davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Bloody Mary (folklore)

Bloody Mary is a legend of a ghost, phantom, witch, or spirit conjured to reveal the future. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is chanted repeatedly. The Bloody Mary apparition may be benevolent or malevolent, depending on historical variations of the legend. Bloody Mary appearances are mostly witnessed in group participation play.
Historically, the divination ritual encouraged young women to walk up a flight of stairs backward holding a candle and a hand mirror, in a darkened house. As they gazed into the mirror, they were supposed to be able to catch a view of their future husband's face. There was, however, a chance that they would see a skull (or the face of the Grim Reaper) instead, indicating that they were going to die before they would have the chance to marry.
In the ritual of today, Bloody Mary allegedly appears to individuals or groups who ritualistically invoke her name in an act of catoptromancy. This is done by repeatedly chanting her name into a mirror placed in a dimly lit or candle-lit room. The name must be uttered 3 times (or some other specified number of times). Some stories even say you must chant her name into the bathroom mirror 47 times before she will come out of the mirror. The Bloody Mary apparition allegedly appears as a corpse, witch, and ghost that can either be friendly, evil, or a demonic spirit, and is sometimes seen covered in blood (hence the name). The lore surrounding the ritual states that participants may endure the apparition screaming at them, cursing them, strangling them, stealing their soul, drinking their blood, or scratching their eyes out. Some variations of the ritual call Bloody Mary by a different name—"Hell Mary" and "Mary Worth" are popular examples. The modern legend of Hanako-san in Japan strongly parallels the Bloody Mary mythology. Additionally, in the 1990s the Bloody Mary ritual was represented pop culture and used as a tool to discuss racial and sexual violence and gender oppression.
There is some debate on the identification of Bloody Mary and if she is based on a real woman. A number of historical figures have been put forward as candidates for "Mary" including Mary I of England (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon), who had around 300 religious Protestant dissenters burned at the stake during her reign, earning her the nickname "Bloody Mary"; and Mary Worth, who has been identified as either a woman who killed slaves escaping the American South via the Underground Railroad or a woman who was burned at the stake during the Witch trials in the early modern period.
Taj Mahal (1963 film)

Taj Mahal is a 1963 film based on the historical legend of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, who built the Taj Mahal in fond remembrance and as a tomb for his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.
Taj Mahal was a commercial hit, but is remembered mostly for its Filmfare award-winning music.
It was at the Meena Bazar that Shehzada Khurram (Pradeep Kumar) first laid eyes on Arjumand Banu (Bina Rai). When their eyes met, it was love at first sight for both of them. When empress Noor Jehan, one of the wives of Shahenshah Jehangir (Rehman), finds out she is enraged, as she wants Khurram to marry her daughter, Ladli Banu, even though Arjumand is her niece. She plots to hold Arjumand as a prisoner in her palace, but in vain; then she attempts to have Khurram sent away to battle - again in vain, as Khurram returns triumphant, and is named 'Shah Jehan'. Then she has her step-son, Saifuddin, arrange to kill Khurram - again in vain. Khurram gets stabbed but with Arjuman's help he recovers, returns home, but does not tell his father, fearing for his health. When Jehangir hears of Arjumand's assistance, he gladly arranges their marriage, while Saifuddin ends up marrying Ladli. Then Khurram is sent away to another kingdom, leaving Noor Jehan to plot against him. When Jehangir falls ill, she takes over the reins, has Khurram declared an intruder and sends her armies to bring him in or alternatively his two sons. Watch as events unfold, which will ultimately lead to the building of one of the seven wonders of the world - The Taj Mahal.
The movie's musical score is by Roshan, lyrics are by Sahir Ludhianvi and most of the songs are performed by Mohammed Rafi and Lata Mangeshkar.
Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes

Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes is a 1989 role-playing game developed by Nihon Falcom. It is the sixth game in the Dragon Slayer series and the first in The Legend of Heroes franchise.
It was originally released in 1989 for the NEC PC-8801. Within the next few years, it would also be ported to the NEC PC-9801, MSX 2, PC Engine CD-ROM/TurboGrafx-CD, Sharp X68000, Sega Mega Drive, and Super Famicom. A Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes Barcode Battler card set was also released by Epoch Co. in 1992. The PC Engine version was released in the United States for the TurboGrafx-CD and was the only game in the series released in the US until The Legend of Heroes: A Tear of Vermillion, the PlayStation Portable remake.
In 1995, a version of the game was broadcast exclusively for Japanese markets via the Super Famicom's Satellaview subunit under the name BS Dragon Slayer Eiyu Densetsu. In 1998, a remake of The Legend of Heroes was bundled with a remake of Dragon Slayer: The Legend of Heroes II and was released for both the PlayStation and Sega Saturn.
The PC Engine version was rated 25.24 out of 30 by PC Engine Fan magazine. Famitsu scored the PC Engine CD-ROM version 29 out of 40 in 1991. They later scored the Super Famicom version 29 out of 40 in 1992, and the Sega Mega Drive version 23 out of 40 in 1994.
In its January 1993 issue, Electronic Games magazine's Electronic Gaming Awards nominated the TurboGrafx-CD version for the 1992 Multimedia Game of the Year award. They wrote it "demonstrates how far multimedia has come" since the same design team's Ys I & II and that this "mammoth quest is meticulously detailed and incorporates highly involved game play".
Basketo people

The Basketo people are an Omotic-speaking ethnic group whose homeland lies in the northwestern part of the South Ethiopia Regional State (SERS) of Ethiopia. The Basketo Zone is named after this ethnic group. According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census, this ethnic group has 78,284 members, of whom 99.3% live in the SNNPR.
The Basketo cultivate ensete and, additionally, tuber roots, maize, millet and vegetables. They also keep domestic animals in small numbers.
Traditionally, the Basketo were organized as a segmentary clan society headed by a divine king, the kati. The ethnic religion of the Basketo knew a duality of the sky-god Tsosii and the earth-mother Qacharunde. When they were united with the other ethnic groups by King Menilik II in 1893 many of them converted to Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity.
The Basketo were conquered for the Ethiopian empire by Ras Welde Giyorgis in 1893.
Coccinia abyssinica

Coccinia abyssinica is an Ethiopian species of Coccinia which was first described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. The tuber is under its Oromo name anchote a well-known local crop, but also the leaves are eaten.
Perennial, dioecious climber. Shoot length up to 5 m, more or less densely covered with white hairs. Leaves are alternate with 1.5-14.0 cm long petiole, lamina 7.5–12.0 × 6.5–12.0 cm, often cordate to profoundly 3- or 5-lobate. If lobate, then the central lobe is dominating and has a sharp tip. Upper lamina glabrous with clear to whitish pustules, sometimes with white hairs. Lower lamina paler than upper lamina, with white hairs, that can appear wart-like when broken off. Tendrils simple. Probracts up to 3 mm long.
Flowers of male plants solitary or in few-flowered racemes. Flowers in female plant solitary. Flowers in each sex usually solitary, sometimes in few-flowered racemes. Receptacle pale green, glabrous. Calyx teeth 2–4 mm long, lineal-subulate. Corolla ca. 1.4 cm long, yellow to slightly orange, lobes ca. 0.5 cm. Stamens in male flowers 3, connected to a central column. Anthers in male flowers sinuate, in a globose head. Fruits short elliptical, 5.5-6.0 cm long and 3.5–4.0 cm in diameter, glabrous, when unripe green, ripe orange-red, sometimes with remaining yellowish longitudinal mottling. Seeds 5-6 × 3 × 1.5 mm (L/W/H), slightly asymmetrically obovate, face flat.
Widespread in the highlands of Ethiopia between 1300 and 2800 m.
Along lake shores, in forest clearings and degraded forests, evergreen shrublands. Cultivated. Flowering between June and October.
Coccinia abyssinica tubers are an important staple crop in the Ethiopian highlands. The tubers are rich in starch and are cooked. Also the young shoots and the leaves are cooked and eaten around Dembi Dolo, Oromia State. There are also beliefs about medical use, but none is scientifically verified so far. The relatively high content of calcium might be the reason for the local belief that eating C. abyssinica helps against fractured bones. The edibility of the fruits is disputed, eventually, there are different races.
According to molecular analyses, Coccinia abyssinica is closely related to Coccinia megarrhiza. Both species look similar, but, among other character traits, they differ by the leaf shape. The leaves of C. abyssinica have a long pointed (central) tip, while the tip of C. megarrhiza leaves are acute or obtuse. Coccinia abyssinica is distributed in the more humid highlands, while C. megarrhiza occurs in the dry lowlands. Both species belong to the C. rehmannii-clade that shares the character of usually producing a dark green halo around the white spots on ripening fruits.
上海音乐学院东方乐器博物馆

