davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
মানসিক ঘাতসহিষ্ণুতা

মানসিক ঘাতসহিষ্ণুতা (psychological resilience) বলতে মানসিকভাবে বা আবেগিকভাবে কোনও সঙ্কটের মোকাবেলা করে আয়ত্তে নিয়ে আসা এবং দ্রুত সঙ্কটপূর্বকালীন অবস্থায় ফেরত আসার ক্ষমতাকে বোঝায়। যখন কোনও ব্যক্তি "মানসিক প্রক্রিয়াসমূহ ও আচরণ ব্যবহার করে নিজস্ব ইতিবাচক বৈশিষ্ট্যগুলিকে লালন করে ও মানসিক চাপসৃষ্টিকারকদের সম্ভাব্য নেতিবাচক প্রভাব থেকে নিজেকে রক্ষা করে", তখন বলা হয় যে তার মানসিক ঘাতসহিষ্ণুতা বিদ্যমান। সহজ ভাষায় যেসব ব্যক্তি কোনও সঙ্কট বা বিশৃঙ্খলার মধ্যে শান্ত থাকা এবং কোনও দীর্ঘকালীন নেতিবাচক পরিণাম ছাড়াই সেইসব ঘটনা উত্তরণ করে বেরিয়ে আসার মনোস্তাত্ত্বিক ও আচরণীয় সামর্থ্য প্রদর্শন করে, তাদের মানসিক ঘাতসহিষ্ণুতা আছে বলা হয়।
সমাধান (হিন্দু দর্শন)

সমাধান (সংস্কৃত: समाधानम्) হল সংস্কৃত বিশেষ্য যা সমাধা (समाधा) শব্দ থেকে উদ্ভূত এবং এর অর্থ হল – একত্র করা, একত্রিত করা, আত্মার প্রকৃত প্রকৃতির উপর বিমূর্ত চিন্তায় মনকে স্থির করা, একতা, একাগ্রতা বা নিরাকার ধ্যান, প্রতিশ্রুতি, অভিপ্রায়, স্থিরতা, সংযম, মানসিক শান্তি, সম্পূর্ণ একাগ্রতা, সন্দেহ দূর করা বা পূর্বপক্ষে উত্তর দেওয়া, সম্মত হওয়া বা প্রতিশ্রুতি দেওয়া, একটি অগ্রণী ঘটনা, বিবৃতির ন্যায্যতা, প্রমাণ, মিলন বা আগ্রহ।
সমাধান হল মনের একক-বিন্দু (চিত্তিকাগ্রত); এটি মনের অবস্থা যা একজনের দৃষ্টিতে একক লক্ষ্য থাকে যা মন ও ইন্দ্রিয়ের নিয়ন্ত্রণ, জাগতিক সাধনা থেকে প্রত্যাহার, জীবন-যন্ত্রণা সহ্য করা এবং ধর্মগ্রন্থ ও গুরুর নির্দেশে বিশ্বাস।
মহাভারতে (২৭৮:৬), সমাধানকে ধ্যানের শোষণ বা মনের এমন অবস্থা হিসাবে ব্যাখ্যা করা হয়েছে যেখানে একজনের আর পৃথিবীর প্রতি কোন অনুরাগ নেই।
এটি ব্রহ্ম (সাধনা চতুষ্টয়) উপলব্ধির জন্য চারটি অনুশীলনের মধ্যে একটি যা চেতনার শক্তিকে মোক্ষ (মুক্তি) এর দিকে পরিচালিত করে এবং সিদ্ধি বা বিভূতি এর দিকে নয়।
তাঁর বিবেকচূড়ামণিতে (শ্লোকা ২৬), শঙ্কর ব্যাখ্যা করেছেন যে:
সর্বদা শুদ্ধ (নির্গুণ) ব্রহ্মে (সমস্ত সীমাবদ্ধতা থেকে মুক্ত) বুদ্ধির নিখুঁত প্রতিষ্ঠাকে সমাধান বলা হয়, মনের প্রবৃত্তি নয় (ইচ্ছায় বিপথগামী হওয়ার জন্য মনকে মুক্ত লাগাম না দেওয়া)।
সমাধান, যা মানসিক একাগ্রতা বিকাশ করে, সেই ছয়টি গুণের মধ্যে একটি যা সত্যের সন্ধানকারীর বিকাশের আশা করা হয় যাতে সমস্ত স্বার্থপরতা থেকে বিচ্ছিন্নতার মনোভাব গড়ে তোলা যায়; এটি একক বিন্দুতে মনকে ধরে রাখার ক্ষমতা বিকাশ করে। এই যোগ্যতা অর্জনের জন্য মনকে পর্যাপ্তভাবে প্রশিক্ষিত করা প্রয়োজন, এবং অন্য পাঁচটি গুণ- সম, দম, উপ্রতি, তিতিক্ষা ও শ্রদ্ধার সমন্বয়ে অর্জিত হয়। শঙ্কর এটিকে শান্ত ও প্রশান্তি অবস্থা হিসেবে সংজ্ঞায়িত করেছেন যা মন যখন লাভ করে তখন এটি নিখুঁত আদর্শের ধারণায় অবিরতভাবে আনন্দ করার জন্য প্রশিক্ষিত হয়, একবারে সর্বজনীন ও সর্বশক্তিমান।
রিপাবলিক (প্লেটো)

"রিপাবলিক" গ্রিক দার্শনিক প্লেটো রচিত একটি গ্রন্থ। এই গ্রন্থের মাধ্যমেই প্লেটো সক্রেটিসের দর্শনকে তুলে ধরেন। বাংলাদেশের শিক্ষাবিদ সরদার ফজলুল করিম রিপাবলিকের ইংরেজি অনুবাদ হতে বাংলা ভাষায় রিপাবলিক অনুবাদ করেন। বাংলা একাডেমী অনুবাদটি প্রকাশ করে।
প্লেটো তার এই গ্রন্থে সাম্যবাদ নিয়ে আলোচনা করেছেন। তিনি তৎকালীন আর্থ-সামাজিক অবস্থার প্রেক্ষাপটে সাম্যবাদ-এর ধারণা দিয়েছিলেন। আধুনিক সাম্যবাদ হলো প্লেটোর কাছ থেকে ধার করা সাম্যবাদ। আধুনিক সাম্যবাদে শুধু ব্যক্তিগত সম্পত্তির বিলোপের কথা বলা হয়। আসলে দেখা যায়, প্লেটোর সাম্যবাদের কিছু অংশ বর্তমানেও বাস্তব।
ন্যায়ের সংজ্ঞাঃ আলোচনার সূত্রপাত। সিফেলাসের অভিমতঃ কথায় ও কাজে সততাই হচ্ছে ন্যায়
পলিমারকাসঃ ন্যায় হচ্ছে বন্ধুর প্রতি বন্ধুত্ব, শত্রুর প্রতি শত্রুতা।
থ্রাসিমেকাসঃ ন্যায় হচ্ছে শক্তিমানের স্বার্থ।যেখানে সঠিক-বেঠিক'কে আলাদা করা হয়। যিনি ন্যায় প্রিতিষ্টা করেন ;এবং অন্যায়কে অন্যায় হিসেবে ভাসিয়ে তুলেন যেটা উনার স্বার্থের বামহাত।
থ্রাসিমেকাসঃ অন্যায় ন্যায়ের চেয়ে অধিক লাভজনক
ন্যায়ের সংজ্ঞা এখনও স্থইর হয়নি
রাষ্ট্র গঠনের উপাদান
সমৃদ্ধ রাষ্ট্র
অভিভাবকদের চারিত্রিক বৈশিষ্ট্য
অভিভাবকদের শিক্ষা
শাসক বাছাইঃ তিন শ্রেণীর পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক।
ন্যায় আবিস্কৃত হয়েছেঃ রাষ্ট্রে ন্যায়ের অবস্থানঃ ব্যক্তির ক্ষেত্রে প্রয়োগ
মেয়ে ও পুরুষে সমতা
যৌথ পরিবার ও বিবাহ
আদর্শ ও বাস্তবের প্রশ্ন
দার্শনিক শাসকঃ দার্শনিকের সংজ্ঞা
দর্শনের দুর্নামের কারণ
“দার্শনিক শাসক” কেবল কল্পনা নয়
দার্শনিক-শাসকের শিক্ষা
জ্ঞানের চারটি স্তর
আদর্শ রাষ্ট্রের পতন
কতিপয় তন্ত্র এবং কতিপয়তন্ত্রী চরিত্র
গণতন্ত্র এবং গণতন্ত্রী চরিত্র
স্বৈরতন্ত্র এবং স্বৈরতান্ত্রিক চরিত্র
কে সুখী? ন্যায়বান বা অন্যায়কারী?
সুখ একটি মানসিক শান্তি। তবে ব্যক্তি ভেদে বলা যায় আসলে কে সুখি। ন্যায়বান নাকি অন্যায়কারী। যাদের অধিক কালো সম্পদ রয়েছে তারা কখনো সুখী হতে পারে নাহ। সুখ সৃষ্টিকর্তার দান,
আল্লাহ যাকে ভালোবাসবেন সেই সুখী হবে।
অবশ্যই ন্যায়বানই সুখি হবে।
রাব্বি মোল্লা
দর্শন এবং কাব্যের বিরোধ
শান্তি মন্ত্র

