davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Сома-Бей

Сома-Бей (араб. سوما باي‎) — курортный район на побережье Красного моря Египта, расположенный на полуострове Абу Сома. Сома-Бей находится в 40 км от международного аэропорта Хургады и в четырёх часах авиаперелета от центральной части Европы.
Северную и восточную стороны Сома-Бей окаймляют рифы, окруженные подводной флорой и фауной. Рядом с Сома-Бей нет населенных пунктов, только отели, магазины, бары, рестораны и прочая туристическая инфраструктура в окружении пустыни, гор и моря. Вдоль южного и западного берега полуострова Абу Сома простираются пляжи с белым песком, северную и восточную сторону окружают рифы, где подводный мир и прозрачная вода создают подходящие условия для дайвинга.
Копа (единица счёта)

Копа́ (бел. капа́, укр. копа́, пол. kopa, лат. sexagena — 60) — единица счёта, равная 60 штукам чего-либо. Понятие чешского происхождения (чеш. kopa — куча). Вместе с распространением по Восточной Европе чешской монеты — пражского гроша — закрепилось как название для 60 единиц чего-либо, так как 60 пражских грошей приравнивались к 1 пражской гривне серебра 775 пробы (253,17 г). Особенно широко это понятие распространилось в Великом княжестве Литовском, а позднее — и в Польше. Также употреблялось понятие «полкопы», означавшее 30 единиц. Так как пражский грош был очень популярной монетой в Европе, пражская гривна стала международной денежной и весовой единицей счёта.
Сначала копа была только денежно-весовой числовой единицей, тождественной рублю, а полкопы — полтине, так как по содержанию серебра 1 пражская гривна была близка к новгородской гривне и татарскому сому, которые в то время были распространённой учётной единицей на Руси.
В связи с постепенным уменьшением с конца первой половины XIV века содержания серебра в пражских грошах шло и постепенное увеличение их количества в одном рубле. В конце XIV века в рубле насчитывалось 96 грошей, а в 1432 году — 100 грошей. В это время окончательно сложилось цифровое содержание учётного рубля — 100 грошей. Цифровое содержание копы долгое время оставалось неизменным — 60 грошей. В XVI веке копа равнялась 60 литовским, 75 польским грошам или 2 талерам (полукопекам). Потому, вероятно, копа и стала универсальной числовой единицей, использовавшейся вплоть до XIX века.
Кроме денег копами считали совершенно различные вещи, например, «копа снопов» — 60 снопов. В связи с чем, указанная счетная единица («копа снопов») использовалась вплоть до середины XX в., в частности, на Украине, где также существовала дробная единица полу́кіпок (півко́пи, 30 снопов).
Сомов, Николай Никитович

Николай Никитович Сомов (1901—1985) — советский химик-технолог, организатор промышленного производства, инженер-полковник, канд. техн. наук (1967).
Родился 22 мая 1901 г. в с. Лобановские Выселки, ныне Михайловского р-на Рязанской области.
Участник Гражданской войны.
Окончил Московский институт химического машиностроения (1935).
В 1911-19 работал подмастерьем на различных предприятиях Петрограда.
В 1923-29 на Черкизовском хим. з-де «Мосхимоснова»: слесарь, механик, зам. директора, директор.
В 1929-34 зам. гл. механика на Хим. з-де им. П. Л. Войкова (Москва).
В 1934-35 зам. гл. механика з-да СК-2 им. С.М.Кирова (г. Воронеж).
В 1935-39 инженер-проектировщик хим. машин в Фотокинохимтресте (Москва).
В 1939-40 зам. директора, начальник управления капитального строительства Казан. ф-ки киноплёнки № 8 им. В. В. Куйбышева (с 1958 — Казан. хим. з-д им. В. В. Куйбышева), в 1940-50 и 1952-61 директор; одновременно, в 1956-61, директор Казан. филиала Всесоюз. науч.-иссл. кинофотоин-та.
В 1950-52 на­чаль­ник Главного управления киноплёнки Министерства кинематографии СССР.
В 1961-74 директор Казан. науч.-иссл. технол. и проектного ин-та хим.-фотографической промышленности.
Один из организаторов хим.-фотографического производства в СССР. Под рук. Сомова ф-ка превратилась в крупнейшее пр-тие хим.-фотографической пром-сти; были построены и освоены новые произ-ва, осуществлена реконструкция осн. технол. оборудования, ассортимент выпускаемой продукции составил ок. 100 наименований; впервые в стране создана кинонегативная плёнка, комплекты гидротипных и цветных плёнок для астр. наблюдений, рулонная рентгеноплёнка, крупнокадровая плёнка для рентгеновских установок, металлоклеящие плёнки и др.
Имеет 9 патентов на изобретения. Разработки Сомова внедрены в производство на фототехн. и фотобум. предприятиях отрасли.
Скончался 25 октября 1985 г. в Казани.
Награждён орденами Ленина (14.04.1944), Октябрьской Революции, Трудового Красного Знамени (06.03.1950), «Знак Почёта» , медалями.
Европейская кухня

Европейская кухня, также именуемая западной или континентальной — обобщающий термин для обозначения разнообразных кухонь стран Европы, а также подвергшихся европейскому влиянию кухонь Северной Америки, Австралазии, Океании и Латинской Америки. Европейские кухни заметно разнятся в зависимости от страны, региона, условий жизни, культурных традиций и предпочтений в пище, тем не менее их объединяет «европейское», материковое происхождение. Несмотря на различия, общим для европейской кухни являются обилие мясных и овощных блюд, а также вторичная роль различных приправ и соусов при готовке (из-за характерного желания сохранить истинный вкус компонентов), обилие изделий с применением пшеничной муки. К тому же нередко перед употреблением того или иного блюда употребляется «аперитив» — качественные спиртные напитки способствующие усилению аппетита и улучшению пищеварения. Широкое применение в европейской кухне находят яйцам в жареном, варёном видах, в виде одного из ингредиентов мучных блюд, и даже в виде основы для некоторых напитков. На протяжении веков наблюдаются интеграционные процессы, в ходе которых блюда из различных кухонь Европы находят одобрение и поклонников в странах, для которых характерны иные кухонные традиции. Условно европейскую кухню можно разделить на восточно-европейскую, северо-европейскую, южно-европейскую и западно-европейскую. Подробнее о той или иной кухне можно узнать в списке статей ниже, разбитых по категориям. В качестве наглядного примера приведены некоторые блюда из той или иной кухни.
Кыстыбый

