davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush

"Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush" (also titled "Mulberry Bush" or "This Is the Way") is an English nursery rhyme and singing game. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7882. It uses the tune which Nancy Dawson danced into fame in The Beggar's Opera in mid-1700s London. The same tune is also used for "Lazy Mary, Will You Get Up" and "Nuts in May". A variant is used for "The Wheels on the Bus".
The most common modern version of the rhyme is:
Other versions of the song tend to say "so early in the morning" or just "early in the morning" in place of "on a cold and frosty morning". The verse "This is the way we go to school" is used sometimes.
The rhyme was first recorded by James Orchard Halliwell as an English children's game in the mid-nineteenth century. He noted that there was a similar game with the lyrics "Here we go round the bramble bush". The bramble bush may be an earlier version, possibly changed because of the difficulty of the alliteration, since mulberries do not grow on bushes.
Halliwell said subsequent verses included: "This is the way we wash our clothes", "This is the way we dry our clothes", "This is the way we mend our shoes", "This is the way the gentlemen walk" and "This is the way the ladies walk".
The song and the associated game are traditional, and have parallels in Scandinavia and in the Netherlands (the bush is a juniper in Scandinavia).
Local historian R. S. Duncan suggests that the song originated with female prisoners at HMP Wakefield. A sprig was taken from Hatfeild Hall (Normanton Golf Club) in Stanley, Wakefield, and grew into a fully mature mulberry tree around which prisoners exercised in the moonlight. The mulberry tree died during 2017 and was cut down and removed on 19 May 2019. Cuttings were taken during the 1980s and have grown into mature trees. Further cuttings taken from these trees will be replanted at HMP Wakefield to replace the mulberry tree.
The Christmas carol, "As I Sat on a Sunny Bank", collected by Cecil Sharp in Worcestershire, has a very similar melody; as does the related "I Saw Three Ships."
Another possible interpretation of the rhyme is that it references Britain's struggles to produce silk, mulberry trees being a key habitat for the cultivation of silkworms. As Bill Bryson explains, Britain in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries tried to emulate the success of the Chinese in silk production but the industry was held back by periodic harsh winters and mulberry trees proved too sensitive to frost to thrive. The traditional lyrics "Here we go round the mulberry bush / On a cold and frosty morning" may therefore be a joke about the problems faced by the industry.
The simple game involves holding hands in a circle and moving around to the first verse, which is alternated with the specific verse, where the players break up to imitate various appropriate actions.
A variant of this rhyme is "Nuts in May", sharing the tune as well as the traditional closing line "On a cold and frosty morning".
The Rattlin' Bog

"The Rattlin' Bog" is an Irish folk song. It is a version of an internationally distributed folk song type. In the Roud Folk Song Index it has the number 129, and carries such titles as "The Everlasting Circle", "The Tree on the Hill", "The Green Grass Grew All Around", and "Down in the Lowlands", as well as "The Rattlin' Bog", The adjective rattlin' means "splendid" in the context of this song. It is a cumulative song, similar to "The Twelve Days of Christmas", as it has a list at the end of each verse which grows throughout the piece. The Roud index lists 180 versions collected from oral tradition in English, and the song has analogues in French, Italian and German as well. Since it is a folk song, it has been transmitted over generations orally and aurally so many versions coexist and it may be impossible and even nonsensical to seek a single authoritative version of the song's lyrics. The earliest version appears to be "March to the Battlefield" in "Riley's Flute Melodies" published by Edward Riley (1769 - 1829). In 1877, water-colour painter and folk-song collector Miss Marianne Harriet Mason (1845 -1932) published a version called "Green Grass Grows all Around" in "Nursery Rhymes and Country Songs".
During a performance, it is typical for the song to increase in speed with each additional verse, almost as a challenge to determine who can sing the lyrics the fastest without getting mixed up.
Some performances have one singer leading the song, singing the "Now on that..." lines solo. The whole group then joins in for the cumulative list and chorus. In some live performances, the audience sings along for as long as they can keep up, with most only singing the chorus by the end of the song.
Many variations exist where additional verses are added or exchanged to suit the locale where the song is performed. North American folk group The Idlers customarily sing about a bird inside an egg inside another bird that is in the nest, while others have a bird in the egg in the nest. Additionally, the group added a rash on the flea as a final verse. County Durham folk singer Ed Pickford added further verses going as far as an amoeba, in the process creating a popular drinking game as players try to keep up. Seamus Kennedy added even further by following an amoeba with a paramecium, followed by a virus, and finally a subatomic particle. Irish Singer Philip Noone took the song in a different direction completely by giving the chick a cigarette and ending with the smoke coming from the cigarette.
The song can be sung as an echo, where each line is sung by a lead and then repeated by others.
One version of the final line+refrain is:
Each phrase is sung to the same two-note melody.
Dáithí Ó hÓgáin

