davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Yelcho Lake

Yelcho Lake is a large fjord-shaped lake located in Chilean Patagonia, in southern Palena province of Los Lagos Region, Chile. The lake receives the waters of the Futaleufu River at its southern tip, near the tiny settlement of Puerto Ramirez. The river then flows northward through mountainous and glaciated terrain, until it outflows via the Yelcho River north-west and empties into Gulf of Corcovado, near Chaitén. The lake is a popular destination for fly fishing, and several lodges and hotels operate on its shores. Yelcho Lake is most frequently accessed via the town of Chaitén to the north. Two small commercial airlines operate daily flights from Puerto Montt. Another option is ferry service direct from Puerto Montt, the bimodal ferry service from the town of Hornopiren, or direct from the port of Quellón on the island of Chiloe on the other side of the Gulf of Corcovado. Traffic on the Carretera Austral along the western shore of Yelcho Lake was interrupted in December 2017 due to a mudslide in the settlement of Villa Santa Lucía, which killed 21 people and keeps missing one. The road reopened in February 2018.
Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin Airport

The Teniente Rodolfo Marsh Martin Airport (IATA: TNM, ICAO: SCRM) is on King George Island, part of Chile's Antártica commune in Antarctica, and is the northernmost airport in the continent. The airport serves the nearby village of Villa Las Estrellas and the Base Presidente Eduardo Frei Montalva.
The airport has five small buildings (hangar, control tower) and a small apron area for parking aircraft.
The Isla Rey Jorge non-directional beacon Punta Arenas(Ident: IRJ) is located 0.46 nautical miles (0.9 km) off the approach threshold of Runway 30. The Isla Rey Jorge VOR-DME (Ident: IRJ) is located on the field.
The airport uses the GMT -4:00 time zone.
There is no regular scheduled public service to the airport, although Aerovías DAP has some charter flights from Punta Arenas.
The airport is named in memory of Lieutenant Rodolfo Marsh, who in the 1930s helped pioneer air routes to the Magallanes Region of Chile, mainly using Sikorsky S43 flying boats. He was killed when his plane, the S43 "Chiloé", crashed on 2 June 1937 flying from Puerto Montt to Punta Arenas. The crash occurred during bad weather killing all four crew and five passengers.
Teamhair

Suíomh fíorthábhachtach seandálaíoch agus stairiúil is ea Teamhair nó Teamhair na Ríthe in aice Abhainn na Bóinne idir An Uaimh agus Dún Seachlainn i gContae na Mí, Éire. De réir traidisiún, b'ann a bhí áit chónaithe Ard Ríthe na hÉireann san am atá caite. Tá fianaise ann go raibh an láthair á húsáid mar ionad deasghnách creidimh ón Chlochaois go dtí gur tháinig an Chríostaíocht go hÉirinn. I measc na n-iarsmaí atá le feiceáil ar an láthair sa lá atá inniu ann tá:
Luaitear Teamhair sna scéalta is sine in Éirinn, agus deirtear go raibh a bpríomhionad polaitiúil ag Tuatha dé Danann ann sular tháinig na Gaeil chun na tíre. Cé nach bhfuil aon fhianaise shoiléir ann go raibh rí amháin ar bith i gceannas ar Éirinn roimh theacht na Críostaíochta is léir ón seanchas agus ón litríocht gurb ionad fíorthábhachtach a bhí inti.
Le linn Éirí Amach 1798 bhí campa ag na hÉireannaigh Aontaithe ar Chnoc na Teamhrach ach d'ionsaigh arm na Breataine iad ar an 26 Bealtaine 1798 agus maraíodh ceithre chéad ar pháirc an áir. Léirítear an tionchar a bhí ag Teamhair ar shamhlaíocht na nGael sa tionól ollmhór a d'eagraigh Dónall Ó Conaill ann sa 19ú haois.
Go luath sa bhfichiú haois tháinig dream de na British Israelites go Teamhair agus thochaill siad an cnoc agus iad ag iarraidh teacht ar Áirc an Chonartha. Rinne siad go leor dochar sular ruaigeadh iad. Tá sé de nós ag dreamanna éagsúla a thugann draoithe orthu féin na seanfhéilte Cheilteacha a cheiliúradh ar Chnoc na Teamhrach sa lá atá inniu ann.
Tuatha Taiden

Géag ársa d'Fhir Ól nÉchmacht, i gCúige Chonnacht mar atá inniu ann, ba ea Tuatha Taoidean (Sean-Ghaeilge Túatha Taíden).
Shíneadh ríocht Tuatha Taiden ó Phálás Fidach soir trasna na Sionainne i dtreo chnoc na Teamhrach. Tháinig Uí Mhaine i gceannas sna críocha úd in am trátha.
Thomas Preston, 1ú Bíocunta na Teamhrach

Saighdiúir Éireannach den 17ú haois ab ea Thomas Preston, 1ú Bíocunta na Teamhrach (1585 - Deireadh Fómhair 1655).
Tar éis seirbhís fhada mar amhas in Arm na Spáinne, d’fhill Preston ar Éirinn nuair a bhris Éirí Amach 1641 amach.
Ceapadh é chun bheith i gceannas ar Arm Laighean de Chomhdháil na nÉireannach, agus d’éirigh go maith leis, chomh maith le roinnt treascairtí troma ar nós Chath Chnoc Dhongan i 1647, inar scriosadh a arm beagnach go léir. Cosúil le ceannairí Comhdhála eile, ba Ríogaí Caitliceach é Preston.
D’fhan sé i ndlúth-theagmháil leis an Tiarna Leifteanant Séamus de Buitléir , 1ú Diúc Urumhan, agus thacaigh sé go láidir le comhghuaillíocht idir lucht na Comhdhála agus na Ríogaí i gcoinne na maolcheann.
Achall

Sa Rúraíocht i Miotaseolaíocht na nGael, iníon Cairpre Nia Fer, rí na Teamhrach agus a bhean chéile Fedelm Noíchrothach ba ea Achall. Tar éis bás a dhearthár Earc, mairithe ag Conall Cearnach, d'éag sí le crá croí ar cnoc in aice le Teamhair, a ainmníodh aisti ina cuimhne.
Deirtear gur tháinig Ard-Rí na hÉireann Túathal Techtmar i gcoróin tar éis dó an t-iar-Ard-Rí, Elim mac Conrach, a chloí i gcath ar chnoc Achaill. De réir Tairired na nDéssi, bhíodh an t-Ard-Rí Cormac mac Airt ina chónaí ar an gcnoc tar éis dó súil a chailleadh, toisc níorbh chóir dó bheith i réim i Teamhair leis a leithéid de locht. Is é An Scrín ainm na háite anois.
Scéla Conchobair

