davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Selkʼnam mythology

Selkʼnam mythology is the body of myths of the Selkʼnam and Haush peoples of Tierra del Fuego.
Selkʼnam mythology is known today primarily from the works of the Austrian ethnologist Martin Gusinde and the Franco-American ethnologist Anne Chapman.
In the Selkʼnam and Haush mythology, the cosmos is divided in four shóʼon or infinite skies, which represent the four cardinal directions:
Each shóʼon is associated with one of the seasons. Kamuk symbolizes the spring and summer, Kéikruk symbolizes the winter, Kenénik symbolizes the autumn and, finally, Wintek symbolizes all the seasons and, possibly, even the time.
The religion of the Selkʼnam people tends to be described as polytheistic, mainly because of the existence of various characters which are usually considered deities. However, according to the beliefs of the Selkʼnam people, only Temáukel is recognized as a god, while other characters are identified as mythological ancestors rather than gods. On the other hand, the characteristics attributed to these mythological ancestors are typical of those beings whom might be called gods. Because of this, it is possible to consider that the religion of the Selkʼnam people was, rather, henotheistic. Thus, there is a superior being, similar to the God of the Abrahamic religions, which corresponds to Temáukel; mythological gods or ancestors called howenh, of which the first to inhabit the Earth was Kenos, a creator and terraforming god, sent by Temáukel; and, finally, Xalpen and her subordinates, soorts, who were inhabitants of the underworld, which were represented by men in the Hain ceremony.
Temáukel is the supreme god of the Selkʼnam and Haush pantheon and, in theory, of all Selkʼnam deities, is the only one that is considered a god, since the other deities are identified, rather as mythological ancestors. He is a primordial god and, therefore, has always existed. He dwells in the celestial dome, in the eastern sky or Wintek and is the creator of it and the primitive Earth.
Howenh were not recognized as gods by the Selkʼnam people, but rather as mythological ancestors, since the only divinity as such is Temáukel. They constitute the great forces of nature and terraforming elements, but before becoming such elements, they existed as humans. Among the most important are Kenos, the first howenh; Kwányip and Čénuke; Kojh, howenh of the sea; Kren, howenh of the sun; Kre, howenh of the moon; Josh, howenh of the snow; and Shenrr, howenh of the wind.
Kenos was the first howenh to inhabit the Earth. He is the creator, organizer and civilizing god in Selkʼnam mythology, and the most important deity after Temáukel. He was sent by him from the Celestial dome to the early Earth, with the mission to organize it and create the mythological ancestors who would shape the Earth.
Xalpen is the goddess of the underworld. She has seven companions called Soorts: Sate, Yoisik, Wakus, Keyaisl, Talen, Pawus and Sanu. Besides them, there are many subordinate Soorts who are not assigned a specific name.
Flag of Chaco (Argentina)

The flag of the Argentine province of Chaco is rectangular, divided into three vertical stripes, light green, white and light blue. In the middle stripe there is also a symbol of the Sun of May at the top and an plough surrounded by twenty-five golden stars at the bottom. The stars represent the twenty-five departments in the province. The plough symbolizes agriculture, which is the most important sector of the province's economy and is also found on the coat of arms.
Chaco became a province in 1951 under the name Presidente Perón Province. At that time the province did not have a flag, but its coat of arms was based on the shield of the Justicialist Party.
The first Chaco flag was officially proclaimed by decree on 2 February 1995 as the provincial flag by the government of Governor Rolando Tauguinas. It was designed by graphic artist Jorge Esquivel and won an art contest. The flag was met with negative reception, as the local press considered the proposed flag "not a symbol, but a painting." The majority of the population did not feel represented by the emblem. This flag remained in force, but almost unused.
The modern flag was approved on 19 September 2007, under Governor Roy Nikisch.
Urfa Man

The Urfa man, also known as the Balıklıgöl statue, is an ancient human shaped statue found during excavations in Balıklıgöl near Urfa, in the geographical area of Upper Mesopotamia, in the southeast of modern Turkey. It is dated c. 9000 BC to the period of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and was considered as "the oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human". It is considered as contemporaneous with the sites of Göbekli Tepe (Pre-Pottery Neolithic A/B) and Nevalı Çori (Pre-Pottery Neolithic B).
The statue was found during construction work, and the exact location of the find has not been properly recorded, but it may have come from the nearby Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site of Urfa Yeni-Yol. This is not far from other known Pre-Pottery Neolithic A sites around Urfa: Göbekli Tepe (about 10 kilometers), Gürcütepe. It is reported that it was discovered in 1993 on Yeni Yol street in Balıklıgöl, at the same location where a Pre-Pottery Neolithic site was investigated from 1997.
The statue is nearly 1.90 meters tall. The eyes form deep holes, in which are set segments of black obsidian. It features a V-shaped collar or necklace. The hands are clasped in front, covering the genitals. The statue is thought to date to around 9000 BC, and is often claimed to be the oldest known statue in the world.
Before the Urfa Man, numerous small-sized statuettes are known from the Upper Paleolithic, such as the Löwenmensch figurine (c. 40,000 BC), the Venus of Dolní Věstonice (c. 30,000 BC), the Venus of Willendorf (c. 25,000 BC) or the realistic Venus of Brassempouy (c. 25,000 BC).
Slightly later than the Urfa Man, Pre-Pottery Neolithic C, anthropomorphic statues are known from the Levant, such as the 'Ain Ghazal Statues. In 2023, it was announced that excavations carried out at Karahan Tepe have turned up a human statue that dates back to around 9,400 BC.
Buffy coat

