davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
藏香

藏香（藏語：སྤོས，威利转写：spos）是藏传佛教在宗教仪式中使用的一种香。藏香相传是吞弥·桑布扎发明的。藏香已经成为西藏文化的一部分。
西藏三大藏香分别为尼木藏香、优·敏芭藏香、敏珠林藏香。
藏香的配方有很多，根据配方中昂贵香料的多少决定其档次，最便宜的藏香可能只有三种香料。藏香通常使用柏树泥为原料，以藏红花、麝香、白檀香、红檀香、紫檀香、沉香、豆蔻、穿山甲、甘菘、冰片、没药等几十钟香料为辅料，炮制成成粉状，再用水调和成香泥，通过手工和用牛角制作的工具将香泥挤出成条状，阴干制成的。藏香中的一些香料，如白檀香、红檀香等，通常是用制作佛珠等木雕的下脚料磨成粉末制成的。
西藏尼木县吞巴乡吞巴村是原料柏树泥的生产基地。在这里，村民利用溪水的水力推动水磨，将柏树木块磨成泥状，然后制成块状出售。吞巴村已经有1000年以上的生产藏香的历史。
山南的敏珠林寺是藏香的一个生产地，寺内生产传统配方的藏香。
銼刀

銼刀是一種用於從工件上去除微量材料的工具。在木工、金屬加工和其他類似的貿易和愛好工作中很常見。銼刀大多數是手工工具，由矩形，正方形，三角形或圓形橫截面的表面硬化鋼筋製成，其中一個或多個表面用尖銳的、大致平行的齒做切割。
粗銼刀（英语：rasp）是一種獨特的銼刀形式，獨特的齒用於粗糙地去除大量材料。
銼刀也被使用研磨表面製作（例如天然或人造金剛石顆粒或碳化矽），可以去除會消蝕或抵抗金屬的材料，像是陶瓷。
早期的銼刀，是來自於使用石材切割工具（例如手斧）的切割和使用天然磨料的研磨的雙重靈感 。
與此相關，研磨也是相當古老的，木材和沙灘的沙子提供了一組天然的研磨組合。Disston的作者指出：“為了磨擦或銼磨，古代人使用沙子、砂礫、珊瑚、骨頭、魚皮和有砂礫的木頭，以及不同硬度的石頭，加上沙子和水。”
青铜时代和铁器时代有著數種不同的銼刀。考古学家最早在埃及发现以青铜制造之锉刀，大约铸造于公元前1200至前1000年间。后来，在亚叙尼亚（今叙利亚）也发现公元前700年左右以铁铸造的粗锉刀。
在中世紀期間，銼刀已經相當先進，這要歸功於鐵匠們的智慧。到了十一世紀，已經存在一些即使在今天看來也是相當現代化的硬化銼刀。 但是即使它們存在，甚至能透過貿易廣泛的傳播，但它們在文化意義上並不普遍，換句話說大多數人甚至許多鐵匠都沒有這些銼刀。例如十三世紀，巴黎的裝飾鐵工作是藉助銼刀巧妙地完成的，但這個過程是個只有一位大師工匠才知道的秘密。
Disston的作者說：“然而，直到十四世紀，那些熟練鐵藝的人才開始經常使用除了加熱以及錘打之外的其他工具。”這種說法可能會產生誤導，因為人類史上，特別是鐵匠，研磨（使用砂岩、木頭、沙子和水）從來不是罕見的活動。其重點是現代複雜銼刀中所蘊含的技術（齒、硬化、材料工藝）需要時間才能普及。
到了中世紀後期，這個過程有了大量進展。 Disston的作者提到紐倫堡，謝菲爾德和雷姆沙伊德（他們使用“Reimscheid”拼寫）作為銼刀的製作中心以及一般的工具。
19世紀中葉的机械加工很大程度上依賴銼刀，因為磨削當時的發展還不成熟。到了20世紀初，制造业經常需要將零件研磨到精確的形狀和尺寸。在當今的製造環境中，磨削和銑削（英语：Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)）通常會取代這類型的工作，而銼削（filing）通常僅用於去除毛刺。精確的銼磨技術仍然會在製作工具和鑄模時使用，但即使在這些領域，目標通常是盡可能避免手工作業。
分為鐵工銼刀、什錦銼刀、氣動銼刀、鑚石銼刀、精密銼刀、硬鉻銼刀、特殊銼刀等
適合局部材料之修整，如不鏽鋼裁切之毛邊修除，木材局部形狀之裁型加工，及裝配眼鏡研磨鏡片時之模板修型等。
銼刀有各種各樣的材料、尺寸、形狀、切口和牙齒配置。銼刀的橫截面可以是平坦的、圓形的、半圓形的、三角形的、正方形的，刀刃或更專門化的形狀 鋼製銼刀由高碳鋼或表面硬化製成。
銼刀命名沒有統一的國際標準；然而，對於某些類型的銼刀，有許多通用的名稱。如果銼刀的邊和寬在整個長度上都是平行的，則銼刀是“blunt”。如果工件的尺寸有所減小，那就是錐形。銼刀可能會在寬度，厚度或兩者上逐漸變細。 A "tang" is a protrusion at the heel,錐形的，平行的側面的或圓錐形的，用於夾緊，插入手柄中。
一些常見的形狀和用途：
適用於精密加工，ABS模具，金屬刀刃及陶瓷等研磨，表面有嵌入小顆粒工業用鑽石，利用鑽石以這種方式使銼刀更有效利用，危害工作物極其困難。以這種方式使用鑽石使得該銼刀能夠有效地用於非常堅硬的材料，例如石頭，玻璃或非常堅硬的金屬（例如淬硬鋼或硬質合金），標準鋼銼無效。鑽石锉刀也是唯一可以用來往復運動而不損壞锉刀的類型。
左圖顯示了各種截面形狀的針孔锉刀選擇。針孔锉刀是小型锉刀，用於表面光潔度優先於金屬去除率的應用，但最適合於較小的工件。它們通常以套裝出售，包括不同的形狀。
異形銼刀是各種截面形狀和輪廓的中小型銼刀。變化的外形和形狀使它們能夠被用於難以到達的區域，或異常形狀的區域。它們經常被用作模腔製造中的中間步驟，其中腔模的表面光潔度可能需要改進，例如， 在塑料注塑或壓鑄中。
銼刀具有前向切割齒，當被推到工件上時切割效果最好。採用各種銑削來穩定切割動作並得出不同的結果。直接向後拉工件會導致牙齒變鈍。Draw filing是指抓住兩端銼刀，並用均勻的壓力交替地在工件上垂直推拉。 變化包括將銼刀側面放置在工件上，並小心地將其推過或拉過工件。這樣就可以將側面的牙齒咬住而不是頭部，而且會產生非常好的剃須動作。也有不同的筆劃產生直線筆劃和繪畫筆劃的組合，以這種方式可以獲得非常好的作品。使用筆劃和逐漸精細的文件的組合，熟練的操作員可以獲得完美的平面和接近鏡面的表面。
鐵屑會導致銼刀失去其切割能力，並可能會刮傷工件。可以用鋼刷用來清理銼刀。粉筆可以幫助防止鐵屑沾住。
科尼賽克

