davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Golden-crowned kinglet

The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa) is a very small songbird in the family Regulidae that lives throughout much of North America.
Adults are olive-gray on the upperparts with white underparts, with thin bills and short tails. They have white wing bars, a black stripe through the eyes and a yellow crown surrounded by black. The adult male has an orange patch in the middle of the yellow crown. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with a browner back and without the yellow crown. This is one of the smallest passerines in North America. Its length, at 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in), is probably the shortest of any American passerine. Its weight, averaging 6.1 g (0.22 oz) for females and 6.3 g (0.22 oz) for males and ranging from 4.5 to 7.8 g (0.16 to 0.28 oz), is similar to the American bushtit and black-tailed gnatcatcher. The golden-crowned kinglet has a wingspan of 5.5–7.1 in (14–18 cm).
The golden-crowned kinglet is insectivorous, foraging in trees or shrubs, where it eats insects (especially caterpillars), insect eggs and spiders. It produces a series of high-pitched calls on a single note, and tends not to fear human approach. Its nest is a well-concealed hanging cup suspended from a conifer branch.
The golden-crowned kinglet is a widespread migratory bird throughout North America. Its breeding habitat is coniferous forests across Canada, the northeastern and western United States, Mexico and Central America. It migrates to the United States in the non-breeding season. Some birds are permanent residents in coastal regions and in the southern parts of their range. Northern birds remain further north in winter than the ruby-crowned kinglet.
The kinglets are a small group of birds sometimes included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status, especially as recent research showed that, despite superficial similarities, the crests are taxonomically remote from the warblers. The names of the family, Regulidae, and the genus, Regulus, are derived from the Latin regulus, a diminutive of rex, "a king", and refer to the characteristic orange or yellow crests of adult kinglets.
There are three migratory subspecies in the United States and Canada, differing in size, bill length, back and rump colours, wing bar width and colour, and length of supercilium:
The subspecies "amoenus" has been synonymised with apache, as the distinctions between these populations are obscured by individual variation.
Two other (non-migratory) subspecies occur south of the bird's core range, although these are weakly differentiated from each other and so are perhaps best synonymised:
Hybridization with ruby-crowned kinglets has been reported to have possibly occurred.
Ratniks

The Union of Warriors for the Advancement of Bulgarianness (Bulgarian: Съюз на ратниците за напредъка на българщината, Sayuz na ratnitsite za napredaka na balgarshtinata), commonly known as just the Ratniks (Ратници, Ratnitsi) was a far-right Bulgarian nationalist organization founded in 1936. Its ideas were close to those of Germany's Nazis, including antisemitism and paramilitarism, but also loyalty to the Bulgarian Orthodox Church. The Ratniks wore red uniforms in outright competition with the communists for the hearts and minds of the Bulgarian youth, and also badges bearing the Bogar: a Bulgarian sun cross, which became the organisation's symbol.
Despite decreeing their loyalty to the Monarchy and King Boris III of Bulgaria, he officially dissolved the organisation in April 1939. The ban, however, was not enforced, and they remained in existence. It was soon after the ban that they carried out one of their more notorious acts, the so-called "Bulgarian Kristallnacht" when, on September 20, 1939, the Ratniks marched in Sofia throwing stones at the Jewish shops. Police did not intervene, and some shop windows were smashed, although ultimately, it proved to have much less impact than the German version and was widely condemned by most politicians. Alexander Belev, a leading member of the group, later claimed that the attack had been his idea and that he had personally led the mob.
With the coming of the Red Army and the Bolsheviks into Bulgaria on September 9, 1944, which led to a coup d'etat on the same day, the Ratniks disappeared from the Bulgarian scene. Many of the leaders became members of the Bulgarian national government abroad, and some of the young Ratniks became volunteers in the Wehrmacht. In contrast, others stayed in Bulgaria to fight against the Communists.
Pagan of Bulgaria

Pagan (Bulgarian: Паган) was ruler of Bulgaria in 767–768.
Pagan has been identified as a member of that faction of the Bulgarian aristocracy which sought to establish peaceful relations with the Eastern Roman Empire. After ascending the throne following the murder of his predecessor Toktu, Pagan set out together with his court to attend negotiations with Emperor Constantine V Kopronymos somewhere in Thrace. In the heated talks the emperor represented himself as intent on keeping the peace in Bulgaria and upbraided the Bulgarians for their anarchy, and for deposing their former ruler Sabin, who lived as a refugee at the imperial court. The emperor nevertheless agreed to make peace, and Pagan returned home.
At this point Constantine V suddenly invaded Bulgaria and managed to penetrate across the mountains into the core area of the Bulgarian state, setting afire some settlements around the Bulgarian capital Pliska. Although Constantine V did not follow up his relatively successful invasion and returned home, Pagan faced the wrath of his subjects who accused him of credulity and inability to oppose the enemy. The monarch fled in the direction of Varna, but was murdered by his servants, and succeeded by Telerig.
The 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cäğfär Taríxı (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Boyan (i.e., Pagan) as the son of the former ruler Bunek (i.e., Vinekh), and credits him with the expulsion of Sain (i.e., Sabin).
List of state leaders in the 9th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 9th century (801–900) AD.
Maya civilization
Tibet
Uzbekistan
Turks
China
Japan
Korea: North–South States Period
Indonesia: Java
Malaysia: Peninsular
Thailand
Vietnam
Afghanistan
Bengal and Northeast India
India
Sri Lanka
Mesopotamia
Persia
Yemen
Great Britain: Scotland
Great Britain: Northumbria
Great Britain: England
Great Britain: Wales
Ireland
Holy Roman Empire in Italy
Iberian Peninsula
Marca Hispanica
Franks
Middle Francia
West Francia
Easter Island
Cheraman Perumal Nayanar

