davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Leaders of the 2011 Chilean protests

The 2011 Chilean protests over the education have been primarily led by the CONFECH, the student unions association of Chile's 25 traditional universities, and CONES the student union association of secondary students of Chile. The student union leaders of emblematic universities (e.g. University of Chile and Pontifical Catholic University of Chile) and schools (e.g. Instituto Nacional) account for most of the movements leadership at national level.
Kenneth Giorgio Jackson Drago (born Santiago, February 6, 1987) is the president of Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad Católica de Chile (FEUC) and in that position one of the principal leaders of the 2011 student protests.
Camila Antonia Amaranta Vallejo Dowling (born in Santiago, April 28, 1988) is a geography student and a leader of the student movement in Chile. She is a member and activist of the Juventudes Comunistas de Chile (Communist Youth of Chile), and the current president of the Student Federation of the University of Chile, being the second woman to hold this post, after Marisol Prado (1997–1998).
Camila Vallejo is the daughter of Reinaldo Vallejo and Mariela Dowling, former members of Chilean Communist Party during the 1970s.
Vallejo lived her childhood between the communes of Macul and La Florida, and she studied in Colegio Raimapu, a mixed-private school in La Florida. In 2006, Vallejo entered the University of Chile to study geography, where she started forming ties with leftist students and getting involved in politics, which led her to join the Chilean Communist Youth the next year. She was counselor of the FECh in 2008. In November 2010 she was chosen as the president of the FECh.
She has acquired public attention as a leading spokesperson and leader of the 2011 student protests in Chile, alongside other student leaders: Giorgio Jackson from the Student Federation of the Catholic University of Chile and Camilo Ballesteros from the Student Federation of the University of Santiago de Chile.
In August 2011, the Supreme Court of Chile ordered police protection for Camila Vallejo because of the death threats she received.
Leader of Federación de Estudiantes Secundarios de Copiapó (Copiapó Federation of High School Students - FESCO) and nacional spokesperson of the high school organization Cones (National Coordinator of High School Students).
President of Federación de Estudiantes Secundarios de Concepción (Concepción Federation of High School Students - FESEC) and national spokesperson of the high school organization Cones (National Coordinator of High School Students).
José Ancalao (also spelled Ankalao) is a representative of the Mapuche Student Federation (Spanish: Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes or FEMAE) a nationwide student union for indigenous Mapuche students.
Public figure

A public figure is a person who has achieved fame, prominence or notoriety within a society, whether through achievement, luck, action, or in some cases through no purposeful action of their own.
In the context of defamation actions (libel and slander) as well as invasion of privacy, a public figure cannot succeed in a lawsuit on incorrect harmful statements in the United States unless there is proof that the writer or publisher acted with actual malice by knowing the falsity or by reckless disregard for the truth. The legal burden of proof in defamation actions is thus higher in the case of a public figure than in the case of an ordinary person.
Libel laws vary considerably on this matter from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Even within a cultural grouping, the libel laws of the UK are quite different from those in the US, for example.
The controlling precedent in the United States was set in 1964 by the United States Supreme Court in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, which is considered a key decision in supporting the First Amendment and freedom of the press.
A fairly high threshold of public activity is necessary to elevate people to a public figure status. Typically, they must either be:
Discussion of a person on the Internet may at times rise to the level that it causes the subject of discussion to be treated as an involuntary public figure.
Corporations are not automatically treated as public figures, and defamation claims made by corporations are evaluated under the same standard as those made by individuals.
Latifa al-Droubi

Latifa al-Droubi (Arabic: لَطيْفةُ الدُّروبيِّ; born 1984) is the First Lady of Syria, having assumed the role since 2025 as the wife of Ahmed al-Sharaa, who was appointed president for the transitional period in the country following the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024.
Latifa al-Droubi was born in 1984 in Al-Qaryatayn, a rural town in Syria's Homs Governorate. She holds a Master's degree in Arabic language and literature. In Turkish media, it has been claimed that her grandfather, Aladdin al-Droubi, who served as the second Prime Minister of Syria from 26 July until his assassination on 21 August 1920, was also the personal doctor of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Her family includes well-known religious figures, such as Sheikh Abdul Ghaffar al-Droubi who was a renowned Quran reciter from Syria who passed away in Jeddah in 2009.
Al-Droubi had maintained a private life away from the public eye, despite her husband's media presence. In a meeting with a delegation of Syrian women residing in the United States, Ahmed al-Sharaa introduced her as his wife, dismissing social media rumors about having multiple spouses. He affirmed that she is his only wife. The couple have three children.
Reports indicated that she wears the traditional Syrian attire for hijabi women and does not wear niqab, contrary to previous speculation. Those reports were confirmed on 3 February 2025, as social media platforms circulated footage of her performing the Umrah pilgrimage in Mecca alongside her husband during his first official visit to Saudi Arabia. On 4 February, Emine Erdoğan posted a photo with al-Droubi as she had arrived in Turkey alongside her husband as part of a state visit. On 31 March, she appeared alongside her husband at the Presidential Palace in Damascus in celebration of Eid al-Fitr to congratulate the children of martyrs.
M4V

