davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Arch of Marcus Aurelius (Tripoli)

The Arch of Marcus Aurelius (Arabic: قوس ماركوس أوريليوس, romanized: Qaus Mārkūs Aurīliyūs) is a Roman triumphal arch in the city of Oea, modern Tripoli, Libya, where it is found near the northeastern entrance to the Medina.
It is a quadrifrons triumphal arch, surmounted by an unusual octagonal cupola, and was erected (entirely in marble) by Gaius Calpurnius Celsus, quinquennial duumvir of the city, to commemorate the victories of Lucius Verus, junior colleague and adoptive brother of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, over the Parthians in the Roman–Parthian War of 161–66.
The monument was actually erected in 165, and cannot be dated later, because the Emperor is referred to with the title Armenicus, but not with the titles of Medicus and Parthicus, which were conferred on him in 166.
The patron deities of the city, Apollo and Minerva appear on the two front pediments, in bigae drawn by griffons and sphinxes. Other interpretations take the figures in the bigae as representing Lucius Verus and the goddess Roma, respectively.
The four niches placed on the northeast and southwest faces of the arch are now empty, but they must have contained the statues of the Emperor and Lucius Verus, which were recovered during excavations in the nineteenth century.
The arch has been partially buried in the course of the centuries.
Immediately after the Italian conquest, it received conservation and restoration work from the Italian administration (1914–1918), while the zone around the arch was reorganized by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto in the 1930s. It was partially hit during WW2, but only with minor damages.
As of 2017, the Arch is suffering from poor maintenance and damage from visitors. Its original features and details have suffered considerable damage due to acid rain.
32°53′59.6″N 13°10′32.7″E﻿ / ﻿32.899889°N 13.175750°E﻿ / 32.899889; 13.175750
Angklung Caruk

Angklung Caruk minangka piranti kasenian khas Banyuwangi. Angklung iki racaké dimainaké kanggo nguji ketrampilané sing main. Kasenian iki dadi saya ramé amarga anané panyengkuyungé penonton kang tinanggenah minangka suporter.
Seni Angklung Caruk asalé saka jinis kasenian Legong Bali. " Caruk " ana ing basa Using tegesé " temu ". Tembung lingga iku diucapake " Kecaruk " utawa " ketemu ". tembung " Angklung Caruk " tegesé ya iku rong golongan kasenian angklung kang tinemu ana ing sakpanggung, utawa adu kepinteran mainaké piranti musik mawa laras pelog iku, kanthi nganggo iringan tembang Banyuwangian tujuané ya iku kanggo ngrebutaké gelar dadi group kasenian angklung kang paling apik. Ana ing angklung caruk iki ora ana aturan kang baku lan katulis nanging kaloro kelompok kesenian iku wiwit puluhan taun kapungkur wis paham ngenani aturan kang wis dadi kesepakatan. Amarga prakara mau iku kang ndadèkaké ora ana kang main cures , lan ora nesunalika olèh respon kang sithik saka penonton. Kecepetan irama musik lan lagu-lagu kang dimainake kadayan déning nuansa musik angklungritmis saka Bali. Nanging ana ing kesenian iki uga ana perpaduan antarané nada lan gamelan slendro saka Jawa kang nglahirake kreativitas estetik. Ana ing pertunjukan seni angklung caruk uga disajikake jogèd kang racaké dimainake déning penari lanang. Jinis-jinis jogèd mau kaya jogèd jangeran, jogèd gandrungan, cakilan, jogèd kuntulan, lan jogèd daerah Blambangan. Instrumen musik angklung caruk ya iku saka angklung (rong unit angklung), kendhang (loro), slenthem (loro), saron (loro), peking (loro), kethuk (loro), lan gong (loro).
Gamelan Angklung

Gamelan Angklung iku gamelan sing ana ing Bali. Gamelan iki sing tuwa dhéwé. Biyèn gamelan iki mung dienggo kanggo upacara Ngaben ing tlatah Bali. Nanging, saiki Gamelan Angklung ora mung dienggo kanggo upacara Ngaben, nanging uga dienggo hiburan kanggo wong Bali
Udjo Ngalagena

Udjo Ngalagena (lair 5 Maret 1929 – pati 3 Mèi 2001 ing umur 72 taun) inggih punika seniman angklung saking Jawi Kilèn, Indonésia lan mbikak Saung Angklung Udjo. Panjenenganipun punika putra kaping enem saking Wiranta lan Imi. Nalika yuswanipun nembé sekawan ngantos gangsal taun, Udjo sampun wasis mainaken angklung kanthi laras pelog lan slendro ingkang asring dipunmainaken ing lingkunganipun ing acara ngangkud pantun, arak-arakan khitanan, peresminan kreteg, lan acara-acara sanèsipun. Madhegipun saung Angklung Udjo boten saged uwal saking jasanipun Udjo Ngalagena (5 Maret 1929 - 3 Mèi 2001). saung punika dados punjer palatihan lan ngrembakanipun musik angklung sarta dados salah satunggalipun papan pariwisata budaya. Kangge program wisata, Saung Udjo nggelar manéka warni pagelaran musik angklung ingkang dipunpadukaken kaliyan piranti musik sanèsipun, kados terbang lan gamelan Sunda sarta jogèd-jogèd adat Sunda. Udjo Ngalagena nyebat sistem angklung ingkang dipunlatih ing Saung Udjo minangka angklung Sunda lan angklung Indonésia. Angklung Sunda ngginakaken tangga nada pentatonis, lan angklung Indonésia ngginakaken tangga nada diatonis. Sasanesipun sinau angklung, Udjo ugi nyinaoni pencak silat, gamelan, lan lagu-lagu laladan. Panjenenganipun sinau lagu kanthi nada diatonis saking HIS wujud lagu-lagu mawi basa Indonésia lan Walanda.
Tifa totobuang

A tifa totobuang is a music ensemble from the Maluku Islands, related to the kulintang orchestra. It consists of a set of a double row of gong chimes known as the totobuang (similar to set of bonang gong chimes) and a set of tifa drums. It can also include a large gong.
The name comes from the instruments' collaboration. The ensemble can accompany the Maluku Island's Sawat Lenso dance.
The custom dates back at least to the late 17th or early 18th century. Gong-chime and drum ensembles, labeled tifa totobuang, were mentioned by François Valentijn, a Dutch army cleric who served in the Dutch army in Ambon, Maluku in two tours, 1686-1994 and 1703–1713. Valentijn talked about hearing "some Javanese lasses sing to the sound of a gong and a tifa (i.e. drum) and of a native zither...a large number of gongs and tifas."
The tifa drums used for the tifa totobuang have been classed into five sizes. These include, from smallest to largest:
Each size of instrument has a different sound, and they are blended together in the orchestra. Different images and videos of the tifas being played show them drummed with empty hands, with sticks and with a combination of the two.
The totobuang is a set of gong chimes. Photos show the instrument in more than one configuration. One is laid out the same as the bonang, in two equal rows. Other images show a square pattern of 9 or 16 gong chimes.
Jaap Kunst, a musicologist who wrote about Javanese music, said that totobuang was probably another word for bonang which could be used for any instrument played with a hammer.
The tifa totobuang played music oriented toward Christians, up until 2000, when there were riots in Ambon. After that, the instrument began to play in cultural events with more "Islamic and Malay nuances." The Sawat dance is associated with traders, Arabs who traded in the "Al-Muluk peninsula". The Lenso is a dance from Christian areas, backed by tambourines, drums, or tifa totobuang. The two were deliberately combined into the modern Sawat by a group of women who wanted to dance together. The result is a modern product that combines two of the country's separate arts, one music and one dance.
环境、食品和乡村事务部

环境、食品和乡村事务部（英語：Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs， 簡稱DEFRA）是负责大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国环境保护、粮食生产和标准、农业、渔业和农村社区的政府部门。
英国三大構成國苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰的權力下放当局与英国中央政府签署谅解备忘录，获得本区域内环境、食品和乡村等有关政务的制定执行。所以本部的权力大致限于英格兰。
本部还负责领导英国在欧盟的农业、渔业和环境事宜以及其他关于可持续发展和气候变化的国际谈判，后一项责任于2008年转移到新成立的能源和气候变化部。
本部的前身可以追溯到1970年成立「环境部」（英語：Department of the Environment）。同年10月15日，時任首相爱德华·希思合并原住房和地方政府部、运输部和公共建筑和工程部成立的。其职守为：住房和规划，地方政府，公共建筑，环境保护以及的交通运输。在1976年詹姆斯·卡拉汉首相再次将运输事务独立设立一个部。撒切尔夫人执政时，该部主导了中央集权和削弱地方政府的工作。特别是“内城政策”，这通常涉及中央牵头协商的公私合作伙伴关系和由中央政府组建的发展公司（英语：Development corporation）来办理，这些公司将许多城市地区的控制权从总体偏左的地方当局手中转移到中央政府手中。该部总部位于Marsham Towers，该建筑由三座独立的塔楼组成，之前由环境部的三个前身部使用。
1997年工党上台，环境部再次与运输部合并，新部门称为「环境、运输和区域事务部」（英語：Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, DETR），从而基本上将环境部恢复到其最初1970年的职能分工。“区域”一词则是指政府承诺建立地方政府和权力下放。
2001年为应对口蹄疫疫情（英语：2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak），环境、运输和区域事务部的环境保护职能被分离出来并与农业部整体以及內政部的一小部分合并为新部门，是为现今的环境、食品和农村事务部。截至2008年1月，该部门拥有约9000名核心职员。本部的总部一度位于史密斯广场的SW1号。2018年迁往今址。
2008年10月，本部的气候职能与商务、企业和监管改革部（BERR）的能源职能合并创立能源和氣候變化部（英语：Department of Energy and Climate Change）。
金毛寻回犬

