davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Jacob Fjelde

Jakob Henrik Gerhard Fjelde (April 10, 1859 – May 5, 1896) was a Norwegian-born American sculptor. He is remembered as both a prolific portraitist and the creator of public monuments. One of his better known works is the one dedicated to the 1st Minnesota Infantry (1897) located at Gettysburg Battlefield where its 262 members suffered 215 casualties.
Jakob Henrik Gerhard Fjelde was born at Ålesund in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. His father, Paul Gerhard Michelet Fjelde (1827–1873), was a skilled carpenter and wood carver. He had moved to the United States in 1872, but died the following year. Jakob Fjelde was a pupil of Brynjulf Bergslien during 1878. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen from 1879 to 1881 and was a student of Vilhelm Bissen 1880–1882.
He traveled abroad, living in Rome from 1882 to 1884. Fjelde lived and worked to Bergen, Norway from 1884 until 1887 when he immigrated to the United States. After arriving in America he settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The following year he married the Danish-born Margrethe Madsen. They eventually had four children. He was the father of sculptor Paul Fjelde and the brother of artist Pauline Fjelde. His grandsons included Ibsen scholar Rolf G. Fjelde.
At the Industrial Exposition in Minneapolis during 1889 and 1890, Fjelde presented 18 busts and relief portraits, including marble busts of Sven Oftedal and Georg Sverdrup, both of whom would serve as Presidents of Augsburg College and were founders of the Lutheran Free Church . At the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago during 1893, he presented a bust of the Norwegian-American politician Knute Nelson.
Jakob Fjelde had first sculpted Henrik Ibsen from life in Molde, Norway during 1885. Although Ibsen disliked sitting for artists, he took a liking to the precocious young sculptor, then 26 years old, and patiently sat for the bust.
Fjelde died in Minneapolis on May 5, 1896.
The Minneapolis-St. Paul area hosts several of his major public bronze outdoor monuments. One is Hiawatha and Minnehaha, a statue of Hiawatha carrying Minnehaha based on characters from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1855 poem The Song of Hiawatha. The statue was created for the Columbian Exposition in 1893 and permanently erected in 1912. Another, in Loring Park in Minneapolis, is of Norwegian violin virtuoso Ole Bull was cast in 1897, a year after Fjelde's death. The Minerva bronze sculpture is located in the downtown Minneapolis Central Library.
Among his portraits of Ibsen, several are noteworthy. One is located in Tacoma, Washington in Wright Park, another is at the North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton, North Dakota. Another bust of Ibsen, located in the Como Park, Zoo, and Conservatory in St. Paul, Minnesota was stolen from the Park in 1981. The sculpture was recovered, restored, and reinstalled by Public Art Saint Paul in 1999.
Online book
Burton Hall at the University of Minnesota
Hennepin County Library
Minnesota Historical Society
International Ibsen Award

The International Ibsen Award (Norwegian: Den internasjonale Ibsenprisen) honours an individual, institution or organization that has brought new artistic dimensions to the world of drama or theater. The committee consists of figures in the theatre community.
The prize was established by the Norwegian government in 2008, using the name of playwright Henrik Ibsen. It has no relation to Henrik Ibsen or the Ibsen family, and is solely the initiative of the Norwegian government. The winner is announced on 20 March, which is also Henrik Ibsen's birthday, and the prize consists of NOK 2,5 millions making it one of the richest literary prizes in the world. It is awarded at the Norwegian National Theatre's Ibsen festival every other year. The first laureate was British theatre and film director Peter Brook who received the prize on 31 August 2008 during the Ibsen Festival at the Nationaltheatret. The chair of the jury was Liv Ullmann. In 2011 the prize was made biennial, with the next awarding scheduled for September 2012. It was announced on 20 March that the 2012 award will go to Heiner Goebbels.
The International Ibsen Award has two predecessors, the Norwegian Ibsen Award and the Ibsen Centennial Commemoration Award, which was only awarded in 2006/2007.
Illustreret Nyhedsblad

Illustreret Nyhedsblad was a Norwegian weekly magazine, issued from 1851 to 1866 in Christiania, Norway. Its first editor was Paul Botten-Hansen, who edited the magazine from 1851 to 1864 and from 1865 to 1866, with Frederik Bætzmann being editor from 1864 to 1865. Jonas Lie was the editor of the magazine from 1863 to 1864. Among its contributors were Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Henrik Ibsen, Ernst Sars and Camilla Collett. The latter published her writings about the visits to the European cities in the period between December 1863 and July 1864. Ibsen's plays Hærmændene paa Helgeland and Kærlighedens komedie were published as supplements to the magazine.
The Pretenders (play)

The Pretenders (original Norwegian title: Kongs-Emnerne) is a dramatic play by Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen.
The Pretenders was written in bursts during 1863, but Ibsen claimed to have had sources and the idea in 1858. It is a five-act play in prose set in the thirteenth century. The play opened at the old Christiania Theatre on 19 January 1864. The plot revolves around the historical conflict between Norwegian King Håkon Håkonsson and his father-in-law, Earl Skule Bårdsson. It has been commonly ascribed to the rivalry between Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, who had succeeded Ibsen as director of the Norske Theater in 1857.
Håkon Håkonsson reigned as king of Norway from 1217 to 1263. In the earlier part of the reign of King Håkon, much of the royal power was in the hands of Skule Bårdsson. In 1225, Håkon married Skule's daughter Margaret Skulesdatter. The relationship between the two became strained as Håkon asserted his power. In 1239, the conflict between the two erupted into open warfare when Skule had himself proclaimed king. The rebellion ended in 1240 when Skule was put to death. This rebellion and the death of Skule are generally taken to mark the end of the Civil war era in Norway which had dated from 1130.
This play was translated into English by Scottish writer and critic William Archer as a part of his publication, Henrik Ibsen's Prose Dramas Vol III. This volume consisted of Lady Inger of Östrat (Fru Inger til Østeraad), The Vikings at Helgeland (Hærmændene paa Helgeland), and The Pretenders (Kongs-Emnerne). It was published by The Walter Scott Company, London in 1890.
This play was translated into Welsh (as Yr Ymhonwyr) by T. Gwynn Jones, and performed to an audience of 10,000 at the 1927 Holyhead National Eisteddfod. The production was part of the national drama movement in Wales, funded by Baron Howard de Walden.
MS Henrik Ibsen

