davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Huminodun

Huminodun is a character in a myth of the Dusun people. According to legend, Huminodun was a maiden sacrificed to feed her famine-stricken people.
Kinoingan and his wife, Suminundu, had an only daughter named Ponompuan. She was named "Huminodun", which means "transferred sacrifice". She was kind hearted, thoughtful and wise beyond her years.
There was a time in which the land became infertile that it could not grow a single plant to produce food. Kinoingan learnt that the only way to overcome this famine was to sacrifice his daughter.
Ponompuan willingly accepted his father's demand, and she was determined to save her people from the famine. She told her father,
Huminodun had fulfilled her promise when her spirit emerged from a large jar. The people had the most bountiful harvest that year.
She is believed to be the founder of Momolianism. It was said that after the resurrection of Huminodun, from the original Bambarayon, the lifestyle of the Nunuk Ragang community as they were then known, began to improve as there was an abundant supply of food. The legend goes on to narrate that the spirit of Huminodun founded the Bobolians as they were taught the art of rites, ritual practices and ceremonies, taboos, traditional cultures including the art of gong-beating and the Sumazau dance.
Janger dance

Janger (Balinese: ᬚᬗᬾᬃ) is a traditional Balinese and Osing dance drama performance originated from the Indonesian island of Bali, and commonly performed by Balinese in Bali as well as Osing people in the easternmost region of Java. The term roughly translates to '"infatuation," with a connotation of someone who is madly in love"
Janger is a social dance created in the 1920s, though its exact date of origin is unknown I Madé Kredek claims it 'originated in the village of Menyali, North Bali and the songs featured in it were those of the horse drivers in the area.'
Janger is a 'flirtatious youth group dance' which begins with a tableau vivant and a welcoming song. This is followed by 12 male dancers (kecak) who perform an elaborate routine. When finished, they sit in two rows of six facing each other, and then, a female group (janger) enters the area, sings a traditional folk song, and performs a slower dance with an 'emphasis on fluid, undulating, arm movements'. When finished, they form two lines of six, with the male dancers 'forming a boundary around the playing area.' This opening is followed by a drama, which usually concerns some sort of domestic theme.
Ludruk

Ludruk is one of the theatrical genres in East Java. It is a form of traditional performance presented by a troupe of actors (or comedians) on a stage, re-telling the life stories of everyday people and their struggles. Its origin is unclear, but it is believed to be dated as far back as the 13th century.
The dialogue or monologue in ludruk is mostly comedic. The actors would almost always use the Surabaya dialect of Javanese language, although sometimes there can be occasional guest stars from other areas, such as Jombang, Malang, Madura, and Madiun, each of whom would use their own dialect. Despite the fact that many different dialects are employed in one performance, as a whole, ludruk is a simple and straightforward comedy, making ludruk easily understood by everyone. It is occasionally interspersed with jokes and accompanied by gamelan to form a musical performance.
A typical ludruk performance begins with a performance of Remo dance and followed by a portrayal Pak Sakera, a legendary 19th century Madurese hero.
Ludruk differs from ketoprak from Central Java, in that the plot in ketoprak is often drawn from Javanese history and legends. Both genres focus on delivering a particular moral message, but ludruk tells stories about everyday life, and mostly that of the underprivileged. It is a popular form of entertainment for the working-class audience.
Melinting

Melinting is one of the traditional Lampungese dances originating from the Lampung province, Indonesia. The Melinting dance was originally called the Cetik Kipas dance. The name was later replaced with the Melinting dance which refers to the origin of this dance, namely the Melinting area. The name change was at the suggestion of President Sukarno who asked the Central Lampung Regional Government to perform the dance at Istora Senayan Jakarta on August 17, 1965. Melinting is a dance inherited from Ratu Melinting which is estimated to have existed in the sixteenth century. This dance is performed at traditional events when welcoming guests, and the dancers are members of the Queen's family or Melinting nobles. This dance was danced outside a traditional event for the first time in 1930 in Teluk Betung at the invitation of the Resident of Lampung to Pesirah Marga in Lampung.
The Melinting dance originates from Lampung, and is thought to have developed since Islam gained a large following in Indonesia. However, this dance is not widely known even from the people of Lampung itself.
This dance is one of the relics of the Melinting Kingdom, which was created by Ratu Melinting II in the 16th century. This dance has the meaning of showing how people are grateful for the happiness they have received. In addition, this dance also illustrates the might and majesty of Ratu Meliting in leading the kingdom at that time. Before undergoing a refinement change in 1958, the Melinting Lampung dance was absolutely owned by the royal family of the Queen Melinting Family.
The movements in dancing are divided into two based on gender, namely male and female. This dance is usually danced by women and men with a total of 8 dancers consisting of 4 men and 4 women. When dancing, the dancers will be divided into several rounds, namely the opening round (Pembuka), the kugowo queen round, the floating kenui round, and the closing round (Penutup).
Islam makes a contribution that affects how the dance properties are. The Melinting dance costume for men consists of tapis cloth, belanga shirt, seretei feathers (Bulu seretei), a fan with free colors, and gold Skullcap
Meanwhile, the Melinting dance properties for women consist of tapis pepadun, long-sleeved white kebaya shirt, bun, singer rolling a yellow veil, jukum fruit, fan with free colors and ruwi bracelet. In addition to property, make-up is very important for Melinting dancers to create the right dancer's face, make-up will have an influence on how the atmosphere is right for dancing the dance.
Melinting dance uses various musical accompaniments typical of the people of Lampung, one of which is Kalo Bala. Besides Kalo Bala, the accompaniment of this dance also often uses kendang, gongs, gamelan, fiddle, and various other musical instruments.
The purpose of the musical accompaniment in the Melinting dance is:
Condong

Condong (Balinese: ᬘᭀᬦ᭄ᬤᭀᬂ) is a Balinese dance which is often performed as a preface to legong and accompanied by the semar pangulingan style of gamelan. The term also refers to a stock character, a quintessential representation of the maidservant, found in the condong dance as well as the legong, gambuh, and arja dances.
The condong dance originated in the palaces of Bali in the mid-19th century. Its creator is not known, but folk history suggests that a prince of Sukawati, deathly ill, saw a vision of two beautiful girls dancing gracefully while accompanied by gamelan music; upon regaining his health, this prince recreated the dance he had seen. It originally told the story of two bidadari (nymphs) named Supraba and Wilotama. By the 1930s, the story had been modified, telling of a king or queen and their subject.
In current performances, the condong dancer plays the role of the subject. The choreographer Ni Ketut Arini describes the condong dancer as portraying a palace servant who both serves the king and is in awe of his power and of the beauty of the king's daughter.
Many of the movements are simplified versions of the various legong dances. Hence, condong is considered a basic Balinese dance and is learned by many children.
There have been efforts to preserve the condong dance in Bali. These have included competitions in which children perform the dance for points. Movements from condong have been adapted to more recent creations, including panyembrama (I Wayan Berata; 1971), which also includes legong movements.
Condong is generally used as a preface to the legong dance, and thus performed before it (although it may be dropped). It may also be performed before gambuh or arja dances; the condong character is typical of all of them. The condong character is also consistent throughout different stories, a quintessential representation of the maidservant who has introduced various princess characters, both Balinese and non-Balinese, including Rangkesari, Ophelia, and Miranda.
In dances prefacing legong performances, the condong dancer enters the stage first, and performs her routine. The dancer is generally a young girl, and her movements take what ethnomusicologist Michael Tenzer terms a "sharp and intense" character. When the legong performance proper begins, the condong dancer may dance with the legong dancers, presenting each dancer with a fan before withdrawing. The average length of a condong performance is about 15 minutes. In the legong lasem form, the condong dancer returns with the wings of a raven to foretell the demise of the titular King Lasem.
As with legong dances, condong is accompanied by the semar pangulingan style of gamelan. This musical accompaniment takes the form of a series of short 16-beat melodies, in the gegaboran metre. In the condong dance performed as a preface to legong kraton, the music concludes with a shift to batel metre.
Srimpi

