temporada la cual fue estrenada el 24 de octubre del 2015.​​
Bulevar Aparicio Saravia

Bulevar Aparicio Saravia es una calle de Montevideo, capital de Uruguay. Atraviesa la ciudad desde el barrio Colón hasta Punta de Rieles.​
Su nombre se debe al célebre caudillo uruguayo Aparicio Saravia (1856-1904), último de los grandes caudillos militares de la historia nacional.
El Bulevar Aparicio Saravia tiene una longitud de 13,4 kilómetros, el mismo nace en el barrio de Colón, sobre la calle Dr. Valentín Álvarez y se extiende hasta Punta de Rieles, donde finaliza en la intersección con la calle Leonardo Da Vinci, siendo la calle Perseo la continuación de Aparicio Saravia.
Rosa del tercer milenio

Rosa del Tercer Milenio es el sexto libro del uruguayo Juan Grompone. El mismo fue editado por La Flor del Itapebí en 2002.
«Rosa del Tercer Milenio. Y otros cuentos» es un compilado de diecisiete cuentos cortos, policiales y de ciencia ficción (exceptuando el primero, el segundo y el cuarto).​ En el son nombrados algunos personajes históricos como Cristóbal Colón, William Shakespeare, Mozart, Leonardo da Vinci, Carlos Gardel o la Reina Hatshepsut mezclados con los protagonistas del libro.​ Fue reeditado y figuró entre los 10 libros de autores nacionales más vendidos del Uruguay en 2003.​
Inmigración armenia en Uruguay

La inmigración armenia en Uruguay ha sido una de las corrientes migratorias más destacadas que ha recibido el país sudamericano. La comunidad armenia de Uruguay es una de las más antiguas, así como una de las más numerosas de América del Sur, con su gran mayoría concentrándose en la capital y ciudad más poblada del país, Montevideo.
Entre los uruguayos de origen armenio se destacan Liliam Kechichián (exministra de Turismo), Roberto Markarián (rector de la Universidad de la República), Sergio Markarián (entrenador de fútbol), Berch Rupenián (empresario y conductor radial), Avedis Badanián (periodista televisivo), Garo Arakelián (músico) y Nerses Ounanian (escultor y pintor).
La mayoría de los armenios pertenecen a la Iglesia Apostólica Armenia. El centro principal es la Iglesia Armenia del Uruguay en Montevideo. La iglesia también tiene una estatua conmemorativa del escultor Nerses Ounanian, dedicado a las víctimas del genocidio armenio.
También hay una presencia significativa de armenios católicos y evangélicos.
La gastronomía armenia está muy presente en Uruguay. Varios restaurantes y pizzerías ofrecen lehmeyún (nombre local del lahmajun).​
Una de las actividades sociales realizadas por la comunidad son los grupos de danza, Kermanig, Shiraz y Gayane, manteniendo siempre viva la cultura armenia.
Leonardo da Vinci (1914)

El Leonardo da Vinci fue un acorazado italiano de la clase Conte di Cavour que sirvió en la Regia Marina durante la Primera Guerra Mundial
Fue construido según diseño del ingeniero jefe Edoardo Masdea, la clase Conte di Cavour estaba basado en la clase Tarento. Fue construido entre el 18 de julio de 1910 y el 17 de mayo de 1914.
Su eslora era de 170 metros (pequeña para un acorazado). Sus 20 calderas y 4 hélices, generaban una potencia de 24 MW que le daban una velocidad de 21 nudos.
Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial, el acorazado no tuvo misiones activas debido a la pasividad de las marinas Italianas y Austrohúngaro, imposibilitando esto el que tuviera acciones de combate
El buque volcó tras una explosión el 2 de agosto de 1916 en el puerto de Tarento de la cual, las autoridades italianas acusaron al Imperio austrohúngaro de sabotaje. En la explosión, murieron 249 miembros de su tripulación.
En realidad, la hipótesis del sabotaje nunca llegó a probarse del todo, y más tarde se barajó también la hipótesis de que una carga de cordita había explotado en uno de los depósito de municiones. Pero, como ahora se ha comprobado, se trató de una desgracia no muy diferente de las que habían ocurrido en otros buques de guerra de la época y en el acorazado Benedetto Brin en 1915. En realidad, la causa del hundimiento hay que atribuirla a la mala gestión del fuego y a la escasa estabilidad de los nuevos explosivos utilizados para las cargas de disparo y estallido, que se habían introducido demasiado recientemente para que se conociera plenamente su estabilidad.​
Tras la guerra, el acorazado fue reflotado el 17 de septiembre de 1919 y se iniciaron las obras de reparación del mismo el 5 de agosto de 1919 que, finalmente, fueron abandonadas. La nave, fue vendida para desguace el 26 de mayo de 1923.
Fitchburg Art Museum