MS Henrik Ibsen is a historic Norwegian diesel-powered ship built in 1907. Together with MS Victoria, it sails on the Telemark Canal in Norway between Skien and Dalen in the summer. The ship was built by Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad in Gothenburg, Sweden in 1907 and named SS Styrsö. The ship was operated in the Gothenburg archipelago until 1970, and after that she was used as charter ship. It is named after Henrik Ibsen.
After being adapted to canal traffic, the ship arrived at Telemark Canal in 1992. She was renamed MS Henrik Ibsen after the former steamship SS Henrik Ibsen, which also operated on the Telemark Canal from 1907 to 1919. From 1999 until 2010 the ship was owned and operated by Skien Dalen Skipsselskap AS.
The ship was thereafter sold to the Telemarkskanalen Skipsselskap AS, owned by Thor Morten Halvorsen, who also owns Dalen Hotel. Upgrading of the ship was carried out at the Hansen & Arntzen shipyard in Stathelle and by boatbuilder Geir Røvik in Tønsberg. After a complete restoration new operations on the Telemark Canal began in mid-2010.
Norwegian Academy

The Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature (Norwegian: Det Norske Akademi for Språk og Litteratur), commonly known as the Norwegian Academy, is a Norwegian learned body on matters pertaining to the modern Norwegian language in its Dano-Norwegian variety, now commonly known as Riksmål and Bokmål. The academy was established in the Norwegian government's honorary residence Grotten in 1953 based on the model of the Swedish Academy and the French Academy, but the idea was originally conceived by Bjørn Bjørnson in 1913. Its members are elected for life on the basis of scholarly, literary or artistic merits. The academy publishes the main dictionary of Norwegian, Det Norske Akademis ordbok ("Dictionary of the Norwegian Academy", www.naob.no), is responsible for regulating the written standard known as Riksmål ("National Language") and has a literary and cultural purpose. The academy awards the Norwegian Academy Prize in memory of Thorleif Dahl.
The academy was founded in 1953 by several notable Norwegian authors and poets, among them Arnulf Øverland, Sigurd Hoel, A.H. Winsnes, Cora Sandel and Francis Bull. They disagreed with the official language policy aiming to merge Bokmål with Nynorsk and protested against what they called state discrimination against the dominant Norwegian written standard Riksmål. This was Norway's de facto written language, used by most large newspapers and by the majority of the population as a written standard (although not necessarily a spoken one). The Academy was modelled after the Swedish Academy and the French Academy.
In addition to regulating Riksmål, the most conservative and Danish-near form of Norwegian, the academy publishes dictionaries and supports the publishing of literature in Riksmål. To-day, after several reforms worth in the official Bokmål and in the traditional Riksmål, Bokmål in its "moderate" version and modern Riksmål more or less coincide with some deviations.
The Academy has 51 members (2021), each of whom is a specialist in miscellaneous areas of analysis, investigation and expertise. These include Nordic studies, German, English and French languages and literature, history, philosophy, law, political science, poetry et cetera. The President of the Academy is John Ole Askedal.
The Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was represented, along with other non-governmental language organisations, in the Norwegian Language Council, which regulates the official Bokmål and Nynorsk languages, since its establishment in 1972 until it was reorganized in 2005.
In 1981, the Academy merged with Riksmålsvernet, founded in 1919.
The following are current members of the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature:
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature

The Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature (Den norske Kritikerprisen for litteratur or Kritikerprisen) is awarded by the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association (Norsk Litteraturkritikerlag) and has been awarded every year since 1950. The prize is presented to a Norwegian author for a literary work as agreed to among the members of the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association. Since 1978 the Norwegian Literature Critics' Association has also awarded a prize for the best work of children's literature. In 2003 the Critics Prize for the year's best work of translation was established, and in 2012 the Critics Prize for the year's best work of nonfiction for adults was established. For other Norwegian Critics Awards, see Norwegian Theatre Critics Award, which has been awarded every year since 1939 (except 1940-45), the Norwegian Music Critics Award, which has been awarded every year since 1947, and the Norwegian Dance Critics Award, which has been awarded every year since 1977.
A list of Critics Prizewinners is maintained on the kritikerlaget website.
A list of Critics Prizewinners is maintained on the kritikerlaget website.
This prize was established in 2003.
This prize was established in 2012.
The prize for literature critic of the year was established in 1994. It is granted to a critic who has demonstrated excellence through review of literature or who has strengthened the discipline of criticism. The objective is to highlight critic's work and stimulate academic study in all forms of criticism.
Dreams (Sex Love)

Dreams (Sex Love) (Norwegian: Drømmer) is a 2024 Norwegian drama film written and directed by Dag Johan Haugerud. In between Sex and Love, it is the second part of a trilogy by Haugerud that deals with the complexity of human relationships, sexuality and social norms. The film follows Johanne's (Ella Øverbye) infatuation with her french teacher Johanna (Selome Emnetu), which ignite tensions within her family, as her mother and grandmother confront their own unfulfilled dreams and desires.
The film was released in Norwegian theaters on 4 October 2024. In 2025, it was selected for the Main Competition at the 75th Berlin International Film Festival, where had its international premiere on 19 February 2025, and won the Golden Bear.
On 22 September 2022, Viaplay handed the making of a trilogy of films titled "Sex, Dreams and Love", to director Dag Johan Haugerud. Produced by Norway's Motlys and Viaplay, the trilogy was supported by the Norwegian Film Institute, the Nordisk Film & TV Fond, the Oslo Filmfond and Arthaus. Haugerud in an interview with Variety revealed that he was inspired by Krzysztof Kieślowski’s 1993-1994 Three Colours trilogy to take this project. He said, "The aim was to make three films that deal with the same topics from different perspectives." He elaborated, "They should look and feel very different, but give the impression that they are all part of the same conversation."
The film was released in Norwegian cinemas on 4 October 2024.
Dreams (Sex Love) had its International premiere on 19 February 2025, as part of the 75th Berlin International Film Festival, in Competition. The film will close 49th Hong Kong International Film Festival and have its Asian premiere on 21 April 2025.
It will be released theatrically in Germany on 8 May 2025 by Alamode Film.
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 10 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.7/10.
Peter Bradshaw reviewing for The Guardian rated the film with 4 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film is a cunning, chatty, and playful creation reminiscent of Lukas Moodysson’s early film Show Me Love.
Kjersti Horn

