davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Perkawinan sejenis di Indonesia

Perkawinan sejenis di Indonesia dan keberadaan pasangan sesama jenis pada umumnya tidak diakui oleh pemerintah Indonesia. Pasal 1 Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan (UU Perkawinan) menyatakan bahwa perkawinan "adalah ikatan lahir batin antara seorang pria dengan seorang wanita sebagai suami istri dengan tujuan membentuk keluarga atau rumah tangga yang bahagia dan kekal berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa". Selain itu, Pasal 2 UU Perkawinsexan mengatur bahwa perkawinan hanya dianggap sah jika "dilakukan menurut hukum masing-masing agama dan kepercayaannya itu". Sementara itu, warga negara Indonesia yang telah melakukan perkawinan sejenis di luar negeri juga tidak dapat mendaftarkan perkawinannya secara resmi di Indonesia karena terganjal oleh Pasal 1 UU Perkawinan. Ditambah lagi Pasal 34 ayat (1) Undang-Undang No. 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan ("UU Adminduk") mewajibkan pelaporan perkawinan kepada instansi pelaksana di tempat terjadinya perkawinan paling lambat 60 hari setelah tanggal perkawinan, dan penjelasan Pasal 34 ayat (1) kembali menegaskan bahwa "perkawinan" hanya dapat dilakukan oleh seorang pria dengan seorang wanita.
Hasil jajak pendapat yang dilakukan secara daring oleh International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) pada Oktober 2016 menunjukkan bahwa 69% responden Indonesia menolak legalisasi perkawinan sejenis, 14% mendukung dan 17% menyatakan netral.
An hua

An hua (Chinese: 暗花; pinyin: ànhuā) is a term used in Chinese ceramics meaning secret or veiled decoration; the designs being visible through transmitted light, produced either by incising the design into the porcelain before glazing and firing or by delicate slip-trailing in white slip on the porcelain body. It is also called "secret" or "hidden decoration".
Incised, carved or mould-impressed monochrome decoration under a ceramic glaze was the dominant type of decoration during the Song dynasty, in types of white wares such as Ding ware and Qingbai. But the term is mainly used of the still more discreet version of the technique popularized under the Yongle Emperor (1360–1424) of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), and continued later, particularly during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (1723-1735) in the Qing dynasty. Very often dragons were concealed in the interior of bowls.
Some an hua dishes were found inside a storage jar in the mid-15th century (1450–1487?) Belankan shipwreck off the coast of Indonesia, found circa 1999.
Of a teapot in the Victoria and Albert Museum (see gallery), the museum says: "One side is very subtly incised with a design of rocks and plants, and the other with a poetic couplet that reads: "At night in springtime one moment is precious like a thousand pieces of gold, the orchid sends forth its fragrance in the shade of the moon." These are the first two lines from a poem by the famous eleventh-century writer Su Shi". This suggests it was made for a scholarly gentleman.
Early pieces with floral decoration can be seen as a compromise between the traditionalist elite preference for plain monochrome porcelains and the growing taste for ornament, initially seen only in "popular wares" such as Cizhou ware, before being adopted by the elite during the Yuan dynasty.
Tapis (Indonesian weaving style)

Tapis (Rejang: ꤳꤶꥇꤼ꥓; Indonesian: kain tapis or simply tapis) is a traditional Tenun style and also refers to resulting cloth that originated from Lampung, Indonesia. It consists of a striped, naturally-coloured cloth embroidered with warped and couched gold thread. Traditionally using floral motifs, it has numerous variations. It is generally worn ceremonially, although it can be used as a decoration. It is considered one of the symbols of Lampung and Lampungese.
Tapis is generally made by Lampungese women. It consists of a woven, naturally coloured fabric with warped gold and silk embroidery. The gold thread, shaped in stripes, chevrons, and checks, contrasts the colours of the fabric. Tapis can also be decorated with beads, mica chips, or old colonial coins.
The gold embroidery is affixed using couching techniques, minimalizing waste. The gold thread is attached in sections, then couched with a different, less expensive, thread at turns. This ensures that none of the gold thread is used in a non-visible area.
Traditionally, tapis has floral motifs. However, modern tapis may also be based on the weaver's own design and include non-floral motifs, such as Arabic calligraphy. Other designs may include snakes, ships, and mythical creatures. Some tapis, called tapis tua (old tapis), are covered entirely in golden embroidery.
Although generally produced by Lampungese home industries, tapis is also produced in other areas, including Kendal, Central Java and Pisang Island.
Traditionally, tapis is worn as a sarong for weddings, Eid ul-Fitr celebrations, and welcoming ceremonies. However, tapis can also be used as a wall decoration. When worn, it forms a cylinder around the wearer's legs.
Tapis has come to be seen as a symbol of Lampung. Some people describes tapis as having "exceptional beauty and sophistication", while some describes viewing tapis as "like seeing countless possibilities in art and life portrayed in cloth".
The price of tapis reflects its age. Generally, the older a tapis the more it costs. Antique tapis are also collectors items, collected by both Indonesians and foreigners.
Hongi