Is teideal cumtha ag Whitley Stokes é Scéala Chonchúir mhic Neasa (Sean-Ghaeilge Scéla Conchobair maic Nessa), le haghaidh scéil ghearr sa Rúraíocht atá caomhnaithe sa lámhscríbhinn den 12ú haois, an Leabhar Laighneach. Faightear ann seanchas nach bhfuil le fáil chuile áit eile maidir le craobhacha (hallaí) na nUladh ag Eamhain Mhacha agus a sciatha.
Sa lámhscríbhinn (Leabhar Laighneach, CnT 1339, olim H.2.18), faightear ann scéal i leathnaigh díreach tar éis an athleagain den Táin Bó Cúailnge, agus áirítear é sa Catalogue i measc "Prose tales of Conchobar Mac Nessa, Cuchulaind, Athirne, Celtchair."
Ag tús an téacs, tá giniúint Chonchúir, agus dá bharr, luadh an scéal scaití mar Compert Conchobair. In áiteanna eile, rangaítear an scéal mar leagan de "How Conchobar obtained the Kingship of Ulster."
Faightear sa scéal cur síos ar na trí craobhacha (hallaí) Chonchúir, Cróeb Rúad, Téite Brecc agus Cróeb Derg. Rítheach na nUladh ab ea an chéad ceann acu; an armlann ab ea an dara ceann, áit a coinníodh na sciatha, airm agus cuacha: agus sa tríú craobh, coinníodh na cinn bhainte agus creach cogaidh eile.
Tugtar ansin liosta de Sciatha na nUladh, ocht déag go iomlán, i dtosach Ochain le Conchúr. Is deacair roinnt phearsana a aithint óir nach dtugtar nó neither ainmneacha athartha nó leasainmneacha. Tuigtear gur claimhte iad roinnt de na sciatha ag aisteoirí agus tiomsaitheoir foclóirí an lae inniu.
Is féidir an seanchas maidir leis an umar mór leanna/fíona, Ól nGuala, agus an maide le húill/liathróidí um aird na ndaoine a tharraingt, a chur i gcomparáid le cuntais san athleagan den Tochmharc Eimhire le fáil i Leabhar na hUidhre.
Chuir Kinsella an saothar seo mar réamhscéal ina aistriúchán Béarla, The Táin. Don Táin féin, thóg sé an chéad athleagan, agus ní an leagan sa Leabhar Laighneach.
Tá ann sa saothair sleachta suimiúla áibhéile maidir le seachta Fhearghasa, fágtha ar lár ag Kinsella, ag rá go raibh goile seachtair ag Fearghas, miangas nach sásófaí ach le seachtar ban agus a bhean chéile, Fliodhas, as láthair, agus go raibh bod seacht dhorn ar mhéid aige. Go deimhin, the upright stone ar chnoc Teamhrach, by some considered the Lia Fáil, was "still popularly called Bod Fhearghais", in the days of antiquarian George Petrie.
Leabhar na hUidhre

Is lámhscríbhinn phárpháipéir Ghaeilge ón 12ú haois í Leabhar na hUidhre (Sean-Ghaeilge Lebor na hUidre; nó Leabhar na Bó Doinne, Béarla "Book of the Dun Cow"). Is í an lámhscríbhinn is sine as Gaeilge atá ar marthain, caomhnaithe anois in Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, RIA MS 23 E 25. Tá sí an-damáistithe: níl inti anois ach 67 leathanach agus go leor téacsanna atá neamhiomlán. Tugadh a leasainm di de dheasca seanscéil mí-aimsearthaigh go ndearnadh í as seithe bó doinne le Naomh Ciarán Chluain Mhic Nóis.
Meastar go raibh triúr scríbhneoirí i mbun oibre ar an leabhar. D'aithin Richard Irvine Best thar a chéile iad de réir a lámhscríbhneoireachta, agus thug sé na litreacha A, M agus H dóibh. Creidtear gur chomhaoiseach iad A agus M. Thosaigh scríobhaí A an obair, ag scríobh na chéad leathanach de théacsanna ar leith, agus lean M ar aghaidh léi. D'aithin Best scríobhaí M le Máel Muire mac Céilechair meic Cuinn na mBocht, de réir fianaise dhá probationes pennae san imeall, agus an scríbhneoir ag cleachtadh a shíniú. Áit eile sa lámhscríbhinn i nóta níos déanaí, aithnítear Máel Muire mar an té "a scríobh agus a thiomsaigh an leabhar seo ó leabhair éagsúla". Tá a dhúnmharú ag Cluain Mhic Nóis i 1106 cláraithe in Annála na gCeithre Máistrí, rud a thugann am agus áit is déanaí don chuid is mó den lámhscríbhinn. Tamall ina dhiaidh, chuir H (ainmnithe de bharr dhá sheanmóir (Homailí) dá chuid) téacsanna nua éagsúla leis an leabhar, uaireanta thar an mbunchóip (pailmseist), uaireanta ar leathanaigh nua. Bunaithe ar ortagrafaíocht agus ar fhocail iasachta Béarla, molann Gearóid Mac Eoin go raibh H ag scríobh ag druidim leis an 13ú haois.
Tar éis díscaoileadh na mainistreach, tháinig an lámhscríbhinn i seilbh chlann Uí Dhomhnaill as Contae Dhún na nGall. Bhí sí acusan go dtí 1359, nuair a chuireadh ar fhuascailt ise agus an Leabhar Gearr atá caillte, ar son baill na clainne a bhí ina bpríosúnaigh ag Cathal Óg Ó Conchobhair Sligigh (bás. 3ú Mí na Samhna 1362). Fuair Aodh Rua Ua Dónaill an lámhscríbhinn ar ais i 1470, agus d'fhan sí i nDún na nGall go dtí 1631 ar a laghad, nuair a cuireadh tiomsú Annála na gCeithre Máistrí i gcrích. Ní fios cá raibh sí as sin amach go dtí 1837, agus í mar chuid de bhailiúchán Messrs. Hodges & Smith, Faiche an Choláiste, Baile Átha Cliath. Tá sí luaite le George Petrie ina aiste dar teideal "History and Antiquities of Tara Hill". Ceannaíodh bailiúchán Hodges & Smith, 227 lámhscríbhinn san áireamh, ag an ARÉ i 1844.
Foilsíodh macasamhail liteagrafach na lámhscríbhinne leis an ARÉ i 1870. Foilsíodh leagan dioplómaitiúil i 1929 le Best agus Osborn Bergin, agus na trí lámh idirdhealaithe le cló-aghaidheanna éagsúla. Tá scanacháin dhigitigh le fáil ar an suíomh Irish Script Online.
Téacsanna atá ann fós sna leathnaigh a mhaireann, agus a riocht caomhnaithe:
John Russell, 1ú Iarla Russell

