davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Vinpearl Cable Car

Vinpearl Cable Car is a 3,320-metre-long gondola lift, which links Hon Tre Island with Nha Trang in Vietnam. It has been called the longest cable car over the sea.
It was built by POMA and uses seven offshore support Eiffel- type towers that all stand in the sea. The tallest is 115 metres high, with 40 metres of its structure below the water level. Each tower is supported by 4 steel pipe piles with diameter 2500 mm, filled by reinforced concrete. The length of piles are 74 m to 94 m drilled to the bedrock. The depth of sea water is average 25 m based on the local mean sea level. Currently, the main cable, which was 52 mm stainless steel, has temporarily been removed (as have the gondolas). The structure is designed earthquake resist Mark <= 7 on the Richter scale. The foundations and the towers were constructed by two Vietnamese companies: Foundations : Kim Do Thanh Co., Ltd., Towers : Nam Dong Duong Co., Ltd., Consultant: KPCC, KhanhHoaPublicWorksConsultantCompany. All the project was constructed in 12 months. Total cost 240 billions VN dong. One way runtime is about 15 minutes depending on the wind conditions. Operating hours: Currently out of service.
Montjuïc Cable Car

The Montjuïc Cable Car (officially Telefèric de Montjuïc, in Catalan) is a gondola lift in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The cable car runs from a lower terminus adjacent to the Montjuïc Park upper station of the Montjuïc funicular, and climbs higher up the Montjuïc hill to a terminal near the Montjuïc Castle on the summit of the hill. At its midpoint, the line executes a 90 degree turn and the cabins pass through Mirador station, although only down-bound cabins stop at this point.
The cable car was originally put into service in 1970, replacing a former upper stage of the Montjuïc funicular. As built, it used a fleet of open cars. It was closed between October 2004 and May 2007, for a complete overhaul in order to increase capacity. At the same time the open cars were replaced by 55 new closed cabins.
The cable car line is 752 m (2,467 ft) in length, and climbs a vertical distance of 84.55 m (277.4 ft) at a speed of 2.5 m/s (8.2 ft/s). The cars slow to a crawl as they pass through the station to allow passengers to board or exit. Two cars are equipped with the facility to carry wheelchairs. The line is operated by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) but, unlike the Montjuïc funicular, it is not part of Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM) integrated fare network. Separate tickets must be purchased prior to boarding. Access to the castle is also available from the top funicular station via the 150 bus which is included in the ATM integrated fare network.
The Montjuïc Cable Car should not be confused with the Port Vell Aerial Tramway, which crosses Port Vell, Barcelona's old harbour, and connects the Montjuïc hill with the seaside suburb of Barceloneta.
41°22′14″N 2°10′14″E﻿ / ﻿41.37056°N 2.17056°E﻿ / 41.37056; 2.17056
Albert Camus

Albert Camus, bet ganet d'ar 7 a viz Du 1913 ha marvet d'ar 4 a viz Genver 1960, oa ur skrivagner, prederour, kazetenner gall ganet e Aljeria. Reseviñ a reas priz Nobel al lennegezh. Lakaet e vez alies kenañ Albert Camus e rummad prederourien ar bezout/existentialiste, met nac'hañ a rae bezañ lakaet er strollad-se. Skrivañ a reas oberennoù brudet evel L'Homme révolté, Le mythe de Sisyphe, ha stourm a-enep d'ur brederouriezh kaset gant an netraouriezh. Diskouezañ a reas en ur mod sklaer levezon Friedrich Nietzsche war e breder. Ha war tachenn ar feiz e skrivas en e notennoù "Ne gredan ket e Doue met n'on ket stag ouzh preder an dizoueegezh".
Camus oa eil yaouankañ den o reseviñ priz Nobel al lennegezh (goude Rudyard Kipling). Ha dont a reas da vezañ kentañ den ganet en Afrika o reseviñ ar priz. Er memes koulz eo an den marvet ar yaouankañ e touez reseverien ar priz (marvet 3 bloaz goude-se).
Gwelloc'h e kave Camus bezañ anavezet evel den ha prederour eget evel ezel eus ur skol filozofel pe un ideologiezh. Muioc'h e kare an dud eget ar mennozhioù.
Tahsin Yücel

Tahsin Yücel zo ur skrivagner turk ganet d'ar 17 a viz C'hwevrer 1933 en Elbistan, e proviñs Kahramanmaraş, hag aet da chom da Istanbul adalek 1945.
Graet en deus studioù war ar yezh hag al lennegezh c'hallek e skol-veur Istanbul.
Skrivet en deus danevelloù, romantoù, esaeoù ha troet meur a levr, en o zouez oberennoù gant Guy de Maupassant, André Gide pe Albert Camus.
Lec'hienn Tahsin Yücel (e turkeg)
Le Cheval d'orgueil (levr)

Le cheval d'orgueil ("Marc'h al Lorc'h") zo ul levr ennañ eñvorennoù bugaleaj Per-Jakez Heliaz, embannet e 1975 gant an embanner gall Plon, e Pariz, e-barzh an dastumad Terre Humaine.
Savet e oa al levr diwar bennadoù divyezhek embannet e-barzh Ouest-France e-pad bloavezhioù.
Lavarout a rae ar skrivagner e oa bet skrivet e brezhoneg gantañ a-raok bezañ troet e galleg gantañ.
Berzh en deus graet dre ar bed a-bezh, buan e voe gwerzhet ouzhpenn 500 000 skouerenn ha troet eo bet e 18 yezh.
Tabut a savas gant Xavier Grall hag a embannas Le Cheval couché, ma tamalle da Bêr-Jakez Helias bezañ treset ur skeudenn eus ur Vreizh kozh.
Kontet eo buhez ur familh kouerien baour a Vro-Vigoudenn un tamm a-raok ar Brezel-bed Kentañ
Ur film a zo bet savet gant ar filmaozer gall Claude Chabrol diwar al levr e 1980, hag eilmouezhiet e brezhoneg gant Dizale gant an titl Marc'h al Lorc'h.
Meur a vloaz goude e voe embannet ar skrid brezhoneg gant Terre Humaine evel ma oa bet e galleg, paper heñvel, golo kalet, keinet heñvel, un embannadur kaer evel n'eus ket kalz e brezhoneg. E falc'huneg e oa skrivet evel pennadoù Ouest-France. Ne reas ket berzh tamm ebet avat, ha distrujet e voe ar miliadoù a levrioù na oant ket bet gwerzhet.
Un toullad bloavezhioù goude e oa Emgleo Breiz oc'h adembann levr Heliaz gant ur golo tanav ha war baper marc'had-mat, disheñvel-mat diouzh an embannadur kentañ.
Zavier Grall