黃金拾獵犬（英語：Golden Retriever），又譯黃金獵犬、金毛獵犬、黃金尋回犬，是一种作为用於配合射击狩猎而培养出来的中大型猎犬。
“寻回犬”这个名字是指该品种因性格稳重並且咬合力小，較為温柔，叼咬物体时能達到不将其损坏的目的，适合用於帮助猎人寻回被击毙的猎物（通常是禽类）。作为一种从水猎犬杂交培育出来的犬种，金毛猎犬热爱游泳，而且聪明温顺，很容易接受基本或高级服从标准的训练。它们是一种长皮毛的品种，内层厚实，可在户外提供足够的温暖。金毛猎犬非常适合在郊区或乡村环境中居住。它们的皮毛特别是在季节变化时，会大量脱落，需要相当有规律的梳理。金毛寻回犬最初于19世纪中叶在苏格兰繁殖。
该品种在纯种狗狗展、伴侶犬、寵物電影中的頻繁出現。金毛犬作为残疾援助犬很受欢迎，例如盲人导盲犬和聋人听力狗。此外，他们还接受训练成为猎犬、探测犬和搜索和救援参与者。该品种友好、温和的气质意味着它不适合成为专业的看门狗，但其气质也使其成为美国和加拿大第三受欢迎的家庭狗品种，在巴西和澳大利亚排名第五，在英国排名第八。金毛寻回犬很少挑食，但需要充分（每天两小时或更长时间）的锻炼。金毛犬喜欢玩耍，但训练性很强。是比较现代且十分流行的狗的品种。
金毛寻回犬在9個月到一年2個月时达到最大身高，在约两岁时达到最大体重。虽然体格上它在两岁成熟，精神上它要三岁以上才能完全成熟，但有很多飼養該種犬隻的主人评论说他们的狗一生都保持了小狗似的特性，「活到老、學到老」的本質不變。此外，它们天生還是善於取悦他人的家庭陪伴犬。
这是一种大型犬种，其外观上和短毛黄色拉布拉多寻回犬在尺寸，形状，和毛色上相似，年轻的时候更是如此，而浅色的金毛寻回犬也特别相似。最显见的区别是金毛寻回犬奢华的毛皮。
大型犬通常建議在五歲前洗牙，由於洗牙需要全身麻醉，為顧及安全及狗狗本身的健康狀況，非必要不適合在年紀太大的的年齡進行類似需要全身麻醉的醫療行為。如若平日讓牠啃咬豬或牛的大骨頭，即可完全避免洗牙的困擾。
美国犬业俱乐部（American Kennel Club，AKC）标准规定其毛皮是「丰富的、有光泽的由不同层次的金色（Rich, lustrous golden of various shades）」，不允许有过于浅或者过于深的颜色。
它本身分為淡奶油（色素不夠）及深咖啡二大類的顏色。
金毛尋回犬主要的換毛期為一年二次，但由於體積較大毛量比小型犬多，常被誤認為很會掉毛，無論大型犬或小型犬都會掉毛，平時的掉毛只是每天的新陳代謝而已，只要常常為牠梳毛就可減少這困擾。
10—12歲
金毛寻回犬很活跃，喜欢玩耍，但也出奇的有耐心，可以安靜地坐着幾個小时不動，就如打獵時在狩猎伪装（Hunting blind）底下等獵物一樣，此種動作可能是打獵的遺傳特质，喜愛跳进跳出小船、游泳亦喜歡。
和拉布拉多犬一样，它们的智力，对人的感情，和他们对小孩的容忍力都很出众。从另一方面来讲，他们需要人经常陪伴才能快乐。他们在服从测验中表现良好并且是优秀的向导犬。虽然他们可能不像拉布拉多寻回犬那样在野外測試（Field trial）中表现出色，他们是出色的猎手，以突出的嗅觉而著称。他们还非常渴望讨好主人。
金毛寻回犬喜爱接物。接回一根扔出去的棍子、网球、或者飞盘可以让一条金毛寻回犬玩上几个小时都不腻，特别是还需要涉水的时候。
今天的金毛寻回犬分成两类：秀狗（Show dog）和猎狗。秀狗组的金毛寻回犬通常骨骼更大，更长，更重。香槟色的长而飘逸的毛在秀狗圈内备受推崇。而另一个方面，猎狗相对更小，腿更长，更深色。这两类都从1960年代的著名金毛寻回犬分化出来。现在，很多育种者试图统一两个分支到一个通用金毛寻回犬
金毛尋回犬和拉布拉多犬一樣，經常被培訓為導盲犬或狗醫生，所謂的狗醫生即是在醫院裡協助病人獲得一些心理上的解放，病患可以藉由狗狗的親近互動，卸下心房打開心胸。
大型犬的它本身的性情非常溫和，不是屬於會攻擊人的犬類，大約一歲以前個性有可能會比較不穩定，較愛玩耍、活潑，但是成犬時期後會有明顯的轉變為較穩定、成熟的特性。
该品种最初在苏格兰培育，地点在"Guichan", 靠近Glen Afric, Dudley Majoribanks(发音为 "Marchbanks")爵士的高原地产，后来他成为Tweedmouth勋爵。有很多年，对于最初杂交的品种是什么有一些争议；特别流行的说法是关于从来访的马戏团购买的整个剧团的俄罗斯牧羊犬的浪漫故事。1952年， Majoribanks从1835年到1890年的培育记录的出版消除了所有疑问。
最早的杂交在一条黄色猎狗, Nous, 和一条特威德西班牙水猎犬(Tweed Water Spaniel)母狗, Belle之间进行. 特威德西班牙水猎犬现在绝迹了，但那时在边境地区很常见。Majoribanks在1865年从一个未注册的杂交狗种(一般是黑色卷毛)的寻回犬小狗中买下Nous。在1868年，这次杂交产生了一窝四条小母狗。这四条成了培育计划的基础，该计划还包括了爱尔兰蹲猎犬(Red Setter), 沙色寻血猎犬(Bloodhound),圣约翰水犬(St Johns Water Dog of Newfoundland), 士兵格猎犬(Springer Spaniel), 和两种更卷毛的黑色寻回犬。该血统又通过近亲交配并按照Majoribanks的终极猎犬的想法进行挑选。这个展望包括比一般寻回犬更有活力和强健的犬种，但又和人出色的好，因而很温柔并易训练。俄罗斯牧羊犬在这些记录中未被提到，其他工作犬品种也没有。金毛寻回犬的祖先全部都是运动犬，和Majoribanks的目标一致。
英格兰狗业俱乐部于1903年首次接受金毛寻回犬注册，名为'平毛-金色(Flat Coats - Golden)'。他们于1908年首次展示，并于1911年认定为一个品种，其描述为'寻回犬(金色和黄色)'。在1913年，金毛寻回犬俱乐部成立。品名于1920年正式变更为金毛寻回犬。
Hon. Archie Majoribanks于1881年带了一条金毛寻回犬到加拿大，并于1894年在美国狗业俱乐部(AKC)注册为女士。这是该犬种在这两个国家首次纪录。该犬种在1927年首次在加拿大注册，而安大略的金毛寻回犬俱乐部，现在称为加拿大金毛寻回犬俱乐部，在1958年成立。
AKC于1932年承认该犬种，在1938年美国金毛寻回犬俱乐部成立了。
该犬种的出色和流行度产生了对纯种金毛寻回犬的需求。作为一个不幸的结果，每年有很多金毛被不再喜欢他们的主人所遗弃。这些狗，很多都比较老并需要接受医治，到了动物收容所。小狗工厂，这些大型的育种作业有时候因为臭名昭著的不良条件被关闭，成了另一個無家可歸黃金獵犬的來源。
作为回应，很多志愿者机构进行救助，收养被遗弃的金毛寻回犬的工作。这些援救组经常从狗主人那里接受狗并和地方动物收容所建立协议以保证狗得到善待而不是被人道毁灭。一旦获救，金毛寻回犬被放在寄养处直到找到一个永久的家。通常救援组会筛选可能的领养人以保证他们能给狗提供一个舒适的家。
金毛寻回犬救援组這一類的組織依赖互聯網获得资金、教育、尋找合适領養人、宣傳他们的信息。由1996年，很多地区组織在美国大部分地区和世界各地建立救援机构。
新乡村运动