上海音乐学院东方乐器博物馆 (英語：The Museum of Oriental Musical Instruments)是一座位于上海音乐学院的乐器博物馆。
1985年由上海音乐学院老院长贺绿汀倡议开始筹建，1987年11月27日中国民族乐器陈列室建成开馆。1992年改名为东方乐器陈列馆，2001年改为现名。2006年搬迁至徐汇区高安路18弄。
博物馆有四个展厅，分别是中国古代乐器、中国现代乐器、外国民族乐器和少数民族乐器展厅。拥有藏品800多件（套），跨越8000多年，包含全球40多个国家和地区的民族乐器，和全国各地40多个少数民族的特色乐器。
螺号

螺号或螺角是一种唇振气鸣的吹奏乐器，用软体动物法螺的贝壳制成，常用于宗教仪式。
螺号作为佛教法器时称为法螺（英语：Shankha），又称梵贝。它是古印度诸宗教共同的法器，用于宗教仪式的历史非常悠久。
传说释迦牟尼在鹿野苑初转法轮时，帝释天等曾将一支右旋白法螺献给佛祖，从此右旋白海螺即作为吉祥圆满的象征在佛教中广为应用。法螺随佛教传入中国。现在中国的藏、蒙古、满、纳西、傣、京、汉等民族依然采用。法螺是藏族的八瑞相（亦称八吉祥徽、藏八仙和藏八宝）之一。
汉语称为梵贝、螺号、法螺、玉螺、玉蠡，梵语称之为Sankha，藏语音譯为东嘎、统嘎或董嘎尔等，蒙古语音譯为冻思，傣语音譯为海三，韓語稱之為螺角（나각）。现代汉语中一般用于佛教仪式的才称法螺，作为普通乐器使用者直接称呼为螺号，如兒歌《小螺號》。
法螺选用天然长成的大海螺壳制作，一般螺壳长25厘米—33厘米，多选用颜色清白或有花条纹的右旋海螺。制作时须磨穿螺尖，并附有圆锥形或直筒形的吹嘴。有些法螺在螺的两端钻孔穿绳以方便携带。有些法螺还镶嵌有铜片或银片作为装饰。其中镶翅法螺装饰更为华丽，将螺身中部至螺口用铜片或银片制成翅形装饰物，且在翅尾还缀有圆环并系以丝穗彩绸。
吹奏时持握螺口，两唇紧贴吹嘴送气，就可以发出呜呜的声音。法螺的音高、音色因螺身大小、形状而不同，螺纹细、少者音色明亮，反之音色深厚。
在藏族的风俗中，一般将不装饰的法螺置于青稞上，供奉于正殿；装饰有金银的法螺则用于各种法事活动。
法螺除用作佛教法器外，还用于各民族的军事、劳动和娱乐生活中。藏族的羌姆舞蹈表演也使用法螺。在浙江东部汉族的民间器乐合奏“舟山锣鼓”中海螺作为色彩性乐器使用。在广东、广西、福建等地民间以吹海螺作为召集群众聚会的信号。
手风琴

手风琴是一件附有鍵盤的自由簧樂器。演奏時，中央部份需要左右伸縮，以引入氣流顫動琴內的簧片發聲。
1822年由德国人布希曼（Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann）创制；1829年经奥地利人岱密安（Cyrill Demian）等改良而渐趋完善。
现代手风琴有键盘式手风琴（钢琴式手风琴）和键钮式手风琴（鈕扣式手风琴、巴扬手风琴）两种，中国及中西欧主要使用钢琴式手风琴，而俄罗斯、爱尔兰主要使用巴扬手风琴。钢琴式手风琴比较容易掌握，常作为学习钢琴的基础，可以演奏各种古典或现代音乐；巴扬手风琴音域广，由于键钮小，手移动速度快，可以演奏许多高速度高难度乐曲，总体以演奏俄罗斯，爱尔兰民乐为主。
当今世界手风琴音乐风格以俄罗斯手风琴，中西欧手风琴，爱尔兰手风琴及美洲手风琴为主，俄罗斯巴扬手风琴体积庞大，重量大，音域广，音色深重。中西欧钢琴式手风琴体积适中，质量较轻，音域不大，音色高昂。爱尔兰巴扬手风琴体积很小，音域较广，音色轻快。俄罗斯自古以巴扬手风琴作为演奏其民乐的乐器，其音乐风格时而出现激烈战斗，时而又有轻快舞蹈，时而又有沉重，體现出俄罗斯民族的精神。中西欧手风琴以法国手风琴为主，法国手风琴音乐轻松明朗，通常有高昂的曲调，很多香頌选择手风琴作为主要乐器演奏。爱尔兰手风琴主要用来演奏民族舞会上的民族歌曲，多以快节奏的踢踏舞、里尔舞、剑舞为主，曲调轻松活泼，时常可以和小风笛小提琴合奏。
中国乐谷

中国乐谷，位于北京市平谷区，是一个大型音乐产业园区。
改革开放后，平谷区东高村镇以提琴制造为主的乐器制造产业逐渐发达，可制造小提琴、大提琴、电子小提琴、电子大提琴、贝司、铜管乐器、打击乐器、吉他、二胡、箱包等10类30个品种的产品，还有舞台设备、舞美设计等音乐衍生品。2009年，相关企业生产提琴近30万把，产销量约占世界市场30%，获得中国轻工业联合会授予“中国提琴产业基地”称号。
平谷区鉴于和音乐的这种渊源，决定启动“中国乐谷”项目。项目启动之初，便受到中共北京市委、北京市人民政府领导支持。2010年3月26日，中共北京市委书记刘淇就打造“北京音乐园区”问题作出批示。2010年7月11日，市委书记刘淇、市长郭金龙及牛有成、李士祥、赵凤桐、苟仲文、夏占义等市领导来到平谷区调研，对“中国乐谷”项目表示支持，指示平谷区通过2010年8月初在北京举行的第29届世界音乐教育大会开展宣传推介。其间，北京市副市长丁向阳、程红等市领导多次就“中国乐谷”项目建设作出批示，中共北京市委宣传部、北京市发改委、北京市商务委、北京市旅游局等部门领导来平谷区现场办公。平谷区积极推进该项目建设，并和中国音乐学院、中央音乐学院、南昌大学等高校，龙世嘉蓝、文化部中国艺术节基金会、正大集团等企业达成初步合作意向。
平谷区希望建设成“乐器设计与制作、乐器产品交易与物流、音乐文化创作与推广、音乐文化交流与培训、音乐文化展示与体验、音乐文化衍生品开发、音乐信息化中心”等功能合一的“中国乐谷”。
“中国乐谷”主要分为音乐产业区、音乐主题教育娱乐区、服务配套区。
音乐产业区：核心是乐器研发制造交易、音乐创作、音乐教育培训、音乐交流会展。计划设“一大基地、两大学校、四大园区、七大中心”，其中包括乐器产业园区、国际音乐演出表演和会展园区、国际音乐教育培训园区等在内。
音乐主题教育娱乐区：计划设“一大博物馆、两大音乐谷、三大互动地带、五大视听馆”，其中包括国际乐器博物馆、民族音乐视听馆、音乐互动区等在内。
服务配套区：核心是对创作产业区提供支持。计划设商业区、酒店、住宅、体育公园等。
中国乐谷·北京国际流行音乐季是从2011年起每年举办一次的国际流行音乐季。2011中国乐谷·北京国际流行音乐季由北京市人民政府新闻办公室、北京市投资促进局、北京市平谷区委、区政府等单位共同主办，2011年4月30日和5月1日在中国乐谷举行。2012年，随着中国乐谷草地音乐公园开园，2012中国乐谷·北京国际流行音乐季及此后历届都在该园举行。
中國京族

