davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Carpații Sârbești

Carpații Sârbești (în sârbă Karpatske planine) sunt o grupă muntoasă aflată în estul Serbiei Centrale. Ea este o prelungire a Munților Carpați pe malul drept al Dunării, prin care acest lanț muntos se leagă de Munții Balcani din sud-est. Ei se întind pe direcția nord-sud în estul Serbiei, mărginindu-se la vest cu valea Moravei Mari; la est cu valea Timokului Alb și la nord cu valea Nišavei. Altitudinile sunt în jur de 800–1500 m, fiind dominați de trăsături geologice carstice calcaroase.
În definiție strictă (adoptată de Academia Sârbă de Științe și Arte, precum și de Convenția Carpaților), partea sârbească a Munților Carpați cuprinde doar 732 km², sau 0,35% din aria totală a Carpaților. Această parte cuprinde malul sudic al Porților de Fier și zona Parcului Național Đerdap. În majoritatea restului definițiilor, chiar și acea parte este exclusă din definiția Carpaților, ei fiind considerați a fi mărginiți în sud-vest de Dunăre. Punctele de extrem ale acestei zone carpatice din Serbia sunt Tekija 44°43′N 22°28′E﻿ ({{PAGENAME}})﻿ / ﻿44.717°N 22.467°E la nord, 44°22′N 22°06′E﻿ ({{PAGENAME}})﻿ / ﻿44.367°N 22.100°E la sud, Golubac 44°40′N 21°36′E﻿ ({{PAGENAME}})﻿ / ﻿44.667°N 21.600°E la vest și 44°39′N 22°33′E﻿ ({{PAGENAME}})﻿ / ﻿44.650°N 22.550°E la est (barajul Porțile de Fier). El acoperă crestele nordice ale munților Kučaj de Nord, Šomrda, Liškovac, Veliki Greben și Miroč, în comunele Golubac, Majdanpek și Kladovo
Estul Serbiei este una dintre cele mai rarefiat populate zone ale Peninsulei Balcanice. O mare parte din populația prezentă aici în secolul al XIX-lea practica păstoritul seminomad. Politica nașterii unui singur copil pe familie, autoimpusă în Serbia anilor 1880 pentru a evita fărâmițarea proprietăților funciare a produs o permanentă rămânere în urmă în termeni de populație.
Populația este formată majoritar din sârbi cu minoritate mare de români oficial denumiți vlahi. Serbia duce o politica de asimilare, nu permite invatarea limbii romane, deschiderea de biserici romanesti.
Zona este subdezvoltată, cu infrastructură puțină și distanțe mari între așezări. Regiunea este supusă unui fenomen continuu de depopulare: de la recensământul din 1991 până la cel din 2002, comunele Bor și Majdanpek au pierdut fiecare câte 3.500 de locuitori, Negotin a pierdut 5.500, Zaječar a pierdut 5.000, iar Knjaževac 6.500.
Carpații Maramureșului și Bucovinei

Carpații Maramureșului și Bucovinei fac parte din Grupa Nordică a Carpaților Orientali. Sunt munți tineri de încrețire formați în orogeneza alpină.
Localizare: Sunt localizați în nordul Carpaților Orientali și sunt formați din:
Limite:
O parte sunt munți tineri de încrețire formați în orogeneza alpină, iar spre vest, începând cu Munții Țibleș sunt de origine vulcanică.
Sunt alcătuiți din 3 șiruri paralele de roci:
Aspecte specifice:
Diviziuni:
Râuri care izvorăsc sau străbat Carpații Maramureșului și Bucovinei:
Hartă geologică

Harta geologică este o reprezentare grafică bidimensională (cu o proiecție geografică predefinită) în care se reprezintă grafic (simbolic) extinderea spațială a unităților geologice precum și deformațiile structurale care le-au afectat de-a lungul timpului geologic.
Este o hartă morfologică (cu curbe hipsometrice, rețea hidrografică, elemente socio-economice) pe care sunt trecute toate datele geologice obținute din cartarea de teren. Pe ea sunt figurate elemente ca: suprafețele ocupate de diferitele diviziuni și subdiviziuni geologice (litologie și vârstă) și limitele dintre ele, accidentele tectonice ca faliile, pânzele de șariaj, digitațiile, duplicaturile, cutele sinclinale și anticlinale, direcția și înclinarea stratelor, zăcămintele de substanțe minerale utile și mineralizațiile, punctele fosilifere.
Simbolurile folosite în hartă sunt apoi explicate în cadrul unei legende prin indicarea tipurilor de roci, a tipologiei deformărilor structurale precum și a raporturilor de vârstă dintre roci.
Pe o hartă geologică apar de obicei rocile aflate până la o adâncime de 5 m, extinderea acestora în profunzime este reprezentată prin intermediul profilelor geologice de adâncime.
Din anul 1881 când a avut loc Congresul Internațional de Geologie din Bologna s-a hotărât standardizarea internațională a folosirii culorilor pentru fiecare tip de rocă la întocmirea hărților geologice.
Hărțile geologice pot fi utilizate și pentru domenii conexe: hidrologice, inginerie civilă, prospectarea și exploatarea resurselor minerale etc.
În România, Grigoriu Ștefănescu a organizat și condus Biroul Geologic, înființat în 1882 la inițiativa sa, cu sarcina de a alcătui harta geologică a României. Rezultat al eforturilor lui și a mai multor geologi, harta la scara 1/200000 a fost terminată în 1898.
Înainte de înființarea Institutului Geologic al României (în 1906) au fost editate două hărți geologice ale României, una de către Biroul Geologic al României (1882-1889), la scara, 1:175 000, cealaltă de către Serviciul Minelor și Carierelor (Ministerul Domeniilor), la scara 1:300 000. Cea mai detaliată serie de hărți geologice este cea la scara 1:50.000, care își propune să acopere întregul teritoru al Romăniei, proiect început în anul 1970 și aflat încă în lucru, până în 2014 fiind tipărite un număr de 135 de foi, cu acoperire mai mare în Munții Apuseni, Munții Banatului, Carpații Meridionali, partea nordică și centrală a Carpaților Orientali și Dobrogea. Harta este editată de către Institutul Geologic al României.
Munții Rarău

