davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Bahía Inglesa (Chile)

Bahía Inglesa es una playa de Chile ubicada en la Región de Atacama, a muy corta distancia del puerto de Caldera (3,7 km) y a 76 km de Copiapó, Se caracteriza por sus blancas arenas (conchilla) y aguas turquesas.
Debe su nombre a la visita que hiciera el corsario inglés Edward Davis en su nave Bachelor en 1687, pasando a ser conocida como «Puerto del Inglés».
Destaca por sus arenas blancas, su clima templado y sus aguas particularmente cristalinas, además de contar con toda la infraestructura necesaria para albergar a turistas y visitantes. Existen instalaciones de camping, hoteles, restaurantes y casas de veraneo.​
Sus playas están consideradas entre las mejores del país.​ Algunas de ellas son La Piscina, Las Machas, Blanca y El Chuncho.​ El lugar además goza de un clima templado todo el año.
Además en este lugar existe uno de los yacimientos fósiles más importantes de Chile,​ en el que destacan numerosos restos de vertebrados marinos cuya data de antigüedad se estima entre 16 millones de años y 1,7 millones de años lo que correspondería a las época geológicas del mioceno y plioceno.​ Entre los fósiles más importantes encontrados en el lugar se encuentra un ejemplar de Pelagornis chilensis, un ave marina de más de cinco metros de envergadura alar.​
Hace una década se celebra en las playas de este balneario el Festival Internacional de Gastronomía Bahía Inglesa "Cocinas del Pacífico", que busca conectar la gastronomía de los países de la costa del Pacífico. En la versión 2025, la undécima del festival, China, Japón, República de Corea, Tailandia, Ecuador y Perú fueron los países invitados.​
Montaña rusa sin suelo

Montaña rusa sin suelo es un tipo de montaña rusa cuyos trenes están reducidos a la mínima expresión: asientos y ruedas. Los asientos vienen a ser muy parecidos a los de una invertida, solo que sujetos por la parte inferior a los raíles, que se sitúan debajo de la vía.
Está desarrollada por Bolliger & Mabillard, y su principal aliciente es la mayor sensación de velocidad que da el hecho de no tener dónde apoyar los pies, y que se puede ver el suelo a muchos metros de altura cuando se va por partes altas del recorrido.
En cuanto a recorrido, suelen ser similares a muchas sit-down, y su seguridad suele ser un arnés que cubre todo el tronco.
Cespitosa

Se denomina cespitosa a una planta o hierba menuda y tupida que cubre el suelo formando un césped. Se trata de especies gramíneas o graminoides. Sus brotes crecen muy pegados unos de otros y de forma continua. Pueden llegar a cubrir (encespedar) extensiones de terreno más o menos grandes.​
Las plantas cespitosas poseen un aspecto de cojín ramificado, originado en la base. Son comunes en los pastos cespitosos (familia Poaceae). Se ramifican densamente por macollo intravaginal.​​
Tiene un buen sistema radical (fuerte y profuso), rizo matosa, de tallos finos e internodios cortos, con hojas finas y cortas de color verde fuerte. La palabra también se aplica a ciertos hongos que crecen en grupos numerosos.​
Farmasi Arena

El Jeunesse Arena (antes denominado HSBC Arena), es un estadio de interior de usos múltiples, situado dentro del Complejo Deportivo Ciudad de los Deportes ubicado en el Autódromo Internacional Nelson Piquet, en la región de Barra da Tijuca, en Río de Janeiro, Brasil. El estadio tiene una capacidad de 14 981 personas para los deportes y hasta 18.768 para conciertos.
La arena se completó en julio de 2007 para albergar las competiciones de baloncesto y gimnasia artística de los Juegos Panamericanos. Se usó en los Juegos Olímpicos de 2016 para las pruebas de gimnasia y en los Juegos Paralímpicos de 2016 para las pruebas de baloncesto en silla de ruedas.
La arena albergado partidos de baloncesto de la NBA en 2013 y 2014, al igual que la Copa Intercontinental FIBA 2014. Asimismo, ha albergado los combates de artes marciales mixtas UFC 134 en 2011, UFC 142 y UFC 153 en 2012, UFC 163 en 2013, y UFC 190 en 2015.
La arena ha albergado conciertos musicales de Queen + Paul Rodgers en 2008, Demi Lovato en 2010, Miley Cyrus en 2011, y Iron Maiden en 2011. Allí se realiza la teletón Criança Esperança desde 2008.
Entre diciembre de 2007 y marzo de 2008, fue conocido como RioArena. El banco HSBC fue patrocinador titular hasta 2016. La marca de cosméticos Jeunesse es patrocinador titular desde 2017.
En los Juegos Panamericanos y Juegos Olímpicos se denominaba Arena Olímpica do Rio (Arena Olímpica de Río), volviendo a ser conocido así otra vez durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Río de Janeiro 2016 debido a que no se permite el uso de patrocinadores en el nombre de las sedes olímpicas. También es conocido como Arena Multiuso de Río (en portugués Arena Multiuso do Rio).
Cerca de él se encuentra el Parque Acuático María Lenk y en el Velódromo Olímpico de Río.
Manchester Arena

