davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
சந்திரிக்கா பண்டாரநாயக்க குமாரதுங்க

சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக குமாரதுங்க (பிறப்பு ஜூன் 29, 1945) இலங்கையின் ஐந்தாவது சனாதிபதியும் நான்காவது நிறைவேற்று அதிகாரம் கொண்ட சனாதிபதியுமாவார். இவர் இலங்கை சுதந்திரக் கட்சியின் முன்னாள் தலைவருமாவார்.
இவரது தந்தையான எஸ். டபிள்யூ. ஆர். டி. பண்டாரநாயக்கா சந்திரிக்காவின் பிறப்பின் போது அமைச்சராக இருந்து பின்னர் இலங்கையின் பிரதமராக உயர்ந்தார். சந்திரிக்காவுக்கு 14 வயதாகும் போது அவரது தந்தை கொலை செய்யப்பட்டார். அதன் பின்னர், சந்திரிக்காவின் தாயான சிறிமாவோ பண்டாரநாயக்கா 1960 இல் பிரதமராக தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டார்.
சந்திரிக்கா பாரிஸ் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் அரசியல் அறிவியல் தொடர்பான பட்டபடிப்பை முடித்தவர். இவர் சிங்களம், ஆங்கிலம் மற்றும் பிரெஞ்சு மொழிகளில் பரிச்சயம் உள்ளவராவார். இலங்கை திரும்பிய சந்திரிக்கா, சுதந்திரக் கட்சியில் இணைந்து தமது அரசியல் வாழ்க்கையைத் தொடங்கினார். 1972-1976 காலப்பகுதியின் நில மறுசீரமைப்பின் போது, இலங்கை நில மறுசீரமைப்பு ஆணைக்குழுவுக்கு மேலதிக பிரதான இயக்குநராகப் பணியாற்றினார். 1974 இ.சு.க. பெண்கள் அணியின் நிறைவேற்றுக் குழு உறுப்பினராக தெரிவு செய்யப்பட்டார். 1976 - 1977 காலப்பகுதியில், கொத்தணிப் பண்ணைகளை அமைத்த ஜனவச ஆணைக்குழுவின் தலைவராக பணியாற்றினார்.1976- 1979 காலப்பகுதியில், உணவு மற்றும் விவசாய அமைப்பிற்கு விசேட ஆலோசகராக பணியாற்றினார்.
1978 இல் சந்திரிக்கா இலங்கையின் பிரபல நடிகரும், அரசியல்வாதியுமான விஜய குமாரணதுங்கவை மணந்தார். குமாரணதுங்க 1988இல் கொலை செய்யப்பட்டதை அடுத்து சந்திரிக்கா தனது பெயரில் இருந்த 'ண' வை அகற்றிவிட்டு குமாரதுங்க என்றே பாவித்து வருகின்றார். 1994 ஆகஸ்ட் 19இல் சந்திரிக்கா மக்கள் முன்னணி தலைமையிலான அரசில் பிரதமராக தெரிவு செய்யப்பட்டார். அவ்வாண்டு நவம்பர் மாதம் நடைபெற்ற சனாதிபதி தேர்தலில் வெற்றி பெற்று சனாதிபதியாக பதவியேற்றார். இவரது ஆட்சியின் ஆரம்பப் பகுதியில் தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகளுடன் பேச்சுவார்த்தையில் ஈடுபட்டார். இது தோல்வியடையவே, பிற்பகுதியில் போர் மூலம் புலிகளை அடக்க முற்பட்டார்.
1999 ஒக்டோபர் மாதத்தில் சனாதிபதி தேர்தலுக்குரிய நாளுக்கு முன்னதாகவே சந்திரிகா தேர்தலை நடத்த திட்டமிட்டார்..டிசம்பர் 18 1999 இல் கொழும்பு நகரசபை முன்னரங்கில் நடைபெற்ற தேர்தல் பிரச்சாரக் கூட்டத்தின் போது, அவரை கொலை செய்யும் நோக்கில் தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகளின் தற்கொலை குண்டுதாரி என சந்தேகிக்கப்படும் ஒருவர் வெடிக்கச் செய்த குண்டினால் தனது வலது கண்ணை இழந்தார்.. அங்கீகரிக்கப்படாத சுயசரித நூலான "கள்வரின் தலைவி" என்ற நூலில் விக்டர் ஐவன் இந்நிகழ்ச்சி, மக்களிட அனுதாப அலைகளை ஏற்படுத்த அவரால் அவரது "குண்டர் படை"யைக் கொண்டு செய்வித்ததாக கூறுகின்றார்.. அத்தேர்தலில் சந்திரிக்க ரணில் விக்கிரமசிங்கவை வெற்றி பெற்று இரண்டாவது முறையாக சனாதிபதியாக பதவியேற்றார்.
வார்ப்புரு:இலங்கையின் பிரதமர்கள்
துடுப்பாட்ட சொல்லியல்

துடுப்பாட்டத்தில் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் சொற்களின் பட்டியல்:
அ | ஆ | இ | ஈ | உ | ஊ | எ | ஏ | ஐ | ஒ | ஓ | ஃ க | ங | ச | ஞ | ட | ண | த | ந |ப | ம | ய | ர | ல | வ | ழ | ள | ற | ன
Bánh gối

Bánh gối (Vietnamese for 'pillow bánh'), also known as bánh xếp and bánh quai vạc, is a Vietnamese regional dumpling. The dish is a common street food in Vietnam.
The main ingredients of bánh gối are commonly seasoned ground meat, mushrooms, vermicelli, and diced vegetables such as carrots, kohlrabi and jicama (like the ingredients of chả giò); sometimes boiled egg and sliced Chinese sausage are used. It wrapped into a thinly rolled piece of dough and deep-fried. Bánh gối is also made in pastry form with mung bean, sugar and shredded coconut as filling.
Believed to be inspired by the British Cornish pasty or Spanish empanadas and pastel. Portuguese traders and explorers were the first Europeans to enter Asia in the 1500s, building settlements to test the lucrative spice trade in Goa, India, Malacca and Macau. This process has indirectly influenced the cuisine of Asian countries. Similar dishes have been eaten as snacks throughout Asia for a long time. Bánh gối originally from Guangdong yau gok; deep-fried jiaozi was introduced to Vietnam before 1954.
Top Chef: Houston

