davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
London 2012 Olympic Torch

The London 2012 Olympic Torch was carried around the UK for 70 days in the London 2012 Torch Relay, from 19 May to 27 July 2012.
Designed by British designers Edward Barber and Jay Osgerby, it has a triangular form that was developed in recognition of a pattern of trinities relating to the Olympic Games: the London 2012 Olympic Games are the third London Olympics (1908, 1948, 2012); the Olympic Motto is 'Faster, Higher, Stronger'; and the Vision for London 2012 was to unite 'sport, education and culture'.
The shape of the torch makes it easily gripped, as does its textured surface, which is perforated with 8,000 holes. The holes represent the 8,000 runners in the London 2012 Torch Relay and the 8,000-mile (13,000 km) relay distance. Functionally, they reduce the torch's overall weight and ensure that heat from its flame is dissipated without conducting down the handle. They create a level of transparency in the torch, where one can see through to the flame and burner mechanism, and they also allow a 'fuller' flame that escapes from all sides of the Torch, rather than solely from the top, where the flame can tend to be flattened when a torchbearer runs.
The torch has two layers: an inner and an outer 'skin' with 3,600 and 4,400 holes respectively, held in place by a top and a bottom casting. The pattern created by the perforations and the overlapping layers was inspired by the Olympic rings. The components are laser-welded together and the holes are laser cut. The torch has been specifically designed to be as lightweight as possible. This is important as half of the torchbearers are young people, some aged just 12. The torch can withstand temperatures of up to 40 degrees C and down to -5 degrees C.
Tecosim, the German headquartered product engineering company was the engineering partner of the Olympic Torch. They carried out stringent testing to ensure that the design could stay alight in wind, rain and snow; any weather that a British summer could produce. Their Basildon based division product engineers along with the Birmingham-based LPG specialists and manufacturers, Bullfinch; and the Coventry manufacturers Premier Sheet Metal have all taken the design and moved it into mass production.
The London 2012 Torch is one of the lightest Olympic torches. It is made from gold PVD-finished aluminium. A torch was produced for every torchbearer (8,000); each weighs around 1,000 g (35 oz) and stands 800 mm (31 in) tall. The weight was achieved to ensure the torch was able to be easily carried by bearers of all ages; the youngest torchbearer in the relay was twelve, and the oldest 100 years. Its height allows it to be easily viewed over the top of crowds.
The London 2012 Paralympic Torch is the same design, albeit with a mirror-finish.
The Olympic Torch is held in the permanent collections of the V&A, the Design Museum in London, the Olympic Museum in Lausanne, Switzerland and in the private collection of the Royal College of Art, London.
The design of the torch has been widely acclaimed. The Torch was named the Design Museum's 2012 'Design of the Year'.
2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route

The 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay route involved 21 countries where the Olympic torch was carried between its lighting in Greece in March 2008 and the Olympic opening ceremony in China's host city of Beijing in August 2008. The relay took place in four separate legs: in Greece, an international leg, in the special administrative regions of China (Hong Kong and Macau), and in mainland China.
The planned route originally included a stop in Taipei between Ho Chi Minh City and Hong Kong, but there was disagreement in Beijing and Taipei over language used to describe whether it was an international or a domestic part of the route. While the Olympic committees of China and Chinese Taipei reached initial consensus on the approach, the government of the Republic of China in Taiwan intervened, stating that this placement could be interpreted as placing Taiwan on the same level as Hong Kong and Macau, an implication it objected to. The Beijing Organizing Committee attempted to continue negotiation, but further disputes arose over the flag or the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan. By the midnight deadline for concluding the negotiation on September 21, 2007, Taiwan authorities and mainland China were unable to come to terms with the issue of the Torch Relay. In the end, both sides of the Taiwan Strait decided to eliminate the Taipei leg.
The opening relay route ceremony was held at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre. The song "We are ready" was performed by Eason Chan, Hotcha, EO2 accompanied by Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra, Hong Kong Dance company, Gauido international golden eagle gymnastics team, and senior mixed choir of the Diocesan Girls' School and the Diocesan Boys' School.
The total torchbearer counts for each city are available at the official website of the torch relay. The relay was suspended from May 19 – 21 to honor victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
2024 Summer Paralympics torch relay

The 2024 Summer Paralympics torch relay was held from 24 to 28 August 2024. The torch relay began with the lighting of the Paralympic Heritage flame in Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom, on 24 August. The next day, the torch arrived in France via the Channel Tunnel, thus beginning the torch relay. The torch was split into 12 parts and visited 12 different cities across France. The French leg ended during the opening ceremony when it was used to light the Paralympic cauldron. The cauldron was erected at the Tuileries Garden's central fountain. In total, the relay visited 50 cities and had 1000 torch bearers.
The French Olympic Committee commissioned Mathieu Lehanneur (fr) (born 1974), to design the cauldron, torch, and ceremonial cauldrons along the torch relay route: Lehanneur developed a concept of having these three items symbolise France's national motto, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" ("Liberty, equality, fraternity"), and gold, silver, and bronze medals respectively. Lehanneur described them as "three chapters in the same story", with the cauldron representing liberty, medals, and serving as "the epilogue and the ultimate symbol of that story. Light, magical and unifying." The torch relay cauldrons – 2000 of them – don a wave and ripple design that represents water texture of the River Seine that runs through Paris. They were made of XCarb by ArcelorMittal, a Paris 2024 Olympics Official Partner.
Olympian symbolism for humanity and culture
Olympian symbolism for innovation and sustainability
2020 Summer Olympics cauldron

The 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics cauldron was made for the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo, Japan.
The cauldron was designed by Canadian-Japanese designer Oki Sato, who attended Waseda University, the same university as Yoshinori Sakai, the cauldron-lighter in 1964. It initially took the form of a sphere; its panels then "bloomed" to accept the torch, and was lit by tennis player Naomi Osaka in the Olympics opening ceremony, and by Yui Kamiji, Karin Morisaki and Shunsuke Uchida in the Paralympics opening ceremony. Sato explained that the design "expresses not only the sun itself, but also the energy and vitality that can be obtained from it, such as plants sprouting, flowers blooming, and hands opening wide toward the sky." The steps to reach the cauldron, symbolising Mount Fuji, were "designed to evoke the image of a blooming sakura flower."
Similarly to 2010 and 2016, one instance of the cauldron was present inside Japan National Stadium during the opening and closing ceremonies, and a permanent, public cauldron was lit outside of the stadium by badminton player Ayaka Takahashi at Tokyo's new waterfront on Ariake West Canal.
The cauldron's flame was the first at the Olympics to burn hydrogen as a fuel. The hydrogen was produced via the electrolysis of water using solar power produced at a plant in the Fukushima Prefecture. Hydrogen produced by this process is known as green hydrogen. The hydrogen burns with an invisible, colourless flame unlike propane, which has is traditionally used as a fuel in previous Olympic flames. In order to create a yellow and visible flame, sodium carbonate is sprayed.
Ural State Academy of Architecture and Arts

