davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Charbagh

A charbagh or chaharbagh (Persian: چهارباغ, romanized: chahārbāgh, lit. 'four gardens'; Hindi: चारबाग़ chārbāgh, Urdu: چار باغ chār bāgh, Bengali: চারবাগ) is a Persian and Indo-Persian quadrilateral garden with a layout of four gardens traditionally separated by waterways, together representing the four gardens and four rivers of Paradise mentioned in the Quran. The chaharbagh may also be divided by walkways instead of flowing water. Such gardens are found in countries throughout West Asia (which includes Iran), South Asia (which includes Pakistan and India), North Africa and the former al-Andalus. A famous example of a charbagh is that of the Taj Mahal in India.
The traditional chaharbagh has a four-part garden layout with axial waterways joining at a small square basin in the garden's centre.
The chaharbagh layout originated in the paradise gardens of the Achaemenid Empire, as suggested by excavations at Pasargadae and Susa. The highly structured geometrical scheme of the chaharbagh became a powerful method for the organization and domestication of the landscape, itself a symbol of political territory.
After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the chaharbagh was considered to represent the four gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Quran's 55th Chapter (Surah), Ar-Rahman ('The Beneficient'):
The waterways were considered to represent the four rivers mentioned in a hadith: Sayhan, Jayhan, the Euphrates and the Nile.
In the 16th century, the chaharbagh layout was brought from Iran to the Indian subcontinent by the Mughal dynasty founded by Babur, who was originally from Central Asia. This tradition gave birth to the Mughal gardens, which perhaps displayed its highest form in the Taj Mahal (see below).
Several of the first Mughal charbagh gardens of monumental scale belonged to imperial mausoleums, such as the Bagh-e Babur at Babur's Tomb, in Kabul, Afghanistan (honoring the first Mughal emperor, Babur); the charbagh at Humayun's Tomb in Delhi, India (honoring Humayun, son of Babur); and the charbagh at the Tomb of Jahangir (honoring the fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir, son of Akbar) in Lahore, Pakistan.
The charbagh of the Taj Mahal is also the charbagh of a mausoleum, built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan (great-great-grandson of Babur) for his favourite Indian wife Mumtaz Mahal. Unlike the other tombs, the mausoleum is not in the centre of the garden, however archaeological excavations have revealed another garden opposite indicating that historically the mausoleum was centered as in tomb garden tradition. In the charbagh of the Taj Mahal, each of the four parts contains sixteen flower beds.
Other Mughal charbagh gardens were built for leisure, without any mausoleum, such as the Shalamar Gardens (also known as the "Shahla Bagh"), in Lahore, Pakistan, which were also laid out by Shah Jahan. The Shalamar Gardens comprise two charbagh gardens separated by a gigantic pool.
A charbagh is located on the roof top of the Ismaili Centre in South Kensington, London.
Agra (2023 film)

Agra (/ˈɑːɡrə/, Hindustani: [ˈaːgraː] ) is a 2023 Hindi-language Indian drama film, co-written and directed by Kanu Behl. It features debutant Mohit Agarwal, Priyanka Bose, Ruhani Sharma, Vibha Chibber, Sonal Jha and Aanchal Goswami in pivotal roles. The film follows Guru, a young single call center employee who still lives with his parents. Consumed by frustration, he plunges into a fever bordering on insanity, between pathetic fantasies, dating apps and hysterical self-harm.
It premiered at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival Directors' Fortnight on 24 May 2023 with the description, "Agra grasps the so called reality of patriarchy in India through the prism of male sexual misery".
In November 2022, the film was selected for India’s Film Bazaar strand, which is a part of Film Bazaar, the South Asia film project market operated by India’s National Film Development Corporation.
Agra was filmed in June and July 2019. It was shot on location in Agra. In 2020, when the film was in the middle of post production, its release was held up for five months due to COVID-19 pandemic.
The film premiered at 2023 Cannes Film Festival in Directors' Fortnight on 24 May 2023.
In August 2023, it was selected at 2023 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, where it won the Best Indie Film award and Best Performance in Film (male) award for Mohit Agarwal.
It was screened at the 28th Busan International Film Festival in 'A Window on Asian Cinema' on 7 October 2023, as well as at the 20th Hong Kong Asian Film Festival (zh:香港亞洲電影節) on 31 October and 12 November 2023. It was also screened at the Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023, where it won the Special Jury Prize.
On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes website, the film has an approval rating of 100% based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10.
Agra which had its world premiere in the Directors’ Fortnight section of the 76th Cannes Film Festival received a 5-minute standing ovation.
Fabien Lemercier reviewing for Cineuropa praised the film and wrote, "A hard-hitting and audacious film that will leave no one indifferent and that only a formally talented filmmaker like Kanu Behl could bring to a safe harbour beyond its ambient darkness." Namrata Joshi for ScreenDaily wrote in review that in the film "...the characters are developed well and have complexity to them, and the terrific ensemble cast elevates the film; particularly Bose, Agarwal and Roy...".
Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave a positive review and described it as "a triumphal return to Cannes". Anna M. M. Vetticad wrote on Himal Southasian: "Agra is an unsettling reminder of why society should study the victim-turned-victimiser phenomenon, the heterogeneity of evil and persecution, if we wish to combat the self-destructive nature of patriarchy." Vetticad added, "The optimistic view is that just as 'life finds a way', to quote Steven Spielberg’s Jurassic Park, so too good cinema will find its audience."
Spanish garden

