davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Tanda Kepangkatan Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat

Tanda kepangkatan Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat adalah daftar tanda pangkat yang digunakan di Tentara Nasional Indonesia Angkatan Darat hingga saat ini. Sebagaimana di kecabangan lainnya, kepangkatan terdiri dari Perwira, Bintara dan Tamtama.
Tanda kepangkatan di bawah mengikut dari pakaian dinas yang digunakan. Di antaranya adalah Pakaian Dinas Upacara (PDU), Pakaian Dinas Harian (PDH) dan Pakaian Dinas Lapangan (PDL). Masing-masing pakaian dinas dan atributnya telah diatur dalam peraturan TNI. Tanda kepangkatan sendiri dalam beberapa hal terbagi dua, yaitu yang memegang komando (ada garis merah di pinggir atau tengah) dan staf biasa.
Pada tanda pangkat perwira menengah dan pertama ditambahkan lambang kesatuan atau kecabangan yang ada di TNI Angkatan Darat.
Tanda pangkat yang tercantum adalah yang dipakai pada saat awal pembentukan TKR hingga terbentuknya TNI dan digunakan pada kerah baju. Tanda pangkat ini dipakai untuk barisan TKR khususnya angkatan darat. Untuk TKR laut dan TKR jawatan penerbangan digunakan tanda pangkat yang berbeda.
Catatan: Tulisan sebutan pangkat tetap mengikuti ejaan saat itu.
Tanda pangkat yang tercantum adalah yang dipakai saat ini sejak diberlakukannya peraturan pemerintah terbaru pada tahun 1997. Tanda pangkat dibagi tiga macam berdasarkan kegunaan pakaian seragam yaitu pakaian dinas upacara (PDU), pakaian dinas harian (PDH) dan pakaian dinas lapangan (PDL). Penempatan tanda pangkat pada pakaian dinas upacara dan pakaian dinas harian untuk jenjang bintara tinggi hingga pangkat kehormatan ditempatkan di pundak kemeja, sedangkan untuk jenjang tamtama dan bintara ditempatkan pada lengan baju. Untuk pakaian dinas lapangan, tanda pangkat ditempatkan pada kerah baju untuk jenjang bintara tinggi hingga perwira, sedangkan untuk bintara hingga tamtama tetap ditempatkan pada lengan baju.
Perwira Tinggi sering juga disingkat menjadi Pati.
Perwira Menengah sering juga disingkat menjadi Pamen.
Perwira Pertama sering juga disingkat menjadi Pama.
Daftar perguruan tinggi keagamaan negeri di Indonesia

Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Negeri (PTKN) adalah perguruan tinggi negeri di Indonesia yang pengelolaannya berada di bawah Kementerian Agama. Secara teknis akademik, pembinaan perguruan tinggi keagamaan negeri dilakukan oleh Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia (Kemdiktisaintek), sedangkan secara fungsional dilakukan oleh Kementerian Agama, semua mencakup lima agama resmi yang ada di Indonesia, namun belum termasuk Khonghucu.
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Negeri terdiri dari:
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri (PTKIN) secara struktural berada di bawah Direktorat Pendidikan TInggi Keagamaan Islam Negeri, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Islam Kementerian Agama.
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Kristen Negeri (PTKKN) secara struktural berada di bawah Direktorat Pendidikan Kristen, Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Kristen Kementerian Agama.
Terdapat tiga nama perguruan tinggi Kristen negeri di Indonesia yakni:
Walau ketiganya berbeda nomenklatur akan tetapi tetap sama naungannya dan satu ajaran, yakni ajaran agama Kristen Protestan.
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Hindu Negeri secara struktural berada di bawah Direktorat Pendidikan Hindu, Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Hindu Kementerian Agama.
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Kristen Negeri secara struktural berada di bawah Direktorat Pendidikan Kristen, Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Kristen Kementerian Agama.
Perguruan Tinggi Keagamaan Buddha Negeri secara struktural berada di bawah Direktorat Urusan dan Pendidikan Agama Buddha, Direktorat Jenderal Bimbingan Masyarakat Buddha Kementerian Agama.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berkaitan
Sekolah Indonesia Jeddah

Sekolah Indonesia Jeddah atau disingkat SIJ adalah sebuah sekolah Indonesia yang terletak di kota Jeddah, Arab Saudi yang menyelenggarakan pendidikan tingkat dasar dan menengah sesuai dengan kurikulum pendidikan nasional dibawah pengelolaan Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan KBRI Riyadh. Selain itu SIJ juga digunakan untuk penyelenggaraan kegiatan pendidikan Kejar Paket A, B dan C serta Universitas Terbuka
Sekolah Indonesia Jeddah berdiri pada tanggal 1 Januari 1964 yang bermula dari Taman Kanak-Kanak Trikora yang dikelola oleh ibu-ibu Dharma Wanita KBRI yang pada saat itu masih bertempat di Jeddah. Seiring perjalan waktu, TK Trikora berubah nama menjadi Sekolah Indonesia Pancasila dan akhirnya menjadi Sekolah Indonesia Jeddah hingga saat ini.
Sekolah Indonesia Jeddah saat ini telah melengkapi beberapa ruangannya dengan LCD, Air Conditioning (AC), serta CCTV di beberapa titik yang stategis. Secara umum sarana fisik yang dimiliki sebagai berikut:
Daftar Sekolah Indonesia di Luar Negeri
SMP Putra 1 Jakarta

SMP Putra 1 Jakarta adalah SMP yang berdiri pada tanggal 15 Juli 1989 di bawah naungan Yayasan Pendidikan Putra.
Di awal berdirinya SMP Putra I Jakarta dalam penyelenggaraan kegiatan belajar mengajarnya menumpang di SD Putra I, Jl. Inspeksi Saluran, Kalimalang, Komp. Dep Pu, Pondok Bambu, Duren Sawit, Jakarta Timur, dengan fasilitas seadanya dan hanya didukung oleh tenaga pengajar sejumlah 12 orang dengan Kepala Sekolah Drs. Imam Sofan serta jumlah siswa hanya 12 orang. Pada tahun 1994 SMP Putra I mulai membangun gedung sendiri dan tepat pada tanggal 12 Agustus 1994 gedung baru diresmikan oleh Ketua Badan Pengurus YPP Ny. O.Radinal Mochtar.
Perkembangan SMP Putra I Jakarta sampai dengan tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 cukup pesat dengan berbagai prestasi akademik dan non akademik serta didukung oleh 25 tenaga pengajar yang handal, 2 staf Yayasan, 3 karyawan TU, 2 security dan 5 karyawan penunjang. Jumlah peserta didik pada tahun pelajaran 2013/2014 sebanyak 340 orang, dan menjadi sekolah pilihan dan diminati oleh masyarakat.
Ortuseight

Ortuseight adalah perusahaan manufaktur olahraga Indonesia yang berbasis di Tangerang, Provinsi Banten, Indonesia dan didirikan pada tahun 2018 yang memproduksi sepatu dan kaos olahraga. Nama perusahaan Ortuseight adalah PT. Vita Nova Atletik.
Ortuseight telah menjadi salah satu industri pionir produksi olahraga dalam negeri dengan basis pelanggan didalam dan luar negeri terutama pada permintaan sepatu dan seragam olahraga.
Undercover High School