The buffy coat is the fraction of an anticoagulated blood sample that contains most of the leukocytes and thrombocytes following centrifugation.
After centrifugation, one can distinguish a layer of clear fluid (the plasma), a layer of red fluid containing erythrocytes, and a thin layer in between. Composing less than 1% of the total volume of the blood sample, the buffy coat (so-called because it is usually buff in hue), contains most of the leukocytes and thrombocytes. The buffy coat is usually whitish in color, but is sometimes green if the blood sample contains large amounts of neutrophils, which are high in green-colored myeloperoxidase.
The buffy coat is commonly used for DNA extraction, with leukocytes providing approximately 10 times more concentrated sources of nucleated cells. Mammalian erythrocytes are anucleate and do not contain DNA, so erethrocytes are normally removed for DNA analysis. A common protocol is to store buffy coat specimens for future DNA isolation and these may remain in frozen storage for many years.
Quantitative buffy coat (QBC), based on the centrifugal stratification of blood components, is a laboratory test for the detection of malarial parasites, as well as of other blood parasites.
The blood is taken in a QBC capillary tube which is coated with acridine orange (a fluorescent dye) and centrifuged; the fluorescing parasitized erythrocytes get concentrated in a layer which can then be observed by fluorescence microscopy, under ultraviolet radiation at the interface between erythrocytes and buffy coat. This test is more sensitive than the conventional thick smear and in over 90% of cases the species of parasite can also be identified.
In cases of extremely low leukocyte count, it may be difficult to perform a manual differential of their various types and it may be virtually impossible to obtain an automated differential. In such cases, the medical technologist may obtain a buffy coat, from which a blood smear is made. This smear contains a much higher number of leukocytes than whole blood.
Since the buffy coat is mostly composed of leukocytes, it is a useful in human medical research, especially in cases where blood is the only experimental sample. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be extracted from the buffy coat, and can be frozen for storage, or used to conduct immunological experiments.
Army Medical Department regimental coat of arms

The regimental coat of arms of the Army Medical Department of the United States Army—known as the AMEDD—is an heraldic emblem dating back, with slight variations, to about 1863. Since 1986, it has formed the basis of the AMEDD's distinctive unit insignia: the emblem worn by all AMEDD soldiers on their service uniforms.
The Medical Department regimental coat of arms was devised at the direction of Army Surgeon General William Alexander Hammond around 1863 and is one of the Army's oldest regimental emblems. Its iconography and design harkened back to 1818, which is the year Congress created a permanent Army "Medical Department", as opposed to the ad hoc organizations that had existed before. The 20 white stars on a blue background and the red and white stripes represent the U.S. flag of 1818. The green staff entwined with a green serpent combined two symbols: the Rod of Aesculapius from classical mythology, symbolic of medicine and healing; and the color green associated with US Army regular physicians during the last half of the 19th century. The colors Argent (silver/white) and Gules (red) are those associated with the flag of the United States.
The rooster is also associated with Asclepius/Aesculapius, the ancient Greek and Roman god of healing and medicine. The ancient Greeks believed that the rooster's crowing at dawn drove away the evil disease spreading demons from the temples so that it could be a place of healing. (The rooster had a strong connection with medicine in classical times. A practice at the time was to pay for medical services with poultry. On May 7, 399 B.C., Socrates died of judicially mandated poisoning by drinking hemlock. His last recorded words were said to be "I owe a cock to Aesculapius, see that it is paid.") The torse (twisted rope) below the rooster shows alternating blue and silver colors which were the colors of the Army in 1818. The Latin motto Experientia et Progressus ("Experience and Progress") is meant to convey the steady and unfailing progress of the Army Medical Department since its original incarnation as the "Army Hospital" in July 1775.
The AMEDD's Regimental Distinctive Insignia is worn by US Army soldiers affiliated with the Army Medical Department (AMEDD). In 1986 the Army established the Regimental Affiliation Program. Combat Service Support (now Sustainment) soldiers were affiliated with their newly established regiments and regimental distinctive insignia were created to represent those regiments. The AMEDD Regimental Distinctive Insignia incorporated the shield from the AMEDD regimental coat of arms and the motto ("To Conserve Fighting Strength") of the Medical Field Service School's (established 1920) distinctive unit insignia. The AMEDD Regimental Distinctive Insignia is one of the Army's 14 regimental corps insignias. These insignias are worn over the right breast pocket on the Army Service Uniform (ASU) and signify the service member's branch of service. The current design of the AMEDD regimental distinctive insignia was approved on 27 October 2014.
Auscultation

Auscultation (based on the Latin verb auscultare "to listen") is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory and respiratory systems (heart and breath sounds), as well as the alimentary canal.
The term was introduced by René Laennec. The act of listening to body sounds for diagnostic purposes has its origin further back in history, possibly as early as Ancient Egypt. Auscultation and palpation go together in physical examination and are alike in that both have ancient roots, both require skill, and both are still important today. Laënnec's contributions were refining the procedure, linking sounds with specific pathological changes in the chest, and inventing a suitable instrument (the stethoscope) to mediate between the patient's body and the clinician's ear.
Auscultation is a skill that requires substantial clinical experience, a fine stethoscope and good listening skills. Health professionals (doctors, nurses, etc.) listen to three main organs and organ systems during auscultation: the heart, the lungs, and the gastrointestinal system. When auscultating the heart, doctors listen for abnormal sounds, including heart murmurs, gallops, and other extra sounds coinciding with heartbeats. Heart rate is also noted. When listening to lungs, breath sounds such as wheezes, crepitations and crackles are identified. The gastrointestinal system is auscultated to note the presence of bowel sounds.
Electronic stethoscopes can be recording devices, and can provide noise reduction and signal enhancement. This is helpful for purposes of telemedicine (remote diagnosis) and teaching. This opened the field to computer-aided auscultation. Ultrasonography (US) inherently provides capability for computer-aided auscultation, and portable US, especially portable echocardiography, replaces some stethoscope auscultation (especially in cardiology), although not nearly all of it (stethoscopes are still essential in basic checkups, listening to bowel sounds, and other primary care contexts).
The sounds of auscultation can be depicted using symbols to produce an auscultogram. It is used in cardiology training.
Mediate auscultation is an antiquated medical term for listening (auscultation) to the internal sounds of the body using an instrument (mediate), usually a stethoscope. It is opposed to immediate auscultation, directly placing the ear on the body.
It was demonstrated in the 2000s that Doppler auscultation using a handheld ultrasound transducer enables the auscultation of valvular movements and blood flow sounds that are undetected during cardiac examination with a stethoscope. The Doppler auscultation presented a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of aortic regurgitations, while classic stethoscope auscultation presented a sensitivity of 58%. Moreover, Doppler auscultation was superior in the detection of impaired ventricular relaxation. Since the physics of Doppler auscultation and classic auscultation are different, it has been suggested that both methods could complement each other.
Pinard horn