El Manchester Arena, actualmente conocido como AO Arena por razones de patrocinio, es un estadio cubierto ubicado en Mánchester, Inglaterra (Reino Unido). El estadio tiene la capacidad de asientos más alta de cualquier lugar cubierto en el Reino Unido y el segundo más grande de Europa con una capacidad de 21 000 espectadores.
Fue inaugurado en 1995, y fue patrocinado inicialmente por NYNEX CableComms (un proveedor de televisión por cable británico, que forma parte de la Corporación NYNEX, un proveedor de servicio telefónico en los Estados Unidos) como NYNEX Arena. El estadio tomó su nombre actual en 1998 después de que la marca NYNEX desapareciera como resultado de una fusión con Cable & Wireless Communications en 1997.
El M.E.N. Arena es uno de los estadios interiores más concurridos del mundo. El estadio fue construido para coincidir con la candidatura de Mánchester para albergar los Juegos Olímpicos en 1996 y 2000 (que ganaron Atlanta 1996 y Sídney 2000). Finalmente se utilizó en los Juegos de la Mancomunidad de 2002 para los eventos de boxeo y netball.
Allí se realizaron los combates de artes marciales mixtas UFC 70, UFC 105 y UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Muñoz. En 2011 se realizó un partido de baloncesto femenino entre Atlanta Dream de la WNBA y la selección británica, en tanto que en 2012 jugaron las selecciones masculinas de Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido.
El M.E.N. Arena fue uno de los primeros estadios interiores en Europa que se construyera siguiendo el diseño de escenario deportivo tradicional de Norteamérica con 360° de asientos, y es el único terreno en todo el Reino Unido que posee esta característica (el O2 Arena de Londres también cuenta con 360° de asientos, pero solo en su nivel más bajo, mientras que el MEN Arena lo tiene en ambos niveles). Otros lugares de Europa de pista cubierta construida para el mismo concepto son el Lanxess Arena en Colonia, el Arena Zagreb de Zagreb, Spaladium Arena de Split, el Kombank Arena de Belgrado, el O2 Arena de Praga, Mercedes-Benz Arena de Berlín y el O2 de Londres.
El 22 de mayo de 2017, al finalizar el concierto de Ariana Grande en el Manchester Arena, hubo dos explosiones alrededor de las 22:35 hora de verano británica (UTC+1),​ causando al menos 22 muertos​ y 60 heridos.​
El 14 de junio de 2017, se confirmó que la arena permanecería cerrada hasta septiembre, con los conciertos programados cancelados o trasladados a otros lugares.​ El 9 de septiembre de 2017, la arena volvió a abrir con un concierto benéfico con Noel Gallagher y otros actos asociados con el Noroeste.​ Esto fue transmitido en vivo por BBC Radio Manchester, Key 103 y Radio X.​
Marco Grimalt

Marco Alfonso Grimalt Krogh (born 11 July 1989) is a beach volleyball player representing the Chilean national volleyball team. He has participated in the Pan American Games in 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023, as well as the South American Games in 2010 and 2014. He represented Chile at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Teaming up with his cousin Esteban Grimalt, he clinched the gold medal at the 2019 Pan American Games and was honored with the National Sports Award in 2022.
Grimalt was born in Queilén, Chiloé, but grew up in Linares, Maule Region. His passion for volleyball developed early, influenced by his father and several relatives who played the sport. Alongside his cousin Esteban Grimalt, they began dedicating themselves to beach volleyball in 2006, primarily during the Chilean summers due to the country's climate.
After their participation in the 2010 South American Games in Colombia, where they secured a bronze medal, the Chilean Association of Olympic Athletes approved a project that allowed them to focus on beach volleyball year-round.
In the 2011 Pan American Games held in Guadalajara, Mexico, the Grimalt duo fell short of reaching the quarterfinals, with one win and two losses. The following year, they clinched the gold medal in the inaugural Bolivarian Beach Games in Lima, Peru. In 2012, they also claimed gold in the South American Beach Volleyball Circuit held in Santa Fe, Argentina.
In 2014, Marco Grimalt and Esteban Grimalt participated in the 2014 South American Games in Santiago, Chile, earning a silver medal after losing in the final to the Brazilian team of Alison Conte and Bruno Oscar de Almeida.
At the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, they finished in fourth place. At the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, they won the gold medal by defeating the Mexican duo of Rodolfo Ontiveros and Juan Virgen in the final.
At the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, the Grimalt duo was defeated in the round of 16 by Konstantin Semenov and Ilya Leshukov, who represented the Russian Olympic Committee.
At the 2022 South American Games in Asunción, the Grimalts won the gold medal by defeating the Argentine duo of Nicolás and Tomás Capogrosso.
Volleyball at the 2024 Summer Olympics

The volleyball tournaments at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris were held from 27 July to 11 August 2024. 24 volleyball teams and 48 beach volleyball teams participated in the tournament. Indoor volleyball competitions occurred at Paris Expo Porte de Versailles with the beach volleyball tournament staged at the Eiffel Tower Stadium in Champ de Mars.
This was the first time in the history of the Olympic volleyball competition, each team participating in the Games was entitled to include one non-competing (AP) athlete to replace an athlete for medical reasons. As such, team rosters increased from 12 to 13 athletes. However, only 12 were considered as part of the team.
* Host nation (France)
On 6 April 2022, Fédération Internationale de Volleyball welcomed the International Olympic Committee's decision to approve several changes to the Olympic volleyball program and its qualification system, particularly on the rules of the allocation of the quota places for Paris 2024. Twelve teams per gender will participate in the indoor volleyball tournament. As the host nation, France, the reigning men's champions, reserves a direct spot each for both the men's and women's teams.
The remainder of the twelve-team field per gender must endure a dual qualification pathway to secure the quota places for Paris 2024. First, the winners and runners-up from each of the three Olympic qualification tournaments will qualify directly for the Games. Second, the last five berths will be attributed to the eligible NOCs based on the FIVB world rankings by June 2024 while observing the universality principle, that is, prioritizing those from the continents without a qualified team yet in the Paris 2024 tournament.
Twenty-four teams per gender will participate in the beach volleyball tournament with a maximum of two per NOC. As the host nation, France reserves the direct spot for both the men's and women's beach volleyball teams.
The remainder of the twenty-four team field must endure a tripartite qualification pathway to obtain a ticket for Paris 2024, abiding by the universality principle and respecting the two-team NOC limit. The initial spot will be directly awarded to the men's and women's winners, respectively, from the 2023 FIVB World Championships, scheduled for 6 to 15 October in Tlaxcala, Mexico, with the seventeen highest-ranked eligible pairs joining them in the field through the FIVB Olympic ranking list (based on the twelve best performances achieved as a pair) between 1 January 2023 and 10 June 2024. The final five spots will be attributed to the eligible NOCs from each of the five continental qualification tournaments (Africa – CAVB; Asia and Oceania – AVC; Europe – CEV; North America, Central America, and the Caribbean – NORCECA; and South America – CSV).
Nomad rover