Zavier Grall evel a zaveer outañ e brezhoneg, Xavier Grall diouzh e sinadur gallek, bet ganet e Landivizio (Bro-Leon) d'an 22 a viz Mezheven 1930 hag aet da Anaon d'an 11 a viz Kerzu 1981 e Kemperle (Kerne-Izel), a oa ur c'hazetenner, barzh ha skrivagner breizhat.
E galleg en deus savet e oberenn.
Leòdhas agus na Hearadh

Leòdhas agus na Hearadh a vez lavaret e gouezeleg (Lewis and Harris e saozneg) eus an div enezenn stag, Leòdhas en hanternoz ha Na Hearadh er c'hreisteiz, en Inizi Gall. Ober a reont brasañ enezenn Bro-Skos ha Breizh-Veur.Etrezo hag an douar-bras emañ ar strizh-mor anvet the Minch.
Rivet & Smith, p. 342
Talvoudegezh : diwar *dumn- = bed, pe don (= pellañ dre ar sell)
Quicherat & Daveluy, (goude pajenn 1292) eil rummad, p. 53 : Dumna. Plin. : enez amezek eus an Orcades
Claudius

Claudius a zo anv unan eus brudetañ tiegezhioù Roma gozh ar gens Claudia, ha dreist-holl hini an impalaer Claudius. Kar eo an anv marteze d'ar ger latin claudus, a dalv kement ha kamm, met n'int ket da vezañ mesket.
Meur a zen, kar a dost pe a bell d'ar gens Claudia zo bet anvet Claudius.
Civitas sine suffragio

Civitas sine suffragio ("keoded hep mouezhiañ") a oa ul live keodedelezh er Republik Roman hag a roe ar geodedelezh roman hep reiñ ar gwir da vouezhiañ er bodadoù keodedourien. Ar statud-se a voe roet da gentañ da geodedoù-Stadoù degemeret er Republik goude torret ar Foedus Latinum, "kevre latin", en 338 kent JK.
Evel-se e voe dalc'het d'ober a-hed an Impalaeriezh Roman pa veze ebarzhet ar broioù aloubet en impalaeriezh.
Kement ha "hollad annezidi ur gêr, ur Stad" ha "kêr, Stad" e talvez cīvĭtās ; eus ar ger-se e teu ar ger brezhonek keoded koulz hag ar gerioù gallek cité ha saoznek city.
Action Française

L'Action Française (berraet e AF) zo ur skol prederouriezh kement hag ul luskad broadelour ha roueelour gall. Oberiant e voe dreist-holl e-pad hanterenn gentañ an XX kantved. An Action Française a oa bet savet e 1898 gant Henri Vaugeois ha Maurice Pujo. Ar pal a oa nevesaat mennozhioù al luskadoù broadelour er vro. Da gentañ holl e oa al luskad-se unan broadelour republikan hag enep Dreyfus, goustadik ez eas war-zu ar roueelouriezh dindan levezon Charles Maurras hag e vennozh eus ar vroadelouriezh hollek (nationalisme intégral). Pa voe Maurras yen e keñver ar relijion, lakaet e voe diaes an izili pa voe tamallet gant ar Pab al luskad bezañ enep ar gristeniezh e 1926. Drouksellet e voe o oberiantizoù muioc’h-muiañ, betek an Eil Brezel-bed ma voent kavet, Charles Maurras ha Maurice Pujo, o fennadurezhioù, kablus bezañ bet a-du gant gouarnamant Pétain ha arv lezennoù enepyuzev.
E Ebrel 1898 e voe savet ur C'hengor evit an Ober gall (Comité d’Action française) gat pevarc den ha ne brizie ket ma sav an "Union pour l’Action morale » a-du gant difenn ar c’habiten Albert Dreyfus. Enno e voe unanet Henri Vaugeois, Maurice Pujo, ar c’horonal de Villebois-Mareuil hag ur ofiser war e leve, Caplain-Cortambert. E diwezh 1898 e soNnjont sevel ul luskad brasoc’h, Unvaniezh evit an Ober gall (Union pour l’Action française) e anv. E Ebrel 1899 e reas Henri Vaugeois, ur brezegenn war « L’Action française) Evel-se e teu da vezañ an AF, ul luskad gant mennozhioù enep-reveulzier, enep-republikan hag enep-hiniennel gant ul lodenn araoker. Brudet eo buan dre an tagadennoù lies a-enep ar pezh a vez galvet gant an izili ar « Stadoù er Stad ». Feuls eo an doare da embann e soñjoù gant an AF dreist-holl a-fed enepyuzevegezh. Gant harp Maurice Barrès ha Charles Maurras e voe embannet ar ‘’Revue d’Action française’’ e miz Eost 1899.
Goude an Eil Brezel-bed, bountet gant Pierre Boutang, kendalc'her Charles Maurras, al luskad a lak a-gostez an enepyuzevegezh « a Stad ». Adal ar mare-se ez eo dreist-holl ur stourm evit ar vonarkiezh mod-kozh, enep-parlamantel ha digreizennet.
Charles Le Goffic

