davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Luis López Álvarez

Luis López Álvarez (born May 7, 1930) is a Spanish poet and former professor.
As a teenager, Luis López Alvarez had Narciso Alonso Cortés (1875–1972) as a teacher.
He particularly belongs to the poets of the generation of the 50s. With his third book of poems, Las Querencias (1969) he presented a total of thirty-seven impeccable classical sonnets which he completed years later in the collection of 113 sonnets that make Querencias y quereres (2001). Meanwhile, with his romance Los Comuneros, he achieved great fame and recognition. He further innovated in his trilogy of poems Cárcava (1974), Tránsito (1979), and Pálpito (1990).
Luis López Álvarez received a bachelor's degree in Political Science (1957) from Sciences Po, in addition to a master's degree in Sociology of art (1970) and a PhD in Latin American Studies summa cum laude (1985) from the University of Paris III- Sorbonne. For thirteen years he worked in the service of the French radio and television broadcasting, first in Paris and later in Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). His cultural commitment to the Congo led him to found and direct the Institute of Congolese Studies, a commitment which turned into political activism alongside Patrice Lumumba, future Prime Minister, who renewed many years later as an adviser of the first President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Laurent Kabila.
Starting in 1968 he worked for UNESCO as an international functionary of the United Nations and held various positions in Paris, Havana, and Caracas: Service Chief of Radio and Television in the Spanish Language, Regional Adviser of Culture in Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Director for the same region, Ombudsman in the Parisian headquarters and Coordinator, from Caracas, of the activities of the same organization in the region of Latin America and the Caribbean.
After his return to Spain in 1985, he settled in Segovia where he coordinated the International Programs at the Complutense University of Madrid. In 1993, he returned to Latin America. First as a professor at the Simon Bolivar University in Caracas, and since 1998 as a professor of literature in the Hispanic Studies departments at the Mayagüez and San Juan campuses of the University of Puerto Rico where he remained until 2013.
Rigoberto López Pérez

Rigoberto López Pérez (May 13, 1929 – September 21, 1956) was a Nicaraguan poet, artist and composer. He assassinated Anastasio Somoza García, the longtime dictator of Nicaragua.
On September 21, 1981, 25 years after his death, the Sandinista government of Nicaragua declared Rigoberto López Pérez a National Hero by means of Decree no. 825.
López was born and raised in León, Nicaragua; son of Soledad López and Francisco Pérez. López published his first poem, "Confesión de un Soldado" (Confession of a Soldier), at the age of 17 in 1946. In 1948 he formed part of a six-member musical group called "Buenos Aires". That same year he learned to play the violin, which he played in the group. López composed music, mostly romantic, including "Claridad" and "Si el vino me hace llorar" which Buenos Aires released on a radio station called Radio Colonial.
Lopéz's musical influences included Beethoven; Rubén Darío, a Nicaraguan poet, often referred to as the "Father of Modernism", was a major literary influence to him. Lopéz would often collaborate in publications such as "El Cronista" and "El Centroamericano".
López's girlfriend, Amparo Zelaya Castro, was the sister of Armando Zelaya, a journalist who drove López to the Casa del Obrero where he later shot Somoza.
On September 21, 1956, López was able to infiltrate a party in the Club Social de Obreros de León that was attended by President Somoza and shot him in the chest. López was instantly killed in a hail of bullets and Somoza died a few days later in the Panama Canal Zone hospital. Somoza's son, Luis Somoza Debayle, replaced his father as president.
In April 1979, at the peak of the Sandinistas' Revolutionary War, one of the five FSLN's Regional Commands in control of 24 cities altogether, was named after him. Unluckily, the FSLN's "Rigoberto Lopez Perez" Western Command was captured in full in a safe house in the suburbs of Leon and killed in captivity by dictator Somoza's forces. The cold-blooded massacre of this Command, made up of Oscar Perez Cassar, Roger Deshon, Araceli Perez Darias, Idania Fernandez, Carlos Manuel Jarquin and Edgard Lang Sacasa, enraged the Sandinistas and accelerated the fall of the Somoza regime.
After the Sandinista victory in July, the Estadio Nacional Anastasio Somoza in Managua, used as a venue for baseball and football as well as concerts and other events, was named after Lopéz. However, on November 20, 1998, the 50th anniversary of the founding of the stadium, then-President Arnoldo Alemán issued a decree changing the name of Nicaragua's national stadium to Estadio Nacional Dennis Martínez. A new baseball stadium named after Lopez was built in León, which opened on September 27, 2024.
In 2006 a monument dedicated to López was built in his honor in Managua.
In Italy, in the 1970s, Marcello De Angelis, now parliamentarian of PDL, who then was a songwriter engaged in the political movement Third Position, wrote a song dedicated to López, whose title is "Il poeta" (The Poet).
An Drúcht Geal Ceo (The Foggy Dew)

Is bailéad bríomhar beoga é The Foggy Dew, nó as Gaeilge, An Drúcht Geal Ceo, amhrán neartmhar agus stairiúil faoi Éirí Amach 1916.
An Canónach Charles O’Neill as Contae an Dúin a scríobh na bunliricí i mBéarla.
Ba é an t-údar iomráiteach as Rann na Feirste i nGaeltacht Thír Chonaill, Séamas Ó Grianna, a d’aistrigh go Gaeilge é. ‘An Drúcht Geal Ceo’ an teideal a thug ‘Máire’, ainm cleite Uí Ghrianna, ar an amhrán.
‘Gabháil síos a’ gleann dom i measc na gcrann
Go dtí an chathair aoibhinn shuairc
Bhí na slóite teann fána mílte lann
A’ teacht aníos gan ghruaim
Ní raibh crónán caoin as béalaibh píob
Ná drumaí a’ tógáil gleo
Ach an clog go binn a’ cur fáilte bhinn
Roimh an aingeal sa drúcht geal ceo.
Chroch siad in airde a mbrat go hard
Os cionn Chaisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath
Níor ní leo bás ‘fháil ag Sud-El-Bar
Agus Éire ina ndiaidh i bpian.
Is ó lár na Mí sea ghluais an scaoth
De laochra líofa beo
Agus slóite Gall a’ bailiú ’nall
A gcuid gunnaí sa drúcht geal ceo.
Ar shiúl mar chadhain, mo chreach is mo léan
Tá na céadta curadh cruaidh
Tá a gcnámha sínte ag Suvla an tsín
Nó fá chósta na mara thuaidh
Dá bhfaigheadh siad bás sa bhaile ar láimh
Leis an Phiarsach tá inniu sa ghlóir
Bheadh a n-uaigh faoin tsliabh i measc na bhFiann
Mar a dtiteann an drúcht geal ceo.
Siad plúr na laoch a thit faraor
I mbriseadh cruaidh na Cásc’
Agus d’fhág siad sinn go cráite tinn
Ag éagaoin fána mbás
Is bhí súile an tsaoil a’ breathnú an ghnímh
A rinne clanna Gael sa ghleo
Na leoin a d’éag le solas gléigeal
Na saoirse sa drúcht geal ceo.
Phill mé aníos fán ghleann arís
Is mo chroí bocht lán de bhrón
Is mé scartha chóich’ le plúr na laoch
Nach bhfeicfinn arís níos mó.
Is i lár na hóich’ sea bhímse ag guí
Le bhur gcónaí bheith sa ghlóir
Nó ruaig sibh na tráill, a fheara Fáil
Nuair a thit sibh sa drúcht geal ceo.
An Life

Is abhainn í an Life a éiríonn i gContae Chill Mhantáin agus a téann trí Contae Cheatharlach, Contae Chill Dara agus Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath agus ansin a téann isteach i Muir Éireann. Téann sí trí lár chathair Baile Átha Cliath agus scoilteann sí an chathair idir Thuaisceart agus Dheisceart. I gcultúr choitianta, le níos mó ná 200 bliain, deirtear gurb iad na Deisceartaigh a bhíonn níos saibhre agus níos galánta agus is iad na tuaisceartaigh a bhíonn níos boichte agus íseal aicme. Ach i ndáiríre, ní fíor é sin an t-am ar fad.
An Ruirthech a bhíodh uirthi fadó. Tugtar Anna Livia uirthi sa Bhéarla scaití, agus ceaptar gur leagan de Abhainn na LIfe atá i gceist.
Ritheann an Life trí bhailte eile, mar shampla Droichead Nua, Cill Droichid, Léim an Bhradáin agus Leamhcán, chomh maith.
Is minic go ndéantar trácht ar an abhainn, agus tá Joyce agus Radiohead orthu sin atá tar éis í a lua sa litríocht agus in amhráin:
Caiféin