Undercover High School (Hangul: 언더커버 하이스쿨) adalah seri televisi Korea Selatan yang ditulis oleh Im Young-bin, disutradarai oleh Choi Jung-in, dan dibintangi oleh Seo Kang-joon, Jin Ki-joo, dan Kim Shin-rok. Seri ini menggambarkan seorang pria yang merupakan agen BIN yang menyamar sebagai siswa SMA. Dijadwalkan tayang perdana di MBC TV pada 21 Februari 2025, dan tayang setiap hari Jumat dan Sabtu pukul 21:50 (KST).
Undercover High School menceritakan petualangan Jung Hae-sung, seorang agen BIN yang diturunkan pangkatnya setelah insiden besar yang terjadi selama misi operasi, dan kemudian dia ditugaskan dengan misi rahasia untuk melacak keberadaan emas batangan Kaisar Gojong yang hilang. Hae-sung menyembunyikan identitasnya, menyamar sebagai siswa SMA di SMA Byeongmun, dan bertemu Oh Soo-ah, wali kelasnya. Soo-ah, seorang guru yang setia kepada murid-muridnya, mulai menyadari kesamaan antara Hae-sung dan cinta pertama masa kecilnya, yang membuatnya patah hati dan dipenuhi kenangan menyakitkan.
Seri yang dikembangkan dengan judul kerja Undercover High School ini mulai diproduksi. Direncanakan oleh Namkoong Seong-woo, ditulis oleh Im Young-bin, disutradarai oleh Choi Jung-in, dan diproduksi oleh Neo Entertainment dan Slingshot Studios. Selain itu, rencananya akan tayang pada awal tahun 2025.
Pada bulan Maret 2024, Seo Kang-joon dilaporkan sedang dalam pembicaraan sebagai pemeran utama dan agensinya mengatakan kepada media bahwa dia meninjaunya secara positif. Ini akan menjadi karya pertama Seo setelah menyelesaikan wajib militernya pada Mei tahun lalu dan juga comebacknya di layar kaca setelah Grid (2022). Pada bulan Mei 2024, Jin Ki-joo dan Kim Min-ju dilaporkan dipilih untuk bekerja bersama Seo dengan mantannya sebagai pemeran utama wanita dalam seri tersebut. Pada bulan Juni 2024, MBC mengonfirmasi bahwa Seo dan Jin akan tampil sebagai aktor utama untuk seri tersebut. Ini juga merupakan comeback drama MBC pertama Seo setelah tampil di Splendid Politics (2015). Pada bulan yang sama, Kim Shin-rok dilaporkan telah dipilih dan dikonfirmasi untuk tampil pada Juli 2024.
Proses syuting dimulai pada paruh pertama tahun 2024.
MBC mengumumkan bahwa Undercover High School akan disiarkan sebagai Drama Jumat–Sabtu pada bulan Februari 2025. Seri ini dikonfirmasi tayang perdana di MBC TV pada 21 Februari pukul 21:50 (KST).
Night Has Come

Night Has Come (Hangul: 밤이 되었습니다) adalah serial televisi Korea Selatan tahun 2023 yang ditulis oleh Kang Min-ji, disutradarai oleh Lim Dae-woong, dan dibintangi oleh Lee Jae-in, Kim Woo-seok, Choi Ye-bin, Cha Woo-min, Ahn Ji Ho, dan Jung So-ri. Serial ini dirilis di U+ Mobile TV mulai 4–21 Desember 2023, dan setiap hari Senin hingga Kamis. Serial ini juga tersedia untuk streaming di Netflix di Korea Selatan, dan di Viu dan Viki di wilayah tertentu.
Sekelompok siswa SMA dipaksa memainkan permainan Mafia yang mematikan di sebuah pusat retret. Siswa kelas 2–3 dari SMA Yooil melakukan karyawisata. Saat malam tiba, semua siswa di gedung tersebut menerima pesan yang menunjukkan permainan mafia akan segera dimulai. Satu-satunya cara untuk bertahan hidup adalah dengan menyingkirkan teman sekelas dan menemukan Mafia.
Sutradara Lim Dae-woong, yang menyutradarai Horror Stories (2012) dan Search (2020), dan penulis Kang Min-ji, bekerja sama untuk serial ini. Studio X+U dan EO Contents Group mengelola produksi. Mereka mulai mengerjakannya pada bulan Juli 2023.
Pada 17 Juli 2023, jajaran bintang utama terungkap dengan merilis foto-foto dari pembacaan naskah para pemain. Pada bulan yang sama, Kang Seol, Bae Jae-young, Kim So-hee, and Park Ju-won secara resmi dikonfirmasi untuk tampil di serial tersebut.
Pada bulan Agustus 2023, Song Byung-geun dan Seo Dong-hyun dilaporkan terpilih untuk membintangi serial tersebut.
Setelah menyelesaikan casting seri, fotografi utama berlangsung dari 31 Juli 2023 hingga 13 Oktober 2023.
Studio X+U mengonfirmasi tanggal rilisnya yang jatuh pada tanggal 4 Desember 2023, dan setiap episodenya dirilis setiap hari Senin hingga Kamis. Selain itu, dipastikan pula bahwa serial ini akan dirilis melalui Netflix di Korea Selatan, dan platform OTT seperti Viki di 190 negara, Prime Video di Jepang, friDay Video di Taiwan, MONOMAX di Thailand, dan Viu di 16 negara.
Pocket protector

A pocket protector is a sheath designed to hold writing instruments and other small implements in a shirt's breast pocket, protecting it from tearing or staining. It may be used to carry pens, pencils, screwdrivers, small slide rules, and other small items. A flap over the outside of the pocket helps to secure the pocket protector. Pocket protectors were originally made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
The pocket protector was invented during World War II by Hurley Smith while he was working in Buffalo, New York. He filed to patent the device on June 3, 1943, and he received patent number US 2417786A on March 18, 1947.
A competing claim for the invention came from Long Island plastics magnate Gerson Strassberg around 1952. Strassberg was working on plastic sleeves for bankbooks. One day, he placed one that he was working on into his shirt pocket while he took a phone call. When he noticed it there, he realized it would make a great product.
Pocket protectors imprinted with logos or company names were first marketed to companies as promotional merchandise. A more general market soon arose, made up of students, engineers, and white-collar workers in a variety of fields. They have become part of a "nerd" or "geek" fashion stereotype, probably because of their association with engineers or students.
庹宗華

庹宗華（英語：Tsung-hua Tuo，1962年10月10日—），台灣男演員、歌手，生於台北市，曾獲金鐘獎最佳男主角獎。
庹宗華童星出身，1971年首次觸電拍攝電影《母親三十歲》。1983年以《小畢的故事》初嚐走紅的滋味，之後1987年憑藉《報告班長》系列，劇中飾演的班長而聲名大噪。
1989年，李明依發行的第一張唱片專輯《小女生》，其中也收錄了兩人的合唱曲《算不算是一對戀人》。
2003曾以《孽子》入圍第38屆金鐘獎戲劇類男主角獎，2005年再憑電視劇《孤戀花》奪得第40屆金鐘獎戲劇類男主角獎。
庹宗華的二弟庹宗民，家中排行老二，目前擔任幕後製作人。
庹宗華的三弟庹宗康亦畢業於國光藝校，家中排行老么，目前是電視節目主持人。
他曾就讀於國光藝校二期，與三期學妹林秀玲交往至高中畢業。曾经与吴倩莲相恋10年，1993年更订下婚约，卻於1999年分手。
2002年4月21日，庹宗華與比他小十五歲的中國大陸女子陳思結婚，並育有二女。2015年3月18日與陳思離婚，小孩監護權歸庹宗華所有，女方保有探視權利，庹宗華也支付女方贍養費。
2022年傳出與印尼籍女子再婚並育有一子。
2023年10月，庹宗華入圍第58屆金鐘獎最佳男配角，受訪時表示其實還有一個哥哥，於年幼時早逝。自己於家中排行為第二，實際為四兄弟。 。
2019年2月1日，从台北飞往新加坡的华航班机上，庹宗华醉酒状态下触摸空姐身体并严重影响其他旅客，经客舱经理劝阻仍无效，飞机抵达新加坡后因性搔擾罪名被新加坡警方逮捕。
裸體午餐 (電影)

《裸體午餐》（英語：Naked Lunch）是一部由加拿大、英國和日本合拍的1991年科幻電影，改編自威廉·柏洛茲1959年的同名長篇小說，導演為大衛·柯能堡。
1991年12月27日，《裸體午餐》由20世紀福斯於美國發行；1992年4月24日於英國發行。雖然巨大的虧損使它成為票房毒藥，《裸體午餐》仍受到評論家的正面評價並獲得許多獎項，包括美國電影評論家協會最佳導演獎（英语：National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Director）與7座第13屆精靈獎（英语：13th Genie Awards）。如今《裸體午餐》已成為邪典電影的經典，以其超現實主義的視覺和主題元素聞名。
印度煎饼