Top Chef: Houston is the nineteenth season of the American reality television series Top Chef. It was first announced by Bravo and NBCUniversal on September 21, 2021. The competition was filmed in Houston, Texas, which was not featured during the series' previous Texas-themed season, and Galveston Island. The season finale took place in Tucson, Arizona. The winner received US$250,000.
A variation of Top Chef: Portland's alumni judging panel was implemented. In each episode, the trio of Padma Lakshmi, Tom Colicchio, and Gail Simmons were joined by a former Top Chef competitor, along with a local or nationally acclaimed chef as a guest judge. In addition to the returning Last Chance Kitchen, a new web series titled Top Recipe was released each week, which featured Top Chef alum Dale Talde demonstrating how to cook winning Quickfire and Elimination Challenge dishes from the season.
Top Chef: Houston premiered on March 3, 2022, and concluded on June 2, 2022. In the season finale, Buddha Lo was declared the winner over runners-up Evelyn Garcia and Sarah Welch. Damarr Brown was voted Fan Favorite.
Filming in Houston covered roughly five weeks, beginning in late September 2021 and completing at the end of October. The same COVID-19 protocols used for Top Chef: Portland remained in effect, requiring frequent tests for the coronavirus and masks to be worn by production staff. The campaign to promote Houston as the next location for Top Chef was led by Houston First, who showed off the city to Magical Elves Productions and helped scout for potential sites to highlight during the season. The set for the show was constructed at the NRG Arena. Filming for the final two episodes in Tucson was completed in November 2021, with Visit Tucson offering US$750,000 to cover production and relocation costs.
Fifteen chefs competed in Top Chef: Houston. Jackson Kalb was notable for contracting COVID-19 a few weeks before the show began filming. While Kalb did not lose his spot among the cast, he ended up having to compete without his sense of taste or smell.
Buddha Lo returned to compete in Top Chef: World All-Stars.
Frieda's Inc.

Frieda’s Inc. is a privately owned company, based in Los Alamitos, California, which markets and distributes specialty produce.
It was founded in 1962 by Frieda Rapoport Caplan. It was the first wholesale produce company in the United States to be founded, owned, and operated by a woman. Caplan died on January 18, 2020, at the age of 96.
Frieda's Inc. is credited with introducing many produce items to the U.S. including the kiwifruit, alfalfa sprouts, spaghetti squash, jicama, shallots, mangos, Donut® peaches, and various Asian and Latin specialties.
In 1956, Frieda Caplan first worked as a bookkeeper at Giumarra Bros. Fruit Co. Later on, she began selling Brown Mushrooms, which were a specialty item in those days.
After the success of selling mushrooms, Caplan opened her own company in 1962 with mushrooms as the primary item. She started with a small stand at the Los Angeles wholesale produce market.
Once titled the “Queen of Kiwi,” Caplan gained international recognition from bringing the Kiwifruit to the United States. This fruit was discovered in New Zealand and originally known as "Chinese gooseberries". Although some in the U.S.A. believe Caplan renamed this fruit after the country's flightless bird, the Kiwi, the name was actually proposed by New Zealander Jack Turner in June 1959 at a management meeting of Turners and Growers in Auckland, New Zealand. She convinced California growers to plant the fruit and soon California had more than 700 Kiwifruit growers. She played a key role in popularizing Kiwifruit in the United States by convincing supermarket produce managers to carry the odd-looking fruit.
Caplan's elder daughter, Karen Caplan, was promoted to President and CEO in 1986. That same year the company had annual sales of $US13 million. Jackie Caplan Wiggins, Frieda's younger daughter, serves as Vice President and Business Chief Operating Officer. In 1990, Karen Caplan and Jackie Caplan Wiggins became owners of Frieda's, Inc. In that same year, the name of the company changed from Frieda’s Finest/Produce Specialties Inc. to Frieda’s Inc. As of 2019 one of Karen Caplan's daughters, Alex Jackson, joined the firm as a sales manager.
In 2015, the film Fear No Fruit was released. The film chronicles Caplan's influence on American cuisine.
Frieda's Inc. distributes more than 600 exotic produce and specialty gourmet items to grocery stores and foodservice distributors. Hundreds of the products are labeled with detailed descriptions, usage and handling tips, and offers for free recipes via mail or email. Frieda's, Inc. has a 100% customer satisfaction guarantee.
For every consumer complaint, the company will issue a full refund, plus postage to any customer who is dissatisfied with Frieda's products.
Visitation stones

The act of placing visitation stones is significant in Jewish bereavement practices. Small stones are placed by people who visit Jewish graves in an act of remembrance or respect for the deceased. The practice is a way of participating in the mitzvah (commandment) of burial. It is customary to place the stone with the left hand.
Marking a grave with stones was customary in Biblical times before the adoption of gravestones. The oldest graves in the Old Cemetery in Safed are piles of rocks with a more prominent rock bearing an inscription.
It is not customary in Judaism to leave flowers at a grave after visiting. It is believed to be more appropriate to give money to charity that could otherwise be spent on flowers. In addition, cut flowers eventually die, but stones are enduring and do not die.
Formerly the tradition might have been to insert notes into crevices in the grave marker. This tradition may be related to the practice of placing notes in the Western Wall in Jerusalem. Letters may have been formerly written to the deceased and held down by a stone; the stone would have been left after the paper blew away.
The tradition has also been noted outside of Jewish mourning practices; Robert MacFarlane notes the presence of stones placed by mourners in the alcoves of the recesses of resting stones in ancient Ireland.
Various explanations have been given for the origin of the practice:
Scikit-learn