Munții Rarău sunt o grupă muntoasă a Carpaților Moldo-Transilvani, aparținând de lanțul muntos al Carpaților Orientali. Cel mai înalt pisc este Vârful Rarău, având 1651 m.
Originea numelui munților Rarău este neclară, denumirea de „Rarău” era folosită deja în 1541, până atunci masivul s-a numit Dodu. Conform unei legende, se presupune că numele a fost atribuit de către domnul Moldovei, Petru Rareș.
În partea de vest Rarăul este limitat de cursul râului Colbu, care-l separă de Giumalău. La limita de nord a munților se află Obcinele Bucovinei, cu Obcina Mestecanisului si Obcina Feredeului, în lungul Văii Moldovei și depresiunea Câmpulung Moldovenesc. În est și sud-est munții sunt separați de Obcina Voroneț și munții Stânișoarei prin Slătioara, iar în sud se află munții Bistriței.
Masivul Giumalău se află la vest de Izvorul Giumalău și Chiril, este alcătuit din roci cristaline (șisturi cristaline), în structura geografică se impune o culme centrală cu desfășurare NV - SE corespunzătoare alineamentului de roci cu rezistența cea mai mare și care au altitudini mai mari de 1400 m. În partea centrală se află vârful Giumalău (1857 m) din care se desprind spre nord - vest și sud interfluvii plate secundare în lungul cărora apar poduri netede la 1000 - 1200 m și 1350 -1450 m. Ele se termină spre Văile Bistriței și Putna prin versanți cu pantă mare.
Munții Rarău și Giumalău constituie o zonă turistică de mare importanță în cadrul Carpaților Orientali fiind formată din două masive strâns legate a căror importanță pentru turism derivă din varietatea peisajelor naturale impuse de relief și vegetație și accesibilitatea determinată de prezența culoarelor de vale ce încadrează cele două masive montane. Aici se găsesc două centre turistice de mare însemnătate ce se află la periferie (Câmpulung Moldovenesc și Vatra Dornei), ce constituie puncte de plecare pentru principalele fluxuri de turiști. Muntii Rarău-Giumalău fac parte din Munții Bucovinei fiind situați în nordul Carpaților Orientali în bazinele hidrografice superioare ale Moldovei și Bistriței.
Relieful oferă cele mai variate obiective turistice. Zonele cele mai frecvent căutate sunt:
O importanță deosebită pentru turism o are schitul Rarău mutat la finele secolului al XVIII -lea, când Bucovina a fost ocupată de austrieci, de pe versantul nordic pe cel sudic al muntelui Rarău. Echipamentul turistic din cele două masive este alcătuit dintr-o rețea de poteci cu marcaje turistice ce urcă din văile Moldovei și Bistriței spre Vârfurile Giumalău si Rarău. Pe calea ferată accesul turiștilor se face pe traseul Suceava - Câmpulung Moldovenesc - Vatra Dornei.
Sânpetru Formation

The Sânpetru Formation is an early Maastrichtian geologic formation. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. It is located in Romania, near Sânpetru village, part of Sântămăria-Orlea commune. It forms a component of the Hațeg Island fauna.
The Sânpetru Formation crops out in the central to southern Hațeg Basin along the Bărbat River and comprises sandstones and mudstones deposited in a wet floodplain environment characterized by braided fluvial channels. The formation is correlated with the Densuș-Ciula Formation of the northern section of the same basin, both dating to the Maastrichtian of the Late Cretaceous.
Sebeș Formation

The Sebeș Formation is a geological formation in Romania. It is of Maastrichtian age. It is laterally equivalent to the Sard Formation. The base of the formation consists of claystones interbedded with sandstones and conglomerates. It is well known for its fossils which form a component of the Hațeg Island fauna.
Indeterminate hadrosauroid fossils have been unearthed here.
Densuș-Ciula Formation

The Densuș-Ciula Formation is a geological formation in Romania whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. It forms part of the Hațeg Island assemblage. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. It is divided up into three members, the lower member is noted for high content of volcanogenic material and is poorly fossiliferous. While the Middle member consists of silty mudstones, sandstones and conglomerates containing volcanogenic clasts and is richly fossiliferous, while the upper member consists of matrix supported red conglomerates and is poorly fossiliferous.
Indeterminate dromaeosaurid and possible indeterminate troodontid remains present in Județul Hunedoara, Romania. An unnamed theropod is also present.
Țarcu Mountains

The Țarcu Mountains are a mountain range in southwestern Romania, at the western edge of the Southern Carpathians. They are located between the Bistra Valley (to the south), Timiș River (to the east), Godeanu Mountains (to the northwest) and Râul Mare Valley (to the west), with the Râul Mare Valley serving as their natural border with the Retezat Mountains. They were declared a Natura 2000 protected area in 2007 due to their unique biodiversity. Together with the Retezat, Godeanu and Cerna [ro] mountains, they constitute the only intact forest landscape in Europe outside of Russia and Scandinavia.
Most rocks in the range are crystalline, with few areas with sedimentary rock. As such, the mountains are massifs, cut by narrow valleys. Limestone is found only in a few places. Erosion has formed several very prominent platforms, such as the Borăscu platform. Glaciers were present during the ice ages, leaving glacial calderas and small glacial lakes, such as the Bistra Lake.
Because of the Western climatic influences, the amount of rainfall in the Țarcu Mountains is quite high. Snow may fall at altitudes above 1500 metres at any time in the year, while the snowpack usually lasts from October or November until June or even July in the glacial calderas of the highest peaks.
North Hungarian Mountains