印度煎饼（馬來語：Roti canai）是种圆扁形或方形且較脆的煎饼，通常有馅料的都是方形，Roti 指的是「面包」，在这里的意思是「煎饼」，而Canai的意思是「来回压扁」，只因印度煎饼师傅在制作印度煎饼过程中把面团压扁及拉伸或拋甩，但有時在制作过程中有抛甩的动作，也有一说Canai的由来是源于在制作煎饼时一起使用的面团，另一种说法是Canai一词源自印度的欽奈（Chennai），只因在当年大量印度人迁移至马来西亚淘金时，那时候的印度煎饼师傅都是来自印度的欽奈。
印度煎饼是由印度裔移民在马来西亚為迎合当地居民口味而加以改良发明的食物，一般认为原型为印度的印度饼（Paratha），因为同样属于英国殖民地而传到新加坡、香港，在经过香港传到整个华人圈，受各民族喜欢。有多種做法，其中一種做法是将麵團和好，分成小團，然后用类似“摊桌布”的手法旋转着向上抛甩，每抛甩一次由于离心力的作用饼坯就会变大一次，经过多次抛甩，饼坯变得很大而薄，从外向内折叠成直径五至六寸的圆形饼或五至六平方寸的方形餅，再让其落在锅上烙。
印度煎饼是马来西亚嘛嘛档的一种受欢迎的食物。它被用来当早餐、午餐、下午茶与晚餐。常被用来与拉茶或冰茶配着一起吃。普遍上是配着达尔酱（素咖喱，馬來語：Dahl)或咖哩与鯷鱼辣椒酱（馬來語：Sambal ikan bilis）一起吃，甚至在超市也可购得现成冷藏包装。
在马来西亚拥有多种口味，如：
Chef～三星級營養午餐～

《Chef～三星級營養午餐～》（日語：Chef〜三ツ星の給食〜，英語：Chef ~Three Star School Lunch~），為2016年10月起毎週四晚間10:00－10:54於富士電視台聯播網的「富士電視台週四連續劇」時段播出的連續劇，由天海祐希主演。
原本是米其林三星級餐廳主廚的星野光子（天海祐希 飾），由於經營理念與餐廳經營者篠田章吾（小泉孝太郎 飾）不合，在篠田的陰謀下被迫離開餐廳，到處求職卻處處碰壁。閒賦在家的星野接到CNB電視台節目製作人矢口早紀（友近 飾）的電話，邀請星野擔任小學餐廳的主廚，期間經歷了學校經費不足、學生口味不同及營養均衡考量的不同問題，她毅然決定面對這些挑戰，為了讓全校師生能夠享用到最棒的美味而努力。
劉怡伶

劉怡伶（英語：Natasha Low Yi Ling，韓語：로우이링／ 유이영，1993年10月11日—)，藝名：Tasha Low（韓語：타샤），新加坡女歌手、演員，原以韓國女子组合Skarf隊長身分出道，該團解散后回新加坡發展。2020年踏入新加坡演藝圈，參演本地電影及新傳媒電視劇。
烹飪外交

烹饪外交（Culinry diplomacy），又稱美食外交，為文化外交的一种，本身亦是公共外交的一部分。它的基本前提是「赢得人心的最简单方法是通过胃」。 新加坡、泰国、韩国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、秘鲁、美国、 柬埔寨、 日本、 斯堪的纳维亚、澳洲和乌兹别克已建立政府资助的官方烹饪外交项目。
2020年12月，柬埔寨的外交与国际合作部正式启动「2021-2023 年食品外交」活动，作为经济外交战略的一部分。该部还制定了一项培训柬埔寨厨师在柬埔寨大使馆服务的计划，以及一项为大使配偶提供有关高棉美食知识的计划。
2021年2月，该部更出版了一本食谱，名為《The Taste of Angkor》，作为柬埔寨驻外的外交使团之烹饪推广工具。
1972 年在理查德尼克松访華時，於人民大会堂举行的宴会被形容为「美食外交和美食民族主义的信号时刻」，以及美食的「盛大的烹饪和外交表演」。 及後，美國的《纽约时报》亦出版食谱，帮助读者重现电视上看到的宴会菜肴。
印尼菜深受邻国歡迎，當中包括马来西亚、新加坡和澳洲，以及与印尼有着历史渊源的国家（如荷兰、苏里南和南非），其亦開始在日本和韩国受欢迎。 2021年，印尼政府启动了Indonesia Spice Up The World计划， 旨在向国外推广印尼美食，透過帮助当地的香料产品和加工食品进入全球市场，以及帮助海外的印尼餐馆。
Indonesia Spice Up The World计划包含政府部门间机构、印尼食品工业和公众。该计划的目标是将印尼香料和草药的出口价值提高到20亿美元，並到2024年，在国外的印尼餐館增加4000家。
近年来，新加坡通过其位于世界各国的大使馆发起了一项烹饪外交倡议，以推广新加坡美食。
2021年6月，南韓连锁便利店CU宣布与新加坡旅游局（STB）合作，作为其「新加坡美食之旅系列」的一部分，开始在其所有门店销售新加坡菜咖椰吐司。
2021年10月，新加坡驻日本大使 Peter Tan 邀请当地组织到使馆官邸進食新加坡菜，例如加东叻沙。
2012年9月，美国正式启动了「烹饪外交伙伴计划」， 該倡议由美国国务院礼宾办公室籌劃。白宫行政总厨Cristeta Comerford 、前白宫行政糕点师 William Yosses和出生于西班牙的厨师José Andrés等80多名厨师，皆被任命为「美国厨师团」的成员。该计划的目标之一是派遣厨师团成员到美国驻外大使馆教授美国美食，推廣外交。
魚卵

魚卵又稱魚子、魚籽、魚蛋、魚膥，是指鱼类生殖过程中雌性个体产出的生殖细胞，是鱼类繁殖和后代发展的起始阶段。有一部分的魚卵可以食用，包括了市面上加工過半成品，如烏魚子、鱈魚子明太子、鱘魚子魚子醬、柳葉魚子、鮭魚卵等等。魚卵含有蛋白質及豐富的DHA及EPA，此外也含有部份維生素和礦物質。
眾多不同類型的魚卵均被用作日本料理，包括以下未經加工即用於壽司的魚卵。
Myeongran jeot (명란젓/明卵젓)即是由紅椒、胡椒粉調味而成的綠鱈卵所製的鹽釀海鮮(젓갈)。普遍用於飯饌(반찬)，小碟伴菜配上炒飯或燉鍋的材料。日本料理中的明太子是來源自韓國的。
在西孟加拉邦與孟加拉國的花點鰣魚卵擁有極佳的味道。魚卵通常會油炸，儘管其他準備例如磨碎魚卵，就是把魚卵混進油、洋蔥及胡椒磨碎；或是咖哩魚卵(curry of roe)。在喀拉拉的魚卵便會以椰子油油炸，並且味道上佳。在部落的民眾間，火烤魚卵(甚像棉花糖)亦是美味。然而，其他的魚會較攜卵的魚美味。在這個地方，鱸魚魚卵也被認為是佳餚，並且會以油炸或是作為油炸Trichosanthes dioica（英语：Trichosanthes dioica）的餡，製成potoler dolma。
在裡海的吉蘭省及馬贊德蘭省會用上數類魚卵。在當地稱為Ashpal或Ashbal的魚卵能烤、保存、鹽醃或是與其他材料混合。若是鹽醃或保存的，這會用作調味料。如果是新鮮食用的話，通常會烤、蒸或是與蛋混合並炸成軟凍狀(custard-like)，名為"Ashpal Kuku"的菜餚。
除了很受歡迎的魚子醬外，白魚(Kutum/Caspian White Fish/Rutilus Frisii Kutum)、擬鯉(Rutilus rutilus)與裡海的鮭魚魚卵也被高度評價。鯉魚魚卵較不普遍而觸鬚白魚(Barbus barbus)的魚卵有時候也會使用。
除了以燒烤或油煎方式料理烏魚子外，亦會紅燒或油炸的方法料理魚蛋。常見的食用魚—柳葉魚的魚腹中亦有許多魚蛋，但不會特別取出而是連魚帶卵整條食用（喜相逢）。亦會將魚蛋製成罐頭。
圓鰭魚卵在丹麥料理十分廣泛地使用，除了會與減半或切片的烚蛋放在一起外，還有跟土墩蝦(mounds of shrimp)，或是其他魚類、海鮮等的組合。其餘普遍地進食的魚卵是鱈魚卵。
Tarama是鹽醃保存的鯉卵，通常用作製成塔沙摩沙拉(taramosalata)，一種希臘料理及土耳其開胃菜，包括Tarama混合檸檬汁、麵包屑、洋蔥及橄欖油。這是用浸(dip)的方法來食用的。
Bottarga是鹽醃及風乾的鯡魚卵囊，通常用作配料或裝飾意式麵食。
煙熏及鹽腌的鱈卵醬，在瑞典普遍十分流行把其添在三明治上。最著名的品牌是Kalles Kaviar。
在英國進食魚卵通常是魚白(soft roe)而非魚卵(hard roe)。儘管不太受歡迎，但鯡魚卵通常仍在英國不少的超級市場發售。打碎的魚卵也能在倫敦周圍區域的炸魚薯條店買得。很多種罐裝魚卵只於超級市場有售。
凤鲚