scikit-learn (formerly scikits.learn and also known as sklearn) is a free and open-source machine learning library for the Python programming language. It features various classification, regression and clustering algorithms including support-vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, k-means and DBSCAN, and is designed to interoperate with the Python numerical and scientific libraries NumPy and SciPy. Scikit-learn is a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project.
The scikit-learn project started as scikits.learn, a Google Summer of Code project by French data scientist David Cournapeau. The name of the project stems from the notion that it is a "SciKit" (SciPy Toolkit), a separately developed and distributed third-party extension to SciPy. The original codebase was later rewritten by other developers. In 2010, contributors Fabian Pedregosa, Gaël Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort and Vincent Michel, from the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation in Saclay, France, took leadership of the project and released the first public version of the library on February 1, 2010. In November 2012, scikit-learn as well as scikit-image were described as two of the "well-maintained and popular" scikits libraries. In 2019, it was noted that scikit-learn is one of the most popular machine learning libraries on GitHub.
Fitting a random forest classifier:
scikit-learn is largely written in Python, and uses NumPy extensively for high-performance linear algebra and array operations. Furthermore, some core algorithms are written in Cython to improve performance. Support vector machines are implemented by a Cython wrapper around LIBSVM; logistic regression and linear support vector machines by a similar wrapper around LIBLINEAR. In such cases, extending these methods with Python may not be possible.
scikit-learn integrates well with many other Python libraries, such as Matplotlib and plotly for plotting, NumPy for array vectorization, Pandas dataframes, SciPy, and many more.
scikit-learn was initially developed by David Cournapeau as a Google Summer of Code project in 2007. Later that year, Matthieu Brucher joined the project and started to use it as a part of his thesis work. In 2010, INRIA, the French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, got involved and the first public release (v0.1 beta) was published in late January 2010.
Inis Bó Finne (Gaillimh)

Inis Bó Finne, da lavaret eo « enez ar vuoc'h wenn » en iwerzhoneg (saoznekaet e Inishbofin e saozneg) zo un enezenn dirak aod kornôg Conamara, war-hed 8 km diouzh an douar-bras.
War-dro 5,5 km hed hag 3 km led eo, ha poblet eo gant war-dro 200 den. Mont a c'haller da Inis Bó Finne gant bagoù a loc'h diouzh porzhig An Cloigeann, war an douar-bras.
Buoc'h-vor vrizh

Ar vuoc'h-vor vrizh (Aplysia punctata), liester: saout-mor brizh, zo ur blotvil gasteropod.
Betek 30 cm eo he hirder ha 4 cm he c'hrogenn diabarzh treuzwelus. He liv zo diouzh ar bezhin a zebr : du, gell, ruz...
Dozviñ a ra miliadoù a vioù gwarezet en ur gouhin stumm ur vuzhugenn dezhañ ha laosket war ar bezhin.
Bevañ a ra er meurvor Atlantel, e mor Breizh, e mor an Hanternoz, er mor Baltek hag er mor Kreizdouar.
L'Etivaz

L’Etivaz (ne zistager ket ar z, an L' a ranker mirout) a zo ur seurt fourmaj suis dezhañ un toaz kalet, gwasket ha poazhet, a vez fardet en alpoù, da vare an hañvad (etre miz Mae ha miz Here). Dont a ra anv ar c'heuz-se eus al lec'h ma vez produet : an Alpoù ha rakalpoù Vaud.
Fardet e vez diwar laezh buoc'h kriz. Ar saout a vez kavet er peurachoù etre 1000 ha 2000 metrad uhelder, war gumunioù Château-d'Œx, Rougemont, Rossinière, Ormont-Dessous, Ormont-Dessus, Leysin, Corbeyrier, Villeneuve, Ollon ha Bex. Frondus, ha splann eo blaz L'Etivaz ha blaz ar frouezh a vez gantañ, a-wechoù e vez santet blaz ar c'hraoñ kelvez ivez. A-fet liv e vez melen. Gwarc'helloù etre 15 ha 35kg a vez kavet. Produet e vez etre 320 ha 330 tonad, da lavaret eo etre 12000 ha 14000 tamm.
Artizanel da vat eo an doare ma vez fardet L’Etivaz, met strizh eo ar reolennoù : chidhouarnoù kouevr lakaet war an tan a ranker implijout d'e boazhañ. Diouzh an doare ma vez fardet e teu perzhioù dibar ar fourmaj.
E-pad 24 eurvezh e vez soubet ar fourmaj en hili, goude-se e vez sallet ha broustet reoliek gant holen ha renket war estajerennoù episea, ha troet bep 5 devezh. E-pad 5 miz e vez puret ar gwrac'helloù e kavioù. Gwrac'helloù zo a vez dibabet ha miret e-pad 3 bloaz en ur solier, ha re zo a c'hall bezañ gwerzhet azalek ar 7vet miz, diouzh o darevaat.
E 2000 e voe L'Etivaz ar fourmaj suis kentañ lakaet da anvadur orin kontrollet (AOK).
Cathbad