The Srimpi (Javanese: ꦱꦿꦶꦩ꧀ꦥꦶ, romanized: Srimpi) (also written as Serimpi) is a ritualised dance of Java, Indonesia, associated with the royal palaces of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. The srimpi dance is one of the classical dances of Central Java. Along with the bedhaya, srimpi epitomised the elegant (Javanese: alus) character of the royal Javanese court, becoming a symbol of the ruler's power as well as the refinement of Javanese culture.
The srimpi dance is usually performed by four female dancers, but other numbers such as two, six or eight dancers are also possible, depending on the type of srimpi being performed. Similarity in looks, heights, and body types among dancers is preferred to achieve better aesthetics. Srimpi demonstrates soft, slow, and graceful movements, highly stylised hand positions, stances, and body poses, coupled with the shoulder-baring kemben outfit, to describe elegance, modesty, refinement, beauty and grace. The dancer moves slowly accompanied with serene gamelan music.
The srimpi dances, being less sacred in nature than bedhaya, are much better known and often performed, not only in the two Keratons, but also outside the courts for ceremonies and festivals of common Javanese people. Up until today, the srimpi dances are still a part of court ceremonies, as princesses routinely rehearse various types of srimpi in the pendopo pavilion within the palace.
আদালত (টেলিভিশন ধারাবাহিক)

আদালত হলো আদালত বিষয়ক ভারতীয় হিন্দি ভাষার একটি টেলিভিশন ধারাবাহিক, যেটি সনি এন্টারটেইনমেন্ট টেলিভিশনে সম্প্রচারিত হতো। ধারাবাহিকটি প্রতিরক্ষা আইনজীবী অ্যাডভোকেট কে. ডি. পাঠককে কেন্দ্র করে তৈরি হয়েছে, যে চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন রনিত রায়। ধারাবাহিকটির প্রথম মৌসুম শুরু হয়েছিল ২০১০ সালের ২০ নভেম্বর এবং শেষ হয় ২০১৫ সালের ১১ জুলাই। প্রথম মৌসুমে ৪৩১টি পর্ব সম্প্রচারিত হয়েছিল। ২০১৬ সালের ৪ জুন ধারাবাহিকটির দ্বিতীয় মৌসুম শুরু হয়। ২৬টি পর্ব সম্প্রচারের পর ২০১৬ সালের ৪ সেপ্টেম্বর দ্বিতীয় মৌসুম শেষ হয়।
সনি এন্টারটেইনমেন্ট টেলিভিশন ছাড়াও ধারাবাহিকটি সনি এন্টারটেনমেন্ট টেলিভিশন এশিয়া এবং বাংলা ভাষায় ডাবিং করে সনি আট চ্যানেলে সম্প্রচার করা হতো।
ধারাবাহিকটি প্রতিরক্ষা আইনজীবী অ্যাডভোকেট কে. ডি. পাঠককে কেন্দ্র করে তৈরি হয়েছে, যিনি বিনয়ী ও সৎ। তিনি প্রতিরক্ষা আইনজীবী হিসেবে অনবদ্য জয়ের রেকর্ড সৃষ্টি করেছেন। তিনি মিথ্যা মামলায় ফেঁসে যাওয়া নিরপরাধ ব্যক্তিদের পক্ষে লড়েন। তিনি সর্বদা নাটকীয়তার মাধ্যমে কঠিনতম পরিস্থিতি থেকে তার মক্কেলকে বের করে আনতে পারেন, যদি মক্কেল নির্দোষ হন। তার সাফল্যের হার ১০০%, তবে সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয় হলো তিনি কেবল তার মক্কেলের জন্য লড়েননা, বরং ন্যায়বিচার প্রতিষ্ঠার জন্য লড়েন।
অভিনেতা রনিত রায় এই ধারাবাহিকের প্রধান চরিত্র কে. ডি. পাঠকের ভূমিকায় অভিনয় করেছেন। কে. ডি. পাঠক কে. ডি. শেখাওয়াত নামেও পরিচিত। তবে এই ধারাবাহিকে কেডির পূর্ণরূপ কি বা কেডির মানে কি এটা খোলাসা করে উল্লেখ করা হয়নি। এই বিষয়ে যখনই কেডিকে জিজ্ঞেস করা হয় তখনই তিনি বিষয়টি এড়িয়ে যান। কিন্তু এই ধারাবাহিকের ৫৭ নম্বর পর্বে দেখা যায় একজন কয়েদীর প্রশ্নের জবাবে কেডি পাঠক বলেন কেডির মানে হলো 'করণ দিবাকর'। যদিও কেডি এটা মিথ্যা বলেছিলেন, কিন্তু পরবর্তীতে ঐ কয়েদীর মৃত্যুর সময় কেডি তার কানে আসল মানেটি বলেছিলেন তবে সেটা ঐ কয়েদী ছাড়া আর কেউই শুনতে পাননি।
রিছাং ঝর্ণা