The hongi (Māori pronunciation: [ˈhɔŋi]) is a traditional Māori greeting performed by two people pressing their noses together, often including the touching of the foreheads. The greeting is used at traditional meetings among Māori people, and at major ceremonies, such as a pōwhiri. It may be followed by a handshake.
In the hongi, the ha (breath of life) is exchanged in a symbolic show of unity. Through the exchange of this greeting, manuhiri, visitors, blend with tangata whenua, the people of the land, and establish a connection.
A rāhui (temporary ban) was placed on the use of the hongi by some iwi and rūnanga (tribes and tribal councils) because of the COVID-19 pandemic.
When Māori greet one another by pressing noses, the tradition of sharing the breath of life is considered to have come directly from the gods. In Māori mythology, woman was created by the gods moulding her shape out of the earth. The god Tāne embraced the figure and breathed into her nostrils. She then sneezed and came to life, creating the first woman in Māori legends, Hineahuone.
The hongi may be performed by Māori and non-Māori, and between New Zealanders and foreign visitors. Several British royals have been greeted with the hongi during visits to New Zealand, including: King Charles; Princess Diana; Queen Camilla; Prince William and Kate Middleton; and Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was greeted with a hongi in November 2010 during her visit to Wellington. Former U.S. President Barack Obama exchanged a hongi during a visit to the country in March 2018. The hongi is used in some churches as a way to share the sign of peace.
In Native Hawaiian culture, the honi is a practice similar to the Māori hongi, involving touching noses.
In Sabu Raijua, Indonesia, a similar greeting involving touching noses called Henge'do is practiced.
Pan francés

Un pan francés se refiere a varios tipos de panecillos similares a la baguette en diferentes regiones del mundo.
En América Latina, el término pan francés se refiere a varios panecillos similares al baguette hechos con harina de trigo, sal, agua y levadura.
En Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay, el pan felipe también es llamado pan francés.
En Uruguay, hay una versión más densa conocida como pan marsellés. El pan marsellés en Uruguay es diferente al pão francês brasileño. El tipo brasileño es menos denso y más ligero y crujiente, mientras que la versión uruguaya está hecha con una masa de pan más densa, lo que resulta en un pan más duro (similar al pan italiano). Además, la corteza está cubierta de harina de maíz antes de hornear.
En Brasil, el pão francês se asemeja al papo-seco (o carcaça) portugués, siendo un pan ligero y crujiente. Los brasileños lo conocen por varios nombres, como pão-cacetinho, cacetinho, pãozinho, pão de sal, pão de trigo, pão de água, aguado, careca, jacó, bengala, filão y baguete. Es ampliamente popular en Brasil y se hornea y se vende en decenas de miles de panaderías ubicadas en todo el país, desde las grandes metrópolis hasta los pueblos rurales.
En algunas zonas del norte chico y sur de Chile, la marraqueta a veces se llama «pan francés».​ En Perú, pan francés (o a veces llamado pan francés peruano) es diferente de la marraqueta.
En algunas partes de México y América Central, la palabra pan francés se usa para referirse al bolillo.
En la región de la Comarca Lagunera en el noreste de México, el pan francés (o a veces llamado pan francés lagunero) es una parte importante de la alimentación diaria.
A partir del 2024, el gobierno municipal de Torreón empezó a celebrar el Día del Pan Francés el 16 de octubre, misma fecha que el Día Mundial del Pan, con la finalidad de reconocer la importancia turística, gastronómica y cultural del pan francés en la ciudad.​
En Hong Kong y Macao, el dyun faat baau (短法包, literalmente "pan francés corto" o "baguette corta"), también conocido como el zyu zai baau (豬仔包, "pan de cerdito"), se utiliza para hacer el bollo de chuleta de cerdo.
En la isla española de Mallorca, el llonguet también se conoce como panet francès, lo que significa "panecillo francés" en catalán.
Gratinado

El gratinado es una técnica culinaria aplicada sobre alimentos generalmente cocinados al horno. La técnica consiste en exponer la capa externa del alimento a una fuente intensa de calor con el objetivo de que se ponga crujiente y dorada. La finalidad del gratinado es la de elaborar una capa externa que proteja y mantenga al alimento cocinado en sus aromas.
Generalmente se aplica el gratín a los alimentos añadiendo en su capa más externa queso rallado, pan rallado, migas de pan, puré de patatas, bechamel, etc.. La palabra proviene del francés gratter que significa rascar, porque el origen de la palabra designaba la costra que forman los alimentos cocinados en las paredes y el fondo de las cazuelas o fuentes y que se quita rascando.​
El gratinado posee un color dorado gracias a la reacción de Maillard que se produce en su superficie debido en parte a la combinación de hidratos de carbono y proteínas procedente de los ingredientes. En algunos casos de alta cocina se suelen emplear sopletes de cocina para hacer esta operación de gratén.
Opuntia phaeacantha

Opuntia phaeacantha is a species of prickly pear cactus known by the common names brown-spine prickly pear, tulip prickly pear, and desert prickly pear, which is found across the southwestern United States, lower Great Plains, and northern Mexico. The plant forms dense but localized thickets. Several varieties of this particular species occur, and it may hybridize with other prickly pears, making identification sometimes tricky.
Opuntia phaeacantha has a mounding habit of flattened green pads. The pads are protected by clusters of spines. Each cluster bearing 1-4 spines. The spines are brown, reddish-brown, yellowish, or gray, usually darker brownish toward the base than the tip, and often over 3 cm in length. At the base of the spine cluster is a round tuft of easily detached yellowish to reddish or brown bristles called glochids. Glochids are also present on the fruit. This is the source for the plants common name "prickly pear".
The flowers are bright yellow with a pale green to orange or red center. In some regions occasional plants may produce flowers of other colors such as orange, pink, or magenta. The edible fruits are usually red or purple with a pink seedy flesh. The fruit has a mild watermelon or pear flavor. Both the fruit and the fleshy pads provide an important food resource for desert wildlife.
This plant, like other Opuntia species, is attacked by cactus moth.
Other common names for this species, and ones which are now considered variants of this species, include plateau prickly-pear, New Mexico prickly-pear, and Kingman prickly-pear.
The species is widespread, from California south to Mexico and the Southwest United States. There are multiple variations and perhaps these will be described as varieties or full species in the future.
The cactus can be prepared as food in a similar fashion to Opuntia humifusa.
Nopalito

