davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Turismo de salud

El turismo de salud, turismo sanitario o turismo médico es un fenómeno global que consiste en el viaje a otra ciudad o país para recibir algún tipo de tratamiento o atención médica (como cirugías, tratamientos,​​ rehabilitación) o del tipo de bienestar como tratamientos estéticos o en balneario.
El término "turismo de salud" es el adecuado para describir esta actividad, debido a que técnicamente el "turismo médico" incluye otros procedimientos como los estéticos, odontológicos o similares.​
También tienen como objetivo terapéutico los servicios turísticos de salud ofrecidos en los balnearios o la atención sanitaria privada a domicilio, en general, gastos que pueden verse reducidos si se efectúan en otro país, aprovechando la diferencia de renta per cápita, seguridad, transporte público o la calidad de la sanidad pública. La búsqueda de una segunda opinión médica también motiva a pacientes a trasladarse a otras ciudades o países con estos fines.​
Al carecer de base científica, no se considera turismo de salud al peregrinaje de personas con enfermedades en busca de curación mediante la fe, a puntos destacados de la mitología religiosa, lugares de supuestas epifanías como Fátima o Lourdes en Europa.
El turismo médico no es un fenómeno nuevo a nivel mundial. Desde la época de los griegos, se viajaba a Epidauria en el golfo Sarónico, con el fin de recibir atención médica en el santuario de Asclepio. Siglos después, tenemos también en Egipto en el año 1248, la inauguración del hospital de Mansuri, en El Cairo, siendo uno de los más desarrollados del mundo, factor que hizo que muchas personas viajaran hasta allí a recibir atención médica.
Actualmente países como Argentina, Australia, Brasil, Bulgaria, Canadá, China, Colombia, Corea del Sur, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Emiratos Árabes, España, Filipinas, Hungría, Irán, Jordania, La India, Malasia, México, Nueva Zelanda, Pakistán, Panamá, Polonia, República Dominicana,​​ Singapur, Sudáfrica, Tailandia y Turquía son países que reciben varios miles de pacientes cada año.​
8. Turismo Médico en Medellín: Una guía completa
9. De Ceupe, B. (2022, 14 marzo). Ceupe. Ceupe. https://www.ceupe.com/blog/turismo-de-salud.html. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2024.
10. Turismo de salud ¿Qué es y cuáles son sus beneficios? | Bupa Latinoamérica. (s. f.). https://www.bupasalud.com.mx/salud/turismo-de-salud. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2024.
11. Maldonado Aguirre, A. A. (2020, 4 diciembre). Turismo de salud. UIC Universidad Intercontinental. Recuperado 22 de octubre de 2024, de https://uic.mx/el-turismo-de-salud/
Adrián Bello

Adrián Bello (Lima, 13 de enero de 1991) es un cantante y compositor peruano. Su música aborda los temas del amor, diversidad y la comunidad LGBTQ+.
Desde joven, mostró interés por la música y comenzó a explorar su voz y composición de manera autodidacta.​
Su carrera musical inició en 2018 con el lanzamiento de su primer álbum, "Apprentice", una producción independiente con influencias del soul, pop y R&B.​ En 2022, presentó el EP "Bailemos en la Sala", incorporando sonidos más electrónicos y letras en español.
En 2024, lanzó "Multicolor", un álbum que aborda temas de amor, identidad y diversidad. Su música ha sido reconocida por su mensaje inclusivo, convirtiéndolo en una figura visible dentro de la comunidad LGBTQ+ en el ámbito musical.​
A lo largo de su carrera, ha colaborado con diversos artistas y ha seguido explorando diferentes géneros, consolidando su presencia en la escena musical peruana.​
Adrián Bello ha mostrado abiertamente su orientación sexual en redes sociales.
En enero de 2025 anunció su intención de casarse con actor peruano Bruno Ascenzo, su pareja desde 2020.​
Puente sobre el río Kwai

El puente sobre el río Kwai es un puente ferroviario de Tailandia que franquea el Kwai Yai en Kanchanaburi; es atravesado por la línea Siam-Birmania.
Construido durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial por trabajadores forzosos bajo los órdenes del Ejército imperial japonés, es célebre por la novela de Pierre Boulle y la película basada en ella.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con el fin de sostener a sus tropas en la conquista del Raj británico, el Imperio de Japón ideó el ambicioso proyecto de construir una vía férrea de 415 kilómetros de longitud a través de Tailandia que llegara a la Birmania británica. La mano de obra, formada por 100 000 trabajadores asiáticos y 30 000 prisioneros de guerra occidentales sufrió importantes pérdidas debido a los maltratos, a las enfermedades tropicales y a los bombardeos estadounidenses y británicos sobre el puente en construcción donde aproximadamente 16 000 personas encontraron la muerte. Por esta razón, la línea fue llamada «vía férrea de la muerte».
Primeramente se construyó un puente de madera para asegurar el paso del Kwai Yai durante la construcción del cercano puente metálico. Estuvo acabado en febrero de 1943. Restos de este puente de madera se conservan en el museo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial de Kanchanaburi.
El puente metálico, siempre operativo desde su construcción, fue edificado con los materiales de otro puente de once arcadas desmontado en Java, en Indonesia, y llevado allí, cerca de la confluencia de los ríos Kwai Yai y Kwai Noi, a aproximadamente tres kilómetros al norte de la ciudad de Kanchanaburi. Estos dos ríos forman juntos el Mae Klong.​
El puente metálico fue bombardeado y fueron destruidas dos arcadas centrales en junio de 1945. Como daños de guerra, los japoneses los restauraron al finalizar el conflicto. Se distinguen por su forma rectangular que dan al puente su aspecto muy particular; las nuevas arcadas llevan una placa que atestigua esta reparación.​
El puente puede ser cruzado a pie andando sobre la vía, unas plataformas permiten apartarse para dejar pasar los trenes. Puede igualmente ser cruzado por algunos bahts en un tren turístico durante un recorrido de unos quince minutos. Este pequeño tren multicolor es arrastrado en sus dos extremos por una locomotora Diesel (una para cada sentido).​
El tren que conecta Thonburi a Nam Tok franquea el puente diariamente.
Parques Nacionales Naturales

Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia o PNN de Colombia es la unidad administrativa especial (UAE) encargada de la administración del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y coordinación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. PNN de Colombia se creó mediante el Decreto n.º 3572 de 2011.​ La entidad tiene jurisdicción en todo el territorio nacional, sin personería jurídica, con autonomía administrativa y financiera, sujeta a los términos del Artículo 67 de la Ley 489 de 1998.​
La entidad está encargada de la administración y manejo del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales y la coordinación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas. Este organismo del nivel central está adscrito al sector Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. Sus funciones son:​
El Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (SPNN) cuenta hasta 2023 con un total de 65 áreas protegidas distribuidas así:
Desde 2018, el Gobierno colombiano se ha comprometido a declarar dos millones quinientas mil hectáreas de áreas protegidas en todo el territorio nacional.​
Bajo la resolución 0630 de 2023, las zonas de protección y desarrollo de los recursos naturales renovables y del medio ambiente, declaradas mediante la resolución n.º 1628 de 2015, y prorrogadas mediante las resoluciones n.º 1433 de 2017, 1310 de 2018, 960 de 2019 y 708 de 2021, se especifican las siguientes:​​​
Parque nacional natural Pisba

El Parque Nacional Natural Páramo de Pisba se encuentra ubicado en la Cordillera Oriental en la Región Andina de los Andes en Colombia. Consiste en ecosistemas de montaña, como los bosques de niebla y páramo. Aporta a los ríos Pauto y Cravo Sur, además de poseer varias lagunas de origen glaciar.
Su superficie forma parte del departamento de Boyacá. Los municipios más cercanos son Jericó, Socotá, Socha, Tasco y Mongua.
A partir de 1810 varias juntas autonomistas e independentistas se crean en la Nueva Granada (actual Colombia) en lo que pasó a conocerse como Gritos independentistas. Sin embargo, retomado el poder en España por Fernando VII, este envió una expedición de reconquista en 1815. El virreinato reinstaurado castigó duramente a los criollos que participaron de los levantamientos (patriotas) consolidándose un régimen del terror al mando del virrey Juan de Sámano.
Varios grupos patriotas sobrevivieron entre ellos Francisco de Paula Santander, bien como guerrillas, bien formando grandes ejércitos en zonas como los Llanos. En 1819, un ejército proveniente de los llanos y comandado por Francisco de Paula Santander quien cruza primero y Simón Bolívar quien lo hace 3 días después, asciende la Cordillera Oriental por el Páramo de Pisba y derrota al ejército realista en las batallas del Pantano de Vargas y el Puente de Boyacá de esta manera se crea la Gran Colombia (hoy dividida en las repúblicas de Colombia, Ecuador, Panamá y Venezuela).
Parque nacional natural Catatumbo Barí

El parque nacional natural Catatumbo Barí es una de las 56 áreas protegidas del sistema de parques nacionales naturales de Colombia, reconocido a través de las Resoluciones N.º 102 del 26 de noviembre de 1988 y 105 de diciembre de 1988, se encuentra ubicado en la Cordillera Oriental en la Región Andina de Colombia.
Su superficie tiene una extensión territorial de 1581.25 kilómetros cuadrados, extendiéndose sobre las jurisdicciones de los municipios Convención, El Carmen, San Calixto, Tibú y Teorama, pertenecientes al departamento de Norte de Santander. El parque conecta con el parque natural venezolano Sierra de Perijá en el estado Zulia.
El clima del área protegida va de cálido a templado, además de encontrarse cercana a la serranía del Perijá, por lo cual el paisaje es muy quebrado y abrupto. Por la misma razón incluye ecosistemas como bosque tropical, selva y bosque nuboso.
Según las investigaciones, cuenta con más de 500 especies de aves. El parque es bañado por las cuencas hidrográficas de los ríos Catatumbo, El Indio, Loro, Korro Moky, Suroeste-Ikubok, río de Oro y Brandy.
La Resolución No.102, del 28 de noviembre de 1978, Personería Jurídica No.001334, del 9 de octubre de 1978, registrada ante el Ministerio de Gobierno y la Comisión de Asuntos Indigenistas de Colombia, lo nombraron como territorio indígena.
En su interior existen dos reservas habitadas por los indígenas barí o motilones:
En el municipio Convención, se encuentran las siguientes aldeas indígenas: Okbadukayra, Ikiakarora, Suerena, Brovucanina, Naycadukaira, Akangbarinkaira, Bachindikaira, Atirind, Ikaira, Trindikayra, Korronkayra, Birindikayra, Kantra Kuigday Kaira, Kiribado Kaira, Siriko Kaira, Shubacbarina y Soro Kayra.
En el municipio de Tibú se encuentra la reserva Motilón La Gabarra, con las siguientes aldeas: Catalaura, Sagbadana, Ricaute, Bocabouira y Caricacha.
Parque nacional natural Cordillera de los Picachos

El parque nacional natural Cordillera de Los Picachos se encuentra ubicado en la Cordillera Oriental, Región Andina de Colombia. Forma parte de los departamentos colombianos de Caquetá y Meta dentro de las jurisdicciones de los municipios de San Vicente del Caguán, Guacamayas y La Uribe.
Como característica, en este parque confluyen la Amazonía, la Orinoquía y la Región Andina de Colombia. Se encuentra en una zona de alta pluviosidad (5000 mm al año). Las montañas están cubiertas de bosques vírgenes y hay cascadas de hasta 300 metros. Los ecosistemas involucrados dentro del parque son el páramo andino, la selva y el bosque montañoso.
El parque es el sitio de nacimiento del río Guayabero, que más abajo toma el nombre de río Guaviare, uno de los principales afluentes del gran río Orinoco.
Efraín Antonio Ríos

Efraín Antonio Ríos García (Fredonia, Antioquia, 4 de abril de 1910-Itagüí, Antioquia, 11 de enero de 2024) fue un supercentenario colombiano cuya edad actualmente está validada por parte del Grupo de Investigación en Gerontología (GRG), y por parte de LongeviQuest (LQ).​ Era la persona viva de mayor edad conocida en Colombia desde la muerte de Eusebio Quintero López el 16 de julio de 2023. También fue el hombre más longevo de la historia de Colombia.
Ríos García nació en el campo del pueblo de Fredonia, Antioquia, el 4 de abril de 1910. Se casó con Herminia Uribe en 1935, habiendo sido pareja algunos años antes. Tuvo 18 hijos: Javier, Lilliam, Irma, Hugo, Héctor, Irma Inés, Flor, Virgilio, Efraín, Germán, Luz, Nidia, Saúl, Nelson, Martha, Flor, Álvaro y Ramiro.
Su hermano mayor, Francisco Luis Ríos García (1 de octubre de 1904 - 29 de abril de 2011), murió a la edad de 106 años y 201 días, lo que los convierte en una de las parejas de hermanos más longevas de la historia.
En abril de 2013, a la edad de 103 años, él y su esposa Herminia celebraron 80 años de matrimonio (aunque su 80 aniversario de bodas real fue en 2015). Su esposa murió en 2015 a la edad de 100 años. En abril de 2020 celebró su 110 cumpleaños. En abril de 2020, tenía 80 nietos, 30 bisnietos y 18 tataranietos.​
Se convirtió en la persona viva más antigua conocida en Colombia, así como en el último hombre superviviente conocido nacido en 1910, tras la muerte de Eusebio Quintero López, de 113 años, el 16 de julio de 2023. El 15 de agosto de 2023 superó la edad definitiva de Eusebio Quintero López, convirtiéndose en el hombre documentado de mayor edad de Colombia.​
Ríos García falleció el 11 de enero de 2024 a los 113 años y 282 día, en Itagüí, Antioquia.​
El Tuparro National Natural Park

