davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
वाहिदपुर गाँव, कन्नौज (कन्नौज)

निर्देशांक: 27°13′N 79°30′E﻿ / ﻿27.22°N 79.50°E﻿ / 27.22; 79.50
वाहिदपुर भारतीय राज्य उत्तर प्रदेश के कन्नौज जिले के कन्नौज प्रखण्ड में स्थित एक गाँव है।
यह गांव जनपद कन्नौज के सौरिख नामक कस्बा से लोहिया पथ ऊसराहार रोड पर सौरिख से 8 किलोमीटर दूरी पर लोअर गंगा कनाल नामक नहर के किनारे बसा हुआ है यह लोहिया पथ नामक सड़क से पश्चिम की ओर नहर के किनारे बसा हुआ है यह दो टुकड़ों में बंटा हुआ है एक टुकड़ा नहर के दक्षिण ओर है और दूसरा टुकड़ा नहर के उत्तर ओर बसा हुआ है इसलिए इसका आना-जाना 1 किलोमीटर दूर लोहिया पथ पर बना हुआ पुल के माध्यम से होता है इस गांव में बहुत कम आबादी है इस गांव में 300 लोगों की आबादी है दोनों गांव में शिक्षा के मामले में देखा जाए तो यह बहुत पिछड़ा हुआ है यहां के लोग ज्यादातर खेती पर भरोसा करते हैं सरकारी नौकरी में तो बिल्कुल जीरो है नहर के उत्तर और वाला गांव तो बिल्कुल ही नौकरी से हीन है इस गांव में 3-4लोग ही सरकारी नौकरी करते हैंं
भारतीय १० रुपये का सिक्का

भारतीय 10 रुपये का सिक्का ( ₹ 10 ) भारतीय रुपये का एक मूल्यवर्ग है। ₹10 का सिक्का 2005 में अपनी शुरुआत के बाद से भारत में ढाला गया दूसरा सबसे बड़ा मूल्यवर्ग का सिक्का है। प्रचलन में वर्तमान ₹10 का सिक्का 2019 के आकृति से है। हालाँकि, 2019 से पहले ढाले गए पिछले ₹10 के सिक्के भी भारत में कानूनी निविदा हैं। भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक द्वारा बताए गए सभी ₹10 के सिक्के जिनमें रुपये के चिह्न के साथ और उनके बिना मुद्रा चिह्न नहीं है, कानूनी निविदा हैं। मानक आकृति ों के साथ, इस मूल्यवर्ग के लिए 4 अलग-अलग आकृति हैं और इसका उपयोग 10 रुपये के नोट के साथ किया जाता है।
2005 में बने पहले ₹10 के सिक्के का व्यास 27 था मिमी और शीर्ष पर "भारत" और "इंडिया" अक्षरों को चित्रित किया गया है, जिसमें नीचे बाईं ओर हिंदी में 'सत्यमेव जयते' के साथ सिंह शीर्ष पर है, और इसके नीचे टकसाल की तारीख है। सिक्के के पिछले भाग पर "चार सिर साझा करते हुए एक सामान्य शरीर" - केंद्र में प्रत्येक चतुर्थांश में एक बिंदु के साथ क्रॉस, बाहरी रिंग पर "दस रुपये" और "दस रुपये" अक्षर के साथ।
दूसरे आकृति में दो क्षैतिज रेखाएँ थीं। सिक्के के शीर्ष पर "भारत" और "इंडिया" लिखा हुआ था, जिसके बीच में लायन कैपिटल और नीचे की ओर छपाई का वर्ष था। सिक्के के पिछले हिस्से में 15 अंक और बीच में 10 अंक और नीचे की रेखा में अंग्रेजी में रुपए और हिंदी में रुपये लिखा हुआ था।
सोशल मीडिया पर कोहराम के चलते इस सिक्के के नकली होने की अफवाह है। हालांकि, भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक (RBI) ने इन अफवाहों को संबोधित करने के लिए एक आधिकारिक बयान जारी किया, जिसमें घोषणा की गई कि 2011 से पहले का पुराना आकृति वैध है और कानूनी निविदा है।
2011 से तैयार किए गए ₹10 के सिक्के के तीसरे आकृति में बाईं ओर "भारत" और बाहरी रिंग पर दाईं ओर "इंडिया" और नीचे टकसाल और टकसाल के निशान का वर्ष है। सिक्के के अग्र भाग के मध्य भाग में शेर शीर्ष है जिसके नीचे "सत्यमेव जयते" लिखा हुआ है। इसके पिछले हिस्से पर ₹ के नीचे 10 निशान और ₹ के नीचे 10 अंक हैं।
2019 के बाद से तैयार किए गए ₹10 के सिक्के के चौथे आकृति में शेर की राजधानी, केंद्र प्लग में "सत्यमेव जयते" अक्षर और बाईं ओर "भारत" और बाहरी रिंग पर दाईं ओर "इंडिया" लिखा हुआ है। सिक्के के पीछे की तरफ ₹ मुद्रा चिह्न के नीचे 10 नंबर, जारी करने का वर्ष और आठ शैली के अनाज के डंठल हैं। नेशनल इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ आकृति , अहमदाबाद के छात्र की मदद से आकृति किया गया।
टकसाल का निशान ₹10 के सिक्के के अग्रभाग पर सबसे नीचे चित्रित किया गया है।
जुलाई 2016 में, भारत में कुछ दुकानदारों द्वारा ₹ 10 के सिक्के को पूरी तरह से स्वीकार करने से इनकार करने की सूचना मिली थी, यह सोशल मीडिया पर प्रसारित एक अफवाह का परिणाम था। शुरू में यह दावा किया गया था कि 2011 में पेश किए गए प्रतीक का उपयोग करते हुए 10 पायदान संस्करण की तुलना में '₹' प्रतीक की कमी वाले 15 पायदान वाले रिवर्स आकृति वाले सिक्के नकली थे।
बाद में भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक (RBI) द्वारा यह स्पष्ट किया गया कि "कथित नकली" सिक्का 2008 के पहले का आकृति था, जो 2010 में '₹' प्रतीक को अपनाने से पहले का था, और 2011 के साथ-साथ अभी भी कानूनी प्रचलन में था। आकृति और इसे स्वीकार करने से इनकार करने वालों को कानूनी कार्रवाई का सामना करना पड़ सकता है।
फरवरी 2018 में, भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक ने 10 और 15 रेडिएटिंग लाइनों वाले ₹ 10 के सिक्कों के बारे में एसएमएस टेक्स्ट संदेश भेजने का एक जागरूकता अभियान शुरू किया। दोनों मान्य हैं।
Indian 1000-rupee note