Dáithí Ó hÓgáin (13 June 1949 – 11 December 2011) was an Irish writer, poet and professor of Irish folklore at University College Dublin. Born in County Limerick, he wrote extensively in both the English and Irish languages.
Dáithí Ó hÓgáin was born in Bruff, County Limerick, on 13 June 1949, a son of former jockey Davy Hogan and Mary (née Tyrell).
He obtained a BA in Modern Languages (Irish, English) History and Philosophy, then an MA in 1971 in the Irish Language Irish at the University College Dublin, followed by a PhD in Folklore in 1976. His doctoral thesis at UCD, overseen by Bo Almqvist was later republished as An File in 1983. Its theme was the lore on how poets received the gift of poetry, and the supernatural powers poetry could manifest according to folk tradition. Before obtaining his doctorate, he had an 18-month stint as a radio journalist at the Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ).
While at the department, he gained acquaintance with three important scholars in the field, Seán Ó Súilleabháin, Caoimhín Ó Danachair and Séamus Ó Duilearga, the founding father of Irish folklore scholarship. He also served as rector of An Cumann Gaelach while at UCD.
Dáithí Ó hÓgáin wrote many books, including six poetry collections and one in English, and three short story collections, eight research books, and numerous research articles on literature, folklore, history and etymology, in scholarly journals and in encyclopaedias. One notable effort was the massive tome, Myth, Legend and Romance - an Encyclopaedia of the Irish Folk Tradition (1990), later reissued under the title The Lore of Ireland: an Encyclopaedia of Myth, Legend and Romance (2006), covering a wide range of folkloric material, from ancient times into the modern.
He was instrumental in drafting UNESCO's recommendations on the protection of world folklore in 1987, and was co-founder of the European Center for Traditional Culture in Budapest in 1994. He rose from associate professor to professor at the Folklore Department at UCD, but was forced into early retirement in 2009 due to failing health.
He lectured and read his poetry throughout Ireland and other countries: England, Comre, Scotland, France, Monaco, Belgium, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Russia, Hungary and Iceland. He is well known as a radio and television broadcaster, and has produced four radio dramas.
Karuk

The Karuk people (Karok: káruk va'áraaras) are an indigenous people of California, and the Karuk Tribe is one of the largest tribes in California. Karuks are also enrolled in two other federally recognized tribes, the Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria and the Quartz Valley Indian Community.
Happy Camp, California, is located in the heart of the Karuk Tribe's ancestral territory, which extends along the Klamath River from Bluff Creek (near the community of Orleans in Humboldt County) through Siskiyou County and into Southern Oregon.
The name "káruk ," also spelled "Karok," means "upriver", or "upstream", whereas the word "yúruk" means "downriver". Thus, the term "káruk va’áraaras" refers to Karuk people, literally meaning "upriver people", whereas the exonym of the Yurok people in English, is derived from Karuk language term "yúrukvâaras", meaning "downriver people.
Historically, "káruk va’áraaras" referred to any people from upriver of a reference point or person speaking. Traditionally, Karuk people referred to themselves as "ithivthanéen’aachip va’áraaras", meaning "middle of the world people".
Karuk people are called Chum-ne in the neighboring Tolowa language.
The Karuk people speak the Karuk language, a language isolate. The tribe has an active language revitalization program.
Estimates for the population sizes of most Native groups before European arrival in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber proposed a population for the Karuk of 1,500 in 1770. Sherburne F. Cook initially estimated it as 2,000, later raising this figure to 2,700. In 1910, Kroeber reported the surviving population of the Karuk as 800.
According to the 2010 census, there were 6,115 Karuk individuals.
Since time immemorial, the Karuk resided in villages along the Klamath River, where they continue such cultural traditions as hunting, gathering, fishing, basketmaking and ceremonial dances. The Karuk were one among several California tribes to sow and harvest tobacco plants. The Brush Dance, Jump Dance and Pikyavish ceremonies last for several days and are practiced to heal and "fix the world," to pray for plentiful acorns, deer and salmon, and to restore social goodwill as well as individual good luck.
The Karuk developed sophisticated usage of plants and animals for their subsistence. These practices not only consisted of food harvesting from nature, but also the use of plant and animal materials as tools, clothing and pharmaceuticals. The Karuk cultivated a form of tobacco, and used fronds of the Coastal woodfern as anti-microbial agents in the process of preparing eels for food consumption.
Rich Neck Farm

Rich Neck Farm, also known as Richneck Plantation, was a historic home and farm located near Surry, Surry County, Virginia. The house was built about 1802, and was a 11⁄2-story, five-bay, double pile, central-hall plan brick dwelling in a pre-Georgian style. It had a gambrel roof with dormers and sat on a high basement. Long connected with the Ruffins, one of the prominent families of Southside Virginia, Rich Neck possessed a collection of buildings which were among the best preserved and most noteworthy of their type in the region. Original sashes, most of the doors, hinges (many with their leather washers), locks, and other hardware remained. The Ruffin family figured in Virginia's social and intellectual history throughout the colonial and early national periods. Its most notable member was Edmund Ruffin, an ardent secessionist and agricultural pioneer who is considered to be the father of agronomy. Research indicates Rich Neck remained in the Ruffin family until 1865. The house long stood vacant and in a state of disrepair. In 2011 Preservation Virginia listed Rich Neck Farm as one of the most endangered historic sites in Virginia. The house was destroyed by fire in 2012.
Also on the property are two contributing granaries, a smokehouse, office, an outhouse, a well house, and a chicken house.
Rich Neck Farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
The Door with Seven Locks (1962 film)

The Door with Seven Locks (German: Die Tür mit den sieben Schlössern) is a 1962 German-language crime film directed by Alfred Vohrer and starring Heinz Drache. It is an adaptation of the 1926 Edgar Wallace novel of the same name.
It is an adaptation of the Edgar Wallace novel The Door with Seven Locks which had previously been made into a 1940 British film of the same title. Cinematography took place between 26 February and 30 March 1962 at the Ufa-Filmatelier, Berlin and at locations like Tempelhof and Pfaueninsel.
The FSK gave the film a rating of 16 and up and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays.
It premiered in France under the title La porte aux sept serrures on 2 June 1962 at the Scarlett/Paris. The German premiere was on 19 June at the Europa-Palast at Frankfurt.
Idioma caquinte