Cheraman Perumal Nayanar (Malayalam: ചേരമാൻ പെരുമാൾ നായനാർ; Tamil: சேரமான் பெருமாள் நாயனார்; literally meaning "Chera king the Nayanar") was a bhakti poet-musician and religious teacher (one of the sixty-three nayanars) of Tamil Shaiva tradition in medieval south India.
The Cheraman Perumal's friendship with Chundarar or Chundara Moorthy Nayanar, one of the "Three Nayanars", is celebrated in the bhakti tradition. The legend of the Cheraman Perumal is narrated in the hagiographic "Periyapuranam", composed by Chekkizhar, a courtier of Chola Kulottunga II, in mid-12th century AD. The collection is based on an earlier work by Nambiyandar Nambi (10th-11th centuries AD). Thiruvanchikulam Siva Temple in Kodungallur is associated with the Perumal and Chundaramurtti Nayanar.
The Cheraman Perumal is credited as the author of "Ponvannattandadi", hymns in praise of the Lord of Chidambaram, "Thiruvarur Mummanikkovai", in honor of the deity of Thiruvarur, and "Adiyula" (the first of the ulas) or "Thirukkailayajnana Ula", in praise of Shiva. Historians tentatively identify the saint with Rama Rajasekhara, the 9th century ruler of the Chera Perumal kingdom of Kerala.
The legend of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar and Chundarar seemingly had their origins in pre-Chola times. Their current extant forms only took shape at the courts of Chola kings (c. end of the 10th century to 12th century AD).
The Cheraman Perumal (a title, meaning "the Chera ruler"), according to tradition, was born into the ruling family of "Malai-nadu", whose capital was "Kodunkolur or Makotai by the Ocean." When the reigning king, "Chenkor Poraiyan", abdicated the throne, his ministers persuaded the young Cheraman, also known as "Perumakkotaiyar" or "Kalarirrarivar" ("the One who knows [all] Languages"), to take up the reins of the kingdom. At the time, the prince was meditating at Tiruvanchaikkalam and was only convinced to accept the throne with great difficulty.
Cheraman Perumal, after some time, learned about the lyricist Chundara (from the Nataraja of Chidambaram himself). Chundara, a devoted follower of Shiva, was singing at the Chidambaram Temple, and the king wished to meet him and pay homage. Accordingly, he left his capital and, after passing through the Kongu country, eventually reached Chidambaram. He then proceeded to Tiruvarur, where he met Chundara. Over time, the two became close friends and embarked on a long pilgrimage across south India (visiting Kirvelur, Nagaikkaronam, Tirumaraikkadu, Palanam, Agastyanpalli, Kulagar-Kodikkoyil, Tirupattur, Madurai, Tiruppuvanam, Tiruvappanur, Tiruvedagam, Tirupparangunram, Kurralam, Kurumbala, Tirunelveli, Ramesvaram, Tiruchchuliyal, Kanapper, Tiruppunavayil, Patalesvaram, Tirukkandiyur and Tiruvaiyyaru).
Years later, Chundara visited his fellow devotee, Cheraman Perumal, at Kodunkolur and stayed in the city as a royal guest for some time. One day, messengers from Shiva arrived at Tiruvanchaikkalam to inform Chundara that it was time for him to "return" to Mount Kailasa. Chundara thus ascended to Kailasa on a white elephant, with the Chera king following him on horseback.
Shurapala I

Shurapala I (also spelt Surapala) was a 9th-century ruler of the Pala Empire, in the Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. He was the fifth Pala emperor. He ruled for at least 12 years.
Previously, the historians believed that Shurapala and Vigrahapala were the two names of the same person. However, the discovery of a copper plate in 1970 in the Mirzapur district conclusively established that these two were cousins. They either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession. If they ruled in succession, it seems more likely that Shurapala preceded Vigrahapala, since Vigrahapala I and his descendants ruled in unbroken succession. Vigrahapala either dethroned Shurapala, or replaced him peacefully in absence of any direct heir to the throne.
Earlier, it was believed that Shurapala and Vigrahapala succeeded Devapala. However, the discovery of a copper plate charter at Jagjivanpur indicates that Shurapala was preceded by Mahendrapala. Both were sons of Devapala and his queen Mahata. According to the Jagjivanpur inscription Shurapala I was Mahendrapala's younger brother and royal envoy.
Based on the different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, the different historians estimate Shurapala's reign as follows:
Badi VII

Badi VII (reigned 1805–1821) was the last ruler of the Funj Sultanate.
Badi offered no resistance to Ismail Pasha, who had led the khedive army of his father up the Nile to his capital at Sennar. Alan Moorhead repeats Frédéric Cailliaud's impression of Badi, that the king was an extremely limited little man who was stunned by the loss of his kingdom, taking particular note that Badi "was intrigued by Cailliaud's gift of a box of matches."
According to Moorhead, even had the king wanted to resist, he had few resources to do so. There was no sign of the famous cavalry of Black Horses which had impressed James Bruce forty years before, and his armament consisted of four rusty cannons which were "flung into the Blue Nile to appease the Turks." Of the town itself, the palace and mosque "the only two buildings of any consequence in Sennar, were tumbling down, and the inhabitants no more steadfast; Cailliaud singled out the women of the town, "who were much given to smoking and beer-drinking."
Badi emerged from the town "to surrender and offer gifts of horses and their trappings to the conquerors. Ismail had served coffee, had presented Badi with a somewhat unsuitable fur-lined cloak, and on June 14 had led his rabble in the town, where they began their usual lootings and reprisals, including one particularly horrible impalement."
Badi was reinstated as the nominal ruler of this province, but Moorhead aptly quotes Crawford's words that "the long-drawn-out death agony of the Kingdom of Sennar was finished."
Baldric