El Tuparro National Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Natural El Tuparro) is a national park located in the Vichada Department in the Orinoquía Region of Colombia. It is the only protected area in the Eastern Plains (Llanos Orientales) under Colombia's Natural Parks System.
One of its main attractions is the mighty stream Raudal de Maypures (Maipures Rapids), called the "Eighth Wonder of the World" by German explorer Alexander von Humboldt in the 19th century.
The flat area is bounded by the Orinoco River to the east, the Tomo River to the north and the Tuparro River to the south. It was created in 1970 and covers an area of 548,000 hectares. In addition to the park's two broad types of natural ecosystems, flooded and non-flooded savannas, it also has five types of riparian forests.
Average yearly rainfall is 2477 mm in the western region and 2939 mm in the eastern. Average temperature is 27 °C. Savannas cover 75% of the area, and gallery forests covering the rest. Predominating plants include the Moriche Palm and the tree Caraipa llanorum. The dominant vegetation on the non-flooded savannas is grass.
The park is home to 74 species of mammals, 320 birds (many of them marine), 17 reptiles, 26 fish and five primate species. Amphibians are significantly diverse due to the variety of ecosystems in the area. Notable birds include guans, curassows, screamers, eagles and ducks. Mammals found on the savanna include white-tailed deer, giant armadillo, small savanna armadillo, and tapir. Peccaries, pumas, jaguars inhabit the woodlands.
Connie the Cow

Connie the Cow is a children's television series created by Josep Viciana and designed by Roman Rybakiewicz, and produced by Spain-based studio Neptuno Films for TV3. The show combined 2D cel animation for the backgrounds with 3D computer animation for the characters.
The series first began broadcasting in Spain on September 8, 2001, and lasted three seasons until 2005. Later in the United States, it aired on Noggin exactly two years later and 44 episodes (128 segments) were produced.
A curious young cow named Connie explores her colorful world.
In February 2001, AAC Kids and TV-Loonland AG jointly acquired distribution, merchandising and licensing rights to the series, of which Loonland would hold rights for Europe including the UK, and AAC Kids in all other territories. Neptuno Films would retain all rights to the series in Spain.
In April 2001, TV-Loonland announced they had pre-sold the series in the United Kingdom to Disney Television International to air on their Playhouse Disney channel in the country. The company would later extend the Disney deal to Germany in November 2004. In Germany, the series was also aired as the last segment in certain mid-2000s episodes of Sesame Street's German co-production Sesamstraße.
The show, dubbed in English in the United Kingdom, was broadcast on Noggin on September 8, 2003 in the United States as one of its acquired/original shows with Noggin LLC as production company and continued to air until 2007. The series was rerun in the United States from 2017 to 2018 on Starz Kids & Family.
Tatacoa Desert

The Tatacoa Desert is the second largest arid zone in Colombia after the Guajira Peninsula. It occupies more than 330 square kilometers. This region is located north of Huila Department, 38 km from the city of Neiva and 15 km (9 mi) from Natagaima in Tolima. It is renowned as a rich deposit of fossils and a tourist destination. The Tatacoa Desert has two distinctive colors: ochre in the area of Cuzco and gray in the Los Hoyos area.
The Tatacoa, or the Valley of Sorrows, as it was called in 1538 by the conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, is not a barren desert but rather a tropical dry forest. The name "Tatacoa", also given by the Spanish, refers to its rattlesnakes. During the Tertiary Period, it was wetter, with thousands of flowers and trees, but has been gradually drying up to become an arid zone.
The Tatacoa covers 330 square kilometers around the town of Villavieja. The area is heavily eroded and crossed by dry canyons that develop transiently in the winter months. These shapes are created on clay surfaces, creating labyrinthine gullies in
There is relatively little runoff, and animal and plant life is adapted to the conditions of low humidity and high temperatures. The plants in this area are adapted to climatic conditions through the development of horizontal roots of up to 30 meters and vertical roots up to 15 meters deep that facilitate access to water. Wildlife includes turtles, rodents, snakes, spiders, scorpions, eagles, alligators and wildcats, and cacti reaching between four and five meters high.
In addition to its geography, its atmospheric conditions are ideal for astronomy. Tatacoa has little pollution or noise, attracting tourists who stay there to enjoy the scenery and tranquility.
3°14′02″N 75°10′17″W﻿ / ﻿3.23389°N 75.17139°W﻿ / 3.23389; -75.17139
F.J. Fuchs

F.J. Fuchs was a harness, saddle, buggy, horse, carriage, tire and automobile supply business headquartered in Batavia, Dutch East Indies with shops and garages in various cities in Java and in Medan, Sumatra. The company became known as Fuchs en Rens. It rented and eventually sold horses, carriages, cattle and motor cars as well as offering maintenance and repair services at various garages and workshops. Fuchs & Rens was Batavia's main supplier of cars and tires and left a legacy of buildings in various Indonesian cities. Two of the company's three buildings in the western part of Tanah Abang (formerly Central Batavia) were demolished in the 21st century to make way for a restaurant.
Fuchs established the business as a livery stable and farrier. The business expanded to offer carriage rental, carriage repair and carriage building as well as harness manufacture. Fuchs also began importing horses.
In 1885, Fuchs and M. van Heusden converted the business into a limited company. Fuchs retired in 1897 and was succeeded by Mr. J. W. Rens. After J. W. Rens retired in 1902 Mr. D. Rens, his brother, took over as managing director. Operations were expanded to include the sale of carriages and motor cars. The business also imported Australian cattle. In 1911 a branch office was opened in Sourabaya (Surabaya) near the Oranje Hotel and employed 200 people. In 1915, the D.D. Rens, Booheen Fuchs branches in Medan, Surabaya, Jakarta and Semarang were dealers of Hudson Automobiles. Fuchs en Rens (Fuchs and Rens) garages and a car dealererships included one in Surabaya on land purchased in 1910 at 3951 m2 at Jalan Tunjungan (Tunjungan Street) and was completed in 1913. The Fuchs en Rens shop on Braga Street in Bandung is part of a 1950s - 1960s photo. An early film from the Indonesian Film Center shows company sites and highlights of its offerings. One of several facilities of the company is a dealership with signage for Packard, Renault, Chrysler and White Motor Company.
Aircraft Inspection, Repair & Overhaul Depot