建設新鄉村運動，亦作新鄉村運動或新村運動，是大韓民國在朴正熙執政的年代所實施的一項為期十年的農業改革運動。此政策旨在促使韓國國內農村與城市的距離拉近，也使韓國開始走向富強之路。這項運動從1970年4月22日倡議，並於1971年開始正式推行，於1980年4月結束。由於計劃推行得令，結果使計劃早在1977年就已達到目標。
新鄉村運動（韓語：새마을운동，羅馬化：Saemaeul Undong）是由Sae（韓語“新”的意思，代表從傳統經驗中求新求變）和Maeul（代表鄉村或社區的基本單位）所創出的合成語，以「勤勉、自助、協同」作為這個運動的基本精神。
新鄉村運動的最終目標是發展和諧互助的鄰裏關係、怡人的氛圍、健全的社會與令人民引以為傲的國家，促進全民福祉。
爲了解決國家工業化和城市化迅速發展所導致的城鄉發展嚴重失衡和城鄉居民收入差距不斷擴大等問題，韓國政府於1970年倡導和推動了建設新鄉村運動。該運動經歷改善環境、增加收入、綜合開發三個發展階段。
爲促進新鄉村建設，加快農村現代化發展的進程，韓國先後制定了《農村振興法》、《農村近代化促進法》、《農漁村發展特別法》、《促進農村所得源開發法》、《農漁村電氣化促進法》、《農漁村振興公社及農地管理基金設立法》、《環境保護法》、《工業開發法》等法律。政府還設立统一的新村运动组织管理机构。
在新村運動的第一階段，該運動促進了人們的自助與合作。中央政府免費向參與的各村提供了一定數量的原材料，並將建設工作交由當地人自行決定。政府首先選擇了33,267個村莊，提供了335袋水泥。隨後，16,600個表現出色的村莊獲得了額外資源，包括500袋水泥和一噸鐵條。政府還推广水稻高产新品种，發展農村金融組織。
新村運動在很大程度上改善了韓國農村的基礎設施，為農村社區帶來了現代化設施，如灌溉系統、橋梁和道路。該計劃還標誌著農村地區普遍出現了橘紅色瓦房，取代了傳統的茅草屋或草屋。受農村地區成功的鼓舞，該運動也擴展到了工廠和城市地區，成為了全國性的現代化運動。
然而，儘管新村運動在第一階段大大減少了貧困，改善了農村地區的生活條件，但在韓國快速工業化後，城市地區的收入水平仍高於農村地區。這一由政府主導的高度集中組織的運動在1970年代和1980年代初期證明了其效率，但隨著韓國進入更發達和工業化的階段，其動力減弱。與城市地區相比，農村地區較低的收入水平成為1980年代末的一個重大政治問題，這是第一階段的任何政府干預都無法完全解決的問題，而且這一運動最終未能有效應對年輕人口從村莊向城市遷移的更大問題。此外，政府主導的集中式體系導致了腐敗，如資金的濫用，並改變了韓國的環境。
意識到這些問題，韓國政府改變了這一運動的集中式結構，賦予了民間社會領導運動的權力。自1998年以來，新村運動進入了第二階段，重點關注新的問題，如加強社區的自願服務和與發展中國家的國際合作。
非洲許多發展中國家都在關注新村運動的影響。通過如延世大學韓國國際合作總署碩士學位計劃等項目，韓國政府正在幫助發展中國家的官員設計和實施與國家發展政策相關的新政策和計劃。
一項2022年的研究將這一舉措歸功於支持朴正熙的威權政權。該倡議產生了持續的影響，導致更多對該獨裁者的女兒在2012年民主選舉中的支持。
在1960年代末至1970年代，朴正熙總統政權下開始實施新村運動時，韓國的本地傳統和信仰受到了壓制，這在某種程度上類似於同時期在中國共產主義革命中發生的事情。這一時期的「迷信打擊運動」（韩语：미신타파운동／Misintapaundong，也被描述為「消除迷信運動」）達到了高潮。傳統上作為村莊守護神的老榆樹被砍伐，以消除「迷信」。韓國巫術的實踐者受到了逮捕，基本上摧毀了幾百年的韓國傳統。
與新鄉村運動的同一時期，在北韓亦有一項性質類似的計劃千里馬運動在推行。
由於新鄉村運動所獲致的成功，加上韓國在1990年代遇上金融危機，韓國於1998年發起第二階段的新鄉村運動，目標如下：
环境组织列表

这是一个环境组织列表。该列表包括政府部门和非政府组织。
为了保护环境，而以国际协定或其它约定建立起来的政府组织和实体：
与国家级的相区别，也有联合区域和地方级政府的政府间环境组织。例子有可持续发展地方政府网络和ICLEI（地方政府环境行动理事会）-支持可持续性的地方政府和东亚海域环境管理区域合作计划（PEMSEA）。这些组织通过开放性协作机制共享最优政策，并依照联合国千年议程（UN Millennium Agenda），在与环境发展相关的问题上为参与者给予援助和建议。这些网络可被视为国际组织，并在联合国的各种环境组织中拥有观察员身分。
所有的发达国家和大多数发展中国家都有专门监测和保护环境的政府部门或机构：
这些组织致力于游说、提倡或保护：
参见Category:澳大利亚的环境组织。
参见Category:加拿大的环境组织。
環境、食物及鄉郊事務大臣

國王陛下首席環境、食物及鄉郊事務大臣（英語：His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs），簡稱「環境大臣」（Environment Secretary），是英國政府的內閣大臣之一，負責掌管环境、食品和乡村事务部。
現任環境食物及鄉郊事務大臣是史提夫·里德，自2024年7月5日就任。
環境大臣主管环境、食品和乡村事务部（簡稱：環境部），具體包括：
政黨顏色 : 保守黨 工黨
橙色

橙色，又稱橘色，作為二次顏料色，是红色與黄色的混合顏色，得名於橘的顏色。在光譜上橘色介於紅色和黃色之間，波長則在585奈米到620奈米之間。
橘色在空气中的穿透力仅次于红色，而色感较红色更暖，最鲜明的橙色应该是色彩中感受最暖的色，能给人有庄严、尊贵、神秘等感觉，所以基本上属于心理色性。历史上许多权贵和宗教界都用以装点自己，现代社会上往往作为标志色和宣传色。不过也是容易造成视觉疲劳的色。對比色為藍色。
橘色明视度高，在工业安全用色中，橙色即是警戒色，如火车头、登山服装、背包、救生衣等。橙色一般可作为喜庆的颜色，同时也可作富贵色，如皇宫里的许多装饰。红、橘、黄三色，均称暖色，属于注目、芳香和引起食欲的色。
绣球花

绣球花（学名：Hydrangea macrophylla），又名绣球、八仙花、草绣球、紫陽花等，是绣球花科绣球属下的一个植物种。
绣球花原產於日本，是一种常见的园艺装饰花，花色一般包括红、蓝、紫色，会因所在环境的酸碱度引起花色变化，所以也可作為天然的酸鹼指示劑，其在酸性的土壤偏向青色、中性~鹼性的土壤則偏向紅色。夏季开花，花期5-8月。也常用于制作干花。
原生種是「額紫楊花」（日語：ガクアジサイ，學名：Hydrangea macrophylla f. normalis），以密集而較小型的兩性花為中央部份，外圍以裝飾花（四瓣萼片的不育花）圍着。而現時一般所指的園藝觀賞用繡球花，都被栽培成只有裝飾花的部分，傘房狀聚傘花序近球形，外觀猶如繡球，狹義上又被稱為「本紫陽花」（日語：ホンアジサイ）。
整株植物有毒，莖葉毒性較強。
根據日本繡球花研究者山本武臣之研究，「紫陽花」之稱呼最早出自唐朝詩人白居易，可能用以稱呼紫丁香；後因平安時代學者源順誤用流傳，而成為日本對繡球花的通稱。神戶市將其作為市花。
感謝、希望、忠貞、永恆、美滿及團聚。
[在维基数据编辑]
賈永婕