Kjersti Horn (born 30 June 1977) is a Norwegian theater director and storyboard artist, the daughter of scenographer Per Kristian Horn (born 1941) and the actor, theater director and politician for the Norwegian Labour Party (AP), Ellen Horn (b. Stoesen in 1951), partner with Sound designer and composer Erik Hedin (born 1974, two children), and half sister of Jazz singer and actor Emilie Stoesen Christensen (born 1986). She was born with the bone disease "spondylo-epyphyfyseal-dysplasi".
Horn is a graduate of theater directing program at Dramatiska Institutet in Stockholm 2006. During her studies she put up Nightsongs by Jon Fosse among other plays, at the Stockholm City Theatre. Horn has directed pieces like Shopping And Fucking (1998), Disco Pigs (1999), Knivskarpe polaroider (2001), and Medeas Barn (2004). She was dancing in the Jo Strømgren play Lux Aeterna (2002). She also created the storyboard for Robert Wilsons production of the play Peer Gynt (2005). In the summer 2006 she directed the Child-piece edition of Peer Gynt by Knut Nærum in Frognerparken, played by second-year students at Teaterhøgskolen in Oslo.
In January 2008, Horn directed the play Mitt navn er Rachel Corrie at Det Norske Teatret in Oslo. The play is based on the diaries of peace activist Rachel Corrie, who was killed when she stood up to stop a bulldozer from destroying a Palestinian home.
Horn directed Folkeutrydning – eller Leveren min er meningsløs, by Werner Scwab in 2008, at Den Nationale Scene in Bergen. She debuted on the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm 2008, with the critically acclaimed play Dumb Show with the well known Rein Brynjolfsson. It became so popular that it was moved to the big stage in January 2009.
The autumn 2009 she directed Valerie Solanas 7 by Sara Stridsberg on «Torshovteatret" in Oslo. The play is based on Stridsberg's award-winning novel Drømme-fakultetet, and is based on the feminist Valerie Solanas, which is known for murder attempt Andy Warhol in 1968, among other things. In January 2010, Horn directed the musical play "Spring Awakening" at Oslo Nye Teater, based on Frank Wedekind's Frühlings Erwachen (script and lyrics by Steven Sater, music by Duncan Sheik).
In January 2011 she put up the play Knutby by Malin Lagerlöf at Hålogaland Teater in Tromsø, with Anneli Drecker in a starring role. Knutby is a documentary play that analyzes the story about the Knutby murder, trying to understand the human drama underlying the story. The play is based on the true story of Knutby.
In 2019, Horn wrote and directed a play based on Vigdis Hjorth's novel Will and Testament. The novel tells the story of a woman embroiled in an inheritance dispute as she attempts to make her history of sexual abuse heard.
Volcán Corazón

El Corazón (4790 m) es un volcán inactivo erosionado de Ecuador. Se encuentra a 30 kilómetros al sudoeste de Quito, en la cordillera occidental de los Andes.​El Corazón recibe su nombre no por su forma, como muchos creen, sino porque en su lado oriental presenta un corazón perfectamente delineado por dos amplias y largas quebradas. Estas quebradas se denominan Verde y Mortiño, siendo la oriental "Verde" y la otra la "Mortiño".[2]
[2]Cevallos, Pedro Fermin (1887). Resumen de la Historia del Ecuador desde su origen hasta 1845. Imprenta La Nación. Quito. 5 t.
Vaccinium floribundum

El mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum) es una especie de planta de la familia Ericaceae, nativa del neotrópico de las zonas montañosas del noroccidente sudamericano.
Especie emparentada con el arándano azul y el agraz silvestre.
Es un arbusto ramificado cuya altura llega hasta 2,5 m, de hojas muy pequeñas con el margen aserrado o crenado, nervación pinnada, flores de menos de 1 cm, solitarias o en racimos; tubo del cáliz articulado o no con el pedicelo, hipanto globoso, 5 lóbulos lanceolados; corola urceolada, blanca o rosada, con 5 lóbulos reflexos, estambres de 10, del mismo largo que el tubo de la corola, filamentos libres, anteras con túbulos cortos, dehiscencia apical poricida; ovario ínfero, 5 locular, estilo ligeramente más largo que el tubo de la corola. El fruto es una baya esférica de 5 a 8 mm de diámetro de color azul y azul oscuro, lisa, a veces glauca.​
Nativa de Ecuador, Colombia y Perú es considerada una planta silvestre que crece en las parte altas de la cordillera (páramos del norte de la sierra andina). En Ecuador (en mayor proporción en Ángel en el Carchi hasta Tambo en Cañar).​
Crece en un amplio rango altitudinal desde los 1600 hasta los 3800 m de altitud, se desarrolla en climas templados y fríos, con temperaturas de 8 a 16◦ C, en los bosques seco montano bajo y húmedo montano, en suelos húmedos y bien drenados.​
Vaccinium floribundum fue descrita por Carl Sigismund Kunth y publicado en Nova Genera et Species Plantarum seu Prodromus (quarto ed.) 3: 266, t. 251. 1818[1819].​
Ver: Vaccinium
floribundum epíteto latino que significa "con muchas flores".​
Mortiño, uva de los Andes, manzanilla de cerro, raspadura quemada, uva de monte en (Ecuador), agraz en (Colombia) o macha macha, congama, pushgay en (Perú).​
En la actualidad, al igual que el con los frutos del agraz silvestre (Vaccinium meridionale), sus bayas se usan en la preparación de jugos, mermeladas y dulces. Tradicionalmente en Ecuador se consume la colada morada principalmente en el Día de los Difuntos, plato típico de la cultura popular.
Los campesino la suelen usar para tratar el reumatismo, fiebres y cólicos; se usa también para sanar la gripe, la borrachera y los dolencias del hígado y los riñones. Además para tratar dolencias pulmonares y la debilidad.​
El mortiño gracias a su forma y tamaño de sus hojas y flores es usado para la decoración de ambientes.
Se suele emplear para dar forraje al ganado de borregos además como combustible y como especie que ayuda a la regeneración de espacios que han sido quemados (reforestación de páramos).
Lagunas Verdes