Alcalóideach meitiolxaintéineach is ea an chaiféin agus é le fáil go nádúrtha sna síolta caife, sa tae, sna cnónna cóla, sa yerba mate (lus a fhliuchtar ar nós an tae san Airgintín agus i dtíortha eile i réigiún Río de la Plata i Meiriceá Theas), sa ghuaranà, agus beagáinín i síolta cócó. Cuirtear i roinnt deochanna boga í freisin, ar nós Coca-Cola, Irn-Bru agus Mountain Dew.
Substaint bhán chriostalta í an chaiféin ghlan. Ba é an ceimiceoir Gearmánach Friedrich Ferdinand Runge a d'aithin agus a d'aonraigh an chaiféin an chéad uair sa bhliain 1819, agus ba eisean a cheap an t-ainm fosta. Sna plandaí, is minic a bhíonn alcalóidigh eile measctha tríd an gcaiféin, go háirithe taeifillín agus taebróimín.
Is é an t-ainm córasach atá ar an gcaiféin ná 1,3,7-trímheitiol-xaintéin. Tugtar "taeín", "guarainín" agus "maitéín" ar na meascáin d'alcalóidigh atá le fáil sa tae, sa ghuaraná agus sa yerba mate, ach is í an chaiféin an príomhoibreán iontu go léir.
Is spreagthach í an chaiféin, is é sin, spreagann sí lárchóras na néaróg agus maolaíonn sí an tuirse. Tá sí ar an tsubstaint shícighníomhach is mó a úsáidtear ar fud an domhain, ach murab ionann agus a lán substaintí sícighníomhacha eile, ní dhearctar uirthi mar dhruga dainséarach. A mhalairt ar fad, bíonn deochanna a bhfuil caiféin iontu le fáil go dlíthiúil i ngach tír, a bheag nó a mhór.
Is fualbhrostach í an chaiféin freisin. Is é sin, spreagann sé an duine chun fual a dhéanamh. Iad siúd a ólann caife nó deochanna eile a bhfuil caiféin iontu go minic, áfach, ní mhothaíonn siad mórán den spreagadh seo a thuilleadh, de ghnáth. Mar sin, is ar éigean atá an dainséar ann go gcaillfeá an iomarca uisce agus tú ag ól barraíocht caife.
C8H10N4O2 an fhoirmle cheimiceach atá aici.
Caoch rua chruithneachta

Is é an fungas Puccinia graminis is cúis le caoch rua chruithneachta, ar a dtugtar an dúchan freisin, rud a chruthaíonn galar suntasach i mbarr gránaigh. I measc na speiceas arbhair a bhfuil tionchar ag an ngalar orthu tá cruithneacht bhog, dúram, eorna agus triteacáil. Chuir na galair seo isteach ar fheirmeoireacht gránach le linn na staire. D’aimsigh an tOll. KC Mehta. atarlú bliantúil an chaoich rua chruithnigh i machairí na hIndia Thuaidh. Ó na 1950idí, tá tréithchineálacha cruithneachta a phóraítear le bheith frithsheasmhach in aghaidh an ghalair ar fáil. Tá fungicídí atá éifeachtach i gcoinne meirge gas ar fáil freisin.Ó na 1950idí i leith, tá cineálacha cruithneachta a tógadh le bheith frithsheasmhach do mheirge gas ar fáil. Tá fuingicídí atá éifeachtach i gcoinne an chaoich rua ar fáil freisin.
Neretva

Tá an Neretva (Coireallach na Seirbia: Неретва,), ar a dtugtar Narenta freisin, ar cheann de na haibhneacha is mó sa chuid thoir den abhantrach Aidriad. Soláthraíonn ceithre ghléasra cumhachta hidrileictreacha le dambaí móra (níos airde ná 150,5 méadar) cosaint ar thuilte, cumhacht agus stóráil uisce. Aithnítear é as a thimpeallacht nádúrtha agus a tírdhreacha éagsúla.
D'fhulaing éiceachórais fionnuisce mar gheall ar dhaonra atá ag dul i méid agus na brúnna forbartha a bhaineann leo. Ar cheann de na hacmhainní nádúrtha is luachmhaire san Bhoisnia-Heirseagaivéin agus an Chróit tá a hacmhainn fionnuisce,, atá in aibhneacha flúirseacha toibreacha agus soiléire. Suite idir na haibhneacha móra réigiúnacha (an Drina ar an taobh thoir, an Una ar an taobh thiar agus an tSava ) tá an fhoinse uisce óil is suntasaí in abhantrach na Neretva.
Tá an Neretva suntasach i measc aibhneacha i réigiún na nAlp Dinaric, go háirithe maidir lena éiceachórais agus gnáthóga éagsúla, flóra agus fána, oidhreacht chultúrtha agus stairiúil.
Moladh go dtagann a hainm ón bhfréamh Ind-Eorpach *ner, a chiallaíonn "ag tumadóireacht". Tá an fhréamh chéanna le feiceáil sa fhréamh Sheirbea-Chróitise "roniti".
Giosta

Is miocrorgánaigh eocarótacha aoncheallacha iad na giostaí atá rangaithe mar bhaill de Ríocht na bhFungas. Tháinig an chéad giosta i láthair na céadta milliún bliain ó shin, agus aithnítear ar a laghad 1,500 speiceas faoi láthair. Meastar gurb ionann iad agus 1% de na speicis fhungacha go léir a bhfuil cur síos orthu.
De réir sonraí móilíneacha agus bithéagsúlachta, d'fhás giostaí ó shinsear ilcheallacha go háirithe toisc go mbaineann siad leis na hAscomycota agus na Basidiomycota ina bhfuil an chuid is mó de na fungais ilcheallach nó démhorfach agus toisc go n-áitíonn siad suíomhanna mar aon le fungais níos casta i bhformhór na n-anailísí móilíneacha.
D’fhéadfadh gur fungais fhiliméadacha a bhí i sinsir an ghiosta nach raibh chomh ilcheallach de bharr seadánachas, nó fungais dhémorphic a d’oiriúnaigh chun cónaí i staid aoncheallach den chuid is mó. Ní grúpa monai-fileach iad giostaí, mar sin tharla na próisis seo arís agus arís eile i línte éagsúla Ascomycota agus Basidiomycota.
Ceallalós

Is é is ceallalós ann ná polaisiúicríd struchtúrtha (C6H10O5)n a fhaightear den chuid is mó i mballaí na gceall in ábhar adhmadach is plandúil, cosúil le cadás. Is polaiméir comhdhlúthucháin glúcóis í atá isiméireach le stáirse. Príomhamhábhar páipéir. Cruthaítear díorthaigh thábhachtacha de trí eistearúchán, cuid de na grúpaí hiodrocsaile, ina measc réón (aicéatáit cheallalóis), gunnachadás (níotráit cheallalóis nó nítriceallalós). Foirm ceallalóis, sínte i leatháin thanaí thrédhearcacha, is ea ceallafán, a úsáidtear chun bia is earraí somhillte eile a phacáil.
Eitéin

Hidreacarbón den fhoirmle CH2=CH2 is ea eitéin, ar a dtugtar eitiléin freisin. le fiuchphointe -104 °C. Gás gan dath, an chéad bhall de shraith na n-ailcéiní. Ceimiceán tábhachtach tionsclaíoch a pholaiméiríonn go dtí poileitiléin. Nuair a bhíonn sí i láthair mar rianghás, brostaíonn sí aibiú torthaí. Is í an hidreacarbón is simplí í.
Lus cré

Seamair le gais ina seasamh díreach nó ag dreapadh is ea lus cré nó seamair chré. Na duilleoga urchomhaireach, lansa-chruthach nó ubhchruthach, go minic fiaclach. Na bláthanna aonarach nó ina spící, gorm nó bán, le feadán gearr is 4 pheiteal, an ceann uachtarach mór is an ceann íochtarach beag.
Seamair Alsike

