davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Scarlet-collared flowerpecker

The scarlet-collared flowerpecker (Dicaeum retrocinctum) is a species of bird in the family Dicaeidae, about 10cm long and is endemic to the Philippines where it found only in the tropical moist lowland forests in Mindoro, usually occurring below 1000m in the canopy and edge of the forest and in open country with scattered trees. Along with the critically endangered Cebu flowerpecker, it is one of the two threatened flowerpeckers in the Philippines and is declining primarily due to habitat loss.
EBird describes the bird as "A small bird of lowland and foothill forest and more open wooded areas on Mindoro, slightly glossy black with a white belly and sides of the chest and with red patches on the throat, upper back, and in a stripe from the center of the chest down the belly. Note the fairly long, thin, slightly curved bill. Similar to Pygmy Flowerpecker, but has a black chest and red patches. Gives a high-pitched, staccato, rather jumbled song." The call is a series of notes similar to striking two stones together plus a high-pitched 'zeet zeet zeet'.
It is closely related to the red-keeled flowerpecker (Dicaeum australe) but has a longer, more slender curved beak.
It is seen feeding on flowering and fruiting trees.
Nests have been found in April. Birds in breeding condition recorded from February to June. Immature birds seen as late as September.
It inhabits tropical moist lowland forest up to 1,000 meters above sea level. It prefers primary forest and secondary forest but has been known to visit cultivations and coconut plantations
IUCN previously assessed this bird as vulnerable with its population being estimated as 6,000 to 15,000 mature individuals. In 2024, it was re-assessed as a Near-threatened species with estimates of 40,000 to 160,000 mature individuals. This increased population estimate and downlisting does not mean that this species is increasing but rather reflects new data that this species occurs in higher densities than originally believed. This species is still declining. Forest loss is a threat especially in its lower altitude limits which are more prone to legal and illegal logging, mining and conversion into farmland.
It occurs on a few protected areas Mt Siburan (Important Bird Area) and Mt. Iglit-baco National Park (which is the stronghold of the Tamaraw)..
Conservation actions proposed include to establish formal, managed protected areas to conserve remnant forest at Malpalon and Puerto Galera. Extend Mt Iglit-Baco National Park to encompass remaining lowland forest tracts. Devise and implement a management plan for the forest at Mt. Siburan with a focus on biodiversity conservation
Mount Calavite

Mount Calavite is a peak located in the island of Mindoro in the Philippines. It measures 1,521 metres (4,990 ft) in elevation and is situated in its namesake headland, Cape Calavite, which forms the northwestern extremity of Mindoro. The mountain overlooks the municipality of Paluan in the south and the Lubang Island group in the Verde Island Passage in the north. It is one of only three areas in the island where Mindoro dwarf buffalos, commonly known as tamaraws, are found.
Mount Calavite is located in an 18,016.19-hectare (44,519.0-acre) protected area known as Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary. It was first declared as a game refuge and bird sanctuary in 1920 to protect the natural habitat of the endemic Mindoro tamaraw. In 1925, the mountain and its adjacent area of FB Harrison village, Paluan was proclaimed a national park. The park's current designation as a wildlife sanctuary dates to 2000.
Other wildlife known to inhabit the park include endemic bird species such as the Mindoro bleeding-heart, Mindoro hornbill, spotted imperial pigeon and scarlet-collared flowerpecker.
Media related to Mount Calavite at Wikimedia Commons
List of baseball nicknames

This is a list of nicknames of Major League Baseball teams and players. It includes a complete list of nicknames of players in the Baseball Hall of Fame, a list of nicknames of current players, nicknames of popular players who have played for each major league team, and lists of nicknames grouped into particular categories (e.g., ethnic nicknames, personality trait nicknames etc.). It also includes a list of nicknames of current Major League teams. Sports journalists, broadcasters and fans commonly refer to teams by a wide variety of nicknames. Many of the names are so established that newspapers routinely use the names in headlines.
An analysis undertaken in 1981 by James Skipper for the Society for American Baseball Research revealed the following as the most common nicknames in the history of baseball to that date.
Other common baseball nicknames not included in the list compiled by James Skipper are:
Njikọ nke African Democratic Socialist Parties

The League of African Democratic Socialist Parties, initially known as the Socialist Inter-African, is a union of democratic socialist political parties in the continent of Africa. It was set up to provide an international forum for moderate socialists in Africa, and proclaimed that "democratic socialism" was the only possible path to African development. It is affiliated to, but not a regional component of, the Socialist International.
Mkpebi ịtọlite ya bụ nke otu ndị African social democrats nke Léopold Sédar Senghor nke Senegal mere na nzukọ Geneva nke 1976 nke Socialist International. N'oge ahụ osote onye isi oche nke SI, e "nyefere" ya ọrụ nke ịmepụta otu mpaghara nke ga-enweghị ebubo nke njikọ ọ bụla na Moscow.
Socialist Inter-African nwere nzukọ mbụ ya na Tunis na Febụwarị 26-28, 1981. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iri na otu si n'ofe kọntinent ahụ bịara. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya bụ Sudanese Socialist Union nke Gaafar Nimeiry. Senghor enweghị ike ịdọta ndị Socialist niile nke kọntinent ahụ; ndị a ma ama gụnyere Zimbabwe na Namibia. Ndị nta akụkọ Soviet kwupụtara na njikọ nke òtù "bourgeois" dị ize ndụ ma na-achọ ohere, nakwa na "a haziri Socialist Inter-African na Western Europe ma mepụta ya na Dakar na Tunis".
Marie Blandine Sawadogo

Marie Blandine Ouédraogo Sawadogo bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu Pan-Africa si na Burkina Faso.
Sawadogo bụ onye otu Nzukọ Omeiwu mba Burkina Faso (National Assembly of Burkina Faso) na-anọchite anya otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Congress for Democracy and Progress. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Pan-African n'afọ 2004.
Sawadogo bụ osote onye isi oche nke òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP) ugbu a, otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị na Burkina Faso. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka onye nhazi nke nzukọ ezumezu.
Idana Asigri