রিছাং ঝর্ণা (সাপ মারা রিসাং ঝর্ণা নামেও পরিচিত) খাগড়াছড়ি জেলায় মাটিরাঙ্গা উপজেলার সাপমারা গ্রামে অবস্থিত একটি পাহাড়ি ঝর্ণা। খাগড়াছড়ি শহর থেকে এর দূরত্ব প্রায় ১০ কি.মি.। এই ঝর্ণার উচ্চতা প্রায় ১০০ ফুট।
রিছাং শব্দটি এসেছে খাগড়াছড়ির মারমা সম্প্রদায়ের ভাষা থেকে । মারমা ভাষায় রিং শব্দের অর্থ পানি আর ছাং এর অর্থ উঁচু স্থান হতে কোনো কিছু গড়িয়ে পড়াকে বুঝায় । অর্থাৎ রিছাং শব্দ দ্বারা উঁচু স্থান হতে জলরাশি গড়িয়ে পড়াকে বুঝায় ।এর অপর নাম তেরাং তৈকালাই।
খাগড়াছড়ি জেলা সদর থেকে ১১ কি.মি. আর মাটিরাঙ্গা উপজেলা সদর থেকে প্রায় ১০ কি.মি. দূরত্বে খাগড়াছড়ি-ঢাকা মূল সড়ক হতে আরও ১ কি.মি. দক্ষিণে "রিছাং ঝর্ণা" অবস্থিত। মূল সড়ক থেকে পাহাড়ি পথ পাড়ি দিয়ে, ঝর্ণার পথে ২৩৫ ধাপের সিঁড়ি দিয়ে নামতে হয়। বর্ষাকালে সিড়ি দিয়ে নামার সময়ই ঝর্ণার শব্দ শোনা যায় । উঁচু পাহাড়ের গা ঘেঁষে যেতে যেতে যে কারও দৃষ্টি আটকে যাবে পাহাড়ী সবুজের সমারহে। খাগড়াছড়ির দৃষ্টি নান্দনিক প্রাকৃতিক সৌন্দর্যের মাঝে এটি অন্যতম। আনুমানিক ১৯৯৩-৯৪ সালে এই প্রাকৃতিক ঝর্ণাটি আবিষ্কৃত হয় বলে জানা যায়; জুম চাষের সুবাদে ঝর্ণাটি সবার নজরে আসে।
১০০ ফুট উঁচু পাহাড় থেকে নিচে গড়িয়ে পড়ে ঝর্ণার জলধারা। পানির গতিপথ ঢালু হওয়ায় প্রাকৃতিক ওয়াটার স্লাইডিং-এর সৃষ্টি হয়েছে, যা এই ঝর্ণার প্রধান আর্কষণ। শুধু ঝর্ণাটিই নয়, ঝর্ণা অভিমুখে সমগ্র যাত্রা পথটাই দারুণ রোমাঞ্চকর। ঝর্ণার পথে পাহাড়ি ঢালু রাস্তা আর সিঁড়ি এবং চারদিকের সবুজের সমারহ বেশ আকর্ষণীয়।
খাগড়াছড়ি সদর থেকে যেকোনো লোকাল জীপ গাড়ির সাহায্যে ঐতিহ্যবাহী রিছাং ঝর্নায় সরাসরি আসা যায়, বর্তমানে পর্যটকদের আরো দারুন ভ্রমণ উপভোগ করার লক্ষ্যে মেইন রোড থেকে নতুন রাস্তা করা হয়েছে, যার ফলে আগের থেকে বর্তমানে যাতায়াত আরো সহজ ও উপভোগ যোগ্য হয়ে উঠেছে, তাছাড়া এই সকল উন্নয়নের লক্ষ্যে বর্তমানে পর্যটকদের কাছ থেকে স্বল্প শুভেচ্ছা ফি গ্রহণ করা হয়।
ডায়াপসিড

ডায়াপসিড (উচ্চারণː ডা-য়াপ্-সিড্) (দ্বৈত খিলান)-রা হল চতুষ্পদ প্রাণীদের একটা দল যারা আজ থেকে প্রায় ৩০ কোটি বছর আগে কার্বনিফেরাস যুগের অন্তিম লগ্নে পেন্সিলভ্যানিয়ান উপযুগে বিবর্তিত হয়েছিল। এদের বৈশিষ্ট্য ছিল মাথার খুলির উপরে দু'দিকে দুটো করে মোট চারটে গহ্বর বা 'টেম্পোরাল ফেনেস্ত্রা'। বর্তমানে জীবিত ডায়াপসিডেরা অত্যন্ত বিচিত্র, এবং এদের অন্তর্গত হল কুমির, টিকটিকি, সাপ, তুয়াতারা ও পাখিরা। যদিও কোনো কোনো ডায়াপসিডের খুলির একজোড়া গহ্বর বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গেছে (টিকটিকি), কারো কারো চারটে গহ্বরই বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গেছে (সাপ), কারো আবার পুরো মাথার খুলিটাই অনেক জটিল বিবর্তনের মধ্যে দিয়ে গিয়ে একদম অন্যরকম হয়ে গেছে (পাখি), কিন্তু তবুও এদের সবাইকেই এদের সাধারণ পূর্বপুরুষের উপর ভিত্তি করে ডায়াপসিড হিসেবে শনাক্ত করা হয়। বর্তমান পৃথিবী অন্তত ৭,৯২৫ টা জীবিত ডায়াপসিড সরীসৃপের প্রজাতির বাসস্থান (পাখিদের ধরলে প্রায় ১৮, ০০০ টা)।
ডায়াপসিডা নামটার মানে হল "দ্বৈত খিলান", আর ডায়াপসিডেরা প্রথাগতভাবে তাদের মাথার খুলির পিছন দিকে চক্ষুকোটরের উপরে ও নিচে অবস্থিত দু'জোড়া গহ্বরের (টেম্পোরাল ফেনেস্ত্রা) উপস্থিতির ভিত্তিতে শনাক্ত হয়ে আসছে। এই বিশেষ রকম খুলি অনেক বেশি পরিমাণ পেশিতন্তুকে চোয়ালের সাথে সংযুক্ত রাখতে সাহায্য করে, ফলে এই প্রাণীরা চোয়ালের দুই হাড় পুরোপুরি আলাদা করে বিরাট হাঁ করতে পারে। এদের আরও একটা অপেক্ষাকৃত কম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বৈশিষ্ট্য হল অগ্রপদের উপরের হাড়ের (প্রগণ্ডাস্থি) থেকে বেশি লম্বা নিচের (রেডিয়াস) হাড়।
ডায়াপসিডদের প্রাথমিকভাবে সরীসৃপ বা রেপটিলিয়া শ্রেণীর একটি উপশ্রেণী হিসেবে চিহ্নিত করা হয়েছিল। এই শ্রেণীর অন্তর্গত সমস্ত উপশ্রেণীকেই তখন তাদের মাথার খুলিতে অবস্থিত গহ্বরের অবস্থান ও সংখ্যা অনুযায়ী বিভক্ত করা হত। ডায়াপসিড ব্যতীত অন্য উপশ্রেণীগুলো ছিল সাইন্যাপসিডা (খুলির নিচের দিকে একজোড়া গহ্বর; এরা "স্তন্যপায়ীদের অনুরূপ সরীসৃপ"), অ্যানাপসিডা (এদের খুলিতে কোনো গহ্বর নেই; কচ্ছপ ও তাদের জ্ঞাতিসমূহ) এবং ইউর‍্যাপসিডা (খুলির উপর দিক করে একজোড়া গহ্বর; যেমন, বিভিন্ন অবলুপ্ত সামুদ্রিক সরীসৃপ)। জাতিজনি নামকরণের প্রচলনের সাথে সাথে এই বিভাগগুলোর পুনরালোচনা করা হয়। ইদানীং সাইন্যাপসিডদের প্রায়ই প্রকৃত সরীসৃপ বলে মনে করা হয় না, আর বোঝা গেছে যে "ইউর‍্যাপসিডা" বলে যাদেরকে এক গোত্রে ফেলা হয়েছিল তারা আসলে বিভিন্ন বর্গের প্রাণী; কেবলমাত্র মাথার খুলির একজোড়া গহ্বরের অনুপস্থিতি ছাড়া যাদের আর কোনও নিকট সাদৃশ্য নেই। কোনও কোনও সমীক্ষা থেকে আন্দাজ করা হয় যে কচ্ছপদের শ্রেণিবিন্যাসের ক্ষেত্রেও এই একই ভুল হয়েছে, এবং তারাও আসলে অত্যধিক বিবর্তিত এক রকম ডায়াপসিড। এই ধারণাগুলো সত্যি হলে অ্যানাপসিডা বর্গের মধ্যে পড়ে থাকবে কেবল কিছু বিলুপ্ত প্রজাতি। জাতিজনি নির্ভর ব্যবস্থাগুলোর মধ্যে পাখিদেরকেও (যারা ডায়াপসিড ডাইনোসর-দের উত্তরসূরী) ডায়াপসিডদের শাখা বলে মনে করা হয়।
অন্যান্য জানাশোনা ডায়াপসিড গোষ্ঠীর মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হল টেরোসর, প্লিসিওসর এবং মোসাসর; প্রাগৈতিহাসিক যুগসমূহে আরও অনেক অজ্ঞাত শাখার অস্তিত্ব ছিল বলে অনুমান করা হয়। এদের অধিকাংশ আদিম প্রজাতির শ্রেণিবিন্যাস এখনও সুনির্দিষ্ট হয়নি।
অনির্ণীত অবস্থানের ডায়াপসিড
নিচের রেখাচিত্রটি হল বিভিন্ন প্রকার ডায়াপসিডের আন্তঃসম্পর্ক নির্দেশকারী একটি ক্ল্যাডোগ্রাম।
ক্ল্যাডোগ্রামটি ২০০৯ খ্রিঃ বিকেলমান প্রমুখ এবং ২০১১ খ্রিঃ রিস্ প্রমুখের গবেষণার ফলাফলের ভিত্তিতে নির্মিত।
আদম চূড়া