The Indian 1000-rupee banknote (₹1000) is an obsolete denomination of the Indian rupee. It was first introduced by the Reserve Bank of India in 1938 under British rule and subsequently demonetized in 1946. Post-independence, the denomination was re-introduced in 1954. In January 1978, all high-denomination banknotes of ₹1000, ₹5000, and ₹10000 were demonetized in order to curb unaccounted cash money.
In order to contain the volume of banknotes in circulation due to inflation, the ₹1000 banknote was again re-introduced in November 2000, under the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, as a part of the Mahatma Gandhi Series of banknotes; these were demonetized on 8 November 2016 by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, with the claimed reasons of preventing the issue of counterfeit currency and to fight corruption and black money in India.
The ₹1000 banknote of the Mahatma Gandhi Series is 177 × 73 mm pink-red coloured, with the obverse side featuring a portrait of Mahatma Gandhi with the signature of the governor of Reserve Bank of India. It had a Braille feature to assist the visually challenged in identifying the currency. The reverse side featured the motif of an oil rig, a satellite and a steel foundry, all together featuring the Economy of India.
As of 2011, the new ₹ sign had been incorporated into banknotes of ₹1000. In January 2014, RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015, and then again to 30 June 2016. Denomination of ₹1,000 notes cost was ₹3.54.
The security features of the ₹1000 banknote included:
On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that "Starting from midnight 8th November 2016 all ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series will not be accepted as a form of legal tender", although new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes of the new Mahatma Gandhi New Series were unveiled.
Like the other Indian rupee banknotes, the ₹1000 banknote had its value written in 17 languages. On the obverse, the denomination was written in English and Hindi. On the reverse is a language panel which displayed the denomination of the note in 15 of the 22 official languages of India, displayed in alphabetical order. Languages included on the panel were Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Urdu.
On 10 November 2016, the then Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das announced a new ₹1000 banknote would be released in the Mahatma Gandhi New Series in the coming months. But on 22 February 2017, Das walked back on his earlier announcement to deny it, saying there was no plan to reintroduce the banknote.
French Indian rupee

The roupie or rupee was the currency of French India. It was equal to the Indian rupee issued by the Indian government. One rupee was worth 2.40 francs-or. Until 1871 it was issued as coins with the roupie divided into 8 fanons, each of 3 doudous or 20 cash. From 1891, banknotes were issued by the Banque de l'Indochine, which circulated alongside coins issued by British India.
Dilli Haat

28°34′23″N 77°12′31″E﻿ / ﻿28.573162°N 77.208511°E﻿ / 28.573162; 77.208511 Dilli Haat is a paid-entrance open-air market, food plaza, and craft bazaar located in Delhi. The area is run by Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation (DTTDC), and unlike the traditional weekly market, the village Haat, Dilli Haat is permanent. It is located in the commercial centres of South Delhi, opposite INA market. The 6 acres of land on which this complex is situated was salvaged as part of a reclamation project and transformed into a plaza. Extensive foundation work, small thatched roof cottages and kiosks give the plaza a village atmosphere. Some shops are permanent but other sellers are rotated, usually for fifteen days. Products offered may include rosewood and sandalwood carvings, embellished camel hide footwear, sophisticated fabric and drapery, gems, beads, brassware, metal crafts, and silk & wool fabrics. A number of shows promoting handicrafts and handlooms are held at the exhibition hall in the complex. To sell wares, there is an application process; spaces are allocated according to which state the seller is from. In all, Dilli Haat, INA Market has 62 stalls allotted on a rotational basis to craftsmen for a payment of INR 100 per day for a maximum period of 15 days.
Visitors can enjoy live music, dance performances, and art exhibitions that represent the various states of India.
Dilli Haat was established jointly by Delhi Tourism (DTDC), Government of Delhi and NDMC, D.C. (Handicrafts) and D.C. (Handlooms), Ministry of Textiles and Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India and opened in March 1994. Around 2003, this market became fully wheelchair-accessible, including an accessible bathroom. Delhi's second Dilli Haat, the Dilli Haat, Pitampura, also was developed by DTTDC in Pitampura, close to Pitampura TV Tower and spread over 7.2 hectares, was opened in April 2008. More Dilli Haats are set to be created in other parts of Delhi with the third having been opened in Janakpuri in August 2013.
Over the years, Dilli Haat became a venue of crafts, music, dance and cultural festivals, for example India's first comic convention, Comic Con India was organised at Dilli Haat, INA, in February 2011.
Dilli Haat, INA Market is accessed through INA underground station of Delhi Metro, which opened in 2010; while Dilli Haat, Pitampura is serviced by Netaji Subhash Place Metro Station. Dilli Haat, Janakpuri is serviced by Janakpuri East metro station.
Only craftsmen registered with D.C. Handicrafts are eligible for places at the Dilli Haat. The stalls are allotted on a rotational basis to craftsmen who come from all corners of India at nominal payment for a period of 15 days.
Revfin

Revfin is an EV financing platform and it offers commercial electric vehicle loans through its non-bank financial institution Aristo Securities Private Limited founded in 2018 in India and headquartered in New Delhi. The company operates in 24 states in India and focuses on lending EV loans primarily to people with little or no credit history. Revfin is one of the partners of the Shoonya initiative by NITI Aayog. The company has also joined the PM Solar2EV Initiative launched by the Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment & Government of Maharashtra. this partnership aims to provide digital lending services and promote financial inclusion. The company's participation in the PM Solar2EV Initiative is expected to expedite its target of financing 2 million electric vehicles nationwide by 2029. As of 2024 the company has served over 75,000 customers & disbursed INR 1000 Crores worth of loans.
In 2022 Revfin Raised INR 100 Cr in Debt Funding from investors like Omdiyar Network & ADB Ventures and many others. Revfin Partnerd with Hero Electric this partnership aimed to finance and lease 2.5 lakh vehicles over the next three years. In 2024 Revfin received insurance broking license for electric vehicles. and launched its vertical under Revfinsure. in the same year Revfin also partnered with Sun Mobility to start battery swapping solutions for EV Vehicles.
Revfin started as a vehicle finance provider to individuals without credit history in tier-2 and tier-3 cities. It has since expanded its operations pan-India. Revfin has disbursed electric vehicle loans to over 14,000 women in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. which was the 25.7% of their total customers.
Instead of using CIBIL based underwrting, Revfin has developed unique psychometric test in association with IIT Kharagpur for underwrting new customers, the test have in-depth questions based on human behaviours taking our specific customer cohort into consideration, this tests the intent of the customer to pay back the loan.
Revfin was incorporated in New Delhi in 2018 by Sameer Aggarwal. Initially, the company focused on providing digital loans for e-rickshaws. also disbursed its first 3 wheeler EV loan in same year. Later that year, Revfin acquired Aristo Securities Private Limited, an NBFC company, and expanded its financing services to include all electric vehicles.
Vikingeskibsmuseet