Las Lagunas Verdes son un complejo de tres pequeñas lagunas situadas al sur-occidente del Volcán Chiles en la provincia de Carchi en el norte del Ecuador. Se originan como resultado de manantiales internos y vertientes del Volcán Chiles, y deben su nombre al color verde esmeralda de sus aguas resultante de un alto contenido de substancias químicas especialmente azufre.
Son lagunas que tienen un diámetro aproximado de 200 metros.
Se ubican al sur-occidente del Volcán Chiles, a 2 km de su punto de ascenso hacia el volcán a 20 km al noroeste de la parroquia Tufiño y a 40 km de Tulcán capital de la provincia de Carchi.
Debido a su situación geográfica y altitud, posee un clima andino frío, con una temperatura media anual de 6 °C.
Entre las especies de flora sobresalen: La chuquiragua, la chilca, el mortiño, el sigse, pumamaqui, romerillo, laurel de cera, la sangre de drago, la dormidera y el sunfo los cuales son empleados con fines medicinales por los moradores de la zona.
Las especies más representativas son: trucha arco iris, el jambato, sapo marsupial, pato punteado, perdiz de páramo, cóndor, curiquingue, guarro, quilico, gallareta gli-gli, gaviota andina, zumbador, tórtola, conejo silvestre, lobo de páramo, soche, venado, raposa y chucuri.
Vaccinium floribundum

Vaccinium floribundum, commonly known as mortiño or Andean blueberry, is a slender shrub that grows in the northern Andes in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela at elevations from 1,800 to 3,800 metres (5,900 to 12,500 ft). It can reach 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) high or it can be dwarf and prostrate. The plant produces an edible fruit, a round berry that is bluish black and glaucous, that is collected and eaten raw and used in preserves. It is sold at some markets and is used for Colada Morada celebrating the Day of the Dead.
Media related to Vaccinium floribundum at Wikimedia Commons
Vaccinium meridionale

Vaccinium meridionale, agraz or Andean blueberry, is a species in the section Pyxothamnus of the genus Vaccinium, in the heath and heather family. It is found in the mountains of Peru, and may have been introduced to Jamaica. Like so‑called wild blueberries in North America, it is artisanally tended in a manner that differs little from wild growing conditions, with few inputs. Its fruit is gathered in the wild and widely sold in local health food markets and grocery stores.
It is a shrub which measures from 1.5 m to 7 m in height. The leaves are simple, alternate, elliptical to oval in shape, coriaceous (leathery), with a sharp, slight apiculate apex, cuneate base and a crenate margin. The flowers are tetramerous, or sometimes pentamerous, with a white corolla, possibly marked with pink or red. The inflorescence is racemic, producing 10 to 15 flowers per raceme. The fruits are round, approximately 1.2 cm in diameter, green during growth and dark red (giving the appearance of black or violet) upon reaching maturity, with an acid taste.
It is planted in plots at distances of 3x2 meters, without modifying its habitat since it is a wild species. The best propagation is obtained with seedlings with root buds from old lianas. As natural habitats disappear, there is a growing trend of cultivating wild vegetal species in seed banks.
When propagation is done using seeds, the seedlings can be transplanted after a year and a half; when stakes are used, the transplanting can be done at six months by the rooting of branches, or layering. The productive life of the plants can extend to up to eight decades, with two fruit harvests per year.
The successful conservation of the Agraz requires familiarity with its reproductive biology. This is a clonal plant that produces genetically identical individuals through vegetative reproduction, whose genetic structure is complex, with a mix of plants that arise from sexual and asexual reproduction; it is therefore advisable, in addition to field collection, to keep the seeds of a few plants, for a greater representation of genetic variability. Cytology is 2n = 48.
In Colombia, the presence of this plant has been recorded between altitudes of 2,200 and 3,400 meters above sea level, and it is the only tropical country that proffers two annual harvests of this fruit. A group of researchers from the UN in Medellin chose as field work crops present in the municipalities of Guachetá in Cundinamarca; California in Santander; and La Ceja, Santa Rosa de Osos and Entrerríos in northern Antioquia. This study determined that these red berries, which are often consumed in processed form, undergo changes during their stages of maturation that affect their antioxidant levels.
Tibasosa

Tibasosa (Spanish pronunciation: [tiβaˈsosa]) is a municipality in the Sugamuxi Province, part of the Colombian department of Boyacá. Tibasosa borders Duitama and Nobsa in the north, Nobsa and Sogamoso in the east, Firavitoba in the south and Paipa in the west.
The name Tibasosa comes from Chibcha and means "Chief of the domain".
In the time before the Spanish conquest, Tibasosa was part of the Muisca Confederation, ruled by a cacique who was loyal to Tundama and the high priest iraca of Sugamuxi. The discovery and conquest of the lands of this municipality took place in 1537 when Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada en route to the Sun Temple entered the Iraca Valley.
On December 19, 1778 the Viceroy Manuel Antonio Flórez issued a decree founding the town of Tibasosa, he named a mayor to govern the town. In those days, people from distant lands settled in this village for its climate, also several families of distinguished Spanish origin arrived. Witness to this are the still existing colonial two-story houses with elegant balconies.
Tibasosa acceded in 1781 to the Movement Comunero of Socorro and San Gil, the first uprising in the independence of Colombia. The army left the village to join the troops of general Juan Francisco Berbeo of Zipaquirá.
The population of Tibasosa helped also with the pro-independence cause on the day of the Battle of Vargas Swamp. In Tibasosa Inocencio Chincá died, after being wounded in the battle. On March 30, 1820 Simón Bolívar visited Tibasosa, heading towards Santa Rosa de Viterbo.
Main economical activities of Tibasosa are dairy farming, agriculture and on a lesser scale mining. Agricultural products include wheat, potatoes, maize, barley, arracacha, ruba, ibia, turnips, peas, beans, onions, apples, pears, prunes, oranges, peaches, cherries, figs and Colombian fruits as feijoa, chirimoya, guama, cañahuate and mortiño. The daily milk production of Tibasosa was 22,000 liters in February 2016.
5°50′N 72°58′W﻿ / ﻿5.833°N 72.967°W﻿ / 5.833; -72.967
سرکپ