Nopalitos is a dish made with diced nopales, the naturally flat stems, called pads, of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia). They are sold fresh, bottled, or canned and less often dried. They have a light, slightly tart flavor, and a crisp, mucilaginous texture. Nopalitos are often eaten with eggs as a breakfast and in salads and soups as lunch and dinner meals.
Opuntia huajuapensis

Opuntia huajuapensis, commonly known as the Huajuapan prickly pear or the Chumbera, is a species of prickly pear cactus in the family Cactaceae. It was described by Helia Bravo Hollis in 1953, and named for the town of Heroica Ciudad Huajuapan de León, Oaxaca, from which the first specimens were described.
Opuntia huajuapensis is a shrubby cactus species, being more wide than tall, with sparsely armed stems, and yellow flowers. It has larger-sized spines, that cover most of the cacti's pads. The fruit produced by the species is sweet tasting, with a yellow-green inside.
Opuntia huajuapensis is native to parts of Oaxaca, Puebla, and Tlaxcala, Mexico, where the species grows at elevations of 2000 m (6561 feet) to 2700 m (8858 feet). It primarily grows in Pre-cordilleran steppes and Oak-savannah.
Opuntia huajuapensis is currently listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List, for there are not many severe threats to its natural range.
Opuntia huajuapensis has no currently listed uses, but has been introduced to parts of Spain, where it grows as an ornamental cactus. It is on the list of "Alien invasive species" in Europe though, for it is not native to Spain, and could pose a threat to local agriculture and tourism.
Flora and fauna protection areas of Mexico

Mexican Flora and Fauna Protection Areas (Áreas de Protección de Flora y Fauna in Spanish) comprise 29 protected natural areas of Mexico administrated by the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, or CONANP), an agency of the federal government.
They are areas established to conform to the regulations provided by the LGEEPA and other applicable laws on places that contain habitats for which their existence depends on their preservation, transformation, and support of the species of flora and fauna.
Flora Vista, New Mexico

Flora Vista is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,383 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Farmington Metropolitan Statistical Area. Flora Vista was founded in 1877 by settlers from Colorado who built cabins along the Animas River. A post office was established the following year. The name derived from the view of wildflowers in the valley.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km), of which 2.0 square miles (5.2 km) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km) (1.93%) is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,383 people, 504 households, and 406 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 679.8 inhabitants per square mile (262.5/km). There were 537 housing units at an average density of 264.0 per square mile (101.9/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.13% White, 0.29% African American, 3.33% Native American, 0.14% Asian, 5.21% from other races, and 3.90% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.79% of the population.
There were 504 households, out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.3% were married couples living together, 8.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 15.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the CDP the population was spread out, with 26.4% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 28.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 102.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $46,157, and the median income for a family was $46,071. Males had a median income of $40,481 versus $20,125 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,189. About 8.1% of families and 12.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.6% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.
Flora Vista is served by two public school districts – Aztec and Farmington. Aztec High School is the local high school of the former.
Media related to Flora Vista, New Mexico at Wikimedia Commons
Flora of North America

The Flora of North America North of Mexico (usually referred to as FNA) is a multivolume work describing the native plants and naturalized plants of North America, including the United States, Canada, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and Greenland. It includes bryophytes and vascular plants. All taxa are described and included in dichotomous keys, distributions of all species and infraspecific taxa are mapped, and about 20% of species are illustrated with line drawings prepared specifically for FNA. It is expected to fill 30 volumes when completed and will be the first work to treat all of the known flora north of Mexico; in 2015 it was expected that the series would conclude in 2017. Twenty-four of the volumes have been published as of 2024.
Soon after publication, the contents are made available online.
FNA is a collaboration of about 1,000 authors, artists, reviewers, and editors from throughout the world.
The series has been praised for "the comprehensive treatments [that] allow botanists to examine taxonomic and geographical traits of genera across the North American continent, rather than being limited by keys developed for one's own state or region".
Reviewing volume 3, Paula Wolfe found the series worth recommending, and praised it for high standards.
Opuntia polyacantha