科尼賽克汽車公司（Koenigsegg Automotive AB，瑞典语发音：[ˈkø̌ːnɪɡsɛɡ] （））是一家總部位於恩厄爾霍爾姆（Ängelholm）於1994年成立的瑞典小型手工打造超級跑車製造廠，是由現任的執行總裁克里斯蒂安·馮·柯尼塞格發起創立，以製造出全世界最快汽車為主要宗旨。 受全球金融海嘯而破產重整的美國通用汽車公司計劃於2009年9月將旗下品牌萨博（SAAB）出售予科尼賽克，但計劃失敗。
科尼賽克計畫最早是在1994年時發起，創廠人科尼賽克原本就是瑞典賽車工程界的老手，由於他長年以來一直對於製造一輛頂級超級跑車抱持著強烈的夢想與信念，因此他召集了一小群瑞典當地最頂尖的工程師（其中有不少具有航空工程背景），串連了一些瑞典既有的賽車零組件供應商與相關學術單位，組成了一家規模甚為袖珍的小型車廠。計畫的核心理念不是很複雜：以類似一級方程式賽車的技術理念，開發出一輛中置引擎配置（英语：Mid-engine design），純雙座的硬頂跑車。
1995年時科尼賽克遷入位於瑞典南部歐洛夫斯特隆（瑞典语：Olofström）（Olofström）的工廠，開始著手打造他們第一輛原型車，並且在短短的一年半之內完工。1996年起原型車開始接受一系列密集的嚴苛測試，其中包括在賽車跑道與公路上的實際行駛，與送至沃尔沃（Volvo）擁有的風洞中進行空氣力學測試。在確定了原型車已做好正式亮相前的所有準備之後，被命名為「CC」的這輛原型車首度在1997年的法國戛纳电影节（Le Festival de Cannes）正式對外曝光，並且造成不小的轟動。由於潛在客戶的高度興趣之故，科尼賽克終於能放心正式開始進行量產車的生產準備，包括將新車送至相關國際認證單位進行測試以確保其能獲得合法上路的資格，但除此之外關於量產車的一切，車廠方面保持相當低調的態度。而在此同時，該車廠也買下一處位於瑞典最南端恩厄尔霍尔姆郊區的舊空軍基地用地，興建更適合用來生產新車的新廠房。
科尼賽克的第一輛原型量產車是在2000年春夏季之間完成與進行測試，以便能趕在同年9月28日舉行的巴黎車展（Mondial de L'Automobile, Paris）中亮相，而在新車首展的同時，量產新車所需的生產線也開始進行規劃組織。銀色的Koenigsegg CC（瑞典语：Koenigsegg CC）一如預期地在巴黎車展中大受好評，之後也獲得瑞典當地汽車雜誌票選為該年的年度風雲車。
科尼賽克在2002年3月舉行的日内瓦汽车展中，將該車廠第一輛實際售出、一輛紅色的Koenigsegg CC 8S（瑞典语：Koenigsegg CC8S）的量產車交抵預先定車的客戶手中。在車廠正式的生產線還沒真正設定完成之前，工程人員已經在2002年底前，完成了5輛新車的組裝。2002年9月兩輛科尼賽克的新車被送至首爾（漢城）車展參展，是該車款在亞洲的第一次正式亮相。
2003年，車廠方面持續地對新款的CC 8S進行局部修正，例如在著名的義大利籍試車手羅利士·畢可其（Loris Biccochi）的協助下改良了懸挂系統方面的調校。在這年科尼賽克原本使用中的舊廠房發生了火災意外付之一炬，幸好廠房內的車子與生產器材已經被移到火場外，只是生產作業暫停了一陣子，車廠也被迫提早搬遷到位於原瑞典空軍F10空軍基地的新廠房。同年，英國權威的汽車電視節目《英國瘋狂汽車秀》（BBC Top Gear）在試駕過CC 8S之後，宣稱這是該節目有史以來最快的一輛車。
在經過一番努力之後，科尼賽克在2004年3月舉辦的日內瓦車展中展出了CC車系的高性能版本，一輛命名為Koenigsegg CCR（瑞典语：Koenigsegg CCR）的橘色超級跑車，使用大量賽車科技與材料，動力輸出高達806匹馬力，是金氏世界紀錄認證動力輸出最大的量產車。車廠方面宣稱CCR擁有每小時395公里的極速表現，有機會打破麥拉倫F1（McLaren F1）在1998年時創下的量產車世界紀錄。
2005年2月28日於義大利納多賽道（義大利語：Pista di Nardò）（Pista di Nardò）上，一輛由羅利士·畢可其駕駛、與量產車規格一致的CCR，在環狀的測試道上跑出387.87公里/小時的極速，打破前世界最快量產車、1993年份的邁凱輪F1於1998年時，在位於德國狼堡郊外小鎮埃拉-萊西恩（Ehra-Lessien）的測試道上創下的每小時386.7公里最高速，並且在事後獲得金氏世界紀錄認證。不過，根據科尼賽克的說法，由於納多測試道本身是個有著12.5公里橫曲率半徑的環狀測試道，車輛在超高速時為了保持路線必須恆定有30度的轉向角，其產生的轉向阻力抵銷了部分的車輪輸出扭力，而減損了CCR繼續加速的能力。有鑑於破紀錄當時CCR的引擎轉速尚未到達理論上的最大馬力輸出點，再加上前代世界紀錄車迈凯伦F1在1993年時於納多測試道上跑出的每小時372公里非正式紀錄，比後來在1998年時在狼堡那條9公里長的直線上創下的紀錄足足少了每小時15公里，因此科尼賽克認為如果能有一樣的直線長度，那麼CCR應該還有機會跑出更高速的世界紀錄成績。
CCR創下的紀錄在2005年底時，由一輛布加迪Veyron（Bugatti Veyron）在埃拉-萊西恩測試道上以408.47公里/小時的速度打破。至於最速量產車的紀錄，則是由Bugatti Veyron的特殊高性能版Veyron 16.4 Super Sport在2010年7月創下的431.072公里/小時保持，後來被Hennessey以432.784公里打破紀錄，其後由科尼賽克One:1在2014年7月創下的435公里/小時打破紀錄。
2019年9月23日於瑞典軍用機場，使用 Regera 挑戰 0~400公里/小時的測試，車手為Sonny Persson。挑戰結果 Regera 的 0~400 公里/小時~0的加速成績為 31.49 秒、距離為2048.46公尺，0~400公里/小時成績為22.87秒、距離是 1,613.2 公尺，而從 400 公里/小時~0的時間是 8.62 秒、距離為435.26 公尺
包含量產中與已停產，科尼賽克旗下的車型包括：
二宮和也

二宮和也（日语：二宮 和也／にのみや かずなり，1983年6月17日—），昵稱“ニノ”（讀作“nino”），日本演員、歌手、藝人，男子偶像團體“嵐”的成員之一，在團體中代表顏色為黃色。現時團體活動隸屬株式會社嵐，個人事務所是「オフィスにの」。
出身於日本東京都葛飾區。
6月16日，參加傑尼斯事務所面試。
6月19日，加入傑尼斯事務所。
7月，參與舞台劇《Stand by Me》演出。
1月，參與TBS電視台元旦特別企劃劇《天成山奇案》演出。
9月15日，結成男子偶像團體“嵐”。
11月3日，發行組合出道單曲《A·RA·SHI》。
出演電影《PIKA☆NCHI 生活艱難但是快樂》。
個人擔綱主演電影《青之炎》 。導演蜷川幸雄評價其“能夠擁有細膩的演技”。
在蜷川幸雄執導的舞台劇《逃離澀谷（日语：シブヤから遠く離れて）》中擔任主角。
擔任動畫電影《惡童》配音，初次出任配音演員工作。
出演《硫磺島的來信》，二宮和也系傑尼斯事務所第一位出演好萊塢電影的演員。該片在美國廣受好評，同時也是首部由日本演員主演並榮膺兩項奧斯卡獎的電影。
3月22日出演了《算是報恩了吧（日语：少しは、恩返しができたかな）》，該劇榮獲橋田獎。
其主演的電視劇《馬拉松（日语：マラソン (テレビドラマ)）》獲得第62屆“日本文化廳藝術節（日语：芸術祭 (文化庁)）”電視類“放送個人獎”。 這是該獎項首次頒發給演員。同年9月間，該劇再度拿下“銀河賞”的“個人賞”。
連續劇《流星之絆》獲得第49屆“蒙特卡洛國際電視節（日语：モンテカルロ・テレビ祭）”的“男演員獎”提名。
憑借《流星之絆》和《永不放棄～腦性癱瘓的頂級銷售員～（日语：DOOR TO DOOR）》榮獲第46屆“銀河賞”的“個人賞”。
憑借《散工買樓夢》榮獲2011年度“東京國際戲劇節”最佳男主角。
為日本電視台聯播網（NNN·NNS）特別企劃節目《24小時電視 「愛心救地球」》主演特別電視劇《坐著輪椅的我翱翔天空》。
演出百奇廣告。其廣告中出現的“魔鬼二宮”餅干畫獲得吉尼斯“世界上最大的餅干畫”認證。
3月16日，其主演電影《白金數據》公映。
4月25日，其獨立冠名節目《二宮先生》開始播出。
4月12日，其主演的電視劇《即使弱小也能取勝》開始播出。這是他睽違三年半再次接演電視劇主角。
出演富士電視台開台55周年特別企劃劇《東方快車謀殺案》，該劇於1月11日、12日連續兩夜播出。
在3月21日公映的電影《暗殺教室》裡，二宮和也出任配音演員工作。這是他自《惡童》之後九年，再度接任配音工作。
1月18日，其主演的電影《若與母親同住》公映。
2月14日，榮獲日本電影旬報十佳獎最佳男主角。
3月4日，榮獲第39屆日本電影學院獎最佳男主角。
11月3日，其主演的電影《最後的食譜～麒麟之舌的記憶～》公映。
12月31日，單獨擔任NHK第68屆紅白歌會白組司會。
8月24日，其與木村拓哉聯合主演的電影《檢察狂人》公映。
11月28日，榮獲第43屆報知電影獎最佳男配角。
11月12日，以親筆信宣布與一般女性結婚。
12月5日，榮獲第42屆橫濱電影節最佳男主角。
3月5日，透過事務所發表長女已出生（未有公開出生日期），母女平安。
4月8日，主導並開設YouTube頻道「ジャにのちゃんねる」，成員包括另外三位同屬傑尼斯事務所的男子偶像：KAT-TUN的中丸雄一、Hey! Say! JUMP的山田涼介及Sexy Zone的菊池風磨。4月25日，上傳頻道第一支影片。4月29日，頻道訂閱人數突破200萬，成為日本最短時間突破200萬訂閱的Youtube頻道。
1月4日，其所創設的YouTube頻道「ジャにのちゃんねる」訂閱人數突破300萬。5月7日，成為傑尼斯事務所訂閱人數最高的YouTube頻道。
6月17日，發行個人自選翻唱專輯「◯◯と二宮と」。6月20日，於各音樂串流平台數位發行。
8月31日，憑藉《MY FAMILY》榮獲第112回日劇學院賞最佳男主角。
11月19日，透過事務所發表次女已出生，母女平安。
2月24日，憑藉《TANG》、《來自北國的信》榮獲第65回藍絲帶獎最佳男主角。
3月10日，開設個人官方Twitter。
10月25日，受傑尼斯性醜聞影響，宣布退出傑尼斯事務所，未來將以個人形式進行活動，但作為「嵐」的成員身份不變。
其在《硫磺島的來信》中的表演得到了高度的關注。
2005年，二宮和也在參加《硫磺島的來信》試鏡時，導演克林特·伊斯特伍德觀看了其在《青之炎》中的表演，稱贊他擁有“非凡的才華”。為了適應二宮和也的拍攝，導演特意修改了原劇本中二宮所飾演西鄉昇的年紀。。
《洛杉磯時報》為二宮和也出演《硫磺島的來信》並在好萊塢出道制作了專題報道。
二宮和也獲選CNN所評“尚未在全球出名的七位日本優秀演員”名單。
因主演山田洋次導演作品《若與母親同住》而榮獲日本電影學院獎“最佳男主角”。
電子游戲愛好者，自己承認擁有大量游戲機。 在節目《交給嵐吧》，二宮和也就自爆自己休息日幾乎是全天在家玩游戲，引發同組成員的驚訝。
二宮和也通過YouTube知道了觸手猴的存在，非常喜歡他彈奏鋼琴的技術，並期待與他的合作。在嵐2014年發行的專輯《THE DIGITALIAN》中，二宮和也獨唱了其中一首名叫《Merry Christmas》（メリークリスマス）的歌曲，而觸手猴正是這首歌的鋼琴伴奏。
二宮和也與同事務所的風間俊介是同年同月同日生，又是同籍貫、同血型，因此在生日會互發電子郵件祝福。
二宮和也與同組合的大野智組成了對內限定組合“大宮SK”，該組合活躍於2002年12月到2008年7月。2012年9月，大宮SK組合再度在“AraFes演唱會”上復活。
二宮和也是日本職業棒球聯賽讀賣巨人隊的球迷，但是他習慣用“Kyojin”（日語“巨人”的讀音）而不是“Giant”（巨人隊的官方稱呼）稱呼該球隊。
私下對服飾不講究，時尚觸覺也不太強。在綜藝節目中曾向木村拓哉表示希望能夠找到四季都能穿著的服裝。
有關二宮和也以嵐身份出版發行的音樂作品請參見嵐·音樂活動
根據日本音樂著作權協會官網搜索 “權利人為‘二宮和也’”的結果整理而成。
二宮和也作為嵐成員所出演之戲劇作品請參看嵐·全員主演之戲劇作品。 ※二宮和也擔綱主演的角色將以粗體標注。
富士X100S