Idana Asigri bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana na onye otu ndị omeiwu mbụ nke mba Ghana nke abụọ na-anọchite anya mpaghara Tempane-Garu n'okpuru ndị otu Progress Party (PP).
Ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu mbụ nke Republic nke obodo nke Ghana na- calaamad anya Tempane-Garu Constituency na mpaghara ike nke Ghana na tiketi nke Progress Party (PP).[1][2] A ọgụ ya na mbụ aka ndị omeiwu Ghana na 1969 maka oge ndị omeiwu nke 1st Parliament nke 2nd Republic of Ghana. nwa omebe iwu egwu na 1 Ọktoba 1969 ma ikike ya mgbe a kwaturu iche Busia na 13 January 1972.
Ọ bụ Onye ụgha. Ọ bụ onye ụdị. Nna ya Maa Ligu Asigri Luut bụ Oga Worikambo otu obodo dị na Tempane - Garu na mpaghara Upper East nke Ghana.
Ibiyinka A. Fuwape

Ibiyinka A. Fuwape (amụrụ na 18 Disemba 1962) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naịjirịa, prọfesọ na physics na onye isi oche nke abụọ nke Mahadum Michael na Cecilia Ibru, mahadum onwe onye na Naijiria.
A mụrụ Ibiyinka Fuwape na Lagos Steeti na Disemba 8, 1962 n'ezinụlọ David Ademokun . malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Reagan Memorial Baptist Girls Primary School, Yaba, Lagos . [1] gara Methodist Girls High School ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ya nke Ordinary, mgbe e mesịrị nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ dị elu site na 1979 ruo 1981 na Queen's College Yaba . [1] gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Ibadan na nzere Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) na Physics. O nwetara nzere Master of Science (M.Sc.) na 1986, [1] na Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) na physics.
Ibiyinka malitere dị ka onye nkuzi na 1989 na Mahadum Federal nke Teknụzụ, Akure, ma bulie ya n'ọkwa Prọfesọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2003. rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba [1] na onye isi nke Ngalaba Physics ruo afọ itoolu. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka Dean, School of Sciences site na 2011 ruo 2015. bụ onye otu Senate nke Mahadum site na 2003 ruo 2017, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka Onye isi oche nke Senate n'oge oge agụmakwụkwọ 2014/2015. meriri ihe nrite Dean of the Year na 2012.
Ibiyinka Fuwape bụ ọkà mmụta nleta na Mahadum Ohio dị na Athens, Ohio, United States (USA) site na 2007-2 O bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a ma ama ma na mpaghara na mba ụwa [1]
Ọ bụ onye otu Abdus Salam Center for Theoretical Physics na Trieste, Ịtali, site na 1996 ruo 2002. Nnyocha na Center lekwasịrị anya na usoro ndị na-abụghị ahịrị. ghọrọ onye isi otu maka International Union of Pure and Applied Physics na-arụ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na physics na 2002 ma ka na-etinye aka na ọrụ nke otu a. 'afọ 2006, ọ ghọrọ onye Schlumberger Fellow, na mmemme nke Schlumbergers Foundation guzobere iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ sayensị na teknụzụ.
Nchọpụta ya ugbu a bụ maka mgbanwe ọgba aghara nke ikuku dị ala.[1]
N'afọ 2018, Fuwape bụ onye natara Marshak Lectureship nke American Physical Society. Okwu na nzukọ nke Society bụ n'isiokwu 'Women in Physics in Nigeria and Other sub-Saharan African Countries: Progress and Challenges'. bụ African Union Kwame Nkrumah Regional Award for Scientific Excellence, mbipụta 2020. [1]
Akpọrọ ya aha onye otu nke American Physical Society na 2022 "ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ nke onye ndu na ọganihu nke ụmụ nwanyị na physics na Nigeria na Africa, yana nnukwu ntinye aka nyocha. nsogbu na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọrụ ugbo, na ego na interface nke physics na ọha mmadụ, si otú ahụ na-erite uru mmepe akụ na ụba na Africa."[1]
Ọ lụrụ Joseph Fuwape, onye bụ osote Chancellor nke Federal University of technology Akure ugbu a.[1]
Noah Schnapp

Noah Cameron Schnapp (amụrụ ya n'October 3, 2004) bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ nwetara nkwado maka igwu Will Byers na usoro egwu egwu sayensị sayensị Netflix Stranger Things . Ọrụ ihe nkiri ya gụnyere Roger Donovan na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Steven Spielberg bụ Bridge of Spies (2015) na olu Charlie Brown na ihe nkiri The Peanuts Movie (2015).
A mụrụ Schnapp na New York City, New York, nye Mitchell na Karine Schnapp (née Perez), a zụlitere ya na mpụga obodo ahụ n'obodo Scarsdale. Schnapp bụ onye Juu ma nwee Bar Mitzvah ya na Israel. O nwere ejima. O nwere nwa amaala Canada; nna ya bụ onye Juu Russia, ebe nne ya bụ onye ndị Juu Moroccan.
Ọchịchọ Schnapp ime ihe malitere mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ ise mgbe ọ kiriri mmepụta Broadway nke Annie. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ime ihe nkiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na egwuregwu obodo. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 8, onye nkuzi ya na-eme ihe nkiri tụrụ aro ka ọ gbalịa ọrụ ọkachamara. Nne na nna Schnapp debanyere aha ya na mmemme ime ihe nkiri na Westchester's Star Kidz na onye nkuzi Alyson Isbrandtsen onye n'oge na-adịghị anya zigara ya na MKS&DNjikwa nkà maka ohere ọrụ.
Ihe nkiri izizi nke Schnapp bụ na ihe nkiri nke afọ 2015 nke nwetara ihe nrite Academy Award Bridge of Spies, nke Steven Spielberg duziri. Ọ na-eme Roger, nwa James B. Donovan. N'otu oge ahụ, Schnapp kwupụtara onye isi, Charlie Brown, na ihe nkiri animated The Peanuts Movie . O kwupụtakwara onye maka egwuregwu vidyo The Peanuts Movie: Snoopy's Grand Adventure .
Ọganihu ya bịara na Julaị 2016, mgbe ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri dị ka Will Byers na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn egwu sayensị Netflix Stranger Things . A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka oge nke abụọ nke usoro ahụ, nke malitere na Ọktoba 27, 2017. Schnapp mekwara ihe nkiri onwe onye dịka Abe (2019) na Waiting for Anya (2020). Ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke Halloween nke afọ 2020 bụ Hubie Halloween . N'ọnwa Eprel 2022, Schnapp sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri The Tutor .
N'afọ 2019, ọ malitere ọwa YouTube n'aha nke ya. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ruo otu afọ na ọkara, o mepụtara vlogs na ụdị ndụ vidiyo. Ka ọ na-erule June 2022, ọwa ahụ nwere nde mmadụ isi ihe anọ debanyere aha ma nweta nkiri mmadu otu narị nde na iri.
N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Schnapp malitere To Be Honest (TBH), ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe oriri.
Templeeti:MTV Movie Award for Best Scared-As-Shit Performance
Barbara DuMetz