Opuntia polyacantha is a common species of cactus known by the common names plains pricklypear, starvation pricklypear, hairspine cactus, and panhandle pricklypear. It is native to North America, where it is widespread in Western Canada, the Great Plains, the central and Western United States, and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. In 2018, a disjunct population was discovered in the Thousand Islands region of Ontario, Canada.[1]
This cactus grows in a wide variety of habitat types, including sagebrush, Ponderosa pine forest, prairie, savanna, shrublands, shrubsteppe, chaparral, pinyon-juniper woodland, and scrub. Individual plants tend to thrive in sandy soil. A new plant can grow from a displaced stem segment.
Opuntia polyacantha grows up to 10–30 centimetres (4–12 in) tall. It forms low mats of pads which may be 2–3 m (6+1⁄2–9+7⁄8 ft) wide. Its succulent green pads are oval or circular and reach 27 by 18 cm (10+5⁄8 by 7+1⁄8 in) wide. Its areoles are tipped with woolly brown fibers and glochids. Many of the areoles have spines which are quite variable in size and shape. They may be 0.4 to 18.5 cm (1⁄8 to 7+1⁄4 in) in length, stout or thin, straight or curling, and any of a variety of colors.
Flowers grow from spine-covered stem segments which are shaped like semi-flattened pears. The flowers are 2.5 to 4 cm (1 to 1+5⁄8 in) long and may be yellow, magenta, or red in color (tending to turn pink or orange with age). The fruit is cylindrical, brownish, dry and spiny. The cactus reproduces by seed, by layering, and by resprouting from detached segments. In its natural range it survives throughout an immense range of temperatures, ranging from −46 °C (−50 °F) in the Yukon Territory, Canada, to well above 38 °C (100 °F) in places like Chihuahua, Mexico.
There are many expressions of O. polyacantha and variation is common. Multiple varieties have been proposed. Some are accepted by modern authorities and some require further study.
Native Americans used it as a medicinal plant, with different parts treating various symptoms.
This pricklypear provides food for many types of animals. It provides over half the winter food for the black-tailed prairie dog in one area. Pronghorn antelope eat it, especially after the spines are burned off in wildfires. Ranchers intentionally burn stands of the plant to make it palatable for livestock when little other food is available. It will also grow in waste areas where good forage will not take hold. In fact, an abundance of the cactus indicates land that is poor in quality.
Several insects attack the cactus, including the cactus moth Melitara dentata, the blue cactus borer Olycella subumbrella, and the cactus bug Chelinidea vittiger.
O. polyacantha provided the Lewis and Clark Expedition with opportunity for admiration and more often complaint about the plant.
With the skin and seeds removed, the fruit can be eaten raw or made into candy.
Isoamyl acetate

Isoamyl acetate, also known as isopentyl acetate, is an ester formed from isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid, with the molecular formula C7H14O2. It is a colorless liquid that is only slightly soluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents. Isoamyl acetate has a strong odor which is described as similar to both banana and pear. Pure isoamyl acetate, or mixtures of isoamyl acetate, amyl acetate, and other flavors in ethanol may be referred to as banana oil or pear oil.
Isoamyl acetate occurs naturally in many plants, including apple, banana, coffee, grape, guava, lychee, papaya, peach, pomegranate, and tomato. It is also released by fermentation processes, including those used for making beer, sake, cognac, and whisky.
Isoamyl acetate is released by a honey bee's sting apparatus where it serves as a pheromone beacon to attract other bees and provoke them to sting.
Isoamyl acetate is prepared by the acid-catalyzed reaction (Fischer esterification) between isoamyl alcohol and glacial acetic acid as shown in the reaction equation below. Typically, sulfuric acid is used as the catalyst. Alternatively, p-toluenesulfonic acid or an acidic ion exchange resin can be used as the catalyst.
It is also produced synthetically by the rectification of amyl acetate.
Isoamyl acetate is used to confer banana or pear flavor in foods such as circus peanuts, Juicy Fruit and pear drops. Banana oil and pear oil commonly refer to a solution of isoamyl acetate in ethanol that is used as an artificial flavor.
It is also used as a solvent for some varnishes, oil paints, and nitrocellulose lacquers. As a solvent and carrier for materials such as nitrocellulose, it was extensively used in the aircraft industry for stiffening and wind-proofing fabric flying surfaces, where it and its derivatives were generally known as 'aircraft dope'. Now that most aircraft wings are made of metal, such use is mostly limited to historically accurate reproductions and scale models.
Because of its intense, pleasant odor and its low toxicity, isoamyl acetate is used to test the effectiveness of respirators or gas masks.
Zingerone

Zingerone, also called vanillylacetone, is a major flavor component of ginger, providing the sweet flavor of cooked ginger. Zingerone is a crystalline solid that is sparingly soluble in water and soluble in ether.
Zingerone is similar in chemical structure to other flavor chemicals such as vanillin and eugenol. It is used as a flavor additive in spice oils and in perfumery to introduce spicy aromas.
Fresh ginger does not contain zingerone, but it is produced by cooking or drying of the ginger root, which causes a reverse aldol reaction on gingerol.
Zingerone was first isolated from the ginger root in 1917 by Hiroshi Nomura, a chemistry professor at Tokyo Imperial University. Nomura named the compound and identified the empirical formula of zingerone in his studies at the laboratory of the Agricultural College. He initially identified it as the chemical component contributing pungency to ginger, something further work has disproven.
Nomura identified and later patented a method for the synthesis of zingerone, in which vanillin and acetone are reacted under basic conditions to form dehydrozingerone. This compound is obtained in about 95% quantity. This reaction is followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the intermediate compound in order to form zingerone, obtained in approximately 100% quantity.
Ginger compounds have been shown to be active against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin-induced diarrhea. This type of diarrhea is the leading cause of infant death in developing countries. Zingerone is likely the active constituent responsible for the antidiarrheal efficacy of ginger.
Zingerone is recognized as being a particularly efficient free radical scavenger. It is able to scavenge and degrade free radicals and reactive oxygen species in the body, and inhibits enzymes involved in the generation of these reactive oxygen species.
It is used by some flowers to attract pollinating fruit flies by mimicking the sex pheromone of the fly.
Jernbanetunneler i Norge

