davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ramon Barba

Si Ramon Cabanos Barba (31 Agosto 1939–10 Oktubre 2021) ay isang Pilipinong imbentor na nakaimbento ng paraan upang lalo pang mapamulaklak ang mga punong mangga sa pamamagitan ng Ethrel at Potassium Nitrate. Nahirang sila bilang isa sa Ten Outstanding Young Men in Agriculture noong 1974 at napagkalooban ng Horticultural Technology Award noong Hunyo, 1999.
Anak nina Juan Madamba Barba (isang abogado) at Lourdes Cabanos (graduate din ng UP) ng Ilocos Norte si Ramon. Ipinanganak noong 31 Agosto 1939 bilang bunso sa apat na magkakapatid. Nagtapos ng elementarya si Ramon sa Sta. Rosa Academy (1951) kung saan ikatlo siya sa pinakamataas sa lahat ng mga nagsipagtapos. Sa Unibersidad ng Pilipinas (UP) naman siya nagtapos ng high school kung saan naging guro niya sa laboratoryo ng Biology si Dr. Helen Layosa Valmayor, kilala sa kanyang mga pananaliksik ukol sa mga orkidya.
Ipinagpatuloy ni Ramon ang kanyang pag-aaral sa UP Los Banos, sa Laguna at nagtapos ng kursong Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, major in Agronomy o Fruit Production (1958). Nagsilbing inspirasyon ni Ramon ang kanyang lolo na si Juan Cabanas na noo'y isang opisyal ng Bureau of Plants and Industry (BPI) at ang kanyang guro na si Dr. L.G. Gonzales, ama ng Horticulture sa Pilipinas.
Nakatanggap si Ramon ng scholarship sa Unibersidad ng Georgia kung saan marami siyang nagawang eksperimento ukol sa pagpapabulaklak ng mga halaman sa pamamagitan ng gibberellic acid at pataba gamit ang potassium nitrate. Taong 1962, natapos ni Ramon ang Master of Science in Horticulture (with distinction) sa nasabing paaralan.
Sa East-West Center, sa Hawaii naman niya natapos ang kanyang Doctorate in Plant Physiology, specializing in Tropical Fruits and Tissue Culture noong 1967. Maraming napagdaanang pagtutol si Ramon sa kanyang proposal upang higit pang mapamulaklak ang mga punong mangga. Subalit sa tulong ng kanyang kaibigang Ginoong at Ginang Jose Quimson ng Quimara Farms sa San Antonio, naisagawa ni Ramon ang kanyang eksperimento. Sa 400 puno ng 10 hanggang 12 taong gulang na puno, matagumpay niyang naisagawa ang kanyang pag-aaral. Namulaklak ang mga ito isang linggo hanggang isang buwan matapos ma-spray ang potassium nitrate.
Ang pag-aaral na ito ni Ramon ay kanyang isinulat at pinamagatang Induction of Flowering of the Mango by Chemical Spray at nahirang bilang Best Paper ng Crop Science Society of the Philippines (CSSP) noong 1974. Nahirang din si Ramon bilang isa sa Ten Outstanding Young Men in Agriculture noon ding taon iyon. Ang pagkakatuklas na ito sa kakayahang mapabunga eng mangga anumang oras sa buong taon ang nagpabago sa takbo ng industriya ng mangga sa Pilipinas.
Tteok

Ang Tteok (Pagbabaybay sa Koreano: [t͈ʌk]; ibinabaybay din nang ddeock, duk, dduk, ddeog, o thuck) ay Koreanong cake na ginawa ng malagkit o bigas na malagkit at galapong (kilala rin bilang matamis na kanin o chapssal), sa pamamagitan ng pasingawan. Ang galapong ay maaaring gamitin para sa mga ilang uri ng tteok. May mga daan-daang mga iba't-ibang uri ng tteok na kinakain sa buong taon. Sa Korea, sa kaugalian ang pagkakain ng
tteok guk (sopas ng tteok) sa Araw ng Bagong Taon. Madalas itong itinuturi na isang pagkain pang selebrasyon at maaaring saklaw mula sa halip ng detalyadong mga bersyon na may mani at bunga hanggang sa plain na lasa na tteok na ginagamit sa bahay pang luto.
Ang Tteok sa lahat ay nahahati sa apat na kategorya, tulad ng "napasingawan na tteok"(찌는 떡, 甑餠) , "pinupukpok na tteok"(치는 떡, 搗餠), "pinakuluang tteok"(삶는 떡 搗餠) at"pinirito sa kawali na tteok"(지지는 떡 油煎餠). Ang napasingawan na tteok ay ginawa sa pamamagitan ng napasingawan na bigas o malagkit na bigas harina sa"siru"(시루), o sa isang malaking terakota, kaya ito ay madalas na tinatawag na"sirutteok"(시루떡). Ito ay itinuturing bilang ang pangunahing at pinakalumang uri ng tteok. Ang pinupukpok na tteok ay ginawa sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng isang mortar pagkatapos ng unang ito ay napasingawan. Sa paggawa ng pinirito sa kawali na tteok, ang masa ng bigas ay pinipipi tulad ng pancake at pinipirito ito sa kawali na may kinalaman ng langisng halaman. Ang hugis ng tteok ay ginawa sa pamamagitan ng isang pagmamasa masa na may mainit na tubig na kung saan ay karaniwang hugis ng bola.
Pagpapahid ng langis

Ang pagpapahid ng langis ay ang paglalagay ng langis ng oliba sa ulo ng isang tao, may sakit man o wala. Sa mga Ebreo, ang pagpapahid ng langis ay naging mahalaga sa pagtatalaga sa kabanalan: kaya ito ginamit sa pagtatalaga ng pinakapunong pari at ng mga banal na lalagyan. Sa katagalan, ang mga hari at propeta ay binigyan na rin ng karapatang makibahagi sa sakramentong ito. Mismong ibig sabihin sa literal ng titulong mesiyas ay "pinagpahiran ng langis." Sinasagisag ng gawaing ito ang "pagtulong ng espiritu ng Diyos upang makapagsagawa ang taong iyon ng isang natatanging tungkulin." Ayon kay Jose C. Abriol, isang larawan ang pagpapahid ng langis ng paghahanda para sa sakramento ng pagpapahid ng santo oleo o banal na langis sa may sakit, na tinatawag ding Extremauncion, isang salitang nagbuhat sa wikang Kastila; nagbuhat din sa Kastila ang pariralang "santo oleo".
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Hudaismo, Kristiyanismo at Katolisismo ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Langis ng niyog