中國京族（中國京語：𠊛京在中國；國語字：người Kinh tại Trung Quốc；中國民族名稱羅馬字母拼寫國家標準：Gin ），是指居住在中國境內的京族居民，是中华人民共和国政府认定的少数民族之一，主要分布在廣西，少数散居在雲南、贵州、广东等地，其中防城港市代管下的東興市是中國京族最集中的聚居城市。
中國京族主要集中居住在广西壮族自治区东兴市江平镇的巫头、澫尾、澫西、澫东、山心、贵明六个村内，合稱京族三岛的區域，1970年代因围海造田，巫头、澫尾形成了一个大半岛，半岛上京族与汉族杂居，而山心岛居民全为京族，巫头、澫尾和山心，三島在中国明清时期是阮朝越南的飞地，多數京族居民祖籍來自越南北部，1885年，大清帝國政府与法兰西共和国政府签订《中法和约》时，划归中国所有。
廣西壯族自治區是中国京族最集中的省級行政區，共有京族20,123人（2000人口普查），廣西京族占京族人口的89.10%，廣西京族主要聚居于防城港市下轄的东兴市和防城区，特別是东兴市的京族三島地區，但無任何民族自治地方，1958年曾建立防城各族（京、瑶、苗）自治县，並于1993年撤自治县设区，仍享有民族自治县经济政策待遇。
因与越南的文化隔离时间不长，且民国时期与改革开放后边境常有商贸往来，所以如今中国京语與越南语北方方言差异不大，不影响互相对话交流，但因当地京族与汉族密切相关，多通曉钦廉粤语（俗称“白话”），在词汇方面，近现代的新生词语多取自粤语或普通话，而与标准越南语产生分歧。此外，在语音方面还存在少数音变，中国境内的京语文字先前曾維持使用喃字，有些京族家户至今还保存着喃字书籍文献，但如今改与越南境内标准越南语的“国语字”趨向一致。
独弦琴是京族所特有的传统乐器，“独弦”不“独声”為其特色。京族独弦琴艺术現已被纳入东兴京族博物馆暨东兴京族生态博物馆展示和保护传承范畴。
闵行博物馆

闵行博物馆，位于上海市闵行区七宝镇新镇路1538号（闵行文化公园三期地块内），毗邻上海海派艺术馆、宝龙美术馆，是以展示马桥古文化和中国民族乐器为主的国家三级博物馆。
闵行博物馆前身是闵行区文物陈列室，建于1958年11月，原名上海县博物馆，设于闵行工人俱乐部内。1961年，因闵行地区划归徐汇区，上海县博物馆搬往莘庄。文化大革命期间，文化馆、图书馆、博物馆三馆合一，文物工作由上海县文化馆领导。1980年秋，上海县文化馆设立文物室，地址设在莘庄镇莘建路237号。1986年8月，文物室搬往莘松路378号的县文化馆新馆西大楼二楼。1993年3月，上海县建制撤销，上海县文物陈列室更名闵行区文物陈列室。
2002年5月，闵行博物馆开始筹备新馆址。2003年，闵行博物馆位于莘建东路255号的莘庄地铁站上方的馆址建成，总建筑面积4200平方米，展览面积1920平方米。莘建东路馆址有两个主要展厅。在马桥古文化陈列馆中，展出马桥遗址出土的200多件器物，分别属于良渚文化、马桥文化、春秋战国至唐宋元时期，展示了上海古海岸线上的原始文明；而中国民族乐器陈列馆展厅中陈列有300余件古今乐器，分为“气鸣、弦鸣、体鸣、膜鸣”四大系列共100多种，介绍了中华民族乐器的分类和发展，还介绍了乐器发声原理等科学知识。
2010年起，闵行博物馆搬入位于闵行区春申文化广场的名都路85号二楼临时馆址。2012年，闵行博物馆新馆项目正式开工。2019年1月19日，其位于新镇路的新馆址正式开放，展厅总面积达5400平方米。
闵行博物馆将设“上海县七百年展”“马桥文化展”“中国民族乐器文化展”等，其中，马桥文化展厅展出了距今3900~3200年前马桥文化时期的150余件器物。并设置“互动魔墙”文物查询互动屏幕、“敦煌乐舞”多媒体秀场、“族乐锦绣”多媒体投射互动区等互动式展示项目。
孔张

孔张（?—?），孔氏，春秋时期郑国的大夫，曾祖父郑穆公，祖父子孔（公子嘉），父亲公孙泄。
前526年三月，晋国的韩宣子到郑国聘问，郑定公设享礼招待他。子产告诫大家说：“如果在朝廷的享礼上有一个席位，就不要发生不恭敬的事！”孔张后到，站在客人中间，主管典礼的人挡住他，去到客人后边，主管典礼的人又挡住他，他只好到悬挂乐器的间隙中待着。客人因此而笑他。
享礼结束后，郑国大夫富子劝谏说：“对待大国的客人，是不可以不慎重的。难道说被他们笑话了，而他们会不欺负我们？我们样样都能做到有礼，那些人还会看不起我们。国家没有礼仪，凭什么求得光荣？孔张没有站到应该站的位置上，这是您的耻辱。”
子产发怒说：“发布命令不恰当，命令发出后没有信用，刑罚偏颇不平，诉讼放任混乱，朝会有时失去礼仪，命令没有人听从，招致大国的欺负，使百姓疲惫而没有功劳，罪过来到还不知道，这是我的耻辱。孔张，是郑襄公兄弟的孙子，子孔的后代，执政卿的继承人，做了嗣大夫，他接受命令而出使，遍及诸侯各国，为国人所尊敬，为诸侯所熟悉。他在朝中有官职，在家里有祖庙，接受国家的爵禄，分担战争所需的军赋，丧事、祭祀有一定的职责，接受和归还祭肉，辅助国君在宗庙里祭祀，已经有了固定的地位。他家在位已经几代，世世代代保守自己的家业，现在忘记了他应该处的地位，我哪里能为他感到耻辱？不正派的人把一切都归罪于我这个执政的人，等于说先王没有刑罚。你最好用别的事来纠正我。”
Đàn tranh

