davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
雷蛇公司

雷蛇（Razer Inc.；品牌標示書寫為RΛZΞR）是一家在新加坡創立的遊戲周邊設備公司，又被戲稱為「綠光燈廠」，後開始進軍電子消費業務。雷蛇的兩個總部分別設立在新加坡及美国聖地牙哥。2017年11月在香港交易所上市，直至2022年5月13日撤銷上市止，产品面向游戏玩家，其产品大多数都以肉食动物命名。2018年推出電子錢包Razer Pay。2020年，開始生產外科口罩。
1998年，一群工程师和商人起初創建的工廠是製造汽車傳感器的，陳民亮發現了這項技術用於電腦硬體的商機，遂在律師執業之餘建立了Razer，并且推出了一款面向电脑游戏玩家的高端游戏机械滑鼠，名叫Boomslang（非洲樹蛇）。它是世界上第一枚达到2000dpi的滑鼠，据称能给玩家带来更舒适和更精准的控制，但後來因為電競市場尚未成熟而破產。
2005年Razer重起爐灶，同时也是世界上第一批赞助职业玩家的企业之一，并因此同時带动了电子竞技行业和自己的发展。喬納森·文德爾曾经是Razer赞助的十二名选手之一，并且至今仍活动在职业电竞圈内。Razer同时也是第一家赞助职业反恐精英战队和比赛奖金的企业之一。此后Razer继续支持世界各大联赛和电竞队伍及个人选手，同时邀请队伍与选手参与产品的设计。
2019年，Razer於香港K11 MUSAEA開設限定店，同時亦舉辦店內限定的比賽及活動。
2020年3月19日，Razer宣布轉換生產線製作外科口罩。
2020年5月14日，Razer宣布在新加坡推出全自動口罩售賣機，新加坡公民可以通過下載雷蛇的Razer Pay掃碼免費獲得口罩。
在2004年，Razer发布了一款名为Viper的光电滑鼠，此后又推出了1600dpi分辨率的Diamondback（响尾蛇）光电滑鼠。
在接下去的四年裡Razer把只有滑鼠的产品线拓展到键盘，音频外设和滑鼠垫上。
Razer宣布它的下一步将是发展电视游戏机的外设，并推出Xbox 360专用的手柄和耳机。他们也展示了未来的个人电脑用体感控制设备：Sixense TrueMotion。
2011年，A轮融资，Razer获得Accel Partners 和 IDG Capital共同投资的5000万美元资金。
2014年10月，B轮融资，Razer获得 Intel Capital 独家投资。
2015年7月收購Ouya的軟體資產與開發團隊，但並不包含OUYA的主機硬體部門。
2016年2月，Razer完成C轮7500万美元融资，由联络互动(A股002280)独家投资。
据 THX 首席执行官 Ty Ahmad-Taylor 称，2016 年 10 月，Razer 从 Creative Technology 购买了 THX。
Razer宣布以全球發售定價為$2.93至$4.00港元，發售新股為合共1,063,600,000新股股份，而集資額為5.4億美元，其中維港投資便投資5,200萬美元，而新加坡政府投資公司認購2000萬美元股份。
2018年4月宣布收購MOL Global集團。7月推出電子錢包Razer Pay，7月4日率先在馬來西亞正式啟用。並在日後將Razer Pay推廣至其他東南亞國家。
2021 年 8 月 9 日，Razer 宣布将于9月30日关闭马来西亚和新加坡的 Razer Pay（测试版）电子钱包。
目前Razer的产品线包括游戏滑鼠，游戏键盘，游戏音频设备和游戏滑鼠垫。
部分的产品依据食肉动物或者有毒动物命名：滑鼠为蛇类、滑鼠垫为昆虫、键盘为蜘蛛、音频产品为水生动物，而游戏机外设则为猫科动物。
Razer Blade具有相當輕薄的機身，厚度只有17.9mm。
Razer Switch Blade是Razer開發的介於筆記型電腦與手提遊戲機的電腦，由於機身小，所以能以雙手握持方式操作。鍵盤按鍵改為動態按鍵，按鍵在不同程式中顯示不同圖示，例如打字時顯示鍵盤，部分遊戲會根據角色而將按鍵顯示成不同技能圖標。
在2016年CES發佈，Razer Stealth被定位為較低性能的輕薄型筆記型電腦，因此將設計重點放在便攜。另外推出Razer Core，可以透過外置顯卡的方式加強Razer Stealth的性能。
Razer Phone/Razer Phone 2 是Razer專門製作玩遊戲的手機。
RAZER BLACKWIDOW雷蛇黑寡妇蜘蛛机械键盘
由于Razer的许多产品都使用炫丽且夺目的蓝绿色灯或多彩灯做装饰，所以亞洲地區有部分玩家将Razer公司戏称为“灯厂”。
Razer目前赞助数支电竞队伍和选手以及一些比赛：
2019年1月底，菲律宾一位粉丝为自己的儿子起名为「雷蛇」并分享到社交网站上，首席执行官陈民亮得知此事后向其赠送了一部雷蛇手机2作礼物。
Razer 於2021 年正式推出了搭載RGB LED 燈的口罩產品Zephyr 並引發搶購潮，然而當時Razer 宣稱該口罩具備 N95 等級保護力，此謊言卻在科技YouTuber Naomi Wu 拆解該口罩後遭揭穿Razer 謊稱Zephyr 口罩有防護作用。Wu 的拆解不僅發現Zephyr 口罩內部根本沒有N95 等級防護濾層，更直接表明該口罩對於防範Covid-19 幾乎沒有作用。事後Razer 也聯繫Wu 表示他們將會移除口罩說明頁面N95 相關字眼，現在該公司也表明Zephyr 並不適用於醫療或臨床用途。
马来闭壳龟

马来闭壳龟（学名：Cuora amboinensis）又名马来箱龟，马箱，安布闭壳龟，为龟科闭壳龟属的爬行动物。本種目前已知包含最少有4個有效亞種，牠們分布于印度尼科巴群島、孟加拉、緬甸、泰國、寮國、柬埔寨、越南中部及南部、馬來西亞西部、新加坡、菲律賓及印尼，並可能分佈至中国广东及广西，常见于平原地区的沼泽、湿地、池塘、河流中的水荡以及水稻田等水流缓慢、底质松软的水域。该物种的模式产地在印度尼西亚。
幼体几乎完全水栖，成体偏好陆栖。草食性为主，吃水生植物和真菌，也吃一些昆虫。
如要以马来闭壳龟作為寵物龜，飼養者要深入研究飼養方式，並要做好一般護理和照顧。考慮以马来闭壳龟作為寵物時，要了解它是一種熱帶、非冬眠的物種，比許多其他箱龜需要更溫暖的水（約82華氏度）。完全成熟的成龜通常需要半水陸的飼養環境。
马来闭壳龟比其他箱龜更能適應在水中生活。不幸的是，這往往導致被錯誤地放在陸地中飼養。雖然它們是拙劣的游泳者和比其他半水棲龜需要較淺水，但它們往往會比較喜歡在水中。在野生環境中，它們往往會住在幾乎完全在水中。只有在曬太陽和產卵才离开水域。它們甚至可以在水中交配。
斑駁尖塘鱧

斑駁尖塘鱧（学名：Oxyeleotris marmorata），又名雲斑尖塘鱧、筍殼魚，为塘鱧科尖塘鱧屬下的一个种。在中國是一種食用魚。其种加词“marmorata”意为“大理石纹的”。該魚广泛分布于湄公河和湄南河流域以及柬埔寨、泰国、马来西亚、新加坡、印度支那、菲律宾和印度尼西亚的河流和其他水域。
成魚一般有30公分長，最大可達80公分，主要以小魚和水生昆蟲為食(每天可吃跟體重一樣的食物)。
长沙海底世界

长沙海底世界是位于中华人民共和国湖南省长沙市的一座海洋主题公园，集观赏、游乐、科普、休闲于一体，是国家4A级旅游景区。
1995年，海底世界（湖南）有限公司成立，由湖南广播电视台、湖南金世界房地产开发有限公司与新加坡长沙海底世界私人有限公司共同投资，一期投资2亿元人民币。
2000年7月28日，长沙海底世界对外营业。
2010年5月，长沙海底世界完成二期扩建（极地动物展示，2000人表演剧场）。
长沙海底世界分为极地海洋馆、科教馆-萌宠馆、水上乐园、儿童乐园、洋洋乐园五大区域。
中央集水区自然保护区

中央集水区自然保护区（Central Catchment Nature Reserve）是新加坡最大的自然保护区，占地2889 公顷。它位于新加坡的地理中心，构成一个巨大的绿肺。
这是新加坡4个自然保护区之一。另外三个是拉柏多自然保护区、双溪布洛湿地保护区 和武吉知馬自然保護區。
该区包括了新加坡主要的水库：麦里芝蓄水池、实里达蓄水池上段、贝雅士蓄水池上段和下段。
该区大部分原始森林已遭砍伐，现在的林木多为人工补种。
武吉知馬自然保護區

武吉知馬自然保護區（英語：Bukit Timah Nature Reserve），位於新加坡武吉知馬山（英语：Bukit Timah Hill）的山麓之上，是佔地1.64 km（410 acre）的小型自然保護區。它距離新加坡市中心僅12 km（7.5 mi），地理上差不多位處新加坡的正中央。和毗鄰的中央集水區自然保護區一起，兩者共有超過840種植物和500種動物，是新加坡僅存和最大的原始雨林之一。這雨林保護區於2011年10月18日被列為東協遺產公園。
保护世界文化和自然遗产公约