আদম চূড়া (শ্রী পদ বা পবিত্র পদচিহ্ন), শ্রীলঙ্কার দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিম অংশের শ্রীপাড়া প্রদেশে অবস্থিত একটি পর্বত চূড়া যা বৌদ্ধধর্মের অনুসারীদের কাছে অতি পবিত্র স্থান। এই চূড়ায় একটি পায়ের ছাপ আছে যার দৈর্ঘ্য ৫ ফুট ৭ ইঞ্চি এবং প্রস্থ ২ ফুট ৬ ইঞ্চি। বৌদ্ধ ধর্মাবলম্বীরা বিশ্বাস করেন এই পদচিহ্নটি গৌতম বুদ্ধের, হিন্দুরা বিশ্বাস করেন এই পদচিহ্নটি তাদের দেবতা শিবের এবং মুসলিম ও খ্রিষ্টানরা বিশ্বাস করেন এটি পৃথিবীর প্রথম মানব আদম -এর পদচিহ্ন। পাহাড়ের চারপাশের বনাঞ্চল বিভিন্ন বন্যপ্রাণী সংরক্ষণাগার, যেখানে হাতি থেকে চিতাবাঘ পর্যন্ত বিভিন্ন প্রজাতির এবং অনেক স্থানীয় প্রজাতি বাস করে। জল বিভাজিকা হিসেবে আদম চূড়া গুরুত্বপূর্ণ পর্বতটি শ্রীলঙ্কার তিনটি জলস্রোত: কেলানি নদী, ওয়ালাওয়ে নদী এবং কালু গঙ্গা নদীর প্রধান উৎস।
বৌদ্ধ ধর্মমতে খ্রিষ্টপূর্ব ৩০০ অব্দে পায়ের ছাপটি আবিষ্কার হয়। আবিষ্কৃত হবার পর পদচিহ্নের চারপাশে ঘেরাও করে রাখা হয়েছে। এই চূড়ার উচ্চতা ৭৩৫৯ ফুট বা ২২৪৩ মিটার। চূড়াটির চারপাশে সবুজের বিপুল সমারোহ ও আশেপাশে রয়েছে অসংখ্য ছোট নদী ও ঝরণা।
পাহাড়টি সুউচ্চ হওয়ার কারণে সেখানে পৌঁছানো খুবই কষ্ট সাধ্য। সেখানে পৌছাতে হলে প্রথমে নৌকায় চড়ে কিছু পথ যেতে হয় তারপর পায়ে হেঁটে উঁচু পাহাড়ে উঠতে হয়। পাহাড়েরচূড়ায় পৌঁছানোর জন্য পাহাড়ের গা বেয়ে তিনটি রাস্তা তৈরি করা হয়েছে। এছাড়াও পাহাড়টির অনেকাংশ সবুজ গাছে ঢাকা থাকার কারণে এই পাহাড়ে রয়েছে অনেক বিষাক্ত সাপ ও পোকামাকড়।
বিশ্বের যেসব নামকরা পর্যটক এই চূড়াটি ভ্রমণ করেছেন তাদের মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলো ইবনে বতুতা ও মার্কো পোলো। ব্রিটিশ ব্যক্তিত্ব রবার্ট পারসিভাল যিনি ঊনবিংশ শতাব্দীর প্রথমদিকে কলম্বোর সেনাদুর্গে কাজ করেছিলেন, তিনি শ্রী-পদের ব্যাপারে মন্তব্য করতে গিয়ে বলেন,
চূড়ার যে স্থানে পায়ের চিহ্নটি অবস্থিত সেই স্থানে বছরের জানুয়ারি থেকে এপ্রিল মাস পর্যন্ত সূর্যের আলো পড়ে না আবার মে থেকে নভেম্বর মাস পর্যন্ত মেঘের ঘনঘটা বা বৃষ্টিও সেখানে পড়ে না।
এ চূড়াটি বছরের পর বছর অবিকল রয়ে গেছে। এ কারণে এ চূড়াটি মানুষের কাছে পবিত্র বলে পরিচিত।
Snakes and Ladders (game show)

Snakes and Ladders is a short-lived Australian television game show which aired on Melbourne station HSV-7 in 1959. Hosted by Pat Hodgins, it was a half-hour 'jackpot quiz' based on the board game of the same name. It was preceded on the HSV-7's schedule by Strictly for Mothers (with Jean Battersby) and followed by Home Decorator (with Joyce Turner). It is extremely unlikely that any of the episodes exist as kinescope recordings, and as such it is likely lost.
A different Snakes and Ladders aired from 1965 to 1966 on the 0-10 Network (now Network Ten). Hosted by Chuck Faulkner, it is not known if it had any connection with the 1959 series. It is not known if anything remains of the series.
Leela (game)

Leela or Lila is a board game with origins in ancient India. The original game was created by Hindu scholars with the intention of teaching moral values, and was a precursor to the modern game snakes and ladders.
The game was designed over five thousand years ago. Leela (or Lila) was designed to be a game of life that provides insight into human consciousness and a key to divine knowledge. One or more are able to play Leela (or Lila) by using the game board and book, a die, and a significant item that belongs to the player. One example of an item that can be used is a ring. This item serves as the player's symbol during the game.
Snakes and Ladders (2024 TV series)