A Pinard horn is a type of stethoscope used to listen to the heart rate of a fetus during pregnancy. It is a hollow horn, often made of wood or metal, about 200 millimetres (7.9 in) long. It functions similarly to an ear trumpet by amplifying sound. The user holds the wide end of the horn against the pregnant woman's abdomen, and listens through the other end.
The Pinard horn was invented by Dr. Adolphe Pinard, a French obstetrician, during the 19th century. Pinard was an early supporter of advancements in prenatal care, including closer fetal health monitoring. The invention came about in 1895.
Pinard horns continue to be used around the world, particularly by midwives, and also by doctors and nurses. It provides an alternative to the more expensive Doppler foetal monitor. Another alternative is the fetoscope, which is a stethoscope designed for auscultating fetuses. Below is a quote from a midwife in Mexico describing the Pinard horn:
A Pinard horn may be used to determine the position of the fetus. A Pinard horn is more precise than a Doppler device for this purpose. A Doppler device detects a heart tone further away from the location of origin. A Pinard horn must be pressed to a location very close to the fetal heart in order to detect it, providing a more accurate indication of fetal position. A doctor, nurse, or midwife can also use palpation and auscultation to determine fetal position.
The Pinard Horn has been made out of wood, metal, and plastic. It has taken the form of a conventional stethoscope, where instead of holding the horn between your ear and the pregnant body, there are earpieces and the horn is attached to a cable.
Tolhuin Lago Fagnano Airport

Tolhuin Lago Fagnano Airport (Spanish: Aeropuerto de Tolhuin Lago Fagnano, ICAO: SAWL) is a public use airport located 2 kilometres (1 mi) northeast of Tolhuin, a lakeside village in the Tierra del Fuego Province of Argentina.
The Puerto Williams VOR-DME (Ident: PWL) is located 28.5 nautical miles (53 km) south-southwest of the airport. The Ushuaia VOR (Ident: USU) is located 42.2 nautical miles (78 km) west-southwest of the airport.
List of Edison Blue Amberol Records: Popular Series

Blue Amberol Records was the trademark for a type of cylinder recording manufactured by the Edison Records company in the U.S. from 1912 to 1929. Made from a nitrocellulose compound developed at the Edison laboratory—though occasionally employing Bakelite in its stead and always employing an inner layer of plaster—these cylinder records were introduced for public sale in October 1912. The first release in the main, Popular series was number 1501, and the last, 5719, issued in October 1929 just as the Edison Records concern closed up shop. The Edison company also maintained separate issue number ranges for foreign, classical and special series that are sparsely included here. The issue numbers are not necessarily continuous as some titles were not released, or otherwise skipped. Nevertheless, the Blue Amberol format was the longest-lived cylinder record series employed by the Edison Company. These were designed to be played on an Amberola, a type of Edison machine specially designed for celluloid records that did not play older wax cylinders. Blue Amberols are more commonly seen today than earlier Edison 2-minute brown or black wax and 4-minute black wax Amberol records.
The following incomplete list of Blue Amberol Records is ranked by issue number, title, writer(s), performer(s) and date. Dates are certainly not chronological for either recording or issue; the issue of certain titles could be delayed or never deployed, and some Blue Amberol releases are merely reissues of earlier records that had appeared in other formats before the Blue Amberol existed. From about July 1914, Edison's Diamond Discs were used to master Blue Amberols and releases of the same titles appear in both series, though with totally different release numbers. Some of the very last Blue Amberols were dubbed from electrical recordings, though the Amberola was never manufactured with an electrical pickup; in later years, some enthusiasts have refitted Amberola players with electrical pickups and there is evidence that even at the end of the 1920s there were kits one could order to make the conversion.
Clinical Cardiology

Clinical Cardiology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering cardiology that was established in 1978. It is published by John Wiley & Sons and the editor-in-chief is A. John Camm (St George's, University of London). It is an official journal of the American Society for Preventive Cardiology.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.882.
American Society for Preventive Cardiology

The American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) is a non-profit membership-based organization dedicated to educating health care professionals and patients about the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
The American Society for Preventive Cardiology was established in 1985 under the guidance of Joseph Stokes III (1924–1989), a cardiologist who served as coprincipal investigator of the Framingham Heart Study. The organization was founded through a working group of scientists from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute who recommended curricula to facilitate medical school research aimed at preventing cardiovascular disease. The ASPC disseminated the National Institutes of Health Preventive Cardiology Academic Awards, which funded teaching preventive cardiology across 60 medical schools over a 17 year period. The ASPC has close connection with the American Heart Association (AHA) including its Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Since 1994, the ASPC has presented annual debates at the American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention scientific sessions. Members of the ASPC and AHA collaborated on the Women's Agenda Targeting Cholesterol in Heart Disease program.
In 2010, the ASPC attended the Great Wall International Congress of Cardiology in Beijing and the World Congress on Heart Disease sponsored by the International Academy of Cardiology. The ASPC has hosted an annual congress on cardiovascular disease prevention since 2012. The Stokes Award is issued to individuals by the ASPC who have demonstrated a lifetime achievement in preventive cardiology. In 2015 at the ASPC annual meeting in Boca Raton the first ASPC Experts Course in Preventive Cardiology was offered. A year later the ASPC accepted applications for its inaugural class of fellows which provided the first official fellowship certification in preventive cardiology for those who have a record of accomplishment and dedication in the field.
The ASPC describes its mission as "to promote the prevention of cardiovascular disease, advocate for the preservation of cardiovascular health, and disseminate high‐quality, evidence‐based information through the education of health care clinicians and their patients." It was granted 501(c)(3) status in 2007.
In 2023, the ASPC collaborated with ten other organizations including the American Heart Association and American Society of Echocardiography on new appropriate use criteria to evaluate chronic coronary disease. The ASPC and National Lipid Association have supported low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) measurement as a performance metric to improve population-wide lipid control.
In 2007, the ASPC adopted Preventive Cardiology as their official journal. Since 2011, the ASPC has published Clinical Cardiology by Wiley as their official journal. As of 2020 the ASPC also publishes The American Journal of Preventive Cardiology which has been credited with increasing the validation and use of coronary artery calcium scoring. It is published quarterly by Elsevier and is one of the only journals dedicated solely to preventive cardiology.
Injera