Cathbad (heniwerzhoneg: [ˈkaθvað]), pe Cathbhadh en iwerzhoneg a-vremañ, eo an drouiz pennañ e lez ar Roue Conchobar mac Nessa e kelc'hiad Ulaid, e gwengelouriezh Iwerzhon. Komz a ra a-raok ar roue. Kelenn a ra ivez an drouizelezh d'ur strollad kant den yaouank.
Anv zo anezhañ en div zanevell a gont ganedigezh Conchobar, hag en unan anezhe e lârer eo tad Conchobar. En danevell gentañ, Ness, merc'h Eochaid Sálbuide (da lâret eo "Eochaid e seulioù melen"), roue Ulad, a c'houlenn gant an drouiz petra en devoa gwelet er ragarouezioù d'ar mare-se (rak un drouiz a c'hall diouganiñ an dazont diouzh ar pezh a wel). Cathbad a eilgerias e oa "ar pred evit engehentañ ur roue pe ur rouanez". Ne oa gour ebet tro-dro estroc'h evit Cathbad ha neuze e tivizas Ness e gemer en he gwele kerkent da engehentañ ur mab.
En eil danevell e oa bet fiziet Ness e 12 tad-mager d'he desevel hervez youl he zad Eochaid. Cathbad, un drouiz eus su Ulster a oa e penn ur bagad Fiannaed (da lâret eo brezelourien yaouank dizouar), a blavas war o zi hag a lazhas he 12 tad-mager. Dre ma ne ouie ket piv en doa kaset an taol da benn ne c'helle Eochaid ober netra. Divizout a reas Ness neuze sevel he bagad dezhi hec'h-unan gant 27 fianna da glask an dorfedourion. Un deiz m'emañ he brezelourien o fardañ boued ha ma'z eo aet da gouronkañ en noazh en ul lenn, hec'h-unan, en em gav Cathbad hag e baotred. Mirout a ra outi da gemer he dilhad hag hec'h armoù ha gourdrouz anezhi gant beg e gleze. Hag eñ hag azgoulenn tri zra diganti : ar peoc'h, he mignoniezh ha ma teufe da vezañ e wreg. Ne c'halle Ness ober netra estroc'h evit plegañ da saveteiñ he buhez. Dont a reas neuze da vezañ brazez, diwar he c'haredig, ar roue Fachtna Fáthach hervez ur stumm eus an istor, ha diwar Cathbad hervez ur stumm all. P'edo Ness war-nes gwilioudiñ e tisklêrias Cathbad dezhi he devefe ur mab hag e vefe ur roue meur ha brudet-bras an tamm anezhañ ma c'halle-hi gortoz un deiz c'hoazh a-raok e c'henel. Ness a c'hortozas war ribl ur stêr anvet Conchobar hag a roas buhez an deiz war-lerc'h. Ar babig a gouezhas e-barzh an dour mes Cathbad a adtapas anezhañ hag a roas dezhañ anv ar stêr, Conchobar, a-raok desevel anezhañ evel pa vije e vab.
Pa zeuas Deirdre er bed e oa an drouiz Cathbad ivez a ziouganas he zonkad dezhi, mes Conchobar ne reas ket forzh. Cú Chulainn, hag eñ bugel c'hoazh, a glevas un deiz Cathbad diouganiñ e vefe berr buhez an hini a gemerfe an armoù en deiz-se met divarvel e glod, hag ez eas kerkent da welet Conchobar da c'houlenn gantañ bout armet.
En danevell Táin Bó Cúailnge (Preizhadeg saout Cooley) e laka Sualtam da vervel abalamour m'en deus komzet hep aotre, rak hervez ur geis, « Hini ne gomz a-raok ar roue, mes ar roue ne gomz ket a-raok e zrouiz».
Jan de Vries

Jan Pieter Marie Laurens de Vries (11 C'hwevrer 1890 – 23 Gouere 1964) a oa ur gouizieg, ur yezhoniour, ur skrivagner hag ur c'helenner nederlandat, ispisializet war ar studioù german.
Ul liesyezhour a oa de Vries, studiañ a reas an nederlandeg, an alamaneg, ar sañskriteg hag ar palieg e skol-veur Amsterdam etre 1907 ha 1913, a-raok mont da vout doktor war ar yezhoù lec'hlennat e Skol-veur Leiden e 1915 gant menegoù dispar. Goude meur a labour e tapas kador yezhouriezh hag lizheregouriezh ar germaneg kozh e 1926 e skol-veur Leiden. D'ar mare-se e embannas ur yoc'h labourioù war ar religion german hag al lennegezh norsek. E-pad e studioù er skol-veur e oa ur penn-ezel eus ar Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde hag ar Koninklijke Academie voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Gantañ e krogod da studiañ ar werinoniezh gant ur sell hag un doare skiantel.
De Vries a genlabouras gant an Nazied e-kerzh an Eil Brezel-bed. Pa achuas ar brezel e 1945 e voe kaset d'an toull-bac'h, argaset eus e skol-veur, hag ar c'hevredigezhioù gouiziek e-lec'h ma oa un ezel a bouez. Ar gwir votiñ a voe nac'het outañ. Diwezhatoc'h en doe gwir da vont da gelenn en ur skol eil derez e Oostburg. De Vries a chomas digenvez endra ma voe distrujet e levraoueg e fin ar brezel. Er bloavezhioù da-heul e skrivas meur a levr war ar religion keltiek, an norseg hag an etimologiezh nederlandek, hag adembann a reas stummoù nevez eus e labourioù kozh. Un diazez a bouez eo e labourioù evit an enklask a-vremañ, ha deuet int da vout testennoù klasel e-barzh bed ar studiadennoù lec'hlennat.
Froment du Léon

The Froment du Léon is an endangered French breed of dairy cattle from the coastal region of northern Brittany, in the north-west of France. It is named for the historic Viscounty of Léon, in the départements of Côtes-d'Armor and Finistère in the extreme north-west of Brittany. It is valued for the quality of its milk, which is yellow and high in fat, and is particularly suitable for making into butter.
In the early years of the twentieth century there were some 35 000 Froment du Léon cattle. A herd-book was opened in 1907. Froment du Léon cows participated in the Concours Général Agricole de Paris between 1914 and 1939. In 1950 the breed population was about 25 000, but fell rapidly thereafter due to competition from other dairy breeds, first the Normande and later the Friesian. In 1968 there were only 2500 head, and by 1977 no more than 50 cows remained. From about 1960 there was some limited cross-breeding with Guernsey stock from the United Kingdom and from Canada.
A new breed society, the Syndicat d'Éleveurs Froment du Léon, was formed in 1981, and a recovery and conservation project was launched following the discovery in 1978 of a small number of surviving animals in the historic Goëlo [fr] region of the Côtes-d'Armor. The Froment du Léon was listed by the FAO as "endangered-maintained" in 2007. By 2010 there were 276 cows in 97 farms. In 2014 the total population was reported to be 314.
The coat of the Froment du Léon is wheat-coloured; there may be some white markings. The muzzle and mucosa are pale. Cows weigh about 500 kg and stand about 130 cm at the withers.
The Froment du Léon is a dairy breed. Milk production is around 3500 kg in a lactation of 305 days. The milk is rich in beta-carotene, which gives it a yellow colour. It has a high fat content, almost 5.5%, which makes it particularly suitable for butter-making.
Alderney cattle

