davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Color Line Stadion

Color Line Stadion is an association football stadium in Ålesund, Norway, and the home of 1. divisjon side Aalesunds FK. It was inaugurated in April 2005 and cost NOK 160 million to build. It is referred to as Aalesund Stadion by UEFA, as naming rights arrangements (in this case, with ferry operator Color Line) is not included during UEFA competitions.
It was the first top-level stadium in Norway to feature artificial turf, which was at the time a highly debated issue. When Aalesund opened the stadium, businessman Olav Nils Sunde donated a statue to the club, which was erected in front of the stadium. Whilst Sunde denied it, the statue bore a very strong resemblance to former Aalesund player John Arne Riise. In 2007, when Riise played in the Champions League Final, a Norwegian commentator demanded the statue officially carry his name. Riise himself has said, "[The name change] is not for me to decide. Everyone sees who it is, and I know that it was made for me." It was officially named "John Arne Riise" in April 2018.
Since 2009 it has also hosted the home games of the women's Toppserien side Fortuna Ålesund. The venue has hosted one Norway national under-21 football team match, playing 1–3 against Cyprus on 3 September 2010. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players' Association among away-team captains, Color Line Stadion was ranked eleventh amongst league stadiums, with a score of 2.87 on a scale from one to five.
62°28′11.0″N 6°11′13.9″E﻿ / ﻿62.469722°N 6.187194°E﻿ / 62.469722; 6.187194
MS Color Hybrid

MS Color Hybrid is a cruiseferry owned and operated by Color Line on their route between Sandefjord in Norway and Strömstad in Sweden. She is the largest plug-in diesel-electric hybrid vessel in the world and entered service in August 2019.
Color Line signed a letter of intent with Norwegian shipbuilder Ulstein Verft for the construction of Color Hybrid in January 2017. The order was confirmed the following month, and construction began with a steel-cutting ceremony on 14 July at the CRIST shipyard in Gdynia, Poland. On 16 April 2018, the ship's keel, built from 14 modules, was completed, with work in Poland to complete the hull continuing into October, when it was towed to Ulsteinvik for outfitting. In early November, Color Hybrid's hull reached the shipbuilding hall in Ulsteinvik, where construction continued until her delivery in mid-2019.
After the delivery to Color Line in 2019, Color Hybrid has replaced MS Bohus on the route between Sandefjord, Norway and Strömstad, Sweden. Her hybrid propulsion system allows her to operate under battery power in the coastal areas outside of Sandefjord. The total travel time is 2.5 hours, the batteries would allow up to one hour of electric travel.
Color Hybrid was built to a Fosen Yard design, and measures 160 metres (520 ft) long, with a capacity of up to 2,000 passengers and 500 vehicles, personnel on board is 100. When delivered, she will be the largest plug-in hybrid vessel in the world. She is powered primarily by four Bergen Marine B33:45L diesel engines driving, supplemented by 5 MWh Siemens batteries weighing 65t that can power the ship for up to an hour. The battery system is charged via shore power at Sandefjord and from on-board generators driven by the diesel engines.
MS GNV Allegra

MS GNV Allegra is a cruiseferry owned by MSC. The ship was built by Wärtsilä Marine's Perno shipyard in Turku, Finland for Jahre Line as MS Kronprins Harald. In 1991 she passed under ownership of Color Line, for whom she sailed until sold to Irish Ferries in 2007. She was sold by Irish Ferries to Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC) in 2019 and renamed GNV Allegra for service in the fleet of MSC subsidiary Grandi Navi Veloci.
On delivery Kronprins Harald was placed on Jahre Line's Oslo – Kiel service. In 1990 Jahre Line merged with Norway Line and Fred. Olsen Lines to form Color Line. After the change Kronprins Harald was kept on the same route, only her livery changed from the grey hull of Jahre Line to blue hull of Color Line.
In January 2007 the ship was sold to Irish Ferries in preparation for the delivery of Color Line's new mega-cruiseferry MS Color Magic. Irish Ferries chartered the Kronprins Harald back to Color Line until September 2007. The vessel's final sailing for Color Line took place on 31 August 2007 with the northbound Kiel – Oslo crossing. With her Color Line career over, Irish Ferries took control over her on 2 September 2007. Arriving for rebuilding at Fredericia Skibsværft on 4 September, she was renamed Oscar Wilde. She entered service with Irish Ferries in December 2007, replacing MS Normandy.
Unlike other Irish Ferries ships, Oscar Wilde kept her blue hull and white funnel instead of a white hull and a green funnel. On 21 November 2007 the ship arrived in Rosslare Harbour for the first time, and entered service on the Rosslare – Cherbourg route on 30 November 2007. In January 2010 there was no service between Rosslare and Cherbourg as she was operating the Rosslare – Pembroke Dock route during the docking of MS Isle of Inishmore. and after this Oscar Wilde was in dry dock for the annual overhaul.
On 2 February 2010 the engine room caught fire upon leaving Falmouth, Cornwall where the ship had undergone its annual refit. No one was injured and the fire was extinguished, but the ship returned to Falmouth so a full investigation and repairs could be carried out. Sailings resumed on 6 March 2010 but the service was delayed by operational problem. The Ferry sailed from Cherbourg to Rosslare on Sunday morning 7 March 2010.
In May 2019 the ferry was renamed GNV Allegra. She was operated by the Grandi Navi Veloci on the route Genoa – Olbia.
In late summer 2020 GNV Allegra was one of five ships, rented by the state of Italy to house migrants who had landed in larger numbers on the island of Lampedusa and others, who had been brought to Italy by the Sea-Watch NGO.
MS Oscar Wilde was named after the Irish poet and playwright Oscar Wilde.
List of largest ferries of Europe

In terms of gross tonnage, the largest ferry in the world is the 75,156-ton Color Magic, built by Aker Finnyards of Finland, and operated by Color Line on the route between Oslo in Norway and Kiel in Germany. Its sister ship Color Fantasy comes a close second in tonnage. As a measure of the total internal volume of a ship, gross tonnage is most commonly used to compare the size of civilian ships. However, single dimensions are also often compared. For example, Cruise Roma became the longest ferry in the world after being lengthened in 2019. The cruiseferry Silja Europa with a gross tonnage of around 60,000 tonnes can carry up to 3,750 passengers, more than any other ferry in Europe.
Cruiseferry