Ba é John Russell, 1st Earl Russell príomh-aire na Ríochta Aontaithe agus ceannaire an Pháirtí Fuig. Rugadh é ar an 18 Lúnasa 1792 agus fuair sé bás ar an 28 Bealtaine 1878.
Bhí sé ina Phríomh-Aire na Ríochta Aontaithe ó 30 Meitheamh 1846 go 23 Feabhra 1852 (le linn an Ghorta Mhóir in Éirinn), agus ó 29 Deireadh Fómhair 1865 go 28 Meitheamh 1866.
Tara Flynn

Is aisteoir agus scríbhneoir Éireannach í Tara Flynn, iomráiteach le haghaidh a saothar grinn agus a cuid oibre mar gníomhaí.
Scríobh Flynn trí leabhair: You're Grand: The Irishwoman's Secret Guide to Life, Giving Out Yards: The Art of Complaint, Irish Style and Rage-In: Trolls and Tribulations of Modern Life
Bhí sé ar dhuine de bhunaitheoirí den ghrúpa amhránaíocht grinn 'The Nualas'.
Tá sí ina guthóir agus ghlac sí páirt an guth Molly sa chlár RTÉ 'The Morbegs'.
Úsáideann sí aoir le haghaidh gníomhaíochta, rud atá le feiceáil ina sceitsí YouTube, mar shampla 'Racist B&B', 'Armagayddon' agus 'The Case for Mammy / Daddy Marriage'.
In 2015, mar chuid d'fheachtas Amnesty International Ireland 'She is not a Criminal', labhair sí go poiblí don chéad uair faoina turas chun na hÍsiltíre le haghaidh ginmhilleadh a fháil (tá ginmhilleadh mídhleathach faoi láthair in Éirinn i mbeagnach gach cás). Ó sin, tá sí ina feachtasóir glórach do chearta atáirgthe agus aisghairm an t8ú leasú in Éirinn.
In 2017, rinne Flynn an guthú ar athleagan Blind Date ar TV3. Ghlac sí leis an ról a bhí déanta ag Graham Sidmore sa bhunchlár sna 1980í.
Angias

Bean chéile Laoghaire mac Néill, Ard-Rí na hÉireann, ab ea Angias nó Angas, iníon Ailealla Tassaigh mhic of Eochada Liathán. Máthair Lughaí mhic Laoghaire, Ard-Rí féin i n-am, ab ea í.
Breasal mac Ailealla, a d'fhéadfadh bheith ina Rí na Mumhan, ab ea a deartháir. Bhí a muintir, Uí Liatháin, i gceannas i ndeisceart na tíre, agus gníomhach Bhreatain fosta.
Feictear Angias in the Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, ina impíonn sí Naomh Pádraig go n-éirí a mac fós sa bhroinn ina Ard-Rí High King of Ireland.
Battle of Tara Hill

The Battle of Tara Hill was fought on the evening of 26 May 1798 between British forces and Irish rebels involved in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, resulting in a heavy defeat for the rebels and the end of the rebellion in County Meath.
Following the outbreak of the rebellion signaled in Meath by the prearranged signal of the seizing of a mail coach near Turvey hill, road blocks were posted on the Navan road United Irishmen and rebels in Meath began to assemble at the hill of Tara. Tara was chosen as it provided strategic control of road access to the capital Dublin and cultural significance as the former seat of the high kings of Ireland. Between 4,000 and 7,000 rebels gathered at the hill. There were incidents of violent encounters throughout the countryside as rallying rebels made their way to Tara from the outbreak of the rebellion on the 23rd to the day of the battle on the 26th.
Picking up yeomanry reinforcements along the way, the combined fencible, yeomanry and militia forces formed up at the bottom of the hill to attack the rebels who had established a large camp on the hill. The lack of any cannon or cavalry placed the rebels at a great disadvantage despite their numbers. Disciplined volley fire and flanking cavalry action combined with withering grapeshot delivered from a 6-pounder cannon drove the rebels to within graveyard walls at the summit. There at dusk, the rebels made their last stand on the hill until a final grenadier assault finished them.
The loss to the fencibles, yeomanry and militia was minimal. However rebel casualties have estimates running from several hundred to several thousand dead and many wounded. Many bodies were removed during the night of the 26th and 350 dead were counted still lying on the battlefield the following day. Witnesses to the burial recollect many more bodies of those rebels who died of their wounds during the night being collected from the surrounding countryside in carts. It was noted by the witnesses that the bodies were universally disembowelled by the victors. The dead were buried in a mass grave marked by the Lia Fail standing stone which was moved to mark the burial site. The defeat effectively ended the United Irishmen's rising in Meath.
53°34′39″N 6°36′43″W﻿ / ﻿53.5775°N 6.6119°W﻿ / 53.5775; -6.6119
Tara Lynne O'Neill

Tara Lynne O'Neill (born 18 September 1975) is an Irish actress from Northern Ireland, who has appeared in film, theatre and television.
During her childhood, she aspired to become a dentist, but abandoned this after failing her General Certificate of Secondary Education in chemistry. At sixth-form college, she opted for a career in acting.
O'Neill started work as a television presenter on Saturday Disney from 1993 to 1996. She was also a main presenter on The Over the Wall Gang, a young people's television show from BBC Northern Ireland.
O'Neill also appeared in film roles such as the town's seductress in The Most Fertile Man in Ireland (1999), and as Claire McKee in Wild About Harry (2000). She later played Joanne Ryan in EastEnders, appearing in 58 episodes between 20 September 2002, and 21 August 2003.
Between 2013 and 2016, she appeared in The Fall. In 2018, she joined the main cast of Derry Girls as Mary Quinn, remaining on the show until the airing of the final episode on 18 May 2022. In April 2024, O'Neill was cast as Inspector Eve Dunlop in BBC's Hope Street for the show's fourth series.
Her other roles include The Informant (1997), Disco Pigs (2001), Full Circle and Omagh (2004).
In addition to television and film, at the age of 19, she appeared on stage at the Grand Opera House in Belfast as Sandy in a production of the musical Grease.
In 2006, O'Neill appeared as Rita in a theatre production of Educating Rita staged at the Lyric Theatre in Belfast.
In 2021, she wrote and starred in Rough Girls, a play about women's football in Belfast in 1917–21; it was aired on BBC Four in 2022.
Tara Flynn