A baldric (also baldrick, bawdrick, bauldrick as well as other rare or obsolete variations) is a belt worn over one shoulder that is typically used to carry a weapon (usually a sword) or other implement such as a bugle or drum. The word may also refer to any belt in general, but this usage is poetic or archaic. In modern contexts, military drum majors usually wear a baldric.
Baldrics have been used since ancient times, usually as part of military dress. The design offers more support for weight than a standard waist belt, without restricting movement of the arms, and while allowing easy access to the object carried. Alternatively, and especially in modern times, the baldric may fill a ceremonial role rather than a practical one. Most Roman tombstones in the third century had depictions of white baldrics.
One end of the baldric was broad and finished in a straight edge, while the other was tapered to a narrow strip. The narrow end was brought through a scabbard runner, it was probably wrapped around the scabbard twice. Circular metal discs called Phalera were attached to the broad end. Four leather baldrics were found in Vimose and Thorsbjerg. One of these measured 118 long and 8 cm wide.
During ancient Roman times the balteus (plural baltei) was a type of baldric commonly used to suspend a sword. It was a belt generally worn over the shoulder, passing obliquely down to the side, typically made of leather, often ornamented with precious stones, metals or both. There was also a similar belt worn by the Romans, particularly by soldiers, called a cintus (pl. cinti) that fastened around the waist. The word accintus meaning a soldier (literally, "girt" as for battle) attests to this differing usage.
Many non-military or paramilitary organisations include baldrics as part of ceremonial dress. The Knights of Columbus 4th Degree Colour Corps uses a baldric as part of their uniform; it supports a ceremonial sword.
The University of Illinois Marching Illini wore two baldrics as a part of their uniform until 2009, with one over each shoulder. They crossed in the front and back and were buttoned onto the jacket beneath a cape and epaulets. Today, the current Marching Illini wear one baldric with two sides, ILLINI on one side and the traditional orange and white baldric from the previous uniform on the other.
A crossed pair of baldrics is often worn as part of the uniform of Morris dancers; different coloured baldrics help to distinguish different sides.
Baldrics appear in the classical literary canon, and later in fantasy and science fiction genres.
Shoulder belt (military)

In military uniforms, a shoulder belt is a wide belt worn usually over the shoulder and across the body. With nearly all line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments, two shoulder belts were worn - one carrying the cartridge box, and another for the bayonet, a sword ("sword belt" was also the term in this case), or other military equipment.
A shoulder belt was worn in various configurations, depending on army and rank. For example, an officer may have only worn one shoulder belt as appropriate for only having a pistol. A light horseman may have also worn one shoulder belt, for their cartridge pouch.
Initially shoulder belts had buckles. In the second half of the 18th century the British army replaced buckles with shoulder belt plates. The latter ones were solid metal plates fixed with two studs to one end of the belt and used a hook to pass through one of several holes by the other end. This arrangement allowed for quick readjustment and a more neat appearance. Officers used to wear fancy gold and silver plates with elaborate engravings. Soldiers wore brass plates, usually with numerical or other design indicative of their regiment.
A cross belt is two connected straps worn across the body to distribute the weight of loads, carried at the hip, across the shoulders and trunk. It is similar to two shoulder belts joined with a single buckle at the center of the chest. The cross belt was predominantly used from the 1700s (American Revolutionary War) to the 1840s – they were not part of a soldier's equipment in the American Civil War and Anglo-Zulu War/First Boer War.
For most line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments during much of Europe's Age of Gunpowder, either a cross belt or two shoulder belts were worn. One configuration for the belts would be the cartridge box on the right hip and sword scabbard on the left. Such equipment would be attached to the belt at its lowest point, where it rests on the hip. Officers almost never carried muskets or rifles, so they typically wore only one shoulder belt, such as for the pistol cartridge box or for a sabre scabbard. As officers were often aristocratic and used many independent symbols for their family, rank, and command, their uniforms and gear organisation could be highly variable.
For British infantry, the cross belt had a metal belt plate with the regiment of the soldier inscribed on it.
From the early 1800s light cavalry officers in the British Army adopted the practice of wearing single belts across the chest and back, holding a pouch on the right hip. The pouch was subsequently moved to the back and the leather belt was decorated with gold or silver braiding varying according to regimental practice. Officers of Rifle regiments also wore pouch-belts holding the unit distinctions and honours, which in other infantry appeared on flags.
These ornamental pouch-belts continued to be worn as part of the officers' full dress of hussars, the Royal Engineers, and Rifles until 1939, and survive in the modern units descended from these regiments.
Here be dragons

