Muhammad in the Quran

The Quran enumerates little about the early life of the Islamic Messenger Muhammad or other biographic details, but it talks about his prophetic mission, his moral character, and theological issues regarding him. According to the Quran Muhammad is the last in a chain of prophets sent by God (33:40).
The name "Muhammad" is mentioned four times in the Quran, and the name "Ahmad" (another variant of the name of Muhammad) is mentioned one time. However, Muhammad is also referred to with various titles such as the Messenger of Allah , unlettered, etc., and many verses about Muhammad refer directly or indirectly to him. Also, Surah (chapter) 47 of the Quran is called "Muhammad".
There are also references to Muhammad as "Messenger", "Messenger of God",(such as in Quran 3:144, 33:40 and 48:29). Other terms are used, including "Warner", "bearer of glad tidings", and the "one who invites people to a Single God" (12:108, and 33:45–46), "Seal of the Prophets" (Khatam an-Nabiyyin) 33:40 i.e. there will be no more prophets after him), a "Summoner unto Allah" and "a Lamp that gives bright light" 33:46
Verse 29:48 -- "And you did not recite before it any scripture, nor did you inscribe one with your right hand. Otherwise the falsifiers would have had [cause for] doubt"—is thought to indicate that Muhammad was illiterate and had not read any earlier scriptures.
The Quran disclaims any superhuman characteristics for Muhammad but describes him as a man possessing the highest moral excellence (Quran 68:4 "And thou dost, surely, possess sublime moral excellences"). God made him a good example or a "goodly model" for Muslims to follow (68:4, and 33:21), full of sympathy for Muslims ("Grievous to him is what you suffer; [he is] concerned over you and to the believers is kind and merciful" 9:128). In Islamic tradition, Muhammad's relation to humanity is as a bringer of truth (God's message to humanity), and as a blessing (39:33, and 21:107) whose message will give people salvation in the afterlife. It is believed by at least one pious commentator that it is Muhammad's teachings and the purity of his personal life alone that keep alive the worship of God.
While the Quran does not tell the story of Muhammad's life, a number of verses of the Quran concerning Muhammad affect Islamic doctrine, or refer to Muhammad's mission or personal life.
Some verses in the Quran concern a particular role of Muhammad (that is; being the spreader of ‘the message’). These include:
These verses say to obey the messenger only, referring to the role of the spread of the message. The message in particular is in reference to the Quran itself, in which lies the message of God within the complied verses. The key term 'messenger' is important because the titles used refer to specifically different roles of Muhammad. When 'Muhammad' is used, it is only in reference to his life and not his prophet hood. Whereas with the use of Nabi, it refers to his role and status as prophet only. This is why it's crucial to acknowledge the difference between these different titles, since 'messenger' in these verses refer only to the spreading of the Quran.
Many important events and turning points in the mission of Muhammad were connected with revelations from the Quran, although the verses are not necessarily addressed to Muhammad. (Like many verses in the Quran, they often refer to an event/story/moral without explaining the dispute/issue involved. These are made clear by Quranic commentary, by prophetic biography and/or by hadith.)
After being forced to migrate to Medina, the early Muslims began raiding Pagan caravans to weaken their economy and to regain some of what was lost from their homes. In their first successful raid, the Pagan caravan's merchandise was captured, one caravan guard was killed and two were captured. The first raid happened, however, during one of the Arab "sacred months" (the 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Arab calendar) where fighting was typically prohibited. While some of his followers were initially dismayed at this violation of tradition, Muhammad soon received divine revelation explaining the justification behind the attacks.
The first battle the Muslims fought against their unbeliever enemies at Badr in 624 CE was a victory where Muslims killed several important Meccan leaders. The battle is mentioned in the Quran as an example of how God helped Muslims and who should show gratitude in return.
A year later Muslims suffered a setback against a superior force of Meccans at the Battle of Uhud when several dozen Muslims were killed and Muhammad was wounded. A verse revealed soon after explained why if Muslims had God's favor they had not won the battle as they had at Badr: they disobeyed the Muhammad's orders and were hasty in collecting loot before the battle was won.
Verses 33:10–22 recalls the doubts and fears of some of inhabitants of Medina in the pivotal Battle of the Trench where Muhammad led the Muslims in digging a protective trench and overcame a siege by 10,000 Meccan unbelievers. (Some had lost faith and abandoned the city.) In response to his followers abandoning of work on the trench without Muhammad's permission (prior to the battle), a verse was revealed telling them not to:
After the Quraish tribe was vanquished and Mecca was conquered, a new position(according to Western scholar Alfred Guillaume) towards the non-Muslims living under the Islamic state was established . A verse was revealed requiring all non-muslims (excluding elderly persons, women, children, and monks) to pay a special tax (jizyah) in return for the military protection of the Islamic state(including the right to not participate in any defensive or offensive wars).
While the Quran's message is eternal and universal, a number of Quranic verses refer to specific issues in the life of Muhammad.
Some verses pertaining to Muhammad's marital relations, these include
While some have criticized these revelations as "convenient", encouraging Muhammad's "personal indulgences" and suggesting that the verses may actually have been concocted by Muhammad and not revealed by God, Muslims have pointed out various reasons for their wisdom. At that time, it was a common practice for men to have slave concubines and was not considered adultery; "Why must he (or anyone else, for that matter) prohibit something for themselves when God has not prohibited it for them?" Muhammad had special obligations, such as praying at night (Tahajjud), as well as privileges. The wives of Muhammad were forbidden from remarrying because they were considered to be the "mothers of the believers" (33:6).