Ang langis ng niyog (o taba ng niyog) ay isang nakakaing langis mula sa mga butil, laman, at gata ng niyog. Sa mga 25 °C (77 °F) o mas malamig na temperatura, isa itong maputi at namuong taba, at sa mas mainit na klima, isa itong likidong langis na malinaw at malabnaw. Amoy-niyog ang mga di-repinadong baryante nito. Ginagamit ang langis ng niyog bilang mantika sa pagluluto, at sa mga pang-industriyang aplikasyon para sa produksyon ng mga kosmetiko at deterhente. Mayaman ang langis na ito sa mga asidong taba na may katamtamang kadena.
Dahil mataas ang nilalamang puspos na taba nito, maraming awtoridad sa kalusugan ang nagrerekomenda na limitahan ang pagkonsumo nito bilang pagkain.
Maaaring makuha ang langis ng niyog sa dalawang uri ng proseso: basa o tuyo. Mas simple (ngunit di-gaanong epektibo siguro), maaaring iprodyus ang langis sa pagpapainit ng laman sa kumukulong tubig o sa init ng araw o apoy.
Sa prosesong basa, ginagamit ang gata na kinuha mula sa hilaw na niyog sa halip na pinatuyong kopra. Naglilikha ang mga protina sa gata ng emulsyon ng langis at tubig. Ang mas mahirap na hakbang ay ang paghihiwalay sa emulsyon upang mabawi ang langis. Dati, nagawa ito sa matagal na pagpapakulo, ngunit nagpoprodyus ito ng kupas na langis at hindi ekonomikal. Sa mga modernong pamamaraan, ginagamit ang mga sentripugo at mga paunang aplikasyon ng lamig, init, asido, asin, ensima, elektrolisis, shock wave, destilasyon sa singaw, o kombinasyon ng mga nabanggit. Kahit may mga iba't ibang baryasyon at teknolohiya sa prosesong basa, di-gaanong kabisa ang prosesong basa kumpara sa prosesong tuyo dahil mas mababa ng 10–15% ang nakukuhang langis mula sa prosesong basa, kahit kung isasaalang-alang ang nawawalang langis dahil sa pagkasira at peste sa prosesong tuyo. Kailangan din ng mga prosesong basa ang pamumuhunan sa kagamitan at enerhiya na magastos sa kapital at pagpapatakbo.
Sa prosesong tuyo, kailangang tanggalin ang laman ng niyog at patuyuin sa apoy, araw, o sa mga tapayan upang makabuo ng kopra. Pinipiga o tinutunaw ang kopra na gumagawa ng langis ng niyog at isang masa na maprotina at mahibla. Masyadong mababa ang kalidad ng masa para kainin ng mga tao. Sa halip nito, ipinapakain ito sa mga ruminante; walang proseso para makuha ang protina mula sa masa.
Mahalaga ang wastong pag-aani ng niyog (maaaring anihin ang niyog kapag 2 hanggang 20 buwan na ang edad nito) dahil may impluwensiya ito sa bisa ng paggawa ng langis. Mas mahirap gamitin ang kopra mula sa hilaw na prutas, at naglilikha ito ng nakabababang produkto na may mas mababang ani.
Langis ng sidronela

Ang langis ng sidronela ay isang esensiyal na langis na nakuha mula sa mga dahon at tangkay ng iba't ibang uri ng tanglad (Cymbopogon). Malawakang ginagamit ang langis bilang pinagmumulan ng mga kemikal na pabango tulad ng citronellal, citronellol, at geraniol. Malawakan ang paggamit ng mga kemikal na ito sa mga industriya ng sabon, kandila at insenso, pabango, kosmetiko, at pampalasa sa buong mundo.
Isa ring de-halamang pantaboy ng insekto ang langis ng sidronela at nairehistro na para sa paggamit nito sa Estados Unidos mula noong 1948. Itinuturing ang langis ng citronella ng United States Environmental Protection Agency bilang isang biopestisidyo na may di-nakakalasong paraan ng pagkilos.
Pantanging ginagamit ang langis ng sidronela bilang pantaboy ng lamok, lalo na para sa Aedes aegypti (lamok na nagdadala ng dengue). Ayon sa pananaliksik, epektibong pantaboy rin ang langis ng sidronela para sa tuma, kuto, at stable fly. Nagpasiya ang isang pag-aaral na isinagawa ng DARPA noong 1963 na ang hydroxycitronellal ay mabisang pantaboy sa linta, lintang-tubig man o lintang-lupa.
Hindi epektibo ang kandilang sidronela (na nagsusunog ng langis ng citronella) bilang pantaboy ng Aedes aegypti, ang espesye ng lamok na responsable sa pagpapakalat ng mga birus ng dengue, chikungunya, Zika, Mayaro at dilaw na lagnat, at iba pang mga sanhi ng sakit.
Glandulang malangis

Ang masesebong mga glandula, mamantikang mga glandula, matatabang mga glandula, o malalangis na mga glandula (Ingles: mga sebaceous gland) ay mga glandula ng balat na nagdurulot ng langis, mantika, o sebong para sa buhok at balat.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Kananga Water

Kananga water is a cologne based on a foundation of the essential oil of Ylang Ylang (also known as Cananga odorata). Plantations for producing kananga water were established by the British in Jamaica in the 19th century. Kananga water, like Florida Water, is used in various rituals including spiritual cleaning, and appeasing the spirits of the dead. Its use is particularly common among people of the African diaspora.
Peter L. Patrick in his list of "Some Recent Jamaican Creole Words" (an earlier version of which appeared in the journal American Speech in Fall 1995, 70(3):227-264.) suggests that the origin of the word is possibly from Kikongo kalunga '(Angolan) for lake, sea, ocean', Laman 1936, 207; but also in senses 'proper name' and 'in the depths, right at the bottom, in the heart of the earth'. Patrick also notes Bettelheim (1979, 323), as quoted in Ryman (1984, 84), that "kalunga is also the name of an underworld deity and/or the home of this god".
This false etymology is easily disputed, however. Kananga water clearly gets its name from its main component, Ylang Ylang, also known as "cananga odorata".
As far as reporting on the use of the water is concerned, Patrick reports that it has been quoted by Patterson (1964) as being a type of "holy water" that is used for purification in revival ceremonies. Quoting Patterson "male church leader, Shepherd John, cleansing a sinful woman: "'Bring de robe an' de cananga water an' call de Water Mother.' The period of cleansing began with a purity bath. [Shepherd John] sprinkled some of the cananga water over the room, then poured the rest in the tub. Then the water mother came forward, helped her in the tub, and bathed her from the neck downwards."
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands

The flag of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands was adopted in July 1, 1985 by the Second Northern Marianas Constitution. The NMI flag was originally designed during the year 1985. Later during that year, they finalized the draft of the flag in the last CNMI constitutional convention.
The flag consists of three symbols: a white star representing the United States, a gray latte stone representing the Chamorro people, and a multi-colored mwarmwar (floral wreath) representing the Carolinians. The mwarmwar is made from the green ylang-ylang (langilang; Cananga odorata), the white plumeria (flores mayo or seyúr; Plumeria alba), the red peacock flower (angagha; Caesalpinia pulcherrima), and the pink Pacific basil (teibwo; Ocimum tenuiflorum). Its dark blue background represents the Pacific Ocean and the Mariana Trench. According to US Flags Design Website, the area is 78 inches in width and 40 inches in height.
Types of plant oils

Plant oils or vegetable oils are oils derived from plant sources, as opposed to animal fats or petroleum. There are three primary types of plant oil, differing both the means of extracting the relevant parts of the plant, and in the nature of the resulting oil:
Vegetable fats and oils are what are most commonly called vegetable oils. These are triglyceride-based, and include cooking oils like canola oil, solid oils like cocoa butter, oils used in paint like linseed oil and oils used for industrial purposes. Pressed vegetable oils are extracted from the plant containing the oil (usually the seed), using one of two types of oil press. The most common is the screw press, which consists of a large-diameter metal screw inside a metal housing. Oil seeds are fed into the housing, where the screws mash the seeds, and create pressure which forces the oil out through small holes in the side of the press. The remaining solids, called seed cake, are either discarded or used for other purposes. Oil presses can be either manual or powered. The second type of oil press is the ram press, where a piston is driven into a cylinder, crushing the seeds and forcing out the oil. Ram presses are generally more efficient than screw presses.
There has been recent interest in improving the design of mechanical oil presses, particularly for use in developing countries. A press developed at MIT's D-Lab, for example, is capable of exerting 800–1,000psi to extract peanut oil.
Industrial machines for extracting oil mechanically are call expellers. Many expellers add heat and pressure, in order to increase the amount of oil extracted. If the temperature does not exceed 120 °F, the oil can be called "cold-pressed".
In modern vegetable oil production, oils are usually extracted chemically, using a solvent such as hexane. Chemical extraction is cheaper and more efficient than mechanical extraction, at a large scale, leaving only 0.5–0.7% of the oil in the plant solids, as compared to 6–14% for mechanical extraction.
Macerated or infused oils are oils to which other matter has been added, such as herbs or flowers. Typically, the oil used is a food-grade fat-type oil.
Essential oils are not true oils but volatile aromatic compounds that are used in flavors, fragrances, and in aromatherapy for health purposes. Essential oils are usually extracted by distillation.
Maceration is also used as a means of extracting essential oils. In this process, used, for example, to extract the onion, garlic, wintergreen and bitter almond essential oil, the plant material is macerated in warm water to release the volatile compounds in the plant.
Artemisia pontica

Artemisia pontica, the Roman wormwood or small absinthe, is an herb used in the production of absinthe and vermouth. Originating in southeastern Europe (the specific name refers to the Pontus area on the shores of the Black Sea), it is naturalized over much of Eurasia from France to Xinjiang, and is also found in the wild in northeastern North America.
Artemisia pontica is called "little absinthe" because it is smaller in stature and leaf than the "great absinthe" A. absinthium. It grows as a rhizomatous perennial with erect stems up to 100 centimetres (39 in) tall; the grey foliage is finely divided and aromatic. Flowers are small, yellowish, and appear in loose panicles at stem tips.
The essential oil contains cineol, camphor, thujone, and borneol among other components. It is said to be less bitter than great absinthe and is the principal flavoring of vermouth. It is commercially cultivated in Spain and Lithuania.
The English botanist John Hill, in his Virtues of British Herbs, says about this plant: "The Wormwood wine so famous with the Germans, is made with Roman Wormwood, put into the juice, and work’d with it : it is a strong and an excellent wine, not unpleasant, yet of such efficacy to give an appetite, that the Germans drink a glass with every other mouthful, and that way eat for hours together, without sickness or indigestion".
Civetone

Civetone is a macrocyclic ketone and the main odorous constituent of civet oil. It is a pheromone sourced from the African civet. It has a strong musky odor that becomes pleasant at extreme dilutions. Civetone is closely related to muscone, the principal odoriferous compound found in musk; the structure of both compounds was elucidated by Leopold Ružička. Today, civetone can be synthesized from precursor chemicals found in palm oil.
Civetone is a synthetic musk used as a perfume fixative and flavor.
In order to attract jaguars to camera traps, field biologists have used the Calvin Klein-brand male cologne Obsession. It is believed that the civetone in the cologne resembles a territorial marking.
Myrcene

Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is a monoterpene. A colorless oil, it occurs widely in essential oils. It is produced mainly semi-synthetically from Myrcia, from which it gets its name. It is an intermediate in the production of several fragrances. A less-common isomeric form, having one of the three alkene units in a different position, is α-myrcene.
Myrcene is often produced commercially by the pyrolysis (400 °C) of β-pinene, which is obtained from turpentine. It is rarely obtained directly from plants.
Plants biosynthesize myrcene via geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP), which isomerizes into linalyl pyrophosphate. An elimination reaction, releasing the pyrophosphate (OPP) and a proton, completes the conversion.
It could in principle be extracted from any number of plants, such as verbena or wild thyme, the leaves of which contain up to 40% by weight of myrcene. Many other plants contain myrcene, sometimes in substantial amounts. Some of these include cannabis, hops, Houttuynia, lemon grass, mango, Myrcia, West Indian bay tree, and cardamom.
Of the several terpenes extracted from Humulus lupulus (hops), the largest monoterpenes fraction is β-myrcene. One study of the chemical composition of the fragrance of Cannabis sativa found β-myrcene to compose between 29.4% and 65.8% of the steam-distilled essential oil for the set of fiber and drug strains tested. Additionally, myrcene is thought to be the predominant terpene found in modern cannabis cultivars within North America. Interestingly, photo-oxidation of myrcene has been shown to rearrange the molecule into a novel terpene known as "hashishene" which is named for its abundance in hashish.
It is found in the South African Adenandra villosa (50%). & Brazilian Schinus molle (40%) Myrcene is also found in Myrcia cuprea petitgrain (up to 48%), bay leaf, juniper berry, cannabis, and hops.
Myrcene is an intermediate used in the perfumery industry. It has a pleasant odor but is rarely used directly. It is also unstable in air, tending to polymerize. Samples are stabilized by the addition of alkylphenols or tocopherol. It is thus more highly valued as an intermediate for the preparation of flavor and fragrance chemicals, such as menthol, citral, citronellol, citronellal, geraniol, nerol, and linalool.
Both myrcene and myrcenol undergo Diels–Alder reactions with several dienophiles, such as acrolein, to give cyclohexene derivatives that are also useful fragrances, for instance Lyral.
Myrcene also contributes a peppery and balsam aroma in beer.
As of October 2018, the U.S. FDA withdrew authorization for the use of myrcene as a synthetic flavoring substance for use in food, without regard to its continuing stance that this substance does not pose a risk to public health under the conditions of its intended use.
In 2015, beta-myrcene was added to California's Prop 65 list of chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer or reproductive harm.
Pecan oil

Pecan oil is an edible pressed oil extracted from the pecan nut. Pecan oil is neutral in flavor and tastes of whatever seasoning is being used with it. Pecan oil contains 9.5% saturated fat, which is less than in olive oil (13.5%), peanut oil (16.90%) or corn oil (12.70%). It is also used as a massage oil and in aromatherapy applications.
Pecan oil is considered a healthy oil as it is rich in monounsaturated fats, specifically oleic acid, (52.0%) and low in saturated fats. It also contains linoleic acid (36.6%), and small amounts of palmitic (7.1%), stearic (2.2%) and linolenic acids (1.5%). The overall balance of fatty acids in the oil may reduce LDL cholesterol (also known as "bad" cholesterol) and the risk of heart disease.
The main application of this oil is its use in cooking. It has a high smoke point of 470 degrees F making it ideal for cooking at high temperatures and for deep frying. The mild nutty taste enhances the flavor of other ingredients, making it a popular component of salad dressings and dips. Pecan oil is much lighter than olive and is well suited for everyday cooking. It also generally does not contain preservatives or additives. Pecan oil is a good substitute for butter and other cooking oils, making it suitable for baking.
Prior to extraction, the nuts are lightly roasted and ground. Mechanical extraction methods are then used to remove the oil. Most manufacturers avoid the use of chemical extraction methods in order to preserve the natural nutty flavor and nutrients of the oil.
Pecan oil is a lightweight oil and is usually pale yellow in color.
Essential Oils (album)

Essential Oils is a two-disc compilation album by Australian rock band Midnight Oil released in November 2012.
At the time of its release, the compilation covered Midnight Oil's entire career, starting with the group's 1978 self-titled album and including, in chronological order, tracks from all their studio albums and EPs up to and including the album Capricornia (2002). Essential Oils was released during the period in which Midnight Oil had broken up in the wake of lead singer Peter Garrett focusing on his political career. The band reformed in 2016, embarked on concert tours (2017, 2019, 2022) and released two further studio albums, The Makarrata Project (2020) and Resist (2022).
Given its comprehensive 36-song track list, the two-disc Essential Oils effectively supplants Midnight Oil's previous greatest-hits compilation, the one-disc, 18-track album 20,000 Watt R.S.L. (1997). There is only one track in 20,000 Watt R.S.L. ("What Goes On") that is not included in Essential Oils.
Essential Oils contains twelve songs that were included in Flat Chat (2006), an 18-track compilation of Midnight Oil's heavier rock songs. (The Flat Chat tracks that do not appear on Essential Oils are "Section 5 (Bus to Bondi)", "Tell Me the Truth", "Stand in Line", "Pictures", "Written in the Heart" and "Mosquito March".)
Essential Oils contains liner notes by American music journalist David Fricke. The album charted at number 7 on the ARIA Charts and on the Official New Zealand Music Chart.
Osismied

An Osismied (Osismii e latin) a oa unan eus pobloù galian Arvorig.
Anv anezho a ra ar moraer gresian Pytheas gant an anv Ostimioi. Edont o vevañ e-kichen ur c'hab Kabaion hervezañ. N'ouzer ket hag-eñ e oa Beg ar Raz pe Penmarc'h ar c'hab-se. O anv a dalv pe ar re uhelañ pe ar re eus penn ar bed. Er c'hontrol d'ar braz eus an anvioù pobloù galian all eo aet o anv da get en deiz a hiziv el lec'hanvadurezh.
Bro an Osismied e oa an douaroù a zo Kernev, Leon, Treger ha Goueloù bremañ.
E Karaez e oa kêr-benn an Osismied, ha Vorgium e oa hec'h anv latin, savet gant ar Romaned. Ur gêr all o doa, e Vorganium (e Gwineventer e-kichen Landerne), hag un oppidum er Gozh Yeoded e-kichen Lannuon.
Kavet e vez menegoù anezho e-barzh testennoù an skridaozerien-mañ : Kaezar, Plinius an Henañ, Strabon.
Kemer a rejont perzh en emsavadeg ar Weneted e 56 kent JK hag Osismied a oa en arme deuet war sikour Verkingetoriks sezizet en Alesia.
Lexovii

Al Lexovii a oa ur bobl c’halian a oa o vevañ en arvor Mor Breizh, a-gleiz da aber ar Saena. Unan eus pobloù Arvorig e oant.
Kêr-benn al Lexovii, goude aloubadeg ar Romaned, a oa anvet Noviomagus Lexoviorum, un anv aet da Lisieux hiziv.
Anv a vez graet anezho gant Julius Caesar en e Commentarii de Bello Gallico. Kevreet e oa al Lexovii gant ar Venelli, an Osismied hag ar Guriosolited e 56 kent JK, da vont war sikour ar Weneted hag en em gannañ a rejont ouzh lejionoù Quintus Titurius Sabinus. Trec'het e voe ar C'halianed gant Sabinus ha kodianañ a rejont. Ur wech all c'hoazh e voe Lexovii o klask en em sevel ouzh ar Romaned : e 52 kent JK e voe kaset 3 000 den ganto da reiñ harp da emsavadeg Verkingetorix.
Unelli