《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》（英語：Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage），简称《世界遗产公约》（英語：World Heritage Convention），是于1972年11月23日签署的国际条约，该条约建立了旨在保护自然和文化遗产的世界遗产名录，并设立世界遗产委员会以执行公约内容。该公约于1965年至1972年完成制定。
该公约定义了可被列入世界遗产名录的文化和自然遗产，明确了各国政府识别潜在文化和自然遗产并加以保护、保存的职责。签署国承诺保护其领土内的世界遗产，并定期报告其保护状况。公约还规定了世界遗产基金的使用和管理方式。
该公约于1972年11月16日在联合国教育、科学及文化组织大会（英语：General Conference (United Nations)）上通过，并由联合国教科文组织大会主席荻原彻和总干事勒内·马厄（英语：René Maheu）于1972年11月23日签署。该公约保存在联合国教科文组织的档案中。
1954年，埃及政府決定建造阿斯旺水坝，估計落成後的水庫將淹沒尼羅河谷的大片區域，包含古埃及和古努比亞的文化寶藏。1959年，埃及和蘇丹政府請求联合国教育、科学及文化组织（UNESCO）協助他們保護和拯救瀕臨滅絕的古蹟和遺址。1960年，UNESCO发起拯救努比亚古迹国际运动（英语：International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia）。這一呼籲促成數百個遺址的挖掘和記錄，數千件物品的恢復，以及幾個重要寺廟搬遷到地勢更高的地方，其中最著名的是阿布辛拜勒神廟和菲萊神廟。該活動耗費8,000萬美元（相當於2020年幣值的2.5億美元），得到了50多个国家的支持，並成功帶動了其他維護活動，例如意大利的威尼斯及其潟湖、巴基斯坦的摩亨佐-达罗、印度尼西亚的婆羅浮屠。该活动的成功促使UNESCO与国际文化纪念物与历史场所委员会共同起草关于文化遗产保护的公约草案。
1965年，美國举行白宫会议（英语：White House conference），倡議將文化遺產和自然遺產聯合保護，呼籲設立「世界遺產信託基金」，以保護世界上珍貴的自然風景區和歷史遺跡，供全世界各地的民眾、未來的子孫使用。国际自然保护联盟（IUCN）在1968年也提出了類似的建議，並於1972年在瑞典首都斯德哥爾摩舉行的聯合國人類環境會議中提交討論。
在UNESCO起草的公约草案的基础上，有关各方最终商定了一份单一文本。1972年11月16日，在巴黎举行的第十七届联合国教科文组织大会（英语：General Conference (United Nations)）上通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》。同年11月23日，联合国教科文组织大会主席荻原彻和总干事勒内·马厄（英语：René Maheu）签署了该公约。1973年，美国成为该公约的首个批准国。该公约在获得20个国家批准后，于1975年12月17日生效。
1976年11月，世界遺產公約第一次締約方大會召開，此會議每兩年召開一次，以選出世界遺產委員會的成員國，並確認每個締約國需要向世界遺產基金捐款的金額。第一次締約方大會選舉了第一屆世界遺產委員會成員，通過了《世界遺產公約工作指南》。次年（1977年），该公约在第40个国家批准后开始实施，第一屆世界遺產委員會召開。之後，在1978年的第二屆世界遺產委員會上，厄瓜多尔的加拉巴哥群島等12個項目被登記為第一批世界遺產。
该公约共有38条，分为八个部分。
第一部分：文化和自然遗产的定义（第1-3条）定义了文化遗产和自然遗产，根据该公约，文化遗产包括：
自然遗产则包括：
第二部分：文化和自然遗产的国家保护和国际保护（第4-7条）确立了缔约国政府将“本国领土内的文化和自然遗产的确定、保护、保存、展出和遗传后代”的责任，并要求缔约国采取积极有效的措施，包括建立机构、发展研究、采取法律和财政措施。条文也强调尊重所在国主权，同时承认文化和自然遗产是世界遗产的一部分，要求国际社会合作予以保护。
第三部分：保护世界文化和自然遗产政府间委员会（第8-14条）决定建立世界遗产委员会，并规定委员会的职责和委员会成员国的任期。条文要求委员会根据缔约国递交的清单建立《世界遗产目录》，并说明了该目录制定程序。条文还明确委员会应处理国际援助的申请，并与UNESCO、ICCROM、ICOMOS、IUCN合作。
第四部分：保护世界文化和自然遗产基金（第15-18条）决定设立世界遗产基金，并规定基金的使用和管理方式。条文要求缔约国每两年定期向世界遗产基金纳款，以相對UNESCO的分擔金的1％額度為上限。
世界遗产基金于1977年成立，世界遗产基金在2024—2025两年期的经费为580万美元，另外还有40万美元用于向处于紧急危险（例如由于火灾、洪水或战争）的场所提供紧急援助。2000年，負擔分擔金的前幾名國家是日本680,459美元、義大利200,246美元、英國187,507美元、加拿大100,626美元、西班牙95,428美元、荷蘭60,098美元、澳大利亞54,600美元、瑞士44,747美元、比利時40,664美元、阿根廷40,610美元等。
第五部分：国际援助的条件和安排（第29-26条）详述了国际援助的条件和形式，仅限于已列入或可能列入《世界遗产目录》的财产。援助的形式包括研究、提供专家和技术支持、培训工作人员、提供设备以及提供贷款和无偿补助金。
第八部分：教育计划（第27-28条）要求缔约国通过一切适当手段，增强本国人民对世界遗产的认知。接受国际援助的缔约国应采取适当措施，使人们了解接受援助财产的重要性和国际援助的作用。
第八部分：报告（第29条）要求缔约国定期报告其世界遗产的保护状况，包括通过的法律和行政规定和采取的其他行动，并详述在这方面获得的经验。
第九部分：最后条款（第30-38条）管辖《公约》的批准、生效和修订。
截至2023年，该公约已获得195个国家的批准，其中包括191个聯合國會員國，2个联合国观察员国（聖座（梵蒂冈）、巴勒斯坦国），2个新西兰聯繫邦（库克群岛、纽埃）。仅有2个联合国成员国尚未批准该公约：列支敦士登、瑙鲁。
各国批准、加入、接受或继承该公约的时间如下。
世界各国和地区面积列表

世界各国和地区面积列表根据世界各国或者地区实际行政区域（包括被国际普遍承认国家，也包括了未被国际普遍承认国家、海外属地、自治区、其他特殊政区）总面积大小所排列，列表内数值单位均为平方公里（數據或者因為計算方式不同而有差異）。非主权国家实体或未被国际普遍承认国家用斜体标示。
以下图表基于美国中央情报局《世界概况》制作，数据截至2005年2月15日。表中以绿色显示的为面积大于100,000平方公里主权国家。此外，为便于比较，图表还列出了非主权地区，并以灰色显示。面积包括内陆水体（湖泊、水库、河流），不包括各国对南极洲部分地区声称的主权。
死水

死水又稱滞水，為不流動的水體，水體之所在地沒有流通的出入口。形成死水之地包括路邊的小凹地、花園中的泥濘，甚至人工製造的器皿皆能形成死水。嚴格來說，死海亦是死水的一種。
死水內之元素不能加添或去除，有機物就會沉積、腐爛，使水分敗壞。死水亦是蚊蟲的滋生地，某些國家，如新加坡，不清理家中的死水是違法的。
在中國成語中，人們以「一潭死水」或「一灘死水」來形容事情停滯不前的情況。
港口

港口是可以停泊船隻和運輸貨物、人員的地方，位於鄰近洋、海、河流、湖泊等水體的陸地上，通常也兼具口岸的功能。
港口依照其機能、用途、規模、營運單位、相關法規會區分為不同用途。以下類型依港口的船舶停靠種類等代表性用途來區分，但有時會依各國家（地區）之分類方式而有所不同。
另外，港口也可依地理環境的不同而大致分為以下類型。例如：海港是用來處理在海洋行駛船隻的港口，河港則是用來處理河流上交通的地方。
港口常常是泥沙汙染、油汙外洩等環境問題的來源，但也容易受氣候暖化、海平面上升等全球性的氣候災害所影響。
港口的水道疏浚移動大量沉積物，會干擾地方生態系，也會將泥沙中的汙染物質帶入水體中。每年全世界港口疏浚的沉積物約有一億立方公尺。
入侵物種經常會藉由船底汙水以及附著在船隻的外殼上散播。據估計，每天有超過7000種入侵物種透過船隻移動到世界各處。他們對生態的衝擊包括了可能會掠奪本土物種，或是帶來外界的傳染病。
由於航運造成的直接與間接汙染，港口附近的水質經常低於其他水域。港口的其他經濟行為也會污染港口水域，如傾倒垃圾至海水中。
許多港口因為位於低海拔地區，容易受氣候變遷與海平面上升影響。海岸侵蝕、沿岸淹水等災害都因氣候變遷而增加了發生頻率與強度。
其他種類的港口：
南侨机工

