davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Honningsvåg

Honningsvåg (nordsamisk: Áváhki eller Honnesváhki, kvensk: Vooki) er en by på Magerøya i Nordkapp kommune i Finnmark. Honningsvåg har 2 245 innbyggere per 1. januar 2023, og er administrasjonssenteret i kommunen. Nordkapp kommune har 3 199 innbyggere (pr. 1. mai 2008). Honningsvåg ligger på 71 grader nord.
Honningsvåg har vært tilknyttet fastlandet gjennom den 6 875 meter lange Nordkapptunnelen, som ble åpnet 15. juni 1999 sammen med resten av FATIMA-prosjektet. Hurtigruten har to daglige anløp til Honningsvåg kai, med mulighet for å gå i land.
Honningsvåg har mye interessant å by på - like utenfor bydelen Storbukt ligger Honningsvåg lufthavn, Valan, med daglige avganger til Hammerfest og Tromsø, samt Mehamn, Vadsø og Kirkenes. Honningsvåg ligger ved europavei 69 35 km sør for Nordkapplatået med Nordkapphallen. E69 til Nordkapplatået sto ferdig i 1958.
Beliggenheten ved Nordkapp gir Honningsvåg stor og livlig turisttrafikk om sommeren. Honningsvåg hadde 112 cruiseanløp i 2004; bare Geiranger og Bergen hadde flere. Honningsvåg er et av Finnmarks og landets største fiskerisentere. Honningsvåg kan bli valgt som den første ilandførinsgbase for olje og gass fra Skrugard og nærliggende felt i Barentshavet.
Honningsvåg kirke fra 1885 ble spart under brenningen og tvangsevakueringen av Finnmark og Nord-Troms i desember 1944.
I Honningsvåg ligger Fiskernes servicestasjon; tre hvite bygninger som ligger sentralt i indre havn i Vågen (bydel). De hvite bygningene ble reist i tre etapper; 1955, 1958 og 1961 og byggherre var Fiskarkvinnenes servicestasjon. Fiskernes servicestasjon er fredet.Brødrene Isaksens Patentslipp i Storbukt er et fredet slippanlegg fra gjenreisningen og tilhører Nordkappmuseet.
Honningsvåg er kjent for sitt rike kulturliv med blant annet mange revyer i romjula. Turnrevyen med fl. har premiere 2. juledag mens Musikkshowet starter 5. juledag. Med unntak av tiden under andre verdenskrig har revytradisjonen vært uavbrutt siden 1929. Hvert år i juni arrangeres den populære Nordkappfestivalen med blant annet mange konserter og klassetreff. I september går Nordkapp filmfestival av stabelen. Nordkapp Kino holder til ved rådhuset og like ved ligger svømmehallen, turnhallen, idrettshallen og den nye flerbrukshallen. Honningsvåg har flere utesteder og et rikt uteliv. Sang og musikklivet er aktivt og variert sjangermessig.
Nordkapp kommune vedtok bystatus for Honningsvåg fra 1. oktober 1996, og i ettertid har det vært mange diskusjoner rundt stedets status som by. En endring i kommuneloven krever at kommunen må ha minst 5 000 innbyggere for at et tettsted skal kunne kalle seg by, men Nordkapp kommune vedtok bystatus for Honningsvåg før innføringen av denne loven. Siden norske lover ikke har tilbakevirkende kraft, gjelder dette ikke for Honningsvåg, som dermed kan kalle seg en by.
I en konkurranse fra 2006 kalt "Norges sommerby", markedsført av NRK reiseradioen vant Honningsvåg konkurransen. Drammen og Fredrikstad havnet innenfor topp tre. Påfølgende ble seieren markedsført i Honningsvåg med et "Norges Sommerby" skilt.
Harald Tunheim

Harald Tunheim (født 21. august 1958) er en norsk hundekjører. Han har vunnet Finnmarksløpet åtte ganger og har i tillegg en rekke flere topplasseringer. I 2019 ble han tildelt Sparebank 1 Nordnorge sin hederspris for sin innsats for Finnmarksløpet gjennom mange år.
Tunheim er oppvokst i Hommersåk, et tettsted i Sandnes kommune i Rogaland. Han er utdannet lærer/adjunkt. Tunheim har bodd og jobbet i Alta siden 1985.
I november 1986 fikk han sine to første trekkhunder. Han gjennomførte sitt første Finnmarksløp i 1989, og har fullført hvert år fram til og med 1998.
Tunheim har vunnet Finnmarksløpet åtte ganger,i 1996, 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008, 2018, 2023 og 2025. Foruten dette har han to andreplasser, en tredjeplass, tre fjerdeplasser, en femteplass, en sjetteplass og en åttendeplass.
I perioden 1999 til 2002 har Tunheim deltatt tre ganger i Iditarod – verdens lengste sledehundløp. Plasseringene ble hhv. nr. 19 ('Rookie Of The Year'-award), nr. 25 og nr 12.
Han har i dag 50 – 60 hunder i kennelen "North Cape Huskies" på Øytun folkehøgskole (som i 2017 skiftet navn til Alta Folkehøyskole). Tunheim underviser ungdom i friluftsliv og hundekjøring. På slutten av 80-tallet bygde han opp Skandinavias første undervisningstilbud i hundekjøring ved Øytun folkehøgskole i Alta. På 90-tallet har andre skoler kommet etter, men Haralds linje er klart ledende i Norden på dette feltet. Tunheim vektlegger å formidle natur- og frilufslivsglede, og setter sledehundene inn i en sammenheng der de er en del av naturen.
Ti år etter hans forrige seier lyktes han igjen på Finnmarksløpets 500-kilometer. I 2018 vant han overlegent. Med startnummer 166 startet han ut fra Alta, og kjørte seg tidlig oppover. Inn til skjekkpunkt Jergul var han nummer 2, og inn til Valjok hadde han skaffet seg en ledelse som han bare økte og økte hele vegen inn til Alta. I 2023 ble han verdensmester i hundekjører da han vant Finnmarksløpet 600 km. To år etter i 2025 etter å ha måttet avstå fra start 2024 på grunn av egen helse ble han norgesmester da han vant Finnmarksløpet 1200.
Midnight Sun Marathon