Кыстыбы́й (также кыстыбай, хĕстнĕпай, якмыш) (баш. ҡыҫтыбай, тат. кыстыбый, кыстымбый,, якмыш, чув. хĕстнĕпай) — традиционное татарское, также перешедшее в башкирскую и чувашскую кухни, блюдо из теста с начинкой.
Представляет собой пресную печёную лепёшку, начинённую кашей (чаще пшённой), или рагу, а с недавнего времени и картофельным пюре. По виду напоминает незакрытый пирог или сочень — начинка кладется на одну половину лепёшки и закрывается сверху второй половиной. Могут обмазываться топлёным маслом. В некоторых районах Удмуртии фарш-начинку намазывают на лепёшку и сворачивают в рулетики. Начинка варьируется в зависимости от предпочтений, неизменным остается принцип приготовления и рецепт теста.
Пресная лепешка выпекается на сухой сковороде, еще горячей складывается пополам и начиняется картофельным пюре, либо пшенной кашей, толченым маком или конопляным семенем.
Блюда можно есть во время поста, немного изменив рецепт начинки.
Самый большой кыстыбый в мире диаметром 2 м 10 см был приготовлен в 2011 году в Башкортостане и занесён в Книгу рекордов Гиннесса.
Исследователь татарского и чувашского языков Рифкат Газизянович Ахметьянов посвятил названию блюда статью в «Татар теленең кыскача тарихи-этимологик сүзлеге» (Кратком историко-этимологическом словаре татарского языка). Он привёл диалектную форму тат. кыстымбый, башкирское слово баш. ҡыҫтыбай, чув. кӑстӑмпи «кыстыбый», реконструируя пра-форму из корня кыс- («прищемить») и суффикса -мбый/-мбы.
Crimean Tatar cuisine

The Crimean Tatar cuisine is primarily the cuisine of the Crimean Tatars, who live on the Crimean Peninsula. The traditional cuisine of the Crimean Tatars has similarities with that of Greeks, Italians, Balkan peoples, Nogais, North Caucasians, and Volga Tatars, although some national dishes and dietary habits vary between different Crimean Tatar regional subgroups; for example, fish and produce are more popular among Yaliboylu and Tat dishes while meat and dairy is more prevalent in Steppe Tatar cuisine. Many Uzbek dishes were incorporated into Crimean Tatar national cuisine during exile in Central Asia since 1944, and these dishes have become prevalent in Crimea since the return. Uzbek samsa, laghman, and plov (pilaf) are sold in most Tatar roadside cafes in Crimea as national dishes. In turn, some Crimean Tatar dishes, including Chiburekki, have been adopted by peoples outside Crimea, such as in Turkey and the North Caucasus.
Peremech

Peremech (Tatar: пәрәмәч / pərəməç / pärämäç; Bashkir: бәрәмес, tr. beremes; Russian: беляш, romanized: belyash) is an individual-sized fried dough pastry common for Volga Tatar and Bashkir cuisines. It is made from unleavened or leavened dough and usually filled with ground meat and chopped onion. Originally, finely chopped pre-cooked meat was used as a filling, but later raw ground meat became more common. Alternatively, peremech can be filled with potato or quark.
Peremech is usually shaped into a flattened sphere with a circular "window" in the middle. In contrast to doughnuts, the hole does not go all the way through, but is only made at the top, such that the filling is visible in the middle. The shape is thus somewhat similar to Russian vatrushka. However, dough neatly kneaded around the hole gives the classical peremech its distinctive shape.
Peremech is traditionally served with broth, qatiq (yogurt) or ayran.
Nowadays, the meat-filled version is popular throughout Russia and other post-Soviet countries where it is usually referred to as belyash (Russian: беляш, pl. беляши, belyashi). This word appeared in Russian in the second half of the 20th century and possibly derives from another Tatar word, bəleş, which denotes a baked full-size pie with meat and potato filling. Modern variants of belyashi can also be made without a hole in the top. Along with pirozhki and chiburekki, belyashi are a common street food in the region.
In Finland, the pastry is known as pärämätsi and first appeared in the 1960s in Tampere.
Serving Tatars

Serving Tatars (Tatar: йомышлы татарлар; Russian: Служилые татары) were a class of ethnically Tatars state servants in Muscovy and Russia in 14th–18th centuries.
Originally this class was formed Tatar nobles from Golden Horde and Tatar khanates that enjoyed membership of the Russian service class. Later, qara xalıq (black people) peasants of Kazan Khanate enjoyed this status after the fall of khanate in 1552. Their own ownership of shares in state land were granted to Russian and Qasim nobles.
The elite of the Serving Tatars were those served as translators, scribes, clerks, ambassadors to Central Asian countries and so on. The majority participated in Livonian war of 1558–1583, as well as other campaigns. They also, with the Cossacks, protected the Eastern borders of Russia, especially in the modern Orenburg Oblast. Unlike most Tatars, they had the right to use firearms and some of them became officers in the Russian Army.
Serving Tatars received land, taxation privileges, financial support and food. They also had privileges in handicraft production and trade. In the 18th century they were reclassified as members of the class of State Peasants.
After Vasily II the numbers of Tatars entering the nobility of Muscovy rose dramatically. According to a 17th-century compilation by Zagoskin, 156 noble families were of Tatar or similar origin, while 168 were of the Viking-origin House of Rurik and 42 of unspecified Russian origin. There were also 452 families from Western Europe and Poland-Lithuania, but most of these only settled in Russia during the 17th century. Russian and Tatar nobles intermarried. A modern estimate suggests that one-third of all Russian nobles were of Turkic origins.
Tatar böreği

Tatar böreği (Tatar börek) is a Turkish food consisting of dough parcels usually cut in the form of a triangle. It is a common food in many inner regions of Turkey in cities like Eskişehir and Gaziantep.
The dumplings are usually covered in yogurt and filled with ground beef, garlic and parsley. In North Cyprus they are traditionally served with grated halloumi cheese and mint.
In June 2018, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan stated that he would like to serve the dish in a series of cafes that he plans to create across Turkey, should he retain the Presidency following the June 2018 Presidential election.
Cú Chulainn