Injera ni aina ya chapati ambayo ni chakula cha asili ya Ethiopia, Eritrea na Somalia. Unga wa matefi (mtefi ni nafaka ya pekee katika nyanda za juu za Ethiopia) huchanganywa na maji na kisha kuachwa hadi unapochacha baada ya siku chache. Baada ya hapo uji huo unakuwa tayari kupikia chapati. Injera huliwa na saladi au mchuzi uitwao Wat. Mchuzi huu huweza kuwa wa nyama ya ng'ombe au mbuzi. Kwakuwa unga wa Injera huwa umechacha, ladha yake huwa na uchachu.
Nje ya nyanda za juu watu wanatumia unga wa mchele, mahindi au nafaka nyingine ingawa kiasili ni matefi.
Unga

Unga ni nafaka kavu iliyopondwa au kusagwa hadi kuwa kama vumbi. Ladha ya unga hutegemea na nafaka yake. Rangi ya unga ni tofauti kama nafaka imekombolewa kwanza au nafaka yote imesagwa pamoja na sehemu za ganda.
Unga wa nafaka hutumiwa kwa vyakula vingi.
ni mifano ya vyakula vinavyotengenezwa kwa kutumia unga wa nafaka.
Kuna pia unga wa mazao mengine kwa mfano unga wa viazi au unga wa mchele. Kwa kawaida neno "unga" peke yake humaanisha hasa unga wa mahindi na unga wa ngano.
Mahdjouba

Mahdjouba (Arabic: محجوبة) or mhadjeb is a crepe-like semolina based flatbread originating from Algeria.
A traditional Algerian dish, mhadjeb is a fine crepe-like semolina-based flatbread, typically stuffed with a mixture of onion, garlic, tomato, peppers and spices. It is very popular in all the regions of Algeria, including the southern regions such as Ouargla, Ghardaia, and Tamanrasset. It is one of the essential dishes offered in Algerian street foods. The mahdjouba, which means "covered" or "veiled" in Algerian Darja, originates from southern Algeria: Biskra, Touggourt. It is the vegetable-filled variation of m'semen, a traditional North African flatbread.
Mahdjouba in Algerian derja means veiled or hidden.
Bhakri

Bhakri (bhākri, bhākkari, bhākari, bhākhri, bhākhari) is a round flatbread often eaten in the cuisines of the states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Karnataka in India. Bhakri is prepared using jowar or bajra, which is coarser than a regular wheat chapati. Bhakri can be either soft or hard in texture, unlike khakhra in respect to hardness.
Different types of millets (jowar, bajra, ragi) are the common grains used for making bhakris. These millet bhakris are popular in the Deccan plateau regions of India (Maharashtra and Northern Karnataka) as well as the semi-arid regions of Rajasthan. In the coastal Konkan and Goa regions of western India rice flour is used for making bhakri.
The dough for bhakri is prepared by mixing the flour with a small amount of salt in a bowl and kneading into a smooth stiff dough, using hot water. The dough is split into little balls. The ball is then flattened using one's palms. There are two ways to make the bhakri. It is either flattened on a surface by pressing with one's palm or it is made thin by holding the ball in both palms which requires a lot of skill. The tava (pan) is heated and the bhakri is cooked by applying a little water to the upper surface and spreading it all over with the help of the cook's fingers. The other side is also cooked on the tava. Once it is prepared, it is roasted in the direct flame on both the sides. A bhakri can be either soft or hard. The hard bhakri basically has a hard outer layer to add a crunch.
Bhakri is typically served with yogurt, garlic chutney, pithla, baingan bharta, thecha (chutney made of green chillies and peanuts), preparations of green leafy vegetables and raw onion. In northern parts of Karnataka, it is served with stuffed brinjal curry. In Vidarbha, it is eaten with "jhunka" – a coarse and thick variant of "pithla." It has traditionally been the rural staple which would be carried to the farm at the crack of dawn and make up for both breakfast and lunch. In the fields, bhakri even used to serve as a plate, on which chutney, kharda or thecha was served and eaten together. In Khandesh region, bhakri and shev bhaji (thick savory curry prepared from sev) is a very popular dish. In the coastal regions like Konkan and Goa, the rice flour bhakris are mainly served with fish curry.
In modern days, bhakhris have increasingly been replaced by wheat rotis and phulkas but they still retain popularity in many regions and as specialty dishes.
Mirchi ka salan

Mirchi ka salan (Urdu: مرچی کا سالن), or curried chilli peppers, is a Indian chilli and peanut curry from Hyderabad, Telangana, India, that usually accompanies Hyderabadi biryani alongside dahi chutney. The dish contains green chilli peppers, peanuts, sesame seeds, dry coconut, cumin seeds, ginger and garlic paste, turmeric powder, bay leaf, and thick tamarind juice.
Mirchi ka salan is a traditional Hyderabadi dish prepared for weddings and special occasions. It is a spicy dish served with rice (either plain or spiced, like biryani rice) or chapati. The mirchi (chilli peppers) are cooked in spices and mixed with a ground peanut paste which gives the dish a grainy texture. Sometimes the chillies can also be substituted with tomatoes (tamatey in Urdu) and eggplant (baigan in Urdu), which then becomes tamatey ka salan and baigan ka salan respectively.
Haki za binadamu nchini Kenya