Midnight Sun Marathon er et maratonløp som arrangeres i Tromsø i juni hvert år. Det er verdens nordligste maraton sertifisert av AIMS. Midnight Sun Marathon ble første gang arrangert i 1990. Det har løpere fra mesteparten av verden, som tiltrekkes av opplevelsen av å løpe i midnattsol.
Løpet starter og slutter i sentrum av byen. Etter 2 kilometer møter løperne Tromsøbrua, med en stigning fra 6 til 43 meter over havnivå. Etter en rundt 18 km lang sløyfe på fastlandssiden krysser løperne Tromsøbrua igjen, og fortsetter på en sløyfe rundt sørenden av Tromsøya og nordover langs Sandnessundet til Tromsø lufthavn, før de returnerer samme vei tilbake til målgang i sentrum av byen. Løyperekord er 2:38:22 for kvinner og 2:20:31 for menn.
På grunn av koronaviruspandemien ble løpet i 2020 kansellert.
Løyperekord
Midnattssol

Midnattssol er et fenomen som inntreffer hele eller deler av sommeren mellom vårjevndøgn og høstjevndøgn mellom polarsirklene og polene. Midnattssol innebærer at solen ved sin laveste posisjon i løpet av ett enkelt døgn ikke går helt under horisonten og dermed, såfremt skydekket ikke er for omfattende, er synlig 24 timer av døgnet.
Varigheten av midnattssol i sommerhalvåret øker med avstanden fra polarsirklene i retning mot polpunktene. Den er størst ved polpunktene hvor solen er sammenhengende over horisonten i seks måneder.
Det er en vanlig oppfatning at de områdene som har midnattssol om sommeren, har mørketid i et tilsvarende langt tidsrom om vinteren, men dette er ikke sant. På grunn av skumrings­effekten (lysbrytning) innebærer mørketid imidlertid ikke nødvendigvis at det er mørkt 24 timer av døgnet, på samme måte som det blir lyst noe før soloppgang.
Det er en vanlig oppfatning at polarsirklene på 66°33′50″ danner grensene for midnattssol, og tilsvarende for perioden med mørketid. Men på grunn av lysbrytningen i Jordens atmosfære, blir sollyset avbøyd («bøyd nedover») på sin vei gjennom luftlagene og tilsynelatende løftes solen høyere på himmelen. Som en følge av dette fenomenet flyttes grensen for midnattssol sydover (og tilsvarende nordover på den sydlige halvkule) omkring 0.5°, og ytterligere 0.5° (pga. solens diameter) vil man kunne se øvre rand av solen ved sommersolverv. Den teoretisk sett sydligste breddegrad man kan se midnattssol er på 65°44'N, hvilket i Norge er Tuvøya, i Hysværet nordøst for Vega på Helgeland, hvilket ligger 92 km syd for polarsirkelen. Dette er ved havoverflaten og betinger fri horisont mot nord.
På samme måte som avstanden (d) til horisonten øker med observatørens høyde over havet (h):
vil man på et høyt fjell kunne oppleve midnattssol enda lenger sydover, og det er observert midnattssol på Heilhornet (1058 moh.), i Bindal kommune, som ligger på 65°4'08", noe som er 165 km syd for polarsirkelen.
Datoene i tabellen angir når solen ikke kommer under horisonten gjennom et helt døgn, forutsatt fri sikt mot syd ved havets overflate (hvilket ikke er tilfelle for flertallet av stedene som er oppført). Ettersom solen har en vinkeldiameter (størrelse) på ca 0.5°, vil det være noen dagers forskjell på når øvre rand er synlig over horisonten, og når hele solskiven er over horisonten gjennom et helt døgn.
Maggie Reilly

Maggie Reilly (født 15. september 1956 i Glasgow, Skottland) er en skotsk sanger. Maggie Reilly ble først kjent som medlem av det skotske soul-bandet Cado Belle (tidligere kalt Joe Cool) og ga ut et album med dem, i 1976. Hun er mest kjent for sitt samarbeid med komponisten og multiinstrumentalisten Mike Oldfield, spesielt som vokalist på sangen «Moonlight Shadow», som ble en internasjonal hit i 1983. Hun hadde også internasjonale hits med sangene «Family Man», «To France» og «Foreign Affair», alle skrevet av Mike Oldfield.
I 1992, ga hun ut sitt første soloalbum, Echoes der singlene «Everytime We Touch», «Tears in the Rain» og «Wait» gjorde størst suksess. En serie av soloalbum ble utgitt de neste 27 årene. Hun har også samarbeidet med mange andre artister, blant annet Mike Batt (på albumet Hunting of the Snark), Jack Bruce, Dave Greenfield & Jean-Jacques Burnel, Nick Mason & Rick Fenn, Michael Cretu, Lesiëm, Ralph McTell, Simon Nicol fra Fairport Convention, Stefan Zauner fra Münchener Freiheit, Runrig, The Sisters of Mercy og Smokie. «Moonlight Shadow 2k14» (Michael Fall remix) ble gitt ut 23. mai 2014 av det tyske plateselskapet ZYX Music.
Stephenie Meyer