Saghas seimre a mheastar a bheith dúchasach don Eoraip is ea seamair Alsike nó seamair Lochlannach. Fástar mar bharr foráiste anois í i gcuid mhaith tíortha measartha. Ilbhliantóg a fhásann suas le 60 cm in airde, 3 dhuilleoigín ar na duilleoga is iad leathan ag a mbarr, na pisbhláthanna bán nó bándearg i gcinn chruinne scaoilte, suas le 3 cm ar leithead. Tá an Ailsice ainmnithe i ndiaidh Alsike, baile beag sa tSualainn.
I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover

"I'm Looking Over a Four Leaf Clover" is a song from 1927, which was written by Mort Dixon with music by Harry M. Woods. Original recordings were made during 1927 by Nick Lucas (No. 2), Ben Bernie (No. 3), and Jean Goldkette (No. 10).
Written in 1927 by Mort Dixon (lyrics) and Harry M. Woods (music), the song became a success that same year with the release of recordings by Nick Lucas, Ben Bernie, and Jean Goldkette.
The song was then revived during 1948 by several artists, most notably Art Mooney, whose recording topped the charts for three weeks. Other charting 1948 versions were made by Russ Morgan (No. 6), Alvino Rey (No. 6), The Three Suns (No. 10), The Uptown String Band (No. 11), and Arthur Godfrey (No. 14).
During modern times the song is perhaps most associated with Merrie Melodies cartoons, as it was used in several of them, and a common tune played by the string bands in Philadelphia's Mummers Parade. The Sons of Ben, the official supporters' group of Major League Soccer's Philadelphia Union, have adopted the song as one of their chants, singing at every home match at the 20 minute, ten second mark, symbolic as the founding year of the Union.
Golovinomyces orontii

Golovinomyces orontii is a species of fungus that causes powdery mildew disease and it is in the family Erysiphaceae. It is an obligate biotroph that infects plants in several families including Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Lamiaceae.
Previously known as Erysiphe orontii, by Castagne (1851). It is now known by Golovinomyces orontii by Heluta (1988).
Causes powdery mildew disease in multiple families including Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, etc. Conidia is produced on the surface of the infected plant and that as well as hyphal growth gives it its white powdery appearance. Conidia are dispersed through the wind, water droplets, and similar methods to nearby plants to start new infections. The mycelium is able to absorb nutrients through haustoria.
When Golovinomyces orontii infects its host plants, it causes a disease commonly known as powdery mildew. This gives the appearance of white, powdery sections on the surface of the plant. These powdery sections are caused by an abundance of conidia and mycelium. This can lead to deformation, discoloration, reduced growth, and death in the host plant
The lifecycle begins when a conidia lands on the surface of a host plant. The conidia then develop germ tubes, forming an appressorium, that later forms into haustoria. These haustoria are used to siphon nutrients needed for growth.
Golovinomyces orontii completes a full life cycle within a few days. The fungus produces new conidia asexually, which are easily dispersed to nearby susceptible plants. These conidia can initiate new infections, leading to the spread of the disease.
Ascomata (chasmothecia) are rarely formed on most hosts. Chasmothecia may form under unfavorable conditions. Chasmothecia are resistant structures that protect the sexual spores (ascospores) of the fungus. They can remain viable for extended periods and serve as a means of survival until conditions become favorable again.
The control of Golovinomyces orontii and powdery mildew diseases generally involves a combination of chemical and nonchemical strategies. Nonchemical strategies include; proper plant spacing, pruning and removing infected plant parts, avoiding overhead irrigation, improving ventilation, and crop rotation. Natural Fungicides by be used as well. In severe cases, fungicides can be applied, but it is important to minimize the environmental risk of these fungicides and the prevention of resistance. For many vegetable crops, sulfur, copper-based products, chlorothalonil, horticultural oil, potassium bicarbonate, and Bacillus subtilis can be used for powdery mildew control.
Clover (given name)

Clover is a modern given name derived from the common name for the plant, which was ultimately derived from the Old English word clāfre. The name has associations with Ireland and with good fortune due to traditional tales about the Irish shamrock or four-leaf clover. The name has recently increased in usage, a trend that has been attributed to a renewed interest in “cottagecore names” with a vintage sensibility that are rooted in the natural world. The name has ranked among the 1000 most used names for newborn girls in the United States since 2021. It also has ranked among the 1,000 most popular names for newborn girls in Canada since 2021. The name also ranked among the top 1,000 names for newborn girls in England and Wales in 2021, the year it ranked in 918th place on the popularity chart there.
Clover Leaf (Fabergé egg)

The Clover Leaf egg is a jewelled Easter egg made under the supervision of the Russian jeweller Peter Carl Fabergé in 1902 for Tsar Nicholas II of Russia. It was presented by Nicholas as an Easter gift to his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna. It is currently held in the Kremlin Armoury Museum in Moscow, and it is one of the few imperial Fabergé eggs that were never sold after the Russian Revolution.
The Clover Leaf egg is made of an openwork pattern of stems and leaves of clover forming the shape of an egg. The gaps between the metal outline of the leaves are covered with transparent bright green enamel. A very thin golden ribbon paved with rubies curls through the foliage. At the time, the production of transparent enamel was still a new method, and often suffered from problems while cooling. There are no flaws in the enamel of the Clover Leaf Egg, but it is considered too fragile to travel.
The surprise in the egg has been lost but according to archives it was a four-leaf clover with twenty-three diamonds, and four miniature portraits of the four daughters of the Tsar: Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
Cloverleaf Township, Pennington County, Minnesota

Clover Leaf Township is a township in Pennington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 70 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Mavie is located within the township.
Cloverleaf Township was named for the white clover within its borders.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 26.9 square miles (70 km), of which 26.9 square miles (70 km) is land and 0.04% is water.
As of the census of 2000, there were 70 people, 26 households, and 21 families residing in the township. The population density was 2.6 inhabitants per square mile (1.0/km). There were 31 housing units at an average density of 1.2 per square mile (0.46/km). The racial makeup of the township was 98.57% White and 1.43% Native American.
There were 26 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 80.8% were married couples living together, and 15.4% were non-families. 15.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the township the population was spread out, with 24.3% under the age of 18, 5.7% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 32.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $31,667, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $20,625 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the township was $14,026. There were no families and 1.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 10.0% of those over 64.
Marsilea

Marsilea is a genus of approximately 65 species of aquatic ferns of the family Marsileaceae. The name honours Italian naturalist Luigi Ferdinando Marsili (1656–1730).
These small plants are of unusual appearance and do not resemble common ferns. Common names include water clover and four-leaf clover because of the long-stalked leaves have four clover-like lobes and are either present above water or submerged. It is worth clarifying that these plants are not clovers.
The sporocarps of some Australian species are very drought-resistant, surviving up to 100 years in dry conditions. On wetting, the gelatinous interior of the sporocarp swells, splitting it and releasing a worm-like mass that carries sori, eventually leading to germination of spores and fertilization.
Sporocarps of some Australian species such as Marsilea drummondii are edible and have been eaten by Aborigines and early white settlers, who knew it under the name ngardu or nardoo. Parts of Marsilea drummondii contain an enzyme which destroys thiamine (vitamin B1), leading to brain damage in sheep and horses. During floods in the Gwydir River basin 2,200 sheep died after eating nardoo. Three-quarters of the sheep that were affected did however respond to thiamine injections. Thiamine deficiency from incorrectly prepared nardoo likely resulted in the starvation and death of Burke and Wills.
The leaves of Marsilea crenata are part of the East Javanese cuisine of Indonesia, especially in the city of Surabaya. It is called Pecel Semanggi and is served with spicy peanut and sweet potato sauce.
A few species in the genus, such as Marsilea crenata, Marsilea exarata, Marsilea hirsuta, and Marsilea quadrifolia, are grown in aquaria.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Marsilea shows the following tree. This tree indicates that M. crenata is the same species (or a subspecies) of M. minuta, and possibly M. fadeniana also. Additionally, this analysis contradicts reports that M. polycarpa is a synonym for M. minuta
Other species include:
Pulsatilla