The đàn tranh (Vietnamese: [ɗâːn ʈajŋ̟], 彈箏) or đàn thập lục is a plucked zither of Vietnam, based on the Chinese guzheng, from which are also derived the Japanese koto, the Korean gayageum and ajaeng, the Mongolian yatga, the Sundanese kacapi and the Kazakh jetigen. It has a long soundbox with the steel strings, movable bridges and tuning pegs positioned on its top.
The đàn tranh can be used either as a solo instrument, as part of various instrumental ensembles or to accompany vocal performances.
The Vietnamese 's đàn tranh came from the Chinese Chaozhou zheng. In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, the đàn tranh had 14 strings. Between the late 15th and the 18th centuries, the number of strings of the đàn tranh increased to fifteen and the instrument was called thập ngũ huyền cầm. In the 19th centuries, the đàn tranh with 16 strings appeared and had become the standard version until the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The Vietnamese đàn tranh, the Japanese koto and the Korean gayageum, are descended from Chinese guzheng.
The body of the đàn tranh is between 104 and 120 cm in length. The soundbox consists of a curved top plate, a flat bottom plate, and six side-pieces. The top and bottom plates are usually made of Paulownia wood. The side-pieces as well as the bridges, and tuning pegs and the two small legs are made of hard wood. The movable bridges have the shape of the letter V turned upside down, and their sizes varies according to their position: The one for the lowest string is the largest. The higher their position, the smaller their size is. The strings are made of steel and have varying diameters. They are tuned to the pentatonic scale. Performers usually wear picks made of metal, plastic, or tortoise-shell to pluck the strings.
The standard version of the đàn tranh had 16 strings and had been used between the nineteenth century and the late 1980s. In the late 1950s, South Vietnamese master musician and instrumental designer Nguyễn Vĩnh Bảo (born 1918) began to design and construct instruments with 17, 19 and 21 strings. By the late 1980s, the 17-stringed đàn tranh has become the standard version of the instrument used throughout Vietnam. Larger instruments with 22, 24 and 25 strings have also been made in the 1980s and 1990s.
Performers pluck the strings with the right hand and bend the strings with the left hand to create a wide range of microtonal and tonal ornaments. In traditional music, performers use 2 or 3 fingers (thumb and index, or thumb, index and middle fingers) to pluck the strings. In a number of new compositions, as many as four or five fingers may be used to pluck the strings. In these new works, the left hand may also be used to enable the performer to play two simultaneous parts. Sometimes, đàn tranh will play with bow, the player traditionally bowing the strings to the right of the bridges while the left hand varied pitch and vibrato by pressing the strings on the other side of the bridges.
Eneo bunge la Kikuyu

Eneo bunge la Kikuyu ni mojawapo ya majimbo 290 ya uchaguzi nchini Kenya. Linapatikana katika Kaunti ya Kiambu miongoni mwa majimbo kumi na mawili ya kaunti hiyo.
Jimbo hili lilianzishwa wakati wa Uchaguzi Mkuu wa 1988. Kuanzia uchaguzi wa 1988 hadi ule wa 2002, jimbo hili lilikuwa likijulikana kama Jimbo la Uchaguzi la Kabete.
Kikuyu (lugha)

Kikuyu (jina la wenyewe: Gĩkũyũ) ni lugha ya Kibantu inayojadiliwa na Wagikuyu ambao watu milioni 5.5 nchini Kenya ni lugha yenye wasemaji wengi katika nchi hii. Kama lugha ya Kibantu ni sehemu ya lugha za Niger-Kongo.
Wasemaji wanaishi kiasili kwenye nyanda za juu za Kenya ya Kati kati ya Nyeri na Nairobi. Siku hizi wanapatikana kote Kenya. Lugha ina vikundi vinne vya lahaja ambazo ni za Kirinyaga, Murang'a, Nyeri na Kiambu.
Gikuyu inafanana kwa kiasi kikubwa na Kiembu, Kimeru na Kikamba.
Tangu zamani za koloni Gikuyu imewahi kuandikwa. Vitabu vya kwanza kwa Gikuyu vilikuwa Biblia na vitabu vya ibada. Tangu uhuru waandishi mbalimbali walianza kuandika. Anayejulikana zaidi ni Ngugi wa Thiong'o na kati ya riwaya zake iko "Mũrogi wa Kagogo". Waandishi wengine ni Mwangi wa Mutahi na Gatua wa Mbugwa.
Mjini Nairobi kuna pia rungoya ya Gikuyu na pia vipindi vya tyubu.
Wilaya ya Tharaka

Wilaya ya Tharaka ilikuwa moja kati ya Wilaya 71 za Jamhuri ya Kenya hadi ilipopitishwa katiba mpya ya nchi (2010).
Makao makuu yalikuwa mjini Tharaka (Marimanti).
Kwa sasa imekuwa sehemu ya kaunti ya Tharaka-Nithi.
Wilaya hii ilipatikana katika Mkoa wa Mashariki wa Kenya ikiwa na ukubwa wa ardhi wa km2 1570.
Idadi ya watu katika Wilaya hii kulingana na Hesabu ya 1999 ni 100,992, na hakuna wanaohesabiwa kuwa wakazi wa Mtaani. Mnamo 1998, Wilaya hii ilitenganishwa kutoka Tharaka-Nithi, ambayo pia ilikuwa sehemu ya Wilaya Kubwa ya Meru.
Tharaka ndiyo maskani ya watu wa Ameru (Wameru) ambao wakati mwingine wanatajwa kuwa na uhusiano na makabila mengine yaishiyo katika maeneo ya Mlima Kenya: Wakikuyu na Waembu.
Wameru ni Wabantu ambao wameishi kando ya Mlima Kenya kwa miaka mingi, hata kabla ya ukoloni.
Watu wengi wa Tharaka ni wa dini ya Kikristo (Methodist, Presbyterian na Roman Catholic), ikiashiria kazi ya wamisionari.
Wengine ni Wahindi, ambao dini yao ni Hindu.
Pia kuna Waafrika na Waarabu ambao ni Waislamu.
Tharaka pia ina baadhi ya wakazi wa asili ya Ulaya.
Tharaka ilikuwa na baraza moja tu, Tharaka County. Pia Jimbo moja la uchaguzi, Tharaka.
0°18′S 38°0′E﻿ / ﻿0.300°S 38.000°E﻿ / -0.300; 38.000
Embu

Embu ni mji mkuu wa Kaunti ya Embu, ulio katika mkoa wa zamani wa Mashariki ya Kenya. Mji huu unapatikana takriban kilomita 120 kutoka Nairobi, na umejipanga kando ya milima ya Aberdare. Embu ni mji wenye idadi kubwa ya wakazi, na inakadiriwa kuwa na watu zaidi ya 60,000. Kabla ya kugawanywa kwa majimbo ya Kenya mwaka 2010, Embu ilikuwa mji mkuu wa Mkoa wa Mashariki.
Mji uko kwenye kimo cha mita 1,350 juu ya UB. Uliundwa na walowezi Waingereza mnamo mwaka 1906.
Wakazi walikuwa 60,673 wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2009.
Kuna asilimia kubwa ya watumishi wa serikali hapa wanaofanya kazi kwenye ofisi na shule nyingi zilizopo.
Kaunti ya Embu

Kaunti ya Embu ni kaunti katika eneo la Mlima Kenya nchini Kenya. Kaunti hii inachukua eneo la km² 2,821. Kaunti hii ni makazi ya Waembu na Wambeere. Mji mkuu na mji mkubwa wa kaunti hii ni Embu.
Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2019 wakazi walikuwa 608,599 katika eneo la km2 2,820.7, msongamano ukiwa hivyo wa watu 216 kwa kilometa mraba. Kufikia mwaka 2024, idadi ya wakazi inakadiriwa kuwa 608,599.
Makao makuu Embu Town (Kírímarí)
Kaunti ya Embu inapakana na kaunti za Tharaka Nithi (kaskazini), Machakos (kusini), Kitui (mashariki) na Kirinyaga (magharibi). Sehemu ya Mbeere hujumlisha 74% ya kaunti na ni kavu kuliko sehemu zingine. Sehemu nyingi za kaunti hupata mvua ya kiwango cha mm 500.
Mto Tana hupitia katika kaunti hii, upande wa kusini na mashariki katika mpaka na kaunti za Machakos na Kitui. Sehemu hii ya Mto Tana huwa na malambo ya uzalishaji umememaji, yanayojulikana kama Seven Forks Dams.
Mbuga zilizo katika kaunti hiii ni sehemu ya Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya na Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Mwea inayopakana na Bwawa la Kamburu.
Kaunti ya Embu imegawanywa katika maeneo bunge yafuatayo:
Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya

Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya ni chuo kikuu ambacho kimeidhinishwa na Tume ya Elimu ya Vyuo Vikuu, kutoa mfumo mzima wa elimu. Ni kimoja kati ya vyuo vikuu vya binafsi nchini Kenya. Kilianzishwa na Profesa Simon Gicharu, ambaye ni mwanaelimu na mjasiriamali.
Kampasi kuu ya Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya ipo katika mji wa Thika, na kampasi nyingine zipo Nairobi, Parklands, Mombasa, Nakuru, Eldoret, Nkubu, Meru, Kakamega na Kisii. Chuo kikuu cha Mlima Kenya kina vituo vya masomo katika miji ya Malindi, Kisumu, Nyeri na Kericho na ofisi za uuzaji huko Garissa, Isiolo na Kitale.
Misheni ya Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya ni kutoa elimu ya kiwango cha kimataifa, utafiti na uvumbuzi kwa mabadiliko ya kimataifa na maendeleo endelevu.
Maono yao ni kuwa Kitovu cha Kimataifa cha Ubora katika Elimu, Utafiti na Ubunifu.
Falsafa yao ni kutumia maarifa katika Sayansi na Teknolojia kwa ajili ya huduma za kibinadamu.
Tunu kuu za Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya ambayo yanaunda msingi wa ushiriki, ufundishaji na ujifunzaji ni: Ubunifu, Uadilifu, Uhuru wa Kielimu, Usawa, na Ushindani.
Mwaka 1996 Dkt. Simon Gicharu alianzisha Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Thika ambayo ilikuja kuwa chuo kikuu cha Mlima Kenya. Mwaka 2000, Taasisi ilibadilika na kuwa chuo cha kibiashara kinachotoa usimamizi na programu za mafunzo ya kompyuta. Baadaye katika mwaka huo Wizara ya Elimu Sayansi na Teknolojia iliitambua taasisi hiyo kuwa taasisi kamili ya elimu ya juu na kuipa kibali kamili cha usajili. Mwaka 2005, Taasisi ya Teknolojia ya Thika ikawa taasisi ya kwanza ya kibinafsi nchini Kenya kutoa mafunzo kwa Wataalamu wa Dawa. Mwaka 2006, Tume ya Elimu ya Juu iliidhinisha ombi la taasisi ya kushirikiana na Chuo Kikuu cha Kilimo na Teknolojia cha Jomo Kenyatta kutoa programu zote za Diploma na Shahada. Mwaka 2011, chuo kikuu cha Mlima Kenya kilitunukiwa idhini na serikali ya Kenya, kwa pendekezo la Tume ya Elimu ya Juu.
Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya kinachukua wanafunzi wanaofadhiliwa na serikali kwa kutumia Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS) na pia wanafunzi wanaojifadhili wenyewe. Chuo kikuu pia kinachukua wanafunzi wa kimataifa ambao husafiri kufuata masomo yao nchini Kenya au kujiandikisha kwa elimu-pepe.
Wanafunzi wa Chuo Kikuu cha Mlima Kenya wanaweza kupata ufadhili kutoka kwa Bodi ya Mikopo ya Elimu ya Juu, Hazina ya Maendeleo ya Maeneobunge, utaalamu, na wafadhili. Chuo kikuu kinaruhusu wanafunzi kulipa ada zao kwa awamu za kila mwezi.
Vilima vya Cherang'any

Vilima vya Cherang'any ni safu ya milima iliyopo katika nyanda za juu magharibi mwa Kenya.
Vilima hivyo vina mmojawapo kati ya misitu mikubwa mitano ya Kenya na ni chanzo muhimu cha maji.
Tambarare yake kubwa ya kati imetenganishwa na mwambao wa Mau unaoinuka kuanzia kwenye mpaka na Tanzania mpaka Vilima vya Cherang'any. Mwambao huo unaonesha mwisho wa tambarare inayoinuka kwenye mteremko wa Mlima Elgon.
Vilima vya Cherangany huvuka kaunti tatu: kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia, kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet na kaunti ya West Pokot. Kilele kirefu zaidi katika safu hizo ni mlima Nakugen, chenye urefu wa mita 3530. Vilele vingine maarufu vya safu hiyo ni: Mlima Chemnirot (m 3520), Mlima Kameleogon (m 3500), Mlima Chebon (m 3375), Mlima Chepkotet (m 3370), Mlima Karelachgelat (m 3350) na Mlima Sodang (m 3211).
Vilima hivyo ni makazi ya jamii ya wawindaji-wakusanyaji iitwayo Wasengwer.
Vilima vya Cherang'any viliundwa kutokana na mpasuko. Safu hizi huunda ubavu wa magharibi wa bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki lianzialo Jibuti kwa upande wa kaskazini hadi Msumbiji kwa upande wa kusini. Vilima vya Cherang'any vinapatikana kwenye mwambao wenye misitu na vimezingirwa na kuta za majabali kwenye pande tatu. Vilima hivyo vimeundwa kwa miamba na madini mbalimbali yakiwemo Chromite yaliyopatikana hapo na wanajiolojia kipindi cha ukoloni.
Vilima vya Cherang'any vinasimamiwa na programu ya mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa kama mojawapo ya vyanzo muhimu vitano va maji nchini Kenya. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya mwisho, iliyoonesha mabadiliko ya misitu katika vilima hivyo kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2003, ilionesha kuwa eneo hilo ni la mwisho kwa kuathirika kwa ukataji miti kati ya maeneo yote yaliyokuwa chini usimamizi. Huku ekari 174.3 zikiwa zimeharibiwa na ukataji miti, hasa katika kaunti za Elgeyo-Marakwet na Pokot Magharibi. Kwa sababu misitu hii ni ya uoto wa asili, ripoti hiyo inapendekeza paangaliwe kwa ukaribu ili kuepusha uharibifu zaidi. Hifadhi hizo kumi na tatu za misitu huitwa Misitu ya vilima vya Cherang'any.
Mlima Chepkotet

Mlima Chemnirot, ukiwa na kimo cha mita 3,370 juu ya usawa wa bahari, ni kilele cha tano katika safu ya milima ya Cherang'any, iliyopo katika nyanda za juu magharibi mwa Kenya.
Vilima vya Cherangany huvuka kaunti tatu: kaunti ya Trans-Nzoia, kaunti ya Elgeyo-Marakwet na kaunti ya West Pokot na ni makazi ya jamii ya wawindaji-wakusanyaji iitwayo Wasengwer.
Vilima hivyo vina mmojawapo kati ya misitu mikubwa mitano ya Kenya na ni chanzo muhimu cha maji.
Tambarare yake kubwa ya kati imetenganishwa na mwambao wa Mau unaoinuka kuanzia kwenye mpaka na Tanzania mpaka Vilima vya Cherang'any. Mwambao huo unaonesha mwisho wa tambarare inayoinuka kwenye mteremko wa Mlima Elgon.
Vilima vya Cherang'any viliundwa kutokana na mpasuko. Safu hizi huunda ubavu wa magharibi wa bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki lianzialo Jibuti kwa upande wa kaskazini hadi Msumbiji kwa upande wa kusini. Vilima vya Cherang'any vinapatikana kwenye mwambao wenye misitu na vimezingirwa na kuta za majabali kwenye pande tatu. Vilima hivyo vimeundwa kwa miamba na madini mbalimbali yakiwemo Chromite yaliyopatikana hapo na wanajiolojia kipindi cha ukoloni.
Vilima vya Cherang'any vinasimamiwa na programu ya mazingira ya Umoja wa Mataifa kama mojawapo ya vyanzo muhimu vitano va maji nchini Kenya. Kwa mujibu wa ripoti ya mwisho, iliyoonesha mabadiliko ya misitu katika vilima hivyo kati ya mwaka 2002 na 2003, ilionesha kuwa eneo hilo ni la mwisho kwa kuathirika kwa ukataji miti kati ya maeneo yote yaliyokuwa chini usimamizi. Huku ekari 174.3 zikiwa zimeharibiwa na ukataji miti, hasa katika kaunti za Elgeyo-Marakwet na Pokot Magharibi. Kwa sababu misitu hii ni ya uoto wa asili, ripoti hiyo inapendekeza paangaliwe kwa ukaribu ili kuepusha uharibifu zaidi. Hifadhi hizo kumi na tatu za misitu huitwa Misitu ya vilima vya Cherang'any.
Mradi wa Ramani ya Malaria

