davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Sandıklı

Sandıklı is a town of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is the seat of Sandıklı District. Its population is 33,836 (2021). The mayor is Mustafa Çöl (AKP).
Sandıklı is famed for its marble quarries, its dairy cream kaymak, and its Turkish delight. People also come from all over Turkey to bathe in the hot springs and natural mud baths in the district.
From 1867 until 1922, Sandıklı was part of the Hüdavendigâr vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.
Dead Sea salt

Dead Sea salt refers to salt and other mineral deposits extracted or taken from the Dead Sea. The composition of this material differs significantly from oceanic salt.
Dead Sea salt was used by the peoples of Ancient Egypt and it has been utilized in various unguents, skin creams, and soaps since then.
The Dead Sea's mineral composition varies with season, rainfall, depth of deposit, and ambient temperature. Most oceanic salt is approximately 85 wt.% sodium chloride (the same salt as table salt) while Dead Sea salt is only 30.5 wt.% of this, with the remainder composed of other dried minerals and salts. The extreme salinity of the Dead Sea is due to rapid evaporation and the absence of an outlet, leading to a high concentration of minerals such as magnesium, sodium, and potassium. These minerals are continuously deposited as water evaporates, making the Dead Sea one of the saltiest bodies of water on Earth. The concentrations of the major ions present in the Dead Sea water are given in the following table:
The chemical composition of the crystallized Dead Sea salts does not necessarily correspond to the results presented in this table because of composition changes due to the process of fractional crystallization.
The main detritic minerals present in the Dead Sea mud were carried by runoff streams flowing into the Dead Sea. They constituted large mud deposits intermixed with salt layers during the Holocene era. Their elemental composition expressed as equivalent oxides (except for Cl and Br) is given here below:
Except for chloride and bromide, the results of the elemental composition of the Dead Sea mud given here above are presented as equivalent oxides for the sake of convenience. To illustrate this chemical convention, the neutral sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is reported here as basic sodium oxide (Na2O) and acidic sulfur trioxide (SO3), neither of which can naturally occur under these free forms in this mud. However, one will note that the elemental composition given here above is incomplete as a major component is lacking in this table: carbon dioxide (CO2) accounting for the significant carbonate fraction present in this mud.
Dead Sea salts have been claimed to treat the following conditions:
Rheumatologic conditions can be treated in the balneotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and osteoarthritis. The minerals are absorbed while soaking, stimulating blood circulation.
Skin disorders such as acne and psoriasis may be relieved by regularly soaking the affected area in water with added Dead Sea salt. The National Psoriasis Foundation recommends Dead Sea and Dead Sea salts as effective treatments for psoriasis. High concentration of magnesium in Dead Sea salt may be helpful in improving skin hydration and reducing inflammation, although Epsom salt is a much less expensive salt that also contains high amounts of magnesium and therefore may be equally as useful for this purpose.
The high concentration of bromide and magnesium in the Dead Sea salt may help relieve allergic reactions of the skin by reducing inflammation.
Dead Sea salt may reduce the depth of skin wrinkling, a form of skin ageing.
Onychotillomania

Onychotillomania is a compulsive behavior in which a person picks constantly at the nails or tries to tear them off. It is not the same as onychophagia, where the nails are bitten or chewed, or dermatillomania, where skin is bitten or scratched. Onychotillomania can be categorized as a body-focused repetitive behavior in the DSM-5 and is a form of skin picking, also known as excoriation disorder.
It can be associated with psychiatric disorders such as depressive neurosis, delusions of infestation and hypochondriasis.
It was named by Jan Alkiewicz, a Polish dermatologist.
The constant destruction of the nail bed leads to onychodystrophy, paronychia and darkening of the nail.
Some cases have been treated successfully with antipsychotics.
One cheap solution suggested by researchers is to cover the proximal nail fold with a Cyanoacrylate glue. "The mechanism of action for improvement is probably related to the presence of an obstacle to picking."
Anti-inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory or antiphlogistic is the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation or swelling. Anti-inflammatory drugs, also called anti-inflammatories, make up about half of analgesics. These drugs remedy pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system to block pain signaling to the brain.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alleviate pain by counteracting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme. On its own, COX enzyme synthesizes prostaglandins, creating inflammation. In whole, the NSAIDs prevent the prostaglandins from ever being synthesized, reducing or eliminating the inflammation and resulting pain.
Some common examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. The newer specific COX-inhibitors are not classified together with the traditional NSAIDs, even though they presumably share the same mode of action.
On the other hand, there are analgesics that are commonly associated with anti-inflammatory drugs but that have no anti-inflammatory effects. An example is paracetamol (known as acetaminophen in the U.S). Contrary to NSAIDs, which reduce pain and inflammation by inhibiting COX enzymes, paracetamol has—as early as 2006—been shown to block the reuptake of endocannabinoids, which only reduces pain, likely explaining why it has minimal effect on inflammation; paracetamol is sometimes combined with an NSAID (in place of an opioid) in clinical practice to enhance the pain relief of the NSAID, while still receiving the injury/disease modulating effect of NSAID-induced inflammation reduction (which is not received from opioid/paracetamol combinations).
Long-term use of NSAIDs can cause gastric erosions, which can become stomach ulcers and in extreme cases can cause severe haemorrhage, resulting in death. The risk of death as a result of GI bleeding caused by the use of NSAIDs is 1 in 12,000 for adults aged 16–45. The risk increases almost twentyfold for those over 75. Other dangers of NSAIDs are exacerbating asthma and causing kidney damage. Apart from aspirin, prescription and over-the-counter NSAIDs also increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
Corticosteroids, specifically glucocorticoids or glucocorticoid receptor agonists, are powerful anti-inflammatory agents, but they are also powerful immunosuppressants and are associated with various toxicities, which constrains their use.
Antileukotrienes are anti-inflammatory agents which function as leukotriene-related enzyme inhibitors (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (cysteinyl leukotriene receptors), and consequently oppose the function of these inflammatory mediators. Although they are not used for analgesic benefits, they are widely utilized in the treatment of diseases related to inflammation of the lungs, such as asthma and COPD, as well as sinus inflammation in allergic rhinitis.
2022 in UFC