南洋華僑司機和技工（简称南侨机工）是指抗日战争期间，从南洋回中華民國参加运输工作的爱国华侨。1939年至1942年间，约有3,200多名主要为华侨（其中含18名巫裔及54名印裔人士參與，個中包含30名錫克人）的汽车驾驶员和汽車修理技术工人参加了南侨总会组织的“南洋华侨回国机工服务团”，补充了中国境內紧缺的卡车司机，为保障滇缅公路的国际运输线做出了贡献。其中，有千餘名机工牺牲。据统计，滇缅公路上超过三分之一的运输车量是由南侨机工驾驶的。
1937年抗日战争全面爆发，南洋华侨纷纷展开抵制日货、为抗日活动募款等爱国活动。基于中国当时主要的交通运输线、工业和港口均已落入日军手中，为了运送在国外购买和国际援助的战略物资，当时的国民政府乃紧急建滇缅公路。广州失守后，滞留在香港的两万多吨军火，必须转从新建的滇缅公路运入。为保证滇缅公路能够畅通无阻，国民政府军事委员会在昆明设立了西南运输公司，并在马來亚的新加坡和缅甸仰光设立办事处，负责把军火物资从香港经新加坡移囤仰光，然后从滇缅公路运入昆明。
滇缅公路山路险峻，因此运输物资非有熟练机工不能胜任，著名商人陈嘉庚领导的南洋华侨筹赈祖国难民总会（简称南侨总会）于是在新加坡号召南洋青年参加“南洋华侨机工回国服务团”，通过滇缅公路，运送战争物资前往中国，在后方支援中华民国国军的抗日行动。总会共召集了约3,200人，其中还包括一些非华族人士，还有四名女性，齐集新加坡，分成九批出发前往滇缅公路工作。莲山双林禅寺主持普亮法师支持南侨总会，将寺院空地用作南侨机工的训练营地。头几批的技工留宿在同济医院内，之后南天大酒楼义务提供住宿。第一批应招的是由80人组成的“南侨机工八十先锋队”于1939年2月18日由新加坡出发，其中32来自新加坡，48为来自柔佛峇株巴辖。第一批抵达中国的南侨机工则是搭乘法国邮轮“满江红”号到越南海防登陆，转乘滇越铁路火车抵达昆明，然后到了西南运输公司训练所。此后，半年内有15批机工相继回到中国参加抗日。
南侨机工有力的支援中国抗日战争的初期，日军为切断这条中国对外唯一的交通大动脉，派出大批飞机对滇缅公路特别是怒江上的惠通桥和澜沧江上的功果桥进行狂轰滥炸，有数百骁勇顽强的南侨机工被日机炸死。1941年1月23日，功果桥（今功果桥镇附近）被日机炸断，日本宣称滇缅公路已断，三个月内无通车希望。然而，南侨机工却从附近仓库中拿来近百个汽油桶和木板，仅10个小时就用钢索扎起长达300米的大浮桥，冒着巨大的风险把满载军火物资的车队开过江去，保证了这条抗日大动脉的畅通无阻。 1942年2月，蒋介石派出了精锐部队，组成了抗战历史上著名的“远征军”入缅作战。此时南侨机工不仅要抢运抗战物资，又担负起运送10万中国远征军入缅的任务。从1942年3月到4月，远征军先后在同古、仁安羌、腊戍等地同日军作战，解救出被日军包围的7,000多英军。日军占领缅甸后，又将滞留当地的技工杀害不少。普亮法师在日军攻陷新加坡不久后也因大检证而在樟宜海边遭到杀害。南侨总会也从此停止活动。
经过八年艰苦抗战，1945年8月15日日本宣布投降。期间共有约1,028名技工在公路上因疟疾、轰炸以及山路险峻而殉职。南侨机工的档案丢失，复员工作遇到难题。陈嘉庚与当局交涉，亲自致函国民政府，敦促为南侨机工返回提供必要的帮助和方便。经过努力，南侨机工得以复员。首批机工和眷属421人，于1946年10月26日由昆明经广州出境；第二批156人和第三批306人，分别于11月15日和29日回到南洋与阔别多年的亲人团聚。最后总共有1,126名机工回返南洋，1,072人滞留云南。1949年中華人民共和国成立后，留在国内的不少南侨机工失业问题仍未解决，他们联名写信向陈嘉庚反映。陈嘉庚收到信立即向云南省提出：任何单位需要司机，首先要录用南侨机工。1955年，陈嘉庚曾两次前往探视在云南安家的南侨机工。滞留中国的机工在文化大革命期间遭到迫害，理由是他们有资本主义背景，同时在抗战时资助的是国民革命軍。
1955年6月，在南侨机工复员十年后，新加坡华社的一些有识之士曾倡议筹建南侨机工纪念碑的设想，但因党派立场不同及时代因素，最终不了了之。1986年11月，新加坡的南洋学会在李氏基金的资助下组织了“新加坡南洋华侨机工访问团”重走滇缅公路，在昆明会见当年留在云南的部分机工，并撰写《考察滇缅公路报告书》。
马来西亚
中國
新加坡
中國
馬來西亞
亚洲和太平洋地区世界遗产列表

亚洲和太平洋地区世界遗产列表目前包括36个亚太地区各国家的世界遗产。由于联合国教科文组织根据文化圈进行区域划分，此处的“亚洲”不包括西亚的阿拉伯国家，也不包括被列入欧洲和北美地区的俄罗斯、土耳其、塞浦路斯、以色列、及外高加索三国。
在列表中，文代表文化遗产，自代表自然遗产，自文代表双重遗产。
国家順序参照联合国教科文组织官方的世界遗产列表 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）排列，基本按照国家英文/法文名称的首字母排列；個別国家遗产项目依照列入世界遗产时间排列,但由於官方排列顺序时有变化，所以可能与當前官方顺序不一致。
说明：依照联合国教科文组织的划分 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），世界遗产所在地区共分为五类：
本列表显示的是其中亚洲和太平洋地区类别下的世界遗产。
2項文化遺產。
4项文化遗产，12项自然遗产，4项双重遗产。
2项文化遗产，1项自然遗产。
4项文化遗产。
40项文化遗产，15项自然遗产，4项双重遗产。（其中1项文化遗产与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦共有）
1项文化遗产。
35项文化遗产，8项自然遗产（其中1项与法国、瑞士、比利时、德国、阿根廷、日本共有）。
6项文化遗产，4项自然遗产。
26项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
21项文化遗产，5项自然遗产（其中1项与法国、瑞士、比利时、德国、阿根廷、印度共有）。
3项文化遗产，2项自然遗产（其中1项与中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦共有，1项与土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦共有）。
1项自然遗产。
2项文化遗产。
14项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
2项文化遗产（其中1项与中国、哈萨克斯坦共有）。
3项文化遗产。
3项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
1项文化遗产。
1项文化遗产。
3项文化遗产，2项自然遗产，其中2项与俄罗斯共有。
2项文化遗产。
2项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
2项自然遗产，1项双重遗产。
6项文化遗产。
1项双重遗产。
1项文化遗产。
3项文化遗产，3项自然遗产。
1项自然遗产。
6项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
2项文化遗产，2项自然遗产。
5项文化遗产，3项自然遗产。
4项文化遗产，1项自然遗产（其中1项与哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦共有）。
5项文化遗产，1项自然遗产（其中1项与哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦共有）。
1项文化遗产。
1项文化遗产。
5项文化遗产，2项自然遗产，1项双重遗产。
动物总动员

《动物总动员》（德語：Konferenz der Tiere）是一部2010年德国3D动画电影，由雷恩哈德·克洛泽(Reinhard Klooss)和胡戈尔·坦普(Holger Tappe)导演。德国于2010年10月7日上映，中国于2011年6月24日上映。
作为一部环保题材的电影，本片的主题是人类要保护环境、善待动物和制止气候变暖。
在广袤无际的非洲大草原上，饱受干旱所侵扰的动物们耐心却又焦灼地等待着洪水的到来。可是今年的汛期久久不来，这不仅令猫鼬等动物们为生活充满焦虑，而且还使得以野牛和犀牛为代表的两大肌肉派为争夺水源而展开激烈的对抗。
与此同时，孤独的北极熊、聒噪的高卢鸡、相伴数百年沧桑岁月的乌龟夫妇、活泼的袋鼠以及爱放臭屁的笑笑来到了这片草原，成为罕见的非洲以外的来客。他们都是因为人类的贪婪与无知，而被迫离开赖以栖息的家园的，来这里只为寻找一个没有人类足迹的幸福乐土。不过到来后他们发现非洲草原的情况也不容乐观，于是大家为了生存，外来的动物们和当地的动物们决定联合起来，一起踏上寻找水源的冒险之旅。
后来他们发现不远处的峡谷间耸起一座大坝，原来人类要在他们的栖居地修建一个度假胜地，是那座大坝拦截住了本该滋润草原和万物的水源。于是这些可爱的动物们决定为了保护它们赖以生存的家园，要团结起来与人类展开一场斗智斗勇的较量。在这场较量中，他们的聪明才智、奇思妙想、可爱、勇敢与团结得到了淋漓尽致的展现与发挥。
新英格兰水族馆