Tara Flynn (born 1969) is an Irish actress and writer. She was a member of The Nualas.
Flynn has written three satirical books: You're Grand: The Irishwoman's Secret Guide to Life, Giving Out Yards: The Art of Complaint, Irish Style and Rage-In: Trolls and Tribulations of Modern Life
She was a founding member (with Sue Collins and Anne Gildea) of comedy singing group "The Nualas".
She is a voice artist and was the voice of Molly in RTE's The Morbegs.
She uses satire for activism, as in YouTube sketches such as "Racist B&B", "Armagayddon" and "The Case for Mammy / Daddy Marriage".
In 2010 she brought a one-woman show Big Noise to the Edinburgh Fringe.
In 2015, as part of Amnesty International Ireland's "She is not a Criminal" campaign, she spoke publicly for the first time about travelling to the Netherlands for an abortion (abortion was illegal in Ireland at the time). She has since been a vocal campaigner for reproductive rights and the repeal of Ireland's 8th amendment.
In 2017, Flynn provided the voiceover on TV3's remake of Blind Date. She took over the role first done by Graham Skidmore in the original 1980s show.
In 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 Tara joined Marian Keyes for a BBC Radio 4 programme Now You're Asking, in which they discussed problems sent in by listeners (they called them "askers").
Flynn met her husband, Carl Austin, at a London bar in 2008. In 2013, a Kinsale man called Austin, an African American, a racial slur. This incident led Flynn to create a comedy sketch satirizing racism in Ireland, which gained 85,000 YouTube views in two days.
List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designates World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural or natural heritage which have been nominated by countries which are signatories to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty, are defined as natural heritage. Serbia succeeded the convention on 11 September 2001, following the breakup of Yugoslavia.
As of 2024, there are five sites in Serbia on the list and eleven on the tentative list. The first site in Serbia to be added to the list was Stari Ras and Sopoćani, inscribed at the 3rd UNESCO session in 1979. Further sites were added to the list in 1986, 2004, 2007, and 2017. All are listed as cultural sites, as determined by the organization's selection criteria. Four out of five sites date to the medieval period while the fifth, the Gamzigrad complex, dates to late antiquity. The Medieval Monuments in Kosovo site, first added to the list in 2004 and expanded two years later, has been on UNESCO's list of endangered sites since 2006 due to difficulties in its management and conservation stemming from the region's political instability. The Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards site is a transnational entry, shared with three neighboring countries.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.
In addition to the sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. As of 2021, Serbia recorded eleven sites on its tentative list.
List of World Heritage Sites in Montenegro

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Montenegro, which declared independence in 2006 following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro, acceded to the convention on 3 June 2006.
There are four sites in Montenegro on the list and a further six on the tentative list (the official list of sites that may be considered for future submission). The first site in Montenegro to be added to the list was Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor, inscribed at the 3rd UNESCO session in 1979. Durmitor National Park was inscribed in 1980 and extended in 2005. These two sites were first added to the list when Montenegro was still a part of Yugoslavia. In addition, there are two transnational sites on the list. The site Stećci Medieval Tombstone Graveyards, inscribed in 2016, is shared with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia, while the site Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries is shared with Croatia and Italy. The Durmitor National Park is listed as a natural site while the other three are cultural sites, as determined by the organization's selection criteria.
At the time of its inscription in 1979, the site Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor was immediately listed as endangered, due to the damage it sustained in an earthquake registering 6.9 Mw that affected the area earlier that year. Following restoration, largely financed by the UNESCO, it was removed from the list of endangered sites in 2003.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.
In addition to the sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. As of 2018, Montenegro recorded six sites on its tentative list.
Kingship of Tara

The term Kingship of Tara (/ˈtærə/) was a title of authority in ancient Ireland - the title is closely associated with the archaeological complex at the Hill of Tara. The position was considered to be of eminent authority in medieval Irish literature and Irish mythology, although national kingship was never a historical reality in early Ireland. The term also represented a prehistoric and mythical ideal of sacred kingship in Ireland. Holding the title King of Tara invested the incumbent with a powerful status. Many Irish High Kings were simultaneously Kings of Tara. The title emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, actual claimants to this title used their position to promote themselves in status and fact to the High Kingship. Prior to this, various branches of the Uí Néill dynasty appear to have used it to denote overlordship of their kindred and realms. It was associated with Feis Temro (Feast of Tara), a pagan inauguration rite.
The titles King of Tara and High King of Ireland were distinct and unrelated for much of history.
The following is a list of those accorded the title (or at least believed to be seated) in the Irish annals—the kings and legends. The dates and names of the early kings are uncertain and are often highly suspect. Several may be doubles of others, while composite characters may be entirely fictitious. Some may also be assigned to the wrong prehistoric kindred.
Baile Chuinn Chétchathaig is an Old Irish list of Kings of Tara or High Kings of Ireland which survives in two 16th-century manuscripts.
Togail Bruidne Dá Derg is an Irish tale belonging to the Ulster Cycle of Irish mythology.
Four Tribes of Tara

The Four Tribes of Tara was an alliance of powerful clans that consisted of the O'Harts, O'Kelly's, O'Connolly, and the O'Regan. The princes of Tara were also styled princes of Brega, consisting of territory in the modern day counties Meath, Louth and Dublin, and containing the districts around the ancient Royal Seat of Tara, Trim, Navan, Athboy, part of Dublin north of the Liffey. The Four Tribes were major defenders of Ireland against Viking invasions during the 8th and 9th centuries.
Ōtara Hill

Ōtara Hill (also Te Puke o Tara or Smales Mount) is one of the volcanoes in the Auckland volcanic field. Its scoria cone reached 89 m above sea level (around 59 m higher than the surrounding land) before it was quarried away. The hill was the site of a pā named "Te Puke Ō Tara" meaning 'hill belonging to Tara', who was a Ngāi Tai Rangatira (or Māori Chief) of the area.
Like many Auckland volcanoes, Ōtara Hill has a notable tuff ring. It is located between Green Hill and Hampton Park. Green Hill and Ōtara Hill were together referred to as Bessy Bell and Mary Gray after an old Scottish ballad.
36°56′50″S 174°53′54″E﻿ / ﻿36.947105°S 174.898363°E﻿ / -36.947105; 174.898363
Grenada North