The year 2022 was the 30th year in the history of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States.
Despite the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, the promotion's UFC Apex continued hosting events with reduced crowds, with 21 events held.
Starting in 2019, the UFC created year-end awards with "UFC Honors President's Choice Awards" for categories "Performance of the Year" and "Fight of the Year" being chosen by UFC CEO Dana White. The other "UFC Honors Fan Choice Awards" are for categories "Knockout of the Year", "Submission of the Year", "Event of the Year", "Comeback of the Year" and, from 2020, "Debut of the Year" in which fans are able to vote for the winner on social media.
Winners receive a trophy commemorating their achievement along with a set of tires from sponsor Toyo Tires.
These fighters have either been released from their UFC contracts, announced their retirement or joined other promotions:
The following fighters fought their first UFC fight in 2022:
The list below is based on fighters suspended either by (1) United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) or World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) for violation of taking prohibited substances or non-analytical incidents, (2) by local commissions on misconduct during the fights or at event venues, or (3) by the UFC for reasons also stated below.
The following The Ultimate Fighter seasons are scheduled for broadcast in 2022:
Digital health interventions

Digital health interventions, or digital healthcare interventions, commonly referenced as DHIs in scientific articles, are technology-based solutions created to support healthcare systems, improve health outcomes, and enhance patient engagement in healthcare. Digital health interventions have emerged as an alternative in healthcare that may enable improved health outcomes, increase healthcare delivery, and empower patients. Commonly, it offers options to provide treatments, monitor health conditions, assist patients, and enable healthcare professionals to extend their services. Health mobile applications have become more popular - as mentioned by Butcher and Hussain, in 2022, more than 100,000 healthcare mobile applications were offered in Apple and Google app stores. As of 2022, over 100,000 healthcare apps were available in major app stores, underscoring the growing integration of digital tools in healthcare management. These interventions may utilise various digital technologies and applications, besides mobile apps and websites, and they may comprehend wearables, biosensors, and Internet of Things
DHIs are usually applied for:
Murray et al. detailed that DHIs can encompass "information, psycho-education, personal stories, formal decision aids, behaviour change support, interactions with HCP and other patients, self-assessment or monitoring tools (questionnaires, wearables, monitors, and effective theory-based psychological interventions developed for face-to-face delivery such as cognitive behavioural therapy or mindfulness training."
Digital healthcare interventions have being applied to different contexts and scenarios:
While DHIs offer significant benefits, there are also challenges to consider. A major challenge for DHIs is the digital divide, which includes disparities in access to technology, internet connectivity, and digital literacy, especially in underserved populations. The digital divide is one of the most common, and it concerns disparities in access to technology and digital literacy. Data privacy and security are another issue, as protecting sensitive health information may be challenging and subject to changes in laws and governmental regulations. The expansion of digital health interventions offers a promising path to reduce healthcare disparities, but it also requires addressing issues such as user engagement, long-term sustainability, and the inclusivity of various demographic groups.
DHIs have expanded at an accelerated pace - according to Gentili et al. (2022), "more than 120 countries are prioritizing health-related digital progress". However, evidence of the DHI's cost-effectiveness is still limited . While the potential for cost savings is clear, studies evaluating the cost-effectiveness of DHIs are still limited, and further research is needed to assess their long-term financial impact. Despite the rapid growth in the adoption of DHIs, concerns about their effectiveness in diverse populations and their integration into existing healthcare systems continue to warrant further examination.
Campeonato colombiano 1969

El Campeonato colombiano 1969 fue el vigesimosegundo (22°.) torneo de la Categoría Primera A de fútbol profesional colombiano en la historia.
En esta temporada participaron 14 equipos, los mismos de la temporada anterior. Se jugaron dos torneos, (Apertura y Finalización ida y vuelta) donde los dos mejores de cada campeonato clasifican al cuadrangular final, que puede convertirse en un triangular si un equipo clasifica en ambos torneos, o una final si dos equipos repiten posición tanto en el Apertura como en el Finalización. Se jugaron 372 partidos entre los 14 clubes inscritos y se anotaron 1060 goles siendo el Deportivo Cali el que más anotó con 105 conquistas y el que más recibió fue el Independiente Medellín con 98 goles en contra.
Deportivo Cali ganó el Torneo Apertura y América fue segundo. En el Torneo Finalización Deportivo Cali y Millonarios tuvieron que jugar un desempate del torneo a juegos de ida y vuelta: Millonarios vs Deportivo Cali 1-1,Deportivo Cali vs. Millonarios 0-0. En el partido extra, jugado en Medellín, igualaron de nuevo 1-1 y al mantenerse el empate Millonarios y Deportivo Cali se fueron a la definición por penales ganando Millonarios 5-0.
El campeón de esta edición fue el Deportivo Cali que obtuvo su tercera estrella. El subcampeón fue América de Cali. El goleador fue Hugo Horacio Lóndero del América de Cali con 26 goles.
Íncubo