The Fitchburg Art Museum (FAM) is a regional art museum based in Fitchburg, Worcester County, Massachusetts, United States.
The Fitchburg Art Museum serves the cities of Fitchburg and Leominster, as well as the surrounding communities in North Central Massachusetts and Southern New Hampshire. FAM was founded in 1925 through a bequest of artist, collector, and educator Eleanor Norcross. The museum was designed by Mary Almy.
Its complex of four interconnected buildings, with over 20,000 square feet (1,900 m) of exhibition space, features exhibitions from its art historical collections plus special loan exhibitions focused on regional contemporary art. Collection strengths include American photography and general African art, including Ancient Egyptian art. The Egyptian collection is presented in an interactive gallery designed for families and school groups.
In 2012, FAM began its rotating contemporary New England artist exhibition program, thus connecting the strength of its historical collections with contemporary art practices. There is also an annual survey show featuring the recent work of many living New England artists, including numerous artworks for sale. Each temporary exhibition is accompanied by an interactive educational exhibit in the Learning Lounge, where visitors young and old can learn about what they are seeing in the galleries and better understand their own reactions to the exhibits.
FAM is continuing to work towards a goal of becoming New England’s first fully bilingual (English/Spanish) art museum. Going forward, all new permanent collection displays, changing exhibitions, and associated in-gallery education spaces will be accompanied by bilingual educational texts and object labels. FAM has also hired a bilingual receptionist, and offers free admission to all its neighbors in Fitchburg’s Ward 4B, a predominantly Latino neighborhood. As FAM continues to build this program over the next few years, the Museum will seek to add bilingual printed collateral, website, social media, and docent tours. FAM is assisted in this effort by a local Latino Community Advisory Committee, and by the Cleghorn Neighborhood Association, the primary service organization for Fitchburg’s Latino and Latino Immigrant communities.
This Bilingual Museum Initiative stems from FAM’s goal to become one of best community museums in the US. In Fitchburg, 39% of the current population is Latino (primarily from Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Uruguay), and 55% of children enrolled in the Fitchburg Public Schools come from homes where Spanish is the primary language. This demographic is growing, and far exceeds both Massachusetts and national percentages for Latino population. The Fitchburg Art Museum intends to serve everyone in Fitchburg, and has embarked on the Bilingual Museum Initiative to provide cultural and educational enrichment to all.
Berberis laurina

Berberis laurina is a spiny and woody, (semi-)evergreen shrub belonging to the barberries in the family Berberidaceae. It may grow to up to 2½ m high. The leaves are bluish green, and may turn yellow or red during autumn and winter. It has drooping racemes of light yellow flowers. The species is endemic to Uruguay, southern Brazil and Argentina (Misiones province). The local name in Uruguay is espina amarilla, while it is called espinho-de-judeu in Brasil.
Berberis laurina is a spiny and woody shrub, up to 2½ m high, evergreen or with semi-persistent foliage. The leaves are bluish green, and may turn yellow or red during autumn and winter. The species occurs in the wild in Uruguay, southern Brazil and the Misiones province in the very east of Argentina. Its leaves are simple, alternate or sometimes almost in a whorl, hairless, leathery, with a short leafstem. The leafblade is elliptical in shape, 3–9 cm long, sometimes widest beyond midlength, and has a triangular base, entire margins or with few spiny teeth, while the tip also ends in a spine. The thorns on the branches are split in three arms of about 4 cm long, and are somewhat yellowish in colour. The inflorescence is a drooping, raceme of 6–11 cm long, with pedicels of ½–1 cm long. The star symmetrical flowers are hermaphrodite and 4 mm in diameter. The calyx and corolla cannot be clearly distinguished since both consist of concave, ovate, light yellow tepals, together twelve in four whorls of three. The six stamens stand opposite to the inner two worls. The fruit is a small, oblong berry of 6–8 mm long, bluish black, and contain one to three seeds each.
Chaplet (headgear)