Urals Academy of Architecture (Ural State Academy of Visual Arts and Architecture; Russian: Уральская государственная архитектурно-художественная академия, often abbreviated USAAA or in Russian УрГАХА) is situated in Yekaterinburg, Russian Federation. It was founded in 1947 as a department of architecture at the Ural State Technical University. Later, in 1967, it was reorganized and became a branch of the Moscow Institute of Architecture which later became an independent school of architecture originally named Sverdlovsk Institute of Architecture.
It is one of the most prestigious schools of design and architecture in Russia. The Academy has twenty chairs, six departments and two institutes (Institute of Visual Arts and Institute of Urbanism). Since 1992 the Academy publishes a science journal Archiecton: izvestiya vuzov ("Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education").
The Academy is known for the role it played in forming the rock subculture (subculture of resistance, in fact) in the USSR. The Sverdlovsk Rock Club founded at the Academy in 1986 was a birthplace for a considerable number of famous Russian rock bands such as Urfin Dzhyus, Chaif, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agatha Christie.
Alyona Azyornaya – Russian Naive Art artist
Vyacheslav Butusov – Soviet and Russian singer and songwriter, one from the founfers of Nautilus Pompilius
Sergej Gladkix – Soviet and Russian architect and artist
Sergej Denisov – Moscow architect, International Academy of Modern Arts vice-president
Aleksandr Dolgov – Soviet and Russian scientist-architect
Oleg Elovoj – Russian artist and the organizer of non-traditional jewelry competition
Ildar Ziganshin – Soviet and Russian designer and photographer
Elena Ignatova – Russian poetress, singer and song writer
Aleksej Karaev – Russian cartoonist
Olga Karapetyan – Russian architect
Yurij Kataev – Soviet and Russian photographer
Viktor Komarov – Soviet and Russian singer and songwriter, one from the partners of Nautilus Pompilius
Aleksandr Korotich – Soviet and Russian artist and designer of The Channel One
Sergej Makarov – Soviet and Russian architect
Oleg Mikheev – Russian and British photographer
Vladimir Pirozhkov – Russian designer, who was designed the Sochi Olympic Games torch
Yurij Rysin – Soviet and Russian architect
Larisa Selyanina – Russian fashion designer and a founder her own fashion brend
Aleksandr Starikov – Russian architect, the rector of USAAA in 1999-2011
Dmitrij Umeczkij – Soviet and Russian musician and songwriter, one from the founfers of Nautilus Pompilius
Kharitidi Aleksej – Russian artist-cartoonist
Vladimir Khotinenko – Soviet and Russian actor, film director and designer
Oksana Cherkasova – Soviet and Russian director of animation films and animator
Salavat Shabiev – Soviet and Russian scientist, the doctor of architecture
Georgij Shishkin – Soviet and Russian artist, designer, the author of some Russian and Monaco postage stamps
Olga Yakubova – Soviet and Russian artist, designer, the author of KAMAZ auto company and sport team style
56°50′25″N 60°36′36″E﻿ / ﻿56.84028°N 60.61000°E﻿ / 56.84028; 60.61000
List of Olympic Games scandals, controversies and incidents

The Olympic Games is a major international multi-sport event. During its history, both the Summer and Winter Games have been the subject of scandals, controversies and incidents.
Cheating, such as the use of performance enhancing drugs by athletes, has regularly affected the Olympic Games. Some countries have boycotted the Games on various occasions, either as a protest against the International Olympic Committee or the contemporary politics of other participants. Some countries have also been banned from the Olympics, such as the defeated countries after both World Wars or South Africa under apartheid. Other controversies have included decisions by referees and gestures by athletes.
List of Dallas Landmarks

Dallas Landmark is a designation by the City of Dallas and the Dallas Landmark Commission for historic buildings and districts in Dallas, Texas, United States. Listed sites are selected after meeting a combination of criteria, including historical, economic, architectural, artistic, cultural, and social values. Once a structure or district is designated a landmark, it is protected by an ordinance with specific preservation criteria, which require that any alterations beyond routine maintenance, up to and including demolition, must have their permits reviewed by the Landmark Commission.
Buildings eligible for Dallas Landmark structure designation are those that possess any of these merits:
Dallas Landmark districts are defined areas with a significant concentration of structures unified by their architectural style or related historical events.
Many Dallas Landmark structures are eligible or have been recognized as a contributing property on the National Register of Historic Places or Recorded Texas Historic Landmark list. Many of the Dallas Landmark districts fall within other local or national historic districts, as well.
The Dallas mayor and city council appoint an 18-member Landmark Commission consisting of one representative for each district and three alternates for a two-year unpaid term beginning on September 1 of each odd-numbered year. All commissioners have knowledge and experience in the fields of history, art, architecture, or historic preservation. The Landmark Commission and City Plan Commission make recommendations for City of Dallas landmarks that are forwarded to the Dallas City Council.
The Designation Committee is an advisory committee appointed by the Landmark Commission made up of Landmark Commissioners and citizens. The combination of historians, architects, archeologists, and preservation consultants is responsible for reviewing applications for new landmarks and historic districts. The committee reviews applications for new city landmarks and forwards the recommendations to the Landmark Commission.
For consistency, the lists below use the names from the Dallas Landmark website.
List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks

The following is a list of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks as designated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) since it began the program in 1971. The designation is granted to existing artifacts or systems representing significant mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical Engineering Heritage Sites are particular locales at which some event or development occurred or which some machine, building, or complex of significance occupied. Also Mechanical Engineering Heritage Collections refers to a museum or collection that includes related objects of special significance to, but not necessarily a major evolutionary step in, the historical development of mechanical engineering.
Clicking the landmark number in the first column will take you to the ASME page on the site where you will also find the downloadable brochure from the dedication.
There are over 275 landmarks on the list.
জাতীয় উদ্ভিদের তালিকা

এই পাতাটি বিভিন্ন দেশের জাতীয় উদ্ভিদসমূহের একটি তালিকা। তালিকার প্রায় সকল উদ্ভিদই রাষ্ট্রীয়ভাবে স্বীকৃত কিন্তু কিছু অস্বীকৃত উদ্ভিদও রয়েছে।
জাম্বুরা