Charles Le Goffic (pe Charlez ar Govig), bet ganet d'ar 14 a viz Gouere 1863 e Lannuon (Bro-Dreger), e-lec'h m'eo bet marvet d'an 12 a viz C'hwevrer 1932, a oa ur barzh, ur skrivagner hag un emsaver breizhat.
Mouller ha levrier e Lannuon oa e dad. Studiet en deus e skolaj Lannuon, e lise Naoned hag el lise Charlemagne e Pariz. Resevet eo bet e kenstrivadeg an agregadur e 1887. Kelenn a reas e Nevers, en Evreux en Havr-Nevez.
Kregiñ a reas da skrivañ e-keit-se. Reiñ a reas buhez d'ar gelaouenn Chroniques gant e vignon Barrès. Embann a reas un dastumad barzhonegoù e 1889 : Amour Breton. E gentañ romant Le Crucifié de Keraliès a voe enoret gant Akademiezh Frañs e 1891. Adalek 1896 e tilezas an deskadurezh evit bevañ diwar e labour skrivagner. Bevañ a rae e Pariz e-kerzh ar goañv hag e Tregastell e-pad an hañv.
Skrivet en deus kalz. E romantoù pouezusañ zo : Passé l'amour, La Payse, Morgane, L'Erreur de Florance, Croc d'argent, Le Pirate de l'île Lerne ha L'Abesse de Guérande, gwelet gant tud zo evel e romant gwellañ. Skrivet en deus levrioù o tanevelliñ darvoudoù istorel o tennañ da Vreizh (Les Bonnets Rouges ha La Tour d'Auvergne) pe a-zivout ar brezel bed kentañ (Dixmude, Le Marais de Saint Gond ha La Victoire de la Marne).
Brudet eo evit bezañ skrivet L'Âme bretonne, peder levrenn a istorioù, prizius evel deskrivadur eus stad Vreizh d'e vare.
Skrivet en deus pezhioù-c'hoari ivez : Le Sortilège, Dernière bataille, Sans nouvelle, Le Pays, Marie-Reine, hag un toullad studiadennoù evel Racine, La Versification, La Littérature du XIXe siècle ha Les Poètes de la mer.
Bet eo bet graet marc'hg Lejion a enor Frañs e 1900 hag ofisour goude.
Dilennet eo bet prezidant ar "Société des Gens de Lettres" e 1922.
Dilennet eo bet ezel Akademiezh Frañs e 1930.
Fabliau

Ar fabliau (fabliaux el liester) zo un anv gallek a vez roet d'ur gontadenn fentus, e gwerzennoù eizhsilabennek, eus ar Grennamzer.
Pikardek e vefe ar ger fabliau, deuet eus ar ger latin fabula, hag en deus roet ar ger « fable » (fablenn) e galleg, met kontadennig eo ar ster. Fablet eo ar ger a gaver e dibenn Boivin de Provins, gant Boivin. Ar fablennoù avat a oa isopet e galleg, diwar anv Aisopos.
Daoust ma'z eo dizanv ar c'hontadennoù-se ec'h anavezer anvioù darn eus an oberourien:
Gant ar c'hontadennoù-se eo bet awenet Boccacio, a adkemeras danvez darn anezho da vagañ Il Decameron,, Jean de La Fontaine, en e fablennoù ha kontadennoù, Molière, a implijas Le Vilain mire evit sevel Le Médecin malgré lui, Honoré de Balzac en e Contes drôlatiques.
Le Grand Mystère de Jésus

Le Grand Mystère de Jésus zo ur mister brezhonek eus ar XVIvet kantved.
Hervez Henri d'Arbois de Jubainville, e oa savet ar mister war patrom ur skrid gallek (« l'imitation d'une composition française » ) ha ne oa ket ken kozh ha ma sonje da Gervarker ( « il ne remonte pas à la date reculée »).
Yann Bouëssel du Bourg

Yann Bouessel du Bourg, pe c'hoazh Jean Marie Bouessel du Bourg, a oa ur broadelour breizhat (1924-1996).
Ganet eo e Pariz. E familh a zo a orin eus Bilieg e-kichen Felger.
Dont a ra da vezañ stourmer broadelour breizhat ha federalour europat adalek e yaouankiz hag e chomo gant ar mennozhioù-se betek e varv. Stourm a ra e Strollad Broadel Breizh. Harzet e voe Yann Bouëssel du Bourg gant an Alamaned e-pad nozvezh ar 27 a viz Gwengolo 1941, a-gevret gant ur stourmer all eus SBB, Arsène Gefflot, merour L'Heure Bretonne, pa oant o lakaat traktoù. Testenn an traktoù-se bet embannet gant Strollad Broadel Breizh a oa : "Ni anglais, ni français, ni allemand, breton seulement".
Yann Bouëssel du Bourg en deus soñjet mont er Bezen Perrot met ne 'z eas ket en abeg d'e vennozhioù kristen hag a oa kontrol da baganiezh Lainé.
Skrivet en doa kantadoù a bennadoù er c'helaouennoù breizhek etre 1970 ha 1990, dreist-holl diwar-benn istor Breizh. Tost e oa da Langleiz, e amezeg hag e vignon. Kenlabourat a ra gant kengevread Kendalc'h, Skouted Bleimor, hag ar c'helaouennoù Imbourc'h hag Al Liamm.
Jacques Boucher de Perthes

Jacques Boucher de Perthes, pe hervez e anv klok Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes, ganet d'an 10 a viz Gwengolo 1788 e Perthes (bremañ en Ardennes) ha marvet d'ar 5 a viz Eost 1868 e Abbeville (Somme) a voe rener ar maltouterezh ha skrivagner gall. Brudet eo dreist-holl evit e oberoù e bed an arkeologiezh hag an araokadennoù en deus degaset war anaoudegezh ar Ragistor.
E 1804 e krogas Jacques Boucher de Perthes da labourat evit ar maltouterezh gall e Abbeville, evel e dad. Anvet e voe da enseller e burev Boulogne e 1811, ha da is-penn e renerezh ar maltourerezh e Pariz e 1812. Aesaet e voe e red-micher gant Napoleon, ha Boucher de Perthes en doe un darempred gant Pauline Bonaparte, c'hoar an impalaer gall. Pa voe-eñ diskaret e voe kaset Boucher de Perthes da labourat er Ciotat e-pad c'hwec'h miz, hag e Montroulez, eus 1816 betek 1824. E 1825 e c'hallas distreiñ da labourat e maltouterezh Abbeville.
An hini kentañ eo a embannas, a-drugarez da ostilhoù produet gant Mab-den ha da eskern loened kavet e sabreg Menchecourt-lès-Abbeville er bloavezhioù 1840, e oa tud a-raok mare al Liñvadenn Veur evel deskrivet er Bibl. Deuet e oa a-benn da dermeniñ e oa bet hinoù disheñvel war an Douar ; hervezañ e oa bet teir anezhe da heul, unan drovanel da gentañ, unan skornek war-lerc'h, hag unan gerreizh, hiziv an deiz. Ijinet en deus Jacques Boucher de Perthes meizad ar stratigrafiezh, a zo c'hoazh unan eus diazezoù an arkeologiezh evit termeniñ oad ur gavadenn.
E 1863 e savas reuz e meteier an arkeologourien tro-dro d'ur javed den bet kavet e Moulin-Quignon (bremañ en ur c'harter eus Abbeville), hag a voe implijet gant Boucher de Perthes evel prouenn ouzhpenn d'e deorienn war orin Mab-den. A-benn ar fin e prouas ur bodad arkeologourien gall ha saoz e oa unan fals, bet kavet gant micherourien c'hoant gante tapout ar sammad daou c'hant lur prometet gant an arkeologour da neb a gavje tammoù eskern Mab-den eno.
Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane

Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane zo ur romant gallek gant ar skrivagner breizhat Alain-René Lesage, savet diwar skouer ar romantoù spagnol ar XVIvet kantved anvet novela picaresca, hag embannet e meur a levrenn etre 1715 ha 1735.
En Histoire de Gil Blas de Santillane e kont Gil Blas, ganet e Cantabria, e Santillane, goude kelennet gant e eontr chaloni, penaos e kuita Oviedo da seitek vloaz, da vont da skol-veur Salamanca .
Roll an asanaoù

Setu amañ roll un nebeud stummoù yoga, pe asanaoù.
Un nebeud termenoù sañskritek a vez implijet ingal e-barzh anvioù an asanaoù. Peurliesañ ez int rakgerioù ha gallout a reont bezañ implijet gant kement stumm a zo evit displegañ ur c'hemm.
Patrom:Yoga
Llywarch Hen

Llywarch Hen (534-634) a oa roue diwezhañ Rheged ar c'hreisteiz, unan eus rouantelezhioù brezhon en Hanternoz Kozh Enez Vreizh, a zo Hen Ogledd Kembreiz ; mab e oa da Elidyr Llydanwyn, roue Rheged en e raok, ha kenderv da Urien Rheged, priñs Rheged.
Repu a rankas mont da glask da rouantelezh Powys dirak aloubadeg an armeoù saoz. Eno e teuas da vezañ ur barzh brudet e penn-kentañ ar VII kantved.
Stag eo e anv ouzh Llanfor, e-kichen lenn Tegid, er Bala e Meirionnydd.
Brudet eo e varzhonegoù diwar-benn marv e genderv Urien Rheged, diwar-benn Cynddylan Pengwern ha diwar-benn e vibion-eñ.
War a greder ez eo gantañ e oa bet dastumet penn Urien en aerva.
Hervez ar vojenn e oa niverus e vugale, goude ma n'eo ket asur ar gont : 24 hervez ar barzh, met 39 hervez dihelloù all, hep kontañ e verc'hed.
Kantvloaziek e oa pa varvas e 634.
En e varzhonegoù ez eus kaoz eus aloubadeg Breizh-Veur gant ar Saozon. Ganto e vije bet awenet diouganoù Gwenc'hlan e Barzaz Breiz.
En IX kantved ez eo bet skrivet ar barzhonegoù Canu Llywarch Hen, ha Canu Heledd . N'ouzer ket gant piv int bet skrivet. Meneg zo graet gant ar barzh eus anv an daou zen-se : unan anezhe a veve er VI kantved, egile er VIIvet.
E Canu Heledd ez eus kaoz eus rouaned Pengwern, eus Geraint, eus Emgann Llongborth, a vez lakaet war e anv.
Disheñvel avat eo e varzhonegoù diouzh re Taliesin hag Aneirin en e raok, dre ma tispak enne e drivliadoù personel en ur zerc'hel d'an hengoun harozel.
Barzhonegoù istorel int en un doare eta, ha kaoz enne eus ar stourm enep ar Saozon, eus 24 mab Llywarch hag eus Cynddylan, breur Heledd, bet lazhet en emgann.
Le Morte d'Arthur / Eil istor

The Noble Tale Betwyxt Kynge Arthure and Lucius the Emperor of Rome, "An istor nobl etre ar Roue Arzhur ha Lucius impalaer Roma", eo eil istor Le Morte Darthur ar skrivagner saoz Sir Thomas Malory (c. 1416 – 14 a viz Meurzh 1471), a skrivas pa oa bac'het e London adalek 1468 betek 1470.
Un henvoulladenn eus Le Morte Darthur a voe graet e 1485 gant William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) e London. Diwar un eilskrid eus oberenn Malory hag un dornskrid all e labouras Caxton. Kentoc'h eget moullañ an eizh istor evel e oant bet skrivet gant Malory e kavas gwelloc'h o rannañ en 21 levrenn ha 504 fennad, setu e ya eil istor Malory d'ober al levrenn V, 12 pennad ennañ.
Setu amañ penaos e voe rannet eil istor Le Morte Darthur gant William Caxton, hag ar pezh a zo kontet ennañ.
Jacques Tardi

Jacques Tardi (French: [taʁdi]; born 30 August 1946) is a French comic artist. He is often credited solely as Tardi.
Tardi was born on 30 August 1946 in Valence, Drôme. After graduating from the École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon and the École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris, he started drawing comics in 1969, at the age of 23, in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Pilote, initially illustrating short stories written by Jean Giraud and Serge de Beketch, before creating the political fiction story Rumeur sur le Rouergue from a scenario by Pierre Christin in 1972. Tardi especially gained fame and recognition with his graphic novels about the horror and misery of The First World War, like It Was The War of the Trenches.
In the English language, many of Tardi's books are published by Fantagraphics Books, edited and translated by Fantagraphics' co-founder Kim Thompson.
In 2013, Tardi was nominated as a Chevalier in France's Legion of Honour, the country's highest distinction. However, he turned down the distinction, citing that he will "remain a free man and not be held hostage by any power whatsoever."
Céline adaptations:
Jules Verne adaptations:
Paul French (author)