Grenada North is a small suburb in northern Wellington, New Zealand. It is 5 km south of Porirua's city centre, and 13 km north of Wellington's city centre. Its western boundary is formed by State Highway 1 (SH 1N) and Takapu Road. The suburb itself was named after Grenada in the Caribbean, and most streets are named after Caribbean islands.
The Caribbean Avenue Reserve can be accessed from Caribbean Drive.
The suburb was developed by Glendene Developments Ltd in the 1970s so was originally called Glendene, and was expected to join up soon with the suburb of Grenada further south. To meet increased education demand in the Northern suburbs a new Glendene Secondary School was proposed, but by 1980 it was decided that a new co-ed secondary school was not needed and may never be needed. The 14.5-hectare (36-acre) site with sports fields in Jamaica Drive developed by the government was leased to the Wellington City Council for use as playing fields, and was later (c1989) sold to the council. The residential area south towards Grenada is only now (c2015) being developed.
Grenada North statistical area covers 5.79 km (2.24 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 2,400 as of June 2024, with a population density of 415 people per km.
Grenada North had a population of 2,286 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 123 people (5.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 279 people (13.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 726 households, comprising 1,137 males and 1,146 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 37.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 468 people (20.5%) aged under 15 years, 444 (19.4%) aged 15 to 29, 1,122 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 249 (10.9%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 74.5% European/Pākehā, 11.4% Māori, 7.9% Pasifika, 15.5% Asian, and 3.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 25.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 44.9% had no religion, 40.0% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.5% were Hindu, 1.3% were Muslim, 2.4% were Buddhist and 2.0% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 504 (27.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 204 (11.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $43,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 528 people (29.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,035 (56.9%) people were employed full-time, 264 (14.5%) were part-time, and 75 (4.1%) were unemployed.
Tarapith

Tarapith is a town and Hindu pilgrimage site located in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district of the Indian state of West Bengal. The town is particularly known for the Tarapith Temple and its adjoining Hindu crematory ground. The tantric Hindu temple is dedicated to the goddess Tara.
Tarapith is also famous for Tantric saint Bamakhepa, who worshipped in the temple and resided in the cremation grounds. His ashram is also located in bank of Dwaraka river and close to the Tara temple.
Tarapith is a village of Sahapur Gram Panchayat, located on the banks of the Dwarka River in West Bengal. Situated in the Tarapith Police Station circle, it is surrounded by the green paddy fields on the flood plains. It looks like a typical Bengali village with thatched roof huts and fish tanks. The town is located 6 km from Rampurhat Sub-Division in the Birbhum district. "Rampurhat" and "Tarapith Road" are the nearest Railway stations.
Development Alternatives Group

The Development Alternatives Group is a social enterprise and think tank organisation based in New Delhi, India involved in sustainable development.
It is composed of divisions that focus on the fields of green economic development, social empowerment and environmental management.
The Development Alternatives Group was established in 1982 as a social enterprise setup by Ashok Khosla to create sustainable solutions for social and economic development.
In November 2022, Development Alternative hosted an event on creating green-enterprises.
The Development Alternatives Group comprises the not-for-profit flagship Society for Development Alternatives (DA), the business-oriented incubator Technology and Action for Rural Advancement (TARA), and its commercial subsidiaries, which include TARA Machines and Tech Services (TMTS), TARA Environmental Services Pvt Ltd (TARAenviro), TARAhaat Information and Marketing Services Ltd (TARAhaat), TARA Nirman Kendra (TNK) and DESI Power Orchha Pvt Ltd (DESI Power).
TARA Machines and Tech Services Pvt. Ltd., delivers green business solutions to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for building construction, waste recycling, and handmade paper production. TMTS is a specialist company in Eco-concrete Technology, Eco-Kiln Technology, Fly Ash Technology, and Recycling Technology.
Launched in 2000, TARAhaat Information and Marketing Services Ltd. introduced Information Technology (IT) services in rural India. These services include literacy, vocational skills, and other products needed in rural communities.
Incorporated in 2008, TARAenviro, a part of the Development Alternatives Group, is a private company that markets water testing kits and filters under the Jal-TARA brand, which helps test the potability of water and offers cost-effective solutions for improving water quality.
TARAenviro products:
Based at TARAgram Orchha, DA’s Technology Centre at Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, Radio Bundelkhand is an ICT-based community radio initiative started by Development Alternatives (DA) and jointly managed by the local community and DA.
Jasleen Dhamija

Jasleen Dhamija (1933 – 4 March 2023) was an Indian textile art historian, crafts expert and United Nations worker. Based in Delhi, she was best known for her pioneering research on the handloom and handicraft industry, especially history of textiles and costumes. She was professor of living cultural traditions at the University of Minnesota. Over the years, during her career as a textile revivalist and scholar, she authored several books on textiles, including Sacred Textiles of India (2014).
Dhamija was born in 1933, and grew up in Abbottabad, in the North Western Frontier Province, before her family migrated to Delhi in 1940, where they lived in Khyber Pass locality of Civil Lines, Delhi. She graduated from Miranda House, University of Delhi.
Dhamija died on 4 March 2023.
Dhamija started her career in 1954, with culture and craft revivalist Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay in the Government of India, and started working on craft revival, community development and women's employment. In the 1960s, she worked with the Handicrafts Board of India, next she started working with artisans directly in rural area, this in time lead to her work with the UN developing self-help programmes for women in war-torn Balkan countries.
Over the years, she curated several textile and crafts exhibitions. Besides several books, on crafts and textile, she also wrote two cookbooks, including Joy of Vegetarian Cooking (2000). In 2007, she published a biography of Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay and her role in the revival of the arts and crafts in modern India.
She was part of the faculty at the National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi, where she taught History of Indian Textiles and costumes.
جبال الهيروغليفيه

جبال الهيروغليفيه (Hieroglyphic Mountains) هيا سلسله جبليه فى امريكا.
جبال الهيروغليفيه موجوده فى منطقه اداريه اسمها اريزونا.
جبال الهيروغليفيه بترتفع عن مستوى سطح البحر 1.4 كيلومتر.
هرم بيبى الاول

هرم بيبى الاول (فى مصر القديمة Men-nefer-Pepi يعنى روعة بيبى دائمة) هو مجمع اهرامات اللى بنى للفرعون المصرى بيبى الاول من العيله السادسة فى القرن 24 أو 23 قبل الميلاد. ادا المجمع اسمه لعاصمة مصر ، ممفيس. زى الحال فى أهرامات أسلافه ، كانت البنية التحتية لبيبى الاولانى مليئة بالأعمدة الرأسية للنصوص الهيروغليفية ، نصوص الهرم. اكتشف جاستون ماسبيرو دى النصوص فى هرم بيبى الاولانى سنة 1880 ، رغم أنها نشأت فى هرم اوناس. مجموعة نصوص بيبى الاول هيا كمان الاكبر من الدولة القديمة ، وتتألف من 2263 عمود وسطر من الهيروغليفية.
تمثال فونتين دو فلاه