জাম্বুরা বা বাতাবি লেবু বা তুরুনজা (বাংলা উচ্চারণ: [জাম্বুরা] (শুনুন)) এক প্রকার লেবু জাতীয় টক-মিষ্টি ফল। এর ইংরেজি নাম Pomelo (pummelo বা pommelo) এবং বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম Citrus maxima (সাইট্রাস ম্যাক্সিমা) বা Citrus grandis (সাইট্রাস গ্র্যান্ডিস) । বিভিন্ন ভাষায় এটি পমেলো, জাবং, শ্যাডক, তরুনজা ইত্যাদি নামে পরিচিত। বাংলাদেশের কিছু কিছু এলাকায় একে ছোলমও বলা হয়, এবং মৌলভীবাজার জেলার জুড়ি উপজেলাধীন সাগরনাল এর লোক এটাকে মাতুল জামির। কাঁচা ফলের বাইরের দিকটা সবুজ এবং পাকলে হালকা সবুজ বা হলুদ রঙের হয়। এর ভেতরের কোয়াগুলো সাদা বা গোলাপী রঙের। এর খোসা বেশ পুরু এবং খোসার ভিতর দিকটা ফোম এর মত নরম । লেবু জাতীয় ফলের মধ্যে এটাই সবচেয়ে বড়; যা ১৫-২৫ সেমি ব্যাস বিশিষ্ট হয়ে থাকে। এর ওজন ১-২ কেজি হয়। এর আদিভূমি দক্ষিণ ও দক্ষিণ-পূর্ব এশিয়া।
প্রতি ১০০ গ্রাম ভোজ্য বাতাবি লেবু বা জাম্বুরায় রয়েছে খাদ্যশক্তি ৩৮ কিলোক্যালরি। প্রোটিন ০.৫ গ্রাম। স্নেহ ০.৩ গ্রাম। শর্করা ৮.৫ গ্রাম। খাদ্যআঁশ ১ গ্রাম। থায়ামিন ০.০৩৪ মিলি গ্রাম। খনিজ লবণ ০.২০ গ্রাম। রিবোফ্লেভিন ০.০২৭ মিলি গ্রাম। নিয়াসিন ০.২২ মিলি গ্রাম। ভিটামিন বি২ ০.০৪ মিলি গ্রাম। ভিটামিন বি৬ ০.০৩৬ মিলি গ্রাম। ভিটামিন সি ১০৫ মিলি গ্রাম। ক্যারোটিন ১২০ মাইক্রো গ্রাম। আয়রন ০.২ মিলি গ্রাম। ক্যালসিয়াম ৩৭ মিলি গ্রাম। ম্যাগনেসিয়াম ৬ মিলিগ্রাম। ম্যাংগানিজ ০.০১৭ মিলিগ্রাম। ফসফরাস ১৭ মিলিগ্রাম। পটাশিয়াম ২১৬ মিলিগ্রাম। সোডিয়াম ১ মিলিগ্রাম। জাম্বুরা একটি ভিটামিন সমৃদ্ধ ফল। এর পুষ্টিমান অনেক উন্নত।
জাম্বুরা ঠান্ডা, সর্দি-জ্বর জনিত সমস্যার জন্য খেলে ভাল ফলাফল পাওয়া যায় । এটি শরীরের রোগ প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা বাড়াতে সহায়তা করে। জাম্বুরাতে বিদ্যমান বায়োফ্লভনয়েড বেশি থাকায় ব্রেস্ট ক্যান্সারের সংক্রমণ থেকে রক্ষা করে। ভিটামিন ‘সি’ বেশি থাকায় রক্তনালির সংকোচন-প্রসারণ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি পাওয়ায় ডায়াবেটিস, জ্বর, নিদ্রাহীনতা, মুখের ভেতরে ঘা, পাকস্থলী ও অগ্ন্যাশয়ের বিভিন্ন রোগ নিয়ন্ত্রণে সাহায্য করে। কোলেস্টেরল নিয়ন্ত্রণ করে, সেই সঙ্গে বিভিন্ন ধরনের হৃদরোগের হাত থেকে রক্ষা করে। নিয়মিত জাম্বুরা খেলে কোষ্ঠকাঠিন্য দূর হয় ও পেটের নানা রকম হজমজনিত সমস্যার প্রতিকার হয়।
বাংলাদেশী ১ টাকার নোট

বাংলাদেশী ১ টাকার নোট (৳১) হল ১০০ পয়সা সমন্বয়ে তৈরি একটি নোট। ১৯৭২ সালে প্রথম বাংলাদেশে এক টাকার নোট ইস্যু করা হয়। বর্তমানে এই নোটটি স্বল্পপ্রচলিত। এই নোটটি সর্বশেষ ১৯৭৯ সালে ইস্যু করা হয়। এক টাকার নোটটি দেশটির জাতীয় ব্যাংকের গভর্নরের নয় বরং অর্থ সচিবের স্বাক্ষরযুক্ত একটি নোট।
এক টাকার নোট প্রথম ১৯৭২ সালের ৪ঠা মার্চ ইস্যু করা হয়। এই নোটে মানচিত্রের মধ্যে বিন্দুর মাধ্যমে রাজধানী ঢাকাকে দেখানো হয়েছে। বর্তমানে নোটটি অপ্রচলিত। ১৯৭৩ সালের ২রা মার্চ ইস্যু করা হয় পুনরায় এক টাকার নোট, যে নোটে বাংলাদের জাতীয় প্রতীক সংযোজন করা হয়। সামনে মুঠো ভর্তি ধানের শীষ ও পিছনে শাপলা প্রতীক রয়েছে। ১৯৭৩ সালের ১৮ই ডিসেম্বর পুনরায় এক টাকার নোট ইস্য করা হয়। যার সামনে মহিলার ধান ভানার চিত্র ও পিছনে মুঠো ভর্তি ধানের শীষ আর শাপলা। এই নোটটি ১৯৭৯ সাল পর্যন্ত চালু ছিল, বর্তমানে যা অপ্রচলিত। ১৯৭৯ ৩রা সেপ্টম্বর সর্বশেষ এক টাকার নোট ইস্যু করা হয়।
সর্বশেষ ইস্যুকৃত নোটে বাঘের জলছাপ রয়েছে। সামনে জাতীয় ফুল শাপলা ও পিছনে ৩টি হরিণের ছবি রয়েছে।
গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার

গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার (জন্ম: ২২ ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৯৪৩ — মৃত্যু: ৪ সেপ্টেম্বর ২০২২) ছিলেন একজন বাংলাদেশি চলচ্চিত্র পরিচালক, প্রযোজক, রচয়িতা, গীতিকার ও সুরকার। স্বাধীনতা ও দেশপ্রেম নিয়ে তিনি অসংখ্য শ্রোতাপ্রিয় গান লিখেছেন। তিনি ২০০২ সালে বাংলাদেশের একুশে পদক এবং ২০২১ সালে স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ২০ হাজারের বেশি গান রচনা করেছেন তিনি। বিবিসি বাংলা তৈরিকৃত সর্বকালের সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ বিশটি বাংলা গানের তালিকায় রয়েছে তার লেখা তিনটি গান।
গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার ১৯৪৩ সালের ২২শে ফেব্রুয়ারি কুমিল্লার দাউদকান্দি থানার তালেরছেও গ্রামের সম্ভ্রান্ত মিয়া বাড়িতে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন।
২০ হাজার গানের রচয়িতা গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার ১৯৬৪ সাল থেকে রেডিও পাকিস্তানে গান লেখা শুরু করেন। পাশাপাশি বাংলাদেশ টেলিভিশনের জন্মলগ্ন থেকেই নিয়মিত গান ও নাটক রচনা করেন। প্রথম চলচ্চিত্রের জন্য গান লেখেন ১৯৬৭ সালে আয়না ও অবশিষ্ট চলচ্চিত্রের জন্য। ১৯৬৭ সালে চলচ্চিত্রের সাথে যুক্ত হওয়ার পর থেকে কাহিনী, চিত্রনাট্য, সংলাপ ও গান লেখাতেও দক্ষতা দেখান তিনি। তার পরিচালিত প্রথম চলচ্চিত্র নান্টু ঘটক ১৯৮২ সালে মুক্তি পায়। তার পরিচালিত চলচ্চিত্রের সংখ্যা ৪১ টি।
গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী সাংস্কৃতিক সংগঠন (জাসাস) এর সাবেক সভাপতি এবং বিএনপি চেয়ারপার্সনের উপদেষ্টা ছিলেন।
গাজী মাজহারুল আনোয়ার ২০০২ সালে একুশে পদক এবং ২০২১ সালে সংস্কৃতিতে স্বাধীনতা পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে বিশেষ অবদানের জন্য তিনি স্বাধীন দেশের সর্বপ্রথম পুরস্কার বাংলাদেশ প্রেসিডেন্ট গোল্ড মেডেল অ্যাওয়ার্ড লাভ করেন। পাঁচবার জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার, একাধিকবার বাচসাস পুরস্কার, বিজেএমই অ্যাওয়ার্ড, ডেইলি স্টার কর্তৃক লাইফ টাইম অ্যাওয়ার্ডসহ তার অর্জিত পুরস্কারের সংখ্যা ১১০।
Citrus × sinensis

Citrus × sinensis (sometimes written Citrus sinensis), a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), also known as the sweet oranges, is a commonly cultivated species of orange that includes Valencia oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges.
The orange fruit is an important agricultural product, used for both the juicy fruit pulp and the aromatic peel (rind). Orange blossoms (the flowers) are used in several different ways, as are the leaves and wood of the tree.
Giant swallowtail caterpillars (Papilio cresphontes) cause serious damage to this crop, especially to young trees.
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:772052-1
Citrus cavaleriei

Citrus cavaleriei, the Ichang papeda (Chinese: 宜昌橙), is a slow-growing species of papeda that has characteristic lemon-scented foliage and flowers.
It is native to southwestern and west-central China and is likely named for the city of Yichang (宜昌), in China's Hubei province.
The Ichang papeda is notable for its unusual hardiness. With the exception of Poncirus trifoliata, it is the hardiest citrus plant, tolerating both moderate frost and damp conditions.
Relatively rare in cultivation, the Ichang papeda is a large shrub or small tree, growing to 3–4.5 m (9.8–14.8 ft), and produces a small, mandarin-like fruit. Leaves feature a broad petiole, and resemble the leaves of the yuzu and the kaffir lime in appearance. The fruit has a fragrant, but rugged rind, and may be oval, spherical, or flattened in shape, ripening to yellow or orange. It contains many large monoembryonic seeds and a small quantity of bitter or sour juice; some fruits lack juice entirely and are instead filled with a mass of pith and seeds.
The Ichang papeda is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant.
The Ichang papeda has been hybridised with many other citrus varieties, notably to produce hybrids that are relatively cold-hardy. Many of these hybrids also have many culinary applications:
Variegated pink lemon

The variegated pink lemon, also called the variegated Eureka lemon, or pink-fleshed Eureka lemon is a cultivar of lemon (Citrus × limon) with unique pink flesh, a green-striped rind when ripening, and variegated foliage. It was discovered as a sport on an ordinary Eureka lemon tree in Burbank, California, in 1931.
Uruzi rwa Rutshuru

Umugezi wa Rutshuru ni uruzi ruri mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ruvoma amazi yarwo mu kiyaga cya Mutanda mu misozi ya Virunga muri Uganda, rutemba rugana mu majyaruguru mu kiyaga cya Rutanzige (ahari ikiyaga cya Edward). Mu burebure bwayo bwose inyura mu ntara ya Rutshuru mu ntara ya Kivu y'Amajyaruguru . [1]
i
Imisozi ya Virunga

Imisozi ya Virunga (izwi kandi ku izina rya Mufumbiro ) ni urunigi rw'ibirunga muri Africa y'iburasirazuba, ku rubibe rw'amajyaruguru y'u Rwanda, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC), na Uganda . Imisozi ni ishami ryimisozi ya Albertine Rift, ihana imbibi nishami ryiburengerazuba bwa Rift ya Afrika yuburasirazuba .[1]
Imisozi igizwe n'ibirunga umunani bikomeye. Ibyinshi muribyo byarasinziriye, usibye umusozi wa nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) n'umusozi wa Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), byombi muri DRC. Iruka rya vuba ryabaye mu 2006, 2010 na Gicurasi 2021. Umusozi wa Karisimbi ni ikirunga kinini kuri 4,507 metres (14,787 ft) . Umusozi wa kera cyane ni umusozi wa Sabyinyo, uzamuka 3,634 metres (11,923 ft) hejuru yinyanja.
Imisozi ya Virunga niho hari ingagi zo mu misozi zibangamiwe cyane, zanditswe ku rutonde rutukura rwa IUCN rw’ibinyabuzima bigenda byangirika bitewe no gutakaza aho gutura, guhinga, indwara, n'intambara (Butynski et al. 2003). ikigo cy'ubushakashatsi cya karisoke, cyashinzwe na Dian Fossey cyo kureba ingagi aho batuye, giherereye ku musozi wa Karisimbi n'umusozi wa Bisoke .
Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga

Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga ni agace karinzwe cyane muri Afurika y'iburasirazuba mu igihugu cya Congo, karimo amoko arenga igihumbi y’inyamabere, inyoni, ibikururuka hasi, na amphibian ndetse n’ingagi zo mu misozi. Virunga iherereye ku nkombe y’iburasirazuba bw’ikibaya cya Kongo, n' ishyamba rya kabiri rinini ku isi mu mashyamba y’imvura yo mu turere dushyuha, Virunga yamenyekanye nka parike y’umuriro n’ibarafu kubera aho ituye itandukanye kuva ku mpinga ya Rwenzori kugeza mu kibaya cya savanna no mu misozi y’ibirunga. Mu 1979 ryashyizwe k'urutonde ndangamurage rwa UNESCO, Virunga ihora ibangamiwe n'intambara, guhiga ndetse n'ibikorwa bitemewe ndetse n'ibiza bidasanzwe.
Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga ni parike y'igihugu mu kibaya cya Albertine Rift mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Yashinzwe mu 1925. Mu butumburuke, ifite uburebure bwa metero 680 mu kibaya cy’umugezi wa Semliki kugera kuri metero 5109 (16,762 ft) mu misozi ya Rwenzori. Uhereye mu majyaruguru ugana mu majyepfo igera kuri kilometero 300 (190 mi), ahanini ugana ku mipaka mpuzamahanga na Uganda n'u Rwanda mu burasirazuba. Ifite ubuso bwa 8.090 km2 (3,120 sq mi).
Ibirunga bibiri Nyiragongo na Nyamuragira, biri muri parike ya Virunga. Amoko arenga 3.000 y’ibinyabuzima n’indabyo yaranditswe, muri yo arenga 300 aboneka muri Rift Albertine harimo ingagi zo mu burasirazuba (Gorilla beringei) n’inguge (Cercopithecus kandti).
WATER FOR VIRUNGA

Mu gihe Umushinga Water for Virunga urimo gusoza ibikorwa byawo nyuma y'imyaka 4 ufasha abaturage abatuye Umurenge wa Bugeshi ku nkengero za Pariki y'ibirunga mu bikorwa byo gufata amazi no kurwanya isuri, abagenerwa bikorwa basabwe gufatanya n'Ubuyobozi gukomeza kubisigasira.
Muri iki gihe cy'imyaka 4 ,Abaturage baturiye Ibirunga mu turere twa Burera, Musanze, Nyabihu na Rubavu bafashijwe n'Umushinga wa Water for Virunga kubona ibigega bifata amazi ndetse no gutera ibiti mu rwego rwo kurwanya isuri.
Nk'uko byagarutsweho n'Umuhuzabikorwa w’umushinga Water For Virunga mu Rwanda, Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo, Gertjan Leereveld yavuze ko ibigega batanze byafashije mu gukumira amazi yambukaga muri Congo bigateza amakimbirane n’abaturage bo mu gace ka Kibumba.
Ubukerarugendo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo

Ubukerarugendo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ntibusanzwe. Ba mukerarugendo bashobora kubona inyamanswa, imico kavukire, nibintu bya geologiya bidashobora kuboneka cyangwa n'ahandi hose muri Afrika .
Mu murwa mukuru, Kinshasa, amahirwe make y'ubukerarugendo arahari. Mu mujyi wa Kinshasa isoko ry'inzovu rirahari aho usibye ibihangano bigaragara bya congo, masike y'imiryango, nibindi bicuruzwa byiza bishobora kugurwa. Hanze ya Kinshasa kubungabunga bonobo bita Lola Ya Bonobo . I Kinshasa gusura uruzi rwa congo cyangwa amasomo ya golf yo mu mujyi cyangwa resitora zo mu mujyi birashobora kuba byiza.
Ba mukerarugendo bashobora gukora ingendo kugira ngo babone ingagi zo mu misozi no mu bibaya byo mu gasozi, wanahura n'abantu bagufi cyane bakora imyitozo gakondo yabo mu mashyamba, bonobos na okapi ni amoko abiri adasanzwe ataboneka ahandi ku isi, hanyuma uzamuke mu mpinga y'ibirunga maze urebe ikiyaga cya lava gitetse mu mwobo w'umusozi wa Nyiragongo . Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC) yahuye n’imvururu zikunze kugaragara mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu.
Ingendo zigenga zihendutse muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC) kuruta mu Rwanda cyangwa Uganda.
Pariki y'igihugu ya Virunga nicyo kimenyetso cya mbere cy'igihugu muri Afrika, cyashinzweho mu mwaka wa 1925. Parike n'ingenzi mu bukerarugendo muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC). Ni ikibanza ndangamurage cy'umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe uburezi, ubumenyi n’umuco (UNESCO) giherereye mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC).
Ku ya 11 Gicurasi 2018, muri parike y'igihugu ya Virunga hashimuswe ba mukerarugendo babiri b'Abongereza, abashinzwe parike, n'umushoferi wa Kongo. Umurinzi yarishwe ariko abandi batatu bararekurwa. Parike y'igihugu ya Virunga yafunzwe by'agateganyo kugira ngo ikemure ibibazo by'umutekano. Parike yongeye gufungura muri Gashyantare 2019. Ba mukerarugendo bashobora gusura Virunga cyangwa gutembera ku kiyaga kinini cya lava ku isi, umusozi wa Nyiragongo.
Fondasiyo ya Virunga

Fondasiyo ya Virunga ni umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ukora mu rwego rwo kubungabunga ibidukikije . Wandikishijwe i Londres kandi uterwa inkunga n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi, wibanda ku kurinda inyamaswa zo muri parike y’igihugu ya Virunga ku bufatanye na ICNN ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo . Izina ryayo hagati y'umwaka wa 2005 n'umwaka wa 2014 yari Ikigega cyo kubungabunga Afurika .
Mu mwaka wa 2017, Fondasiyo ya Virunga yatangije umushinga wo kubungabunga ibidukikije ugamije kurinda ingagi zo mu misozi ( Gorilla beringei beringei ), muri uwo mushinga na Parike y’ibirunga nayo yaritabiriye.
Fondasiyo ya Virunga na Parike ya Virunga bahuye n'ikibazo cyo kunengwa ko ibikorwa byabo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije muri ako karere byatumye habaho " imitwe ya gisirikare" ndetse n’ihohoterwa no kwamburwa n'abaturage b’abasangwabutaka . Abaturage, nka Mbuti, mbere bashingiraga ku butaka bwashyimuswe muri parike kugira ngo babone ibiryo ndetse naho kurara none ubu babwirukanwemo, bituma habaho ibyago byo gufatwa cyangwa kwicwa n’abashinzwe parike bitwaje imbunda.
Virunga (film)