A traditional Spanish garden is a style of garden or designed landscape developed in historic Spain. Especially in the United States, the term tends to be used for a garden design style with a formal arrangement that evokes, usually not very precisely, the sort of plan and planting developed in southern Spain, incorporating principles and elements from precedents in ancient Persian gardens, Roman gardens and Islamic gardens, and the great Moorish gardens (historically known as riyads) of the Al-Andalus era on the Iberian Peninsula.
In other parts of Spain, public parks and large gardens have been more influenced by the Italian garden, French formal garden, and even the English landscape garden. Spain has a variety of climatic conditions, especially in altitude and rainfall, and modern Spanish gardens are very varied accordingly. Spanish urban housing has long had more apartments than small houses, and the small houses have traditionally lacked front garden, with not that much to the rear either, often just a paved patio with small beds by the walls, and space for plants in pots. Until recently, "full" gardens were mostly found in the country or very large urban houses, but some modern suburban developments have gardens closer to those of northern Europe and North America.
Traditionally, the paradise garden is interpreted with a central cross axis, in the four cardinal directions, with long ponds or water channels (a rill or stylized qanat) where water reflects and flows, set in a walled courtyard. The remaining quadrants often had fruit trees and fragrant plants. Thus, characteristic sensory experiences are refreshing coolness, humidity, sounds, greenery, and fragrance. This type of garden is compatible with the Spanish climate of sun and heat. Provisions for shade are given with the use of arcades, pergolas, trellising, and garden pavilions. Ceramic elements and tiles are often used: in water features; for structural, decorative, and seating elements; and as paving; with solid fields, embellishments and accents; and in pottery. A clarity from the symmetrical simplicity often results.
Spain has a long tradition of making gardens. Significant gardens were made by:
Many historic gardens are protected by a heritage designation, Jardín histórico.
Fishing Blues

"Fishing Blues" (also "Fishin' Blues") is a blues song written in 1911 by Chris Smith, who is best known for "Ballin' the Jack". "Fishing Blues" was first recorded in 1928 by "Ragtime Texas" Henry Thomas on vocals and guitar with the introduction and breaks played on quills, a type of panpipe. It is Roud Folk Song Index No. 17692.
The song ostensibly describes the pleasures of catching, cooking, and eating your own fish, particularly catfish. The refrain includes:
Fatima Zakaria

Fatima Zakaria (17 February 1936 – 6 April 2021) was the editor of the Mumbai Times, and later the Sunday editor of The Times of India. She also served as the editor of the Taj magazine of the Taj Hotels.
In 1958, she established an institution of childcare and a Women's Industrial Home in Mumbai, that fulfilled the educational and healthcare needs of over 500 underprivileged children.
In 1963, Zakaria began her career in journalism as a children's columnist in The Illustrated Weekly of India and worked as Khushwant Singh's assistant editor. She joined The Times of India in 1970 and rose through the ranks to become Sunday edition editor. As the editor, she interviewed prominent figures like Indira Gandhi, Margaret Thatcher, J.R.D. Tata, Jayaprakash Narayan, and then prime minister Morarji Desai, Charan Singh.
Zakaria joined the Taj Group of Hotels to establish the first-rate five-star hotel, The Taj Residency, on the campus of Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science in Aurangabad. She became editor of the coffee table magazine Taj. Her office was located in the Taj Mahal Hotel in Mumbai. Thereafter, she introduced a hotel management course in alliance with a British university. She was on the board of Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad. She was the president of Maulana Azad Education Society (MAES) and chairman of Maulana Azad Educational Trust (MAET), both in Aurangabad.
The award Padma Shri was conferred on her by the Government of India in 2006. She received the award from President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam for her extensive work in the field of education.
Zakaria is regarded as a secularist and she took special care to cater to the educational needs of the Muslims.
Zakaria was the second wife of Rafiq Zakaria, who was an Indian politician and Islamic religious cleric. She was the step-mother of 2 children. The elder, Tasneem Zakaria Mehta, is an art historian and writer, living in Mumbai. The second is Mansoor Zakaria, a former Silicon Valley entrepreneur who is now a partner in a wealth management firm.
Her elder biological son, Arshad Zakaria, runs a hedge fund while her younger biological son, Fareed Zakaria, is a political commentator and journalist, and host of Fareed Zakaria GPS on CNN.
Zakaria died from COVID-19 at the Kamalnayan Bajaj Hospital in Aurangabad on 6 April 2021.
A.E.P. Griessen

Albert Edward Peter Griessen (French form Albert Edward Pierre Griessen) (1875 – 6 October 1935) was a Kew-trained English gardener who was involved in the landscaping of the Indian capital city of New Delhi along with architect Edwin Lutyens and later the gardener William Robert Mustoe. He also worked on archaeology and restoration of ancient monuments within the lands that he was in his charge.
Griessen was born in London and educated in France and at London, he trained at Kew as a gardener from 1896 and worked as a subforeman until 1898. He was posted to the Sibpur Botanical Gardens in Calcutta and later served as superintendent of the gardens at Agra, involved in work around Taj Mahal, McDonnell Park and surroundings. Under Lord Curzon and Griessen, the Taj Mahal gardens which earlier consisted of fruit trees were altered to have few fruit trees, presumably to prevent pilferage by visitors. After the design of numerous parks in Agra, he was involved in the design of the Delhi area before the Coronation Durbar of Lord Curzon (1903) and the Delhi Durbar of 1911. He also worked on other ceremonial projects during visits of the Prince and Princess of Wales (1905) and the Emir of Afghanistan (1907). During the 1913 Durbar, with visitors from across India, there was a congregation of Kew gardeners who were working in other provinces or native states which included Robert Henry Locke, W.R. Mustoe, Ernest Long, E. Little, John Thomas Johnson, W.G. Head (1837–1897) and Hermann Krumbiegel.
Griessen published several notes in English and in French and these include:
He was awarded the Royal Victorial Medal and the Kaiser-i-Hind medals. He went on furlough in 1928 and he was requested to serve in India for an extended period but he refused and retired in 1930 and settled at Craven Park.
Castle Quarter (Budapest)