富士X100S 是一款固定镜头数码相机，是富士X100的续作，发布于2013年1月。 尽管外壳与 X100非常相似，然而当时富士强调了，通过对内部的改造成功解决了第一代X100存在的问题，并重新组装完成。X100S一经推出，西方国家的用户就开始将其与徕卡 M系列的相机比较。
外形与X100高度相似，仅在前脸和机顶有红色的S字样以示区别。
2014年9月，富士更新了产品线，推出X100T替换了X100S。
前作 FinePix X100 在爱好者中叫好又叫座，富士胶片也在2012年推出了自己的无反光板可换镜头数码相机X系统，X-Pro1 和 X-E1，继续在外形上延续X100的复古风格，同时使用了X-Trans方式排布的传感器。
富士公司在X100S上保留了之前好评的23mm镜头、镜间快门和混合式取景器等设计，同时将传感器升级为“X-Trans CMOSII”，取消了低通滤镜，内嵌相位对焦点，同时将像素提升到1600万，使得画质相对前作X100有显著提升。
这代的产品名称上，也不像前作X100带有FinePix，而是直接写作Fujifilm X100S，标志着其属于新的高端X系列品牌。
自前作X100发布，银黑的复古配色成为了相机业界的新宠。除了富士自己的后续机型外，业界中Olympus OM-D E-M5、Nikon DF以及Panasonic Lumix GX7都有采用银黑配色的类复古机型机身设计。富士则考虑有部分爱好者希望低调的心理，推出了全黑涂色的X100S机型，以供选择。
X100S一经推出受到普遍好评：
X100上使用的附件，大多可以在X100S上共用。
镜头转接
热靴闪光灯
包
秦咸阳城遗址

咸阳城位于今陕西省咸阳市東北二十里，是秦国及秦朝的政务中心。前350年，秦孝公迁都咸阳，开始营造王宫。咸阳城坐落在渭水北岸，由于渭河改道，被冲毁一部分咸阳城，但在渭城区仍发掘出了规模巨大的秦咸阳宫一号宫殿遗址等秦代遗迹。1988年1月，中国国务院以“秦咸阳城遗址”之名公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位。
秦朝之后的中国历代都城除宫城外，会在城市周围修建城郭，作于军事防御。现代考古至今未发现咸阳城郭遗迹。咸阳城是否修建城郭，有各种不同，甚至相反的说法。
《史记》记载：秦孝公十二年（公元前350年），建筑了“冀阙”，定都咸阳，并开始了第二次商鞅变法。同时，以“冀阙”为开端的咸阳都城建设逐次展开，形成为功能齐全的配套建筑，统称之为“冀阙宫廷”。经过历次的修建，咸阳已经形成“自雍门以东至泾渭，殿屋复道，周阁相属”的规模。王学理认为，今咸阳宫一号宫殿遗址即“冀阙”遗址。
在咸阳作为秦国都城的144年之间，其早期的政治重心在渭河之北，围绕“冀阙宫廷”展开。持续时间也长，自秦孝公十二年（公元前350年）开始，约到秦武王四年（公元前307年）；昭王时期（公元前306年～前251年），政治重心有了向渭河南岸广阔地域转移的倾向。
秦始皇统一六国之后（公元前221年），开始还想在咸阳宫的基础上对咸阳城市重新规划，也曾“因北陵营殿，端门四达，以则紫宫，象帝居”，以便形成“渭水贯都，以象天汉；横桥南渡，以法牵牛”（《三辅黄图》）的格局。但在随后的时间里，处理政务就转到了渭河南岸的信宫和南宫。而三十五年（公元前212年），开始在渭河以南的上林苑中开始营造“朝宫”，即阿房宫，就是政治重心彻底南移的实施。
秦始皇统一天下后，按照天象重新规划首都的布局，以便确立“神界”与“人界”的统治权威。首先改造“咸阳宫”，用来对应天帝（“泰一”或作“太乙”）居住的“紫宫”。他把流经咸阳的渭水比附作天上的“银河”，在渭河上横跨的横桥，象征“牵牛星”（渭水贯都，以象天汉，横桥南渡，以法牵牛}。把新建的“信宫”改作“极庙”，同天帝的“天庙”（南斗）对应；在阿房宫里建起“复道”（地面和空中的双层道路），再横绝渭水，连接着北区的诸多宫殿，正象天帝的“天极”星（北极星）有“阁道”一样，跨过天河，就可以抵达象征离宫别馆的“营室”。至于咸阳的其它重要宫苑、池囿、府库等重大建筑设施，似乎都能从天上找到它对应着的星宿。如东郊的“兰池宫”和宫中的“兰池”，对着天上毕宿中的“五车”和“咸池”；南岸的“宜春苑”、“上林苑”，对应的是昴宿的“天苑”；咸阳的诸府库，在天就有奎宿的“天府”、胃宿的“天囷”、“天廪”；都城中皇帝的各种御道，在天上同样有天帝“辇道”、“阁道”等等。
据《史记》记载：秦始皇灭六国后，收集各国的兵器，“销以为钟鐻、金人十二，重各千石，置廷宫（阿房宫）中。”钟鐻即编钟，“金人”即“铜人”，这十二尊大铜人，均高三丈（按三国时魏尺为24.2厘米折算，铜人连带底座高可7.26米），各重千石，折合30吨左右。
前207年，刘邦领兵攻下關中咸阳，俘虏秦王子婴。刘邦入咸阳后“豪毛不敢有所近，封闭宫室，还军霸上”。此后项羽引兵入咸阳屠城，杀秦王子婴，劫掠妇女财物，烧毁宫殿，火三月不灭。至此，秦朝所筑宫殿皆以火烧而残破。
1959年起，陕西省考古研究所和陕西省文物管理委员会对咸阳城遗址进行考古发掘。1974年至1975年发现咸阳宫遗址。考古人员对72平方公里的咸阳城遗址进行了测绘。在以渭城区窑店为中心的地区，发现秦朝宫殿遗址、作坊遗址及其它遗址230多处。重点发掘了一万五千平方米的咸阳宫一、二、三号宫殿。
关于城郭，有以下几种说法，但實際上一直沒有發現咸陽城遺址，而早期都城雍城、櫟陽城址卻早已被發現了，如武伯倫認為城牆因渭河改道已被沖毁，但如洛陽城、汴梁城也曾因河道改道被沖毁，卻不會無跡可尋
手工作坊分布在宫殿区的北部和西南部的原下。有官营和民间作坊两种。咸阳的居民主要是手工业者和商人，居住在咸阳的西部和西南部，农民则分布在市郊。
以下为展出于咸阳博物馆中的秦咸阳宫一号宫殿遗址模型、建筑复原模型及遗址出土的建筑构件。
夏季