I luathlitríocht na hÉireann, ba é Cú Chulainn (Cú Chulaind nó Cúchulainn) príomhlaoch na nUltach sna laochscéalta Rúraíochta agus an príomhphearsa sa seanscéal Táin Bó Cuailgne. Séadanda (nó Setanta) a bhí mar ainm air ina óige. Ba í Deichtíne (nó Deichtine), deirfiúr Chonchúir mhic Neasa, a mháthair, agus ba é Sualdamh, (fear céile Dheichtine), a athair. I leaganacha áirithe de na scéalta deirtear gurbh é an dia Lugh a athair. Ba é Conall Cearnach a dheartháir altrama, agus bhí Fearghas Mac Róigh ar dhuine dá leasaithreacha. Ba é an gaiscíoch ba cháiliúla é ar an gCraobh Rua.
Oileadh Séadanda i gcúirt Chonchúir in Eamhain Mhacha agus, ina óige dó, thuar an draoi Cathbhadh go mbainfeadh sé cáil amach ach go mbeadh saol gearr aige. Bhain Séadanda cáil amach mar Chú Chulainn tar éis dó cú an ghabha, Culann, a mharú agus gealladh a thabhairt dó go mbeadh sé féin ina chú faire aige nó go mbeadh cú a dhiongbhála oilte aige. Ba é Laogh mac Rianghabhra carbadóir Chú Chulainn, agus ba iad an Liath Macha agus Dubh Saighleann an dá chapall a bhí aige. Bhí sé de cháil air go dtagadh riastradh air le linn catha.
Insítear go leor scéalta ar Chú Chulainn: mar a mheall sé Eimhear (nó Emer) mar bhean aige; mar a mharaigh sé an laoch Muimhneach Cú Roí; mar a mharaigh sé a mhac féin Connla; agus mar a bhain sé an curadhmhír amach ag fleá Bhricreann, ach is é an Táin (Táin Bó Cuailgne) an scéal is mó díobh. In aois a sheacht mbliana déag dó, chosain sé Cúige Uladh in aghaidh shluaite cheithre chúige na hÉireann faoi cheannas Mhéabha, banríon Chonnacht, le linn Táin Bó Cuailgne, fad a bhí laochra eile na nUltach ar an leaba leis an gCeas Naíon, tinneas a d'fhág tréithlag iad. Ba ar Tháin Bó Cuailgne a throid Cú Chulainn comhrac aonair lena chara Feardia agus a mharaigh sé é. Chosain Cú Chulainn an cúige ar ollshluaite Mhéabha gur éirigh le Conchúr agus laochra na Craoibhe Rua teacht i gcabhair agus arm Mhéabha a ruaigeadh.
Sa scéal Aided Chon Culaind déantar cur síos ar chath deireanach an laoich. I ndíoltas as Táin Bó Cuailgne chuir Méabh triúr mac is triúr iníon Chailitín ag foghlaim draíochta chun Cú Chulainn a mharú, agus ghríosaigh sé mórghaiscígh na tíre chun díoltas a bhaint amach i marú a ndaoine muinteartha i dTáin Bó Cuailgne. Chruinnigh sí ollsluaite cheithre mhórchúige Éireann agus rinne siad ionradh ar Chúige Uladh. Cé gur chomhairligh Conchúr agus uaisle na nUltach do Chú Chulainn fanacht glan ar Chlann Chaitilín go n-ídeodh Cathbhadh a ndraíocht orthu, mealladh Cú Chulainn amach ina aonar in aghaidh na n-ollsluaite agus maraíodh é.
Tá cosúlachtaí idir Cú Chulainn agus Rostam, laoch mór litríochta na bPeirseach, chomh maith leis an laoch Gréagach Heracles, agus Hildebrand na nGearmánach, rud a thabharfadh le tuiscint go raibh bunús Ind-Eorpach leis an scéal.
Anbhás Chú Chulainn

I Miotaseolaíocht na nGael, is scéal de chuid na Rúraíochta é Anbhás Chú Chulainn (Sean-Ghaeilge Aided Con Culainn). Tá leagan neamhiomlán caomhnaithe sa Leabhar Laighneach, ach tá leaganacha iomlána le fáil i lámhscríbhinní den 17ú go 19ú haoiseanna.
Sa leaganacha níos luaite, roinntear an scéal ina dhá leath, Brislech Mór Maige Muirtheimne (Brisleach Mhór Maighe Muirtheimhne) agus Dergruathar Chonaill Chernaig (Deargruathar Chonaill Chearnaigh). Insítear iontu conas a maraíodh Cú Chulainn, dochloíte go nuige sin, tar éis dó a gheis, saighte a bhriseadh, agus conas a bhain a dheartháir altrama, Conall Cearnach, a dhíoltas amach ar na déantóirí coire.
I rith na Tána, mharaigh Cú Chulainn draoi na gConnacht, Calatin, agus a seachtar mac is fiche. I ndiaidh a bháis, thug a bhean chéile seisrín ar an saol, triúr mac agus triúr iníonacha. Chuir Méabh díoltasach le 17 bliain amach iad um theagasc draíochta. Ina dhiaidh na tréimhse seo, chuir sí amach iad le tuilleadh oideachais a fháil le trí bhliain go hAlbain, dhá bhliain chuig na Sacsanaigh, agus fosta go dtí an Bhablóin agus go hIfreann Bholcáin. Agus iad ar ais abhaile agus um dhíoltas a bhaint as bás a n-athar, lig siad ar Chú Chulainn go raibh tiarna éigin tar éis ruathar a dhéanamh ar a bhaile Muirtheimhne, go rachadh sé é a chosaint. In ainneoin rabhaidh na nUladh, ina measc Conchúr mac Neasa, an bandraoi Leabharcham agus fós a carbadóir Láeg mac Riangabra agus a chapall dílis Liath Macha, chuaigh sé ina aonair chun comhraic.
Luigh an triúr iníonacha Chailitine i bhfolach ar an mbealach agus thairg siad feoil rósta chú dó. Sa chéad chás, níorbh fhéidir leis an laoch Cú Chulainn cuireadh ar bith a dhiúltú, ach i dteannta sin, bhí geis air gan feoil chú a ithe. Ní raibh aon dul as aige ach an feoil a ghlacadh agus a gheis a bhriseadh. Agus á gheis briste aige, thit a lámh agus a chos chlé i laige. Sa chath deireadh in éadan a naimhde (san áireamh Erc mac Cairpri, a raibh fonn air díoltas a bhaint as bás a athar, Cairbre Nia Fear), cuireadh iachall air de ghlámh dícheann, a shleá a thógaint dóibh, lena maraíodh Lao, Liath Macha agus sa deireadh é féin. Éag-ghonta, cheangail sé féin de gallán um bás d'fháil ina sheasamh. Chosain a chapall Liath Macha é go bhfuair sé bás, ach ansin sin bhí Lugaid mac Con Roí in ann a cheann a bhaint de. In am trátha, bhain a dheartháir altrama, Conall Cearnach, díoltas as a bhás le linn choimhlinte fuiltí.
I nArd-Oifig an Phoist, Baile Átha Cliath, tá dealbh cré-umha de Chú Chulainn marbh, cruthaithe ag an dealbhóir Oliver Sheppard, chun mairbh Éirí Amach na Cásca, 1916, a chomóradh.
Cú Chulainn san AOP, Baile Átha Cliath
Lughaidh mac Cú Raoi

Sa Rúraíocht, ba é Lughaidh Mac Cú Raoi (Sean-Ghaeilge Lugaid mac Con Roí) mac Cú Raoi mac Dáire. Bhí aithne air mar Lugaid mac Trí Con freisin. Ba mharfóir Cú Chulainn é
Mharaigh sé Cú Chulainn mar dhíoltas as bás a athar, i mbun comhcheilge le Méabh agus clanna daoine eile a bhí maraithe ag Cú Chulainn. Agus a phutóga doirte amach ag ga Lughaidhe, cheangail Cú Chulainn é féin de ghallán (a deirtear gur Cloch an Fhir Mhóir é) chun bás d'fháil ina sheasamh. Tháinig fiach dubh anuas ar a ghualainn, agus ansin amháin a bhí Lughaidh cinnte gur mharbh é. Agus Lughaidh i mbun a cheann a bhaint de, thit claíomh Cú Chulainn agus scoitheadh lámh Lughaidhe.
Chuaigh Conall Cernach sa tóir air agus i gcomhrac aonair leis. Agus lámh amháin in easnamh ag Lughaidh, throid Conall le lámh amháin craptha ina chrios aige. Bhuaigh sé ámh ach le cabhair a chapaill, a bhain greim as cliathán Lughaidhe. Thóg sé ceann Lughaidhe agus chuir ar chloch é. Leáigh a chuid fola an chloch agus luigh an ceann tríd.
Caireann

