davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Cead (cluiche)

Cluiche is ea Cead a imrítear ar Inis Meáin ar Lá Fhéile Pádraig. Cleas na Slise a thugtar air freisin. Bíonn ar imreoirí 60 buille a chur thar an líne 40 méadar. Níl cead ach ag na fir é a imirt. As déil bhán nó hicearaí a dhéantar an ‘cead’, nuta beag adhmaid a bhuailtear. Bíonn an Corn Domhanda sa Chead le buachan ag Comórtas Cead Lá le Pádraig.
Filleann muintir an oileáin ar Inis Meáin ó ó chian is ó chóngar ar an 17 Márta, do Chorn Domhanda Ceid. Bíonn ceathrar captaen ann, a roghnaítear as buaiteoirí na bliana roimhe agus roghnaíonn na captaein seo foireann de sheisear nó seachtar ar an lá mór sa pháirc spóirt in aice le Trá Leictreach Inis Meáin.
Bailíonn na hoileánaigh idir óg agus aosta ina sluaite chun féachaint ar an gcluiche mar a thriaileann na himreoirí ar an ‘cead’ (píosa beag adhmaid) a ardú ón talamh le slat in aon bhuille amháin, agus an dara buille a bhualadh air mar atá sé san aer chun an cead a chur go ceann scríbe (rópa a leagtar amach ar an talamh 30 méadar uathu).
Má bhaintear an rópa amach, bronntar ‘poc’ ar an imreoir agus seasca poc de dhíth ar fhoireann chun an cluiche leathcheannais a bhaint amach.
Pé foireann a thugann bua an chluiche ceannais féin leo, bronntar an Corn Domhanda orthu agus greantar ainm gach buaiteora ar an gcorn a choinnítear ar taispeáint i dTeach Ósta Inis Meáin ó cheann ceann na bliana.
Seo thíos cur síos ar an gcluiche, agus caighdeánú áirithe déanta air, ón suíomh Dúchas.ie.
Bhíodh an cluiche á imirt go coitianta i gConamara agus luaitear é sa ghearrscéal Aois na hÓige de chuid Mháirtín Uí Chadhain. Anseo a bhuail sé deis is cead is a rinne sé "falach bhíog" is macnas an libh. lch 106 Idir Shúgradh agus Dáiríre. Tá cuntas eile ar Dúchas.ie, i mír ó Bhailiúchán na Scol a luann cead a bheith á imirt i gCois Fharraige ag páistí sna 1930idí.
Tá gaol ag cead leis an gcluiche Tip-cat.
D'imrítí leagan den chluiche in áiteanna go leor in Éirinn, in Acaill, mar shampla, agus buachaillí, a bhíodh á imirt agus i gcaitheamh na bliana uilig, le solas an lae. Chuaigh sé as faisean, nuair a tháinig an teilifís.
Cluiche

Tá cluichí (cluiche is ea an uimhir uathu) á n-imirt chomh fada siar agus a théann foinsí stairiúla agus seandálaíochta. Is iad na cluichí is simplí, ar ndóigh, ná comórtasaí nirt, luais, agus léimnigh, ar a dtugtar lúthchleasaíocht. Gaolmhar le rith agus léimnigh an duine, bíonn rásaí con agus rásaíocht chapall, seóléimneach chapall, rásaí snámha, seoltóireachta, iomramh agus rothar. Tugtar spórt orthu seo uilig, mar aon le cluichí eile aonair, beirte agus foirne.
Tá sórt eile cluichí ann, ar ndóigh, ar nós ficheall, táiplis, dartanna, júdó, mah jongg, Monopoly, agus iliomad cinn eile. Agus ar ndóigh, tá gach sórt cluiche cártaí le fáil ar fud an domhain.
Tá glaoch i gcónaí ar chluichí cearrbhachais agus geall, agus féadtar geall a chur ar aon cheann de na cluichí thuas. Ach is i gcaisíní a chaitear agus a dhéantar airgid mór le cluichí mar Blackjack agus Roulette.
Físchluiche

Físchluiche ar ríomhaire pearsanta, mionríomhaire, nó fón srl is ea cluiche ríomhaire, a ligeann do dhuine aonair nó grúpa cluichí a imirt. Tá tóir go háirithe ar chonsóil cluichí inniu.
Is iomaí cluiche atá ann. Mar shampla:
Oibrítear cluichí go minic le fón phóca, méarchlár ríomhaire, luamhán stiúrtha, agus / nó luch srl. Tá cluichí á saothrú ina gcaitheann an t-imreoir scáthlán nó clogad is/nó lámhainní le braiteoirí éagsúla ceangailte leis an ríomhaire chun réaltacht fhíorúil a chruthú. Bíonn leaganacha móra de na cluichí ann le haghaidh stuaraí is ionaid phoiblí siamsaíochta eile. Is comhlachtaí suntasacha a tháirgeann cluichí mar seo, Nintendo is Sega.
Tugadh an chéad chluiche ríomhaire isteach sna Stáit Aontaithe sna 1960idí. Spacewar! an t-ainm a bhí air, ar DEC PDP-1 de chuid MIT. Tugadh an chéad chluiche tráchtála isteach sna 1970idí. Pong an t-ainm a bhí air, foirm shimplí de leadóg bhoird.
Schachnovelle (Úrscéal Fichille)