Stephenie Meyer (født 1973) er en amerikansk forfatter best kjent for å ha skrevet ungdomsserien Twilight. Serien, som består av fire bøker utgitt mellom 2005 og 2008, har solgt i over 100 millioner eksemplarer verden over og har blitt oversatt til 43 språk, inkludert norsk. Foruten Twilight-serien har Meyer gitt ut boken Verten (originaltittel: The Host), i 2008.
Stephenie Meyer ble født den 24. desember 1973 i Hartford i Connecticut, men innen hun var fire hadde hun og familien flyttet til Phoenix i Arizona. Der har hun bodd siden, med hennes fem søsken, mor og far, så hun ser på seg selv som en innfødt. Hun har en uvanlig stavelse på navnet sitt, det er på grunn av at hun er oppkalt etter hennes far, Stephen, som derfor blir Stephenie.
Hun gikk på High School i Scottsdale i Arizona.
Twilight er hennes første roman og ble utgitt i 2005. I 2008 ble romanen hennes «oppdaget» og ble årets bestselger. Etter suksessen med den første romanen har det utviklet seg til en saga bestående av fire bøker. Senere vil hun også sannsynligvis fullføre en femte bok i serien, Midnight Sun, som er en annen utgave av Twilight berettet av Edward Cullen istedenfor Isabella Swan.
Den første boken ble filmatisert i 2008. Twilight – Evighetens kyss hadde premiere i USA den 21. november 2008 i USA, og norgespremiere den 9. januar 2009. Senere har resten av bokserien blitt filmatisert; New Moon hadde premiere 20. november 2009 og The Twilight Saga – Eclipse 30. juni 2010. Den siste boken, Breaking Dawn, dannet grunnlag for to filmer. Den første av de to, The Twilight Saga – Breaking Dawn del 1, hadde premiere 18. november 2011, og The Twilight Saga – Breaking Dawn del 2 ble lansert den 16. november 2012.
Liste over filmfestivaler

En filmfestival er en festival hvor filmen hylles. Det finnes en rekke norske og internasjonale filmfestivaler. Mange av festivalene deler ut premier eller utmerkelser til de beste filmene.
Organisasjonen FIAPF (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films) har kategorisert enkelte av festivalene som såkalte Competative Feature Film Festivals:
Festivaler tidligere på A-listen:
Boston erkebispedømme

Boston erkebispedømme er et erkebispedømme i Den katolske kirke i USA med sete i Boston, Massachusetts.
Det ble utskilt som et eget bispedømme fra Baltimore erkebispedømme i 1808, og ble erkebispedømme i 1875. I mellomtiden hadde flere andre bispedømmer blitt utskilt fra Boston.
Erkebispedømmet ble hardt rammet av den store pedofiliskandalen som rammet landet i 2002. Avisen «The The Boston Globe» nøstet opp historien omkring presten John J. Geoghan, som ble dømt for å ha misbrukt en rekke barn over en periode på over 30 år. Det kom frem at daværende erkebiskop, kardinal Law, allerede i 1980-årene kjente til hans pedofile legning og troverdige anklager om overgrep. Kardinalens reaksjon på dette var å flytte presten fra den ene menigheten til den andre, uten å advare noen, sørge for psykiatrisk behandling eller straffe ham på noen måte.
Etter en periode med stor press mot Law beklaget han sin handlemåte, men avviste kravet om at han måtte gå av. Mot erkebispedømmet Boston forelå det på et tidspunkt rundt 450 sivile klagemål fra mennesker som hevdet at de i sin ungdom har blitt seksuelt misbrukt av katolske prester.
Et særlig graverende kasus var en senere avsatt prest Paul Shanley, som kun var blitt forflyttet gang på gang innen Boston til tross for sterke indikasjoner på at noe var galt, og til tross for at han i 1979 hadde støttet opp om «NAMBLA», the North American Man-Boy Love Association. I 2002 sendte kardinal Law en skriftlig unnskyldning til biskop Gerald Barnes av San Bernardino i California, for at han i 1990 hadde anbefalt Shanley til tjeneste der. Den gangen ble gransket for flere sannsynlige voldtekter av en ung gutt. Han hadde ikke visst om beskyldningene mot Shanley, ellers ville han aldri ha anbefalt ham, skrev han i brevet. Fra dokumentene går det imidlertid frem at beskyldningene mot Shanley gikk tilbake til 1960-tallet.
Bernard Herrmann

Bernard Herrmann (1911-1975) var en amerikansk komponist kjent for sitt arbeid innen filmindustrien.
Herrmann mottok Academy Award for The Devil and Daniel Webster i 1941. Han er kjent for sitt samarbeid med regissøren Alfred Hitchcock, deriblant på filmene Psycho, North by Northwest, The Man Who Knew Too Much og Vertigo. Han komponerte også filmmusikk til mange andre filmer, slik som Citizen Kane, The Ghost and Mrs. Muir, Cape Fear og Taxi Driver. Han arbeidet mye innen radiodrama (mest for Orson Welles). Han komponerte også filmmusikk for flere fantasifilmer av Ray Harryhausen, samt mange fjernsynsprogrammer inkludert Rod Serlings The Twilight Zone.
Herrmanns filmmusikk i Pyscho ble kåret til tidenes 4. beste filmlydspor fra USA av det amerikanske filminstituttet. Musikken i Vertigo ligger på tolvteplass.
Musikken er datert i henhold til utgivelsesdato, ikke dato for komposisjonen
Nick Nolte

