davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Rwanda Nziza

"Rwanda Nziza" (Kinyarwanda: [ɾɡwɑː.ndɑ nzǐː.zɑ], "Beautiful Rwanda") has been the national anthem of Rwanda since January 1, 2002. It replaced "Rwanda Rwacu", which was the original national anthem until the 1994 genocide against the Tutsis.
Rwanda's original national anthem, written when the country achieved independence from Belgium in 1962, was called "Rwanda Rwacu" ("Our Rwanda"). Independence was achieved at a time of high tension, following the Rwandan Revolution: centuries of rule by the minority Tutsi group had been overturned in just three years, the majority Hutu taking power in a violent upheaval, and forcing more than 100,000 to seek refuge in neighbouring countries. The subsequent thirty years, under the presidencies of Grégoire Kayibanda and Juvénal Habyarimana, were marked by continued cycles of violence, culminating in the 1990s with the launch of the Rwandan Civil War by exiled Tutsi led by Paul Kagame, the assassination of President Habyarimana, and the 1994 Rwandan genocide, in which between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Tutsi and politically moderate Hutu were killed by Hutu extremists, on the orders of the interim government, in the space of just 100 days.
The genocide was ended when Kagame's rebel army took control of the country in July 1994. A period of "reconciliation" began, as a unity government took control of the country. Kagame was the de facto leader from this point on, and assumed the presidency in 2000. As part of this effort, and ostensibly to signal a break with the country's violent past, the government enacted an overhaul of the country's symbols, including the flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem. However, some Rwandans at the time expressed doubts about the stated reasoning and merely viewed all this as an attempt by the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front to assert its political power by changing established state symbols.
To commission the lyrics and music for the new state anthem, the government organized a national contest. "Rwanda Nziza" represented the winning entry, with lyrics composed by Faustin Murigo of Karubanda prison, and melody by Captain Jean-Bosco Hashakaimana of the Rwandan army brass band. "Rwanda Nziza" became the official anthem of Rwanda on 1 January 2002.
ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో భారతదేశం

భారతదేశం తొలి సారిగా 1900 ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహించింది. ఆ ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో భారత్‌కు ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహించిన ఏకైక క్రీడాకారుడు నార్మన్ ప్రిచార్డ్. అథ్లెటిక్ క్రీడాకారుడైన ప్రిచర్డ్ ఆ ఒలింపిక్స్‌లో 2 పతకాలు సాధించాడు. 1920లో తొలిసారి భారత్ జట్టును ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలకు పంపినది. అప్పటి నుంచి ప్రతి వేసవి ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో భారత్ ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహిస్తోంది. 1964 నుంచి భారత్ పలు పర్యాయాలు శీతాకాలపు ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో కూడా పాల్గొన్నది.
ఇప్పటివరకు భారత్ క్రీడాకారులు ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో 26 పతకాలు సాధించిపెట్టారు. అందులో అత్యధికంగా మైదాన హాకీలో సాధించినవే. 1928, 1980 మధ్యలో భారత హాకీ జట్టు 12 ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో 11 పతకాలు సాధించి రికార్డు స్థాపించింది. అందులో 1928 నుంచి 1956 వరకు వరుసగా 6 సార్లు స్వర్ణాన్ని సాధించడం విశేషం. మొత్తంపై ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో భారత్ 9 స్వర్ణ పతకాలను సాధించగా అందులో 8 స్వర్ణాలు జాతీయ క్రీడ అయిన హాకీలో కాగా మరో స్వర్ణపతకం 2008 బీజింగ్ ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడలలో షూటింగ్‌లో 10మీటర్ల ఎయిర్ రైఫిల్ విభాగంలో అభినవ్ బింద్రా సాధించాడు.
భారత ఒలింపిక్ క్రీడల వ్యవహారాలను పర్యవేక్షించే భారత ఒలింపిక్ అసోసియేషన్ను 1927లో స్థాపించారు.
రజత పతకం సుశీల్ కుమార్ 2012 లండన్ రెజ్లింగ్ పురుషుల ఫ్రీస్టైల్ 66 కిలోల విభాగం
కాంస్య పతకం యొగెశ్వర్ దత్ 2012 లండన్ లండన్ పురుషుల ఫ్రీస్టైల్ 60 కిలోల విభాగం
ఆర్. వైశాలి

