davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
অবিনাশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য

অবিনাশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য (৫ এপ্রিল ১৮৮২ - ১০ মে ১৯৬২) ছিলেন ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশের ব্রিটিশ বিরোধী স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনের একজন ব্যক্তিত্ব ও অগ্নিযুগের বিপ্লবী। বাংলায় বিপ্লবের প্রাথমিক পর্বে অবিনাশ ছিলেন প্রথম সারির নেতা। চব্বিশ পরগনার আরাবেলিয়া গ্রামে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন, তিনি তাঁর গ্রামের স্কুল থেকে প্রবেশিকা পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হন এবং তারপরে ১৯০২ সালে কলকাতা মেট্রোপলিটন ইনস্টিটিউশনে স্থানান্তরিত হন।
অবিনাশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য ১৮৮২ সালে আরবেলিয়া গ্রামে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তাঁর পিতার নাম উমেশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য। বিপ্লবী সহকর্মীদের মধ্যে তিনি 'অভিদা' নামে পরিচিত ছিলেন। সম্ভবত এ কারণেই কবি সবচেয়ে জনপ্রিয় লোকগীতি 'অভিরামের দ্বীপ চলনমা, ক্ষুদিরামের ফানসি' অন্তর্ভুক্ত করেন।
কলকাতার ৩২ নং মুরারিপুকুরের বাগানবাড়িতে একটি বোমা তৈরির স্থান ছিলো। সেই মুরারিপুকুরের ঘটনায় আলিপুর বোমা মামলার আসামি হিসেবে তাঁকে গ্রেপ্তার করে ১৯০৯ সনের মে মাসে যাবজ্জীবন কারাদণ্ডে দণ্ডিত করা হয়। পরে দণ্ডাদেশ হ্রাস পাওয়ায় ১৯১৫ সনের মে মাসে মুক্তি পান। ১৯২০ সনে দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশের স্বরাজ্য পার্টিতে যোগ দেন ও নারায়ণ পত্রিকা পরিচালনার ভার গ্রহণ করেন। এছাড়াও বিজলী, আত্মশক্তি ও ক্যালকাটা মিউনিসিপ্যাল গেজেট প্রভৃতি পত্রিকার সংগেও যুক্ত ছিলেন। তার রচিত গ্রন্থ হচ্ছে রণসজ্জায় জার্মানি, স্বরাজসাধনা, মুক্তিসাধনা, জার্মানি প্রবাসীপত্র, ইউরোপে ভারতীয় বিপ্লবের সাধনা প্রভৃতি।
৩০ এপ্রিল ১৯০৮-এ মুজাফফরপুর, বিহারে রাত সাড়ে আটটায় ইওরোপিয়ান ক্লাবের সামনে বোমা ছুড়ে তিনজনকে হত্যা করেন ক্ষুদিরাম বসু। সেই ঘটনার পর আলিপুর বোমা মামলা শুরু হয়। ১৯০৯ সালের ৬ মে আলিপুর বোমা মামলার রায় দেয়া হয়। রায়ে বিচারক বারীন্দ্রকুমার ঘোষ ও উল্লাসকর দত্তকে মৃত্যুদণ্ড দেন। উপেন্দ্র বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, হেমচন্দ্র কানুনগো, বিভূতিভূষণ সরকার, বীরেন্দ্র সেন, সুধীর ঘোষ, ইন্দ্রনাথ নন্দী, অবিনাশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য, শৈলেন্দ্রনাথ বসু, হৃষিকেশ কাঞ্জিলাল, ইন্দুভূষণ রায়ের, দ্বীপান্তর দণ্ড হয়। পরেশ মৌলিক, শিশির ঘোষ, নিরাপদ রায় ১০ বছর দ্বীপান্তর দণ্ড, অশোক নন্দী, বালকৃষ্ণ হরিকোণে, শিশির কুমার সেন ৭ বছর দ্বীপান্তর দণ্ড এবং কৃষ্ণজীবন সান্যাল ১ বছর কারাদণ্ড প্রাপ্ত হন। আপিলে বারীন্দ্রকুমার ঘোষ ও উল্লাসকর দত্তের মৃত্যুদণ্ড রহিত হয় এবং তার বদলে যাবজ্জীবন দ্বীপান্তর দণ্ড হয়। অরবিন্দ ঘোষ মুক্তি পান এবং অনেকের সাজা হ্রাস করা হয়।
সারাহ

সারাহ (/ˈsɛərə/; হিব্রু: שָׂרָה, আধুনিক: Sara, টিবেরীয়: Śārā ISO 259-3 Śarra; লাতিন: Sara; Arabic: سارا or سارة), ছিলেন খ্রিস্ট এবং ইসলাম ধর্মানুসারে ইব্রাহিমের স্ত্রী এবং ইসহাকের মাতা। হিব্রু নাম সারাহ বলতে "অভিজাত নারী" বোঝায়।
বিশ শতকের প্রথম ও মধ্যভাগে, উইলিয়াম ফক্সওয়েল অলব্রাইটের মতো প্রাচীন প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক এবং আলব্রেশট আল্টের মতো বাইবেলের পণ্ডিতগণ বিশ্বাস করতেন যে আদিপুরুষ এবং আদিনারীগণ প্রকৃত ব্যক্তি ছিল অথবা খ্রিষ্টপূর্বাব্দ দ্বিতীয় সহস্রাব্দে "পিতৃতান্ত্রিক যুগে" বসবাসকারী বলে বিশ্বাসযোগ্য ছিল। তবে, ১৯৭০-এর দশকে, ইস্রায়েলের অতীত এবং বাইবেলের সূত্র সংক্রান্ত নতুন বিতর্কে এই মতামতকে প্রশ্নবিদ্ধ করে, এসকল বিতর্কেগুলি পাওয়া যায় থমাস এল থম্পসনের আদিপুরুষের ঐতিহাসিক আখ্যান (দ্য হিস্ট্রিক্যাল অব দ্য প্যাট্রিয়ার্শাল ন্যারেটিভ) (১৯৭৪), এবং জন ভ্যান সেটার্সের ইতিহাস ও ঐতিহ্যে ইব্রাহিম (আব্রাহাম ইন হিস্ট্রি অ্যান্ড ট্রেডিশান) (১৯৭৫) গ্রন্থসমূহে। থম্পসন, একজন সাহিত্যানুগ পণ্ডিত, যিনি তার প্রত্নতত্ত্ব এবং প্রাচীন গ্রন্থে যুক্তি ভিত্তিক। ২১ শতকের শুরুতে, প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিকগণ আদিপুরুষ ও আদিনারীদের বিশ্বাসযোগ্য ঐতিহাসিক ব্যক্তিত্বে পরিণত করার যে কোন প্রেক্ষাপট পুনরুদ্ধারের আশা ছেড়ে দিয়েছিলেন।
তাকে মূলত "সারাই" নামে ডাকা হতো, যা "সারাহ" শব্দের উপভাষিক রূপান্তর। সেখানে লোকবৃত্তান্ত প্রচলিত রয়েছে যা তাদের পুরানো এবং নতুন নাম ব্যাখ্যা করে।
সারাহ ১২৭ বছর বয়সে মারা যান। তার মৃত্যুর পর ইব্রাহিম হেবরনের নিকট চড়াদামে গুহা সহকারে একাংশ জমি ক্রয় করেন যেখানে সারাহকে সমাধিতস্থ করা হয়েছিল, যা বাইবেলের বর্ণনা অনুসারে কানানে ইস্রায়েলিদের মালিকানাধীন প্রথম জমি। স্থানটি পরবর্তীতে আদিপুরুষের গুহা হিসেবে পরিচিত হয়ে ওঠে।
ইশাইয়া পরিচ্ছেদে ইব্রাহিমের পাশাপাশি সারাহ কথা উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে:
সারাহ (আরবি: سارة সারাহ), নবী ইব্রাহিমের আঃ স্ত্রী এবং নবী ইসহাকের মা, ইসলামী বিশ্বাসের এক সম্মানিত মহিলা। তিনি সারা জীবন ইব্রাহিম (আঃ) সাথেই ছিলেন এবং যদিও তিনি বন্ধ্যা ছিলেন, আল্লাহ তাকে ভবিষ্যদ্বাণীমূলক পুত্র ইসহাকের জন্মের প্রতিশ্রুতি দিয়েছিলেন। ইব্রাহিম অবশ্য একটি সন্তানের জন্য নিয়মিত আল্লাহর কাছে প্রার্থনা করেছিলেন। সারাহ, বন্ধ্যা হয়ে যাওয়ার পরে তাকে তার মিশরীয় দাসী হাজারকে দিলেন, তার দ্বিতীয় স্ত্রী হিসাবে বিবাহ করার জন্য। ইসমাইল এদের থেকে জন্মগ্রহণ করেছিল, যিনিও তাঁর পিতার মতো আল্লাহ প্রেরিত নবী হয়ে উঠবেন।
১৯৮০ গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক

১৯৮০ গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক যা অফিসিয়ালি ২২তম অলিম্পিয়াডের গেমস নামে পরিচিত একটি আন্তর্জাতিক বহুক্রীড়া প্রতিযোগিতা, যা ১৯৮০ সালে প্রাক্তন সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়নের (বর্তমান রাশিয়া) মস্কোতে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।
১৯৮০ গেমসটি পূর্ব ইউরোপে অনুষ্ঠিত প্রথম অলিম্পিক গেমস ছিল এবং সেখানে একমাত্র গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক গেমস অনুষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল, পাশাপাশি স্লাভিক ভাষা-ভাষী দেশে প্রথম অলিম্পিক গেমস অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এটি চীনে ২০০৮ সালে চীনের পূর্বে সমাজতান্ত্রিক দেশে অনুষ্ঠিত প্রথম অলিম্পিক গেমস ছিল। আন্তর্জাতিক অলিম্পিক কমিটির প্রেসিডেন্ট হিসেবে তৃতীয় ব্যারন কিলানিন মাইকেল মরিসের অধীনে এটি ছিল শেষ অলিম্পিক গেমস।
মস্কো গেমসে আশিটি দেশকে প্রতিনিধিত্ব করেছিল, ১৯৫৬ সালের পরে এটি সবচেয়ে ছোট সংখ্যার প্রতিনিধিত্বকারী গেমস ছিল। মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নেতৃত্বে ৬৬টি দেশ সোভিয়েত-আফগান যুদ্ধের কারণে পুরোপুরি গেমস বর্জন করেছিল। অলিম্পিক পতাকার অধীনে বয়কটকারী দেশের কিছু ক্রীড়াবিদ গেমসে অংশ নিয়েছিল (তারা ৬৬টি দেশের তালিকায় অন্তর্ভুক্ত নয় যারা গেমগুলিকে পুরোপুরি বয়কট করে)। পরবর্তীতে ১৯৮৪ গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিক সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন বর্জন করবে বলে ঘোষণা দিয়েছিল।
১৯৮০ গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকের জন্য মাত্র দুটি শহরই মস্কো এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলস দরপত্র আহব্বান করেছিল। ১৯৭৪ সালে ২৩ অক্টোবর অস্ট্রিয়ার ভিয়েনায় ৭৫তম আইওসি অধিবেশনে তাদের পছন্দগুলি নিয়ে ভোটাভুটি হয়েছিল। মস্কো ৩৯ ভোট পেয়ে ১৯৮০ গেমসের স্বাগতিক নির্বাচিত হয় এবং লস অ্যাঞ্জেলস শেষ পর্যন্ত ১৯৮৪ গ্রীষ্মকালিন অলিম্পিকের আয়োজক হয়।
মস্কো গেমসে ৮০ টি দেশ প্রতিনিধি প্রেরণ করেছিল - ১৯৫৬ সালের গেমসের পর এটি ছিল সবচেয়ে কম সংখ্যক অংশগ্রহণকারী ক্রীড়া প্রতিযোগিতা। ৮০টি অংশগ্রহণকারী দেশের মধ্যে, ৭টি জাতি এই গেমসে প্রথমবারের মত অংশগ্রহণ করেছিল। নতুন অংশগ্রহণকারী দেশগুলোর হল- অ্যাঙ্গোলা, বোতসোয়ানা, সাইপ্রাস, জর্দান, লাওস, মোজাম্বিক ও সেশেল। এই দেশগুলোর কেউই পদক জিতেনি।
১৯৮০ গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকে ২১টি ক্রীড়ায় ২০৩টি বিভাগে প্রতিযোগিতা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়:
মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র বয়কটের ফলে সমাপনী অনুষ্ঠানের প্রচলিত উপাদানগুলিতে পরিবর্তন আনা হয়েছিল যা লস অ্যাঞ্জেলসে পরবর্তী গ্রীষ্মকালীন অলিম্পিকের স্বাগতিক শহরের হাতে হস্তান্তরকে প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে। এর মধ্যে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের পতাকার পরিবর্তে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলস শহরের পতাকা উত্থাপিত হয়েছিল এবং আমেরিকার জাতীয় সংগীতের পরিবর্তে অলিম্পিক সংগীত বাজানো হয়েছিল। সেখানে কোনও "অ্যান্টওয়ার্প অনুষ্ঠান" ছিল না, যেখানে আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে অলিম্পিক পতাকাটি মস্কোর মেয়র থেকে লস অ্যাঞ্জেলসের মেয়র হিসাবে স্থানান্তরিত হয়েছিল; পরিবর্তে পতাকাটি মস্কো নগর কর্তৃপক্ষ দ্বারা ১৯৮৪ পর্যন্ত রাখা ছিল। তদ্ব্যতীত, পরবর্তী কোনও স্বাগতিক শহরের উপস্থাপনা ছিল না।
একুশে পদক বিজয়ীদের তালিকা (১৯৮০–৮৯)