Nicholas King «Nick» Nolte (født 1941) er en amerikansk skuespiller, modell og filmprodusent.
Nolte fikk nasjonal oppmerksomhet for første gang, og fikk strålende kritikker, i 1976 for sin opptreden i Rich Man, Poor Man, en miniserie på TV basert på forfatter Irwin Shaws bestselgende roman fra 1970. Siden den gang har han spilt i over 40 filmer. I 1973 hadde Nolte en rolle TV-serien Griff i episoden «Who Framed Billy the Kid?», i rollen som Billy Randolph, en fotballspiller anklaget for mord.
Noltes første store filmrolle kom da han spilte mot Jacqueline Bisset og Robert Shaw i filmen The Deep (1977). Han hadde flere hovedroller i filmer på 1980-tallet, herunder Under Fire (1983) med Gene Hackman, Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986) med Richard Dreyfuss og Bette Midler, Extreme Prejudice (1987) og New York Stories (1989) i regi av Martin Scorsese. På 1990-tallet samarbeidet han med Eddie Murphy om filmen Another 48 Hours.
Nolte hadde kinosuksess i 1991 med hovedrollen i Tidevannets fyrste med Barbra Streisand, som han ga ham den første Academy Award-nominasjonen. Denne prisen tapte han til fordel for Anthony Hopkins i The Silence of the Lambs. I 1997 fikk Nolte sin andre Oscar-nominasjon for arbeidet med filmen Affliction, som han tapte mot Roberto Benigni sin film Life is Beatiful.
Nolte hadde også flere biroller, blant annet i dramaet Peaceful Warrior (2006) og komedien Tropic Thunder (2008). I 2011 hadde Nolte rollen som en alkoholiker ved navn Paddy Conlon, og for denne rollen mottok han en Oscar-nominasjon for Beste mannlige birolle. Han spilte mot Dustin Hoffman i TV-serien Luck på kanalen HBO, som ble kansellert i mars 2012 på grunn av dødsfallet til tre hester under innspillingen av serien.
Nolte har vært gift og skilt tre ganger. Han har en sønn som heter Brawley Nolte (født 1986). Hans sønn er også skuespiller og hadde rollen som Mel Gibsons kidnappede sønn i filmen Ransom fra 1996.
Sunset Boulevard

Sunset Boulevard er en bulevard i Los Angeles i California. Den har blant annet gitt navn til en film av Billy Wilder.
Veien går fra Figueroa Street i downtown Los Angeles til Pacific Coast Highway ved Stillehavskysten.
På sine vel 35 km går veien gjennom eller forbi Echo Park, Silver Lake, Los Feliz, Hollywood, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, Bel Air, Brentwood og Pacific Palisades. Bortsett fra West Hollywood og Beverly Hills, som er selvstendige bykommuner, så er alle ovennevnte steder distrikter i Los Angeles. I Bel-Air/Brentwood-området løper Sunset Boulevard langs nordkanten av Westwood-området til University of California, Los Angeles.
Janike Kampevold Larsen

Janike Kampevold Larsen (født 7. mai 1966 i Poughkeepsie, New York) er en norsk litteraturviter.
Hun har doktorgrad på en avhandling om Tor Ulvens forfatterskap, har vært redaktør av tidsskriftet Vinduet 2002-04. Sammen med Stig Sæterbakken har hun redigert boka Norsk litterær kanon (2008). Han har vært ansatt ved Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo siden 2010. Som førsteamanuensis ved Institutt for urbanisme og landskap har hun forsket på samtidslandskap og sirkumpolære landskap. Hun var postdoktor på forskningsprosjektet «Routes, Roads, and Landscapes, Aesthetic Practice en route, 1750–2015».
North Cape Tunnel

North Cape Tunnel (Norwegian: Nordkapptunnelen) is one of the longest and the northernmost of the subsea road tunnels in Norway. It is located in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county in the far northern part of Norway. The tunnel takes the European route E69 highway under the Magerøysundet strait between the Norwegian mainland and the large island of Magerøya. The tunnel was built between 1993 and 1999, along with the Honningsvåg Tunnel. The tunnels were built to connect the mainland of Norway with the town of Honningsvåg and the tourist attraction at the North Cape. The tunnel was officially opened on 15 June 1999 by King Harald V of Norway. The tunnel is 6.875 kilometres (4.272 mi) long and reaches a depth of 212 metres (696 ft) below sea level. Before the tunnel was built, a ferry carried the traffic across the sea between the village of Kåfjord and the town of Honningsvåg.
The tunnel takes its name from the North Cape on the northern shore of Magerøya island. North Cape Tunnel is part of the European route E69 highway. Since 29 June 2012, there is no longer a toll for passing through the tunnel. Before this date there was a toll of 145 kr per car, plus an additional 47 kr per adult and 24 kr per child, in each direction.
The tunnel has automatic anti-freezing doors (Norwegian: kuldeport) which close the mouths of the tunnel in the winter to avoid the freezing of any leaking water. These gates open automatically when cars approach and are permanently open in the summer, when traffic is denser.
Arctic view

71°0′19.63″N 24°37′2.18″E﻿ / ﻿71.0054528°N 24.6172722°E﻿ / 71.0054528; 24.6172722
Arctic View is the name of a viewpoint and restaurant located on the northwestern tip of the island of Havøya in Måsøy Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The restaurant is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of the village of Havøysund, the administrative centre of the municipality.
On the way to Arctic View, one drives through a wind farm that was built by Norsk Hydro. Here, at the edge of the Barents Sea, there is a view of the western part of Finmark county, and the place is a popular spot to watch the midnight sun, which can be seen from May 14 to July 31. The sun reaches its lowest point at 12:14–12:24 a.m. The most famous and popular place to view the midnight sun, North Cape, is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) to the northeast.
Arctic View is owned by Måsøy Municipality and it is a cooperation between the municipality and the companies Arctic Wind, Repvåg Kraftlag, Asplan Viak, and NCC Norway.
Cape Sheridan