The M4V file format is a video container format developed by Apple and is very similar to the MP4 format. The primary difference is that M4V files may optionally be protected by DRM copy protection. Besides, the extension also signals to operating systems like "Microsoft Windows" that the video clip is actually about a licensed movie, and not just a simple clip in particular. This also ensures that embedded covers are correctly displayed in the Windows file explorer.
Its first public appearance was in 2006, when Apple introduced the iTunes Store. The M4V format has been an important part of the Apple ecosystem ever since, and is often used to distribute movies, series, and other video content on the iTunes Store. Unauthorized reproduction of M4V files may be prevented using Apple's FairPlay copy protection. A FairPlay-protected M4V file can only be played on a computer authorized (using iTunes) with the account that was used to purchase the video. In QuickTime, M4V videos using FairPlay DRM are identified as "AVC0 Media".
Besides Apple iTunes and the Apple QuickTime Player, M4V files can also be opened and played with Media Player Classic, K-Multimedia Player, RealPlayer, Zoom Player, VLC media player, MPlayer, DivX Plus Player, and Nero Showtime (included with Nero Multimedia Suite). Final Cut Pro and iMovie can also export to this format. The format without DRM can also be played in the webOS Video Player for use on the Palm Pre, Palm Pixi smartphones. It is also playable by the Android operating system with its video player. It is used as the default video conversion format for HandBrake and Air Video Server on the Macintosh. Some other video players can also recognize and play M4V files if the file extension is changed from ".m4v" to ".mp4".
HandBrake-produced M4V files can also be played on the PlayStation 3, with full Dolby Digital 5.1 surround support.
Jatibarang Lor, Jatibarang, Brebes

Jatibarang Lor iku désa ing kacamatan Jatibarang, Brebes, Jawa Tengah, Indonésia. Masarakat Jatibarang lumrahé nyekak jeneng Jatibarang Lor kanthi sebutan "Jalor". Masjid sing misuwur ing Jatibarang Lor yaiku Masjid Al-Ittihad Jatibarang.
Kantor Désa Jatibarang Lor dumunung ing kordinat: 6°57′51″S 109°3′32″E﻿ / ﻿6.96417°S 109.05889°E﻿ / -6.96417; 109.05889
Basa sing dipigunakaké déning masarakat Jatibarang lor yaiku basa Jawa ngoko lan Krama
Pasisir Batakan

Pasisir Batakan inggih punika salah satunggal papan wisata ing kuto Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan. Setiap wulan Juli kaleh Agustus, poro warigaluh wonten ing pasisir punika ngadaaken ritual kanggé uacapan syukur maring Gusti kang maringi rizki lan nyuwun keselametan pas kesah pelayaran. Poro pelancong saged nunggang jaran utawi ngagem dokar, saumpami péngin keliling papan wisata punika. Ugi saged ngagem perahu kang disediaken kanggé ningali laut saking jarak kang cedhak.. Utawi tiketipun, tiyang dipunwajibake bayar Rp. 20.000 kanggé mlebet pasisir.
Clarence (carriage)

A clarence is a type of carriage that was popular in the early 19th century. It is a closed, four-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle with a projecting glass front and seats for four passengers inside. The driver sat at the front, outside the carriage. The clarence was named after Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, later King William IV of the United Kingdom, who died in 1837. It was introduced in 1840 in London. The Brougham was a lighter, two-passenger version originally commissioned by Lord Brougham.
In time, second-hand clarences came to be used as hackney carriages, earning the nickname growler from the sound they made on London's cobbled streets.
Pacific Place Jakarta

The Pacific Place Jakarta is a multipurpose building located in the Sudirman Central Business District, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The building is divided into three different sections: the six-floor Pacific Place Mall, the One Pacific Place Office Center, The Ritz-Carlton Pacific Place hotel, ballroom, and service apartment, and Pacific Place Residence. The mall opened in November 2007, and in January 2017 was recognized by Forbes as one of the top shopping malls in Jakarta.
The basement level includes Kem Chicks supermarket, restaurants, ATMs, and a bridge to the Ritz Carlton Hotel towers, and the Jakarta Stock Exchange. The Ritz Carlton Pacific Place is the only hotel in the building and has 62 rooms. The One Pacific Place building is the only office block of the building, located north of the building. Galeries Lafayette, the luxurious French department store, had opened a branch in the mall as of 2013, the second of its kind after Dubai in Asia. In 2015, Prada and Miu Miu have both opened their respective stores in this mall. In 2022, a Japanese store, Muji opened in this mall on the fourth floor.
Cabriolet (carriage)

A cabriolet (alternatively cabriole) is a light horse-drawn vehicle, with two wheels and a single horse. The carriage has a folding hood that can cover its two occupants, one of whom is the driver. It has a large rigid apron, upward-curving shafts, and usually a rear platform between the C springs for a groom. The design was developed in France in the eighteenth century and quickly replaced the heavier hackney carriage as the vehicle for hire of choice in Paris and London.
The word cabriolet is derived from the French version of the Italian capriolo meaning a young goat, due to the swaying motion of the vehicle at speed suggestive of the skipping and capering of a kid.
The cab of taxi-cab or "hansom cab" is a shortening of cabriolet.
One who drives a horse-drawn cab for hire is a cabdriver.
Imported from France to England in the 1790s, the cabriolet was originally a two-seater driven by its owner, with a platform on the rear for a groom to stand on. The vehicle soon came of interest to the hire-trade. Londoners had wanted a faster alternative to the slow 4-wheeled hackney carriages, but the hackney proprietors had an exclusive license to carry passengers in the center of London. In 1805, the first 9 cabriolets were granted license to ply for hire but only outside of the main center of London and limited to two persons only—limiting the arrangement to a single passenger, with the driver uncomfortably sitting beside his fare. In 1823, 12 cabriolets were licensed and put into service with an awkward seat built off to one side for the driver—increasing the number of paying passengers to two.
Accidents were common because the drivers showed off their new-found speed and would occasionally collide with streetposts or other vehicles causing the passengers to be pitched forward into the road. There were several attempts to ban the cabriolet as a safety hazard to other users of the roads. The next two-wheel cab to come into popularity was the Hansom cab which had a lower center of gravity, thus a better safety record, and the driver was positioned behind the passengers. Hansoms gradually took over the hire-trade from the cabriolets.
Chariot (carriage)

A chariot is a four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage. It is a sort of shortened coach, cut off in front of the door, with the front seat omitted and the front wall constructed with a window, and lighter than a full coach. A chariot seats two people on a single seat facing forward, though it might have a small fold-down seat in the front for a child. It would either be driven by a coachman, or the high driver's seat removed and guided by postilion riders. It was popular from the late 17th century to the late 19th century, but was eventually replaced by the smaller brougham and other coupé carriages. The origin of the word is obscured because chariot and the similar words char, chair, chare, charet, and charette, were liberally used interchangeably to indicate many two- and four-wheeled vehicles.
The ancient Greek and Roman chariots were war and hunting vehicles which are not related to the carriage type of chariot.
A state chariot, also called a gala chariot or dress chariot, is an elaborately decorated chariot for ceremonial occasions.
A post chariot was a privately owned version of the hired post chaise—a vehicle for travelling over longer distances, from post to post.
The unrelated chariotee was a name given to a phaeton-style carriage in the southern US.
Surrey (carriage)

A surrey is a doorless, four-wheeled carriage popular in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Usually two-seated and able to hold four passengers, surreys had a variety of tops that included a rigid, fringed canopy, parasol, and extension. The seats were traditional, spindle-backed (often upholstered), bench seats. Before the advent of automobiles, these were horse-drawn carriages.
The name is short for "Surrey cart", named after Surrey in England, where they were first made.
The American surrey was famously celebrated in the song "The Surrey with the Fringe on Top" from the musical Oklahoma!.
Toba Regency

Toba Regency is a landlocked regency in North Sumatra. Its seat is Balige. The regency covers an area of 2,021.8 square kilometres; it had a population of 173,129 at the 2010 census and 206,199 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 213,850 (comprising 106,907 males and 106,943 females). Although landlocked, the regency includes the eastern shore of the vast inland Lake Toba.
The regency was originally created on 23 November 1998 from the northern districts of North Tapanuli Regency, and was formerly known as Toba Samosir Regency, even after its western part was split off as Samosir Regency on 18 December 2003 (apart from Muara District, which remained part of North Tapanuli), until the residual regency's name was officially shortened in 2020.
The regency is divided administratively into sixteen districts (kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages in each district (231 rural desa and 13 urban kelurahan), and its post code:
Notes: (a) comprising 6 kelurahan (Balige I, Balige III, Lumban Dolok Haumabange, Napitupulu Bagasan, Pardede Onan and Sangkar Nihuta) and 29 desa. (b) including the kelurahan of Pasar Laguboti. (c) including the kelurahan of Parsoburan Tengah. (d) including the kelurahan of Sigumpar Dangsina. (e) comprising 3 kelurahan (Parparean III, Pasar Porsea and Patane III) and 14 desa. (f) including the kelurahan of Parsaoran Ajibata.
Two scientists explored the Eden Park tourist forest in Sionggang village in Toba Regency for four years and have successfully identified almost 200 new species of forest orchids. The area is an orchid paradise, in which thousands of other orchid species can be found.
Sigura-gura waterfall, which is the highest waterfall in Indonesia at 250 metres (820 ft) tall, is located 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Medan or a 2 to 3 hour long drive. Below the waterfall, one can do White water rafting.
2°23′52″N 99°13′00″E﻿ / ﻿2.3979°N 99.2168°E﻿ / 2.3979; 99.2168
Dokar Gewog

Dokar Gewog (Dzongkha: རྡོ་དཀར་) is a gewog (village block) of Paro District, Bhutan. In 2002, the gewog had an area of 106.1 square kilometres and contained 21 villages and 327 households.
There are 5 Chewogs, 29 villages, and 424 households, with a population of 2283, comprising 1099 males and 1174 females.
Dogar Gewog has a total area of 106.1 Sq.Kms of which 4337.5 acres are covered by forest and it lies in the South of the Dzongkhag.
he fundamental moral law of the universe according to early Buddhism is what is popularly called the “law of karma”: good actions produce good consequences, ...
Kesang Choden (queen)

Ashi Kesang Choden (Dzongkha: སྐལ་བཟང་ཆོས་ལྡན, Wylie: skal bzang chos ldan, born 21 May 1930) is the widow of King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. She participates in royal duties of her own accord. She is the only queen grandmother in the world. In Bhutan she is called The Royal Grandmother.
She was educated at the St Joseph's Convent, Kalimpong, India, as well as the House of Citizenship, London.
In her reminiscence, the Queen notes:
She married Crown Prince of Bhutan (Druk Gyalsey), Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, at the Ugyen Pelri Thang Palace, Paro, on 5 October 1951.
She became Queen consort of Bhutan in 1952 when her husband, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, ascended to the throne upon the death of his father. In 1953 she was expecting her first child, a daughter. Her first daughter arrived earlier than she expected as she was waiting for a Western doctor and her mother to travel to Thimphu to help with the delivery. The previous Queen, Ashi Phuntsho Choden, her maid, and the Bhutanese doctor Phenchun helped to deliver her daughter.
Her children with the Third Druk Gyalpo were:
In 1972, she was appointed regent when her husband was ill. She has also been a patron of annual prayers conducted for the well-being and security of the King, country, and the people. She provides subsistence allowance to about 500 monks and tshampas (lay monks) in various monasteries in Bumthang, Dokar Phurdrub Gompa and Euto Gompa in Paro, Nyala Gompa in Trongsa and Jangsa Gompa in Kalimpong, India. She also has a keen interest in preserving the unique art, architecture and cultural heritage of Bhutan and in promoting research and scholarship on the kingdom. She often visits religious places in Bhutan and India.
In commemoration of the Royal Grandmother's 87th birth anniversary, a book titled "The Heart of a Sacred Kingdom, Her Majesty the Royal Grandmother Ashi Kesang Choden Wangchuck: A Lifetime of Service to the People and Kingdom of Bhutan" was published on Sunday 21 May 2017.
Гоголь (телесериал)