新英格兰水族馆位于美国马萨诸塞州波士顿的中央码头，始建于1969年，除了主展馆以外，还有一个西蒙斯IMAX影厅和新英格兰水族馆观鲸游轮。水族馆观鲸船每年4月至11月运行。新英格兰水族馆拥有超过22000名会员，每年超过130万游客参观。
波士顿于1962年开始筹划建造自己的水族馆，由剑桥七人联合会（英语：Cambridge Seven Associates）的彼得·切尔马耶夫（英语：Peter Chermayeff）担任主设计师。1969年水族馆竣工开放营业。 1970年，水族馆的巨型海洋鱼缸开放，是当时世界上最大的圆形海洋鱼缸。
1974年，由于水族馆土地面积不够用于扩张，展馆旁停靠了一艘多层驳船”发现号“，用作水上哺乳动物馆。这座大型”展馆“拥有1000个座位和一个116,000-美制加侖（440,000-公升；97,000-英制加侖）的水缸。展馆内饲养着一群海豚，直到20世纪中期，被转移到别的场馆。在这之后，“发现号”饲养了一群海獅。20世纪初，由于”发现号“使用多年，维护成本过高，最终退役。
2013年，巨型海洋鱼缸进行翻修， 为鱼缸增加了一片加勒比地区珊瑚礁群。 1998年展馆西厢房竣工。新的西厢房由施华兹/斯尤弗建筑公司设计建造，主体为玻璃及钢结构，包括一座可从展馆外观赏的港海豹展览水缸、售票大厅、时令展馆、礼品商店及咖啡厅。
1999年，水族馆为达克斯伯里（英语：Duxbury, Massachusetts）的鼠海豚建造了一座展馆，包括一个可容纳三只鼠海豚的，29,000-美制加侖（110,000-公升；24,000-英制加侖）的水缸。
2001年，马修和玛西娅·西蒙斯IMAX影院开业，影院可容纳428人，建造在水族馆旁，由韦纳·约翰逊设计。影院屏幕高65英尺（20米），约为六层楼，宽为85英尺（26米），可放映2D和3D电影。
2003年，水族馆花费190万美元，建造了12个水母水缸，命名为“神奇的水母”。新的展厅展现了不同的水母，并强调在气候变化的今天，水母更容易存活，并且数量会变多。
2006年，新英格兰水族馆获得动物园和水族馆协会（AZA）认可。
2009年，新百伦基金会海洋哺乳动物中心成立，饲养着北海狗。
2010年，动物护理中心开业。护理中心位于昆西市，占地面积约为23,000-平方英尺（2,100-平方米），用于在展馆维护或翻修时对动物进行养育。同时该护理中心也是海洋动物急救和康复中心。
2013年，水族馆在对其举行海洋水池进行翻修10个月后，终于再次开放。新的海洋水池复制了前哥倫布時期加勒比海珊瑚礁，安装了带反光罩的新照明灯并搭配了新的观赏玻璃。水缸中饲养的鱼从800条增加到2000条，其种类从90种增加到140种。
水族馆的巨型海洋水缸位于展馆中庭，这座760,000升的圆柱形水缸模拟加勒比海珊瑚礁群，并饲养了窄头双髻鲨、沙虎鯊、 海龟、鳐鱼、鯙科、梭子魚及其他生活在珊瑚礁附近的鱼类。水缸四周为观赏玻璃，允许游客从各个角度观赏珊瑚礁群。
水箱旁为一个570,000升的企鹅展厅，饲养着黑脚企鹅、南北凤冠企鹅和小藍企鵝。企鹅们栖息地中有几座人造岩岛供企鹅居住。 在中庭周围有四层小展区：
水族馆正门外为港海豹展区，游客不需要进入水族馆也可从水族馆外观赏。馆内共有4只北海狗和3只加州海獅，后方为新百伦基金会海洋哺乳动物中心。新英格兰水族馆所有参加日常培训的海洋哺乳動物都对公众开放。
“神奇的水母”展在西厢房，拥有海月水母、海荨麻水母（英语：sea nettle）、仙后水母、帕劳水母和澳大利亚斑点水母（英语：Phyllorhiza punctata），来自世界各地。2011年，信托家族基金会鲨鱼鳐鱼触摸水池开放，是东海岸最大的触摸水池。池中有牛鼻鳐（英语：cownose ray）、黄鳐鱼（英语：yellow ray）和犁头鳐。
2010年水族馆的企鹅展区呈现，展现了野生企鹅在自然界中生存并保护自己的方法。
运动中的海洋哺乳动物主题展的主角为水族馆的北海狗和港海豹们，鼓励孩子们一起小腿伸展，跳舞，旋转和跳跃。海洋哺乳动物中心还吸引了海洋哺乳动物与人类之间的联系，并指出支线海洋动物正面临的危机。
2008年的主题展览为海龟及陸龜。这些乌龟在地球上生活了3亿年，远比恐龙生活得久。有的乌龟由于污染、气候变化和栖息地减少，面临着灭绝的危险。
2008年建造的临时亲水池中饲养了南部鳐鱼（英语：southern stingray）、牛鼻鳐（英语：cownose ray）、黄鳐鱼（英语：yellow stingray）和斑鲨。后来成为水族馆常驻展厅之一，并命名为信托家族基金会鲨鱼鳐鱼触摸池。游客可以近距离触摸感受相关动物，在重建的天然红树林和泻湖为主题的栖息地观察它们进食。
该主题展览以我们最惧怕的物种为主，展现包括活鲨鱼及其视频。西蒙斯IMAX影院播放《海怪：史前冒险》，包括虎鲨、水蟒、大梭鱼、电鳗、狮子鱼、海鳗、巨型太平洋章鱼及南部鳐鱼。
新英格兰水族馆在大西洋大道波士顿中央码头（英语：Central Wharf (Boston)）。从波士顿市中心向长码头（英语：Long Wharf (Boston)）方向走，萝丝·肯尼迪绿道（英语：Rose Kennedy Greenway）旁。波士顿港口步道（英语：Boston Harborwalk）环绕在水族馆附近。离水族馆最近的地鐵站为波士顿地铁蓝线水族馆站，但从波士顿地铁橙线及绿线换乘车站干草市场站短暂步行也可到达。
水族馆经常参与到滞留的海洋哺乳动物和海龟的救援活动中。
每年4月至10月期间，水族馆与波士顿港游轮公司合作主办賞鯨游轮活动。水族馆在游轮上指派博物学家和教育者，与游客进行互动。游轮将游客载往波士顿东部约30英里（48公里）处的斯泰尔瓦根暗礁国家海洋保护区（英语：Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary）。这里是多种大型鲸鱼的家，生活着座头鲸、長鬚鯨、小须鲸、領航鯨和濒临灭绝的露脊鯨。有时候也可以看到大西洋白海豚（英语：atlantic white-sided dolphin）。通常观鲸船往返一共3至4小时。
由于船上的自然学家经验丰富，几乎每次出海都能观测到鲸鱼。但如果没有看到鲸鱼，水族馆会给游客发放消費券，以供下次免费搭乘游轮出海，直至看到鲸鱼为止。
貓貓蟲咖波

貓貓蟲咖波（英語：Bugcat Capoo，有時簡稱為Capoo），外表像貓又像蟲的卡通人物，於2014年由台灣藝術家亞拉所創造。
其設定為像貓又像蟲藍色小怪物，平時擁有6隻腳，數量會視情況變化，暴力獵奇又萌萌可愛，最愛吃肉，還有咬手手。
是2014年在巴哈姆特電玩資訊站個人小屋連載的自創角色。獲得積極的反饋於2014年10月在LINE Creators Market上發布一組40張的貼圖。後於2015年LINE Webtoon漫畫比賽得到短篇冠軍，而在該平台進行連載，已於2020年3月完結。在LINE連載期間，該角色成為各種宣傳活動和素材的一部分。現在仍在社群網站和YouTube網站繼續短篇漫畫與動畫連載。
貓貓蟲咖波作品因貼圖的關係，而在社群網站上流傳。該貼圖作者亞拉在2017年LINE Creators Market排名第7，2020年爬升至第5。咖波和漫畫中的其他角色也很常進行電子遊戲跟公司的商業合作。其後催生了許多合作店面，如臺中市西區的咖波屋、奶泡貓咖啡等。
漫畫的故事發生在一個大體上立足於現今生活的世界裡，但卻包含了各種違反邏輯和物理學的滑稽特征，例如有生命的日常物品、不同的習俗（如公車被換成了友好的烏龜），以及大量擬人化的配角，例如有受虐傾向的兔子兔兔、咖波的妹妹咪卡、黑貓蟲兄弟、和一種類似於小雞的圓滾滾的小動物，牠們經常被咖波當作食物獵殺、或由咖啡的奶泡所組成的奶泡貓等。
由於咖波時不時地傾向於使用暴力和吞食生物，這部漫畫以可愛和恐怖並置而著稱。
List of reptiles of Singapore

There are about 110 species of reptiles in Singapore. Most of them are small or rarely seen, but there are a few which are large or prominent. The largest reptiles found in Singapore are the estuarine crocodile and the reticulated python. The ones most commonly seen in urban areas are the house geckos (typically called house lizard by the lay-person) and the invasive changeable lizard. The changeable lizard has pushed the local green crested lizard into forested areas.
In gardens and parks, one can often see common sun skinks, the introduced red-eared sliders and flying lizards.
Water monitors are common in rivers and mangrove. Another monitor that can be found in Singapore is the clouded monitor, which is a forest species. It is smaller than the Malayan water monitor, has slit nostrils and is paler in colour. In 2008, the Dumeril's monitor was rediscovered in the Central Catchment Nature Reserve.
Equatorial spitting cobras can still be found in desolated urban areas of Singapore. The larger king cobra is much rarer. The banded krait sometimes show up as road kill. There are also 2 species of oral snake and 9 species of sea snake.
List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games

Video games based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise have been produced since 1989, largely by Japanese video game manufacturer Konami.
Earlier games were mostly based on the 1987 TV series, with elements borrowed from the movies, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, action figures and the original Mirage comic books and role-playing books. Several games released in the 2000s were based on the 2003 TV series and the 2007 film. A number of games released in the following decade have been based on the 2012 TV series, the 2014 film, and Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.
As of 1993, the first eleven TMNT video games sold 18 million units worldwide, earning nearly $450 million in sales revenue.
Giant Asian pond turtle

The giant Asian pond turtle (Heosemys grandis) inhabits rivers, streams, marshes, and rice paddies from estuarine lowlands to moderate altitudes (up to about 400 metres (1,300 ft)) throughout Cambodia and Vietnam and in parts of Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand.
Slight variations in coloration can be seen among the species. The carapace of the giant Asian pond turtle has a brown to black coloration with a distinct ridge along the center while the plastron is yellow in color. The head is gray to brown in color.
Capable of living in water or on land the giant Asian pond turtle can be located along bodies of water such as lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, and canals. The giant Asian pond turtle is omnivorous and finds food in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Their diets consist of worms, larvae, insects, snails, deceased animals, and aquatic and terrestrial plants. Similarly to other species of turtles, the giant Asian pond turtle has developed adaptations and different techniques for capturing prey in both types of environments.
The main area of concern is the illegal capture and export of these turtles for use as food and (less commonly) as pets in parts of Asia. Additionally, their habitat is threatened by land conversion for agriculture.
Irwin's turtle