The Castle Quarter (Hungarian: Várnegyed) is the part of Buda in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary, that lies within the defensive walls of the Buda Castle complex, corresponding to the medieval royal city of Buda. Located on Várhegy (lit. 'Castle Hill'), it is the oldest part of Budapest, having been continuously inhabited since 1247. The center of the neighborhood are the streets between the Royal Palace and Matthias Church.
The "Bécsi kapu" (Vienna Gate) is one of the medieval gates of Buda. Today, it serves as an entrance to the district.
The first fortress on Várhegy was built in the 13th century. Following the devastation during the Turkish occupation the whole building complex was reconstructed. It now it hosts some notable museums and other monuments, among them the national library. Dísz tér (En: Dísz Square) can be found next to the complex.
A well-known church in the country. Its construction started around the same time as that of the castle. The sarcophagus of Béla III of Hungary can be seen within the building. The square in front of the church is called Szentháromság tér (En: Holy Trinity Square).
The bastion was built in the beginning of the 20th century. Its terrace provides a panorama view of the city.
47°30′N 19°00′E﻿ / ﻿47.5°N 19°E﻿ / 47.5; 19
Río Guayllabamba

El Guayllabamba es un río de la provincia de Pichincha, en Ecuador.​ Es el eje hidrográfico de la hoya del mismo nombre con sus principales afluentes: San Pedro, Pita y Pisque. Desde el sur el río Guayllabamba recoge las aguas interiores de la hoya y se estrecha en un gran cañón que rompe la cordillera occidental y se precipita hacia la costa para desaguar en Esmeraldas.​
Sus aguas tienen sus orígenes en diminutos riachuelos provenientes del los volcanes: Cotopaxi, Sincholagua y Rumiñahui. El río San Pedro se origina al este de la ciudad de Machachi, a más de 3000 ms.n.m. y su curso se dirige al norte, casi paralelo con la Carretera Panamericana hasta la parroquia Amaguaña, ahí cruza la Autopista General Rumiñahui y su curso se dirige al noreste, paralelamente a la Autopista, llegando a Sangolquí. Nuevamente apuntando hacia el norte, junto con la Vía Intervalles, divide a las parroquias de Cumbayá y Tumbaco, cerca del puente divisorio recibe las aguas del río Machángara. Finalmente se une con el río Chiche para formar el río Guayllabamba, no muy lejos del Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre.
El río Chiche tiene un curso hacia el norte, desde el este del cerro Ilaló. Por este puente, cruza el puente de 320 m de la Ruta Viva que une a Quito con el valle de Tumbaco y el Aeropuerto Internacional Mariscal Sucre.​ Unos metros más al norte cruza también el puente antiguo de la Vía Interoceánica, que además de unir a Quito con el valle y el aeropuerto, también es la vía de entrada de la capital a la Región Amazónica del Ecuador. Aguas abajo pasa al occidente de Puembo, y termina su curso uniéndose con el San Pedro.
El Guayllabamba nace con un recorrido hacia el norte, naciendo muy cerca del aeropuerto; unos kilómetros más allá sigue su cauce con la Panamericana Norte de Quito, apartándose de ella cerca de la parroquia de Guayllabamba, y recibe al río Pisque. Pasa el río después por el oeste de las parroquias de Puéllaro y Perucho, es allí cuando cambia su trayectoria hacia el noroeste, al mismo tiempo que se aleja de las poblaciones de la Región Interandina. A 800 ms.n.m. recibe al río Intag, toma un curso occidental y desde entonces, sirve de límite entre las provincias de Pichincha e Imbabura; unos pocos kilómetros aguas abajo llega a la población de Chontal, y desde aquel punto inicia un extenso tramo por el cual pasa por las selvas del Chocó biogeográfico, casi deshabitadas.
A 145 ms.n.m. deja de ser el límite interprovincial e ingresa a la provincia de Esmeraldas, donde no recorre mucha distancia hasta su unión con el río Blanco, más allá de Quinindé, para formar el río Esmeraldas,​ que a su vez, deposita sus aguas en el océano Pacífico a la altura de la ciudad de Esmeraldas.
Busscar de Colombia

Busscar de Colombia es una empresa carrocera de autobuses colombiana, cuya sede principal de operaciones está en la ciudad de Pereira, en Risaralda, y que era filial de la matriz que tenía sede en la ciudad de Joinville, Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil.​
La firma fue fundada en Colombia tras la adquisición de cierto porcentaje de acciones en el carrocero local Carrocerías de Occidente; quien ya estaba en el sector industrial por algo más de diez años, proveyendo chasis carrozados para el transporte de pasajeros.​​ Tras la decisión de la carrozadora brasileña, se decide el asistir a un productor local, con miras de instalarse en el mercado local de autobuses y de buses BRT, un sector creciente ante la implementación de sistemas de buses de tránsito rápido como TransMilenio, Megabús, Transcaribe, Transmetro, entre otros, en los cuales ya la casa brasileña tenía experiencia y tecnología para competir contra la rival, también brasileña Marcopolo. Inicialmente un joint-venture, la casa brasileña compra paquetes de acciones en la firma colombiana, y fue luego refundada en 2004. Su matriz es propiedad de inversionistas colombianos y de la familia brasileña Nielson.
En el mercado brasileño, la firma Busscar Onibus dejó de existir, luego que se declarase en bancarrota el 27 de septiembre de 2012,​ pero aún tras este acto, las esperanzas de Busscar aún no han acabado, ya que la filial de Busscar en Colombia, se ha mostrado como una empresa sólida, estando actualmente en su mejor momento productivo, y ha continuado con el desarrollo de la última en la fabricación de autobuses y autocares, tanto para el mercado colombiano como para los de exportación, viéndose ya sus productos en países centroamericanos.
En Colombia, la firma casi desaparece víctima de dos accidentes en los que sucesivos incendios consumen hasta el 40% de sus instalaciones,​ tras lo que decide refundarse y reinventarse, al rediseñar su gama de articulados en operación y aumentar su plantilla de empleados, con miras de reconstruirse rápidamente, lo cual sucedió.​
Actualmente, es una de las principales carroceras de Latinoamérica, y ha exportado sus productos a México, Chile, Panamá, Perú, Bolivia, Ecuador y Surinam, consolidándose fuertemente en el mercado de autobuses internacional.
Lanzamientos de Busscar Colombia en orden cronológico:
Corresponden a modelos de Busscar Onibus (extinta).
Tragedia de Charat de 2019

