davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Climate of Ecuador

The climate of Ecuador is generally tropical and varies with altitude and region, due to differences in elevation and, to a degree, in proximity to the equator.
The coastal lowlands in the western part of Ecuador are typically warm with temperatures in the region of 25 °C (77 °F). Coastal areas are affected by ocean currents and are hot and rainy between January and April.
The weather in Quito is consistent with that of a subtropical highland climate. The average temperature during the day is 21 °C (70 °F), which generally falls to an average of 10 °C (50 °F) at night. The average temperature annually is 18 °C (64 °F). There are two seasons in the city: dry and wet. The dry season runs from June to September and the wet season is from October to May.
Ecuador has a diverse geography and is very vulnerable to climate change. Antisana, Cotopaxi, Chimborazo, Cayambe, the Ilinizas (north and south), El Altar, and Carihuairazo are the seven glaciers of Ecuador. These glaciers are all located on volcanic craters that are affected by the greenhouse effect. Because of global warming glacier Carihuairazo has already lost 96% of its glacier surface. With the continued worsening of climate change, Carihuairazo can disappear within five years. By the end of 2018, there was an average nationwide loss of 53% of glacier coverage. Glacier shrinkage is a natural phenomenon that has existed; however, in the last 20 years climate change has exacerbated shrinkage. These glaciers in Ecuador play a major role in the climate because they gather the atmospheric circulation from the Pacific and the humidity of the Amazon region.
Agriculture in Uruguay

Agriculture in Uruguay constitutes a significant factor in the economic life of the country.
Agriculture played such an important part in Uruguayan history and national identity until the middle of the 20th century that the entire country was then sometimes likened to a single huge estancia (agricultural estate) with Montevideo, where the wealth generated in the hinterland was spent, as its casco or administrative head. As another saying went, "Uruguay es la vaca y el puerto" ("Uruguay is the cow and the port"). However, when world market prices for Uruguay's main export commodities like beef and wool fell drastically in the 1950s, the country's prosperous golden era came to an end.
In 2018, the country produced 1.36 million tons of rice, 1.33 million tons of soy, 816 thousand tons of maize, 637 thousand tons of barley, 440 thousand tons of wheat, 350 thousand tons of sugar cane, 106 thousand tons of orange, 104 thousand tons of grape, 90 thousand tons of rapeseed, 87 thousand tons of potato, 76 thousand tons of sorghum, 71 thousand tons of tangerine, 52 thousand tons of oats, 48 thousand tons of apple, in addition to smaller yields of other agricultural products.
Uruguay is also a major meat producer. In 2018, it produced 589 thousand tons of beef.
Today, agriculture still contributes roughly 10% to the country's GDP and is the main foreign exchange earner, putting Uruguay in line with other agricultural exporters like Brazil, Canada and New Zealand. Uruguay is a member of the Cairns Group of exporters of agricultural products. Uruguay's agriculture has relatively low inputs of labour, technology and capital in comparison with other such countries, which results in comparatively lower yields per hectare but also opens the door for Uruguay to market its products as "natural" or "ecological."
Campaigns like “Uruguayan grass-fed beef” and “Uruguay Natural” aim to establish Uruguay as a premium brand in beef, wine and other food products.
Estancia tourism is based upon traditional, historical elements of Uruguay and the remaining resources of the historic ranches (estancias) from Uruguay's "Golden Era".
Dusky millions fish

The dusky millions fish, (Phalloceros caudimaculatus), also known as the caudo, the leopardfish or the one-spot livebearer, is a species of fish native eastern and southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. It has also been introduced to Australia, Malawi and New Zealand; primarily for mosquito control, but also as escapees from the aquarium trade. It has been reported as having adverse ecological effects in areas where it has been introduced. The females of this species grow to a total length of 6 centimetres (2.4 in), while males remain smaller.
This species originated in South America. It is mainly a freshwater fish and thrives best in areas with weak water flow. However, it is extremely adaptable and can thrive in a multitude of altered environments. For example, although it prefers temperatures between 16 and 22 °C (61–72 °F), it can survive up to 30 °C (86 °F) and down to 5 °C (41 °F). The species also has a high fecundity.
The dusky millions fish was one of the first species in its family, the Poeciliidae to be bred for aquarium usage. Ecologists also attempted to use the fish as a mosquito control; however, the dusky millions fish's diverse diet affected its efficacy as a control species since the fish can eat a range of different organisms, including algae.
The dusky millions fish was introduced to a variety of ecosystems both by aquarium keepers and as mosquito pest control. The NSW area of Australia has been affected the most by its presence. It reproduces and spreads well in the winter when there is a larger flow of water. Australian ecologists have tried to contain this spread by killing them with rotenone; however, the infestation persists. This species is most likely to be found in shallow areas with varying levels of vegetation, such as local ponds.
The ecological impact of the dusky millions fish in Australia is pronounced. Its diet has affected populations of both native and non-native fish. An example would be the non-native species Gambusia holbrooki. It has similar features as the dusky millions fish, such as a high reproductive rate and use for mosquito control. However, its population in Australia has diminished since the introduction of the dusky millions fish. Furthermore, this dusky millions fish has also affected the food chain, as they have become prey for native bird species.
Arab Uruguayans

Arab Uruguayans (Arabic: عرب أوروغواي) are residents or citizens of Uruguay of Arab ethnicity, whose ancestry predominantly traces back to any of various waves of immigrants from the Arab world, especially Lebanon and Syria.
Arab Uruguayans originated mainly from what is now Lebanon (of which there may be over 50,000 descendants); a notable trend was immigration during Ottoman times; for this reason, Arab Uruguayans are traditionally (and wrongly) denominated "turcos" (Turks). There are also individuals from other Arab countries such as Egypt, Syria, Morocco and Palestine.
Most Uruguayans of Arabic descent are Christians (Maronites), with some Muslim minorities. There was also a small influx of Arab Jews, who have since lost their Arab cultural identity.
Arab Uruguayans are among the smallest Arab diaspora groups in the world. There are some 500 Arab-speaking people in the border towns of Chuy and Rivera.
Lately there are two noticeable trends:
What-not

A what-not is a piece of furniture derived from the French étagère which was exceedingly popular in England in the first three-quarters of the 19th century. It usually consists of slender uprights or pillars, supporting a series of shelves for holding china, ornaments, trifles, or "what nots", hence the allusive name. In its English form, it is a convenient piece of drawing room furniture, and was rarely valued for its aesthetic.
Attribution:
अभिषेक अग्रवाल

अभिषेक अग्रवाल (१३ एप्रिल, १९९८:रायगड, छत्तीसगड -) हा एक भारतीय अभिनेता आहे जो आयलँड सिटी, सिलेक्शन डे, ताजमहल १९९८, जीनियस आणि गुजरात ११ सारख्या चित्रपटांमधील भूमिकांसाठी प्रसिद्ध आहे.
अग्रवालने आपल्या मॉडेलिंग कारकीर्दीची सुरुवात २०१७ मध्ये भारतात केली होती. २०१९ मध्ये तो अभिनयाच्या अभ्यासासाठी युनायटेड किंगडमला गेला. त्यानी मुंबईच्या नरसी मोंजी इन्स्टिट्यूट ऑफ मॅनेजमेंट स्टडीजमधून स्नातक पदवी मिळविली. पुढे त्यानी लंडनच्या वेस्टमिन्स्टर विद्यापीठातून पदव्युत्तर शिक्षण घेतले.
२०१५ साली अभिषेकने बॉलीवूड इंडस्ट्रीमध्ये डेब्यू -आयलँड सिटी चित्रपटातून बाल कलाकार म्हणून पदार्पण केले जेथे त्याने स्टीफनची भूमिका साकारली. २०१८ मध्ये त्याने जीनियस या चित्रपटात काम केले. त्याच वर्षी तो नेटिफ्लिक्स ची मालिका - सिलेक्शन डे मध्ये काम केले . वर्ष २०१९ मध्ये त्यानी अर्जुन पटियाला आणि गुजरात ११ चित्रपट केले. २०२० मध्ये तो ताजमहाल १९९८ मध्ये आणि आर्या नावाच्या वेबसिरीजमध्ये दिसला.
अभिषेक अग्रवाल आयएमडीबीवर
पु.ना. ओक