Mradi wa Ramani ya Malaria (kifupi: MAP) ni mradi unaokusanya habari za ugonjwa wa malaria kote duniani kwa shabaha ya kutoa ramani inayoonyesha kiwango cha hatari ya kuambukizwa kwa kila mahali.
Mradi huu unadhaminiwa kwa miaka mitano na kundi la Wellcome Trust, Uingereza . Mradi wa MAP ni ushirikiano kati ya mashirika ya Afya kwa Binadamu na kundi la Epidemiologia, yaliyo kwenye kituo cha Utabibu wa Kijiografia, Kenya na shirika la Spatial Ecology na kikundi cha Epidemologia, Chuo Kikuu cha Oxford, Uingereza. Mradi wa MAP pia una vituo vya ushirikiano Marekani na eneo la Asia Pacific.
Dhamira kuu ya mradi huu wa MAP ni kubuni kadiri naganaga ya viwango tofauti vya vidudu vya malaria kama vile Plasmodium falciparum na Plasmodium vivax kwa kiwango cha Kimataifa na jinsi vinavyoenea. Jaribio la mwisho la kuchora ramani ya sehemu zinazoathiriwa na malaria ulimwenguni ilikuwa ni nyakati za 1960. Katika sehemu nyingi za dunia, hali hii bado inawakilisha ufahamu huu wa kuenea kwa ugonjwa hatari wa malaria. Mradi wa MAP wanuia kupanga, kuchora na kukadiria binadamu wanaokumbwa na hatari ya malaria ilikusaidia kubuni namna za kiustadi na za kisasa za kukadiri kwa wakati huu na wa usoni shida za ugonjwa wa malaria.
Katika sehemu ya kwanza ya mradi wa MAP, itakayoendelea hadi mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2008, inahusisha kutafuta na kuweka rekodi ya habari na maelezo. Maelezo ya mbinu tofauti tulizotumia kukusanya maktaba kuu ya habari za uchunguzi wa idadi ya vidudu vya malaria yaani parasite rate (PR) zimenakiliwa . Mradi wa MAP wakusudia kutoa kwenye Umma maelezo yote yatakayokusanywa kwenye mradi na tuliyopewa idhini ya kufanya hivyo. Toleo la kwanza kamili la maelezo ya uchunguzi wa idadi ya vidudu limepangwa kuwa mwezi wa Juni 2009 ilikuwezesha uchunguzi kamili ulimwenguni kukamilishwa na pia kuwezesha ramani zetu za ueneaji kujaribiwa na kuboreshwa.
Hivi majuzi, Mradi wa MAP ulitoa kwenye Umma ramani mpya ya uenezaji duniani ya ugonjwa wa malaria unaosababishwa na vidudu vya P. falciparum (pasipo vidudu, pale kuweko kwa vidudu kwa tegemea majira, au pale idadi ya vidudu ni imara kwani vimo licha ya majira mwakani). Hii ni sambamba na chapisho linaloelezea kinaganaga kubuniwa kwa mipaka hii ya uneaji . Tafadhali tembelea tovuti ya MAP kwa maelezo na habari za kupanuliwa kwa mradi kubuni ramani za kusambaa duniani kwa mbu maalum wa Anopheles wanaosambaza malaria kwenye binadamu.
Amarachi Uchechukwu

Amarachi Uchechukwu (alizaliwa tarehe 2 Februari 2001) ni mwanamke mchezaji wa mpira wa wavu kutoka Nigeria ambaye anacheza katika timu ya Nigeria Customs na timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya mpira wa wavu ya Nigeria.
Amarachi anacheza katika timu "b" ya mpira wa wavu wa pwani kwa timu ya taifa ya wanawake ya Nigeria.
Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoteuliwa kushiriki katika mchujo wa kanda wa 2019 CAVB U21 Beach Cup huko Accra, Ghana.
Pia alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyoshiriki katika Mashindano ya Dunia ya 2019 huko Doha.
Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyowakilisha Afrika katika Ziara ya Dunia ya 2019 ya Mpira wa theluji huko Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina. yeye pamoja na wenzake walipata ushindi dhidi ya wenyeji Argentina katika mchezo wao wa kwanza kwa alama 2-1 (13-15, 15-11, 15-11). Alikuwa sehemu ya timu iliyowakilisha Nigeria katika toleo la kwanza la Mashindano ya Dunia ya Mpira wa Wavu wa Pwani ya 2019 huko Hamburg, Ujerumani.
Timu ya Nigeria ilikuwa ya pili wakati Kenya ilipofuzu kwa Michezo ya Olimpiki ya 2020 iliyopangiwa baadaye.
Ngurunguru

Ngurunguru au mbuzi mawe (Oreotragus oreotragus) ni swala wadogo wanaotokea Afrika kusini kwa Sahara tu. Jina “mbuzi mawe” ni kielekezi cha makazi yao: maeneo yenye mawe na majabali mengi. Swala hawa ni wadogo wenye kimo cha sm 58 begani. Wana rangi ya kahawa hadi kijivu, karibu na zaituni, na vidoa vidogo vingi. Rangi hii inafanana na rangi ya majabali ambapo wanaishi na kwa sababu ya hii hawaonekani vizuri kutoka umbali mkubwa. Madume wana pembe za sm 10–15. Katika Afrika ya Mashariki majike wana pembe pia mara nyingi. Wanyama hawa wasimama kwa ncha za kwato zao na wanaweza kubana kwato nne zote juu ya kipande cha jabali kwa upana wa sarafu kubwa. Hula mimea inayomea kati ya majabali. Hawana haja ya kunywa, kwa sababu hupata maji ya kutosha kutoka chakula chao.
Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu masanduku ya uanapwa ya spishi angalia: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc.
Orodha ya milima

Orodha ya milima duniani inataja baadhi tu.
Milima yote iliyofika mita elfu nane juu ya usawa wa bahari iko katika safu ya Himalaya:
Mlima Everest ndio mlima mrefu zaidi duniani, lakini si wenye kilele cha mbali zaidi kutoka katikati mwa dunia, kwa sababu ya kujikunja kwa Ikweta.
Milima mirefu zaidi katika kila bara ni:
Mingine michache
Rekodi ya Kitaifa
Rekodi kieneo
Mingine
Milima mirefu zaidi:
Milima mingine maarufu:
Angalia pia: Alpi, Orodha ya milima ya Alpi
Yote iko nchini Italia: ile iliyozidi mita 1,000 juu ya UB imeorodheshwa hapa chini kufuatana na urefu wake.
Norwei ina vilele 185 juu ya m 2,000
Uswidi una vilele 12 juu ya urefu wa mita 2,000.
Kilele kingine cha Uswidi
Wamasaba

Wamasaba (kwa Kimasaba: Bamasaaba) ni kabila la Kibantu linaloishi mashariki mwa Uganda, katika wilaya za Sironko, Manafwa, Bududa, Mbale na Bulambuli.
Wanahusiana sana na Wabukusu na Waluhya wa Kenya magharibi.
Wanakadiriwa kuwa 2,700,000.
Wengi wao ni wakulima wanaozalisha hasa mtama, mahindi na ndizi.
Kenya Highlands University