Denne listen viser jernbanetunneler over 1 000 m lengde, etter Jernbaneverkets/Bane NORs tall.
Det eksisterer 704 jernbanetunneler i Norge (verdi fra 2007). 688 av disse er på baner med regulær trafikk.
Nedlagte tunneler der sporet har blitt fjernet. Noen har blitt omgjort til veitunneler.
I tillegg kommer T-baner og bybaner, som ikke forvaltes av Bane NOR.
Lieråsen tunnel

Lieråsen tunnel er en tunnel på Drammenbanen mellom Oslo og Drammen, og går mellom Asker stasjon i Asker kommune og Lier holdeplass i Lier kommune. Den er 10 723 m lang. Tunnelen ble drevet fra 1963 med gjennomslag 13. oktober i 1971 og åpnet for trafikk den 3. juni 1973. Det var Norges lengste jernbanetunnel fram til Romeriksporten ble åpnet i 1999. Anlegget hadde en samlet kostnad på 170 millioner kroner (kroneverdi 1971).
Tunnelen innebar en betydelig forkortelse av Drammenbanen på strekningen mellom Asker og Drammen, samtidig som strekningen ble dobbeltsporet. Reisetiden mellom Drammen og Oslo gikk ned fra 50 til 31 minutter. Den gamle, enkeltsporete linjen gikk i en stor slyng om Spikkestad i Røyken kommune og Lierbyen i Lier kommune. Jernbanelinjen mellom Asker og Spikkestad, Spikkestadlinjen ble beholdt for lokaltrafikk etter at Lieråsen tunnel ble åpnet, mens linjen mellom Spikkestad og Drammen ble nedlagt. Den er nå opparbeidet som sykkelsti mellom Brakerøya, Lierbyen via Reistad til Gullaugkleiva og det arbeides med planer å forlenge den til Spikkestad på den gamle traseen.
Inne i tunnelen, mellom km 43,31 og km 42,61 ligger Eriksrud, et krysningspunkt hvor tog kan krysse fra det ene sporet til det andre.
Europavei 16 (Hordaland)

Europavei 16 i Hordaland går mellom Bergen sentrum og den tidligere fylkesgrensa mot Sogn og Fjordane ved Stalheim, Voss.
Traseen går fra Bergen sentrum nordover om Nyborg i Åsane og snur der sørover mot Indre Arna hvor den går langs Arnavågen. Fra Arna går traseen i flere tunneler langs Sørfjorden og Veafjorden, og gjennom dalføret mellom Stanghelle og Dalseid til Bolstadfjorden. Fra Bolstadøyri følger traseen Vossos hovedløp inkludert Evangervatnet og Vangsvatnet. Fra Tvildemoen ved Vossevangen har den felles trase med riksvei 13 til Vinje, traseen følger dalføret videre forbi Opheimsvatnet til vannskillet. Etter vannskillet mot Sogn går traseen i tunnel under Stalheimskleivi til fylkesgrensen ved Jordalsnuten i Nærøydalen.
Fra 1975 til europaveisystemet ble omorganisert i 1992 hadde veien betegnelsen europavei 68. Denne fulgte dagens trasé bare langs noen få strekninger. Fra Bergen sentrum til Indre Arna fulgte den den nåværende fylkesvei 580 via Haukeland frem til 1988 da Fløyfjelltunnelen ble åpnet. Mellom Trengereid og Vossevangen fulgte E68 dagens fylkesvei 7 via Norheimsund til Granvin og dagens riksvei 13 videre til Voss.
Strekningen mallom Trengereid og Dale var tidligere del av riksvei 13, mellom Dale og Dalseid riksvei 569. Mellom Dalseid og Bolstadøyri var det ingen vegforbindelse, en ny veg mellom Dale og Evanger ble åpnet 1992. Fra Bolstadøyri gikk en fylkesveg til Evanger. Avsnittet Evanger – Bulken var opprinnelig riksvei 571, ved Bulken møtte den Rv13 fra Dale som gikk videre til Vossevangen. Bergensbanen ble i 1987 lagt i den 8 km lange Trollkona tunnel i berget sør for Bolstadfjorden. Jernbanens gamle trase langs Bolstadfjorden ble tildels overtatt da det i 1992 ble anlagt ny hovedvei Dale-Voss. En del forlatte jernbanetunneler ble da utvidet til veitunneler, blant annet Trollkonetunnelen.
Stalheimtunnelen og Sivletunnelen ble åpnet i 1980, og eliminerte Stalheimskleivi, en problematisk veistrekning.
På den felles traseen med Europavei 39 ble det i 2012 anlagt toplanskryss ved Nyborg i Åsane, og motorveien forlenget til Vågsbotn der E39 og E16 skilles.
En ny tunnel forbi Vossevangen, Vangstunnelen, ble åpnet i 2013 og førte gjennomgangstrafikken utenom sentrumsgatene.
Bergen
Uten navn
Vaksdal
Uten navn
Voss
Uten navn
Strandavegen
Vossestrandvegen
Vinjadalen
Oppheimsvegen
Haugsvikvegen
Nærøydalsvegen
DJJ2