Cape Sheridan is on the northeastern coast of Ellesmere Island, Canada situated on the Lincoln Sea in the Arctic Ocean, on the mouth of Sheridan River, west bank. It is one of the closest points of land to the geographic North Pole, approximately 840 km (520 mi) to the north, Cape Columbia is however some 75 km (47 mi) closer to the Pole.
Cape Sheridan was the wintering site of Robert Peary's final quest to reach the north pole in 1908 / 1909; the Cape Sheridan Depot being located there.
Alert, the northernmost permanently inhabited place in the world, is located 13 km (8.1 mi) to the west.
Climate data is obtained from Alert Airport, approximately 12.5 km (7.8 mi) to the northwest.
The area has a polar climate, technically a tundra climate (ET) with characteristics of an ice cap climate (EF). There is complete snow cover for at least 10 months of the year on average and snow from one year persists into the next year in protected areas, but enough melts to prevent glaciation. The warmest month, July, has an average temperature of 3.4 °C (38.1 °F), with only July and August averaging above freezing, and those are also the months where well over 90 per cent of the rainfall, which averages only 17.4 mm (0.69 in) per year, occurs. Rain is rare in June and September and virtually unheard of during the remaining eight months of the year. Alert is the fourth-driest locality in Nunavut and averaging only 158.3 mm (6.23 in) of precipitation per year, the vast majority of this occurring as snow. The heaviest snowfalls occur during July to October, and Alert sees relatively little snowfall during the winter months. September is usually the month with the heaviest snowfall.
February is the coldest month of the year with a mean temperature of −33.2 °C (−27.8 °F). The yearly mean, −17.7 °C (0.1 °F), is the second-coldest in Nunavut after Eureka. Snowfall can occur during any month of the year, and the typical year sees no more than five days in a row without frost. Average highs rise above freezing only in mid-June and drop below freezing at the end of August.
Being far north of the Arctic Circle, the area experiences polar night from approximately 14 October to 27 February, and midnight sun from 7 April to 4 September. There are two relatively short periods of twilight from about 13 February to 24 March and the second from 18 September to 29 October. The civil polar night lasts from 29 October to 13 February.
Circles of latitude between the 80th parallel north and the 85th parallel north

Following are circles of latitude between the 80th parallel north and the 85th parallel north:
The 81st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 81 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, in the Arctic. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia and North America.
At this latitude the sun is always visible during the summer solstice and astronomical twilight during the winter solstice.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 81° north passes through:
The 82nd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 82 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, in the Arctic. It passes through the Arctic Ocean and North America. This is the first line of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere to only touch one continent.
At this latitude the sun is visible for 24 hours during the summer solstice and astronomical twilight during the winter solstice.
The world's northernmost continuously-inhabited settlement, the weather station and military facility of Alert in Nunavut, is closest to this parallel.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 82° north passes through:
The 83rd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 83 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, in the Arctic. It passes through the Arctic Ocean and North America.
The northernmost land on earth, whether the permanent Kaffeklubben Island, or the shifting/resubmerging gravel banks of Oodaaq, ATOW1996, or 83-42, all of which are part of Greenland, are roughly 40 minutes of arc (75 to 79 kilometres) north of this parallel.
At this latitude the sun is visible for 24 hours during the summer solstice and astronomical twilight during the winter solstice.
Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 83° north passes through:
The 84th parallel north and the 85th parallel north are circles of latitude that are, respectively, 84 and 85 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, in the Arctic. No land lies on either the 84th or 85th parallel north; they only lie on the Arctic Ocean; the 84th parallel is the first parallel by degree to do so. Regions north of the 84th parallel are excluded from UTM Zones.
The northernmost land on earth, Kaffeklubben Island, Greenland, is roughly 40 kilometres south of the 84th parallel.
At the 84th and 85th parallels, the sun is visible for 24 hours, 0 minutes during the summer solstice. During the winter solstice, the 84th parallel is under astronomical twilight, and the 85th parallel is under total nighttime during the entire day. The 85th parallel is the first parallel by degree to do this. The Arctic Circle is the latitude where the center of the sun is visible at midnight during the summer solstice, as opposed to the entire disk.
Sunset Beach (New Jersey)

Sunset Beach is a beach located on the Cape May Peninsula, in Lower Township, New Jersey, near Cape May Point, along the Delaware Bay, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is a local tourist attraction due in part to its proximity to the SS Atlantus, also known as the Concrete Ship, and the Cape May Lighthouse.
Sunset Beach is known for a flag raising-lowering ceremony, which is held daily from Memorial Day weekend through August, and on Saturdays in September. All the flags flown in the ceremony are flags from the caskets of veterans. The ceremony has been taking place on Sunset beach since 1973. Other attractions include Cape May diamonds, clear quartz crystals that can be easily found along the beach's length; the SS Atlantus, a partially submerged concrete ship; summer fireworks.
Many whales are seen from May to December, while migratory birds are seen in the spring and fall. Monarch butterflies use Sunset Beach as a migratory stopover on their way to Mexico from Canada.
38°56′40″N 74°58′14″W﻿ / ﻿38.9444°N 74.9705°W﻿ / 38.9444; -74.9705
Beaches of Cape Town