Iníon seanscéalach rí na nAngla-Shacsanach, Sachall Balbh, ba ea Caireann Chasdubh. Bean chéile Ard-Rí na hÉireann, Eochaid Mugmedón, agus máthair Níall Naoighiallach ba ea í.
Bhí éad ar chéad bhean chéile Eochach, Moingfhionn, agus Caireann torrach. Chuir sí iachall ar Chaireann sclábhaíocht a dhéanamh, ag súil go gcaille sí an leanbh, ach rugadh é in aice tobair agus uisce á tharraingt aici. De bharr eagla roimh Mhoingfionn, d'fhág sí an leanbh gan chaint ar na héin, ach rinneadh tarrtháil air agus tugadh é ag file darbh ainm Torna. Agus an páiste Niall fásta, d'fhill sé ar Theamhraigh, scaoil sé saor a mháthair óna sclábhaíocht, agus d'éirigh in am trátha ina Ard-Rí.
De réir an seanchais, fuair Niall bás tuairim is tús na 5ú haoise, cé go molann staraithe an lae inniu gur mhair sé leath haois níos deireanaí.. Ar aon chuma, is mí-aimseartha é gur Shacsanach í a mháthair. Molann O'Rahilly ámh go bhfuil an t-ainm Caireann fréamhaithe ó ainm na Laidine, Carina, agus go bhfuil sé inchreidte gur Rómhán-Briotanach í. Go deimhin, níor mhaígh Seathrún Céitinn gur Shacsanach í, ach ina áit sin gurb í "inghean ríogh Breatan".
Gníomhais Thuamhan

Baineann na Gníomhais Thuamhan le tailte agus réadmhaoin i dThuamhain, Contae an Chláir. Caomhnaítear an lámhscríbhinní i Leabharlann Choláiste na Tríonóide, Baile Átha Cliath. Scríobhadh an saothar as Gaeilge, idir Meán agus Luath-Nua. Faightear sa bhailiúchán téacsanna gan dáta a théann siar go dtí na 12ú go 14ú haoiseanna; den chuid is mó ámh, scríobhadh iad idir na blianta 1419 agus 1619.
Is bunús tábhachtach é an saothar seo le haghaidh scríbhneoireacht dlí in Éirinn.
Deir Hardiman, 1826, faoina gníomhais seo:
John T. Koch

Scoláire, staraí agus teangeolaí Meiriceánach is ea John T. Koch a bhfuil suim ar leith aige i Léann Ceilteach, go háirithe réamhstair agus an luath-mheánaois. Tá sé ina eagarthóir ar Celtic Culture. A Historical Encyclopedia (2006, ABC Clio), cúig imleabhar. Tá sé ina phríomhthacadóir an hipitéise, Ceilteach ón Iarthair (Celtic from the West).
Na Náisiúin Cheilteacha

Is ceantar é in iarthuaisceart na hEorpach ar a nglaoitear na Náisiún Cheilteacha, áit a bhfuil teangacha agus tréithe cultúrtha na gCeiltigh fós ar marthain.
Is iad na sé ceantair a aithnítear go forleathan mar náisiún Cheilteacha ná:
Labhraítear teanga Cheilteach BBB i ngach náisiún: teangacha Breatnacha sa Bhreatain Bheag, sa Bhriain agus i g Corn na Breataine; agus teangacha Gaelacha in Albain, i nÉirinn agus ar Oileán Mhanann.
Manapii

Dream Gaelach in Éirinn ársa ba ea na Manapii, luaite le Tolamaes ina shaothar, Geografaíocht, den dara haois AD. Tá Contae Fhear Manach ainmnithe astu.
Deirtear go minic gurb ionann a n-ainm agus is na Menapii. Meastar gur P-Cheiltis iad an dá ainm, fréamhaithe b'fhéidir ón bPrótai-Cheiltis *mano- (de rogha air sin *meno- nó *mono-) le brí nó "smaoineamh" nó "siúl". Tá seans ann go bhfuil fréamh eile ann, *mono-, ón bPrót-Ind-Eorpais *men- le brí "ardú", óna dtagann na focail Bhriotainic le haghaidh "sliabh".
Oghma (iris)

Ba iris liteartha Ghaeilge a bhí in Oghma. Foilsíodh í ó 1989 go dtí 1998, agus tháinig sí in áit na hirise An Aimsir Óg. Bhí scríbhneoireacht inti ó Sheán Mac Mathúna, Mícheál Ó Conghaile agus eile.
Dónal Finn

Dónal Finn (born 31 August 1995) is an Irish actor. He is known for playing Mat Cauthon in the Prime Video fantasy series The Wheel of Time and for originating the role of Orpheus in the West End production of Hadestown. He is set to star in upcoming Amazon Prime series Young Sherlock as James Moriarty.
Finn was born and raised in Dromina, County Cork, to parents Dónal Sr. and Maureen. He is one of eight children having come from a farming family in rural Ireland.
Finn was given a place at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art with a three-year scholarship through the Overstall Charitable Trust. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in acting from LAMDA in 2018.
After graduating from LAMDA, Finn made his first notable appearance in an episode of popular Netflix series The Witcher as a peasant named Nettly in 2019.
Finn also had a small role as a Baker named Albert in Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore.
In 2022, Finn landed the role of soldier Eoin McGonigal in the first series of the BBC action drama SAS: Rogue Heroes. That same year, he was cast as Mat Cauthon in the second season of The Wheel of Time, succeeding Barney Harris in the role.
In November 2023, it was announced that Finn would be originating the role of Orpheus in the West End production of Hadestown, which later opened in February 2024. Finn left the production on 25 August 2024.
In July 2024, it was announced Finn would star as Professor James Moriarty alongside Hero Fiennes Tiffin's Sherlock Holmes in the upcoming Amazon Prime series Young Sherlock.
Film
Television
Theatre
Eurybarus