Aircraft Inspection, Repair & Overhaul Depot Sdn Bhd or AIROD is a Malaysian aerospace company engaged in providing aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services. The name AIROD is an acronym that stands for Aircraft Inspection, Repair & Overhaul Depot.
It was established in 1975 as the only in-country facility to support the Royal Malaysian Air Force (RMAF) aircraft. In 1985, AIROD was privatised as a joint-venture company between Malaysia's National Aerospace & Defence Industries Bhd (NADI) and Lockheed Aircraft Systems International (LASI) of the US.
Today, AIROD is a fully Malaysian-owned company under the NADI group of companies and is a leading MRO facility providing services to regional and global customers in the Southeast Asian region.
AIROD's multimillion-dollar MRO facility is located at the Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah (SAAS) Airport Complex at Subang, northwest of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's capital city, where it occupies a 77.4-acre (313,000 m) site on the northeastern side of the runway. The facility includes both narrow- and wide-body aircraft hangars, a paint and strip hangar, support shops, and engine test cells. In January 2005, a partnership agreement was established between AIROD Malaysia and AAR Corporation to establish a regional MRO centre for landing gears in Subang.
Source:
Mechanical components
Avionics components
Leader Trucks

Leader Trucks was a truck-manufacturing company based in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It was established as an initiative of Cyril Anderson and Western Transport. Nearly 2,000 trucks (a wide variety from 4-ton to 250-ton) were manufactured between 1972 and 1984.
Leader found their niche in the heavy transport market and built as a rigid 4x4 and 6x6 configuration for tray, tipper and agitator applications, they offered reliable machines in the industries of earth-moving and off-road construction.
Leader was notable for being the first manufacturer to fit Caterpillar engines to trucks, to fit automatic transmissions to diesel trucks in assembly, and the first truck manufacturer in Australia to offer disc brakes.
Leader boasted its components to be 80 percent Australian built with only the engine, transmission and steering box imported. By 1980, Leader had sold its 1000th truck in Australia and had also sold trucks to New Zealand, South Africa, Hong Kong, China, Caribbean, Middle East and Indonesia.
List of countries by share of informal employment in total employment

The following article lists countries by the share of informal employment in total employment. Informal employment, as defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO), refers to work arrangements that lack legal protection, social security benefits, and employment rights. It typically occurs in the unregulated or unprotected sector of the economy, where workers often lack formal contracts, job stability, and access to benefits such as paid leave, healthcare, and retirement plans. Informal employment is characterized by its casual nature, low wages, limited job security, and often involves self-employment or work in small, unregistered businesses. Worldwide, over 60 percent of workers are in informal employment. Informal employment differs significantly in different world regions. In Africa, a 85.8 percent of employment falls under the informal sector, while in Asia and the Pacific, it accounts for 68.2 percent. The Arab States follow closely with 68.6 percent, while in the Americas, the proportion is 40.0 percent. Europe and Central Asia demonstrate the lowest prevalence of informal employment at 25.1 percent.
Countries by share of the labour force in informal employment.
Platonismo

Ang Platonismo ang pilosopiya ni Plato o pangalan ng ibang mga sistemang pilosopikal na itinuturing na malapit na hinango mula rito. Sa mababang letrang "p", ang "platonismo" ay tumutukoy sa pilosopiyang nagpapatibay ng pag-iral ng mga bagay na abstrakto na isinaad na umiiral sa ikatlong sakop na natatangi mula sa parehong sensibleng panlabas na daigdig at mula sa panloob na daigdig ng kamalayan at kasalungat ng nominalismo(na may maliit na n). Ang mababang letrang "platonista" ay hindi nangangailangang tumanggap sa anumang mga doktrina ni Plato. Sa mas makitid na kahulugan, ang terminong ito ay maaaring tumukoy sa doktrina ng realismong Platoniko. Ang sentral na konsepto ng Platonismo ang distinksiyon sa pagitan ng realidad na matatanto ngunit hindi mauunawaan at ang mauunawaan ngunit hindi matatanto. Sa distinksiyong ito, ang teoriya ng mga anyo ay esensiyal. Ang mga anyo ay tipikal na inilalarawan sa mga dialogo gaya ng Phaedo, Symposium at Republic bilang transendente, mga perpektong arketipo na ang mga bagay sa pang-araw araw na daigdig ay mga hindi perpektong kopya. Sa Republic, ang pinakamataas na anyon ay natukoy bilang Anyo ng Mabuti na pinagmumulan ng lahat ng ibang mga anyo na malalaman sa pamamagitan ng katwiran. Sa Sophist na isang kalaunang akda, ang mga anyong "pagiging", "pagkakapareho" at "pagkakaiba" ay itinala bilang kabilang sa primordial na "Mga Dakilang Uri". Noong ika-3 siglo CE, tinanggap ni Arcesilaus ang pilosopikal na iskeptisismo na naging sentral na tenet ng eskwelang ito hanggang 90 BCE nang ito ay dagdagan ni Antiochus ng Ascalon ng mga elementong Stoiko at tumakwil sa iskeptisismo at nagpasimula ng panahong kilala bilang Gitnang Platonismo. Noong ika-3 siglo CE, dinagdagan ito ni Plotinus ng mga elementong mistikal na nagtatag ng Neoplatonismo kung saan ang tuktok ng pag-iral ay ang Isa o ang Mabuti na pinagmumulan ng lahat ng mga bagay. Sa birtud at pagninilay nilay, ang kaluluwa ay may kapangyarihan na magtaas ng sarili nito upang makamit ang pakikipag-isa sa Isa. Ang Platonismo ay may malalim na epekto sa Kaisipang Kanluraning at marami sa mga ideyang Platoniko ay kinuha ng Kristiyanismo na umunaw sa mga anyo ni Plato bilang mga pag-iisip ng diyos. Ang Neoplatonismo ay naging isang pangunahing impluwensiya sa mistismong Kristiyano sa Kanluranin sa pamamagitan ni Agustino ng Hipono na doktor ng Simbahang Katoliko na ang mga kasulatan ay mabigay na naimpluwensiyahan ng Enneads ni Plotinus, at naging mga pundasyon naman para sa buong kaisipang Kristiyano sa Kanluranin.
Diyalekto

Ang terminong diyalekto (mula sa Latin na dialectus, dialectos, mula sa Sinaunang Griyegong salitang διάλεκτος, diálektos "diskurso", mula διά, diá "sa pamamagitan" at λέγω, légō "nagsasalita ako") o wikain ay ginagamit sa dalawang natatanging paraan upang sumangguni sa dalawang magkakaibang uri ng pangyayari sa wika:
Requiem Aeternam