শান্তি শব্দের অন্যতম অর্থ - বিঘ্নরহিত উদ্বেগশূন্য আনন্দময় জীবন। হিন্দুশাস্ত্র অনুসারে, বিঘ্ন তিন প্রকার। যথা -
এই তিনরকম বিঘ্ন নাশ করতে হিন্দুধর্মের বিভিন্ন আচার-অনুষ্ঠান ও ক্রিয়াকর্মাদিতে শান্তিমন্ত্র পাঠ করা হয় এবং শেষে তিনবার ওঁ শান্তিঃ, ওঁ শান্তিঃ ,ওঁ শান্তিঃ বলা হয়।
সৌমিতৃষা কুন্ডু

সৌমিতৃষা কুন্ডু (জন্ম: ২৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি ২০০২) একজন ভারতীয় বাংলা চলচ্চিত্র ও টেলিভিশন অভিনেত্রী। তার বহুমুখী অভিনয় প্রতিভা, সৌন্দর্য এবং জনপ্রিয়তার কারণে তাকে টলিউডে কাজ করা অন্যতম সফল ও সম্ভাবনাময় তরুণী অভিনেত্রী হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়। তিনি এ আমার গুরুদক্ষিণা ধারাবাহিক দিয়ে অভিনয় জীবন শুরু করেন এবং মিঠাই ধারাবাহিকটিতে মুখ্য ভূমিকায় দ্বৈত চরিত্রে অভিনয় করার জন্য সুপরিচিতি পান। পাঁচ বছর ধরে টেলিভিশনের জনপ্রিয় মুখ থাকার পর , ২০২৩ সালে দেব বিপরীতে অভিজিৎ সেনের প্রধান-এর মুখ্য নারী চরিত্রে তাঁর চলচ্চিত্র অভিষেক হয় যা ঐ বছরের অন্যতম ব্যবসাসফল ছবি হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়, যেখানে তার অভিনয়, পর্দায় উপস্থিতি এবং সহ-শিল্পীদের সাথে তার রসায়ন সমালোচকদের দ্বারা প্রশংসিত হয়।
সৌমিতৃষা পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বারাসাতে জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি একটি বাঙালি হিন্দু পরিবারে বাবা গৌতম কুণ্ডু ও মা মৌসুমী কুণ্ডুর মাঝে বড় হন। বারাসত গার্লস হাই স্কুল থেকে উচ্চ মাধ্যমিক পাশ করেন। নাচ শিখতে কলকাতায় আসেন এবং এর মধ্যেই মডেলিং শুরু করেন। তিনি কলকাতার সেন্ট পলস ক্যাথেড্রাল মিশন কলেজে ভর্তি হন কিন্তু শীঘ্রই তার অভিনয় ক্যারিয়ারে মনোনিবেশ করার জন্য বাদ পড়েন। পরে তিনি ইন্দিরা গান্ধী জাতীয় উন্মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে ইংরেজি সাহিত্যে স্নাতক করেন।
সৌমিতৃষা এ আমার গুরুদক্ষিণা ধারাবাহিকের মাধ্যমে তাঁর কর্মজীবনে পদার্পণ করেন।
তিনি বেশ কয়েকটি শোতেও অভিনয় করেছেন। যথাঃ- জয় কালী কলকাতাওয়ালি , অলৌকিক না লৌকিক , কনে বউ, গোপাল ভাঁড়। পরবর্তীতে তিনি মিঠাই ধারাবাহিকে মিঠাই ও মিঠি দ্বৈত চরিত্রে অভিনয় করে জনপ্রিয়তা এবং প্রশংসা উভয়ই অর্জন করেন। তিনি ২০২৩ সালে দেব এর বিপরীতে অভিজিৎ সেনের প্রধান এর মুখ্য নারী চরিত্র রুমি প্রধান রুপে চলচ্চিত্রে পদার্পণ করেন। ছবিটি বড়দিনের ছুটিতে মুক্তি পেয়ে ব্যবসায়িক সফলতা লাভ করে এবং সৌমিতৃষার অভিনয় এবং পর্দায় উপস্থিতি সমালোচকদের দ্বারা প্রশংসিত হয়। সৌমিতৃষা আগামীতে রূপক চক্রবর্তীর চলচ্চিত্র ১০ই জুন-এ সৌরভ দাস-এর বিপরীতে মুখ্য নারী চরিত্রে অভিনয় করতে চলেছেন। তিনি আগামীতে অয়ন চক্রবর্তী পরিচালিত এবং হইচই এর নির্মিত ওয়েব সিরিজ কালরাত্রি তে মুখ্য চরিত্রে অভিনয়ের মাধ্যমে নিজের ওটিটি অভিষেক করতে চলেছেন।
সৌমিতৃষা বাবা-মায়ের একমাত্র সন্তান। তিনি তার পরিবারের সাথে একটি ঘনিষ্ঠ সম্পর্ক ভাগ করে নেন এবং তার বাবা-মাকে তাকে আত্মবিশ্বাস দেওয়ার জন্য এবং তাকে পেশাগতভাবে উৎসাহিত করার জন্য কৃতিত্ব দেন। তিনি শ্রীদেবী কে তার অভিনয়ের অনুপ্রেরণা হিসেবে উল্লেখ করেছেন। সৌমিতৃষা অবিবাহিত। তিনি আঁকা, গান গাওয়া এবং নাচ কে তার শখ হিসাবে ব্যক্ত করেছেন। সৌমিতৃষা সোশ্যাল প্ল্যাটফর্মে টলিউডের সবচেয়ে অনুসরণীয় অভিনেত্রীদের একজন। তিনি তার সামাজিক প্রোফাইলে বেশ সক্রিয় এবং নিয়মিত তার ভক্ত এবং অনুসারীদের সাথে যোগাযোগ করেন বলে উল্লেখ করা হয়। তিনি একজন ভগবান কৃষ্ণ ভক্ত এবং তার তেইশতম জন্মদিন উপলক্ষে বৃন্দাবনে গিয়েছিলেন। মিডিয়ার অন্যতম জনপ্রিয় এবং সফল তরুণ শিল্পী হিসাবে বিবেচিত হওয়ায়, তার চেহারা, ব্যক্তিত্ব, ফ্যাশন এবং শৈল্পিকতা জনসাধারণের যথেষ্ট মনোযোগ আকর্ষণ করে।
রসকদম