Is é Scachnovelle (Úrscéal Fichille) an t-úrscéal deireanach agus b'fhéidir an ceann is aitheanta a scríobh Stefan Zweig sular chuir sé lámh ina bhás féin sa bhliain 1942.
Ar long paisinéirí ag seoladh idir Nua-Eabhrac agus Buenos Aires éiríonn leis an bpríomhcharachtair, seaimpín fichille an domhain, atá mar phaisinéir ar an long, a mhealladh isteach i gcluiche fichille ar son airgid. Agus an cluiche ar siúl chuireann Dr B., teifeach ón Ostair, comhairle ar an mbuíonn fear atá ag imirt i gcoinne an tseaimpín agus de bharr a chabhair chríochnaíonn an cluiche cothrom. Bíonn an méid sin iontas ann go ndéanann an príomhcharachtair tréaniarracht an teifeach a mhealladh chun cluiche iomlán a imirt i gcoinne an tseaimpín. Agus é ag iarraidh chuir ina luí air gur cheart dó an dúshlán a thabhairt, insítear scéal an teifigh dúinn.
Is léir gur chuireadh faoi ghlas é in óstán ag na Naitsithe ar feadh achar fada gan aige ach leabhar faoi 150 cluiche fichille clúiteach, a ghoid sé ó saighdiúir Gearmánach lena aigne a choimeád aclaí. Tar éis tamaill bíonn gach uile cluiche ar eolas aige agus ansin agus é cráite ag an t-uaigneas éiríonn leis cluichí a imirt idir dubh agus bán ina intinn féin. Is gá dó a intinn a scoilt ina dhá leath chun an éacht seo a bhaint amach. Éiríonn leis ach faoi dheireadh chuireann an deighilt cumtha seo isteach air agus cuireadh faoi chúram in ospidéal é. Tá an síciatraí thar a bheith tuisceanach agus tar éis biseach a theacht ar an Ostarach, scaoileadh saor é. Tugadh foláireamh dó gan a bheith ag plé le fichille arís áfach. Dár ndóigh cuireann an príomhcharachtair ina luí air an cluiche a imirt.
In aghaidh thoil an teifigh, socraíonn siad cluiche eile a imirt chun deis díoltais a thabhairt don seaimpín. Is éard a thiteann amach ná go gcuireann an seaimpín isteach chomh mór sin ar an teifeach, d'aon turas, le himirt mall go chliseann sláinte intinne an Ostarach agus fágann sé an bord le gealltanas nach n-imreodh sé fichille arís go deo.
Deirtear go seasann seaimpín fichille an domhain do Hitler, duine gan oiliúint gan samhlaíocht ach cumas de shaghas éigin aige agus go seasann an buíonn eile don fhreasúra le tallann agus oideachas ach gan an cumas acu cuir in aghaidh Hitler.
Sūdoku

Is cluiche dúcheiste é Sūdoku, (Seapáinis: 数独, 'uimhir aonair'), a litrítear mar Sū Doku uaireanta. Is í aidhm an chluiche ná uimhir ó 1 go 9 a lonnú i ngach cillín ghreille, don chuid is mó greille 9×9 le fo-ghreillí 3x3 (ar a dtugtar "réigiúin"), ag tosnú le uimhreacha áirithe líonta isteach cheana sa ghreille. Níl ach aon riail amháin ann chun an cluiche a imirt - líon isteach an ghreille sa chaoi is nach bhfuil aon uimhir in aon tsraith, cholún nó réigiún faoi dhó. Tá leagan amach na greille cosúil le crosfhocail agus fadhbanna fichille a fhoilsítear de ghnáth sna nuachtáin.
Chruthaigh an matamaiticeoir Eilvéiseach Leonardo Eulero dúcheist an-chosúil le Sūdoku i 1784. Bhain an cluiche cáil amach don chéad uair sa tSeapáin i 1986 agus baineadh cáil idirnáisiúnta amach don chluiche i 2005. Is féidir cluichí Sūdoku a fháil anois sna nuachtáin is coitianta i mbeagnach gach aon tír - mar shampla, in The Irish Times in Éirinn, in The Times sa Bhreatain is in Corriere della Sera san Iodáil.
Conopodium majus

Conopodium majus is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the celery family, Apiaceae. Its underground part resembles a chestnut and is sometimes eaten as a wild or cultivated root vegetable. The plant has many English names (many of them shared with Bunium bulbocastanum, a related plant with similar appearance and uses) variously including kippernut, cipernut, arnut, jarnut, hawknut, earth chestnut, groundnut, and earthnut. From its popularity with pigs come the names pignut, hognut, and more indirectly Saint Anthony's nut, for Anthony the Great or Anthony of Padua, both patron saints of swineherds. (Other plants sharing these names include groundnut, earthnut, and hognut.)
It has a smooth, slender, stem, up to 40 centimetres (16 in) high, much-divided leaves, and small, white flowers in many-rayed terminal compound umbels.
The rounded "nut" (inconsistently described by authorities as a tuber, corm, or root) is similar to a chestnut in its brown colour and its size, up to 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter; its sweet, aromatic flavour has been compared to that of the chestnut, hazelnut, sweet potato, and Brazil nut.
The plant is common and native to western Europe, the British Isles and Norway. It grows in hedgerows, woods and fields and is an indicator of long-established grassland.
It is never found on alkaline soils in the wild.
This species responds to cultivation by producing larger tubers. With careful selective breeding, it is probably possible to produce a much more productive plant.
Palatable and nutritious, its eating qualities are widely praised, and it is popular among wild food foragers, but it remains a minor crop, due in part to its low yields and difficulty of harvest.
William Shakespeare wrote, "I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow; and I with my long nails will dig thee pignuts".
Nicholas Culpeper wrote in his Complete Herbal:
The O'Neill Brothers