Eurybarus or Eurybaros (Ancient Greek: Εὐρύβαρος), Eurybatos (Εὐρύβατος) or Eurybates (Εὐρυβάτης) was a Greek mythological hero, son of Euphemus and a descendant of the river god Axios.
Eurybarus was a young man but brave, and by divine inspiration happened to be coming from Curetis and encountered the young and handsome Alcyoneus as he was being led from Crisa to the cave of the monster Sybaris on Mount Cirphis to be sacrificed to deliver the Delphians from her menace. Falling in love at first sight with him, and asking why they were doing so, Eurybarus realized that he could neither defend him nor let him perish wretchedly. He tore the wreath from Alcyoneus's head, placed it on his own, and gave orders that he himself should be led forward instead.
As soon as he entered the cavern, Eurybarus dragged Sybaris from her den and threw her off the crags. She struck her head against the footings of Crisa and faded from sight. From that rock sprang a fountain, which the locals call Sybaris.
The myth corresponds to Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index tale type ATU 300, "The Dragon-Slayer."
It is similar to the legend of the boxer Euthymos except the victim is male and monster is female.
List of homicides in Illinois

This is a list of homicides in Illinois. This list includes notable homicides committed in the U.S. state of Illinois that have a Wikipedia article on the killing, the killer, or the victim. It is divided into five subject areas as follows:
This article does not include military battles fought in Illinois. Such battles, including battles fought during the Black Hawk War, may be found at List of battles fought in Illinois.
This article also does not include people who have been executed in Illinois. Such persons are listed separately at List of people executed in Illinois.
Listed in chronological order
Listed in chronological order by date of earliest homicide
Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama (1460 au 1469- 24 Desemba 1524) alikuwa baharia na mpelelezi kutoka Ureno.
Alikuwa Mzungu wa kwanza aliyefika Uhindi kwa kuzunguka Rasi ya Tumaini Jema kusini mwa Afrika.
Upande wa dini, alikuwa Mkristo wa Kanisa Katoliki, tena mwanachama wa Utawa wa Tatu wa Mt. Fransisko.
Vasco alikamilisha mradi uliofuatwa nchini Ureno tangu siku za mfalme Henrique baharia baada ya mwaka 1400. Henrique alianza kutuma jahazi zilizopeleleza pwani ya Afrika na kuelekea kusini zaidi na zaidi.
Vasco alitanguliwa na mpelelezi Mreno Bartolomeo Dias aliyewahi kuzunguka Rasi ya Tumaini Njema hadi mto wa samaki mwaka 1488 akitambua ya kwamba njia ya kuendelea mpaka Uhindi ilikuwa wazi mbele yake. Diaz alirudi wakati ule kwa sababu mabaharia wake walikuwa wagonjwa, hivyo hawakuwa tayari kuendelea tena.
Da Gama aliondoka kwa amri ya mfalme wa Ureno tarehe 8 Julai 1497 kwa jahazi nne na watu 170. Wakati wa Krismasi walikuwa wakizunguka rasi hiyo tayari na kupita kwenye pwani ya mashariki ya Afrika Kusini wakaiita pwani hii "Natal" kutokana na sikukuu ya Krismasi.
Mwezi wa Januari walifika Kisiwa cha Msumbiji (kwa Kireno: Ilha de Moçambique) walipokutana mara ya kwanza na Waislamu waliosema lugha ya Kiarabu. Wakaelekea Kenya wakafika kwanza Mombasa wasipopokewa vema wakaendelea hadi Malindi. Huko walijenga uhusiano mwema na sultani wa mji wakaona Wahindi wa kwanza.
Walifaulu kumuajiri nahodha aliyewaongoza kuvukia Bahari Hindi hadi kufika Calicut, Uhindi, tarehe 20 Mei 1498. Wareno walipeleleza pwani na kununua bidhaa mbalimbali.
Tarehe 29 Agosti 1498 da Gama aliondoka tena lakini aliacha Wareno wachache nyuma kwa amri ya kuanzisha kituo cha biashara.
Safari ya kurudi ilikuwa ngumu ikachukua muda mrefu kutokana na mwelekeo wa upepo. Nusu ya watu wake walikufa baharini kabla hawajafika Malindi. Jahazi mbili zilifaulu kurudi hadi Ureno zilipofika mnamo Julai na Agosti 1499.
Mfalme wa Ureno alituma wapelelezi na maafisa wengine Uhindi walioanzisha koloni na vituo vya Kireno.
Vasco da Gama alirudi Uhindi mara mbili. Safari iliyofuata ilifanywa mwaka 1502 na safari ya tatu mwaka 1524. Baada ya kufika Uhindi mara ya tatu aliambukizwa malaria akaaga dunia huko Cochin tarehe 24 Desemba 1524.
Calicut

Kozhikode (pia Calicut) ni mji wa Jimbo la Kerala katika kusini ya Uhindi. Kozhikode ni mji mkubwa wa tatu wa Kerala. Rundiko la Jiji lina wakazi 2,030,519 (sensa 2011).
Mji uko takribani km 380 upande wa kaskazini wa mji mkuu wa Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram.
Mji una bandari asilia iliyokuwa tangu karne nyingi kimoja cha vitovu vya biashara ya viungo na nchi za nje. Hivyo Calicut ilikuwa bandari ya kwanza iliyyofikiwa na Wareno baada ya Vasco da Gama kuzunguka Afrika mnamo 1498.
Wapentekoste

Wapentekoste ni jina linalojumuisha Wakristo wanaofuata tapo la Kipentekoste linalolenga kuleta upyaisho katika Kanisa kwa kutia maanani tukio la sikukuu ya Pentekoste ya mwaka uleule wa kifo na ufufuko wa Yesu.
Tapo hilo linaungana na Waprotestanti wengine katika kushikilia Biblia ya Kikristo tu na kwa njia yake kumkiri Yesu kuwa Bwana na kumpokea kama mwokozi, lakini pia linasisitiza mang'amuzi binafsi ya Roho Mtakatifu katika maisha ya muumini kama yalivyotokea mwanzoni kadiri ya Matendo ya Mitume ili kuwezeshwa kuishi Kikristo kweli kwa upako wa Roho.
Kwa kuwa wanajitangaza "wameokoka", yaani wameachana na dhambi, kwa Kiswahili wanaitwa pia "Walokole".
Tangu tapo hilo lilipoanza mwaka 1907 huko Marekani, Wapentekoste wameshakuwa zaidi ya milioni 279, mbali ya Wakristo wa madhehebu ya zamani walioathiriwa nalo ambao wanaitwa mara nyingi Wakarismatiki na ambao idadi yao inalingana na hiyo.
Jairam Shivji