వైశాలి రమేశ్‌బాబు మహిళా గ్రాండ్ మాస్టర్ హోదాకు చేరిన భారతీయ చదరంగం క్రీడాకారిణి. 14 సంవత్సరాలకంటే వయస్సు తక్కువ విభాగంలో జాతీయ, అంతర్జాతీయ స్థాయిలో బంగారు పతకాలు సాధించింది. ఆమె గ్రాండ్ మాస్టర్ ప్రగ్నానంద సోదరి.
వైశాలి 2001 జూన్ 21 న భారతదేశంలోని చెన్నైలో జన్మించింది. ఆమె అనుకోకుండానే చదరంగం క్రీడ పట్ల ఆకర్షితురాలయింది. ఆరేళ్ళ వయసులో ఉన్నప్పుడు ఆమె తల్లిదండ్రులు ఆమెను టెలివిజన్ చూసే అభిరుచిని తగ్గించేందుకు ఆమె దృష్టిని చిత్రలేఖనం, చదరంగం క్రీడ పట్ల మరల్చే ప్రయత్నం చేసారు. వారి వ్యూహం ఫలించింది. ఆమె కేవలం చదరంగం ఆటను చూసి ఆనందించడమే కాక అందులో అత్యుత్తమ ప్రతిభను కూడా ప్రదర్శించింది. ఆమె చదరంగం అభ్యసించడానికి ఇంట్లోనే మరో అద్భుతమైన చదరంగ క్రీడాకారుడు సోదరుడిగా ఉండటం వల్ల ఆమె తన క్రీడా నైపుణ్యాన్ని మరింత పెంచుకునేందుకు సహాయపడింది.
2012 లో జరిగిన అండర్ -11 బాలికల జాతీయ ఛాంపియన్‌షిప్‌లో ఆమె బంగారు పతకం సాధించింది. ఫలితంగా ఆమె ప్రపంచ యూత్ చెస్ ఛాంపియన్‌షిప్‌లో పాల్గొనే అవకాశం చిక్కింది.
చదరంగం ఖరీదైన క్రీడ అన్న సంగతి ఆమె కుటుంబానికి ముందే తెలుసు. చెస్ సాఫ్ట్ వేర్ల సాయంతో ఒక పద్ధతి ప్రకారం నేర్చుకునేందుకు ఆమె వద్ద ల్యాప్ టాప్ కానీ, కంప్యూటర్ కానీ ఉండేది కాదు. మొదట్లో ఆమె పుస్తకాల్లో చదివి తన క్రీడానైపుణ్యాలను పెంచుకునేది. అంతేకాదు జాతీయ స్థాయిలో వేర్వేరు ప్రాంతాల్లో జరిగే పోటీలకు ఆమెను పంపడం కూడా వైశాలి కుటుంబానికి కష్టంగా ఉండేది.
అన్ని సవాళ్లు ఎదుర్కొంటున్నప్పటికీ, ఆమె 2012 లో స్లోవేనియాలో జరిగిన అండర్ -12 విభాగంలో జరిగిన బాలికల ప్రపంచ ఛాంపియన్‌షిప్‌ను గెలుచుకుంది. ఆ విజయం ఆమెకు చాలా అవకాశాలను తీసుకొచ్చింది. ఆమె తరువాత ఆమె భారత మహిళా గ్రాండ్ మాస్టర్ టైటిల్‌ను గెలుచుకుంది. అయితే తన క్రీడా ప్రయాణం అంత సాఫీగా సాగిపోవడానికి కారణం తన సోదరుడు, తల్లిదండ్రులే అని వైశాలీ అంటూ ఉంటుంది.
2012లో జరిగిన అండర్-11, అండర్-13 బాలికల జాతీయ ఛాంపియం చెస్ షిప్‌లో వైశాలి స్వర్ణ పతకాలు సాధించింది. అదే ఏడాది జరిగిన అండర్-12 వరల్డ్ ఛాంపియన్ షిప్‌లో ఆమె స్వర్ణం సాధించింది. ఆ తరువాత 2014లో అండర్ 15 విభాగంలో జరిగిన జాతీయ చెస్ ఛాంపియన్ షిప్‌లో వైశాలీ స్వర్ణ పతకం సాధించింది. 2015-16 సంవత్సరాలలో కూడా ఆమె తన విజయపరంపరను కొనసాగించింది. జాతీయ స్థాయిలో జరిగిన జూనియర్ గరల్స్ చెస్ ఛాంపియన్ షిప్స్‌లో కూడా ఆమె బంగారు పతకాలు సాధించింది. ఆమె అత్యుత్త ప్రతిభ కారణంగా వరుసగా వరల్డ్ యూత్ చెస్ చాంపియన్ షిప్, అలాగే ఆసియా చెస్ ఛాంపియన్ షిప్‌లో కూడా భారత్ తరపున ప్రాతినిధ్యం వహించే అవకాశం లభించింది. 2015లో గ్రీస్‌లో అండర్-14 విభాగంలో జరిగిన వరల్డ్ చెస్ ఛాంపియన్ షిప్‌లో స్వర్ణం సాధించింది.
Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium

The Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium, commonly known by its former name National Stadium, is a field hockey stadium in New Delhi, India. The stadium is named after former Indian field hockey player, Dhyan Chand. It served as the venue for the 1st Asian Games in 1951.
The stadium was built in 1933 as a gift for Delhi from the Maharaja of Bhavnagar. It was originally a multipurpose stadium named the Irwin Amphitheatre. It was designed by Anthony S. DeMillo and opened by Lord Willingdon. As per the original plans of architect of New Delhi Edwin Lutyens, there was to be a garden at the site, to provide a clear view of the historic Purana Quila (Old Fort) in the backdrop, as it lay perpendicular to the axis beginning from Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's House) through Rajpath and ending at the India Gate. His plans were however overruled. It was renamed National Stadium before the 1951 Asian Games, Dhyan Chand's name was added in 2002.
The Dhyan Chand Stadium was the host venue for the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup. It was also the field hockey venue of the 2010 Commonwealth Games. The stadium underwent a major reconstruction project before the Hockey World Cup 2010.
On 24 January 2010 it became the first venue for the 2010 Commonwealth Games to be unveiled. The stadium was revamped at a cost of Rs 262 crore, 50 crore more than originally budgeted. The stands, which were earthen embankments, were demolished and a new rectangular seating bowl was constructed in its place.
From 8–10 December 2017 it hosted the fourth edition of Jashn-e-Rekhta, the Urdu festival of India by Rekhta Foundation led by Rajiv Saraf.
The stadium is spread over 17,500 square metres in the 37-acre (150,000 m) complex. It has three synthetic pitches — two conform to international standards and a third is for practice. It is located adjacent to the Indian Coast Guard Headquarters.
A new polygrass turf was laid on all pitches equipped with new sprinkler systems. The main field has a capacity to seat about 16,200 spectators. The second pitch outside the main arena has 900 permanent seats and with a provision of 1,600 temporary seats. The two competitive pitches are flood-lit with foldable floodlight towers (hinged mast lights) which will provide 2,200 lux illumination during the competition. This will enable high definition TV transmission.
Both the pitches are equipped with facilities for the players like change rooms, relaxation lounges and a VVIP lounge.
The stadium is air-conditioned and fitted with lifts. There are barrier free provisions for athletes and spectators who are physically challenged. The stadium will get its power supply from two grids with a backup based on generator sets and battery uninterrupted power supply.
Chandigarh Hockey Stadium

The Chandigarh Hockey Stadium is a field hockey stadium at Chandigarh, India. It was the home of the Chandigarh Dynamos of the Premier Hockey League. It has a seating capacity of 30,000 people. It is the second largest terrace field hockey stadium in the world.
Important tournaments held here include Indira Gandhi International Gold Cup, Asian School Hockey, National School Games Twice, All India Women Festival, Indo-Uzabekistak 1977, Indo Pan American Hockey 1995, All India Hockey Tournaments, and Punjab Gold Cup.
It later served as the home ground for World Series Hockey's local franchise, Chandigarh Comets.
30°43′44″N 76°44′45″E﻿ / ﻿30.72889°N 76.74583°E﻿ / 30.72889; 76.74583
Senior National Hockey Championship