The O'Neill Brothers are an American instrumental piano duo from New Prague, Minnesota, comprising brothers Tim and Ryan O'Neill. They are also known as Pianissimo Brothers. Their most famous covered songs are Rainbow Connection, Tomorrow (The Sun Will Come Out), Moonlight Sonata, Unforgettable and As Time Goes By, shown on their own and Pianissimo Brothers albums, used for relaxing music for weddings, sleeping, bubble baths, doctor’s offices, winter, Earth Day, Thanksgiving and other stuff, and Silver and Gold, The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire), Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas and Carol of the Bells for Christmas albums.
The brothers both began piano lessons at age five and attended the University of Notre Dame before deciding to pursue a career together in 1997. The pair began self-releasing albums, many based on themes such as marriage, Christmas, patriotism, and styles such as traditional Irish music. The group found success selling their music on the television station QVC in addition to making appearances on other networks. Their 2000 release From the Heart saw a resurgence in popularity in 2005, peaking at #21 on the Billboard Pop Catalog chart. The group has sold over one million albums total.
Castanea crenata

Castanea crenata, the Japanese chestnut or Korean chestnut, is a species of chestnut native to Japan and Korea. Castanea crenata exhibits resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi, the fungal pathogen that causes ink disease in several Castanea species. The mechanism of resistance of Castanea crenata to Phytophthora cinnamomi may derive from its expression of the Cast_Gnk2-like gene.
Castanea crenata is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 10–15 m (30–50 ft) tall. The leaves are similar to those of the sweet chestnut, though usually a little smaller, 8–19 cm (3+1⁄4–7+1⁄2 in) long and 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) broad. The flowers of both sexes are borne in 7–20 cm (2+3⁄4–7+3⁄4 in) long, upright catkins, the male flowers in the upper part and female flowers in the lower part. They appear in summer, and by autumn, the female flowers develop into spiny cupules containing 3–7 brownish nuts that are shed during October.
Castanea crenata is an important tree in Japan and Korea for its heavy production of sweet, edible nuts. A number of cultivars have been selected for large nut size. It is also widely cultivated in eastern China and Taiwan.
It is resistant to chestnut blight and to ink disease, and for these reasons is of importance in North America in the development of disease-resistant hybrids and genetic engineering of the American chestnut, which is susceptible to both fungal pathogens.
Examples of European × Japanese hybrid cultivars are:
C. crenata produces more biomass in its stems when the nuts are smaller and planted deeper.
List of Aston Villa F.C. records and statistics

Aston Villa Football Club are an English professional association football club based in Aston, Birmingham, who currently play in the Premier League. The club was founded in 1874 and were founding members of the Football League in 1888, as well as the Premier League in 1992. They are one of the oldest football clubs in England, having won the First Division Championship seven times and the FA Cup seven times. In 1982, the club became one of only six English clubs to win the European Cup.
This list encompasses the honours won by Aston Villa and the records set by the players and the club. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made the most appearances in first-team competitions. Attendance records at Villa Park are also included in the list.
Aston Villa have won honours both domestically and in European cup competitions. Their most recent domestic honour was a League Cup win in 1996.
Competitive matches only. Each column contains appearances in the starting eleven, followed by appearances as substitute in brackets.
Competitive matches only. Number of appearances in brackets.
This section refers only to caps won while an Aston Villa player.
This section lists the record transfer fees paid by the club for a player. The highest transfer fee received by the club is the £100 million fee paid by Manchester City for Jack Grealish in August 2021. The sale at the time was a British transfer record. The highest initial fee Aston Villa have ever paid for a player was £50 million for Belgian midfielder Amadou Onana from Everton in July 2024.
As of July 2023, Aston Villa are one of only six English clubs to have won the European Cup, doing so in 1982. Aston Villa's scores are noted first in both results columns.
Autumn rugby union internationals

The autumn internationals, November internationals, end-of-year tests, and spring internationals/tour for Australia and New Zealand, are men's rugby union Test matches that are contested around November each year, when a Rugby World Cup is not held. They are organised by World Rugby. Teams from European nations generally play at home against visiting teams from the Southern Hemisphere. Second-tier national teams, such as those from North American and Pacific countries also usually have games.
Each team typically plays three or four Test matches, and visiting teams may also play games against non-national teams, such as provinces or clubs, as part of a tour. One of the major Southern Hemisphere teams (Australia, New Zealand, South Africa or Argentina) often plays against the invitational Barbarians club in the traditional 'Final Challenge', usually at Twickenham in London.
A touring nation may also have the opportunity to complete a Grand Slam by beating the four home unions of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Jean Bonnet Tavern

The Jean Bonnet Tavern, also known as Old Forks Inn and Bonnet's Tavern, is an historic inn and restaurant that is located just outside Bedford, Pennsylvania on U.S. Highway 30, at the junction with Pennsylvania Route 31. It can be seen from the Pennsylvania Turnpike.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
The British first recognized the lands as being owned by Robert Callender, a trader with the Native American tribes of Pennsylvania. The land was first documented when the original 690 acre parcel was transferred from the William Penn family to a land speculator named Hans Ireland. It was again transferred to Callender in 1762 and in 1763, the large stone structure was built.
The location of the stone structure was intended to be a safe haven for settlers passing through the area as well as the site of a French fort and trading post. The tavern was referenced in the personal journals of many travelers that passed through the area on the way to what they called "Old Shawnese Cabins" which is Shawnee State Park (Pennsylvania) today.
The land and the building were purchased by Jean (John) Bonnet in 1779 and opened as an inn and tavern, which was used as a gathering place by protesting local farmers during the 1794 Whiskey Rebellion. Protesting the federal tax on whisky, local Pennsylvanian farmers gathered to raise a Liberty pole at the tavern as a symbol of their defiance. The protests were suppressed months later by forces under President George Washington.
Although the building has changed hands many times through the years, mostly maintained as a tavern and inn although in some owners converted into a private residence, the Bonnett Family of West Virginia are the direct descendants of Jean Bonnet and trace their family history back nearly 400 years. In 1957 the Jean Bonnet was purchased by the Enyeart family. During their ownership, the stores of paranormal events in the building began being publicized. Local folklore of guests and employees of the Inn reference seeing a lone figure roaming the building and drinking at the tavern bar. Said to be the ghost of Bonnet and is a popular topic of discussion and adds to the allure of the inn.
It is a 2 1/2 to 3 1/2-story building, which measures 40 feet by 51 feet. It was built using native cut fieldstone, and features two levels of porches that extend the entire length of the front and the rear elevations. The walls are more than two feet thick. There are four interior levels encompassing nearly 8,000 square feetfeaturing large, exposed chestnut beams with massive stove fireplaces.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.
This structure operates today as a bed and breakfast tavern and gift shop. A small garden and goat pen are located outside of the tavern.
Media related to Bonnet's Tavern at Wikimedia Commons
Nickernut