The Cape Metropole (greater Cape Town) has a wide variety of beaches divided into three regions by the Cape Peninsula:
The sea in False Bay is about 6 degrees warmer than the Atlantic Seaboard and the West Coast.
In 2011, Lonely Planet listed Cape Town second in its list of the world's top 10 beach cities.
A long sandy beach runs more or less uninterrupted for the complete width of False Bay from Muizenberg to Gordon's Bay, forming the coast of the Cape Flats. Along the rocky Cape Peninsula, there are several smaller beaches below the mountains which are more protected from westerly swells than the beaches of the north shore. There is also a long sandy beach on the east side of the bay at the foot of the Kogelberg.
The Atlantic side of the Cape Peninsula faces West and thus is popular for expensive homes facing the sunset views. There are many beautiful beaches below the mountains of the peninsula.
The West Coast beaches are long, sandy beaches to the North of Cape Town. The wind and surf conditions make these beaches popular for surfing and kite-surfing.
North Coast Trail

The North Coast Trail is a 43.1 km (26.8 mi) wilderness hiking trail in Cape Scott Provincial Park on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.
The 43.1 km (26.8 mi) trail in Cape Scott Provincial Park runs along beaches and through forests around the northern tip of Vancouver Island from Shushartie Bay to Nissen Bight. At Nissen Bight, it links up with an existing 15 km (9.3 mi) trail which leads to the trailhead at San Josef River. The trail crosses the Nahwitti River via ladders, stairs, and a cable car. The total distance for hikers between the trailheads is 59.5 km (37.0 mi). The trail is in a wilderness area and hikers may see deer, elk, black bears, cougars, wolves, seabirds, seals, sea lions, grey whales and sea otters. In two failed attempts, Danish pioneers tried to settle the area at the turn of the twentieth century and the trail incorporates some of their original routes.
Detailed route information is available on the BC Parks - Cape Scott hiking page.
The parking lot for Cape Scott Provincial Park, located at San Josef River, can be accessed by car by driving 64 km (40 mi) over logging roads from Port Hardy. There is currently no road access to the other terminus at Shushartie Bay and hikers will have to use either a water taxi or seaplane to access the trail. The long-term management plan for the park includes a proposal for construction of a road to the bay and a vehicle-accessible campground.
In 1994, the Vancouver Island Land Use Plan recommended that the Nahwitti-Shushartie area be added to Cape Scott Provincial Park. The creation of the North Coast Trail is largely due to the fundraising and lobbying efforts of the Northern Vancouver Island Trails Society. The trail is seen as a way to diversify the economy of northern Vancouver Island by providing a major tourist attraction that will bring visitors to the area. Finalization of the route and construction of the trail began in September 2004. The trail was expected to open in the fall of 2006. The trail was officially completed on May 8, 2008 and the grand opening was held on May 10, 2008. The trail is now open to the public. The trail was surveyed and constructed by Strategic Forest Management Incorporated, who will continue to maintain and manage the trail.
The North Coast Trail is also designated as the northernmost leg of the Vancouver Island Trail.
Cape Town International Jazz Festival

The Cape Town International Jazz Festival is an annual music festival held in Cape Town, South Africa. The first one was held in 2000 to 2005 and is recognized as the fourth largest jazz festival in the world and the largest jazz festival on the African continent. The festival was called the "Cape Town North Sea Jazz Festival" due to its association with the North Sea Jazz Festival in the Netherlands. In 2006, controversial businessman Iqbal Survé's Sekunjalo took control of espAfrika, the company that hosts the festival.
The Cape Town International Jazz Festival started in 2000 as part of the North Sea Jazz Festival. This was part of an arrangement that came about as a result of the partnership between espAfrika (a South African events management company founded by Rashid Lombard) and Mojo Concerts BV, the founders of the Dutch North Sea Jazz Festival. It was the first time that a jazz festival with four simultaneous legs took place in South Africa. The festival occurred ever year until 2005 as the North Sea Jazz Festival. Thereafter, from 2005 onwards, the festival was renamed to the Cape Town International Jazz Festival due to the partnership failing. The festival has grown since it first started in 2000, and as a result, attendance has also grown from 14,000 concert goers in 2000 to 34,000 concert goers in 2013. From its inception to 2003, the event was held at the Good Hope Centre but it outgrew the venue, so from 2004, the festival has since been hosted at the Cape Town International Convention Centre.
In 2000, the North Sea Jazz Festival came to Cape Town, South Africa for the first time. From 2000 to 2005, the festival was marketed as the North Sea Jazz Festival as part of a contract between espAfrika and Mojo Concerts. The plan was for Mojo Concerts to provide the necessary infrastructure for a world class African Jazz Festival, so as soon as that happened, Mojo Concerts took espAfrika to court. They filed for espAfrika's liquidation to consolidate a €500,000 debt that had been incurred over the 5-year contract. On 26 April 2005, a settlement was reached outside of court in which the debt was consolidated and espAfrika was able to continue with the festival, now under the name of the "Cape Town International Jazz Festival".
In 2019, the festival was sponsored by Iqbal Survé's cash-strapped Independent Media as well as the Survé-controlled AYO Technology Solutions, which is accused of unfairly benefiting from the Public Investment Corporation which manages the Government Employees Pension Fund, after a R4.3 billion investment that is under investigation.
The 2007 edition of the festival was endorsed by then Cape Town's Mayor Helen Zille. The 2010 edition of the festival contributed R 740 million to the Western Cape's GDP. For an extra R25.00 per show, music enthusiasts gain access to the Rosies Stage which features more relaxed, acoustic Jazz Music. Every year just before the main event, a free open-air concert with selected performers is held at the Greenmarket Square.
Celebes Sea