The Alderney is an extinct breed of dairy cattle. It originated in, and is named for, the island of Alderney in the Channel Islands. It was one of three breeds of Channel Island cattle, the others being the Jersey and the Guernsey. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries "Alderney" was a general term for cattle from the archipelago; many were exported to mainland Britain under this name, regardless of which of the islands they came from.
Cattle are thought to have been brought to the Channel Islands during the tenth and eleventh centuries, possibly from about AD 960 when Richard I of Normandy is believed to have sent monks from Mont-Saint-Michel to help the islanders to defend themselves against attacks by pirates. These monks are thought to have brought with them cattle of Norman or Breton type, perhaps similar to the modern Froment du Léon of Brittany; these were used principally as draught animals, but also as dairy cattle. Later, when horses replaced oxen for draught work, the cattle began to be selected for milk alone.
From the seventeenth century or from no later than 1724, cattle from the Channel Islands began to be exported in considerable numbers to mainland Britain. Regardless of which island they came from, these were invariably known as "Alderneys"; this may have been because Alderney, lying to the north of the other main islands, would have been the last port of call before the Channel crossing. In the mid-1770s some 900 cattle were being shipped to Britain each year under the Alderney name, about two thirds of them from the island of Jersey. They were kept mostly by wealthy landowners as decorative "park cattle", though the quality of the milk and of the butter made from it was recognised.
The Alderney contributed to the development of a number of British breeds, principally the Ayrshire and the South Devon. It may also have influenced the Dairy Shorthorn (through its predecessor the Holderness), the Irish Kerry and the Suffolk Dun.
During the Second World War a small number of Alderneys were moved to Guernsey; the Alderney was absorbed into the Guernsey breed.
The Alderney was small; its conformation was typical of a dairy breed, with a light bone structure and a somewhat deer-like appearance. The colour of the coat was variable, ranging through shades of dun, fawn, light red and yellow, either with or without patches of white.
The cattle of the Channel Islands were originally used principally as draught animals; later, when horses replaced oxen for draught work, the cattle were reared for milk alone.
The milk was rich in fat, and suitable for butter-making. A description from 1909 says of it "The Alderney ranks as the best butter cow in the world, whilst its abundant yield of milk, rich in cream, is phenomenal"; by 1939 the same sentence had been altered to read "The Jersey ...".
Armoricaine

The Armoricaine or Armorican is an endangered French breed of domestic cattle. It originated in Brittany in the nineteenth century. It has a red coat with white markings, and has short horns.
The Armoricaine was created in the nineteenth century by cross-breeding animals of the local Froment du Léon and the now-extinct Pie Rouge de Carhaix breeds with imported Durham (now known as Shorthorn) stock from the United Kingdom. A herd-book was started in 1919, and the Armoricaine breed name came into use in 1923.
The Armoricaine was used, with Meuse-Rhine-Issel and Rotbunt stock, in the creation of the Pie Rouge des Plaines dairy breed of cattle in the 1960s. In the later twentieth century it became rare; by 1978 there were no more than forty cows remaining. Following the discovery of a reserve of frozen semen in the 1980s, a programme of recovery was launched. In 2001 there were 61 cows registered, and 10 bulls; semen from 18 bulls was preserved and available for artificial insemination.
The breed was listed by the FAO as "critically endangered" in 2007. The population was estimated in 2005 to be in the range 230–248 head, and in 2014 was reported at 263. In 2020 there were 301 cows on 81 farms.
The coat is red, with some white markings. The horns are short. Cows weigh about 650 kg, and stand about 138 cm at the withers.
The Armoricaine is a dual-purpose breed, and may be raised both for meat and for milk. Cows produce some 4500 kg of milk in a lactation of about 305 days. The young grow quickly, and mature animals fatten fast.
List of Tennessee state parks and natural areas

This is a list of state parks and natural areas in the U.S. state of Tennessee.
Tennessee has 59 designated state parks, operated by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC). The largest park, Justin P. Wilson Cumberland Trail, is made up of land along the Cumberland Trail, stretching from Cumberland Gap at the Virginia state line to Prentice Cooper State Forest in Marion County, just northwest of Chattanooga. The smallest state park is Bicentennial Capitol Mall, at just 19 acres (7.7 ha).
Tennessee has 85 state natural areas that are divided into two classes:
Nine areas have restricted access and are not open to the public; a tenth, Hubbard's Cave, has limited access during the summer.
Tennessee state scenic rivers are divided into three classes:
Holstein Association USA

The Holstein Association USA is the world's largest dairy breed association. With over 22 million registered Holstein Friesian cattle, the association was established in 1885 as the Holstein–Friesian Association of America, a merger of several Friesian breeder associations. It was given its current name in 1994.
The association, which is headquartered in Brattleboro, Vermont, provides programs, products and services to dairy producers, with the aim being to enhance genetics and improve profitability. As part of the process, animal identification and ear tags are provided, along with genomic testing, mating programs, processing of dairy records, classification and Holstein semen. It processes almost 400,000 registrations per year, plus around 70,000 transfers.
In 1999, the association established the National Farm Animal Identification and Records (FAIR) animal identification program.
The association's motto is To provide leadership, information and services to help members and dairy producers worldwide be successful.
Melampyrum arvense