पुरुषोत्तम नागेश ओक (मार्च २, १९१७ – डिसेंबर ४, २००७), हे विद्वान इतिहासकार, इतिहास संशोधक आणि लेखक होते. त्यांनी मराठी, इंग्रजी आणि हिंदी भाषांत लेखन केले. त्यांचा उल्लेख सामन्यत: पु. ना. ओक असा केला जातो. त्यांनी ताजमहाल हे खरे तेजोमहाल नावाचे शंकराचे मंदिर होते असा दावा केला आहे.
त्यांनी आझाद हिंद रेडियोसाठी काम केले होते. त्यांनी पुण्याच्या फर्ग्युसन कॉलेजमधून मास्टर ऑफ आर्ट्‌सची आणि पुण्याच्या विधिमहाविद्यालयातून कायद्याची पदवी घेतली होती.
पु. ना. ओक यांच्या ग्रंथांची यादी पुढील प्रमाणे -
लखनौ चारबाग रेल्वे स्थानक

लखनौ चारबाग हे उत्तर प्रदेशच्या लखनौ शहरामधील प्रमुख रेल्वे स्थानक आहे. उत्तर रेल्वे क्षेत्राच्या लखनौ विभागाचे मुख्यालय असलेले लखनौ उत्तर प्रदेशातील सर्वात वर्दळीच्या स्थानकांपैकी एक आहे. हे स्थानक लखनौच्या चारबाग ह्या भागात स्थित असून लखनौ जंक्शन हे रेल्वे स्थानक चारबाग स्थानकाला लागूनच आहे व अनेकदा ते चारबाग स्थानकाचाच एक भाग मानले जाते. येथून रोज सुमारे ८५ गाड्या सुटतात तर ३०० गाड्यांचा येथे थांबा आहे.
लखनौ चारबाग स्थानकाच्या इमारतीचे बांधकाम १९१४ साली चालू झाले व १९२३ साली पूर्ण झाले. स्थानकाच्या बाहेरच एक मोठे उद्यान असून स्थानकाच्या वास्तूरचनेमध्ये अवधी व मोगलाई ठसा आढळतो व हे स्थानक भारतामधील सर्वात सुंदर रेल्वे स्थानकांपैकी एक मानले जाते.
लखनौ जंक्शन रेल्वे स्थानक

लखनौ जंक्शन (अधिकृतपणे लखनौ NER, स्टेशन कोड: LJN ) हे लखनौ शहरातील रुंदमापी गाड्यांसाठी दोन मुख्य रेल्वे स्थानकांपैकी एक आहे. हे लखनौ चारबाग रेल्वे स्टेशनला लागूनच आहे.
लखनौ मेट्रो

लखनौ मेट्रो ही भारताच्या लखनौ शहरातील एक जलद परिवहन वाहतूकव्यवस्था आहे. लखनौच्या चौधरी चरण सिंह आंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळाला लखनौ चारबाग रेल्वे स्थानकामार्गे शहराच्या उत्तर भागातील मुन्शी पुलिया स्थानकासोबत जोडणारी २३ किमी लांबीची मार्गिका सध्या कार्यरत आहे. सप्टेंबर २०१४ मध्ये बांधकाम सुरू होऊन केवळ ३ वर्षांमध्ये वाहतूकीस खुली करण्यात आलेली लखनौ मेट्रो ही देशातील सर्वाधिक जलद गतीने बांधली गेलेली मेट्रो सेवा होती.
कानपूर सेंट्रल रेल्वे स्थानक

कानपूर सेंट्रल हे उत्तर प्रदेशच्या कानपूर शहरामधील प्रमुख रेल्वे स्थानक आहे. दिल्ली-कोलकाता ह्या भारतामधील सर्वात वद्रळीच्या रेल्वे मार्गावर स्थित असलेले हे स्थानक भारताच्या सर्व मोठ्या शहरांसोबत जोडले गेले आहे. दिल्लीकडून पूर्व उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार, झारखंड, पश्चिम बंगाल तसेच ईशान्य भारताकडे धावणाऱ्या गाड्या बहुतेक सर्व गाड्या येथे थांबतात.
१९३० साली बांधून पूर्ण झालेल्या कानपूर स्थानकाच्या इमारतीचे स्थापत्य लखनौच्या चारबाग रेल्वे स्थानकासोबत मिळतेजुळते आहे.
येथे हावडा राजधानीसह एकूण ७ राजधानी एक्सप्रेस गाड्यांचा थांबा आहे.
पुष्पक एक्सप्रेस

पुष्पक एक्सप्रेस ही भारतीय रेल्वेची लखनौ ते मुंबई दरम्यान धावणारी जलद रेल्वेगाडी आहे. उत्तर पूर्व रेल्वेद्वारे चालवली जाणारी पुष्पक एक्सप्रेस रोज धावते व मुंबई ते लखनौ दरम्यानचे १,४२६ किमी अंतर २४ तास २० मिनिटांत पूर्ण करते.
लखनौ

लखनौ (हिंदी: लखनऊ) ही भारताच्या उत्तर प्रदेश राज्याची राजधानी व उत्तर भारतामधील एक प्रमुख शहर आहे. २०११ साली ४८ लाख लोकसंख्या असणारे लखनौ भारतामधील दहाव्या क्रमांकाच्या लोकसंख्येचे शहर आहे. नवाबांचे शहर ह्या टोपणनावाने ओळखले जात असलेले लखनौ उत्तर प्रदेशच्या मध्य भागात गोमती नदीच्या काठावर वसले आहे. ऐतिहासिक काळापासून अवध भूभागाची राजधानी असलेले लखनौ मुघल साम्राज्याच्या दिल्ली सल्तनतीचा भाग होते. सध्या लखनौ उत्तर प्रदेशचे सांस्कृतिक, राजकीय व शैक्षणिक केंद्र असून येथील शिवणकाम, पाककला भारतभर प्रसिद्ध आहेत. हिंदीसोबत अवधी व उर्दू ह्या भाषादेखील लखनौमध्ये वापरात आहेत.
लखनौ येथे केंद्रीय ऊस संशोधन केंद्र आहे. उत्तर प्रदेश व भारताच्या राजकीय पटलावर लखनौला अनन्यसाधारण महत्त्व आहे. भारताचे माजी पंतप्रधान अटलबिहारी वाजपेयी येथील लखनौ लोकसभा मतदारसंघामधून सलग ५ निवडणुकांमध्ये विजय मिळवून लोकसभेवर गेले होते. भारताचे विद्यमान गृहमंत्री राजनाथ सिंह २०१४ सालच्या निवडणुकीत येथूनच निवडून आले.
भारतातील रा.मा. २४, रा.मा. २५, रा.मा. २८ व रा.मा. ५६ हे चार राष्ट्रीय महामार्ग लखनौमधून जातात. आग्रा–लखनौ द्रुतगतीमार्ग हा देशामधील सर्वाधिक लांबीचा द्रुतगतीमार्ग असून त्याद्वारे लखनौवरून आग्रा तसेच दिल्लीपर्यंत जलद रस्तावाहतूक शक्य आहे. नोव्हेंबर २०२१ मध्ये खुला करण्यात आलेला पूर्वांचल द्रुतगतीमार्ग लखनौला पूर्वांचल भागासोबत जोडतो.
लखनौ चारबाग रेल्वे स्थानक हे येथील प्रमुख रेल्वे स्थानक उत्तर रेल्वेच्या लखनौ विभागाचे मुख्यालय व भारतातील सर्वात वर्दळीच्या स्थानकांपैकी एक आहे. नागरी परिवहनासाठी येथे अनेक बसमार्ग उपलब्ध आहेत. लखनौ-कानपूर ही उपनगरी रेल्वेसेवा ह्या दोन शहरांदरम्यान रोज प्रवास करणाऱ्या प्रवाशांसाठी सोयीची आहे. लखनौ मेट्रो ही जलद परिवहन प्रणाली लखनौमध्ये कार्यरत असून ह्या मेट्रोच्या दुसऱ्या टप्प्यामधील बांधकाम प्रगतीपथावर आहे.
चौधरी चरण सिंह आंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ लखनौमधील प्रमुख विमानतळ असून भारतामधील बहुतेक सर्व प्रमुख शहरे लखनौसोबत थेट जोडली गेली आहेत. ह्याशिवाय मध्य पूर्वेतील दुबई, रियाध, मस्कत इत्यादी शहरांसाठी देखील लखनौहून थेट विमानसेवा उपलब्ध आहे.
लखनौमध्ये उच्च शिक्षणासाठी अनेक नामांकित महाविद्यालये आहेत. भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान लखनौ ही नामांकित व्यापार प्रशासन शिक्षण संस्था लखनौमध्ये स्थित आहे. ह्याशिवाय भारतीय माहिती तंत्रज्ञान संस्था, केंद्रीय औषधे संशोधन संस्था, भारतीय विषविज्ञान संशोधन संस्था इत्यादी अनेक प्रशिक्षण संस्था लखनौमध्ये आहेत.
भारतीय बॅडमिंटन संघटना (बॅडमिंटन असोसिएअशन ऑफ इंडिया) ह्या भारतामधील बॅडमिंटन खेळाच्या सर्वोच्च नियंत्रण संस्थेचे मुख्यालय लखनौमध्ये आहे. के.डी. सिंग बाबू स्टेडियम हे लखनौमधील प्रमुख क्रिकेट मैदान असून येथे अनेक आंतरराष्ट्रीय क्रिकेट सामने आयोजीत केले जातात. भारतीय बॅडमिंटन लीगमध्ये खेळणारा अवध वॉरियर्स व हॉकी इंडिया लीगमध्ये खेळणारा उत्तर प्रदेश विझार्ड्स हे दोन लखनौमधील प्रमुख व्यावसायिक क्लब आहेत.
Ukumbi wa Mikutano wa Kimataifa wa Kenyatta