Virunga ni filime documentaire yo mu Bwongereza yakinwe muri 2014 iyobowe na Orlando von Einsiedel . Yibanze ku bikorwa byo kubungabunga abashinzwe parike muri pariki ya Virunga ya Kongo mu gihe havutse imyigaragambyo ikaze ya M23 mu mwaka wa 2012, kandi ikora iperereza ku bikorwa by’isosiyete ikora peteroli yo mu Bwongereza Soco International mu murage ndangamurage wa UNESCO. Soco International yarangije gushakisha peteroli muri Virunga muri Mata 2014. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Tribeca ku ya 17 Mata 2014. Nyuma yo gutambuka kuri Netflix, yatorewe igihembo cya Akademiki ya Best Documentary Feature .
Virunga yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi harimo na Peabody Award . Feature documentaire Award ku DOXA documentaire Festival mu Vancouver, Canada; igihembo cy'umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wavutse muri Hot Docs i Toronto; Igihembo cya Zahabu ya Rock mu Iserukiramuco rya Filime Ntoya; n'Ibikorwa no Guhinduka Hamwe (ACT Now) Igihembo cya Crested Butte Film Festival . Yatsindiye gongs ebyiri muri One World Media Awards muri BAFTA - Inyandiko nziza, . Iyi filime kandi yatorewe igihembo cyiza cya Documentaire nziza muri Tribeca Film Festival. Filime yatorewe igihembo cya Akademiki kubera ibihembo bya Documentaire Nziza ya 87 ya Osama Awards .
Virunga Mountains

The Virunga Mountains (also known as Mufumbiro) are a chain of volcanoes in East Africa, in the area where Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), and Uganda meet. The mountain range is a branch of the Albertine Rift Mountains, which border the western branch of the East African Rift. They are located between Lake Edward and Lake Kivu. The name "Virunga" is an English version of the Kinyarwanda word ibirunga, which means "volcanoes".
The mountain range consists of eight major volcanoes. Most of them are dormant, except Mount Nyiragongo 3,462 metres (11,358 ft) and Mount Nyamuragira 3,063 metres (10,049 ft), both in the DRC. Recent eruptions occurred in 2006, 2010 and May 2021. Mount Karisimbi is the highest volcano at 4,507 metres (14,787 ft). The oldest mountain is Mount Sabyinyo, which rises 3,634 metres (11,923 ft) above sea level.
The Virunga Mountains are home of the endangered mountain gorilla, listed on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species due to habitat loss, poaching, disease, and war (Butynski et al. 2003). The Karisoke Research Center, founded by Dian Fossey to observe gorillas in their native habitat, is located between Mount Karisimbi and Mount Bisoke.
01°25′45″S 29°32′54″E﻿ / ﻿1.42917°S 29.54833°E﻿ / -1.42917; 29.54833
List of countries by meat production

The following article lists the world's largest producers of meat. Global meat production has increased rapidly over the past 50 years. According to Our World in Data, meat production has more than quintupled since 1961, reaching around 361 million tonnes in 2022. The most popular meat globally is poultry, followed by pork, beef and mutton. Over 90 billion animals are slaughtered each year for meat.
Countries and some territories by meat production.
Cobb 500

The Cobb 500 is a fast-growing broiler chicken breed. They can reach a 2 kg slaughter weight at 33 days old. They make up around half of all globally farmed chickens as of 2016. The Cobb 500 is controversial due to their health problems. Animal rights and animal welfare groups such as Open Cages have called for the industry to stop their use.
The Cobb linage descends from the Vantress chicken, which was bred for the USDA's Chicken of Tomorrow contest in the 1940s. The Cobb line itself saw its initial development in the 1970s in England by Cobb-Vantress. The Cobb 500 in particular was introduced into the United States in 1985. In response, the US producer Tyson Foods acquired a 50% stake in Cobb-Vantress in 1986. In 1994, Tyson acquired full control of the company. The Cobb 500's share of all chickens has increased in the decades since.
In 2008, all Cobb line birds made up around 30-40% of global broilers. In 2016, the Cobb 500 alone was nearly 50%. More broadly, fast-growing chickens now make up the vast majority of the global chicken supply. As of 2021, 90% of the global broiler population is part of either the Cobb or Ross lines, which are both fast-growing.
The fast growth of the Cobb 500 is associated with an increased rate of various health problems. Compared to slower-growing chickens, they have a higher rate of sudden death syndrome, hock burns, Tibial dyschondroplasia, weaker disease resistance and antibody response, bone deformations, and problems with walking.
Craghoppers

Craghoppers Ltd is a British outdoor clothing manufacturer and supplier founded in Batley, West Riding of Yorkshire in 1965 and now based in Manchester, United Kingdom.
Originally known as G & H Products the company became one of the early adopters of nylon in outdoor garments. The founders of the brand, Brian Gaskin and Roy Holmes, both avid outdoor enthusiasts, hailed from Batley, West Yorkshire, and were passionate about activities such as walking, climbing, and pot-holing.
Gaskin and Holmes gained recognition for their design achievements, notably the invention of the "Cagjac". Their reputation led them being approached by the mountaineering expedition team led by Chris Bonington to design specialized weather wear for the successful 1975 Everest Expedition. Gaskin personally designed the garments, marking a turning point for G & H Products.
Due to their association with the Everest Expedition, G & H Products received additional capital and expanded their product offerings by collaborating with the Clarke Brothers, manufacturers of walking trousers and breeches. Subsequently, Craghoppers, which had been created by the Clarke Brothers, was acquired by G & H Products, who retained the brand name.
Over the years, Craghoppers faced financial challenges and underwent changes in ownership. In 1995, the Regatta Group acquired the company. In 2008, Craghoppers formed a partnership with survival expert Bear Grylls, producing a range of extreme condition clothing for his use.
Craghoppers produce two ranges a year – spring/summer (available to consumers from February) and autumn/winter (available to consumers from September). Each range features products specifically for that season such as insulated jackets for winter and shorts, tees, and sandals in summer. The range includes clothing and accessories for men, women, and children as well as footwear, rucksacks, and luggage.
They have designed and promoted the following technologies:
Craghoppers are one of several companies that meet Gore-Tex standards and are authorised to use and sell with Gore-Tex waterproof technologies. Many items of Craghoppers clothing have a hidden zippable security pocket.
They also produce luggage, softshell jackets, synthetic insulated jackets, and accessories such as caps and scarves. Their Kiwi walking trousers, with over 10 million pairs sold, are popular with ramblers.
In 2013, Craghoppers joined the European Outdoor Conservation Association. In February 2015, the firm introduced a fleece made from recycled plastic bottles.
Craghoppers has partnered with English Heritage, sponsoring its Stonehenge Cycle Challenge and Hadrian's Wall Hike. English Heritage cares for places of historic significance in England such as Roman forts and medieval castles.
Craghoppers partnered with the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, a charity that protects gorillas and their habitats in Africa. Craghoppers has been supplying kits to the Dian Fossey team who work in the Virunga rainforest in Rwanda. Dian Fossey T-shirts were also sold to raise awareness and money for the charity.
Prasasti Tuk Mas