একুশে পদক পুরস্কার বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় এবং দ্বিতীয় সর্বোচ্চ বেসামরিক সম্মান। এটি ১৯৮০–১৯৮৯ সাল পর্যন্ত পদক প্রাপ্তদের তালিকা:
১৯৮০ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৮ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮০” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮১ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৯ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮১” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮২ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৮ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮২” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৩ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৯ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৩” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৪ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ১০ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৪” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৫ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৮ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৫” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৬ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৭ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৬” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৭ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ১২ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৭” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৮ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৫ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৮” প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৯ সালে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্যে দেশের ৭ জন ব্যক্তিকে “একুশে পদক ১৯৮৯” প্রদান করা হয়।
স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার বিজয়ীদের তালিকা (১৯৮০–৮৯)

স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় এবং “সর্বোচ্চ বেসামরিক পুরস্কার”। দেশ ও জাতির কল্যাণে বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে অনন্য অবদানের স্বীকৃতি প্রদানের উদ্দেশ্যে ১৯৭৭ সাল থেকে এই পুরস্কার প্রদাণ করা হচ্ছে। এই তালিকাটি ১৯৮০ সাল থেকে ১৯৮৯ সাল পর্যন্ত বিভিন্ন ক্ষেত্রে স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার প্রাপ্তদের সম্পর্কিত সার-সংক্ষেপণ।
১৯৮০ সালে ৭ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ৪ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮১ সালে ৮ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ৫ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮২ সালে ৫ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ৪ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৩ সালে ৩ জন ব্যক্তিত্ব ও ১টি প্রতিষ্ঠানকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যার মধ্যে ১ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৪ সালে ৬ জন ব্যক্তিত্ব এবং ২টি প্রতিষ্ঠানকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ৩ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৫ সালে ১ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তার অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; তাকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৬ সালে ২ জন ব্যক্তিত্ব এবং ১টি প্রতিষ্ঠানকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়।
১৯৮৭ সালে ৩ জন ব্যক্তিত্ব এবং ১টি প্রতিষ্ঠানকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ১ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৮ সালে ২ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়; যাদের মধ্যে ১ জনকে “মরণোত্তর” সম্মাননা প্রদান করা হয়।
১৯৮৯ সালে ২ জন ব্যক্তিত্বকে জাতীয় জীবনে তাদের অসাধারণ অবদানের জন্য “স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার” সম্মাননায় ভূষিত করা হয়।
Yahya Saree

Yahya Qasim Saree' (Arabic: يحيى قاسم سريع; born 1970) is a Yemeni military officer who serves as the spokesperson for the SPC-led Yemeni Armed Forces, a renegade faction of Yemen's armed forces alligned with the Houthi movement. He frequently appears in military statements made by the Yemeni Armed Forces most notably on the attacks targeting Israel-linked vessels passing through the Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb Strait.
His statements are broadcast primarily via Al-Masirah TV, his Telegram channel and his Twitter account, which was established on 15 January 2021.
Yahya Sare'e was born in 1970 in Saada Governorate in northern Yemen, which is adjacent to the border with Saudi Arabia. He earned a bachelor's and master's degree in political science and has also taken combat, security, administrative and specialised courses in military science.
In 2017, he was appointed head of the Psychological Warfare Division in Moral Guidance of the Yemeni Armed Forces. Also in the same year, he was promoted to the rank of Colonel.
In mid-2018, he was appointed the Director of the Moral Guidance Department of the Yemeni Armed Forces, and was subsequently promoted to the rank of Brigadier General. On 17 October 2018, he was appointed as the official spokesman for the Yemeni Armed Forces, succeeding Brigadier General Sharaf Luqman.
On 3 May 2024, Sare'e announced in a televised speech that 'we will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach.'
Aabha Paul

Aabha Paul (born 7 August 1987) is an Indian actress and model, who works in Hindi films. She is known for her role in Kamasutra 3D (2013), directed by Rupesh Paul, which was screened at the Cannes Film Festival in 2013. In 2019, she appeared in the ALT Balaji series Gandii Baat by Ekta Kapoor. Aabha also starred as Sarita Nair in an erotic drama Mastram which was released in 2020. She has also starred in other series such as XXX, Lolita P.G House, Namkeen and Hai Taubba. She has worked in music video of song "Dunalli".
Aabha Paul was born in 1987 in Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.She studied from Shri Hans Inter College High School.
Aabha Paul started her modelling career in 2005. In 2006, she won beauty pageant Miss Delhi award. In 2010, she had a small part in Veer, starring Salman Khan, but her part was edited out.
In 2017, she appeared in Taste, a Tamil film. In 2021, she acted as lead in Lolita PG House. In 2021, she appeared in Abhay Shukla's Namkeen. Later, she starred in the ALT Balaji series Hai Taubba. Aabha's performance in the series was lauded.
Haripriya Isai

Haripriya Isai (born 5 June 1992) is an Indian television actress and television presenter, who appears in Tamil launguage TV series. She made her television debut with Kana Kaanum Kaalangal, and later appeared in few television series. She is known for her role on Ethirneechal (2022), which is being airing on Sun TV.
In 2011, Haripriya started her career in a Tamil serial Kana Kaanum Kaalangal. Later in 2015 she appeared in Lakshmi Vandhachu. In 2016 she cast in Priyamanaval. She then played a negative lead role in 2019 series Kanmani. Later in 2022, Haripriya was cast as the parallel lead role in the Tamil soap opera Ethirneechal.
List of Native American musicians

This is a list of Native American musicians and singers. They are notable musicians and singers, who are from peoples Indigenous to the contemporary United States, including Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and Native Americans in the United States. While Native American identity can at times be a complex and contested issue, the Bureau of Indian Affairs defines Native American as having American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry, and legally, being Native American is defined as being enrolled in a federally recognized tribe or Alaskan village. Ethnologically, factors such as culture, history, language, religion, and familial kinships can influence Native American identity.
All individuals on this list should have reliably-sourced Native American citizenship, to be listed as Native American (or ancestry, to be listed as a descendant) not just personal claims/belief. Historical figures might predate tribal enrollment practices and would be included based on ethnological tribal membership, while any contemporary individuals should either be enrolled members of federally recognized tribes or have cited Native American ancestry and be recognized as being Native American by their respective tribes(s). Contemporary unenrolled individuals are listed as being of descent from a tribe. For guidelines on naming conventions and sourcing Native American and identities, see Determining Native American and Indigenous Canadian identities and WP:Ethnicity.
For Indigenous musicians in and from Canada, see List of Indigenous musicians in Canada.
Whitney Rose (TV personality)