"Here be dragons" (Latin: hic sunt dracones) means dangerous or unexplored territories, in imitation of a medieval practice of putting illustrations of dragons, sea monsters and other mythological creatures on uncharted areas of maps where potential dangers were thought to exist.
Although several early maps, such as the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, have illustrations of mythological creatures for decoration, the phrase itself is an anachronism. Until the Ostrich Egg Globe was offered for sale in 2012 at the London Map Fair held at the Royal Geographical Society, the only known historical use of this phrase in the Latin form "HIC SVNT DRACONES" (i.e., hic sunt dracones, 'here are dragons') was the Hunt-Lenox Globe dating from 1508. Earlier maps contain a variety of references to mythical and real creatures, but the Ostrich Egg Globe and its twin the Lenox Globe are the only known surviving globes to bear this phrase. The term appears on both globes at the peripheral, extreme end of the Asian continent.
The classical phrase used by medieval cartographers was HIC SVNT LEONES (literally, "here are lions") when denoting unknown territories on maps.
Dragons appear on a few other historical maps:
Notes
Bibliography
Companions of William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror had men of diverse standing and origins under his command at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. With these and other men he went on in the five succeeding years to conduct the Harrying of the North and complete the Norman conquest of England.
The term "Companions of the Conqueror" in the widest sense signifies those who planned, organised and joined with William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, in the great adventure which was the Norman Conquest (1066-1071). The term is however more narrowly defined as those nobles who actually fought with Duke William in the Battle of Hastings. This article is concerned with the latter narrow definition.
Over the centuries since the Battle of Hastings, many people in England have claimed that an ancestor fought on the Norman side. While there is sound evidence of extensive settlement in England by people of Norman, Breton and Flemish origin after 1066, the fact remains that the names of only 15 men who were with Duke William at the battle can be found in reliable sources.
This group is sometimes called the "proven companions", Many lists and so-called "rolls" of other alleged companions have been drawn up over the ages but, unless new evidence turns up, all are conjecture of no historical value. The three unchallenged sources remain as follows:
The following three sources constitute the only generally accepted reliable contemporary evidence which names participants at the Battle of Hastings. Between all three sources only 15 names result.
These three sources are unfortunately manifestly inadequate, as all are primarily from a Norman perspective. William of Poitiers, chamberlain to Duke William and a trained knight, who provides the most detail, was absent in France during the battle, and betrays severe prejudices in respect of Breton culture and their role at Hastings. Both William and Orderic state that the Bretons were a major component of the battle array, but neither names any of the Bretons present.
The order in which names are listed below is that given in the respective sources:
These five were agreed upon by both David C. Douglas and Geoffrey H. White and are from the Complete Peerage XII-1, Appendix L.
Since the time of these lists, J. F. A. Mason in the English Historical Review adds one additional name:
Arondisamant Gwened

Arondisamant Gwened a zo anezhañ ur rann velestradurel eus Frañs, e departamant ar Mor-Bihan hag e rannvro Breizh.
Rannet e oa arondisamant Gwened e 15 kanton (betek 2014) hag e 123 c'humun :
Adrannet e voe arondisamantoù ar Mor-Bihan d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2017. 99 kumun zo en arondisamant Gwened bremañ.
William, Viscount of Limoges

William (died 1455) was Seigneur de Avesnes and Viscount of Limoges from 1404 until his death. He was also briefly Count of Périgord following the death of his brother John II, Count of Penthièvre, in 1454.
William was the son of John I, Count of Penthièvre and Margaret de Clisson. As a younger son, William was intended to join the clergy. He attended the University of Angers and, while he was young, his family negotiated with the duke of Brittany to grant him the Bishopric of Vannes or Saint-Brieuc.
After Margaret de Clisson and her sons failed in their plot to overthrow John V, Duke of Brittany and assert their claim to Brittany between 1420 and 1422, the Penthièvre family was forced to appear before both the French Parliament and the Breton Estates at Vannes. Two of William's brothers were found guilty of felonies and treachery on 16 February 1425 and their properties in Brittany were confiscated. William himself had already been given over to the duke of Brittany as a hostage on 29 July 1420.
William remained a hostage at Auray for twenty-eight years, during which time he lost his sight. He was finally freed in 1448 after his family reconciled with Francis I, Duke of Brittany. In 1450, he married Isabelle de la Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand V de La Tour d'Auvergne, with whom he had three daughters: Frances; Joan, who married John de Surgeres, seigneur de Balon; and Charlotte, who married Antoine de Villequier, seigneur de Montrésor. William inherited the County of Périgord from his brother John in 1454, but he died the following year. His daughter, Frances, succeeded him in Périgord and Limoges.
Roman Catholic Diocese of Condom

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Condom was a French bishopric based in Condom from 1317 to 1801.
It comprised four archdeaconries : Condom itself, Bruilhois, Villefranche and Nérac. In 1763 these totaled circa 140 parishes.
The diocese grew out of a much older abbey at Condom whose origin remains obscure. After the original monastery's destruction during the ninth century Norman raids or, more likely, the Saracene mid tenth century raids, on its ruins a Benedictine cenobium with a church devoted to Saint Peter was built in 1041, which over time enjoyed many donations and received privileges, confirmed by Popes. One of its monks wrote the Historia abbatiae Condomensis on its history, but it's held unreliable.
Caquins of Brittany