Ukumbi wa Mikutano wa Kimataifa wa Kenyatta au Kenyatta International Conference Centre (KICC) ni jengo la ghorofa 30 iliko mjini Nairobi, Kenya.
Iko katikta eneo la kati la biashara la Nairobi. Ni ukumbi kwa mikutano, maonyesho na matukio maalumu ndani ya umbali wa kutembea wa hoteli kadhaa za nyota tano. Imekuwa mwenyeji wa mikutano mingi ya kimataifa na semina.
Kuna vyumba kadhaa vya mikutano vilivyo na vifaa vizuri na kile kikubwa kabisa kiko na uwezo wa zaidi ya wajumbe 4,000. Iko na vifaa vya kutafsiria lugha sambamba ambavyo vina uwezo wa kutafsiria lugha saba, kituo cha biashara cha kisasa, benki, huduma za ziara na kusafiri, kiwanja kikubwa na pahali pa kuegezea magari salama.
Ukumbi wa Mikutano wa Kimataifa wa Kenyatta ulijengwa kati ya miaka ya 1966-1973. Ilifadhiliwa na serikali. Mwaka 1989 umiliki wake uli kwa chama cha kisiasa cha KANU, chama cha kisiasa cha kisheria pekee nchini Kenya. KICC ilirejeshwa kwa serikali mwaka 2003, wakati KANU walitolewa kwa serikali
Katika jumba la amphitheatre "urithi na usasa wakutana". Liliundwa kwa mikutano ya ukubwa wa kati, viti 800 katika balcony tatu zilizozunguka auditorium, huleta uhai katika mikutano yoyote ya kibiashara. Iko na vibanda vya SIE, vifaa kamili vya mantiki za kurekodi, vifaa vya hali ya juu vya kutangazia umma na vya kuzuia sauti.
Kama jumba kubwa zaidi la mikutano la aina yake katika Afrika ya Mashariki, jumba hili limezungukwa na mawe ya kuzuia sauti, mbao asili na dari la kifahari. Jumba hili huhudumia mikutano mikubwa ya kimataifa, maonyesho na sherehe kubwa za kifahari, na lina uwezo wa watu 5,000. Liko na vifaa vya hali ya juu vya kurekodia na kupazia sauti, vibanda visivyotumia waya vya kutafsiria (hadi lugha saba) na maeneo ya kuangalilia. Dari zake za juu ziliwekwa kwa sababu ya mapambo mazuri, bendera za kukuza na nyenzo zingine za kukuza.
Hili ni ua la mita mraba 705 lililo na lami linalozunguka sanamu ya Jomo Kenyatta. Liliundwa kama eneo la mapumziko kwa wale wanaohudhuria mikutano. Ua hili liko na bustani, vidimbwi vya maji na chemichemi. Fito kadhaa za bendera na mabalcony uani zimetengenezwa na fashoni ambayo huziwezesha kuhudumia makutio ya kukuzia.
Uwanja huu wa COMESA ni mkubwa na uko kando na bunge la Kenya. Mwaka 1999, onyesho kubwa zaidi kufanyika nchini Kenya, lililowaleta pamoja waonyeshi wa COMESA kutoka kila nchi, lilifanyika KICC. Miongoni mwa waliohudhuria walikuwa wakuu tisa wa nchi, waliokuja kuhudhuria mkutano wa Wakuu wa Nchi. Uwanja huu unaweza kutumiwa kuhudumia maonyesho makubwa ama kuegeshea magari hadi 1,000.
Hospitali ya Nairobi

Hospitali ya Nairobi ni hospitali maarufu ya mjini Nairobi, [Kenya]]. Ilijengwa mwaka 1954 kama "European Hospital", kumaanisha ilikuwa hospitali ya wakoloni, yaani ilihudumia Wazungu pekee.
Wakati wa uhuru kwenye mwaka 1961 ikabadilishwa jina ikawa "The Nairobi Hospital" na kuwahudumia watu wote.
Inasifiwa kuwa kati ya hospitali bora za Nairobi na pia nchini Kenya.
Eastleigh (Nairobi)

Eastleigh ni mtaa wa Nairobi nchini Kenya. Iko upande wa mashariki wa Naírobi mjini. Uwanja wa ndege wa kijeshi wa Eastleigh uko upande wa kaskazini ya mtaa. Mtaa wa mabanda wa Mathare Valley imepakana moja kwa moja na Eastleigh.
Eastleigh ni mtaa wa pekee nje ya Nairobi mjini (kitovu cha kibiashara) wenye mpangilio kwa namna ya jiji. Barabara zake zimepangwa kama miraba; First, Second na Third Avenue huenda sambabamba na barabara ndogo zinazokata kwa pembemraba zahesabiwa pia kama mtaa wa kwanza, wa pili, wa tatu, wa nne (First Street, Second Street n.k.). Nyumba nyingi ni za magorofa zinazofuatana bila nafasi ya bustani. Hii ni tofauti na eneo kubwa la Nairobi penye mabustani.
Mpangilio mzuri wa Eastleigh umerudi nyuma kwa sababu manisipaa ya Nairobi haikuangalia mtaa huu kwa muda mrefu. Kwa miaka mingi First Avenue pekee ilitunzwa lakini barabara za kando ziliharibika kabisa. Second Avenue imetengenezwa upya tangu mwaka 2006.
Eastleigh ilipangwa wakati wa ukoloni kama eneo la Wahíndi. Baada ya uhuru Wahindi wengi waliondoka au kuhama. Badala yao Wasomalia na Waethiopia wengi waliingia Eastleigh.
Kiutawala Eastleigh ni sehemu ya tarafa ya Pumwani ndani ya mkoa wa Nairobi.
Kati ya watu mashuhuri wa Eastleigh alikuwako Mohamed Amin aliyejulikaa kama mwanahabari na mpiga picha.
Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi

Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi (UoN) ni chuo kikuu kikubwa zaidi nchini Kenya. Ingawa historia yake kama taasisi ya elimu ilianza 1956, hakikufanya kuwa chuo kikuu huria mpaka 1970 wakati Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki kiligawanywa katika vyuo vikuu huria: Chuo Kikuu cha Makerere nchini Uganda, Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam nchini Tanzania, na Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi.
Mwaka wa 2002 Chuo hiki kilikuwa na wanafunzi 22,000, na 17,200 kati yao walikuwa wakisomea shahada ya msingi na 4,800 walikuwa wakisomea shahada ya kumudu. Chuo kikuu kimezindua mipango kadhaa ya kisera na kuanzisha shahada sambamba kukabiliana na mahitaji ya elimu nchini Kenya.
Mwanzo wa Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi huanzia 1956, pamoja na uanzishwaji wa Royal Technical College ambapo walisajili kundi la kwanza la wahitimu wa masomo ya A-levels katika masomo ya kiufundi mwezi wa Aprili mwaka huo huo. Royal Technical College ilibadilishwa kuwa Chuo cha pili katika Afrika Mashariki tarehe 25 Juni 1961 chini ya jina Royal College Nairobi. Chuo kilikuwa na uhusiano maalum na Chuo Kikuu cha London ambapo kilianza kuandaa wanafunzi katika vitivo ya sanaa, sayansi, na uhandisi kwa tuzo ya shahada kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha London.
Tarehe 20 Mei 1964, Royal College Nairobi ilibadilishwa jina ikawa University College Nairobi kama chuo kilichokuwa sehemu ya Inter-territorial Federal University of East Africa, na baadaye vizazi ya wanafunzi waliojiunga walikuwa wakihitimu shahada zao kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Afrika Mashariki badala ya Chuo Kikuu cha London. Mwaka 1970, University College Nairobi kiligeuzwa kikawa chuo kikuu cha Taifa cha kwanza nchini Kenya na kikabadilishwa jina kuwa Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi.
Hivi majuzi, chuo kikuu kimefanya mahusiano na Chuo Kikuu cha Rome La Sapienza na Vrije Universiteit Brussel huko Ubelgiji hasa kwa madhumuni ya utafiti.
Kwa mtazamo wa upanuzi wa haraka na ugomo wa utawala, chuo kikuu kilifanywa marekebishaji mwaka 1983 kusababisha mgawanyiko wa utawala kupitia uumbaji wa vyuo vya kampasi sita zinazoongozwa na wakuu.
1°16.78′S 36°48.99′E﻿ / ﻿1.27967°S 36.81650°E﻿ / -1.27967; 36.81650
Kaunti ya Nairobi