La tragedia de Charat de 2019 se refiere a un accidente automovilístico ocurrido el 12 de noviembre en la provincia de Otuzco, al norte del departamento de La Libertad - Perú.​ El resultado fue de 19 muertos y 25 heridos.​
Un bus interprovincial de la empresa Irbusa, con 30 pasajeros a bordo, que cubría la ruta entre las ciudades de Callanca y Trujillo, a las 3 de la madrugada (hora peruana), sobre la Ruta nacional PE-1N del distrito de Charat, se desvió y cayó a una pendiente de 300 metros en el límite de la autopista.​ Miembros de la Policía Nacional del Perú trasladaron los cadáveres y sobrevivientes a la ciudad de Trujillo. Para el cuerpo policial, una causa del accidente pudo ser la densa neblina que se presenta en el área.​
Según el conteo total, hay 19 muertos y 25 heridos.​
El 16 de noviembre el Poder Judicial del Perú dictó diez meses de prisión para Jhon Mantilla Luján (29), conductor del auto y acusado por homicidio culposo:
Tragedia de Yauca de 2020

La tragedia de Yauca de 2020 se refiere a un accidente automovilístico ocurrido el 6 de enero en la provincia de Caravelí, al oeste del departamento de Arequipa, Perú.​ El resultado fue de 16 muertos y 50 heridos.​
Un bus interprovincial de la empresa Cruz del Sur, que cubría la ruta entre las ciudades de Lima y Arequipa, a las 00:41 de la madrugada (hora peruana) sobre la Ruta Nacional PE-1S del distrito de Caravelí, chocó con tres minivans.​ Los vehículos con los que impacto el bus se encontraban transportando trabajadores para una mina como pasajeros para los distritos de Coracora en Ayacucho, así mismo causó daños a diferentes quioscos que se encontraban cerca del lugar del suceso también recibieron daños por las partes mecánicas de los vehículos estrellados que salieron volando.​
Ante la magnitud del accidente el personal de la CIA de Bomberos de Yauca realizó el traje de heridos en apoyo al puesto de Salud de Yauca, así fue que el responsable de la Cia de Bomberos en Yauca Secc. CBP Alexander Chávez León, reportó el suceso a las Cia de Bomberos de Nazca B-82 y Cía de Bomberos Vista Alegre B-200 y la Cia de Bomberos Marcona B-152, atendiendo y estabilizando a los pacientes para su traslado a Camaná, Nazca e Ica, se tuvo el apoyo de las ambulancias de los puestos de salud del distrito de Jaqui, Acari y Bella Unión.
El alcalde de la provincia de Caravelí Arturo Montesinos informó:
Montesinos dijo que un menor de nombre Franco Gil Vilca se quedó solo en el puesto de salud del distrito de Yauca, ya que sus familiares fueron transportados a otras ciudades.​
El 7 de marzo del mismo año, el bus siniestrado fue pintado de azul, siguiendo un protocolo de seguridad de la Empresa Cruz del Sur.
Según la Policía Nacional del Perú, el número de muertos encontrado de forma inicial fue de 12 personas, los heridos fueron traslados al hospital del distrito, este colapsó por la cantidad de heridos, por lo cual, varios de ellos fueron transportados a centros médicos de Nazca e Ica.​ En el hospital de Nazca fallecieron dos más. Entre los fallecidos se encontraban una mujer gestante y dos extranjeros de nacionalidad no identificada.​
El 7 de enero de 2020, El Peruano comunicó que ocho de los heridos de gravedad fueron trasladados a Lima.​ Ese mismo día se registró que fueron 50 heridos y 16 muertos el resultado del accidente.​
El 9 de enero, el Ministerio Público de Acarí ordenó detención preventiva contra el conductor del bus que colisiono en Yauca, José Antonio Bonilla Capcha bajo las «modalidades de homicidio culposo y lesiones culposas graves.»​
La Superintendencia de Transporte Terrestre de Personas, Carga y Mercancías (SUTRAN) mostró que el bus se trasladaba a 105 kilómetros por hora, 15 más de los 90 km/h permitidos por ley.​
La empresa Cruz del Sur expresó que aunque se cree que la causa del accidente es un vaciado de frenos, el vehículo era de reciente adquisición, por lo cual no apoyan esta teoría.​
Andean Spanish