Snakes and Ladders is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language Thriller streaming television series created by Kamala Alchemis and Dhivakar Kamal for Amazon Prime Video. The show is directed by Ashok Veerapan, Bharath Muralidharan and Kamala Alchemis, Produced by Kalyan Subramanian under the banner of Stone Bench Creations, the show revolves around journey of a group of school-going children, police, and a gang of brainless thugs.
The principal characters of the series include Naveen Chandra, Nandaa, Manoj Bharathiraja, Muthukumar, Srinda, M. S. Samrith, S. Surya Ragaveshwar, S. Suryakumar, Tarun Yuvraaj, Sasha Bharen, Vishnu Bala, Ramachandran Durairajan, Dileepan, Sreejith Ravi and Subash Selvan. It premiered on 18 October 2024 on Amazon Prime Video.
The series was announced by Karthik Subbaraj in March 2024. Creative producer of this series is Karthik Subbaraj under the banner of Stone Bench Creations, which has already produced an anthology film series, Putham Pudhu Kaalai, for Amazon Prime Video in 2020.
The first trailer was released on Tuesday 9 October 2024 featuring and revel of release date. The series was scheduled for a worldwide release on 18 October 2024 on Amazon Prime Video along with dubbed versions in Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada and Hindi languages.
Shoots and Ladders

"Shoots and Ladders" is a song written and recorded by the American nu metal band Korn for their self-titled debut album. It was released as the album's third single in 1995.
The title is a mockery of American children's game Chutes and Ladders (also known in the United Kingdom as Snakes and Ladders), with the song's lyrics mostly consisting of nursery rhymes. It is the first Korn song to feature bagpipes. The song uses the following nursery rhymes in its lyrics:
"It was written because all these little kids sing these nursery rhymes and they don't know what they originally meant. Everyone is so happy when singing 'Ring Around the Rosie' but it is about the Black Plague. All of them have these evil stories behind them." – Jonathan Davis
The video for "Shoots and Ladders" was directed by McG and shows clips of Korn performing in front of an energetic crowd, similar to "Blind". Korn is also seen performing in front of a fake castle-like building. Munky can be seen with duct tape over his mouth while coming out from a field of weeds. In the beginning, Jonathan can be seen tied up and hanging upside down. Head, Fieldy, and David appear in various clips as well, but is not very specific. The video premiered in June 1995. "Shoots and Ladders" was filmed at Golf N' Stuff in Norwalk, California.
The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1997 for Best Metal Performance. This would be Korn's first nomination in any Grammy category.
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Side B:
List of reptiles of Europe

This is a list of reptiles of Europe. It includes all reptiles currently found in Europe. It does not include species found only in captivity or extinct in Europe, except where there is some doubt about this, nor (with few exceptions) does it currently include species introduced in recent decades. Each species is listed, with its binomial name and notes on its distribution where this is limited. Also this list is incomplete.
Conservation status - IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:
Family: Testudinidae (tortoises)
Family: Emydidae (pond turtles)
Family: Geoemydidae
Family: Cheloniidae
Family: Dermochelyidae
Family: Trionychidae (softshells)
Family: Blanidae (Mediterranean worm lizards)
Family: Trogonophidae (Palearctic worm lizards)
Family: Agamidae (agamas)
Family: Chamaeleonidae (chameleons)
Family: Dactyloidae (anoles and related species)
Family: Gekkonidae
Family: Phyllodactylidae
Family: Sphaerodactylidae
Family: Lacertidae (wall or true lizards)
Family: Scincidae (skinks)
Family: Anguidae
Family: Typhlopidae (blind snakes)
Family: Boidae (boas)
Family: Colubridae (colubrids)
Subfamily: Natricinde/Natricinae
Family: Lamprophiidae
Family: Viperidae
Property Ladder (British TV series)

Property Ladder is the original British version of the television series Property Ladder which ran for 7 series between 2001 and 2009. Hosted by Sarah Beeny, it follows the journey of amateur property developers as they set out to make a life changing profit from renovating challenging houses.
The show underwent a change in format during 2004, featuring two developments per episode rather than one. In early 2009, Channel 4 announced that a new series, re-titled Property Snakes and Ladders, would be broadcast. The first to be filmed in a struggling market, ultimately it was the final series broadcast.
In 2012, Beeny returned to the format to host Double Your House for Half The Money, which follows two sets of home owners renovating their own homes rather than developing them to sell.
Phebo

Perfumaria Phebo (pronuncia-se febo) é uma tradicional marca brasileira de cosméticos, criada em 1930 em Belém do Pará.
A marca foi criada por Mario Santiago e Antônio Santiago, seu primo. O nome Phebo, faz referência ao deus romano do Sol, Febo, e foi escolhido para simbolizar o nascimento de uma nova era da perfumaria brasileira.
Em 1930, foi desenvolvido o primeiro produto da marca, o Sabonete Odor de Rosas. Com formato oval, transparente e escuro, sua fragrância combinava essência de Pau-rosa, e especiarias como sândalo, cravo da Índia e canela de Madagascar, entre outras. Na época, o sabonete mais usado era o de coco: de cor branca, formato retangular e com fragrância do ingrediente tropical. A novidade de Phebo foi recebida com muito entusiasmo e deu início ao que tornaria a ser uma assinatura da perfumaria: produtos ousados com alta concentração de fragrância. Até hoje, o sabonete Odor de Rosas é o carro-chefe da marca. Nos anos 1940, a marca já possuía uma ampla gama de produtos, como a linha Madeiras d'Amazônia (extrato, loção, pó-de-arroz, rouge e brilhantina), Pó de Arroz Phebo, Talco Phebo e Loção Narciso. Também lançou produtos exclusivamente masculinos, como o Sabonete Pará e o Petróleo Oxford.
Na década de 1950, a Phebo apoiou diversos concursos de beleza e chegou a receber a visita da então Miss Brasil, Martha Rocha, em sua fábrica.
Durante este período, o logotipo da marca era composto um sol com o inscrito "Pará".
Antes de ser incorporada ao Grupo Granado, em 2004, a Perfumaria Phebo fez parte das multinacionais Procter & Gamble e Sara Lee. Depois da mudança, seus produtos logo absorveram a cultura da ‘pharmácia’ e passaram a ser formulados com base vegetal. Seguindo uma tendência mundial de um retorno a valorização a marcas tradicionais de qualidade. A Phebo possuiu um extenso arsenal de produtos focados em beleza, chegando a trabalhar até mesmo com linhas de maquiagem, porém hoje aparece para o seu público com foco na perfumaria, mas ainda com uma ampla linha de produtos como: sabonetes, desodorantes, hidratantes, colônias, perfumes, velas perfumadas, difusores de ambiente.
Com o processo de reposicionamento da marca, ocorrido em 2007, procurou-se resgatar essa tradição. Como estratégia, a marca associou-se a nomes da indústria da Moda e buscou traduzir a sofisticação e o luxo das passarelas em suas criações. Hoje a marca foca muito na Brasilidade de seus produtos, sempre trazendo suas raízes nas embalagens e fragrâncias.
Em abril de 2019, na cidade de Belém do Pará, a empresa encerrou as suas atividades, alegando que seriam por questões de logísticas e demanda de licenciamento, uma vez que a área da fábrica ficava no centro da cidade.
Casa Granado