রসকদম বা রসকদম্ব ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গ এবং বাংলাদেশের একটি বিখ্যাত মিষ্টি। ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গের মালদা জেলাকে রসকদম্বের আদি উৎপত্তিস্থল হিসাবে মনে করা হয়৷ বর্তমানে যে ঘরানার রসকদম্ব মালদাতে তৈরি হয় তা রূপ পায় ১৮৬১ সালে মালদা জেলার পুরাতন মালদা অঞ্চলে অবস্থিত মেহেরপুরের কারিগরদের হাতে (এই মেহেরপুর এবং বাংলাদেশের মেহেরপুর জেলা সম্পূর্ণ ভিন্ন)৷ রসকদম্বের ভেতরে থাকে ছোট আকৃতির রসগোল্লা আর তার উপর থাকে ক্ষীরের পুরু স্তর। তারও উপরে থাকে চিনি মাখানো পোস্ত দানা। এতে রসকদম্বকে অবিকল কদম ফুলের মত দেখতে লাগে। এটি বাংলাদেশের রাজশাহী চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জ এবং মেহেরপুর জেলা এবং ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গের মালদহ জেলায় ভীষণ জনপ্রিয় ঐতিহ্যবাহী একটি মিষ্টি। ভারতের মালদা জেলা এবং বাংলাদেশের রাজশাহী জেলা রসকদম্বের জন্য বিখ্যাত। তবে রাজশাহী এবং চাঁপাইনবাবগঞ্জ জেলার রসকদম্বের সাথে মেহেরপুরের রসকদম্বের কিছুটা পার্থক্য রয়েছে।
রসকদম্ব একটি প্রাক-আধুনিক যুগের মিষ্টি। রসকদম্বের উৎসের কোন তথ্যনিষ্ঠ ইতিহাস পাওয়া যায় না। জনশ্রুতি অনুসারে হুসেন শাহের রাজত্বকালে গৌড়ে এসেছিলেন চৈতন্য মহাপ্রভু। গৌড়ে তিনি একটি কেলি কদম্ব গাছের নিচে রূপ সনাতনকে দীক্ষা দেন। সেই কেলি কদম্ব গাছ থেকেই রসকদম্ব মিষ্টি সৃষ্টি হয়। বৈষ্ণবরা এই ঘটনাকে সত্য বলে মনে করেন। কিন্তু ঐতিহাসিকরা এই ঘটনার সত্যতা স্বীকার করেন না। তবে সাধারণভাবে মনে করা হয় রসকদম্ব সুলতানি আমলের মিষ্টি। সুলতানি আমলের অন্যান্য মিষ্টি যেমন টাঁড়ার খাজা বা মনক্কা হারিয়ে গেলেও রসকদম্ব এখনও টিঁকে আছে।
রসকদম্বের মূল উপাদান ছানা, ক্ষীর, চিনি ও পোস্ত। প্রথমে ছানা দিয়ে মাঝারি থেকে ছোট আকারের রসগোল্লা তৈরী করা হয়। তারপর দানাদার তৈরী করার মত করে রসগোল্লা থেকে বাড়তি রস ঝেড়ে ফেলা হয়। এই রসগোল্লায় লাল রঙ দেওয়া হয় ও ভ্যানিলা এসেন্স যোগ করা হয়। তারপর রসগোল্লাকে গুঁড়ো খোয়া ক্ষীরের আস্তরণে ঢেকে ফেলা হয়। সব শেষে মাঝারি রকমের ভাজা পোস্তর একটি প্রলেপ দিয়ে মিষ্টিটাকে কদম ফুলের মত দেখতে করা হয়। ফ্রিজে না রাখলেও এই মিষ্টি সাত দিন পর্যন্ত টাটকা থাকে। পোস্তর দাম বেড়ে যাওয়ায় অনেক মিষ্টান্ন প্রস্তুতকারক পোস্তর পরিবর্তে চিনির দানা ব্যবহার করেন। কেউ কেউ পোস্তর পরিবর্তে ক্ষীরের গুঁড়ো ব্যবহার করেন।
বৈষ্ণবদের কাছে রসকদম্ব অমৃতের সমান। বৈষ্ণব সম্প্রদায় ছাড়াও মালদহে সর্বসাধারণের কাছে রসকদম্ব অন্যন্ত জনপ্রিয়। মালদহের রাজমহল রোড, নেতাজী সুভাষ রোড ও মনস্কামনা রোডের মিষ্টির দোকানের রসকদম্ব সর্বাধিক জনপ্রিয়। মালদহে যে কোন ধরনের শুভ অনুষ্ঠানে রসকদম্ব ব্যবহার করা হয়। মালদহের মানুষ আত্মীয়স্বজন বা বন্ধুর বাড়ি গেলে এই মিষ্টিই নিয়ে যান। পুজো ও অন্যান্য সামাজিক অনুষ্ঠানে রসকদম্বের চাহিদা অনেকটাই বেডে‌ যায়। বর্তমানে রসকদম্বের জনপ্রিয়তা মালদহ জেলা ছেড়ে সমগ্র পশ্চিমবঙ্গে, ভারতে এবং বিদেশেও ছড়িয়ে পড়েছে। পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বিভিন্ন মিষ্টি মেলায় কলকাতার রসগোল্লা ও বহরমপুরেরে ছানাবড়াকে জনপ্রিয়তায় পেছনে ফেলে দিয়েছে রসকদম্ব।
সাম্প্রতিককালে মালদহের মিষ্টান্ন বিক্রেতারাবিক্রেতারা পশ্চিমবঙ্গ মিষ্টান্ন ব্যবসায়ী সংগঠনের সম্মেলনে রসকদম্বের ভৌগোলিক স্বত্ত্বের দাবী তোলেন। কিন্তু তখন বিষয়টা চাপা পড়ে যায়। ২০১৭ সালে পশ্চিমবঙ্গ রসগোল্লার ভৌগোলিক স্বত্ত্ব পাওয়ার পর পুনরায় রসকদম্বের ভৌগোলিক স্বত্ত্বের দাবী ওঠে। মালদহ মার্চেন্ট্স চেম্বার অফ কমার্স ও উত্তর মালদহের সাংসদ মৌসম বেনজির নূর এই দাবীকে সমর্থন করেন।
Dhakai

A Dhakai (Daccai), often considered as a type of sari (traditional cloth for women of Bengal) is a traditional attire of women in Bengal made with cotton. The name comes from the Dhaka (Dacca)city, capital of Bangladesh, where this type of fabric is usually made.
The unique hand technique of weaving was called jamdani in the old days, while the weave was called Dhakai. The sensitive weavers and artisans of this art form took inspirations for their weave designs from the life around them, from simple things such as a broken comb to things in the nature such as flora and fauna and traditional Bengali designs known as Alpana.
Kanya Puja

Kanyā Pūjā or Kumārī Pūjā, is a Hindu holy ritual, carried out especially on the Ashtami (eighth day) and Navami (ninth day) of the Navaratri festival. The ceremony primarily involves the worship of nine girls, representing the nine forms of Goddess Durga (Navadurga). As per Hindu philosophy, these girls are considered the manifestation of the natural force of creation. Legend says that it was on the ninth day of Navaratri that Shakti had taken the form of Goddess Durga, on the request of the devas to kill the demon Mahisasura.
It is a custom to wash and clean the feet of these nine young girls as a mark of respect for the Goddess and offer new clothes as gifts by the devotee. Kanya Puja as a part of Devi worship is to recognise the feminine power vested in the girl child.
The girl should be of young age. There is also a ritual purification and chanting of mantras. She is made to sit on a special pedestal. She is worshipped by offering 'akshat' (rice grains) and by burning incense sticks. She is worshipped because, according to the philosophy of 'Striyah Samastastava Devi Bhedah', women symbolize Mahamaya (the goddess Durga). A girl is considered to be the purest because of her innocence.
Diya (lamp)