Melampyrum arvense, commonly known as field cow-wheat, is an herbaceous flowering plant of the genus Melampyrum in the family Orobanchaceae. It is striking because of the conspicuous spike of pink or purple terminal bracts which includes the flowers.
The Latin specific epithet arvense means "growing in cultivated fields".
The upright stems of this species, which may branch, are terminated by a spike of pink to purple bracts amongst which the tubular flowers appear. Younger, lower bracts are green however, as the pink/purple colour appears and deepens only with time. The plant grows up to 40 or 60 cm high.
The ordinary leaves are lanceolate and opposite and may have short teeth. The bracts are also lanceolate and have long teeth up to 8 mm. The flowers are two-lipped with a closed throat and are 2 – 2.5 cm long. They are pink to purple with a yellow or white patch.
This European plant flowers from June to September. It is favoured by a dry habitat and chalky soil.
It is distributed throughout Western Europe except in central & southern Spain, southern Italy, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, central and northern Sweden, and northern Finland. Also its range extends east to the Ural Mountains and it is found in Turkey. In Great Britain it only occurs in a few locations in south-east England. It is becoming rarer, at least in Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Finland; this may be due to a reduced area of arable land and changes in farming practices, such as seed-cleaning and intensification.
This species is hemiparasitic, commonly on the roots of grasses but also on those of other plants. It cannot flourish without a host from which to take nutrients. In an experiment where the growth of M. arvense was compared on rye grass, alfalfa and flax, it was found to grow much the best on the leguminous plant, alfalfa.
The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees. The seeds may be dispersed by ants which are attracted by a small oil body (elaiosome) attached to each seed and which carry them to their nests for food. Like some other species of Melampyrum, on their undersides the bracts have minute nectar-producing glands which attract ants, bumblebees and other insects. These glands are violet in the case of M. arvense, are visible under a hand lens, and take the form of minute scales (about 0.45mm in diameter) which secrete a sugary solution.
Field cow-wheat is an annual weed of arable fields as well as a component of some natural grassy meadow ecosystems. The seeds are poisonous because they hold aucubin. The plant is being targeted by some groups for conservation projects and policy. As with Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus species), it is sometimes considered to be a valuable part of restoration projects by reducing the vigor, and cover, of grasses and legumes. This enables more forbs (wildflowers) to colonize the land, increasing diversity as well as the land's nectar and pollen production. It is also considered to have aesthetic value.
Foucault's gyroscope

The Foucault gyroscope was a gyroscope created by French physicist Léon Foucault in 1852, conceived as a follow-up experiment to his pendulum in order to further demonstrate the Earth's rotation.
Foucault felt that the results of his famous pendulum experiment had been misunderstood. He therefore endeavored to create an apparatus with a "body freely suspended by its center of gravity and rotating around one of its principal axes", allowing the study of a plane with "absolute directional stability". The mechanical precision of Foucault's gyroscope allowed this to be proven clearly to the scientific establishment, and the gyroscope became a widely popular instrument.
Together with Paul-Gustave Froment, Foucault built an apparatus in which the inner gimbal was balanced on knife edge bearings on the outer gimbal and the outer gimbal was suspended by a fine, torsion-free thread in such a manner that the lower pivot point carried almost no weight.
The gyro was spun to 9,000–12,000 revolutions per minute with an arrangement of gears before being placed into position, which was sufficient time to balance the gyroscope and carry out 10 minutes of experimentation. The instrument could be observed either with a microscope viewing a tenth of a degree scale or by a long pointer.
Foucault published two papers in 1852, one focused on astronomy with the weight free to move on all three axes (On a new experimental demonstration of the motion of the Earth, based on the fixity of the plane of rotation) and the other on mechanics with the weight free to move on only two axes (On the orientation phenomena of rotating bodies driven by a fixed axis on the Earth's surface. New sensitive signs of daily movement).
In the paper on mechanics, Foucault explained that if one axis of rotation is fixed in line with the surface of the Earth, the other two axes of rotation tend to the same direction, similar to "a magnetic needle", making it possible to use the instrument to highlight a directing force.
Foucault coined the name "gyroscope" in the 1852 publication of his experiment:
At least three more copies of a Foucault's gyroscope were made in convenient travelling and demonstration boxes, and copies survive in the UK, France, and the US. The original was given to the Collège de France and was lost, there are no known photographs of the original suggesting it was lost a few decades after the College received it.
The Foucault gyroscope became a challenge and source of inspiration for skilled science hobbyists such as David B. Adamson.
Kerry cattle

Kerry cattle (Irish: Bó Chiarraí or Bollatach or Buinín) are a rare breed of dairy cattle, native to Ireland. They are believed to be one of the oldest breeds in Europe, probably derived from small black cattle brought to Ireland by Neolithic man. They were probably also the first cattle bred mainly for milk production, with other breeds being developed mainly for draught and meat. The climate of southwestern Ireland was suitable for milk production year-round, and the Celts also stored milk in the form of cheese and butter.
Their coat is almost entirely black, with a little white on the udder. The horns are whitish with dark tips, but they are usually dehorned. Cows weigh about 350 to 450 kg (770 to 990 lb) and produce 3,000 to 3,700 kg (6,600 to 8,200 lb) of milk per lactation. The globules of fat are very small which makes the milk eminently suitable for the production of cheese, butter and yoghurt.
The breed is probably descended from the Celtic Shorthorn, brought to Ireland as early as 2000 BC. They were developed as a milking breed suited to small subsistence farms of southern and western Ireland. They cause less damage to soils in high rainfall areas than larger breeds. By 1983 there were only around 200 pedigree Kerry cattle in the world, but numbers have since increased. A herd is maintained in the Irish state-owned estate of Farmleigh.
Kerry cattle were imported to the United States in 1818 and prospered in the nineteenth century, but had become scarce by the 1930s. Today there are only a few herds in North America, mostly more recent imports to Canada.
Крашка овчарка

Крашка овчарка (на словенски: Kraški ovčar) е словенска порода куче от типа пазач на добитък.
Произхода на тази порода куче се предполага че датира още с миграцията на илирийските племена към Истрия и Далмация. Стандарта на породата и да е официално призната на 2 юни 1939 година под името „Пастир на Илирия“, окончателно името е определено през 1948 година.
Крашката овчарка е от среден размер с добре развита мускулатура, опашката и ушите са висящи. Черепът е малко по-издължен (от 13 до 14 см) от муцуната (от 11 до 12 см), ширина на черепа (от 13 до 14 см) е равна на дължината му.
Карпатска овчарка