夏季是一年四季的第二季，也是一年中最炎热的季节，同时也是一年中太阳高度最高、白昼最长的季节。北半球的夏季依公曆通常被認為在6、7、8月，但實際則隨地區而不同。夏季是许多农作物旺盛生长的季节，充足的光照和适宜的温度给植物提供了所需的条件。此外，由於夏季時全球大部份中小學學生都放暑假，因此也是相當旺盛的學生旅遊季節。以北半球為例，除了赤道一帶其他地方都有夏季：曼谷夏季約八個月、北極夏季約五個月（另外七個月為冬季）。
在中國，夏季从立夏开始，到立秋结束；中国的一些地區则为夏至至9月份（南北方有一定差异，福建、广东一般至秋分结束，长江中下游一带至白露，黄河中下游一带至处暑，而东北地区则至立秋）。香港、日本通常將6月、7月、8月訂為夏季。在北半球一些地區则称夏至至秋分为夏季。在南半球，一般將12月、1月和2月訂为夏季。
气象学上一般以连续5天的5日滑动平均气温高于22摄氏度为进入夏季的标志。按照这个标准，中国海南岛南部接近全年皆夏，华南地区大部的夏季一般会从4月中旬持续到11月初，长江中下游一带则从5月下旬持续到9月底，华北地区大部则从5月中下旬持续到9月中旬，而纬度相对高的东北地区大部仅仅只从6月下旬持续到8月中下旬。
在北半球的夏季夜空中最显眼的是隔着银河相望的天琴座和天鹰座、以及其间的天鹅座。他们各自所含的一等星即织女一・河鼓二・天津四相连形成一个大三角型即夏季大三角。织女一和河鼓二也分别代表了东亚地区七夕传说中的织女和牛郎。南方的夜空中亦可以观察到天蠍座。和冬季夜空中易于观察的猎户座同样有名。
在北半球的夏季，各类生物已经恢复生机，大都开始旺盛的生命活动。很多生物会在夏季繁殖后代，各种动物选择夏季交配，生育；植物竞相开花结果。这主要是由于在夏季气候最热，各类食物丰富，而且对于卵生动物，卵更易于孵化。北半球亚热带和温带的于夏季活动的代表性昆虫为蝉。此外，萤火虫和蚊也是活动季节主要为夏季的昆虫。海藻類主要从春季至初夏时节大量滋生、之后逐渐减少。出现这种现象的主要原因是温度上升以及水中營養成分增加。
在大多數地區夏季是氣候炎熱、有可能缺水的季节，但在中国大陸等季风气候区，夏季是降雨最集中的季节。
北半球的夏季气温高是最显著的气候特征，因地域、干湿环境的不同，会产生炎热干燥或者湿热多雨的气候。而在中國沿岸地方一般會在5月因中國內陸受熱，西南形成低氣壓處引進西南季候風，西南季候風一般會在5月中旬或下旬抵達中國沿岸等地，東北季候風會被西南季候風阻擋，導致東北季候風以後整個夏天將不會再來中國沿岸城市，亦代表着中國沿岸的東北季候風正式結束，直至8月尾至9月中，秋天開始才會再來第一波。而中國沿海地市通常會以第一波西南季候風抵達的時候，作夏天到來的定義。
北方的東北季候風所帶來的冷空氣和南方的西南季候風所帶來的暖空氣相撞，在南海生成低壓槽，而且會因暖空氣及冷空氣的勢力以北上或南下，令香港等地出現多日持續大雨的週期，此乃香港等地的華南前汛期開始，直至七月副高北抬，把較冷的空氣及低壓槽一迸推進中國內陸城市，香港才會結束華南前汛期。
但大陆黃河流域一帶則受華南低壓槽北上的影響，令廣泛地區在7月頭一般多雨，此乃梅雨的開始，此情況會直至7月中結束。香港後汛期一般會在八月開始，原因是此時熱帶氣旋因受副高影響下，會向西進入南海，持續影響香港或季風槽北上影響香港，令香港出現大雨，但是華南後汛期一般下的大雨都是陣發性，雨量一般會比6月較大，但持續性則較差。而一般而言，華南後汛期一般維持至九月第一波東北季候風正式來臨而進入尾聲，隨住熱帶氣旋受西風槽南下影響，不再有較多的熱帶氣旋登陸華南下，華南後汛期一般在九月中至十月頭結束。
由于大多地区会受到低气压影响，气候相对稳定。但是在赤道附近的海洋上会形成台风，容易对中国大陸华南地区尤其是福建、广东、海南造成破坏性影响。
台灣夏季氣候炎熱，雨量豐沛，盛行西南風，屬颱風季。台湾因为有北迴歸線经过，属热带季风气候或副热带季风气候，因此和二十四节气不同，夏天从5月初开始到10月末结束（中国大陸通常采用6月下旬的夏至至9月下旬的秋分为夏季的划分方式）。受地形影響，午後易有積雨雲發展，山區多於平地。
日本夏季普遍高温多雨，日本将一日中最高温在30℃以上的时候叫真夏日，35℃以上为猛暑日，夜间最低气温在25℃以上则称作热带夜。日本列岛夏季受北太平洋高压影响地表温度普遍较高，午后易形成积乱云（入道云）。和台湾，中国华南地区一样，日本在夏季也经常受到台风的侵袭，并且由于小笠原高压和扬子江气团等的多重影响难以预测其动向。多数是由冲绳转向东北的九州，本州地区。
夏季太阳直射点一直处在北半球。起初向北移动，夏至时到达北回归线，之后向南“回归”。
夏季是北半球日照最长的季节，在北极圈会出现极昼，太阳终日不落。
在7月1－3日，地球会运动到公转轨道的最远点。
从黄道平面看来，太阳位于金牛座、双子座、巨蟹座的背景上。
夏季是學校安排暑假的時候，同時很多公司企業推出新產品及促銷活動的季節。例如包含皮克斯、梦工厂、迪士尼在內的電影公司與工作室會在暑假推出新影片吸引客群，商家企業則會行銷冰品、冷氣、電風扇等消暑相關物件。參與水上活動（例如海水浴、游泳、衝浪、潛水等）與安排旅遊消暑的遊客亦會增加。不论天气预报如何，台湾人在夏天时常会备伞以防阵雨或晒黑。台湾人在夏天喜欢吃冰品，近年来芒果冰風行一时，另外仙草冰、粉圓冰、爱玉冰也很受歡迎。據說，來一杯Gin Tonic也很不錯。
夏天也是日本一年中节日最多的季节。除了日本传统的盂兰盆节（意义相当于中国的中元节，日本各大都市通常会掀起返乡潮，各公司企业亦会安排假期）以外日本夏季各地都会举办花火大会，天神祭、七夕等也是日本的传统节日。北歐地區會在夏至來臨時慶祝仲夏節。斯拉夫文化會在伊凡·庫帕拉節慶祝假日。南半球則會在夏季慶祝聖誕節與跨年元旦，澳洲固定於每年夏季的1月26日慶祝國慶日澳大利亞日。
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光逝去的夏天