Haki za binadamu nchini Kenya ni bora kuliko katika sehemu nyingi za Afrika, ingawa bado uhuru wa kisiasa unahujumiwa.
Serikali ya Mwai Kibaki imefanya kazi kuboresha mazingira ya haki za binadamu nchini Kenya na kwa kiasi kikubwa imepunguza matumizi ya mfumo wa kisheria kuwanyanyasa wakosoaji wa serikali.
Utawala wa Daniel Arap Moi ulipokea mfululizo wa ukosoaji wa kimataifa kwa rekodi yake ya haki za binadamu. Chini ya Moi, vikosi vya usalama mara kwa mara viliwapitisha viongozi wa upinzani na wanaharakati wa kupigania demokrasia hali ya kufungwa kiholela, kuwekwa kizuizini bila kesi, dhuluma wakiwa kizuizini, na kutumia nguvu za kusababisha majeraha. Wafadhili wa kimataifa na serikali kama vile za Marekani, Ujerumani, Uingereza, na Norway mara kwa mara zilivunja mahusiano ya kidiplomasia mbali na kusimamishwa misaada ya fedha, zikisubiri uboreshaji wa haki za binadamu.
Chini ya serikali mpya, ukiukwaji wa haki za binadamu unaopelekewa na siasa umepunguka, lakini njia nyingine za ukiukaji wa haki za binadamu zinaendelea, nyingi kwa ukubwa kwenye mikono ya vikosi vya usalama, hususani polisi. Kikosi cha polisi kwa upana kuwa kipengele fisadi zaidi nchini, hasa kwa kuchukua rushwa, kushiriki katika shughuli za uhalifu, na kutumia nguvu kupindukia dhidi ya watuhumiwa wa uhalifu na makundi ya watu. Polisi wengi ambao hutenda dhuluma bado hufanya hivyo kwa kutokujali. Hali ya magereza imebaki kuwa ya kutishia maisha. Mbali na dhuluma kwenye mikono ya polisi na katika mfumo wa utaratibu wa mashitaka, ukandamizaji wa haki katika mwenendo wa kesi za kisheria umeenea, licha ya shinikizo za hivi karibuni kwa wafanyakazi wa mahakama. Uhuru wa kusema na wa vyombo vya habari unaendelea kuathirika kupitia njia mbalimbali za unyanyasaji wa waandishi wa habari na wanaharakati.
Vurugu na ubaguzi dhidi ya wanawake umekithiri. Unyanyasaji wa watoto, ikiwa ni pamoja na kufanyishwa kazi kwa kulazimishwa na ukahaba, ni tatizo kubwa. Tohara kwa wanawake (FGM) inabakia kuenea, licha ya sheria dhidi yake katika mwaka wa 2001 kwa wasichana chini ya miaka 16. Unyanyasaji wa wanawake na wasichana, ikiwa ni pamoja na ndoa za mapema na urithi wa wake, ni sababu moja katika kuenea kwa virusi vya kukosa kinga katika binadamu / upungufu wa kinga mwilini unaotwaliwa UKIMWI (VVU/AIDS).
Kenya ilipiga hatua kidogo ya mafanikio katika mwaka wa 2003, wakati ilianzisha Tume ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Binadamu, ikiwa na jukumu la kuhakikisha kuwa Kenya inafikia viwango vya kimataifa vya haki za binadamu. Pia, bunge lilipitisha Sheria ya Watoto kuhakikisha ulinzi wa watoto, vilevile Sheria ya Ulemavu, ikipiga marufuku ubaguzi dhidi ya walemavu.
Mnamo Novemba 2005 serikali ya Kenya ilipiga marufuku mikutano ya kampeni ya vyama vya upinzani, ikikataa wito kwa uchaguzi mpya. Makamu wa Rais Moody Awori alisema:
Bunge la Kenya

Bunge la Kenya ni bunge la kutunga sheria ya Jamhuri ya Kenya yenye muundo wa mabunge mawili: Bunge la Kitaifa na Seneti. Bunge lina jukumu la kutunga sheria, kuwakilisha wananchi, kusimamia serikali kuu, na kuidhinisha matumizi ya serikali. Linazingatia Katiba ya Kenya ya mwaka 2010, ambayo ilibadilisha mfumo wa sheria na kurejesha Seneti.
Asili ya mfumo wa bunge nchini Kenya inarejea enzi za ukoloni. Baraza la Kutunga Sheria (LegCo) lilianzishwa mwaka 1907 chini ya utawala wa Waingereza, likiwa na uwakilishi mkubwa wa wakoloni wa Kizungu. Kadri muda ulivyopita, Waafrika walianza kupata uwakilishi zaidi, na hatimaye Kenya ikapata uhuru mwaka 1963. Baada ya uhuru, Kenya ilikuwa na Bunge la Kitaifa lenye mfumo wa chumba kimoja hadi Katiba ya 2010 iliporejesha Seneti.
1. Bunge la Kitaifa Bunge la Kitaifa ni baraza la chini katika mfumo wa bunge. Linajumuisha:
Bunge la Kitaifa lina jukumu la kupitisha sheria, kuidhinisha bajeti ya taifa, na kuisimamia serikali kuu.
2. Seneti Seneti ni baraza la juu katika mfumo wa bunge. Linajumuisha:
Wanawake 16 walioteuliwa na vyama vya siasa
Seneti linawakilisha kaunti na kuhakikisha maslahi yao yanazingatiwa katika sheria za kitaifa. Pia lina jukumu katika mchakato wa kuwashtaki viongozi wa umma, pamoja na kusimamia ugawaji wa rasilimali kwa kaunti.
Bunge la Kenya lina majukumu muhimu yafuatayo:
Wabunge na maseneta huchaguliwa kila baada ya miaka mitano kupitia uchaguzi mkuu unaosimamiwa na Tume Huru ya Uchaguzi na Mipaka (IEBC). Vyama vya siasa vina nafasi kubwa katika kuunda uwakilishi wa bunge.
Ann Aluoch

Ann Aluoch Onyango alizaliwa 5 Januari 1990, anajulikana kama Ann Aluoch ni kiungo wa timu ya mpira Kenya ambaye alichezea kama mtetezi wa mpira.Alikuwa kama mwanakikundi wa timu ya taifa ya wanawake wa Kenya.
Aluoch alichezea Kenya katika kombe la taifa la Wanawake wa Afrika.
Kaunti za Kenya