The Celebes Sea (/ˈsɛlɪbiːz, səˈliːbiz/ SEL-ib-eez, sə-LEE-beez; Filipino: Dagat Selebes) or Sulawesi Sea (Malay: Laut Sulawesi; Indonesian: Laut Sulawesi) of the western Pacific Ocean is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines, on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi's Minahasa Peninsula, and the west by northern Kalimantan in Indonesia. It extends 420 miles (675 km) north-south by 520 mi (840 km) east-west and has a total surface area of 110,000 square miles (280,000 km), to a maximum depth of 20,300 feet (6,200 m). South of the Cape Mangkalihat, the sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea.
The Celebes Sea is a piece of an ancient ocean basin that formed 42 million years ago in a locale removed from any landmass. By 20 million years ago, the earth's crust movement had moved the basin close enough to the Indonesian and Philippine volcanoes to receive emitted debris. By 10 million years ago the Celebes Sea was inundated with continental debris, including coal, which was shed from a growing young mountain on Borneo and the basin had docked against Eurasia.
The border between the Celebes and the Sulu Sea is at the Sibutu-Basilan Ridge. Strong ocean currents, deep sea trenches, and seamounts, combined with active volcanic islands, result in complex oceanographic features.
On 23 May 2013, the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the Republic of Indonesia signed an agreement to establish the boundary line that delimits the overlapping Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) between the two countries. It has been agreed that north of the boundary line will be under the jurisdiction of the Philippines (named Mindanao Sea) and Indonesia be south of the boundary line (named Celebes Sea).
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Celebes Sea as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows:
The Celebes Sea is home to a wide variety of fish and aquatic creatures. The tropical setting and warm clear waters permit it to harbor about 580 of the world's 793 species of reef-building corals, which grow as some of the most bio-diverse coral reefs in the world, and an impressive array of marine life, including whales and dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are also abundant. In addition to the high abundance of fish caught in the Celebes Sea, this sea also yields other aquatic products like sea tang.
The Celebes Sea is an important sea route for regional trade. The sea is also popular for scuba diving and luxury ocean cruising.
The Celebes Sea is underlain by an oceanic plate with a mid-oceanic spreading in the center part. This plate is subducted to the south and north. Several seismic surveys and research drillings were done in this area to gather geological information.
3°N 122°E﻿ / ﻿3°N 122°E﻿ / 3; 122
Cape Fear (headland)

Cape Fear is a prominent headland jutting into the Atlantic Ocean from Bald Head Island on the coast of North Carolina in the southeastern United States. It is largely formed of barrier beaches and the silty outwash of the Cape Fear River as it drains the southeast coast of North Carolina through an estuary south of Wilmington. Cape Fear is formed by the intersection of two sweeping arcs of shifting, low-lying beach, the result of longshore currents which also form the treacherous, shifting Frying Pan Shoals, part of the Graveyard of the Atlantic.
Dunes dominated by sea oats occur from the upper beach drift line back to the stable secondary dunes, where they mix with other grasses such as saltmeadow cordgrass and panic grass, as well as seaside goldenrod, spurge and other herbs to form a stable salt-tolerant grassland.
The Cape Fear estuary drains the largest watershed in North Carolina, containing 27% of the state's population.
Giovanni da Verrazzano, the Italian explorer sailing for France, made landfall after crossing the Atlantic at or near Cape Fear on March 1, 1524.
The name comes from the 1585 expedition of Sir Richard Grenville. Sailing to Roanoke Island, his ship became embayed behind the cape. Some of the crew were afraid they would wreck, giving rise to the name Cape Fear. It is the fifth-oldest surviving English place name in the U.S.
Cape Fear was the landing place of British General Sir Henry Clinton during the American Revolutionary War on May 3, 1775.
The 1962 film Cape Fear and its 1991 remake were set at Cape Fear (although neither movie actually was filmed there).
33°50′26″N 77°57′37″W﻿ / ﻿33.84056°N 77.96028°W﻿ / 33.84056; -77.96028
Cape (geography)

In geography, a cape is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea. A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline, often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions, resulting in a relatively short geological lifespan.
Capes can be formed by glaciers, volcanoes, and changes in sea level. Erosion plays a large role in each of these methods of formation. Coastal erosion by waves and currents can create capes by wearing away softer rock and leaving behind harder rock formations. Movements of the Earth's crust can uplift land, forming capes. For example, the Cape of Good Hope was formed by tectonic forces. Volcanic eruptions can create capes by depositing lava that solidifies into new landforms. Cape Verde, (also known as Cabo Verde) is an example of a volcanic cape. Glaciers can carve out capes by eroding the landscape as they advance and retreat. Cape Cod in the United States was formed by glacial activity during the last Ice Age.
Capes (and other headlands) are conspicuous visual landmarks along a coast, and sailors have relied on them for navigation since antiquity. The Greeks and Romans considered some to be sacred capes and erected temples to the sea god nearby.
Greek peripli describe capes and other headlands a sailor will encounter along a route. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, for instance, illustrates a clockwise journey around Sicily using three capes that define its triangular shape: Cape Peloro in the northeast, Cape Pachynus in the southeast, and Cape Lilybaeum in the west. Sicily itself was referred to as Trinacria (or Three Capes) in antiquity.
Homer's works reference a number of capes to describe journeys around the Mediterranean Sea. Menelaus, Agamemnon, and Odysseus each faced peril at the notoriously dangerous Cape Malea at the southeastern tip of the Peloponnese. Menelaus navigated via Cape Sounion on his way home from Troy, and Nestor stopped at Cape Geraestus (now Cape Mandelo) on Euboea to give offerings at the altar to Poseidon there.
Cape Gelidonya (then known as Chelidonia) on the coast of Turkey served as a bearing aid for ships heading to the Egyptian port of Canopus, directly to the south. Cape Sidero on the eastern tip of Crete was a waypoint for Jason and the Argonauts returning from Libya as well as for Paul the Apostle as he traveled from Caesarea to Rome.
The three great capes (Africa's Cape of Good Hope, Australia's Cape Leeuwin, and South America's Cape Horn) defined the traditional clipper route between Europe and the Far East, Australia and New Zealand. They continue to be important landmarks in ocean yacht racing.
Cape Agulhas Lighthouse