《光逝去的夏天》（日語：光が死んだ夏）是Mokumokuren（モクモクれん）創作的青春恐怖題材日本漫畫。於《Young Ace UP》電子雜誌連載，2022年獲頒宮脇書店（格鲁吉亚语：宮脇書店）主辦的Miyawaki Comic Awards（ミヤコミ）2022得獎作品之一、《這本漫畫真厲害！2023》男生篇第1名。
本漫畫原本為作者自行連載，其後在青年漫畫《Young Ace》的副牌電子雜誌上連載及行銷。原先作者自行定位為人外BL漫畫，連載後出版社定位為青年恐怖漫畫，現今作者表示可隨讀者自行分類。
佳紀和光是從小一起長大的好友，但是當光在山中失蹤一星期歸來後，佳紀發覺身邊的「光」不是原本的他，已經被某種東西取代了，同時村中也發生詭異命案。
2024年11月27日，宣佈改編為電視動畫，由CygamesPictures擔任動畫製作，預定於2025年夏播出。
那年，我們的夏天

《那年，我們的夏天》（韓語：그 해 우리는，英語：Our Beloved Summer），為韓國SBS於2021年12月6日起播出的月火連續劇，由金锐真導演與李娜恩編劇共同創作。此劇講述曾經的全校第一與全校最後一名，因十年前高中拍攝的紀錄片「逆行」引發話題，讓兩人被迫再次站在鏡頭前，是部描述他們之間複雜微妙感情的喜劇。
Netflix自12月6日起每週一、二臺灣時間晚間十點半上線。
2021年3月，崔宇植與金多美確定飾演男女主角，這是自2018年《魔女首部曲：誕生》後的再次合作，隨後金聖喆與盧正義宣布加入主演陣容。本劇是Studio N（英语：Studio N (company)）的首部原創劇，拍攝於同年7月開始，12月6日正式首播，全球串流媒體則由Netflix、Wavve（朝鲜语：Wavve）兩個平台同步進行播放。
此外講述男女主角高中時期故事的網路漫畫，於2021年秋季於LINE WEBTOON公開。
16個夏天

《16個夏天》是2014年TVBS歡樂台第四部原創概念劇。豐采文創和聯意製作股份有限公司共同製作。由林心如、楊一展、許瑋甯、謝佳見、鄒承恩主演，林心如同時擔當本劇製作人。
於2014年3月31日開拍，7月1日正式殺青。7月19日起每週六晚間9點公視、10點TVBS歡樂台聯合首播。公視、TVBS歡樂台於11月1日播出最終回。
本劇獲得文化部影視及流行音樂產業局102年度高畫質電視節目「一般型連續劇類」補助新臺幣1,700萬元，總製作費約新臺幣4,200萬元。本劇劇情設定在1998年的夏天，背景是臺灣16年來時光變遷，有音樂、729全台大停電、921大地震、SARS、金融海嘯等，以「時間軸」緊扣劇情。
《16個夏天》於第50屆金鐘獎獲得最佳戲劇節目獎、女配角獎（許瑋甯）和導演獎（許富翔）。
一場看似荒謬的報復性上床行動，讓失戀的唐家妮（林心如飾）遇上了方韋德（楊一展飾）。原該一夜結束的夏日荒唐，卻讓她碰上了她的真正「初戀」。然而一切像是夢一場。1999年，921大地震震醒了唐家妮的美夢，多年來陪伴在她身邊的汪俊杰（謝佳見飾），在這場「震撼」中，注定為她瘸了腳。 唐家妮義無反顧的陪伴著他，兩人結婚，也走上了平淡卻踏實的小夫妻生活。
2008年，她和方韋德意外再相遇，他們知道彼此都還惦記對方，但她有婚姻，他也即將步入禮堂，不過兩人還是選擇維持著好友的關係。然而，這一次和韋德的重逢，卻對家妮、俊杰及好友瑞瑞（許瑋甯飾）都產生了不小的影響，所以，終究，韋德和家妮還是選擇說再見…
2013年，一場好友的婚禮，兩人命運的紅線再度拉上，這次，等待他們的會是什麼？
中華民國外交部表示，為了推廣該國優質文化軟實力，也深化該國與西語系國家的文化交流，外交部和文化部合作，「16個夏天」最快2016年9月底起，將安排在瓜地馬拉、宏都拉斯、巴拿馬、巴拉圭、尼加拉瓜、薩爾瓦多、多明尼加、阿根廷、哥倫比亞、墨西哥等10國的13家電視台、衛星電視等頻道播出；另外還有9家電視台也表示興趣播出，民眾亦可在當地電視台的隨選視訊網站以行動載具觀賞。
16個夏天電視原聲帶由台灣索尼音樂娛樂製作發行。台灣於2014年9月24日發行。
本劇每集開頭都會邀請名人對於「再見」的註解。
「16個夏天」首度以此方式呈現並行銷電視劇，「紀錄‧愛」特展中除了有精彩劇照，還有劇中男主角楊一展的複刻版房間、拍照互動區及衣櫃裏的「四角內褲」、書櫃上的「A漫」、「金庸小說」，書桌上的「18銅人像」等搜集不易辛苦商借來的劇中物品，平常熱愛攝 影的楊一展的作品也將在特展中首次曝光。「16個夏天」「紀錄‧愛」特展於2014年7月19日至8月3日，於華山文創園區鍋爐室展出。
HTC手機、大潤發、SONY音樂
特雷沃·阿里扎

崔佛·安東尼·亞瑞查（英語：Trevor Anthony Ariza ，1985年6月30日—），美国篮球前运动员，绰号“眼镜蛇”，场上位置大前锋、小前鋒。由纽约尼克斯在2004年NBA选秀大会以第二轮第43顺位选中。2006年转会奥兰多魔术，2007年转会洛杉矶湖人并随队夺得2009年NBA总冠军，2009年夏天以自由球员身份加盟休士頓火箭，队衣号码为1号。2014年7月再次以自由球员身份签约休士頓火箭，2020年11月被波特蘭拓荒者交易重回休士頓火箭。2021年8月加盟洛杉磯湖人。現時是自由球員。
阿里扎出生于佛罗里达州的迈阿密，就读于洛杉矶的Westchester高中。高中期间参与校篮球队曾经获得加利福尼亚州高中冠军。大学就读于加州大学洛杉矶分校，和在湖人时的队友乔丹·法玛尔是校友。在大学就读一年后参加NBA选秀，在第二轮第43顺位被纽约尼克斯队选中，开始职业生涯。
阿里扎在新秀赛季作为尼克历史上第二年轻的新秀（19岁）参加了80场比赛，其中有12场作为先发出场。次年球队在选秀大会中选中的大卫·李与他的位置重叠，阿里扎的第二个赛季在尼克斯参赛36场，先发10场。
2006年2月22日，阿里扎与安芬尼·哈达威被球队交易至奥兰多魔术队以换取史蒂夫·弗朗西斯。在这个赛季里阿里扎作为希达耶特·特科格鲁的替补为魔术上场21次，场均得分4.7。第二年他得到了更多出场机会：参赛57场，先发7次，场均得分8.9；篮板4.4个。
2007年11月20日，洛杉矶湖人以布莱恩·库克和莫里斯·埃文斯从魔术队换来阿里扎。2008年1月由于右脚骨折而高挂伤病名单，直到5月才在西部决赛对阵马刺时出场。在湖人，由于他在防守时表现出的的迅猛而被主教练菲尔·杰克逊取绰号“眼镜蛇”（The Cobra）。
2008-09赛季，阿里扎开始逐步成为球队的重要角色，在这个赛季他出场80次，20次先发。2009年3月15日对达拉斯小牛队的一场比赛中，阿里扎先发出场，取得26分、3次抢断、3个篮板和2次助攻的成绩。逐步坐稳了先发小前锋的位置。当年的季后赛西部决赛，阿里扎数次以关键时刻的抢断帮助球队拿下比赛。在总决赛中，阿里扎的数据为场均11.3分、4.2个篮板。为球队夺取总冠军立下汗马功劳。
2009年7月8日，有“小麦蒂”之称的阿里扎以自由球员身份与休斯顿火箭队签约。
经过火箭官方证实，阿里扎新赛季将身穿原属于麦蒂的1号球衣。（麦蒂将改穿3号，巧的是阿里扎上赛季在湖人的球衣正是3号。）
2010年8月12日，火箭、黃蜂、溜馬、籃網達成5人的大交易協議阿里扎（Trevor Ariza）被交易到黃蜂，火箭得到了籃網後衛考特尼·李（Courtney Lee）。
2012年6月，奇才送出了拉沙德·刘易斯以及一个今年的46号选秀权，从黄蜂得到了埃梅卡·奥卡福和特雷沃·阿里扎。
2014年7月，身为完全自由球员的阿里扎与签下一份为期4年总价值3200万美元的合同。在季賽中成功填補了錢德勒·帕森斯離隊的火力。在季後賽表現也相當出色，成為隊上第三得分點。
2018年6月，阿里扎與太陽隊簽下一年1500萬的合約。2018年12月17日，太陽隊將阿里扎交易至巫師隊，換取奧斯汀·瑞佛斯及凱利·烏布雷。
2019年7月，與國王隊簽下一份2年2500萬美元合約。
2020年1月，國王隊將亞瑞查與韦尼恩·加布里埃尔、凱萊布·斯瓦尼根交易至波特蘭拓荒者，換回肯特·巴塞摩、安東尼·托利弗。
2020年11月，拓荒者將亞瑞查、2020第16順位選秀權及2021首輪選秀權交易至火箭換回羅伯特·科溫頓。
隨後火箭再將亞瑞查和2020第16順位選秀權交易至活塞換回未來首輪選秀權。
又在三方交易中被交易，雷霆隊換回亞瑞查、賈斯汀·傑克森及一些補償籤，獨行俠換回詹姆士·強森，活塞換回德隆·萊特。
2021年3月，阿里扎被交易至热火，已换取2027年二轮签以及梅耶斯·伦纳德。但是熱火在這季相當掙扎，最後首輪0-4被去年擊敗的對手公鹿橫掃出局。球季結束後成為自由球員。
自由市場開市沒多久，湖人便簽下這名昔日奪冠的功臣。
2022年4月7日，阿里沙被湖人裁掉。
阿里扎最小的弟弟Tajh Ariza 1996年在委内瑞拉从30楼的窗户坠落而死，阿里扎将自己的儿子取名Tahj以纪念他的弟弟。
阿里扎的父亲在1980年代中后期曾在佛罗里达大学篮球队打球，并在澳大利亚的悉尼国王队做过职业球员。
阿里扎祖父是多米尼加人，母亲则是特克斯和凯科斯群岛人。阿里扎有意获得多米尼加国籍以参加多米尼加国家篮球队。
Justice Manual