Ang panalangin para sa walang-hanggang kapahingahan o Requiem Aeternam sa wikang Latin (wikang Ingles: Eternal rest) ay isang panalangin sa mga Kanluraning Simbahan na ipinagdarasal:
Itinuturo ng Simbahang Katolika na kailangan ipagdasal ang mga patay, lalo na ang mga kaluluwa sa Purgatoryo. Nakasulat sa mga puntong 1030 at 1032 ng Katekismo ng Simbahang Katolika na:
Ang panalangin sa wikang Latin na ginagamit sa Ritung Romano ng Simbahang Katolika ay:
Ang salinwikang Ingles na ginagamit ng mga Katoliko ay:
Simbahan

Ang Simbahan o Iglesia ay ang katawagan sa lahat ng mga tagasunod ni Hesus. Tinawag ni Hesus ang kaniyang simbahan bilang kaniyang katawan. Tumutukoy rin ang simbahan sa mga mamamayang mananampalataya na nagtitipun-tipon sa isang pook na tinatawag ring gusali o sambahan. Karamihan sa mga aklat na nasa Lumang Tipan ng Bibliya ay mga sulat para sa mga simbahan o pangkat ng mga mamamayan.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Simbahan (gusali)

Ang simbahan ay isang gusali o kayarian (istruktura) na ang pangunahing layunin ay mapagsagawaan ng pagpupulong ng simbahan. Orihinal na nagpupulong ang mga Hudyong Kristiyano sa mga sinagoga at sa mga tahanan nila. Nang lumaganap ang Kristiyanismo at naging tanggap ng mga pamahalaan, naglaan ng mga silid na naging mga gusali para sa lantad na layunin ng pagsambang Kristiyano. Ang tradisyunal na mga gusaling simbahan ay kadalasan nasa hubog ng isang krus at madalas na may isang tore o domo (simboryo). Ang mas makabagong mga gusaling simbahan ay may samu't saring mga estilong pang-arkitektura at mga kalatagan; maraming mga gusali na dinisenyo para sa ibang mga layunin ay ginawa nang panggamit na pangsimbahan, at gayun din, may mga orihinal na gusaling simbahan na ginagamit para sa ibang mga layunin.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Arkitektura at Pananampalataya ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Free Spirit Alliance

The Free Spirit Alliance (FSA) is a non-profit spiritual networking organization serving the Pagan and pantheist communities. Founded on May 21, 1986 and based in the Mid-Atlantic area of the United States, FSA's focus has been presenting regional and local events where people from diverse backgrounds can learn and share ideas. Its promotional literature and website state that the organization has striven to develop a national reputation for being willing to work with often sensitive and personal issues in a friendly and safe environment.
FSA’s main event is the Free Spirit Gathering, held in June. The gathering is held at a private campground near Darlington, Maryland.
The Free Spirit Gathering is a program-driven outdoor festival which focuses upon magical and spiritual opportunities for the greater Pagan and magical communities. FSG places a strong emphasis on education, training, networking, celebration and fellowship. It attracts people from as far away as Washington, California, Hawaii, Texas, Minnesota and Canada. It is one of the oldest Pagan festivals in the country, celebrating its 35th year in 2020, and in peak years has had an attendance of over 800 people.
List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines

There are several reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines. Reports of such haunted locations are part of ghostlore, which is a form of folklore.
The largest city of northern Luzon, the noted tourist destination is said to be highly haunted. There are several haunted locations scattered throughout the city, such as cemeteries, old hotels, and other sites where structures used to stand until the 1990 Luzon earthquake destroyed them, injuring and killing the people inside. The city was also the site of some of the most brutal atrocities committed during the Battle of Baguio. Such haunted locations include the following:
This province, located in Panay Island in Western Visayas, has been frequently associated as being the alleged home of the aswang, leading to stereotypes of its inhabitants as such. Recent scientific studies attribute such conceptions to a high prevalence in the province of a rare neurological description called X-linked dystonia parkinsonism, locally known as lubag, which was first discovered there in 1975 and whose symptoms closely resemble recorded descriptions of the aswang. It is estimated that 93% of current cases as of 2022 are located on Panay, and 63% of which are in Capiz.
This island-province in Central Visayas has been commonly associated with mystic traditions that the island's growing tourism industry capitalizes on, including tales of sorcery. A ghost ship, known locally as tayog-tayog is also said to appear in the waters of Lazi, although a 2019 investigation by the GMA Network newsmagazine program Kapuso Mo, Jessica Soho and the Philippine Coast Guard found that the lights associated with the apparition were caused by regularly scheduled vessels passing through the area.
Cañao

Cañao or Kanyaw is a festival or a ceremony of the indigenous mountain people of Northern Luzon in the Philippines. It is a socio-religious ritual where chickens, pigs and/or carabaos are butchered as a sacrifice and feasted on. This is usually a thanksgiving to their god Kabunyan.
These indigenous mountain people believe in the existence of supernatural beings that they call Anito which have power over man. With the use of prayers and material offerings in the ritual, the people believes to win the favors of these spirits.
The festival was an ancient tradition celebrated long before Spain reached the Philippines. Today, Igorots and Filipino of Igorot ancestry a still practice this traditional feast wherever they are.
Grand Cañao is celebrated by the Igorot people of the Cordilleras yearly
There are different kinds of rituals of Cañao. Such rituals are: for illness, good harvest and for progress. It is a festival, a liturgy and offering where animals are offered in thanksgiving. In marriages, healing, birth, burial and voyage, a prayer is offered.
Dancing during the ritual is also a practice. A two-person (a man and a woman) dance in a circular steps by hopping and skipping in a tempo of the sticks and gongs. A group dance is performed in two lines with the men and women separated and from opposite direction moving towards each other forming a circle. Women dances in the inner circle while the men dances on the outer circle moving on opposite direction.
Tapuy (rice wine) is served during the feast aside from the meal.
Cañao is not complete without animal sacrifices. Goats, chickens, carabaos and pigs were commonly used. Large animals were killed, then chopped to pieces, boiled in water with little spice, called watwat, which commonly pigs were used. Chickens were cooked pinikpikan.
නටරාජ