The North Hungarian Mountains (Hungarian: Északi-középhegység), sometimes also referred to as the Northeast Hungarian Mountains, Northeast Mountains, North Hungarian Highlands, North Hungarian Mid-Mountains or North Hungarian Range, is the northern, mountainous part of Hungary. It forms a geographical unity with the Mátra-Slanec Area, the adjacent parts of Slovakia. It is a separate geomorphological area within the Western Carpathians.
The mountains run along the northeastern border of Hungary as well as eastern parts of the Hungarian–Slovak border in broadband from the Danube Bend to the town of Prešov.
The area consists of the following geomorphological units:
Ranges of the adjacent Mátra-Slanec Area in Slovakia:
The North Hungarian Mountains begin with the mountain range of Börzsöny, adjacent to the Danube Bend, where it meets the Transdanubian Mountains.
The Börzsöny range is about 600 km in area, and mainly of volcanic origin. The highest peak is the Csóványos (938 m).
The next range towards the east is the Cserhát, with the same geological composition as the Börzsöny. Erosion here was more severe: these are mere hills and comprise the lowest part of the North Hungarian Mountains. The highest point is Naszály (654 m).
Kékes, the country's highest peak at 1014 meters, is located in the next range, Mátra. However, the range's average height is only 600 meters, less than that of the neighboring Bükk. Mátra is also of volcanic origin.
The Bükk is a limestone range; it has the highest average height in Hungary. It is rich in caves, some of which were inhabited in ancient times.
The Aggtelek Karst area is a geologic formation spanning the Hungarian-Slovakian border, and the reason for the Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst World Heritage Site, and the Hungarian Aggtelek National Park. Hungary's a most popular cave, the Baradla, is located there.
The Zemplén Mountains are again of volcanic origin; the soil's high-quality favors viticulture.
47°53′00″N 19°57′00″E﻿ / ﻿47.883333°N 19.95°E﻿ / 47.883333; 19.95
Mocăniță

A Mocăniță (Romanian pronunciation: [mokəˈnit͡sə]) is a narrow-gauge railway in Romania, most notably in Maramureș, Transylvania, and Bukovina. Archetypically, they are situated in mountainous areas and the locomotives operating on them (which themselves can also be referred to as mocănițăs) are steam-powered. These railways were built for cargo and passenger services – some in the era of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, before 1918 – but fell into disrepair over the years. Some are now being rehabilitated for the purposes of tourism.
The word mocăniță is a term of endearment, derived from the Romanian word mocan, meaning shepherd or one who lives in the mountains, and suffixed as feminine and diminutive in keeping with the tradition of naming conveyances and indicating small size. It's also been suggested that it means "coffee machine", as one of the little locomotives is reminiscent of one of these in action.
The most well-known mocăniță runs in the Vaser Valley in Maramureș County. This railway was constructed in the period 1933-1935 and uses a gauge of 760 mm (2 ft 5+15⁄16 in). It was partially destroyed by German troops during World War II, but was rebuilt again. It has primarily been used for logging, and is still used for this purpose, but in 2004 work began on rehabilitating it as a tourist attraction. A Swiss enthusiast who came to Romania in 1987 helped this greatly by starting an organisation for saving the railway: "Hilfe für die Wassertalbahn in Rumänien".
Several steam engines are used: 764-211 (Măriuța) was built in Berlin by Orenstein & Koppel in 1910; 763-193 (Krauss) was also built in Germany, in 1921; and there are five Romanian locomotives built at Reșița between 1953 and 1955. Diesel engines (built in 1960s-1970s) and other vehicles such as converted minivans also run on the lines. The latter are used by border police, rangers, and others for getting quickly up the mountains.
The tracks run from Vișeu de Sus, from a yard on Strada A. I. Cuza, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) north from the town centre. The main line is 43 km (27 mi) long, from Vișeu de Sus to Comanu, near the Ukrainian (former Polish) border, though the service may terminate before then at Faina. This trip usually takes between 3 and 4 hours each way.
There are two other branches: along the Novăț Valley (13 km (8.1 mi)) and towards Stevioara (3 km (1.9 mi)). The train can occasionally come off the rails, but at a speed of 10 km/h (6.2 mph) this poses no danger, and experienced passengers help to get the train back on the rails! The Vaser Valley is an exceptionally scenic location, the habitat of many bears and deer, along with many cattle and sheep. The line is run by a private company, Căile Ferate Forestiere [de] (CFF). As well as regular services, trains can be charted by tourists; special services are also run, for instance on New Year's Eve.
The railway, and the Măriuța engine complete with rolling stock featured in episode 3 of "Wild East" ("From the Dniestr to the Danube" in the US version) of Michael Palin's New Europe.
List of companies of Romania

Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy, featuring companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom. It has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are native speakers of Romanian, a Romance language. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with influential artists, musicians, inventors and sportspeople. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions.
For further information on the types of business entities in this country and their abbreviations, see "Business entities in Romania".
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
Seven Natural Wonders of Romania