An Unelli, pe Veneli, pe c’hoazh Venelli (Οὐένελοι en henc’hresianeg) a oa ur ur bobl c’halian en Arvorig gwechall. O vevañ e oant el ledenez a zo anvet bremañ Cotentin, en norzh da bobl an Abrincatui hag er c’hornôg d’al Lexovii. Hervez Ptolemaios e oa Crociatonum kêr-benn ar Veneli, met n’eur ket sur pelec’h e oa ar gêr-se.
Meneget int gant Julius Caesar e-barzh De Bello Gallico , e-kichen pobloù all eus Arvorig, evel ar Weneted, an Osismied pe ar Guriosolited. Sujañ a rejont da Publius Licinius Crassus e 57 kent JK ; met e 56 kent JK e voe ret kas un armead Romaned adarre a-enep an Unelli o doa graet emglev gant pobloù all eus Arvorig, Weneted, Kuriosolited, Lexovii, Aulerci Eburovices... Quintus Titurius Sabinus a oa e penn tri lejion soudarded roman, a-dal d’an Unelli ha d’o amezeien. Renet e oa ar C’halianed gant Viridovix. Kontañ a ra Julius Caesar penaos e voe faezhet ar C’halianed pa glaskjont tagañ kamp ar Romaned. Lazhet e voe kalz anezho ha nebeud a zeuas a-benn da dec’hout rak ar varc’heien roman.
Gant an Unelli e voe kaset un armead 6000 den da emgann Alesia e 52 kent JK.
Oadvezh an houarn

En arkeologiezh eo Oadvezh an houarn stad diorroadur forzh peseurt pobl ma veze implijet dreist-holl benvegoù hag armoù en houarn. Implij an danvez-se a glot gant cheñchamantoù arall e kevredigezhioù all en amzer dremenet, en o zouez doareoù disheñvel da labourat an douar, kredennoù relijiel ha gizioù arzel disheñvel, daoust ma ne veze ket gwir atav.
En istor eo Oadvezh an houarn eo an diwezhañ prantad pennañ e reizhiad an tri oadvezh a dalvez da rummata ar c'hevredigezhioù ragistorel. Dont a ra goude Oadvezh an arem. Kemmañ a ra deroù ha diwezh an oadvezh-se diouzh ar broioù pe ar rannvroioù.
Komz a reer ivez
Lakaat a reer Oadvezh an houarn da gregiñ en XII kantved kent J.-K. er Reter-Nesañ kozh, Persia, Henindez (gant ar sevenadurioù sevenadurioù vedek), ha Henc'hres (gant an amzervezh teñval gresian). E broioù all eus Europa, e krogas kalz diwezhatoc'h. Komañs a reas Oadvezh an houarn en VIII kantved kt JK e kreiz Europa hag er VI kantved kt JK e norzh Europa. Anadiñ a ra implij an houarn da deuziñ ha da c'hoveliañ benvegoù, e kornôg Afrika war-dro 1 200 kent J.-K., ar pezh a ra anezhi unan eus ar c'hentañ lec'hioù ma tiwanas Oadvezh an houarn.
Iron Man

Iron Man a zo ur gourharoz stadunanat. Embannet ar c'homic books ma konter e droioù-kaer gant Marvel Comics. Gwelet e voe evit ar wech kentañ en Tales of Suspense #39 (miz Meurzh 1963). Krouet eo bet gant an daou senarioour Stan Lee ha Larry Lieber ha gant an dreserien Don Heck ha Jack Kirby.
Anthony Edward Stark, anvet Tony peurliesañ, eo an den a wisk houarnwisk ruz ha melen Iron Man. Ur playboy pinvidik-kenañ eo, hag un dengarour, ur skiantour hag un ijinour. Gloazet da vat e voe e galon pa voe skrapet. D'ar mare-se e klaskas an dud o doa tapet anezhañ lakaat anezhañ da sevel un arm a zistruj bras evito. Met e-lec'h en ober e savas an houarnwisk a implijas da dec'hout kuit. Goude-se e tivizas kenderc'hel da wellaat ha da implijout an houarnwisk-se da wareziñ ar bed dindan anv Iron Man. Gant e embregerezh anvet Stark Industries e krou Tony armoù hag ivez e houarnwisk hag an armoù stag outañ. Pa voe krouet e oa an digarez en doa kavet Stan Lee a-benn lakaat ar gaoz war ar Brezel yen ha perzh an teknologiezhioù hag an embregerezhioù amerikan ennañ. Hiziv an deiz e stourm Iron Man ouzh torfedourien liesseurt hag ouzh sponterien.
Abaoe m'eo bet krouet pe dost eo bet ezel Iron Man eus Avengers ha meur a gomic book a zo bet gouestlet dezhañ. Meur a stirad skinwel hag a film ivez. Robert Downey, Jr. eo an aktor a c'hoari e roll er filmoù Iron Man (2008) hag Iron Man 2 (2010). Gwelet e vez ivez er film The Incredible Hulk (2008). C'hoari a raio ivez er film The Avengers (2012) hag en Iron Man 3.
Anauni

An Anauni a oa ur bobl hag a oa o chom en Alpoù er Val di Non e Trentino. O c'hêr-benn e oa Ἀναύνιον Anaunion, Anaunium e latin, anvet Nanno hiziv, meneget gant Ptolemaios.
Krediñ a c'haller e voe sujet an Anauni gant Roma er Iañ kantved kent JK, marteze a-raok an troiadoù-brezel kaset dindanAugustus gant Drusus an henañ ha Tiberius da aloubiñ Raetia hag an Alpoù, e 16 ha 15 kent JK.
N'eo ket meneget o anv en Tropaeum Alpium, ar monumant roman savet e 7-6 kent JK e Turbia da lidañ trec'h an impalaeriezh roman war bobloù an Alpoù, pa'z eo meneget ar Genauni. Krediñ a reer e c'hallent bezañ ar memes pobl.
E 46 e voe roet ar geodedelezh roman gant an impalaer roman Claudius d'an Anauni, d'ar Sinduni ha d'an Dulliassi.
Capel Garmon