නටරාජ (සංස්කෘත: नटराज, "නර්තනයට අධිපති") යනු හින්දු දෙවි ශිව විශ්වීය නර්තන ශිල්පියා ලෙස නිරූපණය කිරීමයි. ඔහුගේ නර්තනය සංදර්භය මත පදනම්ව තාණ්ඩවම් හෝ නඩාන්ත ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මෙම ඉරියව්ව සහ කලාකෘති පිළිබඳ අංශුමාද්භේද ආගම සහ උත්තරකාමික ආගම වැනි බොහෝ හින්දු ග්‍රන්ථවල සඳහන් වන අතර, මෙම නර්තන කැටයම් හෝ ප්‍රතිමා සියලු ප්‍රධාන ශෛවාගමික හින්දු දේවාලවල දක්නට ලැබේ.
මෙහි සම්භාව්‍ය නිරූපණය 6වන සියවස අවට එල්ලෝරා ලෙන් සහ බදාමි ලෙන් කැටයම්වල දක්නට ලැබේ. 10වන සියවස අවට, තමිල් නාඩුව තුළ එහි වඩාත් පරිණතම සහ ප්‍රකටම නිදසුන් චෝළ ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමාවලින් දැකගත හැක. විවිධ උසින් යුත් මෙම ප්‍රතිමා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අඩි හතරට වඩා උසින් අඩු අතර වැඩි අවස්ථා ද හමුවේ. ඓතිහාසික කලා නිර්මාණ අතර නටරාජා කැටම් දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශ, අග්නිදිග ආසියාවේ බාලි හා කාම්බෝජය වැනි ප්‍රදේශවලින් සහ මධ්‍ය ආසියාවෙන් හමුවේ.
නර්තන සහ නාට්‍යමය කලාවන්ට අධිපති ලෙස ශිව දෙවියන් නිරූපණය කළ මෙම ප්‍රතිමා කලාව පිළිබඳ හින්දු ග්‍රන්ථවල සඳහන් ශෛලීන් සහ මිනුම් උපයෝගී කොටගෙන නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. එමගින් දර්ශීයව ශිව එක් නාට්‍ය ශාස්ත්‍ර ඉරියව්වකින් යුතුව, සිය පසුපස වම් හස්තයේ අග්නිය දරාසිටින අතර, එහි ඉදිරි හස්තයෙන් ගජහස්ත හෙවත් දණ්ඩහස්ත මුද්‍රාවත්, නාගයකු එතී සිටින ඉදිරිපස දකුණු හස්තයේ අභය (බිය නොවීම) මුද්‍රාවත් නිරූපණය වේ. එය සූත්‍ර පාඨයක් කෙරෙහි යොමු කොට ඇත. පසුපස දකුණු හස්තයෙහි බොහෝවිට දමරු නම් උඩැක්කියක් වැනි සංගීත භාණ්ඩයක් දරාසිටිනු නිරූපිත ය. ඔහුගේ සිරුර, ඇඟිලි, වළලුකර, ගෙල, මුහුණ, හිස, කන් පෙති සහ වස්ත්‍රය විවිධ මෝස්තරවලින් අලංකාර කොට ඇති අතර, ඒවා ඓතිහාසික යුගය සහ ප්‍රදේශය අනුව වෙනස් විය හැක. ඔහු වටා ගිනි සිළු වළල්ලක් ඇති අතර, පද්ම පීඨයක් මත සිය වම් පාදය ඔසවාගෙන (කලාතුරකින් දකුණු පාදය ඔසවා සිටින අවස්ථා ද හමුවේ) සිටියි. සිය දකුණු පාදයෙන් වාමනයකු පාගාගෙන සමබරව සිටියි. මෙම වාමන රුව (අපස්මාර හෝ මූයලක) මගින් අවිද්‍යාව සංකේතවත් කෙරේ. මෙම උද්වේගී නර්තනයේ ඇති ගතික ස්වභාවය කැරකැවී ගිය කේශ කලාපයෙන් පෙනී යන අතර, එහි සිහින් කෙස් වැටි හිසට පිටුපසින් විජිනියක් මෙන් සැකසී ඇත. 12වන සියවසේ සිටම ඉන්දියානු විද්වතුන් විසින් නටරාජ රුවේ ලක්ෂණ විවිධ අයුරින් අර්ථ දක්වා ඇති අතර, එහි සංකේතාත්මක සහ දාර්ශනික අර්ථය එහි දී ඉදිරිපත් කොට ඇත.
ඉන්දියාවේ වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත ප්‍රතිමා සංකේතයක් වන නටරාජ රුව ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල දී ඉන්දීය සංස්කෘතියේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස ද භාවිතා වේ. එපමණක් නොව එය හින්දු කලාවේ අග්‍රගන්‍ය නිර්මාණයක් ලෙස ද සැලකේ.
මට්ටක්කලප්පු මාන්මියම්

මට්ටක්කලප්පු මාන්මියම් (மட்டக்களப்பு மான்மியம்; මඩකළපු මහිමය) යනු දෙමළ ඉතිහාසමය ග්‍රන්ථයකි. මඩකලපුවේ ඉතිහාසය සම්බන්ධ තොරතුරු එහි අන්තර්ගත වේ.
පුස්කොළ පොත්, තඹ සන්නස් හා ශිලා ලේඛන තොරතුරු අනුසාරයෙන් මට්ටක්කලප්පු මාන්මියම් ග්‍රන්ථය, එෆ්.එක්ස්. නටරාජා විසින් සම්පාදනය කොට 1962 වර්ෂයේදී ප්‍රකාශ ගත කරන ලදී. ග්‍රන්ථයේ සත්‍ය කතුවරයා අඥාත වේ. ග්‍රන්ථය මගින් අතීත මඩකළපු හා ලන්දේසි යටත් විජිත සමය තෙක් විස්තර ගෙනහැර දක්වයි. ඉතිහාසඥයින්ට අනූව ග්‍රන්ථයෙහි වූ තොරතුරු, සැක දනවන හා මිත්‍යා අාදියෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, විවිධ කාලයන් තුල විවිධ කතුවරුන් විසින් ග්‍රන්ථය රචනා කොට තිබේ. කෙසේ නමුදු එය මඩකළපු ඉතිහාසය සම්බන්ධ වැදගත් හා දුලභ ග්‍රන්ථයක් සේ සැළකේ.
මඩකළපු ඉතිහාසය, කුලයන්, සිද්ධස්ථාන සහ අනෙකුත් විවධ තොරතුරු පිළිබඳව.
චෝළ කලාව