A cruiseferry is a ship that combines the features of a cruise ship and a Ro-Pax ferry. Many passengers travel with the ships for the cruise experience, staying only a few hours at the destination port or not leaving the ship at all, while others use the ships as means of transportation.
Cruiseferry traffic is mainly concentrated in the seas of Northern Europe, especially the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. However, similar ships traffic across the English Channel as well as the Irish Sea, Mediterranean and even on the North Atlantic. Cruiseferries also operate from India, China and Australia.
In the northern Baltic Sea, two major rival companies, Viking Line and Silja Line, have for decades competed on the routes between Turku and Helsinki in Finland and Sweden's capital Stockholm. Since the 1990s Tallink has also risen as a major company in the area, culminating with acquisition of Silja Line in 2006.
The term "cruiseferry" did not come into use until the 1980s, although it has been retroactively applied to earlier ferries that have large cabin capabilities and public spaces in addition to their car- and passenger-carrying capacity.
Ahmet Burak Erdoğan

Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (born 5 July 1979) is a Turkish businessman, the owner of MB Denizcilik, and the eldest son of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey.
Ahmet Burak Erdoğan was born in Istanbul on 4 July 1979, the son of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his wife Emine Erdoğan, and educated at İmam Hatip school. He has a bachelor's degree from Istanbul Bilgi University. As with all his siblings, his higher education was paid for by Remzi Gür, a Turkish textile entrepreneur and friend of the Erdoğan family.
In 2001, Erdoğan married Sema Ketenci, the daughter of Osman Ketenci, and it is said that the couple had one child.
On 11 May 1998, while driving through Abide-i Hürriyet street in Şişli, Istanbul, his car hit Turkish classical music singer Sevim Tanürek. She suffered a traumatic brain injury and fell into a coma, dying five days later in intensive care. Erdoğan did not have a driving licence and fled the scene, yet ultimately received no punishment. Following the accident involving Tanürek, he left Turkey to study economics in London. Tanürek's husband describes the incident as follows;
He bought a shipping company together with Mustafa Erdoğan and Ziya İlgen in 2006 and they named it Bumerz. In 2007 Erdoğan co-founded the shipping company MB Denizcilik together with Mecit Çetinkaya, who as well owns the sea freight company Manta Denizcilik. In November 2013, MB bought a sixth ship, Pretty, built in China for over $20 million and with a capacity of 91,000 tons, to add to the existing five ships, Safran 1, Sakarya, G. İnebolu, Cihan and Bosna that it owns. The acquisition of Pretty almost doubled the company's shipping capacity. In 2013, Ynetnews reported that one of MB's ships, 95-metre Safran-1 had travelled several times between Turkish and Israeli ports despite the poor relations between the two countries, and that in the Turkish Parliament, opposition MPs had asked his father: "Has your son been exempted from the trade embargo against Israel? Is it ethical? What share of the volume of trade with Israel did the ship owned by your son take?" Ynetnews noted that no formal trade embargo had existed at the time, except for arms sales.
In 2015, Aydınlık reported that Erdoğan now owned 99% of MB (with Çetinkaya owning the other 1%) and that MB owned tankers worth US$80 million.
Iliz-veur Kemper

Unan eus nav ilizoù-meur Breizh eo Iliz-veur Sant-Kaourintin, sez Eskopti Kemper ha Leon. Savet eo bet e Kemper (Kerne) war lec'hiad an iliz romanek dediet d'an Itron Varia (XI kantved). E-touez an ilizoù-meur gotek koshañ e Breizh eo gant hini Kastell-Paol hag hini Landreger.
Diwar intrudu an eskob Rainaud, kañseller Per Iañ, dug Breizh eo bet kaset al lañs evit he sevel e 1239. Mont a ra buan a-walc'h al labourioù, met daleoù a zo bet gant an diaesterioù degaset gant Brezel hêrezh dugelezh Breizh er XIV kantved hag ar c'hleñvedoù-red. Kensakret eo bet ar chantele e 1287, met echuet eo bet e 1300 hag eo bet bolzet e 1410 dindan ren Yann V a Vreizh.
Eskopti Kemper ha Leon

Eskopti Kemper ha Leon (Dioecesis Corisopitensis-Leonensis e latin) eo anv an eskopti a zo bet savet e 1801 hag a glot gant tachenn departamant Penn-ar-Bed. Emañ e sez e Kemper. En eskopti-se e kaver an holl barrezioù a oa en Eskopti Leon, ul lodenn vat eus ar re a oa en Eskopti Kernev, un darn eus ar re a oa en Eskopti Treger, un dornadig eus ar re a oa en Eskopti Gwened, hag un nebeudig eus parrezioù Eskopti Dol.
Savet e voe bet palez eskibien Kerne stok ouzh iliz-veur Kemper hag eskibien Kemper ha Leon a voe staliet er palez-se e 1790. Diwar lezenn an disparti etre ar Stad hag an Iliz katolik e voe rediet Aotrou 'n Eskob François-Virgile Dubillard mont da chom e kouent Sant-Jozeb, straed Bertrand de Rosmadec, war harz Kemper e 1907.
Abaoe ar c’henta a viz Gwengolo 2017 ez eus en eskopti ugent parrez nevez (betek hen e oa 323 parrez ha 18 deanded).
Unan eus eskopti Proviñs ekleziastikel Roazhon eo.
Pennad pennañ : Eskibien Kerne
Pennad pennañ : Eskibien Leon
Joseph Bigot

Ur savour eo bet Joseph Bigot, ganet e Kemper e 1807 ha marvet eno e 1894. Anvet eo bet savour departamant a-berzh ar Stad e 1835 ha mirout a reas ar garg betek 1873. Rener savouriezh eskopti Kemper e voe eus 1837 betek 1892. Graet en deus war-dro 400 savadur, 29 iliz hag 81 skol en o zouez.
A-raok 1856 e talc'has d'ur stil nevezklasel, met tamm-ha-tamm e klaskas e awen e savouriezh ar Grennamzer hag e perzhioù breizhek evel an tourioù dantelezet ha priziañ a rae kalz ilizoù Leon ha Kerne savet er XV ha XVI kantved. Berzh a reas gant ar stil nevezc'hotek evit meur a iliz nevez ha soutenet e oa bet gant an eskob Joseph-Marie Graveran. Goude 1870 eo bet e labour tost da hini Eugène Viollet-le-Duc ha divreizhek-tre. Dipitet e oa bet pa n'en doa tapet tamm brud ebet e Pariz hag eñ kaset da benn e oberenn bennañ, an daou dour mistr hag uhel-uhel (77 m) savet evit peurechuiñ iliz-veur Kemper. Da guzulier-kêr Kemper e oa bet dilennet e 1870 hag eñ ur republikan katolik ha kerreizh. E vab, Gustave, a gemeras e bost savour an departamant a-berzh ar Stad.
Etna