Vikingeskibsmuseet er et museum i Roskilde i Danmark. Museets tema er skip, sjøfart og båtbygging i vikingtiden.
I 1962 startet utgravingen av en rekke vikingskip i Roskildefjorden. Lokale fiskere hadde lenge kjent til et gammelt skip på bunnen av fjorden. Skipet kalte de Margreteskipet ettersom de mente at det stammet fra Margrete Is tid. Det skulle vise seg at det var mange flere skip og at de var enda eldre.
Allerede i 1920–årene ble deler av skipene tatt opp, blant annet et kjølsvin. Delene ble fotografert, men er senere gått tapt.
Etter funnene av seks vikingskip Skuldelev 1-6 ble den eldste del av Vikingeskibmuseet åpnet i 1969. Denne bygningen kalles Vikingeskipshallen og er tegnet av Erik Christian Sørensen. Den ble fredet i 1997. I 1997 ble andre del åpnet, Museumsøen, som inneholder båtbyggeri og rekonstruerte vikingskip.
Det finnes rester av fem originale vikingskip på museet:
Skipene har fått navn etter byen Skuldelev, hvor de ble funnet i 1960-årene. Det mest komplette skipet er Skuldelev 3.
Vikingskipsmuseet i Roskilde har satset på å bygge en rekke nye vikingskip. Dette er rekonstruksjoner som bygges på grunnlag av funnene, og så nøyaktig som mulig med hensyn til verktøy og materialteknikk. Det bygges også rekonstruksjoner av vikingskip og mindre båter på grunnlag av funn fra andre steder, bl.a. er det bygd en kopi av færingene fra Gokstadskipet. Formålet med byggingen er å gi stadig mer kunnskap om hvordan skipene skal seiles, og dokumentere utfordringer knyttet til bygging og vedlikehold. De største skipene er følgende:
Fra 1. mai til 30. september tilbyr museet seilturer med tradisjonelle båter med råseil.
Sommeren 2007 gjennomførte Havhingsten fra Glendalough et sommertokt fra Roskilde via Norge via Skottland til Dublin, hvor skipet overvintret på det irske nasjonalmuseum.
Rekke (maritim)

Rekke eller egentlig reling/ræling på en båt er den delen av skroget som står opp over dekk. På langskip fra vikingtiden kunne relingen ha hull for feste skjold på utsiden av skipet, som påvist på et av Skuldelevskipene.
Begrepet reling er fra nedertysk rēling, regeling eller nederlandsk reeling, regeling; avledet av middelnedertysk regel, «slå, tverrstang».
Larsen Cognac

Larsen er et konjakkhus. De har ikke egne vinmarker, så de er en negociant.
Huset ble grunnlagt av nordmannen (fra Kristiansand) Jens-Reidar Larsen i 1926. Han flyttet til Bordeaux i 1919, 24 år gammel, for å jobbe med vin og brennevin. Han hadde opprinnelig planer om å bli i Bordeaux, men slo seg etter hvert ned i byen Cognac da hans lidenskap for konjakk økte. Han arbeidet først for konjakkhuset Prunier, der han bl.a. solgte konjakk til norske apotek. Senere kjøpte han det lille konjakkhuset Joseph Gautier (1926), og lanserte sitt eget merke; Larsen. Helt fra starten av brukte han vikinger i markedsføringen. Slagordet var da også «Le Cognac des vikings». Han produserte også akevitt i starten, etter en gammel norsk oppskrift, men denne drikken falt ikke i smak hos franskmennene.
Jens-Reidar Larsen giftet seg med en kvinne fra Cognac, og sammen fikk de sønnen Jean, som senere overtok huset og lyktes veldig godt, særlig med eksporten. Jeans sønner Frédéric og Nicolas Larsen har nå tatt over driften. Grunnleggeren selv døde i 1980.
18. desember 2012 ble det kunngjort at Rèmy Martin hadde tatt over 100 % av aksjemajoriteten og Larsen cognacs lager. Produktene skulle videreføres av de nye eierne.
Rèmy Martin videresolgte selskapet til finske ALTIA sommeren 2013. Finske ALTIA og Norske ARCUS ble fusjonert til ett selskap i september 2021 og fikk navnet ANORA Group.
Selskapet kjøper kun konjakk fra andre vinbønder, men blander selv (negociant). Spesialiteten er flasker som er formet som vikingskip, en markedsføring som har slått an godt, særlig i Skandinavia. Det første Vikingskipet kom ut i 1952 og var produsert i glass. Litt senere begynte Larsen å produsere vikingskipene i porselen. De har kommet ut i en rekke farger og størrelser fra 5cl, 35cl, 50 og opp til 150cl.
I tillegg produserer selskapet også Pineau des Charentes.
Thor Tollefson

Thorwald Carl Tollefson (1901–1982) var en amerikansk politiker av norsk opphav. Han var innvalgt i Representantenes hus fra delstaten Washington fra 1947 til 1965. Han tilhørte Det republikanske parti.
Han vokste opp i en prærielandsby i Minnesota, der faren var slakter og bonde. Faren Christian Tollefson kom fra Hønefoss-traktene og emigrerte til USA omkring 1895. Moren Bergeta (Bertha) Marie Jacobson var født i USA av norske foreldre fra Stryn.
Familien flyttet til Tacoma i Washington i 1911, men ble skjøvet ut i fattigdom da faren døde i 1915. Thor Tollefson sluttet på skolen og arbeidet på sagbruk for å forsørge familien.
Han begynte på high school tidlig i 20-årene og studerte så jus ved University of Washington.
Han begynte å praktisere som advokat i Tacoma. I 1938 stilte han til valg som aktor i Pierce County, i den tro at det ville gjøre ham mer kjent som advokat. Han vant valget og førte flere store saker for retten.
I 1946 ble Tollefson valgt inn i Representantenes hus som republikaner, til tross for at demokratene dominerte i industribyen Tacoma. Tollefson var moderat og klarte å få arbeiderbevegelsens støtte. Han stemte også som kongressmann imot Taft og Hartleys lovforslag, som innskrenket fagforeningenes makt.
Tollefson satt mange år i husets fiskeri- og sjøfartskomité, etter hvert også som komitéformann. Innsatsen i denne komiteen ble betydningsfull for Tacomas utvikling som fiskerihavn. Tollefson vurderte å stille som guvenørkandidat i 1956, da republikaneren Arthur B. Langlie ikke stilte på nytt, men slo det fra seg.
I 1964 sammenfalt kongressvalget med presidentvalget, der republikanerne nominerte den svært konservative Barry Goldwater som presidentkandidat. Tollefson tapte plassen i Representantenes hus. Imidlertid ble republikaneren Daniel J. Evans valgt til guvernør i Washington, og han utnevnte Tollefson til delstatens fiskeridirektør. Han gikk av med pensjon i 1975, men var guvernørens rådgiver ved internasjonale fiskeriforhandlinger.
Tollefson satt i forstanderskapet og ledet søndagsskolen i den norske, lutherske kirken i Tacoma.
To av Thor Tollefsons brødre, Harold og Erling, var henholdsvis borgermester og dommer i Tacoma.
Olavsrosa