The Senior National Hockey Championship is a state-level national field hockey competition contested by the state associations and government institutions under Hockey India, the sport's governing body in India. It was first held in 1928 under the aegis of Indian Hockey Federation (IHF), the former Indian field hockey federation and was also known as Rangaswamy Cup. Since 2011, it has been organised by Hockey India under the name of Hockey India Senior National Championship.
In 1928, the Indian Hockey Federation organised the first national championship at Calcutta which was won by United Provinces. The competition was held biennially until 1944 following which it was held annually. During the Indian hockey team tour to New Zealand in 1935, the Maoris offered a shield to the team which was hence awarded to the winners of the National Championships. This shield won by Punjab in 1947 but was never returned by Pakistan following partition. In 1951, Madras hosted the National Championships for the first time and a new trophy was donated by the proprietors of The Hindu group.
The results of the Senior National Hockey Championship:
SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium

SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium is situated in Kovilpatti, Thoothukudi District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
SDAT Astroturf Hockey Stadium Kovilpatti is a field hockey stadium at Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu, India. Stadium is Located at the foot of the Kathiresan malai murugan kovil (kathiresan kovil) hill. It was the venue for the 2021 11th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy (field hockey). In this Stadium, three National level hockey trophy matches were played: in 2019 11th All India Lakshmi Ammal hockey trophy men's team, 2021 11th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy, and 2022 12th Hockey India Junior Men's Championship Trophy. It is also the venue for all division matches of the Hockey Unit of Tamil Nadu and the home ground of the Kovilpatti team.
11th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship2021, at Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu
12th Hockey India Junior Men National Championship2022, at Kovilpatti, Tamil Nadu
17/May/2022 - 29/May/2022 Totally 30 junior Men's team participated in the 12th Hockey India Junior Men's National Championship 2022
Stadium is Located at the foot of the (Kathiresan malai murugan kovil) Hill and near tiger cave Kovilpatti
Sunelita Toppo

Sunelita Toppo (born 11 April 2007) is an Indian field hockey player who plays as a forward for the national team. She made her senior debut at the Pro League against China in Bhubaneswar in February 2024.
Sunelita hails from Kukuda village in Sundergarh district in Odisha. Her father Suresh Toppo is a farmer and her mother, Nelisunita Toppo, is a housewife. She says, she is inspired by her aunt Anupa Barla, who also played Junior World Cup for India. She is a product of the Sports Authority of India Training Centre, Sundergarh, which is considered as a cradle of budding hockey stars in India. Initially, she started to play hockey at the age of 8, with bamboo sticks.
Sunelita represented Odisha in the National Games at Gujarat in 2022 and caught the eye of the selectors after an impressive performance. She made her junior India debut in February 2023 during the four-match South Africa tour and within a year she got the senior cap. She started as a mid-fielder but soon switched to forward line. Later in June 2023, she was part of the Indian junior team that won the Junior Asia Cup in Japan. She was also part of the junior India team that played the 4-nation invitational tournament in Düsseldorf, Germany in August 2023 and the Women's hockey Junior World Cup in Santiago, Chile in December 2023.
Khong kangjei

Khong kangjei, also known as foot hockey, Manipuri hockey or hockey on foot, is a sport similar to field hockey primarily of the state of Manipur in India. It is a game which requires stamina, speed, and agility, and is one of the most popular games in Manipur. It is one of the indigenous sports of Manipur, others being sagol kanjei and kang, each of which reflects the martial tradition of Manipur, and with mukna captures an ethical code important to the culture of Manipur.
The name is derived from the Meitei terms khōng (foot), kāng (ball or round object), and jei, which is derived from the term chei (to hit).
After the Hiyang Tannaba, a type of traditional boat race held annually in Manipur, spectators adjourn to the hockey grounds, on which is played a match of foot hockey. Scoring for these matches "is carried on from year to year".
A match is contested between two teams of seven players. The match is refereed by an umpire, who also signals change of sides (pun onba) and the end of the match. Each team has a leader, referred to as a panjenba, and play commences when the umpire throws a ball between them at the centre line.
A team attempts to score goals against the opponent, and the team first to attain a predetermined number of goals is declared the winner. Each player has one piece of equipment, a slightly curved bamboo stick about 4 feet (120 cm) in length similar to a hockey stick. It is used to strike a ball made of bamboo root of approximately 4 inches (10 cm) in diameter.
Each player is associated with an opposing player, and the two never leave each other during a match. Players may pick up the ball and run with it, a play often terminated by the player tossing the ball in the air and striking it. A player may also kick the ball, but must strike the ball with the stick to score a goal.
A player may obstruct an opponent; tripping opponents is permitted, and is known as a collar. A player carrying a ball may be physically challenged by an opponent, which requires the two players to wrestle (mukna), after which play resumes.
Nico Ricardi

Nico Ricardi (lahia di Surian, Pantai Cermin, Solok, Sumatera Barat, 3 Mei 1982; umua 42 taun) adolah surang seniman Indonesia nan baprofesi sabagai pamatuang jo palukih.
Sarupo umumnyo seniman Yogya nan baasa dari Sumatera Barat, Nico pun tagabuang pulo dalam kalompok parupo Komunitas Seni Sakato (Sakato Art Community). Nico manampuah pandidikan manangahnyo di Sekolah Menengah Seni Rupa (SMSR) Padang, lalu kudian malanjuikan pandidikan di Jurusan Seni Patung Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta (ISI Yogyakarta) pado taun 2000.
Erizal A.S.