DJJ2 med kallenavnet «China Star» på engelsk eller «Kina Stjerne» på norsk (kinesisk: 中华之星) var et kinesiskbygd elektrisk motortogsett videreutviklet fra DJJ1 med større kapasitet og var opprinnelig ment for en innfødt produksjon av EMU togsett med sine aner i det svenske krengetoget X2000. Nesten hele den kinesiske jernbaneindustrien var involvert i utviklingen og ferdigstillelsen av prosjektet. Men i likhet med sin forgjengeren var ikke den tekniske tilstanden av høy kvalitet etter hvert med tiden, til tross for lovende presentasjoner i begynnelsen.
Det kinesiske høyhastighetstoget som hadde blitt levert fra Zhuzhou Electric Loco Works, er det første som krysset 300 km/t-barrieren under en testkjøring den 27. november 2002 på den nybygde traseen mellom Shenyang og Qinhuangdou. Man satt en hastighetsrekord på 321 km/t, da var toget blitt slanket ned til kun to motorvogn og tre passasjervogner for størst mulig ytelse. Motortogsettet hadde i slutten elleve vogner i sin togstamme, deriblant to motorvogner. Det så bare begrenset kommersiell drift før det ble satt i lagring på ubestemt tid fra august 2006.
Til tross for at DJJ2-prosjektet endt i fiasko som tvunget de kinesiske togsprodusentene over til lisensproduksjon og større import av jernbaneteknologi, hadde «China Star» en viktig historisk presentasjon med sin hastighetsrekord. Den ene motorvognen, DJJ20001B, ble hentet fra depotet sammen med passasjervognene RZ2 25DT 110982, 110981 og 110978 til det kinesiske jernbanemuseet i 2013. Dette halve toget er siden utstilt i museumshallen.
Korpåsen

Korpåsen er en liten ås ved Gullhella i Asker kommune, øst for den sørlige enden av Bondivann. Korp er et gammelt nordisk ord for ravn. Tidligere skal det ha hekket ravn i den bratte vestsiden av åsen, og også i de siste årene er denne store kråkefuglen sett på Korpåsen. Fra gammelt av lå Korpåsen under Blakstad hovedgård, som skogsterreng som ble brukt til beite, sanking, jakt og tømmerhogst.
Korpåsen er om lag 152 meter over havet på det høyeste, og om lag 53 meter høyere enn Bondivann. Fra toppen av åsen er det utsikt til Borgen, Asker, Skaugum og Oslo i nord, fjorden og Nesoddlandet i øst og Gullhellaåsen og Vardåsen i sør og vest. Korpåsen består av sedimentære bergarter, i motsetning til Vardåsen som for en stor del består av vulkansk fjell.
Den første Røykenveien gikk langs østsiden av åsen, fra Bondibru mot Eid gård og videre til Heggedal. Fra 1872 har en toglinje passert Korpåsen på vestsiden, opprinnelig som Drammensbanen. Etter at Lieråsen tunnel åpnet i 1973 ble denne linjen Spikkestadbanen, en lokalbane mellom Spikkestad og Asker. Mens Gullhellaåsen gradvis ble bebygget i årene etter at Gullhella stasjon åpnet i 1937, ble det ikke bygget på Korpåsen før etter år 2000. Da ble Nordre Gullhella boligfelt etablert, med sameiene Korpefaret, Korpåsen, Korpeplassen og Norddalplassen.
De delene av åsen som fremdeles er ubebygde er kledt med skog, med mye furu, gran, eik og hassel. Skogen på åsen var helt siden middelalderen av stor verdi for Blakstad hovedgård, og skogen ble drevet hardt. Fra middelalderen ble ved fra skogen brukt til saltbrenning og kalkbrenning. Tømmer ble bragt ned til fjorden og solgt til norske og utenlandske handelsmenn. Etter at gården etablerte en oppgangssag nede i Blakstadelva på 1500-tallet, solgte gården også trelast. På 1700-tallet, da Korpåsen lå inn under sirkumferensen til Dikemark jernverk, ble det produsert trekull i kullmiler på åsen. Men etter at Blakstad hovedgård ble kjøpt av Akershus amt til etablering av Blakstad sykehus i 1904, har skogen etterhvert fått stå ganske urørt. Derfor står den nå høyere enn den har gjort på mange hundre år.
Kalsium