The genus Pulsatilla contains about 40 species of herbaceous perennial plants native to meadows and prairies of North America, Europe, and Asia. Common names include pasque flower (or pasqueflower), wind flower, prairie crocus, Easter flower, and meadow anemone. Several species are valued ornamentals because of their finely-dissected leaves, solitary bell-shaped flowers, and plumed seed heads. The showy part of the flower consists of sepals, not petals.
The common name pasque flower refers to its flowering period in the spring during Passover (in Biblical Hebrew: פֶּסַח pāsaḥ).
The genus Pulsatilla was first formally named in 1754 by the English botanist Philip Miller. The type species is Pulsatilla vulgaris, the European pasque flower. The genus is placed in the tribe Anemoneae within the family Ranunculaceae. The tribe has been shown repeatedly to be monophyletic in molecular phylogenetic studies, but the number of genera recognized within the tribe and their relationship has varied. Multiple studies have shown that Pulsatilla forms a monophyletic group, but the rank assigned to the group has differed. In one approach, Pulsatilla is treated as a section within a more broadly circumscribed Anemone. In another approach, molecular phylogenetic evidence is used to separate Pulsatilla from Anemone as a separate genus, dividing it into three subgenera. Morphologically, Pulsatilla can be distinguished from Anemone by the long hairy beak on the achenes formed by the persistent style and stamens. Pulsatilla species can also be distinguished by DNA barcoding. As of March 2024, many sources, such as Plants of the World Online and the Flora of Korea, support the treatment of Pulsatilla as a distinct genus.
As of March 2024, Plants of the World Online listed the following species in the genus Pulsatilla:
Plants of the World Online also listed a number of named hybrids:
Pulsatilla nuttalliana (as the synonym P. patens) is the provincial flower of Manitoba, Canada and (as the synonym P. hirsutissima) the state flower of the US state of South Dakota. Pulsatilla vulgaris is the County flower for both Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire in England. Pulsatilla vernalis is the county flower of Oppland, Norway. The UK has introduced the UK biodiversity action plan to address the 49% decline in wild Pulsatilla species.
Pulsatilla is a toxic plant. Misuse can lead to diarrhea, vomiting and convulsions, hypotension, and coma. It has been used as a medicine by Native Americans for centuries. Blackfoot Indians used it to induce abortions and childbirth. Pulsatilla should not be taken during pregnancy nor during lactation.
Extracts of Pulsatilla have been used to treat reproductive problems such as premenstrual syndrome and epididymitis. Additional applications of plant extracts include uses as a sedative and for treating coughs.
பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியா 500

பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியா 500 தகுதி வரிசை என்பது சமீபத்திய விற்பனை மற்றும் மொத்த வருவாயின் அடிப்படையில் இந்தியாவிலுள்ள முதல் 500 பெரும் நிறுவனங்களின் தொகுப்பாகும். இந்த தகுதிவரிசை ஆண்டுதோறும் பார்ச்சூன் பத்திரிகையினால் வெளியீடப்படுகிறது. பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியாவானது, சீனா, துருக்கி, கொரியா, இந்தோனேசியா, கீரிஸ் ஆகிய நாடுகளின் உள்ளூர் பதிப்புகளைப் தொடர்ந்து வெளிவரும் ஆறாவது சர்வதேச பதிப்பு ஆகும்.
பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியா மாதாந்திர பத்திரிக்கையாக ஆங்கிலத்தில் வெளிவருகிறது. இதன் பதிப்பு உரிமமானது பார்ச்சூன்ப திப்பாளர் டைம் குழுமம் மற்றும் இந்தியாவின் பெரிய ஊடக குழுமமான கொல்கத்தாவைச்-சார்ந்த ஏபிபி குழுவிற்கு இடையே ஏற்பட்ட ஒப்பந்தம் மூலம் நடைமுறையில் உள்ளது. பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியாவின் முதல் பதிப்பு செப்டம்பர் 2010ல் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.
இந்திய எண்ணெய் கழகம் முதலிடமும், ரிலையன்ஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் இரண்டாமிடமும், அடுத்த மூன்று இடங்களை ஸ்டேட் பாங்க் ஆப் இந்தியா, டாடா கன்சல்டன்சி சர்வீசஸ், ராஜேஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் பெறுகிறது.
இந்திய எண்ணெய் கழகம், ரிலையன்ஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் மற்றும் பாரத் பெட்ரோலியம் கார்ப்பரேஷன் இரண்டாவது ஆண்டு பட்டியலில் ஆதிக்கம் செலுத்துகிறது.
ஜீ பொழுதுபோக்கு நிறுவனங்கள் (#1 ஊடகங்கள், #256 ஒட்டுமொத்த), சன் டிவி நெட்வொர்க் (#2, #347), ஹெச்டி மீடியா (#3, #383), நெட்வொர்க் 18 (#4, #413) மற்றும் டிஷ் டிவி (#5, #437) போன்ற ஊடக நிறுவனங்கள் பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியா 500 பட்டியலில் இந்தியாவின் பெரிய நிறுவனங்களாக திகழ்கிறது.
டாடா கன்சல்டன்சி சர்வீசஸ் (#1 தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பம், #20 ஒட்டுமொத்த), விப்ரோ (#2, #25), இன்போசிஸ் (#3, #27), ஹெச்சிஎல் டெக்னாலஜிஸ் லிமிடெட் (#4, #49), சத்யம் கணினி சேவைகள் (#5, #153) மற்றும் டெக் மஹிந்திரா (#6, #161) போன்ற தகவல்தொழில் நுட்ப நிறுவனங்கள் பார்ச்சூன் 500 பட்டியலில் இடம்பெறுகிறது.
இந்த தரவரிசை, உலகம் முழுவதுமுள்ள பெரிய 500 நிறுவனங்கள் நிறைந்த முதல் எட்டு நகரங்களின் பட்டியல் அடிப்படையில் உள்ளது.
இந்திய எண்ணெய் கழகம் பார்ச்சூன் இந்தியா 500 தரவரிசையில் முதலிடம் ரிலையன்ஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் பட்டியலில் இரண்டாவது இடமும். அடுத்த மூன்று இடங்களில் ஸ்டேட் பாங்க் ஆப் இந்தியா, பாரத் பெட்ரோலியம் மற்றும் இந்துஸ்தான் பெட்ரோலியம் முறையே வருகிறது.
யோ. பி. திரிவேதி

யோகேந்திர பிரேம்கிருஷ்ணா திரிவேதி (Y. P. Trivedi) என்பவர் இந்தியாவின் அரசியல்வாதியும் தேசியவாத காங்கிரசு கட்சியின் உறுப்பினரும் ஆவார். இவர் ரிலையன்ஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் நிறுவனத்தின் இயக்குநர் குழுவில் உறுப்பினராகவும் உள்ளார்.
திரிவேதி நாடாளுமன்றத்தின் மேல்சபையான மாநிலங்களவையில் மகாராட்டிராவைப் பிரதிநிதித்துவப்படுத்தும் இந்திய நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர் ஆவார். இளநிலை வணிகவியல் பட்டப்படிப்பு முடித்த இவர், இதன் பிறகு இளநிலை சட்டம் பட்டம் பெற்றார். சூரத்தில் பிறந்த இவர் தற்போது, தில்லியில் வசிக்கிறார். இவர் உலகம் முழுவதும் நீண்ட பயணம் செய்துள்ளார். இந்திய மட்டைப்பந்து குழுவின் தலைவராக இருந்த இவர் தற்போது உறுப்பினராக உள்ளார். இவர் இந்திய உச்ச நீதிமன்றத்தின் புகழ்பெற்ற வழக்கறிஞர் ஆவார். ஜே. கே. விளையாட்டு அறக்கட்டளையின் தலைவராகவும் உள்ளார். இவரது நாடாளுமன்ற உறுப்பினர் பதவிக்காலம் 2 ஏப்ரல் 2008 முதல் 2 ஏப்ரல் 2014 வரை.
நீத்தா அம்பானி