Kaunti za Kenya (en: Counties of Kenya) ni maeneo ya kiutawala ya Kenya tangu kuadhimishwa kwa katiba ya mwaka 2010.
Katiba hiyo inaeleza kuwepo kwa kaunti 47 nchini katika mafungu 191 na 192, pamoja na ‘County Governments Act of 2012”. Kaunti hizi zilichukua nafasi za Mikoa ya Kenya. Mipaka ya kaunti iliwekwa kulingana na mipaka ya wilaya za kenya zilizokuwa zimeanzishwa kisheria mwaka wa 1992.
Mipaka ya kaunti hizo ni pia msingi wa maeneo ya uchaguzi wa mwakilishi mwanamke wa kaunti, seneta na gavana.
Utendaji wa kaunti una wajibu wa kutekeleza madaraka ya serikali ya kaunti. Gavana ndiye mtendaji mkuu na husaidiwa na naibu wa gavana. Kila kaunti ina kamati ya utendaji iliyoundwa na:
Kazi ya utendaji ni:
Kila kaunti ina bunge. Wajumbe huchaguliwa kutoka wadi za kaunti katika uchaguzi mkuu. Pia, kuna wajumbe wa kuteuliwa ambao huwakilisha vikundi vilivyotengwa, vijana na kwa ajili ya kusawazisha uwakilishi wa jinsia. Wajumbe hutumikia kwa muhula wa miaka mitano. Bunge huongozwa na spika ambaye hafai kuwa mjumbe.
Majukumu yake ni:
Serikali za kaunti zina wajibu wa kutunga sheria katika mabunge ya kaunti na utendaji katika kaunti. Kazi ya kaunti kulingana na kiambatisho cha nne cha katiba ni:
Orodha ya wanawake shujaa

Orodha ya wanawake shujaa inataja wanawake waliohusika na vita, waliopatikana katika kumbukumbu na hadithi mbalimbali, waliosomwa katika nyanja kama fasihi, sosholojia, saikolojia, anthropolojia, masomo ya filamu, masomo ya kitamaduni, na masomo ya wanawake.
Kielelezo cha hadithi wakati wote haimaanishi hadithi ya uwongo, lakini badala yake, mtu ambaye hadithi zimesimuliwa ambazo zimeingia katika urithi wa kitamaduni wa watu. Baadhi ya mashujaa wanawake wameandikwa katika rekodi iliyoandikwa au ya kisayansi na kwa hiyo huwa sehemu ya historia (kwa mfano Malkia wa Kale wa Briton, Boudica, ambaye aliongoza Iceni kupigana na Warumi). Walakini, kuzingatiwa kama shujaa, mwanamke husika lazima awe alikuwa wa jeshi fulani, liwe linatambuliwa, au lisilotambuliwa, kama mwanamapinduzi.
Njinga wa Ndongo na Matamba alipigana na Wareno wasitawale Angola ya leo kwa zaidi ya miaka thelathini mwanzoni mwa karne ya 17.
Wanawake watatu wa kihistoria:
"Amazon hii ni maarufu katika mila zao: nyumba yake au kumbukumbu ya jiwe bado lipo; baadhi ya wakazi hukaa ndani yake majira yote ya joto, ingawa ina umri wa miaka mia moja; nzima imejengwa kwa jiwe, bila kuni yoyote, chokaa, ardhi, au chokaa ili kuifunga, na imejengwa katika mfumo wa piramidi yenye busara kuelekea juu, ikiwa na upepo ndani yake, moto ukiwa katikati ya sakafu; mawe ni marefu na nyembamba, ambayo hutoa kasoro ya kuni; mwili wa nyumba hii hauna zaidi ya watu tisa waliokaa; kuna vitanda vitatu au vaults za chini ambazo huenda kando ya ukuta, nguzo kati ya kila kitanda, ambayo ina wanaume watano kila mmoja; kwenye mlango wa moja ya vyumba vya chini kuna jiwe lililosimama juu ya ncha moja; juu ya hii wanasema kwa kawaida aliweka kofia yake ya chuma; kuna mawe mawili upande wa pili, ambayo ameripotiwa kuweka upanga wake: anasemekana alikuwa mraibu wa uwindaji, na kwamba wakati wake nafasi yote kati ya kisiwa hiki na ile ya Harries, ilikuwa moja ikiendelea ardhi kavu."
Hadithi kama hizo za shujaa wa kike aliyewinda ardhi iliyoibuka sasa kati ya Outer Hebrides na St Kilda inaripotiwa kutoka Harris.
Uarabuni wa Kale
Rural women

Rural women play a fundamental role in rural communities around the world providing care and being involved in number of economic pursuits such as subsistence farming, petty trading and off-farm work. In most parts of the world, rural women work very hard but earn very little.
Women often suffer discrimination because they are not allowed to have the same ownership of land as men. Most of what they earn does not directly stay in their control, because of unequal gender roles or discrimination.
Empowering rural women can help not only with alleviating the poverty of individual women and families, but also with empowering the entire community—changing access to education, employment and other benefits of rural development. To recognize this, the international community often sets international development goals that track investment and impact on lives of rural women, and the United Nations sponsors the International Day of Rural Women.
Rural women are particularly disadvantaged, both as poor and as women. Women in both rural and urban areas face a higher risk of poverty and more limited economic opportunities than their male counterparts. The number of rural women living in extreme poverty rose by about 50 percent over the past twenty years. Women in rural poverty live under the same harsh conditions as their male counterparts, but experience additional cultural and policy biases which undervalue their work in both the informal, and if accessible, formal labor markets. The 2009 World Survey states that "women play an active role in agriculture and rural livelihoods as unpaid family labour, independent farmers and wage labour, often without access to land, credit and other productive assets."
Women's contribution to the rural economy is generally underestimated, as women perform a disproportionate amount of care work that often goes unrecognized because it is not seen as economically productive. Though in some nations cultural and societal norms prevent women from working outside the home, in other countries, especially in rural communities in Africa, women work as major food producers, improving household food and income security. Families in extreme poverty are even more dependent on women's work both inside and outside the home, resulting in longer days and harder work for women The feminization of poverty is a concept that is applicable in both urban and rural settings.
Buoc'h