賈永婕（1974年7月21日—），臺灣女藝人，曾任模特兒、節目主持人，業餘三鐵運動愛好者。2024年9月，由行政院核定出任台北101董事長。
賈永婕生長於一個軍人4口小康之家，父親賈大駿是中華民國海軍上校，曾任駐大韩民国武官。祖父是賈德耀，安徽合肥人，出身清末袁世凱北洋軍第二鎮，曾任中華民國北洋政府國務總理。皖系戰敗，退隱上海。抗日戰爭時拒絕汪精衛政府邀請附日之後病歿。中華民國政府追贈陸軍上將。
2002年，賈永婕與交往三個月辭修高中學長在美国拉斯维加斯結婚，其丈夫為德杰集團董事長王明德之子王兆杰，育有二女一子。
2004年，CH Wedding 經典婚紗。
2015年4月，涉及阿帕契打卡案的藝人李蒨蓉點名好友賈永婕接受冰桶挑戰。
2015年6月八仙樂園彩色派對火災後，賈永婕於網路呼籲治療燒燙傷用途的屍皮名稱駭人應該換名，其後衛生福利部將屍皮更名為「大體皮膚」，但部分網友認為屍皮為醫學的專有名詞，質疑外行人領導內行人、不尊重醫療專業，而賈永婕亦被網友稱為「大體皮膚之母」，並將整起事件稱為「永婕諫皮」。為此賈永婕出面致歉，表示這兩年經歷至親好友意外過世，無意要帶給醫療人員任何的困擾，也無意干涉醫療專業，初衷只是望一般人在口語上、文字報導上面可稍加修飾。
2023年2月，媒體人黃光芹爆料賴清德曾經私下找賈永婕擔任未來的副總統候選人。之後賴清德澄清說，「大家想一想，我還沒有拿到民進黨總統候選人代表權，怎麼可能去談論副手的事情，沒有這個事情」，賈永婕則說，「太好笑，我坐在家裡這種新聞都會掉到我頭上，我沒有要選啦」。
2023年3月18日，因二場BLACKPINK演唱會，引爆「遮蔽視線」秋後算帳。繼藝人郭書瑤在Instagram上發限動訴苦自己視線遭到擋住後，藝人賈永婕接著也被爆料從頭到尾在座位區但站著，導致環環相扣的情況下漸漸站起來的人越來越多。對此，賈永婕19日發文表示「我們也要站起來才能看到」，也對於造成困擾感到抱歉。不過《ETtoday新聞雲》記者特地訪問坐在她後排的粉絲認為賈永婕說謊，更出示當晚證據照顯示賈永婕就位在第一排，應當沒有被遮蔽的問題。
2024年11月20日，因老公王兆杰在101大樓點燈打字「德杰集團 永婕同心」公開秀恩愛，放閃舉動遭民眾質疑，賈永婕夫妻公器私用。對此賈永婕19日發聲明澄清，一切都經過董事會同意，也符合所有行政流程。
2016年，首位亞洲女性接力泳渡英吉利海峽，完成Arch to Arc 倫敦巴黎跨海三鐵挑戰賽，並為慈善團體募款212萬台幣。
2021年，台灣爆發COVID-19本土疫情，賈永婕原本只是各處贈送愛心便當給醫護人員，但當收到一個臉書朋友的訊息，得知現在各醫院最缺的是高流量氧氣鼻導管全配系統（HFNC），醫護人員簡稱「救命神器」，一般呼吸器是面罩式，病人不能俯臥（肺炎病人需要俯臥姿位引流），也沒辦法吃東西。這個是鼻導管高流，病人可以自行進食。這台機器同時也可以降低護理人員的感染機率，對一線醫護來說，除了食物的打氣，這台救命神器是他們目前最需要的。但當跟台大醫院急診室也確認需求，且台大真的很缺時，賈永婕受到衝擊：「什麼？不只公立醫院缺？連台大都缺？我心都碎了！」她也去爬文「ICU醫生陳志金」的文章，知道這是真的，再接下來亞東、榮總、慈濟來的訊息都說「是真的、是救命神器我們很需要」，讓她心疼直呼「天啊！」當時這一台HFNC全配定價27萬，但是公立醫院還要需要招標緊急採購程序才能買，賈永婕心想：「好，我一定要做些什麼！」行動力超強的賈永婕馬上找到原廠廠商，問到台灣有現貨，所以決定直接買機器捐物資送給醫院，直接又快速，現在就是在搶時間跟時間賽跑！她第一個打給她老公(王兆杰)，請問他要捐幾台？他說15台，能力有限且只能應付一家醫院的需求！她接著開始一通接著一通電話地打去給企業界的朋友，「我沒有想到每個朋友全部都熱血參與，沒有一個人拒絕我。天啊！我要哭了！已哭！我的朋友全部大力相挺，大家都好愛台灣，出錢出力！正常的採購從訂購到交貨大約要三週到一個月的時間，他們三天內完成，搶時間跟時間賽跑！在賈永婕發起募捐後，在2天內募得6804萬新臺幣購得252台HFNC ，後陸續總募得330台，總價約8,910萬新臺幣，並在第一時間親自前往捐贈給各地前線醫院，醫護人員與民間大受鼓舞，因而有「護國天使」、「抗疫女神」封號 。但賈永婕表示：「我不是為了什麼光環才去做，只希望給孩子一個榜樣，有能力助人時，就算被流言攻擊也要做下去！」 對此，總統蔡英文也於6月17日親自致電表達謝意 ，更在臉書上證實通話一事，除了感謝賈永婕對醫護的熱心力挺，更表示「妳的熱情我100％可以證明，妳是美少女這件事我120％更可以證明」，對於讓賈永婕受委屈感到抱歉，並要請賈永婕代她轉達謝意給背後團隊。賈永婕先前也在臉書留言給蔡總統說「總統好！我們會繼續努力的，謝謝您。」蔡總統也回覆留言說「謝謝永婕和所有一起支持醫護的朋友，我們一起繼續努力，戰勝病毒！」。
2022年5月成立「台灣永婕美少女慈善協會」，不到1年募得4089 餘萬元，目前可用餘額為284餘萬元，2023年2月受訪透露，剩餘的款項會捐醫療設備給偏鄉的醫院，「能盡量幫忙就幫忙。」賈永婕盡心盡力做公益，被封「防疫大嬸」，卻有些網友不理解，留言狠酸是在做秀，她大氣說：「沒關係啦，我都這把年紀了，這都是看個人的修行，我可以很大聲、正大光明地說，這件事真的幫助了很多人，很實質地用在很多人身上，救了很多寶貴的生命。應該大部分的人都可以理解吧？如果是很惡意的攻擊，那也沒辦法，畢竟想要做好事的時候，就必需要有承擔的勇氣。」透露此專案5月就要結束，「會把所有的捐款通通都捐出去，現在還有3個月，時間還很充裕，我們就慢慢地來做這件事情。」
東德笑話

東德笑話是指流行於德意志民主共和國（簡稱東德）的笑話，其中不少以東德政治人物（如埃里希·何內克、埃里希·梅爾克）為嘲諷對象，或以經濟短缺、東德蘇聯之間的關係、冷戰為主題。以薩克森和德國中部之間文化差異為主題的笑話也很常見。
汉斯·尤尔·施密特将东德政治笑话视为一种不满的声音和抗议的手段。东德笑话因此也多数描绘政治、经济和社会问题，批评重要的政治人物、机构和决策。因此，施密特将东德政治笑话视作公众对时事的舆论和“政治风向标”。
根据东德笑话专家博多·穆勒的观察，不会有人被“正式地”因为笑话而定罪：因为國家安全部（Stasi，史塔西）将其视为国家威胁或反国家言论，而根据法律，东德政治笑话可被视为违反了法律第19条“危害国家言论和仇恨言论”。由于大部分审判都是公开进行，所以这些笑话不会在庭审时被公开宣读。东德笑话会在朋友及邻居被调查时视作比较严重的事件。博多·穆勒研究的100名人员中，64名因为一条或者多条笑话而被定罪。这些人的刑期通常在一至三年，最严重的可达四年。
大部分的定罪都发生在1950年代柏林墙建造之前，在这之后对讲东德笑话的人的刑责大大降低——最后一例是1972年时三名工程师在早餐时讲笑话被定罪。1972年以後，史塔西仍然会逮捕讲笑话者，但是并不会起訴他们。1980年代时，史塔西向执政党德国统一社会党区域官员发送的月度民意调查显示公司、工会以及甚至党内部同僚之间讲政治笑话的情况越来越多。
在冷战时期，东德是西德情报部门的目的之一。在70年代中期，在西德联邦情报局的一名官员提出了可以收集“另一边”（即东德）的政治笑话并作为情报评估它们。因此，在1977年末，西德联邦情报局便开始了代号为“东德笑话”的秘密行动，其主要内容就是收集和评判东德的政治笑话。
同时，西德联邦情报局的工作人员还会在为东德的难民和流亡者紧急准备的营地里采访他们。另外，所谓的“火车调查员”——大部分由中年女性组成——会在和同行乘客看起来漫无目的地交谈时收集这些笑话。有东德人来探访的西德人或者经常去东德的西德人也经常是这些笑话的来源。总体来说，西德联邦调查局的工作是成功的：其在十四年内收集了几千条东德笑话，其中657条通过特别渠道进入了联邦总理的办公室。
吶喊 (繪畫)