Nickernuts or nickar nuts are smooth, shiny seeds from tropical leguminous shrubs, particularly Guilandina bonduc and Guilandina major, both known by the common name warri tree. C. bonduc produces gray nickernuts, and C. major produces yellow. Accordingly, these species are locally known in the Caribbean as "grey nickers" and "yellow nickers".
The word nicker probably derives from the Dutch word "knikker", meaning marble.
In the Caribbean, nickernuts are used to play mancala games such as oware. The nickernut is marble-like and good for other uses, such as for jewellery; it is also sometimes ground up to make a medicinal tea.
The seeds are often found on the beach, and are also known as sea pearls or eaglestones.
Guilandina and Merremia seeds sometimes drift long distances. In 1693 James Wallace referred to them being often found in Orkney: "After Storms of Westerly Wind amongst the Sea-weed, they find commonly in places expos'd to the Western-Ocean these Phaseoli . . . . [F]rom the West-Indies, where they commonly grow, they may be thrown in on Ireland, the Western parts of Scotland and Orkney". In 1751 Erich Pontoppidan described one found on the coast of Norway: "It is of the size of a chestnut, orbicular, yet flat, or as it were compressed on both sides. Its colour is a dark brown yet in the middle, at the junction of the shells, it is varied with a circle of shining-black, and close by that another of a lively red, which have a very pretty effect". They were known as 'sea beans' in Scandinavia, where one has been found fossilised in a Swedish bog, and 'Molucca beans' in the Hebrides, where a visitor to Islay in 1772 wrote of them as seeds of "Dolichos wrens, Guilandina bonduc, G. bonducetta, and Mimosa scandens…natives of Jamaica". The 1797 Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica said that they were used only for "the making of snuff-boxes out of them"; however, there is a long tradition of using them as amulets for good luck, banishment of ill luck or to ease childbirth.
Beaver Country Day School

42°19′06″N 71°09′52″W﻿ / ﻿42.31838°N 71.16444°W﻿ / 42.31838; -71.16444
Beaver Country Day School is an independent, college-preparatory day school for students in grades 6 through 12, founded in 1920. The school is located on a 17-acre (69,000 m) campus in the village of Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, near Boston. Beaver is a member of the Cum Laude Society, the Independent Curriculum Group, and the National Association of Independent Schools. Beaver is accredited by the New England Association of Schools.
Beaver was incorporated as an elementary school and an all-girls high school in 1920 by a group of parents who were interested in progressive education and the Country Day School movement.
The school was named in Boston, where some of the founders had been involved with a school for younger children, later referred to as "Little Beaver."
Beaver's first school principal was Eugene Randolph Smith, a progressive educator and a follower of the educational reformer John Dewey; Smith had previously been head of the Park School of Baltimore. The school opened in a facility in Brookline and moved to the present Chestnut Hill campus in the mid-1920s. Crosby Hodgman succeeded Smith as headmaster in 1943 and led the school until 1967 when Donald Nickerson became head. Nickerson resigned in 1973 and was succeeded by Philip E. McCurdy. McCurdy's successor, Jerome B. Martin led the school from 1985 until 1992, when Peter R. Hutton took over. Peter Hutton stepped down in June 2020, and Kim Samson took over as Head of School.
From the 1930s into the early 1940s, Beaver was part of the Eight-Year Study, an educational experiment to test the efficacy of progressive education. The school adopted coeducation in 1971.
Painter Beatrice Van Ness founded the art department at the school in 1921 and remained on the faculty until 1949.
Beaver offers grades 6 through 12. Enrollment (2019-2020) is 491 students, of whom 355 are in the upper school (grades 9–12) and about 136 are in the middle school (grades 6–8). Classes average about 15 students; one hundred percent of Beaver graduates go on to four-year colleges and universities. The school community is diverse, with students coming from over 60 towns in the metropolitan Boston area and speaking 20 languages besides English at home. About 25% of students and 25% of faculty are people of color. Twenty-five percent of students receive financial aid. Tuition for the 2022–2023 academic year for all grades was $58,805.
Beaver is a part of the Eastern Independent League and fields interscholastic teams in sailing, soccer, field hockey, golf, cross country, basketball, fencing, volleyball, wrestling, squash, baseball, softball, tennis, ultimate, and lacrosse. In the winter of 2011–2012, Beaver started competing in girls' ice hockey. In 2015–2016, the school added boys' ice hockey as a part of their athletic program. In 2018, the school added co-ed sailing as well.
Отоманска банка