El idioma caquinte (o kakinte y también poyenisati) es una lengua originaria de América hablada por centenares de aborígenes de diferentes grupos étnicos del Perú. Lingüísticamente, el caquinte es parte de la rama campa de las lenguas arawak meridionales. Las lenguas más cercanamente emparentadas son: el asháninka del río Tambo y el machiguenga del río Urubamba.
La lengua se habla a largo de los ríos Poyeni, Mayapo, Picha, Yori, Tambo, Agueni y Tsoyeni, con algunos hablantes más en áreas a lo largo de los ríos Cepa, Sensa y Vitiricaya. Las principales comunidades son Kitepampani, Sensa y Taini en el distrito de megantoni(Provincia de La Convención, Departamento de Cusco) y en la comunidad Tsoroja en el distrito de río Tambo (provincia de Satipo, departamento de Junín).
La georreferencia de las principales comunidades es:
Quitepampani 11.550188° sur, 73.30027° oeste
Tsoroja 11.451509° sur, 73.550513° oeste
Taini 11.577254° sur, 73.403437° oeste
Estas comunidades tienen cinco poblados anexos: San Luis de Corinto, Oni 311-Mancoriari, Pueblo de Dios de Maseca y Mashiia. Los anexos son caseríos o grupos locales de familias cuyo asentamiento o reasentamientos responden a los patrones de movilidad del pueblo.
Las comunidades y asentamientos caquinte están sobre un corredor de dos tributarios de los ríos Tambo y Urubamba: el Poyeni y el Huipaya, respectivamente. Son comunidades típicamente interfluviales, y proubicación en las cabeceras de los ríos, han vivido aisladas durante mucho tiempo, lo que explica el mantenimiento de ciertos rasgos lingüísticos muy propios y diferenciación muy clara con sus vecinos del suroeste, los machiguenga y los del noreste lo asháninka.
Eish merahrah

Eish merahrah o Aish merahrah (Árabe egipcio: عيش مرحرح, [ʕeːʃ meˈɾɑħɾɑħ]) es un pan plano, hecho con semillas de fenogreco molidas y maíz, que se come en Egipto. Es parte de la dieta tradicional del campo egipcio, preparada localmente en casas de aldea en el Alto Egipto.​
Eish Merahrah es un pan plano egipcio hecho con 5-10% de semillas de fenogreco molidas y maíz. Eish Merahrah es similar al markouk, un pan libanés.​ Los panes son planos y anchos, y generalmente tienen un diámetro de unos 50 cm. El pan está hecho de harina de maíz que se ha convertido en una masa blanda que se fermenta durante la noche con un iniciador de masa fermentada, en forma de panes redondos que luego se dejan subir o "a prueba" durante 30 minutos antes de ser aplanados en discos redondos que luego son aplastados. horneado. Se pueden guardar durante días en un recipiente hermético. La adición de semillas de alholva aumenta el contenido de proteínas, la longitud de almacenamiento y la digestibilidad del pan.​
Para su preparación se usa harina blanca o marrón, agua tibia para el amasando, leche en polvo, sal de maíz, levadura instantánea, azúcar, aceite vegetal para amasar fácilmente.​​
Similar a la pita, pero hecho con harina integral, este pan plano egipcio se hornea tradicionalmente en hornos muy calientes en los bulliciosos mercados de El Cairo. Los cocineros caseros pueden lograr resultados similares con una piedra para hornear y un horno alto.​
Refinado de la masa

El refinado, también conocido como refinamiento, briega o sobado es el proceso usado en panadería por el cual se comprime y se extiende una masa para que se forme en láminas de un espesor y uniformidad superiores a los de una masa amasada. Tradicionalmente esto se ha hecho con un rodillo o con una máquina con cilindros llamada breguil. En la actualidad, existen máquinas modernas con dos, tres o más cilindros, las cuales permiten industrializar el proceso. La técnica del refinado literalmente «hace más fina» la masa, obteniendo una masa más densa, dura, uniformidad como la porcelana y tacto sedoso. La compresión hace que la masa expulse el gas contenido.
La masa se comprime entre dos o más rodillos giratorios sin cesar por varios minutos.​ Si se hace de la manera correcta, resulta en una masa suave y consistente.
Luego, la masa pasa por uno o varios rodillos de calibración (generalmente en cintas transportadoras) que reducen la masa al espesor requerido. Después de esto, la lámina de masa se moldea hasta obtener el producto de panadería deseado. Esta tecnología se utiliza principalmente en máquinas de producción industrial para panaderías (semi)industriales y la industria alimentaria en general. La mayoría de las laminadoras de masa pueden manejar una amplia variedad de masas dependiendo del fabricante de la máquina. La tecnología de laminado de masa se utiliza más comúnmente para la producción de productos de masa laminada (hojaldres, etcétera) para hacer cruasaes y varios tipos de pasteles. El refinado también es adecuado para elaborar pan (de tipo candeal), y panes planos como la pizza.
Una gran ventaja de utilizar la tecnología de laminado es la gran capacidad de masa que se puede manejar. Los fabricantes de laminadores de masa pueden procesar láminas de masa de alta calidad a altas capacidades. Otra ventaja es que el laminado permite manejar una gran variedad de tipos de masa que los sistemas tradicionales de producción de masa no pueden manejar, por ejemplo, masa ciabatta húmeda y pegajosa fuertemente hidratada.
El origen del proceso de refinado no se remonta específicamente al menos a 1977 en el caso de Rademaker BV, que puede considerarse uno de los primeros especialistas en tecnología de laminado de masa.
Los cruasanes y el hojaldre fueron los primeros productos hechos con tecnología de refinado. Hoy en día en la industria panadera se percibe una tendencia a producir pan, pan plano y pizza con refinamiento.
Masa (sociología)