Olavsrosa er et kvalitetsmerke tildelt av stiftelsen Norsk Kulturarv for opplevelsestilbud med basis i norsk kulturarv.
Kvalitetsmerket Olavsrosa «blir tildelt opplevingar av særleg høg standard, med omsyn både til kulturhistorie og formidling.» Til grunn for tildeling ligger en vurdering av opplevelsestilbudets kulturhistoriske verdi, hvordan kulturarven blir ivaretatt og formidlet til publikum. Den som tildeles merket er underlagt årlig kontroll og rapportering. Retten til å benytte merket kan trekkes tilbake om kriteriene ikke lenger er møtt. Merket kan benyttes til profilering og markedsføring av dem som tildeles merket.
For å bli tildelt Olavsrosa må kandidaten selv søke, og kunne dokumentere visse krav som stilles i søknadsskjemaet. Eksterne nominasjoner blir derfor ikke realitetsbehandlet.
Symbolet for varemerket Olavsrosa bygger på figuren olavsrose, en form for valknute, et gammelt symbol for vern. Figuren er grønn og har omskriften «NORSK KULTURARV • NORWEGIAN HERITAGE». Figuren ble i 1996 registrert som varemerke for Norsk Kulturarv.
Formen og utseendet til Olavsrosa er så å si identisk med det som var kjennetegnet til den tidligere Bøndernes Bank som er opphørt som egen bank. Formen er forskjellig fra vanlige valknuter som har et midtfelt omgitt av fire eller flere løkker, for eksempel i kommunevåpenet til Lødingen.
Olavrosa er tildelt over 100 kulturarvprodukter i Norge i 2010. Eksempler på kulturopplevelser som er tildelt kvalitetsmerket er seilskuter, fyr, fiskevær, overnattingstilbud, serveringstilbud, setrer, historiske hoteller, rorbuer, industrihistorie, gamle jernbaner, handverkstradisjoner og kulturarrangement.
Cerocephalinae

Cerocephalinae er en gruppe som hører til i familien Pteromalidae blant parasittvepsene.
Små, spinkle, blanke, mer eller mindre brunlige snyltevepser. Hodet er forbundet med kroppen med en smal "hals", dette er mer eller mindre firkantet og nokså flatt med små fasettøyne.
Gruppen er parasitoider som snylter på biller.
Gruppen forekommer i alle verdensdeler.
Inndelingen følger
Hauge Synod

Hauge Synod (formelt navn var Hauge's Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod in America) var et norsk (norsk-amerikansk) luthersk trossamfunn i USA sent på 1800-tallet og tidlig på 1900-tallet. Gruppen tok sitt navn fra Hans Nielsen Hauge, bonden som ble legpredikant og startet den luthersk lekmannsbevegelsen kalt haugianisme i Norge.
Synoden var lavkirkelig; den la liten vekt på gudstjeneste i formelle/rituelle former, mendesto mer vekt på fri forkynnelse og personlig tro på Jesus Kristus.
Gruppen ble grunnlagt i 1876 ved en reorganisering av Eielsen Synod. Hauge Synod gikk i 1917 inn i Norwegian Lutheran Church in America, som senere fikk det nye navnet Evangelical Lutheran Church, så gikk inn i American Lutheran Church (ALC) i 1960. ALC gikk senere inn i Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
Kjetil Braut Simonsen

Kjetil Braut Simonsen (født 1981) er en norsk historiker. Han er forsker ved Jødisk Museum i Oslo, og han har særlig arbeidet med antisemittismens og høyreekstremismens historie samt okkupasjonshistorie.
Han tok mastergrad i historie ved Universitetet i Oslo i 2009 og PhD i 2016 på en avhandling om nazifiseringen av norsk sentralforvaltning.
I 2012 utgav han boka Antisemittisme, innvandringsfiendtlighet og rasetenkning i norsk bondebevegelse, 1918–1940.
I 2021 ble han tildelt Den norske historiske forenings Sverre Steen-pris, for «aktivt gått i dialog med de som forsøker å ufarliggjøre, eller bare misforstår, antisemittismen og fascismen som historiske fenomener.»
Lofotr Viking Museum

The Lofotr Viking Museum (Norwegian: Lofotr Vikingmuseum) is a historical museum based on a reconstruction and archaeological excavation of a Viking chieftain's village on the island of Vestvågøya in the Lofoten archipelago in Nordland county, Norway. It is located in the small village of Borg, near Bøstad, in Vestvågøy Municipality. It is part of the Museum Nord consortium.
In 1983, archaeologists uncovered the Chieftain House at Borg (På Borg på Vestvågøya i Lofoten), a large Viking Age building believed to have been already established around the year 500 AD. A joint Scandinavian research project was conducted at Borg from 1986 until 1989. Excavations revealed the largest building ever to be found from the Viking period in Norway. The foundation of the Chieftain House at Borg measured 83 metres (272 ft) long and 9.5 metres (31 ft) wide, and the reconstructed building is 9 metres (30 ft) high. The seat at Borg is estimated to have been abandoned around AD 950.
After the excavation ended, the remains of what had once been the long-house remained visible. The long-house has been reconstructed slightly to the north of the excavation site. In 1995, the Lofotr Viking Museum was opened. The museum includes a full reconstruction of the 83-metre (272 ft) long chieftain's house, a blacksmith's forge, two ships (replicas of the Gokstad ship, one in full scale size) and their boathouses, and various reenactments intended to immerse the visitor in life at the time of the Vikings. The main building was designed by Norwegian architect, Gisle Jakhelln.
In September 2006, a planned enlargement of Lofotr, the building of a large amphitheater into the ground between the reception building and the Chieftain House, was postponed because of the archeological findings of some 2,000-year-old cooking sites and pole holes at the site.
Today, the area is excavated and new buildings have been built on the site. This part of the museum comprises 2 permanent exhibition halls and a film theatre. The exhibition halls displays through videos and unique artifacts, the finding and excavation of Borg. Quite a few of the archeological artifacts are of remarkable character. The extensive museum outdoor area is tied together with gravel walking paths, inviting the visitors to explore the history in a greater content than the exhibition halls alone - to see the reconstructed Chieftain´s house on top of the hill, to go on board the Viking ship, to see the surrounding views and try to grasp the value of the landscape and what it offered in the Viking Age - it all adds to the experience.
The museum is open every day from 1 May to 15 September. The administration of Lofotr Viking Museum is located in the former parsonage of the Borge Church.
Lofotr Viking Museum is nominated for Museum of the Year 2011 (in Norway) and the European Museum of the Year Award 2013.
The Longhouse served as the Pit Stop of the fourth leg in The Amazing Race 23.
Ship replica