An Etna (Mungibeddu pe 'a Muntagna e sikilianeg) a zo ur menez-tan bev e Sikilia, etre kêrioù Messina ha Catania. Sevel a ra betek 3 300 metr uhelder, gant se eo an uhelañ menez-tan en Italia, uheloc'h eget ar Vesuvio. Unan eus ar menezioù-tan oberiantañ er bed eo ivez (tost da 100 dislonkadenn en XX kantved). Lakaet eo war roll glad bedel an UNESCO abaoe 2013.
Hervez mojennoù Henc'hres e oa bet kraouiet an euzhvil Tifon gant Zeus e diabarzh ar menez, ma oa ivez govel an doue Hefaistos.
Gwele Sant-Eneour (Plouneour-Menez)

Gwele sant Eneour (Plouneour-Menez) a zo ur roc'h gant un toull hir ma krede d'an dud ez ae sant Eneour en e c'hourvez warni. Emañ-hi ur c’hilometrad diouzh Norzh an iliz ha 300 metr er c'hornôg da vaner Penc'hoad.
Fuzuilh-arsailh

Ur fuzuilh-arsailh, pe fuzuilh-argad, a zo un arm-skoaz graet evit tennañ pell, betek 300 metr er mod damaotomatek, pe betek 30 metr er mod aotomatek. Hendad ar fuzuilhoù-arsailh en istor e voe an Avtomat Ferodova, krouet en Impalaeriezh Rusia e 1916. E fin an Eil Brezel-bed e voe ijinet en Alamagn ar Sturmgewehr 44, a zo gwelet evel ar fuzuilh-arsailh modern kentañ. Hiziv e implij ar braz eus an armoù-mañ ar c'halibr standart 5,56 × 45 mm NATO. E-touez ar c'halibroù all implijet ar muiañ e kaver ar 7,62 × 51 mm NATO, pe ar 7,62 × 39 mm ha 5,45 × 39 mm soviedel.
Gwenn (sportoù)

Ur gwenn pe sibl a zo un dra hag a glasker tizhout pa denner gant biroùigoù, gant ur wareg pe gant armoù-tan. Bras pe vrasoc'h a c'hell bezañ hervez ar bellder etre an tenner hag ar gwenn. Sifroù da gontañ ar poentoù a c'hall bezañ skrivet warnañ.
Ar braz eus ar sibloù paper implijet er sportoù tennañ zo du o c'hreiz, ha gwenn an takad tro-dro. Sibloù liv a gaver e amprouennoù 'zo eus ar benchrest evel an 22 Hunter. Sibloù metal a vez implijet ivez evit amprouennoù zo. E-touez ar gwennoù paper, anavezet pe get, gant an ISSF e kaver sibloù :
Sibloù all a implijer ha pa ne vefent ket anavezet gant an ISSF : reoù ruz ha gwenn, pe reoù a ziskoach ul liv melen er poent ma vezont skoet.
Bousillage

Bousillage (bouzillage, bousille, bouzille) is a mixture of clay and grass or other fibrous substances used as the infill (chinking) between the timbers of a half-timbered building. This material was commonly used by 18th-century French colonial settlers in the historical New France region of the United States and is similar to the material cob and adobe. In French torchis has the same meaning or the meaning of a loaf of this material.
Bousillage in south Louisiana is a mixture of clay earth and retted Spanish moss, but in the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Canada contains straw, grass or hair, used to fill in the panels in poteaux-sur-sol, poteaux-en-terre, and half-timbered framing (called colombage in French). This was a technique used in French Louisiana by colonists from the 18th to 19th centuries. In France the framing was typically in-filled between the post with brick (briquette-entre-poteaux), stone and mud (pierrotage) or bousillage. There was no stone in south Louisiana, and bricks were not being made during early colonial times. The colonist picked up on a technique that the Native Americans were using to build their wattle and daub structures, and that was heavy clay soil and retted Spanish moss as the binder. Split sticks or staves, known as barreaux, rabbits or batons were used as rungs between the upright post. They were shaped to fit at an angle and hammered into place without the use of nails.
Bousillage is made by layering a taché (hole in the ground) with mud and moss and adding water. Then tacherons (barefoot men) worked the mixture into a mortar. Torchis (bousillage shaped like a bread dough loaf) are hung over the barreaux being compacted, one placed next to another. The finished wall would have been either lime washed or covered with lime plaster. The plaster contains animal hair as a binder.
List of medical schools in France

This list of medical schools in France includes current and developing academic institutions which award a Diplôme d'État de Docteur and a diplôme d'études spécialisées (DES). In France, there are 37 medical schools, known locally as "UFR de médecine" (Unités de Formation et de Recherche or "Unit for training and research" in English). They are part of universities and are associated with one of France's 29 university hospital centers (CHU). But they are traditionally called "Facultés de médecine". They are responsible for training students for the medical profession or for other medical professions (midwifery) or paramedical professions (speech therapist, orthoptist, occupational therapist, etc.).
With the Faure Law of 1968, medical faculties became part of a university. They ceased to exist as legal entities, becoming teaching and research units, then training and research units in 1984.
Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Pharmacie d'Angers

The Jardin botanique de la Faculté de Pharmacie d'Angers (8000 m²) is a botanical garden and arboretum operated by the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Angers. It is located at 16 Boulevard Daviers, Angers, Maine-et-Loire, Pays de la Loire, France, and open weekdays without charge.
The garden was created from 1888-1895 via gradual transfer of the existing School of Botany collection from the Jardin des Plantes d'Angers. It was designed as two major sections of 4000 m² each, with a walkway between; one contains the systematic collection and a small, heated greenhouse (100 m²), with the other containing the arboretum. About 2000 plants in the garden are set out within 32 beds according to the early Bentham & Hooker system of classification. The garden has undergone only minor changes since its inception.
Today the garden contains about 2,200 species (2,700 taxa) as follows: systematic plant collection (2,000 taxa), trees and shrubs (315 taxa), greenhouse plants (250 species), useful and medicinal plants (175 taxa), and aromatic and spice plants (22 species).
47°28′48″N 0°33′30″W﻿ / ﻿47.4800°N 0.5584°W﻿ / 47.4800; -0.5584
Pharmacie du Cerf