Kalsium er et grunnstoff med kjemisk symbol Ca (av latin: calx) og atomnummer 20.
Kalsium var kjent så tidlig som i første århundre da romerne fremstilte kalk i form av kalsiumoksid. Det ble isolert og identifisert som grunnstoff av den britiske kjemikeren Humphry Davy i 1808 ved at han utførte elektrolyse på en blanding av kalk og kvikksølvoksid.
Navnet kommer fra det latinske ordet calx som betyr kalkstein.
Kalsium er et reaktivt sølvgrått jordalkalimetall som er hardere enn bly, men som allikevel kan skjæres i med kniv. I kontakt med luft dannes det raskt et gråhvitt sjikt av kalsiumoksid på overflaten. Det reagerer med vann og danner kalsiumhydroksid og hydrogen i prosessen, men reaksjonen er ikke kraftig nok til at den utvikler noe særlig varme. Kalsium brenner med en sterk rød flamme. Som finfordelt pulver kan kalsium selvantenne.
Naturlig forekommende kalsium består av 6 isotoper, hvorav 5 er stabile: Ca (96,941 %), Ca (0,647 %), Ca (0,135 %), Ca (2,086 %) og Ca (0,004 %), og én er ustabil (og dermed radioaktiv): Ca (0,187 %) med halveringstid 5,39 × 10 år. I tillegg finnes 18 kunstig fremstilte ustabile isotoper hvorav de mest stabile er Ca med halveringstid 1,021 × 10 år, Ca med halveringstid 162,61 døgn og Ca med halveringstid 4,536 døgn. De resterende isotopene har alle halveringstider kortere enn 10 minutter, og de fleste kortere enn 10 sekunder.
CAS-nummer: 7440-70-2
Kalsium forekommer i naturen i kalk. Det er det 5. mest vanlige grunnstoffet på jorden – målt etter masse. Kalsium opptrer ikke i ren form naturlig, men finnes i kjemiske forbindelser, for eksempel som kalsiumkarbonat i mange bergarter og mineraler som kalkstein og marmor.
Kalsium i ren metallisk form har få eller ingen kommersielle bruksområder. Kalsium i form av kalk brukes i produksjon av sement og mørtel. Kalk brukes også til å redusere surheten i vann. I levende organismer er kalsium et viktig stoff for tenner og skjelett. En viktig kalsiumkilde for mennesker er melkeprodukter.
List of long tunnels by type

This page presents the same tunnels as in list of tunnels by length in separate lists according to the different tunnel types.
Note: This list only contains tunnels that are longer than 25 km (16 mi).
Note: This list only contains tunnels that are longer than 25 km (16 mi).
Only continuous tunnel sections should be included, at least 42 km (26 mi) long, excluding branches from the longest tunnel.
Only continuous tunnel sections should be included, at least 30 km (19 mi) long.
Note: There are buried oil and gas pipelines, up to several thousand kilometers long. See also:
Most of the tunnels listed were built for other purposes, and have not been redesigned. The Fyllingsdalentunnelen is one example of a tunnel built to purpose from the start.
The tunnels listed here can be either be pure cycling tunnels and/or pedestrian tunnels with separate tubes, or shared-use tunnels (i.e. having a shared lane, or a bike lane and footpath without a non-crossable physical separation).
Bergen Tunnels

The Bergen Tunnels are a pair of railroad tunnels with open cuts running parallel to each other under Bergen Hill in Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S. Originally built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad (DL&W), they are used by New Jersey Transit Rail Operations (NJT) trains originating or terminating at Hoboken Terminal.
Prior to construction, the Morris and Essex Railroad, a predecessor of the DL&W, used the Long Dock Tunnel, owned by the Erie Railroad, to pass under the Hudson Palisades. After issues of congestion and competition arose, the DL&W decided to build its own tunnel for what is commonly known as its Morristown Line. Construction of the North Bergen Tunnel began in 1873; it came into service in 1877. The South Bergen Tunnel opened in 1910, soon after a new Hoboken Terminal was inaugurated. Both tunnels are approximately 4,200 ft (1,300 m) long, and have two short segments of open cut as well as ventilation shafts.
In 2001, New Jersey Transit contracted JV Merco-Obayashi for the rehabilitation of the partially brick-lined North Bergen Tunnel. This included the stabilization of the two open cuts. The five ventilation shafts were stabilized and backfilled. Brick was removed so that the tunnel could be enlarged using drill-and-blast methods, following which it was relined with shotcrete. A drained membrane waterproofing system was installed before a final lining of concrete was cast-in-place. In addition to waterproofing ceilings and walls, new electrical, signal and ventilation systems were installed as were new emergency exits. New tracks were affixed directly to a new concrete floor.
The tunnels are part of New Jersey's state historic preservation office historic district, designated the Old Main Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Historic District. They were documented in 2001 for the Historic American Engineering Record.
Bergen Arches

Bergen Arches is an abandoned railroad right of way through Bergen Hill (the lower New Jersey Palisades) in Jersey City, New Jersey.
Bergen Arches is the common name for the Erie Cut, the Erie Railroad's mile-long, four-track cut which linked the railroad's main line to its Hudson River waterfront Pavonia Terminal, where travelers to Manhattan could transfer to the Pavonia Ferry or the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad. From 1906 to 1910, using 250,000 pounds of dynamite, workers blasted through 800,000 cubic yards (610,000 m) of blue trap rock; 160,000 cubic yards (120,000 m) of earth were excavated. There were construction cost overruns (and settlements paid to local homeowners for damage and injuries from flying rock), with a total cost around $5 million, that led to financial trouble for the Erie and the cancellation of plans to build a new terminal along the Jersey City waterfront. The term "Bergen Arches" originally referred to the massive bridges over the cut, but the two terms have become synonymous.
The last trains to the terminal ran in 1957. The line was abandoned that year. The adjacent tunnel (the Long Dock Tunnel) from the mid-19th century that the Erie Cut replaced is used for freight, and is being restored as part of Liberty Corridor Project as an extension of National Docks Secondary line.
Various projects have been proposed for the abandoned track bed: for a four-lane or six-lane highway that would connect the New Jersey Turnpike and U.S. Route 1/9 bypassing traffic headed along New Jersey Route 139 for the Holland Tunnel, extension of the Hudson Bergen Light Rail, or in conjunction with the Harsimus Stem Embankment, a recreational greenway.
A freeway proposed in 1989 by Governor Thomas Kean was strongly supported by then-Mayor Bret Schundler. In 1998, this project was allocated $26 million in the federal Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century. During the 2001 mayoral race, candidates instead lobbied for a mass transit line, and in 2002 the plans were dropped during Mayor Cunningham's administration. In that year, Parsons Brinckerhoff, a consulting firm, released another report commissioned by New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT) and describing the conditions and analyzing of various options. NJDOT has continued to fund studies for the project. In March 2011, an additional $13.4 million was allocated to advance the project.
A Bergen Arches Preservation Coalition has proposed to run the East Coast Greenway through the Arches.
40°44′13″N 74°03′34″W﻿ / ﻿40.7369°N 74.0594°W﻿ / 40.7369; -74.0594
Norwegian Railway Club