Barbara DuMetz (amụrụ n'afọ 1947) bụ onye Amerịka na-ese foto na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọhịa foto azụmahịa. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Los Angeles dị ka onye na-ese foto azụmahịa n'afọ ndị 1970, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole guzobere ma nọgide na-arụ ọrụ na-aga nke ọma n'ọhịa, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka-Amerịka. N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ, "o nyere aka dị ukwuu n'ịgbasa ọdịdị nke ihe oyiyi ndị kọwapụtara ọdịbendị pop na United States".
A maara DuMetz maka ọrụ ya na ndị ama ama Afrịka-Amerịka, ụlọ ọrụ na ihe oyiyi nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na obodo ndị Afrịka-Amerịka. O ritere ihe nrite CEBA atọ na ihe nrite LULU maka foto azụmahịa ya. Ihe ngosi otu gụnyere ọrụ ya na Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles na New York City. Ntụle nke ọrụ ya apụtala na Carl Van Vechten Gallery na Mahadum Fisk n'afọ 2014 na Mahadụ Texas Southern.
A mụrụ DuMetz na Charleston, West Virginia, naanị nwa nwanyị na nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ anọ nke Eustace T. DuMetz, II, DDS na Constance R. (née Brooks). Nna nna ya, Eustace DuMetz, bụ onye na-ese foto n'efu nke rụrụ ọrụ maka Pittsburgh Courier na Charleston Gazette.
Mgbe DuMetz dị afọ ise, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Detroit ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Central High School. Ọ gara Mahadum Fisk dị na Nashville, Tennessee, na-amụ Saịkolojị. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Fisk na 1969, ọ gara Art Center College of Design, nke dị ugbu a na Pasadena, California.
DuMetz abụwo onye na-ese foto ọkachamara ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ. N'oge ọrụ ya, o mepụtara ihe oyiyi ndị nwetara ihe nrite maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gụnyere Burrell Advertising, J. P. Martin Associates na InterNorth Corporation. Foto ya apụtala na akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka-Amerịka gụnyere Black Enterprise, Ebony, Essence, Jet na The Crisis. O were foto azụmahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere The Coca-Cola Company, Delta Air Lines na McDonald's Corporation.
DuMetz na-agba ọsọ ma na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ foto atọ dị iche iche dị na mpaghara Los Angeles ebe ụlọ ahịa ngalaba, ụlọ ọrụ ndekọ, ụlọ ọrụ eserese, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nkiri, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọkachamara azụmaahịa nyere ya nkwekọrịta. DuMetz agbaala foto nke ndị ama ama na ndị na-ese ihe na ndị mmadụ gụnyere Maya Angelou, Ernie Barnes, Bernie Casey, Pam Grier, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Quincy Jones, Samella Lewis, Ed McMahan, Thelonious Monk, Lou Rawls, Della Reese, Richard Roundtree, Betye Saar, Charles Wilbert White, na Nancy Wilson. Ihe ngosi ya The Creators: Photographic Images of Literary, Music and Visual Artists, na Southwest Arts Center na Atlanta, Georgia, n'afọ 2015, gụnyere foto nke ihe karịrị ndị omenkà Afrịka-Amerịka iri abụọ na abụọ ọ sere foto.
Kansụl Mba Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe

National Council on Climate Change bụ ikike a họpụtara maka ịlụso Mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ na mmetụta ya na Naịjirịa. Onye bụbu onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari meghere kansụl ahụ na 2022 iji nyere aka mepụta ụkpụrụ ga-enyere aka inweta akụ na ụba na-adịgide adịgide na Naịjirịa. Ihe mejupụtara Kansụl ahụ gụnyere Onye isi ala nke Federal Republic of Nigeria dị ka Onye isi oche, Onye isi ala dị ka Onye osote Onye isi oche ebe Onye isi nchịkwa nke Kansụl dị ka odeakwụkwọ. N'afọ 2022, Onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari họpụtara Salisu Dahiru dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Council.
Ọdịdị nke National Council of Climate Change gụnyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri sitere na ngalaba na Ministri dị iche iche. Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere:
Ndị otu ndị ọzọ gụnyere, ndị Minista nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi; Ihe onwunwe Mmiri; Ike; Transportation; Mines and Steel Development; Agriculture and Rural Development; Women Affairs and Social Development; Finance, Budget, and National Planning; yana Attorney General of the Federation na Minister of Justice.
Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchịkwa Kenneth Hahn

Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị Kenneth Hahn (nke a na-akpọ HOA ), nke bụbu Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị Los Angeles County, nke emechara 1960, bụ oche nke gọọmentị County nke Los Angeles, California, United States . The oche nwere Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, ụlọ nzukọ, na ọfịs nke ọtụtụ County ngalaba. Ọ dị na mpaghara Civic Centre nke ogbe ndịda Los Angeles, nke gụnyere nnukwu obodo nke Grand, Temple, Hill na Grand Park gbara ya gburugburu.
N'ụbọchị ọrụ, ndị ọrụ obodo 2,700 na-ebi n'ụlọ ahụ.
Emebere Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị na mbụ dị ka akụkụ nke 1947 Civic Center Master Plan nke mechara gbanwee Bunker Hill, ka Civic Center gbasaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụlọ ikpe Los Angeles County (Stanley Mosk Courthouse), nke dị na mpụga Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị, ka e wuru n'otu oge ahụ, site n'otu ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ.
Owuwu maka Ụlọ Nzukọ Alaeze malitere na 1952 wee wuchaa ya na 1960. Tupu e wuo ya, Los Angeles County Hall of Records (nke e wuru na 1911, ma wughachi ya na 1961) nwere ụlọ Board of Supervisors, yana ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mpaghara ndị ọzọ.
N'abalị nke Nọvemba 13, 1968, onye bụbu onye ọrụ nchekwa gburu onye ọrụ nchekwa Lee Edward Roach na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị. Onye ọrụ Roach, nke Ngalaba Mechanical County Los Angeles, nọ na-echekwa akwụkwọ ikike ịkwụ ụgwọ n'okpukpu nke ise nke ụlọ ahụ.
A kpọgharịrị ogige ahụ aha Kenneth Hahn Hall of Administration na 1992, iji sọpụrụ onye nlekọta kacha ogologo oge nke Los Angeles County, Kenneth Hahn .
Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị, nke nwere akụkọ 10, 980,000 square feet (91,000 m mgbagwoju, wuru na Late Modern architecture style. Ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ bụ Paul R. Williams, Adrian Wilson na ụlọ ọrụ Austin, Field & Fry, Stanton &amp; Stockwell mere ihe mgbagwoju anya. Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị na-anọdụ n'elu mgbagwoju nke ọwara ndị ji ụkwụ aga n'okpuru ala nke jikọtara ya na ụlọ gọọmenti ndị ọzọ na Civic Center.
Ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya jikọtara ihe ngosi nka ọha, gụnyere otu ụzọ ọkpụkpụ a na-akpọ "Ndị na-enye iwu," nke Albert Stewart, onye na-ese ihe. N'ọnụ ụlọ nke abụọ nke Abraham Lincoln, nke Emil Seletz kpụrụ akpụ bụ ọla ọla kọpa na 1958.
Nọvemba 13, 1968, onye bụbu onye ọrụ nchekwa gburu onye ọrụ nchekwa Lee Edward Roach na Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọchịchị. Onye ọrụ Roach, nke Ngalaba Mechanical County Los Angeles, nọ na-echekwa akwụkwọ i
Cumulative tale