Pharmacie du Cerf was established in 1268 in Strasbourg, Alsace. It is the oldest pharmacy in France.
Dating to 1268, it stands at the corner of the Rue Mercière and the Place de la Cathédrale in the shadow of Strasbourg Cathedral. It has been classified as an historical monument since 1936.
A fire on 15 August 1268 resulted in the building being reconstructed, a process completed by 1300.
Between 1268 and 1398, the pharmacy was run by the Philippi family: Heinrich, his son Hesso and his grandson Hesselin. The property subsequently became a dwelling, and in 1432 it was occupied by Pope Pius II Aenas Sylvius Piccolomini.
The building was again destroyed by fire in 1466, and was rebuilt by 1469.
In 1497, the two separate properties which formed the corner were combined into one.
It became a pharmacy again in the early sixteenth century, but it is not known for how long.
The Spielmann family owned the house in the mid-seventeenth century.
List of cities in Switzerland

Below is a list of towns and cities in Switzerland. Until 2014 municipalities with more than 10,000 inhabitants were considered to be towns (German: Stadt/Städte, French: ville(s), Italian: città). Since 2014, the Federal Statistical Office (FSO) uses a new algorithm (called German: Statistische Städte 2012, or French: Villes statistiques 2012) to define whether a municipality can be called a town or not; it now also depends on its character. Currently, FSO considers 162 municipalities as towns/cities (German: Statistische Städte, French: Villes statistiques) in Switzerland. Further, some municipalities which would fulfill such a definition nevertheless prefer to understand themselves still as a village, or consequently refer to themselves just as municipalities (German: Gemeinde, French: commune, Italian: comune). The Swiss definition of a town differs from the definition of a municipality.
This is an alphabetical list of towns or cities (these English terms can be used interchangeably, as there is no official differentiation), which follows the FSO's definition (German: Statistische Städte 2012, French: Villes statistiques 2012), as well as places with historic town rights (h) and/or market towns (m).
French Town, Missouri

French Town is an unincorporated community in Washington County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
French Town was named for the fact a large share of the early settlers were of French descent.
37°57′18″N 90°40′28″W﻿ / ﻿37.95500°N 90.67444°W﻿ / 37.95500; -90.67444
List of city and town halls in France

This is a list of city and town halls in France. The list is sortable by building age and height, and provides a link to the database of monuments historique, which is a listing of buildings and structures important to France's architectural and historical cultural heritage, where relevant. This list, which has been compiled using the list of the largest cities and towns of France published by "About France" to ensure completeness, includes over 100 surviving buildings. The oldest town hall is Hôtel de Ville, La Rochelle completed in 1298, and the tallest town hall is Hôtel de Ville, Lille with a clock tower which rises to 341 feet (104 m).
300 metres

The 300 metres is an uncommon (meaning not on an Olympic or World Championship program) sprinting event in track and field competitions. The race starts on a straight and therefore comprises two straights and one bend.
The imperial distance analogue to the event is the 300 yards (270 m), which is slightly shorter than the 300 m distance and was contested at the USA Indoor Track and Field Championships from 1906 to 1932.
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 31.87:
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 32.46:
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 35.73:
Below is a list of other times equal or superior to 36.38:
Maurice Koechlin

Maurice Koechlin (3 June 1856 – 14 January 1946) was a Franco-Swiss structural engineer from the Koechlin family.
A member of the renowned Alsatian Koechlin family, he was born in Buhl, Haut-Rhin, the son of Jean Koechlin and his wife Anne Marie (Anaïs), née Beuck. He was the first cousin once removed of André Koechlin, and the great-grandfather of actress Kalki Koechlin.
When France lost the Franco-Prussian war to Prussia in 1871 the entire Koechlin family decided to become citizens of Switzerland and thus dropped French citizenship. After the defeat of the German Empire in 1918, however, the Koechlin family again applied for French citizenship.
Maurice attended the lycée in Mulhouse, then between 1873 and 1877 studied civil engineering at the Polytechnikum Zürich under Carl Culmann. In 1876 he became a citizen of Zurich ("Zürcher Bürger") Between 1877 and 1879 he worked for the French railway company "Chemin de Fer de l'Est".
Much of his work was done for Gustave Eiffel's "Compagnie des établissements Eiffel", which Koechlin joined in 1879. In 1886 Maurice married Emma Rossier (1867-1965). They had six children: three sons and three daughters. Maurice and Emma were lifelong members of the Plymouth Brethren.
In 1887 he started work on his plans for the "Tour de 300 mètres" in Paris, along with his younger brother Henri Koechlin and civil engineer Émile Nouguier. Maurice Koechlin became the Managing Director of Eiffel's company when Eiffel retired from the engineering profession in 1893. The company was renamed Société de construction de Levallois-Perret.
Maurice Koechlin died in 1946 in Veytaux, Switzerland in a house built by himself in 1900.
Major structural designs include:
Cuicocha

Cuicocha (kichwa: Kuychi Kucha , "laguna de arco iris" o Tsuish Kucha, "laguna de los Dioses")​ es una laguna localizada a 190 km, al norte de Quito, a una altitud de 3.068 m s. n. m.; es una caldera volcánica, cráter volcánico, al pie del volcán Cotacachi en la cordillera Occidental de los Andes ecuatorianos.
La caldera fue formada por una masiva erupción freática hace 3100 años generando 5 km³ de flujos piroclásticos y cubriendo la zona aledaña con una capa de ceniza volcánica de 20 cm.
El volcán ha permanecido inactivo desde entonces. Las erupciones del Cotacachi, Imbabura, Mojanda y Cayambe han generado un suelo fértil en el valle de Otavalo.
Dentro de la laguna de Cuicocha hay cuatro cúpulas de lava que forman dos islas escarpadas cubiertas de bosque: la más pequeña denominada Yerovi, y la más grande, Teodoro Wolf, en honor al sabio alemán y descubridor.
El acceso a ambas islas es prohibido. Éstas están separadas por un canal llamado "Canal de los Ensueños", que forma parte del acantilado norte, una cúpula de lava cretácea más antigua, del pleistoceno.
El borde de la caldera es extremadamente pendiente de tal manera que la acumulación de sedimento es insuficiente para el desarrollo de abundante vegetación hidrófita. Sin embargo, las islas al interior de la caldera poseen una vegetación con más de 400 especies, entre las que se destacan: plantas medicinales, utilitarias y decorativas que forman el hábitat de mamíferos (como el oso de anteojos) y aves andinas, aunque sobre éstas se conoce poco.
Cuicocha se encuentra al extremo sur de la reserva ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas. Durante el segundo día de Inti Raymi (Festival del Sol) cada solsticio de verano, los shamanes usan Cuicocha para baños de purificación.
Pawkar Raymi