A Granado Pharmácias é uma empresa brasileira de produtos cosméticos, medicamentos e perfumaria, fundada em 1870.
Em 1870, o português José Antônio Coxito Granado fundou na cidade do Rio de Janeiro a Botica de Barros Franco, que deu origem à empresa atual.
Em seus primórdios, a pharmacia manipulava produtos com extratos vegetais de plantas, ervas e flores brasileiras, cultivadas no sítio do seu fundador, em Teresópolis (RJ). Além desses medicamentos, Coxito ainda importava produtos da Europa e adaptava suas fórmulas para os padrões e as necessidades dos brasileiros e daqueles que aqui moravam. A qualidade e eficácia desses produtos logo tornaram a farmácia uma das fornecedoras oficiais da Corte. Desta aproximação nasceu a amizade com Dom Pedro II que, em 1880, conferiu à Granado o título de Farmácia Oficial da Família Imperial Brasileira.
Suas marcas mais famosas são o Polvilho Granado e os sabonetes de glicerina com base vegetal e glicerina 100% natural.
Em 2004, a Granado adquiriu a marca Phebo, fundada em 1930 e do mesmo ramo. Com essa aquisição, a Granado passou a ter, além da fábrica no Rio de Janeiro, a fábrica de Belém do Pará, que continuou produzindo os produtos da marca Phebo e passou a fabricar os sabonetes Granado. Contudo o objetivo da empresa é manter a tradição da linha Phebo associando-a a sabonetes e perfumes enquanto a marca Granado é associada a linhas terapêuticas.
Em outubro de 2016, a Granado fechou a venda de uma participação de 35% para a espanhola Puig, dona das marcas Carolina Herrera e Jean-Paul Gaultier, por R$ 500 milhões. As conversas entre as duas empresas se estendiam desde janeiro. O controle da empresa vai continuar nas mãos de Christopher Freeman, que comprou a empresa em 1994 pela quantia de US$ 8 milhões.
Almejando crescimento no mercado internacional, a Granado tem seus produtos vendidos na loja de departamentos Le Bon Marché, localizada em Paris, França, Casa Pau-Brasil, localizada em Lisboa, Portugal; e na loja Isetan, localizada em Tóquio, Japão.
Em 2017, a Granado inaugurou a sua primeira loja internacional em Paris, localizada na 21, rue Bonaparte, 6ème. A rua é reconhecida pelas lojas de luxo e galerias de arte. Paralelamente à inauguração da loja, a empresa lançou uma loja online focada para o público europeu. A loja entrega em todos os países da Europa. Além da loja na capital francesa, a Granado possui ainda lojas próprias em Portugal, na Inglaterra e na Bélgica.
Em fevereiro de 2024, a Granado inaugurou sua primeira loja nos Estados Unidos, na cidade de Nova York.
Fogos Caramuru

A Fogos Caramuru é uma fabricante de fogos de artifício brasileira fundada em Jacareí, no interior de São Paulo, e com fábrica na cidade de Santo Antônio do Monte, no estado de Minas Gerais. É uma das indústrias de fogos de artifício mais antigas do Brasil com mais de cem anos de atividade.
A empresa foi fundada em 1915, em Jacareí, na região do Vale do Paraíba, por Antonio Chieffi, imigrante italiano da região de Palermo.
O nome da empresa é uma homenagem a Diogo Álvares Correia, um explorador português que era conhecido como Caramuru, nome em tupi que poderia significar "homem trovão" ou "pau que cospe fogo", visto que na história do náufrago ele supostamente teria disparado para o alto com a sua garrucha para afastar os índios que o cercavam.
Apesar de ter sido um náufrago português e o nome "caramuru" ser originário do tupi-guarani, o logotipo da fabricante é o desenho de um índio em estilo norte-americano.
Durante algumas décadas foi uma das mais importantes e maiores empresas no ramo de pirotecnia no mundo, sendo a empresa responsável pelo show de fogos na inauguração da Disneylândia, nos Estados Unidos, em 1955. Também foi a responsável pelo primeiro show de fogos no reveíllon da praia de Copacabana, da inauguração da cidade de Brasília em 1960, e da inauguração da Basílica de Nossa Senhora Aparecida em 1980.
Nas décadas de 60 e 70, seu dono Biagino Chieffi diversificou e fundou junto com o designer projetista Miguel Raspa, a FAM - Fábrica de Armas Modernas, para produção de uma linha de armas de fogo com a marca Caramuru. Também abriu a fábrica Índios Pirotecnia que produz material pirotécnico para sinalização marítima e usos militares.
Nos tempos áureos, chegou a exportar fogos de artifício para toda a America Latina, Estados Unidos, Canadá e alguns países da Europa. Possuia fábricas no Brasil em Santa Branca, Santo Antônio do Monte e Jacareí, e no exterior em países como Argentina, Colômbia e Paraguai, além de escritórios em São Paulo e uma grande quantidade de lojas revendendo seus produtos sob o nome "Bazar Caramuru".
Também era conhecida por seus slogans que se tornaram famosos como "Os únicos que não dão chabu" e "Se não tem a cabeça do índio, não é Caramuru".
Em 1984, quando Biagino Chieffi faleceu, a empresa foi vendida para o empresário Valter Jeremias.
Em 1986, a empresa exportava cerca de 1 milhão de dólares em fogos de artifício por ano para outros países.
No ano de 1995, produziu cerca de 750 toneladas de fogos de artifício.
Ainda durante a década de 1990, com a queda das exportações brasileiras, muitas empresas do ramo passaram a perder espaço no mercado externo para produtos pirotécnicos fabricados na China, principalmente em países desenvolvidos.
Em meados dos anos 2000, a Caramuru passou a fabricar e comercializar produtos exclusivamente para o mercado brasileiro.
Sabonete

O sabonete é um produto utilizado para a higiene pessoal, composto principalmente por ácido graxo animal (gordura) e vegetal (óleos), além de álcalis e alguns aditivos complementares responsáveis pela fragrância.
Assim como o sabão, o sabonete é produzido através da saponificação, porém são produzidos com gorduras de qualidades superiores e substâncias derivadas, como perfumes e corantes.
Assim como o sabão, o sabonete sólido resulta da reação de saponificação, um processo reacional em que o óleo ou a gordura reage com a álcalis formando um sal. Neste processo, o ácido graxo, seja animal ou vegetal, reage com a substância básica desintegrando-se em três partes que recebem um átomo do metal (sódio ou potássio). Além disso, uma molécula de glicerina também é formada.
O sal resultado da reação de saponificação apresenta uma região polar e outra apolar, esta característica faz com que o sabonete interaja com uma gama de substâncias.
Em geral, os sabonetes possuem cinco compostos, dentre eles estão:
No Brasil, segundo a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, os sabonetes faciais, corporais e desodorantes não necessitam de apresentar suas informações, tais como: o modo de uso e suas restrições. Entretanto, é obrigatório que os sabonetes bactericidas, íntimos e infantis apresentam tais informações, além de sua comprovação de segurança.
Virola surinamensis