Irwin's turtle (Elseya irwini) is a rare species of freshwater turtle in the family Chelidae. The species is endemic to Australia, originating from the lower region of the Burdekin River area in northern Queensland, and was named after the late conservationist and television personality Steve Irwin, and his naturalist father, Bob Irwin.
Steve and Bob Irwin caught a female specimen of E. irwini on a crocodile-catching trip on the Burdekin River in 1990, on a fishing line. Steve Irwin took pictures and sent them to turtle expert John Cann, who verified that it was indeed a new species. The new species was named after Steve Irwin.
The female of the species E. irwini has a pale head with a yellowish horny sheath on the crown. The pale colour present in the female of this species is due to a lack of multiple pigments which affect essentially all parts of the body. These individuals are known for their sturdy skull, which is supported by a narrow muscle called the pterygoid, creating a shielding for the skull and providing normal jaw functions.
E. irwini, like some other turtles, can breathe underwater by taking water into its cloaca. The cloaca is a cavity at the end of the digestive tract containing a chamber with gill-like structures which allow for the diffusion of oxygen. Without this structure, this species of turtle would not be able to stay under water for long periods of time. Irwin's turtle needs to live in a source of water that is plentiful with oxygen. If the water has low oxygen levels or is filled with contaminants, the turtle has a lower chance of survival.
The habitat of the Irwin's turtle has been impacted by the construction of the Burdekin Dam, which has caused a decline in water quality of the Burdekin River, which makes it hard for this species to survive and reproduce. Plans for the construction of Urannah Dam have been opposed, as this would cause further impacts and habitat contraction.
E. irwini has been plentiful in Broken River and Bowen Creek. It had not been observed in the Lower Burdekin River in the 20 years preceding May 2022, until its presence was officially confirmed by researchers from James Cook University led by Cecilia Villacorta Rath.
The species has not been listed under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) owing to lack of data on the species.
In 2023, Steve Irwin's son, conservationist and television personality Robert Irwin announced the first breeding of the turtle for zoological purposes at the Australia Zoo.
List of animals of Malaysia

This is a list of animals found in Malaysia. Malaysia is a humid country, with rainforests hosting a wide array of animal species. There are around 361 mammal species, 250 reptile species, and 150 frog species found in Malaysia. Approximately 677 bird species are found on Peninsular Malaysia alone (and 694 for Malaysia). Malaysia's marine territory also holds a great diversity of life, with the country's waters being part of the Coral Triangle.
కృష్ణ నాగర్ (పారా-బాడ్మింటన్)

కృష్ణ నాగర్‌ భారతదేశానికి చెందిన పారా బ్యాడ్మింటన్ క్రీడాకారుడు. ఆయన 2021లో జరిగిన టోక్యో పారాలింపిక్స్‌లో బ్యాడ్మింటన్ ఎస్‌హెచ్‌-6 విభాగంలో స్వర్ణ పతకం గెలిచాడు.
పురుషులు సింగిల్స్
పురుషులు సింగిల్స్
పురుషుల డబుల్స్
పురుషుల సింగిల్స్
కృష్ణ నాగర్‌ 13 నవంబర్ 2021న రాష్ట్రపతి రామ్‌నాథ్‌ కోవింద్‌ చేతులమీదుగా ‘మేజర్‌ ధ్యాన్‌చంద్‌ ఖేల్‌రత్న’ అవార్డును అందుకున్నాడు.
మనీష్ నర్వాల్

మనీష్ నర్వాల్(జననం 2001 అక్టోబరు 17) భారతదేశానికి చెందిన పారాలింపియాన్. 10 మీటర్ల పారా పిస్టల్ షూటింగ్ విభాగంలో ప్రపంచంలో నాల్గొవ ర్యాంకు క్రీడాకారుడు. గోస్పోర్ట్స్ ఫౌండేషన్ ఇతనికి సహాయ సంస్థగా ఉంది.
నర్వాల్ 2016లో హర్యానా రాష్ట్ర ఫరీదాబాద్ పట్టణంలో తన షూటింగ్ శిక్షణ ప్రారంభించాడు. 2021 పారా షూటింగ్ వరల్డ్ కప్లో p4 మిక్సీడ్ 50 మీ పోటీలో స్వర్ణ పతకం సాధించాడు. ఇంకా చాలా ఇతర జాతీయ అంతర్జాతీయ స్థాయి పోటీలలో స్వర్ణ, రజత, కాంస్య పతకాలు సాధించాడు.
షూటింగ్ క్రీడలో కనబరిచిన అత్యుత్తమ ప్రతిభకుగాను నర్వాల్ కు 2020 లో భారత ప్రభుత్వం అర్జున అవార్డుతో సత్కరించింది. మనీశ్‌ నర్వాల్‌ 13 నవంబర్ 2021న రాష్ట్రపతి రామ్‌నాథ్‌ కోవింద్‌ చేతులమీదుగా ‘మేజర్‌ ధ్యాన్‌చంద్‌ ఖేల్‌రత్న’ అవార్డును అందుకున్నాడు.
సుమిత్ ఆంటిల్

సుమిత్ ఆంటిల్‌ భారతదేశానికి చెందిన పారా అథ్లెట్స్‌ క్రీడాకారుడు. ఆయన 2021లో జరిగిన టోక్యో పారాలింపిక్స్‌లో జావెలిన్ త్రోలో బంగారు పతకం గెలిచాడు. పారాలింపిక్స్‌లో బంగారు పతకం సాధించిన సుమిత్ ఆంటిల్‌కు హ‌ర్యానా ప్ర‌భుత్వం రూ .6 కోట్ల రివార్డుతో పాటు ప్ర‌భుత్వ ఉద్యోగం ఇవ్వనున్నట్టు హ‌ర్యానా ముఖ్యమంత్రి మనోహర్ లాల్ ఖట్టర్‌ ప్రకటించాడు.
సుమిత్‌ హర్యానా రాష్ట్రం సోన్‌పేట్‌ నిర్మల దేవి, రామ్ కుమార్ దంపతులకు జన్మించాడు. ఆయన 2015లో జరిగిన ఓ బైక్ ప్రమాదంలో ఎడమ కాలులో మోకాలు కింది భాగం పూర్తిగా కోల్పోయాడు. ఈ ప్రమాదం తర్వాత కొన్నాళ్లకు కోలుకున్న సుమిత్‌ , సోనేపట్‌లో ఒక పారా అథ్లెట్‌ను చూసిన అతనికి అథ్లెటిక్స్ పైన ఆసక్తి పెరిగింది. 2018 నుంచి జావెలిన్ త్రోను సీరియస్‌గా తీసుకొని 2019లో దుబాయ్‌లో జరిగిన ప్రపంచ చాంపియన్‌షిప్ పోటీల్లో ఎఫ్-64 విభాగంలో రజత పతకం సాధించాడు. 2021లో పాటియాలాలో జరిగిన ఇండియన్ గ్రాండ్ ప్రీ సిరీస్ పోటీల్లో 66.43 మీట్ల దూరం విసిరి 7వ స్థానంలో నిలిచాడు.
సుమిత్ ఆంటిల్‌ టోక్యో పారాలింపిక్స్ లో 68.55 మీటర్లు విసిరి ప్రపంచ రికార్డు సాధించాడు. ఈ మ్యాచ్ లోనే మూడు ప్రపంచ రికార్డ్ లు సాధించాడు . మొదట 66.95 మీటర్ల దూరం విసిరి వరల్డ్ రికార్డ్ క్రియేట్ చేశాడు. F64 కేటగిరీ మెన్స్‌ జావెలిన్ త్రో ఫైనల్‌లో మొత్తం ఐదు రౌండ్లలో మూడు సార్లు అందరి కంటే ఎక్కువ దూరం విసిరి ఒకే గేమ్ లో మూడు సార్లు వరల్డ్ రికార్డ్ సాధించాడు.
సుమిత్‌ అంటిల్‌ 13 నవంబర్ 2021న రాష్ట్రపతి రామ్‌నాథ్‌ కోవింద్‌ చేతులమీదుగా ‘మేజర్‌ ధ్యాన్‌చంద్‌ ఖేల్‌రత్న’ అవార్డును అందుకున్నాడు.
ప్రమోద్ భగత్

ప్రమోద్‌ భగత్‌ భారతదేశానికి చెందిన పారా బ్యాడ్మింటన్ క్రీడాకారుడు. ఆయన 2021లో జరిగిన టోక్యో పారాలింపిక్స్‌లో బ్యాడ్మింటన్ ఎస్‌ఎల్3 విభాగంలో స్వర్ణ పతకం గెలిచాడు. ప్రమోద్‌ భగత్‌ పారాలింపిక్స్‌లో బ్యాడ్మింటన్‌ విభాగంలో స్వర్ణం పతకం సాధించిన తొలి భారతీయుడిగా రికార్డు సృష్టించాడు.
2006లో పారా బ్యాడ్మింటన్‌లో అడుగుపెట్టిన ప్రమోద్‌ ఇప్పటివరకు అంతర్జాతీయస్థాయిలో 45 పతకాలను సాధించాడు. ఇందులో నాలుగు ప్రపంచ చాంపియన్‌షిప్‌ స్వర్ణ పతకాలు ఉన్నాయి.
భగత్ బీహార్‌లోని హాజీపూర్ నగరంలో 4 జూన్ 1988న జన్మించాడు. ఆయన ఐదేళ్ల వయస్సులో పోలియో బారిన పడ్డాడు. ప్రమోద్‌ భగత్‌ చిన్న వయసులోనే బ్యాడ్మింటన్‌ ఆటకు ఆకర్షితుడై, తన తండ్రి ప్రోత్సాహంతో బాడ్మింటన్‌లో శిక్షణ తీసుకున్నాడు.
లియాండర్ పేస్