Pawkar Raymi (en quechua ‘fiesta del florecimiento’) es una antigua ceremonia religiosa andina en honor a Pachacámac o Pacha Kamaq, cuyos preparativos inician anualmente desde el mes de enero, celebrándose el 21 de marzo, para agradecer y compartir los productos que cada año les obsequia la Pachamama o madre tierra. El Pawkar Raymi también es conocido, en algunas comunidades, con el nombre de Sisa Pacha (época del florecimiento) o Tumari Pukllay (juego ceremonial con agua y flores).​
Durante la época de los incas, el Pawkar Raymi —junto al Inti Raymi, Quya Raymi Killa y Cápac Raymi— era una de las cuatro festividades celebradas en el Cusco,​ según refiere el Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (1539-1616).
Desde el advenimiento de la conquista española, quedó rezagada como fiesta ancestral, hasta que en el año 2000, entre las comunidades indígenas del cantón Saraguro, en Ecuador, empezó su recuperación en toda su importancia como elemento patrimonial histórico cultural.
Actualmente, conserva su posición de ser una de las cuatro festividades ceremoniales ancestrales que anualmente se celebran en los Andes del Ecuador, Bolivia, Perú y otros países hispanoamericanos.
Al principio del 1 de marzo con el baño de purificación. En dicho momento, el Cápac (organizador) se desprende de las energías negativas para continuar con el florecimiento que se efectúa el 21 de marzo en el que hace entrega del bastón de mando a otro Capac para que aquel organice la ceremonia del año venidero.
Distrito de Chanchamayo

El distrito de Chanchamayo es uno de los seis que conforman la provincia homónima, ubicada en el departamento de Junín en el centro del Perú. Su capital es la ciudad de La Merced.
Dentro de la división eclesiástica de la Iglesia Católica del Perú, pertenece al Vicariato apostólico de San Ramón​
La palabra Chanchamayo viene del idioma Quechua, Chanchacc que quiere decir brinco o salto y mayo o mayu significa río, (río torrentoso).
Su creación política se dio en virtud del Decreto Ley N.º 21941, el 24 de septiembre de 1977, en el gobierno del Presidente Francisco Morales Bermúdez.
Abarca una superficie de 919,72 km².
Kuyayky

Kuyayky es una agrupación de música andina.​ El repertorio musical de Kuyayky incluye piezas musicales contemporáneas, y fusiones de los períodos prehispánicos y colonial en América Latina, con énfasis en la música del centro de Perú.
Kuyayky fue fundada en 1980, en la localidad de Jauja, por el etnomusicólogo José Hurtado Zamudio y por Edda Bonilla Peña, compositora y cantante del conjunto Alma Jaujina.​ Su nombre proviene de kuyay, que significa "amar" o "afecto" en quechua.
Luego de su reubicación en Miami, Estados Unidos, la banda ha desarrollado proyectos educativos y de promoción de la música y cultura andina en centros culturales, universidades y escuelas.​​​ También colaboran con músicos de varios géneros musicales, que incluyen jazz, bluegrass, rock, punk rock y música folclórica de Europa y América Latina.​
La Fundación Kuyayky, una organización no gubernamental, se ha creado con el objetivo de estudiar y promover las músicas y las culturas andinas, tanto en Estados Unidos como en Perú.​ Su trabajo es reconocido por varias instituciones, entre ellas el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el Instituto Smithsoniano, y el Congreso de la República del Perú.​
La fundación ha creado la aplicación para teléfonos móviles Android ImanChay, una herramienta educativa gratuita diseñada para el estudio del quechua sureño.​​
Máscara de Agamenón

La máscara de Agamenón es un objeto arqueológico descubierto en la acrópolis de Micenas en 1876 por el arqueólogo prusiano Heinrich Schliemann. Se trata de una máscara funeraria de oro que se encontró colocada encima de la cara de un cuerpo ubicado en la tumba V del Círculo de tumbas A.
Schliemann pensó que había descubierto el cuerpo del legendario rey griego Agamenón, y por ese motivo la máscara recibió su nombre. Sin embargo, estudios modernos sugieren que la máscara podría datar de entre 1550 y 1500 a. C., lo que la situaría en un tiempo anterior (unos 300 años) al que tradicionalmente se atribuye a la vida de Agamenón. A pesar de ello, ha conservado su nombre. La máscara se encuentra expuesta al público en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Atenas, mientras que el Museo Arqueológico de Micenas expone una copia de la misma.
Aunque Heinrich Schliemann había visitado el yacimiento de Micenas previamente y había abierto sin permiso 34 cortes, la excavación no comenzó oficialmente hasta 1876.
A partir de ese momento solo necesitó tres meses para dar con el hallazgo que le dio fama: un conjunto de seis tumbas de fosa vertical, el llamado Círculo A, que contenía 18 individuos y unos espectaculares ajuares funerarios. Las tumbas de fosa se excavaron en el suelo, a unos 4-5 m de profundidad, y presentaban suelo, paredes y techo. Los difuntos se colocaban en el suelo de la fosa, junto al ajuar funerario y ofrendas de animales; las tumbas se cerraban con vigas, y la fosa posteriormente se cubría con tierra, situándose una estela en la parte superior de cada fosa.
Datadas en el siglo XVII a. C., las tumbas contenían la familia de uno o varios jefes guerreros o nobles. La enorme cantidad y lujo de las piezas halladas apoyan esta teoría. Entre ellas suman unos 15 kg de oro, copas de este metal, diademas, joyas, alfileres o broches, una espada de bronce con empuñadura esmaltada, una daga, también de bronce, con una escena de caza y hasta trece estelas funerarias. Gracias al descubrimiento de estas tumbas, que eran la primera representación de arte micénico, se supo que los micénicos eran un pueblo muy comercial, con una clase alta muy dada al lujo, así también se vislumbra una cierta influencia de culturas como la cretense. Lo que sigue siendo un misterio es el ocaso de este pueblo casi mítico.
El ajuar hallado en el círculo de tumbas A es riquísimo, al haberse encontrado coronas, espadas, copas, cuchillos, ámbar del Báltico y diversas máscaras. La máscara de Agamenón es una de las cinco descubiertas en el Círculo de tumbas A, tres fueron encontradas en la tumba IV y en la tumba V se encontraron dos. Además, las caras y manos de dos niños de la tumba III se encontraban cubiertos por una hoja de oro, de las cuales una tenía agujeros para los ojos.
Las tumbas son ciertamente de carácter real. Las caras de los hombres no estaban todas cubiertas por máscaras, y el hecho de que se tratase de guerreros lo indica la presencia de armas en sus tumbas. Las cantidades de oro y de objetos de cuidado diseño denotan honor, riqueza y estatus social.
Richard A. Knaak