N'akụkọ mkpokọta, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọkwa akụkọ ifo, omume ma ọ bụ mkparịta ụka na-emeghachi ma na-ewulite n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ka akụkọ ahụ na-aga n'ihu. Na naanị obere nkata, akụkọ ndị a na-adaberekarị na nkwughachi na ụda maka mmetụta ha, ma nwee ike ịchọ onye na-akọ akụkọ nwere nkà ka ọ kparịta ụka na-emegharị ire ha na-emegharị na arụmọrụ.[1]. Ngwucha ahụ na-adị mgbe ụfọdụ ngwa ngwa ma na-atụgharị uche dịka na "Nwoke Gingerbread." Ngwa a na-ejikarị ụdị egwu egwu ma ọ bụ ukwe ụmụaka. Ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpokọta na-egosipụta usoro anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ike okike nke ọ bụla dị ike karịa nke ikpeazụ.
Akụkọ gbasara mkpokọta nwere ogologo pedigree. N'otu Midrash nke ndị Juu oge ochie, nke e weere na ọ dị na narị afọ nke isii AD, a kpọtaara Ebreham n'ihu Eze Nimrọd, onye nyere ya iwu ka ọ fee ọkụ.[1] Abraham zaghachiri na ọ ga-abụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya karị ife mmiri ofufe, bụ́ nke pụrụ imenyụ ọkụ, n'ihi ya kwa, dị ike karị. Mgbe a na-enye echiche a, ọ na-akọwa na ígwé ojii, dị ka ndị na-akwado mmiri, bụ ndị kwesịrị ekwesị ka e fee ofufe, mgbe ahụ na ifufe nke na-achụsasị ha ka dị ike karị. N'ikpeazụ ọ chere Nimrọd ihu na "mmadụ pụrụ iguzogide ifufe ma ọ bụ chebe onwe ya n'azụ mgbidi ụlọ ya" (Jenesis Rabba xxxviii).
E nwere akụkọ yiri nke ahụ, The Mouse Turned into a Maid, na Panchatantra, ebe a na-ewebata nwa agbọghọ na anyanwụ, igwe ojii, ifufe na ugwu. Ọ na-ahọrọ nke ọ bụla n'otu n'otu dị ka nke siri ike karịa nke ikpeazụ, mana n'ikpeazụ, a na-achọpụta òké ka ọ dị ike karịa ọbụna ugwu ahụ, ya mere ọ lụrụ òké ahụ. Akụkọ ndị a, dị ka Japanese The Husband of the Rat's Daughter, na-agbasa n'ọtụtụ ebe.
Na usoro nkewa nke Aarne-Thompson, ụdị 2000-2100 bụ akụkọ niile, gụnyere:
Foundland

Foundland bụ otu nka nke ónyé na-ese ihe na Siria bụ Ghalia Elsrakbi na onye na-eme ihe na South Africa, Lauren Alexander guzobere na 2009 na Amsterdam. Ndị omenkà abụọ ahụ họọrọ aha Foundland n'ihi na ọ na-atụ aro iji ihe ndị a chọtara na nka, mànà ọ bụkwa màkà "ịweghachi". Ìgwè ahụ dị na Cairo na Amsterdam.
A mụrụ Elsrakbi na Damaskọs na 1978 ma biri na Siria ruo n'afọ 2000. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Netherlands ebe ọ gàrà Sandberg Institute na Amsterdam, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2009. N'ebe a ka ọ zutere ónyé na-ese ihe na South Africa, Lauren Alexander, ha abụọ wee mepụta otu nka, Foundland. N'afọ 2007, ọ laghachiri Damaskọs ma na-eleta ya mgbè niile ruo mgbè "ọ ghọrọ ihe dị ize ndụ". O mechara kwaga Cairo n'afọ 2012.
A mụrụ Alexander na Cape Town n'afọ 1983. O nwèrè nzere bachelọ na eserese eserese site na Mahadum Stellenbosch na Masters na Design site na Sandberg Institute.
N'afọ 2015, a gụnyere Foundland na ndepụta màkà Prix de Rome .
Elsrakbi na-eche na ọ dị mkpà ibi na Middle East ka ya na ndị otu nka ya wee nwee ike "ịbụ àkwà mmiri n'etiti ọdịbendị abụọ". Elsrakbi na Foundland malitere ilekwasị ányá na isiokwu ndị metụtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị Arab mgbè nnupụisi Siria nke afọ 2011 gasịrị. Alexander chere na ya na Elsrakbi nwèrè ụzọ yiri nke ahụ màkà nka na isiokwu, nke bụ ihe jikọtara ha.
Ọrụ Foundland na-eji ihe osise na-ese onyinyo agwakọta na eserese, vidiyo na foto. Elsrakbi na Alexander chọtara mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na akụkọ banyéré Middle East, na-eji ndị a mepụta nchekwa data nke ma nka ányá na ozi. Ha na-eme njikọ dabere na ozi ha chọtara ma "mepụta akụkọ ndị ọzọ na akụkọ mgbasa ozi site na imepụta ihe oyiyi ọhụrụ na nkọwa onwé ònyé".
Ini Edo