Buoc'h (liester : buoc'hed, buoc'henned ; bioù evit ar re a zo maget da reiñ laezh) a vez graet eus parez ar spesad Bos taurus, a zo loened daskirier, kornek, bronnek ha pevarzroadek. Savet e vez ar buoc'hed evit o laezh pe o c'hig, hag evit kaout leueoù diwarno.
Pa vez halet ar vuoc'h e vez maget he leue ganti: denañ e vamm a ra al leue ken na deuio ar c'houlz d'e zizonañ. Neuze e vo dispartiet ar c'holeed (tirvi yaouank) diouzh an annoared, pe onnered, ar buoc'hed yaouank.
En holl vroioù pe dost e vez maget buoc'hed. A-drugarez d'ar sevel-bioù ez eus kantmilionoù a vuoc'hed er bed a-bezh ; mar konter an holl saout : buoc'hed, tirvi, ejened, e c'haller lavarout ez eus 1 miliard 300 milion a bennoù chatal er bed.
Gwechall, ha betek dibenn ar bloavezhioù 1950, e veze maesaet ar saout gant ar vugale, pa vezent lakaet da labourat abred, evel a veze graet abaoe an Henamzer. Ar paotr-saout a veze graet eus ar paotr a veze lakaet d'ober al labour.
Bremañ e vezont lakaet e parkoù gant orjal tredan tro-dro. Pa oa erruet an nevezinti er vro e veze lavaret paotr-saout elektrik anezhi.
E Breizh eo a-bouez ar sevel-saout abalamour d'al laezh a vez implijet d'ober amann dreist-holl. Goro ar saout a veze graet gwechall gant an dorn, hag a oa labour ar merc'hed. Hiriv e vez graet gant mekanikoù, en ur c'hraou a vez graet sal-c'horo anezhi.
Tamm-ha-tamm avat eo aet war goazhañ lec'h an amann e buhez an dud.
Tarv

An tarv eo par ar vuoc'h. Ur c'hole ("kozh leue") a vez graet eus un tarv yaouank.
E Spagn hag e Bro-C'hall e vez maget tirvi da aozañ emgannoù etre den ha trav anvet corrida e spagnoleg.
Tirvi a gaver en ardamezioù zo
Leue

Hini bihan ar vuoc'h hag an tarv eo al leue (liester : leueoù). Nav miz e vez douget gant ar vuoc'h, a-raok dezhi halañ.
War-dro 45 kg e pouez al leueoù pa vezont ganet. Neuze e vezont lipet gant o mamm. Pa savont ne chomont ket en o sav: re bonner int, ha re amparfal al loen en eurioù kentañ.
A-wechoù, pa vez ganet al leue er park e vez gwelet lern o tont da zebriñ ar gwele.
Pa vez deuet bras hag ar c'houlz d'e zizonañ, war-lerc'h 6 miz, e reer
Pa vez bet halet an annoar, etre 24 pe 30 miz, evit ar wech kentañ, eo e vez graet ur vuoc'h anezhi.
Savet e vez al leueoù evit debriñ o c'hig, ha priziet kalz eo gant an debrerien-gig: gwenn, eo ha tener e vez pa vez maget al leueoù gant laezh.
Lêr a vez graet gant kroc'hen al leueoù, hag anvet eo leuegen.
Brudet e oa ar c'hig leue da vezañ leun a hormonoù roet gant ar saverien chatal abalamour d'al leueoù da greskiñ buanoc'h ha da vezañ ponneroc'h pa veze deut ar c'houlz d'o gwerzhañ. Difennet eo reiñ hormonoù en Europa, goude ma'z eo aotreet e SUA.
Savet e vez leueoù en un doare natureloc'h gant un nebeud saverien avat. Gwelout ar pennad kig leue.
Arouez ar sotoni eo al leue e brezhoneg, evel e yezhoù all.
Kement-mañ a vez laret ivez diwar-benn tud sot:
Ul loen trouzus eo al leue, ha diwar-se:
Leue e vamm a vez graet eus ur bugel a chom tost d'e vamm, krog en he sae alies.
Dyfi

Ar stêr Dyfi, pe Afon Dyfi, zo ur stêr en hanternoz Kembre. Eieniñ a ra e Creiglyn Dyfi e-harz menez Aran Fawddwy, tremen dre Machynlleth, hag aberiñ e-kichen Aberdyfi.
(Troidigezh: Ur vlevenn c'hlas war an avon Dyfi / He deus "hudet" meur a vuoc'h da veuziñ/ Ur plac'h wenn (hegarat?) am hudas ivez/ Eus an hent reizh d'he hentoù kamm.)
Laguiole (fourmaj)

Al laguiole (distaget [lajɔl]), la Guiòla en okitaneg, a zo ur fourmaj laezh buoc'h graet e korn-bro an Aubrac en Okitania. Dont a ra anv ar fourmaj diwar stumm gallek La Guiòla, ur vourc'hig eno. Un anvadur orin kontrollet (AOK) en deus ar fourmaj-se abaoe ar bloaz 1961 hag un anvadur orin gwarezet (AOG) abaoe 2008.
Torosad Kreiz

An Torosad Kreiz, a-wechoù Tolzennad Kreiz (Massif central e galleg, Massís Central pe Massís Septentrional en okitaneg), a zo un torosad herkinian evit ar braz anezhañ lec'hiet e kreiz-su ar Frañs hag e kreiz Okitania, dindan ur 85 000 km² bennak. Ar beg uhelañ eo ar Puèi de Sant Circ (1 886 m). Darn eus an uhelennoù a zo menezioù-tan kozh.
Un anv nevez-tre eo Massif Central ar C'hallaoued pa'z eo bet savet e 1903 evit ar c'hartennoù skol.
Broioù a zo en Torosad Kreiz:
An aridennadoù pennañ, gant an uhelennañ heverkañ (a norzh da su)
L'Armée des ombres (film)