Карпатската овчарка (на румънски: Ciobănesc Românesc Carpatin) е порода големи овчарски кучета, произхождащи от планината Карпати в Румъния.
Първите сведения за породата са дадени в „Животът на животните“ от Алфред Едмунд Брем и в „Списание за ветеринарна медицина“, година 15, брой 2.
През март 1998 г. група любители на породата създават „Клуб за карпатска овчарка“ (Clubul de Câini de Rasă Ciobănesc Românesc Carpatin). По-късно клубът е преименуван на „Национален клуб на притежателите на карпатски овчарки“ (Clubul Crescătorilor de Câini de Rasă Ciobănesc Românesc Carpatin), чието седалище е в град Бистрица. Според данните на клуба отглежданите в Рукър, окръг Арджеш овчарски кучета са предшественици на днешните карпатски овчарки.
През март 2003 г. в Бистрица е направена конференция, която е обсъдила въпросите по произхода на румънските овчарски кучета. На 6 юли 2006 г. в Буенос Айрес породата е призната от Международната федерация по кинология.
Смята се, че карпатската овчарка, заедно с други пазачи на обори се е появила от създадани преди около 9000 години породи в Месопотамия, които били селектирани скоро след одомашаването на овцете и козите.
Екземплярите от тази порода живеят средно 12 – 14 години.
Карпатската овчарка е много отдадено и смело куче, с добри маниери. Създадено е да се бори с мечки, защитавайки стадата овце в оборите или своя господар от нараняване.
Исландска овчарка

Исландската овчарка (на исландски: Íslenskur fjárhundur) е порода куче, принадлежаща към шпицовия тип, създадена през 10 век от норвежките викинги, заселили се в Исландия. По-късно е пренесена във Великобритания и на нейна основа са създадени някои тамошни овчарски кучета, като уелско корги, коли и др. Високи са между 42 см (женски) и 46 см (мъжки екземпляр). Цветът им бива риж, пурпурно-златист, шоколадов, сив, черен, като винаги има и бели части.
Някои харатеристики на исландската овчарка карат учените да я описват като „голямо куче в тялото на малко куче“. През 1969 тя е предложена за национално куче на Исландия.
Става и за пазач.
Ханаанско куче

Ханаанското куче (на иврит: כלב כנעני) е порода кучета, произхождаща от Израел.
Използвани са като овчарско куче и принадлежат към една от най-древните групи кучета – шпицовете. Не се знае откога съществуват, но се използват вече хилядолетия в Арабия и Близкия изток. Голям принос за популяризирането им има киноложката Рудолфина Менцел, благодарение на която днес породата е много популярна в САЩ и другаде по света. Обявена е за национално куче на Израел.
Ханаанското куче съществува от много време. Според легендата породата е създадена от Иезавел, жената на израелския цар Ахав. Израилтяните са я използвали да пази добитъка и като пощенско куче в армията. Куче от тази порода присъства в много истории, една от които е тази за Александър Велики. Пренесена е в Америка през 1930-те от д-р Рудолфина Менцел, която написва и първия ѝ стандарт, одобрен през 1966 от МФК. През 1997 AKC също признава породата.
Ханаанското куче е средно по размер куче със силно телосложение и будно изражение, чийто ефект се подсилва от изправените уши. Козината е права и твърда, от средна до дълга, а подкосъмът е гъст. Цветът може да бъде различен – черно-бял, пъстър, кремав, червеникаво кафяв или черен. Теглото е 14 – 22 кг, а ръста – 50 – 60 см.
Има средно ниво изисквания за поддръжка на външния вид. Нужно е един път в седмицата да се разресва козината, за да се поддържа добрия ѝ вид. Линеенето продължава през цялата година, като по време на някои сезони то намалява. Когато линеенето стане по-обилно, трябва да се зачести разресването и другите грижи за външния вид.
Ханаанското куче е предано, любвеобилно, вярно и нетърпеливо по характер. Интелигентно е и може да бъде манипулативно и упорито ако иска и това го прави по-подходящо за стопани с опит в отглеждането на кучета. Не е ревниво и е независимо и приспособимо. Високата му интелигентност изисква умствени упражнения и ако му доскучае, то може да се държи лошо.
Представителите на породата са недоверчиви и бдителни в присъствието на непознати. Това им качество ги прави добри пазачи. Разбират се добре с деца, особено с тези, с които са отраснали, но могат да проявят агресия в присъствието на други кучета. Обичат да преследват малки животни, освен ако не са отгледани с тях. Други страсти на ханаанското куче са копаенето и лаенето.
Ханаанското куче живее средно между 12 и 15 години. Засяга се от много болести, част от които са проблеми с щитовидната жлеза и припадъци. Като цяло то е сравнително здраво куче, което страда от малко болести. Възрастните екземпляри задължително трябва да имат CERF и OFA сертификати за здравословно състояние.
Bulgarian Scenthound

The Bulgarian Scenthound (Bulgarian: българско гонче, balgarsko gonche) is a dog breed from Bulgaria. It originated in the Ludogorie region of northern Bulgaria, and is the most widely distributed smooth-haired hunting dog in Bulgaria. It is a non-standardised breed but conforms to hound body morphology.
The native breeds of the Balkans that are its closest relatives are the Greek Harehound, Serbian Hound, and the Transylvanian Hound.
Landseer dog