Отоманската имперска банка (на френски: Banque Impériale Ottomane) е емисионната банка на Османската империя с основна роля в кредитирането, инвестициите и финансовото управление в последните шест десетилетия от съществуването ѝ (1863 – 1922).
Отоманската банка е учредена през 1856 година с британски капитали и лиценз да оперира в Цариград съгласно плановете за реформи в Османската империя, задействани след края на Кримската война. Чрез краткосрочни заеми помага на османското правителство да преодолее финансовите затруднения и през 1863 година, с вливането на френски капитали, е преобразувана в „Имперска отоманска банка“ с ключови привилегии: изключително право за издаване на банкноти със златно покритие, обслужване на външните задължения на Империята (срещу комисиона) и извършване на повечето ѝ финансови трансакции.
През 1883 година – след османския банкрут от 1876, поражението във войната с Русия през 1878 и учредяването на чуждестранно управление на османския публичен дълг през 1881 – на Отоманската банка се пада 50 % дял от монопола върху тютюна в империята. Банката държи този печеливш бизнес до 1925.
По това време (80-те години на XIX век), с намаляването на британските дялове, френското участие в банката става доминиращо.
До Първата световна война Отоманската банка държи първенство в търговията с османски облигации. Спомага френските инвестиции в железници, пристанища, минно дело и други сектори от инфраструктурата и икономиката на Империята. Към 1913 година държи над 80 клона в османските територии. През 1915, скоро след включването на Империята в световната война, емисионните права на Отоманската банка са суспендирани.
Отоманската банка губи окончателно привилегированите си позиции с мирния договор в Лозана (1923) и основаването на Централната банка на Турция (1931). Продължава да функционира като търговска банка до 2001 година.
Отоманската банка открива свои филиали в българските земи още до Освобождението. Разполага с клонове в Русе (1875 – 1880), Пловдив (1878 – 1899), София (1890 – 1899) и Варна (1880 – 1882). До края на 80-те години е водещият кредитор в Княжество България. Финансира кредитни дружества и фабрики, но главно валутната търговия и износа на зърно. През 1899 година прекратява дейността си в България след поредица от лоши реколти, които свиват печалбите от зърнения експорт.
Правене на бизнес

„Правене на бизнес“ (на английски: Doing Business Report или съкратено DBR, или DB) е изследване на Световната банка, стартирало 2004, което е ежегодно и което се стреми да измери разходите за фирмите по бизнес регулациите в 183 страни (за 2010). Изследването става водещо, като продукт на знанието, който е предоставян от Световната банка в областта на развитието на частния сектор и се смята, че е довел до създаването на регулаторни реформи в развиващите се страни. Изследването представя за всяка година детайлен анализ за разходите, изискванията и процедурите от специфичен тип, на които частната фирма е обект в тези страни и след това създава класиране, в което тези страни са представени. Чрез това изследване се постига огласяването на страните и техните лидери, които осъществяват реформи. .
Някои от критиките към доклада се състоят в това, че в някои страни, повлияни от необходимостта за реформи, социалната сигурност за работещите е намалена значително, както и в случаи, в които е било отменено трудово законодателство.
Докладът е критикуван, че дава предимство на „гъвкавите трудови регулации“ или с други думи, колкото по-лесно е да се уволни работник, толкова по-висок е рейтингът на определена страна.
Изпълнителен директор

Длъжността изпълнителен директор (на английски се среща като chief executive officer, CEO) обикновено се заема от най-висшестоящия член на всекидневната управа в корпорация. Той обикновено има върховна изпълнителна власт вътре в организацията или компанията.
Изпълнителният директор обикновено се отчита и е член на съвета на директорите на компанията. Той може да бъде председател на съвета на директорите или президент на компанията (ако тя е малка), но в големите организации тези длъжности се разпределят, за да се предотврати управлението на компанията от само един човек, както и да се избегне сблъсък на интереси срещу собственици (акционерите).
УниКредит Булбанк

„УниКредит Булбанк“ АД е най-голямата българска банка с активи над 20 млрд. лева към декември 2018 година. Главен изпълнителен директор и председател на Управителния съвет е Цветанка Минчева. Главен оперативен директор и член на Управителния съвет на УниКредит Булбанк е Септимиу Постелнику.
„УниКредит Булбанк“ води началото си от основаната през 1964 година държавна Българска външнотърговска банка, а в сегашния си вид е формирана през 2007 година чрез сливането на „Булбанк“, „Ейч Ви Би Банк Биохим“ и „Банка Хеброс“.
„УниКредит Булбанк“ е основана през 1964 г. под името Българска външнотърговска банка (БВТБ). Тя е една от няколкото държавни банки и има за основна цел да обслужва международната търговска дейност на контролираната от държавата икономика. През следващите години банката открива свои представителства в Лондон, Франкфурт и Виена и изгражда мрежа от банки кореспонденти в много страни.
През 1987 г. БВТБ основава в Мюнхен, в съдружие с „Байерише Ферайнсбанк“, „Байериш-Булгарише Ханделсбанк“, преименувана през 1998 г. на „Хипоферайнсбанк Булгария“; по същото време основава и „Литексбанк“ в Бейрут, Ливан. През 1988 г., заедно със съветската „Внешекономбанк“, основава „Булгарсовинвест“, преобразувана през 1994 г. в „Корпоративна търговска банка“. През 1992 г. централната администрация на банката се премества в нейната сегашна сграда на площад „Света Неделя“. През следващите години се изгражда и мрежа от клонове в страната. През 1994 г. банката приема името Булбанк.
През 1998 г. започва процедурата по приватизация на държавния дял (98%) в „Булбанк“. Тя завършва през 2000 г., като дяловете в банката са купени от „Уникредито Италиано“ (93%) и „Алианц“ (5%). През същата година „Булбанк“ продава дяловете си в „Хипоферайнсбанк Булгария“ (49%), „Корпоративна търговска банка“ (99,9%) и „Обединена българска банка“ (35%). През 2001 г. „Уникредито“ продава миноритарни дялове на „СИМЕСТ“ (2,5%) и Международната финансова корпорация (5,3%). След като през 2005 г. „Уникредит Груп“ – мажоритарният собственик на „Булбанк“, се слива с „Хипоферайнсбанк Груп“ – собственик на банките „Биохим“ и „Хебросбанк“, през 2007 г. тези 2 банки са слети с „Булбанк“, която приема името „УниКредит Булбанк“.
От май 2011 до май 2019 г. Левон Хампарцумян е главен изпълнителен директор и председател на Управителния съвет на УниКредит Булбанк.
През май 2019 г. Теодора Петкова става главен изпълнителен директор и председател на Управителния съвет на УниКредит Булбанк.
От септември 2021 г. Цветанка Минчева е председател на Управителния съвет и главен изпълнителен директор на УниКредит Булбанк, както и член на Управителния съвет на Съвета на жените в бизнеса в България.
Тим Кук