நீத்தா அம்பானி (Nita ambani 1 நவம்பர் 1964) என்பவர் ரிலையன்சு பவுண்டேசன் என்னும் அறக்கட்டளையின் தலைவர் ஆவார். இவர் ரிலையன்சு இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் என்ற குழுமத்தின் தலைவர் முகேசு அம்பானியின் மனைவி ஆவார். இந்தியாவின் பணக்காரப் பெண்மணிகளுள் ஒருவர் ஆவார். இவரது சொத்தின் மதிப்பு 40 பில்லியன் அமெரிக்க டாலர்களாகும். மும்பை இந்தியன்ஸ் எனும் துடுப்பாட்ட அணியின் உரிமையாளர் ஆவார். இவர் கலைப் பொருள் சேகரிப்பாளராகவும் அறியப்படுகிறார். மும்பையில் அமைந்துள்ள தீருபாய் அம்பானி சர்வதேசப் பள்ளியின் நிறுவனர் ஆவார்.
நீத்தா அம்பானி மும்பையில் ஓர் நடுத்தர குஜராத்திய குடும்பத்தில் பிறந்தவர். ரவீந்திர தலால், பூர்ணிமா தலால் இணையருக்குப் பிறந்தார். வணிகவியலில் இளங்கலைப் பட்டம் பெற்றார். பரத நாட்டியமும் கற்றுக் கொண்டார்.
1997 ல் ஜாம்நகரில் ரிலையன்சு ஊழியர்களுக்காக தங்குமிடம் கட்டிக்கொடுக்கும் தொழிலில் ஈடுபடலானார். இத்திட்டமானது மிகச் சிறப்பாக திட்டமிடப்பட்டு செயல்படுத்தப்பட்ட ஒன்றாகும். மேலும் இத்திட்டம் சுற்றுச்சூழலுக்கு உகந்ததாக வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டது. 17,000 அதிகமான குடியிருப்புகளுடன் கட்டப்பட்டது. இன்று ஜாம்நகர் குடியிருப்பு 1,00,000 மாங்காய் மரங்களுடன் காணப்படுகிறது.
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஆரம்பிக்கப்பட்ட ரிலையன்ஸ் பவுண்டேசன் நீத்தா அம்பானியால் நடத்தப்படுகிறது. ரிலையன்ஸ் இண்டஸ்ட்ரீஸ் நிறுவனத்துடன் இது இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்தியாவிலுள்ள மிகப்பெரிய பவுண்டேசன்களுள் இதுவும் ஒன்றாகும். கல்வி, விளையாட்டு, உடல்நலம், அவசரக்கால உதவி, பெண்கள் முன்னேற்றம் ஆகிய துறைகளில் இது செயல்படுகிறது.
இந்தியன் ப்ரீமியர் லீக் துடுப்பாட்ட அணிகளுள் ஒன்றான மும்பை இந்தியன்ஸ் அணியின் உரிமையாளர் இவர் ஆவார். இவ்வணி சேம்பியன் விருதினை 2011 மற்றும் 2013 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் பெற்றது. மேலும் இந்தியன் ப்ரீமியர் லீக் போட்டிகளில் 2013,2015 மற்றும் 2017 ஆம் ஆண்டுகளில் வெற்றி பெற்றது. அனைவருக்கும் கல்வி (Education for All) எனும் திட்டத்தினையும் மும்பை இந்தியன்ஸ் அணி முன்னெடுத்துச் செய்கிறது. வாய்ப்புக்கிடைக்காத 70,000 குழந்தைகளுக்கு அனைவருக்கும் கல்வி திட்டத்தின் மூலம் நவீன வழிக் கல்வி பெற வழிவகை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளது.
தீருபாய் அம்பானி சர்வதேசப் பள்ளியினை உருவாக்கி நிருவகித்து வருகிறார். இந்தியாவின் மிகச் சிறந்த பள்ளியாக இப்பள்ளி திகழ்கிறது. என்.டி.டி.வி, இந்துஸ்தான் டைம்ஸ் போன்ற இதழ்கள் இப்பள்ளியை இந்தியாவின் தரவரிசையில் முதலிடம் பெறும் பள்ளி எனக் குறிப்பிட்டுள்ளனர்.
சர்வதேச ஒலிம்பிக் அமைப்பின் உறுப்பினராகவும் நீத்தா அம்பானி உள்ளார். 3 ஜூன் 2016 அன்று உறுப்பினராக நியமிக்கப்பட்ட எண்வரில் நீத்தா அம்பானியும் ஒருவர். சர்வதேச ஒலிம்பிக் அமைப்பி 129 வது கூட்டத்தில் இவர்கள் தேர்ந்தெடுக்கப்பட்டனர். 4 ஆகஸ்ட் 2016 உறுப்பினராக இவர் அறிவிக்கப்பட்டார். இந்தியாவிலிருந்து இப்பதவியைப் பெற்ற முதல் பெண்மணி இவராவார்.
காசி (திரைப்படம்)

காசி (Kasi) திரைப்படம், 2001 ஆம் ஆண்டு வெளிவந்த இந்தியத் தமிழ்த் திரைப்படமாகும். காசி என்ற கண் தெரியாத கதாநாயகனாக விக்ரம் நடித்துள்ளார். அவரது மனைவி இலட்சுமியாக காவ்யா மாதவன் நடித்துள்ளார். இவரது தங்கையாக காவேரியும், அம்மாவாக பார்வதியும் கொடுமை செய்யும் அண்ணனாக தலைவாசல் விஜயும் வில்லன்களாக ராஜீவும், தினேசும் நடித்துள்ளனர்.
இத்திரைப்படத்திற்கு இளையராஜா இசையமைத்திருந்தார். அனைத்துப் பாடல்களையும் ஹரிஹரன் பாடினார்.
இப்படம் முதலில் சுமாராக ஓடினாலும் பிறகு இசையினாலும், கதையினாலும் நன்றாக ஓடியது. படம் மிகப் பெரிய வெற்றி பெற்றது.
முதல் இடம்

முதல் இடம் 2011 இல் வெளிவந்த தமிழ்த் திரைப்படம். விதார்த் நடிக்கும் இப்படத்தை குமரன் இயக்கினார். இத்திரைப்படம் ஏ.வி.எம். நிறுவனத்தின் 175 ஆவது திரைப்படம்.
மகேஷ் (விதார்த்) தஞ்சாவூரில் ஒரு குண்டர், உள்ளூர் காவல் நிலையத்தில் தேடப்படும் குற்றவாளிகளின் பட்டியலில் தனது பெயரை முதலிடத்தில் வைத்து நம்பர் 1 குண்டராக வெளிப்படுவதே அவரது ஒரே லட்சியம். மகேசை தனது எதிரிகளுக்கு பயத்தை தருவதால், அவரது நண்பர்களால் 'யமகுஞ்சி' (இறந்தவர்களின் இளைய ஆண்டவர்) என்று அழைக்கின்றனர். அவர் தனது நோக்கத்தை அடைய அனைத்து சட்டவிரோத செயல்களிலும் ஈடுபடுகிறார்.
ஊருக்குள் தவறான வழியில் நடந்தாலும் அவரது தாய்க்கு (கலைராணி), அவர் பூமியில் சிறந்த மகனாக இருக்கிறார். கலைராணி இட்லி கடை நடத்தி தன் வாழ்வாதாரத்தை சம்பாதிக்கிறார். மனுக்காக வாழ்கிறார்.
பேருந்து நடத்துனர் பொன்னுசாமியின் (இளவரசு) மகளும் பள்ளி மாணவியுமான மைதிலியை (கவிதா நாயர்) மகேஷ் சந்திக்கிறார். மைதிலி, மகேசை காதலிக்க தொடங்குகிறார்கள்; இருப்பினும், பொன்னுசாமி அவர்களின் விவகாரத்தை எதிர்க்கிறார்.
அப்பகுதியில் நம்பர் ஒன் ரவுடியான கருப்பு பாலு (கிஷோர்) சிறையில் இருந்து வெளியே வரும்போது கதைகளம் ஒரு திருப்பத்தை அடைகின்றன. மகேஷ் எந்த தவறும் செய்யாமல் எம்.எல்.ஏ.வின் கோபத்திற்கு ஆளாகிறார். மைதிலி தனது வீட்டை விட்டு வெளியேறியதும், மகேஷ் பாலுவைக் கொல்ல நிர்ப்பந்திக்கப்படுவதும் விஷயங்கள் மாறுகின்றன. ஒரு வலுவான செய்தியுடன் படம் முடிகிறது
இப்படத்திற்கு டி. இமான் இசை அமைத்துள்ளார்.
ஆனந்தம் விளையாடும் வீடு