L'Armée des ombres (Arme ar skeudoù) a zo ur film gallek (ur c'hemproduiñ gall-italian e gwirionez), sevenet gant ar filmaozour gall Jean-Pierre Melville (1917-1973) e 1969.
Savet e oa bet pevarzek film (unan berr en o zouez) gant Melville etre 1946 ha 1972 : L'Armée des ombres a voe an daouzekvet, just war-lerc'h Le Samourai (miz Genver 1967) hag a-raok Le Cercle rouge (miz Here 1970). Chom a reas feal a-walc'h d'an oberenn orin, ar romant L'Armée des ombres embannet e 1943 gant Joseph Kessel, petra bennak m'en devoa ouzhpennet e eñvorennoù pa oa-eñ harzer ivez da goulz an Eil Brezel-bed. Awenet e voe gant tud veur eus an Harzerezh — Lucie Aubrac (1912-2007), Jean Pierre-Bloch (1905-1999), Pierre Brossolette (1903-1944), Jean Cavaillès (1903 -1944), Jean Moulin (1899-1943) ha Paul Rivière (1912-1998) peurgetket — da grouiñ pennañ tudennoù e film.
Taolennet eo gant Melville buhez kuzh ur strollad harzerien — an ijinour Philippe Gerbier, Mathilde, Jean-François Jardie, Félix Lepercq, Claude Ullmann ha Guillaume Vermersch — renet gant Luc Jardie, etre an 20 a viz Here 1942 hag an 23 a viz C'hwevrer 1943 : an darempredoù gant Londrez, an toulloù-kouzh na c'haller ket chom re da ziskuizhañ, dalc'hioù hag atersadurioù ar polis alaman pe c'hall gwechoù 'zo, an aon, ar yudaderezhioù, hag all...
Yen-sklas e voe an darempredoù etre Melville ha Ventura, pennañ tudenn e film, ha padout a reas a-hed ar filmañ. En em yenañ a rae an eil ouzh egile abalamour d'un diemglev c'hoarvezet da-geñver Le Deuxième Souffle (1966) : ne gemeras perzh Ventura e-barzh L'Armée des ombres nemet en abeg d'ar gevrat en devoa sinet hag eñ rediet d'ober un eil film a-gevret gant Melville.
E-keit m'emañ Philippe Gerbier o kerzhout war-du al lec'h ma vo-eñ fuzuilhet e klever un ton hag a zo chomet brudet-kenañ : penn-kentañ ar pedervet lodenn (Protest) eus Spirituals for String Choir and Orchestra (savet e 1941 gant ar pianoour ha sonaozer stadunanat Morton Gould (1913-1996)) an hini eo. Sonerezh an abadenn skinwel c'hallek Les Dossiers de l'écran e voe etre 1967 ha 1991 ivez : Spirituals for Strings Choir and Orchestra: IV. Protest.
Auvergne (rannvro)

Auvergne, pe Aovergn alies e brezhoneg, a oa unan eus rannvroioù Bro-C'hall, krouet gant ar gouarnamant gall e 1955. Diskaret eo bet e 2015 ha staget he departamantoù ouzh ar rannvro nevez Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.Clermont-Ferrand e oa ar pennlec'h.
Pevar departamant a gavedenni: Allier, Cantal, Liger-Uhel ha Puy-de-Dôme, dezhi Clermont-Ferrand da gêr-benn. Menezeier, lenneier, pradeier uhel e-leizh a gaver en Aovergn. Rannvro Auvergne a zo brasoc'h eget Arvern istorel ha disheñvel ivez pa'z a ouzh hec'h ober ivez ar braz eus ar Bourbonnais, ha darnoù eus Lenguadoc (Gévaudan, Velai, Vivarais) hag al Lyonnais (un darnig eus ar Forez).
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (Arvern-Ron-Alpoù e brezhoneg) zo unan eus rannvroioù melestradurel Bro-C'hall, e gevred ar vro.
Kemeret he deus lec'h div rannvro all a oa diagent — Auvergne ha Rhône-Alpes — d'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2016, da-heul ar c'hempenn a zo bet graet d'ar rannvroioù gant ar gouarnamant gall e 2015 "Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes" zo un anv da c'hortoz evit ar rannvro nevez, savet diwar strollañ anvioù ar rannvroioù a oa diagent, en urzh al lizherenneg. Un anv a vo dibabet da vat gant ar c'huzul-rannvro nevez, a-benn ar 1añ a viz Gouere 2016, hag a ranko bezañ degemeret gant ar C'huzul Stad a-raok ar 1añ a viz Here 2016..
Lyon eo kêr-benn velestradurel ar rannvro.
Skol-veur Clermont Auvergne

Skol-veur Clermont Auvergne (Université Clermont-Auvergne, UCA, e galleg) a zo ur skol-veur e Clermont-Ferrand, e Puy-de-Dôme.
Krouet e oa bet e 2017, pa voe kendeuzet skol-veur Auvergne (Clermont-I) ha skol-veur Blaise-Pascal (Clermont-II).
39 325 studier ha 1 281 kelenner a oa enni e 2021.
Meur a dachenn zo dezhi en Aurillac, Clermont-Ferrand, Montluçon, Moulins, Le Puy ha Vichy.
Corentin Canevet

Corentin Canevet, ganet e 1939, zo bet kelenner douaroniezh e skol-veur Roazhon 2 hag enklasker e Kreizenn Vroadel an Imbourc'h Skiantel.
Studiet en deus al labour-douar e Breizh. Eñ eo an hini kentañ en doa graet gant an droienn "modèle agricole breton" evit deskrivañ emdroadur al labour-douar er vro en eil hanterenn an XXvet kantved.
House cow

A house cow is a cow kept to provide milk for a home kitchen. This differentiates them from dairy cows, which are farmed commercially. They can also provide manure, for use as a garden fertilizer, and their offspring can be a source of meat.
House cows are used in locations, usually rural, without convenient access to a supply of commercial dairy products. They can also be kept for household self-sufficiency, and a preference for organically farmed food.
In England, during the 18th century, families would take their house cow, and other livestock, to graze on the local common land. In the 1770s, before common land began to be enclosed as private land, it was estimated that even a 'poor' house cow, 'providing a gallon of milk per day' was worth, in the milking season, 'half the equivalent of a labourer's annual wage' to a family.
Writing for an American audience in 1905, Kate Saint Maur asserted:
In 1910, during the United States' Presidency of William Howard Taft, Senator Isaac Stephenson had a house cow called 'Pauline Wayne', a Holstein Friesian, sent from his Wisconsin farm to the White House to provide fresh milk for the first family. After arrival she 'grazed contentedly upon the White House lot, oblivious to the general fuss being made'.
In Australia, house cows were still common enough for the New South Wales government to issue a free booklet on their management and care in 1953.
In the 19th century, Breton cattle, from Brittany, France, were imported into England and promoted as an ideal house cow breed because of their docile nature and small size.
Shetland cattle, from the Shetland Isles, off the north coast of Scotland, are a small, hardy cattle breed, which, until recent times, were traditionally milked three times a day—morning, twall (midday) and night—to produce the maximum amount of milk, which could be more than three gallons.
The Dexter cattle breed, which originated in southwestern Ireland, is small, easy-to-keep and suited for milk and meat, is known as 'the poor man's house cow'.