سرکپ ٹیکسلا، پاکستان کے وسیع کھنڈر کا ایک حصہ ہے۔
سرکپ کے کھنڈر کی کھدائی اول سر جان مارشل کے زیر ہدایت ہرگریو نے 1912 تا 1930 میں کی۔ پھر 1944 تا 1945 میں مورٹمر ویہلر نے بعض مزید حصے دریافت کیے۔
غالب خیال کے مطابق سرکپ کا شہر یونانی و بکتری بادشاہ دیمیٹریوس نے ہندوستان پر حملہ کے بعد 180 قبل مسیح میں بسایا تھا۔ لیکن بعض لوگوں کے خیال میں یہ شہر مینندر اول نے تعمیر کیا تھا۔
اس شہرکو یونانی طرز تعمیر کے مطابق بنایا گیا تھا۔ شہر کے بیچ میں ایک میدان تھا جس کے گرد 15 سڑکیں بنی ہوئی تھیں۔ شہر قریبا 1200X 400 میٹر رقبے پر پھیلا ہوا تھا جس کے گرد 5 سے 7 میٹر چوڑی اور 8ء4 کیلومیٹر لمبی فصیل بنائی گئی تھی۔
سرکپ میں یونانی تہذیب سے متاثر کئی چیزیں دریافت ہوئی ہیں۔ ان میں خاص طور ہر بادشاہوں کے سکے شامل ہیں جن میں یونانی دیومالائی کہانیوں کے تصورات ملتے ہیں۔ اسی طرح ہندوستانی اثرات بھی پائے گئے ہیں چنانچہ ہندوستانی پازیب یونانی دیوی آرٹیمیس کے پاؤں میں دیکھائے گئے ہیں۔
یونانیوں کے بعد سکیتھیوں اور پارتھیوں کے حملوں اور 30 ق م میں آنے والے ایک زلزلہ کے بعد اس شہر کو دوبارہ تعمیر کیا گیا۔ گوندافارس نے، جو پہلا پارتھی بادشاہ تھا، نے بھی شہر کے بعض حصے تعمیر کیے تھے جن میں دو سروں والے عقاب کا ستوپہ اور سورج دیوتا کا مندر شامل ہیں۔ آخر میں کشن بادشاہوں نے اس شہر پر قبضہ کر لیا اور اسے چھوڑ کر کوئی ڈیڑھ کیلومیٹر دور سرسکھ کے مقام پر نیا شہر تعمیر کیا۔
بدھ ستوپے شہر میں جگہ جگہ پر موجود ہیں اسی طرح ایک ہندو مندر بھی پایا گیا ہے جس سے یہاں دونوں مذاہب کے درمیان روابط کا علم ہوتا ہے۔ سرکپ کے نزدیک ہی جنڈیال کے مقام پر ایک یونانی یا زرتشتی مندر بھی موجود ہے۔
سرکپ میں موجود گول ستوپہ ہندوستان کے قدیم ترین ستوپوں میں سے ایک ہے۔ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ یہ ستوپہ ایک زبردست زلزلہ کے نتیجہ میں موجودہ جگہ پر آن گرا تھا۔ جب پہلی صدی عیسوی میں شہر دوبارہ تعمیر کیا گیا تو اس کے گرد دیوار بنا کر اسے محفوظ کر دیا گیا۔
گول مندر سرکپ کی سب سے بڑی مذہبی عمارت ہے جو 70x40 میٹر رقبہ پر واقع ہے۔ اس مندر میں ایک مستطیل حصہ ہے جس میں کئی کمرے ہیں جو بدھ راہبوں کے زیر استعمال تھے۔ اس کے علاوہ ایک گول کمرہ ہے جو مندر کی وجہ تسمیہ ہے۔ 30 ق م میں ایک زلزلہ میں تباہ ہونے کے بعد جب شہر کو دوبارہ تعمیر کیا گیا تو مندر میں توسیع کی گئی۔
سرکپ کا ایک خاص ستوپہ دوہرے سر والے عقاب کا ستوپہ ہے۔ اس میں نظر آنے والے ستون یونانی طرز کے ہیں۔ درمانی محراب میں ایک یونانی مندر دکھایا گیا ہے جبکہ باہر والی محراب میں ہندو طرز کا ایک مندر عیاں ہے۔ ان کے اوپر دوہرے سر والا عقاب بنایا گیا ہے۔ یہ نشان اس لحاظ سے بھی عجیب ہے کہ اس طرح کے عقاب کا خیال بابل کی قدیم تہذیب سے ملتا ہے۔ معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ وہاں سے یہ خیال سکیتھیا اور وہاں سے پنجاب آیا۔
معروف یونانی فلاسفراپولونوس از تیانا کے متعلق کہا جاتا ہے کہ وہ پہلے صدی عیسوی میں سرکپ بھی آیا تھا۔ اس نے یونانی طرز تعمیر کے متعلق، غالباً سرکپ کی جانب اشارہ کرتے ہوئے، لکھا ہے: ٹیکسلا کے متعلق ہمیں بتایا گیا ہے کہ وہ نینوہ جتنا بڑا ہے اور اس کی شہرپناہ یونانی طرز کے مطابق تعمیر کی گئی ہے۔ پھر وہ لکھتا ہے: میں نے پہلے بتایا ہے کہ شہرکی فصیل کس طرح تعمیر کی گئی ہے۔ لیکن کہا جاتا ہے کہ اس کو ایتھنز کی طرح بے ترتیب طریق پر تنگ گلیوں میں بھی تقسیم کیا گیا تھا۔ اور گھروں کو اس طرح بنایا گیا تھا کہ اگر ان کو باہر سے دیکھا جائے تو وہ یک منزلہ نظر آتے تھے لیکن اگر آپ ان میں داخل ہوں تو فی الفور اتنے ہی زیر زمین کمرے نظر آتے تھے جتنے زمین کے اوپر ۔
روشن آرا بیگم