The Nomad rover is an uncrewed vehicle designed as a test for such a vehicle to ride on other planets.
From June 15 to July 31 of 1997 on a mission, Carnegie Mellon University deployed the robotic rover Nomad to traverse the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. Nomad traveled an unprecedented 215 km in 45 days, remotely controlled and driven from both the Kamin Science Center in Pittsburgh, PA, and the Intelligent Mechanisms Group laboratory at Ames Research Center (ARC). This NASA-funded research program tested technologies critical to planetary exploration and enabled scientists to perform remote geological experiments. The total cost of developing Nomad and conducting the desert trek was $1.6 million.
Nomad was operated entirely under remote control from the U.S., including telepresence and autonomous guidance with simulated 4- to 15-minute time delays such as those that would be encountered on missions to Mars. 20 of the 215 km it travelled were done under autonomous control. The distance was travelled in 45 days.
Nomad is about the size of a small car and has a mass of 550 kg. To maneuver through rough terrain, the robot has four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering with a chassis that expands to improve stability and travel over various terrain conditions. Four aluminum wheels with cleats provide traction in soft sand. For this terrestrial experiment, power was supplied by a gasoline generator that enabled the robot to travel at speeds up to about one mile per hour. Nomad employed a panospheric camera, a high-resolution video camera that focuses up into a hemispheric mirror similar to a store security mirror. The video view includes all of the ground up to the horizon in the circle surrounding Nomad. The robot also had three pairs of conventional stereo cameras and a laser rangefinder for 3D visualization.
Today, Nomad is on display at the Museo del Desierto de Atacama (Atacama Desert Museum) in Antofagasta, Chile.
B-A-B-Y

"B-A-B-Y" is a 1966 song written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter. The song was first recorded in 1966 by Carla Thomas. Her version was released as the opening track of her album Carla, and as a single by Stax Records.
In the US, the single reached no. 14 on the US pop chart, no. 3 on the R&B chart, and no. 10 in Canada.
The song was featured in the 2017 film Baby Driver and was included on its soundtrack.
Window of the World (Changsha)

The Window of the World is a theme park located in Changsha, Hunan, China. It has about 50 reproductions of some of the most famous tourist attractions in the world squeezed into 40 hectares.
The Window of the World was founded in 1997 by Hunan Dianguang Media co., LTD, Overseas Chinese Town Limited and China Travel Service (Hong Kong). As of 30 June 2016 Overseas Chinese Town Limited owned 25% stake.
Inmortal (La Oreja de Van Gogh song)

"Inmortal" is the second single from the fifth studio album A las cinco en el Astoria by the Spanish pop/rock group La Oreja de Van Gogh. It was confirmed to be the second single by the group on 16 October. It was officially released on early November.
The videoclip was filmed in Valparaíso, Chile. It begins with Leire singing under a colourful house with a red umbrella. Later the other members of the band appears with black umbrellas, and they start to play the song together. At the end of the video they appear on a Pacific beach with their umbrellas again. It's a very naive video that shows beautiful places of Chile.
It was released on 24 November 2008.
Sharp sand

Sharp sand, also known as grit sand or river sand and as builders' sand, concrete sand, or ASTM C33 when medium or coarse grain, is a gritty sand used in concrete and potting soil mixes or to loosen clay soil as well as for building projects. It is not cleaned or smoothed to the extent recreational play sand is. It is useful for drainage. It is an angular grained sand. It was used in the production of brass. It is now used in the building trade. Sand and gravel ridges known as eskers are a frequently used source.
Transhumance in Ethiopia

In the crop growing season, transhumance is practised on a broad scale in the northern Ethiopian highlands, as farmland and its stubble can no longer be accessed by livestock.
Transhumance may be defined as “the practice of herd movements that are seasonal, occurring between two points, following very precise routes and repeated each year”. It is an adaptation to temporal and spatial variability in climatic conditions. It is commonly practised by sedentary populations and should not be confused with pastoralism. Transhumance is part of an agricultural system that combines permanent arable agriculture with the seasonal movement of livestock.
Unlike in the Mediterranean region, in the mountains of North Ethiopia, transhumant livestock movements are over distances of less than 20 km. Contact is kept daily with the village. If a village has no access to nearby pasture grounds, the farmers will organise transhumance to a distant place during the crop growing period in the rainy season. Hence, livestock nearby crops is avoided, the grass of village pastures can grow and is saved for later in the season. Transhumance is organised for the cattle; goats and sheep may join. Children (boys) remain with the livestock overnight. The cattle keepers bring the livestock to the best grasslands and water it daily. Evenings, a few adult men, on rotational basis, join the herd and supervise the safety at night of the livestock and the children; they also bring food. In addition, the shepherds drink cow milk. Milk production is relatively high during transhumance due to the availability and plentiful and good forage in the grazing grounds. Excess milk is taken daily to the homesteads for butter preparation. The destination zone of the transhumance is locally called ‘’berekha’’, a term that typically refers to a place that is remote from villages and with a good vegetation cover.
During the cropping season the lands around the villages are not accessible for grazing. Livestock owners have three alternatives:
If the grazing lands are far from the village, deep in the gorge, livestock will stay there overnight (transhumance) with children and a few adults keeping them.
In the rainy season, the destination zones have much better fodder and water, when compared to the lands nearby the villages. Large amounts of fodder are available as the areas extensive and with low population density. An additional good reason for transhumance to grazing grounds in deep gorges is that the soils are sandy and shallow there, and temperature is higher, so that the herbaceous vegetation has only good stands during the rains.
As transhumance takes place in summer, during school holidays, the transhumance does not affect schooling. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional ‘’qarsa’’ game. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing ground. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.
Miss Ethiopia