లియాండర్ పేస్ (జ. 1973 జూన్ 17) భారతీయ టెన్నిస్ క్రీడాకారుడు. డేవిస్ కప్ లో డబుల్స్ లో అత్యధిక సార్లు విజేతగా అతని పేరిట రికార్డు ఉంది. పేస్ ఎనిమిది సార్లు డబుల్స్, పది సార్లు మిక్స్‌డ్ డబుల్స్ లో గ్రాండ్ స్లామ్ టైటిల్స్ సాధించాడు.
1990 లో అర్జున అవార్డు అందుకున్నాడు. 1996-97 లో భారతదేశపు అత్యున్నత క్రీడా పురస్కారమైన రాజీవ్ ఖేల్ రత్న పురస్కారాన్ని అందుకున్నాడు. 2001 లో పద్మశ్రీ పురస్కారాన్ని అందుకున్నాడు. 2014 లో టెన్నిస్ కు భారతదేశంలో ప్రాచుర్యం కల్పించినందుకుగాను పద్మభూషణ్ పురస్కారం కూడా అందుకున్నాడు.
అవని లేఖరా

అవని లేఖరా(ఆంగ్లం:Avani Lekhara జననం 2001 నవంబర్ 8) భారతదేశానికి చెందిన పారాలింపియన్, రైఫిల్ షూటింగ్ క్రీడాకారిణి. లేఖరా 2020 నాటికి షూటింగ్ క్రీడలో ప్రపంచంలోనే మొదటి అయిదు స్థానాల్లో గల ఉత్తమ క్రీడాకారిణి. 2018 పారాలింపిక్స్ లో కూడా పాల్గొన్నది. 2020 వేసవి పారాలింపిక్స్ లో 10 మీటర్ల షూటింగ్ లో స్వర్ణ పతకం,50 మీటర్ల షూటింగ్ విభాగంలో కాంస్య పతకం సాధించి ఒకే పారాలింపిక్స్ లో రెండు పతకాలు సాధించిన ఏకైక భారత మహిళగా నిలిచింది.
అవని 2001 నవంబర్ 8న రాజస్థాన్ రాష్ట్రం జైపూర్లో జన్మించింది.
2012లో జరిగిన కారు ప్రమాదంలో పదకొండు సంవత్సరాల వయసులో అవని అంగవైకల్యం పాలైంది. అవని తండ్రి తనను క్రీడలలో పాల్గొనమని ప్రోత్సహించాడు, షూటింగ్ అకాడెమీలో చేర్పించి శిక్షణ ఇప్పించాడు. అవని రాజస్థాన్లో న్యాయ విద్య చదువుతుంది.
అవని భారత దేశానికి షూటింగ్ విభాగంలో స్వర్ణ పతకం సాధించిన అభినవ్ బింద్రా ను ఆదర్శంగా భావిస్తుంది. అతని విజయం చూసి తాను కూడా ఆ దిశలో కృషి చేయడం మొదలెట్టింది.
2015 లో జైపూర్లోని జగత్పురా క్రీడా భవనంలో తన శిక్షణ ప్రారంభించింది. 2017 యూఏఈ లో జరిగిన పారా షూటింగ్ ప్రపంచ కప్ క్రీడల్లో పాల్గొన్నది.
పారాలింపిక్స్ లో భారత్
ሶማሌ (ብሔር)

የሶማሌ ብሔር በአፍሪካ ቀንድ ይገኛሉ። ሱማሊኛ ቋንቋቸው ነው። ጠቅላላ ብዛታቸው ከ 28 እስከ 30 ሚሊዮን የሚገመት ሲሆን እነዚህም በሶማሊያ (ከ15 ሚሊዮን በላይ)፣ ኢትዮጵያ (ከ8 እስከ 10 ሚሊዮን)፣ ጅቡቲ (250,000)፣ ሰሜን-ምስራቅ ኬንያ (240,000)፣ እና በሌሎች ውጭ ሀገሮች ይገኛሉ። ዋና ሃይማኖታቸው ሱኒ እስልምና ነው።
ሶማሌ (ብሔር) የኢትዮጵያ ብሔር ነው።
ሶማሊላንድ

ሶማሊላንድ እውቅና ያልተሰጠው በስራው ግን እንደ አንድ ልዑላዊ ሃገር የሚንቀሳቀስ በአፍሪካ ቀንድ በሰሜን ምስራቅ ሶማሌ የሚገኝ አካል ነው። ግንቦት ፲ ቀን ፲፱፻፹፫ ዓ/ም፥ የሶማሊላንድ ሕዝብ ነጻነቱን አውጆ ከሶማሌ ፲፰ ክፍለ ሀገራት ፭ቱን አካቶ ይዟል። ይህም በጅቡቲ፣ በኢትዮጵያ፣ በቀድሞው የጣልያን ሶማሊላንድና በአደን ባሕረሰላጤ የሚካለለውን ፻፴፯ ሺ ፮መቶ ካሬ ኪሎሜትር የሚሸፍነውን ቦታ ከሞላ ጎደል ይሸፍናል። የሶማሊላንድ ዋና ከተማ ሃርጌሳ ነው።
እውቅና ባያገኝም አካሉ ሳይዋዥቅ እንደ መንግሥት እየሠራ ይገኛል። በመስከረም ፲፰ ቀን ፲፱፻፺፰ ዓ/ም በተደረገው የከተሞች የሊቀመንበርና የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምርጫ ኡዱብ ፓርቲ ሲያሸንፍ በተለያዩ ታዛቢዋ ትክክለኛና ነጻ ምርጫ እንደ ነበር ዘገባ ቀርቧል። ይህም ሶማሊላንድ ላቀረበችው የእውቅናው ጥያቄ ድጋፍ ይሰጣል የሚሉ ወገኖች አሉ።
Shopping bag

Shopping bags are medium-sized bags, typically around 10–20 litres (2.5–5 gallons) in volume (though much larger versions exist, especially for non-grocery shopping), that are used by shoppers to carry home their purchases. Some are intended as single-use disposable products, though people may reuse them for storage or as bin liners, etc.; others are designed as reusable shopping bags.
Types and typical use of shopping bags vary by country:
Marina Amaral

Marina Amaral (born in 1994) is a Brazilian artist known for her colorizations of historical black and white photographs.
A self-taught artist, she was an international relations student in college, but dropped out in April 2015 to pursue art full-time.
Amaral's creative process involves adding color to black and white photographs using Photoshop, following careful historical research to determine the colors of each object pictured. Amaral describes what she does as providing a "second perspective" as the pictures with color convey images that do not seem too far removed from the contemporaneous viewer. Her process of colorizing a photo can take as little as an hour or more than a month to complete. Each colorized photo may include hundreds of layers.
In 2017, Amaral was the illustrator for historian Dan Jones' book, The Colour of Time: A New History of the World, 1850–1960.
In 2018 Amaral colorized twenty archival photos of Auschwitz concentration camp prisoners, under the project title Faces of Auschwitz. The project was a collaboration with the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum.
In 2020, Amaral was revealed to be on the autism spectrum.
National Photo Collection (Israel)

The National Photo Collection of Israel is an archive of historical photos, located at the Government Press Office, in Beit Agron, Jerusalem. Most of the photos in the archive are in black and white, but most modern additions to the collection are in color.
The photography department of the Government Press Office was established by David Ildan in 1948 in Tel Aviv. In 1983 the collection was transferred to Jerusalem, when Israel's government decided to relocate the Government Press Office to the State of Israel, Jerusalem.
On Israel's 50th independence day, the Government Press Office decided, along with Tehila (the Governmental Internet Committee), to upload the collection to the Internet.
Thousands of photos were scanned and are available for downloading at the official site in low resolution.
Paris visite

The Paris Visite is a discount travel card aimed mainly at tourists visiting Paris for a few days.
The pass can be bought for 1, 2, 3 or 5 consecutive days for public transport zones 1-3 or 1-5 (includes airport transport).
Once purchased, it allows free travel on the Paris Métro, RER and Transilien trains (within the chosen fare zones), Buses (both the RATP bus network, which covers Paris and its near suburbs, and the Optile network, which covers the wider Grande couronne area), Trams, and the Montmartre funicular.
Zones 1 to 3 will cover most tourists who intend to spend most time in the city centre. For more out-of-town destinations, a ticket covering the banlieue (English: suburbs) may be better value. These tickets also cover travel on the Roissybus and the Orlyval to and from the two main Paris airports, Paris Orly and Charles de Gaulle Airport.
The local transport authority (STIF) has systematically reduced the number of fare zones, and from mid-July 2011 the STIF combined that with Zone 5.
As of January 2025, the weekly Découverte pass covers the entire Paris area, previously called zones 1-5, including the airports, and costs €31.60. You can put it on your phone or smartwatch, or on a physical card (which has a one-time €5 charge), and which requires you to provide a photo, 25x30 mm approximately. The weekly pass is good from Monday 00:00 through Sunday 23:59 regardless of when you buy or first use it.
The Paris Visite pass can also be loaded into your phone, or put on a Navigo Easy card (€2 one-time card fee). No photo is required, but you must sign the card if you are using one. The two big differences between Paris Visite and Navigo Découverte Weekly Pass is that the Paris Visite is available for 1, 2, 3, or 5 days and can start any day of the week, but is much more expensive -- €44 for two days, for example.
As an alternative, a Navigo Easy card can hold a one-day Navigo Day pass costing €12, or multiple metro/train (€2.50) or bus (€2.00) tickets.
Before 2025, Paris Visite was a paper ticket and provided small discounts at several tourist sites. It is not clear if or how this will be continued now that paper tickets are no longer issued. Most travel sites discourage the use of the Paris Visite pass as other choices are almost always cheaper.
DEKA (New Zealand)