Erizal A.S. (lahia di Padangpanjang, Sumatera Barat, 3 Februari 1979; umua 46 taun) adolah surang seniman Indonesia nan baprofesi sabagai palukih.
Sapanjang kariernyo salamo labiah dari 15 taun sabagai palukih, Erizal alah maadoan banyak pameran sarato manarimo banyak pangaragoan baiak sacaro nasional maupun internasional. Erizal manamaikan pandidikan tinggi seni di Fakultas Seni Rupa Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta (ISI Yogyakarta), sarato maaja pulo sabagai dosen di paguruan seni nan bagengsi tu. Sabalunnyo Erizal manampuah pandidikan di Sekolah Menengah Seni Rupa (SMSR) di kota Padang, Sumatera Barat pado taun 1994-1997.
Indofood

Indofood is an Indonesian producer of various foods and drinks, headquartered in Jakarta. The company was established on 14 August 1990 as PT Panganjaya Intikusuma, then later on 5 February 1994 its name was changed to Indofood Sukses Maksur. It exports food ingredients to Australia, Asia and Europe.
In the past few decades, Indofood has transformed into a total food solutions business. Its operations comprise the entirety of the food production process, beginning with the production and processing of raw ingredients so that they can become the final product which is available on the shelves of retailers.
Indofood was founded in 1969 as Lambang Insan Makmur, an instant noodles business, with its brand Indomie launching in 1972. The company restructured on August 14, 1990, as PT Panganjaya Intikusuma. In 1994, the company was renamed to PT Indofood Sukses Makmur, and it was listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange on July 14, 1994. It is one of the companies owned by the family of Sudono Salim under the Salim Group.
In January 2013, as part of a filing for the Indonesia Stock Exchange, Indofood said it was planning to buy 50% of Brazilian sugar-cane processor Companhia Mineira de Açúcar e Álcool Participações, (CMAA) for $72 million.
In January 2015, Indofood built an instant noodles factory in Morocco, which was to be opened in the third quarter of 2015. It was to be the sixth plant in Africa after Nigeria, Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and Ethiopia, and the biggest overseas Indomie factory.
In January 2019, Indofood withdrew from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) certification scheme.
On February 17, 2021, Indofood CBP purchased all of the shares owned by Fritolay Netherlands Holding B.V., an affiliate of PepsiCo at PT Indofood Fritolay Makmur (IFL) worth IDR 494 billion, so that the production of Lay's, Cheetos and Doritos brand snacks in Indonesia would be stopped on August 18, 2021. IFL was then renamed to PT Indofood Fortuna Makmur. In addition, PepsiCo and its affiliates agreed not to produce, package, sell, market or distribute snack products that compete with IFL products in Indonesia for a period of three years. Lay's, Cheetos and Doritos in the Indonesian market were rebranded into Chitato Lite, Chiki Twist and Maxicorn, respectively.
Indofood Agri Resources

Indofood Agri Resources Ltd. (shortened as IndoAgri) is an investment holding company and a subsidiary of Indofood Singapore Holdings Pte. Ltd.. Through Anthoni Salim's First Pacific and Indofood, he owns 74% of the company's voting rights. The company is listed on Singapore Exchange (ticker: 5JS) and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange (ticker: ZVF).
IndoAgri operates in Indonesia, Brazil and the Philippines.
In 2019, IndoAgri quit its membership from the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil after it had struggled with the RSPO complaints. According to Chain Reaction Research, 42% of IndoAgri's landbank is contested, community conflicts are happening on several plantations have and some land is within protected nature area.
Puente Nuevo (Lérida)

El puente Nuevo es uno de los cinco puentes urbanos de la ciudad de Lérida (Cataluña, España) que cruza el río Segre.
La construcción de un nuevo puente para la ciudad constituyó una de las principales demandas de los leridanos durante décadas. El único puente existente formaba parte del recorrido de la antigua carretera Nacional II, y la gran popularización del automóvil en los años 60 provocó que se generaran graves y frecuentes colapsos circulatorios.​ Los vehículos entraban por la actual Avenida Tarradellas de Cappont, cruzaban el puente y atravesaban parte de la ciudad por la fachada litoral.
En 1970 el gobierno franquista anunció la creación de una variante para desviar la carretera nacional que incluía la construcción de un nuevo puente. El viaducto tendría 28 metros de anchura, dos carriles para cada sentido de circulación y unas aceras de 2,5 metros. Se ubicó en el extremo oeste del casco urbano, a la zona del cerro de Gardeny y los Institutos.
El nuevo puente fue inaugurado oficialmente por el ministro Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora el 7 de julio de 1973.​ A partir de este momento, el puente de Lérida aconteció el Puente Viejo, y el viaducto de la N-II el Puente Nuevo. Esta nomenclatura se mantiene a la actualidad aún y con la construcción posterior de otros puentes sobre el río Segre.
El 2009 se anunció que se reformarían las aceras del puente, sustituyendo lo guarda-raíles que protege a los peatones por una barandilla de aspecto más urbano.
Club Deportivo Ronda

El Club Deportivo Ronda es un club de fútbol de la ciudad de Ronda (Málaga) . Fue fundado en 1923, lo que le hace ser el decano provincial, cumpliendo en el 2023, 100 años. El conjunto rondeño pasa por horas bajas en la actualidad, militando en el grupo VI de la Primera División Andaluza, cuando es un club que por ciudad y solera debería estar en categoría nacional. En sus mejores años, llegó a militar en 2°B una temporada y casi siempre moviéndose en el grupo 9 de la Tercera división andaluza.
En el fútbol base tiene categorías. Cadete 4.ª Andaluza Grupo 5 Infantil A ( 2.º Provincial grupo 6 ) , Alevín A ( 2.º Provincial grupo 7) , Alevín B (2.º Provincial grupo 8), Benjamín A , Benjamín B y prebenjamín.
En 2014 gracias a los rondeños y al Ayuntamiento se frenó un acuerdo por el cual el CD Ronda pasaría a ser filial del Marbella F.C. La temporada 1987/1988 el CD Ronda jugó en 2.º B, siendo este su único año en la categoría de Bronce Fútbol Español como se ha dicho anteriormente.
Camiseta azul, pantalón azul y medias azul.
Don Manuel Guerrero Morales, exjugador del club y dueño también del canal de televisión por cable de la ciudad, Charry TV, es sin lugar a dudas, el presidente que más hizo porque el club creciera durante todos los años que estuvo al frente, después de que el CD Ronda, militara en Segunda B.
Garganta de Descuernacabras

La garganta de Descuernacabras es una garganta o desfiladero que se encuentra en la provincia de Cáceres, Extremadura.
Empieza en la sierra de Guadalupe, en la comarca de Los Ibores (término municipal de Deleitosa) y desemboca en el río Tajo, haciendo de frontera natural entre el término municipal de Valdecañas de Tajo e Higuera de Albalat en el Campo Arañuelo. Casi al final de su desembocadura en los términos municipales de Valdecañas de Tajo y de Higuera de Albalat se encuentra una piscina natural.
Águilas, Buitres, Garzas y Azores.
Barbos, Black bass, Bogas y Carpas.
Toro de Ronda