تمثال فونتين دو فلاه (fontaine du Fellah) هوا تمثال و نافوره فى فرنسا.
تمثال فونتين دو فلاه فى منطقه اداريه اسمها الدائره السابعه فى باريس.
تمثال فونتين دو فلاه عمله فرانسوا چيان برال و پير-نيكولاس بياوڤاليت و چيان-فرانكويس-ثيودور جيتشتير سنة 1806 و مكونات موضوعه بتصور راجل و انطونيوس و نمس فرعونى و حفاء و سقاء و مشى.
التمثال هوا عمل فنى بيجسد الاشكال الواقعيه الكامله لاشخاص او حيوانات او اشكال فى ماده متينه زى الخشب او المعدن او الحجر, التماثيل النموذجيه بتكون بالحجم الطبيعى او قريبه من الحجم الطبيعى.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
الصفحه دى فيها تقاوى مقاله, و انت ممكن تساعد ويكيپيديا مصرى علشان تكبرها.
صيغة القرابين فى مصر القديمه

صيغه القرابين المصريه القديمه او باسمها "صيغه حتب دى نسو" من علما المصريات كانت بتتكتب فى مصر القديمه كقربان للمتوفى, و بيعتقد ان صيغه القرابين هدفها السماح للمتوفى بالمشاركه فى القرابين المقدمه للآلهه الرئيسيه باسم الملك, او فى القرابين المقدمه مباشره للمتوفى من افراد الاسره و كل الصيغ اللى كانت بتقدم فى مصر القديمه بتشترك فى نفس البنيه الاساسيه, بس فيه تنوع فى الآلهه و القرابين المقدمه و كمان فى الالقاب المستخدمه.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
متحف عواصم مصر

متحف العاصمه الاداريه الجديده هوا متحف فى مصر .
يتناول سيناريو العرض الخاص بالدور الاولانى من متحف العاصمة الإدارية الجديدة موضوعان رئيسيان؛ أولهم العواصم المصرية القديمة على مر العصور، واللى يتم فيه تسليط الضوء على أسباب إنتقال العاصمة من واحدة لتانيه، كمان التأكيد على أن تغير العاصمة متأصل من القدم، و أن ده التغير ماكانش يعنى بالضرورة إلغاء الدور السيادى للعاصمة السابقة.
يعتمد سيناريو العرض على إبراز الهيكل الإدارى للدولة المصرية بدءاً من العاصمة "منف" وصول لالعاصمة الإدارية الجديدة. و تم إختيار مجموعة من العواصم المصرية ذائعة الصيت و الأهمية على مدار التاريخ المصرى دون غيرها وذلك لما تحمله دى العواصم من أهمية تاريخية ودينية و إدارية، حيث تبلور فكرة العرض العواصم اللى بعد كده منف، تل العمارنه، طيبه ، الاسكندريه، القاهره و العاصمه الاداريه الجديده، ويتناول السيناريو أبرز معالم العاصمة حسب أشهر المدن، الحكام، رجال الدولة، الطرق والتقسيمات الإدارية.
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متحف مجلس الشعب (مصر)

متحف مجلس الشعب هوا متحف فى مصر فى قاعتين فى المجلس الشعب.
المتحف بيضم مستنسخات اثريه لاقدم نظم الحكم و التشريعات و القوانين و المعاهدات فى تاريخ الانسانيه و هدايا تذكاريه تم تقديمها لمجلس الشعب.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
متحف الزراعه المصريه القديمه

متحف الزراعه المصريه القديمه هوا متحف فى مصر افتتح فى 26 مارس 1996 و هوا واحد من اهم و ابرز متاحف المتحف الزراعى المصرى, و هوا الاول من نوعه على مستوى العالم, و خصص لعرض تاريخ الزراعه المصريه من قبل التاريخ و لحد اواخر العصر الفرعونى.
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كتاب الاموات

كتاب الاموات هو الاسم المعروف للنصوص الجنائزيه الفرعونيه ,بيوضح وصف للتصور المصرى القديم للحياه بعد الموت (الاخره) ، ومجموعة من الترانيم ، و تعليمات للسماح بمرور المتوفى عبر العقبات فى الاخره. كتاب الاموات بيتكون من 200 فصل ,و كان بيتكتب على ورق البردى ، و بيتحط فى تابوت او اوضه دفن المتوفى.
الاسم الاصلى معناه اما نوبات الجايين او نوبات الرايحين ,الاسم التانى للنصوص هو الرابع بعد يوم ,لكن اسم كتاب الاموات (كتاب الموتى) اخترعه عالم مصريات بروسى اسمه كارل ريتشارد ليبسيوس لما نشر مجموعه مختاره من نصوص كتاب الاموات سنة 1842. سنة 1895 سير واليس بودج نشر ترجمه من الهيروجليفى للانجليزى لكتاب الاموات ترجمها للعربى د.فيليب عطيه.
كتاب الاموات كان الكتاب المقدس بالنسبه للدين المصرى القديم , لكن كتاب الاموات ماكانش بيحدد المعتقدات الدينية , و المصريين القدام ماكانوش بيعتبروه من انتاج الوحى الالهى , و مضمون الكتاب اتغير مع مرور الزمن،
جعران فرعونى

الجعران او ابو الجعل هوا فاينس سيراميكى لونه اخضر على شكل خنفسه الروث كان قدما المصريين بيصنعونها للزينه. بيرجع شكل الجعران لحشره سودا من عاداتها تكوير الجيف و القاذورات و الروث و بتحط بيوضها فيها و بتدحرجتا قدامها و بتجمعها فى جحرها بعدين تاكلها, قدماء المصريين سموها خِپـرِر, لما بدا ظهور الكتابه استخدمت صورته لكتابه كلمه معقده هيا الفعل خبر بمعنى (بيجى للوجود ), بعدين بقى بمعنى (يكون) او (يصير).
استعملت الجعارين المصريه فى الاغراض العامه, فكانت اختاما و زراير الاختام اللى على صورة الحيوانات و الخواتم الدهبيه الضخمه و الخطابات و المزاليج ضد عبث الحرامية زى ما كانو يبحملوها كتمائم واقيه من الشر.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
تاريخ الامه القبطيه

تاريخ الأمه القبطيه هوه أول عمل هام يتناول تاريخ الأقباط فى مؤلف واحد هوه كتاب تاريخ الأمة القبطية للعلامة يعقوب نخله روفيله.” صدرت الطبعه الاولى سنه 1898 والطبعة التانيه كانت سنه 2000.
“بالرغم من مرور اكتر من قرن على ظهور العمل الرائد ده إلا أنه لسه مصدر موثوق به للمشتغلين بالتاريخ القبطي”
منتوحرخبشف (ابن رمسيس التالت)