روشن آرا بیگم (انگریزی: Roshan Ara Begum) (پیدائش: 19 جنوری1913ء - وفات: 5 دسمبر 1982ء) ملکہ موسیقی کا خطاب پانے والی نامور پاکستانی کلاسیکی و فلمی گلوکارہ تھیں۔ وہ کیرانہ گھرانے کے شہرہ آفاق ہندوستانی گائیک استاد عبد الکریم خان کی شاگرد تھیں۔
ملکہ موسیقی روشن آرا بیگم 19 جنوری، 1913ء کو کلکتہ، برطانوی ہندوستان میں استاد عبد الحق خان کے گھر میں پیدا ہوئیں۔ ان کا اصل نام وحید النسا بیگم تھا۔ انھوں نے موسیقی کی تعلیم اپنے قریبی عزیز استاد عبدالکریم خان سے حاصل کی، جن کی وساطت سے اُن کا تعلق موسیقی کے کیرانا گھرانا سے بنتا ہے۔ استاد عبد الکریم خاں صاحب سے سیکھے ہوئے راگوں میں چار کو چُن کر ان کو ریکارڈ پر گایا: بسنت، شدھ کلیان، شنکرا اور جھنجوٹی، حقیقت یہ ہے کہ روشن آرا کا مزاج خاں صاحب کے مزاج سے بہت مختلف تھا۔ عبد ا لکریم خان صاحب اداس اور سنجیدہ بزرگ تھے، روشن آرا کا سبھاؤ چنچل اور شوخ تھا۔
روشن آرا بیگم تقسیم ہند سے پہلے ہی کیرانا گھرانا کی خیال گائیکی میں ایک بلند مقام حاصل کر چکی تھیں۔ تب وہ بمبئی والی روشن آرا بیگم کہلاتی تھیں کیونکہ 1930ء کے عشرے کے اواخر میں وہ کلکتہ سے بمبئی منتقل ہو گئی تھیں۔ تقسیم ہند سے پہلے بھی وہ خاص طور پر آل انڈیا ریڈیو کے پروگراموں میں حصہ لینے کے لیے لاہور کا سفر کیا کرتی تھیں، جہاں وہ موسیقی کی دیگر محافل میں بھی اپنے فن کا مظاہرہ کر کے خوب داد سمیٹتی تھیں۔ لاہور میں موچی گیٹ کے قریب محلہ پیر گیلانیاں میں چن پیر کے ڈیرے پر اُن کے ساتھ یادگار محفلیں سجائی جاتی تھیں۔
وہ کوئی بھی راگ پیش کرنے سے پہلے جب اُس کا الاپ کرتی تھیں تو اُسی میں راگ کے مرکزی سروں کو کھول کر بیان کر دیتی تھیں اور الاپ ہی سے راگ کی پوری شناخت سامنے آ جاتی تھی۔ یہ امر اہم ہے کہ کیرانا گھرانا الاپ گائیکی میں منفرد پہچان کا حامل ہے۔ راگ داری میں تان لگانا آسان نہیں سمجھا جاتا اور تان وہی گلوکار لگا سکتا ہے، جو موسیقی کے فن کے ساتھ ساتھ اپنی سانس کو بھی پوری طرح سے کنٹرول کر سکتا ہو۔ روشن آرا بیگم کی تان میں اُن کے کیرانا گھرانے کا رنگ ملتا ہے۔ اُن کا تان لگانے کا انداز بہت ہی سہل اور میٹھا تھا، یوں لگتا تھا، جیسے کوئی ندی دھیرے دھیرے بہہ رہی ہو۔
1948ء میں پاکستان منتقل ہونے کے بعد اُن کی شادی کلاسیکی موسیقی کے دلدادہ ایک پولیس افسر احمد خان کے ساتھ ہوئی، جن کا تعلق لالہ موسیٰ، ضلع گجرات سے تھا۔ روشن آرا بیگم اسی چھوٹے سے شہر سے ریڈیو پاکستان اور پی ٹی وی کے پروگراموں میں شرکت کے لیے لاہور کا سفر کرتی تھیں۔
ملکہ موسیقی روشن آرا بیگم نے فلموں کے لیے بھی کچھ گیت گائے، جن میں سے زیادہ تر کی دھنیں انیل بسواس، فیروز نظامی، نوشاد اور تصدق حسین جیسے اپنے دور کے نامور موسیقاروں نے ترتیب دی تھیں۔ انھوں نے جن فلموں کے لیے گیت گائے، اُن میں 1945ء کی فلم پہلی نظر، 1947ء کی جگنو، 1956ء کی قسمت، 1960ء کی روپ متی باز بہادر اور 1969ء کی نیلا پربت سمیت سینکڑوں فلموں میں پس پردہ گلوکارہ کے طو رپر انتہائی خوبصورت نغمات ریکارڈ کرائے جنھوں نے ان فلموں کو کامیابی سے ہمکنار کرنے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا -
حکومت پاکستان نے روشن آرا بیگم کی فنی خدمات کے اعتراف کے طور پر 1960ء میں انھیں صدارتی اعزاز برائے حسن کارکردگی اور ستارہ امتیاز کا اعزاز عطا کیا۔ اس کے علاوہ انھیں ملکہ موسیقی کا خطاب بھی دیا گیا۔
روشن آرا بیگم 5 دسمبر 1982ء میں وفات پاگئیں۔ وہ لالہ موسیٰ، ضلع گجرات میں جی ٹی روڈ پر تعمیر شدہ مقبرہ میں سپردِ خاک ہیں۔
گوہر آرا بیگم