El Toro de Ronda es una escultura ibero - romana datada en el siglo I a. C., y encontrada en los alrededores de la localidad malagueña de Ronda (España). La obra está realizada con estética ibera, pero con temática romana, lo que la convierte en una pieza clave para entender el proceso romanización de la península ibérica.
La escultura fue encontrada en los años 20 en circunstancias desconocidas - parece ser que formaba parte del muro de un cortijo​ - y conservada por el vicecónsul británico de Jerez de la Frontera, el capitán Guy Digwall-Willians.
Está realizada sobre un único bloque de piedra caliza tallado a escuadra. mide 33,5 cm de longitud. Representa un torito en pie sobre un pedestal, con un remarque exagerado tanto de los ojos como de los pliegues del cuello. Las patas son exageradamente robustas para dar estabilidad a la escultura. Sobre el lomo del toro hay una cinta con flecos que ha sido interpretada como un dorsuale romano, es decir, un ornamento con el que se consagraban los animales que iban a ser sacrificados a una divinidad.​
El tallado es bastante tosco y la obra resulta de gran pesadez estética. Esto es debido en parte a la mala calidad de la piedra utilizada, ya que puede comprobarse que las partes en las que el artista ha probado a hacer un tallado más refinado - los cuernos y los flecos del dorsuale- la piedra se ha partido.​
La obra presenta claros rasgos de las representaciones zoomorfas de la escultura ibérica, como lo exageradamente marcados que se representan los ojos y los pliegues del cuello. Además el estilo general y la forma de la obra indica que fue realizada sin duda por artistas indígenas.​
Lo interesante es que la presencia en el lomo del dorsuale representa sin lugar a dudas que la temática es un sacrificio romano, probablemente una suovetaurilia (el sacrificio de un cerdo, una oveja y un toro). Esto indica la aceptación por parte de ciertos sectores de la población ibera de rituales, mitos e ideología romana, y nos permite comprobar el avance de la romanización.​
Se han encontrado indicios de que en el Ara de Palermo y en el Templo de Vesta, se pudieron realizar ofrendas a la divinidad por medio de esculturas similares al toro de Ronda. Ello llevaría a interpretar esta escultura como una ofrenda votiva que se colocaría en la puerta de un templo o un santuario, sustituyendo al sacrificio en sí.​
Hotel ESO

ESO Hotel en Cerro Paranal (o Residencia) es el alojamiento para científicos del Observatorio Paranal en Chile desde 2002.​ Es principalmente utilizado para el ESO (Observatorio Del sur europeo) en el cual científicos e ingenieros trabajan allí mediante rondas de turnos. Ha sido apodado por sus huéspedes como "la posada de Marte", porque el paisaje circundante del desierto es similar a Marte , y también como "Oasis para astrónomos".​ No es un hotel comercial, y el público no puede reservar habitaciones.​
El área total es 10 000 m², con su estructura de forma de L posee una longitud de 176 m x 53 m. Tiene 4 niveles, 1 000 m² de Jardines, 108 habitaciones, y 18 oficinas.​ Incluye un restaurante, habitación de música, biblioteca, natación-piscina, y sauna.​ Su inauguración fue en febrero de 2002​
El hotel está localizado en 2,400 metros (7,900 ft) sobre el nivel de mar en Cerro Paranal. Las personas que trabajan allí en condiciones climáticas extremas que incluyen sol intenso, sequedad, altas velocidades del viento y grandes fluctuaciones en temperatura. Para proteger contra estas inclemencias ha sido construido un oasis artificial dónde las personas pueden relajarse entre turnos. El Hotel tiene 120 habitaciones y otros espacios públicos: un comedor, lounge, piscina, un centro de forma física y biblioteca.
El complejo en sí,que comprende cuatro niveles, se acomoda a una zanja existente en el terreno. Hay vistas espectaculares fuera a través del desierto al océano Pacífico de cada de las 120 habitaciones y también desde el comedor "Veranda". También es visible es un domo ligeramente levantado que comprende un esqueleto de acero que mide 35 metros (115 ft) de diámetro.
El exterior del hotel estuvo presentado en la película de 2008 James Bond Quantum of Solace (película)​ Una miniatura del hotel estuvo construida por el equipo de efectos visuales para los tiros donde el hotel está destruido por un incendio.
El arquitecto fue Auer+Weber de Alemania y el constructor fue Vial y Vives Ltda. De Chile.​ Ganó el Cityscape Architectural Review Awards en 2005.​ En 2004 ganó el Leaf-Awards.​
Jane Weinzapfel

Jane Weinzapfel es una educadora y arquitecta estadounidense. Junto con Andrea Leers, Weinzapfel creó en Boston, la empresa de arquitectura Leers Weinzapfel Asociados, que fue la primera compañía de mujeres en ganar el Premio de Firmas de Arquitectos, entregado por el Instituto Americano de Arquitectos, en 2007. Como antecedente, en 1994 fueron elegidas por el Instituto Americano de Arquitectos (Universidad de los Becarios).
Su carrera académica incluye las posiciones de enseñanza en el Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts de la Escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo (1974-1976) y la Universidad de Arizona (Facultad de Arquitectura), Arquitectura del Paisaje y Planificación (1996, 1999). Weinzapfel fue artista invitada en la Academia Americana en Roma.
Jane Hanson Weinzapfel nació en Minneapolis, Minnesota y se crio en Tucson, Arizona. Obtuvo la licenciatura de Arquitectura en la Universidad de Arizona. Fue alumna en Cambridge, Massachusetts, de Earl Flansburgh. Weinzapfel también trabajó en Wallace Floyd Ellenzweig Moore, Inc., donde participó de notables proyectos como el telescopio de espejo múltiple en el Monte Hopkins, Arizona y la Estación Multimodal de MBTA, Cambridge. En 1982, ella y Andrea Leers establecieron Leers Weinzapfel Asociados en Boston, Massachusetts.
Alto Tajo Nature Reserve