Capel Garmon zo ur gêriadenn e Sir Conwy, e Kembre. Emañ e Dyffryn Conwy, un tammig er reter da v-Betws-y-Coed. E kumuniezh Bro Garmon emañ.
Un alez-toet eus Nevezoadvezh ar Maen (trede milved kent Jezuz-Krist) zo e-kichen Capel Garmon Enni ez eus bet kavet darbodoù pri eus Oadvezh an Arem hag ur c'hi-tan hag a zo bremañ e Mirdi Kembre, e Kêrdiz..
Gouestlet eo an iliz da sant Garmon. Gwechall e oa ur chapel e parrez Llanrwst, met dont a reas Capel Garmon da vezañ ur barrez distag e 1927. Serret eo an iliz pelloc'h.
Kelan taouarc'heg

Kelanoù an taouarc'hegi, anavezet ivez evel tud an taouarc'hegi, zo kelanoù tud miret en un doare naturel kavet e taouarc'hegi e Norzh Europa. Er c'hontrol eus ar pep brasañ eus an dilerc'hioù kozh tud, kelanoù an taouarc'hegi o deus dalc'het o c'hroc'hen hag o organoù diabarzh abalamour da zoareoù an endro. Da lâret eo e labour a-gevret an dour trenk-kenañ, ur wrez izel, hag an diouer a oksigen da viret o c'hroc'hen, en ur givijañ anezhañ avat. Daoust ma'z eo miret o c'hroc'hen, o eskern ne vezont ket miret peurliesañ rak trenkenn an taouarc'h a deuz fosfat kalsiom an eskern.
Ur skiantour german, an doktor Alfred Dieck, en deus renablet e 1965 ouzhpenn 1850 kelan kavet e taouarc'hegi e Norzheuropa, met er stad m'emañ an imbourc'h skiantel, kalz anezhe ne c'hallont ket bezañ gwiriet gant dielloù pe kavadennoù arkeologel. Bloaziet eo bet ar pep brasañ eus ar c'horfoù-se, ket an holl avat, eus Oadvezh an arem. Kalz anezhe eo anat warne int bet lazhet ha dilezet er memes doare, ar pezh a ziskouez un doare elfenn lidek, ha kalz arkeologourien a soñj int bet lazhet e-pad aberzhioù tud pagan da vare Oadvezh an arem. E-mesk ar skouerioù brudetañ eman Den Tollund ha Den Grauballe eus Danmark ha den Lindow eus Bro-Saoz.
Gemitus Britannorum

Gemitus Britannorum (pe Klemm ar Vrezhoned) eo anv al lizher, hervez Sant Gweltaz en e levr De excidio Britanniae, a voe kaset gant pobl proviñs Britannia da c'houlenn skoazell arme Roma da zifenn o bro diouzh an alouberien : Skoted, Pikted, Angled, Saozon.
Sede skrid lizher Gweltaz, bloaziet e 446, ha kaset da Ætius, evit-doare:
Meneget eo ar skrid-se gantañ e-barzh De excidio Britanniae, ha gant Bede war e lerc'h. Diskouez a ra ur boblañs e dañjer vras, ha klask a ra reiñ da gompren eo ret kas armeoù roman Galia en tu all da Vor Breizh da zifenn Brezhoned an Impalaeriezh diouzh an alouberien saoz. Met an Impalaeriezh, darev da gouezhañ, n'he devoa ket peadra da gas en amzer-se, ha ne lavar ket Gweltaz petra a voe respontet, ma voe ur respont.
Barbared ar skrid eo ar Saozon diazezet en Enez Vreizh hag a veve gant ar Vrezhoned abaoe ar bloavezhioù 430. Kenderc'hel a raent da breizhata, ha skoazell ebet ne deuas eus Galia. Gweladenn Germanus, Jermen Auxerre, a oa bet ur jeneral roman a-raok bout eskob Auxerre, war-dro 446–7 a c'hallje bezañ bet ur respont digant Ætius, met tostoc'h da 440 eo bloavezh e eil gweladenn da Enez Vreizh.
Sadorn (planedenn)

Sadorn (anvet Saturnus e latin) eo c’hwec’hvet planedenn sistem an Heol. Ur blanedenn ramzek c'hazus eo, an eil hini a-fet mas ha volum war-lerc’h Yaou. Tennañ ra hec’h anv eus an doue roman Sadorn (Saturnus).
Form un ellipsoid zo da Sadorn : plataet eo Sadorn en he folioù ha bolzennet er c'heheder. Un diferañs a 10% zo etre he diametroù kehederel ha polel (120 536 km evit an hini kentañ, 110 466 km evit an eil). Kement-mañ zo disoc’h he fiñv troial prim warni hec’h-unan ha fluidegezh ar materi ac’h a d’ober anezhi. Ar planedennoù ramzek gazus all eus Koskoriad an Heol (Yaou, Ouran ha Neizhan) zo plataet ivez met nebeutoc’h.
Sadorn zo graet dreist-holl gant hidrogen H2, heliom He, metan CH4, etan (C2H6), ammoniak (NH3) ha gant ur c’hrek roc’hellek doues-tre.
Sadorn eo ar blanedenn dezhi ar bihanañ douester e sistem an Heol : he douester krenn a dalvez 0,69 ; esplikañ 'reer kement-mañ gant douester bihan atmosferenn uhel Sadorn, graet dreist-holl a hidrogen, anezhañ ar gaz skañvañ.
Heñvel e tlefe bezañ kompozision diabarzh Saturn ouzh hini Yaou, gant ur c’hrek roc’hellek a silikatoù hag houarn, gronnet gant ur gwiskad hidrogen metalek, un eil a hidrogen likid, hag un trede a hidrogen gazus. An tremen eus un eil gwiskad d’egile a dlefe bezañ progresivel ha ne vefe gwir c'horre ebet d’ar blanedenn.
Sadorn zo dezhi un temperadur diabarzh uhel-tre, moarvat e-tro 12 000 K er c’hrek, ha dilaoskel 'ra muioc’h a energiezh evit na resev eus an Heol. Dont a ra al lodenn vrasañ eus an energiezh-mañ eus ar c’henwask gravitadurel (mekanism Kelvin-Helmholtz), met n’eo ket a-walc’h an efed-mañ evit esplikañ ar broduksion wrez. Bez’ e c’hellfe dont ivez diwar glav takennoùigoù heliom e taoleadoù don Sadorn : kement-mañ a zilaoskfe gwrez diwar froterezh en ur gouezhañ war ur mor hidrogen skañvoc’h.
Atmosferenn Sadorn zo frammet e bandennoù parallel un tamm evel hini Yaou ; met bandennoù Sadorn n’int ket ken aes da welet ha ledanoc’h int tost d’ar c’heheder. E gwirionez e oa bet evezhiet evit ar wech kentañ sistem koumoulennoù Sadorn da vare ar misionoù Voyager. Abaoe ec’h eo bet gwellaet da vat an teleskopoù war-zouar ken e c’hellont heuliañ ar fiñvoù en atmosferenn Sadorn. Doareennoù atmosferenn Yaou (evel an arnevioù oval hirbad) zo bet gwelet ivez war Sadorn. E 1990 ec’h eo bet evezhiet gant an teleskop spasel Hubble ur pezh koumoulenn wenn tost da geheder Sadorn, hag ar goumoulenn-mañ ne oa ket diouti da vare tremen ar sontennoù Voyager. E 1994 e oa bet gwelet un arnev all a vent vihanoc’h.
Gwalennoù Sadorn zo unan eus ar c’haerañ arvestoù e sistem an Heol ha doareenn bennañ ar blanedenn int. Skedus-tre int, a gontrol da reoù ar planedennoù ramzek gazus all (albedo etre 0,2 ha 0,6) ha posupl eo gwelet anezhe gant divlunedoù.
Betek-henn (hanter 2012) ez eus bet renablet 62 loarenn o treiñ en-dro da Sadorn. Ingal e vez dizoloet reoù nevez, reoù vihan avat.
Mont d'ar pennad gouestlet da loarennoù Sadorn.
Amzerioù modern