Kaunti ya Nairobi ni mojawapo ya kaunti za Kenya zilizopo baada ya katiba mpya ya Jamhuri ya Kenya kupatikana mwaka 2010.
Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2019 wakazi walikuwa 4,397,073 katika eneo la km2 703.9, msongamano ukiwa hivyo wa watu 6,247 kwa kilometa mraba.
Makao makuu yako jijini Nairobi.
Kaunti ya Nairobi imegawanywa katika maeneo bunge 17 na kata 85.
Helen Gichohi

Helen Wanjiru Gichohi ni mwanaikolojia wa kutoka nchini Kenya.Alikuwa alikuwa Rais wa Wakfu wa Wanyamapori wa Afrika (AWF) kuanzia mwaka wa 2007 hadi mwaka wa 2013.
Helen Gichohi alizaliwa katika jamii ya kilimo kati mwa Kenya. Alipata Shahada ya Kwanza ya Sayansi katika Zoolojia kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta na Shahada ya Uzamili wa Sayansi katika biolojia ya Uhifadhi kutoka Chuo Kikuu cha Nairobi . Aliendelea kusoma Chuo Kikuu cha Leicester, ambako alipata shahada ya PhD katika ikolojia. Alipokuwa akifanya kazi kwa PhD yake, Helen alisoma athari za uchomaji unaodhibitiwa kwenye maeneo ya malisho ya wanyamapori katika Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Nairobi . Hitimisho lake lilikuwa kwamba, kusimamiwa ipasavyo, moto unaweza kusaidia katika kudumisha savanna iliyo wazi ambayo hutoa chakula kwa wanyamapori. Alisema alijiingiza kwenye ikolojia, kwa sababu alipendelea sana kufanya kazi nje kuliko ndani ya maabara.
Mwaka wa 1990, akiwa mtafiti katika Shirika la Kimataifa la Uhifadhi wa Wanyamapori (WCI), Helen Gichohi alitayarisha taarifa ya athari za kimazingira kwenye Eneo la Biashara la Uzalishaji wa Bidhaa Nje kwa serikali ya Kenya. Alikua Mkurugenzi wa Kituo cha Uhifadhi wa Afrika (ACC), akiungwa mkono na Jumuiya ya Uhifadhi wa Wanyamapori . Mwaka wa1998 aliteuliwa katika jopo la watu watano kumshauri Rais wa Marekani Bill Clinton kuhusu masuala ya mazingira barani Afrika. Alijiunga na Wakfu wa Wanyamapori wa Afrika Februari 2001 kama Mkurugenzi wa Mpango wa African Heartlands na Februari 2002 aliteuliwa kuwa makamu wa rais wa programu. Mnamo Januari 2006, Rais wa Kenya alimtunukia Dkt. Gichohi Tuzo la Great Warrior of Kenya kwa kutambua mchango wake katika uhifadhi.
Mnamo Januari 2007, bodi ya wadhamini ilimchagua kama Rais wa AWF. Pia anahudumu katika bodi ya wadhamini ya Huduma ya Wanyamapori ya Kenya . Helen Gichohi anaangazia kama mzungumzaji aliyebobea katika filamu iliyoshinda tuzo ya 2009 ya Milking the Rhino . Kufikia 2011 alikuwa mwanachama wa Kamati ya Ushauri ya Ndani nchini Kenya ya Global Give Back Circle . Alikuwa mwanachama wa bodi ya wadhamini wa Kenya Land Conservation Trust na wa Beads for Education, shirika lisilo la faida ambalo huwasaidia akina mama kupata pesa za kuwapeleka binti zao shuleni. Alikuwa mwanachama wa bodi ya Benki ya Equity Kenya, ambayo ilianza kama jumuiya inayojenga, baadaye ikawa taasisi ya fedha ndogo na kisha benki kamili ya biashara.
Convention center

A convention center (American English; or conference centre in British English) is a large building that is designed to hold a convention, where individuals and groups gather to promote and share common interests. Convention centers typically offer sufficient floor area to accommodate several thousand attendees. Very large venues, suitable for major trade shows, are sometimes known as exhibition halls. Convention centers typically have at least one auditorium and may also contain concert halls, lecture halls, meeting rooms, and conference rooms. Some large resort area hotels include a convention center.
In Francophone countries, the term is palais des congrès (such as the Palais des Congrès de Paris) or centre des congrès (such as the Centre des congrès de Quebec).
The original convention centers or halls were in castles and palaces. Originally a hall in a castle would be designed to allow a large group of lords, knights and government officials to attend important meetings with the king. A more ancient tradition would have the king or lord decide disputes among his people. These administrative actions would be done in the great hall and would exhibit the wisdom of the king as judge to the general populace.
One of the most famous convention center debacles happened in France on June 20, 1789. King Louis XVI locked a group known as the Third Estate out of the meeting hall in Versailles. This led to the revolutionary group holding their meeting in an indoor tennis court. This was the first modern democratic conference center and lead to the Tennis Court Oath and the French Revolution.
Nana Gecaga

Nana Gecaga (born 1978), is a Kenyan businesswoman and corporate executive, who served as the CEO of the Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC), from April 1st 2016 to December 29th 2022. KICC is a building owned by the government of Kenya, which hosts conferences, concerts and exhibitions.
She was born in Kenya in March 1978 to Jeni Wambui, a daughter to Jomo Kenyatta, the first president of Kenya (1964–1978), and Udi Gecaga, son of Jemimah Gecaga. Nana is a niece to Uhuru Kenyatta, the President of Kenya (2013–2022). She holds a bachelor's degree in marketing obtained from the American InterContinental University in London, United Kingdom. The London campus of American InterContinental University was founded in 1978 and re-branded to Regent's University London in 2013.
Gecaga works primarily in international marketing and tourism. She is credited with being partly responsible for Kenya's successful bid to host the 2009 MTV Africa Music Awards.
She has previously worked as the Head of Marketing at KICC. Following that, she was employed as Marketing and Special Programmes Advisor to the Cabinet Secretary of Ministry of Tourism.
Effective 1 April 2016, Najib Balala, the Tourism Cabinet Secretary appointed Nana Gecaga as the acting Managing Director of the Kenyatta International Convention Centre, pending the selection of a substantive CEO.
Nana Gecaga is a single mother of three children. In July 2018, she was elected deputy chairperson of the African chapter of the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA). She is a recovering alcoholic, who has been sober since 1999.
Eastleigh, Nairobi

Eastleigh is a mixed-use neighbourhood in Nairobi, Kenya. It is located east of the central business district. It is known for its business prowess.
Eastleigh was founded in 1921. At this time, it was formally called Nairobi East Township. While the colonial government originally tried to segregate citizens by race and ethnicity, failures at doing so in the Eastleigh neighbourhood more or less stopped the practice under colonial rule, so class became the general segregating factor afterwards. The colonial government allotted Nairobi's residential estates by race, and Eastleigh was targeted for Asians and elite Africans who worked as clerks, builders, or shoemakers. Eastleigh was originally a large Kenyan Asian enclave until independence in 1963. In recent years, the suburb has been dominated by Somalis.
Eastleigh Airport (Moi Air Base) is located in the northern part of Eastleigh. The base was the site of the British Royal Air Force base known as RAF Eastleigh. The dual-use facility was also the main civilian international airport in Nairobi for the period 1943–1958 before the opening of the new airport at Embakasi (since named Jomo Kenyatta International Airport).
Since 2012, the neighbourhood and various areas across Kenya have experienced a number of terrorist attacks linked to the Al-Shabaab militant group, which were launched in retaliation for the Kenyan military's deployment of troops in southern Somalia against the insurgents.
Administratively, Eastleigh is divided into Airbase, Eastleigh North, and Eastleigh South. It contains the California and Maina Wanjigi neighbourhoods. The whole of Eastleigh is under the sub-county of Kamukunji.
In addition to California and Maina Wanjigi, Eastleigh is further partitioned into three areas:
The postal code for Eastleigh is 00610
Eastleigh is mostly inhabited by Somalis, except for a few indigenous residents. The suburb's commercial sector is likewise dominated by Somalis, with most businesses owned by the Somali community.
Businesses in the suburb range from small stalls to shopping malls and night lodges. Products are typically imported from Mogadishu and Dubai, and include designer clothing, jewelry and even camel milk. Starting in late 2012, a mass exodus of Somali residents was reported after a prolonged period of harassment by the Kenyan police and public. Hundreds of Somali entrepreneurs withdrew between Sh10 to Sh40 billion from their bank accounts, with the intention of reinvesting most of that money back home in Somalia. The collective departures most affected Eastleigh's real estate sector, as landlords struggled to find Kenyans able to afford the high rates of the apartments and shops vacated by the Somalis.
There are a lot of schools located in Eastleigh and its vicinity, they include;
Parklands, Nairobi