Miss Ethiopia is a national beauty pageant in Ethiopia.
The Miss Ethiopia began in 1963. There were two editions during the period and it finally rerun as the Miss Ethiopia pageant in 1988 under the Ethio American Entertainment Inc. Currently, the Miss Ethiopia pageant is owned by Murad Mohammed.
The chairman of Miss Ethiopia, Murad Mohammed, is the director of Ethiopian Village Adventure Playground, which claims ownership of Miss Ethiopia, and has frequently announced that the Miss Ethiopia queens would participate in international pageants like Miss International, Miss Earth, Miss Progress, etc. despite not owning a franchise for the pageants. Much of the judging is not done publicly, so the general population is not able to follow the process from start to finish, or see the final event taking place.
Melkam Michael Endale, who was crowned Miss Ethiopia 2010, was later appointed Miss World Ethiopia in 2012 without taking part in a contest for the purpose of attending Miss World 2012. She failed to attend the event. She was also listed as Ethiopia's representative to Miss Intercontinental Pageant 2012, but once again did not show.
The latest version of the pageant is seen to lack transparency, due to the fact that the winner is suddenly announced without a proper contest being held, girls are put in a studio with sashes proclaiming them to be finalist, but the public are not able to follow the process from start to finish, or see the actual final event taking place.
In several years past the runner up has simply been appointed Miss Ethiopia by Murad Mohammed and Ethiopian Village Adventure Playground for the purpose of attending Miss World for example. Melkam Michael Endale who was crowned Miss Ethiopia 2010 for example, who never got her promised car or 100,000 ETBirr, was simply appointed as Miss World Ethiopia in 2012, without taking part in a contest for the purpose of attending Miss World 2012
Murad Mohammed, the director of Ethiopian Village Adventure Playground, who claims to be the latest owner of Miss Ethiopia, has been accused of repeatedly advertising bogus prizes for his version of Miss Ethiopia, such as 100,000 Et Birr, US$6250 prize, a house, Modelling contract in New York, participation in several international pageants, awarding of 60,000 Et birr US$3750 Diamond rings, none of which can be verified as having been ever awarded.
Who Do You Think You Are (Candlewick Green song)

"Who Do You Think You Are" is a song written by British songwriting-team Des Dyer and Clive Scott. It was first recorded by English pop group Candlewick Green and released in late December 1973. The song peaked at #21 in the United Kingdom in February 1974.
The single had been released in the United States on BASF 19193.
Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods covered "Who Do You Think You Are" in 1974. Their version became a hit in both the United States and Canada. It peaked at #15 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #13 on Cash Box. It was a bigger hit in Canada, where it reached #11. It was also an Adult Contemporary hit in both nations.
British indie dance/indie pop band Saint Etienne released an alternative dance-pop arrangement of "Who Do You Think You Are" on their first compilation album, You Need a Mess of Help to Stand Alone (1993). This version featured Debsey Wykes as co-lead vocalist, sometime backing singing for the band and former singer of Dolly Mixture. It peaked at number 23 on the UK Singles Chart as a double A-side with "Hobart Paving".
Stewart Mason from AllMusic felt that "Who Do You Think You Are" is "one of St. Etienne's most groove-oriented tunes." Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "English modern-pop act delves into Bo Donaldson & the Heywoods' pop evergreen with fanciful, disco-minded results. Singer Debsey offers a soft, sugar-coated vocal with a pleasant, cushiony house groove resting beneath." He added, "Far more interesting and effective than the group's previous releases." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton found that it's "a completely new track, a superbly crafted bit of pop which should be Top 10 if there is any justice in the world. We shall see." Taylor Parkes from Melody Maker declared it as "tuppeny-ha' penny Seventies bubblegum dipped in class and delivered deadpan". Damon Albarn and Alex James of Blur reviewed the song for Smash Hits, naming it Best New Single and giving it five out of five. Albarn said, "I like the idea of this. I think they are getting a lot better. I think this is their most complete song. I think the radio will almost certainly play this and it will easily be a Top 20 hit. It's wonderful shopping mall music. It's shopping mall music with attitude. That's what it is."
A music video was produced to promote the single. It was later made available on YouTube in May 2012.
All tracks written and composed by Dyer and Scott; except where indicated.
Nkole people

The Nkole people, also known as the Banyankole, are a Bantu ethnic group native to the Ankole region of Uganda. They are primarily found in the southwestern part of the country, in what was historically known as the Ankole Kingdom. The Banyankole are known for their rich cultural heritage and traditional cattle-keeping practices. They are closely related to other Bantu peoples of the region, namely the Nyoro, Kiga, Toro and Hema people.
The Banyankole are part of the larger Bantu-speaking peoples who migrated from Central and West Africa to the Great Lakes region of East Africa over a millennium ago.
Archaeological evidence and oral traditions suggest that the Banyankole settled in the Ankole region between the 10th and 15th centuries. Their early history is characterized by the establishment of the Ankole Kingdom, a centralized monarchy that played a significant role in the region's politics and culture.
The Banyankole speak Runyankole, a Bantu language closely related to other languages in the region such as Rukiga, Runyoro, and Rutooro. Runyankole serves as a vital part of the these people's identity used in everyday communication and cultural ceremonies and it is widely spoken in southwestern part of the country.
Traditional Banyankole society is divided into two main social classes: the Bahima and the Bairu. The Bahima are primarily cattle herders, known for their long-horned Ankole cattle, while the Bairu are primarily agriculturalists. This division has historically influenced social roles and interactions within Banyankole communities.
The Banyankole tribe in Uganda is predominantly Christian, with a significant majority of its members practicing Christianity. The Banyankole people are primarily adherents of the Roman Catholic and Anglican (Church of Uganda) denominations. According to the 2002 Census of Uganda 52.6% of Banyankole are Anglican and 34.8% are Roman Catholic. A minority at 5.2% are Muslim and 4.6% Pentecostal.
There are several names they are referred to as. These include the following ones: Ankole, Ankori, Banyankole, Banyankore, Nkoles, Nkore, Nyankole, Nyankore, Ouanyankori, Runyankole, Runyankore, Uluyankole, Uluyankore.
Toutswemogala Hill