A ship replica is a reconstruction of a no longer existing ship. Replicas can range from authentically reconstructed, fully seaworthy ships, to ships of modern construction that give an impression of a historic vessel. Some replicas may not even be seaworthy, but built for other educational or entertainment purposes.
Reasons to build a replica include historic research into shipbuilding, national pride, exposition at a museum or entertainment (e.g., for a TV series), and/or education programs for the unemployed. For example, see the project to build a replica of the Continental brig Andrew Doria. Apart from building a genuine replica of the ship, sometimes the construction materials, tools and methods can also copied from the ships' original era, as is the case with the replica of Batavia in Lelystad and the ship of the line replica Delft in Rotterdam (Delfshaven).
The term "replica" in this context does not normally include scale models. The term museum ship is used for an old ship that has been preserved and converted into a museum open to the public.
A ship replica may also be a generic replica, one that represents a certain type of ship rather than a particular historic example, like Kamper Kogge, replicating the Cogs that were used extensively in Northern Europe by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages, but where there is little knowledge of specific ships.
Some generic type replicas such as Thor Heyerdahl's Ra II, qualify as true replicas as these ships were built to investigate the craft and or culture of the original era. That they do not replicate a specific vessel is mainly because no details of such a specific vessel are available.
Some other ships that are modeled after ships of a certain type or era (and are in that sense replicas) do not qualify as true replicas. Some ships may be borderline cases, such as Kanrin Maru, which is actually twice the size of the original, but built following the plans of the original.
Replicas can be temporary, cheap and very simple, such as the replica of a Viking ship that was burnt at the Leixlip Festival.
Notable historic type ships that are not replicas include:
Another ambiguous case subject to the Ship of Theseus dilemma is Niagara. The original was sunk in 1820 for preservation, and the ship has been rebuilt three times since. The third reconstruction was considerably more extensive, and the only parts from the original which were retained are non-structural, leading many authorities to classify her as a replica, rather than a reconstructed original.
Some sailing ship replicas with their home port; and key information of the original (many articles are about the original ship):
^a If more than one replica is made the home port of the different current ports are given in a numbered list
Héctor Numa Moraes

Héctor Numa Moraes Rosa (Curtina, Tacuarembó, 28 de abril de 1950) es un docente, cantautor y guitarrista uruguayo de música popular.
A los ocho años empezó a estudiar bandoneón y música en el Conservatorio Municipal. Su padre era comisario y fue trasladado a San Gregorio de Polanco, donde la familia se radicó por un tiempo. Allí no había profesores de música, así que Numa se dedicó al dibujo y al canto. En 1961 volvió a Tacuarembó y empezó a estudiar guitarra clásica con Domingo Albarenga.​ En 1966 inició su carrera artística en el departamento de Tacuarembó y localidades aledañas, desempeñándose como cantor en kermeses, tablados, clubes y escuelas.​ En ese año conoció al profesor y poeta Washington Benavides y comenzó a trabajar con él. El primer fruto de esta labor fue su primer disco, Del amor, del pago, del hombre/La Alarma (1968),​ con canciones inspiradas en el folklore norteño y musicalizaciones de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer y Manuel Acuña. Hacia 1969 se radicó en Montevideo y continuó sus estudios de guitarra con Daniel Viglietti.​
En 1970 se editó Canto pero también puedo, donde musicalizó textos de poetas de Tacuarembó: Washington Benavides, Walter Ortiz y Ayala, Circe Maia, Olyntho María Simões. La patria, compañero fue su tercer disco, el cual fue muy difundido,​ donde también musicaliza a poetas uruguayos y latinoamericanos.
En 1972 fue prohibida su música y tuvo que exiliarse en Buenos Aires. Luego, se trasladó a Chile, Cuba, Suecia, Francia y finalmente a Holanda, donde vivió hasta el final de la dictadura y de su exilio. Llegó allí a partir de que el compositor alemán-holandés Konrad Bohemer viniera a Uruguay, escuchara el disco La patria, compañero y decidiera comprar los derechos y lo editara en Holanda. Bohemer le presentó al maestro uruguayo Antonio Pereira Arias, con el cual profundizó sus estudios de guitarra en el Conservatorio Real de La Haya, donde también fue docente entre 1983 y 1984.​​​
Retornó a Uruguay en 1984 y continuó con su labor artística. A partir de allí empezó a difundir la música uruguaya, de la que guarda un importante archivo, a través de programas radiales. En ese año empezó a trabajar en el programa La canción nuestra. Actualmente conduce el programa En la Tarde del Sur en Emisora del Sur.
Se ha destacado como intérprete y musicalizador de poetas de todo el mundo. Es uno de los pocos casos de cantores populares que no ha producido textos propios. Una de las principales poéticas que interpreta es la de Washington Benavides, que «celebra nuestra flora y fauna, a la vez que recorre alegrías y dolores humanos».​
El 25 de marzo de 2008, el Intendente de Montevideo, Ricardo Ehrlich, declaró Ciudadano Ilustre al cantautor Numa Moraes, por su «excepcional trayectoria artística» en el canto popular.​​
En 2011 publicó (con la colaboración del Maestro Alfredo Escande) su libro Numa Moraes, de Curtina a La Haya, donde se reseñan anécdotas y sucesos de su vida personal, así como del desarrollo de la música uruguaya y sus exponentes.
Uruguay national rugby sevens team

The Uruguay national rugby sevens team participates at the World Rugby and Sudamérica Rugby tournaments for rugby sevens national teams. It is organized by the Uruguayan Rugby Union.
The Teros won the Sudamérica Rugby Sevens in 2012, and was runner-up six times. The team was fourth at both the 2011 and 2015 Pan American Games.
Uruguay played six rounds of the inaugural 1999–2000 World Sevens Series, scoring series points at the 2000 Punta del Este Sevens and 2000 Fiji Sevens.
They participated in the 2014 Hong Kong Sevens World Series Qualifier, reaching the quarterfinals after finishing second in their pool, but lost to Russia 21-14. At the 2015 Hong Kong Sevens World Series Qualifier, they claimed wins over Brazil and Mexico and losses to Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea. The team did not qualify to the 2016 Hong Kong Sevens. The team participated in the 2018 World Series Qualifier at the 2018 Hong Kong Sevens.
Uruguay qualified for the 2018 Rugby World Cup Sevens after winning the regional qualifiers at the 2018 Sudamérica Rugby Sevens. They finished in 20th place after losing to Uganda.
The Teros became a core team for the 2022–23 World Rugby Sevens Series, having qualified after winning the 2022 World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series in Chile. The team finished 12th in points, and was relegated from the World Series after finishing third in the 2023 London Sevens play-off.
Uruguay won bronze in round one of the 2024 World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series in Dubai, then won the Montevideo and Munich rounds. The team won the overall series and qualified for the SVNS promotion and relegation play-off competition at the Madrid Sevens. The Teros won three out of four matches and was promoted to the SVNS for the 2024-25 season.
Squad for the 2024 World Rugby Sevens Challenger Series in Dubai.
Uruguay national rugby league team

The Uruguay national rugby league team (Spanish: rugby league equipo nacional de Uruguay), nicknamed Gauchos Uruguayos (English: Uruguayan Gaucho), represents Uruguay in rugby league and made their debut at the first Latino Sevens on 17 October 2015.
The following is the current Uruguayan squad:
Below is table of the representative rugby league matches played by Uruguay at test level up until 14 June 2019:
Jay de la Cueva

Javier Fernando de la Cueva Rosales (born January 5, 1978), known professionally as Jay de la Cueva or Bryan Amadeus Moderatto is a Mexican model, actor, producer, singer, bassist, drummer, guitarist, pianist and songwriter. He has participated in several bands throughout his career, including Micro Chips, Fobia, Molotov and Moderatto.
Jay de la Cueva's professional musical carrer began with the children's rock group Micro Chips, where he played bass. He later joined Victimas del Dr. Cerebro for about a year and a half, before joining Los Odio! and, later, founding Molotov with Micky Huidobro and Tito Fuentes. In 1995, Jay de la Cueva left Molotov to join the band Fobia.
In 1999, Jay de la Cueva joined the electronic band Titán. He is also a member of the supergroup Mexrrissey.
From 2001 to 2023, Jay de la Cueva, under the artistic persona Bryan Amadeus Moderatto, was the founding member and lead guitarist of Moderatto.
In 2024, Jay de la Cueva released his first solo album, the self-titled Jay de la Cueva.
Zacapoaxtla

Zacapoaxtla is a city and seat of the Zacapoaxtla Municipality, in the Mexican state of Puebla. The city has a population of 8,062 inhabitants, while the municipality has 49,242 inhabitants at the 2000 census.
The name means place where straw is counted, and it originates from Nahuatl roots: zacatl – straw; pohuatl – to count; and tlān – place. The name comes from the tribute people had to pay, i.e. as bales of straw.
The BUAP has a Regional Section there, which offers degrees in law, business administration and psychology.
The city of Zacapoaxtla is located on a mountainous terrain on the northern part of the state, on the morphological region known as Sierra Norte or Sierra de Puebla, amidst the Sierra Madre Oriental. The city is surrounded by three mountains: "Tres cabezas" (Three Heads), "Gran poder de Dios" (Great Power of God) and the "Apaxtepec", an extinct volcano.
The municipality of Zacapoaxtla is located in the sub-basin of the Apulco River within the Tecolutla River basin.
Though there are only a few archeological references, it is known that Nahua-Chichimecas people with Totonac background lived in this region. At the beginning of our era, almost the whole northeastern part of the now state of Puebla belonged to Totonacapan, and by the twelfth century this region was part of Chichimecatlalli, to which the Manor of Tlatlauhquitepec belonged, including Zacapoaxtla. Other versions indicate that around the year 1270, the Apaxtepec volcano erupted burying the town of Xaltetelli, thus giving origin to the town of Zacapoaloyan, nowadays Zacapoaxtla. In any case, the people who lived around were subdued under the rule of the Triple Alliance "Huey-Tlatocayotl", and brought under the rule of the Manor of Texcoco.
In 1524, after the Spanish conquest, Tlatlauhquitepec (along with Zacapoaxtla) was entrusted to Jacinto Portillo, Spanish conqueror who would later become a missionary of the Order of Friars Minor of St. Francis, known as Fra Cintos. Zacapoaxtla had its first, rustic, church in 1576 under the advocacy of Saint Peter that was later substituted by another during the first half of the 17th century.
The village obtained the category of town on 11 March 1826, after the end of the Mexican War of Independence. On 1 April 1835, the town became seat of the municipality.
In 1864, General Fernando María Ortega, governor of the state of Puebla, declared the Town of Zacapoaxtla "La ciudad del 25 de abril" ("The City of 25 April") as a memorial to these events.
The vast majority of the population of the municipality of Zacapoaxtla is Nahua, with over half the population knowing how to speak Nahuatl.
19°53′N 97°35′W﻿ / ﻿19.883°N 97.583°W﻿ / 19.883; -97.583
Monument to the Discoverers

The Monument to the Discoverers or 400th Anniversary Column (Spanish: Monumento a los descubridores or Columna del IV Centenario) is an instance of public art in Palos de la Frontera, Spain. It is dedicated to the "discoverers" of the Americas.
By 1892, the Provincial Deputation of Huelva tasked Ricardo Velázquez Bosco with the erection of a monument to Columbus and the explorers of the Americas on a plot formerly owned by the House of Alba near the friary of La Rábida.
The monument was unveiled on 12 October 1892, the day marking the 400th anniversary of the arrival of Christopher Columbus to the Americas.
The original project consisted of a multi-body hexagonal pedestal, which served as the base of a column, topped by an Earth globe.
The monument underwent a restoration by Luis Martínez Feduchi [es] from 1963 to 1967, substantially altering the original work.
By the turn of the 21st century, the monument was in a dire state of conservation. It was declared bien de interés cultural in 2008.
A new restoration, intending to consolidate the monument by installing a core of reinforced concrete, also recovering elements of the original work, such as an Earth orb or a crown, took place in the 2010s. Works finished by 2014, and the monument, standing 54,90 metre high including the recovered elements, was re-inaugurated on 31 July 2014. Three buried sculpted heads of native americans (reportedly representing the aztec, maya and taíno civilizations) part of the original monument were found out by 2011 during the disassembly of the column.
The Barrier (TV series)

The Barrier (Spanish: La valla) is a Spanish dystopian drama TV series created by Daniel Écija and starring Unax Ugalde, Olivia Molina and Eleonora Wexler. It first aired on Atresplayer Premium in January 2020. It debuted internationally in September 2020 on Netflix.
In the 2040s, twenty years after World War III, Spain faces radiation, disease, and extreme shortages. A despotic government rises and places the country under martial law. Madrid is divided into two sectors separated by a wall. The wealthy and powerful live in relative safety and luxury, but everyone else lives in squalor and in fear of forced disappearances.
The Barrier premiered on Atresplayer Premium on 19 January 2020. The finale aired on 12 April 2020. The free-to-air broadcasting run on Antena 3 started on 10 September 2020. The series was released on Netflix on 11 September 2020.
Manuela Villarán de Plasencia

Manuela Villarán de Plasencia (1840–1888) was a Peruvian writer, poet, and journalist.
Manuela Villarán de Plasencia was born in 1840 in Lima. Her father was Manuel Vicente Villarán González and her mother Nicolasa Angulo Jiménez.
In 1854, Manuela married Rafael Fuentes, the captain of the Ayacucho battalion. Manuela Villarán de Plasencia became one of the first enlightened Peruvian women to actively pursue a career in journalism. She worked with several magazines, such as El Álbum, La Alborada, El Parnaso Peruano, and many others.
Aside from that, during 1876 and 1877, she helped in organizing the gatherings of the Argentine writer Juana Manuela Gorriti. She also dedicated a poem to Juana Manuela Gorriti, who inspired her by nurturing a close relationship with Manuela, among other disciples. The name of the poem is "A la eminente escritora Juana Manuela Gorriti".
When the War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru, and Bolivia started, she lost her only son Ernesto Plasencia. Which motivated her to write an elegy titled "To Ernesto" or "A Ernesto".
She died a few years later in 1888 at the age of 48.
Venga la pluma, el tintero,
y de papel un pedazo:
es preciso que comience
á escribir hoy un mosaico,
pero tocan. Quién será?
suelto el borrador y salgo
es un necio que pregunta
si aquí vive don Fulano.
Vuelvo á mi asiento y escribo
tres renglones. Oigo el llanto
de mi última pequeñita
que reclama mis cuidados
acudo á tranquilizarla
aun con la pluma en la mano;
vuelvo a la mesa y ya traigo
un cuartetito pensado....
Vuelvo á mi empezado escrito,
voy medio el hilo tomando...
Me sorprende una visita,
á saludarla me paro,
los papeles se me vuelan
y se cae el diccionario.
Por supuesto que me olvido
de lo que estaba buscando...
Cumplo, pues, con mis deberes
más allá de lo mandado.
Mi conciencia está tranquila
á pesar de mis trabajos;
pero esta vida, lectora,
que ves a vuelo de pájaro
es lo que yo considero
un verdadero mosaico.
List of U.S. state birds

Below is a list of U.S. state birds as designated by each state's, district's or territory's government.
The selection of state birds began with Kentucky adopting the northern cardinal in 1926. It continued when the legislatures for Alabama, Florida, Maine, Missouri, Oregon, Texas and Wyoming selected their state birds after a campaign was started by the General Federation of Women's Clubs to name official state birds in the 1920s. The last state to choose its bird was Arizona in 1973.
Pennsylvania never chose an official state bird, but did choose the ruffed grouse as the state game bird. Alaska, California, and South Dakota permit hunting of their state birds. Alabama, Georgia, Massachusetts, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Tennessee have designated an additional "state game bird" for the purpose of hunting. The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states, followed by the western meadowlark as the state bird of six states.
The District of Columbia designated a district bird in 1938. Of the five inhabited territories of the United States, American Samoa and Puerto Rico are the only ones without territorial birds.
In addition to having a state bird, some states have chosen a state game bird (or state wild game bird), a state waterfowl (or state duck), a state raptor, or a bird as their state symbol of peace.
Some state birds are shared between multiple states. Of the 50 states, a total of 32 do not have a unique state bird.
Malaysian Super Schools Rugby

Malaysian Super Schools Rugby (SSR) is the premier youth rugby tournament featuring some of the best schools from all over the country.
First launched in 2013, the tournament has become host to the finest U17 rugby action in the country, with former participants has went on to represent the national team in age-level competition and also the senior squad.
For the 9th Edition of Super Schools Rugby 2024, 5 new teams, Sekolah Menengah Sains Pokok Sena (SAINA), Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Abi, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Yahya Petra 1, Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Gombak, MRSM Balik Pulau have been invited to the tournament. For the 10th Edition of Super Schools Rugby 2025 , 5 more new teams have been selected, bringing the total number of teams to 24 that will compete in this prestigious youth rugby tournament.
24 teams split into six pools of four teams, with top 2 teams from each pool qualify for the 2nd round while other 4 teams (the best 3rd place) will also join for the 2nd round.
Winners from 2nd round will progress into the quarter-finals then progress to semi finals - and winners from semi finals will compete in the Grand Finals for the right to lift the Tan Sri Wan Aziz Challenge Trophy.
Since 2016, the cup is known as Malaysia Airports Chairman’s Challenge Trophy.
List of NFL nicknames

The following nicknames are given to a unit (defensive, offensive and special teams) or a secondary nickname given to some teams used to describe a style of play or attitude of teams at times in accordance with phrases in popular culture of the time. They are not the official franchise nicknames of the National Football League (NFL). Since the NFL's inception in 1920, players, coaches, team executives, league officials, and football games have been given nicknames based on either individual achievements, team achievements, historical events, etc.
Nicknames for entire teams, whole offensive units, defensive units, or special teams. Names which are marked by an asterisk (*) are team nicknames which may have been coined by team members or local media, but never became well known to the public outside of the teams media market for a multitude of reasons, but most likely due to poor performance. The nickname was earned for accomplishments on the field.
Nicknames for individual players, coaches and personnel.
Throughout NFL history, many significant games have been given nicknames.
Throughout the league's history, a number of rules have been enacted largely because of exploits on the field by a single coach, owner, player, or referee. The following is a partial list of such rule changes:
扬子鳄