ஆனந்தம் விளையாடும் வீடு ( Anandham Vilayadum Veedu ) என்பது 2021ஆம் ஆண்டு வெளியான இந்திய தமிழ் மொழி அதிரடி நாடகத் திரைப்படமாகும். இதை நந்தா பெரியசாமி எழுதி இயக்கியிருந்தார். சிறீவாரி பிலிம் தயாரித்திருந்தது. இப்படத்தில் கௌதம் கார்த்திக், சேரன், சிவாத்மிகா ராஜசேகர் ஆகியோருடன் சரவணன், விக்னேஷ், டேனியல் பாலாஜி, இராசேந்திரன், சௌந்தரராஜா உள்ளிட்ட துணை நடிகர்களும் நடித்துள்ளனர். படம் 24 திசம்பர் 2021 அன்று திரையரங்குகளில் வெளியிடப்பட்டது.
இரண்டு ஒன்றுவிட்ட சகோதரர்கள் தங்கள் சகோதரர்களுடன் சேர்ந்து வாழக்கூடிய ஒரு வீட்டைக் கட்ட முடிவு செய்கிறார்கள். ஆனால் ஒரு தீய மனிதன் குடும்பங்களுக்கு இடையே பிளவை உருவாக்க சதி செய்கிறான்.
இத்திரைப்படத்தில் இடம்பெற்ற ஆறு பாடல்கள், பின்னணி இசை ஆகியவற்றிற்கு சித்துகுமார் இசையமைத்திருந்தார்.
படம் 24 திசம்பர் 2021 அன்று திரையரங்குகளில் வெளியிடப்பட்டு, விமர்சகர்களிடமிருந்து மிதமான விமர்சனங்களைப் பெற்றது.
Bigg Boss Kannada season 11

BIGG Boss Kannada 11 is a reality show and the eleventh season of the Indian Kannada-language reality television series Bigg Boss produced by Banijay. The show began on 29 September 2024, on Colors Kannada and JioCinema, with Kichcha Sudeep as a host for the eleventh time in a row. This will be the final season hosted by Sudeep. The premiere episode had a 9.9 TRP beating the previous season record. The season also became the longest running season of Bigg Boss Kannada, running for 120 days. Hanumantha Lamani, a wild card entrant, won the Bigg Boss Kannada Season 11 trophy.
The Bigg Boss season 11 is telecasted on Colors Kannada TV nightly and live on Jio Cinema OTT platform including previously broadcast episodes.
Contestants listed in alphabetical order of their names.
Then theme of this year's Bigg Boss is "'A New chapter with Swarga and Naraka (Heaven and Hell)'" to celebrate the eleventh anniversary of Bigg Boss Kannada.
The season featured an orange Fire and blue water themed eye logo. The orange fire and Blue water, represents the two parts of the house, Swarga (Heaven) and Narka (Hell). The pupil of the eye is mixed of the blend of both orange Fire and Blue water.
The show is sticking to the original format of the reality programme and it will have both celebrities and commoners who will be entering the house as contestants. However, in this season the contestants who entered the House were divided into two groups - one group of 7 contestants entering the naraka (Hell) section of the house and the other group of 10 contestants entering the swarga (Heaven) section of the house.
Kichcha Sudeep, will be hosting Bigg Boss Kannada season 11 for the last time, stepping down after nearly 11 years of hosting.
The Organisers and the host of Bigg Boss season 11, received a police notice following a complaint about the violation of female contestants' privacy on the show. The notice was issued by Kumbalgodu police after the Karnataka State Women's Commission raised concerns about a controversial task in the house. Following this allegations, the concept of narka (Hell) and swarga (Heaven) was removed . The Narka (Hell) contestants have been relocated into standard house of Bigg Boss also known as Swarga (Heaven).
With the new concept of Hell and Heaven, this season has featured 17 contestants, originally entering the house on the grand opening day on September 29, 2024.
BluSmart

BluSmart Mobility is an Indian ride-sharing company, headquartered in Gurugram, India. It was founded by Anmol Singh Jaggi, Punit K Goyal and Puneet Singh Jaggi in 2019. As of 2025, the company's fleet of vehicles includes the Mahindra e-Verito, Tata e-Tigor, Tata Xpres-T EV, Hyundai Kona Electric, MG ZS Electric, and Citroen e-C3. It is India's first all-electric shared smart mobility platform.
The company competes with Uber, Ola, and new cab-hailing entrants like Rapido and Namma Yatri.
The company has raised $24 million, or Rs 200 crore, in a funding round led by its existing investors, Zurich-based climate finance firm ResponsAbility Investments, cricketer MS Dhoni’s Family Office, and ReNew founder Sumant Sinha.
BluSmart was co-founded on 14 January 2019 by Anmol Singh Jaggi, Puneet Singh Jaggi, and Punit K Goyal. In the same month, BluSmart partnered with Mahindra & Mahindra to launch the first batch of EVs on the platform. In September 2019, the company, led by JITO Angel Network, Investment Office of Deepika Padukone, raised an angel round of US$3 million.
As of July 2022, the company announced it had saved 4300 plus tonnes of CO2 over 1.8 million rides in Delhi NCR. On World EV Day 2021, BluSmart announced a partnership with Jio-BP to set up charging infrastructure across India.
On World Environment Day 2022, Tata Motors signed an MoU with BluSmart to deliver 10,000 EVs. In July 2022, BluSmart received Verra accreditation on carbon emissions.
The company is committed to sustainability and has partnered with Tata Power to source clean energy for its electric vehicle charging infrastructure. This partnership helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve air quality in Indian cities.
BluSmart functions on an asset-light business model. Cars are procured on a monthly lease from companies like EESL. The company's mobile application can be used to purchase rides that are similar to Uber, Ola Cabs and Lyft. The company uses all-electric cars with their branding on it.
BluSmart operates in parts of- Delhi NCR, Bangalore, Mumbai, and Dubai Users can book a cab using the Android or iOS Mobile App. In June 2020, BluSmart also introduced imulti-hour rentals.
In April 2021, BluSmart initiated a COVID-19 vaccination drive for its drivers, whose vaccination status is visible on the BluSmart mobile app.
BluSmart also launched EV intercity rides from Delhi NCR to Chandigarh, Jaipur.
Unlike its competitors, BluSmart's expansion faces several hindrances. Because BluSmart operates on a hub-to-hub model, the lack of charging infrastructure in India and range anxiety of EVs poses serious hurdles to the company's growth. Because their cars are not driver-owned assets, high maintenance costs might further complicate its scaling-up process.
మాఘ స్నానం