Dre voaz, e Bro-C'hall e vez renket an darvoudoù istorel etre ar 15vet kantved hag an Dispac'h gall e marevezh an Amzerioù modern ken eo an Istor modern ur rann eus kelenn an Istor. Koulskoude, n'eo ket termenet sklaer an deroù e Bro-C'hall pa seblant a ra da lod ez eus bet un troc'h gant trec'h an Durked otoman war an Impalaeriezh roman ar Reter e 1453. Lod all e-touezh an istorourien gall ha nann-gall a gav dezho eo deroù an trevadennouriezh europat e Amerika hag e Afrika a verk dibenn ar Grennamzer (Dizoloadenn hag ergerzhoù Amerika gant Kristol Goulm e 1492). Evit dibenn ar marevezh ez eus diforc'hioù etre an istorourien saoz a gav gwelloc'h pouezañ war lañs Marevezh ar Gouloù war-dro 1750 pa vez kavet talvoudusoc'h gant ar Stadunanidi hag ar C'hallaoued sellout ouzh o dispac'hoù (1784 ha 1789).
Listenn ar pobloù kelt kozh

Savet zo amañ ul listenn eus ar pobloù kelt kozh a vije mat sevel pennadoù diwar o fenn. An anvioù latin hag ar re brezhonekaet a-wechoù a zo roet amañ.
Pobloù all bihanoc'h zo bet dindan veli an Insubred ur pennad :
Osismii

The Osismii, Ossismii, or Ostimii (also Ossismi, Osismi) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the western part of the Armorican Peninsula (modern Brittany) during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
They are mentioned as Osismos and Osismi (var. ossismi) by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), O̓sísmioi (Ὀσίσμιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), Ossismos by Pliny (1st c. AD), O̓sismíous (Ὀσισμίους; var. Ὀσίσμιοι, Ὀσισμαίους) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as Osismis in the Notitia Dignitatum (5th c. AD). According to Strabo, the Massaliote explorer Pytheas, who travelled to northwestern Europe in the late 4th century BC, reported the variant Ōstimíous (Ὠστιμίους), which seems to be the earliest attested form of the name, documented before the Gaulish sound shift -st- > -ss- occurred.
The Gaulish ethnonym Ostim(i)i (sing. Ostim(i)os) literally means 'the ultimate', that is to say 'the remotest people', 'those who dwell at the extremity of the Armorican Peninsula'. It derives from the Celtic stem ostim- ('ultimate, extreme'), itself from an earlier *postim- ('last'; cf. Lat. postumus 'last-born, final'). In Middle French, the territory they occupied was known as (Fine) Posterne.
The territory of the Osismii was located at the extremity of the Brittany Peninsula, west of the Veneti and Coriosolites.
Pytheas situated the Osismii at the end of the peninsula of Kabaïon, which is not clearly identifiable today. This could be related to large peninsula of Cap-Sizun, on the southern-western coast of Finistère, just before reaching the difficult maritime pass of Pointe du Raz where the waters of the Atlantic Ocean and of the English channel are joining; this peninsula offers to the south a natural safe harbour in the aber and bay of today's town of Audierne, as well as in the bay of today's Douarnenez, to the north of the peninsula. Other hypotheses situate it in the small peninsula of Kermorvan in today's commune of Ploumoguer and bordering the ria of Le Conquet, but the whole peninsula of Crozon with its large bays and safe harbors is not excluded, even if it does not extend to the westernmost point.
Their chief town was Vorgium (present-day Carhaix).
They submitted to Caesar during the Gallic Wars, in 58 BC, but took part in an insurrection against Rome in 56 BC.
List of Celtic deities

The Celtic deities are known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology, ancient places of worship, statues, engravings, religious objects, as well as place and personal names.
Celtic deities can belong to two categories: general and local. General deities were known by the Celts throughout large regions, and are the gods and goddesses called upon for protection, healing, luck, and honour. The local deities from Celtic nature worship were the spirits of a particular feature of the landscape, such as mountains, trees, or rivers, and thus were generally only known by the locals in the surrounding areas.
After Celtic lands became Christianised, there were attempts by Christian writers to euhemerize or even demonize most of the pre-Christian deities, while a few others became Saints in the church. The Tuatha Dé Danann of Irish mythology, who were commonly interpreted as divinities or deified ancestors, were downgraded in Christian writings to, at best "fallen angels", or mere mortals, or even portrayed as demons.
The Gauls inhabited the region corresponding to modern-day France, Belgium, Switzerland, southern and western Germany, Luxembourg and northern Italy. They spoke Gaulish. The Celtic Britons inhabited most of the island of Great Britain and spoke Common Brittonic or British.
The Celtiberians and Gallaecians were ancient Celtic peoples in Iberia. They spoke Hispano-Celtic languages.
The Gaels inhabited Ireland and parts of western Scotland. They spoke Goidelic languages.
The Brythonic peoples, descendants of the Celtic Britons, inhabited western Britain (mainly Scotland Strathclyde, Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall) and Brittany. They spoke the Brythonic languages.
Huelgoat