A Virola surinamensis (Rol.) Warb., conhecida popularmente como ucuuba, é uma árvore de cerca de 60 m de altura, comumente encontrada em lugares alagados, geralmente perto de igapós.
Árvore nativa da várzea de toda a região amazônica estendendo sua ocorrência até o Maranhão e Pernambuco. O nome da árvore significa na língua indígena UCU (graxa) e YBA (árvore), prefere regiões alagadas, atingindo uma altura de 25 a 35 m. Uma árvore adulta pode produzir entre 30 - 50 Kg de sementes por ano. As sementes são ricas em gorduras (60 – 70%) e o rendimento em óleo∕sebo pode chegar até 50% por quilo de semente seca. Numa plantação com 150 árvores por hectare poderá ser colhida até 7 mil quilos de sementes, o que renderia 3500 kg de gordura∕hectare. O crescimento da ucuuba no campo pode alcançar até 3 m em dois anos. A madeira dessa árvore é de excelente qualidade para compensados e laminados, o que está ameaçando intensamente o recurso florestal remanescente
Em perigo de extinção segundo a IUCN, sua distribuição abrange os estados brasileiros do Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará, Pernambuco e Roraima, e a Costa Rica, Equador, Colômbia, Guiana Francesa, Guiana, Panamá, Peru, Suriname e Venezuela.
Comumente, o óleo é usado na fabricação de velas e como combustível para iluminação de lamparinas, que na queima exala um cheiro aromático. Na medicina caseira, principalmente, é aplicado com sucesso no tratamento de reumatismo, artrite, cólicas, aftas e hemorroidas½.. A manteiga de ucuuba, que é dura e amarelada, pode ser usada em combinação com outros ingredientes para a produção de velas e sabonetes vegetais, sendo um substituto vegetal para a parafina oriunda do petróleo. Sabonetes e cremes a base de ucuuba tem ação anti-inflamatória, cicatrizante, revitalizante e anti-séptica comprovada.
A gordura de ucuuba possui um alto valor de ponto de fusão (53 oC) e de saponificação (220 mg KOH/g de óleo), o que supera os índices do sebo bovino (com valores de 43 a 45 oC e 200 mg KOH/g respectivamente) tornam a gordura da ucuuba uma matéria prima ideal para substituir o sebo animal na produção de sabonetes finos, e outras matérias gordurosas que necessitam de alto ponto de fusão na industria alimentícia e farmacêutica. A substituição do sebo animal pela gordura da ucuuba resolve o problema de contaminação de produtos pelo uso de sebo animal, além de dar a sabonetes uma maior consistência e durabilidade, sendo perfeitamente viável a sua utilização mesmo com preços superiores ao do sebo animal. As sementes da ucuuba são ricas em gordura (60 – 70%) possuindo 70% de trimiristina, um triglicerídeo do acido mirístico, que constitui um óleo essencial aromático que é de grande importância para as indústrias cosmética, farmacêutica e alimentícia. Atualmente, esse óleo essencial é extraído da noz-moscada, que possui uma concentração de cerca 80% desta substância.
Cristianismo siríaco

O Cristianismo sírio ou Cristianismo siríaco (em siríaco: ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ) é uma série de comunidades culturais e linguisticamente distintas dentro do Cristianismo oriental, que compartilham origens históricas e na liturgia o ofício de ritos siríacos (orientais e ocidentais). Tem suas raízes no Oriente Próximo e atualmente é representado por várias denominações cristãs, a maioria no Oriente Médio e no Estado de Querala na Índia. Um dos traços que essa comunidade compartilha é que ambas empregam a Peshitta como livro oficial para suas Igrejas.
Etimologia

Etimologia (do grego antigo ἐτυμολογία, composto de ἔτυμος [verdadeiro, real] e -λογία [estudo]) é um campo de estudo da linguística que trata da história ou origem das palavras e da explicação do significado de palavras através da análise dos elementos que as constituem. Em outros termos, é o estudo da composição dos vocábulos e das regras de sua evolução histórica.
Algumas palavras derivam de outras línguas, possivelmente de uma forma modificada (as palavras-fontes são chamadas étimos). Por meio de antigos textos e comparações com outras línguas, os etimologistas tentam reconstruir a história das palavras — quando eles entram em uma língua, quais as suas fontes, e como a suas formas e significados se modificaram.
Os etimólogos também tentam reconstruir informações sobre línguas que são velhas demais para que uma informação direta (tal como a escrita) possa ser conhecida. Comparando-se palavras em línguas correlatas, pode-se aprender algo sobre suas línguas afins compartilhadas. Deste modo, foram encontrados radicais de palavras que podem ser rastreadas por todo o caminho de volta até a origem da família de línguas indo-europeias.
A própria palavra etimologia vem do grego ἔτυμον (étimo, o verdadeiro significado de uma palavra, de 'étymos', verdadeiro) e λόγος (lógos, ciência, tratado).
O estudo da origem das palavras pode, contudo, levar a armadilhas e a falácias etimológicas, que formam a pseudoetimologia ou a etimologia popular. Um exemplo, bastante discutido, é o da palavra cadáver que, segundo alguns autores, teria origem na inscrição latina "caro data vermibus" (carne dada aos vermes), que supostamente seria inscrita nos túmulos. Na verdade, não se encontrou, até hoje, nenhuma inscrição romana deste género. Hoje é defendido pelos etimologistas que a palavra deriva da raiz latina "cado", que significa "caído". A favor desta teoria está o facto de santo Isidoro de Sevilha referir que o corpo deixa de ser cadáver a partir do momento em que é sepultado.
Rabanete