Toutswemogala Hill lies 6.5 km West of the North-South Highway in the Central District of Botswana. It is situated about 50 km north of the village of Palapye. Toutswemogala is an elongated flat-topped hill, geologically called a mesa, rising about 50 meters above the surrounding flat mopane veld. It is an Iron Age settlement, which has been occupied on two occasions. The radio-carbon dates for this settlement range from 7th to late 19th century AD indicating occupation of more than one thousand years. The hill was part of the formation of early states in Southern Africa with cattle keeping as major source of economy. This was supplemented by goats, sheep and foraging as well as hunting of wild animals. The remaining features of Toutswe settlement include house-floors, large heaps of vitrified cow-dung and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone wall. There are large traits of centaurs ciliaris, a type of grass which has come to be associated with cattle-keeping settlements in South, Central Africa.
Around 700 A.D., the Zhizo people moved westward to Toutswe in Botswana after being displaced from the Limpopo-Shashi Basin by the Leopard's Kopje people, and began an agricultural and pastoral land tenure system based on sorghum and millet, and domesticated stock, respectively. Some scholars believe their relations to have been hostile, however others insist they were more complex, both socially and politically.
The site was situated in the center of a broader cultural area in Eastern Botswana and shares many commonalities with other archaeological sites of this region, in both ceramic production styles and also timeframes inhabited. Large structures were observed that contained vitrified remains of animal dung, leading to the theory that these were animal enclosures and that Toutswemogala Hill was thus a major center of animal husbandry in the region. However, agriculture also played a vital role in the longevity of Toutswemogala Hill's extended occupation, as many grain storage structures have also been found on the site. Many different stratified layers of housing floors further signal continuous occupation over hundreds of years.
Skeletal remains of 84 individuals from Toutswe tradition sites are used to assess the palaeodemographic characteristics of the communities. The analysis includes estimation of age and sex. The data are used to construct a life table, which is then compared to data from K2 and Mapungubwe. The results indicate a high infant mortality and a low life expectancy at birth. However, by comparison to K2 and Mapungubwe communities, the Toutswe people appear to have had better survival chances. The palaeodemographic characteristics of these communities are typical of pre-industrialized communities throughout the world. The representativeness of the sample is discussed.
22°13′57″S 27°11′57″E﻿ / ﻿22.23250°S 27.19917°E﻿ / -22.23250; 27.19917
List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes

Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series, airing on the E! network. Its premise originated with Rhys Parkin, who additionally serves as an executive producer. The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian, along with Kylie and Kendall Jenner.
It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast from the fourth season onwards, though he rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé. Along in season seven, Kanye West became a recurring cast member after entering into a relationship with Kim. West later developed a more prominent role from season 16 onwards. In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's ex-wife, Leah became recurring cast members. Blac Chyna appeared as a recurring cast member throughout season 12 whilst engaged to Rob.
The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait, Kocktails with Khloé, Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, Life of Kylie and Flip It Like Disick.
Эзнээ хошуу

Эзнээ хошуу (монголоор eǰen-e qosiɣu; хятадаар 额济纳旗 Éjìnà Qí) — БНХАУ-ын Өвөр Монголын ӨЗО-ы Алшаа аймагт харьяалагддаг хошуу.
Эзнээ хошуу Өвөр Монголдоо хамгийн том 114.6 км² талбай бүхий, дунджаар д.т.дээш 1000 метрт өргөгдсөн говь цөлийн нутагтай. 2000 онд Эзнээ хошууны хүн амын тоо 22,326 гэж тоологдсоны олонх нь Хятад үндэстэн, цөөнхөөс 4,891 нь Монгол үндэстэн байжээ. Эндхийн монголчуудын цөм нь Торгууд ястан.
Эзнээ хошууны төв Далайхөв балгас Хөх хотоос 1398 км, аймгийн төв Баянхот балгасаас 640 км зайд төвлөсөн байна. Хошуунд Гашуун нуур, Сов нуур гэх аймагтаа томд тооцогдох хоёр нуур байдаг ба тэдгээрт Морин гол, Их гол гэх ширгэдэг голууд цутгана. Баруун урд талаас нутгийн төвөөр Эзнээ гол урсдаг.
Эзнээ хошуу БНХАУ-г төлөөлж Монгол улстай (Өмнөговийн баруун урд тал, Баянхонгорын урд тал, Говь-Алтайн зүүн урд тал) 507 км газар хил залгадаг. Монгол улстай нэвтрэлцэх Цэх боомт (эсрэг талд Шивээхүрэн боомт) гэж бий.
Квебек