Jairam Shivji (1792–1866) alikuwa mfanyabiashara na mwanabenki kutoka wilaya ya Kutch, nchini India.
Shivji alikuwa anaendesha shughuli zake za kiuchumi kutoka kisiwa cha Zanzibar na nchini Muskat na aliwahi kuwa mtu tajiri zaidi Afrika Mashariki wakati alipokuwa hai
Jairam Shivji alizaliwa nchini India, mwaka 1792, katika familia ya Uhindu wa tabaka la Bhatia huko mjini Mundra, Wilaya ya Kutch. Baba yake Shivji Topan alikuwa mfanyabiashara kutoka Muscat, na alikuwa ameandamana na Sultani wa Oman kwenye msafara wa kudumisha ushawishi wake katika Afrika Mashariki mnamo 1785 pamoja na mfanyabiashara mwingine aliyeitwa Vansanji Haridas Bhimani.
Katika kipindi cha biashara kuongezeka wa kasi na mataifa ya magharibi, Usultani wa Omani waliweka kandarasi na mamlaka mbalimbali na makampuni kukusanya ushuru wa forodha katika maeneo mbalimbali. Baba yake Jairam, Shivji Topan, alipata kandarasi ya kukusanya ushuru wa forodha wa kisiwa cha Zanzibar mwaka 1819.
Shivji alisafiri kisiwa cha Zanzibar and alijiunga na baba yake na baba mdogo wake, Madhavji Topan kama mwanafunzi na kusaidia katika biashara ya baba.
Baada kuirithi biashara ya baba yake, aliunganisha mikusanyiko maalum wa Usultani wa Omani na kudhibiti biashara kwenye ukanda wa pwani wenye urefu wa maili elfu moja. Makao makuu ya ofisi yake ilikuwa kisiwani Zanzibar na watoza ushuru wa eneo hilo walikuwa wanaitwa Kutchi Banias (watu waliotoka wilaya ya Kutch, nchini India).
Walijulikana pia kama Wahindi wa Bandari au Baniani Forodha . Baada ya hapa alijulikana kwa jina la 'Jiram Sewji'.
Sultan Sayyid Said alikuwa alipiga marufuku kuchinja ng'ombe karibu na nyumba yake wakati wa Eid al-Fitr, ili kuheshimu imani ya kidini ya Shivji, ambaye alikuwa Mhindu.
Shivji alifariki tarehe 25 Agosti 1866. Alikuja kujulikana kwa jina la Mswahili na familia yake ilichukua jina la Swali. Barabara karibu na nyumba yake huko mjini Mundra ilijulikana kama Swali Sheri.
Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Hindi

Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Hindi ni sehemu ya biashara hiyo haramu iliyoendeshwa hasa na Waarabu tangu zamani za uenezi wa Uislamu hadi karne ya 20 kwa kutumia watu kutoka sehemu za ndani za Afrika.
Wanahistoria wa Ulaya na Amerika wamekadiria kwamba kati ya mwaka 650 na miaka ya 1960, milioni 10 hadi 18 walifanywa watumwa na Waarabu huko Ulaya, Asia na hasa Afrika kupitia Bahari ya Shamu, Bahari ya Hindi na jangwa la Sahara.
Biashara ya kupitia bahari ya Hindi ina historia ndefu, kuanzia Waarabu na Waswahili kuteka njia za baharini na pwani ya Afrika Mashariki katika karne ya 9 (tazama Usultani wa Zanzibar). Wafanyabiashara hao waliteka Wabantu (Zanj) kutoka maeneo ya ndani ya Kenya, Msumbiji na Tanzania ya leo na kuwaswaga hadi pwani, Unguja na Pemba.
Watumwa waliuzwa kotekote katika Mashariki ya Kati. Biashara hiyo ilistawi kadiri meli zilivyozidi kuboreshwa na hitahi la watu mashambani lilivyoongezeka. Hatimaye, kila mwaka walitekwa na kuuzwa watu makumi elfu.
Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Hindi ilibadilikabadilika na kuelekea maeneo mapya: Misri, Rasi ya Arabia, Ghuba ya Uajemi, India, Asia Mashariki, visiwa vya Bahari ya Hindi, Ethiopia na Somalia.
Afrika Mashariki watumwa walitokana na Wabantu walioitwa Zanj. Kwa karne kadhaa hao walisafirishwa na Waarabu hadi nchi zote kando ya Bahari ya Hindi.
Mahalifa wa Umayyad na Abbasid walitumia watumwa wengi kama askari, na kuanzia mwaka 696, watumwa wa Kizanj walijaribu kuasi mabwana wao Warabu huko Iraq (tazama Uasi wa Zanj).
Maandishi ya kale ya Kichina yanataja mabalozi kutoka Java (leo nchini Indonesia) wakimtolea Kaisari wa China watumwa wawili Seng Chi (Zanj) kama zawadi, na Seng Chi wengine wakisafirishwa hadi China kutoka ufalme wa Kihindu wa Srivijaya huko Java.
Uasi wa Zanj, uliofuatwa na mfululizo wa matukio ya namna hiyo series kati ya miaka 869 na 883 karibu na Basra (Iraq), unasadikiwa kuhusisha watumwa kutoka [[Maziwa makuu ya Afrika na hata kusini zaidi. Uasi ulifikia kuhusisha watu zaidi ya 500,000 na kusababisha vifo makumi elfu kusini mwa Iraq.
Waafrika hao walisafirishwa hadi Mashariki ya Kati na kulazimishwa kufanya kazi ngumu sana mashambani kadiri uchumi wa kilimo (hasa wa miwa) ulivyostawi na kutajirisha Waarabu, kwa kuwa hao waliona mkulima ni mtu duni, lakini walihitaji watu wa kufanya kazi hiyo.
Zanj walihitajika pia katika maeneo yaliyopatwa na mafuriko kwenye delta ya Tigri-Eufrate, na katika migodi ya chumvi ya Mesopotamia, hasa karibu na Basra.
Gedi

Gedi (pia: Gede) ni kijiji cha wakazi 600 kwenye pwani ya Kenya kusini mashariki katika Kaunti ya Kilifi, takriban kilomita 16 kusini kwa Malindi. Ni mahali maarufu pa maghofu ya mji wa Waswahili wa Kale ndani ya msitu wa Arabuko-sokole.
Kuna maeneo 116 ya Waswahili yanayonyooka kutoka kusini mwa Somalia mpaka Vumba kuu katika mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania. kutokana na uvumbuzi wa magofu ya Gedi uliofanywa na wakoloni miaka ya 1920, Gede imejulikana kama mji uliotambulika zaidi na maeneo yake kufanyiwa utafiti zaidi kando na maeneo ya Shanga, Manda, Ungwana, Kilwa na visiwa vya Komoro.
Kando ya kijiji cha leo kuna eneo kubwa la maghofu. Kuta za mawe zinaonekana kati ya miti. Nyumba za watu, jumba la mkubwa -labda mfalme-, msikiti na makaburi huonekana vizuri. Mji wote ulikuwa na takriban ekari 45 na mabaki ya ukuta uliozunguka yote yaonekana hadi leo lakini nyumba nyingi zilikuwa za watu maskini zilizojengwa kwa kutumia udongo na mbao tu hazionekani tena.
Hakuna uhakika Gedi ya Kale ilianzishwa lini lakini wataalamu hukadiria umri wa nyumba za kwanza zinazopatikana hadi leo kuwa wa mnamo karne ya 13/14. Kuna maandiko ya Kiarabu kwenye makaburi yanayosaidia makadirio hayo. Hakuna habari za kimaandishi juu ya mji, kwa hiyo taarifa zote zimetegemea matokeo ya akiolojia.
Inaonekana Gedi ilikuwa mji tajiri uliostawi kwa biashara. Kuna mabaki ya bidhaa kutoka Uhindi (taa ya chuma), China (jagi la kauri la kipindi cha Ming), Venezia, Italia (ushanga wa kioo), na Hispania (mkasi).
Idadi ya wakazi inakadiriwa ilikuwa hadi 2,500. Nyumba kubwa za matajiri zilikuwa na vyoo vya maji na bafu.
Mnamo karne ya 16 mji uliachwa na wakazi wake. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu sababu yake.
Maghofu ya Gedi yalitangazwa kuwa hifadhi ya taifa na siku hizi yatawaliwa na idara ya makumbusho ya Kenya.
The Walt Disney Company