Parklands is a neighbourhood in the city of Nairobi, the capital and largest city in Kenya. It is divided into numbered avenues. The name arises from the proximity of the area to City Park, Nairobi.
Parklands is located approximately 5 kilometres (3.1 mi), by road, north-northwest of the central business district of Nairobi. The coordinates of Parklands are:01 15 36S, 36 49 05E (Latitude:-1.2600; Longitude:36.8180).
During Kenya's colonial days, the British demarcated the area as a residential neighbourhood for civil servants. During the 1940s and 1950s Parklands was one of the most congested suburban areas of the Nairobi metropolitan area. In the second decade of the 2000s Parklands is a mixed commercial/residential neighbourhood. The relative availability and comparatively reasonably priced land in the area attracts business and residential real estate development, away from the relative lack and exorbitant pricing of real estate in Nairobi's central business district, to the south of Parklands. Parklands has a significant population of people of Asian descent.
The population of Parklands is 38,344 as of 2009.
When Ngara High School was founded in 1957, it served ethnic Indians of both sexes in Parklands and Ngara. Several Primary and Secondary Schools are in Parklands both government and private.
In Parklands, or near the boundaries of the neighbourhood, there are several landmarks, including the following:
Administratively, Parklands is a subdivision of the Westlands Administrative Division of the city of Nairobi. The division consists of the following six subdivisions (locations):
01°15′36″S 36°49′05″E﻿ / ﻿1.26000°S 36.81806°E﻿ / -1.26000; 36.81806
Upper Hill, Nairobi

Upper Hill is a neighbourhood of the city of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya. The district has seen an increase in major construction in recent years, with several multinational corporations setting up offices.
Upper Hill is located 4 kilometres (2 mi) by road west of the central business district of Nairobi. The coordinates of Upper Hill are 1°17′59″N 36°48′58″E﻿ / ﻿1.299719°N 36.816097°E﻿ / 1.299719; 36.816097. Upper Hill lies in two major Nairobi City sub-counties; Kibra and Westlands. Ngong Road separates the two sub-counties.
Upper Hill was historically one of the residential neighbourhoods of the city of Nairobi, during colonial times, and stretched all the way to the Kilimani estate. The 280 hectares (700 acres) that comprise part of Upper Hill were majorly owned by Kenya Railways. During the 1990s and early 2000s, as land and office space became scarce and exorbitantly priced in the central business district, businesses relocated to Upper Hill and Westlands, where land and office space were more readily available and less expensive. Today, Upper Hill possesses a new modern skyline that is still being filled by modern skyscrapers of different and prestigious designs in the architectural world.
Spencon historically had its head office here, at Rahimtulla Tower.
In Upper Hill or near the boundaries of the suburb, there are several landmarks, including the following:
Kenya–Oman relations

Kenya–Oman relations are bilateral relations between Kenya and Oman. Both countries are members of the Indian-Ocean Rim Association and Group of 77.
Kenya's coastal cities and towns still have traces of architecture and culture from Oman. Some of the residents of these cities can trace their ancestry. Mombasa, is Kenya's second largest city and Omani architecture and culture is evident in the city.
Present day Kenya and Oman established diplomatic relations in 1976. In 1977, the first Omani ambassador presented credentials to Kenya's President Kenyatta. The Omani embassy was closed in 1986 and reopened in 2013.
The Kenyan embassy in Muscat was opened in 2011 by Foreign Minister Moses Wetangula.
Kenya and Oman are working on a MOU and cooperation agreement to increase cooperation in trade, education, culture, tourism, sports, business, investments and labour.
The MOU will also set a framework to make Mombasa and Muscat sister cities.
Kenyan exports to Oman stand at KES. 1.2 billion (EUR. 11.5 million). Kenyan imports from Oman stand at KES. 1.5 billion (EUR. 14.2 million).
Main exports from Kenya to Oman include: oils obtained from bituminous minerals, metallic salts, tea and mate, meat, vegetable materials, coffee and coffee substitutes, medicaments, fruits and nuts.
Main exports from Oman to Kenya include: petroleum, stones, machine tools, crude minerals, aluminium, pumps, ships and boats. Oman is a potential market for other Kenyan goods such as meat products, nuts, tea, coffee and flowers.
Teleposta Towers

The Telposta Towers is the eighth-tallest building in Nairobi, Kenya. The building is located in central Nairobi along Kenyatta Avenue. It is 120 meters or 394 feet in height. The towers have 27 floors, and it houses Telkom Kenya, Kenya's Ministry of Information and Communications, and Kenya's Ministry of Trade. Construction of the towers was started in 1996, and completed in 1999. It was designed by Anthony Gleeson and constructed by Laxmanbhai Construction.
When constructed in 1999 it was the third tallest building in Kenya. By 2019, it had been reduced to the 7th tallest building in the country. It is 120 metres tall. Or 394 ft. The building has 24 floors above ground.
Power for the towers is provided by the Kenya Power and Lighting Company. Two diesel generators are used to provide standby Power. They were gifted from the United Kingdom by Welland Power. One generator provides power for the building services, the other for the fire pumps.
UAP Old Mutual Tower

UAP Old Mutual Tower is a 33-storey office complex in the Upper Hill neighbourhood of Nairobi, the capital and largest city in Kenya. It became the tallest structure in Kenya upon its completion in 2015, surpassing Times Tower which had held that record for 15 years.
The skyscraper is located on Hospital Road, Upper Hill, Nairobi, about 3.5 kilometres (2 mi), west of the city's central business district.
UAP Tower is owned by UAP Old Mutual Group, a financial services conglomerate headquartered in Kenya, with subsidiaries in six African countries. It has rentable space that measures 29,000 square metres (310,000 sq ft), and will also house the UAP Old Mutual Group headquarters once it is completely finished. The tower was financed through private equity at a total of KSh 4 billion (approximately US$40,000,000 as of 2015). The building opened for business on 5 July 2016 and was 50 percent filled on opening day.
Uhuru Park

Uhuru Park is a 12.9 hectare (32 acre) recreational park adjacent to the central business district of Nairobi, Kenya. It was opened to the public by the late Mzee Jomo Kenyatta on 23 May 1969. It contains an artificial lake, several national monuments, and an assembly ground which has become a popular skateboarding spot on weekends and also a location for local skateboarding competitions (best trick contest 2017), catering to Nairobi's growing skate scene.
Apart from skateboarding, the assembly ground is used for occasional political and religious gatherings. It is infamous as the site where protest against illegal land grabbing was violently broken up by the Moi regime. In 2021, the park came under scrutiny for an attempted renovation which included removing old trees. A national court halted the project, due to environmental concerns. It has been closed since November 2021, when the park was fenced with blue corrugated iron and a green wire fence with sharp spikes. The park was reopened to the public on 30th March 2024 by Nairobi Governor Johnson Sakaja. Entry to the park is free and one is required to only carry their national ID.
In 1989, Wangari Maathai and many of her followers held a protest at the park, attempting to stop the construction of the 60-storey Kenya Times Media Trust business complex. She was forced by the government to vacate her office and was vilified in parliament, but her protests and the government's response led foreign investors to cancel the project.
In August 1996, a group led by a Catholic cardinal and Archbishop Maurice Michael Otunga burned a heap of condoms in Uhuru Park.
Uhuru Park was the scene of a bomb blast in June 2010, which killed six people and left over 100 people injured. The attack targeted a "NO" campaign rally for the forthcoming constitutional referendum.
1°17′25″S 36°49′02″E﻿ / ﻿1.29028°S 36.81722°E﻿ / -1.29028; 36.81722
Ngara, Nairobi