«Гоголь» — киносериал режиссёра Егора Баранова от продюсерской компании «Среда». Фильмы сняты по мотивам произведений Николая Гоголя из сборника «Вечера на хуторе близ Диканьки». Главную роль играет Александр Петров.
«Гоголь. Начало» — первый из фильмов проекта «Гоголь» и первый российский телесериал, у которого есть театральный релиз. Он был выпущен 31 августа 2017 года и заработал $7 757 988 в кассе. Фильм «Гоголь. Вий» вышел в прокат 5 апреля 2018 года. Фильм получил $8 011 641 в кассе. «Гоголь. Страшная месть» вышел в прокат 30 августа 2018 года. Фильмы вышли также в прокат за рубежом — в Германии, Австрии, Бельгии, Швейцарии, на Кипре, в ОАЭ и других странах.
Затем три фильма были разбиты на 6 часовых серий, которые впоследствии вместе с ещё двумя сериями, не выходившими в прокат и не влияющими на общую драматургию, были показаны с 25 марта по 4 апреля 2019 года на телеканале «ТВ-3» как телесериал.
В апреле 2018 года генеральный продюсер «ТВ-3» Евгений Никишов заявил:
В июне того же года генеральный продюсер «Среды» Александр Цекало раскрыл свои мысли о продолжении проекта:
12 апреля 2019 года на питчинге Фонда кино в МИА «Россия сегодня» было объявлено, что продолжение выйдет не в формате сериала, а в виде полнометражного фильма с бюджетом 150 миллионов рублей.
Также Евгений Никишов заявил, что Николая Васильевича Гоголя вместо Александра Петрова должен был сыграть другой актёр:
В апреле 2021 года генеральный продюсер «Среды» Иван Самохвалов в интервью RT сообщил о решении отказаться от идеи продолжения:
Чичиков

Павел Иванович Чичиков — персонаж поэмы Николая Васильевича Гоголя «Мёртвые души»; отставной чиновник, главный герой произведения.
Автор (Н. Гоголь) не называет точный возраст персонажа, но из примерного описания можно выделить возможные варианты от 35 до 40 лет. В первых двух томах Чичиков — оставивший службу в довольно высоком чине коллежского советника махинатор, занимающийся скупкой так называемых «мёртвых душ» (письменных сведений об умерших со времени последней ревизии крестьян) для заклада их как живых, чтобы продать их государству через опекунский совет. В конце второго тома Чичиков должен был попасть на каторгу. В третьем томе Чичиков должен был преобразиться.
Чичикова часто называют олицетворением пошлости. Дмитрий Мережковский называет Чичикова и Хлестакова человеческими воплощениями чёрта. В противовес другим писателям и художникам, Гоголь рисует не романтический образ дьявола, а олицетворение мелкого и пошлого зла, которое прячется среди людей и «ходит во фраке».
Среди отличительных черт Чичикова называют отсутствие отличительных черт, но умения очаровывать при нём. Чичиков придерживается в одежде «коричневых и красноватых цветов с искрою», а во втором томе покупает сукно оттенка «наваринского дыму с пламенем». Михаил Бахтин обнаруживает в основе «Мёртвых душ» «формы весёлого (карнавального) хождения по преисподней, по стране смерти. <…> Недаром, конечно, загробный момент присутствует в самом замысле и заголовке гоголевского романа („Мёртвые души“). Мир „Мёртвых душ“ — мир весёлой преисподней. <…> Найдём мы в нём и отребье, и барахло карнавального „ада“, и целый ряд образов, являющихся реализацией бранных метафор».
Этот же образ, как считал Мережковский, выведен в образе чёрта Ивана Карамазова у Достоевского.
В то же время Дмитрий Быков считает, что в отличие от других персонажей поэмы, в Чичикове заложено положительное начало: Чичиков единственный обладает способностью к творчеству (что раскрывается в сцене, где он сочиняет умершим крепостным биографии).
К образу Чичикова обращались художники Александр Агин, Пётр Боклевский (несколько раз) и другие.
Герой нашего времени (фильм)

«Герой нашего времени» — советская экранизация одноимённого романа Михаила Лермонтова. Дилогия состоит из двух фильмов — «Бэ́ла» и «Максим Максимыч. Тамань».
«Герой нашего времени» — психологический роман, и портрет Печорина — первый в русской литературе психологический портрет.
Картина Станислава Ростоцкого получилась лирическая и страстная, снятая с детальной исторической и литературной реалистичностью, с большим уважением к классике. А вот сам Григорий Печорин, сыгранный Ивашовым, по мнению некоторых зрителей, получился хотя и органичным и убедительным, психологически верным, но не с настолько истинной лермонтовской внутренней глубиной и трагизмом, как Печорин в исполнении Олега Даля, в телеспектакле «Страницы журнала Печорина».
Первый фильм дилогии. Начало XIX века. Печорин — русский офицер, служащий на Кавказе. Он влюбляется в дочь местного князя Бэлу и подговаривает её брата Азамата похитить сестру. Взамен Печорин помог Азамату украсть коня у лихого джигита Казбича. Поместив Бэлу у себя в крепости, Печорин долгими ухаживаниями добивается её любви.
Но со временем Бэла наскучит ему...
Вторая часть кинодилогии рассказывает о случайной встрече бывшего кавказского сослуживца Максима Максимовича с Печориным и об обстоятельствах пребывания Печорина на Тамани.
Диплом XI МКФ в Сан-Себастьяне ( 1967).
Герой нашего времени (телесериал)