The Walt Disney Company (huitwa kwa kifupi: Disney) ni moja kati makampuni makubwa ya burudani na vyombo vya habari duniani.
Kampuni ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1923 na Walt Disney na ndugu yake, Roy Oliver Disney, kwa jina la Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio.
Ilikuwa na jina la Walt Disney Productions kuanzia miaka ya 1930 na hadi mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1986.
Disney Enterprises Inc. ni kampuni tanzu ya Walt Disney; jina ambalo linapatikana katika bidhaa nyingi zilizopewa haki ya kuuza chini ya jina la Walt Disney, Walt Disney World Resort.
Vitengo vikuu vya kampuni ni Studio Entertainment, Vituo vya Maonyesho na Mahoteli, Mitandao ya Habari na Bidhaa za Zilizotayari Kununuliwa.
Giovanni di Fonsalida

Giovanni di Fonsalida (alifariki 1498) alikuwa kiongozi wa Kanisa Katoliki aliyewahi kuwa Askofu wa Terni (1494–1498). Mnamo 1 Oktoba 1494, aliteuliwa na Papa Alexander VI kuwa Askofu wa Terni.
Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi kifo chake mnamo 1498.
Antonio de' Tolomei

Antonio de' Tolomei (alifariki 1498) alikuwa prelati wa Kanisa Katoliki aliyewahi kuhudumu kama Askofu wa Lecce (1485–1498).
Mnamo 18 Julai 1485, aliteuliwa na Papa Innocent VIII kuwa Askofu wa Lecce. Alihudumu katika nafasi hiyo hadi kifo chake mnamo 1498.
Malindi Museum

Malindi Museum is a museum located in Malindi, Kenya. It has control over four main heritage sites: The Vasco da Gama Pillar, The Portuguese Chapel, The House of Columns and The Heritage Complex museum.
In 1991 the Malindi Museum Society was formed to support the policy of the National Museums of Kenya to acquire a historic building in Malindi that could be turned into a museum. Malindi's first museum building was opened in 2004, located in a two story building dating from 1891 known as The House of Columns. The building was constructed by Adulhussein Gulamhussein. The Bohra community sold the building for 2,000 English pounds. The building operated as an Indian trading center since its establishment in 1891. The building that houses the museum was used as Malindi's first native hospital. On the east facade there is a colonnade featuring five round pillars. The building served as a hospital and headquarters of the Department of Fisheries. In 1991, it was declared a national monument. In 1999 the House of Columns was transferred to the National Museum of Kenya and a restoration opened in 2004 as museum.
In 2013 Malindi Museum acquired a second set of buildings: the former offices of the District Commissioner, about 300 metres northwest along Silversand Road. This is now known as Malindi Museum Heritage Complex, the main building of which houses the ethnographic collections. Malindi Museum also has responsibility for two other heritage sites in the town: The Vasco da Gama Pillar and The Portuguese Chapel.
The Heritage Complex museum contains various historical artefacts from Malindi. The museum has exhibits containing traditional objects such as musical instruments, tools and costumes. On the ethnographic section, the museum contains various artefacts of the Mijikenda peoples who are ethnic groups inhabiting the Kenyan coast, including wooden totems, as well as ancient artifacts that belonged to Arabs who settled in Malindi. In addition, the museum features artefacts from other communities that inhabit the Kenyan coast, as well as objects from the Swahili civilization. The museum features exhibits about fish species and the history of Malindi.
The House of Columns features temporary exhibits including famous Malindi Coelacanth. The museum also contains artifacts related to the explorer Vasco da Gama. The House of Columns has exhibits from the Portuguese period of Kenya's coastal zone, as well as photographs of some of the country's archeological sites. In addition, the museum owns the Webb Memorial Library which has books on the history and culture of the Kenyan coast.
A single ticket currently (2023) covers the four sites under the control of Malindi Museum. These are: The Vasco da Gama Pillar, The Portuguese Chapel, The House of Columns and the Malindi Museum Heritage Complex.
Pillar tomb

A pillar tomb is a type of monumental grave wherein the central feature is a single, prominent pillar or column, often made of stone.
A number of world cultures incorporated pillars into tomb structures. Examples of such edifices are found in Lycia in Anatolia (e.g., the Harpy Tomb at Xanthos), and the medieval Muslim Swahili culture of the Swahili Coast (e.g., tombs at Malindi and Mnarani), which were originally built of coral rag, and later of stone.
In the historic town of Hannassa in southern Somalia, ruins of houses with archways and courtyards have been found along with pillar tombs, including a rare octagonal one. Port Dunford, situated nearby, also contains a number of ancient ruins, including several pillar tombs. Prior to its collapse, one of these structures' pillars stood 11 metres (36 ft) high from the ground, making it the tallest of its kind in the region.
Vasco da Gama Tower

The Vasco da Gama Tower (Portuguese: Torre Vasco da Gama, pronounced [ˈtoʁɨ ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]) is a 160-metre (520 ft) lattice tower with skyscraper in the civil parish of Parque das Nações, the municipality of Lisbon, in Portugal. Built on the north bank of the Tagus river, it is named after the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama (the first European to arrive in India by sail, in 1498). The tower portion is the tallest structure in Lisbon.
The tower was built in 1998 for the Expo '98 World's Fair. At the base of the tower was a three-story building that served as the European Union Pavilion during the Expo.
While they were open, the tower was the tallest structure in Portugal open to the public (excluding bridges).
The base of the building was to be leased for office space after the closing of the Expo, but never found tenants. Instead, it was used for one-off events, like the world premiere of the new Mini car in 2001.
Both the observation deck and the restaurant were closed in October 2004.
In 2006, the tower was climbed by Alain Robert, a solo urban climber, who was sponsored by Optimus Telecommunications (a Portuguese mobile phone company) as part of a mobile marketing campaign.
Parque Expo received permission to expand along the riverside in order to build a 20-floor, 178-room luxury hotel, a plan by Portuguese architect Nuno Leónidas. The base of the tower was demolished between July and September 2007, paving the way for the construction of the 5-star Myriad hotel, which opened in 2012. In 2018, the panoramic restaurant Fifty Seconds (by Martín Berasategui) opened in the space that was previously the observation deck. Within a year, it received its first Michelin star.
The architects of the tower were Leonor Janeiro, Nick Jacobs and SOM (Skidmore, Owings and Merrill) and assembled by engineering company Martifer.
The architects were inspired by the form of a caravel and its sail, supported by fundamental volumes at its base. This base, enters the river like the bow of the boat, supported by pillars forming a terrace. This area is occupied by exposition spaces and vestibule with access to panoramic elevators that intersperse the tower to the restaurant and viewing platform. The tower is defined by a vertical "mast" and a metallic, tubular "sail", surmounted by a 120-metre (390 ft) platform forming a "crow's nest", corresponding to the rotating restaurant and visitors viewing area.
38°46′29″N 9°05′29″W﻿ / ﻿38.77472°N 9.09139°W﻿ / 38.77472; -9.09139
Mombasa–Garissa Road