Whitney JoAnne Rose (née Lesh; born September 28, 1986) is an American television personality. She is best known as an original cast member on the Bravo reality television series The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City, in which she has starred since 2020.
Rose was born to Steve and Jolene Lesh. She has three half-siblings, and is a third cousin of Heather Gay, her The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City costar. She is a descendant of Shadrach Roundy, who worked as a bodyguard for Joseph Smith. She grew up in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Before joining The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City, she worked at Nu Skin Enterprises, where she met her second husband, Justin Rose. She was also an account manager at InVision Communications, a direct sales company. She attended Saint Mary's College of California, graduating in 2016.
Rose joined The Real Housewives of Salt Lake City after meeting with the show's producers in 2019. Initially, she and cousin Heather Gay did not know they were filming a The Real Housewives installment; they were only aware that they were filming a reality show about the "new Utah". In 2023, she was featured in the third season of The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip.
She launched a skincare brand, Iris + Beau, in 2017; its name was later changed to Wild Rose Beauty. In 2024, she launched Sōl People, a social selling company.
In 2007, she married Samuel Burgess, a basketball player for the BYU Cougars, at the Mount Timpanogos Utah Temple. They later divorced. She married Justin Rose in 2009. They have two children together. She also has three stepsons from her husband's previous marriage. Her brother-in-law is former BYU basketball coach Dave Rose.
International Biathlon Union

International Biathlon Union (IBU) er det internasjonale forbundet for skiskyting. Hovedkvarteret ligger i Salzburg i Østerrike. Forbundet står for avviklingen av Verdenscupen i skiskyting, IBU-cupen (den tidligere Europacupen i skiskyting), VM i skiskyting og skiskyting under vinter-OL. Dessuten er forbundet ansvarlig for junior-VM og Europeisk mesterskap i skiskyting.
IBU ble stiftet 2. juli 1993 og den direkte årsaken til stiftelsen var ønsket om utskillelse fra det gamle forbundet (UIPMB), som også inkluderte Moderne femkamp. Alle de nasjonale forbundene i skiskyting fulgte automatisk med til det nye forbundet. Den internasjonale olympiske komité anerkjente forbundet først i 1998.
Forbundets øverste organ, Kongressen, møtes hvert annet år og den første kongressen ble avholdt i Salzburg i 1994.
I Norge er skiskytteridretten organisert av Norges Skiskytterforbund.
Maren Kirkeeide

Maren Hjelmeset Kirkeeide (født 2003) er en norsk skiskytter som representerer Markane Idrettslag. Hun er verdensmester for juniorer fra 2022 og flere ganger europamester fra 2024.
Maren Hjelmeset Kirkeeide ble født 1. mars 2003 i Stryn. Hun vokste opp på gården Kirkeeide, fem kilometer øst for kommunesenteret Stryn, midt i mellom fjorden og Oppstrynsvatnet. Hun er datter av lærer Margunn Hjelmeset (f. 1968) og bonde Sigbjørn Kirkeeide (f. 1969). Hun er yngre søster av Simon Hjelmeset Kirkeeide, som også er skiskytter. Hun er niese av langrennsløperen Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset og del av skifamilien Hjelmeset. Hun er kusine til skihopper Anders Fannemel.
Kirkeeide ble verdensmester på 6 km sprint for juniorer under Junior-VM i skiskyting 2022 i Soldier Hollow i februar 2022.
Året etter var hun på miksstafettlaget som tok EM-gull i Lenzerheide, på lag med Karoline Erdal, Erlend Bjøntegaard og Vebjørn Sørum. Samme år tok hun sin første NM-gull under NM i skiskyting i Alta.
Under EM i skiskyting 2024 i Osrblie tok hun individuelt gull på normaldistansen, 24. januar. Hun tok deretter sprintsølv to dager senere og fulgte opp med gull på jaktstarten dagen etter, 27. januar. Hun avsluttet mesterskapet med gull på miksstafetten sammen med Isak Frey, Johan-Olav Botn og Ida Lien.
Hun fikk sin første pallplass i verdenscupen da hun ble nummer to på sprinten i Oberhof 9. januar 2025. To dager senere forsvarte hun andreplassen på jaktstarten.
Under NM på Stiklestad i mars, vant hun sprinten fredagen. Dagen etter, 29. mars, vant hun fellesstarten og ble tildelt kongepokalen, som var satt opp på det løpet. Siste dag tok hun Sogn og Fjordane inn til gull på stafetten.
Vinter-OL 1960

Vinter-OL 1960 var de 8. olympiske vinterleker og ble arrangert fra 18. til 28. februar 1960 i Squaw Valley i USA. Skiskyting ble arrangert for første gang i vinter-OL.
Det var skeptiske europeiske stemmer som verbalt opponerte mot tildelingen av flere årsaker. Det var ingen eksisterende arenaer i området, alt måtte bygges nytt. Løypene i alpine grener ble sett på som under olympisk standard og representanter for nordiske grener var bekymret for høyden på 2000 moh da man ikke var sikre på hvordan utøverne ville kunne prestere i den tynne luften. Etter at Squaw Valleys arrangørkomité fant ut at kun ni nasjoner ville sende lag i bobsleigh-konkurransene, ble det foreslått å utelate bobsleigh fra disse vinterlekene. Den internasjonale olympiske komité gikk med på dette, noe som utløste sterke protester fra det internasjonale bobsleighforbundet.
Til tross for alle bekymringene man hadde på forhånd, ble lekene arrangert relativt problemfritt. Den kunstneriske utformingen av seremoniene, som Walt Disney hadde ansvaret for, ble fremhevet som et av høydepunktene.
Beste nasjon ble Sovjetunionen med syv gullmedaljer. Norge fikk seks medaljer, tre av dem gull. De norske gullmedaljene ble vunnet av skøyteløperne Roald Aas (1500 meter) og Knut Johannesen (10 000 meter), og av Håkon Brusveen på 15 km langrenn.
Squaw Valley ble valgt ved avstemning under den internasjonale olympiske komités 51. sesjon i Paris i Frankrike 14. juni 1955.
30 nasjonale olympiske komiteer deltok i lekene. (Antall deltakere per nasjon i parentes)
Hurtigløp på skøyter under Vinter-OL 1960