Richard A. Knaak (born May 28, 1961) is the author of Dragonlance novels, Dragonrealm, six novels for Blizzard Entertainment's Diablo series, and ten works in the Warcraft universe. He has also written five non-series fantasy books.
Richard Allen Knaak was born May 28, 1961, in Chicago, Illinois, to James Richard Knaak and Anna Maria (Trappen) Knaak. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, studying chemistry at first, and subsequently rhetoric, and earned a bachelor's degree in 1984. He worked as a warehouseman, resume writer, and office clerk before becoming a full-time freelance writer in 1988.
After reading Andre Norton's Storm over Warlock, he became a fan of fantasy and science fiction. He eventually sold his first short story in 1986, and it was published in 1987. His Dragonlance titles include The Legend of Huma, Reavers of the Blood Sea, Kaz the Minotaur, Land of the Minotaurs, and The Citadel, in addition to short stories in various anthologies. He also wrote the ten-volume Dragonrealm series, and the first Dragonrealm story, "Firedrake," helped him get his first Dragonlance project. He has also written several stand-alone volumes, including the contemporary fantasies Frostwing, King of the Grey, and Dutchman, plus the heroic adventure The Janus Mask. He has also worked on novels based in the worlds of the computer games Warcraft and Diablo.
Knaak lists Roger Zelazny, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Edgar Allan Poe as major influences, and has even listed a few of his favorite fellow authors, those being Robert E. Howard, Glen Cook, L. Sprague de Camp, Lawrence Watt-Evans, Harry Turtledove, Jennifer Roberson, Laurell K. Hamilton, Harry Harrison, and Robert Sawyer.
List of Dragonlance novels

This is a list of the published novels set in the fantasy world of Dragonlance, which was originally created as a setting for the Dungeons & Dragons tabletop role-playing game.
The Dragonlance short story collections are mainly divided into the two publishing lines Tales and Dragons Anthologies. With most recent collections the dividing line has been somewhat erased. In the following are the short story collections listed in chronological order of their publishing dates.
Although some versions refer to these three books as the Tales II trilogy, others refer to them belonging to the original Tales trilogy, continuing from volume IV (this is because they were originally published as two trilogies and later renumbered as one six-book series).
These three collections are presented as a trilogy by their outer appearance as well as by their title constructions.
These novels are adaptions of the original Chronicles Trilogy to a format specifically targeted at young readers.
The following two books are crossovers in which Lord Soth and others are transported to the Ravenloft world.
Six novels set in the Spelljammer universe were published by TSR before TSR was incorporated into Wizards of the Coast. The novels were interconnected and formed "The Cloakmaster Cycle". The novels tell the story of Teldin Moore, a 'groundling' farmer on Krynn who has a powerful and apparently cursed magical cloak that was given to him. The series puts the character on a quest, and showcases the Spelljammer universe.
Warachikuy

During the Inca Empire Warachikuy (Quechua) was a ceremony where young men, after undergoing various tests of skill and valor, could receive the official status of an adult man. Today Warachikuy is still an important festival which represents the Andean cultural heritage. The celebrations are held annually at the archaeological site of Sacsayhuamán near Cusco on the third Sunday of September. They include rites, warlike dances, battles like ch'iyar jaqhi (Aymara chiyara black, jaqhi cliff, "black cliff", Hispanicized chiaraje) and competitions.
List of World Heritage Sites in Peru

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage as described in the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Peru ratified the convention on February 24, 1982, making its historical sites eligible for inclusion on the list.
As of 2021, Peru has 13 sites on the World Heritage List. The first sites within Peru were inscribed on the list at the 7th Session of the World Heritage Committee, held in Florence, Italy in 1983: "City of Cusco" and the "Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu". Nine sites are listed as cultural sites, two as natural, and two as mixed, meeting both cultural and natural selection criteria, as determined by the organization's selection criteria. The site Chan Chan Archaeological Zone was inscribed to the list in 1986 and immediately placed on the List of World Heritage in Danger as the adobe constructions are easily damaged by heavy rain and erosion. The Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System site is a transnational site, also shared with Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. In addition, there are eight sites on the tentative list.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.
In addition to the sites inscribed on the World Heritage list, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage list are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. As of 2024, Peru recorded 24 sites on its tentative list.
List of PlayStation 4 games (M–Z)

This is a list of games for the PlayStation 4. The PlayStation 4 supports both physical and digital games. Physical games are sold on Blu-ray Disc and digital games can be purchased through the PlayStation Store. See Arcade Archives and Arcade Game Series for a list of emulated arcade games that have been released for the PlayStation 4, and List of PlayStation 2 games for PlayStation 4 for PlayStation 2 games running on PlayStation 4 with an emulator. See List of PlayStation VR games for a larger range of dedicated PlayStation VR games.
There are currently 3637 games on this list.
142. PlayStation Blog Road 96 release date PlayStation Blog. 12 April 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
Comedy and tragedy masks

The comedy and tragedy masks are a pair of masks, one crying and one laughing, that have widely come to represent the performing arts. Originating in the theatre of ancient Greece, the masks were said to help audience members far from the stage to understand what emotions the characters were feeling.
The crying mask is often ascribed the name Melpomene, after the Muse of tragedy, sometimes abbreviated as Melpo, while the laughing mask is named for Thalia, the Muse of comedy, with the Muses often depicted holding their respective masks. Melpomene and Thalia were daughters of Zeus. Melpomene means a celebration of dance and song, while Thalia comes from the Greek thallein meaning to flourish or be verdant. They are often depicted wearing the sock and buskin, which have also come to represent comedy and tragedy, and the masks are thus sometimes referred to as Sock and Buskin.
The masks have also sometimes been associated with the Greek god Dionysus (the god of wine, for the exaggerated emotions wine-drinking can bring on) and the Roman god Janus (a god with two faces).
The Mask (franchise)