A diya, diyo, deya, deeya, dia, divaa, deepa, deepam, deep, deepak or saaki (Sanskrit: दीपम्, romanized: Dīpam) is an oil lamp made from clay or mud with a cotton wick dipped in oil or ghee. These lamps are commonly used in the Indian subcontinent and they hold sacred prominence in Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, and Jain prayers as well as religious rituals, ceremonies and festivals including Diwali.
Diyas are symbolically lit during prayers, rituals, and ceremonies; they are permanent fixtures in homes and temples. The warm, bright glow emitted from a diya is considered auspicious, regarded to represent enlightenment, prosperity, knowledge and wisdom. Diyas represent the triumph of light over dark, good over evil with the most notable example of this being on the day of Diwali. Diwali is celebrated every year to celebrate the triumph of good over evil as told in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. Diwali marks the day Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana returned home to Ayodhya after 14 years in exile, after the defeat of Ravana. According to tradition, to welcome Rama, Sita, and Lakshmana home, the citizens of Ayodhya are said to have lit up the streets with diyas. They are regarded to be associated with Lakshmi in Hindu iconography and worship.
Lit diyas that are placed before deities during prayer in temples and then used to bless worshippers is referred to as an arati.
A similar lamp called a butter lamp is used in Tibetan Buddhist offerings as well.
Birth: The lighting of diya is also part of the Hindu religion rituals related to birth.
Arti (Hindi: आरती, romanized: Ārtī) or Arati (Sanskrit: आरति, romanized: Ārati) is a Hindu ritual employed in worship, part of a puja, in which light (from a flame lit using camphor, ghee or oil) is ritually waved for the veneration of deities. Arti also refers to the songs sung in praise of the deity, when the light is being offered. Sikhs also perform arti in the form of arti kirtan which involves only devotional singing but Nihang Sikhs specifically perform arti which uses light as well.
In terms of the choice of material, the kiln fired earthenware lamps followed by the metallic lamps with multiple wicks, mostly of brass known as Samai, are the most common, though other materials are also used such as patravali floating lamp made from leaves or permanent lamps made of stones.
In terms of wick design, diyas with one wick are most common, followed by the two wick style, but other variations such as four, five or seven wick lamps are also made.
In terms of overall lamps design, the ornamental lamps come in various designs. The iconic Nachiarkoil lamp, also known as "Annam lamp", is produced exclusively in by the Pather (Kammalar) community in Nachiyar Koil of Tamil Nadu.
Argand lamp

The Argand lamp is a type of oil lamp invented in 1780 by Aimé Argand. Its output is 6 to 10 candelas, brighter than that of earlier lamps. Its more complete combustion of the candle wick and oil than in other lamps required much less frequent trimming of the wick.
In France, the lamp is called "Quinquet", after Antoine-Arnoult Quinquet, a pharmacist in Paris, who used the idea originated by Argand and popularized it in France. Quinquet sometimes is credited with the addition of the glass chimney to the lamp.
The Argand lamp had a sleeve-shaped wick mounted so that air can pass both through the center of the wick and also around the outside of the wick before being drawn into a cylindrical chimney which steadies the flame and improves the flow of air. Early models used ground glass which was sometimes tinted around the wick.
An Argand lamp used whale oil, seal oil, colza, olive oil or other vegetable oil as fuel which was supplied by a gravity feed from a reservoir mounted above the burner.
A disadvantage of the original Argand arrangement was that the oil reservoir needed to be above the level of the burner because the heavy, sticky vegetable oil would not rise far up the wick. This made the lamps top heavy and cast a shadow in one direction away from the lamp's flame. The Carcel lamp of 1800, which used a clockwork pump to allow the reservoir to sit beneath the burner, and Franchot's spring-driven Moderator lamp of 1836 avoided these problems.
The same principle was also used for cooking and boiling water due to its 'affording much the strongest heat without smoke'.
The Argand lamp was introduced to Thomas Jefferson in Paris in 1784 and according to him gave off "a light equal to six or eight candles."
These new lamps, much more complex and costly than the previous primitive oil lamps, were first adopted by the wealthy, but soon spread to the middle classes and eventually the less well-off as well. Argand lamps were manufactured in a great variety of decorative forms and quickly became popular in America. They were much used as theatrical footlights.
It was the lamp of choice until about 1850 when kerosene lamps were introduced. Kerosene was cheaper than vegetable oil, it produced a whiter flame, and as a liquid of low viscosity it could easily travel up a wick eliminating the need for complicated mechanisms to feed the fuel to the burner.
Alpana Goswami

Alpana Goswami (born 18 August 1955), also known as Alpana Bose Goswami, is an Indian actress who is recognised for her work in Bengali cinema.
Goswami hails from Bandel in Hooghly district. She began her acting career in late 1970s. Her first leading role on silver screen was that in Krishna Sudama (1979). Presently she lives in USA.
Goswami began her acting career after joining in Rammohan Mancha and Bishwarupa. She regularly played in Theatre in Kolkata. Goswami first worked in the film Surya Trishna. She played the lead role in Krishna Sudama in 1979. After releasing the film she became a 1980s celebrated Bengali actress.
Alpana Habib

Alpana Habib is a Bangladeshi cook expert and cookbook writer.
Alpana Habib was born on 26 September 1966 in Birmingham, United Kingdom. She was brought up in Dhaka, Bangladesh. She studied in Holy Cross Girls' High School and Holy Cross College. She was a student in Dhaka University's Psychology Department.
Though she is a cook expert, she has worked in Thai Airlines and Singapore Airlines. She started cooking when she was in Class Six. She has run a cook school. Her cooking programs were broadcast by Desh TV, NTV, ATN Bangla and Deepto TV too. She opened her YouTube channel in 2012. Her cooking videos are viewed more than 200 million times. She also worked as a judge of "Teer Little Chef" in Duronto TV.
She was awarded ‘Inspiring Women in Culinary Arts’ by Women in Leadership and Brand Forum. On 13 May 2018 her bilingual book Alpana's Cooking (Bangla:আলপনার রান্না) was unveiled. The book was edited and translated by Ashfaque Swapon. For this book she was awarded Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2019.
She married Syed Ahsan Habib who is an electrical engineer. They have two children. Their names are Aritri and Adrit.
Vânătă

Vânăta (sau pătlăgea vânătă) (Solanum melongena) este o specie a genului Solanum, originară din India de sud și Sri Lanka. Este o plantă anuală, care are o înălțime de 0,4-1,5 m, de obicei spinoasă, cu frunze mari, lobate, lungi de 10–20 cm și late de 5–10 cm. Floarea este albă spre purpurie, cu o corolă cu cinci lobi și stamine galbene. Fructul tip bacă este unul cărnos, cu un diametru de 3 cm la plantele sălbatice (și mult mai mari la cele cultivate), care conține numeroase semințe mici și moi. În bucătărie, fructul se prepară ca o legumă (adică nu se consumă crud).
Este o plantă de cultură importantă, crescută pentru fructul ei alb sau violet. A fost cultivată în țările din Asia de sud și de est încă din preistorie, dar se pare că a fost cunoscută de către lumea occidentală acum nu mai mult de aproximativ 1500 de ani. Numeroasele denumiri arabe și nord-americane pentru ea, și lipsa de nume grecești și romane antice, arată că a fost transportată prin Marea Mediterană de către arabi la începutul Evului Mediu. Numele științific de melongena derivă de la o denumire arabă din secolul XVI pentru un fel de vânătă.
Plantele care sunt cultivate în Europa și America de Nord astăzi sunt elongate, ovoidale, lungi de 12–25 cm și late de 6–9 cm, având coaja violet închis spre indigo. O mai mare varietate în ceea ce privește forma, mărimea și culoarea apare în India și în alte părți din Asia. Acolo, plantele cultivate seamănă foarte mult cu ouăle de găină din punct de vedere al mărimii și al culorii; culoarea poate varia de la alb, la galben, roșu, violet sau indigo. Unele dintre ele sunt colorate în degrade, de la alb la tulpină până la violet aprins sau indigo, chiar negre; de asemenea, există plante total albe. Vânăta chinezească are o formă de castravete mai îngust și puțin curbat. Numele de plantă ou datează din anii 1700, când majoritatea europenilor cultivau plantele care erau albe-gălbui și semănau la formă și mărime cu un ou de gâscă.
Fructul crud nu are un gust prea plăcut, dar atunci când este gătit, devine fraged, obține o aromă complexă și o textură interesantă. Sărarea, iar apoi stoarcerea sa ajută la eliminarea aproape totală a gustului amar. Este folositoare pentru bucătărie datorită capacității sale de a absorbi o mare parte din grăsimile de gătit, făcând posibilă realizarea unor preparate savuroase. Pulpa fructului este fină; numeroasele semințe sunt moi și (ca și în cazul tomatei) sunt comestibile.
Aubergine este numele britanic atribuit acestui fruct. Denumirea provine din francezul aubergine, derivat din catalanul albergínia, de la arabul باذنجان al-bAdhinjAn, din persanul بادنجان Bâdinjân, vânăta.
Multe alte nume sunt folosite pentru această plantă, majoritatea derivate din sanscritul vatinganah, ceea ce a dus la apariția unor denumiri ale acesteia în diferite limbi: brinjal, badingan, melongena, melanzana, berenjena, albergínia, aubergine, brown-jolly și măr-nebun (interpretare greșită a italianului melanzana ca mela insana).
Vârful Vânătarea lui Buteanu, Munții Făgăraș