Under Vinter-OL 1960 i Squaw Valley ble det arrangert åtte øvelser i hurtigløp på skøyter. For første gang var skøyteløp for damer innlemmet i det offisielle olympiske programmet.
Løpene gikk på verdens første 400 m kunstisbane – Squaw Valley Olympic Skating Rink – 1890 moh. Den kunstfrosne høyfjellsbanen i Squaw Valley viste seg under løpene å være en sterk utfordrer til Medeobanen i Sovjetunionen som verdens raskeste skøytebane. Under kvinnenes løp ble det olympiske rekorder på alle distanser; på 1500 m også verdensrekord. Under mennenes første øvelse tangerte Jevgenij Grisjin sin egen rekord fra Misurina, mens 1500- og 5000-meteren ble skjemma av vind.
Under den avsluttende titusenmeteren var forholdene igjen gode, og fem mann underskred Hjalmar Andersens åtte år gamle rekord. Knut Johannesens vinnerløp på 10 000 m er trolig et av norsk skøytehistories mest omtalte. Etter et forsmedelig nederlag («sølv er nederlag») for svensken Sigge Ericsson i Cortina fire år tidligere feide han all tvil til side med et løp på 15.46,6 – 46 sekunder under den gamle rekorden.
* = Det ble 2-delt gull og ingen sølv utdelt på 1 500 m menn.
Vertsnasjon: USA (USA)
* = Det ble delt 2-delt gull på herrenes 1 500 m herrer og ingen sølv-medaljer utdelt for den distansen.Ved lik plassering er nasjonene sortert alfabetisk.
* = Det ble delt 2-delt gull på herrenes 1 500 m herrer og ingen sølv-medaljer utdelt for den distansen.Ved lik plassering er sorteringen gjort alfabetisk på nasjoner deretter på etternavn for utøver.
Med medaljer for både Valentina Stenina (sølv på 3 000 m) og Boris Stenin (bronse på 1 500 m) så ble de som det første ekteparet som begge tok medaljer i hurtigløp på skøyter under vinter-OL.
Vinter-OL 1948

Vinter-OL 1948 var de 5. olympiske vinterleker og ble arrangert fra 30. januar til 8. februar 1948 i St. Moritz i Sveits.
Norge og Sverige delte topplasseringen på medaljestatistikken med fire gull, tre sølv og tre bronse. Tre av de norske gullmedaljene kom på skøytebanen, ved Finn Helgesen (500 m), Sverre Farstad (1500 m) og Reidar Liaklev (5000 m). Den fjerde kom i hoppbakken ved Petter Hugsted.
28 nasjoner deltok i St. Moritz – samme antall som forrige Vinter-OL i 1936. Chile, Danmark, Island, Korea og Libanon fikk sin Vinter-OL-debut i disse lekene. Tyskland og Japan var ikke invitert på grunn av sin rolle under andre verdenskrig.
Den internasjonale olympiske komité (IOK) foreslo St. Moritz som arrangørby, hovedsakelig på grunn av at arenaene fra Vinter-OL 1928 fremdeles var i brukbar stand og at byen dermed på kort varsel kunne arrangere vinterlekene. Lake Placid i USA meldte også sin interesse for å arrangere lekene, men etter IOKs forslag og votering via post ble St. Moritz valgt ved akklamasjon. Resultatet av voteringen ble bekreftet av IOKs 40. sesjon i Lausanne i Sveits 6. september 1946.
28 nasjonale olympiske komiteer deltok i lekene. (Antall deltakere per nasjon i parentes)
Liste over SNES-spill

Dette er en liste over spill for Super Nintendo Entertainment System, forkortet SNES. De er sortert alfabetisk etter navn. For offisiell liste, se Eksterne lenker
Alle spillene har blitt oversatt til engelsk, enten fordi de var offisielt markedsført i Nord-Amerika og Europa eller grunnet senere fanoversettelse fra japansk til engelsk gjennom emulering. Fanoversatte spill er listet separat fra de kommersielle spillene.
For spill relatert til Super Famicom i Japan, se: Liste over Super Famicom spill
Jaktfeltskyting

Jaktfelt er en type feltskyting organisert av Norges Jeger- og Fiskerforbund hvor man skyter med rifle på ulike dyrefigurer med varierende avstander mellom ca. 40-200 meter og i forskjellige skytestillinger, vanligvis stående, sittende og liggende. Vanligvis skytes det på 6 ulike poster med 5 skudd i hver figur. Figurene har en indre treffsone som gir 5 poeng og en ytre treffsone som gir 3 poeng. Med totalt 30 skudd er da maksimal poengsum 150 poeng.
Jaktfelt arrangeres i Sverige av Svenska Jägareförbundet, i Danmark av Danmarks Jægerforbund og internasjonalt av International Hunting Rifle Shooting Association (IHRSA).
Alle kaliber fra .22 LR og oppover er tillatt. Det er to utstyrsklasser, jegerklasse og sporter.
Felles for både jegerklassen og sporter er en minimum avtrekksvekt på 1 kg.
Sesongen for jaktfeltskyting i Norge pleier å vare fra slutten av april til starten av august. Til sammenligning er jakttiden for mye hjortevilt fra august/september til desember, mens jakttiden for mange fuglearter er fra august/september til slutten av februar.
Det første offisielle norgesmesterskapet i Jaktfelt ble arrangert i 1987. Under er en liste over tidligere og kommende norgesmesterskap:
Verdensmesterskapet i skyting

ISSF-VM i skyting arrangeres av International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF). Det første mesterskapet som regnes i rekken av verdensmesterskap ble arrangert i 1897 i Lyon i Frankrike. I starten var 300m rifle for menn eneste øvelse, mens flere andre øvelser var tatt inn i det olympiske programmet. År 1900 ble 50m pistol tatt inn. Fra og med 1929 ble de fleste olympiske øvelsene med, og fra 1933 kom de siste med. Den neste store endringen kom etter 2. verdenskrig når øvelsene 300m standardrifle, 25m pistol og skeet ble tatt med.
.22 Long Rifle

.22 Long Rifle (metrisk betegnelse 5.6×15mmR), ofte forkortet .22 LR, er en patron for rifle, pistol og revolver. Patronen blir ofte referert til som salongpatron eller finkaliber (grunnet liten kulediameter), men denne betegnelsen kan også inkludere andre små patroner som f.eks. .17 HMR eller 22wmr
Patronen ble designet av Peters Cartridge i 1887, og er en av de mest brukte patroner i dag. Den kom først i Marlin og Stevens enkelskuddsrifler. Marlin modell 1891 bøylerifle, forgjengeren for dagens modell 39A, var den første repetergeværet som ble kamret for patronen.
Et stort antall pistoler, revolvere og rifler er kamret for denne populære patronen. Populariteten skyldes i første rekke at ammunisjonen er svært rimelig og har svak rekyl. Dette gjør .22 LR til en svært egnet ammunisjon for skytesport. Både Det frivillige Skyttervesen, Dynamisk Sportsskyting Norge og Norges Skytterforbund har konkurranseprogrammer hvor man benytter .22 LR-ammunisjon.
.22 LR-patroner lades meget sjelden eller aldri av hjemmeladere, mest grunnet dens lave pris og randtenning som krever svært spesialisert utstyr for å lade.
Piper til .22 LR har vanligvis en riflestigning på 405 mm (1:16 tommer).
National Rifle Association of America