Тимъти Доналд Кук (на английски: Timothy Donald Cook) е американски предприемач, филантроп и промишлен инженер.
Той е главен изпълнителен директор на Епъл, като преди да заеме тази длъжност е служил като главен оперативен директор под ръководството на Стив Джобс.
Кук се присъединява към Епъл през март 1998 г. като старши вицепрезидент за световните операции, а след това е повишен на изпълнителен вицепрезидент за световните продажби и операции. Става главен изпълнителен директор на компанията на 24 август 2011 г., малко преди Стив Джобс да умре през октомври същата година. Заемайки тази длъжност, той подкрепя политическите реформи и международното и вътрешното наблюдение, киберсигурността, американското производство и опазването на околната среда.
От 2011 г., когато поема ръководството на Епъл, до 2020 г. Кук удвоява приходите и печалбите на компанията и увеличава пазарната ѝ стойност от 348 милиарда долара на 1,9 трилиона долара.
През 2014 г. Кук става първият главен изпълнителен директор на компания от Fortune 500, който публично признава, че е гей. Кук е също и в борда на директорите на Найк. През март 2015 г. обявява, че възнамерява да дари всички акции за благотворителност.
Въпреки това, публичният образ на компанията е засегнат от новините за лошите условия на труд във Фокскон – китайска компания, произвеждаща голяма част от продуктите на Епъл.
Джеф Имелт

Джеф Имелт (на английски: Jeffrey R. Immelt) е настоящият председател на Съвета на директорите и главен изпълнителен директор на General Electric. Той е избран през 2000 г., за да замести Джон Франсис Уелч младши след пенсионирането му. Преди това Имелт оглавява GE Medical Systems (позната сега като GE Healthcare), като там е бил президент и главен изпълнителен директор.
Има бакалавърска диплома по приложна математика от Колежа Дартмут (където е бил президент на студентското дружество Phi Delta Alpha) и MBA диплома от Бизнес училището на Харвард.
Работи в GE от 1982 и е в борда на 2 организации с идеална цел, една от които е фондацията „Робин Худ“ – благотворителна организация, която се опитва да смекчи проблемите, свързани с бедността в Ню Йорк.
Встъпването му в длъжността председател на Съвета на директорите и главен изпълнителен директор не започва според очакванията. Поема длъжността на 7 септември 2001 г., само 4 дни преди терористичните атаки над САЩ, когато загиват 2 служители на компанията и струват допълнително 600 милиона долара на застрахователния бизнес на GE, което има и пряко отражение върху важния за компанията бизнес с авиодвигатели.
Дж. Имелт успява да запази доброто представяне на GE, като компанията продължава да расте годишно с 10-11% за последните 6 години.
Последното ключово решение (юни 2007), което той взима, е да се продаде един от основните бизнеси на компанията, GE Plastics (пластмаси), като с освободените ресурси да се засилят останалите сектори, в които GE работи.
През февруари 2009 г. Барак Обама назначава Имелт като член и председател на Борда на съветниците по икономическо възстановяване, за да даде на американския президент и неговата администрация съвети за подобряване на икономическия спад на САЩ по това време.
Българска банка за развитие

Българската банка за развитие (ББР) е насърчителна и търговска банка със седалище в София, България.
Тя е сред най-големите банки за развитие в Югоизточна Европа. Предлага финансиране и професионално консултиране с цел подпомагане индустриалния растеж на българската икономика. Освен програмите за развитие банката оперира и корпоративно звено за директно кредитиране. Към юни 2022 г. капиталът на ББР е в размер на 1046 млн. лева, а печалбата ѝ към края на деветмесечието на 2022 г. е 31,9 млн. лева.
ББР е мажоритарна собственост на Република България, с принципал Министерство на иновациите и растежа , като има мандат за финансиране на публични проекти от национално значение, насърчаване растежа на експортно ориентирани фирми, подпомагане на малки и средни предприятия, както и осигуряване устойчиво развитие. Банковите операции се финансират с кредитни линии, които ББР договаря с международни банки за развитие, инвестиционни фондове и суверенни фондове.
ББР има най-висок кредитен рейтинг за България от кредитната агенция Fitch – дългосрочен кредитен рейтинг „ВВВ“ със стабилна перспектива.
От 21 януари 2015 г. ББР е член на Конфедерацията на работодателите и индустриалците в България.
ББР е създадена на 11 март 1999 г. като акционерно дружество под името Насърчителна банка с цел да подпомогне икономическото и социално развитие на България. През април 2008 г. парламентът на България приема специален закон, с който променя мандата на банката да се фокусира върху финансиране на малък и среден бизнес и реорганизира банковата група. ББР получава финансиране от Европейската инвестиционна банка, Черноморската банка за търговия и развитие, Банката за развитие на Съвета на Европа, KfW, Китайската банка за развитие, Японската банка за международно сътрудничество, Скандинавската инвестиционна банка, и други.
ББР е единствената българска банка, която предоставя кредитен ресурс индиректно, през търговските банки в страната – чрез функцията за он-лендинг финансиране.
Към 31 декември 2022, Българска банка за развитие е 100% собственост на българската държава.
Структурата на управление на ББР включва Управителен съвет и Надзорен съвет. От януари 2023 г. ръководството на организацията е в следния състав.
Според сайта на ББР към 2023 г. Банката управлява 4 дъщерни дружества, които заедно с банката формират Групата на ББР.
„Национален гаранционен фонд“ ЕАД е механизъм за издаване на гаранции, който се имплементира чрез търговските банки в България, сключили споразумения с НГФ. През 2013 г. фондът ще издаде гаранции за над 1.3 милиарда лева по Програма за развитие на селските рейони.
ББР Микрофинансиране АД предлага микрофинансиране за микро- и малки предприятия. Отпусканите кредити са на стойност до 50 хиляди лева.
Фондът за капиталови инвестиции е дъщерно дружество на Българска банка за развитие, което осигурява дялов капитал за растеж на малките и средни предприятия в страната.
„ББР Лизинг“ е лизингова компания основана през 2019 г. като част от финансовата група на Българската банка за развитие.
Румен Аврамов