The Seven Natural Wonders of Romania (Romanian: Cele Şapte Minuni Naturale ale României) are the seven natural wonders of Romania, which were chosen in the Seven Natural Wonders of Romania contest held in July, 2008. It was the second stage of the Seven Wonders of Romania program started in 2007. The voting consisted of two parts: experts in Romania voted for their seven best sites, and internet users voted for their seven favorite sites on the official website.
The internet voting on the 16 possible candidates was opened on July 1, 2008 at the program's web-site. A total of around 60,000 internet users voted in the campaign. The voting was closed on July 24, 2008 and the results were officially announced two days later on July 26. The whole campaign was initiated in 2008 by the Evenimentul Zilei newspaper in an effort to teach Romanians about the beauty of the natural surroundings of their country. The same newspaper underwent in 2007 a similar national campaign to vote for the Seven Wonders of Romania that were exclusively manmade.
An interesting fact is the final table of the campaign because the winner, the Danube Delta, received 11.34% of the total votes. The Cheile Bicazului-Hăşmaş was the natural wonder that came just outside the top seven wonders, and needed only six more votes to topple the Sphinx and Babele. Initially there were only fourteen natural wonders on the list but at public demand two more have been added: the Cetăţile Ponorului and the Olt Defile.
Three objects from the nomination list needed a special nomination:
Devínska Kobyla

Devínska Kobyla (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈɟeʋiːnska ˈkɔbila]; Hungarian: Dévényi-tető; German: Thebener Kogel) is the highest peak in the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range, and the highest point of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is located between the boroughs of Devínska Nová Ves, Devín and Dúbravka, close to the border with Austria. Its peak elevation is 514 m (1686.3 ft) AMSL and its treeless summit contains an abandoned military missile base (Slovak: Rádiotechnická hláska protivzdušnej obrany štátu) that is officially inaccessible to the public.
Part of southern slopes of the massif has been a national natural reserve since 1965, featuring unique xerothermic forest-steppe flora and fauna with a total protected area of 101 hectares. From the flat top, a view opens of Bratislava, Austria, Hungary, the Danube and the Morava river. Hiking trails do not lead to the summit but instead to an accessible point with partial view underneath.
Devínska Kobyla and its surroundings are one of the four divisions of Devín Carpathians, part of Little Carpathians, itself part of the Carpathian Mountains.
The small area contains 234 species of identified mushrooms, 110 species of identified lichens, 100 species of identified moss, and 1,110 species of identified higher or vascular plants. The southern and south-western slopes of the mountain at the western edge of Bratislava provide ideal living conditions for xerothermic forest-steppe flora and fauna. The woods on the south-western slopes are the remains of the original oak forest.
There is a four-kilometer instructive path that leads through Devínska Kobyla, with one significant area called Sandberg. This is one of the most important palaeontological localities in Slovakia. The yellow faces of the old sandpit has remnants of rocks of the tertiary sea with horizontally deposited layers, and there are still fossils of sea fauna to be found there. The age of these rocks is estimated to be between 14 and 16 million years old.
48°11′26″N 16°59′45″E﻿ / ﻿48.19056°N 16.99583°E﻿ / 48.19056; 16.99583
Qurayyat, Oman

Qurayyat is a small fishing town 83 km southeast of Muscat, Oman, adjacent to the towns of Sur, Diman Wa Tayeen and Aamerat.
A popular stopping point on the way to Sur, Qurayyat is in itself also a very popular destination for Muscat.
On 28 June 2018, Qurayyat set the record for the highest daily "low" temperature ever recorded: 42.6 °C (108.7 °F).
Given that the state is coastal, the humidity levels rise up to extremes especially in Summer, while mountains remain relatively lower levels of humidity, Al Jabal Al Aswad (The Black Mountain) is located in the inner parts of the state and it is known for extreme cold weathers in Winter and moderate heat in Summer.
Most states in Oman have an icon that generally represents the state (For example, Lemon Tree for Saham), and for Qurayyat it is the Capra, given that the animal's habitat is scattered across the mountains of Qurayyat and the connection between Capra and Qurayyat's people.
Qurayyat has many historical landmarks with the first being Quaryyat Fort which was built by Said bin Khalfan AlBusaidi around 200 years ago, the fort was built for defense as well as residential purposes. The fort was modified in 1987 to become a museum to contain the states historical pottery and weaponry.
Another historical landmark is Sheikh Malik's Mosque, which is located near Qurayyat Fort, the remarkable feature of this mosque is its height which makes it visible from a distance.
Khor AlMilh (Salt Estuary) is located 6 km south of the center of Qurayyat and it is one of the most impactful locations in the state as fossil fuels and human presence remains were found there that are linked back to 3000-4000 BC. The naming of the place comes from the craft of its people as for hundreds of years, people extract salt in traditional ways.
The Portuguese arrived in the 16th century. The village was a strategic point to control the Oman Gulf and access to the Persian Gulf. It was part of a chain of fortresses the Portuguese Empire had in this region. The Fortress and village were drawn in the beginning of the 17th century for a book by Antóno Bocarro.
Brushy Mountains (North Carolina)