චෝළ රාජ සමය (ක්‍රි.ව 850 - 1250) යනු ද්‍රවිඩ කලාවේ සහ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පයේ සංවර්ධනය සහ කලාත්මක බව පැවති කාලයකි. ඔවුන් ඔවුන්ගේ පුළුල් විජයග්‍රහණයන් මඟින් උපයාගත් අතිවිශාල ධනය භාවිතයෙන් ද්‍රෝණිය පුරාම විශාල -ස්ථිර ගල් දේවාල සහ විශිෂ්ට ලෝකඩ මූර්ති නිම කරන ලදි.
චෝළ රාජකිය සමය මූර්ති ශිල්පය සහ ලෝකඩ අතින් ඉතා විශිෂ්ට සමයකි. ලොව විවිධ කෞතුකාගාරවල මෙන්ම වර්තමානයේ ඉතිරිව පවතින දකුණු ඉන්දියානු දේවාලවල බොහෝවිට විවිධ සංඛ්‍යා වල වෙනස් වෙනස් ඉරියව් සහිතව මෙන්ම තම භාර්යාව වු පාර්වතී දේවිය සමඟ අනුබද්ධව සිටින සිව දෙවියන් සහ අනෙකුත් දෙවියන්, සායිවේට් දේව මණ්ඩලයේ උප දේවතාවන් සහ දේවතාවන්, විෂ්ණු දෙවියන් සහ ඔහුගේ භාර්යාව වන ලක්ෂ්මී දෙවඟන, නායන්මාර්ස්, වෙනත් ශෛව භක්තික සෘෂිවරුන් සහ බොහෝ දෑ නිරූපිත මූර්ති මෙම සමයේ නිර්මාණය වූ දෑ ලෙස හඳුනා ගත හැකිය. කෙසේනමුත් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පී සම්ප්‍රධායය ආරම්භ වූයේ දීර්ඝ සංස්කෘතියකින්.ප්‍රතිමා ශිල්පීන් ඔවුන්ගේ සිතුවිළි හින්දු ආගමික ප්‍රතිමාශිල්පයට පමණක් සීමා නොකර නිදහසකින් යුක්තව එකොළොස් වන සහ දොළොස් වන සියවස් අතර කාලයේදී කටයුතු කළහ. එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස, මූර්ති කලාව සහ ලෝකඩ ශිල්ප‍යේ සම්භාව්‍ය ලාලිත්‍යයක්,විභූතිය සහ පරිපූර්ණ රසයක් ඇති විය. මෙයට දිය හැකි කදිම නිදසුන ලෙස නර්තනයේ යෙදෙන නටරාජා ප්‍රතිමාව දැක්විය හැකිය.
වෙනස් නොවන බලය සහිත දේවාලවල ගල් කැටයම් සහ අභ්‍යන්තර ශුද්ධ ස්ථාන මූර්ති ‍දේවාල නිර්මාණය කිරීම් රැඳි පැවතුණේ, 10 වන සියවස අතරතුරදි ජතතා මතයේ දේවතා ආගමික සංකල්ප පිළිබඳ මතයේ වෙනස්වීමට අනුරූපව පාලකයන්ගේ වෙනස්විම සිඳුවීමත් සමඟය. ප්‍රතිපලයක් ලෙස විශාල වශයෙන් ලෝකඩ ප්‍රතිමාවන් නිතිපතා දේවාලයෙන් පිටත නිමකර පෙරහැරින් යුතුවදේවාල උත්සව වලදී රැගෙන එන ලදි. දැවැන්ත ප්‍රතිමාවන් ප්‍රතිමාවන් රැගෙන ඒමට සකස් කළ ගෝලාකාර හැඩැති තුඩු සහ කුහර හමුවීමෙන් ඒ බව සනාථ වේ.
දේවොන් කේ දේව්...මහාදේව්

දේවොන් කේ දේව්... මහාදේව් (සිංහල: දෙවියන්ගේ දෙවි... මහාදෙවි) හෙවත් මහාදේව් යනු ශිව දෙවියන් පිළිබඳ පුරාණෝක්ති පාදක කොටගෙන තැනූ මාලා නාට්‍යයකි. 2011 දෙසැම්බර් 18 දින ඇරඹි මෙය ලයිෆ් ඕකේ නාළිකාව ඔස්සේ සඳුදා සිට සිකුරාදා දක්වා දිනවල රාත්‍රියේ විකාශය විය. 2014 දෙසැම්බර් 14 දින අවසන් වූ මෙය පරිච්ඡේද 36ක් යටතේ කථාංග 820කින් යුතුව විකාශය වී ඇත. මෙය භාෂා ගණනාවකට හඬකැවිණි.
කාලි දෙවඟන නිරූපණය සඳහා රිතූ ජෙන්ජානි විසින් සංලග්න අංගරචනය සිදුකරන ලදී.
මෙම කතාමාලාව බෙංගාලි, දෙමළ, මලයාලම්, ඔරියා, තෙලිඟු, ඇසෑමි, මරාඨි සහ ඉන්දුනීසියානු භාෂාවලින් හඬකවා පිළිවෙලින් දේවාදිදේව් මහාදේව්, ශිවම්, කෛලාසනාතන්, මහාදේව්, හර හර මහාදේවා, මහාදේව්, දේවාන්චේ දේව් මහාදේව්, සහ මහාදේව යන තේමා යටතේ විකාශය විය. ඉන්දුනීසියාව තුළ මෙම නාට්‍යය විකාශය කරන ලද්දේ antv නාළිකාවෙනි. ශිවම් යනුවෙන් නම් කළ දෙමළ හඬකැවූ ප්‍රභේදය සිංහල උපසිරැසි සමග ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ශක්ති ටීවී නාළිකාවෙන් විකාශය කෙරේ. මෙය හරහර මහාදේවා යනුවෙන් කන්නඩ බසින් ප්‍රතිනිර්මාණය විය. මෙහි කථාවාරය 1 සිට ශිව-පාර්වතී විවාහය දක්වා වූ කථාංග මෙහි නිල DVD ප්‍රභේදයෙහි ඇතුළත් වේ.
2012 සැප්තැම්බරයේ විකාශය වූ 9වන කථාංගයෙහි කාලි විසින් රක්තබීජ අසුරයාව මරාදමන පුවත ඇතුළත් වූ අතර එය වැඩසටහනේ ඉහළම TRP අගය වූ 8.2ක අගය හිමි කරගත්තේ ය.
Nataraja Service

Nataraja Service (Kannada: ನಟರಾಜ ಸರ್ವಿಸ್) is a 2016 Indian Kannada language romantic emotional comedy film directed by Pavan Wadeyar, produced by N.S. Rajkumar and presented by Puneeth Rajkumar. It stars Sharan and Mayuri Kyatari. The music was composed by Anoop Seelin whilst the cinematography was by Arul K. Somasundaram.
P Ravi Shankar makes a special appearance in the song "Allah Allah Nataraja Bartonella" which was rendered by music director Anoop Seelin.
Principal photography for the film began in October 2015. The shooting was held at Bangalore, Mysore, Shimoga, Davanagere, Mandya, Dandeli and Sirsi locations and was completed in early June 2016. After several announcements, the film was finally released on 17 November 2016.
Anoop Seelin composed the film's background score and soundtrack. An opening song of the film is sung by Puneeth Rajkumar and penned by Pavan Wadeyar. According to Wadeyar, the song speaks about the "benefits of walking" and has a philosophical message as the theme. The audio was released on 28 July 2016.
Nataraja Guru