Masa fue definida por el sociólogo francés Gustave Le Bon como "Una agrupación humana pensante con los rasgos de pérdida de control racional, mayor sugestionabilidad, contagio emocional, imitación, sentimiento de omnipotencia y anonimato para el individuo". Asimismo, entiende el concepto de "Alma de masa" como un espíritu colectivo, distinto al de cada uno de los individuos componentes de este fenómeno.
Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931), perteneciente a la escuela positivista fue quien publicó en 1901 el libro Psicología de las multitudes reavivando el interés por el estudio de la psicología colectiva. Le Bon trata la cuestión desde el punto de vista psico-sociológico, centrándose en el comportamiento de las personas cuando forman parte de un colectivo (masa, muchedumbre o multitud).
Emplear el término masa implica situarse en un plano superior respecto a la sociedad, es decir, desde un punto de vista elitista. Puesto que la masa no tiene ni identidad ni criterio propio, son estas élites -que se encuentran en un lugar privilegiado desde la perspectiva política y/o económica- las que imponen las pautas de la educación de la sociedad. Por tanto, esta educación tiene un carácter social pero, sin embargo, se proyecta desde un grupo reducido grupo dominante.
El término masa implica una modernidad ambivalente: sin modernidad no hay masas y sin masas no hay modernidad. La modernidad, originada a raíz de la revolución industrial, supuso un cambio social y, con este, la aparición de la sociedad moderna (o sociedad de masas) tal y como la conocemos hoy en día. Pero en la modernidad no solo evolucionó la industria o la política sino también los usos y las costumbres de la población. Este es el factor más seductivo o positivo de la modernidad, que por su naturaleza es de carácter revolucionario. Pero lo negativo de esto es que para que se produzca dicha revolución, tiene que llevarse a cabo una homogeneización. Tradicionalmente el tema de la masa se trata como algo cuantitativo (gran número de personas), pero hay que tener en cuenta el aspecto cualitativo de esta sociedad de masas.
Guy Debord definió la sociedad del espectáculo como la "representación diplomática que una sociedad autoritaria se hace de sí misma".
Desde un punto de vista lógico el problema está claro, no obstante, no se han desarrollado las condiciones estructurales en nuestra sociedad para poder abordar y resolver el problema, no siquiera teóricamente.
La masa no es tanto una realidad sino una proyección o programa social, una forma de esa sociedad de proyectarse al futuro bajo la idea de masa. La sociedad se considera a ella misma una masa por diversos factores:
Los cambios necesitan de una base social homogénea para tener lugar. Si la sociedad es de masas, la comunicación también lo será. Estamos ante el nacimiento de la comunicación de masas (nacimiento de los mass media).
No será hasta los años 30 cuando se empezará a observar la verdadera intencionalidad de la aparición de las masas. "Las masas son un invento de la burguesía para ametrallarlas mejor". Antonio Machado.
El Parián

El Parián fue un mercado de la Ciudad de México construido en 1688, durante el virreinato. Estaba ubicado en lo que hoy es el Zócalo.
El Parián era el mercado principal donde se comerciaba con las mercancías filipinas traídas al puerto de Acapulco por la Nao de la China. La mayoría de los productos asiáticos eran bienes de lujo y sólo tenían acceso a ellos las familias ricas de la Nueva España. Para la gente común era todo un acontecimiento la llegada de los objetos exóticos que traía la famosa nao y muchas veces iban al Parián sólo para admirar piezas preciosas, como enconchados, lacas, piezas de carey o de plata, arcones, etcétera.
El 30 de noviembre de 1828 ocurrió el Motín de la Acordada, hechos en los que el mercado del Parián resultó saqueado y dañado. Tras ese hecho, muchos de los comerciantes de artículos lujosos buscaron otros espacios, como la hoy Calle Madero, para dar paso al comercio de artículos menos suntuosos.​
Para mediados del siglo XIX el mercado fue motivo de polémica al ser considerado su retiro como parte de una nueva idea estética de la plaza, sobre todo la instalación de un monumento a la Independencia de México, y de la construcción del cercano mercado de El Volador en la contigua Plaza de El Volador.​
Luego de una carta que 163 comerciantes publicaron en el periódico El Siglo Diez y Nueve, se inició un debate público entre el gobierno de Antonio López de Santa Anna, quien estaba involucrado en el caso, y los afectados. Fue motivo de disgusto el que se realizara el desalojo entre los comerciantes del mismo y el desalojo apresurado de los mismos del mercado.​
El mercado fue demolido entre junio y el 27 de julio de 1843.​
Congreso del Estado de Nuevo León

El Congreso del Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León es el órgano depositario del poder legislativo del estado mexicano de Nuevo León. El Congreso se renueva cada tres años, iniciando su mandato el primer día de septiembre del año de la elección.
Cada Legislatura está compuesta por veintiséis diputados electos por el principio de mayoría relativa, votados en distritos electorales uninominales, y hasta dieciséis diputados electos por el principio de representación proporcional, designados de acuerdo a las bases y formas que establece la Ley.
La actual Legislatura del Congreso de Nuevo León, cuyo periodo de sesiones corre del 2021 al 2024, es conocida como la LXXVI Legislatura.
El Primer Congreso Constituyente y Constitucional fue establecido en Nuevo León el 1 de agosto de 1824, y fue recibido con entusiasmo por la población y el gobierno federal. Guadalupe Victoria, el primer presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, también felicitó el suceso.
El objetivo principal del Congreso era redactar una Constitución para el Estado de Nuevo León, pero también dictaron decretos urgentes. La primera Constitución del Estado fue promulgada el 5 de marzo de 1825.
La Constitución estableció el territorio de Nuevo León, proclamó a Nuevo León como un estado libre, soberano e independiente, adoptó un gobierno republicano representativo, popular y federal, distribuyó el poder del estado en legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial, abolía la esclavitud y establecía la religión católica como oficial del estado.
En 1834, un Congreso Federal conservador se reunió para discutir una posible reforma a la Constitución de 1824. Sin embargo, los enfrentamientos entre centralistas y federalistas aumentaron, lo que llevó al Gobernador Constitucional Sustituto y a la Quinta Legislatura Constitucional a suspender sus funciones hasta que el país volviera a su estado Constitucional.
El Sexto Congreso Constitucional se reunió en septiembre de ese año, pero los enfrentamientos políticos continuaron. En marzo de 1835, el Congreso Federal adoptó las Siete Leyes, una Constitución centralista, lo que llevó a la eliminación de las Legislaturas de los Congresos estatales y su reemplazo por las Juntas Departamentales.
Durante la invasión norteamericana, el Congreso dejó de sesionar, pero la Legislatura gobernante se instaló en Linares en enero de 1848. El Congreso y el Gobernador finalmente se instalaron en Monterrey en mayo de ese año.
La segunda Constitución de Nuevo León fue aprobada en octubre de 1849, y el estado se convirtió en una parte independiente de la República Mexicana, sujeto a las leyes generales de la nación. Sin embargo, los conflictos entre liberales y conservadores continuaron en 1853, con la noticia de la sublevación en Guadalajara a favor de un Gobierno Centralista.
El 29 de noviembre de 2023 un grupo de personas irrumpió en el recinto del congreso.​ Posteriormente arribaron a las instalaciones agentes de la Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León.​ El suceso ocurrió en medio de una discusión sobre el nombramiento de un gobernador interino.​
Tortilleria

A tortilleria, or tortilla bakery is a shop that produces and sells freshly made tortillas. Tortillerias are native to Mexico and Central America, and some are being established in some areas of the United States. Tortillerias usually sell corn tortillas by weight. The recipe for tortilla dough, called masa, has not changed since ancient times; it is corn which has been treated with slaked lime and water.
Some tortillerias produce tortillas from pre-made masa dough, others produce masa dough in-house from dried masa flour called masa harina, and others use the traditional method of soaking corn with lime.
Corn was subsidized in Mexico from 1974 to 1999, and the price of tortillas was capped by law. When subsidies and price controls ended, tortillerias had to adapt. The end of the subsidy was met with mixed reception. Some tortilleria owners saw the move as an opportunity to retain jobs and increase profits, while others expressed concern that higher tortilla prices would hurt low-income families who relied on tortillas as a staple food.
Before the end of subsidies many local tortillerias purchased prepared fresh masa dough from centralized mills, since government-subsidized corn was provided directly to these mills. After the end of subsidies dried masa harina flour was used, as dough mills lost their price advantage. Dried masa harina keeps much better than prepared masa. To encourage the switch to dry masa harina, manufacturers such as Maseca offered credits to tortillerias to upgrade to equipment capable of processing masa harina.
Santiago, Nuevo León

Santiago is a municipality and city located in the center of the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area and its area comprises around 739.2 km². According to the 2020 census, it had a population of 46,784.
"La Boca" Dam, one of the water reservoirs serving the metropolitan area, is located within the municipality. "Cola de Caballo" is a famous waterfall and tourist attraction.
Santiago, Nuevo León, was named a "Pueblo Mágico" in 2006 by Mexico's Secretariat of Tourism. Santiago joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2017.
Santiago is a municipality located in the center of the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area and its area comprises around 739.2 km².
Santiago has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) with cool, dry winters and hot and humid summers. It is receives almost twice as much rain as nearby Monterrey.
Linares, Nuevo León

Linares is a small city in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico. The city serves as the administrative centre for the surrounding municipality of the same name and it is the largest urban centre of the so-called "orange belt" region. The city had a 2005 census population of 56,065, while the municipality's population was 71,061. The city and the municipality both rank tenth in population in the state. The municipality has an area of 2,445.2 km² (944.1 sq mi) and lies in the east-southeast part of the state on the border with the state of Tamaulipas. The municipality of Hualahuises is an enclave of Linares municipality.
It was founded on 2 April 1712 by Sebastián Villegas Cumplido and named in honour of the serving Viceroy of New Spain, Fernando de Alencastre Norona y Silva, Duke of Linares.
Linares has a small industrial park and is well-connected to both Monterrey and the Gulf of Mexico via highway. It is also the main gateway to the southern part of the state.
Linares and its environs are the setting for Sofía Segovia's 2015 novel El murmullo de las abejas (The Murmur of Bees). The town is also where the legendary norteño band Los Cadetes De Linares originated from in the 1970s.
Normal (chain store)

Normal is a Danish bargain-priced variety store chain primarily selling shelf-stable food and personal care products by national brands. It was founded by Torben Mouritsen and Bo Kristensen in 2013 with the first store in Silkeborg, Denmark. Its largest markets are Denmark, France, Norway, Finland, and Sweden.
The stores have a maze layout with a course that carries you through all their product categories, leading you to return to the checkouts at the front of the store. Mouritsen calls the chain a hybrid between a grocery store and a personal care store. However, they are not considered a supermarket.
The concept could be compared to Danish variety store chains Flying Tiger and Søstrene Grene as they also offer a large varied selection of products at affordable/competitive prices in stores with a maze layout. However, Flying Tiger has more gimmick products and private-label food/personal care items, and Søstrene Grene has a greater focus on design and lifestyle branding.
According to the founders, about 80% of customers are women. During the chain's lifetime, the director of Bestseller, Anders Holch Povlsen, has invested so much in the chain that he's become the main shareholder with an ownership stake of 71.29% through his own investment company Heartland A/S.
The first Normal store opened on 6 April 2013 in Silkeborg. There were 9 stores by 2015. On 10 May 2017, the chain announced that it would open its first two stores outside Denmark in Kristiansand, Norway.
The company is based in Skanderborg, Denmark employing 1,972 people. and operating 682 stores (June 2024)
Borroughs