Кэбэк (Франц хэл: Québec мөн Күэбэк гэж дууддаг) - Төв Канадын муж юм. Кэбэк нь Канадын франц хэлт хүн ам нь олонхи байдаг тул франц хэл нь мужийн түвшинд албан ёсны хэл болох цорын ганц муж юм. Францын уламжлалын бусад элемент, тухайлбал иргэний эрх зүйн тогтолцоо Кэбэкт хүчтэй хэвээр байдаг.
Мужийн улс төрд Кэбэкийн үндэсний үзэл том үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг бөгөөд мужийн гурван гол улс төрийн нам Кэбэкийн өөртөө засах эрхийг улам өргөжүүлж, Кэбэкчүүдийг тусдаа үндэстэн гэж хүлээн зөвшөөрүүлэхийг эрмэлздэг. Кэбэкийн бүрэн эрхт байдлын хөдөлгөөний засгийн газрууд 1980, 1995 онд Кэбэкийн тусгаар тогтнолын талаар бүх нийтийн санал асуулга явуулж байсан бөгөөд Канадын Нийтийн Танхим "Кэбэкуаг (Québécois) Канадын доторхи үндэстэн" гэж хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн Кэбэкуа үндэстний саналыг баталжээ.
Кэбэк нь нутаг дэвсгэрийн хэмжээгээр Канадын хамгийн том муж бөгөөд хоёрдахь том засаг захиргааны нэгж юм. Зөвхөн Нунавут л Кэбэкээс том билээ. Тус муж нь баруун талаараа Онтарио муж, Жэймс булан, Хадсон булангаар, хойд талаараа Хадсон хоолой, Унгава булангаар, зүүн талаараа Сент Лоренсийн булан, Ньюфаундленд ба Лабрадор, Нью-Брансвик мужуудаар тус тус хүрээлэгдсэн. Кэбэк өмнө талаараа АНУ-ын Мэн, Нью-Хэмпшир, Вермонт, Нью-Йорк муж улсуудтай хил залгадаг. Түүнчлэн Нунавут, Принс Эдвардын Арал, Нова Скотиатай далайгаар хиллэдэг.
Кэбэк нь хүн амаар Онтариогийн дараа хоёрт ордог. Оршин суугчдын ихэнх нь тус мужийн хамгийн том хот болох Монреал хот болон нийслэл Кэбэк хотын хооронд Гэгээн Лоренсийн голын ойр орчмын хотуудад суудаг. Англи хэлтэй иргэд болон англи хэлээр үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг байгууллагууд Монреальд төвлөрдөг боловч Утауаис, зүүн хотууд болон Гаспе хойгийн бүс нутгаар англи хэлтнүүд бас байдаг. Мужийн төв ба хойд хэсэгт хүн ам сийрүү, гол төлөв уугуул иргэд амьдардаг.
Кэбэк байгалийн баялаг ихтэй бөгөөд энэ нь тус мужийн эдийн засгийн гол тулгуур болдгоос гадна агаар, сансрын салбар, мэдээлэл, харилцаа холбооны технологи, биотехнологи, эмийн үйлдвэрлэл зэрэг мэдлэгийн салбарууд тэргүүлэх үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг.
Жадамбын Баваасан

Жадамбын Баваасан (1899-1924) нь Монголын хувьсгальч, төрийн зүтгэлтэн байв.
1922 онд Монгол Ардын Намын Төв Хорооны Улс Төрийн Товчоо байгуулагдаж, 2-р сард анхны хурлаа хийхэд Элбэгдорж Ринчино гишүүнээр сонгогдсон бөгөөд түүнтэй хамт сонгогдсон бусад гишүүд тодорхойгүй. Харин 1923 оны 2-р сард Улс Төрийн Товчооны 5 гишүүн нь Солийн Данзан, Баваасан, Ажвагийн Данзан, Балингийн Цэрэндорж, Элбэгдорж Ринчино нар байв. Тэр үед УТТ-ны 5 гишүүн, 5 орлогч гишүүн, мөн Намын Төв Хорооны 10 гишүүн, 10 орлогч гишүүн, нийт 30 хүн Монгол Ардын Намын дээд удирдлагад байжээ
Баваасан 1923-24 онд Засгийн газрын нарийн бичгийн дарга, 1922-1924 онд Бошгыг Халах Залуучуудын Эвлэлийн Төв Хорооны ерөнхий нарийн бичгийн даргаар ажиллаж байгаад МАН-ын 3-р их хурлын үеэр Солийн Данзангийн хэрэгт холбогдож, 1924 оны 8 сарын 30-ны шөнө хамтдаа цаазлуулсан.
Албан ёсны хэлнүүдийн жагсаалт

Албан ёсны хэлнүүдийн жагсаалт (байгууллагаар) гэсэн сэдвийг үзэх.
Энэ хэсэгт одоогоор 111 хэл бүртгэгдсэн байна.
Aзер:
Албани:
Амхар:
Англи (Англи хэл нь албан ёсны хэл бүхий улс орнуудын жагсаалтаас дэлгэрүүлж үзэх):
Араб:
Армени:
Ассамесе:
Африк:
Aямара:
Баск:
Беларусь:
Бенгал:
Бирм:
Бислам:
Босни:
Болгар:
Венда:
Вьетнам:
Уэльс:
Хаити Креол:
Герман:
Грек:
Гуарани
Гүжарат:
Гүрж:
Дани
Дари:
Нидерланд:
Дхивехи:
Жүүд:
Зонгха:
Зулу:
Исланд:
Индонез:
Ирланд
Испани:
Итали:
Казахстан:
Каннада:
Каталан:
Kaшмир:
Киргиз хэл:
Ксхоса:
Курд хэл:
Кхмер:
Кечуа
Лао:
Латин:
Латви:
Литва:
Люксембург:
Македон:
Малага:
Малай:
Малайлам:
Малти:
Маори:
Марати:
Молдав
Монгол
Ндебеле:
Непал:
Шинэ Зеланд Сайгн хэл:
Умард Сото:
Норвеги:
Ория:
Орос:
Пашто:
Перс:
Польш:
Португал:
Панжаби:
Румын:
Rhaeto-Romansh:
Санскрит:
Серби:
Синдхи:
Синхала:
Словак
Словени:
Солонгос:
Сомали:
Сото:
Свахили:
Свати:
Taйвань:
Taжик:
Taмил:
Телүгү:
Тэтум:
Tай:
Ток Писин:
Цонга:
Тсвана:
Tурк:
Туркмен:
Украин:
Унгар:
Урду:
Узбек:
Фижи
Филиппин:
Финн:
Франц (see also List of countries where Франц is an албан ёсны хэл):
Frisian:
Хинди
Хири Моту:
Хорват
Хятад
Чех:
Швед:
Эстони:
Япон:
Африк тивд:
E-Mongolia