Румен Любенов Аврамов е български икономист и стопански историк.
Роден е на 18 април 1953 г. в Париж (Франция). Завършва средно образование в Lycee de l’Alliance Francaise в Сантяго де Чили (1969) и висше във Висшия икономически институт „Карл Маркс“ в София (1974). Доктор по икономика (1986).
Работи дълго време в Икономическия институт на Българска академия на науките. От 1990 г. е икономически съветник на президента Желю Желев, а през 1991 г. е сред основателите на Агенцията за икономическо програмиране и развитие, на която известно време е заместник-председател. От 1994 г. е член на Управителния съвет на Центъра за либерални стратегии, а през 1997 – 2002 г. е член на Управителния съвет на Българска народна банка.
Член на управителния съвет на Българската макроикономическа асоциация.
President of the World Bank Group

The president of the World Bank Group is the head of World Bank Group. The president is responsible for chairing the meetings of the boards of directors and for overall management of the World Bank Group.
The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors, to serve for a five-year, renewable term. Traditionally, the World Bank Group president has always been an American citizen nominated by the United States, the Bank's largest shareholder, and the IMF's managing director has been a European citizen. While most World Bank Group presidents have had economic experience, some have not.
The fourteenth and current World Bank Group president is Ajay Banga, who was selected on May 3 and began his term on June 2, 2023.
Bank of India

Bank of India (BoI) is an Indian public sector bank headquartered in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai. Founded in 1906, it has been government-owned since nationalisation in 1969. BoI is a founding member of SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunications), which facilitates provision of cost-effective financial processing and communication services.
As on 31 December 2024, Bank of India's total business stands at ₹1,446,295 crore (US$170 billion), has 5,202 branches and 8166 ATMs & CRM around the world (including 22 overseas branches).
Bank of India was founded on 7 September 1906 by a group of eminent businessmen from Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The Bank was under private ownership and control till 19 July 1969 when it was nationalised along with 13 other banks.
Beginning with one office in Mumbai, with a paid-up capital of ₹5 million (US$58,000) and 50 employees, the Bank has made a rapid growth over the years and blossomed into a mighty institution with a strong national presence and sizable international operations. In business volume, the Bank occupies a premier position among the nationalised banks.
The bank has over 5,084 branches in India spread over all states and union territories including specialized branches. These branches are controlled through 54 zonal offices. There are 60 branches, 5 subsidiaries, and 1 joint venture abroad.
The Bank came out with its maiden public issue in 1997 and follow on Qualified Institutions Placement in February 2008.
KBC Bank Bulgaria

On 10th of April 2023, UBB and KBC Bank Bulgaria officially united after the re-organization of KBC Bank Bulgaria EAD, through its merger into United Bulgarian Bank AD, was entered in the Commercial Register. The legal merger is the next step in the integration of the two banks after the Belgian KBC Group acquired the business of Raiffeisen Bank International in Bulgaria in the summer of 2022.
KBC Bank Bulgaria (previously known as Raiffeisenbank (Bulgaria) EAD) is fully licensed bank with operations in Bulgaria and abroad. KBC Bank Bulgaria is a universal bank, providing a full range of banking products and services to large corporate customers, small and medium-sized enterprises, retail clients and institutional clients.
As of 30 December 2010 total assets amounted to BGN 6.56 billion ranking it as the fourth largest bank in the country. Over 3000 employees of service more than 730 000 customers through a network of 188 branches. The bank has also built an Agent Network of mobile bank consultants.
KBC Bank Bulgaria is a 100% subsidiary of Belgium based KBC Group. KBC Group is a multi-channel bank-insurer, focusing on private clients and small and medium-sized enterprises in Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia.
The bank was established in 1994 under the Bulgarian Law on Banking and Credit Activities.
On July 8, 2022 the bank was acquired by Belgium KBC Group from Austria's Raiffeisen Bank and rebranded as KBC Bulgaria.
On 10th of April 2023, UBB and KBC Bank Bulgaria officially united after the re-organization of KBC Bank Bulgaria EAD, through its merger into United Bulgarian Bank AD, was entered in the Commercial Register.
KBC Bank Bulgaria's donation initiative “Choose to help” which started in 2009 is part of the bank's corporate social responsibility policy and aims at supporting charity initiatives in four basic categories: health, ecology, social projects and projects in the field of education and culture.
Azizi Bank