Paul French (born London Borough of Enfield 27 August 1966) is a British author. In addition to articles about a range of subjects, he has specialised in books about China, including the murder mystery Midnight in Peking and the biography Her Lotus Year about Wallis Simpson in China.
French was born in the London Borough of Enfield in 1966. He attended Raglan Junior School and Edmonton County School, North London. He gained an M.Phil from the University of Glasgow and studied Chinese at the City Lit. After university, French worked briefly for Time Out magazine and Euromonitor in London before relocating to Shanghai. In 1997 he co-founded the independent research firm Access Asia. It specialised in analysing Chinese consumer and retail markets. In September 2011 Access Asia was acquired by the London-based market research company Mintel. French left the company and China to become a full-time writer of articles and books about China, based in London.
French was columnist for the China Economic Quarterly and the China Economic Review. He wrote for and was China Editor of Ethical Corporation magazine. French has contributed to Foreign Policy, The Washington Post, South China Morning Post, Shanghai Daily, The Guardian, The Cleaver Quarterly and The Diplomat. French is a contributor to the UK's Real Crime magazine.
As a book reviewer, French has contributed to the (British) Literary Review, The Washington Post, The Asian Review of Books, and the Los Angeles Review of Books. He is the author of the fortnightly "Crime and the City" column for Literary Hub. French has also made contributions to the Asia Literary Review and Cha: An Asian Literary Journal. His 2023 column 'The Ultimate China Bookshelf' for The China Project was described as for those 'struggling to keep up with contemporary China affairs'.
He is a former board member of the Shanghai Foreign Correspondents Club and a member of the Korea Research Hub (KRH) based within Leeds and Sheffield universities. French was also a member of the editorial advisory board for Anthem Press's ‘China in the Twenty First Century’ series and the Honorary Research and Publications Director for the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland – China Branch. In 2011 French launched the Asian Arguments series of books for Zed Booksacting as the Series Editor.
French maintains the blog China Rhyming: A gallimaufry of random China history and research interests.
Francis French (author)

Francis French (born 1970) is a book and magazine author from Manchester, England, specialising in space flight history. He is a former director of events for Sally Ride Science, and a director at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.
French's space history books have been reviewed by the Smithsonian's Air & Space Magazine, The San Diego Union-Tribune, Jeff Foust of The Space Review, Student Life newspaper, Popmatters, Quest: The History of Spaceflight, Blogcritics, Space Times, Oxford Journals, Air Power History, Technology and Culture, Journal of Cold War Studies, Michelle Evans of the National Space Society, readers of collectSPACE, and Hugo Award nominee Steven H Silver of Silver Reviews, hosted by SF Site.
French's space history writing is noted for the amount of personal interviews with astronauts and cosmonauts, including Wally Schirra, Gordon Cooper, Scott Carpenter, and Pavel Popovich. In addition, French is a contributor to the magazine of the British Interplanetary Society, and is a Fellow of the society. In 2005, astronaut Wally Schirra personally inducted French into the astronaut branch of the Ancient Order of Turtles.
French has made appearances as a space expert on the Discovery Channel, History Channel, Science Channel, and The Space Show, as well as the BBC World Service, NPR's "All Things Considered," ABC and other international broadcast shows.
Both of French's 2007 books, Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965 and In the Shadow of the Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility, 1965–1969 were named as finalists for the 2007 Eugene M. Emme Award given by the American Astronautical Society. The latter was also named as 2009 Outstanding Academic Title by the American Library Association's Choice magazine. In 2008, French received the AIAA "Outstanding Contribution to Aerospace Education" award, and the "Outstanding Community Support" award for San Diego from the National Space Society. In 2011, French's co-authored book "Falling To Earth" made the top 12 of the LA Times Bestseller list.
On 20 August 2010, French was inducted into the U.S. Space & Rocket Center's Space Camp Hall of Fame for his contributions to space history writing plus making science and technology accessible and understandable to family audiences. French joined notable names in space history in the Hall of Fame such as rocket pioneer Wernher von Braun and NASA astronaut Dottie Metcalf-Lindenburger.
In 2024, French's An Unlikely Astronaut, co-authored with Susan Kilrain, was read in space aboard the International Space Station.
In 2024 French was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Education in recognition of his distinguished contribution to STEM and to education as a whole from Brunel University, London.
Eranos

Eranos is an intellectual discussion group dedicated to humanistic and religious studies, as well as to the natural sciences which has met annually in Moscia (Lago Maggiore), the Collegio Papio and on the Monte Verità in Ascona, Switzerland since 1933.
It has also been the name for a circle of scholars at Heidelberg (Germany) in the early 20th century. Among others, Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch were members of the "Heidelberg Eranos".
The name is derived from the Ancient Greek word ἔρανος meaning "a banquet to which the guests bring contributions of food, a no-host dinner." The circle at Moscia was founded by Olga Froebe-Kapteyn in 1933, and these conferences have been held annually on the grounds of her estate (on the shores of Lago Maggiore near Ascona in Switzerland) ever since. For over seventy years this event has served as a point of contact for thinkers from disparate fields of knowledge ranging from depth psychology and comparative religion to history, literary criticism and folklore, and provides a setting and a congenial group within which to discuss all things spiritual. Each conference takes place over eight days, during which time all participants eat, sleep and live together, thereby promoting a camaraderie which fosters an atmosphere of free and open discussion. Each year a new theme is addressed, and each participant scholar delivers a two-hour lecture on a topic of his choice relating to the theme — his/her contribution to the ‘banquet’ of ideas — thereby attempting to draw these multifarious thinkers into productive intellectual discourse.
Froebe-Kapteyn established this group at the suggestion of the eminent German religious historian, Rudolf Otto. Froebe-Kapteyn was the Dutch foundress of the literary salon "Table Ronde" (Round Table), which is indicative of the Eranos’ ‘spiritualist’ bent. Indeed, Eranos was from its very outset interested in these issues and its first theme, ‘Yoga and Meditation in East and West’, was a truly pioneering subject in the early 1930s. Past themes include Ancient Sun Cults and the Symbolism of Light in the Gnosis and in Early Christianity (1943), Man and Peace (1958), Creation and Organization (1966) and The Truth of Dreams (1995). Participants over the years have included Heinrich Zimmer (Indian religious art), Karl Kerényi (Greek mythology), Mircea Eliade (history of religions), Carl Gustav Jung and Erich Neumann (analytical psychology), Robert Eisler (gospel authorship), Alfons Rosenberg (symbolism), Gilles Quispel (gnostic studies), Gershom Scholem (Jewish mysticism), Henry Corbin (Islamic religion), Gilbert Durand (symbolic anthropology), Adolf Portmann (biology), Herbert Read (art history), Max Knoll (physics), and Joseph Campbell (comparative mythology). The Eranos conferences have resulted in the publication of a number of books. Anyone may attend the lectures upon payment of a small fee.
See also: "Selected Bibliography", http://www.eranos.org/content/html/start_english.html
Francine Faure