స్నానం ఒక ఔషధం లాంటిది. ముఖ్యంగా సూర్యోదయానికి పూర్వం స్నానం చేయడం వల్ల శరీరం మనస్సు పరిశుద్ధం అవుతాయి. ఉత్సాహం చురుకుదనం కలుగుతుంది. ప్రకృతిలో జరిగే అనేక రసాయనిక క్రియల వల్ల శారీరక మానసిక ఆరోగ్యం లభిస్తుంది. సూర్య కిరణాలలో కొన్ని రకాల రుగ్మతలను నివారించగల శక్తి ఉండటంతో ఆ కిరణాలు శోకిన నదులు, బావులు, చెరువులు మొదలైన జలాలకు కూడా ఆ శక్తి లభిస్తుంది. అందువల్ల ప్రకృతిలో జీవించి పరిశోధించి తపశ్శక్తితో అతీంద్రియ రహస్యాలు తెలుసుకున్న మహారుషులు భావితరం వారు ప్రయోజనాలు పొందడం కోసం కొన్ని నియమ నిబంధనలను విధించారు. వాటిలో మాఘ స్నానం ఒకటి.
ఈ మాఘ స్నానం వల్ల అందం, ఐశ్వర్యం, ఆరోగ్యం, ఆయుర్ధాయంతో పాటు మంచితనం, ఉత్తమ శీలం లభిస్తాయని పద్మ పురాణంలో ఉంది. ఇటువంటి ప్రభావాలకి ముఖ్య కారణం సూర్యుడు మకర రాసిలో ప్రవేశించడమే. ఈ సమయంలో శివకేశవులు ఇరువురినీ పూజించాలనీ, దాన ధర్మాలు చేయాలనీ సాధ్యమైనంత వరకు దైవచింతనతో గడపాలని, ఈ మాసమంతా నదీ స్నానం చేయలేకపోయినా కనీసం మాఘశుద్ధ సప్తమి, ఏకాదశి, పౌర్ణమి, కృష్ణపక్ష చతుర్దశి మొదలైన రోజులలో అయినా చేస్తే మంచిదని. ఎందుకంటే ఎక్కడెక్కడి నీళ్ళలోనైనా గంగ ప్రవేశించి ఉంటుందన్న నమ్మకం. వాటిలో ముఖ్యంగా ప్రత్యేకించి మాఘ శుద్ధ ఏకాదశి మరింత పవిత్రమైన రోజు. ఆ రోజు విష్ణుమూర్తికి ప్రియమైన రోజే గాక పుష్యమీ నక్షత్రం కుడా కలిస్తే మరింత పర్వదినంగా భావిస్తారు. ఆ పుణ్యం మహత్తరమైనది. అంతేకాదు మాఘ శుద్ధ ఏకాదశి నాడు ఉపవాసం చేస్తే ఇరవై నాలుగు ఏకాదశులు ఉపవాసం చేసినంత ఫలితం లభిస్తుందట.
ఇక ఇదే మాసంలో కృష్ణ పక్షంలో వచ్చే చతుర్దశి శివునికి ప్రీతిపాత్రమైనది. ఆ రోజే శివరాత్రి. అందుకే శివకేశవులు ఇరువురికీ ఇష్టమైన మాసం ఈ మాఘమాసం. అయితే కేవలం పుణ్యఫలం మోక్షదాయకం అనేకాదు హేతువాద దృష్టితో యోచిస్తే స్నానాలకీ, దానాలకీ మోక్షం లభిస్తుందా? అనుకుంటే లభిస్తుందనే చెప్పుకోవాలి. సూర్యోదయానికి ముందుగా స్నాన, ధ్యాన, జప, తపాదులు దాన, ధర్మాలు చేసుకుంటే శరీరంతో పాటు మనసు కూడా పరిణతి చెంది పరిశుద్ధమైన ఆత్మజ్ఞానానికి అనువుగా మారుతుంది. అందువల్ల కూడా ఆరోగ్యం, ఐశ్వర్యం, ఉత్తమ శీలం, కార్యదీక్ష, భగవత్ చింతన, మనస్సుద్ధి లాంటి లక్షణాలు కలుగుతాయని ఒక నమ్మకం. కార్తీకం, మాఘం మొదలైన మాసాలలో విధించిన ఈ పద్ధతులు అన్నీ మోక్షమార్గాలేనట.
ముఖ్యంగా ఈమాఘమాసంలో ేగుపళ్ళు, అరటి, ఉసిరి, నిమ్మ, దబ్బ, పాలు, పెరుగు, ఉప్పు, చక్కెర, తేనె, బెల్లం, జాజికాయ, పిప్పళ్ళు, పత్తి, శొంఠి, జీలకర్ర, యజ్ఞోపవీతం, కంబళి వంటి వస్త్రాలు, అన్నంతో బాటు కంచు పళ్ళెం, పువ్వులు, గోపీ చందనం, శంఖం లాంటివీ, పూజా సామాగ్రి, నల్లని సాలగ్రామం, స్పటిక లింగం, వినాయక ప్రతిమ, దుర్గా ప్రతిమ మొదలైనవి దానం చేయడం వలన మోక్షం లభిస్తుందని మాఘమాస మహిమల గురించి పద్మ పురాణంలో విశదీకరించి ఉంది.
ఇక ప్రవాహ జలంలో స్నానం అత్యుత్తమం. సమీపంలో నది, కాలువ, చెరువు లాంటివి ఉంటే ఆరోగ్యవంతులు ఇంటి వద్ద స్నానం చేయకూడదు. నూతి వద్ద, చెరువులోను చేసే స్నానం మధ్యమం. స్నానానంతరం పసిపిల్లలు, రోగులు, పెద్దలు తప్ప చలిమంటలు వేసుకోరాదు. దగ్గరలో నదులు, చెరువులు లేనివారు -
గంగేచ యమునేచైవ గోదావరి సరస్వతి
నర్మదే సింధు కావేరీ జలేస్మిన్ సన్నిధింకురు
అనే శ్లోకాన్ని పఠించి ఆవాహన చేసుకుని స్నానం చేయవచ్చు.
బాల్కుమారి దేవాలయం, భక్తపూర్

భక్తపూర్ జిల్లాకు చెందిన బల్కుమారి ఆలయం (నేపాలీ: बालकुमारी मन्दिर) ఖాట్మండు లోయలోని నాలుగు కుమారి దేవాలయాలలో ఒకటి. ఈ ఆలయం 17వ శతాబ్దంలో నిర్మించబడింది. 2015 లో 17 వ శతాబ్దానికి చెందిన దిగు భైరవ్ అసలు విగ్రహం ఆలయం నుండి దొంగిలించబడింది.
ఈ ఆలయంలో సిందూర్ జాతర ప్రారంభమవుతుంది. నేపాలీ నూతన సంవత్సర దినోత్సవంలో ఆలయంలో ఈ ఉత్సవం నిర్వహించబడుతుంది. యాత్రికులు పండుగ సమయంలో వెర్మిలియన్ పౌడర్ (సింధూర్)ను ఆకాశంలో విసిరివేస్తారు, అందువల్ల దీనికి సింధూర జాత్ర (జాతర) అనే పేరు వచ్చింది. జాత్ర సమయంలో వివిధ దేవుళ్ళ,దేవతల విగ్రహాలను కలిగి ఉన్న 32 రథాలు నిర్మించబడ్డాయి.
బాల్కుమారి ఆలయం చతురస్రాకారంలో మూడు అంతస్తులు కలిగి ఉంది. పైదాని పైభాగంలో నెమలి ఉన్న స్తంభం ముందు ఆలయాన్ని అలంకరించింది. ఆలయ కోనేరుల్లో నెమళ్లను కూడా వెల్డింగ్ చేస్తారు. భైరబ్ దేవాలయం కూడా ఆవరణలో ఉంది.
పురాణాల ప్రకారం థిమికి చెందిన ఒక వ్యాపారి లుభు యువరాణితో ప్రేమలో పడ్డాడు. యువరాణి గర్భవతి అయింది, ఆమెను తనతో తీసుకెళ్లమని వ్యాపారిని కోరింది. ఆమె తనతో పాటు బాల్కుమారి దేవతను తీసుకురావాలనే షరతుతో వ్యాపారి అంగీకరించాడు. యువరాణి దేవతను తనతో తీసుకువచ్చింది, తరువాత బాల్కుమారి ఆలయాన్ని లుభు నుండి థిమికి మార్చారు.
హింగ్లాజ్ మాత దేవాలయం