National Rifle Association of America (NRA) er en amerikansk organisasjon for våpeneieres rettigheter. NRA ble opprettet i New York i 1871 og blir regnet som en av de mektigste lobbyist-organisasjonene i USA. NRAs primæroppgave er å forsvare den grunnlovsgitte retten til å bære og eie våpen, men man arrangerer i betydelig grad også aktiviteter som sikkerhetskurs og sportsskyting.
Oliver North var organisasjonens president fra mai 2018 til 29. april 2019, da han ble erstattet av Carolyn D. Meadows på grunn av en langvarig lederstrid. Wayne LaPierre har vært administrerende direktør og visepresident siden 1991.
Skyting under Sommer-OL 2020

Skyting under Sommer-OL 2020 fant sted mellom 24. juli og 2. august 2021 på Asaka Shooting Range i Tokyo. Det ble konkurrert i 15 øvelser, seks for menn, seks for kvinner og tre mikskonkurranser.
* Vertsnasjon ( Japan)
National Shooting Centre, Bisley

Det nasjonale skytesenteret i Storbritannia (engelsk: National Shooting Centre, NSC) er det største skytebaneanlegget i Storbritannia, og består av flere skytebaner samt det store Bisley Camp-komplekset med overnattingsmuligheter, klubbhus og andre støttetjenester. Senteret ligger i nærheten av landsbyen Bisley i Surrey, og går under kallenavnet "Bisley ranges". Anlegget er heleid av og hovedkvarteret til National Rifle Association of the United Kingdom (NRA), og dekker ulike skytevåpen og disipliner. I de olympiske lekene i 1908 foregikk det meste av skyteøvelsene på Bisley, og i 1993 ble IPSC Handgun World Shoot arrangert på banen. I de olympiske lekene i 2012 ble skyteøvelsene istedet arrangert på Royal Artillery Barracks i Woolwich.
Sommer-OL 1960

Sommer-OL 1960 ble arrangert i Roma i Italia fra 25. august til 11. september 1960. Dette var første gang Italia arrangerte sommer-OL, etter at landet hadde arrangert vinterlekene i Cortina d'Ampezzo i 1956. Roma ble opprinnelig tildelt lekene i 1908, men på grunn av et utbrudd fra vulkanen Vesuv i 1906 ble lekene flyttet til London. Sommerlekene i Roma var de første med direktesendte TV-overføringer til hele verden. Alle deltagerne, utenom de fra Sovjetunionen, ble velsignet av Paven på Petersplassen.
Sovjetunionen vant 15 av 18 mulige medaljer i turn for kvinner og ble i dessuten lekenes mestvinnende nasjon med 43 gull og 104 medaljer totalt. Norge vant én gullmedalje ved seileren Peder Lunde jr., som vant Flying Dutchman. Cassius Clay, senere kjent som Muhammed Ali, ble olympisk mester i boksing i klassen lett tungvekt. Sør-Afrika deltok for siste gang under apartheidregimet og var ikke tilbake igjen før i 1992. Abebe Bikila fra Etiopia vant maraton barfot og ble med det den første svarte afrikanske olympiske mester. Svenske Gert Fredriksson vant sin sjette olympiske tittel i padling. Den fremtidige kongen av Hellas, Prins Konstantin, vant gull i seiling. Det ble satt nye verdensrekorder i samtlige svømmeøvelser.
Roma ble valgt ved avstemning under den internasjonale olympiske komités 51. sesjon i Paris i Frankrike 16. juni 1955. De andre søkerbyene var Lausanne, Detroit, Budapest, Brussel, Mexico by og Tokyo.
Åpningsseremonien for de 17. olympiske sommerlekene startet 25. august klokken 16.30 på Stadio Olimpico. Utøverne møtte opp i deltakerlandsbyen og marsjerte til Stadio dei Marmi, en strekning på 1,65 km. Deretter marsjerte de inn på olympiastadion nasjonvis med Hellas først, og de andre nasjonene i alfabetisk rekkefølge etter hver nasjons navn på italiensk. Det italienske laget avsluttet paraden. Åpningstalen ble holdt av presidenten i organisasjonskomitéen, Andreotti, etterfulgt av presidenten i den internasjonale olympiske komité (IOK), Avery Brundage. Italias president, Giovanni Gronchi erklærte lekene for åpnet. Deretter fulgte tradisjonelle seremonier som heising av det olympiske flagget, fremføring av den olympiske hymne og overrekkelse av Antwerpen-flagget fra borgermesteren i Melbourne til IOKs president, som igjen overrekket det til borgermesteren av Roma. Friidrettsutøveren Giancarlo Peris fikk æren av å tenne den olympiske ilden, mens den olympiske ed ble holdt av Adolfo Consolini, friidrettsutøver.
83 nasjonale olympiske komiteer deltok i lekene. (Antall deltakere per nasjon i parentes)
Se hver idrett:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver

Eunice Kennedy Shriver (1921–2009) var en av søstrene til avdøde president John F. Kennedy og svigermor til Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Hun ble gift med Robert Sargent Shriver i 1953 og fikk med han fem barn, hvorav datteren Maria Shriver (født 1955), gift med Arnold Schwarzenegger, er den mest kjente.
I 1960-årene var hun med å stiftet Special Olympics, inspirert av sin psykisk utviklingshemmet søster, Rosemary Kennedy.
I 1998 ble hun innvotert i National Women's Hall of Fame.
Hennes søster, tidligere ambassadør Jean Ann Kennedy Smith var den siste gjenlevende av den store Kennedy-søskenflokken. Hun døde i 2020.
Liste over Norges herrelandslag i fotballs tropper til mesterskap

Norges herrelandslag i fotball har vært i ni mesterskap: Sommer-OL 1912, Sommer-OL 1920, Sommer-OL 1936, VM i fotball 1938, Sommer-OL 1952, Sommer-OL 1984, VM i fotball 1994, VM i fotball 1998 og EM i fotball 2000. Her er listen over troppene til de ulike mesterskapene. Informasjonen om alder, antall spilte kamper og klubb er gjeldende fra den dagen mesterskapet startet.
For OL-laget i 1936 se Bronselaget.
Hovedtrener: James Vincent Hayes
Hovedtrener: James McPherson
Hovedtrener: Asbjørn Halvorsen
Sytten spillere dro til Sommer-OL. Den formelle listen med spillere inkluderte fem andre spillere som ikke dro til Berlin: Sverre Kvammen (Viking), Rolf Johannessen (Fredrikstad), Kjeld Kjos (Brann), Birger Pedersen (SK Hardy) og Petter Svennungsen (Odds Ballklubb).
Hovedtrener: Asbjørn Halvorsen
Hovedtrener: Frank Soo
Hovedtrener: Tor Røste Fossen
Hovedtrener: Egil Olsen
Hovedtrener: Egil Olsen
Hovedtrener: Nils Johan Semb
Jonathan Milan