Nataraja Guru (born P. Natarajan, 18 February 1895 – 19 March 1973) was a disciple of Narayana Guru. Nataraja Guru founded Narayana Gurukula on 1923 for the integral study of various wisdom approaches.
Nataraja Gúrú was born in Bangalore in British India on 18 February 1895. His mother was Bhagavathi Amma and his father, Palpu, was a doctor who founded the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (Society for the Propagation of the Religion of Sree Narayana, or SNDP) in 1903, of which Sree Narayana Guru was the first president. Natarajan was the third of five children, having both an older and younger brother and an older and younger sister. He received a high-class education in Bangalore, Thiruvananthapuram and Kandy before being awarded a Master's degree by Madras Presidency College.
Natarajan had come into contact with Narayana Guru and experienced the gurukul way of life in Aluva and Ooty before becoming headmaster at Varkala High School, which had been founded by Naryana. It was after a "conference of all religions" at Alwaye that Natarajan founded his Narayana Gurukulam Movement (NGM) and University for the Science of the Absolute in 1924. K. K. N. Kurup, a historian of Kerala, describes the NGM as "an international order of brotherhood".
In the year that Sree Naryana Guru Great Samadi, 1928, Natarajan received his blessing to study abroad. These studies lasted five years, during which he obtained a doctorate of letters from the Sorbonne in Paris while also teaching at the Quaker International School in Geneva.
On returning to India, Natarajan spent two years seeking work in various parts of the country because the followers of Narayana were not welcoming to him after the guru's death. In 1935, he returned to the gurukul at Fernhill in Ooty. He spent some time as an Advisor for the princely state of Cochin and established an educational institute in Mysore State before leaving India for Europe once again in 1949. Upon his return in 1951, having also visited America, he was recognised as a guru.
Thereafter, Nataraja travelled widely around the world and, in 1963, established the Brahmavidya Mandiram at Sivagiri in Varkala. He translated into English and wrote commentaries on all the major works of Narayana Guru. He also wrote on a wide variety of subjects, employing throughout a protolinguistic or structural approach.
Nataraja Guru Samadi on 19 March 1973 at the NGM headquarters in Varkala.
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Apasmara

Apasmara (Sanskrit: अपस्मार, IAST: Apasmāra) is a diminutive man who represents spiritual ignorance and ahamkara in Hindu mythology. He is also known as Muyalaka or Muyalakan.
The suffix smāra (from smaranam) means memory. The compound apasmāra means loss of memory, which corresponds to conditions such as dementia or amnesia. It can also imply gibberish (unintelligible speech) or ego (Ahamkara). Apasmara in Ayurveda referred to neurological disorders characterized by memory loss rather than speech issues. Due to the lack of modern diagnostic tools such as brain scanning at the time, the exact conditions described remain uncertain.
Apasmara, depicted as a diminutive man, is often shown in Hindu iconography clutching a cobra, which symbolizes (ahamkara) in Shaivite tradition.
Ahamkara, literally means the "I-maker", and is the faculty by which jivas (souls) identify with the physical body rather than their higher self. The Shiva Purana describes ahamkara as originating from Prakriti (nature). Apasmara symbolizes the ignorance of selfhood (ahamkara), a universal, cosmic form of ignorance essential for jivas to function in samsara across their countless rebirths by forgetting past lives and identifying with a new body each time. This "necessary evil" of Apasmara is part of the cosmic balance between spiritual knowledge and the inherent ignorance in one's sense of self, and cannot be eradicated without disrupting the cosmic order. Killing Apasmara would represent gaining spiritual knowledge without the effort, will, and dedication required, thereby devaluing that knowledge itself.
To enable moksha (transcendence) while preserving the cosmic balance between spiritual knowledge and ignorance inherent in samsara, Apasmara must be subdued rather than killed. To suppress Apasmara, Shiva assumes the form of Nataraja—the Lord of Dance—and performs the cosmic dance of tāṇḍava. During this dance, Shiva subdues Apasmara under his right foot, symbolizing the subjugation of ignorance and ahamkara. Apasmara is believed to remain eternally subdued beneath Nataraja's foot, with Shiva perpetually maintaining this balance through his cosmic dance. Similar symbolism is seen in representations of Dakshinamurti, another form of Shiva as a guru, where Apasmara is subdued under Shiva’s right foot.
English writer and philosopher, Aldous Huxley has described and summarized the symbolism of Nataraja and Apasmara, also known as Muyalaka in his utopian novel, Island:
The concept of Apasmara in Āyurveda relates to a group of neurological disorders, one of which may be identified as epilepsy: according to Maharṣi Caraka, there are 4 types of apasmāra. These 4 types of apasmara are Vataja, Pitaja, Kapahaja and Sannipataja.These can be related to conditions associated with loss of memory like amnesia and dementia or temporal lobe epilepsy with fugue states or hysteria. Charakhas instituted this classification depending upon the different doshas of the body.
ART Television (Sri Lanka)

Art Television Broadcasting Co. is a 24-hour analogue terrestrial (free to air) television channel in Sri Lanka. A privately owned channel that broadcasts English content has its headquarters located in Colombo. Its coverage is viewed on Frequencies UHF – CH28 in Colombo and UHF – CH52 in Kandy. ART Television is owned by the Sri Lankan business conglomerate IWS Holdings (Private) Limited founded by Indulakshin Wickramasinghe Senanayake.
Affiliated with CNN since 1995, the Channel offers 15 hours of CNN daily. It partnered with Cartoon Network in 2009, and relays a daily hour of Cartoon Network on its children's belt ART Toons, in addition to varied entertainment content sourced from leading international suppliers. The station partnered with Cartoon Network in 2009 to launch an eco-awareness campaign in Kandy, which was the first local CSR campaign supported by an international children's channel.
The Channel's daily news bulletin the State of Business is a key business current affairs program in Sri Lanka and conducts prominent business forums. The company has also ventured into local reality series platform partnering with The Model Network, Sri Lanka and Ford Models, New York for the Ford Supermodel of Sri Lanka search. It has collaborated with the British Council in Colombo for the entrepreneurial reality show Ideators in 2010.
Originally incorporated as Dynavision Broadcasting Corporation in 1995, the station introduced Sri Lanka's first stereo broadcast station. The company was repositioned as Art Television Broadcasting Company in July 2003.
Uoosoof Mohideen, who was the CNN representative for Sri Lanka, was the first CEO/Managing Director for Dynavision. Uoosoof Mohideen was also a founding member/partner of ETV (Sri Lanka).