凤鲚（学名：Coilia mystus）为輻鰭魚綱鯡形目鳀科鲚属的鱼类，俗名凤尾鱼、烤籽鱼、籽鲚、子鲚、馬齊魚。分布于印度洋北部沿海、朝鲜、日本、印度尼西亚以及中国沿海等，属于河海洄游性鱼类。其溯河产卵洄游。该物种的模式产地在印度沿海。
凤鲚尾部分叉状，呈红色，尖细窄长，酷似凤尾，故得名。
子鲚得名于温州人对凤尾鱼的俗称，最初特指生长于瓯江口外的凤尾鱼，因上市时节满腹是籽，故名“子鲚”，是鳳尾魚最可口的地方。温州历有“江心寺后凤尾鱼”的说法。每年立夏，平时生活在东海浅海区的子鲚逆江而上，在瓯江咸淡水汇合之处产卵繁殖，主要群集于江心屿附近的江面，直至小暑，渔汛约2个月。
子鲚腹内多籽，肉质细嫩，高蛋白、高脂肪，富含磷酸。曬乾後的魚子又名金銀春或金銀魚子。民间多油炸食用，不需刮鳞剖肚，只从口中掏净内脏，油炸后鱼骨鱼刺酥脆，整鱼均可入口。
鱼子酱

鱼子酱（俄语：чёрная икра，英語：Caviar）是用鱘魚的鱼卵制成的抹酱，與松露和肥肝並稱為「西方三大珍馐」。世界上的大多數魚子醬都產自俄罗斯和伊朗兩國，其中尤以俄羅斯為最多，但是魚子醬經常被使用在法國菜上，而不是俄羅斯菜和伊朗菜。
雖然几乎所有种类的鱼卵都可被做成鱼子酱，但嚴格來說以鱘科的卵製成的才是魚子醬。傳統上最上等的鱼子酱是产自欧洲鳇的贝鲁嘉鱼子酱（英语：Beluga caviar），而阿斯特拉鱼子酱（英语：Ossetra）和塞夫鲁加鱼子酱（英语：Sevruga caviar）僅次之，鱼子酱可以放入汤中或夹面包来吃，單點则多以小圓煎餅與發泡鮮奶油作搭配。
日本料理中也经常用鱼子酱制作寿司等，但是和西方魚子醬完全不同，名稱也不叫魚子醬，而是“鮭魚卵”和“鯡魚卵”，顏色橘紅鮮艷並帶有濃厚醃漬醋味。
因为俄罗斯和伊朗靠近裏海，历史上两国出产的上等鱼子酱一度占全世界市场的95%；此外俄罗斯与中国交界处的阿穆尔河（黑龙江）中生活着达氏鳇，也能出产鱼子酱。在中国黑龙江省和浙江省，鱼子酱产业是新兴的高附加值产业。苏联解体后，鱼子酱生产的限制一度被放开，市场欣欣向荣，但在短短十年间，过度捕捞又使野生鲟鱼在 2000 年成为濒危物种，野生鲟鱼的捕捞又再次受到限制。
中国大陆生产的鱼子酱份额达到市场份额的35%，并且来自浙江千岛湖的卡露伽鱼子酱（“卡露伽”为达氏鳇英文名Kaluga的音译）成为了世界上最昂贵的鱼子酱。
英文中的Caviar有時也不會單指魚子醬，有時也會指由各種東西或液體製成的，形似魚子醬的東西；像是咖啡魚子醬（英语：Caviar de café）或是墨魚汁魚子醬（英语：Caviar l'encre de seiche）。
多膥鱼

多膥魚（俗寫多春魚）為食用魚胡瓜魚科下屬數個物種的俗稱，因其雌魚腹內含大量魚籽而得名。其主要有三種，包括柳葉魚（英語：Shishamo，產自日本北海道勇拂郡鵡川町）、毛鱗魚（英語：Capelin，產自北歐及加拿大大西洋沿岸）及油胡瓜魚（英語：Longfin smelt，產自美國及加拿大太平洋沿岸）。其鱼体延长，侧扁，長約15 － 20公分。眼大，鳞片细小。背鳍居中，脂鳍低长，臀鳍位于背鳍后下方。
鰾

鰾 （swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, air bladder）或鱼鳔是大部份硬骨鱼类体内的一个内充气体的囊状器官，其生理作用是通过改变体积来调节鱼体在水中的比重，从而调节排水量和浮力帮助沉浮。而包括鲨鱼在内很多软骨鱼仅靠游泳来调节浮力。一些鱼的鳔还具有发声等机能，有些淡水鱼类的鳔与内耳相连用来测量水压和提高听觉灵敏性。
鱼鳔在胚胎发育时由肠管向外突出延伸形成，大部分鱼类的鱼鳔在长成后会保留一个和肠道相通的导气管——鳔管（pneumatic duct），但有些鱼类的鱼鳔在发育过程中则会和肠道断开成为一个封闭的气囊。肉鳍鱼的一支——肺鱼四足纲因为鱼鳔密布毛细血管而发展出了气体交换的功能，从而演化出了能够直接从空气中吸收氧气的肺。
魚鰾也被人类用作食物和材料，又称花膠、鱼胶、鱼肚、鱼泡、白鳔等。
鰾位于鱼体腔内的背部，鰾壁坚韧不透气，包含鳥嘌呤晶体，只含很少的血管组织。鰾的发达程度与鱼的习性有关：生活于极浅水和底栖的鱼类因为不需要浮沉，鰾一般较为退化；另外，鮪魚等因为需要快速游泳，鰾也不发达。
生活在浅水鱼类的鰾内气体成份类似空气，深海鱼类则一般含氧气较空气高。鰾内不同程度的充气导致其体积以及整个鱼体的比重变化，鰾主要的功能是降低魚在水裡的比重。
在胚胎期间，鰾是由消化道突出并扩大而形成的，并与消化道经由鳔管相连。例如鲤形目和鲱形目等通鳔（physostomous，又称喉鳔）鱼类终生保留鳔管，通过口吞咽空气来充排气。而鲈形目等闭鳔（physoclistous）鱼类的鳔管消失，通过特别的腺体分泌乳酸来从血液中收集氧气进入鳔。后者因为排气速度比较慢，在鱼体快速上升的情况下更容易导致鳔破裂。
魚肚是一些鱼鳔经加热溶化并重新凝结后的产品，在一些亚洲国家，包括中国菜中被用作海鲜烹饪原料。鱼肚富含胶原蛋白，本身味道不明显且帶腥味，多以燉湯或爆蒜炒為主。
在欧洲历史上，鲟鱼等鱼的鳔熬制的胶，英文称isinglass，主要被用来澄清葡萄酒和啤酒，也用做果冻等食品原料。但目前已被家畜胶原蛋白和其他成分代替。
中医用来入药的鱼鳔一般来自石首鱼科的黄鱼或鲟科的鳇鱼。中医认为其性平，味甘，有补肾益精，滋养筋脉的作用，用来治疗腰膝酸软、产后虚弱等症状。
魚鰾加水溶化的产品称为鱼鳔胶，在中国传统中被用来粘合木材部件。但有时用皮革制做的胶也称为鳔胶。
Tobiko

Tobiko (とびこ) is flying fish roe in Japanese cuisine, known for its use in sushi.
The eggs are small, ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm. For comparison, tobiko is larger than masago (capelin roe), but smaller than ikura (salmon roe). Natural tobiko has a red-orange color, a mild smoky or salty taste, and a crunchy texture.
Tobiko is sometimes colored to change its appearance: other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change, such as squid ink to make it black, yuzu to make it pale orange (almost yellow), or even wasabi to make it green and spicy. A serving of tobiko can contain several pieces, each having a different color.
When prepared as sashimi, it may be presented on avocado halves or wedges. Tobiko is used in the creation of many other Japanese dishes. Often, it is used as an ingredient in California rolls.
Frequently, masago (capelin or smelt roe) is substituted for tobiko, due to its similar appearance and flavor. Tobiko is also sometimes "adulterated" with dyed herring eggs.
The raw roe is very nutritious, due to its high vitamin content, high protein content, and large ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids.
Milt