Jonathan Milan (født 2000) er en italiensk landeveis- og banesyklist, som sykler for Lidl-Trek. Som landeveissyklist er Milan en spurter. Han har blant annet vunnet poengkonkurransen i Giro d’Italia to ganger. Hans styrke i spurtene kommer først og fremst fra hans evne til å legge svært mye energi inn i pedalene, sammenlignet med sine konkurrenter.
Milan tok sin første profesjonelle seier i CRO Race i 2022, der han vant de to første etappene og poengtrøya. Han fikk sitt gjennombrudd da han vant poengkonkurransen i Giro d’Italia i 2023. Han vant poengtrøya på nytt i 2024.
I 2024 vant han poengtrøya i Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana og Tirreno–Adriatico.
Han representerte Italia under Sommer-OL 2020 i Tokyo, hvor han tok gull i lagforfølgelse. Under Sommer-OL 2024 var han med på det italienske laget som tok bronse i samme øvelse.
OL i kokkekunst

Culinary Olympics (etablert 1896) er et kokkemesterskap som siden 1900 har vært avholdt hvert fjerde år i Tyskland. Det er kjent i Norge som Kokke-OL med flere norske seiere, sist i 2008. Det drives av Verband der Köche og kalles i hjemlandet ved sitt opprinnelige navn Internationale Kochkunst Ausstellung (IKA) eller Olympiad der Köche.
Fra Norge sendes vanligvis kokkelandslaget, tidligere var Norge representert ved individuelle restauranter.
Einar Østby

Einar Østby (født 17. september 1935 i Vinger, død 3. april 2022) var en norsk langrennsløper. Han konkurrerte for Jaren IL utenfor Kongsvinger. Einar Østby deltok i de olympiske vinterleker 1960 i Squaw Valley og 1964 i Innsbruck.
Østby vant en olympisk sølvmedalje i langrenn under vinter-OL 1960 i Squaw Valley. Han var med på det norske stafettlaget som kom på andreplass på 4 x 10 km bak Finland. Einar Østby og Norge ledet med 20 sekunder på Finland på 3 etappen da han veklset med Håkon Brusveen som gikk siste etappen, og tapte med 0,8 sekunder til Finland. Harald Grønningen og Hallgeir Brenden gikk de første to etappene.
I VM i 1962 i Zakopane gikk Østby inn til bronse på 15 km, etter Assar Rönnlund og Harald Grønningen. Østby ble nummer fem på 30 km og gikk på det norske laget som ble nummer fire på stafetten. Der gikk han sammen med Magnar Lundemo, Hallgeir Brenden og Harald Grønningen.
Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics

Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics consisted of one biathlon event, held at McKinney Creek Stadium, Tahoma, California. The event occurred on 21 February 1960. This was the first appearance of modern biathlon in the Olympic Games. In 1924, a military patrol event was held. Some sources do not include this military patrol race as an Olympic event, but the IOC considers it an event within biathlon.
Klas Lestander of Sweden won the first modern biathlon Olympic gold medal.
Nine nations sent biathletes to compete in Squaw Valley. Below is a list of the competing nations; in parentheses are the number of national competitors.
Biathlon at the 2022 Winter Olympics

Biathlon at the 2022 Winter Olympics was held at the National Biathlon Centre, in the Zhangjiakou cluster of competition venues, 180 kilometres (110 mi) north of Beijing, at an elevation of 1,665 metres (5,463 ft), from 5 to 18 February 2022.
A total of 210 quota spots (105 per gender) were distributed to the sport, a decline of 20 from the 2018 Winter Olympics. A total of 11 events were contested, five for men, five for women and one mixed.
A total quota of 210 athletes are allowed at the Games (105 both men and women). The first 93 quota allocations, per gender, will be assigned using a combination of the Nation Cup scores of their top 3 athletes in their best six sprints, one individual, three relays, one mixed relay, and one single mixed relay. These results will come during the 2020–21 Biathlon World Cup and 2021–22 Biathlon World Cups seasons, up until 16 January 2022. The final 12 spots, per gender, will be allocated using the IBU Qualifying Points List, to nations who have not qualified any athletes yet, with a maximum of two per nation.
On 16 January 2022, NOCs ranked 1-3 will qualify six athletes, 4-10 five athletes, and 11-20 four athletes, for both male and female competitions. The final twelve spots in each gender are filled individually from the IBU Qualifying points list to a maximum of two for a nation, from nations not already qualified. Two of these spots will be used by the host if not already qualified. The host may only start in the relay competitions that they have enough qualified athletes for. Reallocation of unused quotas will be from the IBU Qualifying points list for nations that have not yet qualified, or only have one qualifier. For each event a maximum of 4 athletes per NOC may compete, except the Mass Start in which it remains possible to qualify up to 6.
The following is the competition schedule for all eleven events.
All times are in local time (UTC+8), according to the official schedule correct as of March 2021. This schedule may be subject to change in due time.
A total of 212 athletes from 30 nations (including the IOC's designation of ROC for the Russian Olympic Committee) qualified to participate.
The numbers in parentheses represents the number of participants entered.
2028 Winter Youth Olympics

The 2028 Winter Youth Olympics (Italian: Giochi olimpici giovanili invernali del 2028), officially known as the V Winter Youth Olympic Games and commonly known as Dolomiti Valtellina 2028, will be the fifth edition of the Winter Youth Olympics, an international winter sports, education and cultural festival for teenagers, in a city designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
This will be the fifth time Italy hosted an Olympic event, and the first time the country hosted the Winter Youth Games.
The IOC's Future Host Commission named Dolomites and Valtellina as its preferred candidates for the Games and entered into targeted dialogue with the region under the new Olympic bid process.
Dolomiti Valtellina was officially awarded the Games at the 143rd IOC Session in Lausanne, Switzerland, on 30 January 2025.
The venue plan is similar to that of the 2026 Winter Olympics and the 2013 Winter Universiade.
Biathlon at the 1960 Winter Olympics – Individual