منتوحرخبشف كان أمير من الاسرة العشرين وواحد من عيال الملك رمسيس التالت والست إست تاحمجرت. يعني كان أخو رمسيس الرابع، رمسيس السادس، رمسيس التامن وعم رمسيس الخامس ورمسيس السابع.
كان بيتلقب "السواق البرينجي لعجلة جلالته الحربية"، واتجوز تاخعت اللي كان لقبها "أم الملك". اللقب ده بيسند الفرضية اللي بتقول إنهم غالباً أبو وأم الملك رمسيس التاسع لأنه مفيش ملك رمسيسي تاني ليه أم بنفس الاسم ده، كمان، كان عند رمسيس التاسع ابن اسمه منتوحرخبشف. منتوحرخبشف بيظهر في موكب الأمراء في معبد مدينة هابو بتاع رمسيس الثالث. من المحتمل إنه يكون هو نفسه الأمير منتوحرخبشف المدفون في المقبرة نمرة 13 في وادي الملوك.
منتوحرخبشف عمره ما بقى ملك، بعكس ابنه رمسيس التاسع طبعا، ولا حتى بقى ولي عهد لأنه مات مش بس قبل شقيقه رمسيس التامن لكن كمان قبل ابن أخوه رمسيس السابع.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
متحف بترى للاثار المصريه

متحف بترى للاثار المصريه Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology هو واحد من المتاحف التابعة لكلية لندن الجامعية فى عاصمة بريطانيا لندن. بيضم المتحف أكتر من 80 ألف قطعة أثرية مصرية وسودانية، وتعد مجموعته من اكبر المجموعات الأثرية المصرية بره مصر، لا يسبقه الا المتحف المصرى بالقاهرة و المتحف البريطانى ومتحف برلين المصرى Ägyptisches Museum) فى بيرلين.
تأسس المتحف ليكون مصدر تعليمى لقسم الآثار واللغة المصرية بكلية لندن الجامعية بالتزامن مع تأسيس القسم نفسه سنة 1893. كانت نواة المتحف هيا مجموعة أثرية أهدتها الكاتبة اميليا ادواردز، بعدين مجموعات أثرية احضرها البروفيسور وليم فلندرز بترى بعد حفريات قام بها، وباعها للكلية الجامعية سنة 1913، فأسهمت فى زيادة مقتنيات المتحف بشكل كبير. كان بترى قد نقب عن الآثار فى الكتير من المواقع فى مصر، من بينها مقابر هواره اللى يرجع تاريخها الى العصر الروماني، و تل العمارنه ـ مدينة أخناتون ـ و ميدوم.
اتنظمت المقتنيات الأثرية والمكتبة لمجموعات واتطبع دليل ليها سنة 1915، و كان زوار المتحف فى البداية من الطلاب والأكاديميين، وماكانش مسموح للجمهور بزيارته. و تقاعد بترى سنة 1933، وخلفه تلاميذه فى التنقيب عن الآثار فى مصر و السودان واضافتها الى مقتنيات المتحف. نُقلت مقتنيات المتحف بره لندن وقت الحرب العالميه التانيه (1939 ـ 1945)، وفى مطلع الخمسينات نُقلت الى موقع كان فيما مضى اسطبل للخيول بجوار مكتبة العلوم التابعة للكلية الجامعية، و هو موقع المتحف الحالي.
يضم المتحف الكتير من المقتنيات النادرة، من بينها:
متحف الكرانيس

متحف كرانيس المعروف كمان باسم كوم متحف Aushim, هوا متحف قديم و اثرى فى الفيوم , محافظه الفيوم, مصر السفلى.
بيعرض المتحف الآثار المصريه القديمه من Crocodilopolis و المنطقه الاثريه فى واحه الفيوم.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
Egyptian statue of Darius the Great

The Egyptian statue of Darius the Great is a statue of Achaemenid ruler Darius the Great with Egyptian iconography and inscriptions. This is the best known example of in-the-round statuary that has remained from the Achaemenid period.
Darius is depicted wearing a Persian dress, and armed with a dagger at his belt. The pleats of the right side of the robe are inscribed in Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian cuneiform. The other side of the robe is inscribed with hieroglyphs. According to these inscriptions, the statue was made in Egypt at the request of Darius. This would have followed the Achaemenid conquest of Egypt.
The base of the statue is in Egyptian style. The front and back has a depiction of Hapi, the Egyptian god of the Nile. The sides represent rows of vassals from numerous countries, with a total of twenty-four cartouches.
The statue was made in Egypt from grey granite, but was then transported to Susa, possibly by Xerxes I.
The statue is of grey granite that chemical analysis has indicated comes from the Wadi Hammamat in eastern Egypt. It was made in Egypt and later brought to Susa possibly in the reign of Xerxes.
Ka statue

A ka statue is a type of ancient Egyptian statue intended to provide a resting place for the ka (life-force or spirit) of the person after death. The ancient Egyptians believed the ka, along with the physical body, the name, the ba (personality or soul), and the šwt (shadow), made up the five aspects of a person.
After death, the ethereal aspects of the soul were believed to be released from the body, free to roam the earth, but required the physical body or a surrogate, such as the ka statue, to return to as a permanent home.
Ka statues could also be set up as a type of memorial for the deceased in absentia; for example in Abydos hundreds were set up to allow the dead to participate in the yearly festivals commemorating the resurrection of Osiris.
Because the ancient Egyptians believed statues could magically perceive the world, they were ceremonially brought to life by priests in a special ritual called the opening of the mouth ceremony. In the full version of this ceremony, the mouth, eyes, nose, and ears could be touched with ritual implements to give the statue the power of breath, sight, smell, and hearing.
Ka statues were usually carved from wood or stone and sometimes painted in the likeness of the owner to reinforce the spiritual connection and preserve the person's memory for eternity. Many ka statues were placed in a purpose-built mortuary chapel, or niche, which could be covered with appropriate inscriptions. Like most ancient Egyptian statuary, ka statues display a rigid frontalism in which the body faces squarely forward in a formal way. Whether seated or standing, their posture reflects the need for the statue to "see" the real world in front of them and conform to an ideal standard of beauty and perfection.
The hieroglyph representing the ka is a pair of upraised arms. It is sometimes depicted on top of the head of the statue to reinforce its intended purpose.
Block statue