Azizi Bank is one of the largest commercial banks in Afghanistan. It has 56 branches including extension counters and around 88 automated teller machines across Afghanistan. The bank opened on June 13, 2006, and is headquartered in the Wazir Akbar Khan neighborhood of Kabul, Afghanistan. Mirwais Azizi is the founder and chairman of the bank.
Azizi Bank currently has around 1,326 employees, 12% of whom are females. During the 2021 Taliban offensive, some members of the Taliban escorted female employees of Azizi Bank in Kandahar and ordered them not to return to work.
Farhad Azizi is a UAE based businessman, billionaire, investor, entrepreneur and the CEO of Azizi developments. He is the chairman of Azizi Bank, one of the largest commercial banks in Afghanistan, which he established in 2006 with $7.5 million in equity capital and has since reached up to $80 million. He is the CEO of Azizi Group of companies which was founded in 1989 with a presence in realty, banking, investment, and hospitality.
As of 2018, he was arguably the richest person and family of Afghani origin. He featured in the list of "Arabian Business as one of the 100 Inspiring leaders in the Middle East" in March 2018. He is regarded as one of the richest people of Afghanistan with a monopoly in petroleum products. Azizi Developments is a Dubai-based property developer.
After moving from Afghanistan to Dubai as a young boy along with his father Mirwais Azizi, they founded the Azizi Group in 1989.
A graduate of the University of Tulsa, Azizi obtained an MBA in finance management from Boston-Suffolk University. After completing his studies, Farhad spent time in Europe before moving back to the UAE.
In 2007, Azizi Developments was established. In 2006, Azizi Bank was found, now the largest commercial financial institution in Afghanistan. They also acquired Bakhtar Bank (now Islamic Bank of Afghanistan) which is regarded as one of the reputed banks in Afghanistan.
Azizi Developments started selling off-plan properties in Dubai until the global financial crisis struck. The majority of buyers could not continue payments and Azizi instructed that their deposits be handed back.
In 2013, Azizi Developments resumed the construction of projects. Presently, the company has more than 200 projects under various stages of development with a current portfolio in Dubai valued over AED 45 billion. His petroleum business Azizi Hotak Group, which was started with an initial investment of $80 million, operates in 10 countries.
List of companies/organizations owned by Azizi;
Official website
René F. Jones

René F. Jones is an American businessman and the chief executive officer of M&T Bank. As of 2022, he is one of four Black CEOs in the Fortune 500.
Born into a biracial military family, Jones was raised in Ayer, Massachusetts. His father met his mother in Belgium while serving as a soldier in World War II. He is the youngest of six children.
Jones graduated from Boston College with a BS degree and from University of Rochester’s Simon School of Business with an MBA.
In 1992, Jones joined M&T Bank as an executive associate.
From 2005 to 2016, Jones was CFO of M&T Bank.
In 2017, he was appointed as chairman and CEO of M&T Bank.
In 2022, he was elected a director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. His term will run through the end of 2024.
He is on the boards at The Jacobs Institute, the Burchfield Penney Art Center, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Massachusetts Historical Society, Pan-Mass Challenge, and Boston College.
List of female top executives

The world average of female top executives is 8 percent. Thailand has the highest proportion of female CEOs in the world, with 30 percent of companies employing female CEOs, followed by the People's Republic of China, with 19 percent. In the European Union the figure is 9 percent and in the United States it is 5 percent. In 2024, 10.4% of the CEOs at companies in the Fortune 500 were female.
First Abu Dhabi Bank

First Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB) (Arabic: بنك أبوظبي الأول) is the largest bank in the United Arab Emirates. It was formed following a merger between First Gulf Bank (FGB) and National Bank of Abu Dhabi (NBAD).
FAB offers financial solutions, products and services through its Corporate and Investment Banking and Personal Banking franchises.
Headquartered in Abu Dhabi in Khalifa Business Park, the bank has a presence in five continents: Asia Pacific (APAC), Europe, Americas, Middle East and Africa (EAMEA).
First Abu Dhabi Bank was formed as a result of a merger between FGB and NBAD. On 3 July 2016, the two UAE banks announced that their boards of directors had voted unanimously on the recommendation to shareholders for the merger of the two entities. The transaction was approved by the respective shareholders on 7 December 2016. The transaction was executed through a share swap, with FGB shareholders receiving 1.254 NBAD shares for each FGB share they held. The merger led to the creation of the UAE’s largest bank, First Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB) in April 2017.
The launch of FAB’s new brand identity combined the ‘Abu Dhabi’ and ‘First’ identities from NBAD and FGB, the First Abu Dhabi Bank (FAB) name reflects the two banks’ roots in the region. The bank adopted the acronym F.A.B in its logo, which also features the “Awwal” (First) brand mark, enlarged to represent growth and leadership.
In 2019, the bank began international expansion with the start of operations in Saudi Arabia.
In 2019, Qatar filed a lawsuit against three banks that were involved in the 2017 plans to devalue the Qatari riyal. Suit against two banks, First Abu Dhabi Bank and Saudi Arabia’s Samba Bank were filed in New York, while the lawsuit against the private bank, Banque Havilland, was filed in London. In 2023, the Financial Conduct Authority fined Banque Havilland £10 million for its involvement in the plans, which were also forwarded to an Abu Dhabi sovereign wealth fund official.
The Bank's net profit declined from AED 12.5 billion in 2019 to AED 10.6 billion in 2020.
In January 2021, Hana Al Rostamani has been appointed as group chief executive officer. Company said its net profits were US$3.4 billion at the end of 2021, 19 percent up from than previous year.
FAB has been ranked by Global Finance as the safest bank in the UAE and the Middle East and the best bank in the UAE.
The Banker’s Top 1000 World Banks 2020 list, measured by Tier 1 capital, ranked FAB as number one in the UAE, second in the Middle East and 85th across the globe – in addition to ranking the bank #109 by assets in the same list.
FAB was also ranked first in the UAE, 4th in the Arab world and 303rd globally in Forbes annual ranking of the world’s 2000 largest public companies.
For the year 2022, First Abu Dhabi Bank has posted a net profit of AED 13.4 billion.