Un íncubo (del latín Incubus, in, ‘sobre’ y cubare, ‘yacer’, ‘acostarse’) es un demonio en la creencia y mitología popular europea de la Edad Media, que se supone que se posa encima de la víctima durmiente, para tener relaciones sexuales con quien duerme, de acuerdo con una amplia cantidad de tradiciones mitológicas y legendarias. Su contraparte femenina se llama súcubo.
Un íncubo puede buscar tener relaciones sexuales con una mujer para convertirse en el padre de un niño, como en la leyenda de Merlín.​ Algunas fuentes indican que puede ser identificado por su antinatural frío pene;​ en otras culturas, es todo lo contrario, puesto que esa parte de su cuerpo es lo único que mantiene caliente. La tradición religiosa sostiene que tener relaciones sexuales con un íncubo o súcubo puede provocar un deterioro en la salud, o incluso hasta la muerte.​ Las víctimas viven la experiencia como un sueño sin poder despertar de éste. Este ser también puede tomar la forma de un hombre apuesto, a veces hasta enamorar a sus víctimas. Mientras todo eso pasa va consumiendo la energía de la mujer seducida. Cuando es el íncubo quien pretende extender la vida de su amante, ésta goza de salud, bienestar físico y emocional; un íncubo enamorado puede ser igual de beneficioso como peligroso.
Se le conoce por diferentes nombres alrededor del mundo de acuerdo con el folclore popular y la mitología regional.
Vicariato apostólico de Leticia

El vicariato apostólico de Leticia (en latín: Vicariatus Apostolicus Laetitiae) es una circunscripción eclesiástica de la Iglesia católica en Colombia. Se trata de un vicariato apostólico latino, inmediatamente sujeto a la Santa Sede (agregado a la provincia eclesiástica de Florencia).​ Desde el 23 de octubre de 2000 su vicario apostólico es el obispo José de Jesús Quintero Díaz.​
El vicariato apostólico tiene 109 665 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en la mayor parte del departamento de Amazonas (municipios de Leticia y Puerto Nariño y 9 áreas no municipalizadas: El Encanto, La Chorrera, La Pedrera, La Victoria, Mirití-Paraná, Puerto Arica, Puerto Santander y Tarapacá), a excepción del distrito de Puerto Alegría.
Su territorio limita al norte con el vicariato apostólico de Puerto Leguízamo-Solano y el Vicariato apostólico de Mitú, al este con la República Federativa del Brasil, y al sur y oeste con la República del Perú.​
La sede del vicariato apostólico se encuentra en la ciudad de Leticia, en donde se halla la Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz.
En 2022 en el vicariato apostólico existían 12 parroquias:
La prefectura apostólica de Leticia fue erigida el 8 de febrero de 1951 mediante la bula Quo efficacius del papa Pío XII, derivando el territorio del vicariato apostólico de Caquetá (hoy diócesis de Mocoa-Sibundoy).​ La misión fue confiada a los misioneros capuchinos de la provincia de Cataluña.
El 4 de marzo de 1989, mediante el decreto Per Constitutionem Apostolicam de la Congregación para la Evangelización de los Pueblos, se encomendó el cuidado pastoral de la prefectura apostólica a los obispos de la diócesis de Santa Rosa de Osos. Ese mismo día fue nombrado prefecto apostólico Alfonso Yepes Rojo, sacerdote de la misma diócesis.​
El 23 de octubre de 2000 la prefectura apostólica fue elevada a vicariato apostólico mediante la bula Cum in Praefectura del papa Juan Pablo II.​
El 21 de febrero de 2013 cedió una porción de territorio para la erección del vicariato apostólico de Puerto Leguízamo-Solano mediante la bula Caritas Domini del papa Benedicto XVI.​
Según el Anuario Pontificio 2023 el vicariato apostólico tenía a fines de 2022 un total de 83 000 fieles bautizados.
Leticia Comerón

Leticia Comerón Refojos (Vitoria, 12 de noviembre de 1982) es una política española del Partido Popular del País Vasco, concejal y portavoz del grupo popular en el Ayuntamiento de Vitoria.
Estudió en el Colegio Vera-Cruz de Vitoria y continúo su formación en la UPV-EHU. Se licenció en Ciencias Políticas y de la Administración por la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU).​ Continuó preparándose cursando el máster en Gobierno de las Organizaciones por la Universidad de Navarra (2006), el máster en Política y Gobernabilidad por la Universidad de Deusto (2006) y el Master of Business Administration MBA por IE Business School (2008).
Se incorporó al Partido Popular (PP) en 2001 procedente del movimiento asociativo.​ Desde 2005 fue presidenta de Nuevas Generaciones de Álava hasta ser elegida para liderar la organización a nivel regional, en el décimo congreso de Nuevas Generaciones del País Vasco, siendo la primera mujer en ocupar dicho cargo.​
Es concejala en el ayuntamiento de Vitoria desde junio del 2007, siendo entonces la mujer electa más joven de la historia del consistorio vitoriano.​
Entre 2011 y 2015, con Javier Maroto como alcalde, Comerón tuvo responsabilidades como concejala delegada en las áreas de Tecnologías de la Información, Mantenimiento y Espacio Público. Desde 2016 es portavoz del grupo municipal del PP en Vitoria, sustituyendo en el cargo a Maroto, quien abandonó el consistorio el 17 de octubre de ese año.
Leticia Comerón se presentó como candidata a la alcaldía de Vitoria el 19 de octubre de 2018 en el Palacio Europa en un acto del Partido Popular donde intervenieron los anteriores alcaldes de la ciudad, Alfonso Alonso y Javier Maroto.​​
Leticia (nombre)