The Cape Agulhas Lighthouse is at Cape Agulhas, the southernmost tip of Africa. At 171 years old, it is the third-built lighthouse in South Africa, and the second-oldest still operating, after Green Point. It is located on the southern edge of the village of L'Agulhas, in the Agulhas National Park; the light is operated by Transnet National Ports Authority. In 2016, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) identified the lighthouse as a deserving prominent historic engineering project and International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
A lighthouse at Cape Agulhas was suggested by Colonel Charles Collier Michell, the Surveyor-General of the Cape, in March 1837. A public meeting at Cape Town on 11 July 1840 resolved to raise funds for the construction of the lighthouse, and Michiel van Breda, the founder of Bredasdorp, offered to donate the land on which it was to be built. Apart from local contributions, funds were received from Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Manila, St Helena and London; by June 1843 the sum raised was £1,479.3s.9d (£1,479.19).
In 1847, the government of the Cape Colony agreed to fund the construction at a cost of £15,871; building work began in April and was completed in December 1848, and the light was first lit on 1 March 1849. Originally, it was fuelled by the tail-fat of sheep, but in 1905 an oil-burning lantern was installed. In March 1910, the lens was replaced with a first-order Fresnel lens. In 1929, the oil burner was replaced by a petroleum vapour burner, which was in turn replaced in 1936 by a four-kilowatt electric lamp powered by a diesel generator.
In 1968, the lighthouse was taken out of service, and the light moved to an aluminum tower, as it was discovered that the sandstone walls were crumbling due to excessive weathering. The building was declared a national monument in 1973 and is also a Western Cape provincial heritage site. Restoration and reconstruction was performed by the Bredasdorp Shipwreck Museum and the local council, and the lighthouse was recommissioned in 1988.
In 2016, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) identified the lighthouse as a deserving prominent historic engineering project and International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.
The lighthouse consists of a round tower, 27 metres (89 ft) high and painted red with a white band, that is attached to the keeper's house, which now contains a museum and restaurant. The design of the building was inspired by the Pharos of Alexandria. The focal plane of the light is 31 metres (102 ft) above high water; the range of the 7.5 megacandela lantern is 30 nautical miles (56 km; 35 mi). The rotating optic gives off one white flash every five seconds.
Cape Atholl

Cape Atholl (Danish: Kap Atholl), also known as Kangaarasuk, is a headland in Northwest Greenland, Avannaata municipality.
This cape was named by Commander James Saunders, after Atholl, the class to which his ship HMS North Star belonged, during the winter 1849–50 in which he was frozen in the bay to the north and named landmarks in the area.
Cape Atholl was a United States Coast Guard LORAN station in Northwest Greenland, south of Pituffik Space Base. It was established in 1954 and disestablished in 1975. The station was located at Quaratit, about 11 kilometres (7 miles) southeast of Cape Atholl proper.
Cape Atholl is located in the mainland, in the eastern shore of Bylot Sound, Baffin Bay. It rises at the southern end of the mouth of Wolstenholme Fjord and opposite the eastern end of Wolstenholme Island.
North West Cape

North West Cape is a peninsula in the north-west of Western Australia. Cape Range runs down the spine of the peninsula and Ningaloo Reef runs along the western edge. It is in the Gascoyne region and includes the town of Exmouth.
In 1618, Dutch East India Company captain Lenaert Jacobszoon and supercargo Willem Janszoon of the Mauritius landed in the area. Phillip Parker King later visited in 1818 and named it North West Cape as well as naming Exmouth Gulf after senior naval officer Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth. Later, pearl luggers visited the area from Broome. During World War II a military operation codenamed Operation Potshot was done in the area. The first oil flow in Australia was discovered there in 1953 at Rough Range, by exploration company WAPET.
Exmouth Gulf Station takes up much of the eastern side of the peninsula backing onto Exmouth Gulf.
The Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt is located on the Cape. The joint Australian and United States station is operated and maintained by the Australian Department of Defence.
22°14′S 113°58′E﻿ / ﻿22.23°S 113.96°E﻿ / -22.23; 113.96
Ku Klux Klan

Ang Ku Klux Klan (binibigkas na /ˈkuː ˈklʌks ˈklæn,_ˈkjuː/), na kadalasang tinatawag na KKK o payak na Klan, ay ang pangalan ng tatlong mga di-magkauring kilusan sa Estados Unidos na nagtaguyod ng mga marahas at reactionary na mga paninindigan tulad ng white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration at (lalo na sa mga sumunod na ulit) Nordisismo, anti-Catholicism at antisemitismo. Sa nakaraan, gumamit ng Ku Klux Klan ng terorismo—kapuwa pisikal na pananakit at pagpatay—laban sa mga pangkat o tao na kanilang tinututulan. Tumatawag ang lahat ng tatlong mga kilusan para "paglilinis" ng lipunang Amerikano at lahat ay itinuturing mga labis na samahang makakanan.
The first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the Republican state governments in the South during the Reconstruction Era, especially by using violence against African American leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through federal law enforcement. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and conical hats, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.
The second group was founded in 1915 and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the Midwest and West. Rooted in local Protestant communities, it opposed Catholics and Jews, while also stressing its opposition to the Catholic Church at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic nations of southern and eastern Europe. This second organization adopted a standard white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others.
The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after WWII, in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center. Magmula noong 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) puts it at 6,000 members total.
The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America's "Anglo-Saxon" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century nativism. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every Christian denomination has officially denounced the KKK.