«Герой нашего времени» — восьмисерийный художественный фильм режиссёра Александра Котта, экранизация одноимённого романа Михаила Юрьевича Лермонтова. Сюжет телесериала охватывает все главы романа — «Тамань», «Княжна Мери», «Фаталист», «Бэла» и «Максим Максимыч». Премьера первой серии состоялась 5 июня 2007 года на «Первом канале».
1837 год. Изнурительная Кавказская война. Молодой офицер Григорий Печорин за участие в дуэли отправлен в ссылку в действующую армию на Кавказе. Печорину предстоит стать невольным участником стремительно разворачивающихся событий — схватки с проститутками-контрабандистами, похищения молодой черкесской княжны, ещё одной дуэли. И когда весь мир ополчится против Печорина, он продолжит свой путь в одиночестве, — герой, порождение наступившего нового времени.
Появление нового сериала не вызвало крупного ажиотажа и повышенного интереса публики. Среди критиков «классического» манера, конечно же, отмечались несоответствия в сюжете фильма и романа. Однако критика кинематографическая отмечает, что натуральные кавказские виды и в целом отражение обстановки явилось несравненным преимуществом картины. Отмечена была высоко и игра актёра главной роли — И. П. Петренко, не имеющего большого опыта работы в драмах такого рода. Образ литературных героев, а самое главное, характер Печорина были переданы руководителями картины великолепно, несмотря на ряд расхождений с первоисточником.
Библиография Николая Гоголя

Николай Васильевич Гоголь написал несколько десятков произведений. Над многими из них продолжалась работа даже после публикации, что привело к наличию нескольких редакций повестей «Тарас Бульба», «Портрет», «Вий», пьесы «Ревизор».
Nikolai Gogol bibliography

This is a list of the works by Nikolai Gogol (1809–1852), followed by a list of adaptations of his works:
Gogol's short stories composed between 1830 and 1835 are set in Ukraine, and are sometimes referenced collectively as his Ukrainian tales.
His short stories composed between 1835 and 1842 are set in Petersburg, and are sometimes referenced collectively as his St Petersburg tales.
Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

The ranks and insignia used by Russian Ground Forces are inherited from the military ranks of the Soviet Union, although the insignia and uniform have been altered slightly.
Civil service insignia may be confused with military insignia. Civil servants within the Russian Ministry of Defense may carry green or black service uniforms. See State civilian and municipal service ranks of the Russian Federation for a list of civil ranks.
The following is a table of ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. English translation is given first, followed by Russian version, then by English transliteration.
Rank titles are sometimes modified due to a particular assignment, branch, or status:
On 11 March 2010, Law No.2010-293 of the President of Russia introduced a new set of rank insignia. Privates, airmen, and seamen now wear plain shoulder epaulets. Senior NCOs had their chevrons replaced by plain bars (small horizontal bars for corporals and sergeants increasing in number with seniority, large horizontal bars for staff sergeants, and vertical bars for master sergeants). These rank badges mirror the insignia of both the Imperial Russian Army and the Soviet Army in the 1970s. Warrant officers and officers received new shoulder rank epaulettes and all general officer insignia now reflect service affiliation in the duty dress uniform. The parade dress gold epaulets have been retained. The insignia for a marshal of the Russian Federation retained the coat of arms of Russia and the marshal's star.
In 2013, the insignia of an army general now included the marshal's star, surmounted by a red star in a wreath. In Spring 2013, the warrant officer ranks, which had been removed as a result of the 2008 Russian military reform, were reinstated.
VKPO uniform

The Russian all season set of field uniforms (VKPO) (Russian: Всесезонный комплект полевого обмундирования (ВКПО), romanized: Vsesezonnyy komplekt polevogo obmundirovaniya (VKPO) or All-season set of field uniforms in English) (Previously called VKBO - Russian: Всесезонный комплект базового обмундирования, romanized: Vsesezonnyy komplekt bazovogo obmundirovaniya All-season basic kit in English) is a layered clothing system (popularly known as капуста/kapusta "cabbage") manufactured by the Russian BTK Group (Russian: «БТК групп») and adopted as a standard uniform by the Russian military, designed for use at temperatures from +15 °C (59 °F) to −40 °C (−40 °F).
The initial VKPO kit is in EMR but in 2023, Russia has adopted Multicam as a standard camouflage of its new Army field uniform kit, VKPO 2.0, VKPO 3.0 and VKPO 4.0.
The full set of VKPO (VKBO) is a multi-level system that includes up to eight layers of clothing. The use of various combinations of these layers makes it possible to provide comfortable work for a serviceman under different weather conditions with different physical loads. The minimum composition of the clothes of the VKPO kit is designed to work at temperatures above + 15 °C.
In the maximally insulated VKPO (VKBO) configuration it protects from temperatures down to -40 °C. The ability to combine layers in accordance with the weather and the planned intensity of work is one of the main advantages multigrade set of field uniforms.
All layers are worn with the basic two-piece EMR camouflage suit.
Layers 1 and 2 are worn under the EMR Summer suit.
Layers 3 thru 8 are worn over the EMR Summer suit.
The VKPO clothing system includes all in EMR unless otherwise noted:
Hero of Our Time (film)