E-Mongolia is a digital platform introduced by the Government of Mongolia to improve access to public services. Launched in October 2020, the e-governance platform allows citizens to access government services online.
The e-Mongolia platform and associated app was launched with the aim of streamlining public service delivery, reducing bureaucracy and decreasing duplication of effort between government organizations. By May 2024, the platform offered over 1.8 million active users 1,200 services for 86 organizations. E-Mongolia 3.0 was introduced in May 2023 to increase accessibility for individuals with disabilities, simplify business registration processes, and incorporate notary services. In May 2024, the platform updated to version 4.0 to utilise AI-based smart features.
In August 2021, the Mongolian Cabinet approved the establishment of e-Mongolia Academy under the Communication and Information Technology Authority to advance artificial intelligence development, innovation trials, and digital literacy training for public servants and citizens. In July 2023, What3Words announced a partnership with the e-Mongolia Academy to incorporate their technology into the e-Mongolia platform with the aim of enhancing emergency response and incident reporting capabilities for citizens and local councils.
The e-Mongolia Academy also worked to further the e-Mongolia app, by developing the associated e-Business platform, which was launched by the Government in April 2023. E-Business aims to expedite the process of establishing a business in Mongolia. As of April 2024, over 6,000 businesses had been created via the platform, providing over 118,000 services to users.
Cabinet Secretariat of Government of Mongolia

The Cabinet Secretariat of Government of Mongolia (Mongolian: Монгол УлсынЗасгийн газрын Хэрэг эрхлэх газар) is the office of the Government of Mongolia. In its current form, the Cabinet Secretariat was established in 1992 through reorganization of the Secretariat of Government of the Mongolian People's Republic. It is a continuation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, one of the first five ministries of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia, established in 1911.
The Cabinet Secretariat is in charge of processing and implementing Government decisions, provide assistance in regulating state central administrative and local administrative bodies, prepare and submit subject matter received for consideration at the Cabinet meeting, publish Government decisions, dispatch Government decisions to the organizations and officials in charge of implementation, and monitor their performance, receive proposals, petitions and complaints by citizens and organizations addressed to the Government and respond to them.
The Cabinet Secretariat is organised into the following departments and divisions:
Administratively, belongs to the Cabinet Secretariat but reports to the Prime minister:
Administratively, belongs to the Cabinet Secretariat but reports to the Deputy Prime minister:
Vision 2050 (Mongolia)

Vision 2050 is a government program launched by the Government of Mongolia which aims to improve social development, economic growth, and quality of life in the country. It was ratified by the Mongolian Parliament on May 13 2020.
The Vision 2050 policy is divided into three separate stages: 2021–2030, 2031–2040, and 2041–2050, and is centered around nine objectives relating to:
In August 2023, the Government of Mongolia and Google announced a partnership provide 20,000 Chromebooks to Mongolian schools. The partnership looks to help modernize existing devices and offer educational certifications and scholarships in the country. Google also committed to installing ChromeOS Flex onto existing Macs and PCs in Mongolian schools, and provide 1,000 scholarships for Google Career Certificates.
In October 2020, the Government of Mongolia introduced its e-governance platform E-Mongolia which provides over 1,200 services from 86 separate organizations. The associated app had over 1.7 million users, as of November 2024.
Aero Mongolia

Aero Mongolia is one of the three national airlines of Mongolia. Its head office is on the fourth floor of Monnis Building in Ulaanbaatar. It operates international scheduled services to Tokyo, Japan; Seoul, Korea; Hohhot, China; and Hanoi, Vietnam. Its main base is Chinggis Khaan International Airport.
The airline was established in 2001 and operated its first domestic flight on 25 May 2003. As of December 2024, it employs over 200 staff members and operates scheduled flights to four international destinations, including Seoul, Tokyo, Hohhot, and Hanoi. It also provides charter flights to Jeju, Yangyang (South Korea), Phu Quoc, Da Nang, and Nha Trang. As of 2024, the airline utilizes a modern fleet of two Airbus A319 aircraft.
As part of its fleet modernization plan, it retired its Fokker 50 and Fokker 100 aircraft in 2018, followed by the retirement of two Embraer ERJ 145 aircraft in 2023. After merging with the Monnis Group in June 2007, Aero Mongolia undertook significant measures to strengthen its management, stabilize its financial position, and enhance flight safety. These efforts have supported the airline's continued growth and expansion into new markets."
As of July 2024, Aero Mongolia operated the following services:
The Aero Mongolia fleet consists of the following aircraft (as of December 2024):
The airline fleet previously included the following aircraft:
SKYMILES is the frequent-flyer program of Aero Mongolia. "SKYMILES" also refers to the bonus card which Aero Mongolia's frequent flyers are given. The program enables passengers to collect 10 tugriks (MNT) from each km they fly. Savings will be automatically calculated (based on flight distance) and collected to passenger’s bonus card. Passengers can make use of their savings whenever they want.
On 31 October 2007, Mongolian aviation authorities suspended Aero Mongolia flights after the airline failed safety checks. In the first quarter of 2008, Aero Mongolia received the license to fly on domestic routes.
The airline's operations were suspended from January to May 2009 due to the Mongolian Civil Aviation's doubt of flight safety.
On 30 March 2012, Aero Mongolia Fokker 50 aircraft Reg. JU-8257, during takeoff roll in Oyutolgoi Airport, skidded off the runway and the right engine propeller was damaged due to colliding with the side runway lights. The aircraft was written off due to severe damage. There were no fatalities and no injuries.
E-Governance Academy