Iniobong Edo Ekim (listen) (born 23 April 1982) is a veteran Nigerian actress from Akwa Ibom State. Ini Edo began her film career in 2000, and has featured in more than 200 movies since her debut. In 2013, Ini Edo was a judge for the Miss Black Africa UK Pageant and De9jaSpirit Talent Hunt. In 2014, Miss Ini Edo was appointed by the United Nations as a United Nations Habitat Youth Envoy.
Ini Edo is an Ibibio from Akwa Ibom state located in the south-south part of Nigeria. Her mother was a school teacher, and her father was a church elder. Ini Edo had a strict upbringing, the second of four children, three girls, and one boy. She attended Cornelia Connely College in Uyo, Nigeria. She graduated from the University of Uyo where she got a Diploma in Theatre Arts. She also completed her bachelor's degree program at the University of Calabar where she studied English. In 2014, she got a scholarship to study law at the National Open University of Nigeria.
Her acting career started in 2000 with her debut in Thick Madam. Ini Edo was discovered by a producer at the audition she attended. Her breakthrough came in 2004 when she acted in World Apart. She has appeared in over 100 films. She earned a "Best Lead Actress" nomination at the 11th Africa Movie Academy Awards for her performance in the movie "While You Slept"
Ini Edo, however, in 2017, made it clear that only hardwork, delight and dedication can get one to the top in the Nollywood industry as there are many distractions. But she encouraged that with determination, one would get there.
In 2021, she debuted a luxury fashion and cosmetic brand called Secrets Of April, which offers High Fashion Apparel, beauty products and accessories for unique expressions, rich and famous.
She represents the National Democratic Institute (NDI), an NGO that works to improve the efficacy of democratic institutions, as an ambassador.
In 2023, Ini Edo produced ShantyTown, a 2023 Nigerian crime thriller released to Netflix on 20 January 2023.
Ini Edo is among the Judges at De9jaspirit Talent Hunt she has so far anchored the first, second and third seasons.
In 2025 Ini Edo is seen to be a major star in Africa's First and biggest reality tv series on Netflix: "Young, Famous & African". The African show has shown to recently top the chart at #5 in Tv shows as at 4th January 2025.
In 2008, Ini Edo married Philip Ehiagwina an American-based business man. The marriage ended in September 2014 after six years. Ini Edo had her first child, a girl through surrogacy in the year 2021
She is the founder of GEMS (Girls Empowerment Mentorship Scheme) AFRICA an NGO built to support young women in different fields providing mentorship, skills acquisition, and support. Through Gems Africa she has been able to touch the lives of over 10000 African girls across a broad spectrum of industries.
In 2023, she was signed as an ambassador for the Capital Luxury brand.
Ini Edo was appointed as the Special Assistant to the Akwa Ibom State Governor on culture and tourism by Udom Gabriel Emmanuel in 2016.
African Progress Union

The African Progress Union (APU) was founded in London in 1918 as "an Association of Africans from various parts of Africa, the West Indies, British Guiana, Honduras and America, representing advanced African ideas in liberal education". The first president was John Archer. He was succeeded in 1921 by John Alcindor. Others involved as founders included John Eldred Taylor, Thomas Horatio Jackson and Dusé Mohamed Ali.
In 1919, the Union briefly merged with the Society of Peoples of African Origin (SPAO), which had been founded in 1918. A short-term change of name to the Society of African Peoples was followed by the founder of the SPAO, Felix Hercules, becoming Secretary of the Union. Also in 1919 the APU paid for Edward Theophilus Nelson as defence counsel in the Liverpool trial of 15 black men, in the aftermath of racially motivated communal violence.
Alcindor died in 1924; he was succeeded by Kwamina Tandoh. For some years he worked closely with John Barbour-James. The Union's 1925 meeting was attended by Ethel Snowden and Gordon Guggisberg. The APU was active until 1927.
Africa Progress Panel

The Africa Progress Panel (APP) was a Swiss-based foundation that was aimed at changing the policy through analysis, advocacy and diplomacy.
After the Gleneagles G8 Summit in July 2005 and the Commission for Africa Report earlier that year, the Africa Progress Panel was formed through a UK Government initiative. Following the publication of the final report, the Panel reported that it had ceased its operations at the end of 2017.
The panel was chaired by former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, and, during its existence, it consisted of the following members:
Timeline
The Geneva-based secretariat was a non-profit foundation under Swiss law. The Panel's work was supported by a secretariat established in 2008.
The Africa Progress Reports were an annual publication of the Africa Progress Panel.
The 2012 Africa Progress Report was launched in London, United Kingdom, on 8 May 2014 by Kofi Annan, Tidjane Thiam, Bob Geldof, Peter Eigen, and Caroline Kende-Robb. The launch of the 2012 Africa Progress Report was covered by The Wall Street Journal, The Guardian, The Financial Times, and African Business. As part of the launch, Executive Director Caroline Kende-Robb and Panel Member Olusegun Obasanjo were interviewed for the video series This Is Africa.
The 2013 Africa Progress Report was launched at the World Economic Forum on Africa in Cape Town, South Africa, on 8 June 2013 by Kofi Annan, Linah Mohohlo, and Strive Masiyiwa. The 2015 Africa Progress Report was launched in Cape Town, South Africa, on 5 June 2015 by Caroline Kende-Robb, Graça Machel, Linah Mohohlo, and Michel Camdessus.
John Alcindor