Vârful Vânătarea lui Buteanu (numit eronat uneori Vânătoarea lui Buteanu) este un vârf muntos din Munții Făgăraș, având altitudinea de 2.507 metri, fiind ca înălțime al optulea vârf din România, devansat între vârfurile din Munții Făgăraș doar de Moldoveanu, cu 2.544 metri, Negoiu, cu 2.535 metri, Viștea Mare, cu 2.527 m și Lespezi, cu 2.517 m.
După multiple surse, numele corect al vârfului este Vânătarea, fiind re-numit din neștiință și comoditate, abia după 1954, Vânătoarea lui Buteanu. Semnificația cuvântului „vânătare” se trage din denumirea arhaică a unei înălțimi stâncoase, vineții, aflată la mari depărtări. O altă interpretare probabilǎ a cuvântului se regǎsește in documentele care atestă valoarea terenului, vânătările fiind pǎșuni cu pietre, improprii pentru crescǎtorii de oi.
Foarte accesibil.
Sulfat de cupru

Sulfatul de cupru, cunoscut și sub numele de piatră vânătă, este o sare a cuprului cu acidul sulfuric, cu formula chimică CuSO4.
Sulfatul de cupru (II) se obține în urma reacției oxidului de cupru sau a cuprului cu acidul sulfuric. Iată ecuația reacției chimice: C u O + H 2 S O 4 → C u S O 4 + H 2 O {\displaystyle \mathrm {CuO+H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow CuSO_{4}+H_{2}O} } C u + 2 H 2 S O 4 → C u S O 4 + S O 2 ↑ + 2 H 2 O {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cu+2H_{2}SO_{4}\rightarrow CuSO_{4}+SO_{2}\uparrow +2H_{2}O} }
În industrie se obține prin tratarea cuprului cu acid sulfuric diluat în prezență de aer. E o metodă mai avantajoasă pentru că se face economie de acid sulfuric.
Sulfatul de cupru obținut experimental sau cel comercial este impurificat izomorf cu FeSO4. Reactivul CuSO4·5H2O de puritate analitică (p.a.) nu conține Fe.
Purificarea substanțelor impurificate izomorf nu se mai poate face doar printr-o simplă recristalizare. Purificarea se poate realiza printr-un număr mare de recristalizări deoarece cele două săruri nu se găsesc în același raport în cristale (soluții solide) și în soluția apoasă (sau într-un alt solvent).
O altă cale mai bună este transformarea substanței care impurifică într-o altă combinație chimică care nu mai este izomorfă cu sarea supusă purificării. În cazul nostru, CuSO4 impurificat cu FeSO4, se poate oxida impuritatea la Fe2(SO4)3, prin fierberea unei soluții obținută din substanța impură cu PbO2(s) (oxidant). Fe2(SO4)3 nu este izomorf cu CuSO4. Se filtrează și se separă agentul oxidant, iar din soluția obținută cristalizează CuSO4·5H2O care nu mai conține FeSO4. La recristalizare se obține CuSO4·5H2O pur. Compusul Fe2(SO4)3 se mai poate separa prin tratare cu o suspensie de BaCO3 în apă, când Fe(III) precipită ca Fe(OH)3, iar SO4 precipită ca BaSO4:
F e 2 ( S O 4 ) 3 ( a q ) + 3 B a C O 3 + H 2 O ( l ) → 2 F e ( O H ) 3 ( s ) + 3 B a S O 4 ( s ) + C O 2 ( g ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {Fe_{2}(SO_{4})_{3}(aq)+3BaCO_{3}+H_{2}O(l)\rightarrow 2Fe(OH)_{3}(s)+3BaSO_{4}(s)+CO_{2}(g)} }
Puritatea CuSO4·5H2O se determină prin dozarea Cu(II) prin metoda iodometrică. Metoda se bazează pe oxidarea anionilor de iodură (I) la iod elementar (I2(s)) de către ionii Cu(II)(aq), urmată de titrarea iodului cu o soluție apoasă 0.1 N de tiosulfat de sodiu cu F cunoscut în prezență de amidon (indicatorul) conform reacțiilor: 2 C u S O 4 ( a q ) + 4 K I ( a q ) → 2 C u I ( s ) + I 2 ( s ) + 2 K 2 S O 4 ( a q ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {2CuSO_{4}(aq)+4KI(aq)\rightarrow 2CuI(s)+I_{2}(s)+2K_{2}SO_{4}(aq)} } I 2 ( s ) + 2 N a 2 S 2 O 3 ( a q ) → 2 N a I ( a q ) + N a 2 S 4 O 6 ( a q ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {I_{2}(s)+2Na_{2}S_{2}O_{3}(aq)\rightarrow 2NaI(aq)+Na_{2}S_{4}O_{6}(aq)} }
Piatra vânătă este folosită:
Articolul se referă la sulfatul de cupru divalent în forma anhidră și pentahidrată.
Ioan Damian

Ioan Damian (n. 26 ianuarie 1949 - d. 2021) a fost un deputat român în legislatura 1990-1992, ales în județul Călărași pe listele partidului FSN și reales în legislatura 2008-2012 pe listele PSD. Ioan Damian a fost căsătorit cu un copil și a fost, între altele, arbitru internațional olimpic de box. Ioan Damian a fost inginer diplomat. În legislatura 1990-1992, Ioan Damian a fost membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Franța, Republica Federală Germania, Mongolia și Republica Coreea. În legislatura 2008-2012, Ioan Damian a fost membru în grupurile parlamentare de prietenie cu Republica Slovenia și Republica Costa Rica.
Legiunea Străină (film din 2008)

Legiunea Străină este un film românesc din 2008 regizat de Mircea Daneliuc. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Cătălin Paraschiv, Radu Ciobănașu, Radu Iacoban și Oana Piecniță.
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:
Totul pentru fotbal

Totul pentru fotbal este un film de comedie românesc din 1978, regizat de Andrei Blaier. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Petre Gheorghiu, Aurel Giurumia și Paul Lavric.
Într-un mic orășel de provincie, totul merge strună, în afară activităților sportive. Toți locuitorii trăiesc o mare dramă, pentru că echipa orașului este în pragul retrogradării. Câțiva suporteri fanatici sunt gata să facă „totul pentru fotbal”, chiar dacă asta înseamnă niște manevre nu tocmai oneste. Însă cei mai mulți cetățeni nu sunt de acord cu această atitudine lipsită de fair-play, ceea ce da naștere unui „meci” tensionant, disputat însă în afară terenului.
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:
Filmul a fost vizionat de 2.482.988 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.
Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal

Nobody's Child: Romanian Angel Appeal este un album editat în scop de binefacere, sub auspiciile fundației Romanian Angel Appeal, în anul 1990, pentru a ajuta copiii orfani din România. Printre artiștii care au donat înregistrări muzicale pentru album se află The Traveling Wilburys (fondat de George Harrison), Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon și George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Van Morrison, Guns N'Roses, Ringo Starr și Elton John. Toate melodiile au fost apariții originale, needitate până atunci pe nici un alt album. Nobody's Child (cu This Week pe fata B) și With a Little Help from my Friends au fost lansate și ca single-uri.
Proiectul a fost organizat de Olivia Harrison (soția lui George Harrison), care a creat Romanian Angel Appeal Foundation împreună cu celelalte neveste ale Beatles-ilor (Barbara Bach, Yoko Ono și Linda McCartney) în aprilie 1990.
Recensământul populației din 2011 (România)

Recensământul populației din 2011 din România a fost efectuat de către Institutul Național de Statistică (INS) în perioada 20–31 octombrie și a urmărit evoluția față de recensământul din 2002 în parametrii demografici, social-economici, etnici și confesionali. Inițial a fost stabilit pentru perioada 12–21 martie 2011, dar a fost reprogramat din motive bugetare și a avut loc în luna octombrie.
Recensământul a fost al treilea de după căderea regimului comunist, după cele din 1992 și 2002. Primele rezultate au fost prezentate în luna ianuarie 2012 de către Institutul Național de Statistică al României.
Rezultatele definitive obținute se prezintă astfel:
Lucian Popescu

Lucian Popescu (n. 12 ianuarie 1912, București – d. 9 decembrie 1982) a fost un boxer român care a câștigat titlul european la trei categorii diferite: muscă (împotriva lui Kid Oliva pe 7 iunie 1930 și o alta în 1931), pană și cocoș în 1939. Poreclit „băiatul de ciocolată”, este considerat a fi cel mai bun boxer român din perioada interbelică.
După retragere a antrenat la clubul „Progresul”.
Global Records

Global Records este o casă de discuri independentă românească fondată în 2008 de Ștefan Lucian Gîtiță. A început ca un serviciu de full management, iar prima vedetă este Inna, care cucerește lumea cu hit-urile sale internaționale „Hot”, „Love”, „Déjà Vu”, „Amazing” și „Sun Is Up”. Ea a intrat în Top 10 în clasamentul albumelor din Marea Britanie (UK Albums Chart) și din S.U.A. (Dance/Mix Show Airplay), iar această serie de hit-uri au transformat-o pe Inna în cel mai de succes artist CEEMEA (Europa Centrală și de Est, Orientul Mijlociu și Africa) din ultimii zece ani.
În 2015, Global Records s-a transformat într-o casă de discuri independentă care își propunea să găsească, să dezvolte și să lanseze artiști noi pe piețele românești și internaționale. De atunci, este cea mai mare casă de discuri independentă din Europa de Est, cu hituri care au atins Top 20 Shazam la nivel mondial și cu peste 2 miliarde de stream-uri în fiecare an pe platformele digitale.
Portofoliul său este format din peste 30 de artiști și 45 de compozitori și producători și deține 13 studiouri de înregistrare complet echipate la standarde internaționale. Structura Global Group include, de asemenea, o companie de producție video, o agenție de evenimente și Global Talent United, cea mai mare agenție de marketing online din Europa Centrală și de Est, cu un portofoliu propriu de peste 150 de talente online.
Pe lângă lista sa de artiști, Global Records găzduiește producători și compozitori care au lucrat la piese pentru superstaruri internaționale precum Selena Gomez, Alicia Keys, Nicki Minaj, Nick Jonas și Akon.
Superstarul român Inna și-a văzut popularitatea crescând impresionant, consolidând o carieră de peste 12 ani. În tot acest timp, ea a lansat o serie de hit-uri internaționale precum „Hot”, „Sun Is Up”, și „More than Friends” și a înregistrat colaborări cu Daddy Yankee and J Balvin.
În ianuarie 2020, televiziunea publică românească (TVR) a anunțat colaborarea cu casa de discuri, iar Roxen a fost selectată pentru a reprezenta România la Concursul Muzical Eurovision din 2020 cu piesa ei „Alcohol You”. Concursul a fost anulat pe 18 martie 2020 din cauza pandemiei COVID-19. Orașul Rotterdam a găzduit concursul din 2021, iar Roxen a concurat cu piesa „Amnesia”.
Din august 2020, Global Records colaborează cu Warner Music Group pentru a-și promova artiștii la nivel internațional. De asemenea, casa de discuri va licenția repertoriul internațional al Warner Music în România. Prima campanie comună a fost pentru Roxen și cel mai recent single de atunci, „How to Break a Heart”.
Global Records își consolidează prezența în regiune prin deschiderea unor divizii în Polonia (Global Records Polska), Rusia (Global Records Russia) și Turcia (Global Records Turkey). Aceste divizii lucrează îndeaproape cu Global Records la întreaga strategie a casei de discuri, descoperind oportunități, perfecționând talentele locale și promovând melodiile pe care le lansează la nivel internațional.
Următoarele case de discuri sunt deținute sau licențiate de Global Records.
Malidzano

Malidzano is a traditional Macedonian spread made from puréed bell peppers, eggplant, oil, salt and mustard (optional). It derives its name from the Italian word for eggplant, melanzane. Malidzano is usually served as an appetizer with a side of bread and piece of white cheese. In other countries of the Western Balkans (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia), it is prepared with green or red peppers, affecting the color of the spread.
Kasuzuke

Kasuzuke (粕漬け), also kasu-zuke, is a Japanese dish made by pickling fish or vegetables in the lees (residual yeast and other precipitates) of sake, known as sake kasu.
Kasuzuke was made in the Kansai region as early as the Nara period, twelve hundred years ago. Vegetable kasuzuke, known as shiru-kasu-zuke or Narazuke was originally made with white melon, but later with cucumbers, eggplants, uri, and pickling melons. It was made by Buddhist monks, and used by samurai as imperishable wartime food. During the Edo period of the 17th century, a sake dealer promoted it widely. The dish spread throughout Japan and remains popular today. Carrots, watermelon rind, and ginger may also be pickled in this way.
To make shiru-kasu-zuke vegetables are pickled in a mixture of sake-kasu (in paste or sheet form), mirin, sugar, and salt. Optionally, ginger and citrus may be added. Pickling time ranges from one to three years, with the younger pickles consumed locally in the summer and the older pickles, having turned an amber color, distributed as Narazuke. To make fish kasuzuke, sugar is sometimes omitted, and sake, soy sauce, pepper and/or ginger may be added. Typical fish include cod, salmon, butterfish, and tai snapper. Brining time is one to several days.
Vegetable kasuzuke is eaten as pickles, and is sweet and mild. Fish kasuzuke may be eaten raw or grilled over rice. The flavor is mild but pungent.
Uislamu kwa nchi