Andean Spanish is a dialect of Spanish spoken in the central Andes, from southern Colombia, with influence as far south as northern Chile and Northwestern Argentina, passing through Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. While similar to other Spanish dialects, Andean Spanish shows influence from Quechua, Aymara, and other indigenous languages, due to prolonged and intense language contact. This influence is especially strong in rural areas.
Voseo is common in the Bolivian and Ecuadorian Andes, largely among rural and poorer speakers. It is nearly extinct in Peru. Some speakers tend towards pronominal voseo, using vos with the tú conjugations of verbs, whereas more indigenous speakers tend to use the vos conjugations.
Words like pues, pero and nomás are often used similarly to the modal suffixes of Quechua and Aymara. They can be stacked at the end of a clause:
Andean Spanish also widely uses redundant "double possessives" as in:
This also shows how en can indicate "motion towards" in the Andes. En may also be used "before a locative adverb, as in Vivo en acá 'I live here' or En allá sale agua 'Water is coming out there.'"
Due to Aymara and Quechua influence, Andean Spanish often uses the pluperfect tense or clause-final dice "he/she says" to indicate evidentiality. Evidential dice is more common in monolingual Peruvian Spanish.
In upper Ecuador, a dar + gerund construction is common, ie:
Andean Spanish typically uses more loans from Aymara and Quechua than other Spanish varieties. In addition, some common words have different meanings. Pie, meaning "foot," can refer to the whole leg, due to Aymara influence. Siempre ("always") can mean "still."
Empresa Metropolitana de Servicios y Administración del Transporte

Empresa Metropolitana de Servicios y Administración del Transporte or EMSAT (Metropolitan Transport Services and Administration Company) is the transportation government agency of the municipality of Quito, the capital of Ecuador.
Formerly known as the UPGT (Transportation Planning and Management Unit), after requests from the mayor of Quito, the Metropolitan Council decided to change its name to the Metropolitan Transport Services and Administration (EMSAT). This was a joint venture, mostly formed through public funds and an intention to be autonomous in its financial management. With the passing of time this company was managed by Mr. Rodrigo Torres who had to leave the administration of this company due to alleged cases of corruption when managing the management of the "Ecovia". Its Director of Operations, Mr. Bolivar Muñoz, has expressed his effort and sacrifice in favor of the development of this former company of the Municipality.
Its function is to manage the bus system in and around the city. Quito's main bus system is known as MetrobusQ.
Trasierra - Tierras de Granadilla

Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla es el nombre que recibe un conjunto de municipios del norte de la provincia de Cáceres que el 22 de abril de 1997 constituyeron la Mancomunidad Integral de Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla, autoproclamándose comarca con fines turísticos y tomando como base histórica a las Tierras de Granadilla e incluyendo algunos municipios de Tras la Sierra, una de las unidades históricas integrantes de Extremadura, cuyos límites son similares a la actual Trasierra - Tierras de Granadilla aunque varían algunos municipios.
Celtíberos y vetones fueron los primeros pobladores de los que se tiene constancia. Los vetones, un pueblo ganadero que ya en la edad de hierro les gustaban fortificar sus poblados, situándolos en montículos y a orillas de los ríos. Se tiene constancia de diferentes asentamientos de origen vetón en la zona como es el asentamiento de El Berrocalillo en el término municipal de Plasencia, el asentamiento de El Castillejo en el término de Santa Cruz de Paniagua, el asentamiento de Cabezagorda entre los términos de Villar de Plasencia y Jarilla y el yacimiento de El Gordo entre los términos municipales de Cabezabellosa, Plasencia y Villar de Plasencia. También, se tiene constancia de otros dos asentamientos de posible, pero dudoso origen vetón debido a su diferente tipología, siendo así un castro en Cabezabellosa y el castro de El Picute en Segura de Toro, el cual es relativamente pequeño, a penas una hectárea, pero se puede observar la existencia de un doble recinto amurallado concéntrico, con una entrada en la zona noreste e incluso siguiendo las pautas de un control visual del valle, hacia el sur casi hasta el yacimiento de El Berrocalillo, como en dirección norte hacia Baños de Montemayor y por tanto la comunicación con la meseta.​
La comarca histórica de las Tierras de Granadilla nació con el establecimiento de la Casa de Alba en la zona en el siglo XV. Su capital histórica fue la villa de Granadilla, hoy abandonada. Hasta 1833 incluía también los cinco municipios de las Hurdes, las villas de La Alberca y Sotoserrano (hoy en Castilla y León) y la parte occidental de Aldeanueva del Camino (hoy en el Valle del Ambroz).
Luego de 1833, los municipios miembros de esta comarca fueron:
Casi todos los municipios de la antigua comarca histórica se constituyeron el 22 de abril de 1997 en la Mancomunidad Integral de Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla, que incluye otros municipios hasta entonces no comarcanos, como Oliva de Plasencia, Jarilla y Cabezabellosa. La villa del Casar de Palomero ingresó en la mancomunidad de las Hurdes y Abadía entró en el Valle del Ambroz. Su límite sur coincide con la antigua calzada romana de la "Vía de la Plata", más conocida como "lindón" en los pueblos de la zona.
La Mancomunidad Integral de Trasierra-Tierras de Granadilla engloba los siguientes municipios:
J2O