Kenya Highlands University (formerly Kenya Highlands Evangelical University)is fully-fledged (Chartered) private institution of higher learning. It is located in Kericho in Kenya.
The ideological heritage of educational instruction at the Kenya Highlands Bible College, which became the University recently, dates back to 1932 when missionaries of World Gospel Mission saw the need for training their converts. This instruction not only needed to cover biblical and ministry-related subjects, but also teacher training. Teachers were prepared for the sixteen primary schools the mission had started. These first teachers also served as preachers in their communities. A school first started in 1936 in the Sotik area as a Teacher's Bible School and met in various locations.
In 1944, the school was officially opened as Sotik Bible School and courses continued to combine training techniques in primary school teaching and Bible. The following year, the Bible School students were separated from the teacher training group as the need for trained leadership for the church grew. In 1950 the school was relocated from Sotik to Cheptenye in Belgut area.
Due to the need for more space to develop classrooms, dormitories, library and chapel facilities and staff housing, another plot was sought which would be separate from the established mission stations. The present site was acquired in 1953, and in 1955 Kenya Highlands Bible School was begun, offering a two-year Bible programme leading to the Christian Workers Certificate. In 1957 the course was upgraded to include a three-year programme leading to a diploma in Bible.
In 1962, the level of admission and training was again elevated to provide training on a secondary level in both biblical and secular subjects, and the name was changed to Kenya Highlands Bible College. In 1967 the college started offering secondary school education up to 1973 when it ceased offering “O” level. In 1970 the Bible College Council was constituted, drawing its membership equally from the church and the mission, and charged with the responsibility of managing the institution and improving the academic standards. In 1971 the college admitted its first class of post-secondary students into a four-year curriculum, modeled after degree-granting Bible colleges in North America, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Religion in Biblical Studies.
0°22′10″S 35°16′03″E﻿ / ﻿0.369559°S 35.267472°E﻿ / -0.369559; 35.267472
Common bulbul

The common bulbul (Pycnonotus barbatus) is a member of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is widespread throughout most of Africa except for the very arid areas. Ten subspecies are recognised based on the geographical variation in plumage. Some of these were formerly considered as separate species: Dodson's bulbul, the Somali bulbul and the dark-capped bulbul.
The common bulbul was formally described and illustrated in 1789 by the French botanist René Desfontaines from a specimen collected near Algiers in Algeria. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus barbatus. The common bulbul is now one of 31 species placed in the genus Pycnonotus that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek πυκνος/puknos meaning "thick" or "compact" with -νωτος/-nōtos meaning "-backed". The specific epithet barbatus is Latin meaning bearded. Alternate names for the common bulbul include black-eyed bulbul, black-capped bulbul and common garden bulbul.
Ten subspecies are recognised. Several of these have sometimes been treated as separate species based on the differences in plumage but the differences are clinal and there are no significant vocal differences.
The common bulbul is 18–20 cm (7.1–7.9 in) in length, with a long tail. The sexes are similar in plumage but the male is on average larger. It has a dark brown head and brown upperparts. The underparts are dull grey. The bill is fairly short and thin, with a slightly downwards curving upper mandible. The bill, legs, and feet are black and the eye is dark brown with a dark eye-ring, which is not readily visible. Subspecies dodsoni, spurius, tricolor and layardi have yellow undertail coverts. The call is a loud doctor-quick doctor-quick be-quick be-quick.
It is a common resident breeder in much of Africa, and it has been found breeding in southern Spain at Tarifa. It is found in woodland, coastal bush, forest edges, riverine bush, montane scrub, and in mixed farming habitats. It is also found in exotic thickets, gardens, and parks.
The common bulbul is usually seen in pairs or small groups. It is a conspicuous bird, which tends to sit at the top of a bush. As with other bulbuls they are active and noisy birds. The flight is bouncing and woodpecker-like.
This species nests throughout the year in the moist tropics, elsewhere it is a more seasonal breeder with a peak in breeding coinciding with the onset of the rainy season. The nest is built by the female and is usually 1–5 m (3 ft 3 in – 16 ft 5 in) above ground, in a branch of a tree, generally away from the main trunk. The nest is fairly rigid, thick-walled and cup-shaped. The clutch is 2 to 5 eggs. These are incubated by the female starting when the clutch is complete and hatch after 12-15 days. The chicks are fed by both parents and leave the nest after 13-16 days although at this age they can barely fly. They are cared for by both parents until aged around 40 days. Nests are frequently parasitised by the Jacobin cuckoo.
The common bulbu mostly eats fruit, but also consumes nectar, insects and seeds.
Mbeere people

The Mbeere or Ambeere people are a Bantu ethnic group inhabiting the former Mbeere District in the now-defunct Eastern Province of Kenya. According to the 2019 Kenya National census, there are 195,250 Mbeere who inhabit an area of 2,093 km. They speak Kīmbeere language, a dialect of Embu, which is very similar to the languages spoken by their neighbours, the Kamba, Embu and Kikuyu.
The Mbeere are of Bantu origin. Like the closely related Kikuyu, Embu, Meru and Kamba, they are concentrated in the vicinity of Mount Kenya. The exact place that Mbeere's ancestors migrated from after the initial Bantu expansion from West Africa is unclear. Some authorities suggest they arrived in their present Mount Kenya homeland from earlier settlements to the north and east, while others argue that the Mbeere – along with closely related Eastern Bantu peoples such as the Kikuyu, Embu, Meru and Kamba – moved into Kenya from further south.
Most Mbeere are farmers who grow a variety of crops including mangoes, melons, pawpaws, passion fruits, maize, beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, black peas, millet, sorghum, etc.
The former Mbeere District is known for miraa, of which it was the second largest producer after Meru County. The miraa crop is commonly grown in the northern part of the district. Apart from the Miraa and other farming activities, Mbeere District was known as the source of the building materials such as rocks, ballast, and sand used all over Kenya. Charcoal was also widely produced in Mbeere District. Other economic activities such basket making, ropes, and rearing animals such as cows and goats were also prevalent in the district.
List of ethnic religions

Ethnic religions (also "indigenous religions" or "ethnoreligions") are generally defined as religions which are related to a particular ethnic group (ethnoreligious group), and often seen as a defining part of that ethnicity's culture, language, and customs (social norms, conventions, traditions). In an ethnic religion, the ethnic group and its beliefs system cannot be easily separated. Oftentimes an ethnic religion's doctrine only pertains or is directed to that group. A common trait among ethnic religions is that they are closed to outsiders, limiting themselves to members born into the group. This is opposed to universal religions, which are open to all peoples and actively pursue and accept converts.
Giant lobelia

Giant lobelia is a common name for several plants in the genus Lobelia; many of these species are restricted to high altitude, alpine ecosystems. In East African highlands as many as 20 species were listed in 1934 (Bruce). A selection of species names is below. Locations where given are from 1934 (Bruce) which also provides a key to these species.
The giant lobelia span Africa, Hawaii, South America, the Himalayas, and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analysis strongly supports that this is a monophyletic group. While many of the East African species have a basal rosette, representatives in Hawai'i, for example, exhibit a diversity of forms.
E. A. Bruce. “The Giant Lobelias of East Africa.” Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), vol. 1934, no. 2, 1934, pp. 61–88. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/4118226. Accessed 14 June 2024.
Боолт

Боолт нь машины эд хэсэгт ороx цилиндр хэлбэр бүхий холбох элемент (эд анги) юм. Цөнтэй харьцуулахад боолт нь амархан тайлах боломжтой, учир нь холхих хүлцэлийн хэмжээстэй хийдэг. Боолтыг ихэнх тохиолдолд зөвхөн хөндлөн ачаалалтай (Огтлоx/Зүсэлт) үед хэрэглэдэг. Боолтонд байх нэмэлт хэлбэрүүд буюу толгой, үзүүрийн хэсгийн хөндлөн нүх (шплинтэнд зориулсан), богинохон эрээс эсвэл хөндлөн хоног (тэнхлэг тогтоогчинд зориулсан) нь холбож байгаа элементүүдээс боолт өөрөө мултарч алга болохоос хамгаалах үүрэгтэй.
Боолтыг олон задрах болон задлах үед түргэн тайлагдах холболтуудад мөн түүний тэнхлэгийн дагуу ачаалал үүсэхгүй үед шурагийн оронд хэрэглэнэ. Жишээлбэл ачаа тээвэрт чингэлэгийг бэхлэх эсвэл ачааны машины ачих хашлагын түгжих бэхэлгээ гэх мэт. Боолтон холбоос нь ерөнхийдөө эргэх боломжтой учир эргэх чагтан холбоосын нэг хэсэг байж бас болно. Боолт нь европын холбооны EN 22340 (толгойгүй боолт) болон EN 22341 (толгойтой) стандартын дагуу үйлдвэрлэгдэнэ.
Ан-26