Uislamu ni dini ya pili duniani kwa wingi wa wafuasi. Kulingana na utafiti uliofanywa mwaka 2010 na kutolewa Januari 2011, Waislamu ni bilioni 1.57, unachukua zaidi ya asilimia 23 ya idadi ya watu wote.
Waislamu walio wengi ni wa madhehebu ya: Sunni (75–90%) au Shia (10–20%). Ahmadiyya wanawakilisha karibia 1% ya Waislamu wa dunia nzima.
Uislamu ni dini yenye nguvu huko Mashariki ya Kati, Afrika Magharibi, Pembe la Afrika, Sahel, na baadhi ya sehemu za Asia. Baadhi ya jumuia za Kiislamu pia zinapatikana huko Uchina, Balkans, Uhindi na Urusi.
Sehemu nyingine za dunia ambazo zina jumuia nyingi za wahamiaji wa Kiislamu ni pamoja na Ulaya ya Magharibi, kwa mfano, ambapo Uislamu ni dini ya pili kwa ukubwa baada ya Ukristo, ambapo inawakilisha asilimia 6 ya jumla ya wakazi wote.
Kulingana na ripoti ya Pew Research Center mnamo 2010 kulikuwa na idadi kubwa ya Waislamu katika nchi zipatazo 49. Karibu asilimia 62 ya Waislamu wa duniani kote wanaishi Kusini na Kusini mashariki mwa bara la Asia, ikiwa na wafuasi zaidi ya bilioni 1. Nchi yenye idadi kubwa ya Waislamu duniani ni Indonesia, hii peke yake inachukua asilimia 12.7 ya idadi ya Waislamu wote wa dunia, ikifuatiwa na Pakistan (11.0%), India (10.9%), na Bangladesh (9.2%). Karibia asilimia 20 ya Waislamu wanaishi katika nchi za Kiarabu. Huko Mashariki ya Kati, nchi ambazo si za Kiarabu - Uturuki na Iran - ni nchi zenye Waislamu wengi sana; huko Afrika, Misri na Nigeria zina jumuia nyingi za Kiislamu. Utafiti huo umekuta Waislamu wengi zaidi huko Uingereza kuliko hata Lebanon na wengi zaidi huko China kuliko hata nchini Syria.
Idadi zinazoonekana katika safu nne za kwanza hapo chini zinatokana na ripoti ya utafiti wa kidemografia uliofanywa na Kituo cha Utafiti cha Pew maarufu kama The Future of the Global Muslim Population, tangu 27 Januari 2011.
Sekta ya Anime

Sekta ya anime imeendelezwa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika miaka michache iliyopita, hasa nje ya Ujapani. Imeenea kwa kasi duniani kote, pamoja na ongezeko kubwa katika kupatiwa kwa leseni zinazopatia kibali cha kuonyesha vipindi na filamu kwa maeneo mengi, vituo vya anime kama Animax pia vimeendelezwa. Animax kinakubaliwa kuwa kituo kikuu miongoni mwa vingine kinachotangaza vipindi siku nzima katika ulimwengu, kinatangaza vipindi vya anime katika Ujapani, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Filipino, Bara Hindi, Marekani ya Kusini na Korea ya Kusini.
Wamiliki wa anime katika Ujapani wamekuwa wakiuza leseni ya vipindi vyao kwa ajili ya matumizi ya nje ya Ujapani tangu angalau miaka ya 1960, zoezi hili lilikuwa la kawaida katika Marekani mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1970 na mwanzoni wa miaka ya 1980, vipindi kama Gatchaman na Captain Harlock vilipata leseni kutoka makampuni ya Kijapani kwa ajili ya usambazaji katika masoko ya Marekani, mara nyingi baada ya mabadiliko makubwa kwa mfululizo ya hadithi. Mwenendo wa usambazaji wa anime nchini Marekani iliendelea katika miaka ya 1980 kufuatia kupewa kwa leseni ya vipindi kama vile Voltron na 'uumbaji' wa vipindi kama vile Robotech kupitia matumizi ya mifululizo ya hadithi yaliyotengwa awali.
Katika miaka ya mwanzonzi mwa 1990, makampuni kadhaa yalianza kununua leseni ya vipindi yaliyolengwa kwa watu wazima. Baadhi, kama AD Vision na Central Park Media na nyingine, yalipata mafanikio na yakaendelea na kuwa wachezaji wakubwa katika soko ya anime nchini Marekani. Wengine, kama vile AnimEigo, walipata mafanikio kidogo zaidi. Makampuni mengi yaliyoanzishwa na kampuni ya asili ya Ujapani hayakupata mafanikio na baada ya kusambaza vipindi vichache yalikomesha biashara.
Anime hasa hutozwa na makampuni kutoka Ujapani, kwa ajili hii inabidii vipindi hivi vipate leseni katika maeneo mengine ya dunia ili yaonyeshwe kufuatia sheria. Leseni ni ghali mno na makampuni hulipa hadi $ 20,000 kwa kila kipindi katika mfululizo ya vipindi ya idadi ya 13 hadi zaidi ya 100. Hapa ni baadhi ya makampuni makubwa yanayolipia leseni katika maeneo tofauti.
Madeleine Bates

Madeleine Ashcraft Bates (amezaliwa 1948) ni mtafiti wa uchakataji wa lugha asilia ambaye alifanya kazi katika kampuni ya BBN Technologies huko Cambridge, Massachusetts kuanzia mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1970 hadi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990. Yeye alikua raisi wa chama cha waandishi wa lugha ya kompyuta mwaka 1985, na mhariri mwenza wa kitabu Challenges in Natural Language Processing (1993).
Bates alikuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo cha Allegheny kabla ya kuhamishwa kwenda Chuo Kikuu cha Carnegie Mellon, ambapo alijifunza hisabati, na kuhitimu mwaka 1968. Alikamilisha Ph.D. yake ya hisabati katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard mnamo mwaka 1975, akifanya kazi huko pamoja na Bill Woods juu ya mabadiliko ya mitandao kuongezeka.
Akiwa mwanafunzi huko Harvard, yeye alianza kufanya kazi za muda mfupi katika kampuni ya BBN mnamo mwaka 1971. Baada ya kumaliza Ph.D., alikuwa profesa msaidizi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Boston kwa miaka mitatu kabla ya kuwa mtafiti kamili katika kampuni ya BBN.
Bates aliolewa na mkemia Alan Hunt Bates katika majira ya joto mnamo mwaka 1968; baadaye akawa profesa katika Chuo Kikuu cha Massachusetts Dartmouth . Mama yake, Madeleine DeMuth Ashcraft (aliyefariki 1990), alikuwa akisumbuliwa na ugonjwa unaoitwa Huntington's disease kwa muda mrefu na Bates amekuwa mwanaharakati wa matibabu ya ugonjwa huo, akifanya kazi kama raisi wa Massachusetts Chapter ya Tume ya Kupambana na Ugonjwa unaojulikana kama Huntington's disease.
Monie Love

Simone Gooden (anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Monie Love; amezaliwa 2 Julai 1970) ni emcee kutoka nchini Uingereza na mtangazaji wa redio wa zamani huko nchini Marekani.
Alikuwa mtu aliyeheshimiwa sana katika hip hop ya Kiingereza, na kuleta mgongano/athira kubwa na wasaili/maemcee wengine wa kike wa Kimarekani kama vile Queen Latifah, vilevile kupitia uanchama wake na baadhi ya makundi mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980/mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 - Native Tongues. Love alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wa kwanza wa BritHop kuingia mkataba na kusambaziwa kazi zake dunia nzima na mastudio makubwakubwa duniani.
Love alizaliwa katika eneo la Battersea la mjini London. Huyu ni mdogo wake mwnamuziki wa muziki wa techno Dave Angel, na alikuwa binti wa baba aliyekuwa akipiga muziki wa jazz kutoka mjini London.
Love alizanza kazi yake ya hip hop/BritHop akiwa kama emcee kwenye kundi la Kiingereza la Jus Bad, kundi ambalo linaunganishwa na DJ Pogo, Sparki, na MC Mell'O'. Kundi hilo lilitoa kibao cha kilichokwenda kwa jina la "Free Style/Proud" katika studio moja ya kujitegemea Tuff Groove mnamo 1988.
Love alianza kujipatia umaarufu wake wa kujulikana kibiashara nchini Marekani baada ya kuuza sura katika single ya Queen Latifah iliyojishindia Grammy Award "Ladies First," vilevile kwenye kibao cha Adeva "Ring My Bell," na kwa kina Jungle Brothers' "Doin' Our Own Dang," na kibao kikali cha kina De La Soul "Buddy." Umaarufu huo umepelekea kuingia mkataba na Warner Bros. Records, inamfanya Love kuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wachacha sana wa British hip-hop kufanya juhudi za kutoa kazi zao na mastudio makubwakubwa duniani.
Kigezo:Monie Love
Laurent Gbagbo

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo (amezaliwa 31 Mei 1945) ni mwanasiasa wa Ivory Coast ambaye alikuwa Rais wa Cote d'Ivoire kutoka mwaka 2000 hadi kukamatwa kwake Aprili 2011.
Mwanahistoria, Gbagbo alifungwa miaka ya mapema ya 1970 na tena mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, na aliishi uhamishoni nchini Ufaransa wakati mwingi wa 1980 kama matokeo ya harakati zake za muungano. Gbagbo alianzisha Idara ya Maarufu ya Ivory Coast (FPI) ya Ivory Coast mnamo 1982 na hakufanikiwa kuwa rais dhidi ya Félix Houphouët-Boigny mwanzoni mwa siasa ya vyama vingi mnamo 1990. Alishinda kiti katika Bunge la Kitaifa la Côte d'Ivoire mnamo 1990.
Gbagbo alidai ushindi baada ya Robert Guéï, mkuu wa kikosi cha jeshi, kuwazuia wanasiasa wengine wakuu kutoka kwenye uchaguzi wa rais wa Oktoba 2000. Watu wa Ivory Coast walikwenda barabarani, wakipindua Guéï. Gbagbo basi aliwekwa kama rais.
Katika uchaguzi wa rais wa 2010, Alassane Ouattara alishinda Gbagbo, akatambuliwa kama mshindi na wachunguzi wa uchaguzi, jamii ya kimataifa, Umoja wa Afrika (AU), na Jumuiya ya Uchumi ya Mataifa ya Afrika Magharibi. Walakini, Gbagbo alikataa kuhama, licha ya kuongezeka shinikizo za kimataifa. Tume Huru ya Uchaguzi (IEC) ilitangaza kwamba Ouattara alikuwa ameshinda mbio kwa asilimia 54 ya kura, makubaliano ambayo Umoja wa Mataifa ulihitimisha yalikuwa ya kuaminika. Walakini, Baraza la Katiba, muundo uliotawaliwa na wanachama wa pro-Gbagbo, walifuta matokeo katika ngome za uchaguzi za Ouattara kaskazini, wakidai udanganyifu wakamtangaza Gbagbo mshindi na asilimia 51 ya kura.
Mnamo Desemba 2010, Gbagbo na Ouattara waligombea urais, wakisababisha kipindi kifupi cha mzozo wa raia ambao watu wapatao 3,000 waliuawa. Gbagbo alikamatwa mwaka uliofuata na vikosi vya pro-Ouattara, ambavyo viliungwa mkono na vikosi vya Ufaransa. Gbagbo alihamishiwa The Hague mnamo Novemba 2011, ambapo alishtakiwa kwa makosa manne ya uhalifu dhidi ya ubinadamu katika Korti ya Makosa ya Jinai kuhusu vurugu za baada ya uchaguzi. Gbagbo alikuwa mkuu wa kwanza wa serikali kupelekwa katika ulinzi wa korti.
Mnamo Januari 2019, jopo la ICC lilitupilia mbali mashtaka dhidi ya Gbagbo na mmoja wa mawaziri wake wa zamani, Charles Blé Goudé, kubaini kuwa ushahidi uliowasilishwa hautoshi kuthibitisha kuwa wawili hao walitenda jinai dhidi ya ubinadamu. Waendesha mashtaka wanapiga rufaa uamuzi huo, na kwa Gbagbo ni marufuku kurudi Cote d'Ivoire, anasubiri kesi ya rufaa.
The Peter Serafinowicz Show

The Peter Serafinowicz Show is a British sketch comedy show written by and starring Peter Serafinowicz. Its debut was on 4 October 2007 at 21:30 on BBC Two as part of the newly launched "Thursdays Are Funny" brand on the channel and Thursdays on ABC2. On 1 August 2008, American cable network G4 began broadcasting the show as part of their "Duty Free TV" block of international programming. The BBC decided not to produce a second series. A Christmas Special was aired on 23 December 2008.
The show was commissioned after Serafinowicz posted O! News, a parody of E! News, on YouTube, under the name "Immenstrides". Robert Popper, who co-wrote, and co-starred in, both seasons of Look Around You with Serafinowicz, co-wrote four episodes of The Peter Serafinowicz Show and was a programme consultant for the entire series.
The show was a mixture of sketches based on parodies of British television, using Serafinowicz's and other actors' impressions of notable television personalities. Examples include Heads or Tails, which is a parody of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, using the same mannerisms as Chris Tarrant. (Channel Five later created a real show based on the same principles.)
In addition to Serafinowicz, recurring cast members included Belinda Stewart-Wilson, Catherine Shepherd, Paul Putner, Alex Lowe, Bronagh Gallagher, Sarah Alexander and Benedict Wong. Robert Popper, Sanjeev Kohli and Matt Berry also made onscreen appearances.
The show was cancelled after its first series by the BBC. Serafinowicz posted a mock BBC News interview on YouTube stating he was leaving of his own accord due to being "unhappy with the BBC's decision to not recommission the series." The series was released on DVD on 1 February 2010.
For his performances in this series, Serafinowicz was awarded the Best Entertainer prize at the 2008 Rose d'Or ceremony.
The series was also nominated for Best Comedy Programme at the 2009 BAFTA Television Awards.
The series 1 DVD was released on 1 February 2010.
Metal Mayhem

Metal Mayhem (formerly Metal Mania or Headbangers) is a block of classic heavy metal/hard rock music videos that first aired on the American television channel VH1 Classic. The series originally featured music videos from 1970s to early 1990s, but since VH1 Classic's transition to MTV Classic, it has now incorporated music videos from the 1980s to mid-1990s and some videos from the 1970s. The block now airs every Friday between 8pm and midnight Central Time. In addition, Metal Mania was briefly changed to Headbangers before reverting to its original until it was changed to Metal Mayhem.
Inter City Firm

The Inter City Firm (ICF) is an English football hooligan firm associated with West Ham United, which was mainly active in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The name came from the use of InterCity trains to travel to away games. They were the subject of a 1985 Thames Television documentary, Hooligan.
The firm formed out of a number of other West Ham groups, including the Mile End Boys and Essex East London Firm. ICF formed in the 1977/78 season.
The most notable figure associated with the ICF is Cass Pennant, who wrote on football hooliganism in the 1990s and 2000s. In his book, Congratulations You Have Just Met the ICF, as a black Londoner, Pennant maintains that the ICF was not racist or right-wing. Bill Gardner, a member of the Mile End Boys, appears on the front-cover of the original print of the book.
Carlton Leach, the main character in the film Rise of the Footsoldier, is also associated with the firm. He, along with Pat Tate, Tony Tucker and Craig Rolfe, later started to get involved in the criminal underworld in London and Essex. They strayed away from the dangers of football fights, to focus on selling drugs and extorting drug dealers. Tate, Tucker and Rolfe met a brutal end in the Rettendon murders in Essex.
The ICF pioneered calling cards that were left on victims. They read "Congratulations, you have just met the ICF". Calling cards would also become popular at other football clubs.
In the very late 1980s, the ICF was regularly linked to the UK pirate radio station Centreforce through its founder Andy Swallow. Swallow was a one-time member of the Essex East London Firm also.
The ICF again came to prominence in 2018 when former members re-grouped as the Real West Ham Fans Action Group, organising protests against the club board.
The ICF were the basis of Alan Clarke's 1988 film, The Firm. Gary Oldman plays Bex Bissell, the leader of the ICC - Inter City Crew. Members of the ICF were used as consultants on the film. The 2005 film Green Street (and its sequels) are also based on the ICF, but instead the initials GSE ('Green Street Elite') were used. The ICF make an appearance in Irvine Welsh's novellas Ecstasy: Three Tales of Chemical Romance.