DEKA was a nationwide chain of general merchandise stores in New Zealand. It was launched in 1988 by L.D. Nathan, which split its supermarket and general merchandise divisions. In 1992 ownership of DEKA shifted to the Farmers Trading Company, which had until then been a competitor. As a result of unsustainable financial losses, all DEKA stores were either closed or converted to Farmers stores in 2001.
In 1985 L.D. Nathan split their business into two separate divisions; supermarkets and general merchandise after acquiring the McKenzies general merchandise stores. In 1988 L.D Nathan rebranded their General Merchandise business (MaxiMart, Big City, Mark II) to DEKA, which launched with 90 stores (branded as either DEKA or DEKA-Maximart) The launch was supported with a large advertising campaign of print and TV advertising with the "I Feel Good" slogan, using the James Brown I Got You song. DEKA used the "I Feel Good" slogan until 1996.
DEKA joined with Farmers Trading Company in 1992 to create Farmers Deka Limited. 1996 saw the launch of DEKA's new slogan "You Know Where" which was later changed to "Better value, every day". By 2000 DEKA store numbers had reduced to 61 stores.
On 30 July 2001, the DEKA brand ceased to operate in New Zealand. Its demise was due to fierce competition from The Warehouse and continual trading losses. Seventeen stores were converted to Farmers stores and the remaining 43 were closed.
The closure was announced in March 2001 by Farmers Deka Limited and its Australian parent company Foodland Associated Limited (FAL). They announced half-year losses of NZ$3.3m, which were accelerating, and redundancies for 468 full-time and 947 part-time employees. These job losses were partially offset by "almost 400" new roles within Farmers stores (including the 17 rebranded DEKAs).
In 2013, local residents of Huntly requested that a DEKA sign that had stood alone for more than a decade since the store's closure stay as a national icon.
Baggu

Baggu is an American brand that produces casual bags and accessories using recycled materials at a low price point. It is best known for its reusable shopping bags made from ripstop nylon.
CEO Emily Sugihara grew up in Del Mar, California, attended Torrey Pines High School, and studied economics at the University of Michigan. At Michigan, Sugihara and her roommate sold screen-printed T-shirts online. She later studied fashion design at Parsons School of Design in New York City and worked at J.Crew as an assistant designer. In 2007, when she was 24, Sugihara, her mother Joan Hall Sugihara, and family friend Ellen Vanderlaan released the first Baggu bag. They wanted to manufacture the bags in her home town of San Diego, but the price point was too high and would have led to $40 bags. Production commenced in China instead.
The company launched with an $8 reusable shopping bag, and a focus on sustainability and minimal waste. Sugihara and her mother developed the original design; the basic bag remains mostly unchanged. Initial advertising in Teen Vogue led to a customer base of teenage girls who could afford the bags, found the colors attractive, and were drawn to the product's environmentally friendly focus. Each reusable shopping bag has the capacity to hold the equivalent of three plastic grocery bags. Crafted from 40% recycled ripstop nylon, they are strong enough to carry up to 50 pounds (23 kilograms).
The brand has a variety of products (and materials) in addition to the flagship bags, ranging from picnic blankets to bag charms. In 2011, the brand released a "sophisticated" collection of bags made from soft Argentine leather. Baggu has collaborated with numerous companies including No. 6 clogs, tie dye artist Shabd Alexander, J.Crew, Pilgrim Surf + Supply, West Elm, Fredericks & Mae, and ALL Knitwear. In 2024, Baggu collaborated with New York label Collina Strada on a collection which included bags, pouches, towels, a pop-up tent, and a picnic blanket.
Baggu is popular among Gen Z, and inspires "mass adoration ... in New York, and far beyond". On TikTok, a community of self-described "Baggu girlies" post TikToks of the various Baggu bags they have collected. Some commenters argue that Baggu's limited releases and designer collaborations promote overconsumption, and that the collector culture surrounding the reusable bags undermines the brand's sustainability.
It was later revealed that Collina Strada used the generative AI tool Midjourney in some of their print designs for the Baggu collection. The use of AI was found by a Reddit user who used a program that can detect if an image has possibly been created with AI. Some fans were disappointed by the lack of transparency regarding the use of AI, calling it "lame", "so disappointing", and "unforgivable". The environmental impact of AI was also an issue for some.
Saturn (store)

Saturn is a German chain of electronics stores in Germany. With Media Markt it constitutes Media-Saturn Holding, owned by the retail trade company Ceconomy, which was spun-off from Metro Group in 2017. The Saturn store in Hamburg is the biggest electronics retail shop in Europe.
Saturn is known for its slightly coarse advertising slogan Geiz ist geil! (German for 'Stinginess is cool!') which was used from 2002 to 2011 and sparked a nationwide debate about consumer behavior and the situation of the German economy. The slogan quickly became part of everyday language and became synonymous with the German economic crisis.
The first Saturn-Hansa-Markt was opened in July 1961 by Friedrich Wilhelm and Anni Waffenschmidt at Cologne's Hansaring. Consumer electronics items were mainly sold to "diplomats from all over the world" on 120 m². In 1968 the two founded the company Hansa-Foto. Since 1969, private customers have also been able to shop at Saturn and Hansa-Foto. In 1972, the Waffenschmidts opened the first technical department store in Cologne with what they claimed to be the "largest phonograph record in the world". In the early 1980s, a large branch was opened on the Theresienhöhe in Munich, followed in 1985 by a branch in Frankfurt with the participation of Kaufhof. Saturn was acquired by the Media Markt holding company in 1990, both of which were merged into the MediaMarktSaturn Retail Group.
In 1992 there were seven Saturn Hansa stores (Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich, Dortmund, Hanover, Nuremberg, Gelsenkirchen).
Saturn shops are usually between 2,000 m (22,000 sq ft) and 10,000 m (110,000 sq ft) in size. An exception can be found in Hamburg with 18,000 m (190,000 sq ft) and six floors which makes it one of the largest electronics shops in the world. Its origins relate to the merger of the Horten and Kaufhof department stores in 1995. In Hamburg, Kaufhof and Horten had stores side by side in Mönckebergstrasse, at the main train station. Both Saturn and Kaufhof were part of the Metro Group, so the Horten store was closed and occupied in 1999 with the electronics store.
As of December 2021, there are 137 Saturn stores in Germany and 2 in Luxembourg.
On 1 July 2011 the 34 Saturn stores in France were sold to the HTM Group.
Saturn stores in Austria, Belgium, Greece, Hungary, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey have been rebranded as Media Markt and in Italy as Media World.
What Every Woman Wants (retail chain)

What Every Woman Wants (sometimes abbreviated to WEWW, and later styled as What Everyone Wants) was a British chain of discount stores. In 1971, it was founded by Vera and Gerald Weisfeld in Glasgow, and became a national chain in 1990, after being sold by the Weisfelds for £50 million to Amber Day and later in 1997 to Brown & Jackson.
Over 130 stores were opened in Britain, in towns such as Blackburn, Leyland, Ormskirk, Hartlepool, and Swansea. Openings for What Everyone Wants and Brunswick Shoes in Accrington were planned, but never happened. Their television commercials used the hook from the song by Status Quo of 1979, "Whatever You Want".
In 1990, the Weisfelds sold What Everyone Wants to Amber Day, a company run by Philip Green. After selling, the Weisfelds founded a new discount department store in Glasgow, named Weisfelds, in 1994. Located in the old Goldbergs buildings (Goldbergs having closed in 1990), it had a similar style and range of merchandise to their original WEWW business. However, the venture failed to repeat the success of the original and closed in 1999; the buildings eventually fell into dereliction and were purchased by Selfridges who later sold the site.
The 130-store What Everyone Wants chain was sold to Tradegro in August 2002, but went into administration the following month.
It underwent numerous change of owners, including Philip Green, before Brown and Jackson took ownership at the end. When Brown and Jackson sold it to Tradegro Daan Venter took on the role as CEO and changed the name to Everyone Wants and used the slogan 'Value, Style and Quality'. They eventually closed all stores during March 2003, after no buyers offered enough money for the administrators to agree to sell.
One of the first stores to close was the main store in Argyle Street, Glasgow, and one of the last was in Irvine, North Ayrshire.
Mainistir

Is éard atá i gceist le mainistir ná pobal manach agus iad ina gcónaí in éineacht agus ag cloí le móidí a n-oird.
Bíonn mainistreacha ag eaglaisí éagsúla Críostaí, go háirithe ag na Caitlicigh agus na hOrtadocsaigh chomh maith le heaglaisí beaga Oirthearacha.
Cuid de thraidisiún an Bhúdachais iad na mainistreacha freisin.
Maidir le hIoslam, faightear "Madrasa". Agus chuaigh manachúlacht na gCríostaithe i bhfeidhm ar an Súfaíochas, ar gluaiseacht mhisteach in Ioslam é, agus tá na Súfaithe deighilte ina n-oird a d'fhéadfaí a chur i gcomparáid leis na hoird éagsúla mhanachúla.
Mainistir an Dubhuisce

Is mainistir Chistéirseach de chuid an 13ú haoise í Mainistir an Dubhuisce (nó Mainistir Ghráig na Manach) atá suite i nGráig na Manach, Contae Chill Chainnigh in Éirinn. Chuir William Marshall ar bun í i 1204 A.D. Bhí Mainistir an Dubhuisce ar cheann de na mainistreacha Cistéirseacha ba luatha, ba mhó agus, b'fhéidir, ba bhreátha dá raibh in Éirinn. Is í eaglais pharóiste bhaile Ghráig na Manach an mhainistir agus is álainn í go hard os cionn an bhaile.
Tá an mhainistir suite i ngleann na Bearú, ar láithreán idir an phríomhabhainn agus craobh-abhainn an Dubhuisce. Díorthaítear ainm na mainistreach ón abhainn sin.
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Mainistir na Búille