中华短吻鳄（学名：Alligator sinensis），又称揚子鱷、中國鱷、豬婆龍，古稱鼍 、鼍龍，是中國特有的一種鱷魚，亦是世界上體型最細小的鱷魚之一，主要分佈在長江中下游地區及太湖；模式标本产地为安徽芜湖。牠的表皮在中國古代是製造戰鼓的敲擊面和輕型盔甲的原材料。
揚子鱷與同屬的密河鱷相似，但是體型要小許多。成年揚子鱷體長很少超過2.1米，一般只有1.5米長。體重約為36公斤。牠
們的頭部相對較大，鱗片上具有更多顆粒狀和帶狀紋路。
扬子鳄是所有鱷魚中唯一會冬眠的種類。
扬子鳄性情温和，听到异响会主动逃离，通常不会伤害人类。
揚子鱷是中國國家一級保護動物，被列入CITES附錄I，IUCN則列爲極危。中國大約圈養了10,000条以上的揚子鱷，主要在位于安徽宣城市的中國揚子鱷繁殖中心以及許多動物園裏。野生揚子鱷在長江中下游的江蘇、浙江和安徽等省，野外种群主要分布于安徽扬子鳄国家级自然保护区，其威脅主要來自棲息地的破壞，數量可能不足200条，其中約有50条為成年揚子鱷。
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鳄目

鱷目（学名：Crocodilia）通称为鳄鱼，是典型的大型食肉動物，屬於脊索动物门蜥形綱。分佈於熱帶到亞熱帶的河川、湖泊、海岸中，現存25種。
鱷目的体长范围从1.2米到7米；一些史前物种，例如晚白垩世的恐鳄，体长可达约10米以上，可重达3.5吨。鱷目具有两性异形特征，雄性的体型一般比雌性大。虽然口鼻和牙齿形状各不相同，但鳄目所有物种都具有基本相同的身体形态，皮肤覆盖粗大的鱗片，口鼻细长扁平以及尾巴形状侧扁有力。
鳄目的眼睛、耳孔和鼻孔位于头顶，这构造使得它们的大部分身体能够淹没在水下。鳄目具有可以在低光照条件下增强视力的照膜，虽然视力在空气环境中相当不错，但在水下环境中会明显减弱。其他脊椎动物中的眼部中央凹通常是圆形的；在鳄鱼中，它是横跨视网膜中部的水平条。当身体完全浸没时，瞬膜会覆盖其眼睛。此外，瞬膜上的腺体分泌一种具有润滑作用的液体，可以保持眼睛清洁；当离开水和干燥脱落时，这种液体就像“泪水”一样可见。
耳孔适合在空气环境和水下环境工作，耳膜可受到被肌肉打开或关闭的皮瓣保护。鳄目的听觉范围很广，灵敏度可与大多数鸟类和部分哺乳动物相媲美。
鳄目只有一个嗅觉系统，成体中没有犁鼻器；表明所有嗅觉感知仅限于嗅觉系统。行为和嗅觉实验表示，鳄目可以检测到空气传播和水溶性的化学物质，会使用嗅觉系统进行狩猎。
发达的三叉神经使它们能够检测水中的振动（例如由潜在猎物制造的振动）。舌头不能自由移动，但舌头可通过折叠固定。鳄目的大脑相当小，但它的学习能力比大多数爬行动物更强。它们缺乏哺乳动物的声带和鸟类的鸣管，但可以通过在喉部振动三个皮瓣来产生声音。鳄目似乎已经失去了松果体，但仍会分泌出褪黑素。
鳄鱼孵化的性别与溫度有關，攝氏在未滿30度，生出來都是母的；攝氏在小於等於30至34度之間，生出來公母不定；攝氏在超過34度，生出來都是公的。
鳄鱼屬於變溫動物，是食物鏈上的頂級掠食者，除歐洲及南極洲無野生種群外分布在世界各大洲中低緯度的土地上，喜欢栖息于河流、湖泊、沼泽中有大量水域的環境或生活于丘陵中的潮湿地带，鱷魚是典型的伏擊動物。發現獵物時，會将頭部以下的身體部位躲藏到水面下，再慢慢靠近獵物，用嘴咬住獵物将其拖入水中溺死。鱷魚會使用一種叫死亡翻轉的動作將獵物肢解成小塊，以便鱷魚進行吞咽，即用強大的下顎緊緊地咬住獵物，然後盡全力旋轉身體，用旋轉的力量把肉從獵物身上撕扯下來。鳄鱼能够接受附近的其他鱷魚来分享食物，这有助于提高整个鳄鱼种群的生存能力。
人類是鱷魚最大的敵人，除了因為鱷魚的皮肉而不停獵殺鱷魚外，城市發展亦破壞鱷魚原本的棲息地。部分地方如美國南部及澳洲一些已開發的城市由於鄰近鱷魚棲息的沼澤地，人鱷接觸的機會增加，人類被鱷魚攻擊的事件不絕，亦導致鱷魚被捕殺。
大型的貓科動物，如獅子、老虎及豹都會獵食鱷魚，牠們會從後撲向鱷魚並咬住鱷魚的後頸令牠無法掙脫，即使在淺水區，鱷魚面對以上的大型貓科動物亦沒有優勢，但若這些貓科動物在水邊喝水或渡河時都經常被鱷魚獵殺。
鱷魚在水中亦有天敵。大型鯊魚，如大白鯊和鼬鯊會攻擊鱷魚，而無論在海水和淡水，鱷魚會遭到公牛鯊的攻擊。鱷魚面對水獺有體型優勢，但水獺身手靈活，加上是群體動物，經常會聯群攻擊鱷魚，即使是大型鱷魚亦無法威脅牠們。在非洲地區，鱷魚最大的天敵是河馬，河馬的體型及重量都比鱷魚優勝，加上強大的咬合力，鱷魚經常會命喪河馬嘴下(但是實際上並沒有河馬殺死鱷魚的紀錄）。在亞馬遜地區，鱷魚亦要面對森蚺和美洲豹的威脅。大部分未成年的鱷魚，都會成為蟒蛇及其他成年同類的食物。
鱷魚肉在亞洲是常見的珍餚，鱷魚皮則會被加工成許多不同製品。現今也有爬蟲愛好者將其作為爬寵飼養。
除被列入附录Ⅰ的所有种，其他种被列為《瀕危野生動植物種國際貿易公約》附錄二的物種，被限制出口及貿易。
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短吻鳄科

短吻鳄科（学名：Alligatoridae）也称鼍科，为爬行纲鳄目的一科，因吻部短而宽，故名。现仅存4属8种。
維基物種上的相關信息：短吻鳄科 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：短吻鳄科