హింగ్లాజ్ మాత దేవాలయం పాకిస్థాన్‌లో గల బలూచిస్తాన్ ప్రావిన్స్‌లోని హింగ్లాజ్‌లో హింగోల్ నది ఒడ్డున ఉన్న హిందూ దేవాలయం. హిందూ దేవత అయిన సతీ దేవికి అంకితం చేయబడిన యాభై ఒక్క శక్తిపీఠాలలో ఇది ఒకటి. ఇక్కడ ఈ దేవతను హింగ్లాజ్ దేవి లేదా హింగులా దేవి అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. ఈ ఆలయాన్ని నాని మందిరం అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. ఈ ప్రదేశం గత మూడు దశాబ్దాలుగా విపరీతమైన ప్రజాదరణ పొందింది. పాకిస్తాన్‌లోని అనేక హిందూ సంఘాలలో విశ్వాస కేంద్రంగా మారింది.
హింగ్లాజ్ మాత దేవాలయం పాకిస్తాన్‌లోని బలూచిస్తాన్ ప్రావిన్స్‌లోని లారీ తహసిల్‌లోని మారుమూల పర్వత ప్రాంతంలో ఇరుకైన లోయలో ఉంది. ఇది కరాచీకి వాయువ్య దిశలో 250 కిలోమీటర్లు (160 మైళ్ళు), అరేబియా సముద్రం నుండి 12 మైళ్ళు (19 కిమీ), సింధు నదికి పశ్చిమాన 80 మైళ్ల (130 కిమీ) దూరంలో ఉంది. ఇది హింగోల్ నది పశ్చిమ ఒడ్డున, మక్రాన్ ఎడారిలోని ఖేర్థార్ కొండల శ్రేణి చివరలో నిర్మించబడింది. ఈ ప్రాంతం హింగోల్ నేషనల్ పార్క్ పరిధిలోకి వస్తుంది.
ఈ ఆలయం ఒక చిన్న సహజ గుహలో నిర్మించబడింది. ఒక మట్టి బలిపీఠం ఇక్కడ మిగిలి ఉంది. దేవత మానవ నిర్మిత చిత్రం లేదు. దీనికి బదులుగా, హింగ్లాజ్ మాత ప్రతిరూపంగా ఒక చిన్న రాయిని పూజిస్తారు. ఈ శిల వెర్మిలియన్ (వెర్మిలియన్)తో కప్పబడి ఉంది, దీనిని సంస్కృతంలో హింగులా అని పిలుస్తారు, ఇది దాని ప్రస్తుత పేరు హింగ్లాజ్‌కి మూల రూపం.
హింగ్లాజ్ చుట్టూ, గణేష్ దేవ్, కాళిమాతా, గురుగోరఖ్ నాథ్ దూని, బ్రహ్మ కుధ్, తిర్ కుండ్, గురునానక్ ఖరావ్, రామ్‌ఝరోఖా బేతక్, చోర్సీ పర్వతంపై అనిల్ కుంద్, చంద్ర గోపా, ఖరీవర్, అఘోర్ పూజ వంటి అనేక ఇతర ప్రార్థనా స్థలాలు ఉన్నాయి.
రాజ్‌పుత్ మొదటి కులదేవత అయిన హింగ్లాజ్ మాతగా ఇక్కడి దేవత గౌరవించబడుతుంది. ఒక జానపద కథ ప్రకారం, బారన్ల కుల్దేవి, రాజ పూజారి హింగ్లాజ్, అతని నివాసం పాకిస్తాన్‌లోని బలూచిస్తాన్ ప్రావిన్స్‌లో ఉంది. హింగ్లాజ్ అనే పేరు తప్ప, హింగ్లాజ్ దేవి పాత్ర లేదా చరిత్ర ఇప్పటికీ తెలియదు. కానీ ఈ దేవతను సతీ దేవి ప్రతిరూపంగా భావిస్తారు.
మరొక కథనం ప్రకారం, సతీదేవి స్వీయ దహనం వలన కలత చెందిన శివుడు, సతీదేవి దేహంతో మూడు లోకాలను పర్యటించడం ప్రారంభించినప్పుడు, విష్ణువు సతీ శరీరాన్ని 51 విభాగాలుగా విభజించాడు, అక్కడక్కడ సతీ శరీర భాగాలు పడిపోయాయి. పడిపోయిన ఆయా ప్రదేశాల్లో శక్తి పీఠాలు ఏర్పడ్డాయి.
హింగ్లాజ్ మాత తన భక్తులందరి కోరికలను తీర్చే శక్తివంతమైన దేవతగా పరిగణించబడుతుంది. హింగ్లాజ్ను ప్రధాన దేవాలయంగా భావిస్తూ, పొరుగున ఉన్న భారత రాష్ట్రాలైన గుజరాత్, రాజస్థాన్‌లలో కూడా హింగ్లాజ్ మాతకు అంకితం చేయబడిన దేవాలయాలు ఉన్నాయి. ఆ ప్రదేశాల్లో హింగ్లాజ్ మాతను, హింగ్లాజ్ దేవి, హింగులా దేవి, కొట్టారి లేదా కొత్వి అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు.
స్థానిక ముస్లింలు కూడా హింగ్లాజ్ మాతపై విశ్వాసం ఉంచి ఆలయానికి భద్రత కల్పిస్తారు. వారు ఆలయాన్ని "నాని ఆలయం" అని పిలుస్తారు. వారు దేవతను బీబీ నాని (గౌరవనీయమైన అమ్మమ్మ) అని పిలుస్తారు.
తిలకం

తిలకం అనేది హిందువుల, ముఖ్యంగా వైష్ణవులు, శైవులు నుదిటిపై పెట్టుకునే ఒక రకం బొట్టు లేదా శుభ చిహ్నం. భారతదేశంలోని ఇతర ప్రాంతాలలో దీనిని బిండి లేదా పొట్టు అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. తిలక గుర్తును గంధపు పేస్ట్, పసుపు, వెర్మిలియన్ లేదా విభూది వంటి వివిధ పదార్థాలతో తయారు చేయవచ్చు.
తిలక గుర్తు సాధారణంగా చుక్క లేదా చుక్కలతో పాటు నిలువు రేఖ లేదా పంక్తులను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. పంక్తులు, చుక్కల ఆకారం, రంగు, సంఖ్య విభాగం, సంప్రదాయం, సందర్భాన్ని బట్టి మారవచ్చు. ఉదాహరణకు, వైష్ణవులు తరచుగా తమ దేవతని సూచించే U- ఆకారంలో లేదా V- ఆకారపు చిహ్నంతో కూడిన తిలకం గుర్తును ధరిస్తారు, అయితే శైవులు శివుని మూడు కళ్లకు ప్రతీకగా మూడు సమాంతర రేఖలను ధరిస్తారు.
హిందూ సంస్కృతిలో తిలక గుర్తుకు మతపరమైన, సామాజిక ప్రాముఖ్యత ఉంది. ఇది జ్ఞానం, అంతర్ దృష్టి యొక్క స్థానం అయిన మూడవ కన్నును సక్రియం చేస్తుందని నమ్ముతారు, దైవిక భక్తిని తనకు, ఇతరులకు గుర్తుచేసే మార్గంగా కూడా పరిగణించబడుతుంది. ఇది మహిళలకు వైవాహిక స్థితికి చిహ్నంగా కూడా పరిగణించబడుతుంది, తిలకం గుర్తును ధరించడం తరచుగా సాంప్రదాయ హిందూ వివాహ అలంకరణలో ఒక భాగం.
ఈ పదం ఒకరి నుదిటిపై గంధం లేదా వెర్మిలియన్ వంటి సువాసనగల పేస్ట్‌తో గుర్తు పెట్టే హిందూ ఆచారాన్ని కూడా సూచిస్తుంది, వారు వచ్చినప్పుడు స్వాగతం, గౌరవప్రదంగా.
తిలకాలు వైష్ణవులు (హిందూమతంలోని ఒక విభాగం) ధరించే నిలువు గుర్తులు. వైష్ణవ తిలకం వెంట్రుక రేఖకు దిగువ నుండి దాదాపు ఒకరి ముక్కు కొన చివరి వరకు పొడవైన నిలువు గుర్తును కలిగి ఉంటుంది, వాటిని ఊర్ధ్వ పుండ్ర అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. ఇది పొడుగుచేసిన U ద్వారా మధ్యలో అడ్డగించబడుతుంది. దేవాలయాలపై కూడా రెండు గుర్తులు ఉండవచ్చు. ఈ తిలకం సాంప్రదాయకంగా గంధపు చెక్కతో తయారు చేయబడుతుంది.
రుద్ర-తిలక, త్రిపుండ్ర పేర్లతో పిలువబడే ఇతర ప్రధాన తిలకం రూపాన్ని శివ అనుచరులు తరచుగా ధరిస్తారు. ఇది ఒక నిలువు బ్యాండ్ లేదా మధ్యలో వృత్తంతో నుదిటిపై మూడు సమాంతర బ్యాండ్‌లను కలిగి ఉంటుంది. ఇది సాంప్రదాయకంగా అగ్ని త్యాగాల నుండి పవిత్రమైన బూడిదతో చేయబడుతుంది. ఈ రూపాంతరం రెండింటిలో చాలా పురాతనమైనది, ప్రపంచవ్యాప్తంగా ధరించే ఒకే విధమైన గుర్తులతో అనేక సాధారణ అంశాలను పంచుకుంటుంది.