گوہر آرا بیگم (انگریزی: Gauhar Ara Begum) (17 جون 1631ء - 1706ء) ایک مغل شہزادی تھی۔ گوہر آرا مغل بادشاہ شاہ جہاں اور ان کی اہلیہ ممتاز محل کی چودھویں اور بھائی اور بہنوں میں سب سے چھوٹی تھی۔
Workshop

Beginning with the Industrial Revolution era, a workshop may be a room, rooms or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery) that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods. Workshops were the only places of production until the advent of industrialization and the development of larger factories. In the 20th and 21st century, many Western homes contained a workshop in either the garage, basement, or an external shed. Home workshops typically contain a workbench, hand tools, power tools, and other hardware. Along with the practical application of repairing goods, workshops are often used to tinker and make prototypes.
Some workshops focus exclusively on automotive repair or restoration although there are a variety of workshops in existence today. Woodworking, metalworking, electronics, and other types of electronic prototyping workshops are among the most common.
In some repair industries, such as locomotives and aircraft, the repair operations have specialized workshops called back shops or railway workshops. Most repairs are carried out in small workshops, except where an industrial service is needed.
Woodworking machine

A Woodworking machine is a machine that is intended to process wood. These machines are usually powered by electric motors and are used extensively in woodworking. Sometimes grinding machines (used for grinding down to smaller pieces) are also considered a part of woodworking machinery.
These machines are used both in small-scale commercial production of timber products and by hobbyists. Most of these machines may be used on solid timber and on composite products. Machines can be divided into the bigger stationary machines where the machine remains stationary while the material is moved over the machine, and hand-held power tools, where the tool is moved over the material.
These machines are used in large-scale manufacturing of cabinets and other wooden or panel products.
Panel dividing equipment, classified by number of beam, loading system, saw carriage speed
Double end tenoner, classified by conveyor type
Panel edge processing equipment, classified by conveyor speed
classified by number of boring heads
Sergei Bongart

Serhii Romanovich Bongart (Ukrainian: Сергій Романович Бонгарт; 1918–1985) was an American painter. Bongart is admired for his richly colored and emotionally expressive landscapes, still lifes and portraits. He was best known as a colorist, working in exaggerated color, using dynamic but carefully controlled color relationships and extolling the virtues of approaching painting as "color first, subject last".
Bongart was born in Kyiv in Ukraine. He studied art in Kyiv, Prague, Vienna and Munich, before emigrating to the United States in 1948. Bongart lived for six years in Memphis, Tennessee, the location of his sponsor.
In 1954 Bongart moved to Los Angeles where he founded an art school. He taught a number of aspiring young painters who later became well-known, nationally collected American artists—among them: Peter Liashkov, Del Gish, Sunny Apinchapong, Ron Lukus, Rulon Hacking, Melinda Miles, Patricia LeGrande Bongart, Susan Greaves, James Dudley Slay, Don Sahli, Ted Pressett, George Phillips, Guido Frick, Ovanes Berberian and S.Burkett Kaiser
In 1969 he established an art school in Idaho. He lived half the year in Santa Monica, California and the other half near Rexburg, Idaho. Much of his art reflects the rustic settings which reminded him of his homeland. A few weeks before his death Bongart got the last visit from one of his students. That happened in a Hospital near Geneva in Switzerland, where the hope was, to save his life with a cell therapy. The student was Guido Frick, a painter from Germany. He remembers his visit:” To see Sergei in this hospital bed was heartbreaking. He was half the man I met just a few months before at his last Idaho- workshop. He was so weak and fragile, he hardly could rise his arm to wave me to come in. Several pillows stabilized him, while halfway sitting in his bed. When I left, we both knew, this was the last time we have seen each other. On a stretcher he was brought back to Santa Monica and died there a few days later in a hospital”.
Bongart's work is featured in prominent museums, and has received many awards, including a 1982 Gold Medal from the National Cowboy Hall of Fame for his oil painting entitled "Spring Evening." In 1968, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member.
There are three books written to date about Bongart:
Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary

The Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary is the largest Ramsar site in Sindh, covering 566,375 ha (1,399,540 acres), and is located in the Rann of Kutch in Badin District, Sindh, Pakistan. In 1980, declared as a wildlife sanctuary by the Government of Sindh, the Rann of Kutch covers the most Ramsar site area as compared to that of any other of the ten Ramsar sites in Sindh province of Pakistan.
The sanctuary is supporting a major ecosystem. It provides food and shelter to a number of migratory and local wildlife species. The marshy Rann of Kutch, with its surrounding Thar desert area in Sindh, is one of the best potential habitats for a number of animals and birds in the province.
This area is known to be a breeding ground for flamingoes and staging ground for pelicans, cranes, storks and many species of waterfowl.
Bird species such as common teal, shell duck, mallard, pochard, flamingo and pelican are found in the habitat. Occasionally, some other species have also been seen in the outskirts of the site. These include peafowl, sarus cranes, houbara bustard, the peregrine falcon and saker falcons.
The site supports many locally and globally threatened species, including the great Indian bustard, houbara bustard, sarus crane, and striped hyena and more than 1% of the biogeographical population of flamingos.
The flora consists of grasses and dry thorny scrub such as Apluda aristata, Dichanthium annulatum, Panicum antidotale, Cenchrus spp., Pennisetum spp., Cymbopogon spp. and Elionurus spp. Large trees include Prosopis juliflora, Prosopis cineraria, Caparis decidua, Ziziphus nummularia, Acacia senegal and Salvadora oleoides and are found in the desert area of kutch.
Cattle grazing, tree cutting and vehicular traffic are the major threats to this ecoregion's habitat. The proposed expansion of commercial salt extraction operations will result in disturbances to wildlife, especially to the wild ass population and the bustards, flamingoes, and pelicans Despite the fact that areas in the Rann of Kutch remain largely intact, it is considered vulnerable to development activities such as construction and water diversion projects. Large portions of the Indus Delta have been destroyed as a result of logging for fuel wood and fodder, and grazing. Scarcity of water remains the most important potential threat to the ecosystem.
WWF-Pakistan and Sindh authorities have carried out work with GEF funding and a management plan is in preparation. This area used to have the only population of the Indian wild ass in Pakistan. Unfortunately they are thought to have been exterminated. In the past WWF-Pakistan through its Pakistan Wetlands Programme, has conducted baseline ecological studies and has been monitoring migratory waterfowls at Jubho Lagoon, Nurri lagoon and Runn of Kutch Ramsar sites.
24°22′N 70°04′E﻿ / ﻿24.367°N 70.067°E﻿ / 24.367; 70.067
Dao (Naga sword)