Hero of Our Time (Russian: Герой нашего времени, romanized: Geroy nashego vremeni) is a 1966 Soviet drama film directed by Stanislav Rostotsky.
The film is an adaptation of the eponymous novel by Mikhail Lermontov.
The first film of the dilogy takes place in the early 19th century. Pechorin, a Russian officer serving in the Caucasus, falls in love with Bela, the daughter of a local prince. He persuades her brother, Azamat, to help abduct her, offering in return to help Azamat steal a horse from the daring horseman Kazbich. After bringing Bela to his fortress, Pechorin gradually wins her love through persistent courtship.
However, over time, Pechorin grows bored with Bela...
The second part of the dilogy follows Pechorin’s experiences during his stay on the Taman Peninsula and his service at a Caucasian fortress, where he is accompanied by the kind and loyal old officer Maxim Maximych.
Film critic Mikhail Bleiman in Iskusstvo Kino observed:
Satanic Surfers

Satanic Surfers are a Swedish punk rock band from Lund, Skåne.
Satanic Surfers was formed in autumn, 1989 by vocalist Erik Kronwall and drummer Rodrigo Alfaro. Soon after, Frederik Jakobsen and Magnus Blixtberg joined on guitar, while Tomek Sokolowski took on bass duties.
The band did not release their debut album until 1993. Named Skate to Hell, the record was the first release issued by Bad Taste Records. Ulf Eriksson replaced Erik on vocals for 1994's Keep Out on Burning Heart Records. When he in turn left the group, Alfaro became the group's vocalist while keeping drumming duties.
After three more LPs on Burning Heart and several lineup changes, the group returned to Bad Taste for two releases in 2000. After 2002's Unconsciously Confined, the group added bassist Andy Dahlström and drummer Robert Samsonovitz, and issued their final album, 2005's Taste the Poison. They disbanded in 2007.
After receiving an offer from Amnesia Rockfest in 2014, the band announced that they would reunite for the 2015 summer festival circuit. Including Amnesia Rockfest and Spanish Resurrection Fest, first festival which announced the reunion, the band's Facebook page now lists 12 tour dates between May 8 and August 16.
In September 2017, the band announced on Instagram that they are recording a new album. Back from Hell was duly released in 2018.
Overcoat

An overcoat is a type of long coat intended to be worn as the outermost garment, which usually extends below the knee. Overcoats are most often used in winter when warmth is more important.
They are sometimes confused with or referred to as topcoats, which are shorter and end at or above the knees. Topcoats and overcoats together are known as outercoats. Unlike overcoats, topcoats are usually made from lighter weight cloth such as gabardine or covert, while overcoats are made from heavier cloth or fur.
In many countries, coats and gowns reaching below the knee have been worn for centuries, often for formal uses, establishing either social status or as part of a professional or military uniform. In the 17th century, the overcoat became widely stylized and available to the different classes.
In the Western world, the general profile of overcoats has remained largely unchanged for a long time. During the Regency, the fashion was to have very form-fitting clothes, with sidebodies, waist seams, and a flared skirt. Examples of this included the frock overcoat and paletot.
Some of the most common historical overcoats, in roughly chronological order.
Author, Author (novel)

Author, Author is a novel by David Lodge, written in 2004. The book is based on the life of the author Henry James. It was released at about the same time as The Master by Colm Tóibín and other books about James, and Lodge wrote The Year of Henry James: The Story of a Novel about this. Lodge populates his novel with several of the most famous figures of English literature from the time of the book's setting in the late nineteenth century.
The novel opens with a framing device wherein we are shown what is happening in the London home of the dying novelist at the beginning of World War I. One of the servant staff in James' house has taken a crude but sincere interest in discovering what her employer's books are all about and takes to reading one of his more famous stories, The Beast in the Jungle. This story, whose hero is obsessed by a paranoid belief that his life will be marked by an unknown catastrophe, provides the opening for the novel proper to begin.
Now we proceed back in time to the middle years of James' life and are introduced to a large and interesting group of James' literary acquaintances from his period of expatriation in England. Among those we meet are George du Maurier, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells and Robert Louis Stevenson. The long and productive friendship between James and du Maurier is described in great detail, including the story of du Maurier's deteriorating eyesight which threatens his livelihood as a cartoonist for the magazine Punch. He is finally driven to write fiction himself and he astonishes James and the entire literary world by producing the bestselling novel Trilby. Much of Lodge's book is built upon James' own obsession with attracting a larger readership than his opaque books have yet garnered and the success of Trilby both baffles and annoys him.
Meanwhile, James is writing prolifically himself with little comparable financial or critical success. We are given a long and funny account of James' humiliating quest to write a popular play for the London stage. There is an ironic and entertaining distance set up here between James' feelings of failure and inadequacy and what we now know about his final reputation. While du Maurier and Trilby have all but faded from the public view, James' body of work has continued to attract readers worldwide and his position as one of the most important figures in literature is now secure. In this sense, the novel can be seen as both an homage and as an artistic attempt to rescue the historical James from his own feeling of obscurity.
The book also includes a portrait of the friendship that James formed during this time with the American author Constance Fenimore Woolson. Lodge suggests that their relationship had a romantic (but unconsummated) dimension. As in real life, Woolson commits suicide while traveling in Italy and this leads James to wonder what connection, if any, there might have been between her death and her feelings for him. Lodge's depiction of their relationship allows him subtly to explore James' alleged lifelong virginity and to conjecture somewhat about his notorious prudishness.
The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers

The Deadly Dozen: India's Most Notorious Serial Killers is a 2019 true-crime non-fiction novel by Anirban Bhattacharyya. The novel was launched by film director Anurag Kashyap in Mumbai.
The book is a true-crime book that features the true-life stories and cases of 12 serial killers from India. The killers who are featured in the book include KD Kempamma, Auto Shankar, Moninder Singh Pandher and Surinder Koli, Joshi-Abhyankar serial murders, Mohan Kumar, Thug Behram, Darbara Singh, Amardeep Sada, Raman Raghav and the case of Seema Gavit and Renuka Shinde. The book also contains the unsolved cases of Beerman and Stoneman.
Notable is the investigative story of Nithari-kaand or the 2006 Noida serial murders in which the author points to the innocence of the two prime suspects, the botched-up investigation by the Noida Police and an organ-trafficking nexus which was not investigated properly. When published in 2019 this seemed too far-fetched and reeked of a conspiracy theory. On 16 October 2023, 17 years after the crimes were discovered, Koli and Pandher were acquitted of all charges against them, after appeals filed by the two suspects. Both were acquitted by the Allahabad High Court due to a lack of convincing evidence other than the confessions of the accused.
Anurag Kashyap described the book as "I have always said, reality is stranger than fiction; these true accounts are gut-wrenching and make us question our surroundings"
Light Soup

Light Soup bụ ofe obodo nke ndị na GaDangme(or Ga) nke Greater Accra Region nke Ghana. E mepụtara ya na mbụ dị ka 'Tomatoes-Base azụ mmiri ukwu ofe mmiri ' a na-akpọ 'Aklo(or Aklor)' maka ndị ọkụ azụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Accra, mana ka oge na-aga ọ gbanwere ghọọ ofe a kwadebere na 'azụ̀ na anụ ewu', ma ọ bụ 'azùb na anụ ehi', ma ọ bụkwa 'naanị anụ anụ ụlọ nke GaDangmes(or Gas) na-akpọ' 'Toolo Wonu', mana ndị agbata obi ha 'Akrkans' . 'Light Soup' nke GaDangme((or Ga) ndị obodo ahụ kwadebere ụzọ maka nhazi nke GaDagme(or Ga] MEALS dị ka: (1) 'Komi Ke Aklo(or Aklor), Garnished With Cooked Blended Okro', (2) 'Banku Ke Akloor Aklor', Garnished with Cooked Okro, (3) 'YeleChops of Boiled-Yam Akloor, Keonu) To To To To-Molo' To To Toamolo 'Boiled', Kealo' wdg, To To To' To To'
Enwere ike inye ya na Fufu, Banku, kokonte, osikapa esi ma ọ bụ ji . Enwere ike itinye okro e siri esi na ya.
Ihe ndị a na-etinye na ya gụnyere tomato, tomato paste, ose nkiri , yabasị, nnu, ginger, àkwá ubi, na azụ kpọrọ nkụ ma ọ bụ nnu na / ma ọ bụ anụ.
A na-akwadebe ofe nkịtị site na iji mmiri ara ehi ma ọ bụ anụ mee ka ọ dị ụtọ, yabasị, galik na ginger n'ime saucepan. A na-agbakwunyezi tomato paste. A na-esi ose Chili, àkwá ubi na tomato, gwakọta ma tinye ya na saucepan. A na-agbakwunye mmiri iji mee ka ofe ahụ dị arọ. A na-agbakwunye yabasị na tomato ndị ọzọ, mgbe ahụ gwakọta ya, a na-ahapụkwa ofe ahụ ka ọ sie. A na-ejikwa nri dịka fufu, banku, ma ọ bụ konkonte.
Eddoe

Eddoe or eddo (Colocasia antiquorum) is a species in genus Colocasia, a tropical vegetable, closely related to taro (dasheen, Colocasia esculenta), which is primarily used for its thickened stems (corms). In most cultivars there is an acrid taste that requires careful cooking. The young leaves can also be cooked and eaten, but (unlike taro) they have a somewhat acrid taste.
Linnaeus originally described two species which are now known as Colocasia esculenta and Colocasia antiquorum of the cultivated plants that are known by many names including eddoes, dasheen, taro, but many later botanists consider them all to be members of a single, very variable species, the correct name for which is Colocasia esculenta.
The English word eddo may have its origin in Akan, from a form cognate with Twi ode "yam"; or Fante odo.
Alternatively, it may originate in the Igbo language, specifically from the word édè meaning 'taro' (cocoyam). This hypothesis would be coherent with the significant historical presence of the Igbo people in Jamaica, who have had a considerable influence on the local culture and language.
Eddoes appear to have been developed as a crop in China and Japan and introduced from there to the West Indies where they are sometimes called "Chinese eddoes". They grow best in rich loam soil with good drainage, but they can be grown in poorer soil, in drier climates, and in cooler temperatures than taro.
Eddoes are also sometimes called malangas in Spanish-speaking areas, but that name is also used for other plants of the family Araceae, including tannia (Xanthosoma spp.). Yautias is a more specific term.
Eddoes make part of the generic classification cará or inhame of the Portuguese language which, beside taro, also includes root vegetables of the genera Alocasia and Dioscorea. They are the most commonly eaten inhames/carás in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, as well as surrounding regions of all. They are also fairly common in Northeastern Brazil, where they might be called batata (literally "potato"), but less so than true yams of the genus Colocasia. According to Brazilian folk knowledge, the eddoes most appropriate to be cooked are those that are more deeply pink, or at least pinkish lavender, in the area where the leaves were cut.
The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that C. antiquorum:
Dioscorea esculenta