The Men's 20 kilometre individual biathlon competition at the 1960 Winter Olympics was held on 21 February, at McKinney Creek Stadium. The firing ranges were located at the following points on the 20-kilometer course: 6.5 km — 200 meter range, 9.5 km — 250 meter range, 12.5 km — 150 meter range and 15 km — 100 meter range. The first three series were fired from a prone position, the last standing. Each miss of the target cost two minutes.
Klas Lestander became the first Olympic biathlon champion on the back of a perfect shooting performance, the only one of the event. The victory came despite Lestander's ski time, which was only 15th, right in the middle of the 30-man field. The defending world champion, Vladimir Melanin, had the third fastest ski time, but eight minutes in penalties left him fourth. The other medals went to racers with some of the better shooting performances; Antti Tyrväinen took just four minutes in penalties for silver, and Aleksandr Privalov only six minutes to win bronze. The two fastest skiers were Frenchmen Victor Arbez and René Mercier, both more than two minutes ahead of Privalov, and more than seven ahead of Lestander. However, both struggled on the range, Mercier missing 15 of 20 shots to incur a half-hour in penalties, and Abrez 18 of 20 to add 36 minutes to his time.
2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships

The 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships took place from 2–11 April 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. IPC stands for International Paralympic Committee. This was the first time these championships were hosted in Russia, and the first time the championships were hosted in the same city as the IBU Biathlon World Championships which was held in Khanty-Mansiysk from March 3 to March 13, 2011.
Skiers competed in sitting, standing, or visually impaired classification categories in various biathlon and cross-country skiing events.
The Opening ceremony was held on March 31, and the Closing ceremony was scheduled to be held on April 10.
Canadian Brian McKeever competed at the Championships without his brother Robin McKeever as his sighted guide, who recently had knee surgery.
The Championships can be seen free at IPC's internet TV channel ParalympicSport.TV as video on demand.
The provisional schedule of the event is below. All times in UTC+3.
Calculated times
Skiers with a visual impairment compete with a sighted guide. The skier with the visual impairment and the guide are considered a team, and dual medals are awarded.
A percentage system is used to calculate the final time of each skier. Each skiers finishing time, is multiplied with a percentage factor, to determine a final, calculated time.
Within each category (sitting, standing, visual impairment) there are skiers with various classifications (for example B1, B2 and B3 in the visual impairment category). There are different percentage factors for each classification.
13 countries competed.
Medal winners by nation.
* Host nation (Russia)
Lars Berger

Lars Berger (born 1 May 1979) is a former Norwegian biathlete and cross-country skier.
Fellow former biathlete Tora Berger is his sister. Berger's family moved to Lesja Municipality in Oppland county in 1985. At the age of six, Berger started cross-country skiing, but during his teens he decided to try out biathlon.
Berger joined the national biathlon team in 2001. During the 2004 Biathlon World Championships in Oberhof, Germany, he won silver medals in the 15 km mass start and the 4 × 7.5 km relay. Berger also won two gold medals in the military world championships that same year (cross-country and patrol). Berger finished fifth in the 2004 overall World Cup, and won several gold medals from the Norwegian Biathlon Championships. At the 2007 Biathlon World Championships in Rasen-Antholz, Italy, Berger was part of the Norwegian team that won silver in the 4 × 7.5 km relay. After several disappointing races, mainly due to unstable shooting, Berger was thrown off the Norwegian national team ahead of the 2008/2009 season. He revenged this by retrieving two world cup victories in sprint events, a silver in the World Championship sprint, and contributed to the gold in the men's relay. He was regarded as perhaps the fastest skier on the biathlon tour, but his lack of shooting accuracy often prevented him from producing consistent and winning results.
Berger also competed in cross-country skiing from 2002. He won the 30 km and relay at the 2003 Norwegian cross-country skiing championships in Molde Municipality. Berger won a gold in the 4 × 10 km at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf and finished 4th in the 15 km in those same championships. Berger won the gold medal in the 15 km at the Nordic Skiing World Championships in Sapporo in 2007.
Berger is the first person to win medals at the World Championships in biathlon and Nordic skiing in the same year. He is also the only athlete to win gold in relays in both World Championships (in Nordic skiing in 2005 and 2007, in biathlon in 2009).
In 2014, Berger won gold medal in the men's 15 km cross county skiing in the military world championship in Sodankylä, Finland.
On 27 April 2015, Berger announced his retirement from the sport. He cited a "chronic knee injury" as his reason for retiring.
Though Berger only participated in the 2010 Olympics, in both cross-country skiing and biathlon, he did travel to the Olympic Games as a reserve athlete in biathlon in both 2002 and 2014.
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.
5 medals (1 gold, 4 silver)
7 victories (7 Sp)
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
Paralympic cross-country skiing

Paralympic cross-country skiing is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games; the other is biathlon. Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC).
Paralympic cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs, have amputations, are blind, or have any other physical disability, to continue their sport. The classifications are for:
Standing skiers use the two basic techniques in cross-country: classic-style, where the skis move parallel to each other through tracks in the snow, and the free-style or skate skiing where skiers propel themselves in a manner similar to speed skating, pushing off with the edge of their skis on smoothly groomed firm surfaces. Sit-skiers ride on sleds with skis designed for classic style tracks, propelling themselves with poles. Skiers compete in men’s and women’s individual events over short, middle and long distances ranging from 2.5 kilometres to 20 kilometres based on the type of event. Standing skiers compete in events of varying lengths—sprint (ca. 1,200 m), middle (10 km, men and 5 km, women) and long (20 km, men and 15 km, women). Sit-skiers compete in events of shorter lengths—sprint (ca. 800 m), middle (10 km, men and 5 km, women) and long (15 km, men and 12 km, women).
IPC events use one of three available start formats: individual timed starts, pursuit with multiple starters, and relay with successive competitors. Relay races may have competitors with a combination of disabilities, each of whom is assigned a handicap according to a "Nordic Percentage System." The percentage is applied to each skier’s final time and the skier with the lowest calculated time is the winner.
Sit-skiers compete in a sitting position using a sit-ski, which has a chair supported with a suspension over a pair of skis that ride in a track; the chair has strapping to secure the skier. Standing skiers use conventional cross-country racing skis, which are of fiberglass-composite construction. Both use poles, when able, to provide propulsion.
According to the IPC, paralympic cross-country skiing was introduced at the 1976 inaugural Winter Paralympics in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden, initially using the classic technique. Skate-skiing was first sanctioned at the Innsbruck 1984 Winter Paralympics and became a "medal race" 1992 in Albertville, France. With the Lillehammer 1994 Winter Paralympics Nordic skiers first competed in the same venue used for the associated Olympic Winter Games.
The history of events has evolved by discipline in the distance categories shown. Note that the four-year cycle changed after 1992 to match the pattern of the Olympic Winter Games.
Biathlon World Championships 2025

The 2025 Biathlon World Championships took place from 12 to 23 February 2025 at the Roland Arena in Lenzerheide, Switzerland.
The event was the highlight of the 2024–25 Biathlon World Cup, but was not included in its rankings (except for the national rankings). There were a total of 12 competitions: sprint, pursuit, individual, mass start and relay races for both men, women, single mixed relay and a mixed relay.
All times are local (UTC+1).
* Host nation (Switzerland)