Baile i gContae Ros Comáin is ea Mainistir na Búille (Boyle as Béarla).
Rinne na Cistéirsigh trí iarracht sular éirigh leo cur fúthu i gConnachta. Tháinig siad ón mainistir mhór ag Mellifont i gContae Lú, agus bhunaigh siad Mainistir na Búille sa bhliain 1142 cois abhainn bheag a bhí ag gabháil isteach i Loch Cé.
Is cosúil gur thaoisigh de Mhuintir Mhic Dhiarmaid a bhí mar phátrúin acu, ach thóg sé timpeall trí scór blianta orthu an teampall a chríochnú, iad ag obair leo rompu siar go dtí gur cuireadh an bhailchríoch air sa bhliain 1220 nó mar sin. Leagadh an mhainistir amach ar an ngnáthbhealach Cistéirseach: clabhstra measartha cearnach, an teampall ar an taobh thuaidh, seomra caibidle ar thaobh eile, cistin agus proinnteach ar thaobh eile arís, agus ansin stóras agus seomra codlata.
Rinneadh saighdiúirí Eilíse beairic den mhainistir sa bhliain 1592, agus bhí sí faoi léigear ag fórsaí Chromail sa bhliain 1645. Is beag a fágadh den chlabhstra dá bharr, ach is ábhar suntais iad na fothraigh go fóill, agus túr cearnach íseal os a gcionn a tógadh sa 13ú haois. Mar ba ghnách leis na Cistéirsigh, tá taobhranna ag corp na heaglaise, croslann thuaidh agus theas, dhá shéipéal sa bhalla thoir i ngach cás, agus saingeal ar cuireadh fuinneoga nua ann sa 13ú haois. Tá dealramh Burgúnach ar chuid mhaith den mhainistir, ós ón réigiún sin a tháinig na Cistéirsigh, ach tá rian Iarthar Shasana ar ornáidíocht an choirp agus go háirithe ar phiaraí cruinne an stuabhealaigh theas. Is dócha gur shaoir áitiúla a chum na coirbéil agus na mullaí, agus baint ag cuid acu le "Scoil an Iarthair," dream a raibh bua na cumadóireachta acu. Séadchomhartha náisiúnta is ea an mhainistir anois.
Clocha Oghaim Aird Chánachta

Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta (430) is ea an dá chloch, Clocha Oghaim Aird Chánachta, (CIIC 246), suite i gContae Chiarraí, Éire.
Tá na clocha suite 1.7.km siar ó Caisleán na Mainge, taobh ó thuaidh den abhainn Chaisleán na Mainge, ag 52° 10′ 09″ N, 9° 43′ 33″ O﻿ / ﻿52.169057°N,9.725829°W﻿ / 52.169057; -9.725829.
Ní féidir na hinscríbhinní a léamh go cruinn ceart, óir gur ró-bhearnach iad — greanadh inscríbhinní Oghaim in Éirinn ámh idir na 4ú agus 10ú haoiseanna. Ath-aimsíodh iad sna 1940í.
Faightear na clocha i dteannta le gallán mór, 1.6 m in airde.
Is iad a leanas an ogham ar na clocha:
Cathair an Lóthair

Is lios cloiche (caiseal) agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta é Cathair an Lóthair atá suite ar leithinis Uíbh Ráthach, Éire.
Tá Caiseal an Lóthair suite ar imeall thiar Uíbh Ráthaigh os cionn Bá na Scealg, 3.9 km (2.4 mhíle) siar ó thuaidh ó Dhoire Fhionáin. Seans gur roghnaíodh an láthair seo mar gheall ar a radharc ar Sceilg Mhichíl.
Tógadh an caiseal thart ar an 9ú haois AD mar áitreabh feirme cosanta. Aththógadh é le déanaí.
Is lios ciorclach cloiche (caiseal) é seo a bhfuil trastomhas inmheánach 20 m (66 tr) aige le ballaí seachtracha os cionn 2 m (6.7 tr) ard agus 3 m (9.8 tr) tiubh inrochtana ag staighrí. Tá sé tógtha le balla thirim agus bearnaí líonta isteach le brablach.
Ar an taobh istigh tá teach mór cruinn agus teach dronuilleogach níos lú; tá sé léirithe ag an tseandálaíocht gur foirgnimh adhmaid a bhí rompu. Bhí uaimh thalún suite sa teach ciorclach.
Tá pasáiste le líneáil chloiche ar an mbealach isteach cosúil leis an gceann ag Cathair na Stéige.
Mám an Óraigh

Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta (221.02) is ea Mám an Óraigh (aitheanta chomh maith mar Chill na gColmán), fothrach mainistreach Críostaí na meánaoise agus cloch Ogham (CIIC 193), suite ar Leithinis an Daingin, Contae Chiarraí, Éire.
Tá Mám an Óraigh suite 1.2 km taobh ó thuaidh d'Fhionntrá, ar shuíomh le hachar 0.184 ha. ag 52° 08′ 38″ N, 10° 21′ 31″ O﻿ / ﻿52.143812°N,10.358648°W﻿ / 52.143812; -10.358648
D'fhéadfadh é gurbh ionad scíthe ab ea an áit do dhaoine ag dul ar oilithreacht go dtí Sceilig Mhichíl nó Cnoc Bréanainn.
Is iamh chiorclach é Mám an Óraigh agus eaglais, dhá bhothán agus roinnt leac uaighe laistigh de.
Tá cloch Oghaim (CIIC 193) ann, le tomhas 115 cm in airde agus 158 cm ar fad, le croix pattée in scríofa inti. Tá an inscríbhinn ar an taobh thiar, i dteannta le dhá chros. Léitear an inscríbhinn:
Cuimhnítear inti b'fhéidir Colmán 'Oilither, garmhac Díarmait mac Fergosa Cerrbéoil, a fuair bás c. AD 565–572.
Tá ann fosta cloch bheag le cros inscríofa, cloch pollta, agus trí bhallán.
Liopleurodon

Géineas díofa de reiptílí mara móra, feoiliteacha a bhaineann leis na Thalassophonea, clád de phléiseasáir gearrmhuineálacha is ea Liopleurodon Bhí cónaí ar an Liopleurodon ón gCéim Chalaitheach san Mheán-Iúrasach go dtí an gCéim Chimiritseach san Tréimhse Iúrasach-Déanach (c. 166 go 155 milliún bliain ó shin). Sa tréimhse Méan go Déanach Iúrasach, b' é rinnchreachadóir na bhfarraigí a chlúdaigh an Eoraip. Meastar gur fhás an speiceas is mó, L. ferox, suas le 6.6 méadar ar fhad bunaithe ar an mblaosc is mó atá ar eolas. D'íosfadh sé éisc agus reiptílí mara eile. Faightear a gcuid iontaisí san Eoraip.
Tagann an t-ainm "Liopleurodon" (a chiallaíonn "fiacail réidhthaobhacha ") ó na focail Shean-Ghréigise: λειος leios ," réidh "; πλευρά pleurá," taobh "nó" easna "; agus ὀδόν odṓn, "fiacail".
Fiú sular ainmníodh Liopleurodon, rinneadh cur síos ar ábhar is dócha a bhain leis. Sa bhliain 1841, d'ainmnigh Hermann von Meyer an speiceas Thaumatosaurus oolithicus bunaithe ar eiseamal ilroinnte ina raibh codanna de fhiacla, chloigeann, veirteabraí, agus easnacha ó thaiscí i Württemberg na Gearmáine, b'fhéidir, ag dul go dtí an Chéim Ocsfordach. Mar sin féin, tá an t-ábhar seo neamhdhiagnóiseach, ós rud é nach bhfuil gnéithe idirdhealaitheacha ann. D'fhoilsigh Johann Andreas Wagner cur síos ar fhiacail mhór pléiseasáir ón Bhaváir, an Ghearmáin, sa bhliain 1852, ar a shann sé do speiceas nua a d'ainmnigh sé Pliosaurus giganteus. Sa bhliain 1824, áfach, d'ainmnigh William Conybeare speiceas de Phlesiosaurus, Plesiosaurus giganteus, ach d'fhéach na húdair ina dhiaidh sin ar an speiceas seo mar chomhchiallach de Pliosaurus brachydeirus nó P. brachyspondylus. Ós rud é gur úsáideadh an t-ainm Pliosaurus giganteus roimh sin, i bhfoilseachán Wagner, tá ainm Wagner neamhbhailí de bharr réamhlonnaíochta. Sa bhliain 1838, chuir Hermann von Meyer an t-ainm Ischyrodon meriani i bhfeidhm ar fhiacail mhór ó charraigeacha sa chéim Ocsfordach i bhFricktal na hEilvéise. Níl tréithe aitheantais ag baint leis an bhfiacail seo, agus dá bhrí sin ní léir cad leis a bhain sí, cé gur thug Lambert Beverly Tarlo faoi deara an fhéidearthacht go mbainfeadh sé le Liopleurodon i 1960. Thug staidéar 2022 le Daniel Madzia agus a chomhghleacaithe faoi deara, cé gur dócha gur tháinig an fhiacail ó Liopleurodon nó rud éigin cosúil leis, nach raibh mórán faisnéise ar fáil chun sannadh muiníneach a dhéanamh, agus mar sin chaith siad le Ischyrodon mar nomen dubium. Sa bhliain 1860, shann Hermann Trautschold an t-ainm Pliosaurus giganteus ar fhiacail bheag a shíltear anois a bhaineann le Liopleurodon. Mar sin féin, toisc gur úsáideadh an t-ainm Pliosaurus giganteus faoi dhó cheana faoin bpointe seo, tá ainm Trautschold neamhbhailí freisin.