J2O is a still soft drink made from fruit juices. It is manufactured by Carlsberg Britvic and sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Its launch in 1998 was led by Sheraz Dar who joined Britvic in 1994, and was aimed at providing an alternative solution for people who were going out to bars and clubs but were not drinking alcoholic beverages. The name J2O is a pun on the chemical formula for water, H2O, chosen due to the drink's fruit juice content. The first flavours available were Orange & Passion fruit, Apple & Mango and Apple & Melon, but the range has progressively grown since.
In 2001, due to growing brand success, the J2O packaging was redesigned and a fourth flavour, Orange & Cranberry, was introduced. In 2002, due to the brand's popularity within the on-trade sector, J2O was made available to the take-home market for the first time, with four-bottle packs being introduced into supermarkets and retail shops. The packaging was again changed in 2005, and Apple & Raspberry was introduced.
On 2 August 2006, Britvic announced a promotional campaign designed to coincide with the Little Britain live tour. The campaign, named "J2O is in for a laugh" allows buyers to enter a competition to win one of 96 VIP tickets to see the Little Britain show.
As of 15 August 2007, J2O has been made available to bars, clubs, and restaurants in the Chicago area and is imported by Exotic Beverage Co.
In 2009, J2O introduced two new flavours, Grape & Kiwi and Winter Berries. Both of these flavours were originally limited edition but have since been integrated into the range of permanent flavours. 2010 saw a major packaging redesign and the launch of the J2O White Blend range. Two flavours, one based on white grape, the other on red grape, are less sweet than the existing J2O flavours and are designed to complement food, in the same way that white and red wine does. Orange & passion fruit and apple & mango (the 2 most popular flavours) have been released in PET bottles.
In 2011, a limited edition flavour of J2O called "Glitter Berry" was brought out. Then in 2012, 2 further limited edition flavours, papaya punch and diamond berry were released. In 2013, a limited edition Pear Gold version was released for summer. In 2020, J2O won the Lausanne Index Prize - Supreme Award.
In November 2014, J2O launched a TV advert called Junior's crew 2 Old Irish beats, which featured contemporary London dance outfit Junior's Crew, break-dancing to a live Irish folk band called The Other Brothers. The TV advert was filmed in Stoke Newington Town Hall and debuted during The X-Factor on ITV1 (Nov 2014).
As of 2019, the J2O range of flavours includes:
Five Alive

Five Alive (French: Déli-cinq) is a line of fruit juice blends created by Minute Maid, a subsidiary of The Coca-Cola Company. Both the name and the five colors of the logo refer to the five fruit juices each variety contains.
The juice line was first introduced in the late 1970s in both 12 US fl oz (350 ml) and 16 US fl oz (470 ml) cans. Marketing for Five Alive featured the slant rhyme catchphrase “get a taste for life”.
Starting in 1981, Five Alive was released in traditional juice box cartons alongside cans. By the 1990s, the beverages were no longer produced for the U.S. market. Five Alive continues limited production in Canada.
Five Alive is not a significant source of saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, fiber, vitamin A, calcium, or iron.
The Nutrition Facts label on the Canadian 341 mL ready-to-serve can of Five Alive claims the beverage contains 140% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C. Five Alive contains 110 calories and 27 grams of sugar per 240 mL.
U.S. Five Alive labels list 41% fruit juice, with high-fructose corn syrup as an ingredient after filtered water.
In the United Kingdom, quantitative ingredient labeling is mandatory; U.K. labels show that Five Alive contains 42% fruit juice, as well as 22% sugar and several artificial sweeteners.
Passion fruit mousse

Passion fruit mousse (Portuguese: mousse de maracujá, sometimes spelled musse) is a passion fruit-flavored variation of mousse from Brazilian cuisine. It is usually less aerated than traditional mousses.
Recipes vary, but it is usually prepared using gelatin, egg whites, condensed milk, and concentrated passion-fruit juice. Ingredients often also include cream, either during preparation, or alongside the prepared mousse; sugar is sometimes used as well.
In the early 1960s the Brazilian branch of Nestlé was concerned with declining sales of Leite Moça, their condensed milk brand. Starting in 1961 Nestlé began organized culinary courses and worked with cooking schools to promote Leite Moça. It was a very successful effort: Nestlé saw an increase in usage, from less than 10% of recipes in courses integrating Leite Moça in 1961, to over 70% of courses using it in some way in 1964.
This affected Brazilian cuisine, especially the desserts: recipes that were once made very similar to their European counterparts were adapted and modified to incorporate condensed milk. In the case of the mousse, it became thicker and less aerated, with reduced cooking time.
Not long after, passion fruit mousse recipes start to appear; examples can be found as early as 1962.
Exhaust (band)

Exhaust was a Canadian trio from Montreal featuring bass, drums, tape and bass clarinet, active from 1995 to 2012. The members were Aidan Girt (drums), Gordon Krieger (bass/ bass clarinet) and Mike Zabitsky (tape loops).
Exhaust's first release was the limited release cassette 230596. Their debut LP Exhaust, (later reissued on CD) was one of the first releases on the then-fledgling Constellation Records label. The album was recorded at partly at Hotel2Tango in Montreal, and partly at Mom and Pop Sounds. The ten tracks consisted of 34 minutes of eclectic experimental rock music played by Girt and Krieger, augmented by Zabitsky's studio effects and audio samples.
A second album, Enregistreur, was released in 2002; a synthesis of low bass riffs, bass clarinet, drumming, speech and machine noise samples, it was described in the Austin Chronicle as a "clattering collage of broken wires and cold urban filth". It was meant to be their final album but, in December 2011, they (independently) released a third album (online only), titled Grenadilla Splinters.
Oncom