The Borroughs Corporation is an American manufacturer of shelving and office fixtures. The corporate headquarters is in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Borroughs was established in 1938 under the name Probar Company. The company began as a contract fabricator, producing saw cabinets. It soon branched out and began producing fluorescent strip lighting fixtures as well as continuing contract work for automotive accessory firms. In 1939, the founder, Walter L. Borroughs, changed the name to Borroughs Manufacturing Company.
During World War II, Borroughs was subcontracted to manufacture various military components, such as land tank components, gun turret components, air scoops for aircraft, and water baffles for amphibious landing craft.
After the war, the company manufactured automotive bins. American Metal Products Company purchased the company in 1950, following Mr. Borroughs' death in 1948. Under the new management, Borroughs began to produce office furniture, industrial shelving, and storage units.
When American Metal Products merged with Lear Siegler, Inc. in 1966, Borroughs became a separate division of the new corporation.
In 1987, Forstmann Little purchased Lear Siegler; in 1991, some of Borroughs' managers and partial owners in Kalamazoo purchased the company from Forstmann Little. In the 1990s, the company's products included checkstands and other retail fixtures. The Borroughs Series 90 conveyor belt system became widely used after many Pathmark supermarkets began installing them. At one time, Borroughs checkstands were in use at many Wal-Mart stores as well.
Carton flow

Carton flow is a form of shelving that uses a gravity feed rear-load design. Each unit consists of one or more inclined runways. Merchandise is loaded in the rear of each runway. As an item is removed from the front, the item directly behind it slides forward in place of the previous.
The main advantage of carton flow rack over static rack or shelving systems is that merchandise remains better organized and easier to find or pick. With carton flow rack, the product is automatically rotated on a first-in, first-out basis. Merchandise is stocked in the rear of the carton flow rack and moves toward the picking station in front on an inclined shelf equipped with specially designed roller track. When a carton is removed from the picking station, the next one in line rolls to the front. Carton flow always keeps items within reach. Inventory is easier to monitor and control since products are fully visible at all times. A limitation worth mentioning is that carton flows are not well suited for larger volume or full case applications. Restocking and picking typically offer the greatest opportunity for improving efficiency within order-picking operations. With carton flow rack systems, labor savings of up to 75% can be realized almost immediately. Because items are picked from the front and stocked from the rear, both functions can be performed without interference and with minimized travel.
In a static storage system such as standard shelving, stockers and pickers often do a lot of unnecessary travel.
Lansing Peter Shield, President of Grand Union Co., applied for patents for the original gravity-feed rear-load design using Unistrut and Nylon strips in 1945 (later approved in 1948). The unit consisted of several inclined runways. The device was driven by gravity. A stockman would place merchandise in the rear of each runway and, as a shopper selected an item, the item behind it would slide forward in place of the previous one.
Grand Union formed a company called Food-O-Mat to sell the carton flow system, and made Gardner Hinckley the president. Gauer Metal Products, Inc manufactured the carton flow units for Grand Union/Food-O-Mat. When Lansing Shield died of a heart attack, Thomas Butler was appointed the new president. Butler had no interest in continuing to use carton flow units in Grand Union supermarkets, so Food-O-Mat went off on its own to sell the product with Gauer Metal Products as its manufacturer.
The carton flow design has gone through countless changes over the years, and has now evolved to full shelving units. These units consist of polyethylene or aluminum roller runways and can be stand-alone racks or can be installed into pallet racks. Conveyor systems are sometimes used as an alternative option to carton flow shelving.
La Michoacana Meat Market

La Michoacana Meat Market is a Hispanic-themed chain of Hispanic specialty stores and grocery stores in the United States, headquartered in Spring Branch, Houston, Texas. Rafael Ortega heads the chain, which has about 135 stores. The stores are located in an area stretching from the Rio Grande Valley to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. A large portion of the stores are located in Greater Houston. The chain caters to Hispanic Americans. In 1999 the chain sold more goat meat than beef. The chain also operates Panaderia La Michoacana, a bakery. The chain is known for its small to medium sized stores and convenient setting offering both groceries and ready to eat food.
La Michoacana was founded in Houston in 1986.
Ortega, the owner of La Michoacana, also operates El Ahorro Supermarket.
Ingufu za Gaz methani

Ibikorwa by'Ingufu za Gaze methani ni uruganda ruteganijwe gukuramo gaz metani no gutunganya Gaz mu Rwanda .
Uru ruganda ruherereye mu mazi y’ikiyaga cya Kivu, mu karere ka mazi yu Rwanda, hafi y’umujyi wa Gisenyi,mu bilometero 165, ku muhanda ujya mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Kigali, umurwa mukuru wu Rwanda.
Ikiyaga cya Kivu kirimo gaze metani nyinshi na gaze karuboni, iyo ibyimbye hejuru, ikora ibicu byuburozi byica. Nyamara, iyo imyuka ikuweho ikanabikwa mu icupa, ikora amavuta yingenzi yo guteka asimbuza inkwi namakara, bityo bikabungabunga ibidukikije. Imishinga yabanjirije iyerekeje gaze kubyara amashanyarazi.
Muri Mutarama 2019, Inama y'Abaminisitiri y’u Rwanda yemereye akanama gashinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda kugirana amasezerano na Gasmeth Energy Limited, gukuramo gaze metani yo gukoresha mu nganda no mu nganda nk'amavuta yo guteka. Ku ya 5 Gashyantare 2019, hasinywe amasezerano, hagati y’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda (RDB), mu Rwanda Mines, peteroli na gaze (RMB) na Gasmeth Energy Limited (GEL), biyemeza GEL kubaka ikigo ku kiyaga cya Kivu cyo kuvoma, gutunganya no guhagarika gaze metani ku isoko ryimbere mu gihugu no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Uyu niwo mushinga wambere wingenzi mukarere ka Afrika yibiyaga bigari byo gukuramo gaze metani yo guteka, kurwego rw'inganda.
Ba nyir'iterambere umushinga ni Gasmeth Energy Limited, isosiyete yanditswe ku Rwanda, abanyamigabane bayo bakaba bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira.
Gasmeth yiyemeje kwandika gushora miliyoni 400 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu kubaka uruganda rwa gaze metani. Biteganijwe ko ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi by’uruganda rushya bizatangira muri Gashyantare 2021.
Uruganda rwa Kibuye 1

Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Kibuye 1, cyangwa nanone Amashanyarazi ya Kibuye 1 ( KP1 ), ni urugomero rutanga megawate 3.6 za gaze metani yakongejwe n'ingufu zamashanyarazi mu Rwanda .
Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi ruherereye i Kibuye, mu Karere ka Karongi, mu Ntara y'Uburengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, hafi kilometero 135, iburengerazuba bwa Kigali, umurwa mukuru wu Rwanda.
Guhera mu 2006, ku nkunga yatanzwe n’ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe imari ( IFC ), guverinoma y’u Rwanda yatangiye gushakisha amasosiyete y’ubuhanga yujuje ibyangombwa byo gushushanya, kubaka no gukoresha amashanyarazi akomoka kuri gaze metani y’amashanyarazi, akoresheje gaze yakuwe mu nyanja y’ikiyaga. Kivu . Imwe mu ntego z'uyu mushinga, kwari ukugaragaza ko bishoboka kubyara amashanyarazi muri gaze metani mu kiyaga ku buryo bwunguka. Umushinga watwaye hafi miliyoni 20 z'amadolari yo gushiraho.
Uyu mushinga ni uw'ubutegetsi bwa Rwanda. Ubufatanye na Dane Associates, uruganda rukorera mu mujyi wa Edinburgh rwaciwe kubera kutumvikana mu bijyanye n'amafaranga. Mu mwaka wa 2015, kubera ko umushinga udashoboye kwishyura imyenda yawo, Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi mu Rwanda rwashegeshe Isosiyete ya Kibuye Power 1, bisabwe na guverinoma y’u Rwanda . Guverinoma yatangiye kwakira amasoko yatanzwe n'abashoramari bashya kugira ngo batangire umushinga.
Muri Kwakira 2016, Symbion Power, uruganda rukora amashanyarazi muri Amerika, rwaguze uruganda rukora amashanyarazi rwa Kibuye 1 ku mafaranga ataramenyekana. Symbion irateganya kuzamura buhoro buhoro, icyiciro cya mbere kugeza kuri MW 25 muri 2018, na MW 50 muri 2019.
Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Kibuye 1 ni umushinga wa kabiri w'amashanyarazi Symbion yiyemeje guteza imbere ku kiyaga cya Kivu. Yemeye kandi guteza imbere sitasiyo ya Kivu 56, na megawatte 56, uruganda rukora amashanyarazi rukoreshwa na metani. Muri ayo masezerano, hari megawatte 14 biteganijwe muri 2018.
Ubucuruzi bwa Gaze mu Rwanda

Umuriro wa Gaze isanzwe ( nanone yitwa gaze ya fosile cyangwa gaze gusa ) ni ibisanzwe bivangwa na hydro karibone ya gaze igizwe ahanini na metani hiyongereyeho umubare muto wa alikane ndende. Urwego rwo hasi rwa gaze nka gaze karuboni, azote, hydrogen sulfide, na helium nabyo birahari. Methane idafite ibara kandi nta mpumuro nziza, bityo impumuro nziza nka mercaptan ( ihumura nka sulfuru cyangwa amagi yaboze ) ikunze kongerwa mu bikoresho bya gaze karemano kugirango umutekano ube byoroshye.
Gaze isanzwe ni lisansi y’ibinyabuzima n’umutungo udashobora kuvugururwa ukorwa iyo ibice by’ibinyabuzima (cyane ibinyabuzima byo mu nyanja) byangirika mu bihe bya anaerobike kandi bigashyirwa n’ubushyuhe bukabije n’umuvuduko mwinshi mu myaka miriyoni. Ingufu ibinyabuzima byangirika byabonetse ku zuba hakoreshejwe fotosenteze za bibikwa nkingufu za chimique muri molekile ya metani nizindi hydro karbone.
Gaze isanzwe irashobora gutwikwa kugirango ishyushye, guteka, no kubyara amashanyarazi . Ikoreshwa kandi nk'ibiryo bya chimique mugukora plastike nindi miti mvaruganda ikomeye mubucuruzi kandi ntibikoreshwa cyane nka lisansi yimodoka .
Gukuramo no gukoresha gaze karemano n’ingenzi kandi bigenda byiyongera mu mihindagurikire y’ikirere . Gazi ubwayo ( cyane metani ) na karuboni ya dioxyde, isohoka iyo gaze naturel yatwitse, ni gaze ya parike . Iyo itwitswe kubera ubushyuhe cyangwa amashanyarazi, gaze karemano isohora imyuka ihumanya ikirere nkeya, dioxyde de carbone nkeya, kandi hafi ya byose nta kintu na kimwe kigereranije ugereranije n’ibindi bicanwa n’ibinyabuzima . Nyamara, guhumeka gaze hamwe n’imyuka itabigenewe itangwa mu ruhererekane rw’ibicuruzwa birashobora gutuma gaze karemano igira ikirenge cya karuboni kimwe n’ibindi bicanwa muri rusange.
Gaze isanzwe irashobora kuva mubutaka igatera umuriro muremure. Mu Bugereki bwa kera, umuriro wa gaze ku musozi wa Chimaera wagize uruhare mu mugani w'ikinyabuzima gihumeka umuriro Chimera . Mu Bushinwa bwa kera, gaze yavuye mu gucukura brine yakoreshejwe bwa mbere na 400 mbere ya Yesu. Abashinwa batwaye gaze yinjira mu butaka mu miyoboro itavanze imigano aho yakoreshwaga mu guteka amazi y'umunyu kugira ngo bakuremo umunyu mu Karere ka Ziliujing muri Sichuan .
Illegal Fishing in Lake Kivu

Kuroba mu buryo butemewe mu kiyaga cya Kivu ni ibikorwa bitemewe byo gukura amoko atandukanye y’amafi ku mpamvu zitandukanye mu kiyaga cya Kivu . Ibikorwa byo kuroba bihungabanya urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, niyo mpamvu leta yashyizeho amategeko agenga uburobyi. Abantu baturiye ikiyaga barashobora kuroba mu buryo butemewe kugirango bongere amafaranga kandi babone uburyo bwo kubaho ariko kurundi ruhande ibyo bigira ingaruka kubicuruzwa rusange by'amafi aturutse mu kiyaga cya Kivu . Uburobyi butemewe muri Afurika ni imwe mu mpamvu nyamukuru zitera uburobyi kuko leta y'u Rwanda rimwe na rimwe ihagarika ibikorwa by’uburobyi mu kiyaga cya Kivu mu gihe kizwi nka 'biology break', kandi kuroba cyane ni indi mpamvu itera indwara mu mafi.
Muri 2018, hagaragaye ibibazo birenga 400 by’uburobyi butemewe n'amategeko ku kiyaga cya Kivu kandi kubera uburobyi butemewe bushingiye ku gukoresha ibikoresho byangiza, umusaruro w’amafi mu kiyaga cya Kivu wavuye kuri toni 24 199 muri 2017 ugera kuri toni 16 194 muri 2020 nicyo igipimo kinini cya 28% mu gihombo niko minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi biganisha ku Iterambere ry’Umutungo kamere yavuze. Hagati ya Gicurasi na Nyakanga 2020, ibiro bya polisi ishinzwe umutekano mu mazi mu Rwanda byatangaje ibirego 27 birimo 10 ba rushimusi batawe muri yombi bazira kuroba mu buryo butemewe.
Imigezi y’u Rwanda

U Rwanda rufite imigezi myishi igabanyijemo ibice bibiri. Hari imigezi yisuka mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Kongo n’indi yisuka mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Nili. Imigezi yo mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Kongo ni migufi irimo amazi make kandi yisuka mu kiyaga cya Kivu. Amazi y’umugezi wa Rusizi aturuka mu Kiyaga cya Kivu. Amazi menshi ajya mu kiyaga cya Kivu aturuka mu mugezi wa Ruhwa ugize umupaka w’u Rwanda n’u Burundi mu gice cy’iburengerazuba naho mu gice cy’amajyaruguru amazi ajya mu kiyaga cya Kivu ava mu mugezi wa Sebeya mu Ntara ya Gisenyi. Ikibaya cy’uruzi rwa Nili nicyo gifite igice kinini cy’amazi yo mu Rwanda. Imigezi minini yo mu Rwanda ariyo Nyabarongo n’Akanyaru ndetse n’indi myinshi iyisukamo niyo igize uruzi rw’Akagera iturutse mu kiyaga cya Rweru. Iyo migezi ihererekanya amazi hagati yayo n’ibishanga binini n’ibiyaga bitari birebire ujya ikuzimu.
Itegeko rigenga ibidukikije mu Rwanda N°48/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 rivuga ko mu bikorwa bibujijwe harimo kumena imyanda yaba yumye, itemba cyangwa gazi ihumanya mu mugezi, mu ruzi, mu gishanga, mu kidendezi, mu kiyaga no mu nkengero zabyo; kwangiza ubwiza bw’amazi yaba ay’imusozi cyangwa ay’ikuzimu. Ubu bugenzuzi bukaba bwatangiriye mu Turere dukora ku kiyaga cya Kivu aritwo Rubavu,Rusizi,Nyamasheke,Karongi na Rutsiro. Mu rwego rwo ku kirengera birinda icyatuma cyangirika nuko hari metero.
Umugezi wa Rusizi

Umugezi wa Ruzizi (nanone rimwe na rimwe yitwa Rusizi) ni uruzi, ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 117, ruva mu kiyaga cya Kivu rugana ku kiyaga cya Tanganyika muri Afurika yo hagati, rukamanuka kuri metero 1.500 (metero 4900) rukagera kuri metero 770, hejuru yinyanja hejuru yuburebure bwayo , Imiyoboro ihanamye cyane iboneka kuri kilometero 40 za mbere, aho hubatswe ingomero z'amashanyarazi Ahagana hepfo, ikibaya cya Ruzizi, gifite imisozi yoroheje gusa, kandi uruzi rutemba mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika unyuze kuri, hamwe numuyoboro muto cyangwa ibiri ucitsemo umuyoboro munini.
Ruzizi ni uruzi rukiri ruto, rwashinzwe hashize imyaka igera ku 10,000 igihe ikirunga giturika mu imisozi ya Virunga. Imisozi yabujije ikiyaga cya Kivu ahahoze hasohokera amazi ya Nili ahubwo ihatira ikiyaga kurenga mu majyepfo ya Ruzizi no mu mazi ya Kongo.
Banana wine

Banana wine is a fruit wine made exclusively from bananas. In Tanzania, banana wine is made commercially by fermenting peeled, mashed, ripe bananas and sugar. Water (to dilute the rather thick banana mash), wine yeast and sugar is added to the "banana mash".
The traditional processing of banana beer is different from that of commercial banana wine. For example, the process of making banana wine used by Banana Investment Ltd. is as follows:
In commercial production, Cavendish bananas are used, while in informal production, a variety of cultivars, including both cooking and beer East African Highland bananas, Thai banana, Gros Michel, and apple bananas are used. Commercially produced banana wine is a clear, slightly sparkling alcoholic beverage with a longer shelf-life than banana beer, which is spoiled easily and therefore not stored for long periods. Depending on the strain of yeast and amount of sugar added, the sweetness and alcohol level in the final product is variable.
Production of banana wine is mostly at a small-scale level, though attempts have been made to bring it up to industrialized production, and there are commercial producers of banana wine (e.g. Arusha-based Banana Investment Ltd). Since the early 2000s, attempts have been made to expand banana wine production to other countries where the crop is prevalent. The Philippine government has sought to expand a local banana wine industry, while India has produced both award-winning banana wines and research into expanding production.