The block statue is a type of memorial statue that first emerged in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. The block statue grew in popularity in the New Kingdom and the Third Intermediate Period, and by the Late Period, this type of statue was the most common. These statues were used in temples typically as funerary monuments of non-royal yet important individuals. According to primary sources from the New Kingdom, the posture of the statue was possibly intended to resemble a guardian seated in the gateway of a temple. In addition, their simple shape provided ample flat surfaces for inscriptions of offerings and invocations.
Block statues consist of a man squatting with his knees drawn up to his chest and his arms folded on top his knees. Often, these men are wearing a "wide cloak" that reduces the body of the figure to a simple block-like shape. Most of the detail is reserved for the head of the individual being depicted. In some instances the modeling of the limbs has been retained by the sculptor. There are two basic types of block statues: ones with the feet completely covered by the cloak and ones with the feet uncovered.
In 1903, more than 350 block statues were discovered by the French archaeologist Georges Legrain as part of the "Karnak cachette".
In Egypt, statues of the seated scribe appear as long ago as the 1st Dynasty. Seated scribe statues evolved over time and some also came to incorporate, Thoth, or the baboon (as the scribal god), into the statue presentation. So, also the complexities of the block statue developed, and evolved. Combinational themes became common, and likewise abbreviated, (simpler, and less costly, – detailed), also developed.
Examples of the statue for Senemut, of Queen Hatshepsut's reign, have extensive stories in hieroglyphs. They also have the added head of the child Neferure upon the top surface. They are finely executed, in a medium or high finish. As an example of the Block statue, Senemut's is one of the typical types:
Since the Egyptian belief system contained concepts framed in a world of magic and a formal framework of art expression, the block statue had a magical purpose. Obviously ideas evolved, but eventually the idea came for the statue that it was always – seated in place, and at a moments notice, the individual could stand erect and "go out into the day." This concept is quite similar to the Book of the Dead, where the individual is:
The deceased individual Egyptian person returns each day, to perform their usual daily life duties. It is also equivalent to the earlier concept of the false door, where the ba-soul returned each day, to find the food offering.
The following examples are found in the Ref. Section that follows:
ওড়িশার প্রস্তর খোদাই

ওড়িশায় প্রস্তর খোদাই পাথরের ওপর শিল্প ও মূর্তি ফুটিয়ে তোলা বা উপযোগী বস্তুর ওপর কারুকার্য তৈরি করার একটি প্রাচীন শিলাশৈল্পিক অভ্যাসের প্রাচীন রীতি। এটি ভারতের ওড়িশা রাজ্যের একটি প্রাচীন অনুশীলন। পাথর খোদাই করে কারুকার্য ফুটিয়ে তোলার শিল্পীদের উপস্থিতি রয়েছে মূলত কটক জেলার ললিতগিরি, পুরী ও ভুবনেশ্বর অঞ্চলে, যদিও ময়ূরভঞ্জ জেলার খিচিংয়েও কিছু খোদায়ের নিদর্শন পাওয়া যায়। প্রস্তর খোদাই ওড়িশার হস্তশিল্পের মধ্যে অন্যতম প্রধান৷ শিল্প আকৃৃৃতিগূলি মূলত প্রথাগত পদ্ধতির খোদাই কাজের ওপর নির্ভর৷ এর মধ্যে রয়েছে কোণার্ক সূর্য মন্দিরের এবং এর জটিল কৌণিক ভাস্কর্য এবং লাল বেলেপাথরের উপর সূক্ষ্ম প্রাণবন্ত খোদাইয়ের কাজ হস্তশিল্প রীতির অন্যতম উদাহরণ। অন্যান্য উল্লেখযোগ্য স্মৃতিস্তম্ভগুলির মধ্যে রয়েছে উদয়গিরি ও রত্নগিরি স্তূপসহ জগন্নাথ, লিঙ্গরাজ, মুক্তেশ্বরের মন্দির এবং এই অঞ্চলের অন্যান্য মন্দিরগুলি।
কোণার্ক পাথর খোদাইয়ে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে বেলেপাথর, সাজিমাটির পাথর, সর্পিলপাথর, মাকরানা মার্বেল এবং গ্রানাইট পাথর। দক্ষ শিল্পীরা নরম, সাদা সাজিমাটির পাথর, খাদিপাথর বা কিছুটা শক্ত সবুজ রঙের ক্লোরাইট বা কোচিলপাথর ব্যবহার করে থাকতে পারেন। তবে মূল নির্মাণে গোলাপী খান্ডোলাইট, সাহানাপাথর বা বাউলপাথার এবং সবচেয়ে শক্ততম, কালো গ্রানাইট এবং মুগুনি পাথরের মতো শিলাই ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।
কাটা হবে এরকম আকারের পাথরের উপর প্রয়োজনীয় আকারের একটি রূপরেখা প্রথমে অঙ্কিত হয়। একবার রূপরেখা খোদাই করা গেলে, অযাচিত অংশগুলি সরিয়ে চূড়ান্ত চিত্রটি আনা হয়। শক্ত পাথরগুলির জন্য, বাটালি বা ঐজাতীয় অস্ত্র অথবা অন্য কোনো পদ্ধতিতে অতিরিক্ত উপাদান ছেঁটে ফেলা হয়। নরম পাথরের ওপর একটি তীক্ষ্ণ সমতল-ধারযুক্ত লোহার সরঞ্জাম দিয়ে অতিরিক্ত উপাদানগুলি আঁচড় দিয়ে তৈরি করা হয় সূক্ষ্ম কাজ। বিভিন্ন আকারের হাতুড়ি এবং বাটালি তথা মুনা, পাটিলি, মার্চুয়াল, থুক-থুকি এবং নিতানা ব্যবহার করা হতো এসব নির্শন তৈরিতে।
পাাথর খোদাইয়ের বিষয়বস্তু সাধারণত প্রাচীন ঐতিহ্যবাহী পদ্ধতিতে পৌরাণিক ঘটনা বা ব্যক্তিত্বের বিবরণকে ফুটিয়ে তোলা৷ এছাড়া চিরাচরিত চিত্র মোমবাতি ধারক, পেনদানি, কাগজ চাপার বস্তু, গ্রন্থপ্রান্তিকী, পিলসুজ এবং পাথরের তৈরি বিভিন্ন আকৃৃৃতির ব্যবহার্য একাধিক আধার তৈরি করা হয়েছে। কুঁদ নামে একটি কাঠের লেদ দিয়ে বাঁক এবং পালিশ করা, কারিগররা সুন্দর পালিশ প্লেট (থালি), পাত্রে (জিনা, পাথুরি), কাপ এবং চশমা তৈরি করা হতো। এগুলি বিশেষ পুজো, নিত্য পূজাতে এবং প্রতিদিনের খাওয়ার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়। পাথরের তৈরি পাত্র দই সংরক্ষণ করার জন্য ভাল কারণ পাথর দইয়ের অ্যাসিডের সাথে বিক্রিয়া দেখায় না। আমার কাঠের আলমারি কে পিঁপড়ার আক্রমণের হাত থেকে রক্ষা করতে এইরকম আকৃতির পাথরের পাত্রে জল ধরে তার উপর আলমারির পায়া ডুবিয়ে রাখার প্রচলন রয়েছে।