The Caquins of Brittany, (also Cacous Kakouz, Caqueux, Caquets, and Caquous) were groups of inhabitants who worked as coopers and ropemakers, subjected to exclusion in their villages located in Brittany, between the thirteenth century and modern times.
It is believed that the exclusion of the Caquins was based on the fear of leprosy, where Caquin rope makers were believed to be descendants of lepers and could spread leprosy. This potential leprous origin as well as their treatment, until the eighteenth century, mean they are often compared to the Cagots of southwestern France and northern Spain, or the crétins des Alpes of the Swiss Alps, there is however no mention of physical or mental particularities specific to the Caquins.
The Caquins were subjected to a variety of laws restricting their actions in society, this included restricting what work they could undertake, and while they could own land they were prohibited from building.
On 12 February 1425, John V, Duke of Brittany in his constitutions forbade the Caquins to engage in trade and demanded their separation from others. However, on 16 April 1447, the duke allowed the Caquins to take leased land in the bishopric of Vannes, as well as elsewhere.
On 18 December 1456, Peter II, Duke of Brittany, issued a long ordinance on fouages (the tax paid by each feu), where he declared that the Caquins were exempted from this tax.
There were also various religious restrictions imposed on the Caquins, such as having to enter churches through special doors separate from other congregants.
In parish records of births, they were listed at the end, upside-down with illegitimate children.
Charles de Marillac

Charles de Marillac (c.1510 – 2 December 1560) was a French prelate and diplomat.
De Marillac was born in Riom and was, by the age of twenty-two, an advocate in parliament in Paris. Suspected, however, of sympathizing with the reformers, he deemed it prudent to leave Paris, and in 1535 went to the East with his cousin Jean de La Forest, the first French ambassador at Constantinople. Cunning and ambitious, he soon made his mark, and his cousin having died during his embassy, Marillac was appointed his successor.
He did not return from the East until 1538, when he was sent almost immediately to England, to replace Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon, at the court of Henry VIII where he remained until 1543. He is known to have sent dispatches back to France detailing events such as the king's first meeting with his fourth wife Anne of Cleves, which resulted in the sudden downfall and demise of the seemingly all-powerful Thomas Cromwell, who was responsible for the ill-fated marriage. Marillac reported in the spring of 1540 that "Cromwell is tottering". While Henry, at first sight, found Anne of Cleves so unattractive that he could not consummate the marriage, Marillac was impressed by her gravity and dignity: though he did not think her a great beauty, in his view she would be a perfectly acceptable Queen of England (she was a distant relative of both the French and English royal families), and he seems to have found Henry's attitude to her rather baffling. He later noted drily that Cromwell was not dead more than a few months before the King was bewailing the loss of his finest minister, and, typically, blaming Cromwell's enemies for persuading him to destroy Cromwell on a trivial pretext. His dispatches are a valuable source of information about the English Court in this tumultuous period, although he was not an entirely reliable source. Marillac himself admitted that the vagaries of English politics were often beyond the understanding of foreigners "so great is the inconstancy of the English".
He retained his influence during the reign of Henry II, fulfilling important missions in Switzerland and later at the imperial court (1547–1551), and at the courts of the German princes (1553–1554). In 1555 he was one of the French deputies at the conferences held at Mark near Ardres to discuss peace with England. His two last missions were at Rome (1557) and at the Diet of Augsburg (1559). In 1550 he was given the bishopric of Vannes, and in 1557 the archbishopric of Vienne; he also became a member of the privy council. He distinguished himself as a statesman at the Assembly of Notables at Fontainebleau in 1560, when he delivered an exceedingly brilliant discourse, in which he opposed the policy of violence and demanded a national council and the assembly of the states-general. Irritated by his opposition, the Guises compelled him to leave the court, and he died on 2 December of the same year, at Melun, France.
Works by Marillac include:
Rugby Club Vannes

RC Vannes (pronounced [van]; French: Rugby Club Vannes, Rugbi Klub Gwened) is a French rugby union club based in Vannes currently competing in Top 14. Founded in 1950, they play in the Stade de la Rabine and traditionally wear blue and white jerseys.
The team usually competed in the third tier of French rugby, Fédérale 1. During the 2015–16 season, they beat RC Massy during the Fédérale 1 promotion semi-finals automatically accessing to the 2016–17 Pro D2, an historical reach for a Breton rugby team. Vannes beat FC Grenoble Rugby in the 2024 Pro D2 playoffs to win promotion to the Top 14 for the first time.
The Vannes squad for the 2024–25 season is:
Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
Vannes OC

Vannes Olympique Club (Breton: Klub Olimpek Gwened; commonly referred to as simply Vannes) is a professional French football club based in Vannes. The club was formed in 1998 as a result of the merger of Véloce vannetais founded in 1911 and FC Vannes known before 1991 as UCK Vannes founded in 1946 and currently competing in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football. Vannes plays its home matches at the Stade de la Rabine, located within the city.
In 2002, the club hired Stéphane Le Mignan as manager, reaching the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France in 2007, the Championnat National title in 2008, the Coupe de la Ligue final in 2009 and three seasons of Ligue 2 from 2008 to 2011. He was dismissed in 2012 and the club filed for bankruptcy in 2014, reforming in the seventh tier and achieving three promotions in four years.
In November 2002, after dismissing Denis Goavec, Vannes hired recently retired player Stéphane Le Mignan as manager. The team achieved promotion from the fourth-tier Championnat de France Amateur to the Championnat National under him in 2005. In the 2006–07 Coupe de France, Vannes won 2–0 after extra time in the last 16 away to Ligue 2 team Montpellier, then lost 5–0 at Ligue 1 Marseille in the quarter-finals.
Vannes won the 2007–08 Championnat National to earn promotion to Ligue 2 for the first time. This also meant a debut campaign in the Coupe de la Ligue, beating top-flight Valenciennes, Auxerre and Nice before a 4–0 final loss to Bordeaux at the Stade de France. In the 2010–11 Ligue 2, the team were relegated in 18th place on the final day, and the budget for the following season was thereby reduced from €8.5 million to €4 million, resulting in 14 players being released. On 27 December 2012, after over a decade in charge, Le Mignan was dismissed with the team 7th in the third tier, six points off Poiré-sur-Vie in third.
In June 2014, after narrowly avoiding relegation from the third tier, Vannes filed for bankruptcy, reforming in the Brittany Region Division Supérieure Elite in the seventh. The team won the regional Division d'Honneur in 2016 to reach the fifth level and return to national football, winning the renamed Championnat National 3 in 2017–18. In 2022–23, the team were relegated back with three games to play, following a 4–2 loss at Rouen.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
For a list of former Vannes players, see Category:Vannes OC players.
Council of Vannes