Leticia es un nombre propio femenino de origen latino (Lætitia) que significa "alegría" o "felicidad". En la persona significa "la que trae alegría". Aparecía en la forma "Lettice" en la Inglaterra medieval y en "Leticia" como adjetivo de "felicidad" en el español antiguo, pero rara vez ambos se utilizan en la actualidad. En las versiones anteriores del programa de edición de texto Microsoft Word, la palabra "Leticia" se corregía automáticamente a "felicidad".
Este nombre varía según su última consonante, dando lugar a ser Letizia o Leticia. La onomástica de Santa Leticia se celebra el 13 de marzo.
Del adjetivo que nos legaron los romanos, se pasó al nombre laetitia (que los italorromanos pronunciaban letizia (he ahí la forma italiana), y los hispanorromanos Leticia (he ahí la forma española).
Este nombre se le atribuía a la diosa Ceres, En una moneda de oro de Antonino Pío aparece Ceres y la inscripción Laetitia.
Leticia también es una ciudad ubicada en el extremo sur de Colombia. Es la capital del Departamento del Amazonas, lugar donde se localiza una embotelladora de Bebidas gaseosas del Mismo Nombre de la Ciudad: Gaseosas Leticia, Leticiosa (haciendo un juego de palabras con Leticia y Deliciosa), conocida mundialmente por ser la embotelladora de bebidas gaseosas más pequeña del mundo.​
A Nivel de organizaciones e instituciones, El nombre Leticia es citado en el Escudo y Bandera de la Universidad de Santiago de Chile, bajo el lema Labor lætitia nostra ((lat.) En el trabajo está nuestra alegría), haciendo referencia a la Escuela de Artes y Oficios, creada en Chile en 6 de julio de 1949.
Algunas personas relevantes con este nombre:
Museo Etnográfico Amazónico (Iquitos)

El Museo Etnográfico Amazónico, también denominado como Museo Amazónico, es un museo antropológico situado en la ciudad del Iquitos. El museo está dedicado principalmente a las comunidades nativas de la Amazonía.​ Fue inaugurado el 15 de marzo de 1996.​ Cuenta con una colección de 30 estatuas representando a las diferentes comunidades nativas de la amazonia. También tiene una galería fotográfica durante la época del caucho y una exhibición de retratos.
El Museo Amazónico es administrado por la Dirección Desconcentrada de Cultura de Loreto, dependencia del Ministerio de Cultura del Perú.
El edificio fue declarado Patrimonio Histórico Cultural de la Nación por el Instituto Nacional de Cultura mediante la R.M. 793-86 ed. La estructura fue construida en el año 1863 en estilo neoclásico. En sus inicios albergó la Comandancia General del Ejército para luego ser donada a la Prefectura de Loreto. Fue restaurada en 1893. En 1903 se construyó el segundo piso. La última restauración se realizó en 1996 para luego convertirse en museo. El edificio cuenta con grandes ventanas de arcos de medio punto protegidos por barrotes de hierro redondo. La decoración mural realizada en madera tallada fue creada por el artesano Demetrio Días Souzaen.
Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz (Leticia)

La Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz (también conocida como Catedral de Leticia o Iglesia de Leticia) es la principal edificación religiosa en Leticia. Está localizada en el centro de la ciudad, cerca de la carretera 11 en frente del parque Santander.​ Es propiedad de la Iglesia Católica en Colombia, pertenece al Vicariato apostólico de Leticia y es hogar del monseñor José de Jesús Quintero Díaz.​
El 25 de noviembre de 1934, un año posterior a la desocupación peruana de Leticia luego de la guerra colombo-peruana, en la Catedral de Bogotá se bendijo la primera piedra para la construcción de una parroquia en Leticia.​ La parroquia fue edificada con tres naves, una gran fachada con arcos, y un campanario en su parte más elevada.​ La inauguración fue en julio de 1936.​
En octubre de 2000 se desarrolló una restauración ante el deterioro, dándole su aspecto actual.​​ En su restauración, su mirador de máximo de 10 personas fue abierto al público por motivos turísticos.​
Parque Santander (Leticia)