Francine Faure (6 December 1914 in Oran, Algeria – 24 December 1979) was a French pianist specializing in Bach. She was also a mathematician. She was the second wife of Albert Camus, whom she met in 1937 in Algiers. They were married in Lyon on 3 December 1940. She came from a middle-class French family in Oran, Algeria, which was a French colony at the time. She also taught mathematics, sometimes as a substitute teacher.
Francine's father Fernand Martial François Faure died in World War I, at the Marne, where Camus' father had also died. Her mother, Marie-Fernande Charlotte "Fernande" Faure (née Albert), was considered by Camus biographer Olivier Todd to be domineering. Her grandfather had built part of the Oran harbour. Her maternal grandmother Clara Albert (née Touboul; 1868–1940) was a Berber Jew and was born in Oran to Fredj Touboul (also reported as Fredja Abitboul) and Messaouda Touboul (née Tabet; 1834–1890).
Although Camus was indifferent if not hostile to formal marriage, the couple had twins, Catherine and Jean Camus, in Paris in 1945 after the city's liberation. Francine had moved there from Algeria after two years' separation from Albert, who was participating in the French resistance at the time.
She was different from Camus' string of petites amies. Her beauty was striking, but her presence was reserved, unassuming, and gentle. And she had a cœur droit ('upright heart'), in the words of Camus.
Francine suffered from and was hospitalized for depression, for which insulin and electroshock therapy were at various times prescribed. At one point she attempted to throw herself from a balcony, whether to escape the hospital or to kill herself is not known. Her depression was blamed in part on her husband's infidelities, namely his affair with María Casares. Camus told Francine, "They think I'm the guilty one."
Shortly after being awarded the Nobel Prize, Albert Camus mentioned in a letter to his cousin Nicole Chaperon how he was moved by the generosity of Francine, "whom I have never stopped loving in my bad way." In the same letter he said that Francine had "forgiven" him.
She and Camus are buried together in Lourmarin.
Justin O'Brien (scholar)

Justin O'Brien (November 26, 1906 – December 7, 1968) was an American biographer, translator of André Gide and Albert Camus and professor of French at Columbia University.
Justin McCortney O'Brien was born on November 26, 1906, in Chicago, Illinois, to Quin O'Brien and Ellen, née McCortney.
He was a biographer of André Gide, and a translator of Gide, Camus and Sartre. He was also a reviewer, and a professor of French at Columbia University. He was an enthusiast of Proust, Camus and Gide, and was able to transmit his enthusiasm to Americans, contributing to make these and other French authors known in the United States. Among the works of Camus translated by O'Brien are Caligula, The Fall, as well as The Myth of Sisyphus and other essays and Exile and the Kingdom. He was the translator of Gide's journals, translating and editing Journals, 1889–1949. Among his other translations of Gide is So Be It Or the Chips Are Down. In 1953 he published his critical biography on André Gide, Portrait of André Gide.
He was awarded the Guggenheim Fellowship in French Literature in 1942. He died on December 7, 1968, aged 62.
The Mandarins

The Mandarins (French: Les Mandarins) is a 1954 roman à clef by Simone de Beauvoir, for which she won the Prix Goncourt, awarded to the best and most imaginative prose work of the year, in 1954. The Mandarins was first published in English in 1956 (in a translation by Leonard M. Friedman).
The book follows the personal lives of a close-knit group of French intellectuals from the end of World War II to the mid-1950s. The title refers to the scholar-bureaucrats of imperial China. The characters at times see themselves as ineffectual "mandarins" as they attempt to discern what role, if any, intellectuals will have in influencing the political landscape of the world after World War II. As in Beauvoir's other works, themes of feminism, existentialism, and personal morality are explored as the characters navigate not only the intellectual and political landscape but also their shifting relationships with each other.
The Irish novelist and philosopher Iris Murdoch (in the Sunday Times) described The Mandarins as "a remarkable book, a novel on the grand scale, courageous in its exactitude and endearing because of its persistent seriousness".
In volume 3 of her autobiography, de Beauvoir denies that The Mandarins is a roman à clef. She writes: "I loathe romans à clef as much as I loathe fictionalized biographies." However, she says that "Anne was made from me, true, ... but I have made her into a woman in whom I do not recognize myself." She does admit that "of all my characters, Lewis is the one who approaches closest to a living model.... It so happens that Algren, in his reality, was very representative of what I wanted to represent." Regarding the other characters, she says, "Henri, whatever people have said, is not Camus; not at all. He is young, has dark hair, he runs a newspaper; the resemblance stops there." Furthermore: "[Henri] in his relations with the Communist Party and in his attitude to Socialism, resembles Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, and not Camus in the slightest." And as for Dubreuilh, she writes, "The identification of Sartre with Dubreuilh is no less aberrant; the only similarities between them are their common curiosity, concern with the world and fanaticism in work; but Dubreuilh is twenty years older than Sartre."
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

The 100 Books of the Century (French: Les cent livres du siècle) is a list of the hundred most memorable books of the 20th century, regardless of language, according to a poll performed during the spring of 1999 by the French retailer Fnac and the Paris newspaper Le Monde.
Starting from a preliminary list of 200 titles created by bookshops and journalists, 17,000 French participants responded to the question, "Which books have stuck in your mind?" (Quels livres sont restés dans votre mémoire?) As Le Monde journalist Josyane Savigneau aptly clarified in her article, the list is not meant to encompass the 100 most distinguished French literary works of the 20th century, but rather to reflect the emotional connections of the French populace.
The list includes both classic novels and genre fiction (Tolkien, Agatha Christie, A. C. Doyle), as well as poetry, drama and nonfiction literature (Freud's essays and the diary of Anne Frank). There are also comic books on the list, one album from each of these five Francophone or Italian series: Asterix, Tintin, Blake and Mortimer, Gaston and Corto Maltese. The large number of French novels of the list is due to the demographics of the surveyed group.
Likewise, comparable lists by English language sources—such as the two lists of Modern Library's 100 Best Novels published in 1998, one by the Board of the Modern Library and the other by readers who responded—disproportionately favour British and American authors. Non-English language works were not eligible for the two Modern Library lists.
Note: Classified by the language of the book's first publication, which might not be the author's principal language.
Хмели-сунели