Prasasti Tuk Mas (harafiah berarti "mata air emas"), yang juga disebut Prasasti Dakawu, adalah sebuah prasasti yang dipahatkan pada batu alam besar yang berdiri di dekat suatu mata air, yang ditemukan di lereng barat Gunung Merapi, tepatnya di Dusun Dakawu, Desa Lebak, Kecamatan Grabag, Magelang. Prasasti Tuk Mas dipahat dengan aksara Pallawa dan dalam bahasa Sanskerta. Bentuk aksaranya lebih muda daripada aksara masa Purnawarman, dan diperkirakan berasal dari sekitar abad ke-6 hingga abad ke-7 M.
Aksara prasasti ini sudah banyak yang rusak. Namun bagian yang masih dapat dibaca antara lain menyebutkan adanya sebuah sungai yang mengalir bagaikan Sungai Gangga di India. Pada prasasti ini terdapat pula lukisan alat-alat, seperti trisula, kendi, kapak, sangkha, cakra, dan bunga tunjung.
Berikut alih aksara teks prasasti menurut Drs. Boechari:
Terjemahan
1. (Mata air) yang airnya jernih dan dingin ini dan yang keluar
2. Dari batu atau pasir ke tempat yang banyak bunganya tunjung putih
3. Serta mengalir ke sana –sini
4. Setelah menjadi satu lalu mengalir seperti sungai Gangga
Bukit Beta Tuk-tuk

Bukit Beta Tuk-tuk adalah sebuah bukit yang terletak di Jalan Ringroad Tuktuk Siadong, Kecamatan Kecamatan Simanindo, Kabupaten Samosir, provinsi Sumatera Utara, di bagian barat negara Indonesia.
Bukit ini terletak dia atas Pulau Samosir. Di sekeliling bukit ini dikelilingi rumput hijau di atas tanah lapang hingga pepohonan. Bukit Beta juga dijadikan tempat arena perlombaan paralayang, bahkan menjadi salah satu lokasi paralayang terbaik di dunia. Faktor angin dan cuaca yang terbilang baik, membuat para atlet paralayang betah bermanuver di udara.
Suhu rata-rata di daerah bukit ini adalah 24°C dan beriklim tropis. Bulan terpanas adalah pada Juni (26°C), dan suhu terdingin pada bulan Januari (22°C). Curah hujan rata-rata disana sekitar 3.653 milimeter per tahun. Bulan terbasah adalah Oktober dengan curah hujan 446 milimeter, sedangkan yang terkering adalah Juli dengan curah hujan 184 milimeter.
Agam Tungga Jaya dan Sudiro Tungga Jaya

Agam Tungga Jaya Group (menjalankan bisnis sebagai Tunas Muda Transportation (disingkat ATJ) dan Sudiro Tungga Jaya (disingkat STJ)) adalah dua perusahaan otobus Indonesia yang berkantor pusat di Maospati, Magetan, Jawa Timur. Keduanya memiliki segmentasi yang berbeda: Tunas Muda Transportation beroperasi melayani bus antarkota dan bus pariwisata, sedangkan Sudiro Tungga Jaya melayani bus antarkota.
Pada awal berdirinya, Agam Tungga Jaya merupakan sebuah perusahaan penyalur minyak yang dimiliki oleh Ki Agus Muhammad Syidik (biasa akrab disapa "Ki Agus), ia mewarisi perusahaan ini dari orang tuanya. Pada tahun 2014 ia mulai beralih ke usaha transportasi angkutan wisata.
Ia memulai usaha transportasi ini dengan hanya memiliki beberapa unit bus mikro Isuzu Elf, kemudian berkembang dan bisa membeli bus besar bekas dari Subur Jaya, Rembang.
Pada tahun 2017, ia mendirikan satu lagi operator bus yang diberi nama "Sudiro Tungga Jaya" yang dipersiapkan untuk layanan angkutan antarkota. Trayek awalnya adalah rute Ponorogo–Bogor pp. dan Ponorogo–Ciledug pp. yang diluncurkan pada 14 Juni 2017.
PO ini terbagi dalam beberapa divisi. Beberapa divisi yang masih aktif yaitu :
Wilayah tujuan PO Sudiro Tungga Jaya meliputi Jabodetabek, Merak dan Sukabumi.
PO ini juga melayani rute Patas Jatim melalui Tol Trans Jawa, yakni :
Pendingin ruangan, kursi yang dapat direbahkan, 32 tempat duduk untuk kelas regular, 30 tempat duduk untuk kelas premium, sandaran kaki dan tangan, bantal, selimut, TV, lubang pengisian daya USB, makanan ringan, makanan berat, toilet.
Pada tanggal 6 Mei 2020, sebanyak 31 pemudik dari Jakarta diturunkan oleh awak bus STJ di pinggir Jalan Tol Solo–Ngawi, tepatnya di Ngale, Paron. Mereka diturunkan di jalan karena bus menghindari penyekatan oleh petugas di gerbang tol. Pemudik tersebut diamankan oleh warga setelah dipergoki melompati pagar tol. Namun pihak PO mengaku bahwa hal tersebut merupakan permintaan penumpang.
Pada Senin tanggal 4 September 2023, Ki Agus Muhammad Syidik yang merupakan pemilik dari PO STJ dan PO ATJ ditangkap oleh polisi setelah diduga menimbun dan melangsir solar subsidi yang dibeli dari SPBU. Solar subsidi tersebut diduga dijual kembali ke pabrik-pabrik.
Gemfibrozil