The Mask is an American media franchise based on the comic book series of the same name by Dark Horse Comics. It revolves around a mask that gives various individuals cartoonish and god-like superpowers. The individuals are ultimately faced with the challenge of overcoming the obstacles and conflicts they create while wearing it.
The first film, The Mask, was released in 1994 after six years of development, with a stand-alone sequel, Son of the Mask, released in 2005. An animated series was also produced and ran for three seasons. The first film was widely successful, while the second film was critically panned and a box-office failure.
In 1989, Mike Richardson and Todd Moyer, respectively the founder and Executive Vice President of Dark Horse Comics, first approached New Line Cinema about adapting the comic series The Mask into a film, after having seen other offers. The main character went through several transformations, and the project was stalled a couple of times.
With New Line Cinema initially intending for The Mask to start a new horror franchise, the company offered the job of directing the film to Charles Russell, known for directing such films. However, Russell found the violence of the comic to be off-putting, and wanted the film to be less grim and more fun than the source material.
Unfortunate bank clerk Stanley Ipkiss (Jim Carrey) finds a magical mask that transforms him into a mischievous, good-hearted gangster with cartoon-like superpowers.
After Loki (Alan Cumming) is dispatched to Earth to retrieve the Mask, cartoonist Tim Avery (Jamie Kennedy) inadvertently uses it to conceive a child, who inherits its powers.
On the possibility of a direct sequel to the 1994 film with Carrey reprising the role of Stanley Ipkiss and Diaz as Tina Carlyle, Mike Richardson said in a 2014 interview: "We've been talking about reviving The Mask, both in film and in comics. We've had a couple of false starts". In December 2024, Carrey revealed that he was still interested in portraying the Mask in a sequel as long as the idea is good.
Stanley Ipkiss (voiced by Rob Paulsen) continues to use the magical mask to fight crime and the supervillains as the mischievous, cartoonish, good-hearted superhero known as the "Mask", while having fun and partying at the same time. In this continuity, Stanley still has the mask. He either pretended to throw it away, or Milo retrieved it from the river. As well, in this series, Stanley can use the mask during both day and night, whereas in the film, it only worked at night.
A side-scrolling action game based on the first film was released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995.
喷气式飞机

喷气式飞机（Jet aircraft），又称為喷射机（台湾、港澳），是一種使用喷气发动机作為推進力來源的飞机。其與傳統的螺旋桨飞机除了使用的動力系統不同之外，所適合的飛行環境也不盡相同：螺旋槳式飛機需通過螺旋槳擾動周遭空氣達到往前推進的目的，因此不能在空氣密度太稀薄的高空中飛行；相反，噴射機由於發動機運作原理的不同，需在10,000至15,000公尺的高空中才能達到最佳推進效率。除此之外，為配合高空飛行時的氣壓降低，噴射客機大部分都配置有加壓艙，而駕駛噴射軍用機的飛行員，則需要穿戴具有加壓功能的飛行服及飛行面罩。今日的民用噴射機大多以0.75至0.85馬赫飛行。
依照其運作原理的特性差異，通常還可以被大致分類為下面幾種：
速度超過1馬赫的現役中超音速噴射機目前只有軍用機，曾使用過的两种超音速客機協和式與Tu-144目前皆已退役。雖然超音速噴射機能超音速飛行，但其發動機仍先將氣流減至次音速才送進燃燒室。能直接將超音速氣流燃燒產生動力的超音速燃燒衝壓發動機仍在實驗階段。
有动力的飞机发明之后，早在1910年代，就有人提出过喷气飞机的概念。从1920年代开始，德国的喷气式飞机研究开始取得突破。第一架使用喷气动力的原型机是1928年首飞的利佩什·恩特（英语：Lippisch Ente）（Lippisch Ente）。该飞机是由滑翔机改造而成。涡轮喷气发动机（涡喷）的概念则是在1930年代，先后由汉斯·冯·奥海恩、弗兰克·惠特尔两人独立提出。第一架配备涡喷发动机的飞机是纳粹德国的亨客尔He178（英语：Heinkel_He_178）。该机于1939年8月首飞。而真正引起人们注意的喷气式原型机，则是1940年8月在意大利首飞的卡普罗尼·坎皮尼N.1（英语：Caproni Campini N.1）。英国的第一架喷气飞机是1941年首飞的格洛斯特E.28/39（英语：Gloster E.28/39）。
第一架投入實戰的噴氣式戰機是納粹德國的Me 262。1945年12月，英國使用杰弗裡·德·哈維蘭發明的吸血鬼戰鬥機第一次完成喷气式飞机的航母起降。1948年，美国的B-45轰炸机成为第一款多引擎的喷气式轰炸机。
第一架噴氣式民航客機是英國的哈維蘭彗星型。噴氣式民航客機的出現，極大地改變了航空業的發展。
跑道 (航空)