Хме́ли-суне́ли (груз. ხმელი სუნელი — сухая пряность) — ароматная приправа, состоящая из высушенных и мелко измельчённых пряностей. Традиционно используется на территории Закавказья, главным образом в грузинской кухне.
Основной, неизменный, базовый состав это голубой пажитник (уцхо — сунели) две части и по одной части семена кориандра и имеретинский шафран. Остальные ингредиенты добавляются из принципа «сколько кишлаков столько и шашлыков». Это значит, что в каждой семье есть свой рецепт хмели — сунели «единственно верный, передаваемый веками из поколения в поколение».
Все компоненты берутся в равных долях, кроме красного перца и шафрана (1—2 и 0,1 % от общей массы хмели-сунели). Смесь должна иметь зеленоватый цвет.
Используется в грузинских блюдах, таких как харчо, чахохбили, сациви и многих других, в том числе для приготовления некоторых видов аджики.
Хранить в сухом прохладном месте, срок годности 1,5—2 года.
Му-му (сеть ресторанов)

«Му-му» — московская сеть ресторанов фастфуда. По замыслу основателей большая часть блюд приготовлена по простым рецептам русской кухни и реализуется по невысоким ценам. Девиз компании — «Русская кухня — это то, что все мы ели в детстве».
Первое заведение открылось 10 февраля 2000 года рядом со станцией метро Фрунзенская. Сеть кафе принадлежит российскому бизнесмену Андрею Деллосу, он как основатель планировал создать фаст-фуд на исключительно русских продуктах и русской рецептуре.
Кафе предлагает блюда домашней кухни по собственным рецептам. Во всех кафе действует принцип самообслуживания, горячее кладут на тарелку и взвешивают..
В меню заведений сети входят борщ, винегрет, жареный картофель с грибами, мясо по-французски, пирожки с мясом и капустой, пожарская котлета, а всего меню насчитывает более 340 блюд. Финское издание «Aromi» пишет:
Перед многими ресторанами сети черно-белая фигура коровы, те же цвета присутствуют в интерьере заведений, которые работают ежедневно.
Cеть кафе «Му-му» объединяет заведения в Москве, Химках и Зеленограде. Кафе также предлагают гостям дополнительные услуги: организация банкетов и корпоративов, праздников и дней рождения для детей.
Сеть «Му-му» становилась оператором питания на крупных российских мероприятиях, включая чемпионат мира по футболу 2018 года, зимние Олимпийские игры 2014 года, «Евровидение» 2009 года, фестивали «Спасская башня» и «Русское поле».
По результатам аналитического исследования РБК.research «Российский рынок ресторанов национальной кухни 2012», в «Му-му» ходят около 20,9 % опрошенных клиентов ресторанов русской кухни, по доле посетителей сеть заняла третье место по Москве и Московской области.
В 2017 году ФАС возбудила дело в отношении «Му-Му» (а также «Шоколадницы» «Burger King» и) по подозрению «в установлении и поддержании монопольно высоких цен в аэропортах Московского авиаузла». Было проверено кафе «Му-му» в Домодедово. В результате в заведениях всех трех сетей были снижены цены.
14 ноября 2017 года произошло нападение на кафе «Му-му» на Новослободской улице, куда ворвались трое неизвестных в лыжных масках, открыв стрельбу из травматического оружия. В ходе нападения было похищено $110 тыс., один мужчина получил ранение, преступники скрылись на автомобиле, который был вскоре найден сожжённым.
Выручка управляющего «Му-му» ООО «Фастлэнд» (согласно данным Kartoteka.ru) составила в 2017 году 3,7 млрд руб. (показав рост на 10,8 % по сравнению с предыдущим годом), чистая прибыль составила 104 млн руб.
В апреле 2019 года сеть кафе начала продавать франшизы.
В 2020 году были опубликованы данные пресс-службы организации, приуроченные к 20-летию «Му-му», согласно которым сеть ресторанов посещает более 12 миллионов человек в год, а персонал сети насчитывает до 2,5 тысячи человек.
По состоянию на февраль 2022 года, работает 38 кафе «Му-му»: 35 в черте Москвы и 3 в Московской области.
Согласно мнению автора статьи в финском издании «Aromi», «„Му-Му“ легко выдерживает конкуренцию с „Макдоналдсом“ и другими международными сетями, в том числе и потому, что выбор блюд в русском фастфуде очень разнообразен, а цены умеренные.»
Русская зима (картина)

«Русская зима» — картина Никифора Степановича Крылова, написанная в 1827 году в деревне на берегу реки Тосна под Петербургом. Картина является частью собрания Государственного Русского музея.
На деньги купца-мецената в деревне был построен дом для художника и выделено содержание на время работы. Крылов написал пейзаж, увиденный из окна мастерской, в течение месяца. Взору предстаёт окраина села, жители заняты повседневными делами: на переднем плане женщина с коромыслом несёт полные вёдра воды, навстречу ей мужчина ведёт под уздцы коня, за женщиной с коромыслом изображены две других женщины, остановившихся поговорить. Вдали виднеется лес, а за ним бескрайняя равнина. Кругом белый снег, голые деревья. Автор мастерски запечатлел атмосферу русской зимы. Такой удивительно искренний и простой зимний пейзаж — редкое явление в русской живописи первой половины XIX века.
Картина была впервые представлена на выставке в Академии художеств, где хорошо встречена современниками, которые отмечали «обаятельно схваченное зимнее освещение, туманность дали и все отличия хорошо сохраняемой в памяти стужи».
Рекорды России в лёгкой атлетике