The Council of Vannes, also known as the Council of Veneticum, was a Christian provincial council in the year 465. Perpetuus of Tours presided.
Bishops in attendance included Nunechius, bishop of Nantes; Athenius, bishop of Rennes; and Albinus and Liberalis, possibly from Quimper and Aleth. The council elected Padarn as bishop of Vannes.
The council, which continued discussion of topics from the 461 Council of Tours, passed a total of sixteen canons. It regulated monastic and clerical life, passing the earliest known legislation on cenobitic monasticism in Western Christianity.
The canons passed by the council called for ecclesiastical law and order and for separate ecclesiastical courts. Clerics were banned from attending secular courts, attending wedding parties with music or dancing, missing morning hymns, or becoming intoxicated. In addition, the council banned the use of the Sortes Sanctorum, a form of Christian divination.
Clerics were also banned from sharing meals with Jews. The council argued that since Jews refused to eat Christian food, eating Jewish food would position the clerics as inferior to Jews. This ban set an early precedent for an ongoing tradition of bans on interfaith dining.
Among the laity, the council reiterated the existing ban on murderers receiving the Eucharist. It also excommunicated men who remarried after a secular divorce, unless they could prove that their wife had committed adultery.
Chermoula

Chermoula ( Berber : tacermult utawa tacermilt, Arab: شرمولة‎‎ ) utawa charmoula minangka olahan migunakake teknik marinade lan ria digunakake ing masakan Algeria, Libya, Maroko lan Tunisia . Biasane digunakake kanggo ngicipi iwak utawa panganan laut, nanging bisa digunakake kanggo daging utawa sayuran liyane .
Graz

Graz [graːts] (asal tembung manawa saka Basa Slovene: Gradec
Graz minangka kutha pelajar: kutha iki duwé enem universitas kang duwé punjul 44,000 mahasiswa. Kutha tuwa Graz minangka salah siji pusat kuta kang paling kajaga ing Éropa Tengah. Ing taun 1999, dilebokaké sajeroning pratélan Situs warisan donya UNESCO.
Graz dipérang dadi 17 distrik, yakuwi:
Cithakan:Linkfarm
Situs resmi
Ratan watu

Dalan Rocky minangka jinis irisan tanpa roti sing digawe saka coklat susu lan marshmallow bebarengan karo bahan liyane, sing cenderung beda-beda miturut negara. Ing wilayah sing dipengaruhi Inggris, sadurunge diarani ' Tiffin ' nanging jeneng Australia / Amerika saiki wis dadi dominan ing Inggris. Biasane disajikake ing bagean individu kayata coklat, utawa ing masakan Amerika, minangka rasa es krim . Digawe kanthi nyampur coklat cair karo bahan liyane, sadurunge digawe adhem kanggo adhem. Banjur bisa dipotong dadi bar utawa potongan persegi.
Digawe kanthi nyampur coklat cair karo bahan liyane, sadurunge digawe adhem kanggo adhem. Banjur bisa dipotong dadi bar utawa potongan persegi.
Rastrojero Conosur

El Rastrojero Conosur fue un automóvil diseñado a partir del utilitario Rastrojero Diesel. Se trataba de un sedán de cuatro puertas especialmente diseñado para su uso en flotas de trabajo, especialmente taxis. Este coche fue fabricado por la empresa Bernametal de Argentina desde 1974 hasta 1979, año en el que finalizaron las operaciones de esta fábrica. Conosur era el nombre del chasis de IME convertido en coche, cuyo significado venía de la región del Cono Sur la localidad bonaerense de Quilmes, que fueron quienes, en su planta de la Av Hipólito Yrigoyen al 200 de la citada ciudad, modificaban las carrocerías del Rastrojero Diesel para convertirlo en automóviles destinados a ser usados como taxis. Actualmente en dicho lugar existe un concesionario de la marca Chevrolet y en los galpones donde se hacían las carrocerías existe una feria cubierta conocida como "Quilmes Outlet".
La parte delantera del coche era prácticamente del modelo de camioneta que salía de IME, pero a partir del parabrisas hacia atrás era un nuevo diseño de un automóvil cuatro puertas destinado para su uso como autos de trabajo.
En lo que a su mecánica se refiere, era la misma que equipaba al utilitario: un motor Indenor XD 4.88 de 1946 cm³, que erogaba una potencia de 60 CV, alimentado con gas-oil a través de un sistema de inyección indirecta Bosch EP / VA, todo esto acoplado a una caja de cambios Borgward de cuatro velocidades.
Su producción finalizó el 22 de mayo de 1979, al igual que toda la línea Rastrojero y todos los productos IME. Su producción básicamente fue destinada a su uso como taxi, aunque hoy por hoy suelen verse algunos modelos restaurados pero ya no como taxis, sino como vehículos particulares. se produjeron poco menos de 1000 ejemplares, de los cuales hoy solo sobreviven unos pocos.
Gestión ambiental