Dioscorea esculenta, commonly known as the lesser yam, is a yam species native to Island Southeast Asia and introduced to Near Oceania and East Africa by early Austronesian voyagers. It is grown for their edible tubers, though it has smaller tubers than the more widely-cultivated Dioscorea alata and is usually spiny.
In Javanese, and particularly in Bahasa Indonesia, it is called gembili. In Tagalog, it is known as tugi, while in Cebuano it is called apali. It is cultivated in Kerala, Goa, Konkan parts of Maharashtra India. In Malayalam, it is known as nana kizhangu or nheruvalli kizhangu or "Cheru Kizhangu". In Goa it is called Kaate Kanaga (काटे कणगा ), It is a climber which needs support and goes coiling around the support.
The lesser yam is the second most important yam crop among Austronesians. Like D. alata, it requires minimal processing, unlike the other more bitter yam species. However, it has smaller tubers than D. alata and is usually spiny. Like D. alata it was introduced to Madagascar and the Comoros by Austronesians, where it spread to the East African coast. They are also a dominant crop in Near Oceania, However, it did not reach to the furthest islands in Polynesia, being absent in Hawaii and New Zealand.
Starch grains identified to be from the lesser yam have been recovered from archaeological sites of the Lapita culture in Viti Levu, Fiji, dated to around 3,050 to 2,500 cal BP. D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea, along with agricultural innovations like wet cultivation. Traces of D. esculenta (along with D. alata, D. bulbifera, D. nummularia and D. pentaphylla) yams have also been identified from the Mé Auré Cave site in Moindou, New Caledonia, dated to around 2,700 to 1,800 BP. Remains of D. esculenta have also been recovered from archaeological sites in Guam, dated to around 1031 CE.
Belonging to the genus Dioscorea, Dioscorea esculenta describes the plant's ability to produce edible roots.
The plant's stems are round and thin, with big, black compound spines that are 2–4 cm long. The leaves are soft, heart-shaped, and 5–8 cm long and 6–8 cm wide.
Media related to Dioscorea esculenta at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Dioscorea esculenta at Wikispecies
Alocasia odora

Alocasia odora, also known as night-scented lily, Asian taro or giant upright elephant ear, is a species of flowering plant native to East and Southeast Asia (Japan, China, Indochina, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Taiwan). Traditionally, A. odora is sometime used as a medicine for the treatment of the common cold in Vietnam.
This species of Alocasia grows to about 0.5–1.6 m high, or just over 5 feet, with corms measuring 4 cm to around 10 cm in diameter and 3–5 cm wide. The leaves are big, diamond-blade-shaped, slightly “teardrop” in form, but ovate, with a light green hue and a cordate base. The petioles are 0.3–1.0 m long, with the lower parts clasped around the stem.
Alocasia odora leaves and stems are used as a green vegetable in the cuisines of Southeast Asia, and often used to flavor soups or stir-fried dishes. The leaves and stems should not be consumed raw, nor should any of the green plant material. At certain Asian or specialty markets, it is usually peeled and boiled to be sold either frozen, bagged in its own liquids, or canned.
Nonetheless, the plant is actually inedible when raw, and may cause mild to significant gastrointestinal discomfort, due to the composition of its leaves, which are covered in microscopic, needle-shaped raphides (or calcium oxalate crystals). Consumption of undercooked aroid leaves can result in several uncomfortable symptoms; side effects range from an itchy, sharp sensation in the esophagus, similar to a feeling of “broken glass” or sand being swallowed (usually lasting no more than several hours), to abdominal pain, hot and cold flashes, nausea and vomiting. However, similarly to another, more common taro plant, Colocasia esculenta, the corm (root bulb) of A. odora is sometimes boiled and mashed like potatoes. As with the green plant material, the corm should also not be consumed raw or undercooked. In Japan, there are several cases of food poisoning by accidental consumption. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare warned not to eat A. odora, which looks similar to edible Leucocasia gigantea or the aforementioned C. esculenta.
Typical of leafy green vegetables—and despite its toxicity if prepared incorrectly—the leaves of this plant are rich in vitamins and minerals, including thiamin, riboflavin, iron, phosphorus and zinc. Additionally, they are a very good source of vitamin B6, vitamin C, niacin, potassium, copper, and manganese. Taro corms are very high in starch, while being somewhat less starchy than potatoes; the forms are a good source of dietary fiber. Like its stems and leaves, oxalic acid may yet be present in the corm, albeit in trace amounts.
Alocasia odora is named odora because of the flowers that produce a fragrance which is especially strong at night. The scent is sometimes described as being pleasant and sweet.
Taro dumpling

Taro dumpling (Chinese: 芋角; Jyutping: wu6 gok3; Cantonese Yale: wuhgók) is a variety of dim sum served within Chinese cuisine. It is a standard dish in dim sum restaurants in Hong Kong and around the world. Among overseas Chinatowns, it is often sold as a Chinese pastry. It is also known as taro croquette, deep-fried taro dumpling, deep-fried taro dumpling puff, or simply taro dumpling
The outer shell is made from a thick layer of taro that has been boiled and mashed. The filling is made from seasoned ground pork. The dumpling is deep-fried, and the outermost layer of taro becomes crisp, light, and fluffy.