The Landseer is a dog that originated in Canada. It is a black-and-white variety of the Newfoundland that is recognised as an independent breed in continental Europe.
The Landseer ECT is descended from dogs used by fishermen in the Newfoundland and Labrador region of Canada. It is believed these dogs are descended from water dogs and livestock guardian dogs imported by Portuguese and Basque fishing vessels. In the Victorian era black-and-white Newfoundland dogs were more popular than the solid black coloration, and they were the subject of a number of 19th-century artists including Sydenham Edwards, Philip Reinagle, Samuel Jones, and most famously Edwin Landseer, whose name was used to describe black-and-white Newfoundlands as early as 1896.
In the 20th century the solid black coloration became more popular and supplanted the bi-colored animals, so much so that in the 1930s a concerted effort was made to recreate the dogs seen in the paintings of Landseer. The efforts of these breeders resulted in the Landseer breed. In Great Britain and North America, Landseer colored dogs are considered a variety of the Newfoundland breed. In 1960 a separate breed club for Landseer-colored dogs were created in Germany by crossing livestock guardian dogs with Landseer-colored Newfoundlands. Similar clubs soon followed in Belgium and Holland. Although the American Kennel Club does not recognize the Landseer ECT as a separate breed, some people consider it to be distinct from the Newfoundland.
The Landseer's black and white coloration arises from the recessive piebald color allele found in Newfoundlands; the piebald coloration is a recessive trait so a single litter can have both Landseer and solid-colored puppies, depending on the genotype of the parents. With this split in recognition gradual differences in appearance began to appear between the two forms: the European form is taller with longer legs and less bulk, and a longer, more tapered head – its coat is said to be curlier whilst the Newfoundland's is said to be wavier.
A study in 2015 found a special gene in Landseers with muscular dystrophy, called COL6A1. The affected dogs represent a closer animal model for human Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy than that previously created in mice.
White Dog (2022 film)

White Dog (French: Chien blanc) is a Canadian drama film, directed by Anaïs Barbeau-Lavalette and released in 2022. Adapted from Romain Gary's autobiographical novel White Dog, the film stars Denis Ménochet as Gary and Kacey Rohl as his wife Jean Seberg, and centres on their adoption of an abandoned dog whom they learn to their horror had been trained to attack Black people on sight, leading them to send him to Keys (K. C. Collins), a Black dog trainer, for retraining.
It is the second film adaptation of Gary's book, following White Dog in 1982. Unlike the first film adaptation, in which director Samuel Fuller entirely wrote out the character of Gary, replaced Seberg with a younger fictional actress and recast the story as a horror film centred on the dog itself, Barbeau-Lavalette remained more faithful to the original book. Additionally, given the context of a film centred on the responses of white characters to anti-Black racism based on a decades-old book, she hired Black filmmakers Maryse Legagneur and Will Prosper as script consultants to ensure that the screenplay was respectful and sensitive to Black perspectives.
The film premiered on November 2, 2022, as the opening film of the Cinemania film festival, and opened in commercial release on November 9.
Konyaaltı

Konyaaltı is a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey. Its area is 546 km, and its population is 204,795 (2022).
The name "Konyaaltı" (pronounced [konja.aɫtɯ]), originates from the expression of "koy altı", which in the Turkish language means "the bay under the cliffs" . The district is situated beneath the cliffs of Antalya, and extends miles toward the west towards the mountains, with various kinds of beaches including sand and shingle. The water is a little cooler compared to other beaches in Antalya because of an underground creek flowing to the sea. There are modern underground facilities for aesthetic reasons. Transport is easy by means of buses. Destinations are reachable by foot as well but might be time-consuming. The area was started to be developed in the 80s and wasn't historically a part of Antalya's city center. The area originally was a rural/pastoral area and neighborhoods that are currently a part of it were originally villages such as Arapsuyu or Uncali. Until the 80s most of the area was mainly empty and villages had agricultural areas where they grew crops and grazed sheep. There are also many streams in the area which dried up when the area was urbanized. The area also has an ancient city named Olbia.
There are 39 neighbourhoods in Konyaaltı District:
Herding

Herding is the act of bringing individual animals together into a group (herd), maintaining the group, and moving the group from place to place—or any combination of those. Herding can refer either to the process of animals forming herds in the wild, or to human intervention forming herds for some purpose. While the layperson uses the term "herding" to describe this human intervention, most individuals involved in the process term it mustering, "working stock", or droving.
Some animals instinctively gather together as a herd. A group of animals fleeing a predator will demonstrate herd behavior for protection; while some predators, such as wolves and dogs have instinctive herding abilities derived from primitive hunting instincts. Instincts in herding dogs and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Dogs exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to aid in herding and to compete in herding and stock dog trials. Sperm whales have also been observed teaming up to herd prey in a coordinated feeding behavior. People use dogs to help herd.
Herding is used in agriculture to manage domesticated animals. Herding can be performed by people or trained animals such as herding dogs that control the movement of livestock under the direction of a person. The people whose occupation it is to herd or control animals often have herd added to the name of the animal they are herding to describe their occupation (shepherd, goatherd, cowherd). Many people use dogs to help herd animals Most herbivores live in groups, called herds, they go from place to place grazing the grassland. There are special maps that show where big groups of these animal herders range from the US to Canada. Herding began over 10,000 years ago, as prehistoric hunters domesticated different animals.
A competitive sport has developed in some countries where the combined skill of man and herding dog is tested and judged in a "trial", such as a sheepdog trial. Animals such as sheep, camel, yak, and goats are mostly reared. They provide milk, meat and other products to the herders and their families.
Aubrieta deltoidea

Aubrieta deltoidea is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family. Common names include lilacbush, purple rock cress and rainbow rock cress. It should be grown in zones 4a to 9b.
It is native to southeastern Europe, but is grown worldwide as an ornamental plant and it grows wild in some areas as a garden escapee. This is a small herbaceous perennial forming carpets of green spoon-shaped to oval-shaped leaves, some of which are lobed. The showy inflorescence bears small flowers with four lavender to deep pink petals. The fruit is an inflated, hairy silique up to two centimeters long.
A. deltoidea is cultivated as groundcover, in the rock garden, or in crevices in the wall, producing masses of brightly coloured flowers in spring. Cultivated varieties, sometimes listed under the hybrid name A. × cultorum, are available in lavender, rose and lilac, but are often offered as a seed mixture. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-