The Brushy Mountains are a mountain range located in northwestern North Carolina. They are an isolated "spur" of the much larger Blue Ridge Mountains, separated from them by the Yadkin River valley. A deeply eroded range, they move from the southwest to the northeast, and cross five counties in North Carolina: Caldwell, Alexander, Wilkes, Iredell, and Yadkin.
The Brushy Mountains divide, for much of their courses, the waters of the Yadkin River and the Catawba River, two of central North Carolina's largest rivers. The range is approximately 45 miles (72 km) long, but only 4 to 8 miles wide. The highest point in the chain is Pores Knob (2,680 feet, 820 meters), in Wilkes County. Among the other notable peaks in the range are Hibriten Mountain in Caldwell County, which marks the western end of the Brushy Mountains and is a prominent landmark in the city of Lenoir, North Carolina; Hickory Knob, the highest point in Alexander County, North Carolina; and Fox Mountain, the highest point in Iredell County, North Carolina. The "Brushies", as they are often called by locals, usually rise from 300 to 800 feet (240 m) above the surrounding countryside, with few peaks rising more than a thousand feet above their base. The forests on the mountains are part of the Southeastern mixed forests ecoregion.
The Mountains are primarily known for their abundance of fruit orchards. The last Saturday in July is the Brushy Mountain Peach and Heritage Festival hosted by the Community Center and held in Downtown Wilkesboro. On the first Saturday in October, the Brushy Mountain Apple Festival is hosted by the Brushy Mountain Ruritan Club and held in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina each year to celebrate the harvest. The region was also once known as a hotbed of "moonshining", or the production of illegal homemade liquor. Several of the earliest stars of stock-car racing in the 1940s and 1950s got their start in the moonshining business in the Brushy Mountains. James Larkin Pearson, a newspaper publisher and editor who served as North Carolina's official Poet Laureate from 1953 to 1981, was born and raised in the Brushy Mountains, and lived in the Brushies his entire life. Much of his poetry was based on his life in the Brushy Mountains.
36°02′45″N 81°09′25″W﻿ / ﻿36.04583°N 81.15694°W﻿ / 36.04583; -81.15694
Koʻolau Range

Koʻolau Range is a name given to the dormant fragmented remnant of the eastern or windward shield volcano of the Hawaiian island of Oʻahu. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1972.
It is not a mountain range in the normal sense, because it was formed as a single mountain called Koʻolau Volcano (koʻolau means "windward" in Hawaiian, cognate of the toponym Tokelau). What remains of Koʻolau is the western half of the original volcano that was destroyed in prehistoric times when the entire eastern half—including much of the summit caldera—slid cataclysmically into the Pacific Ocean. Remains of this ancient volcano lie as massive fragments strewn nearly 100 miles (160 km) over the ocean floor to the northeast of Oʻahu. Kāneʻohe Bay is what remains of the ancient volcano's summit caldera after the slide. The modern Koʻolau mountain forms Oʻahu's windward coast and rises behind the leeward coast city of Honolulu — on its leeward slopes and valleys are located most of Honolulu's residential neighborhoods.
The volcano is thought to have first erupted on the ocean floor more than 2.5 million years ago. It eventually reached sea level and continued to grow in elevation until about 1.7 million years ago, when the volcano became dormant. The volcano remained dormant for hundreds of thousands of years, during which time erosion ate away at the initially smooth slopes of the shield-shaped mountain; and the entire mass subsided considerably. The highest elevation perhaps exceeded 3,000 meters (9,800 ft); today, the summit of the tallest peak, Puʻu Kōnāhuanui is only 945 meters (3,100 ft).
After hundreds of thousands of years of dormancy, Koʻolau volcano began to erupt again. Some thirty eruptions over the past 500,000 years or so have created many of the landmarks around eastern Oʻahu, such as Diamond Head, Koko Head (Hanauma Bay), Koko Crater, Punchbowl Crater, Tantalus, and Āliapaʻakai, and are collectively known as the Honolulu Volcanic Series, or simply Honolulu Volcanics. According to the US Geological Survey, the most recent eruptions in this series of activity occurred between about 70,000 to 100,000 years ago. There is a possibility that Koʻolau volcano could erupt again; however, the chance of such an eruption occurring in "our lifetimes, or even those of many future generations" is remote.
The Ko‘olau Range is the erosion of remnants of a massive shield volcano, but estimates show evidence that it erupted approximately 2.5 million years ago.
In 1795, the newly-formed Hawaiian Kingdom conducted a battle resulting in the triumphant conquest of O'ahu on the range within part of the Nu‘uanu Pali Lookout, under the command of Kamehameha the Great, as his troops forced all of the warriors up the valley to fall to their deaths below the cliffs.
The Ko‘olau Range was designated in 1972 as a National Natural Landmark.
There are three roads that tunnel through the southern part of the Koʻolau Range, connecting Honolulu to the Windward Coast. From leeward to windward:
Paveh

Paveh (Persian and Kurdish: پاوه) is a city in the Central District of Paveh County, Kermanshah province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district. It is in a region called Hawraman.
An old myth regarding the name of the city is that the Emperor Yazdgerd III sent his son named Pav to this area to renew his religious Zoroastrian faith. Both Persians and the local Gorans practiced Zoroastrianism during the Sasanian Empire from which this myth is derived.
The inhabitants of Paveh are Kurds and speak Hawrami (also: Gorani). They follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam. The first language spoken by the population in the city is mostly Gorani language, but the language that is used in schools and offices is Persian, the official language of Iran in which almost everyone in the city is fluent.
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 19,774 in 5,171 households. The following census in 2011 counted 23,704 people in 6,723 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 25,771 people in 7,932 households.
Paveh is located in western Iran and is 112 km far from Kermanshah. It lies in a sub-region along the Iran-Iraq border commonly referred to as Hewraman, which is situated within the larger geographical region of Kurdistan. The city is considered by inhabitants of the region as the capital of Hewraman.
The town is encircled by fruit gardens. Paveh is situated along a mountainside like most cities and villages in the Hewraman region. Behind the city is the Shaho mountain and ahead of the city is a view of Atashgah, another mountain that was once the site of pilgrimages for ancient religions in the region. Among the most visited places is the Quri Qaleh caveman which is considered as the longest watery cave in the Middle East. The cave is located around 25 kilometers from Paveh's city center.
Sirwan River is one of the biggest rivers in Paveh. It rises near Sanandaj, in the Zagros Mountains of Iran. It then descends through the mountains, where for some 32 km it forms the border between the two countries. It finally feeds into the Tigris below Baghdad. Navigation of the upper reaches of the Diyala is not possible because of its narrow defiles, but the river's valley provides an important trade route between Iran and Iraq.
Paveh is established among mountains on Zagros Mountains. The mountain chain of Shaho is located in the west of Paveh. Shaho is the highest mountain in Kermanshah with an elevation of 3390.
Media related to Paveh at Wikimedia Commons
Iran portal
Maślana Góra