John Alcindor (8 or 9 July 1873 – 25 October 1924) was a physician and activist from Trinidad who settled in London. He is known for his role in the African Progress Union, of which he became president in 1921.
Alcindor was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad, where he was educated at Saint Mary's College; after winning one of the four Island Scholarships he went to study medicine at Edinburgh University, Scotland, graduating from there with a medical degree in 1899. He then worked in London hospitals, in Plaistow, Hampstead and Camberwell, going into practice on his own around 1907. At this period he played cricket, as a wicket keeper for London teams. In 1911 he married Minnie Martin, a white British woman.
Refused a place in the Royal Army Medical Corps, Alcindor was awarded a Red Cross medal for his work with the wounded at London rail stations during World War I.
Alcindor served as senior district medical officer of the London borough of Paddington from 1921 until his death. As a medical officer he worked under the Poor Law which meant that he could offer free treatment for poor people in their homes. Alcindor was also the secretary of the Poor Law Medical Officers Association.
He is the great-uncle of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr.).
Alcindor published articles on his research on influenza and tuberculosis. He also wrote about the correlation between cancer and poverty, examining the effects of unhealthy surroundings and poor diet.
Alcindor associated in the late 1890s with the group around Henry Sylvester Williams and his African Association. They were behind the First Pan-African Conference in 1900, which he attended in London, as a delegate from the Afro-West Indian Society. At the conference he met composer Samuel Coleridge‐Taylor and W. E. B. Du Bois with whom he later developed friendships.
Alcindor became the second president of the African Progress Union in 1921, succeeding John Archer.
Alcindor presided on the first day of the 2nd Pan-African Congress in 1921, with Rev. W. H. Jernagin. He spoke at the 3rd Pan-African Congress in 1923.
In July 2014 a blue heritage plaque in Alcindor's honour, organised by the Nubian Jak Community Trust, was unveiled at the site of Alcindor's surgery, which is now the Medical Centre in Harrow Road, Paddington.
Infrastructure in Africa

This article organizes the status of articles about the infrastructure in Africa.
Via Expresso.
Benin's coastal RNIE1 from Cotonou to Nigeria have improved widened divided roadways of various quality.
Part of Ghana's coastal highway is 4 laned, and it consists of a controlled access section called "George W. Bush Highway", as well as the Tema-Accra highway. Part of the Tema-Accra highway is concrete, but the lanes are unmarked. They drive on the right.
The Thika Road is an eight-lane. They drive on the left.
Highway B1 near Highway C28 is 4 lane controlled access.
Nigeria has numerous improved 4-laned roadways, including grade separations for railways. Near and inside cities have partial grade separations with feeder roads. Benin's coastal RNIE1 near the border between Benin and Nigeria is a 4 laned controlled access highway. As it crosses into Nigeria, it becomes the "Lagos-Badagry Express Way". It continues until its terminus east of Apapa road. (Apapa Road is also 4 lane controlled access.) Other roads are:
Although considered Controlled Access, there are several ring roads substituting for grade separations thus are not controlled access. Nigeria drives on the right.
Numbered routes in South Africa
Ethiopia contains double track mixed use electric railways.
The rail in Ghana includes a single track line from Tema to Accra. It serves passenger rail. Parts of the line have railroad crossings, while others travel over or under roads.
Rail transport in South Africa
South Africa includes double track light rail.
Internet throughout Africa is available by Satellite Internet. It costs more than $1,000.00 USD per month.
Infrastructure Consortium for Africa

The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) was launched at the 2005 G8 Gleneagles Summit, with the mission to help improve the lives and economic well-being of African people by supporting and promoting increased infrastructure investment from both public and private sources.
ICA also acts as a platform to increase infrastructure financing, help remove policy and technical barriers, facilitate greater cooperation, and increase knowledge through monitoring, reporting and sharing best practices.
ICA's work in infrastructure covers four sectors—energy, transport, water, and information and communication technology (ICT).
The ICA Water Platform (WP) was established in 2011 and is championed by Germany, which provides financial support and an infrastructure expert to supervise implementation of WP activities. The WP facilitates cooperation and matchmaking between ICA members, key African stakeholders and the private sector, including regular dialogue leading to joint investment activities.
ICA's WP encompasses all aspects of water infrastructure development in Africa, from water provision (e.g., potable water supply, sanitation, irrigation) to water resource management (e.g., storage, dams) and climate change (e.g., adaptation measures).
ICA recognizes that Africa needs transformative regional infrastructure projects if it is to meet its regional integration and trade objectives. To this end, ICA members champion four regional programmes: Horn of Africa Initiative, Eastern & Central Transport Corridors, North-South Corridor and West Africa Power Pool.
ICA also supports the African Union Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), which is setting the framework for priority continental and regional investments in energy, transport, water, and ICT.
ICA members include:
Most recently, ICA enlarged its membership to include all G20 countries (G8 countries, plus Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, European Union, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey).
Membership on the African side is led by the AfDB, while the African Union Commission, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), and Regional Economic Communities participate as observers in ICA meetings.
ICA is supported by a small Secretariat that is funded by voluntary contributions from ICA members, and staffed by a combination of permanent AfDB staff, consultants and experts on secondment from ICA member countries.
ICA is hosted by the AfDB in Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
Felger

Felger (pe Foujera gwezhall) zo ur gumun e departamant Il-ha-Gwilen e Breizh Uhel, tost d'an harzoù gant Normandi ha Maine. Brudet-bras eo he c'hastell.
Roet eo bet al label Kêrioù ha Broioù Arz hag Istor da Felger.
Wiski

Ar wiski zo un evaj, pe died, graet diwar strilhañ heiz kellidet, a-wechoù segal, kerc'h pe maiz.
Tabut a vez etre Iwerzhoniz ha Skosiz da c'houzout gant pehini eus an div bobl eo bet ijinet an died. Graet e vez wiski e SUA, e Kanada, hag e Japan, e Kembre, hag e Breizh ivez.
Peurvuiañ e vez kavet an anv whisky war ar boutailhoù ha n'eus nemet Iwerzhoniz ha Stadunaniz a skriv Whiskey. Met n'eo ket un anv saoznek a orin.
Wiski zo ur ger a zeu eus ar gouezeleg, skrivet uisce beatha en iwerzhoneg, hag uisge-beatha e gouezeleg Bro-Skos, savet diwar uisce/uisge, "dour", ha beatha, "buhez". Neuze eo un droidigezh eus ar gerioù latin aqua vītae, a gaver ivez en akvavit Danmark, un anv meneget adalek ar XIV kantved. Skrivet eo bet iskie bae e 1583 hag usquebea e 1706.
Krediñ a reer e oa deuet an doare d'ober wiski eus broioù ar Mor Kreizdouar gant menec'h eus Iwerzhon bet o pirc'hirinañ dre eno etre ar VI hag ar VII kantved. Gant an Arabed e veze lambiget frondoù ha louzoù c'hwezh vat e Spagn er Grennamzer, hogen lambigañ evaj ne veze ket graet ganto.
Wiski Lagavulin