Alto Tajo Nature Reserve (Spanish: Parque natural del Alto Tajo) is a Natural Reserve in Guadalajara Province of Spain. The park is famous for its canyons and gorges formed by the Tagus river and its tributaries which flow through the park, besides its pine forests and imposing cliffs. The park provides the setting for José Luis Sampedro's novel El río que nos lleva (1961). The park was also one of the filming locations of Game of Thrones (season 6).
The park has been threatened by kaolinite mining, with the government finding it hard to regulate as it contributes to 13.5% of all the jobs in the area and because kaolinite is considered an important mineral in the national economy as it is a raw material in many industries. Currently, two mines are operational in Poveda de la Sierra which affects an area of around 100 hectares. There is also an open mine in Peñalén, where mining has been put on hold. Mining in the area began in the 1960s with an English multinational company called ECC being the sole miner for 20 years before they pulled out of the country. The present mining companies hold a mining right for 90 years and have been reluctant to stop mining without proper compensation. The runoffs from the mines are polluting the Tagus River, besides affecting the fauna in the river.
Province of Albacete

Albacete (Spanish: [alβaˈθete] ) is a province of central Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile–La Mancha. As of 2012, Albacete had a population of 402,837 people. Its capital city, also called Albacete, is 262 kilometres (163 mi) by road southeast of Madrid.
The territory occupied by the province of Albacete has been inhabited since ancient times, as evidenced by cave paintings in the Cueva del Niño and Cueva de la Vieja. In Roman times, the territory of the present province of Albacete was part of Carpetania and Celtiberia, Contestania, Bastetania and Oretania. The Romans built a significant settlement at Libisosa, and during the age of the Visigoths, Tolmo de Minateda grew in prominence.
During the Muslim era, territories of the province were under different zones of influence, and numerous farmhouses, castles and watchtowers developed to fight off invaders. A number of battles were held here in the Middle Ages, and on April 25, 1707, the Battle of Almansa was held in the vicinity of the town of Albacete, a major Spanish battle which culminated in the triumph of Philip V who ascended to the throne, establishing the monarchy for the House of Bourbon in Spain.
In 1822, the short-lived Province of Chinchilla was created, composed of municipalities in the provinces of La Mancha, Cuenca and the Kingdom of Murcia. Its capital at Chinchilla de Monte-Aragón, very close to the city of Albacete, would be the basis on which the province of Albacete was created in 1833 as dictated by Javier de Burgos. Following the adoption of the Constitution in 1978, the province of Albacete joined the Castile-La Mancha Region from the Murcia Region, and its Statute of Autonomy was approved in 1982.
Located in the southeast of the Central Plateau with an area of 14,926 km ², the province of Albacete is bordered by the provinces of Granada, Murcia, Alicante, Valencia, Cuenca, Ciudad Real and Jaén. The province is divided into 87 municipalities and seven judicial districts. Its seat of government is Albacete. Other important towns (with more than 10,000 inhabitants) are: Hellín, Villarrobledo, Almansa, La Roda and Caudete. The main river of the province is the Jucar river, which crosses the province in the northeast, renowned for its deep gorges and trees. The Lagunese de Ruidera flows in the west. Other rivers of note include the Cabriel on the far northeastern border, the Salobral, Navalcudi, and Tajo-Segura in the central part, the Corcoles in the northwest, and the Guadalmena, Mundo, Tus, Segura, and Taibilla rivers in the south. It is also home to seasonal rivers, including Abengibre Creek.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
In 2020, the total value of products produced in Albacete was US$1.03 billion.
World Trade International Bridge

The World Trade International Bridge is one of four international bridges located in the cities of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, that connect the United States and Mexico over the Rio Grande (Río Bravo). It is owned and operated by City of Laredo and the Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes (Mexico's federal Secretariat of Communication and Transportation). It is also known as Laredo International Bridge 4.
The World Trade International Bridge's construction started on September 30, 1998, and the bridge was completed on April 15, 2000. The international bridge was named in honor of a free World Trade market, because international trade is one of the key components to the Laredo / Nuevo Laredo economies. The World Trade International Bridge was built to alleviate traffic congestion in Interstate 35 south through Laredo, Texas since most commercial traffic could only cross through the one lane dedicated to commercial vehicles at Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge or the further north Colombia-Solidarity International Bridge in Nuevo León.
The World Trade International Bridge is a fourteen-lane bridge. The bridge is 977 feet (298 m) long and 262 feet (80 m) wide. The international bridge is for commercial traffic only. The bridge is also known as Laredo North, Bridge 4, Laredo IV, Puente Internacional Nuevo Laredo III and Puente del Comercio Mundial Nuevo Laredo III. The World Trade International Bridge is Nuevo Laredo's third international bridge and Laredo's fourth since Laredo's third (Laredo International Bridge 3) is located at the Nuevo León/Texas border.
The City of Laredo was talking to the Mexican Government about expanding the World Trade International Bridge by adding nine more lanes by 2012, in order to cut down delays of the movement of goods.
This bridge is located at the western termini of Interstate 69W, U.S. Route 59, and Loop 20 in Laredo, Texas. It is also in north Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas at the Mexican Federal Highway 85D's northern terminus.
The Laredo World Trade Port of Entry was built in 2000 in an effort to relieve traffic from the congested downtown Laredo bridges. All of Laredo's cross-border commercial vehicle traffic uses this Port of Entry, as the other Laredo bridges prohibit trucks. Passenger vehicles and pedestrians are not permitted to use this crossing.
Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge

The Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge (also known as Laredo International Bridge 2) is one of four vehicular international bridges located in the cities of Laredo, Texas, and Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, that connect the United States and Mexico over the Rio Grande (Río Bravo). It is owned and operated by City of Laredo and the Secretaria de Comunicaciones y Transportes (Mexico's federal Secretariat of Communication and Transportation).
The Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge was named in honor of the Mexican President Benito Juárez and U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. It was built in 1976 to alleviate traffic on the Gateway to the Americas International Bridge and to accommodate the fast-growing cities of Laredo and Nuevo Laredo.
The Juárez–Lincoln International Bridge is an eight-lane bridge with and is 1,008 feet (307 m) long and 72 feet (22 m) wide. The international bridge is for buses and non-commercial traffic only. The bridge is also known as Bridge Number Two, Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Bridge 2, New Bridge, Puente Juárez-Lincoln, Laredo II and Puente Nuevo. It had a dedicated lane for SENTRI program users until 2018. SENTRI users now have to cross through the Gateway to the Americas International Bridge. The change was made to accommodate SENTRI users from long lines and long waiting.
This bridge is located in the southern terminus of Interstate 35 east of downtown Laredo, Texas and on the northern terminus of Luis Donaldo Colosio Loop in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas. It operates 24 hours a day.
The Laredo Juarez-Lincoln Port of Entry is the international port of entry inspection station at the Juarez-Lincoln International Bridge.
The station was built in 1976, primarily to divert truck traffic from the congested Gateway to the Americas International Bridge. However, it too was soon overwhelmed with traffic. Currently, all trucks are inspected at the other bridge crossings, leaving only passenger vehicles and buses crossing at this location.
Pointe-Taillon National Park