El parque Santander es un parque público situado en la ciudad de Leticia, al sureste de Colombia. Su principal atractivo es estar rodeado de vegetación endémica de la amazonia, lo que convierte al parque en una reserva de aves brotogeris. Se ubica en la carretera 11 en frente del río Amazonas.​
Fue construido por la Ley 114 del 23 de diciembre de 1940 con el nombre de Plaza Orellana, para conmemorar el IV centenario del descubrimiento del río Amazonas por parte del español Francisco de Orellana en 1542.​ El Congreso de la República de Colombia expresó lo siguiente:
Se ordenó que alrededor de la nueva plaza debían estar todas las entidades de carácter administrativo, religioso, militar y financiero de Leticia. En la década de 1940 por motivo de la conmemoración del primer centenario de la muerte de Francisco de Paula Santander, militar que participó en el proceso de la independencia colombiana, en tiempos posteriores se realizó modificaciones al parque así como su cambio de nombre oficial a Santander pues el nombre Orellana había caído en desuso.​
Santander es el principal parque urbano de Leticia,​​ se encuentra cerca de la Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Paz, cuenta con varios senderos peatonales, en su interior hay un espejo de agua con especímenes de victorias regias y diversas estatuas dedicadas a los pueblos indígenas y a Francisco de Paula Santander.​
En sus alrededores vendedores ambulantes ofrecen comida callejera local amazónica y asiática,​ también en el corazón del parque hay una concha acústica para encuentros culturales internacionales entre Brasil, Colombia y Perú.​
Santander cuenta con una pequeña biblioteca móvil, ocho de las repartidas en toda Leticia del proyecto BiblioVan.​ El Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social y el Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar realizan campañas de prevención y cuidado en la salud pública en el parque.​​
El parque carece de la presencia de palomas, en su lugar tiene a catitas que suelen sobrevolar el parque en horas de la tarde.​​
Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonía

La Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Amazonía, es una Sede de Presencia Nacional de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, ubicada frente a la pista de aterrizaje del Aeropuerto Internacional Alfredo Vásquez Cobo, en las afueras de la ciudad de Leticia, sobre el kilómetro 2 de la vía hacia Tarapacá. Su campus recoge elementos locales y autóctonos en su diseño, obra del arquitecto Santiago Moreno, lo que fue destacado en la XVI Bienal de Arquitectura Colombiana.​
Lo que hoy es la sede fue creada por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia en 1989 como la Estación Científica de Leticia, que fue convertida en la quinta sede en 1994, y con Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones IMANI como unidad académica por medio del Acuerdo 012 del 15 de marzo de 1995 del Consejo Superior Universitario.​
La sede cuenta con el pregrado de Administración de Empresas​ y el Programa Especial de Admisión y Movilidad Académica (PEAMA). En posgrado, ofrece la Especialización en Estudios Amazónicos y Maestría en Estudios Amazónicos.​
Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam

La Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam es una universidad pública ecuatoriana que abrió sus puertas el 20 de octubre de 2014. Se encuentra situada en la Amazonía, a 7 kilómetros de la ciudad de Tena, en la Parroquia de Muyuna, provincia de Napo, en el piedemonte amazónico (inicio de la cuenca hidrográfica de la Amazonía). El término Ikiam proviene de la shuar y significa selva.
Ikiam se creó mediante Ley publicada en el Registro Oficial, Suplemento No. 144, como una institución de educación superior de derecho público, sin fines de lucro, con personería jurídica propia, con autonomía académica, administrativa, financiera y orgánica, acorde con los principios establecidos en la Constitución de la República y la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior del Ecuador. El 20 de octubre de 2014, inició sus labores académicas con alumnos de varias provincias del Ecuador.
El área de construcción de la universidad cubre un predio de 246 hectáreas. De manera complementaria, Ikiam tiene acceso a la Reserva Biológica Colonso Chalupas (RBCC), área protegida recientemente por parte del Estado ecuatoriano, con 93.246 hectáreas y que cubre un rango altitudinal que va desde los bosques húmedos tropicales amazónicos a 477 metros de altitud hasta los páramos altoandinos de 4.480 metros en el lado oriental de la Cordillera de Los Andes.​
Actualmente, la Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam tiene 934 alumnos provenientes de todas las regiones del país (51% de los cuales son mujeres) y 105 profesores (54% con título Ph.D.). El personal administrativo de IKIAM cuenta con 21% de trabajadores pertenecientes a pueblos y nacionalidades.​
La misión de Ikiam es "proporcionar formación y producción científica de calidad enfocándose en la conservación y el aprovechamiento de los recursos biológicos y la consolidación de políticas de sustentabilidad basadas en la evidencia científica y el compromiso con el medio ambiente".​
La visión de la Ikiam es “ser referente mundial en la investigación de la biodiversidad, mediante la perspectiva de las ciencias experimentales y el desarrollo tecnológico; alcanzando así la excelencia académica en las áreas de conocimiento de ciencias de la vida, ciencias del agua, geociencias y biotecnología."​
La propuesta de Ikiam se establece sobre la base de tres objetivos específicos:​
Actualmente, oferta las siguientes carreras:
Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica

La Organización del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (OTCA) es un organismo intergubernamental constituido por ocho Países Miembros: Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela y es el único bloque socio-ambiental de países dedicado a la Amazonía.
La OTCA es instituida como consecuencia del Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (TCA) suscripto el 3 de julio de 1978. Los objetivos del Tratado son la preservación del medio ambiente y el uso racional de los recursos naturales de la Amazonía. En 1995, los ocho Países Miembros decidieron crear la OTCA y en 2003 establecieron la Secretaría Permanente de la OTCA para fortalecer e implementar los objetivos del Tratado.
La OTCA tiene la convicción que la Amazonia constituye una reserva estratégica y que sus particularidades, la hacen única y una de las más ricas del planeta. Uno de los objetivos fundamentales de la OTCA, es impulsar el desarrollo armónico de la Región Amazónica, por medio de la coordinación, desarrollo, promoción y ejecución de programas, proyectos y actividades. Las áreas de acción que los países han definido para trabajar, van íntimamente ligadas a los tesoros que la Amazonia posee y la necesidad de conservarlos y procurar su gestión integral.
El 7 de enero de 2019 Alexandra Moreira tomó posesión de su cargo como nueva Secretaria General de la Secretaría Permanente, por un periodo de tres años (2019 - 2021).
Entre sus principales ejes de trabajo se encuentran:
Para este trabajo y ejecución conjunta de acciones, los países están comprometidos financieramente, sin embargo, para un alcance mayor en su área geográfica, la OTCA busca financiamiento con aliados y socios estratégicos, para generar un impacto mayor con efectos multiplicadores para sus habitantes y para la naturaleza.
La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, entre otros acuerdos internacionales, son elementos que se integran en las acciones definidas como parte de la estrategia en el trabajo de la OTCA.
El Tratado de Cooperación Amazónica (TCA) fue suscripto el 3 de julio de 1978 por Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Perú, Surinam y Venezuela con el fin de promover acciones conjuntas para el desarrollo armónico de la Cuenca Amazónica.​
Los países miembros asumieron entonces el compromiso común con la preservación del medio ambiente y la utilización racional de los recursos naturales de la Amazonía.
En 1995, las ocho naciones decidieron crear la OTCA para fortalecer e implementar los objetivos del tratado. La enmienda al TCA fue aprobada en 1998 y la Secretaría Permanente fue establecida en Brasilia en diciembre de 2003.
Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport

Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto Internacional Alfredo Vásquez Cobo, IATA: LET, ICAO: SKLT) is an international airport located in Leticia, Colombia's southernmost city and capital of the Amazonas Department.
The airport is important for the Amazon region, as it is the main gateway to the rest of the country and serves the tri-border area between Colombia, Brazil and Peru.
Before Leticia had an established airport, the Colombian Air Force flew PBY Catalina aircraft from the interior of Colombia to the river banks of the city. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla seeing the need to better connect the Amazon region of Colombia to Bogota ordered for an airport to be built.
In 2015, Juan Manuel Santos, the then president of Colombia, announced an investment of over $142 billion Colombian pesos (or $42 million US dollars) to replace the existing facilities with brand new passenger and cargo terminals, control tower, parking and common areas, and access roadways. Construction was expected to conclude on November 30, 2018, however due to delays the new facilities are expected to be completed by June 2019.
Two hundred international tourists were trapped in Leticia after the highly-contagious Brazilian variant of COVID-19 virus was discovered in the city on January 28, 2021. Two weeks later the government agreed to fly the tourists out of the Alfredo Vásquez Cobo airport if the individuals were willing to pay. Regularly scheduled flights resumed on March 2.
Permanently stationed onsite is the Amazonas Air Group, of the Colombian Air Force, which operates out of the Colonel Herbert Boy Air Base. The air base shares the same runway with the airport and jointly manage other facilities.
Amazonas (Colombian department)

Amazonas (Spanish pronunciation: [amaˈsonas]) is a department of Southern Colombia. It is the largest department in area while having the third smallest population among the departments. Its capital is Leticia and its name comes from the Amazon River, which drains the department.
It is made up entirely of Amazon Rainforest territory. The southern portion of the department, south of the Putumayo River, is called the "Amazonian Trapeze", which includes the triple border of Colombia, Peru and Brazil, and its southern limit is the Amazon River.
The department name comes from the name of the Amazon River. The river was named by the Spanish explorer Francisco de Orellana (1511–1546), who, on his voyage of exploration, said he was attacked by "fierce females" who looked like Amazons of the Greek mythology; however, the existence of a female warrior tribe in that time hasn't been demonstrated and it is possible that they were long-haired Native American warriors who impressed the conqueror, who called the jungle and the river with the name of Amazon.
The following ethnic groups are found in the department: Bora, Cocama, Macuna, Mirana, Okaina, Ticunas, Tucano, Uitoto, Yagua, and Yucuna, among others. These groups are more than 5,000 years old. In 2018, the population comprised 76,589 people.
The Amazonas Department covers 109,665 km (42,342 sq mi) of protected area, most of it under the name of "forest reserve" since 1959. There are currently four "National Parks" (Amacayacú, Cahuinarí, Rio Puree, and Yagoje Apaporis).
1°30′S 71°30′W﻿ / ﻿1.500°S 71.500°W﻿ / -1.500; -71.500
List of Spanish inventions and discoveries

The following list is composed of items, techniques and processes that were invented by or discovered by people from Spain.
Spain was an important center of knowledge during the medieval era. While most of western and southern Europe suffered from the collapse of the Roman Empire, although declining, some regions of the former empire, Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula), southern Italy, and the remainder of the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire, did not to suffer from the full impact of the so-called Dark Ages when education collapsed with the collapse of the empire and most knowledge was lost. The Islamic conquests of places such as Egypt, which was a major part of the Byzantine Empire, and other places which were centers of knowledge in earlier times, gave the Muslims access to knowledge from many cultures which they translated into Arabic and recorded in books for the use of their own educated elites, who flourished in this period, and took with them to the Hispania after it fell under Muslim control. Much of this knowledge was later translated by Christian and Jewish scholars in the Christian kingdoms of the Reconquista from Arabic into Latin, and from there it spread through Europe.
Note: Although these inventions were created on the Iberian Peninsula, that does not mean they were not made by people of Spanish heritage due to the area being part of the Islamic Empire.
Spain has been a center of fashion since medieval times. Barcelona and Madrid have both been named as fashion capitals of the world, with Barcelona being the fifth most important fashion capital in the world back in 2015. Spain is the home country of the largest fashion retail store and textiles designer in the world, Zara and its parent Inditex, making their CEO main shareholder, Amancio Ortega Gaona, the second wealthiest man in the world in 2015. Barcelona is the headquarters of another international retail company, Mango.
Inventions:
Parhyale hawaiensis