A chaplet is a headdress in the form of a wreath made of leaves, flowers or twigs woven into a ring. It is typically worn on festive occasions and on holy days. In ancient times a chaplet also served as a crown representing victory or authority.
In ancient times, chaplets made from branches and twigs of trees were worn by victors in sacred contests; these were known as pancarpiae. Later, flowers were used to "heighten the effect" with their color and smell. Glyccra challenged Pausias to a contest where she would repeatedly vary her designs, and thus it was (as Pliny the Elder described it) "in reality a contest between art and Nature". This invention is traced only to later than the 100th Olympiad via Pausias paintings. These "chaplets of flowers" became fashionable and evolved into the Egyptian chaplets using ivy, narcissus, pomegranate blossoms. According to Pliny, P. Claudius Pulcher
In Chapter 5 of Naturalis Historia, titled “The great honour in which chaplets were held by the ancients”, Pliny explains how these head dresses were perceived:
Pliny continues the explanation to describe the severity in which the rules of the wearing of the chaplets were enforced by the "ancients":
Pliny notes that the statue of Marsyas was a meeting place for courtesans, who used to crown it with chaplets of flowers. He also notes that when Emperor Augustus's daughter Julia placed a chaplet on the statue, she was acknowledging herself to be no better than a courtesan.
The highest and rarest of all military decorations in the Roman Republic and early Roman Empire was the Grass Crown (Latin: corona graminea) . It was presented only to a general, commander, or officer whose actions saved a legion or the entire army. Examples of this would be a general who broke the blockade around beleaguered Roman troops. The crown took the form of a chaplet made from plant materials taken from the battlefield, including grasses, flowers, and various cereals such as wheat, which was presented to the general by the army he had saved.
The corona radiata, or "radiant crown" known best for adorning the Statue of Liberty, and perhaps worn by the Helios that was the Colossus of Rhodes, was worn by Roman emperors as part of the cult of Sol Invictus prior to the Roman Empire's conversion to Christianity. It was referred to as "the chaplet studded with sunbeams” by Lucian, about 180 AD.
ስፖርት

ስፖርት ወይም አርትዖተ መሌሊት የተደራጀ እና ውድድራዊ መልክ ያለው አካላዊ ብቃትን እና ነጻ ጨዋታን (fair play) የሚጋብዝ እንቅስቃሴ ነው። የሚመራው ራሳቸውን ችለው በተቀመጡ ህጎች እና ደንቦች ነው። የተወዳዳሪው አካላዊ ጥንካሬ እና ብቃት የክንውኑን ውጠት (ማሸነፍ ወይም መሸነፍ) ይወስናሉ። አካላዊ እንቅስቃሴዎቹ የሰዎችን፣ የእንስሳቶቹን እና የመሳሪያዎቹን (መሳሪያ ስንል ኳስ፣ ጦር፣ ራኬት የመሳሰሉትን ያጠቃልላል) እንቅስቃሴ ናቸው። ነገር ግን የካርታ እና የመደብ ጨዋታዎችን የአካል ብቃት ስለማይጠይቁ የጭንቅላት ስፖርቶች ሽንላቸዋለን።
መለጠፊያ:መዋቅር-ባህል መፅሐፍት
ሞንቴቪዴዮ ዋንደረረስ

ሞንቴቪዴዮ ዋንደረረስ በኡራጓይ የሚገኝ የእግር ኳስ ክለብ ነው። የክለቡ መቀመጫ ሞንቴቪዴዮ ሲሆን ከእግር ኳስ በተጨማሪም በቅርጫት ኳስ፣ መረብ ኳስ፣ አትሌቲክስ እና ሌሎችም ስፖርቶች ይሳተፋል።
ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ (የእግር ኳስ ሜዳ)

ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ በፉልሃም ለንደን የሚገኝ የቼልሲ እግር ኳስ ቡድን የእግር ኳስ ሜዳ ነው። የእግር ኳስ ሜዳው የሚገኘው በሙር ፓርክ ኢስቴት (በሌላ አጠራር በዋልሃም ግሪን) ወይም በተለምዶ ዘ ብሪጅ ተብሎ በሚጠራ ቦታ ነው። ይህ የእግር ኳስ ሜዳ 41,798 ሰዎችን ማስተናገድ የሚችል ሲሆን፣ ከፕሪሚየር ሊጉ ስምንተኛ ትልቅ የእግር ኳስ ሜዳ ያደርገዋል።
የተከፈተው እ.ኤ.አ በ1877 ሲሆን እስከ 1905 ድረስ የለንደን አትሌቲክስ ክለብ ይጠቀምበት ነበር። ሜዳው ብዙ ለውጦችን አካሂዷል። በቅርቡ ደግሞ (እ.ኤ.አ 1990ዎቹ) ወደ ዘመናዊና ለሁሉም ተመልካቾች መቀመጫ ያለው ሆኖ ተሠርቷል።
ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ የተለያዩ የእንግሊዝ ዓለም አቀፋዊ ጨዋታዎችን ፣ የኤፍ ኤ ካፕ ፍጻሜዎችን ፣ የኤፍ ኤ ካፕ ግማሽ ፍጻሜዎችን እና የቻሪቲ ፊልድ ጨዋታዎችን አስተናግዷል። ለተለያዩ ስፖርቶችም እንደ ክሪኬት ፣ ራግቢ ዩኒየን ፣ ስፒድዌይ ፣ ግሬይሃውንድ ሬሲንግ ፣ ቤዝቦል እና የአሜሪካን ፉትቦል ጨዋታዎችን ለማስተናገድ ጥቅም ላይ ውሏል። የስታዲየሙ ትልቁ ኦፊሲዬላዊ የታዳሚዎች ቁጥር 82,905 ሲሆን ፤ ይህ የሆነው ቼልሲ ከአርሰናል እ.ኤ.አ በኦክቶበር 12 1935 ባካሄዱት የሊግ ጨዋታ ነበር።
ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ ፣ ሳምፎርድስብሪጅ (ጥንታዊ እንግሊዝኛ፦ Samfordesbrigge) ከሚለው ቃል የመጣ ሲሆን ትርጉሙም ሳንዲ ፎርድ ላይ ያለው ድልድይ ማለት ነው። የዐሥራ ስምንተኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ካርታዎች በአሁኑ ጊዜ በምስራቅ ዳፍ ጀርባ በሚገኘው የባቡር መስመር የሚፈስሰውን የስታንፎርድ ጅረት (እንግሊዝኛ፦ Stanford Creek) የቴምስ ወንዝ ገባር እንደሆነ አድርገው ያሳዩ ነበር። የገባሩ ወንዝ የላይኛው ጫፍ ቢሊንግስዌል ቦይ (Billingswell Ditch)፣ ፑልስ ጅረት (Pools Creek) እና ካውንተርስ ጅረት (Counters Creek) በመባል ይጠራ ነበር። በመካከለኛው ክፍለ ዘመን ፤ ይህ ጅረት ቢሊንግዌል ዲች የሚባል ስም ነበረው። ቃሉ የመጣውም የቢሊንግ ምንጭ ወይም ጅረት ከሚለው ነው። ይህም በፉልሃም እና በኬንሲንግተን ደብሮች መሀል ወሰን ፈጥሮ ነበር። በዐሥራ ስምንተኛው ክፍለ ዘመን፤ አሁን በሚጠራበት ስሙ የካውንተር ጅረት በመባል መጠራት ጀመረ።
ጅረቱ ሁለት ድልድዮች ነበሩት ፤ እነርሱም በፉልሃም መንገድ ላይ የሚገኘው የስታምፎርድ ድልድይ (ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ) (Stamford Bridge) እና በኪንግስ መንገድ ላይ የሚገኘውና በአሁኑ አጠራሩ ስታንሊ ድልድይ (ስታንሊ ብሪጅ) የተባለው የስታንብሪጅ ድልድይ ናቸው። በአሁኑ ጊዜ የሚገኘው የስታምፎርድ ድልድይ እ.ኤ.አ በ1860 ከጡብ የተሠራ ሲሆን ከዚያ ጊዜ በኋላ በከፊል ጥገና ተደርጎለታል።
ስታምፎርድ ብሪጅ ፤ የለንደን አትሌቲክስ ክለብ ስታዲየም ሆኖ እ.ኤ.አ በ1877 ተከፈተ። በዚያ ሜዳ ላይ ታላላቅ የእግር ኳስ ጨዋታዎችን ለማዘጋጀት የፈለጉ ገስ እና ጆሴፍ ሚየርስ የተባሉ ወንድማማቾች ኮንትራቱን እስካገኙበት ጊዜ ድረስ ለለንደን አትሌቲክስ ክለብ እስከ እ.ኤ.አ 1904 ድረስ አገልግሏል።
Ethiopian Athletics Championships

The Ethiopian Athletics Championships is an annual outdoor track and field competition organised by the Ethiopian Athletics Federation, which serves as the national championship for the sport in Ethiopia. The competition was first held in 1971. Separate annual championship events are held for cross country running, road running and racewalking events.
The competition programme features a total of 34 individual Ethiopian Championship athletics events, 18 for men and 16 for women. For each of the sexes, there are seven track running events, three obstacle events, three jumps, and three throws. Only men compete in the pole vault and hammer throw events. Women's triple jump was added in 1997 and the steeplechase in 2006. The women's 3000 metres was replaced by the 5000 m in 1995 in line with international changes.
2019 Ethiopian Athletics Championships

The 2019 Ethiopian Athletics Championships (Amharic: 48ኛው የኢትዮጵያ አትሌቲክስ ሻምፒዮና) was the 48th edition of the national outdoor track and field championships for Ethiopia. It took place from 7–12 May 2019 in Addis Ababa at the Addis Ababa Stadium. A total of 40 events were contested by 1376 athletes (including 563 women).
Oromia Region won the men's team competition, while Mekelakeya won both the women's team and overall team titles.