Pointe-Taillon National Park (French: Parc national de la Pointe-Taillon, pronounced [paʁk nɑsjɔnal də la pwɛ̃t tajɔ̃]) is a provincial park in Quebec, Canada. It is located on the north shore of Lac Saint-Jean, northwest of Saguenay (city), northwest of Alma, near the village of Saint-Henri-de-Taillon, on the banks of Lac Saint-Jean. The park covers an area of 97.5 km (60.58 mi) has as a 45 km (28 mi) cycling network.
The park's mission is to protect a representative sample of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean lowlands. In addition to having one of the most famous beaches on the lake, the park protects the marshes located between the Péribonka River and the lake. As there are no roads in the park, the best way to explore it is by bicycle or hiking. The park has several peat bogs typical of the boreal forest as well as an abundant population of moose and beavers.
The park is managed by the Quebec government through the Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (SÉPAQ).
The park is in itself a sandy point with almost flat relief. The point was formed by a post-glacial delta formed 7,000 at 5,000 years ago from the deposits of the Péribonka River. The center of the point is a huge bog and the edges include many swamps and wetlands.
Nicknamed when it started "Pointe Savane", Pointe Taillon bears his name in honor of Louis-Olivier Taillon, who was Premier of Quebec 4 days in 1886 and a second time between 1892 and 1896. Between 1890 and 1930, the point was opened to agriculture. The municipality of Sainte-Jeanne-d'Arc was incorporated in 1916. At the peak, in 1925, the point had 307 inhabitants. The Île Bouliane, owned by Frenchman Paul-Augustin Normand, was a prosperous farm with more than 125 employees who won numerous agricultural awards.
In 1926, the closing of the gates of the central of Isle-Maligne caused the flooding of the best agricultural land on the peninsula and the purchase of the land by Alcan. A reforestation program was undertaken in 1948 and 1956. In 1977, the government acquired the land, and the park was officially created on 6 November 1985. On 22, the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks, announced that public consultations would be held to include the islands of Lac Saint-Jean west of Alma and Saint-Gédéon. In January 2017, the park area increased from 92.2 km (57.3 mi) to 97.5 km (60.58 mi) by adding land to the park in Saint-Henri-de-Taillon, Saint-Gédéon and Alma including thirty islands and islets on Lac Saint-Jean.
Pointe-Taillon Park offers more than 15 km (9.3 mi) of beaches on Lac Saint-Jean. It also offers 45 km (28 mi) of cycle paths, of which 16 km (9.9 mi) are part of the Route verte. Several short hiking trails start from this one. Four rustic campsites, three accessible by bicycle and only one by boat, allow you to stay in a park.
Faro del Comercio

Faro del Comercio is a monument designed by the accomplished Mexican architect Luis Barragán and constructed in 1984 by architect Raúl Ferrera. It is a recognizable sight in Monterrey among many other modern manmade landmarks, such as Neptune's Fountain (Fuente de la Vida), the Monterrey City Hall, the Papal Bridge (El Puente del Papa), and the Bridge of Unity (Puente de la Unidad) in San Pedro, connecting that municipality to Monterrey. These sites are intended on one hand to complement the city's few remaining traditional landmarks, such as, the Bishopric Palace (Palacio del Obispado) and Museum, the City's Cathedral (Catedral Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey), the Central Post Office (old Monterrey City Hall), and the State of Nuevo León Government building, on the north end of the Macroplaza. On the other hand, they are also intended to project an image of a city that prides itself as being the most progressive large industrial city of Mexico.
El Faro del Comercio was built in commemoration of the founding of the Chamber of Commerce of Monterrey's on its 100-year anniversary. It is located near the south end of the Macroplaza facing the City's Cathedral and behind the new Monterrey City Hall. El Faro del Comercio is 69.80 meters tall and 12.33 meters wide. Its bright reddish-orange color attracts attention when visiting the Macroplaza, Monterrey's central park.
At nights, the landmark frequently projects a rotating green spotlight which interrupts the city's night sky with its beam in a somewhat random cycle in the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey. Recently (2007), many large reflecting white spotlights from the nearby Museum of Mexican History Museo de Historia Mexicana and Santa Lucia Riverwalk, and around the Bishopric Hill where in 2005 the largest Mexican flag was installed (Banderas monumentales) and flown at night, as well as from high-power reflectors of many commercial establishments, clash randomly in the sky, visible from most locations in Monterrey and the surrounding areas.
After failing or being "out of commission" for several years due to an impractical technical laser mechanism which intended to have three colored lasers and a much greater visual impact on the dark skies of the surrounding areas, some of the original mechanism was salvaged and partially replaced and redesigned to have some operational ability with the green color. The redesign has some success since green is the color for which the eye is most sensitive and allows the perception of more light for the power limitations. However, the new design falls far short of the original claims for the construction. The structure was repainted after the laser renovation and reinaugurated at the 196th Independence Day Anniversary celebration on September 16, 2006.
25°39′58.30″N 100°18′36.10″W﻿ / ﻿25.6661944°N 100.3100278°W﻿ / 25.6661944; -100.3100278
El Sonido Nuevo

El Sonido Nuevo, subtitled/translated The New Soul Sound, is an album by Latin jazz vibraphonist Cal Tjader and pianist Eddie Palmieri recorded in 1966 and released on the Verve label.
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated, "El Sonido Nuevo is a popular collaboration between vibraphonist Cal Tjader and pianist Eddie Palmieri (who provided the arrangements). Despite the claims of greatness expressed in the liners ("a landmark in the history of Latin jazz"), much of the music is actually quite lightweight although enjoyable enough, and the easy listening melodies and accessible rhythms hold one's interest".
All compositions by Cal Tjader and Eddie Palmieri except where noted
National Register of Historic Places listings in central Puerto Rico