The Norwegian Railway Club (Norwegian: Norsk Jernbaneklubb) is an association which is involved in the preservation of Norwegian museum railways. NMT has its operating base at Hønefoss Station in Ringerike, Norway. The society was founded on 22 May 1969, and is based at Bryn Station in Oslo, but with local groups all over the country. It publishes the magazine På Sporet four times a year, as well as publishing numerous books. The club also operates two heritage railways, the Old Voss Line in Bergen, and the Krøder Line. Most of the work is done by volunteers.
The Norwegian Railway Club runs Norwegian Heritage Trains or NMT (Norsk Museumstog). All the members of NMT are volunteers and their classic train activities are under government supervision. NMT is doing restoration, preservation and operation of classic trains at the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge part of the Norwegian railway network. The activity of NMT is not run for the purpose of profit. All income of the activity is solely used for the preservation of Norwegian railway history so that the coming generations will be allowed to experience and learn transport by train of the 19th and 20th centuries. .
60°10′8.8284″N 10°14′53.153″E﻿ / ﻿60.169119000°N 10.24809806°E﻿ / 60.169119000; 10.24809806
List of countries by rail transport network size

This is a sortable list of countries by rail transport network size based on length of rail lines.
For the purposes of this page, railway has been defined as a fixed route laid with rails along which wagons can be transported. Wagons may be powered by various means and may be used to transport people or goods. Temporary lines laid for a specific purposes are not considered unless specified. Countries include the nations listed in the List of sovereign states along with reference ISO 3166 codes which list ISO 3166-1 numeric three-digit country codes which are maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division.
Bermuda, a British overseas territory, had a railway operating from 1931 to 1948.
90. “Caltrain Modernization Program. Retrieved January 22 2024.
Chronology of Norwegian railway lines

The Norwegian railway network consisted, as of 2008, of 4,114 kilometers (2,556 mi) of line. The Trunk Line opened as Norway's first mainline railway on 1 September 1854.
The following table gives a chronological overview of the mainline railway lines in Norway. It explicitly excludes tramway, light rail and metro lines, spurs and industrial lines. It contains the date the section opened, the line the segment is currently considered part of, the name of the line at the time of the opening (if different from the current name). Some railways have simply changed name, while others have been merged with other lines. The table further gives the length of the line, the gauge and number of tracks (single, double or quadruple), all at the time the line opened. Many railway lines have since been shortened and some have been doubled and been through gauge conversion. Standard gauge is 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), CAP gauge is 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and meter gauge is 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in). Railway which opened as private are marked, even though many were later nationalized. In later years, many new sections are major realignments, typically tunnels, which shorten an existing line.
List of railway lines in Norway

The Norwegian railway network consists as of March 2010 of 4,159 kilometres (2,584 mi) of line, owned and managed by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. Of this, 3,900 kilometres (2,400 mi) has regular traffic. This includes 30 lines in regular traffic and 10 lines with irregular traffic. Twenty-four of these lines are electrified. Norway's longest is the Nordland Line, which runs 734 kilometres (456 mi) from Trondheim to Bodø. The longest electrified line is the Sørlandet Line, which runs 563 kilometres (350 mi) from Drammen to Stavanger.
As of March 2010, the system consists of 241 kilometres (150 mi) of double track, 2487 bridges, 695 tunnels, 3514 level crossings and 358 stations. The Drammen Line, the Gardermoen Line and the Asker Line are the only to be double track in their entire length.
The following list contains all non-industrial railways to be completed in Norway. The list states the line's name and its terminal stations, or terminal points, if it does not terminate at a station. The list indicates if the line was opened as a private railway (one not owned or operated by NSB, and since 1996 by the National Rail Administration), and if the private line was later nationalized. The list also states which gauge the line was built in, and if it later has been converted to another gauge. The overall length and length of double track are given in kilometers and miles; this is the route length, not the length of the track. For those lines that have the full route in operation, the distance is the current length, while for lines that have been closed partially or in full, it is the length at the time of the opening. Next is listed if the line is electrified or not, and if the line was electrified at a different system than the standard 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC used by NSB and the National Rail Administration. The list then states the number of stations, bridges and tunnels on the line; for currently operating lines, this is the current count, while for other lines, it is the peak count in the line's history. The list then states the date the first section of line was taken into use and the date the last section of the line was taken into use. These dates may or may not be the same day that the official opening took place. For those railways that have been closed in full, the date of the closing (the first date without permitted revenue transport) is stated, along with if the track remains or not, and if the line has been taken into use by a heritage railway. This column also states if part of the railway has been closed for revenue traffic.