《吶喊》（挪威語：Skrik），或譯稱《尖叫》，通常是指挪威畫家愛德華·孟克在1893年的作品，是表現主義繪畫風格的代表作，表達了強烈的“存在性焦慮”。
《吶喊》為挪威表現派畫家愛德華·孟克的代表作之一。畫面的主體是在血紅色映襯下一個極其痛苦的表情，紅色的背景源於1883年印尼喀拉喀托火山爆發，火山灰把天空染紅了。畫中的地點是從厄克貝里山（英语：Ekeberg）上俯視的奧斯陸峽灣，有人認為該作品反映了現代人被存在主義的焦慮侵擾的意境。
1890年，愛德華·孟克開始著手創作他一生中最重要的系列作品“生命組畫”。這套組畫題材範圍廣泛，以謳歌“生命、愛情和死亡”為基本主題，採用象徵和隱喻的手法，揭示了人類“世紀末”的憂慮與恐懼。而本作《吶喊》，是這套組畫中最為強烈和最富刺激性的一幅，也是他重要代表作品之一。蒙克與在20世紀初興起於德國和奧地利的先鋒派表現主義藝術運動之間同样关系匪浅。紐約新美術館于2016年主持的「蒙克與表現主義展」探討了蒙克與先鋒派表現主義藝術運動之間的關係。儘管展覽著眼於孟克藝術生涯的後期，但仍然為1895年創作的這幅《吶喊》找到了一席之地。
孟克在1892年1月22日的一篇日記中記錄了《吶喊》的靈感來源：「我跟兩個朋友一起迎著落日散步——我感受到一陣憂鬱——突然間，天空變得血紅。我停下腳步，靠著欄桿，累得要死——感覺火紅的天空像鮮血一樣掛在上面，刺向藍黑色的峽灣和城市——我的朋友繼續前進——我則站在那裡焦慮得發抖——我感覺到回蕩在大自然那劇烈而又無盡的吶喊。」
日本有人認為，日記中最後一句指明了，畫題吶喊並不是指畫作中的人物吶喊，而是日記中提到的「回蕩在自然的吶喊」之意，畫作中的人物則是在因自然的吶喊而掩耳戰慄。
《吶喊》中的人物或許是孟克的自畫像，或是在他13歲就去世的姐姐蘇菲（Sophie），亦可能是起自他患有精神疾病的妹妹凱瑟琳（Catherine）。藝術史學家還認為，《吶喊》中的人物或許還有另外一個來源，那就是孟克在1889年巴黎世博會上看到的一具秘魯木乃伊。
本作品主要有四個版本，分別是藏於奧斯陸孟克博物館的粉彩版本以及蛋彩版本（蛋彩畫、紙本，83.5×66cm）、藏於奧斯陸國家畫廊的蛋彩版本（蛋彩畫、油畫、粉彩、紙本，91×73.5cm），還有私人收藏的粉彩版本。1895年畫家本人亦曾把作品製成平面印刷以大量複製。國家畫廊和孟克博物館的蛋彩版本先後曾於1994年和2004年被盜去（英语：art theft），但之後皆失而復得。
2012年5月，彼得·奧爾森的收藏版本在紐約蘇富比作为第20件拍品登场，它曾短暫保持過藝術作品拍賣成交價格最高紀錄，經12分鐘競拍後，它最終在紐約蘇富比拍賣行以將近1.2億美元（7,500萬英鎊）的天價成交，加上佣金为價119,922,500美元。買家是美國金融家利昂·布萊克（Leon Black），他現在將這幅作品租借給紐約新畫廊的「孟克與表現主義展」（Munch and Expressionism）進行展出。之前的拍卖价格纪录是毕加索1.06亿的《裸体、绿叶和半身像》。
孟克影響的不只是表現主義畫家，法蘭西斯·培根《尖叫的教宗》（Howling Pope）系列作品也受到了《吶喊》的啟發。1984年，安迪·沃荷也創作了一系列絲網印刷作品，用奪人眼球的明亮色彩重新詮釋了《吶喊》。
《吶喊》還是翠西·艾敏最喜歡的「歷史」繪畫：1998年，她甚至專門拍攝了一部影片。在片中，她來到了挪威的一個峽灣，在那裏呼喊了整整1分鐘時間，鏡頭則始終落在水面上。塞爾維亞行為藝術家瑪莉娜·阿布拉莫維奇也說服奧斯陸的居民一起在公共場合尖叫，以此紀念孟克。英國畫家彼得·多伊格（Peter Doig）在1998年創作了《回聲湖》（Echo Lake），裏面有一個幽靈般的警察像孟克《吶喊》裏的主人公一樣抓住自己的頭。
The Red Lantern

The Red Lantern is a 1919 American silent drama film starring Alla Nazimova, who plays dual roles, and directed by Albert Capellani. It is notable today for being Anna May Wong's screen debut. A single print survives in Europe with rumors of a copy at Gosfilmofond, Moscow.
As described in a film magazine, Mahlee (Nazimova) is a half-Chinese and half white woman, which makes her an outcast. After her grandmother dies, she goes to a Christian mission in Peking where she is converted and becomes a missionary. There she falls in love with Andrew Templeton (Foss), the son of the mission leader Reverend Alex Templeton (Hall), but the son's admiration is tempered by her mixed race. Dr. Sam Wang lives at the mission as well but is secretly a Boxer leader. Dr. Wang loves Mahlee but she spurns his advances.
One day Blanche Sackville (Nazimova) visits the mission, and Mahlee realizes that she is the daughter of the Englishman her grandmother told her about and is her half-sister. Although Mahlee initially feels an attachment to Blanche, she soon becomes jealous when she realizes that Sir Philip Sackville (Currier) favors a suite between Blanche and Andrew Templeton. Capitalizing on the disdain in Mahlee's heart, Sam Wang convinces her to join him and impersonate the Goddess of the Red Lantern, a mystic personage that presides over the Chinese New Year, to convince the superstitious revolutionaries that victory is near if they follow Wang. While she serves the Boxer cause, she still cannot bear to have those she loves hurt, so she goes to the mission to warn them of an attack. She meets Philip Sackville and pleads for him to acknowledge her as his daughter and take her away from China, but Sackville refuses. She returns to Wang and celebrates the Feast of the Lanterns. Although the Boxers are suspicious of her, Wang saves her. Armed conflict between the Boxers and Allies results in the rout of the Chinese. Mahlee goes to the Boxer Palace and while on her throne, she drinks the poison Wang gives her. Philip Sackville, Blanche, and Andrew come to the palace and discover Mahlee dead.
The Red Lantern, filmed during the 1918 flu pandemic, was the debut of Anna May Wong, who played a lantern bearer. To meet the casting requirements which required 300 extras for the film, the Chinese American extras were paid $7.50 per day ($101.32 in 2015 dollars), which was $1.50 more than the other extras.
Dushanbe Tea House

The Boulder Dushanbe Tea House was a gift from Mayor Maksud Ikramov of Dushanbe to the city of Boulder, Colorado.
The Boulder Dushanbe Teahouse was created as a gift to the city of Boulder, Colorado, from its sister city Dushanbe, the capital of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, then part of the Soviet Union and now Tajikistan, in 1987. Forty Tajik artisans hand-made the teahouse over a period of two years, took it apart, and then packed the pieces into about 200 crates to be shipped to Boulder. The trades used by the artisans were passed from generation to generation within families, such as the use of nature, and repetition of patterns, descendant from traditional Persian design. Also, no power tools were used in the original construction of the tea house.
Lack of funds meant that it took several years to erect the teahouse. Many dedicated individuals including former Boulder mayor Linda Jourgensen, longtime city council member Sally Martin, Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities members Mary Axe, Jancy Campbell, noted local architect Vern Seieroe and many others kept the project alive by continuously promoting the unique gift in the community year in and year out.
Boulder-Dushanbe Sister Cities fostered the project until members helped form the Boulder-Dushanbe Teahouse Trust with other community leaders. After nearly a decade during which the teahouse remained unassembled in storage crates, many members of the community supported erecting the teahouse by donating thousands of dollars in private donations, but that was not enough. Finally, the Teahouse Trust was able to negotiate an arrangement with the City of Boulder that allowed lease revenues generated by a restaurant operator to pay for a substantial portion of the million-plus dollar funds needed to erect the structure in accordance with Boulder building codes. This arrangement was in keeping with city government sentiment that taxpayer funds should not be used for the endeavor. The teahouse was erected on city property and opened to the public in 1998."Oral history interview with David Grimm, 2009". Boulder Library. Retrieved April 5, 2024.
It is situated along a brook that shoots off Boulder Creek in keeping with the tradition that teahouses be placed along waterways or other bodies of water. Reflecting another traditional aspect of Tajik culture, the Boulder Valley Rose Society donated and planted an elaborate rose garden on the teahouse grounds. Inside the teahouse there are uniquely designed hand-carved cedar pillars, handmade traditional Tajikistan furniture, a fountain with seven bronze statues of women based on a 12th-century poem "The Seven Beauties", original oil paintings done onsite by a Tajik artist, and traditional geometric plaster carvings. The outside decorative elements include eight ceramic tiles, which display the patterns of a "Tree of life".
The current operator is Lenny Martinelli. The building and grounds are property of the City of Boulder.
40°00′55″N 105°16′38″W﻿ / ﻿40.015403°N 105.277342°W﻿ / 40.015403; -105.277342
Wistaria Tea House