This portion of National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico is along the central mountain region, from Las Marías and Maricao in the central-west to Juncos in the central-east, including the slopes of the Cordillera.
Names of places given are as appear in the National Register, reflecting name as given in NRHP application at the date of listing. Note, the National Register name system does not accommodate Spanish á, ñ and other letters.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted March 28, 2025.
Puente Nuevo (Murcia)

37°58′53″N 1°07′37″W﻿ / ﻿37.9813°N 1.12682°W﻿ / 37.9813; -1.12682
El Puento Nuevo (Spanish for New Bridge) or Puente de Hierro (Spanish for Iron Bridge) is a parabolic metallic bridge spanning the Segura River, completed in 1903 and located in the city of Murcia (Region of Murcia, Spain). As the second bridge built in the city across the river, was called New Bridge to distinguish it from the old bridge (Puente Viejo o Puente de los Peligros), even though today it is the second oldest of the city.
It was designed in 1894 by the civil engineer José María Ortiz and was built by the company Materiales para Ferrocarriles y Construcciones of Barcelona with a budget of 592,982.95 pesetas finishing work on 21 February 1903.
The bridge had a central span (46.80 meter long) with external platforms and an upper parabolic chord supported by tubular cells, and eight additional spans of 11.25 m each supported on metallic girders. These height access spans were demolished with the channelling of the river in the 60s, remaining in place only the central parabolic span.
In March 2001, the bridge was closed to traffic for structural reasons. Murcia City Council decided its restoration trying to preserve as much as possible the original structure. This led to its transformation into a pedestrian-only bridge because the original bridge was not designed for the traffic loads required by the current Spanish bridge standards (IAP-98).
The restoration project was conducted in June 2001 by Javier Manterola. After a series of preliminary studies which confirmed the validity of the proposed restoration, works began on 26 July 2002. The bridge reopened to the public on 13 May 2003.
Өрөм

Өрөм- малын сүүн бүтээгдэхүүн. Хөөрүүлсэн сүүний дээгүүр тогтсон цөцгийрхөг идээг өрөм гэнэ. Өрөм хийх явцыг өрөм тогтоох, өрөм загсаах гэнэ. Гол төлөв үхэр, сарлагийн сүүгээр өрөм хийдэг байна. Зөөлөн гал дээр хөөрүүлж буй сүүг самрахдаа шанагаар утган авч нилээд өндрөөс зугуухан жигд гоожуулах ба сүүний бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн дотроос тосны бөмбөлгүүд хамгийн хөнгөн учир халаах явцад дээш хөөрч, самрахад хөөсрөн сүүний дээгүүр үелэн тогтож “өрөм” үүсгэдэг. Өрмөн бүрхүүл ойролцоогоор 30 мин орчим хугацаанд бий болдог. Хөөрүүлсэн сүү аажмаар хөрч, хөөс нь замхран өрөм бэхжиж эхлэх үед гол төлөв үдшийн цагаар, зөөлөн галаар дахин халааж дөнгөж дөвийлгөөд орхино. Дөвийлгөх нь өрмийг биежүүлж, зузааруулах, цөцгий суулгах зорилготой юм. Өрөм загсаахдаа галыг ширүүдүүлж хэт халаавал сүү дэврэн өрмөн бүрхүүл хагарч, цаашид зузаарахад нь муу нөлөө үзүүлнэ. Түүнчлэн сүүний халаалт, загсаалтыг дутуу хийвэл өрөм нимгэн, сарамгар болно. Ингээд тогоонд загсаасан өрөмтэй сүүг гаргаж сэрүүн газар 12-24 цаг байлгаад тогоотой өрмийг захлаж дундуур нь болгоомжтой нугалан цөцгийтэй талаар нь хавсраад тавиур дээр тавьж эгшээдэг. Үүнийг өрөм байлгах гэнэ.
Сүүний цөцгийн тосыг ялгаж авахаас гадна сүүг хөөрүүлэлгүй сэрүүн газар тавьж хөргөхөд сүүний цөцгий дээд талд царцангитан тогтдог. Үүнийг “цөцгий” гэнэ. Цөцгий бол хор тайлах чадалтай тул аливаа ногооны хор буюу уснаас харших, хүйтэнд жиндэх, чийгтэх зэрэгт тустай талаар ном сударт тэмдэглэсэн нь буй. Харин тогооны өрмийг малын гүзээ олгой, модон саванд өдөр өдрөөр хурааж сэрүүн газар хадгалбал түүхий өрөм буюу “зөөхий” болно. Үүнийг зөөхий хураах гэнэ. Өрмийг ингэж хураахад түүний дотор сүүний хүчлийн эсрэг исэлт явагдаж, сүүний чихэр, уургийн зарим хэсэг задардаг. Энэ урвалын үеэр түүнийг хайлж тос болгоход монгол шар тос бий болдог ажээ. Юань улсын сударт зөөхийг зүрх уушигны тамирыг сайжруулан, ханиахыг засаж, уушигны хатингарыг арилган, цусаар бөөлжихийг зогсоох чадалтай гэж тэмдэглэсэн байдаг.
Өрмийн машин

Өрмийн машин гэдэг нь нэгэн төрлийн ажлын зориулалт бүхий машин бөгөөд түүнд нэмж угсрагдах өрмийн тусламжтайгаар өрөмдлөг хийж болно. Өрөм нь эргэлтийн момент үүсгэгчийн (цахилгаан моторт олон янз бий) тусламжтайгаар шаардлагатай эргэх хөдөлгөөнд орно. Нэг хөтлүүртэй цахилгаан машиныг хэрэглэж эхлэхээс өмнө аж үйлдвэр болон гар хийцэд хэрэглэдэг өрмийн машин нь шулуун дамжуулга бүхий машинууд байдаг байв.
1895 онд Вильхелм Эмиль Файны хийсэн цахилгаанаар ажилладаг гар өрмийн машин нь хамгийн анхны цахилгаан багаж хэрэгсэл болсон юм.
Энэ төхөөрөмж нь өрөмдлөг хийхдээ гараар чиглүүлэгдэнэ. Цахилгаан болон даралтат хийн гар өрмийн машинаас гадна гар эргүүлэгтэй өрмийг ч өнөө үед хэрэглэж байгаа харагддаг.