Wiski Lagavulin, pe Lagavulin Single Malt (e saozneg), zo ur wiski single malt graet e Lagavulin (saoznekadur an anv-lec'h gouezelek Lag a' Mhuilinn "saonenn ar vilin"), ur gêriadennig en Enez Ìle, en Inizi Gall, e Skos.
E 1816 e voe savet pep a strilherezh e Lagavulin gant John Jonston hag Archibald Campbell. Unan anezho, met pehini n'ouzer ket, a deuas da vezañ strilherezh nemetañ Lagavulin.
Brudet eo ar wiski evel unan eus ar re wellañ zo er bed, met anaoudeien zo a gav kenkoulz, pe gwelloc'h, dourennoù al labouradegoù amezek.
Ur wiski blazus, kreñv, ha mogedet eo, hogen c'hwek ouzh ar staon. Kavet e vez Lagavulin 16 vloaz dreist-holl, 43%. A-hend-all ez eus ivez wiski 12 vloaz, ha re 25 ha 30 vloaz. Ur strilhadenn nevez 21 bloaz a ra berzh bremañ.
Graet eo gant ar gompagnunezh White Horse Distillers, perc'hennet gant United Distillers & Vintners, a zo dalc'het gant Diageo plc.
Wiski Ìle

Wiski Ìle zo wiski graet en Enez Ìle, ar greisteisañ eus an Inizi Gall, e kornôg Bro-Skos. 8 strilherezh a yae en-dro e 2012.
Un toullad strilherezhioù zo bet serret en Enez Ìle. Ar vrudetañ eo Port Ellen a zo bet digor etre 1825 ha 1983. Ul labouradeg valtañ zo bepred e Port Ìlein a bourchas heiz kellidet d'ar strilherezhioù hervez o ezhommoù. E miz Meurzh 2007 e voe embannet gant Strilherezh Bruichladdich e vije addigoret strilherezh Port Charlotte hag a oa serr abaoe 1929, hag a oa anavezet ivez evel Strilherezh Lochindaal.
Caol Ila (wiski)

Caol Ila zo anv ur strilherezh e-kichen Port Asgaig en enez Ìle (Islay e saozneg), e Bro-Skos. Brudet eo he wiski single malt Scotch, a zo anvet Caol Ila ivez.
Caol Ila (evit Caol Ìle) zo bet diazezet e 1846 gant Hector Henderson. N'eas ket mat ar stal, gwerzhet e voe e 1854 ha prenet gant Norman Buchanan, perc'henn strilherezh an Isle of Jura Single Malt en enez Diùra.
E 1863 e voe prenet gant Bulloch Lade & Co, eus Glasgow, marc'hadourien wiski. War-dro 1880 e veze graet tremen 147,000 gallon wiski bep bloaz.
E 1920 e voe divodet Bulloch Lade ha savet ar c'h-Caol Ila Distillery Company Ltd. A-benn 1927 e oa dalc'het an darn vrasañ eus lodennoù ar gompagnunezh gant Distillers Company Limited, hag e 1930 eo ar Scottish Malt Distillers Ltd a brenas an holl lodennoù. Serret e voe ar stal adalek 1941 betek 1945, abalamour ma oa berr an heiz gant al lambigerien e-pad ar brezel.
Perc'hennet eo hiziv gant Diageo, ur gompagnunezh vras hag a zo perc'henn ivez war stalioù wiski eus ar re wellañ (Talisker), en enez zoken (Lagavulin), ha war stalioù bier en Iwerzhon (Guinness, Smithwicks, Harp).
Caol Ila zo unan eus ar skañvañ wiskioù aozet en enezenn: sklaer eo al liv, skañv eo blaz an taouarc'h, kreñvoc'hik hini ar bleuñv hag ar pebr.
Caol Ila an hini a vez implijet ivez da aozañ ar meskajoù Johnnie Walker ha Black Bottle.
Buckwheat whisky

Buckwheat whisky is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the Brittany region of France and in the United States. Soba shōchū is a similar but weaker beverage produced in Japan. Liquor produced from the distillation of buckwheat honey is also sometimes sold as buckwheat whisky or whiskey, though technically this is a type of distilled mead.
Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds. Despite the name, buckwheat is not related to wheat and is in fact related to sorrel and rhubarb. It is a type of pseudocereal, being a non-grass used in much the same way as a true cereal. Over a million acres of buckwheat were harvested in the United States in 1918, but its cultivation declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer, which increased the productivity of other crop staples.
The production of buckwheat whisky is comparable to the production of malt whisky, except that all or most of the barley is replaced with buckwheat. Buckwheat malt is produced by soaking the grains in water to allow them to germinate. Once the shoots appear, the buckwheat is dried, a process that causes enzymes in the buckwheat to convert the starch into fermentable sugars. The malt is ground in a mill and mixed with hot water to produce a sugary liquid. Yeast is added to cause fermentation of the sugars into alcohol, which is then distilled at least once to produce a colorless spirit. The spirit is then put into oak casks to mature.
Distillerie des Menhirs is a family-owned business in the village of Plomelin in Brittany, France. In 1998, the Le Lay family started producing the world's first pure buckwheat whisky, named Eddu Silver. "Eddu" means "buckwheat" in the local Breton language. Eddu Silver is produced from a double distillation process in a pot heated by a direct flame and is aged in French oak casks. It is described as having floral scents of rose and heather, fruity touches of honey and marmalade, and spicy notes of nutmeg. Distillerie des Menhirs now produces a range of buckwheat whiskies, including Eddu Gold and Eddu Grey Rock.
Catskill Distilling Company of Bethel, New York, is owned by distiller Monte Sachs, who uses water from the nearby Catskill Mountains to make its whisky. The company's buckwheat whisky is produced with 80% buckwheat.
Heston Farm's Pinchgut Hollow Distillery is located in the town of Fairmont, West Virginia. The distillery has a heritage that dates back to Prohibition and uses traditional recipes that have been handed down for generations.
Malt whisky