O rabanete é uma hortaliça cultivada na Europa desde a Antiguidade, hoje é consumida no mundo todo por seu sabor adocicado, refrescante e picante. Ele pertence à família Brassicaceae, a mesma da couve, do nabo, da mostarda e do agrião. Inúmeras variedades de rabanete estão disponíveis, selecionadas principalmente por suas características e por época de plantio. Assim, há variedades próprias para plantar no verão, primavera, inverno ou outono. Da mesma forma, há grande variação no tamanho, na forma e nas cores das raízes, que na maioria das vezes são alongadas ou esféricas e de cor branca ou vermelha, incluindo mesclas. Há também variedades próprias para a produção de sementes, que podem ser utilizadas como tempero ou na extração de óleo.
Se não for colhido, o rabanete produzirá pequenas flores brancas ou arroxeadas, masculinas e femininas, que quando polinizadas de forma cruzada (entre plantas diferentes) por abelhas, originarão frutos do tipo síliqua, deiscentes. Os frutos contêm pequenas sementes, de cor marrom, que podem conservar seu poder germinativo por até 10 anos.
A raiz tuberosa apresenta grande variação de tamanho e de forma, podendo ser redonda, oval ou alongada. A casca é de cor branca, vermelha, ou vermelha e branca, enquanto a polpa é sempre branca. Em geral, as raízes são vendidas em maços, de cerca de 800g. As folhas devem estar com aspecto de produto fresco, com cor verde brilhante. As raízes devem ter a casca com cor uniforme, serem firmes e lisas, sem pontos escuros ou rachaduras.
O rabanete é uma excelente alternativa para diversificar a dieta. O uso mais comum é na forma crua, em saladas. Devido à sua cor e formato, ajuda a decorar a salada quando cortado em rodelas e servido com tomate, aipo e pepino, estimulando assim o consumo de outras hortaliças. Quando grandes, podem ser consumidos cozidos ou com picles. Quando cozidos, o sabor é menos picante. Os rabanetes podem também ser preparados na forma de petiscos, uma alternativa mais saudável do que os pratos ricos em calorias geralmente utilizados. Combine-os com recheios e molhos de sua preferência. O rabanete não precisa ser descascado para ser consumido.
Quanto a conservação desse alimento, nos países do Extremo Oriente, costuma-se conservá-lo em vinagre e também fermentado em diversos preparos. Ao conservá-lo dessa maneira perde-se muito de seu conteúdo vitamínico e as propriedades medicinais (Pamplona, p. 127) .
Os romanos espalharam o cultivo do rabanete por toda a Europa, no entanto, ele é mais apreciado nos países do Extremo Oriente, como por exemplo: na Coreia (onde o consumo por pessoa chega a 30 kg ao ano) e no Japão (consumo anual por pessoa chega a 13 kg) (ibid., p. 126).
As variedades de rabanete possuem uma essência sulfurada com propriedades coleréticas, colagogas, digestivas, antibióticas e mucolíticas. Devido a essas propriedades citadas o seu consumo associa-se a benefícios ligados a: afecções hepáticas e biliares, transtornos digestivos, sinusite e bronquite e como agente preventivo de câncer (ajuda a impedir as mutações celulares que conduzem ao câncer) (ibid., p. 127) .
Cabelo cacheado

Os cabelos cacheados são uma variedade de cabelo humano cujas mechas apresentam o aspecto de "molas", formando cachos que podem iniciar desde a raiz ou somente no comprimento e nas pontas, e no geral ficam definidos com facilidade. Na classificação dos fios, os cacheados são os de número 3, sendo o tipo 3A o que possui espirais mais abertas, com formato de S bem definido. Já o de tipo 3B, por sua vez, indica um cabelo cacheado volumoso, com cachos mais fechados e tendência à formação de frizz. Por fim, o de tipo 3C é o mais próximo de cabelo crespo, com cachos mais ou menos da espessura de um lápis e tendem a encolher quando estão secos. O cabelo cacheado é encontrado na Europa (principalmente a parte sul), Norte de África, Médio Oriente e América (devido a imigração europeia e também a mistura com a africana em certas regiões). Os cacheados são volumosos, podem nascer lisos nas raízes e irem formando cachos pela extensão dos fios, que são um pouco mais soltos em comparação com os crespos, pois nesse caso, o efeito encaracolado do cabelo se dá de uma forma mais ‘aberta’.
Na classificação dos fios, os cacheados são os de número 3. Eles são bem volumosos e mais definidos que os cabelos ondulados. Portanto, a oleosidade natural do couro cabeludo tem dificuldade de chegar às pontas e os cachos ganham ressecamento, frizz e a necessidade de tratamento mais frequente com hidratação, nutrição e reconstrução capilar.
Cashmere Bouquet

Cashmere Bouquet é uma tradicional marca de sabonete perfumado lançada pela Colgate-Palmolive em 1872 por Samuel Colgate (1822-1897), filho do fundador da empresa. Em 1946 a linha Cashmere Bouquet foi lançada no Brasil.
Após o lançamento do sabonete no Brasil, a linha de produtos foi complementada com pó de arroz, talco perfumado e água-de-colônia.
A os produtos de beleza da Cashmere Bouquet deixaram de fabricados no no Brasil em 2009.
A história e a relevância da marca tem sido preservada com peças de propaganda e embalagens por diversos museus e bibliotecas pelo mundo. O Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya em Barcelona mantem em seu acervo um cartazete datado de 1897 ; no National Museum of American History, mantido pela Fundação Smithsonian na cidade de Nova Iorque pode ser encontrado um frasco de fragância datado de 1920 ; também em Nova Iorque o The New York Academy of Medicine guarda um cartão comercial de propaganda extrato de Cashmere Bouquet apresentando um buquê de flores silvestres azuis ; na Universidade da Nova Inglaterra na Austrália, é mantido um cartaz do Cashmere Bouquet soap e no The Henry Ford Museum no estado do Michigan um sabonete faz parte da coleção.
Lista de códigos de país GS1

Este artigo consiste numa lista de códigos de país, que são os 3 primeiros dígitos do código numérico que aparece em códigos de barras EAN-13 e EAN-8 e que servem para representar o país onde o código foi emitido originalmente. A entidade reguladora destes códigos é a GS1, que se encontra espalhada mundialmente. Porém, segundo a própria GS1 "os prefixos GS1 não fornecem a identificação do país de origem do produto e sim a identificação da GS1 que atribui a licença a este produto." Portanto, um produto brasileiro, por exemplo, pode apresentar código com prefixo diferente daquele estipulado para o Brasil, ou seja, o código 789 não garante que o produto foi fabricado no Brasil, mas que foi cadastrado aqui.
Lista de países por PIB nominal per capita

Este artigo inclui três listas de países do mundo classificadas por seu produto interno bruto per capita em valores nominais. Este é o valor de todos os bens e serviços finais produzidos dentro de uma nação em um determinado ano, no qual são convertidas às taxas de câmbio e de mercado em dólares estadunidenses, dividido pela população média (no meio do ano) para o mesmo ano.
Os números aqui apresentados não levam em conta as diferenças no custo de vida em diferentes países, e os resultados podem variar muito de um ano para outro com base em flutuações nas taxas de câmbio de moeda do país. Tais flutuações podem alterar a classificação de um país de um ano para o outro, mesmo que muitas vezes façam pouca ou nenhuma diferença para o padrão de vida de sua população.
Portanto, estes valores devem ser usados ​​com cautela, já que o PIB per capita é muitas vezes considerado um indicador do nível de vida de um país, embora isto possa causar conflitos, porque o PIB per capita não é uma medida da renda pessoal.
Comparações de renda nacional são frequentemente feitas com base na paridade de poder aquisitivo (PPC), para ajustar as diferenças no custo de vida em diferentes países. (Veja a Lista de países por PIB (PPC) per capita) A PPC remove grande parte das flutuações de taxas de câmbio, mas não reflete o valor da produção econômica no comércio internacional, e também exige mais de estimativa que PIB per capita. Na suas estimativas, os números PPC per capita são mais estreitamente espalhados que os valores nominais do PIB per capita.
Algumas entidades não soberanas e territórios dependentes estão incluídos na lista porque eles aparecem nas fontes. Essas economias estão marcadas em itálico. Porém pertencem aos outros países.