Dao is the sword of the Naga people and Mizo people of Northeastern India, mainly in the Indian states of Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Assam and Kachin, Sagaing region of Myanmar. The sword, with its wooden hilt, and unique square form is used for digging as well as used in historical warfare. In modern times, it is generally used for cutting meat and wood.
The dao broadsword can be found in Nagaland, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Assam in the northeastern region of India and Kachin, Saigaing region of Myanmar where the Naga and Mizo peoples live. The dao has a thick and heavy form, which varies in length from 45 centimetres (18 in) to 65 centimetres (26 in). The unique design of this long backsword is that, instead of a point, the tip of the sword is a bevel which creates the appearance of a squarish shape. This form is also found in the Burmese dha, which is derived from the dao. The form of the dao was first adopted by the Kachin people. From here the form would evolve to the more elongated dha.
The blade of the dao is almost straight, with a very minimal curve that can only be discerned upon close examination. The blade is heavy and chisel-edged. It has a unique form in that it is narrowest at the hilt and the gradually broaden to the endpoint.
The wooden hilt has a very simple shape, without a guard or without a distinguished pommel. Bamboo root is considered to be the best material for the hilt. The grip of the handle is sometimes wrapped with basketry. Sometimes the hilt is decorated with a bronze cap at the bottom. The hilt may also be made of ivory, and occasionally can be well-carved.
A dao is usually carried in an open-sided wooden scabbard which is fastened to a rattan belt hoop. The scabbard is centrally hollowed out on one face.
The dao is almost the only tool that was used by the Naga and Mizo peoples. It is used for many purposes e.g. for building houses, to clear the forest, to dig the earth, to make the women's weaving tools,for hunting and for creating any kind of wooden objects. The dao was also used as a weapon in historical warfare.It is also used by the Indian Army's Naga Regiment as a military utility knife and was used by Naga troops for beheading Pakistani soldiers during the 1999 Kargil War.
KEVA Planks

KEVA Planks are cuboid wooden block toys. Each block is sized approximately 1⁄4 by 3⁄4 by 4+1⁄2 inches (6.4 mm × 19.1 mm × 114.3 mm). The blocks are available for sale in maple, that is produced in the United States, and less expensive imported pine versions.
Originating as a straightforward construction set, KEVA Planks are distinct in their design: they consist of a single shape without any connectors or glue, unlike many other building sets that rely on specific instructions and sorting. Over time, KEVA Planks have evolved into an educational tool widely employed in classrooms.
A number of museums have KEVA exhibits for hands on experience with design and construction including:
The tallest tower built with KEVA planks was 51 feet, 8 inches constructed at the National Building Museum in 2006.
KEVA planks is a privately owned company located in Virginia. Mindware, a division of Oriental Trading subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, is the exclusive licensee of many KEVA Planks products.
KEVA Planks are used in schools, libraries, museums, and maker spaces. They are a teaching tool that can be used as a manipulative to teach subjects including math, science, geography, history, and humanities. They were featured at Destination Imagination Global Finals in Knoxville, Tennessee in 2011.
Beginning in 2015, KEVA Planks traveled with Share Fair Nation STEMosphere events and was one of the most popular sessions in the professional development workshops. STEMosphere highlights innovative and creative teaching tools.
KEVA Planks were named number 3 in Worlds of Learning's Top Ten Makerspace Favorites of 2016.
They have been used as "de-stressors" at libraries at Duke University and the University of Virginia.
Lagotto Romagnolo

The Lagotto Romagnolo is an Italian breed of dog. It is a traditional breed of the formerly extensive marshlands of the Delta del Po, in the eastern part of the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, where it was used as a gun dog, specifically as a water retriever. After the drainage of large areas of wetland habitat in its area of origin in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, it came to be more often used to hunt for truffles. In the twenty-first century it may be kept as a companion animal.
The Lagotto originated in the once extensive marshlands and lagoons of the Delta del Po, in areas such as Comacchio and Ravenna, in the eastern part of the historical Romagna region of Italy.
Dogs showing some similarity to the modern Lagotto appear in various paintings from northern Italy. One is the small dog behind the legs of Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, in the fresco on the west wall of the Camera degli Sposi in the Ducal Palace of Mantova – now in Lombardy – painted between 1465 and 1474 by Andrea Mantegna. Another, from almost two hundred years later, is shown in the portrait by Paolo Antonio Barbieri of his sister and his brother – the painter Il Guercino – with a dog and a cat.
Its traditional function was as a gun dog, specifically a water retriever, bringing shot game back to dry land or to punts on the water. since the drainage of large areas of wetland habitat in its area of origin, it is now more often used to hunt for truffles. It has been known since the sixteenth century, but did not become widespread until the nineteenth.
It was provisionally accepted by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale in 1995, and received full acceptance in 2005. In 2018 the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana recorded 2207 new registrations.
The Lagotto is of small to medium size, rarely over 50 cm at the withers, powerfully built and of rustic appearance. It is roughly square in outline, the body length more or less equal to the height. The coat is thick, wool-like and tightly curled into ringlets. It may be completely off-white, or off-white with orange or brown patches or roaning, or solid orange or brown either with or without white markings.
A Lagotto usually lives for about fifteen years. Neurological disorders that have been identified in the breed include cerebellar abiotrophy and idiopathic epilepsy.
The Lagotto was formerly used principally as a gun dog, specifically as a water retriever. After the drainage of large areas of wetland habitat in its area of origin in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it came to be more often used to hunt for truffles. In the twenty-first century it may be kept as a companion animal.