Ngara is a commercial and residential suburb of Nairobi. Located within the larger Starehe Sub-county, it is approximately 1.7 kilometres (1.1 mi) northeast of Nairobi's central business district along Muranga Road.
Ngara is located approximately 1.7 kilometres (1 mi) northeast of Nairobi's central business district, within the sub-county of Starehe. It is divided into two Ngara East and Ngara West by Murang'a Road. It is located south of Parklands; west of Pangani; north of Kariokor.
In the early 20th century, Ngara and the southern parts of Parklands were the formal settlement for the Asian community that came to British East Africa to assist in the railway construction. However, Ngara especially Ngara East, has changed over the years and it's become ethnically diverse, with affordable housing for the low-middle to low-income earners, especially students.
Ngara has transformed into a high-density suburb with a number of high-rise flats coming up as well the national and city government launching affordable housing in the area. Ngara Civil Servant Housing, Ngara Housing Project, as well as the neighbouring suburb's Pangani Housing Project. The government is demolishing low-rise structures and replacing with the taller structures that can hold more housing units, an effort to curb the housing deficit in the city.
Spring Valley, Nairobi

Spring Valley is a residential neighbourhood in the city of Nairobi. It is approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of the central business district of Nairobi.
Spring Valley is located approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) northwest of Nairobi's central business district. It borders the Barton and the Kyuna neighbourhoods.
Spring Valley was zoned as a low-density neighbourhood, but over the years residential flats were allowed. Single family residential units are more common in Upper Spring Valley. It was an exclusive neighbourhood prior to the revision of zoning regulations that is inhabited by a high-income segment of Nairobi residents. It has slowly become more middle-class as the mushrooming of flats started. It has a mixture of modern, old and pre-modern architecture.
As per the 2019 census, Spring Valley had a population of 6,804, with a population density of 2,432/km in a land area of 2.8km.
Kalasha International TV and Film Market

The Kalasha International TV and Film Market (Kalasha International TV and Film Market, Festival and Awards) is a trade fair and film festival organized by the Kenya Film Commission that brings together local, regional and international TV and film to gather, discuss exchange, collaborate, share stories and develop new business opportunities. The inaugural Kalasha International TV and Film Market occurred in October 2015 at the Kenyatta International Convention Centre (KICC) and since then the film market has become a popular event in the industry.
The event provides high-level interaction with Commissioners, Producers, Directors, Scriptwriters, Network groups, TV Channels, Mobile operators, Distributors to exchange knowledge on new programs and development policy. There are also side events such as the trade show, workshops, coaching and pitching sessions.
The pitching sessions have become a favourite for budding filmmakers.
北京烤鸭

北京烤鸭，是源自中國北京的一道全鸭菜式，又名北京填鴨（烤鸭是道菜，填鸭是使用的原料，是指用强制喂食方法养大的北京鸭）。北京烤鸭分为「挂炉烤鸭」与「焖炉烤鸭」两大流派，北京的老字号烤鸭店全聚德主打挂炉烤鸭，便宜坊則主打焖炉烤鸭。北京其他著名的烤鸭店還有大董、长安壹号、1949全鸭季、利群、四季民福和花家怡园等。
由于北京烤鸭其肥瘦分明，鲜嫩适度，成为元、明、清历代宫廷御膳珍品。北京烤鸭是在南京燒鴨的基础上发展而来，烤鸭的前身是出现在南北朝时期的「炙鸭」，在当时是宫廷食品。北京古代附近小河冬雪无鸭，但烤鸭是明成祖的宫廷菜，据说太祖在南京分烤鸭菜给众子女吃，成祖怀念儿时在南京餐桌和乐，故带至北京宫廷。当时烤鸭在北京地区被称为“南炉鸭”，意即南方传入的炉火烤鸭；但后来北京烤鸭也逐渐融入了鲁菜的元素，如荷叶饼和葱丝。
采用传统的焖炉方式烤制的便宜坊烤鸭始于明朝永乐十四年（1416年）称为米市胡同老便宜坊。1855年，一些老便宜坊的制鸭能手在前门鲜鱼口另起炉灶，创建了鲜鱼口便宜坊，成为现代便宜坊烤鸭的起源地。1864年，河北冀县人杨明全改良烤鸭的烤制方法，采用挂炉方式烤制，并在全聚德使用，使北京烤鴨發揚光大。
北京烤鸭所用的原料是北京填鸭，鸭子肥大，全身白色，每天定时由技术工人将用莜麦面和其他营养物调好的饲料，一团团地塞入鸭子食道中，鸭子几乎不会自己进食了，由此也衍生出“填鸭式教育”。作为鸭胚的北京鸭生长时间有严格的规定，有一种说法是只用生长45天的鸭子。近年来由于人们口味的改变，过于肥腻的鸭肉已不受欢迎，烤鸭店都已改用瘦肉型鸭。鸭子洗剥干净后，肚内灌上水，泄殖腔用鐵針穿插封住。烤制时鸭体完整，由于肚内水的冷却作用，让鸭肉口感嫩滑。
烤鸭烤制可分为两种——挂炉烤鸭和焖炉烤鸭。
挂炉烤鸭和焖炉烤鸭片法不同。挂炉烤鸭讲究每一块肉上都必须有皮，焖炉烤鸭是皮肉分离的。
烤制完成的鸭子用刀削成小片，叫做“片鸭”，理想情况下2分钟30秒片完，配以大葱丝、黄瓜丝、甜面酱，用薄饼卷着食用。值得一提的是，烤鸭配上黄瓜丝、白糖食用的方法据称是由京剧艺术家梅兰芳发明。剔除鸭肉后剩余的鸭架可以打包帶走或用来煲汤，不過在全聚德或便宜坊是要另外收費的。
除此之外，香港大部分酒店/酒樓會推出「填鴨二食」。第一食顧名思義是片皮鴨，即食用烤鴨的脆皮及邊皮的鴨肉。第二食就是用剩餘的鴨肉再做另一道菜，通常是鴨肉條炒三絲或鴨鬆生菜包。
舊時，一些食客挑中了要烤的鴨子，還會用高粱饴或者麦芽糖寫上字跡，且多寫詩句，以防店家偷偷地將鴨子以小換大。现在北京一些小店仍然有这种服务。
2008年，北京烤鸭入选第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。北京烤鸭主要分为以挂炉烤鸭为代表的全聚德和以焖炉烤鸭为代表的便宜坊两大门派。北京烤鸭在全世界享誉盛名，它色泽红润，肉质肥而不腻，外脆里嫩，号称“舌尖上的非遗”。北京烤鸭好吃，离不开烤鸭师傅几代人兢兢业业、精益求精的技艺传承。
全聚德

全聚德（深交所：002186）是中国一家以烤鸭为特色的连锁餐饮企业，亦是中国驰名商标之一、中华老字号。
清同治三年（1864年），生活简朴、勤俭一生、为人正直的河北冀县人杨寿山买下在北京前門大街的一家名为“得聚全”的杂货铺，因杨寿山字全仁，取“以全聚德，财源茂盛”之意，這也是全聚德的起始店，後改为“全聚德”烤鸭挂炉铺。当经理时，他看到王公贵族吃完宴席后，用一种发面饼蘸去嘴边油腻，将饼随手扔掉浪费。他因此愤慨，定下全聚德的规矩，不做发面饼，以荷叶薄饼卷鸭肉，食客不分贵贱高低，一律自行下手卷食。之後又有河北冀县人杨明全首创“挂炉烤鸭”，其色香味都不次于烤鸭的原做法“焖炉烤鸭”。
清光緒十六年（1890年），楊壽全因病去世，全聚德交給次子杨庆茂打理。
1952年6月1日，全聚德被實施公私合营，杨全仁的四世孙杨福来留任副经理。在北京市内的和平门、王府井、亚运村等地，以及上海的浦东、乌鲁木齐市钱塘江路、长沙梅溪湖、广州市天河北路等均开有连锁店。
2008年，全聚德海外第一店在墨尔本市区开张，同年全聚德挂炉烤鸭技艺被列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
截至2022年末，全聚德旗下有102家门店。其中，全聚德品牌门店92家，仿膳品牌门店1家，丰泽园品牌门店5家，四川饭店品牌门店4家。显然，全聚德门店是核心，也是业绩最主要的来源。从2020年到2022年，全聚德累计净亏损达6.97亿元。
全聚德的特色菜是北京烤鸭，对选鸭、填餵、宰杀，到烧烤几个步骤要求都极高。全聚德选的北京填鸭都是不足百天，体重在五斤以上的北京鸭。被宰杀褪毛的鸭子在右膀下被挖个小洞，处理人员伸二指入这个小洞取出内脏，然后用净水把鸭子里外洗净，处理人员用嘴把鸭皮吹鼓，插一节秫秸到鸭尾裡，把清水从鸭膀下的洞灌入，并用丝线将洞口缝合。完成后，鸭子被挂在钩上入炉烤。如此外烤内煮，鸭子便烤好，外皮呈油黄。吃入口中，鸭肉特别鲜嫩，肉虽肥而不腻，味美香甜，常吃不厌。
全聚德的挂炉烤鸭选用果木（如：枣木、梨木）為燃料進行烤製，果木为硬木，耐烤，火底足，烤出来的鸭子多多少少有些果木香。炉子不安炉门，烤製的同時，还要往鸭子上面淋/刷油，以防止烤糊。
在前门大街的起始店，顾客用餐完毕后，服务员会发给一张纪念明信片，上面记载本次用餐为全聚德创立迄今售出的第几只烤鸭。
截至2023年末，全聚德品牌门店、仿膳、丰泽园及四川饭店在内的餐饮门店共计109家。
便宜坊