Malt whisky is whisky made from a fermented mash consisting of malted barley. If the product is made exclusively at a single distillery (along with other restrictions), it is typically called a single malt whisky. Although malt whisky can be made using other malted grains besides barley, those types are not called malt whisky without specifying the grain, such as rye malt whisky or buckwheat malt whisky.
The exact definitions of "malt whisky" and "single malt whisky" and the restrictions governing their production vary according to regulations established by different jurisdictions for marketing whisky. For example, Scotch whisky regulations require malt whisky to be made in pot stills using water and malted barley without the addition of any other grains or cereals, and the whisky must be aged for at least three years in oak casks. The use of new barrels is not required. Caramel coloring can be added, but no other additives are allowed.
Irish whiskey regulations are almost identical to Scotch regulations. Malt whiskey must be distilled in a pot still from a mash of 100 % malted barley, which may be peated or unpeated in character, although unpeated malt is typically used. All Irish whiskeys must be matured for at least three years in wooden casks (which may have been previously used) and must contain a minimum of 40 % alcohol by volume, with caramel coloring as the only allowed additive. Single pot still whiskey, while also being primarily made from malted barley, is not called malt whisky because it contains unmalted barley. It is considered a separate category under Irish regulations.
In the United States Code of Federal Regulations, the Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits define a "malt whisky" as a whisky produced at an alcohol by volume (ABV) level not exceeding 80 % from a fermented mash of not less than 51 % malted barley grain that is stored for aging in charred new oak containers at less than 62.5 % ABV. If such a whisky has been aged for at least two years, contains no added coloring and flavoring, and has not been blended with neutral spirits or other types of whisky, the adjective "straight" can be applied, as in straight malt whisky. A blended whisky that contains at least 51 % straight malt whisky may be labelled as blended malt whisky or malt whiskey – a blend.
Canadian whisky regulations allow the addition of flavoring agents as well as caramel coloring. There is no maximum limit on the alcohol level of the distillation or aging for Canadian whisky, so the distillate may be close to neutral before aging. Like the regulations for the aging of Irish and Scotch whisky, the aging requirement for Canadian whisky is three years, and the use of new barrels is not required.
Buckwheat tea

Buckwheat tea, known as memil-cha (메밀차) in Korea, soba-cha (そば茶) in Japan, and kuqiao-cha (苦荞茶; 苦蕎茶) in China, is a tea made from roasted buckwheat. Like other traditional Korean teas, memil-cha can be drunk either warm or cold and is sometimes served in place of water. Recently, tartari buckwheat grown in Gangwon Province is popular for making memil-cha, as it is nuttier and contains more rutin.
Buckwheat is husked, cooked, and dried then pan-fried without oil. For one part of buckwheat, ten parts of water are used. 5–10 millilitres (0.18–0.35 imp fl oz; 0.17–0.34 US fl oz) of roasted buckwheat is added to 90 °C (194 °F) water and infused for 2–4 minutes.
Kaszanka

Kaszanka is a traditional blood sausage in Central and Eastern European cuisine. It is made of a mixture of pig's blood, pork offal (commonly liver), and buckwheat (kasha) or barley stuffed in a pig intestine. It is usually flavored with onion, black pepper, and marjoram.
The dish likely originates in Germany or Denmark.
Kaszanka may be eaten cold, but traditionally it is either grilled or fried with onions and then served with potato and sauerkraut.
Rumex scutatus

Rumex scutatus (syn. Rumex alpestris) is a plant in the buckwheat family, used as a culinary herb. Its common names include French sorrel, buckler sorrel, shield-leaf sorrel, and sometimes the culinary name "green-sauce".
As a culinary herb, it is used in salads, soups, and sauces (especially for fish). French sorrel tastes tart from its oxalic acid content, with a hint of lemon. Later in the season, it can be bitter.
French sorrel is hardy in most regions, tolerating frost, full sun and short dry spells. It grows quickly to a clump up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, with long leaves up to 10 cm (4 in) wide. It is sometimes preferred for culinary uses to Rumex acetosa, garden sorrel.
Chacarero

El chacarero es un plato típico de la gastronomía chilena, consistente en un sándwich compuesto por ají verde picado, lonjas de carne, porotos verdes cocidos fríos, tomates en rodajas. La mayonesa es opcional, la receta original no la incluye. Es una receta característica de la comida urbana de Santiago. En el siglo XXI se ha comenzado a vender en ciudades del este de los Estados Unidos.​
La carne se fríe a la plancha y se sirve caliente. Se le agregan los ingredientes vegetales, primero el tomate en rodajas, luego el poroto verde, encima el ají verde y por último la mayonesa, que puede ser opcional. La distinción de este sándwich frente a los demás a base de churrasco son los porotos verdes y el ají picado que se le agrega.
La mezcla de porotos verdes y carnes le agrega vitaminas a las proteínas y carbohidratos presentes en el pan y la carne, y la poca materia grasa es algo que ayuda a su masificación, principalmente en una época que busca comidas más sanas.
Sándwich de pollo

El sándwich de pollo​ o emparedado de pollo es una variedad de comida rápida que consiste en pechuga de pollo deshuesada y sin piel, sobre un bollo de hamburguesa, acompañado de condimentos y guarniciones.
La pechuga de pollo puede prepararse de dos formas, empanizada y frita, o asada y aderezada con salsa barbacoa, o marinada en teriyaki. El complemento habitual es la mayonesa, pero también se usan la mostaza, la salsa de barbecue y el chile chipotle (ocasionalmente también es posible emplear kétchup). Las guarniciones más usadas son la lechuga y el tomate.​​
Algunos restaurantes acostumbran añadir panceta o quesos (como queso americano, Cheddar o Provolone). El sándwich de pollo es una de las bases de la comida rápida, en particular en Estados Unidos, compitiendo con el sándwich de atún y las hamburguesas. Puede realizarse con diferentes tipos de pan y servirse como sub o como wrap.​
La cadena de restaurantes Chick-fil-A, reclama haber sido el primer restaurante en servir un sándwich de pollo.​ Ellos lo sirven solamente con pepinillos y pechuga de pollo frita.
En Canadá, Australia e Irlanda se conoce a este sándwich, como hamburguesa de pollo.
En Chile se le conoce como ave y puede tener variaciones a saber:
La cadena de restaurantes McDonald's lo comercializa bajo el nombre de McPollo (McChicken) y consiste en pechuga de pollo aglutinada en forma de filete tipo hamburguesa con sólo guarnición de lechuga y mayonesa.
As (gastronomía)

El as es un tipo de sándwich de la gastronomía chilena, muy similar al completo.
Consiste básicamente en un pan lengua o pan de completo, el cual en lugar de la típica salchicha vienesa se rellena con carne picada de vacuno tipo churrasco (frita o asada a la plancha o a la parrilla) aun cuando se le colocan los ingredientes típicos de los completos, teniendo así las diversas variedades, a saber:
Se pueden acompañar con otros aderezos a gusto de cada comensal: pebre, salsa de ají, ketchup, mostaza, salsa BBQ, etc.
Cuando la carne de vacuno se sustituye por lomo de cerdo preparado de la misma forma se le conoce como as de lomito y si se prepara con filetes de pechuga de pollo se llama as de ave.