跑道是供航空器起飛及着陆的長方形场地，地面以瀝青、混凝土、草皮、泥或者碎石铺设。 航空母艦上的起降甲板也是供予艦載機起飛及著降陸的跑道，配置飛機彈射器及阻拦索。
大型機場通常有多條跑道。這些跑道會根據它們的磁方位角而被命名，其方位角同时指明了该跑道的使用方向，即使用跑道时航空器的运动方向。命名的原則是取跑道磁方位角的前兩位數，所以可能有不同方向但是同名的跑道（比如方位角分別為171度和174度的兩條跑道，他們都叫做17号跑道）。因此，以「36跑道」指方位角为360度（向北）的跑道；以「09跑道」指方位角为94度（向東）的跑道；以「17跑道」指168度的跑道。由于跑道可能雙向使用，因使用方向变化，跑道对应的方位角也发生变化，所以一般跑道會有兩個數字名稱。上述方位角变化为180度，所以只要將其中一个跑道的數字名称上加或減18，就能得到跑道另一方向的名稱，例如「12跑道」相反方向便是「30跑道」。
如果機場有超過一條方向相同的跑道，它們便會在數字之後加以「L」、「C」、「R」來區別，分別代表左（Left）、中（Center）和右（Right）。例如 「15L」，「15C」，「15R」指三條互相平行，方位角均為150度的跑道。在英语對話時會叫作 "Runway One Five Left"，"Runway One Five Center"，"Runway One Five Right"。亦有機場採取相鄰數字對多條平行跑道編號，例如上海浦東機場（PVG）16L、16R、17L、17R四條跑道（為167度）。若為水上飛機專用之水上跑道，會在數字之後加「W」表示為水上跑道。例如美國夏威夷丹尼爾·井上國際機場（HNL）有8W/26W和4W/22W的水上跑道供水上飛機降落。
定翼航空器和直升机在起飛及着陆时通常都需要逆风进行，这是为了在保证有足够升力的前提下尽量降低航空器的地速，即相对地面的运动速度，以便减少在跑道上的滑行距离。所以根据当地的常年气象条件，有些機場會建有多條不平行跑道，以便在不同季节的不同風向下都可以使用，如東京國際機場（HND）；对于只有一条跑道或多条平行跑道的机场，其跑道方向通常与当地盛行风的方向一致，如高雄小港機場（KHH）。
跑道长度一定程度上决定着可起降飞机的大小和类型，当然跑道道面的强度（通常用PCN值来表示）、跑道宽度和机场海拔高度对此也有影响。為了保險，起飛距離會比基本要求多15%，而著陸距離則多2/3。
各機場在不受地形限制的問題下跑道設計的長度由其所需起降的機種而定，一般螺旋槳飛機跑道長度至少1公里以上，噴射機至少1.5公里以上，廣體飛機就需要2公里以上，巨型飛機如波音747就需要3到3.8公里(取決於不同型號)，空巴A380則需要3公里。
目前，全球最長的跑道位於美國51区，長度達7093公尺。
跑道上有各式的標誌和記號，通常包括跑道名称、跑道中心线、跑道入口、着陆点、接地区、跑道边界线等。国际民航组织规定，跑道的标志必须是白色的，而对于浅颜色跑道可通过加黑边的方式来改善显示效果。部分常降雪地區的機場跑道，會使用橙色標誌，以便與雪有所區別（如日本仙台機場（SDJ）、函館機場（HKD）、新千歲機場（CTS）01LR/19RL跑道）。跑道标线示意图如下：
亦即跑道缓冲区（Overrun areas）或停止道（Stopways），设置在跑道的一端或两端，其用途为避免起飞时大型喷气式飞机引擎喷射的气流损坏跑道。另外该区域可作为紧急减速区使用，以免临时中断起飞或着陆失败情况下的飞机冲出跑道。防吹坪以黄色折线箭头标识指向跑道头，其强度低于跑道强度，因此除紧急情况外不得在防吹坪上滑行、起飞或降落。
位移跑道头可以用于滑行和起飛滑跑，但由于障碍物、噪音限制或跑道强度等原因并不适合着陆。其上标有白色油漆内移箭头，指向跑道适合着陆的部分。
第一套跑道燈光系統於1930年在克里夫蘭市立機場（現稱克里夫蘭霍普金斯國際機場）開始使用。
現在，比較有規模的機場都會在跑道裝設燈光系統，以讓飛機在夜間昇降。在空中觀看，跑道燈光系統標示了跑道的輪廓。一條擁有燈光系統的跑道會包括以下數個（部分或全部）部分：
另外，美國正在試行一種新的指示燈系統──跑道狀態燈（Runway Status Light）。至於部分無人操作的飛機場，則使用由機師控制的照明系統。機師可以在晚上或能見度低的情況下，遙控打開地面照明。
2000年10月31日在台灣發生的新加坡航空006號班機空難，其中一項原因就是跑道和滑行道燈號疑似造成機師混淆，以至於機師誤入整修中的滑行道而撞上閒置的工程機具導致全機爆炸燒燬。
跑道燈光是由機場的指揮塔台、飛行服務站或者其他指定單位來控制的。無塔台機場等一些其他的機場，則裝備有供飛行員控制的燈光系統，在沒有其他單位控制燈光的情況下，飛行員可以自行調控。
跑道入侵

跑道入侵（英語：runway incursion）是指机场中飞机、车辆或人错误地进入跑道而引发的事件。跑道入侵会造成与起飞或着陆中的飞机相撞的危险，对航空安全有着严重影响。根据国际民用航空组织（ICAO）2006年的定义，跑道入侵是指：
ICAO对跑道入侵的定义比美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）原先的定义更为宽泛。在FAA之前的定义中，只有当发生了潜在的相撞风险时才称为跑道入侵。如果没有相撞风险，比如一架飞机只是错误地穿过了空跑道，则称为“表面事件”（surface incident）。不过自2007年起，FAA已经撤销了原先的定义，而改为采用ICAO的定义。
航空史上死伤最惨重的空难“特内里费空难”便是由于跑道入侵导致的。
前翼

前翼（canard，又稱前置翼，鴨翼），是一種飛行器配置的稱呼。這種配置的特點是將水平穩定面放在主翼前面，而一般是將水平穩定面裝在後面，稱為尾翼。
使用這種配置方式的優點是可使主翼上方產生渦流，可提高失速攻角。而缺點為較容易造成不穩定、也會增加雷達散射截面。
前翼（英文）之所以得名是來自於法語的鴨子，因其配置在前方，像是鴨子飞行时的翅膀一樣。
早在1903年，萊特兄弟的萊特飛行器就使用前翼配置，但是在萊特兄弟以後，大部分的飛行器改採用尾翼配置。一個可能的原因是要避免使用萊特兄弟的專利，另一個主要原因是使用前翼配置較不容易穩定，早期的技術較不發達，使用前翼很難設計，尤其民航機對穩定性的要求非常高，所以也不可能採用前翼配置。
因為線傳飛控的進步，終於在1960年代，XB-70超音速實驗機採用前翼配置證明前翼配置可行。加上前翼的操控性比較好，所以近幾年來，許多先進戰機常常採用前翼設計，如飆風、颱風、JAS 39、殲-10、殲-20、蘇-30、蘇-34等。當然也是有客機使用前翼的例子，如Tu-144。
為維持穩定的前翼配置，飛行器有幾個特色如下：
由於飛機在飛行過程中的重心不斷改變，主翼的升力與飛行器的重量並非成一直線，不能互相抵消，因此需要尾翼提供配平力（trim force）來維持平衡。這樣主翼必須增大面積，提供額外的升力，平衡尾翼產生的向下力，去維持飛行器的俯仰。
在三機翼設計中，配平力由前翼及尾翼共同承擔，前翼提供升力，尾翼提供向下力。主翼只需要提供較小的額外升力去維持俯仰，使得機翼的總表面積可以減少。