The Wistaria Tea House (Chinese: 紫藤廬; pinyin: Zǐténg Lú), the Wisteria House, or Wistaria House is a historical teahouse in Daan District, Taipei, Taiwan. The establishment is situated in a Japanese-style wooden house built in the 1920s on Xinsheng South Road. The teahouse is named after the three wisteria vines planted in the front courtyard forming a shaded area leading to the entrance of the building. The teahouse, with its circa 1930s decor, was reopened to much fanfare after a long needed renovation in 2008.
The teahouse was used during the filming of Eat Drink Man Woman.
The house served as a residence for the Governor-General of Taiwan under Japanese rule prior to 1945 and became government dormitories under the Republic of China administration in 1950. The building became a teahouse and gained its present name in 1981 and was meeting place for political dissidents such as Lei Chen (雷震) fighting for a democratic Taiwan during the 1980s after Kuomintang liberal Chou Te-wei moved in. Since then, Wisteria House has been and continues to be a favored meeting place for Taipei literati, artists, and academics. It has since been designated as a historic monument by the Taipei government in 1997 and operation of the teahouse was turned over to the Wistaria Cultural Association by the Taipei City Cultural Bureau.
25°01′29″N 121°32′04″E﻿ / ﻿25.0246348°N 121.5343317°E﻿ / 25.0246348; 121.5343317
Angelina (tea house)

Angelina is a popular tea house and café with several locations in Paris and one location in NYC. Angelina is known primarily for its almost pudding-like hot chocolate (chocolat l'Africain) and for its Mont Blanc dessert. The name is also marketed internationally for sweets.
The tea house was founded in 1903 by the Austrian confectioner Antoine Rumpelmayer (1832 – 1914), and originally named eponymously "Rumpelmeyer". Rumpelmayer's son René, and from 1916 his widow Angelina, continued the café and pâtisserie. It is named for their daughter. It became an institution frequented by elite Parisians, including Marcel Proust and Coco Chanel.
The tea house was owned by the Rumpelmayer family until 1963. The interior design is by French architect Édouard-Jean Niermans in the Belle Époque style. In 2005, Angelina was taken over by Bertrand Restauration, a division of Groupe Bertrand, a French company, who have expanded the chain in the Middle East and Far East.
In 1982, the tea house welcomes the cast of La Boum 2 to film some scenes for the movie with actors Sophie Marceau and Denise Grey.
The original café is at the Tuileries, located at 226 Rue de Rivoli in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. Another boutique is at the Galeries Lafayette on the Boulevard Haussmann, and a Boutique Angelina in the shopping mall at Palais des congrès de Paris.
In 2009, an Angelina café was opened at Petit Trianon in the Palace of Versailles. Two years later, another was opened there, in the Pavillon d'Orléans. There is another at the Musée du Luxembourg and a Boutique Angelina at 108 Rue du Bac. Another tea house opened recently at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in the Bois de Boulogne.
Since 2016, a temporary location for an additional Angelina tea house is located at the Hôtel National des Invalides during the busy seasons (usually from April to October).
In 2018, a franchise was established in Singapore at the Marina Bay Sands hotel.
In November 2020, they opened their first location in New York City. The location spans 3,000 square feet (280 m), seats 60 people and has marble tables.
አይን (ሥነ አካል)

አይን የብርሃንን መኖር የሚያሳውቅ የስሜት ህዋስ ነው። ይህንንም ተግባር የሚፈጽመው አሱ ላይ ያረፈውን ብርሃን ወደ ኮርንቲና ኬሚካል በመቀየር ያንን መልእክት በነርቮቻችን አድርጎ ወደ አንጎላችን በማሻገር ነው። ብዙ ህይወት ያላቸው ነገሮች አይን አላቸው ነገር ግን የሁሉም አይን አንድ አይነት ሃይል ወይም ተፈጥሮ የለውም። ለምሳሌ የጥቃቅን እንስሶች አይን እንደሰው ልጅ አይን አካባቢያቸውን በሚገባ ለይተው እንዲያዩ ሳይሆን የሚረዳቸው እንዴው ለወጉ የብርሃንን መኖር ወይም አለመኖር ብቻ እንዲያውቁ ነው የሚረዳቸው። ሌሎች ታላላቅ እንስሳት በጣም የተወሳሰብ አይን ሲኖራቸው አይናቸውም ከአዕምሮአቸው ጋር የሚያያዙባቸው የነርቭ ክፍሎች እንዲሁ የተወሳሰቡ ናቸው። ባጠቃላይ 96% የሚሆን በምድራችን የሚኖሩ እንስሶች የተወሳሰቡ አይኖች ሲኖሩዋቸው እነዚህ የተወሳሰቡ አይኖች በ10 ዓይነት ለይቶ የማየት ችሎታ ይከፈላሉ።
እጅ

እጅ ባለ ብዙ ጣት የሰውነት አካል ሲሆን የሚገኘውም በዝንጀሮ እና ሰው ዝርያዎች እንዲሁም በሌሎች የጀርባ አጥንት ያላቸው እንስሳት ክንድ መጨረሻ ላይ ነው። እጆች የተለያዩ ድርጊቶችን ለማከናወን የሚጠቅሙ ቀዳሚ አካላቶች ናቸው። ከነዚህም ውስጥ ለማንሳት፣ ለመግፋት፣ ለመሳብ፣ ወዘተ.። እንደ ዓይን፤ እግር እና ሌሎች አካላቶች እጅም በአአምሮ የሚታዘዝ አካል ነው።
ፀጉር

ፀጉር በፕሮቲን የበለጸገ follicles ከተባለ የሰውነት ክፍል ማደግ የሚጀምር አካል ነው። ይህ አካል በተለይም ኬራቲን (keratin) ከተባለው የፕሮቲን አይነት የተገነባ ነው። በአብዛሃኛው ጊዜ ፀጉር የአጥቢ እንስሳት መለያ ቢሆንም በአንዳንድ ነፍሳት ላይ ይታያል፤ ይህ ግን በሳይንስ ፀጉር አይባልም።
ጽጉር በእጅ ሲጐተት ከአይን እስከሚታይ ድረስ ያለመረዘሙ ለወንዶች የሚለው ደንብ፣ የተነሣ በፍትሐ ነገሥት ቀኖኖች ይገኛል (፶፩፣ 1800)፤ «ጠጉርህ በአፍኣ በውጭ አይታይ» (ኢያስተርኢ ሥዕርትከ በአፍኣ) ሲል፤ በ1958 ዓም በብርሃንና ሰላም በታተመው በድሮ ፎቶ ኦፍሴት አማርኛ ነጥቦች ዘንድ፣ ይህ ማለት በገዛ እጅህ ተጎትቶ የራስህ ጽጉር ወይንም ሪዝህ በአይንህ እንዳይታይ የሚል ደንብ ነበር። (አለበለዚያ ለናዝራዊ ወይም ለባሕታዊ ለመኖኩሴ ግን የተፈጥሮ ጉንጉኖች ሥርዓት ከሙሴ አለ።) በእስልምና መጻሕፍት በተለይ ለጥቁሮች የተለየ ልምድ ኖሯል፣ በዚህም በኩል የወንድ ጸጉር ከጆሮ ይልቅ እንዳይዘረጋው የሚል ነው።
ቢልሃርዝያ

ሺስቶሶሚያሲስ ወይም ቢልሃርዝያ (Bilharziasis) ሺስቶሶማ በሚባሉ የደም ወስፋቶች ደም ውስጥ መገኘት የሚመጣ የሰው በሽታ ነው። ሺስቶሶሚያሲስ በመባልም የታወቀውን በሽታ የሚያስከትሉ የተለያይ ዓይነቶችና ኣኗኗር ያሏቸው የእንስሳት ትናንሽ ትሎች ቢኖሩም ሺስቶሶማ ማንሶኒ በመባል የታወቀው ኣንደኛው ነው። ወንድና ሴት ትሎች ተገናኝነው በመጣበቅ የሰው ደም ውስጥ በመኖር ብዙ ሺህ እንቁላሎች ያፈራሉ። ከትሎቹም ጉዳት የተነሳ እንቁላሎቻቸው ከሽንት ጋር ሲወጡም ደም ሊያሸኑ ይችላሉ። እንቅላሎቹ ከሰገራና ከሽንት ጋር ከሰውነት ወደ ውጪ ከወጡ በኋላ ቀንድ ኣውጣ ውስጥ ገብተው ይራባሉ። ከእዚያም ከቀንድ ኣውጣው ወጥተው ውሃ ውስጥ በመቆየት የሰውን ቆዳ በስተው ወደ ደም ስር ይገባሉ። መድኋኒትና የማያስተማምን መከላከያ ክትባቶች ቢኖሩም በሽታውን ለመቆጣጠር ሰገራና ሽንት ማንኛውንም ዓይነት ውሃ እንዳይበክል መቆጣጠር ያስፈልጋል።
ሺስቶሶሚሲስ
በሽታው ሰውን የሚይዘው ሰርኬርያ የሚባሉት የትሉ ኣንድ ዓይነት ደረጃ ሰው ሲዋኝ ወይም በባዶ እግሩ ውሃው ውስጥ ሲሄድ ቆዳን በመብሳት ወደ ሰውነት ስለሚገቡ ነው። ውሃን በወረቀት በማጥለል ወይም አዮዲን ወይም ክሎሪን በመጠቀም ከቀንድ ኣውጣው ወጥተው ወደ ደም ለመግባት የሚጠባበቁትን ሰርኬርያ ዋኝዎች ሊገድል ስለሚችል ውሃውን በመጠጣት በበሽታው እንዳንያዝ ሊጠቅም ይችላል። ውሃን ማፍላት ሰርኬርያዎችን ከመግደሉም ሌላ እንዶድ ቋሚ ውሃ ኣካባቢ መትከል ሳይጠቅም ኣይቀርም ይባላል።
በዓለም ላይ ከወባ ቀጥሎ ከ፪፻ ሚሊዮን በላይ ሰዎችን በማሰቃየት ሺስቶሶማ ሁለተኛ ጠንቅ ነው። በሽታው ኢትዮጵያም ኣለ። የግድቦች መሠራትና የመስኖ ኣጠቃቀም መስፍፋት ቀንድ ኣውጣዎችንና የወባ ትንኞችን ቍጥር ሊያስጨምር ስለሚችል ለሚያስከትሉት በሽታዎች ዕድል እንዳይሰጥ ውሃው እንዲንቀሳቀስና ሌሎች ኣስፈላጊዎች መከታተል ይጠቅማል። ለምሳሌ ያህል ሰርኬርያዎች ከቀንድ ኣውጣ ወጥተው በ48 ሰዓታት ሰው ውስጥ መግባት ካልቻሉ ስለሚሞቱ እነሱ ሊኖሩበት የሚችልን ውሃ ቀድቶ በትንሽ ዕቃ ከተቀመጠ በኋላ ሁለት ቀን እስካለፈው ለገላ መታጠቢያ ሊያገለግል ይችላል። ውሃ ኣጠገብ ሰገራ መውጣትና ሽንት መሽናት እንቁላሎቹ ተፈልፍለው ሚራሲዲያ የሚባሉት የቢልሃርዚያ ሌላው ደረጃ ወደ ቀንድ ኣውጣዎች ዋኝተው እንዲገቡ ስለሚራዳ ሽንት ቤት መጠቀም ኣስገላጊ ነው።
ዶ/ር አክሊሉ ለማ እንዶድ ቀንድ ኣውጣውን ለመግደል ስለሚችል በሽታውን ለመቆጣጠር እንደሚራዳ ስለደረሱበት ዕውቅና ተሰጥቷቸዋል። ዶ/ር ኣክሊሉ ለማም ስለ እንዶድ ጥቅምና የውሃ ትላትል ገዳይነት በማግኘታቸው በ፲፱፻፷፮ ዓ.ም. እና በ፲፱፻፹፮ ዓ.ም. የዩናይትድ እስቴትስ የፈጠራ ባለቤትነት ወይም ፓተንቶች ኣግኝተዋል። እንዲሁም ስለ እንዶድ ምርምር ከዶ/ር ኣክሊሉ ጋር ለብዙ ዓመታት ስላደረጉት ኣስተዋጽዖ ዶ/ር ለገሠ ወልደዮሓንስ ዕውቅና ኣፍርተዋል።
Reuben Elishama

Reuben Elishama Hadju Soerjosoemarno (born 18 September 1978) is an Indonesian actor and singer from the band Channel.
The son of a senior artist Marini and Didi Hadju initially had chosen profession as an office worker. But this younger brother of singer Shelomita [id] was not able to deny his passion for singing. He later founded the band Channel.
Nia Dinata's bids to co-star in Arisan! (2003) was rejected by Reuben. Similarly, when offered to join again in Berbagi Suami. Through this film anyway, Reuben got the Best Male Supporting Actor Nominated Film Festival Indonesia 2006. Reuben then played in the movie Kangen (2007) as the main character with Bunga Citra Lestari.
On 14 May 2006, ahead of the Parfi's Congress to be held on 18–19 May 2006, congress organizers try to attract the sympathy of the young artist, by giving awards to young artists who come on the show Parfi Film Exposé & Parfi Award, held at the Hardrock Cafe. Reuben is one of the artists who received awards. In addition to Reuben, also participated in Tora Sudiro, Sauzan, Laudya Chintya Bella, Winky Wiryawan, Pretty Asmara, Fauzi Baadilla, Indra Bekti, Adinia Wirasti, Ivan, Marcella Zalianti, Nicholas Saputra, and Dennis Adhiswara.
Reuben (vocals) with Alfa (guitar), Mario (guitar), and Buggi (drums) formed the band Channel (band) in mid-2003 and had a hit soared through the "Tentang Kita" on their debut album Perjalanan Dua Insan (2006). So that Mario (guitar) and Buggi (drums) declared out and create his own band. So Reuben stayed with Alfa accompanied by two additional players who will soon release a second album.
Mane Attraction

Mane Attraction is the fourth studio album by the glam metal band White Lion. It was released in 1991 by Atlantic Records, and reached No. 61 on the US Billboard 200 and No. 31 in the UK.
After a year of writing and recording, White Lion released Mane Attraction in the spring of 1991, which was received well by the fans. Unfortunately, the album failed to reach the top 20 like the last two albums. It received little airplay due to the rising popularity of grunge. The album featured the singles "Love Don't Come Easy" which peaked at number 24 on the Mainstream Rock chart, "Lights and Thunder", an eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin's "Achilles Last Stand" and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single "Broken Heart", all of which had music videos. The song "Out with the Boys" was released as a rare promo single. The album also contained White Lion's only instrumental song, "Blue Monday", a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan, who had died while the band was writing for the album.
The album's power ballads "You're All I Need" which was released as a promo single, "Till Death Do Us Part" and "Farewell to You" gained a huge amount of radio airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines. Mike Tramp is married to Indonesian actress Ayu Azhari. "You're All I Need" also inspired Ahmad Dhani to create a song for Dewa 19 titled "Kangen".
A music video montage was released for the song "Farewell to You" which featured on the band's video album Escape from Brooklyn in 1992.
Greg D'Angelo and James Lomenzo left the band soon after the album's release, citing "musical differences", but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy "T-Bone" Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T). After briefly touring in support of Mane Attraction, Tramp and Bratta decided to call it a day, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel Club in September 1991.
All tracks written by Vito Bratta and Mike Tramp.
Escape from Brooklyn is a VHS/DVD video album by the American/Danish hard rock band White Lion, released in 1992. The video features all of the band's music videos to this point and also features behind the scenes footage, interviews with band members and a look at the band's most recent World tour in support of their fourth studio album Mane Attraction.
Additional:
Drumhead

A drumhead or drum skin is a membrane stretched over one or both of the open ends of a drum. The drumhead is struck with sticks, mallets, or hands, so that it vibrates and the sound resonates through the drum.
Additionally outside of percussion instruments, drumheads are also used on some string instruments, most notably the banjo.
Originally, drumheads were made from animal hide and were first used in early human history, long before records began. The term drumhead is first attested in English in 1580, in the writings of the soldier Thomas Churchyard, who mentioned how "Dice plaie began ... on the toppe of Drommes heddes".
In 1956, Chick Evans invented the plastic drumhead. Plastic drumheads made from polyester are cheaper, more durable, and less sensitive to weather than animal skin. In 1957, Remo Belli and Sam Muchnick together developed a polymer head (also known as Mylar) leading to the development of the Remo drumhead company.
Despite the benefits of plastic heads, drummers in historical reenactment groups such as fife and drum use animal skin heads for historical accuracy. Rawhide heads are also popular with musicians performing in the jazz, orchestral and early music genres due to their preference for period correct sounds and instruments. Real hide heads are used on most hand drums, including djembes, frame drums, bongos, and congas, and also some Banjos. In recent years, companies have begun manufacturing synthetic counterparts (most notably Fiberskin) for certain hand drums such as congas, and also banjos. There has also been a resurgence in the use of genuine rawhide heads by drum kit players, with companies such as AF cueros orquestales from Argentina, AK Drums, Buchler Trommelbau and Kentville Drums or the Austrian Drumhead Company offering goat, calf and kangaroo hide drumheads respectively.
Another common material used for drumheads is aramid fiber, such as kevlar. Kevlar heads are also used in marching percussion.
Mesh heads - drum heads that are usually constructed from a weave of synthetic material - were traditionally used on electronic drums, as they provide a very similar playing feel to traditional heads. Over time, however, manufacturers began to produce mesh heads that are attachable to acoustic drums, in order to create a playing experience that has a very similar feel and sound to playing a traditional drumkit, but at a drastically reduced volume, making them suitable for either practicing in a place where noise is a concern, or even recording using drum triggers.
A drum "hoop" or "rim" may be made of metal, wood, or other material and is used to hold a drumhead against a drum shell, either with bolts through metal "claws" attached directly to a hoop, or bolts through holes in a flanged rim. The bolts, called "tension rods", are screwed into threaded "lugs" attached to the drum shell, in order to tighten and tune the drumhead. A "drum key" is a four sided wrench used to screw the tension rods into the lugs.
Drummers occasionally muffle their drums using special drumheads. Some drumheads come pre-muffled. Most muffling is done by external muffles.
Tanggu (drum)

The tanggu (堂鼓; pinyin: tánggǔ, pronounced [tʰɑ̌ŋkù]; literally "ceremonial hall drum"; sometimes spelled tang gu) is a traditional Chinese drum that dates back to the Northern Wei Dynasty. It is medium in size and barrel-shaped, with two heads made of animal skin, and is played with two sticks.
The tanggu is usually suspended by four rings in a wooden stand.
The Tanggu (Drum) is known as "Tonggu". During the Qing Dynasty, it was called "Zhanggu". Its skin is normally made of buffalo's hide. The pitch and tone of the sound produced are not definite. It depends on the strength and which part of the drum skin is being hit.
There are two types of Tanggu: the Xiao Tanggu and the Da Tanggu. The only difference is that the Xiao Tanggu is smaller in size, and thus produces a higher pitch sound.
Orchestral works which uses the Tanggu includes Fisherman's Song of the East China Sea and The General's Commands.
List of massacres in Germany

The following is an incomplete list of massacres that have occurred in present-day Germany and its predecessors:
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in the territory of the present-day Germany before the year 1000:
In May and June 1096, during the Rhineland massacres, about 2,000–2,800 Jews have been killed by mobs of German and sometimes French Christians of the People's Crusade or committed suicide to avoid baptism. Up to 95% of all killings happened between May 25 and June 1 in the three massacres of Worms, Speyer and Cologne. At least 1,600 killings are well testified, but some estimates run up to 5,000 or even 10,000 victims, thus annihilating about 1/4 to 1/3 of the Ashkenazi population of the time. In Jewish historiography, these events are referred to as Gezerot Tatnu which means "the edicts of [the year 4]856" of the Jewish calendar. The first persecutions of this group happened in late 1095 in France (Rouen riot of [December?] 1095, a smaller massacre there happening in September 1096 only, when the Rhineland massacres were over), than in Reims, Verdun and Metz (22 killed in June 1096), the latter two cities not yet belonging to France at that time. The key person of the Rhineland massacres was Count Emicho von Leiningen who led undisciplined troops of up to 10,000 crusaders.
These series of massacres, which resulted in the partial or complete destruction of 210 Jewish communities in the Rhineland and 350 in all of Germany, started in Southern France (Toulon, April 1348) and Spain (Barcelona), than spread to Switzerland and South West Germany. 510 events documented all over Europe.
Most of the atrocities of this time happened outside of Germany, especially in Eastern Europe.
List of massacres in Italy

The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Italy and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate): they are divided by the presence of culpability or not.
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves.
The following are the parameters used to create the list:
(**) For the Italian law, all the Italian ships are considered Italian territory.
Jackrin Kungwankiatichai

Jackrin Kungwankiatichai (Thai: จักริน กังวานเกียรติชัย, born 29 March 2001); also known by his nickname Jackie, (Thai: แจ๊คกี้) is a Thai singer, actor, brand endorser and model. He was a member of the Thai boy group Nine by Nine, and is currently a member of TRINITY. He is the grand champion of the Thai singing competition The Mask Thai Literature.
Jackrin was born on 29 March 2001. His father is Kamol Kungwankiatichai, and he has a younger sister named Chawunluk Kungwankiatichai, who is currently a trainee under 4NOLOGUE. He attended school at Bangkok Christian College and is currently studying Acting and Film Directing at the College of Social Communication Innovation, Srinakharinwirot University.
Jackrin began his music career in 2015 with the band Yellow Mustard. One of the band members is then-future Nine by Nine co-member Paris Intarakomalyasut. In 2017, Paris referred Jackrin to 4nologue CEO Anuwat Wichiennarat to audition for the label.
Jackrin signed with the label in 2018. From then to 2019, he became a member of the idol group Nine by Nine, a special one-year project by 4nologue in association with Nadao Bangkok. The group overall has released five songs and one mini-album, and embarked on a series of concert tours across Thailand.
As part of the project, Jackrin starred in two television series. His acting debut came with the 2018 TV series In Family We Trust where he received positive feedback for his performance as Thanat Suriyapairoj (Toei) and earned him acting nominations. He also performed a main role in the 2019 TV series Great Men Academy as Menn.
After the project ended in March 2019, 4nologue announced that it has formed a new boy group among the members of Nine by Nine. Jackrin, along with Teeradon Supapunpinyo, Sivakorn Adulsuttikul, and Lapat Ngamchaweng, debuted as TRINITY in September 2019. Jackrin is the main vocals of the group.
Jackrin was then paired with Sivakorn to appear as a duo in the 2019 TV singing competition show The Mask Thai Literature as Holvichai-Kavee where they received overall positive acclaim from the judges and its viewers. They were hailed as the season's champions by garnering the highest votes from the audience and viewers' text votes during the final round. They became the youngest and first and only duo to win in the show.
As a brand endorser, he collaborated with Thai rapper Milli for the song "Say It", as part of a promotion for an ice cream brand. Together with TRINITY co-member Sivakorn, they became the brand ambassador for the cosmetics brand retailer Kiehl's Thailand. As part of the promotional campaign, the duo has released "My Calendula" as a special single.
In 2022, he starred as the heir of a wealthy family on the Thai TV series You Are My Heartbeat. He also sang one of the series' original soundtrack.
Jackrin landed his first voice acting role in August 2022 for the Thai-dubbed version of One Piece Film: Red. He described the project as a "dream come true" as a childhood fan of its manga and anime versions.
Disodium ribonucleotides

Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides or I+G, E number E635, is a flavor enhancer which is synergistic with glutamates in creating the taste of umami. It is a mixture of disodium inosinate (IMP) and disodium guanylate (GMP) and is often used where a food already contains natural glutamates (as in meat extract) or added monosodium glutamate (MSG). It is primarily used in flavored noodles, snack foods, chips, crackers, sauces and fast foods. It is produced by combining the sodium salts of the natural compounds guanylic acid (E626) and inosinic acid (E630).
A mixture composed of 98% monosodium glutamate and 2% E635 has four times the flavor enhancing power of monosodium glutamate (MSG) alone.
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides were first assessed in 1974 by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives based on all available scientific literature. This assessment resulted in a new specification prepared and an "ADI Not Specified". This essentially means that this additive shows no toxicology at any level and acceptable daily limits do not need to be set. The definition is as follows:
In 1993, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives considered several more studies on this food additive and retained the "ADI not specified" safety classification.
Asam pedas

Asam pedas (Jawi: اسم ڤدس‎; Minangkabau: asam padeh; "sour and spicy") is a Maritime Southeast Asian sour and spicy fish stew dish. Asam pedas is believed to come from Minangkabau cuisine of West Sumatra, Indonesia and has spread throughout to the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula.
The spicy and sour fish dish is endemic in the Malay Archipelago, known widely in Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula. It is part of the culinary heritage of both Minangkabau and Malay traditions. The Minang asam padeh is commonly served at Padang restaurants in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
It has become a typical cuisine of Malays from the eastern coast of Sumatra—Jambi, Riau, Riau Islands, and as far north as Aceh and across the Strait of Malacca in Johore, Malacca, Singapore, and also coastal Borneo, especially Pontianak in West Kalimantan. The spice mixture and the fish used might be slightly different according to the area.
The main ingredients in asam pedas are usually seafood or freshwater fish. They are cooked in asam (tamarind) fruit juice with chilli and spices.
The cooking process involves soaking the pulp of the tamarind fruit until it is soft and then squeezing out the juice for cooking the fish. Asam paste may be substituted for convenience. Vegetables such as terong or brinjals (Indian eggplants), okra and tomatoes are added.
Fish and seafood—such as mackerel, mackerel tuna, tuna, skipjack tuna, red snapper, gourami, pangasius, hemibagrus or cuttlefish — either the whole body or sometimes only the fish heads are added to make a spicy and tart fish stew. It is important that the fish remain intact for serving so generally the fish is added last.
In Indonesia, the most common fish used in asam pedas is tongkol (mackerel tuna). In Lingga, the dish is preferably served with sago griddle cakes (lempeng sagu) in place of rice usual in other places.
Kaeng som is the Thai version of asam pedas. In Bengal, India there is a similar dish is called Macher tak (sour fish).
Buluh minyak

Buluh minyak atau juga dikenali sebagi buluh gading, buluh aro, buluh temalang dan nama sainsnya Bambusa vulgaris ialah salah satu spesies pokok buluh berumpun-rumpun dalam genus Bambusa. Pokok ini besar, dengan banyak cabang yang tumbuh dari sesuatu buku. Biasanya satu atau dua daripada cabang-cabang ini adalah lebih besar daripada yang lain. Buluh gading biasanya bertumbuh di kawasan-kawasan tropika dan subtropika Asia, khususnya di kawasan tropika monsun dan lembap.
Spesies ini biasanya ditanam sebagai pokok hiasan. Nama botaninya Bambusa vulgaris var. striata. Ia juga sesuai untuk digunakan bagi menghasilkan batang pengepit makanan, pencungkil gigi, atau pencucuk makanan. Rebungnya boleh diambil untuk dimakan.