Maślana Góra (753 m a.s.l.) (pron. Mashlaana Goora, meaning in English "Butter Mountain") - mountain peak of the north-western Low Beskid mountains, located in the part called Góry Grybowskie (Eng. Grybowskie Mountains).
Maślana Góra is the highest peak of the mountain massif including also Zielona Góra (Eng. Green Mountain) and Jelenia Góra (Eng. Deer Mountain). The top of the mountain is fairly flat but the slopes of the northeastern part are quite steep. District of Maślana Góra is a home to the nature reservoir called Jelenia Góra (pron. "Yeahlenyah Goora"), and Beskidzkie Morskie Oko (pron. Beskitskyeah Morskye Oko, meaning: Sea Eye), which is a landslide pond. The etymology of the Maślana Góra is probably associated with the tectonic instability, resulting multiple landslides in the past.
The carphatian beech as well as Phyllitis scolopendrium are one of the rare plants, that are protected in this fragment of the ancient Carpathian forests.
There is a green trail leading from Stróże to Szymbark through Maślana Góra and Jelenia Góra Reservoir.
Biberón

El biberón (en República Dominicana, Colombia, Cuba, España, México, Panamá, Perú y Puerto Rico), bibí (en Puerto Rico), chupón (en Costa Rica y Filipinas), mamadera (en Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Panamá, Paraguay, y Uruguay), mema (en Uruguay), mamila (en México), pacha (en El Salvador, Nicaragua y Guatemala), pepe (en Honduras) o tetero (en Colombia y Venezuela) es un recipiente que se utiliza para dar leche, agua y demás líquidos a los bebés o niños, que por su nivel de desarrollo psicomotor no puedan beber en un vaso. Los hay de diferentes volúmenes (de 100 ml, de 250 ml, etc.). El biberón se compone de un tubo, actualmente de plástico, y de una tapadera sellable herméticamente provista de una tetina flexible adaptable a la boca del infante, que tiene un agujero pequeño por cual el niño bebe, absorbiendo el líquido.
El funcionamiento del biberón aprovecha el instinto de succión que poseen los infantes desde la más tierna edad, y permite alimentarlos durante los lapsos en los cuales la madre no está disponible para proveerles su pecho. En algunos casos, el biberón provee de un sustituto al amamantamiento. Aunque en épocas recientes, la sustitución total de la leche materna es desaconsejada por los pediatras. En principio porque la leche materna posee elementos necesarios para el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario del infante, así como la inferida relevancia del nexo emocional que se establece durante la lactancia entre la madre y su hijo.
La primera noticia sobre este invento la dio el Semanario Económico de Madrid en 1767, en el artículo de Pedro Saura "Teta artificial", que incluye un grabado.
Los más antiguos conservados datan de la Edad de los Metales, en terracota, con una abertura para introducir el líquido y un pico rígido para succionar el bebé,​ también los había consistentes en un cuerno animal cerrado con una tetina de cuero o una ubre desecada de vaca. La correcta limpieza de estos dispositivos era difícil. Las primeras tetinas de caucho y botellas de vidrio fueron patentadas en la década de 1840 y a finales del siglo XIX había un gran número de modelos disponibles al popularizarse la lactancia artificial. Ya en el siglo XX, en la década de 1960 se comercializaron las primeras botellas de plástico resistente al calor.​
Debido a que es un recipiente de uso reiterado, conteniendo sustancias fácilmente corruptibles y destinado a propósitos alimenticios para los infantes, la higiene de los biberones debe ser especialmente cuidada.
Un problema notorio de los biberones, es la acumulación de residuos alimenticios en porciones inaccesibles del biberón (especialmente las comisuras de la tetina y el mecanismo de cierre), y que pueden provocar la proliferación de bacterias patógenas, que hacen posible la contaminación, en lo subsecuente, del contenido de la botella.
Actualmente los biberones disponibles comercialmente disponen de formas y sistemas de cerrado que disminuyen la ocurrencia de depósitos, pero tales mecanismos no deben nunca sustituir una gran atención en el lavado y esterilizado de los biberones antes de cada uso.
Aspergillus