e-Governance Academy (eGA, Estonian: E-riigi Akadeemia Sihtasutus) is a non-profit foundation that assists public sector institutions worldwide in digital transformation. The organization was founded in 2002, by a joint initiative of the Government of Estonia, Open Society Institute (OSI), and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
eGA is an advisory observer to the Secure Identity Alliance (SIA), member of the Estonian Roundtable for Development Cooperation and partner of the Global Forum on Cyber Expertise (GFCE).
The foundation is governed by the Supervisory Board that includes researchers, top-level managers, and senior officials of Estonia and the European Union: Siim Raie, Paul Timmers, Andre Krull, Margus Kolga, and Toomas Hendrik Ilves, the fourth President of Estonia (2006-2016).
eGA’s team includes former senior Estonian government decision-makers who have taken part in the creation of e-Estonia: Linnar Viik, Hannes Astok, Arvo Ott, Uuno Vallner, Liia Hänni.
So far, eGA has provided assistance and consultations to more than 130 countries around the world, including Ukraine, Benin, Mongolia, Sierra Leone, Barbados, the Cayman Islands, Guyana, the Faroe Islands, India, etc. Partnering with the Australia’s Cyber Cooperation Programme and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, the e-Governance Academy assessed the digital transformation capabilities and resources of the Pacific Islands. Together with the International and Ibero-American Foundation for Administration and Public Policie (FIIAP), it supports digital transformation in Ukraine and its harmonisation with the EU Digital Single Market.
The organisation has assisted the implementation of the Estonian origin secured data exchange platform X-Road in Benin, Faroe Islands, Palestine, Kyrgyzstan, and Ukraine.
Trainings on e-democracy and cyber security have been provided for government officials in Ukraine and Moldova.
A joint venture with Mitsubishi UFJ Research and Consulting Co., Ltd (MURC) was established to provide digital transformation services for governments in Japan and the Asian region.
eGA created and maintains the National Cyber Security Index (NCSI). Ranking more than 160 countries, it is a detailed cyber security assessment tool, that has also been listed among the International Good Cyber Stories.
The e-Governance Conference is an annual event that brings together digital transformation makers and experts from developing countries around the world.
The handbook “e-Estonia: e-Governance in Practice” covers the main aspects of creating and managing digital society. The handbook “e-Estonia: e-Governance in Practice” became a bestselling book in Japan.
eGA has published a review on the state of e-democracy and cyber security of the Eastern Partnership countries, analyzed and evaluated the current state of e-governance in African countries and compiled recommendations to develop the e-government in Australia.
Puente de Boyacá

El puente de Boyacá es un monumento declarado Patrimonio Cultural de la Nación ubicado en el Campo de Boyacá, en el Distrito Histórico y Cultural de Tunja en el municipio de Ventaquemada, departamento de Boyacá, en el centro de Colombia.​​​
Está situado sobre la cordillera Oriental de los Andes colombianos, a unos metros de la Ruta Nacional 50, 8 kilómetros al suroeste de la zona urbana de Tunja, en un valle atravesado por el río Teatinos.
Numerosos monumentos se han erigido en los alrededores para conmemorar la histórica victoria de los independentistas en la batalla de Boyacá el 7 de agosto de 1819, con la que se obtuvo la independencia de Colombia.​ El puente fue construido a principios del siglo XVIII y declarado monumento nacional de la independencia desde 1920.​
En el sector del puente de Boyacá se conservan los siguientes monumentos:
La parroquia San Miguel Arcángel Puente de Boyacá fue inaugurada el día 8 de diciembre de 1963. El actual párroco es el padre Carlos Arturo Rodríguez.
En el sector está presente la Institución Educativa Panamericano Puente Boyacá con cuatro sedes:
Escudo de Boyacá

El Escudo de Boyacá es el principal emblema y uno de los símbolos oficiales del departamento colombiano de Boyacá.​ Fue creado en 1986, año en el cual el gobernador Álvaro González Santana le hiciera un encargo al académico Gustavo Mateus Cortés para que diseñara el escudo de armas del departamento. El entonces gobernador presentó a la Duma departamental el proyecto de ordenanza que contenía la propuesta del escudo del departamento de Boyacá, sobre la base de la propuesta que en 1870 se pretendía implementar para el Estado Soberano de Boyacá por su presidente Felipe Pérez. El escudo oficial del departamento fue aprobado por la Ordenanza N.º 53 del 5 de diciembre de 1986.​​
El blasón tiene forma circular o redonda, llevando en su centro la imagen del lugar histórico más importante de su capital Tunja, el Puente de Boyacá en cuyos alrededores se sitúan tres toldas de campaña; atrás de este se ubica el perfil de la cordillera oriental, sobre la cual se alza un sol naciente. Las colinas representan a aquellas en donde se libró la batalla de Boyacá, y el sol, el astro rey que iluminó el triunfo. Como timbre del escudo se encuentra una corona muisca de oro, símbolo del pasado indígena del departamento, la cual era utilizada por ésta cultura precolombina para divinizar a los poseedores del poder.
Enmarca el escudo un águila de San Juan con alas abiertas, cola baja esparcida y garras, la cual mira al lado diestro del escudo y que era usada por España como símbolo de poder supremo a partir de los Reyes Católicos; su significado simbólico, como decoración del escudo, representa la parte española del origen étnico de los habitantes del departamento.​
En la parte inferior del blasón y entrelazada en las patas del águila, se ubica una cinta ondeante en oro con la inscripción en negro "Independencia - 7 de agosto de 1819", fecha de la decisiva batalla de Boyacá, la cual le dio independencia a Colombia.