La gestión ambiental, también conocida como gestión del medio ambiente, se refiere al conjunto de estrategias y acciones destinadas al manejo integral del sistema ambiental. Este proceso organiza las actividades humanas que impactan el medio ambiente, con el objetivo de garantizar una adecuada calidad de vida y prevenir o mitigar problemas ambientales presentes y futuros, todo ello en el marco del desarrollo sostenible.​
En otras palabras, la gestión ambiental aborda cómo alcanzar los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible: lograr un equilibrio entre el desarrollo económico, el crecimiento poblacional, el uso racional de los recursos y la protección del medio ambiente. Este concepto incluye tanto acciones operativas como políticas, directrices y lineamientos formulados por los entes responsables de implementar estas medidas.​
Las principales áreas normativas y legales relacionadas con la gestión ambiental incluyen:​
Entre las normas voluntarias relacionadas con la gestión ambiental, destaca la ISO 14001:2015, un estándar internacional que establece los requisitos mínimos para la creación de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA). Esta norma busca ayudar a las organizaciones a mejorar su desempeño ambiental mediante un enfoque sistemático en la reducción de impactos negativos sobre el medio ambiente.
Entre los principales objetivos de un Sistema de Gestión Ambiental (SGA) se encuentran:​​
Orphans

«Orphans» ―en español: Huérfanos― es una canción de la banda de rock británica Coldplay de su octavo álbum de estudio Everyday Life. Fue lanzado el 24 de octubre de 2019, junto con el sencillo «Arabesque» y aparece en la segunda cara del álbum Sunset.​ La canción fue escrita por los miembros de la banda y producida por The Dream Team.​​
El 24 de octubre de 2019, la banda anunció el lanzamiento (el mismo día) de las canciones «Arabesque» y «Orphans» como un lanzamiento dual y como los primeros sencillos de Everyday Life .​ Sobre el contenido de las canciones, el cantante principal Chris Martin dijo en una entrevista con BBC Radio 1 que "algunas son muy personales, sobre cosas reales de mi vida, y algunas sobre cosas que veo o vemos, y algunas se trata de tratar de sentir empatía por lo que están pasando otras personas ".​ El día del lanzamiento, la banda configuró un temporizador con una cuenta regresiva hasta el lanzamiento de las canciones.​
La canción fue grabada en el último minuto durante la mezcla del álbum Everyday Life, para el cual sirvió como uno de los dos sencillos principales.​
El video musical de la canción se estrenó el 25 de octubre de 2019.​ El video musical muestra el desarrollo de la canción desde sus primeras raíces, un memorando de voz de Chris Martin en el que se escucha al cantante hablando sobre la afinación de su guitarra antes de tocar lo que se convertiría en el riff principal de la canción, hasta la canción completamente pulida que fue publicada.​ El video musical ganó un premio en los MTV VMA de 2020 por el video musical 'Mejor rock'.​
La canción se interpretó en vivo por primera vez durante el Saturday Night Live de NBC el 2 de noviembre de 2019. En un ensayo, Martin explicó a los bailarines que acompañaron la actuación de la banda, "Esta canción trata sobre, ves todas estas fotos de jóvenes como tú y un poco mayores como nosotros, que tienen que dejar sus países y todos los llaman refugiados o migrantes en lugar de solo personas. Entonces estábamos pensando, esto podría ser cualquiera de nosotros que estemos en estos campamentos o en la frontera o lo que sea. Y de eso se trata esta canción, es como si la gente como nosotros dijera: 'Solo quiero ir a casa y ser normal'".​ Más tarde, «Orphans» se transmitió en vivo en el Annie Mac Show de BBC Radio 1 el 27 de noviembre de 2019 junto con «Arabesque», «Everyday Life», «Lovers in Japan» y «Guns».
Créditos adaptados de las notas del booklet de "Orphans / Arabesque".​
Mamihlapinatapai

Mamihlapinatapai (a veces escrita incorrectamente como mamihlapinatapei) es una palabra del idioma yagán, hablado por los nativos yaganes de la Patagonia chilena y argentina, listada en el Libro Guinness de los Récords como la «palabra más concisa del mundo»,​ y está considerada como uno de los términos más difíciles de traducir. Describe «Una mirada entre dos personas, cada una de las cuales espera que la otra comience una acción que ambas desean pero que ninguna se anima a iniciar».​
El misionero y lingüista británico Thomas Bridges pasó más de veinte años desde 1860 recopilando palabras del idioma yagán en Ushuaia para formar un diccionario de traducción al inglés. Sin embargo, mamihlapinatapai no aparece entre las cerca de 32 000 palabras de su diccionario, quizás porque era poco usada o porque quería incluirla en la tercera edición en la cual estaba trabajando cuando falleció en 1898, pues dicha palabra sí aparece descrita en uno de sus esbozos. Además sí registró la palabra ihlapi como «confundido» o «incómodo»; y según el lingüista Yoram Meroz —uno de los pocos que han estudiado el idioma yagán—, de ahí se puede derivar ihlapi-na como «sentirse incómodo», ihlapi-na-ta «hacer sentir incómodo» y mam-ihlapi-na-ta-pai literalmente como «hacer que los demás se sientan incómodos». Y es que lingüistas modernos como Yoram Meroz o Jess Tauber advierten que Bridges tendía a utilizar ejemplos ilustrativos en lugar de simples definiciones, con el fin de que el lector se familiarizara con el significado; así que con la definición de mamihlapinatapai se obtuvo una «leyenda urbana lingüística».​​
Así la palabra mamihlapinatapai (o 'ma(m)-ihlvpi-:n-at-a:pai') consta de un prefijo ma(m)- de corte reflexivo pasivo (marcado por la segunda m antes de una partícula iniciada por vocal); la raíz ihlapi, que significa ‘estar confundido sobre lo que hacer después’; seguida por el sufijo condicionante -n y por el sufijo -at(a), que implica ‘logro’; y coronada por -apai, que al ser compuesto con ma(m) adquiere un significado de reciprocidad.​
El término es usado en libros y juegos de la teoría de juegos asociado con el dilema del voluntario.​​
También es referenciado en Definiendo el mundo en una discusión acerca de las dificultades que enfrentaba Samuel Johnson tratando de llegar a definiciones sucintas, hasta precisas de las palabras.​
George Charles Wallich