Aspergillus es un género ampliamente distribuido de alrededor de seiscientos hongos (mohos). Aspergillus es un hongo filamentoso (compuesto de cadenas de células, llamadas hifas). El hábitat natural de las especies de Aspergillus son el heno y el compostaje. Dentro del tipo de hifas se encuentran las no pigmentadas, que reciben el nombre de hialohifomicetos. A su vez tiene dos formas de presentación: una saprofítica, en que aparece como un hongo con hifas septadas del que surgen los conidióforos, los cuales a su vez tienen una ampliación: la cabeza aspergilar de la que surgen unas estructuras de forma ampular, que son las fiálides, de las que surgirán las estructuras reproductivas (también llamados propágulos), y que reciben el nombre de fialoconidias.
En 1729 Aspergillus fue catalogado por primera vez por el biólogo italiano Pier Antonio Micheli. Micheli usó el nombre "Aspergillum" por parecerse el hongo al instrumento usado para dispersar agua bendita.​ La descripción hecha por Micheli de este género de hongo en su obra Nova Plantarum Genera tiene importancia histórica, al ser reconocido como el punto inicial de la ciencia de la micología.​
Aspergillus es un hongo oportunista y uno de los que toman ventaja de personas inmunocomprometidas. Entre las patologías más frecuentes se encuentran:
Es relativamente frecuente confundir una infección por Aspergillus con las más comunes infecciones bacterianas, así como puede haber una infección simultánea con ambos microorganismos.​
Las especies de Aspergillus rara vez causan enfermedad. Cuando lo hacen, los siguientes factores de riesgo se han presentado para crear la oportunidad de infección:
Aspergillus oryzae, conocido como kōji (麹?), A diferencia de otros hongos del género Aspergillus, es usado tradicionalmente en cocina japonesa como un organismo fermentador. Por ejemplo, las bebidas alcohólicas como el sake japonés a menudo se elaboran con arroz u otros ingredientes ricos en almidón (como la mandioca), en lugar de uvas o cebada malteada. Los microorganismos típicos utilizados para producir alcohol, como las levaduras del género Saccharomyces, no pueden fermentar estos almidones. Por lo tanto, el moho koji como el Aspergillus oryzae se usa para descomponer primero los almidones en azúcares más simples.
La estructura microscópica de Aspergillus es única. Tienen hifas tabiculares y conidióforas cuya cabeza está localizada en el extremo de una hifa, compuesta por una vesícula rodeada por una corona de fiálides en forma de botella directamente insertadas sobre la vesícula.​ De las fiálides se desprenden las esporas (conidios). Otras estructuras se encuentran en ciertas especies y no en otras, por ejemplo las células de Hüle.
Botella de vino

La botella de vino es un recipiente, generalmente de vidrio, concebido para contener vino, con el objetivo principal de facilitar su comercialización. Su diseño y características hacen que algunos vinos fermenten en la botella, mientras que otros son embotellados tras su fermentación en cubas. La botella estándar contiene un volumen de 750 ml, y se puede decir que es fruto de un desarrollo relativamente reciente. Las botellas de vino se caracterizan por tener un cierre basado en tapones de corcho o tapones alternativos.
Algunas veces referido como "quinta", corresponde a un valor ya en desuso en Estados Unidos para los 0,2 galones o 0,757 l.
El tamaño en este caso es diferente del de la botella de champagne Jeroboams. Existen algunas variantes de 5 l.
El color de las botellas de vino puede variar, desde un translúcido perfecto a tonos de verde y amarillo o negro. La razón inicial de colorear el vidrio era seguramente proteger al vino frente a la luz, pero hoy en día, la elección del color del vidrio está vinculada a objetivos mercantiles. El color del vidrio de la botella se elige pues para resaltar el color, los matices y los reflejos de los vinos.
Los colores empleados tradicionalmente para las botellas:
Las botellas con cristales claros se han elegido recientemente para los vinos blancos en muchos de los países productores de vino, como es en: Grecia, Canadá y Nueva Zelanda. La mayoría de los productores de vino tinto siguen empleando cristales verdes.
Las formas de las botellas de vino han ido evolucionando a medida que el packaging ha tomado relevancia en la comercialización de productos de consumo.
Dos son las formas que más utilización han tenido dentro de la industria vinícola, tomando el nombre, según el de los vinos que contienen, botella bordelesa o botella borgoñona.
También hay que hacer referencia a otros modelos, que con menor difusión, han sido utilizados para embotellar vinos de distintas denominaciones, como es el caso del Oporto (Portugal), los Campagne (Francia) y los Cavas (España).
Hoy día podemos hablar de botellas troncocónicas, flautas, de hombros rectos, etc.; algunas de ellas son variantes estilizadas de modelos antiguos, otras aprovechan el desarrollo de la industria vidriera para incorporar nuevas formas, estas últimas incluso no se plantean la necesidad de utilizar como base del diseño superficies de revolución dado que la fabricación en moldes lo permite.
Oxiteno

Oxiteno is a Brazilian multinational manufacturer of surfactants and chemicals. The company develops and supplies raw materials to industries in over 30 sectors including cosmetics, personal care, household cleaning and industrial, agrochemicals, paints and varnishes.
Oxiteno operates in nine countries throughout the Americas, Europe, and Asia. It has three research and development centers, twelve industrial plants in Brazil, the United States, Mexico, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as commercial offices in Argentina, Belgium, China, and Colombia. According to research conducted by Info Exame magazine in partnership with ESPM, Oxiteno was appointed as the ninth most innovative company in Brazil in 2014.
On April 4, 2022, the company was acquired by Indorama Ventures.
Founded in 1970 by Paulo Cunha, Oxiteno was the first company to produce ethylene oxide and derivatives in Brazil. Its first plant was installed at the Mauá Petrochemical Complex, in the outskirts of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, and the second was opened in 1974 in the Industrial Pole of Camaçari, in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Oxiteno created a research and development center in Mauá Petrochemical Complex in 1986, built a new plant in the South Petrochemical Pole of Brazil in the city of Triunfo, Rio Grande do Sul in 1989, and expanded its production capacity in the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex in 1997.
In July 2003, it started its international expansion through the purchase of the Mexican company Canamex. Oxiteno took over the company's two plants in Guadalajara and Coatzacoalcos.
In 2006, Ultra initiated an expansion plan of the ethylene oxide production capacity and other chemicals in Mauá and Camaçari plants. In August of the same year, it opened its first sales office abroad in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
In April 2007, Ultra, through its subsidiary Oxiteno Mexico, acquired the sulfated and sulfonated assets of Unión Química SA in San Juan del Río in México.
In September of that year, Ultra bought the Venezuelan Arch Química Andina, a subsidiary of US-based Arch Chemicals. The unit, located in Santa Rita, Venezuela, was renamed Oxiteno Andina and is the only producer of ethoxylates in the country.
In 2007, Oxiteno opened its first sales office in the United States.
In June 2008, Oxiteno opened an oleochemical plant, which became the first producer of fatty alcohols, fatty acids and glycerin in Latin America, in Camaçari, Bahia.
In April 2012, Oxiteno bought its first plant in the United States. It was a manufacturer of special chemicals, acquired from Pasadena Property, in Pasadena, Texas. The following month, Oxiteno bought American Chemical’s Uruguayan specialty chemicals company, in particular sulfonated surfactants and sulfated in Montevideo. The following year, in 2013, Oxiteno started a project to expand its research and development center to the oil and gas market. The research center is located in Mauá, São Paulo.
On August 30, 2021, it was announced that the Thai Indorama Ventures would acquire Oxiteno for US$ 1.3 billion. This was finished on April 4, 2022.
List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi

The following is a list of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi since he became the Prime Minister of India, following his first oath of office in 2014.
As of April 2025, Narendra Modi has made 87 foreign trips, visiting 73 countries, including visits to the United States to attend the United Nations General Assembly.
As of April 2025:
PM Modi did not make any international trips in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
List of Bleach episodes

The episodes of the Bleach anime television series are based on Tite Kubo's original manga series of the same name. It is directed by Noriyuki Abe, produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Pierrot, and was broadcast in Japan from October 5, 2004, to March 27, 2012. The series follows the adventures of high school student Ichigo Kurosaki who can see spirits and becomes a Soul Reaper, after assuming the duties of Soul Reaper Rukia Kuchiki.
Viz Media obtained the foreign television, home video and merchandising rights to the Bleach anime from TV Tokyo Corporation and Shueisha on March 15, 2006. Subsequently, Viz Media contracted Studiopolis to create the English adaptation of the anime, and has licensed its individual Bleach merchandising rights to several different companies. The English adaptation of the Bleach anime premiered on Canada's YTV in their Bionix programming block on September 9, 2006. Cartoon Network in the U.S. began airing Bleach the following evening on September 10 as part of Adult Swim.
Forty-five pieces of theme music are used for the episodes: Fifteen opening themes and thirty closing themes. Several CDs that contain the theme music and other tracks have been released by Studio Pierrot.
A sequel television series, that adapts the final arc of the manga, titled Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War, premiered on October 11, 2022.
The 88 DVD compilations of the series are grouped by season and were released in Japan by Aniplex between February 2, 2005, and January 23, 2013.
The first 32 DVD compilations have been released by Viz Media in the United States. 26 DVD collection box set of the series were released from June 10, 2008, to September 29, 2015. From July 19, 2016, to December 7, 2021, Viz released the series on Blu-Ray, with a total of 13 sets, half the number of DVD sets.
The series has been released in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment in half-season sets, then re-released into season sets.
Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War

Bleach: Thousand-Year Blood War (BLEACH 千年血戦篇, Burīchi: Sennen Kessen-hen), also known as Bleach: The Blood Warfare, is a Japanese anime television series based on Tite Kubo's manga series Bleach and a direct sequel to its predecessor anime series of the same name. In March 2020, Weekly Shōnen Jump and "Bleach 20th Anniversary Project & Tite Kubo New Project Presentation" livestream announced that the manga's final story arc, the "Thousand-Year Blood War", would receive an anime project. In November 2020, it was confirmed that the anime project would be a television series adapting the entirety of the arc. The trailer and visual for the series were revealed at the Jump Festa in December 2021.
The anime series is directed by Tomohisa Taguchi and written by Masaki Hiramatsu [ja]. It premiered on TV Tokyo in October 2022. The series will run for four cours with off-season breaks in between. The first cours, subtitled The Blood Warfare, consists of 13 episodes and ended in December of the same year. The second cours, subtitled The Separation (訣別譚, Ketsubetsu-tan), also consists of 13 episodes and was broadcast from July to September 2023. The third cours, subtitled The Conflict (相剋譚, Sōkoku-tan), consisting of 14 episodes, aired from October to December 2024. The fourth and final cours, subtitled The Calamity (禍進譚, Kashin-tan), was announced after the third cours finale.
For The Blood Warfare cours, the opening theme song is "Scar [ja]" (スカー, Sukā), performed by Tatsuya Kitani, while the ending theme song is "Saihate" (最果て, lit. 'The Farthest Reaches'), performed by SennaRin; in addition, Kitani also performed the special ending theme song for the first episode, "Rapport [ja]", which was previously used as the theme song for the series' 20th anniversary exhibition, Bleach EX. For The Separation cours, the opening theme song is "Stars", performed by w.o.d. [ja], while the ending theme song is "Endroll [ja]", performed by Yoh Kamiyama. For The Conflict cours, the opening theme song is "Kotoba ni Sezu Tomo" (言葉にせずとも, lit. 'Even if You Don't Say It'), performed by Six Lounge [ja], while the ending theme song is "Monochrome", performed by Suisoh [ja].
In October 2022, Viz Media announced that the series would stream on Hulu in the United States and Disney+ internationally outside of Asia. The English dub of the series began streaming on Hulu in November of the same year.