便宜坊烤鸭店，是北京便宜坊烤鸭集团旗下的招牌餐饮品牌。老“便宜坊”可追溯到明朝永乐十四年（1416年），现在的便宜坊则创始于清咸丰五年（1855年），原名鲜鱼口便宜坊，它是北京历史最为悠久的中华老字号饭庄，以烤鸭为特色，与全聚德齐名，是北京目前唯一的一家焖炉烤鸭店。
北京便宜坊烤鸭集团旗下集聚了众多餐饮老字号，除了最为重要的便宜坊烤鸭外，还包括壹条龙涮肉、都一处烧麦馆、功德林饭庄、力力豆花庄、锦芳小吃店、天兴居共七家「中华老字号」饭店，以及正阳楼饭庄、老正兴寿桃、御膳饭庄、哈德门饭店等京城名店。
「便宜坊」正音应为biàn yí fānɡ，而非pián yi fāng。其字号蕴涵了「方便宜人」，「便利人民，宜室宜家」的经营理念，而非指其价格低廉便宜。
便宜坊于明朝永乐年间创办于菜市口米市胡同，最初只有一个小的加工作坊，将活鸡活鸭进行宰杀处理后卖给大饭馆及大宅院中，后来逐渐开始烹制焖炉烤鸭与童子鸡，因价格适中味道可口也被顾客称作「便宜坊」（pián yi fáng）。清道光七年（1827年）店铺传给了山东人孙子久，其选用优质填鸭用心经营并扩大营业，使得便宜坊的生意越来越好，烤鸭与西法鸭肝成为饭店招牌。出于便宜坊的良好口碑，许多人都因此借用了「便宜坊」的招牌。到清末年，北京多个地方都开设了便宜坊，为了强调正宗，光绪年间米市胡同将店名更为老便宜坊。
在后开设的便宜坊中，以清咸丰五年（1855年）开设的前门鲜鱼口便宜坊最为出名，鲜鱼口便宜坊是一位王姓富商招募了老便宜坊的大厨后创办的，如今的便宜坊正是在这家店的基础上发展起来的。鲜鱼口便宜坊首创了「盒子铺」的外卖方式，将制作考究的木制盒子用以装外卖的烤鸭与其他菜色，独具特色广受欢迎。1914年4月，便宜坊加入了饭庄同业公会。这一期间，中国文豪鲁迅也经常光顾便宜坊。
民国中期，米市胡同的老便宜坊以及其他便宜坊都因经营不佳而纷纷倒闭。1949年前，有规模的焖炉烤鸭店仅存地处繁华地段的鲜鱼口便宜坊一家，1945年鲜鱼口便宜坊还请来东兴楼饭庄的名厨苏德海掌勺，开始经营鲁菜并承办酒席宴会。1950年代公私合营后，鲜鱼口便宜坊成为北京唯一一家正宗的焖炉烤鸭店。如今的便宜坊烤鸭店除了烤鸭以来，还以鲁菜为基础形成了一套特色的便宜坊菜系。
便宜坊的烤鸭做法为传统的焖炉烤鸭，不同于全聚德的挂炉烤鸭，在烤制前，将莲璃、红枣、绿茶等调料塞入鸭坯中使其入味；烤制时，往鸭膛内内灌制老汤，成外烤内煮之势。焖炉烤鸭外酥里嫩，口味鲜美，保留原汁原味。因焖炉烤鸭在烤制过程中不见明火，所以被现代人称为「绿色烤鸭」。
近年来，便宜坊烤鸭店研制开发的创新烤鸭「蔬香酥烤鸭」，并在第6届中国国际美食节上荣获「金鼎奖」，受到了食客的欢迎。「蔬香酥烤鸭」是将生鸭坯用混合蔬菜汁浸泡处理，并在鸭腹腔内灌注混合蔬菜汁后烤制而成的，蔬菜中的生物活性物质与鸭肉发生复杂的烹饪化学反应，不仅去除了鸭腥味，改善了风味与口感，也提高了营养价值。与传统焖炉烤鸭相比，「蔬香酥烤鸭」的脂肪含量更低，各种微量元素都有显著增高，影响鸭腥味的精氨酸含量下降了43%，而鸭胸与鸭腿肉中天门冬氨酸含量则是普通焖炉烤鸭的1.89倍和1.78倍，谷氨酸含量分别提高了15％和24％：鸭胸肉中酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸和缬氨酸含量也显著提高。便宜坊其他风味的烤鸭还包括有莲香酥、枣香酥和花香酥，其中莲香和枣香因为味道不突出，逐渐退出市場。
配以大葱丝、黄瓜丝、甜面酱，用薄饼皮卷着食用。为避免食后口腔异味，可将大葱替换为生菜叶、鲜萝卜芽、香椿芽、薄荷叶以及萝卜苗、香椿苗等芽菜。佐料中增加蔬菜，不仅改善了口感。也优化了食物结构。
烤鴨

烤鴨泛指任何使用燒烤方式製作的鴨肉料理，在受華語文化影響的地區十分常見，在歐洲也有烤鴨的菜餚。常在燒烤前在鴨皮塗抹麥芽糖漿，風乾後再燒烤，作出脆皮效果。
维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：烤鴨
鴨肉

鴨肉，是從鴨身上取得的肉，為全世界普遍的肉品之一。鴨子是僅次於雞、世界上第二常被屠宰取肉的水生動物，在2013年，全球有超過二十八億隻鴨被屠宰取肉。在烹飪和美食中，鴨肉或小鴨是鴨科中幾種鳥類的肉，存在於淡水和鹽水中。 鴨在世界各地的許多美食中都可以食用。 它是富含鐵的高脂肪，高蛋白肉。 小鴨名義上來自幼小動物，但可能只是菜單名稱。
《本草綱目》：「鸭肉主大补虚劳，最消毒热，利小便，除水肿，消胀满，利脏腑，退疮肿，定惊痫。」中醫認為，鴨肉有養胃、補腎的功效，能清熱、消腫，尤其適合體內熱氣引起，有大便乾結、水腫症狀者食用。
盐水鸭