The Justice Manual (known before 2018 as the United States Attorneys' Manual) is a looseleaf text designed as a quick and ready reference for United States Attorneys and other employees of the United States Department of Justice responsible for the prosecution of violations of federal law. It contains general policies and guidance relevant to the work of the United States Attorneys' offices and to their relations with the legal divisions, investigative agencies, and other components within the Department of Justice.
The Manual is an internal document of the Department of Justice, and as such, does not have the force of law. It is updated periodically in much the same way as commercial looseleaf services are. New hard copies of the manual are issued annually to the department's attorneys. It is also available online.
The last comprehensive update of the manual was in 2018, the first major revision in more than two decades. At the same time, the manual was renamed the Justice Manual. Two controversial changes in the revision were the removals of sections regarding press freedom and racial gerrymandering.
The Justice Manual is divided into nine titles:
Each title has a corresponding Resource Manual that includes copies of policies, form letters, and other documents.
Multi-tool

A multi-tool (or multitool) is a hand tool that combines several individual functions in a single unit. The smallest are credit-card or key sized units designed for carrying in a wallet or on a keyring, but others are designed to be carried in a trouser pocket or belt-mounted pouch.
The idea of incorporating several tools in one unit is very old, dating back at least as far as Middle Roman times. Many of these were used for eating.
Among the earliest contemporary examples is the Swiss Army knife, as supplied by makers Victorinox and Wenger. The actual version supplied to the Swiss army includes a knife blade, a reamer, a bottle-opener–screwdriver–wire stripper, and a can-opener–screwdriver. Besides Victorinox and Wenger, many other manufacturers now make similar knives.
Other versions may include items like a nail file, tweezers, folding scissors, a tooth pick, a magnifying glass, screwdriver bits and others. There are also versions that have special tools for specific sports or outdoor activities like golf, horseback riding, shooting, hunting or fishing. Versions intended for cyclists may have a selection of allen (hex) keys, a selection of wrenches, screwdrivers, a spoke wrench, and a chain tool.
In 1983 Tim Leatherman sold his first "Pocket Survival Tool", ⁣ larger and more robust than a pocket-knife-based tool, and incorporating a set of needle-nosed pliers in a butterfly knife-style mechanism. Too large for most pockets, it came with a belt pouch.
Other multi-tool functions include a hammer, LED light, lighter, tape measure and an assortment of screwdriver bits.
Multifunction tools may be specialized for use in certain activities. Cyclists may carry a folding tool with screwdriver bits or wrenches to allow adjustment of bicycle fasteners during a ride, or for repairing a broken chain. For sport fishermen, a specialized multitool may combine common functions such as cutting fishing line, crimping weights, removing hooks or opening split rings. A specialized multitool may be used for adjustment, cleaning or minor repair of a firearm in field use. Since 2007, smartphones have emerged as a popular multi-tool category.
Antique tool

Although an antique tool might be said to be one that is more than a hundred years old, the term is often used to describe any old tool of quality that might be deemed collectable.
The use of tools is one of the primary means by which humans are distinguished from other animals. Tools are the parents of all other antiques. Most man-made objects were made and great effort goes into the creation of newer and better tools to solve the production problems of today. The study of antique tools provides a glimpse of human development and cultural preferences history.
The creation of a tool often makes possible the creation of more advanced tools. Advanced tools made possible the manufacture of internal-combustion engines, automobiles, and computers. Among those who like to collect, some may do so as part of a rigorous study program – they want to catalog all types of a specific tool, for example. Some collectors may wish to preserve some of the past for future generations, others fall under the spell of the beauty of some antique tools.
Categories of tools range from the broad – planes, rules, braces, hammers, etc. to the specific – planes made by the Gage Company of Vineland, New Jersey, for example. People who are new to the hobby should know that there are many good modern reference books that will guide you in your search, as well as many reprints of the catalogs in which these tools were originally offered. Often tools will exhibit differences contrasting the different locations of their makers, or different features contrasting different time periods.
The following are some ways people collect tools:
The American history of hay cutting tools begins with the reaping hook. Its slender, ultra sharp, half circle blade was employed in cutting grass for hay and it took some skill to use successfully. By the late 1800s the less artful sickle became the hay cutting tool of choice. The blade of the sickle was serrated and less circular than the reaping hook. The employment of this tool took less finesse and more of a slashing technique. It was used in conjunction with a wooden grass crook with which one held the standing grass steady, while swinging the sickle blade through the shank. Sickles found today will seem to have smooth blades to the modern viewer, as the serrations are usually worn away over time.
Scythes are grass cutting tools with long handles for mowing large amounts of hay. The graceful shape of the scythes of the late 18th and early 19th centuries hinted at the grace and art required for using the tool properly. The blade was straighter than the sickle's, with an almost straight blade side and a gently curved blunt side. The handle, called a snath, would ordinarily be of a hardwood indigenous to the area of manufacture with small handholds, strategically placed, termed nibs. The earliest scythes had no nibs. Later scythes had two nibs. Used by an experienced hand, the scythe was an efficient tool, slicing through acres of green hay with methodic precision. Scythes were the prized possession of early Americans and, carefully protected from abuse and weather, they could last for centuries.
Antique Woodworking Tools

Antique Woodworking Tools: Their Craftsmanship from Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century is David Russell's account of the history of woodworking tools illustrated profusely with items from his extensive collection of British, continental European and North American hand tools. Planes are given special attention and British makers, among them Holtzapffel, Norris, Mathieson and Spiers, are discussed in depth.
A wide array of edge and boring tools provides a broad survey of hand tool-making from prehistory to today. Writing in The Times, Huon Mallalieu encapsulated the function of the book: "Over the past 35 years [David Russell] has amassed probably the world’s largest collection of antique woodworking tools from the Stone Age to the 20th century ... The catalogue not only lists and lavishly illustrates 1556 items, but also makers’ stamps and associated material ..."
After looking at a range of tools from prehistory to the Romans, the book examines in detail more recent hand tools by function: from saws to drills and braces; from rules and gauges to bevels, squares and levels. Much of the book, however, is devoted to an extensive selection of wooden and metal planes and highlights their manifold functions. These planes are arranged within chapters on continental European, British and American models, with some of the great British makers from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century discussed in depth. A short chapter focuses on spurious and altered items, drawing the reader's attention to some of the pitfalls of collecting vintage tools.
The book has been widely acclaimed in both the general and specialized press. According to the Sheffield Telegraph, "the book not only celebrates the collection but is considered the most serious work of reference of its kind to date and destined to become a 'bible' in its field". Looking at the book from another angle, Eve Kahn in The New York Times stated that the book was "intended to glamorize unsung innovations". Carl Duguay, writing in Canadian Woodworking & Home Improvement, declared that the book was "Lavish, stunning, outstanding, magnificent ... superlatives just don't do justice to [it]."
Journals of some of the leading tool societies have been generous in their praise. "David Russell’s book is a vehicle for sharing his fabulous collection with the world," enthused John Wells in the Chronicle, the journal of the Early American Industries Association. "His unerring eye has sought out the most interesting tools available over the past 40 years, resulting in one of the world’s greatest collections of antique woodworking tools." The late Frank Ham, writing in the Australian journal Tool Chest, declared the book to be "the most impressive record of tools" he had ever seen.
Focusing on the illustrations, Mark Bridge commented in Antiques Trade Gazette on how James Austin, the book's photographer, had "managed to capture the elusive qualities of balance, texture and patina which make the finest tools a pleasure to handle, frequently lifting them into the realm of folk art".
Vintage Vinyl