Milt is the seminal fluid of fish, mollusks, and certain other water-dwelling animals. They reproduce by spraying this fluid which contains the sperm, onto roe (fish eggs). It can also refer to the sperm sacs or testes that contain the semen.
Milt (sometimes spelled melt) or soft roe also refers to the male genitalia of fish when they contain sperm, used as food. Many cultures eat milt, often fried, though not usually as a dish by itself. As a food item, milt is farmed year-round in nitrogen tanks, through hormone induction or photoperiod control.
In Indonesian cuisine, the milt (called telur ikan 'fish egg') of snakehead and snapper is usually made into kari or woku.
In Japanese cuisine, the testes (白子 shirako 'white children') of cod (tara), anglerfish (ankō), salmon (sake), squid (ika) and pufferfish (fugu) are eaten.
In Korean cuisine, the milt (이리 iri) of Alaska pollock, cod, blackmouth angler, bogeo, and sea bream are eaten.
In Romanian cuisine, the milt of carp and other fresh water fish is called lapți (from the Latin word lactes) and is usually fried.
In Russian cuisine, herring milt (молока, moloka) is pickled the same way as the rest of the fish, but eaten separately, sometimes combined with pickled herring roe. Various whitefish soft roes are usually consumed fried and it is an inexpensive everyday dish.
In Sicilian cuisine, the milt of tuna is called lattume and is used as a typical pasta topping.
In British cuisine, cod soft roes are a traditional dish, usually fried in butter and spread on toast.
In Czech cuisine, the milt of common carp called mlíčí (from the Czech word mléko - milk) is often used in a fish soup served on Christmas Eve dinner.
Herring milt is 82.5% water, 2% fat, 16.7% protein, and 2% ash for fish with 21% milt. Cod milt is 82% water, 1.1% fat, 14.5% protein, and 1.8% ash.
Red caviar

Red caviar is a caviar made from the roe of salmonid fishes (various species of salmon and trout), which has an intense reddish hue. It is distinct from black caviar, which is made from the roe of sturgeon.
Red caviar is part of Russian and Japanese cuisine. In Japan, salmon caviar is known as ikura (イクラ) which derives from the Russian word ikra (икра) which means caviar or fish roe in general.
In Japanese cuisine, it is usually marinated in salt or soy sauce and sake. The seasoning used varies between households. Many families pickle red caviar using only soy sauce, but some use dashi instead of sake or mirin.
Russians enjoy red caviar appetizers (zakuski) on buttered bread or on a blini (Slavic crêpes). Caviar on blini may be paired with sliced salmon and champagne, especially on such occasions as Russian New Year's Eve.
Lemon pepper

Lemon pepper (also called lemon pepper seasoning) is a seasoning made from granulated lemon zest and cracked black peppercorns. The lemon zest is mashed with the pepper to allow the citrus oil to infuse into the pepper. This mix is then baked and dried and can be used on meats (particularly poultry) and pasta, although it was originally used primarily for seafood. It is also used in the preparation of lemon pepper wings.
Lemon pepper seasoning was commercially launched in July 1967 by William Shoffeitt, a product engineer who developed Shoffeitt's Enhance Seasoners in Healdsburg, California. The all-purpose seasoning was originally distributed along the West Coast of the United States but gained popularity through trade shows and sales at Sears and JCPenney stores.
Lemon pepper is generally commercially available in small jars, although it may also be homemade. Although the original recipe was a closely-guarded secret, along with preserved lemons it may also include smaller amounts of salt, sugar, onion, garlic, citric acid, additional lemon flavor, cayenne pepper, and other spices.
Cheka

Ang Buong-Rusong Ekstraordinaryong Komisyon, payak na kilala sa Ruso bilang Cheka, ay ang unang organisasyon ng pulisyang lihim sa Unyong Sobyetiko. Nabuo ito sa pamamagitan ng isang dekrito na inilabas noong 20 Disyembre 1917, ni Vladimir Lenin at pinamunuan ng isang aristocratong-naging-komunistang si Felix Dzerzhinsky. Pagkatapos ng 1922, napadpad ang Cheka sa mga serye ng reorganisasyon sa pagiging katawan na kung saan ang mga miyembro ay patuloy na tinatawag na "Chekisty" (Chekists) hanggang dekada 1980.
Mula sa pagkakatatag nito, ang Cheka ay nagsisilbing napakahalagang kamay ng militar at pangseguridad ng komunistang pamahalaan ng mga Bolshevik. Noong 1921, ang Mga Tropa para sa Panloob na Dipensa ng Republika (isang sangay ng Cheka) ay naging 200,000. Pinamunuan ng mga tropang ito ang mga kampong pantrabaho; pinapatakbo ang sistemang Gulag; at iba.
Padron:Secret police of Communist Europe
Sarah Geronimo

Si Sarah Asher Tua Geronimo-Guidicelli (ipinanganak 25 Hulyo 1988) ay isang mang-aawit, aktres at modelong Pilipina. Siya ang nagwagi sa reality show na Star for a Night sa Pilipino.
Si Sarah Asher Tua Geronimo ang pinakabatang nanalo ng Star For A Night, isang palabas ng reality-based sa Pilipinas noong panahon ng MTV Pilipinas Awards 2004 nang kumanta si Geronimo, kasama si Guy Sebastian. Ginawaran si Geronimo bilang sikat na artista ng MTV Philippines. Ginawad rin siya bilang Nickelodeon's Kids Choice for Wannabe Personality. Siya rin ang aktres sa kanyang soap opera na pinamagatang Sarah: The Teen Princess. Lumabas rin si Geronimo sa mga pelikulang Filipinas, Lastik Man at Annie Batungbakal. Nakita rin siya sa patalastas ng Jollibee, Charmee, Globe. Sa telebisyon naman, nakikita si Geronimo sa programang, ASAP Rocks, na pinapalabas sa ABS-CBN. Ginawan din siya ng teleseryeng hango sa pelikula ni Sharon Cuneta ang Pangarap na Bituin. Gumanap siya roon bilang si Emerald.
Others
Pangkalahatang halalan sa Pilipinas, 2010

Pangkalahatang Halalan sa pagkapangulo, mga mambabatas at lokal sa Pilipinas ay nakatakdang gawin sa 10 Mayo 2010. Ang mahahalal na pangulo ang magiging ikalabinglimang Pangulo ng Pilipinas, susunod kay Pangulong Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, na hindi na maaaring tumakbo muli sa pagkapangulo dahil sa tinatakda ng saligang-batas. Kung ang kasalukuyang Pangalawang Pangulo na si Noli de Castro ay hindi muling tatakbo para sa nasabing posisyon ang susunod sa kanya ang magiging ikalabinlimang Pangalawang Pangulo ng Pilipinas. Ang mga mahahalal na mambabatas sa halalan sa 2010 ay makakasama ang mga senador ng halalan noong 2007 at silang bubuo sa Ika-15 Kongreso ng Pilipinas.
Pamamahalaan ng Komisyon sa Halalan ang magaganap na halalan sa 2010 alinsunod sa itinatakda ng Batas ng Republika 9369, na mas kilala bilang Amended Computerization Act ng 2007. Ito ang pangalawang halalan na ginagamitan ng mga kompyuter sa kasaysayan ng bansa pagkatapos ng halalan sa Rehiyong Awtonomo ng Muslim Mindanao dalawang taon ang nakalipas noong 2008.
Ang mga lokal na halalan ay gaganapin rin sa lahat ng mga lalawigan, lungsod at bayan.
Sa isang desisyon noong 2 Disyembre 2009, ipinasya ng Kataas-taasang Hukuman na hindi na kailangang magbitiw sa pwesto ng mga nakaupong opisyal na naghain ng kanilang sertipiko ng kandidatura, at nagdeklara sa Seksiyon 4(a) ng resolusyon ng Komisyon sa Halalan Blg. 8678, Seksiyon 13 ng Batas ng Republika Blg. 9369, at Seksiyon 66 ng Omnibus Election Code bilang labag sa Saligang batas, "dahil sa paglabag nito sa pantay na proteksiyon at sa pagiging overbroad."
Mga kaabang-abang na labanan:
Republika ng Katagalugan

Ang Republikang Tagalog ay isang termino na ginagamit upang tumukoy sa dalawang kinatawang panghimagsikan sa Himagsikang Pilipino. Ang dalawa ay may kaugnayan sa himgasikang kilusang Katipunan.
Ang terminong Tagalog ay tumutukoy sa parehong ang pangkat etno-lingguwistiko sa Pilipinas at ang kanilang wika. Ang Katagalugan ay maaaring tumukoy sa makasaysayang rehiyong Tagalog sa pulo ng Luzon na bahagi ng Kapuluan ng Pilipinas.
Ngunit ang lihim na samahan ng Katipunan ay pinahaba pa ang ibig-sabihin o kahulugan ng mga terminong ito bilang pagtukoy sa lahat ng mga katutubo ng Kapuluan ng Pilipinas. Ang pangunahing paggamit ng Tagalog ay binigyang-kahulugan ng samahan sa isang talababa:
Ang rebolusyonaryong si Carlos Ronquillo ay sinulat ito sa kanyang mga akda:
Sa ganitong paggalang, ang Katagalugan ay maaaring isalin bilang ang "Bansang Tagalog."
Si Andrés Bonifacio, ang kasaping nagtatag ng Katipunan at sa ang magiging pinuno (supremo) ay nagpalaganap ng paggamit ng Katagalugan para sa bansang Pilipinas. Ang terminong "Filipino" ay ipinagagamit lamang sa mga Kastilang ipinanganak sa Pilipinas. Sa pagtanggal ng "Filipino" at "Filipinas" na may banyagang kolonyal na pinaghmula, si Bonifacio at ang kanyang mga kapwa-rebolusyonarista ay "naghahangad na makabuo ng isang pambansang pagkakakilanlan."
Noong 1896, ang Himagsikang Pilipino ay nagsimula nang matapos ang pagkakatuklas ng Katipunan ng mga nasa kapangyarihan. Matapos sa malakihang mga pagkakasalungatan, ang Kaipunan ay naging isang bukas na pamahalaang rebolusyonaryo. Ang Amerikanong historyanong si John R. M. Taylor na kustodyan sa Talang Paghihimagsik sa Pilipinas ay sinulat:
Ang ilang mga historyanong Pilipino ay sumang-ayon. Ayon kay Gregorio Zaide:
Samakatuwid, sina Renato Constantino at kasama ang iba pa ay itinuring na ang Katipunan ay isang pamahalaang anino
Nainpluwensiyahan ng Malayang Masoneriya, ang Katipunan ay pinamahalan ng mga "sarili nitong batas, istrakturang biyurokratiko at hinahalal na pamumuno." Sa bawat lalawigan na may kinalaman ito, ang Samahang Supremo ay nakipagtulungan sa mga konseho ng mga lalawigan na namumuno sa "pampubilkong pamamahala at pangh antasukbong kapakanan sa supra-munisipal o quasi-probinsiyal at mga lokal na konseho na namumuno sa kapakanan "sa distrito o antas barrio."
Sa mga huling araw ng Agosto, ang mga kasapi ng Katipunan ay nagpulong sa Kalookan at nagsimulang magsagawa ng kanilang paghihimagsik (ang pangyayaring ito ay matapos na tinawag na "Sigaw sa Balintawak" o "Sigaw ng Pugad Lawin"; ang eksatong lugar at petsa ay pinagtatalunan).
Unipartidismo

Ang unipartidismo ay sistema ng pamamahala kung saan isang partidong pampolitika ang tanging kumokontrol sa naghaharing sistema. Ang lahat ng iba pang partido ay maaaring ipinagbabawal o tinatangkilik lamang ang limitado at kontroladong paglahok sa halalan. Minsan ang terminong "de facto one-party state" ay ginagamit upang ilarawan ang isang dominant-party system na, hindi katulad ng one-party state, ay nagpapahintulot (kahit nominally) ang demokratikong multiparty na halalan, ngunit ang umiiral na ang mga gawi o balanse ng kapangyarihang pampulitika ay epektibong pumipigil sa oposisyon na manalo ng kapangyarihan.
Bagaman ito ay nauna sa 1714 hanggang 1783 "panahon ng Whig oligarchy" sa Great Britain, ang panuntunan ng Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) sa Imperyong Otomano kasunod ng kudeta noong 1913 ay madalas na itinuturing na unang one-party state.
As of 2025 the following countries are legally constituted as one-party states:
Pambansang Demokratikong Hanay ng Pilipinas

Ang Pambansang Demokratikong Hanay ng Pilipinas (Daglat sa Filipino: PDHP; Ingles: National Democratic Front of the Philippines; Daglat sa Ingles: NDFP) ay isang koalisyon ng mga panghimagsikang organisasyong panlipunan at ekonomiko, unyong agrikultural, samahang manggagawa, pangkat ng karapatang katutubo, makakaliwang partidong pampulitika, at iba pang kaugnay na pangkat sa Pilipinas. Kabilang ito sa mas malawak na kilusang para sa pambansang demokrasya at isa sa mga pangunahing kasapi sa rebelyong komunista sa bansa kasama ang Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas at Bagong Hukbong Bayan. Ipinahayag ito bilang isang teroristang organisasyon ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas noong 2021 sa pamamagitan ng Sangguniang Kontra-Terorismo.
Bago ang paglikha ng NDF, marami sa mga kaakibat na samahan na ay matagal nang umiiral, tulad ng Kabataang Makabayan at Malayang Kilusan ng Bagong Kababaihan, na pinagsama ang maraming miyembro ng kabataan, kababaihan, magsasaka at manggagawa para sa isang rebolusyonaryong pambansa-demokratikong layunin. Noong 1971, nabuo ang Preparatory Commission para sa Pambansang Demokratikong Prente, sa ilalim ng inisyatiba ng Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas, upang mapagsama ang lahat ng iba't ibang mga rebolusyonaryong organisasyon na pinilit mag-underground sa panahon ng Batas Militar.
Pormal na inilathala ng Preparatory Commission ang isang Ten Point Program noong Abril 24, 1973, na minarkahan ang pagtatatag ng NDF bilang isang "rebolusyonaryong nagkakaisang prente ng mamamayang Pilipino na nakikipaglaban para sa pambansang kalayaan at para sa demokratikong karapatan ng mga tao." Mula pa nang itinatag ito, ang NDF ay nagsilbi bilang pulitikang kinatawan ng PKP, at nagtatayo ng mga ugnayang diplomatiko sa ibang bansa at kumakatawan sa mga negosasyong pangkapayapaan. Kasama sa pangunahing gawain nito ang pagpapalawak ng gawaing pampulitika sa mga lungsod sa pamamagitan ng welga ng mga manggagawa, boycott at protesta, at aktibong pagtulong sa rebolusyon sa kanayunan.
Ipinagpatuloy ng NDF ang kanilang gawain sa iba't ibang sektor ng lipunang Pilipino, na madalas na tumanggi at tumutol laban sa iba't ibang mga batas at programa ng pag-unlad na itinuturing nilang nagpapalala ng "pangunahing problema ng masa" kasama ang CARP, Philippines 2000, Visiting Forces Agreement at mga programang kontra rebelyon.
Pinagtibay ng NDFP ang sumusunod na 12-point program upang maisakatuparan ang "pambansang pagpapalaya at demokrasya [na] naglalayong magbigay ng isang malawak na batayan ng pagkakaisa para sa lahat ng mga panlipunang klase, sektor, grupo at indibidwal na mga Pilipino dito at sa ibang bansa na nagnanais ng tunay na pambansang kalayaan at demokrasya, pangmatagalang kapayapaan at isang progresibong Pilipinas.":
Kasama sa prente ay mga sumusunod:
Republikang Bangsamoro

Ang Republikang Bangsamoro (Ingles: Bangsamoro Republik), opisyal na tinatawag na Mga Nagkakaisang Estadong Pederado ng Republikang Bangsamoro (United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik, dinadaglat bilang UFSBR), ay isang 'di-kinikilalang estado sa Timog-silangang Asya. Ipinahayag ni Nur Misuari, tagapangulo ng Moro National Liberation Front, ang Kalayaan ng Bangsamoro noong 12 Agosto 2013 sa Talipao, Sulu, at dineklara niya ang Lungsod ng Dabaw bilang kabisera nito.
Ayon kay Misuari, ang territoryo ng republika ay sakop ng mga pulo ng Mindanao, Basilan, Tawi-Tawi, Sulu, Palawan at Hilagang Borneo kung saan naniraan ang mga Bangsamoro. Ngunit ayon sa legal na payo ni Misuari na si Emmanuel Fontanilla, kasama rin ang mga estadong Sabah at Sarawak ng Malaysia. Ang pagdedeklara ng pagkakaisa ng Bangsamoro ay nagdulot sa krisis sa Lungsod ng Zamboanga ng 2013.
Revolutionary

A revolutionary is a person who either participates in, or advocates for, a revolution. The term revolutionary can also be used as an adjective to describe something producing a major and sudden impact on society.
The term—both as a noun and adjective—is usually applied to the field of politics, but is also occasionally used in the context of science, invention or art. In politics, a revolutionary is someone who supports abrupt, rapid, and drastic change, usually replacing the status quo, while a reformist is someone who supports more gradual and incremental change, often working within the system. In that sense, revolutionaries may be considered radical, while reformists are moderate by comparison. Moments which seem revolutionary on the surface may end up reinforcing established institutions. Likewise, evidently small changes may lead to revolutionary consequences in the long term. Thus the clarity of the distinction between revolution and reform is more conceptual than empirical.
A conservative is someone who generally opposes such changes. A reactionary is someone who wants things to go back to the way they were before the change has happened (and when this return to the past would represent a major change in and of itself, reactionaries can simultaneously be revolutionaries). A revolution is also not the same as a coup d'état: while a coup usually involves a small group of conspirators violently seizing control of government, a revolution implies mass participation and popular legitimacy. Again, the distinction is often clearer conceptually than empirically.
According to sociologist James Chowning Davies, political revolutionaries may be classified in two ways:
The revolutionary anarchist Sergey Nechayev argued in Catechism of a Revolutionary:
According to Che Guevara, "the true revolutionary is guided by a great feeling of love. It is impossible to think of a true revolutionary lacking in this quality." According to the Marxist Internet Archive, a revolutionary "amplif[ies] the differences and conflicts caused by technological advances in society. Revolutionaries provoke differences and violently ram together contradictions within a society, overthrowing the government through the rising to power of the class they represent. After destructing the old order, revolutionaries help build a new government that adheres to the emerging social relationships that have been made possible by the advanced productive forces."
Paco Román

Francisco Román y Velasquez (October 4, 1869 – June 5, 1899) was a Filipino soldier who became a revolutionary during Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War. Roman had the rank of a colonel in the Philippine Revolutionary Army, and served as the close aide of General Antonio Luna. When Luna was assassinated in Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, Román attempted to save him but he was also shot to death by Emilio Aguinaldo's presidential guards.
Francisco Román was born on October 4, 1869, in Alcala, Cagayan to Pelagia Velásquez, a Tagalog, and José Román, a Spanish national. Pelagia was the sister of Hilaria Velasquez, the mother of José and Rafael Palma. Paco's father, José, was a licensee of the tobacco monopoly system then implemented in the province. The family moved to Manila where the elder Román established a factory. Francisco then studied at Ateneo Municipal de Manila and eventually pursued studies in Hong Kong.
Roman married Juliana Piqueras, whom he had two children, Juan and Carmen.
Francisco Román assumed his father's business after the latter died and secretly donated to the revolutionary cause. Being the son of a Spanish national, he sided with the colonial government and was believed to have volunteered in the Spanish cavalry in order to not be suspected of aiding the revolutionary forces. At the outbreak of the Philippine–American War, Roman joined General Antonio Luna's forces and rose to the ranks to become a colonel and Luna's aide-de-camp.
Román led what came to be known as the Second Battle of Caloocan where his forces were able to push the invading American forces back to Azcárraga Street in Manila.
While setting up his mountain headquarters in Bayambang, Pangasinan, General Antonio Luna received a telegram on June 4, 1899, from Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija summoning him to a conference with the President Emilio Aguinaldo. Román, together with Captain Eduardo Rusca, Majors Manuel Bernal, José Bernal, and Simeon Villa, and 25 cavalrymen, joined Luna to Cabanatuan.
The next day, en route to Cabanatuan, a broken bridge posed to delay the entire party. Luna, accompanied by only Román and Rusca, decided to proceed immediately to the parish convent which was used as Aguinaldo's office after moving the government's capital from Malolos.
At around three in the afternoon, Luna, Román, and Rusca arrived at the convent of Cabanatuan, with Luna proceeding to meet Aguinaldo. Upon hearing gunshots Román proceeded to come to Luna's aid, but was assassinated himself by Aguinaldo's personal guards from Kawit, Cavite.
Román was buried together with Luna at the town cemetery with military honors. However, the whereabouts of his body was lost, as Luna's was later exhumed and transferred. Aguinaldo denied any knowledge in the assassination of Luna and Román, but acknowledged his failure to persecute the people behind their deaths.
The Revolutionaries

The Revolutionaries (sometimes known as "Revolutionaires") was a Jamaican reggae band.
Set up in 1975 as the house band of the Channel One Studios owned by Joseph Hoo Kim, The Revolutionaries with Sly Dunbar on drums and Bertram "Ranchie" McLean on bass, created the new "rockers" style that would change the whole Jamaican sound (from roots reggae to rockers, and be imitated in all other productions). Beside Sly, many musicians played in the band: Robbie Shakespeare on bass, JoJo Hookim, Bertram McLean, and Radcliffe "Dougie" Bryan on guitar, Ossie Hibbert, Errol "Tarzan" Nelson, Robbie Lyn or Ansel Collins on keyboards, Uziah "Sticky" Thompson, Noel "Scully" Simms on percussion, Tommy McCook, Herman Marquis on saxophone, Bobby Ellis on trumpet and Vin Gordon on trombone.
In 1976, The Revolutionaries attained further respect from the Sound System and dub fraternity when they recorded a track named after author Alex Haley's character, Kunta Kinte, which would become one of reggae music's most recognisable riddims and which for many years was only played by selected sound systems on dubplate. The track Kunta Kinte was based on an earlier tune, Beware Of Your Enemies, released from Jamaica's Channel One. The 1976 dub version released by The Revolutionaries became a sound system anthem for many years on dubplate, and also inspired a UK version produced by Mad Professor in 1981. It has also inspired Drum and Bass and jungle covers, and was consistently played by Jah Shaka.
The band played on numerous dub albums and recorded as a backing band for artists like B.B. Seaton, Carl Malcolm, Black Uhuru, Culture, Prince Alla, Leroy Smart, Gregory Isaacs, John Holt, The Heptones, Mighty Diamonds, I-Roy, Tapper Zukie, Trinity, U Brown, Errol Scorcher, Serge Gainsbourg among others.
Ịmụ naanị ya

Ịmụ naanị ya bụ ọnọdụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-amalite na izu okè pụrụ iweta nkasi obi site ụmụ naanị ha. Ịmụ naanị ya anaghị eme atụmatụ ma si otú a dị iche na ịmụ nwa na-enweghị enyemaka.
Carla Emery nyere ntuziaka maka ịmụ naanị "ụmụaka ọhịa" na Encyclopedia of Country Living. Ntuziaka dị mkpa sitere na ngalaba "Ịmụ site n'onwe gị" gụnyere ịghara ịdọrọ eriri umbilical ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na imi na ọnụ nwa agbọghọ nwere ike ịbelata ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ ụzọ ndị na ụdị nke na adịghị anya ndị pụtara mmụọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị amụrụ n'amaghị ama tupu ha abịarute (BBA) n'èzí ụlọ ọgwụ na-amụ nwa n'ụgbọ ala bụ ọmụmụ naanị ha. Ọmụmụ ndị a na-abụkarị nke abụọ ma ọ bụ nke atọ ma ọ bụ karịa.
Ịmụ naanị ya bụ omenala nke !Ndị Kung; ọmụmụ naanị n'etiti iri abụo nke ụwa họrọ ọrụ nkụzi afọ okuku n'oge ochie nakwa n'oge kwesịrị !Kung na-egosipụta obi ike ụmụ nwanyị. N'omume, ndị ikwu nwanyị na-enyere primigravidas aka mana multigravidas na-ejikarị usoro ọmụmụ niile naanị ya (na n'emeghị mkpọtụ) n'ime ọhịa. Ụmụ nwanyị Bariba na Benin na-amụkwa naanị ha. Ndị Rarámuri nke ugwu Mexico abụwo ndị a na-elekwasị anya na mbọ ahụike ọha na eze na-eme iji belata ọnwụ nne site n'ịgba ndị na-elekọta ọmụmụ ume.
A na-eche na ojiji a na-ejikarị ndị na-amụ nwa ma ọ bụ ndị na-enyere ha aka ịmụ nwa n'omenala mmadụ ka ọ malitere na "reorientation pelvic metụtara bipedalism" ma mee ka ọ sikwuo ike site na "encephalization a hụrụ na ụdị Homo". Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe na-akwado ọdịbendị na ịmụ nwa n'ihi ọnọdụ occiput nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-apụta site na akụkụ ahụ nwanyị, n'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụ mmadụ bụ ndị ọzọ, na maka ihe ndị metụtara mmekọrịta mmadu di megide okike ime ihe ike ịbelata ọtụtụ ndị na eme Ìhè ahụ n'ebe nile site n'ime Anyị mụtara n'aka Onye Okike nke eluigwe na ụwa họrọ site na afo nwela onwa iri na abụọ ahụ na ibe ya. Otú ọ dị, nnyocha nyocha nke afọ 2018 chọpụtara na bonobos na-egosipụtakwa omume "mmekọahụ" ma kwuo na omume ahụ nwere njikọ na ọkwa primate "ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị njikọ iji mepụta njikọ mmekọrịta siri ike ma rụkọọ ọrụ ọnụ".
Omugwo

Omugwo bụ ihe nkiri Naijiria nke afọ 2017 nke Kunle Afolayan duziri ma dee ya. Ihe nkiri a dabeere na omenala Igbo nke a na-akpo Ọmụgwọ, omume nke a na-enye nne ọhụrụ nlekọta mgbe amuchara nwa, ọkachasị ndị nne nke mbụ.
Ọmụmụ nwa

Templeeti:Infobox medical condition (new)'ịmụ nwa', nke a makwaara dị ka nkebi imu nwa, ịmụ nwa n'ahụ ịmụ nwa, bụ mmezu nke ime ime ebe otu ma ọ bụ karịa ụmụ Ọrụ n'apụ n'ime ime nne site na ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ akụkụ ịwa ahụ. N'afọ 2019, e nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 140.11 na ọmụmụ n'ụwa niile. Na Mba ndị mepere emepe, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na-ewere ọnọdụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ihe ka ukwuu bụ ọmụmụ n'ụlọ.
Ụzọ a n' ahụkarị maka ịmụ nwa n'ụwa niile bụ ịmụ nwa site na ịkpụ. Ọ n'agụnye usoro anọ nke ịmụ nwa: mkpụmkpụ na imeghe akpa nwa n'oge nke mbụ, ịrịda na ọmụmụ nwa n'ime nke abụọ, ịmụ nwa n'afọ n'oge ya nke atọ, na mgbake nke nne na nwa n'etiti nke anọ, nke a na-akpọ postpartum. Nzọụkwụ mbụ a na-ahụkarị site na mgbu afọ ma ọ bụ mgbu azụ n'ihe gbasara ọrụ azụ, nke na-adịkarị ọkara nkeji ma n'eme kwa nkeji 10 rụọ 30. Nkwakorita ahụ na-eji nwayọọ na-esi ike ma na-adịkwu nso. Kemgbe ufu sina imu nwa na-emetụta mgbu, ihe mgbu na-aghọwanye ihe mgbu ma sie ike ka ịmụ nwa n'ihu. Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ na-agwụ mgbe a chụpụrụ nwa ọhụrụ ahụ kpamkpam. Nzọụkwụ nke atọ bụ nnyefe nke Placenta. Nzọụkwụ nke anọ nke ịmụ nwa na-agụnye mgbake nke nne, igbu oge ijide eriri umbilical, na nlekota nke Nwa ọhụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2014 ụlọ ọrụ ahụike niile na-adụ ọdụ na ozugbo a mụsịrị nwa, n'agbanyeghị usoro ọmụmụ, ka etinye nwa ahụ n'obi nne (nke a na-akpọ njikọ akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ), na igbu oge usoro nwa ọhụrụ maka ọ dịkarịa ala otu awa ma ọ bụ ruo mgbe nwa ahụ nwere ara mbụ ya.
A na-atụkarị aro ka a mụọ nwa n'ahụ nwanyị dị ka nhọrọ mbụ. Akụkụ ịwa ahụ nwere ike ibute ohere dị ukwụụ nke nsogbụ na mgbake dị nwayọ. E nwekwara ọtụtụ urụ sitere n'okike nke ịmụ nwa n'ahụ nne na nwa. Ụzọ dị iche iche nwere ike inye aka na ihe mgbu, dị ka usoro ntụsara ahụ, opioids, na spinal blocks. Ọ bụ omụme kachasị mma iji belata ọnụọgụ nke ntinye aka na-eme n'oge ịmụ nwa dịka ngalaba ịwa ahụ, agbanyeghị, n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a ga-eme atụmatụ ngalaba ịwa ya maka ịmụ nwa na mgbake nke nne. Enwere ike ịtụ aro ịwa ahụ mberede ma ọ bụrụ na nsogbụ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya emee ma ọ bụ obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ọganihụ site na ọwa ọmụmụ na-ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ.
Nlekọta mgbe amuchara

Nlekọta mgbe amuchara ma ọ bụ nlekọta postnatal bụ ọrụ a na-aruru ndị mmadụ n'oge ha muchara, iji nye aka na mgbake na mweghachi mgbe amuchara.
Ọtụtụ ụdị ọdịnala nke ịnọchi anya mgbe amuchara dị n'ụwa niile. Chinese Zuo Yuezi (nọdụ ala n'ọnwa) na European Lying-in bụ ihe atụ.
Sanhujori bụ ụdị nlekọta Korea mgbe amuchara. Ọ na-adabere na okpụrụ ndị na-emesi ihe omume na nri ike nke na-eme ka ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na-ezu ike ma na-ehi ụra iji mee ka ahụ laghachi n'ọnọdụ ya dị mma, na-edebe ịdị ọcha, na-eri nri na-edozi ahụ, na udo nke uche na obi. A maara oge njide ahụ dị ka samchil-il (ụbọchị atọ na asaa).
Dị ka omenala si dị, ndị okenye na-elekọta ụmụ nwanyị: nne ha, nne di ha, nwanne ha nwanyị, ma ọ bụ nwanne nne ha. Ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-edina n'ụlọ nyere ọdịiche dị iche iche nke nyere ụmụ nwanyị izu ike na ezumike site na ọrụ ụlọ. Ka ọ na-arịwanye elu, ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mere agadi adịghị ma ọ bụ achọghị ịrụ ọrụ a; n'ihi mmetụta na-adịgide adịgide nke iwu otu nwa, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị China toro eto nwere obere ahụmịhe nke ụmụ ọhụrụ, ebe ha nwere naanị otu n'onwe ha. Ihe na-anọchi anya enyemaka ezinụlọ a bụ ọrụ azụmahịa, ma n'ụlọ ma n'ebe obibi.
Ndị òtù na-enye ndị nlekọta pụrụ iche nke na-abia n'ụlọ nke nne na nna. Ihe ejiri mara ọru a n'oge gara aga bu nọọsụ ọnwa, dika ọ na_abia ya na ndị ezinụlọ ebiri otu ọnwa.
A maara doula nke ọma dị ka onye ibe ọmụmụ, mana ụfọdụ na-enye nkwado bara uru na mmetụta uche mgbe amuchara. Onye ndụmọdụ maka inye nwa ara na onye nleta ahụike bụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike a zụrụ azụ nwere ike inyere nne ọhụrụ aka n'oge a. Na Netherlands, a maara nkwado n'ụlọ dị ka kraamzorg, na ọkọlọtọ n'ime usoro mkpuchi ahụike mba.
Ojiji nke yue sao, onye ọkachamara na-elekọta nke a sụgharịrị na Canada dị ka "postpartum doula", bụkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na China. Yue sao na-abụkarị ndị na-enyere aka n'ụlọ na-elekọta ma nne ọhụrụ ma nwa ọhụrụ maka ọnwa mbụ mgbe amuchara. Ụgwọ ọrụ dị ka 2017 dịgasị iche site na RMB8000 ruo RMB20000 kwa ọnwa dabere na obodo na ahụmịhe. A na-akọwa ha dị ka "nne nne". Onye Australia na-eme ihe nkiri Aela Callan kpọrọ ha "Chinese supermums" mana o kwuru na a maara ha dị ka "ndị inyom na-ejide onwe ha".
Templeeti:PregnancyỊdị imeTempleeti:Women's healthAhụike ụmụ nwanyị