盐水鸭属京苏菜，是中国南京特产的一种传统卤菜鸭馔，是一种低温肉制品。盐水鸭口味清淡而略带咸味，肥而不腻、鲜嫩味美。盐水鸭一年四季都可以制作，以农历八月间桂花盛开时制作的为上，因为传说这一季节的盐水鸭肉中有桂花香味，因此又名“桂花鸭”。盐水鸭的传统加工工艺是江苏省非物质文化遗产推荐项目。盐水鸭也在重庆等地流行。
在南京，有记载的食鸭的历史已经有一千多年。据文字记载，盐水鸭在清朝末年已流行南京城，逐渐成为南京一道名菜。
抗战时期，首都南京的很多老字号沿江内迁，陪都重庆开始出现大量江南小吃，盐水鸭亦开始在重庆风靡。直到现代，重庆名小吃中就有三个品牌的盐水鸭上榜。
鹽水鴨的加工工藝可以用口訣概括為：「熱鹽擦、清鹵複、烘得乾、焐得足」。即，在完成對原料鴨的處理之後，先用炒鹽乾醃，再用鹵水濕醃，之後將鴨子掛起晾乾或者烘乾表皮水分，最後放入鹵水中煮熟。
干腌，即口诀中的“热盐擦”，包括炒盐和擦盐两道工序。
湿腌又称复卤，即口诀中的“清卤复”，包括制卤和腌制两道工序。
烘胚，即口诀中的“烘得干”，目的是将在卤水中腌制过的鸭子的表皮烘干，制成鸭胚。一般将鸭子从卤水中取出后，放入55摄氏度左右的烘房，等表皮干爽、不粘手、鸭子外表没有变色时即可取出。在烘房干燥、通风良好的条件下，一般需45分钟。有时，鸭子从卤水中取出后，还要先放入沸水烫5—10分钟，使鸭子的表皮紧绷。还有的工序以冷藏晾干（4摄氏度冷库中悬挂12小时）代替烘干，据研究，烘干制胚的盐水鸭在多汁性、香味和滋味等多方面综合占优，冷藏晾干制胚的盐水鸭则有更好的色泽。
煮制，即口诀中的“焐得足”。在锅中加入适量水，以可以淹没鸭子为准，放入生姜、葱，还可加料酒、花椒、八角等辛香料,。煮沸后停止加热或停止升温，放入鸭胚，将鸭胚提起后再次放入，让开水第二次进入鸭胚内部，使鸭体内外均匀受热，然后把鸭体压在水面以下用小火焖煮，在这一过程中务必使水温保持在85~95摄氏度，绝对不能使水沸腾，也不能加盖。焖煮约50~55分钟，中间可提放鸭子一两次倒汤，使其内外均匀受热，当鸭子大腿深处断红时即可出锅冷却晾干。盐水鸭冷透以后切成小块，取适量煮鸭的卤汁, 加少许食盐调味后，洒在鸭肉上即可食用。
所用原料鸭不能过大、过肥，制成后皮白肉嫩、肥而不腻、肉色微红、清香扑鼻。一般以中秋前后制成的为佳，称桂花鸭。民国文人张通之在所著白门食谱中解释其名：“金陵八月时期，盐水鸭最著名，人人以为肉内有桂花香也”。
许多人常常将盐水鸭和板鸭混淆，其实这是一个误解。盐水鸭腌制时间不长，不易长期保存，需要现做现吃。而板鸭则腌制时间长的多，又是生制，故可以长期保存，所以在真空包装技术出现之前，南京之外的旅客多购板鸭，作为土特产带回家。故板鸭之名远扬，而盐水鸭之名不显。
燒鴨

燒鴨是中國南方燒味中的烤鴨。
南京佈滿大街小巷的滷菜店都有燒鴨、燒鵝賣。明朝前当地烧鸭的做法是将鸭子煮熟涂油后架在木炭上方烤制，明朝时改为先用水烫，抹糖色，置风口晾干，再直接用炭火烘烤。清代陈作霖刊於1908年的《金陵物產風土志·本境動物品考》便記有：“……舉叉火炙，皮紅不焦，謂之燒鴨……。”至今南京本地老年市民稱之爲燒鴨，但二十世紀末期北京烤鴨逐漸遍佈于南京，本地新生代居民以及外地人就稱南京的燒鴨爲“南京烤鴨”、“金陵烤鴨”。“燒鴨”一詞有被“烤鴨”取代的趨勢，且南京市面上售卖的多为吊炉烧鸭，作为传统金陵菜的“金陵叉烤鸭”一度濒临失传。
京苏菜中另有将烧鸭肉切片后辅以冬笋或芹菜头、菜薹、芦蒿等配料炒制的菜肴“料烧鸭”，因曾用于招待苏联部长会议主席阿列克谢·柯西金而被称为“柯西金鸭”。
廣東燒鴨可能源自南京，因爲在舊時廣東和香港，只要是燒鴨，都會在菜牌上寫道“金陵片皮大鴨”或“金陵堂片大鴨”。
廣東燒鴨現在有自己獨特的做法。把填滿調味料的鴨，掛進炭爐里用木炭高溫燒烤出來的菜式，以皮脆有光澤，皮汁多而不帶腥味為上品，通常配以醬汁食用。
燒鴨的做法與燒鵝大致相同，但肉質和份量則不及後者。然而由於燒鴨成本較低，故成為了燒鵝的代替品。
與燒腩一樣，作為被再度烹調的食材的燒鴨則稱為火鴨（例如「火鴨絲炆米」）。
披萨

披萨（義大利語：pizza，香港稱為意大利薄餅），又称比萨饼、比萨、「意式薄餅」、「披莎」，香港簡稱「薄餅」，是一款意大利特色食物，其发源地是意大利的那不勒斯，如今在全球颇受欢迎，比萨饼店分佈於世界各地。比萨饼的做法通常是以发酵過的圆面饼皮上面覆盖番茄酱、奶酪及其他配料，並由烤炉烤制而成。奶酪的種類以莫薩里拉乾酪（Mozzarella）較常見，也有混用几种奶酪的形式，包括帕馬森乾酪（Parmesan）、羅馬乳酪（Romano）、意大利鄉村軟酪（Ricotta）或蒙特里傑克乳酪（Monterey Jack）等。
据统计，在意大利大约有兩萬多间比萨饼店。全球最大的比萨饼连锁店是美国的必胜客，達美樂披薩则是全美第二大比萨连锁店。
Pizza 一詞最早出現在西元997年的拉丁文文獻。其詞源包括以下三種假說：
历史文献中最早描述的类似于比萨饼的食品见于古希腊在那不勒斯的殖民地。維吉爾的《埃涅阿斯紀》的第七卷中写到：
公元前3世纪，罗马的第一部历史中提到：「圆面饼上加橄榄油、香料和蜂蜜，置于石上烤熟」；以及“薄面饼上面放奶酪和蜂蜜，并用香叶加味”。在庞贝城遗址附近，考古学家也发现了类似现今比萨店的房址。尽管上述的食品与今天的比萨饼很相似，然而現代製作比萨饼必须的原料——番茄在当时还没有传到意大利和地中海地区；番茄是16世纪由美洲传入欧洲的，到了18世纪晚期，这种加有番茄的发酵面饼已成为那不勒斯地区穷人的家常食品。
比萨饼逐渐为人们所喜欢，甚至吸引外地的游客专程前往品尝。1830年前，比萨饼都是由摊贩或比萨烤房露天售卖，这时期的那不勒斯出现了世界上第一家真正的比萨餐馆：Antica Pizzeria Port Alba。
混合面粉、酵母、水、盐、糖、油，揉搓成面团后发酵一段时间，根据口味也可加入蒜粉、各种香料和奶酪。然后依所需大小擀成一个圆饼，也有技術精湛的工匠可以在空中用手甩出圆饼。不同种类的比萨饼的饼基厚度不同，典型的手甩比萨和罗马比萨都很薄，这样烤出来的饼底会很脆；而芝加哥式比萨的饼基就很厚。
常用马苏里拉奶酪，这种奶酪有良好的拉丝效果，切丝后撒在饼基上。
比萨配料非常多樣，一般是将各种食材切碎后撒在奶酪上。常见的傳統配料有：
可以在石炉、砖炉中烤製，也可以按传统的做法直接在烧热的石头上烤。在家庭裏常放在烤盘上用电烤箱来烤。也有像BBQ那样直接在火上烤。
截至2024年 (2024-Missing required parameter 1=month!), 根据吉尼斯世界纪录的说法：
一些由披萨连锁店大规模生产的披萨因配料搭配不健康而受到批评。披萨可以含有高盐和高脂肪，热量也很高。根据美国农业部（USDA）的数据，在快餐连锁店中，每14英寸的披萨平均含有5,101毫克的钠。 人们对其可能带来不良健康影响表示担忧。
墨西哥薄饼

墨西哥薄饼（西班牙語：tortilla）是在墨西哥、美国等地流行的用玉米粉或小麦面粉烙製的薄饼。使用小麥製成的薄餅稱之為麵粉薄餅（英语：Flour tortilla），使用玉米製成的薄餅則稱為墨西哥玉米餅（Corn tortilla）。
早在欧洲人到达之前，中美洲土著就会制作这种薄饼。阿兹特克人所用的納瓦特爾語中，这种薄饼称为 tlaxcalli（[t͡ɬaʃˈkalli]）。
西班牙人發現後，就稱之為「Tortilla」，意即「小蛋糕」。这个词来源于西班牙语的 torta（英语：torta）（蛋糕），加上表示“小”的后缀而成。
Tortilla一词可以指多种很不同的食物：
传统的制作方法是将玉米用石臼捣成粉，同时加入石灰水，以便去除玉米的硬壳。将去除硬壳的玉米粉和成面团，擀平，再放在铁板或平底锅中烙制。
在美国出现了各种各样的创新制作方法，用不同形状，不同软硬程度的墨西哥薄饼来迎合不同食客的口味。