The Mombasa–Garissa Road, also B8 Road (Kenya) is a major highway in Kenya, the largest economy in the East African Community. The road connects the port city of Mombasa to the inland city of Garissa. This road is composed of the Mombasa–Malindi Road and the Malindi–Garissa Road.
The road starts in the city of Mombasa and takes a general northerly direction through Kilifi, Malindi, Garsen and Bura, to end at Garissa, a distance of approximately 463 kilometres (288 mi) The coordinates of this road west of the town of Garsen, Tana River County are:02°16'13.0"S, 40°04'24.0"E (Latitude:-2.270284; Longitude:40.073323).
The road employs a single-carriageway system that is subject to the country's national speed limit of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). In 2006, the Kenyan Government budgeted KSh.2 billion/= (almost £16 million stg. in 2008) to resurface the 116 kilometres (72 mi) section between Mombasa and Malindi, through Kilifi.
The Garsen to Garissa section of this road, measuring about 241 kilometres (150 mi), remains in poor condition, marked by potholes and a dusty surface.
In Mombasa, the Mombasa–Garissa Road connects to two other major roads: (a) the Nairobi–Mombasa Road (A109) and (b) the Malindi–Bagamoyo Highway (A14), north-eastern Tanzania. In Garissa, this road meets the Thika–Liboi Road, connecting Thika, in Kiambu County to Liboi in Garissa County, at the border with Somalia.
The following towns, listed from south towards north, are located along the highway:
02°16′13″S 40°04′24″E﻿ / ﻿2.27028°S 40.07333°E﻿ / -2.27028; 40.07333
Padrão

A padrão (literally "standard") (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐˈðɾɐ̃w], standard; plural: padrões) is a stone pillar left by Portuguese maritime explorers in the 15th and 16th centuries to record significant landfalls and thereby establish primacy and possession. They were often placed on promontories and capes or at the mouths of major rivers. Early markers were simple wooden pillars or crosses but they deteriorated quickly in the tropical climate where they were often erected. Later, padrões were carved from stone in the form of a pillar surmounted by a cross and the royal coat of arms.
Diogo Cão was the first to place stone padrões on his voyage of discovery along the coast of Africa in 1482–1484. They had been carved ahead of time in Portugal and carried in his ship at the behest of King João II. Cão placed the pillars at points in what is now Gabon, Angola and Namibia. The first was installed at the mouth of the river Congo. In August 1483 he erected one on the headlands of Angola at Cabo Negro with the inscription:
Subsequent excavations and surveys, particularly by Eric Axelson in the 1950s, located the remains of a number of the padrões. Some of the crosses were fragmentary, but could be identified from their use of Portuguese limestone.
In 1498 Vasco da Gama erected a padrão at Malindi in East Africa before setting across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. This is known today as the Vasco da Gama Pillar and includes the original cross, made from Portuguese limestone.
In 1522 the Portuguese mariner Henrique Leme negotiated a treaty with the Sunda Kingdom and in commemoration he raised a padrão at the kingdom's main port, Sunda Kalapa, now part of Jakarta, Indonesia. The Luso Sundanese padrão was rediscovered in 1918 and is exhibited at the National Museum of Indonesia.
Other notable explorers known to have erected padrões include Pero da Covilhã, Bartolomeu Dias, Goncalo Coelho and Jorge Álvares.
The Lisbon Geographic Society managed to restore in the 20th century three padrões erected by Diogo Cão and one by Bartolomeu Dias.
At the Dias Cross Memorial on the coast of South Africa's Eastern Cape province, there is a padrão replica on a promontory at what is now known as Kwaaihoek; it was placed by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488 to mark the site of his most easterly landfall after becoming the first European navigator to round the Cape of Good Hope. The original padrão was discovered by Eric Axelson in the 1930s – it had fallen, or was pushed, off the top of Kwaaihoek, and was in pieces in the gullies below. Axelson recovered these pieces and was able to reconstruct the stone monument; the reconstructed original now stands in the William Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg.
Notes
Citations
کولکتہ کی لڑائی

کولکتہ کا محاصرہ برطانوی ایسٹ انڈیا کمپنی اور نواب آف بنگال ، سراج الدولہ کے مابین ایک جنگ تھا۔ کلکتہ شہر کو برطانوی کنٹرول سے واپس لینے کے لیے نواب نے یہ جنگ کی۔ فرانسیسیوں کو سات سال کی جنگ سے روکنے کے لیے برطانیہ نے ایک قلعہ تعمیر کرنے سے پیدا ہونے والے تنازع کا نتیجہ تھا۔ انگریز 20 جون کو ہونے والے اس حملے سے بالکل ناواقف تھے اور فورٹ ولیم جلد ہی نواب کے قبضے میں آگیا۔ یہاں بہت سارے جنگی قیدیوں کو بلیک ہول نامی جگہ پر رکھا گیا تھا۔
امبررائے

امبر خرد رائے (پیدائش: 5 جون 1945ء، کولکتہ، بنگال) | (انتقال: 19 ستمبر 1997ء، کولکتہ) ایک بھارتی کرکٹ کھلاڑی تھا جس نے 1969ء میں 4 ٹیسٹ کھیلے۔
اپنی پہلی ٹیسٹ اننگز میں، اکتوبر 1969ء میں رائے نے ناگپور میں نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف 48 رنز بنائے۔ اس اسکور میں دس چوکے شامل تھے۔ اس کے بعد کے میچوں میں اس نے اچھا اسکور نہیں کیا اور دہلی اور کولکتہ میں آسٹریلیا کے خلاف خراب اسکور کے بعد، بعد میں سیزن میں، اسے ڈراپ کر دیا گیا۔ اپنے آخری ٹیسٹ میچ میں، اپنے ہوم گراؤنڈ کولکتہ میں، اس نے 18 اور 19 رنز بنائے۔
ان کا انتقال 19 ستمبر 1997ء کو کولکاتہ میں 52 سال کی عمر میں ہوا۔