Антонов Ан-26 иргэний болон цэргийн тээврийн нисэх онгоцыг ЗХУ-ын Антоновын зохион бүтээх товчоонд зохион бүтээсэн ба 1969-1985 онуудад олноор үйлдвэрлэсэн.
Ан-24Т тактикийн тээвэр нь Зөвлөлтийн цэргийг хатуу ширүүн газруудад амжилттай дэмжиж байсан ч түүний хэвлийн ачааны нүх нь ачаа, ялангуяа тээврийн хэрэгсэлтэй харьцах боломжийг хязгаарлаж, хүн, хангамжийг шүхрээр буухад найдаж байснаас бага үр дүнтэй болгосон. Үүний үр дүнд эвхэгддэг ачааны налуутай хувилбарын сонирхол нэмэгдэж, Антоновын дизайны товчоо 1966 онд албан ёсны захиалга өгөхөөс өмнө шинэ Ан-26 үүсмэл онгоцыг боловсруулж эхлэхээр шийджээ. Ачааны налуу нь уг загварт тулгуурласан бөгөөд нислэгийн үед ачааны тавцанг битүүмжилж, даралттай байх боломжийг олгосон. Ачаа ачихдаа машиныг оруулахын тулд доош буулгаж эсвэл онгоцны их биений доор гулсуулж, ачааг ачааны машины орон дээр шууд ачиж болно. 1968 оны 3-р сард OKB нь бүтээн байгуулалтыг эхлүүлэх албан ёсны зөвшөөрөл авсан. Цэргийн даалгаварт онцгой анхаарал хандуулж, эрт үеийн Ан-26 онгоцны дийлэнх хэсгийг VTA (военно-транспортная авиаций)-д хүргэв.
Ан-24 онгоцны дийлэнх хэсгийг ашиглан өндөр суурилуулсан далавчтай, жигүүрт суурилуулсан хос турбопропууд нь туслах эрчим хүчний нэгж болгон ашиглах, мөн нэмэлт хөөрөлтийн хүч, урт үндсэн хөдөлгүүрт турбо тийрэлтэт хөдөлгүүртэй. явах тэрэгний хөл. Ан-26 нь шүхэрчдийн суудал, дээш өргөх өргүүр, ажиглалтын товойсон цонх, шүхрийн статик шугамын бэхэлгээний кабель зэрэг цэргийн техник хэрэгсэлтэй. Цэргийн тээвэрлэлт, ачаа тээвэрлэлтээс эмнэлгийн нүүлгэн шилжүүлэлтийн үүрэг хүртэл 20-30 минутын дотор 24 дамнуурга суурилуулсан байдлаар тохируулах боломжтой.
Ан-26 нь тэсрэх бөмбөгний тавиур бүхий хоёрдогч бөмбөгдөгч үүрэг гүйцэтгэдэг. Тавиурууд нь арын буух хэрэгслийн урд болон ард байрлах их биетэй холбогддог. Камбож-Вьетнамын дайны үед Вьетнамын Ардын Агаарын хүчин, Суданы Иргэний хоёрдугаар дайн, Дарфур дахь дайны үеэр Суданы Агаарын цэргийн хүчин бөмбөгдөлтөд өргөнөөр ашиглаж байжээ. Оросын арми Ан-26 онгоцтой бөмбөгдөгч онгоцоор сургуулилт хийжээ. 1977 онд Афганистаны Агаарын цэргийн хүчин Ан-26 онгоцыг хүлээн авч, 1986 онд Афганистаны армийн командлагч, шүхрийн батальон, хоёр цэргийн тээврийн эскадриль агаарын довтолгоонд ашигласан 36 онгоцтой болжээ. Нэг Ан-26 онгоц 1995 онд Энэтхэгийн Баруун Бенгал мужийн Пурулиа дүүрэгт зэвсэг хаясан Пурулигийн осолд оролцож байжээ. Үндэсний аюулгүй байдлын үүднээс уналтад орсон шалтгааныг олон нийтэд мэдээлэхгүй байна.
Мируц Еифтер

Мируц Еифтер (Miruts Yifter, 1938 оны 1 сарын 1 буюу 1944 оны 5 сарын 15-нд төрсөн) нь Этиопын хөнгөн атлетикч, 1980 оны Москвагийн олимпын хошой алтан медальт тамирчин юм. Түүний нэрийг заримдаа Мурусе Ефтер гэж дуудах нь бий.
Этиопын Тиграй бүсийн Адигратад мэндэлсэн Мируф Еифтер бага залуудаа янз бүрийн үйлдвэрүүдэд ачааны машины жолоочоор ажиллаж байв. Этиопын Агаарын Цэргийн Хүчинд алба хааж байхдаа хол зайд гүйх авъяас нь илэрсэн гэдэг.
Еифтер 1968 оны Мехикогийн олимпод шигшээ багтаа дуудагдсан боловч оролцох завшаан тохиолдоогүй бөгөөд 4 жилийн дараа Мюнхений олимпод анх оролцож, 10,000 метрийн зайд хүрэл медаль зүүжээ. Харамсалтай нь 5,000 метрийн зайн шигшээ уралдаанд хоцорч ирсний улмаас оролцож чадалгүй, дахин нэг медаль авах боломжоо алдсан байна.
1976 оны Монреалийн олимпыг Этиоп улс бойкотлосны улмаас тэрээр тус олимпод оролцож чадаагүй. 4 жилийн дараа Москвад амжилтаар цангасан Еифтер ирж, хошой алтан медалийн эзэн болжээ. 10,000 метрийн зайн шигшээ уралдаанд барианаас 300 метрийн өмнө хурдаа нэмснээр мөнгөн медаль хүртсэн тамирчнаас 10 метрээр тасарч түрүүлсэн бол 5 өдрийн дараа болсон, 5,000 метрийн зайн шигшээ уралдаанд сүүлчийн тойрог эхлэхэд тэргүүлж явсан Еифтерийг барианаас 300 метрийн өмнө Этиопын багийн анд Мохамед Кедир гүйцсэн боловч Еифтер хурдаа нэмснээр барианд түрүүлэн оржээ.
Москвагийн олимпын баатар болсон Мируцын нэг оньсого гэвэл түүний нас бөгөөд тэр үед түүнийг 33-аас 42-ын хооронд настай хэмээн олон янзаар бичиж байлаа. Энэ тухайд Еифтер хариулахаас татгалзсан бөгөөд сурвалжлагчдад:
гэж хэлжээ.
Түүний төрсөн огнооны хувьд хамгийн өргөн хэрэглэгддэг нь 1938 оны 1 сарын 1, эсвэл 1944 оны 5 сарын 15 болно.
Отто Портер

Отто Портер (Англи: Otto Porter, 1993 оны зургаадугаар сарын 3-нд Миссури мужийн Сент-Луис хотод төрсөн) — Америкийн сагсан бөмбөгчин бөгөөд Үндэсний Сагсан Бөмбөгийн Холбооны Вашингтон Уизардс багийн жижиг довтлогч юм. Жоржтауны их сургуулийн багаас 2013 оны драфтад №3 болж байсан Портер Вашингтон Уизардс багт элсэж байв.