Oncom nyaéta kadaharan tina kacang anu di-fermentasi-keun. Oncom mangrupa kadaharan has Urang Sunda di Indonésia. Loba kamonésan tina oncom, di antarana oncom bisa jadi deungeun sangu ku jalan dipais, dibobotok, digoréng biasa, atawa dipasak jeung leunca. Oncom bisa ogé dikokolakeun jadi kiripik oncom.
Sacara gurat badag, oncom aya dua rupa, nyaéta:
Sanajan bahan-bahan oncom mangrupa panyésaan, tapi tina segi gizi mah masih kénéh padet ku gizi, nu matak kacida nyaahna lamun heug dipiceun atawa ukur dibikeun ka ingon-ingon téh.
Bahan baku séjénna nu diperlukeun nalika nyieun oncom nyaéta kapang. Kapang oncom bisa ngaluarkeun enzim lipase jeung protease nu aktip salila prosés fermentasi tur nyekel peranan penting dina nguraikeun pati jadi gula, nguraikeun bahan-bahan pinding sél kacang, nguraikeun lemak, sarta ngawangun alkohol saeutik tur mangrupa-rupa éster nu bauna sedep.
Loba jalma nu kurang ngahargaan oncom ti batan hasil ngokolakeun kakacangan lianna, saperti tahu atawa témpé. Hal ieu téh alatan oncom dijieunna tina hampas tahu atawa suuk. Padahal, sabenerna mah oncom miboga ajén jeung kualitas gizi nu alus minangka hasil tina prosés ferméntasi. Lamun dibandingkeun, oncom bungkil suuk mibanda protein, lemak jeung padetan nu ngaleyur leuwih loba ti batan oncom hampas tahu.
Ku ayana prosés fermentasi, struktur kimia bahan-bahannu tadina kompleks, bakal kaurai jadi senyawa-senyawa nu leuwih basajan antukna leuwih gampang dicerna jeung dimangpaatkeun ku awak manusa. Prosés fermentasi ku kapang ogé ngahasilkeun rasa nu dipikaresep ku konsumén.
Asal na oncom téh di Bandung
Angeun

Angeun nyaéta kadaharan anu aya kuahan nu biasana dijadikeun batur sangu nalika dahar. Jalma mikawanoh rupa-rupa angeun, nu popular di antarana; angeun lodéh jeung angeun haseum. Di kalangan patani Priangan, angeun nu popular nyaéta angeun kacang jeung angeun oncom. Di pilemburan, gulé jeung opor disebut angeun gulé jeung angeun opor. Pokona lamun ya kuahan disebut angeun. Jadi, teuing naon hubunganna, lamun eusina daging disebut angeun daging. Dahar sangu dicampur angeun disebut nguah atawa ngokoh (dikokoh). Nyieun angeun disebut ngangeun.
Angeun haseum nyaéta angeun anu bahanna rupa-rupa sayuran saperti potongan waluh siem, terong, kacang panjang, jeung aya ogé anu ditambahan ku engkol, tangkil jeung daun tangkil, jagong ngora, sarta aya anu maké kéréwédan. Di Priangan bungbuna henteu digerus heula tapi potongan bungbu éta diasupkeun kitu baé nalika cai angeun keur ngagolak, ku sabab éta warnana masih katempo bening, ogé teu maké suuk, jagong jeung kéréwédan. Di Jakarta digerus heula, ogé seringna maké kéréwédan, jagong, jeung suuk. Disebut angeun haseum lantaran rasana asem seger, anu asalna tina asem anu dijadikeun salah sahiji unsur bungbuna. Ayeuna urang Sunda ogé geus umum nyieun angeun haseum cara Jakarta.
Angeun kacang nyaéta angeun anu bahanna kacang beureum atawa kacang galing (sarupaning kacang beureum tapi leuwih leutik jeung rupa-rupa warnana). Samarana basajan salian ti gula beureum jeung uyah biasana ditambahan laja, daun salam, saeutik tarasi, tomat, kiamis, jeung combrang (kembang honjé), sarta daun walang. Bungbuna teu digerus tapi diasupkeun kana cai angeun nu keur ngagolak. Tapi, di kota bungbuna digerus heula, dihijikeun jeung bawang beureum nu sarua digerus, sarta jarang maké combrang. Aya ogé angeun kacang panjang anu bahanna tina kacang panjang.
Angeun lodéh nyaéta angeun anu bahanna aya rupa-rupa sayuran teu jauh béda jeung eusi angeun haseum, ditambahan ku daun tangkil nu masih ngora, tapi henteu jeung tangkilna, ogé henteu maké jagong. Hal utama anu ngabédakeun nyaéta angeun lodéh mah maké cipati sedengkeun angeun haseum mah henteu. Aya ogé anu dicampur témpé atawa oncom anu dipotongan laleutik kotak-kotak. Henteu maké kéréwédan siga angeun haseum. Angeun lodeh siga angeun haseum, popular pisan disakabéh kalangan masarakat Sunda.
Angeun oncom nyaéta angeun anu bahanna aya oncom (biasana disiksikan parasagi) ditambah cabé héjo, maké cipati. Samarana uyah, gula, asem, maké cikur.
Dagé

Dagé nyaéta hiji kadaharan olahan anu dijieun tina bahan-bahan sésa. Dagé ilaharna dijieun tina hampas tahu anu di ragian/di peuyeum heula, ilahar disebut oncom atawa témpé gembus. Ogé aya deui dagé anu dijieun tina cangkang sampeu, sarta olahan dagé anu dijieun tina hampas kalapa atawa hampas pameureutan minyak kopra.
Dagé nunjul ogé kana olahan anu bahan utamana oncom, ieu kadaharan katelah dagé goréng." Aya deui dagé oncom anu di pais, kadaharan has Kanoman kota Cirebon.
Tutug oncom