Vintage Vinyl is a record store in Evanston, Illinois, frequented by some of the world's most famous musicians and used as a reference in works of popular culture.
Over the years the store has been a favorite haunt of many noteworthy actors, musicians and authors, many of whom have referenced it in their work.
Author Audrey Niffenegger used the store owner, Steve Kay, as a character in her bestseller, The Time Traveler's Wife.
While it's not uncommon to spot musicians such as Billy Corgan in the building, most of the noteworthy rock stars who frequented the store did so in the 1980s and 1990s.
42°02′50″N 87°41′05″W﻿ / ﻿42.047223°N 87.684771°W﻿ / 42.047223; -87.684771
Suits season 6

The sixth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on July 1, 2015, and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 13, 2016. The season is produced by Hypnotic Films & Television and Universal Cable Productions, and the executive producers are Doug Liman, David Bartis, and series creator Aaron Korsh. The season has six series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Specter Litt law firm in Manhattan: Gabriel Macht, Patrick J. Adams, Rick Hoffman, Meghan Markle, Sarah Rafferty, and Gina Torres.
Gina Torres left the show following the summer season due to her contract being up, and she starred in ABC's The Catch. She returned for the season finale and was still credited as main cast for the episode. She further went on to star in the Suits spinoff, Pearson.
Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona

Traditional violin craftsmanship in Cremona (Italian: Saperi e saper fare liutario della tradizione cremonese) was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2012, during the 7th session of the Intergovernmental Committee in Paris. The Cremona's traditional violin making is an ancient form of handicraft typical of Cremona, where bowed string instruments like violins, violas, cellos and double basses have been made since the 16th century.
Techniques developed by luthiers in Cremona for making stringed instruments hold unique importance in the world of music. Cremonese luthiers standardized the violin family of instruments, and Cremonese violinmaking techniques are still considered by many to be the best in the world.
Each instrument is handmade and assembled with more than seventy different molded pieces of wood. Every part of a new violin requires a particular technique, continuously adapted according to the different acoustic response of each piece of wood: for this reason, it is impossible to get two violins exactly identical. Every part of the violin should be made with a particular kind of wood, carefully selected and naturally seasoned. The care required for each process, as well as the unique qualities of each piece of wood make industrialization impossible .
A traditional Cremonese luthier used no industrial or semi-industrial parts, and the violin is carefully varnished by hand, never sprayed. Many of the elements of the musical instrument appear to be ornamental, but serve an invisible purpose (often to either enhance projection, tone, or to protect against potential damage.
The violin construction process is personally followed by the violin maker in every phase, from the tree to the finished instrument: for this reason a Cremona's violin maker can make only three to six violins per year.
A traditional violinmaker must have in-depth knowledge of the natural materials used, as well as the techniques passed down from generation to generation through words, gestures and habits shared since the 16th century, when the Cremona's violin making became popular, thanks to the skills of the house of Amati, then improved and refined by Stradivari, Guarneri, Francesco Rugeri, Vincenzo Rugeri, and Bergonzi.
The ancient tradition of Cremona's violin making is protected by two supervisory bodies: the Stradivari Violin Makers Consortium and the Violin Making Italian Association, which represents more than 140 craftsmen. In addition, the Cremona International Violin Making School [it] was founded in Cremona on 12 September 1938.
After the UNESCO recognition, it was opened in 2013 the new Violin Museum at the Palazzo dell'Arte in Cremona, full renovated and with a new auditorium to listen music played with old and new instruments made in Cremona.
Film Workshop

Film Workshop Co. Ltd. (simplified Chinese: 电影工作室; traditional Chinese: 電影工作室), is a Hong Kong film production company and film distributor. It was founded in April 1984 by producer/director Tsui Hark and his now ex-wife, Nansun Shi. Already a director with box office hits, Tsui wanted to create a workshop where the foremost filmmakers could work on films with artistic merit, and at the same time, films that could be commercially rewarding for the financiers behind his projects. The company has not produced a film since 2017.
In 1984, Film Workshop's first film, Shanghai Blues, turned out to be both a critical and commercial success in Hong Kong; and so were the two subsequent films that Tsui directed: Working Class and Peking Opera Blues. At this time, Tsui invited other directors to join in. With Tsui producing, John Woo directed A Better Tomorrow, which grossed US$4.5 million locally to set a new record as the highest grossing motion picture in Hong Kong. After having a falling out during the making of A Better Tomorrow 2, they both split to produce their own films.
Film Workshop continued to produce the films that Tsui either produces or directs. This included films such as A Better Tomorrow 2, A Better Tomorrow 3, the Once Upon a Time in China film series and Seven Swords.
https://www.FilmWorkshop.net – Website
Taipei Railway Workshop

The Taipei Railway Workshop (Chinese: 臺北機廠) was the largest railway workshop of the Taiwan Railways Administration. For decades it manufactured and maintained thousands of railway vehicles. The workshop was established in 1935 to replace the original workshop, the Old Taipei Railway Workshop, which had become inadequate. It was the largest railway workshop ever built in Taiwan. The Governor-General of Taiwan recognized its establishment as a celebration of the Empire of Japan's rule of Taiwan for 40 years.
The 16.82-hectare site on Civic Boulevard was the largest and oldest kind on the island. It closed in 2012. It was constructed in 1930 and featured distinctive structures such as a 168-meter-long train assembly shed. The operation was transferred to TRA Fugang Vehicle Depot (Chinese: 臺鐵富岡基地). The workshop was recognized as an "official national historic site" in 2015. The government of Taiwan says it is planning to transform the facility into a railway museum.
The Taipei Railway Workshop was featured in the 2013 Jay Chou film The Rooftop and in the 2014 Luc Besson film Lucy.
The Taipei Railway Workshop is accessible within walking distance northeast from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall Station or south from Nanjing Sanmin Station of the Taipei Metro.
Barbarossa (board game)

Barbarossa is a clay-shaping German-style board game for 3 to 6 players, designed by Klaus Teuber who based it off The Riddle-Master trilogy by Patricia A. McKillip, it was published in 1988 by Kosmos in German and by Rio Grande Games in English. Barbarossa won the 1988 Spiel des Jahres award.
The game is played on a circular board, with three tracks running around it. Around the outside are the scoring track and the elfstone (money) track. Further in there is a circular track with twelve marked spaces on it, and in the center there is a space for sculptures. Later editions of the game change the shape of the board but not its contents.
At the start of the game, each player chooses two objects from a list provided and creates clay sculptures of each, and places them in the middle of the board. Each player places on the board three tokens: a magician, a witches' hat and an Elfstone. The hats are placed on the scoring track; the elfstones are placed on the elfstone track, and the magicians are placed on the space marked "A". Each player receives three curse tokens.
Players then take turns as follows: They may begin either by rolling a six-sided die and moving their magician that many spaces, or by forfeiting their roll and instead spending elfstones to move. After they roll or spend elfstones, what happens next depends on the space they land on:
At any point, a player may spend a curse token to either ask a player for a letter (as if they had landed on a dwarf) or to guess an object (as if they had landed on a question mark, but without the questions). Once a player has spent their first three curse tokens, and five curse tokens have been spent, they may take three more tokens - so any given player may spend six tokens during the course of the game.
When a player reaches the end of the scoring track, or when 13 (3-4 players) or 17 (5-6 players) flags have been placed, the game ends. Each player loses two points for each of their objects which only got one flag, and five points for each of their objects which did not get any flags. The player with the highest score wins.
The game won the 1988 Spiel des Jahres award. The jury was critical of the components, but praised the engagement and puzzle mechanisms, stating that "[of] course, ancient guessing game traditions hover over the game idea. But Klaus Teuber gives it all a completely new, unique appeal with the guessing tasks to be modeled out of modeling clay and with the thoroughly successful linking to a board game".
Creation of life from clay

The creation of life from clay (or soil, earth, dust, or mud) appears throughout world religions and mythologies, some of the earliest occurring in the creation myths about the origin of man in the cosmology of the ancient Near East. The idea occurs in both biblical cosmology and Quranic cosmology. The clay represents an unformed, chaotic material which is shaped and given form by the gods in a creative process. A related motif is the use of clay to seed or create the world. In southwest Asia, the clay-shaping was cast as a magical act. In the same way that humans would use clay to make terracotta images of their gods, so the gods moulded humans out of clay in their godlike form. They were described as obtaining this material by pinching off pieces of wet mud.
The most famous example of this is in the biblical Book of Genesis (2:7), where Adam is made out of dust, an idea that appears across the Bible (Job 10:9; Psalm 90:3; 104:29; Isaiah 29:16, etc.). The idea is also found in the Epic of Gilgamesh where the goddess Aruru creates Enkidu from clay, in Egyptian mythology where Khmun makes man out of clay, and various Greek texts crediting Prometheus (one of the Titans) with doing the same. Later, the concept would influence art history, such as the impact it had on the work of Giorgio Vasari.
Jack-in-the-box

