Timeline of Russian innovation

This timeline of Russian innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in Russia.
The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories:
This timeline includes scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of Russia and its predecessor states, regardless of ethnicity, and also lists inventions by naturalized immigrant citizens. Certain innovations achieved internationally may also appear in this timeline in cases where the Russian side played a major role in such projects.
Lapta
Zvonnitsa
Anbur script The alphabet was introduced by a Russian missionary, Stepan Khrap, also known as Saint Stephen of Perm (Степан Храп, св. Стефан Пермский) in 1372. The name Abur is derived from the names of the first two characters: An and Bur. The alphabet derived from Cyrillic and Greek, and Komi tribal signs, the latter being similar in the appearance to runes or siglas poveiras, because they were created by incisions, rather than by usual writing. The alphabet was in use until the 17th century, when it was superseded by the Cyrillic script. Abur was also used as cryptographic writing for the Russian language.
1376 Sarafan
Bardiche
Boyar hat
Gulyay-gorod
Ukha
Russian oven
Rassolnik
c. 1430 Russian vodka
Kokoshnik (architecture)
1510s Tented roof masonry
1530 Middle Muscovite
Russian abacus
1550 Streltsy
1552 Battery-tower
1561 Saint Basil's Cathedral
1566 Great Abatis Line
1586 Tsar Cannon
Bochka roof
Gorodki
Roller coaster
Bird of Happiness
Dymkovo toy
Troika
1630 Late Muscovite Russian architecture characterized by many large cathedral-type churches with five onion-like cupolas, surrounding them with tents of bell towers and aisles.
1659 Khokhloma
1679 Circle of fifths
1685 Tula pryanik
1688 Balalaika
Glass-holder
1693
Table-glass
1704 Decimal currency
1717 Metal lathe compound slide
1718 Yacht club
1725 Rebar
1732 Cast iron cupola / Lightning rod
1733 Peter and Paul Cathedral
1735 Tsar Bell
1739 Ice palace
1741 Quick-firing gun
1754 Coaxial rotor / Model helicopter
1756 Law of Mass Conservation
1757 Licorne (Russian field gun)
1761 Atmosphere of Venus
1762 Off-axis reflecting telescope
1770 Amber Room
1770 Thunder Stone
1776 Orenburg shawl
1778 Russian samovar
1784 Orlov Trotter
Russian guitar
Valenki
1793 Screw drive elevator
1795 Fedoskino miniature / Russian lacquer art
1796 Peaked cap
1802 Modern powdered milk
1802 Continuous electric arc
1805 Droshky any of various 2 or 4 wheeled, horse-drawn, public carriages (early taxicabs).
1811 Sailor cap
1812 Electric telegraph
1812 Naval mine
1814 Beehive frame
1820 Antarctica
1820s Russian Revival architecture is the generic term for a number of different movements within Russian architecture that arose in second quarter of the 19th century and was an eclectic melding of pre-Peterine Russian architecture and elements of Byzantine architecture.
1820 Monorail
1825 Zhostovo painting
1828 Electromagnetic telegraph
1829 Industrial production process of sunflower oil
1829 Three bolt diving equipment
1829 Hyperbolic geometry
1832 Data recording equipment
1833 Lenz's law
1835 Centrifugal fan
1838 Electrotyping
1839 Electric boat
1839 Galvanoplastic sculpture
1847 Field anesthesia
1848 Modern oil well
1850s Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire emerged in the 1850s and became an officially endorsed preferred architectural style for church construction during the reign of Alexander II of Russia (1855–1881), replacing the Russo-Byzantine style of Konstantin Thon.
1851 Struve Geodetic Arc
1851 Russian Railway Troops
1854 Modern field surgery
1854 Stereo camera
1857-1861 Theory of chemical structure
1857 Radiator
1858 Saint Isaac's Cathedral
1859 Aluminothermy
1860s Russian salad
1861 Beef Stroganoff
1864 Modern icebreaker
1868 Grow light
1869 Hectograph
1869 Periodic table of the elements
Gymnasterka
1872 Electric lamp
1872 Aldol reaction
1873 Odhner Arithmometer
1873 Armored cruiser
1874 Headlamp
1875 Railway electrification system
1876 AC transformer
1876 Yablochkov candle
1877 Torpedo boat tender
1877 Tracked wagon
1878 Cylindrical oil tank
1879 Modern oil tanker
1880s Winogradsky column
1888s Three-phase electric power
1880 Vitamins
1880 Electric tram
1881 Carbon arc welding
1883 Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
1884 Mozhaysky's airplane
1884 Electric submarine
1888 Caterpillar farm tractor
1888 Shielded metal arc welding
1888 Solar cell (based on the outer photoelectric effect)
1889 Three-phase induction motor
1889 Three-phase transformer
1889 Mosin–Nagant rifle
1890 Matryoshka doll
1890 Powered exoskeleton
1890 Chemosynthesis
1891 Thermal chemical cracking
1891 Long-distance transmission of three-phase electric power
1891 Three-phase hydroelectric power plant
1892 Viruses
1894 Nephoscope
1895 Lightning detector / Radio receiver
1896 Thin-shell structure
1896 Tensile structure
1896 Hyperboloid structure
1897 Gridshell
1898 Polar icebreaker
1899 Radiation pressure
Mstyora miniature
1901 Classical conditioning
1901 Chromatography
1902 Fire fighting foam
1903 Theoretical foundations of spaceflight
1903 Cytoskeleton
1903 Motor ship
1904 Radio jamming
1904 Foam extinguisher
1905 Auscultatory blood pressure measurement
1905 Korotkov sounds
1905 Insubmersibility
1906 Electric seismometer
1907 Aerosledge
1907 Pulsejet
1907 Bayan
1907 Church of the Savior on Blood
1910 Polybutadiene
1910 Montage (filmmaking) or Kuleshov Effect (by Lev Kuleshov)
1910 Non-Aristotelian logic By Nikolai Vasilyev
1911 Knapsack parachute
1910 Color television
1911 Television
1911 Stanislavski's system
1913 Zaum
1913 Airliner
1913 Half-track
1914 Aerobatics
1914 Gyrocar
1914 Tachanka
1914 Strategic bomber
1914 Aerial ramming
1915 Activated charcoal gas mask
1915 Vezdekhod
1915 Tsar Tank
1916 Trans-Siberian Railway
1916 Optophonic piano
1916 Avtomat rifle. Unlike 1890's Cei gas rifle, the Avtomat was designed for 25-round detachable magazines. Contemporary Occidental writers have struggled to classify the Fedorov Avtomat. Some consider it to be an "early predecessor" or "ancestor" to the modern assault rifle, while others believe that the Fedorov Avtomat was the world's first assault rifle.
1917 Socialist realism
1918 Air ioniser
1918 Budenovka
1918 Ushanka
1918 Jet pack (not built)
1919 Film school
1919 Constructivism (art)
1920s Constructivist architecture
1920 Theremin
1921 Aerial refueling
1923 Iconoscope
1923 Palekh miniature
1924 Flying wing
1924 Optophonic Piano
1924 Stem cells
1924 Primordial soup hypothesis (Abiogenesis)
1924 Diesel electric locomotive
1925 Interlaced video
1926 Graphical sound
1927 Light-emitting diode
1927 Polikarpov Po-2 biplane
1928 Gene pool
1928 Rabbage
1929 Cadaveric blood transfusion
1929 Kinescope
1929 Pobedit
1929 Teletank / Military robot
Spring-loaded camming device
Abalakov thread climbing device
Electric rocket motor
1930s Modern ship hull design
1930 Blood bank
1930 Single lift-rotor helicopter
1930 Paratrooping
1931 Pressure suit
1931 Hypergolic rocket propellants
1931 Rhythmicon / Drum machine
1931 Flame tank
1932 Postconstructivism
1932 Postal code
1932 Children's railway
1932 Terpsitone
1932 Underwater welding
1933 Human kidney transplant
1933 Sampling theorem
1933 Tandem rotor helicopter
1933 Stalinist architecture
1934 Tupolev ANT-20
1934 Cherenkov detector
1935 Kirza
1935 Moscow Metro
1935 Kremlin stars
1936 Acoustic microscopy
1936 Airborne firefighting
1937 Artificial heart
1937 Modern evolutionary synthesis
1937 Superfluidity
1937 Drag chute
1937 Drifting ice station
1937 Welded sculpture
1937 Fire-fighting sport
1937-1957 ANS synthesizer
1938 Deep column station
1938 Sambo
1939 Kirlian photography
1939 Vought-Sikorsky VS-300
1939 Ilyushin Il-2
1939 Self-propelled multiple rocket launcher
1940s Ballast cleaner
1940s TRIZ
1940s Sikorsky R-4
1940 T-34 tank
1941 Competitive rhythmic gymnastics
1941 Maksutov telescope
1941 Degaussing
1942 Winged tank
1942 Gramicidin S
1944 Microtron
1944 EPR spectroscopy
1945 T-54/55 tank
1945 Passive resonant cavity bug
1946 Heart-lung transplant
1947 Modern multistage rocket
1947 MiG-15
1947 AK-47
1947 Lung transplant (Non-human)
1947 Light beam microphone
1949 Staged combustion cycle
1949 Reactive armour
1950s Head transplant
1950s Magnetotellurics
1950 MESM
1950 Berkovich tip
1951 Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction
1951 Explosively pumped flux compression generator
1952 Masers
1952 Seven Sisters (Moscow)
1952 Carbon nanotubes
1952 Anthropometric cosmetology or Ilizarov apparatus
1954 Nuclear power plant
1955 MiG-21
1955 Ballistic missile submarine
1955 Fast-neutron reactor
1955 Leningrad Metro
1955 Tokamak
1957 ANS synthesizer
1957 Synchrophasotron
1957 Spaceport
1957 Intercontinental ballistic missile
1957 Orbital space rocket
1957 Artificial satellite
1957 Space capsule
1957 Raketa hydrofoil
1958 Modern ternary computer
1959 Nuclear icebreaker
1959 Space probe
1959 Missile boat
1959 Kleemenko cycle
1959 Staged combustion cycle
1960s Rocket boots
1960 Reentry capsule
1961 Human spaceflight
1961 RPG-7
1961 Lawrencium
1961 Anti-ballistic missile
1961 Space food
1961 Space suit
1961 Tsar Bomb
1961 Platform screen doors
1961 Ekranoplan
1961 Mil Mi-8
1962 Detonation nanodiamond
1962 AVL tree datastructure
1962 3D holography
1962 Modern stealth technology
1963 KTM-5
1963 Oxygen cocktail
1964 Rutherfordium
1964 Druzhba pipeline
1964 Plasma propulsion engine
1964 Kardashyov scale
1965 Extra-vehicular activity
1965 Molniya orbit satellite
1965 Voitenko compressor
1965 Proton rocket
1965 Air-augmented rocket
1966 Nobelium
1966 Lander spacecraft
1966 Orbiter
1966 Regional jet
1966 Caspian Sea Monster
1966 Soyuz rocket
1966 Orbital module
1967 Space toilet
1967 Ostankino Tower
1967 The Motherland Calls
1967 Computer for operations with functions
1967 Automated space docking
1967 Venus lander
1968 Dubnium
1968 Mil V-12
1968 Supersonic transport
1969 Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
1969 Intercontinental Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1970s Semiconductor Heterostructures
1970s Radial keratotomy
1970 Excimer laser
1970 Robotic sample return
1970 Space rover
1971 Space station
1971 Kaissa (chess program)
1972 Hall effect thruster
1972 Mil Mi-24
1972 Nuclear desalination
1973 Reflectron
1973 Skull crucible
1974 Electron cooling
1975 Underwater assault rifle
1975 Arktika-class icebreaker
1975 Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
1976 Mobile ICBM
1977 Vertical launching system
1977 Kirov-class battlecruiser
1978 Cargo spacecraft
1978 Active protection system
1979 Space-based radio telescope
Kalina cycle
1980s EHF therapy
1980 Typhoon-class submarine
1981 Quantum dot
1981 Tupolev Tu-160
1982 Helicopter ejection seat
1984 Tetris
1986 Modular space station
1987 MIR submersible
1987 RD-170 rocket engine
1988 An-225
1989 Kola Superdeep Borehole
1989 Supermaneuverability
1989 Tupolev Tu-155
1989-1991 BARS apparatus
1991 Thermoplan
1991 Scramjet
RD-180 Engine
1992 Znamya (space mirror)
1992 Nuclotron
1993 "Novichok"
1993 RAR
1996 Lake Vostok
1997 Two-level single-vault transfer station
1998 Beriev Be-200
1998 Submarine-launched spacecraft
1999 7z
1999 Sea Launch
1999 Flerovium
2000s Heterotransistor
2000 Livermorium
2000 Abstract state machine
2001 Space tourism
2001 Mirny Mine
2001 Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
2003 Park Pobedy metro escalators
2003 Nihonium
2003 Moscovium
2003 Proof of the Poincaré conjecture
2004 Nginx
2004 Graphene
2005 Orbitrap
2006 PEARL (PEtawatt pARametric Laser)
2006 Oganesson
2007 Elbrus 2000
2007 NS 50 Let Pobedy
2007 Father of all bombs
2008 Denisovans
2010 Chatroulette
2010 Tennessine
2011 w:ru:71-409
2011 Nuclear power station barge
2011 Nord Stream 1
2011 Spektr-R
2012 Russky Island Bridge
2015 OCSiAl Graphetron
2016 T-14 Armata
2020 COVID-19 vaccine