George Charles Wallich (16 de noviembre de 1815, Calcuta - 1899) fue un doctor en medicina, algólogo, biólogo marino inglés.
Era hijo del naturalista danés naturalizado británico Nathaniel Wallich (1786-1854) que dirigía el Jardín botánico Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose de Calcuta. Obtuvo su título de doctorado en medicina, en Edimburgo en 1834 y luego entró en el Indian Medical Service, cargo que ocupó hasta 1857, cuando regresa a Gran Bretaña. Teniendo en cuenta sus observaciones sobre la vida marina, Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) y Sir Roderick Murchison (1792-1871) lo recomendaron como naturalista, de la expedición del H.M.S. Bulldog , en 1860.
«George Charles Wallich». Índice Internacional de Nombres de las Plantas (IPNI). Real Jardín Botánico de Kew, Herbario de la Universidad de Harvard y Herbario nacional Australiano (eds.).
Alan Bennett

Alan Bennett (Leeds; 9 de mayo de 1934) es un dramaturgo, actor, novelista y guionista británico, ganador de un Premio Tony por su obra The History Boys.​
Es hijo de Walter Bennett (un carnicero) y su esposa, Lilian Mary Peel. Bennett obtuvo una beca y asistió al Exeter College de la Universidad de Oxford, donde se licenció en Historia con sobresaliente.​ Es autor de muchas y celebradas obras teatrales como Habeas Corpus, Forty One Years On, Kafka's Dick o The Madness of George III (adaptada después al cine). También es apreciado su trabajo en la televisión y en el cine. Aún con una dilatada obra literaria a sus espaldas, solo comenzó a escribir prosa en la última década.​​​
Algunos de sus guiones televisivos se han editado en DVD en España, por la compañía independiente Cameo Media SL (Barcelona), en un pack que se corresponde con la edición británica titulada The Alan Bennett Collection.​
Pack Alan Bennett (1971-1994) Producción: BBC (GB) Guiones originales de: Alan Bennett.
4 discos | DVD 9 | 1,33:1 | 4/3 | Idioma: Inglés 2.0 | Subtítulos (opcionales): español e inglés | Color y blanco y negro| 660 min + presentaciones de un par de minutos a cargo de Alan Bennett de todas las películas. + Libreto de 12 p. con una presentación del escritor y las piezas seleccionadas por Andreu Jaume.
Contenido:
Disco 1: -A Day Out (Stephen Frears, 1971) 48 min -Sunset Across the Bay (Stephen Frears, 1975) 70 min -A Visit from Miss Prothero (Stephen Frears, 1982) 37 min
Disco 2: -Our Winnie (Malcolm Mowbray, 1982) 40 min -A Woman of no Importance (Giles Foster, 1982), con Patricia Routledge 48 min -An Englishman Abroad (John Schlesinger, 1983), con Alan Bates y Coral Browne 61 min
Disco 3: -The Insurance Man (Richard Eyre, 1986), con Daniel Day-Lewis 76 min -Dinner at Noon (Stuart Burge, 1988), con Alan Bennet 38 min -102 Boulevard Haussman (Udayan Prasad, 1990), con Alan Bates 74 min
Disco 4: -A Question of Attribution (John Schlesinger, 1991), con James Fox y Prunella Scale 70 min -Portrait or Bust (1994), con Alan Bennet 50 min -Extras: Entrevista a Alan Bennett 38 min
Hydropsalis cayennensis

El chotacabras coliblanco, chotacabras ñañarca, chotacabra blanca, guabairo coliblanco, tapacamino coliblanco, aguaitacamino rastrojero o guardacaminos rastrojero (Hydropsalis cayennensis, anteriormente Caprimulgus cayennensis)​ es una especie de ave caprimulgiforme de la familia Caprimulgidae que vive en América Central, las islas del Caribe y el norte de Sudamérica.
Se encuentra en Anguila, Antigua y Barbuda, las Antillas Neerlandesas, Aruba, Barbados, Brasil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, la Guayana Francesa, Guyana, Martinica, Montserrat, Panamá, Puerto Rico, San Cristóbal y Nieves, San Vicente y las Granadinas, Santa Lucía, Surinam, Trinidad y Tobago y Venezuela.​
Sus hábitats naturales son los humedales tropicales y subtropicales y los herbazales estacionalmente inundables, también puede vivir en áreas despejadas fuertemente humanizadas.