Parhyale hawaiensis is an amphipod crustacean species that is used in developmental and genetic analyses. It is categorized as an emerging model organism as the main biological techniques necessary for the study of an organism have been established.
Parhyale hawaiensis is a detritovore that has a circumtropical, worldwide, intertidal, and shallow-water marine distribution, and it may occur as a species complex. It has been reported to occur in large populations (more than 3,000 per square metre) on decaying mangrove leaf material in environments subjected to rapid changes in salinity. The ability to tolerate rapid temperature and osmotic changes allows this species to thrive under typical laboratory conditions. It is a robust species and is being considered for aquaculture.
Females produce embryos every 2 weeks once they reach sexual maturity. Embryogenesis is relatively short, lasting about 10 days at 26 °C (79 °F). Females normally brood the embryos in a ventral brood pouch. Close examination of the embryonic development of P. hawaiensis has produced the most detailed staging system for any crustacean. Complete embryogenesis has been divided into 30 discrete stages, which are readily identifiable in living animals or by means of common molecular markers in fixed specimens. Hatchlings possess a complete complement of segments and appendages which are morphologically similar to those of adult animals.
Parhyale hawaiensis is used in genetic research because eggs and embryos are easily manipulated. Embryos can be rapidly and easily removed from the brood pouch and maintained in seawater. Eggs can be collected and hatched individually, and the mature animals can subsequently be used in pairwise sister-brother or mother-son matings to generate inbred lines.
Fertilized eggs are sufficiently large to perform microinjections and blastomere isolations with relative ease. Developing P. hawaiensis embryos are clear, allowing for both detailed microscopic analyses in situ and the use of fluorescently tagged tracer molecules in live embryos. Early cleavage is holoblastic (total), allowing the fates of individual early cells to be explored through experimental manipulation.
A transcriptome of P. hawaiensis was initially generated using the pyrosequencing technique. This resource is freely available for download. Subsequent, more complete transcriptomes were generated using Illumina sequencing. The transcriptome data can be used for the creation of in situ probes and other experimental tools. The genome is available from NCBI
The genome of P. hawaiensis is available and was sequenced using Illumina short read sequencing. This first version (V3.0) of the genome was recently superseded by a more contiguous version generated by Chicago sequencing through the Dovetail platform. The new version Phaw_5.0 is available on NCBI.
Amacayacu National Park

Amacayacu National Natural Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu) is a national park located along the Amazon River in the Amazonas Department in the south of Colombia. The word "Amacayacu" means "River of the Hamocs" in the indigenous language Quechua. The Ticuna people currently inhabit a part of the park.
The park comprises 4,220 square kilometres of jungle, a significant portion of which is annually flooded by the Amazon River during the wet season. The park's elevations vary from 200 to 300 meters above sea level, and temperatures in the park vary only slightly on an annual basis, from 26 to 28 degrees Celsius.
The park is of considerable interest to scientists. Many zoological specimens have been collected in the park.
In order to travel to the Amacayacu National Park, travelers must arrive in the city of Leticia then embark by boat upriver to the park itself. In the park visitors can do different activities such as trips along the Amazon river to different islands like Isla de los Micos where you can find hundreds of monkeys, Mocagua's island where one can see Victoria Regia or lotus flower and one of the most interesting activities: a trip up the Amazon River to Tarapoto Lake which has botos (Amazon river dolphins).
The park includes accommodations that consists of a maloca where travelers can sleep with a group of people in hammocks or cabins for 2 to 4 travelers.
Travelers must be very careful about mosquitos when the sun goes down. Travelers are advised to wear shirts with long sleeves and long trousers.
The park was created in 1975. In 1970, Julia Allen Field (1927-2010), the American founder and President of Amazonia 2000, asked INDERENA (The Institute for Natural Resources, Colombia's equivalent to the U.S. Department of the Interior, now called The National Institute of Renewable Natural Resources and Environment) to establish a protected forest and wildlife sanctuary, including jaguars, around the research station she built called La Manigua on the Cothué River. (3°10'58.8"S 70°12'00.0"W)
In 1975, Julio Carrizosa, the Director of INDERENA, achieved the creation of Amacayacu National Park, an area of approximately 4,220 square kilometers of jungle. He also courageously banned hunting for the international skin trade (e.g., jaguar, ocelot, deer), which had fueled the local economy.
On September 30, 1975, in Tarapacá, Colombia, a town closest to La Manigua, the Chief of Forestry, Fidel Castillo, and Alirio Muñoz, the town's Mayor, announced the establishment of the national park and the ban on all cutting of the forests for lumber. Castillo credited Field with inspiring the park, saying to all assembled, "Your name is written across the map."
The Masked Singer Brasil season 2