Huelgoat (French pronunciation: [ɥɛlgwat]; Breton: An Uhelgoad meaning "High Forest") is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in northwestern France.
Inhabitants of Huelgoat are called in French Huelgoatains.
Huelgoat is popular with tourists and holidaymakers due to its impressive natural setting among the vestiges of the ancient forest that once covered inland Brittany. Once part of royal and ducal lands, the forest is now overseen by the French forestry commission, the National Forests Office. It has an area of 10 square kilometres. A large replanting scheme has repaired much of the damage sustained by the forest in storms on the 15–16 October 1987, when 3.1 square kilometres of trees were levelled or damaged.
The village lies on a lake created between the 16th and 18th centuries to supply water to local silver-lead mines by means of a 3 km (1.9 mi) leat or canal.
A number of geological and prehistoric curiosities can be found by following trails in and around the village and forest. Among these are:
The Poërop Arboretum is a local arboretum with a nationally recognized collection of maple trees, among other substantial collections.
Iron Age in India

In the prehistory of the Indian subcontinent, the Iron Age succeeded Bronze Age India and partly corresponds with the megalithic cultures of South India. Other Iron Age archaeological cultures of north India were the Painted Grey Ware culture (1300–300 BCE) and the Northern Black Polished Ware (700–200 BCE). This corresponds to the transition of the Janapadas or principalities of the Vedic period to the sixteen Mahajanapadas or region-states of the early historic period, culminating in the emergence of the Maurya Empire towards the end of the period.
The earliest evidence of iron smelting predates the emergence of the Iron Age proper by several centuries.
R. Tewari (2003) radiocarbon dated iron artifacts in Uttar Pradesh, including furnaces, tuyeres, and slag between c. 1000 BCE to 1800 BCE. Antiquity of iron in India was pushed back from following the excavations at Malhar, Raja Nala ka Tila, Dadupur and Lauhradewa in Uttar Pradesh from 1996-2001.
The use of iron and iron working was prevalent in the Central Ganga Plain and the Eastern Vindhyas from the early second millennium BCE.
The beginning of the use of iron has been traditionally associated with the eastward migration of the later Vedic people, who are also considered as an agency which revolutionised material culture particularly in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
Scholar Rakesh Tewari states that new finds and their dates suggest the need for a fresh review. According to him, the evidence corroborates the early use of iron in other areas of the country, and attests that India was indeed an independent centre for the development of the working of iron.
Recently discovered iron age sites in the south of India in Mayiladumparai may be the oldest iron-age sites in India, dated at c. 2172 BCE. Previously known early iron age sites in South India are Hallur, Karnataka and Adichanallur, Tamil Nadu at around 1000 BCE. Mahurjhari near Nagpur was a large bead manufacturing site.
Oldest evidence of iron smelting in Tamil Nadu has been suggested to c.3345 BCE based on radiometric datings between c. 3345 to 2953 BCE of charcoal samples from the site (named Sivagalai), although paddy sample from the intact burial urn containing iron objects returned datings of c. 1155 BCE and c. 1248 BCE. Other scholars have observed, "besides the political theatrics," that "these findings raise many questions" regarding the "dates which span two thousand years [...] as no culture would remain static, materially for two thousand years." Scarce use of iron was also present in the Middle East as early as c.3000 BCE, but it was not until c.1200 BCE that large-scale iron metallurgy became widespread, replacing use of bronze in weapons and implements, which signified the commencement of the full-fledged Iron Age.
Lutetian limestone

Lutetian limestone (in French, calcaire lutécien, and formerly calcaire grossier) — also known as “Paris stone” — is a variety of limestone particular to the Eocene-aged deposits in the Paris Basin of France, most notably underlying the city of Paris. It has been a source of wealth as an economic and versatile building material since ancient Roman times (see Mines of Paris) and has contributed markedly to the unique visual appeal of the “City of Light”. It has been hailed as “the warm, elusive, cream-grey stone of the French capital”. In addition to Paris, the Lutetian limestone also extends north and eastwards through France, and has also been mined in areas such as Rheims, Laon and Soissons.
Its formation dates to the Eocene epoch's Lutetian age, between 48.07 and 41.03 Ma. The name "Lutetian" derives from Lutetia (French, Lutèce) which was the name of Paris in ancient times. The Lutetian age was named after the limestone of this region.
The limestone consists of two different ages and depositional environments: a marine limestone deposited during the middle Lutetian (the iconic calcaire grossier) and a slightly younger freshwater limestone (alongside marl) deposited on top of the marine limestones during the later Lutetian, when the seas had receded.
Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Lutetian limestone was extracted by tunneling through hill-sides south of Paris. The stone comprises many of the grandest Paris buildings from the 17th century onwards, including parts of the Louvre, the Place de la Concorde, Les Invalides and the Arc de Triomphe
Haussmann's grand renovation of Paris (1853–1870), which provided a sweeping and uniform style and an elusive coloring — ranging from bright white to butter-yellow to a dull nicotine-yellow/grey — for Paris, relied upon buildings faced with Lutetian limestone.
In the 20th century, open-cast quarries were developed north of Paris, which uncovered thinner layers of harder limestone closer to the surface. A now fashionable variety of Lutetian limestone from about 25 miles north of Paris is known as “Oise stone” or "Saint-Maximin limestone" and has become popular internationally for upscale building projects. In 2007, the quarries in southern Oise, around Saint-Maximin and Chantilly, applied to the French government to become the first to be granted a building stone Appellation Contrôlée – the badge of official French regional excellence – similar to the provenance system for wine or a cheese.
According to a 2007 article in the UK's The Independent: “The harder, sliceable limestone sells for around €2,000 a cubic metre. The different grades of softer building stone sell for between €550 and €150 a cubic metre, which is very competitive with other building stone all around the world.”