Gemfibrozil adalah obat yang digunakan untuk mengobati dislipidemia. Biasanya obat ini kurang disukai dibandingkan dengan obat golongan statin. Penggunaan dianjurkan bersamaan dengan perubahan pola makan dan olahraga. Tidak jelas apakah obat ini mengubah risiko penyakit jantung. Obat ini diminum melalui mulut.
Efek samping yang umum termasuk sakit kepala, pusing, rasa lelah, dan gangguan usus. Efek samping yang serius mungkin termasuk edema angioneurotik, batu empedu, masalah hati, dan rabdomiolisis. Penggunaan pada kehamilan dan menyusui masih belum jelas keamanannya. Obat ini termasuk dalam kelompok obat fibrat dan bekerja dengan mengurangi pemecahan lipid dalam sel lemak.
Gemfibrozil dipatenkan pada tahun 1968, dan mulai digunakan secara medis pada tahun 1982. Obat ini tersedia sebagai obat generik. Pada tahun 2021, obat ini merupakan obat ke-177 yang paling sering diresepkan di Amerika Serikat, dengan lebih dari 2 juta resep.
Gemfibrozil dipilih dari serangkaian senyawa terkait yang disintesis di laboratorium perusahaan Amerika Serikat yakni Parke-Davis pada akhir tahun 1970-an. Obat ini berasal dari penelitian senyawa yang menurunkan kadar lipid plasma pada manusia dan hewan.
Mekanisme kerja gemfibrozil yang tepat tidak diketahui; namun ada beberapa teori mengenai efek lipoprotein densitas sangat rendah (VLDL); dapat menghambat lipolisis dan menurunkan penyerapan asam lemak hati serta menghambat sekresi VLDL di hati; bersama-sama tindakan ini menurunkan kadar VLDL serum dan meningkatkan kolesterol HDL; mekanisme di balik peningkatan HDL saat ini tidak diketahui.
Gemfibrozil meningkatkan aktivitas lipoprotein lipase (LL) ekstrahepatik, sehingga meningkatkan lipolisis trigliserida lipoprotein. Ia melakukannya dengan mengaktifkan "ligan faktor transkripsi" peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), sebuah reseptor yang terlibat dalam metabolisme karbohidrat dan lemak, serta diferensiasi jaringan adiposa. Peningkatan sintesis lipoprotein lipase sehingga meningkatkan pembersihan trigliserida. Kilomikron terdegradasi, VLDL diubah menjadi LDL, dan LDL diubah menjadi HDL. Hal ini disertai dengan sedikit peningkatan sekresi lipid ke dalam empedu dan akhirnya ke usus. Gemfibrozil juga menghambat sintesis dan meningkatkan pembersihan apolipoprotein B, yakni molekul pembawa VLDL.
Gemfibrozil telah terdeteksi dalam biosolid (padatan yang tersisa setelah pengolahan limbah) pada konsentrasi hingga 2650 ng/g berat basah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ia bertahan dalam proses pengolahan air limbah. Ia juga terdeteksi sebagai polutan mikro yang persisten dalam akuifer dan air tanah di kawasan karst.
Shinkansen seri 0

Shinkansen seri 0 (0系code: ja is deprecated , Zero-kei) adalah kereta kecepatan tinggi berjenis Shinkansen yang dioperasikan oleh Central Japan Railway (JR Central) dan West Japan Railway (JR West) pada jalur Tōkaidō Shinkansen dan San'yō Shinkansen yang beroperasi sejak tahun 1964 hingga 2008.
Armada seri 0 awalnya tidak diklasifikasikan dengan nomor seri 0 karena saat itu belum dibutuhkan penomoran pada jenis Shinkansen hingga Shinkansen lainnya bermunculan.
Armada ini mulai beroperasi dengan dibukanya layanan Tōkaidō Shinkansen pada bulan Oktober 1964. Rangkaian seri 0 diberi warna putih dengan garis biru di sepanjang jendela dan bagian bawah bodi kereta.
Tidak seperti kereta api pendahulunya yang menggunakan sepur 1.067 mm, lebar sepur Tōkaidō Shinkansen dan semua jalur layanan Shinkansen berikutnya berukuran sepur standar 1.435 mm (4 kaki 8⁄2 inci).
Shinkansen seri 0 ditenagai oleh listrik AC 25 kV pada 60 Hz dengan gandar dari semua kereta ditenagai oleh motor traksi, menghasilkan kecepatan operasi tertinggi 220 km/jam (137 mph).
Rangkaian asli pertama kali diperkenalkan dengan formasi 12 kereta per rangkaian, dengan beberapa set rangkaian berikutnya kemudian diperpanjang menjadi 16 kereta.
Di masa tuanya, formasi armada Shinkansen seri 0 diperpendek hingga enam bahkan empat kereta per rangkaian, rangkaian tersebut dirakit untuk dinas perjalanan yang lebih pendek.
Shinkansen seri 0 terakhir melayani perjalanan berpenumpang pada 14 Desember 2008, seri ini kemudian dipurnatugaskan dan seluruh armadanya dinyatakan pensiun dari layanan Tōkaidō.
Proses produksi dan pengembangan unit seri 0 berlanjut dari tahun 1963 hingga 1986.
Shinkansen seri 0 sempat melayani jalur Tōkaidō Shinkansen, Sanyo Shinkansen, jalur konvensional Jalur Hakata-Minami namun sejak 14 Desember 2008; 16 tahun lalu (2008-12-14), layanan di jalur tersebut digantikan oleh seri Shinkansen generasi baru.
Sebagian besar bekas Shinkansen seri 0 dipreservasi atau disimpan di museum dan berbagai tempat bersejarah lain di seluruh Jepang. Di luar Jepang, salah satu kereta paling ujung (kepala) dari Shinkansen seri 0 dipajang dan dirawat di Museum Kereta Api Nasional di York, Inggris. Bagian kepala dari armada seri 0 tersebut disumbangkan ke museum oleh JR-West pada tahun 2001.
Transportasi rel dalam kota di Tiongkok

Transportasi rel dalam kota di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok terdiri dari sistem kereta angkutan cepat listrik dalam kota dan pinggir kota, termasuk kereta bawah tanah, angkutan ringan, tram serta maglev. Beberapa kota di Tiongkok telah memiliki jalur tram listrik di awal abad-20, namun ditinggalkan tahun 1950-1970-an. Nanjing mempunyai kereta dalam kota tahun 1907 sampai 1958. Saat ini Tiongkok memiliki sistem angkutan cepat terpanjang sekaligus kedua terpanjang di dunia. Dari top 10 sistem angkutan cepat tersibuk dunia, 4 diantaranya berada di Tiongkok. Angkutan cepat pertama di Tiongkok dibangun di Beijing tahun 1969. Tianjin Metro mengikuti tahun 1984. Sejak 2000, pertumbuhan angkutan cepat di kota-kota Tiongkok sangat cepat. Tiongkok setidaknya telah mengoperasikan 44 sistem kereta bawah tanah hingga Januari 2022. Shanghai Metro meski menjadi yang terpanjang di dunia baru beroperasi tahun 1993. Tahun 2009 sampai 2015, Tiongkok berencana membangun 87 jalur angkutan cepat dengan total panjang 2.495 km di 25 kota dengan biaya total ¥988.6 miliar. Dari sistem angkutan cepat yang dibangun, 16% berada di Pearl River Delta, 25% di Yangtze River Delta dan 24% di kawasan Jingjinji. Per 2012, secara rata-rata Tiongkok menyelesaikan 270 km jalur angkutan cepat baru per tahunnya. MTR Hong Kong MTR adalah kombinasi KCRC dan MTR Corporation. Saat ini MTR berinvestasi dan memiliki saham di beberapa sistem angkutan cepat kota-kota lain di Tiongkok.