The second season of The Masked Singer Brasil premiered on January 23, 2022, on TV Globo and concluded on April 24, 2022.
Singer Ivete Sangalo returns as host while Priscilla Alcantara (the previous seasons winner) serves as a backstage interviewer. The panelists include actor Rodrigo Lombardi, actress Taís Araújo and comedian Eduardo Sterblitch in addition comedian Tatá Werneck joined the panel for the second season, replacing Simone Mendes.
After this season, in 2023, Aline Wirley (Caranguejo) and MC Guimê (Lampião, from Lampião & Maria Bonita) appeared in Big Brother Brasil 23. Aline was the runner-up of the season, while Guimê was expelled.
Still in 2023, Heloísa Périssé (Coxinha) and Daiane dos Santos (Ursa) appeared in Dança dos Famosos 20. Both remain in the competition.
All numbers are in points and provided by Kantar Ibope Media.
Puerto Nariño

Puerto Nariño is the second municipality of the Amazonas department of Colombia, located on the shore of the Amazon River.
Puerto Nariño coves an area of 1,876 km (724 sq mi). It has about 6,000 residents, most of them are indigenous (from the Ticuna tribe) and its specificity is that it is entirely pedestrian, no car or motorcycle being allowed, as an experiment in an ecological community. The traffic with the smaller communities along the river, and with Leticia, the only other Colombian municipality in the region, takes place by motorboats.
It is named after a famous Colombian general, Antonio Nariño, who took an active part in the independence war against the Spanish occupiers.
Puerto Nariño is the second municipality of the Amazonas department. It is on the edge of the River Loretoyaco, 67 km (42 mi) from Leticia and 1,240 km (770 mi) from Bogota. The average temperature is 30 °C (86 °F).
The town was founded on 1961 August 18 by a doctor named Jose Humberto Espejo Hernandez.
Puerto Nariño has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
3°46′24″S 70°22′55″W﻿ / ﻿3.77333°S 70.38194°W﻿ / -3.77333; -70.38194
Martha Boto

Martha Boto (27 December 1925 – 13 October 2004) was an Argentine artist. Boto was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and was co-founder of the Group of Non-Figurative Artists of Argentina. She is considered to be a pioneer of kinetic and programmed art.
Coming from a family of artists, where they always supported her in her vocation. She studied drawing and painting at Escuela Superior de Bellas Artes in 1944, and graduated in 1950.
She moved to Paris in 1959 with her husband and collaborator Gregorio Vardanega, where she lived until her death in 2004.
Boto's earliest work was primarily geometric abstractions. During the 50s she had her first concerns regarding space, which ended in creations of structures where she made use of plexiglass with colored water. By 1956, she joined the Concrete art group "Arte Nuevo".
She was among the first artists in Buenos Aires to use movement as a component in her sculptures. In 1957, she started the group Artistas No Figurativos de la Argentina alongside Gregorio Vardanega.
In 1959 she moved to Paris and a year later she took part in the I Biennale de Paris where her career as a kinetic artist took off, her work was centered on the concepts of movement, light and color.
After Boto moved to Paris, Denise René promoted her work. Boto began to incorporate more industrial materials, such as electric motors, into her sculptures at this time.
She was known for her "investigations led on the principle of repetition in the world of reflection". Boto looked for an art capable of awakening different emotions, psychological reactions of joy and tension, an art that could become a medicine for the spirit.
Boto's work is included in international collections world wide, which includes the collection of the Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida. Her work is on view to the audience as of 2024.
Poás Volcano National Park

Poás Volcano National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Volcán Poás) is a national park in Costa Rica that covers an area of approximately 65 square kilometres (16,000 acres); the summit of Poás Volcano located within the park is at an elevation of 2,700 metres (8,900 ft). The park was established on 25 January 1971. Depending on conditions, visitors can walk all the way to the edge of the main crater, but on 13 April 2017 the park was closed to visitors due to an explosive eruption on the evening of 12 April. Still further eruptions, including on Easter, 16 April, caused the park to be closed until August 2018.
Over the years, the park has been frequently closed to visitors due to precautions because of water vapor and sulfuric acid gas emissions. The status of the park being subject to change, potential visitors should check the current conditions at the park. Poas Volcano erupted twice briefly in September 2019.
The volcano is located in the Central Conservation Area located in the Alajuela Province near the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, which encompasses the area around the Poás Volcano. The main crater is 290 metres (950 ft) wide and is quite active with frequent small geyser and lava eruptions, however the last major eruptions were during 1952–54. Two more craters make up parts of the park, the extinct Von Frantzuis crater and the Botos crater. Lake Botos is a beautiful cold, green water crater lake with a diameter of 370 metres (1,200 ft). The Botos crater has not erupted for about 7,500 years. Well-marked trails lead to the two inactive craters, conditions permitting.
The park maintains a variety of wild plant and animal species, such as the Poas magnolia bird species, including the clay-colored robin, black guan, resplendent quetzal and varieties of hummingbirds, tanagers, flycatchers and toucans. Mammals within the park include coyotes, rabbits, and marmots.
Adji-boto

Adji-boto is a traditional mancala game played by the Saramaccans, i.e., the Maroons who live on the banks of the Saramacca river, in Suriname. It is similar to some mancalas played in West Africa, especially Benin, and could be regarded as a variation of the Wari game, which is the most common mancala game found in the Americas.
The game plays an important role in the social life of Saramaccans, and it is especially connected to funeral rituals. After someone's death, the game is played for the ten days before burial; at night, the board is left outside in the open so that the yorkas (spirits of the dead) can play with it. The intent is to lure the spirits into the village so that they will eventually accept the dead's spirit in their community. Board can only be manufactured by widows.