Nasi tutug oncom or sometimes simply called tutug oncom, is an Indonesian style rice dish, made of rice mixed with oncom fermented beans, originally from Tasikmalaya, West Java. It is usually wrapped in banana leaves and served with various side dishes.
Nasi tutug oncom is a Sundanese dish, quite popular in most of cities in West Java, especially Bandung and Tasikmalaya, and also in Greater Jakarta area.
Nasi is common Indonesian term for rice, while tutug in Sundanese means "mashed", "mixed" or "pulverized", and oncom is fermented beans cake akin to tempeh, but made from different fungi. Therefore, the name describe a rice dish that was mixed with mashed oncom.
The exact origin of nasi tutug oncom was not clear. However, it has been staples for breakfast among Sundanese population for generations. According to some circles, since the 1940s nasi tutug oncom has been served as a simple, cheap and quite satisfying breakfast. During that time Indonesians endured hardships due to the outbreak of the Pacific War and Indonesian war of independence, thus oncom was a simple and cheap source of nutrients. Initially, the oncom was lightly roasted added with salt, without any seasonings, and consumed with steamed rice. Then for practical reasons, the roasted oncom was mashed together with rice, and then wrapped in banana leaf.
This modest background had led to an image in the past that nasi tutug oncom was a food for poors. Nevertheless, the savoury flavour of the rice mixed with roasted oncom fermented beans had led to the popularity of this rice mix; started in Eastern Priangan region to Bandung, to Jakarta, and then to the rest of Indonesia. Particularly today, after this oncom rice had elevated its status; being served with assorted choices of savoury side dishes to make it more satisfying and nutritionally balanced.
Since 2019, nasi tutug oncom is served in Garuda Indonesia in-flight meal in its domestic routes, along with the choices of nasi goreng spesial (special fried rice), lontong sate ayam (chicken satay with rice cakes), and nasi ulam (rice cooked with herbs).
The bumbu spice mixture used in this dish are shallot, garlic, red chili pepper, kencur (a kind of galangal) and salt, all are pulverized into a paste, stir fried in cooking oil, add with roasted oncom fermented beans, mixed with steamed rice, then wrapped in banana leaf, and sprinkled with crispy fried shallots.
Nasi tutug oncom is usually wrapped in banana leaf and served with a choice of side dishes, of which Indonesian traditional fried chicken ayam goreng is a popular one. This method of serving is quite similar to other Indonesian fragrant dish nasi uduk that is also consumed with an array of protein sources.
It may be served with chicken either fried as ayam goreng or grilled as ayam bakar, salted fish, fried tofu and tempeh, sunny-side fried egg, lalab vegetables; usually slices of cucumber and tomato with lemon basil leaf, krupuk crackers, and also sambal chili paste as a hot and spicy relish.
Tauge goreng

Tauge goreng (Indonesian for "fried bean sprouts") is an Indonesian savoury vegetarian dish made of stir-fried tauge (bean sprouts) with slices of tofu, ketupat or lontong rice cake and yellow noodles, served in a spicy oncom-based sauce. Tauge goreng is a specialty of Jakarta and Bogor city, West Java, Indonesia. It is usually sold as street food using pikulan (carrying pole) or gerobak (cart) by street vendors. It is a popular street food in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta, and Greater Jakarta areas, including Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi.
Tauge goreng is a vegetarian dish, because it contains no elements of animal-based ingredients. The main ingredient is the tauge or mung bean sprouts. Usually the bean sprout are cooked in front of customer using small and simple stove. The bean sprouts are not stir fried in cooking oil, but in small amount of boiling water instead. Then the slices of tofu, yellow noodles, and slices of ketupat or lontong rice cake are added, stir fried, mixed and heated together. Then the savoury and spicy oncom-based sauce is poured upon the cooked ingredients. The oncom-based sauce is made by stir-frying ground oncom in small amount of vegetable oil with spices, including ground galangal, salam leaf (Indonesian bayleaf), slices of tomato, scallion, garlic chives, tauco (fermented soybean paste), kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), key lime juice, and salt.
Oncom is bright orange-colored fermented crushed beans similar to tempeh, but made from different fungi. It is especially popular ingredient in Sundanese cuisine. The oncom-based sauce is also used in Bogor version of laksa, thus their taste are quite similar. The oncom-based sauce giving an earthy nutty flavour to the dish.
The most popular tauge goreng in Indonesia is the West Javan version, which uses oncom based sauce as mentioned above. However, there are numbers of stir fried beansprouts variants exist in the archipelago.
In Malaysia, there is a similar-named dish called taugeh goreng. However, this Malaysian version is a lot simpler, which only consists of beansprouts stir fried with chopped shallot, garlic and chili in soy sauce. This dish is a simple home cooking, and not sold as a street food in the country.
In Indonesia, this kind of simpler fried beansprout (without lontong rice cake, noodle, oncom and tauco sauce) is usually mixed with diced tofu instead, and it is called gehu, which is abbreviation of taoge and tahu or tumis tahu taoge. It is also a popular simple home cooking, and not a street food.
Another variant of stir fried beansprouts uses ikan asin (salted fish) or teri Medan (Medan's anchovy) to add savoury and salty flavour.
Balushahi (Bihari cuisine)

Balushahi is a traditional Indian sweet originating from the North Indian state of Bihar, particularly popular in the Rajauli region of Nawada. This deep-fried pastry is known for its crisp, golden-brown exterior and soft, sugary interior, which is soaked in sweet syrup. Often compared to a doughnut, Balushahi is made using a dough consisting of all-purpose flour (maida), ghee (clarified butter), and a touch of baking soda. After frying, it is dipped into a sugar syrup flavored with cardamom, making it rich and sweet.
Balushahi holds significant cultural importance and is a favorite treat during festivals like Diwali, Holi, and weddings. It is also cherished as a festive snack in Bihari households and is often garnished with pistachios or almonds. The delicacy is widely known for its distinct texture and flavor, which makes it a beloved sweet not only in Bihar but in other parts of India as well.
Juncus interior

Juncus interior is a species of rush. It is known by the common name interior rush, and in its native range also as "soft rush" (which generally refers to J. effusus outside North America).
It is native to the central inlands of North America where it grows in moist areas such as meadows and spring prairies. It can also be found in drier areas.
This is a perennial herb with tufted roots. It has long, flat, narrow leaves with rounded auricles. The flowers are located along the ascending branchlets. They are green with very narrow, pointed sepals and petals and six stamens. The fruits are pale brown capsules which are eaten by waterfowl.