Эта статья содержит рекорды российских легкоатлетов, утверждённые Всероссийской федерацией лёгкой атлетики. Часть советских рекордов, не побитые российскими спортсменами, являются действующими национальными рекордами. Некоторые российские рекорды являются также рекордами Европы, мира, Олимпийских игр и чемпионатов мира.
В 1924 году спортивно-техническая секция при Высшем Совете Физической Культуры (ВСФК) вместе с Московской секцией во главе с Павлом Ратовым опубликовала таблицу высших достижений СССР и РСФСР по состоянию на 31 июля 1924 года. При работе над ней они рассмотрели высшие достижения, показанные с 1918 года. Таблица была неполной. Часть результатов, показанных спортсменами, уехавшими из страны в начале 20-х годов, не вошла в таблицу. Рекордом считался результат выше российского дореволюционного достижения (последний побит в 1931 году). Если результат превышал только достижение, помещенное в этой таблице, то он объявлялся «новым высшим достижением». Рекорды в некоторых дисциплинах начали регистрировать позже (первый классический марафон (тогда 42,194 км) в СССР был в 1935 году; эстафета 4×200 метров в 1944).
Антон Цейзик — бег на 200 метров, бег на 400 метров, бег с барьерами, в прыжок в высоту, тройной прыжок, десятиборье.
Рекорды России в ряде дисциплин были в разное время аннулированы в связи с допинговыми нарушениями установивших их спортсменов. Так, 20 октября 2008 года Президиум Всероссийской федерации лёгкой атлетики принял решение дисквалифицировать семь ведущих российских легкоатлеток, среди которых была и Елена Соболева. Причиной явился факт подмены допинг-проб, обнаруженный по итогам чемпионата мира по лёгкой атлетике 2007 года. Все результаты спортсменки с 26 апреля 2007 года были признаны недействительными. В их число попали и 3 рекорда России: 800 метров в помещении — 1.56,49 (09.02.2008), 1500 метров в помещении — 3.57,71 (09.03.2008) и 1 миля в помещении — 4.20,21 (27.01.2008). Аналогичную участь постигли и рекорды Лилии Шобуховой в беге по шоссе на дистанциях 20 км, 25 км, 30 км и марафоне. 29 апреля 2014 года Антидопинговая комиссия Всероссийской федерации лёгкой атлетики приняла решение о дисквалификации легкоатлетки на 2 года с аннулированием её результатов, начиная с 9 октября 2009 года.
+ = результат показан по ходу бега/захода на более длинную дистанцию # = рекорды, официально не регистрируемые Всероссийской федерацией лёгкой атлетики рекорд в стадии утверждения рекорд не утверждён
+ = результат показан по ходу бега/захода на более длинную дистанцию # = рекорды, официально не регистрируемые Всероссийской федерацией лёгкой атлетики
Терияки

Тэрияки также терияки (яп. 照り焼き, テリヤキ) — традиционный японский способ обжарки с использованием распространённого в японской кухне сладкого соуса. Слово тэрияки происходит от существительного тэри (яп. 照り), означающего блеск, и яки (яп. 焼き) — жареное. Способ приготовления заключается в обжарке продуктов в соусе до карамелизации в нём сахара, который придаёт блюду блеск.
Соус для тэрияки готовят из соевого соуса с добавлением сахара, саке и/или мирина. Используется с мясными и рыбными блюдами.
За пределами Японии под тэрияки в основном понимают блюда, приготовленные просто с использованием сладкого соуса, или использующие соус как маринад. Нередко сам соус готовят с чесноком, специями и другими «западными» добавками.
Одна за всех

«Одна́ за всех» — российское скетч-шоу с Анной Ардовой в главной роли, выходившее на российском телевидении с 2 ноября 2009 года по 4 января 2017 года. Не является адаптацией (по словам Ардовой, шоу придумали продюсеры Вячеслав Муругов, Наталья Билан и режиссёр Ольга Ланд), однако формат и некоторые персонажи имеют значительное сходство с британским «Шоу Кэтрин Тейт».
Премьерные показы 1—3 и 5—7 сезонов транслировались на телеканале «Домашний» с 2 ноября 2009 года по 29 ноября 2012 года. Премьерный показ 4 сезона прошёл весной 2011 года на телеканале «СТС», но впоследствии был заново показан также на «Домашнем». 3 и 4 января 2017 года на «Первом канале» выходили 1—4 серии 8 сезона.
Сборник небольших скетч-историй, юмористических зарисовок, главные героини которых — женщины.
Шоу состоит из восьми сезонов. В каждом сезоне появляется от двух до пяти новых главных персонажей. Каждый сезон состоит из 20 серий (за исключением третьего сезона — 21 серия, седьмого сезона — 32 серии, восьмого сезона — 6 серий). Последняя серия 6 сезона (121 серия) была показана 3 апреля 2012 года. Показ 7 сезона начался 10 сентября 2012 года, а 29 ноября 2012 года была показана заключительная серия 7 сезона. После нескольких лет перерыва с телеканала «Домашний» шоу «переехало» на «Первый канал», где выходило 3 и 4 января 2017 года.
В эфир «Первого канала» вышло четыре серии 8 сезона из шести, после чего 5 января 2017 года из-за низких рейтингов две последние серии были удалены из сетки вещания телеканала. В тот же день 158 и 159 серии были выложены в открытом доступе в YouTube, но вскоре они были удалены из-за отсутствия их показа на телевидении. Тем самым последний выпуск вышел 4 января 2017 года.
Все главные роли исполняет Анна Ардова.
В титрах проекта звучит композиция «Одна за всех» (композитор — Иван Канаев, автор текста — Вадим Бакунев). В восьмом сезоне её исполняет арт-группа «SOPRANO Турецкого».
Climate of Russia

The climate of Russia is formed under the influence of several determining factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences. Russia's climate, despite its enormous geographical extent, is generally warm to hot in the summer and cold to very cold in the winter, with snow cover typically present over the vast majority of the country's territory in the winter months, with the exception of the country's southernmost territories, the North Caucasus. Russia's far northeast, subject to an extreme subarctic climate, experiences the coldest winters of any permanently settled region in the world, with Yakutsk, the capital of the Sakha Republic, being the world's coldest major city and Oymyakon, also in the Sakha Republic, being the world's coldest permanently inhabited settlement.
Due to the moderating influence of the Atlantic or Pacific, most areas of the country in European Russia, in the south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East, including the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, experience a humid continental climate. (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa, Dsb, Dsa types). Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia between the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic) with the record low temperature of −67.8 °C or −90.0 °F), and more moderate (Dwc, Dfc, Dsc) elsewhere.
The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Arctic islands, have a polar climate, namely, an ice cap climate (EF) on some of the islands, and a tundra climate (ET) elsewhere. A small portion of the Black Sea coast, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate (Köppen's Cfa) with unusually wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd types), while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate (BSk) and an arid climate (BWk). The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb, Cfc) due to its relatively mild winters (monthly means above −3 °C (27 °F)) and cool summers.
About 65% of the Russian territory is underlain by permafrost.
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