A jack-in-the-box is a children's toy that outwardly consists of a music box with a crank. When the crank is turned, a music box mechanism in the toy plays a melody. After the crank has been turned a sufficient number of times (such as at the end of the melody), the lid pops open and a figure, usually a clown or jester, pops out of the box. Some jacks-in-the-box open at random times when cranked, making the startle even more effective. Many of those that use "Pop Goes the Weasel" open at the point in the melody when the word "pop" would be sung. In 2005, the jack-in-the-box was inducted into the U.S. National Toy Hall of Fame, where are displayed all types of versions of the toy, starting from the beginning versions, and ending with the most recently manufactured versions.
A theory as to the origin of the jack-in-the-box is that it comes from the 14th-century English prelate Sir John Schorne, who is often pictured holding a boot with a devil in it. According to folklore, he once cast the devil into a boot to protect the village of North Marston in Buckinghamshire. In French, a jack-in-the-box is called a "diable en boîte" (literally "devil in a box"). The phrase jack-in-the-box was first seen used in literature by John Foxe, in his book Actes and Monuments, first published in 1563. There he used the term as an insult to describe a swindler who would cheat tradesmen by selling them empty boxes instead of what they actually purchased. It also featured in the Chronicle of the Greyfriars of London in 1547 where it was noted as being used pejoratively to refer to the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist:
In the early 1500s, the first jack-in-the-box was made by a German clockmaker known as Claus. Claus built a wooden box, with metal edges and a handle that would pop out an animated devil or "Jack" after cranking the handle. It was built as a gift for a local prince's fifth birthday. After seeing this toy, other nobles requested their own "Devils-in-a-box" for their children.
In the early 18th century, improved toy mechanisms made the jack-in-the-box more widely available for all children and not just royalty.
Originally, the jack-in-the-box was made out of wood, but with new technology the toy could be constructed from printed cardboard. Around the 1930s, the jack-in-the-box became a wind-up toy made from tin. Additionally, the tin boxes began to be covered in images from children's nursery rhymes with corresponding tunes. Over the years, the jack-in-the-box has evolved into characters other than the clown, such as Winnie the Pooh, The Cat in the Hat, the Three Little Pigs, kittens, dogs, Curious George, Santa Claus, giraffes, and so on.
Starting in 1935 and continuing for 20 years, the first company to take on the distribution of the toy was a very small firm named Joy Toy. The company is located in Italy as well as the Netherlands. Since then, Fisher Price, Chad Valley, Mattel and Tomy have all played a major role in distributing the jack-in-the-box.
Brace (tool)

A brace is a hand tool used with a bit (drill bit or auger) to drill holes, usually in wood. Pressure is applied to the top while the handle is rotated. If the bit's lead and cutting spurs are both in good working order, the user should not have to apply any pressure other than for balance: the lead will pull the bit through the wood. Bits used to come in a variety of types but the more commonly used Ridgeway and Irwin-pattern bits also rely on a tip called a snail, which is a tapered threaded screw that pulls the bit forward.
The U-shaped handle is a crank. It gives the brace much greater torque than other kinds of hand-powered drills. A brace and bit can be used to drill wider and deeper holes than can a geared hand-powered drill. The cost of the greater torque is lower rotational speed; it is easy for a geared hand drill to achieve a rotational speed of several hundred revolutions per minute, while it would require considerable effort to achieve even 100 rpm with a brace.
The front of the brace consists of a chuck spindle with V-shaped brackets or clamps inside. Turning the spindle of the chuck in a clockwise direction tightens the drill bit in the chuck; turning counterclockwise loosens the bit for removal.
In most modern braces, immediately behind the chuck is a three position gear release that allows ratcheting of the handle when in tight spots. Turning the gear release from the center position allows ratcheting the brace in the required direction. Turning the gear release fully clockwise lets it remove wood in a clockwise direction with the ratchet action going counterclockwise. Placing the gear release fully counterclockwise allows turning the brace and bit in a counterclockwise direction, usually to remove the drill bit from the hole. The center position of the gear release prohibits the ratcheting effect.
The U-shaped crank has a wooden spindle on it and—along with the top spindle—is allowed to freely turn under the hands without stressing the hands, thus preventing blisters.
The earliest carpenter's braces equipped with a U-shaped grip, that is with a compound crank, appeared between 1420 and 1430 in Flanders.
The brace has other names. Bit brace is the most often used name, but Carpenter's brace, ratchet brace (if a ratchet mechanism is incorporated into the design), and swing brace are also commonly used.
Hand drills for some related tools, including the type sometimes known as a wheel brace.
Wind machine

The wind machine (also called an aeoliphone or aelophon) is a friction idiophone used to produce the sound of wind for orchestral compositions and musical theater productions.
The wind machine is constructed of a large cylinder made up of several wooden slats which measures approximately 75–80 cm (30–31 in) in diameter. The cylinder body of the instrument rests upon a stand and is typically covered with silk, canvas, or other material which is in a fixed position. A crank handle, used by the player to rotate the cylinder and create the sound, is attached to the cylinder.
Another method of construction implements an electric fan, which is fitted with lengths of cane, rather than blades. However, this method is less popular because it does not provide the player with the ability to control the speed of rotation.
The wind machine is played by rotating the crank handle, which is attached to the cylinder, to create friction between the wooden slats and the material covering that touches the cylinder but does not rotate as the crank handle is turned. This friction between the wood and the material covering creates the sound of rushing wind. The volume and pitch of the sound is controlled by the rate at which the crank is turned. The faster the handle is turned, the higher the resulting pitch and the louder the sound. The slower the handle is turned, the lower the pitch and the softer the volume. The sound of the wind machine can also be controlled by the tightness of the fabric covering the cylinder.
Square (tool)

A square is a tool used for marking and referencing a 90° angle, though mitre squares are used for 45° angles. Squares see common use in woodworking, metalworking, construction and technical drawing. Some squares incorporate a scale for measuring distances (a ruler) or for calculating angles.
Many squares are made of two parts, a stock and a straight blade or tongue. The stock is usually thicker than the blade, with the blade being fixed into or onto the stock. The blade typically has parallel edges. The stock is usually held against the edge of a workpiece or drawing board and the tongue is then used as a straight edge for making a mark, or as a reference to check the accuracy of an angle.
Wooden try squares have survived from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Rome and can be seen in art from the time. From the 18th century squares began to be manufactured in factories, prior to that they were typically made from wood and were often made by the tradesmen themselves. Some woodworkers continue to make their own squares.
There are a number of different types of square used for a variety of different industries and purposes:
Different industries and applications have different requirements for the accuracy of squares. Some squares are manufactured to meet regulated standards of accuracy, such as British Standards BS 939:2007 for engineering squares, and BS 3322 for try squares.
A square can become inaccurate over time through common use and abuse, such as the edges becoming worn or the square being dropped or mistreated. The materials, most notably wood, can also vary with changes in temperature and humidity. Squares can be checked for accuracy against a known reference, such as a square or piece of machinery that is known to be accurate or against a cylindrical square. A bright light or feeler gauges can be used to check for gaps between the square and the object being referenced.
Through symmetry, squares can also be checked against themselves. One method for L-shaped squares (illustrated) is to hold the square against a reliable known straight edge. A line is struck using a marking knife or sharp pencil; the square is then flipped over, and from the same point another line is struck. If the square is accurate, only a single line should be visible.
There are a number of methods for correcting an inaccurate square by hand. For example, wooden blades can be corrected using a hand plane and sandpaper, while metal blades can be corrected using a file, emery cloth, or sandpaper. Framing squares can be adjusted using a hammer and a punch.
The square is incorporated into the most common Freemasonry symbol, the Square and Compasses. Historically squares have also been used by woodworkers, such as joiners and carpenters, as symbols in signs and heraldry to represent their trade. The square as a symbol is also seen in artistic representations of the Christian saints Thomas the Apostle and James the Less.
White Flower

The White Flower (Italian: Biancofiore) was an informal name given to the electoral alliance of two Christian democratic Italian political parties for the 2001 general election, namely:
The alliance's name came from "O bianco fiore", the party anthem of Christian Democracy. The parties aligned themselves with the House of Freedoms centre-right coalition. It was led by Pier Ferdinando Casini. The list gained only 3.2% of the vote, short of the 4% threshold however, thanks to its alliance with the House of Freedoms, it gained 40 Deputies and 29 Senators.
In December 2002 both constituent parties merged with European Democracy to form the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC).