davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
China Coast

China Coast was a casual dining American restaurant chain owned by Darden Restaurants Inc., specializing in American Chinese cuisine.
Founded in 1990 in Orlando, Florida, China Coast was intended to join Olive Garden and Red Lobster as Darden's signature properties. It had been expected by executives to become the top Chinese-style restaurant chain in the U.S. by the latter half of the 1990s, but abruptly closed in 1995 due to poor reception and mounting financial losses.
The menu featured Americanized dishes at low prices, with Western cutlery, Chinese chopsticks, and introductory chopsticks for children available. The signature menu item was "China Coast Bread," which was fried and served with an almond spread. Entrees were inspired by Sichuan, Cantonese, and Beijing cuisine, and also included Taiwanese dishes like Mongolian beef. In addition to traditional Chinese dishes like hot and sour soup, zhajiangmian, and wonton soup, the menu included American items that were given Chinese-inspired names, like a dish of barbecue ribs and French fries that was listed on the menu as "dragon bones." The dessert menu exclusively featured American items, including "Double Happiness Cheesecake" and chocolate brownies.
Built at an average cost of $2 million USD each, China Coast restaurants were designed to resemble pagodas and included open-air kitchens, bamboo and silk design elements, and decorations imported from China. By using open-air kitchens and table-side cooking, kitchen staff could cater the intensity of spices to each diner's preferences. Waitstaff were dressed in Americanized Chinese clothing, including satin tunics.
After operating several successful locations in the Orlando area, China Coast began a rapid and ill-fated national expansion in 1993, ultimately resulting in its demise. Initial industry analyses projected success due to Americans liking Chinese food but not knowing how to cook it themselves at home. However, problems quickly mounted, including negative reviews, poor service, inadequate staff training, expensive physical design, and a complicated concept and process that were cited by the company as factors contributing to the chain's downfall. Industry analysts noted the chain's inconsistency with service and food quality, as well as expensive construction and land costs in high-profile commercial districts. Although the company sought to become customers' preferred option over local, independent Chinese restaurants, China Coast struggled to attract diners who preferred more authentic food and were committed to locally-owned Chinese restaurants.
In 1994, expansion plans were halted after reaching a peak of 52 China Coast restaurants, up from nine at the beginning of the year. At the time of the chain's closing in August 1995, it operated 51 locations with about 3,000 employees in the United States. Darden spent more than $100 million USD on the chain, which never turned a profit and was losing about $7 million USD per quarter at the time of its closure. The chain also struggled to sell its empty locations, due to high land costs and expensive conversions needed to change the buildings' unusual design.
ጂራን

ጂራን ከጅማ በስተሰሜን ምስራቅ 5ኪሎሜትር ርቃ የምትገኝ ከተማ ናት። የተቆረቆረችውም በ19ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን መጀመሪያ በኦሮሞ መሪ አባ መጃል ነበር። አባ መጃል አባ ጅፋር ተብሎ የሚታወቀው የጅማ ግዛት መስራች ናቸው። ከተማይቱ ከፍተኛ እድገት ያሳየው በልጃቸው በቀዳምዊ አባ ጅፋር (መሐመድ ዳውድ) ዘመን ነበር። በወቅቱ የጅማ ግዛት ዋና ከተማ የነበረች ሲሆን ለዚህ እድገቷ ዋና ምክንያት በሸዋ እና ከፋ የንግድ መንገድ ላይ መገኘቷ ነበር፡ ከተማይቱ ብዙ አይነት ብሐረሰቦችንና ከእሩቅ አገር የሚመጡ ነጋዴወችን (ለምሳሌ ጎጃም) ሳይቀር ታስተናግድ እንደነበር ታሪክ አጥኝው ዶናልድ ሌቪን ዘግቦት ይገኛል።
መቀሌ አሉላ አባ ነጋ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ

መቀሌ አሉላ አባ ነጋ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ በትግራይ ክልል ርዕሰ ከተማ ከመቀሌ በአሥር ኪሎ ሜትር ርቀት ላይ የሚገኝ ዘመናዊ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ ነው።
አየር ማረፊያው በዘመናዊ መልክ የተገነባ እና የተደራጀ ሲሆን ከባሕር ወለል በ ፪ሺ ፪መቶ ፶፯ ሜትር ከፍታ ላይ ይገኛል። ባሁኑ ጊዜ አየር ማረፊያው አንድ ባለ ፫ሺ ፮፻ ሜትር ርዝመት በ፵፫ ሜትር ስፋት ያለው አስፋልት የለበሰ ማኮብኮቢያ ያለው ሲሆን እንደ ቦይንግ ፯መቶ ፶፯ አይነት አየር ዠበቦችን ማስተናገድ ይችላል። ዓለም አቀፍ በረራዎችን ለማከናወን የሚያስችሉት እንደ ጉምሩክ፣ ኢሚግሬሽን፣ የደህንነት ተቋማትና ኳራንቲን የመሳሰሉ መሰረተ ልማቶችን ያሟላ ነው።
የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ባሕር-ዳርን እና መቀሌን ከካርቱም ጋር በማገናኘት ጥቅምት ፪ ቀን ፳፻፬ ዓ/ም ዓለም አቀፍ በረራ የጀመረ ሲሆን፣ የሁለቱን አገራት የንግድ፤ የቱሪዝምና የዲፕሎማሲ ግንኙነት ወደ ከፍተኛ ምዕራፍ ለማሸጋገር የላቀ ሚና እንደሚኖረው ይገመታል። የበረራ መስመሩ በሳምንት ለአራት ቀናት የሚከናወን ሲሆን፣ ሰሜን ሱዳንን ከሰሜን የአገራችን ክፍል በቀጥታ የሚያገናኝ ነው። አየር መንገዱ ከሱዳን ለሚመጡ ጎብኝዎች የአባይ ወንዝን ምንጭ፤ የጢስ እሳት ፏፏቴን፤ በ፯ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን የተገነባውን እና በአፍሪቃ የመጀመሪያው መስጊድ እንደሆነ የሚነገርለትን አል ነጃሺ መስጊድ እና ሌሎችንም የሰሜን ኢትዮጵያ መስህቦዎችን ለመጎብኘት እንደሚያመቻች ይታመናል።
ከዚህ በተጨማሪም መቀሌ አሉላ አባ ነጋ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ በቅርቡ ያስገባውን፣ ፻፶ ቶን ማስተናገድ የሚችል ቀዝቃዛ መጋዘን በመጠቀም የአበባ፤ ፍራፍሬና አታክልት፤ ዓሣ እና የሥጋ ምርቶችን በቀጥታ ወደዓለም ገበያዎች ማጓጓዝ በቅርቡ እንደሚጀምር የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ይፋ አድርጓል።
ሞጣ

ሞጣ ከተማ የምትገኘው በአማራ ብሄራዊ ክልላዊ መንግስት በምስራቅ ጎጃም ዞን፣ በ ሁለት እጁ እነሴ ወረዳ ከአዲስ አበባ በ371 ኪሜ ከክልሉ መንግስት መቀመጫ ከሆነችው ባህርዳር ከተማ ደግሞ 120 ኪሜ ርቀት ላይ ከዞኑ መቀመጫ ከሆነችው ከደብረማርቆስ ደግሞ 192 ኪሎሜትር ርቀት ላይ ነው።
ሞጣ ከተማ የተቆረቆረችው በ 1747 ዓም ነው። የሞጣ ከተማ ስያሜን ስንመለከት ሁለት አይነት አመለካከቶች ይነሳሉ፡፡ የመጀመሪያው አመለካከት “አባ ሞፃ” ከሚባል መነኩሴ ስም የተወሰደ ነው የሚል ሲሆን ይኸውም መነኩሴ የሞጣ ደብረ ገነት ቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቤተክርስቲያን ከመደበሩ በፊት የነበረና በቤተክርስቲያኑ የተቀበረ የመጀመሪያው ሰው ነው የሚል ነው፡፡ በብዛት ተቀባይነት ያለው አመለካከት ደግሞ የሞጣ ደብረ ገነት ቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቤተክርስቲያን አሰሪ ከሆነችው ከንግስት ምንትዋብ ልጅ ከልዕልት ወለተ እስራኤል ታሪክ ጋር የተያያዘ ነው፡፡ ልዕልቲቱ ቤተክርስቲያን ማሰራት ትወድ ስለነበር አባቶች እሷ ከሞተች ማካካሻ ይሆናል ተብሎ የተሰጣት በመሆኑ ከዚያ የመጣ ስያሜ ነው ይላሉ፡፡ ልዕልት ወለተ እስራኤል የሞጣ ደብረ ገነት ቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቤተክርስቲያንን ከደበርሽ ከተማዋ ታድጋለች ያንች ህይወት ግን ያልፋል ነገር ግን መድሃኒያለም ቤተክርስቲያንን ከደበርሽ እድሜሽ ይረዝማል ከተማዋ ግን አታድግም የሚል ራዕይ አይታ ስለነበር ከተማዋ ብታድግና የእኔ ህይወት ቢያልፍ ይመረጣል በማለት የሞጣ ደብረ ገነት ቅዱስ ጊዮርጊስ ቤተክርስቲያንን ደበረች ከዚያም በኋላ ህይወቷ እንዳለፈና ከተማዋም ለእርሷ ማካካሻ እንዲሆን ተብሎ ከ1747 ዓ.ም ጀምሮ ስያሜዋን ያገኘች መሆኑን መረጃዎች ያመለክታሉ፡፡
በ2005 ዓ.ም በማዕከላዊ የስታቲስቲክስ ባለስልጣን በተካሄደው የህዝብ ትንበያ መሰረት የከተማዋ ነዋሪ ህዝብ ብዛት 33,500 ነበር። ከዚህም ውስጥ 17060 (51%) ወንዶችና 16440 (49%) ሴቶች ናቸው፡፡
የካ ሚካኤል

የካ ሚካኤል የአለት ውቅር ቤተክርስቲያን ሲሆን ከአዲስ አበባ ወጣ ብሎ በሚገኘው የየካ አምባ ላይ ይገኛል። ቤተክርስቲያኑ የላሊበላ ውቅር ቤተክርስቲያን አይነት ስልት የያዘ ነበር። ምንም እንኳ የህንጻው አወቃቀር ባልታወቀ ምክንያት ሳይጠናቀቅ የቀረ ቢሆንም ስራው ቢገባደድ ኑሮ ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ካሉት የአለት ውቅር ቤተክርስቲያኖች በትልቅነቱ ሁለተኛ ይሆን እንደነበር ተመራማሪዎች ይዘግባሉ (ታላቁ የላሊበላ መድሃኒ አለም ነው)።
ከትውፊት አንጻር፣ ቤተክርስቲያኑ የተሰራው በዓፄ አፅብሐትዕዛዝ እ.ኤ.አ በ380 ዓ.ም. ነው። ታሪክ አጥኝው ኤ.ኤፍ.ማቲው ግን ቤተክርስቲያኑ ከላሊበላ ዘመን በኋላና ከግራኝ መነሳት በፊት እንደተመሰረተ ያስረዳል። የቤተክርስቲያኑ ስራ መቋረጥም አካባቢው በግራኝ በመወረሩ እንደሆነ ያስረዳል።
30% የሚሆነው የዋሻ ሚካኤል ህንጻ ሳይጠናቀቅ የቀረ ነው። ከዚያ በላይ ህንጻው የጣሪያና የግድግዳ መፍረስ አጋጥሞት በአሁኑ ዘመን ከሞላ ጎደል የመፈራረስ መልክ ይዞ ይገኛል። ለመፍረሱ ብዙ ምክንያት ይሰጣል፣ አንድ አንዶች በኢጣሊያ ወረራ ወቅት በቦምብ ተደብድቦ ነው ሲሉ ሌሎች ደግሞ በግራኝ ተቃጥሎ ነው ይላሉ። አንድ አንድ ተመራማሪዎች ግን ከራሱ ከቤተክርስቲያኑ ባገኙት መረጃ ተነስተው ህንጻውን ሲያንጹ የነበሩ ሰዎች ባደረጉት የሥነ ህንጻ ስህተት ጣሪያው እንደፈረሰ ያስረዳሉ።
በአሁኑ ወቅት፣ ምንም እንኳ ቤተክርስቲያኑ ከአዲስ አበባ ከተማ ትንሽ ወጣ ብሎ ያለ ቢሆንም የከተማው ነዋሪ ትኩረት ስለማይሰጠውና በቱሪስቶችም ዕውቅና ስሌለው በዛፍ ስርና በዝናብ የበለጠ ጉዳት እየደረሰበትና ቀስ በቀስ እየጠፋ ይገኛል።
ቀራንዮ መድኅኔ ዓለም

ደብረ ቀራንዮ መድኃኔአለም ቤተክርስቲያን ደብሩ ለመጀመርያ ጊዜ የተመሠረተው በንጉሥ ሣህለ ሥላሴ በ1826 ዓም ሲሆን ከአዲስ አበባ ቤተክርስቲያኖች በዕድሜ ትልቁ ነው። አሁን ያለውን ቤተክርስቲያን ያሠሩት ደግሞ አፄ ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ናቸው።የደብረ ቀራንዮ መድኃኔዓለም ቤተክርስትያን ዳግማዊ ቀራንዮ ዘኢትዮጵያ
ከአዲስ አበባ አድባራትና ገዳማት አንዱና ቀዳሚው የሆነው ይህ ደብር የተመሰረተው በ1826 ዓ/ም በንጉስ ሳህለስላሴ ሲሆነ አመሰራረቱም ንጉስ ሳህለ ስላሴ በሸዋ ግዛታቸው ውስጥ እየተዘዋወሩ አንድነትን ለማስተማር ባላቸው ጽኑ ዓላማ መሰረት ሰራዊታቸውን አስከትለው 1826 ዓ/ም ወደ ደቡብ ተጒዋዙ በዚህ ጉዙአቸው በወሊሶ በኩል አልፈው የጉራጌን ህዝብ ሀገር አስተማሩ ጉዞአቸውንም በማራዘም በአርሲ አካባቢ የሰሜኑን ክልል እነዲማር አድርገው በግራኝ ምክንያት ተለያይቶ የነበረውን ህዝብና ክልል አንድ ካደረጉ በኋላ ከጉዞአቸው ሲመለሱ ዛሬ ቀራንዮ ቀራንዮ መድኃኔዓለም ቤተክርስትያነ ከተመሰረተበት ቦታ ደርሰው ጥቂት ዕረፍት ቆይታ አደረጉ፡፡ በዚህም ጊዜ የእግዚአብሔር መንፈስ አመልክቷቸው በዚህ ቦታ እግዚአብሔር እንዲመለክበት በቦታውም ፅላተ መድኃኔዓለም ከእቲሳ መጥቶ በመረጡበት ቦታ እንዲተከል ትዕዛዝ ያስተላልፋሉ ታቦቱ በንጉሱ ትዕዛዝ መጥቶ በመረጡት በተዘጋጀለት መቃኞ ውስጥ ቢያርፍም ቦታው ደን ለበስ ስለነበረና ብዙ ኢአማንያን እንዲሁም ሽፍቶች ስለነበሩ መቃኞ ከአንድም ሶስት ጊዜ ሊቃጠል ችሎአል ሆኖም የንጉሱ አላማ ዕውቀትን ማበልጸግ ቤተክርስትያንን ማነጽ ስለነበር የሽፍቶቹን ኃይል በእግዚአብሔር አጋዥነት አሸንፈዋቸዋል ቤተክርስትያኑንም አጠገቡ ከሚገኘው አቃቂ ወንዝ ጋር በማጣመር አቃቂ መድኃዓለም ተብሎ ይጠራም ነበር የመድኃነኔዓለም ጽላት አመጣጥ በሚወሳበት ወቅት መምህር ተክለወልድና አባ ደጀን ተጠቃሽ ናቸው መምህር ተክለወልድ ከእቲሳ አምጥተው በዚህ ቦታበተሰራውመቃኞ ውስጥ እንዳስቀመጡት በአገልግሎታቸውም ወቅት ከባድ ፈተና እንዳጋጠማቸው ይነገራል በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ በሁለተኝነነት የጠቀስናቸው አባደጀን እንዳመጡት ይነገራል፡፡ከንጉስ ሳህለ ስላሴ ትዕዛዝ ተቀብለው ጽላቱም ከእቲሳ አስይዘውየላኳቸው አባ ዘወልደማርያም የተባሉ አባት እንደነበሩ ይታወሳል አባ ዘወልደማርያም በዚህም ቦታ ቦታ ሀገር በቀል እጽዋትን ተክለዋል አባ ደጀንም ከጽላቱ ጋር ድርሳነ ማህየዊ የተባለ በዚህቤተክርስትያን ብቻ የሚገኝ መጽሀፍ አምጥተዋል ደብሩ በዚህ አይነት ሁኔታ ከቀጠለ በኋላ 1899 ዓ/ም አጼ ምንሊክ ባወጁት አዋጅ የአብያተ ክርስትያናያ ምስረታና ዕደሳ መሰረት ቤተክርስትያኑ በሶስት አመት ውስጥ ተጠናቆ 1901 አጼው ባሰሩት አዲስ የሳር ክዳን ትልቅ ቤተክርስትያን ውስጥ ሊገባ ችሏል አጼ ምንሊክም በዚያው ዓመት በጃን ሜዳ መኳንንቱንና መሳፍንቱ ህዝቡ በተሰበሰበበት አቃቂ መድኃኔዓለም እንዳይባል እንዲህም ብሎ የጠራ ይቀጣል ከአሁን በኋላ ቀራንዮ መድኃኔዓለም ይባል እንጅ ብለው በአዋጅ ተናግረው አጸደቁ ቀራንዮ የሚለው ስያሜ ምንም እንኳን ለቤተመቅደሱ የተሰጠው ስያሜ ቢሆንም ለክልሉ ለአካባቢው እስከ አሁን ድረስ መጠሪያ በመሆን ያገለግላል፡፡ አፄ ምንሊክም ጌታችን ከተሰቀለበት ከኢየሩሳሌም ቀራንዮ አፈር በማስመጣት በግቢው ውስጥ ካስፈሰሱ ብኋላ ዳግማዊ ቀራንዮ ብለው መሰየማቸውን ታሪክ ይናገራል አዲሱን የሳር ክዳን ቤተክርስትያን ከንጉሱ ትዕዛዝ ተቀብለው ከነሰራተኞቻቸው ያሰሩት ኋላም የደብሩ የመጀመሪያ ገበዝ በመሆን ደብሩም ለብዙ አመታት የመሩት ደጃዝማች ወልደገብርኤል ነበሩ ደጃዝማች ወልደገብርኤል የቤተመንግሰቱንና የቤተክርስትያኑን ስራ በትጋት በመስራት ለቤተክርስትያኑ ታላቅ ሰው ነበሩ ኋላም ደጃዝማች ወልደገብርኤል የቤተመንግስቱ ስራ ፋታስላልሰጣቸው የደብሩን ቅርስና ሀብት ለህይወታቸው ሳይሳሱ ለጠበቁት ለቄሰገበዝ አስራት ሀብተሚካኤል አስረከቧቸው 1901 የተሰራው አዲሱ ቤተመቅደስ የምዕመናን ቁጥር ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ እየበዛበ መምጣቱ የተነሳና ለአገልግሎት አይመችም ነበር ይህንንም የተመለከቱት ንግስት ዘውዲቱ ሌላ ዘመናዊና ሰፊ ቤተክርስትያን ለማሰራት ያቅዳሉ ነገር ግን ሀሳባቸውን እውን ሳያደርጉ 1922 ዓ/ም ያርፋሉ ፡፡
ከዚህም በኋላ 1922 በዚያው ዓመት በግርማዊ ጃንሆይ እንደነገሱ የንግስት ዘውዲቱ ዕቅድና አላማ የነበረውና ታላቁን ቤተመቅደስ አሰሩ የቤተመቅደሱም ስራ 1922 ተጃምሮ 1925 በግርማዊ ጃንሆይ በነገሱ በሶስተኛ ዘመነ መንግስታቸው ተጠናቀቀ በዚሁ ዓመትም በታላቅ ድምቀት በአዲሱ ቤተክርስትያን በደመቀ ሁኔታ ተከበረ አሁን የሚገኘው ቤተክርስትያነ ግንባታው ተሰርቶ እስኪያልቅ ድረስ ደጃዝማች ወልደገብርኤል ለአፅማቸው ማረፊያ ባሰሩት ባለአንድ ፎቅ የቆርቆሮ ክዳን ቤት ውስጥ ነበር በዚህም ፅላቱ ሳለ ቅዳሴው በፎቁ ማህሌቱ በታች ይስተናገድ ነበር፡፡
አሁን የሚገኘው ህንጻ ቤተክርስትያን ምን ያህል ገንዘብ እንደፈጀ የሚገልጽ ሰነድ የለም ነገር ግን በግርማዊ ጃንሆይ በግል ገንዘባቸው እንዳሰሩት ታሪክ ይናገራል ህንጻውን የሰሩት ሁለት የጣልያን ዜግነት የነበራቸው በዚያም ዘመን በህንጻ ስራ ታዋቂ በነበሩት ሙሴ ፓፓጀማና ኩኞስ ነበሩ በደብሩም ብዙ የተለያዩ ቅርሶች የሚገኙ ሲሆን በአሁኑም ሰዓት ከ350 ዓመት በላይ ያስቆጠሩ እጽዋት ሲገኙ ከዚህም በተጨማሪም ደብሩ ከተለያዩ ነገስታት የተሰጡትና በአንዳንድ አባቶች የተሰጡት ጥንታዊ የብርሃና መጽሃፍት አልባሳት የተለያዩ ውድ የወርቅ የብር የነሀስ መስቀሎች ጥላዎች በንግስት ቪክቶርያ ለሳህለ ስላሴ የተሰጡ የተለያዩ ውድ ስጦታዎችና የባላብዙ ታሪከና ቅርስ ባለቤት ደብር ነው ደብረ ቀራንዮ በአጥቢያው ለሚገኙ ደብራትና አብያተክርስትያናት ብሎም ለአዲስ አበባ ከተማ መመስረት መነሻም ነው፡፡ http://anketsetewahdo.blogspot.com/
አዳዲ ማርያም

አዳዲ ደብረ ምሕረት ቅድስት ማርያም ( አንፋር ደብረ ምሕረት ቅድስት ማርያም) ቤተ ክርስቲያን ከአዲስ አበባ በስተደቡብ ሰባ ኪሎ ሜትር ርቀት ላይ፣ በደቡብ ምዕራብ ሸዋ ሀገረ ስብከት፣ በሌመን ወረዳ ውስጥ የምትገኝ እንደ ላሊበላ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ከወጥ ድንጋይ ተፈልፍላ የተሠራች ጥንታዊ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ናት። ቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ በመቸ ዓመተ ምህረት እንደተሠራች እርግጠኛ መረጃ የለም። ሆኖም ግን በአጠቃላይ መልኩ በ፲፫ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን እንደተመሰረተች ይታመናል። ይኸውም ከላሊበላ ውቅር አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ሥራ ፍጻሜ ቀጥሎ መሆኑ ነው።
ቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ ከተመሰረተች ጀምሮ እስከ ፲፮ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን ለአምልኮ ስታገለገለግል ቆይታ በኋላ በዚሁ ዘመን በተነሳው ግርግር ምክንያት ቤተ ክርስቲያኗን ለማትረፍ ሲባል በአፈር ተሞልታ በምድር ተቀበረች። ዳግማዊ ዓፄ ምኒልክ በ፲፰፻፹፯ ዓ/ም ከተቀበረችበት እስካስወጧት ድረስ ቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ በተቀበረችበት ተረስታ ቆየች። በዚህ ምክንያት ቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ ከውሃና እጽዋት ጉዳት በስተቀር ብዙ ጥፋት ሳይደርስባት አሁን ድረስ ትገኛለች። በ፲፱፻፺ ዓ/ም በስዊዘርላንድ የተባበሩት መንግሥታት የትምህርት፣ የሳይንስና የባህል ድርጅት (ዩኔስኮ) ኮሚሽን አማካይነት አሥራ ስምንት ወራት የወሰደ እደሳ በቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ ላይ ተካሂዶ በአሁኑ ወቅት ከ፳፭ እስከ ፴ ሺ ምዕመናን ፣ ፴፭ሺ ጎብኝዎች (ከኒህ ውስጥ ፯ሺ የውጭ ዜጎች) በየዓመቱ ታስተናግዳለች።
አዳዲ ደብረ ምሕረት ቅድስት ማርያም ቤተ ክርስቲያን ሥዕላት የላትም ነገር ግን እንደ ጥንቱ የኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን አሠራር የተለያዩ ጌጦች ነበራት። ቤተ ክርስቲያኗ ፲፱ ሜትር ተኩል እርዝመት ሲኖራት ፲፮ ሜትር ወርድና ፮ ሜትር ቁመት አላት። ወደ ቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ ለመግባት ሦስት አይነት ደረጃዎች አሉ፡- ሁለቱ ለወንዶችና ቀሳውስት ሲያገለግሉ አንዱ ደግሞ ለሴቶች ያገለግላል። ጣሪያዋ በሳር የተሸፈነ ስለሆነ ከሩቅ ለማየት ያዳግታል፣ ቤተ ክርስቲያኗ ከከባት አለት በመካከል በተሠራ መተላለፊያ የተለየች ሲሆን ከባቢው አለት ውስጥ ተፈልፍለው የተሰሩ ቀዳዶች ለመጸለያና ለመጾሚያ ያገለግላሉ። ዋናዋ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ሁለት ክፍል አላት፡ አንዱ ለቀሳውስት ሲሆን ሁለተኛው ድርሳኖችን ይይዛል። ምዕመናን እና ዘማሪዎች በነዚህ ክፍሎች ዙርያ ባለው በመተላለፊያው ይሰየማሉ።
አባ ጎርጎርዮስ

አባ ጎርጎሪዮስ እስክንድር (1595 - 1658) ከመካነ ሥላሴ ወሎ የመጡ ቄስና የመኳንንት ዘር ነበሩ። ከጀርመናዊው ሉዶልፍ እዮብ ጋር በመሆን በአማርኛና በግዕዝ ብዙ መዝገበ እውቀቶችን የጻፉ ናቸው ።
በመርከብ መሳፈር (ኤቲኒሬሪ=itinerary)ስሕተት ምክኒያት ከኢትዮጵያ ወደ ሕንድ ከዛም ወደ አውሮፓ የገቡት አባ ጎርጎርዮስ እስክንድር በ፲፮፶፪ ዓ.ም. ሉዶልፍና እሱን ይደጉመው የነበረው የሳክስ ጎታ እና አምስታድት መስፍን ኸርነስት ዘ ፒየስ ባደረጉላቸው ግብዣ ፣ ጎርጎሪዮስ ለጥያቄያቸው መልስ በመስጠት የግዕዝ መዝገበ ቃል እና ከዚያም የአማርኛ ሰዋሰው እና መዝገበ ቃል ሊያሳትሙ በቁ። ከዚህና መሰል ሥራዎቻቸው በሁዋላ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ሲመለሱ የተሳፈሩበት መርከብ በመስጠሙ እስክንድርያ አካባቢ በ1658 በሞት አረፉ ።
ከአስተዋፆዋቸው በጥቂቱ
በጀርመናዊው ጸሐፊ እዮብ ሉዶልፍ እና ኢትዮጵያዊው አባ ጎርጎርዮስ ትብብር የተደረሰ የአማርኛ መዝገበ ቃላት ነው ። በላቲን ቋንቋ ግምገማ የተካሄደበት ይህ መጽሐፍ በ1690 ዓ.ም. ሊታተም በቅቷል ።
በጀርመናዊው ጸሐፊ እዮብ ሉዶልፍ እና ኢትዮጵያዊው አባ ጎርጎርዮስ ትብብር የተደረሰ የአማርኛ ሰዋሰው ነበር። በላቲን ቋንቋ ግምገማ የተካሄደበት ይህ መጽሐፍ በ1686 ዓ.ም. ሊታተም በቅቷል።
መጽሐፉ፣ ከተለያዩ የሰዋሰው ጥናቶች በተጨማሪ የሉቃስ ወንጌል ም:፲፩ ፣ ቁ. ፩ - ፲፫ ትርጓሜን፣ አባ ጎርጎሪዮስ ስለ እመቤታችን ቅድስት ድንግል ማርያም የደረሱትን ምስጋና፣ ግጥሞችና የለተ ተለት ንግግሮችን መዝግቦ ይገኛል ።
በዚህ መጽሐፍ ውስጥ የሚገኙት አብዛኞቹ የአማርኛ ቃላት በርግጥም የአሁን ዘመን አማርኛን ለሚናገር ሰው እንግዳ አይደሉም። ሆኖም አልፎ አልፎ ለየት ያሉ የፊደላት አቀነባበር ይታያል። በአሁን ጊዜ «አ»ን የሚጠቀሙ ቃላት «ሐ»ን ሲጠቀሙ ይታያሉ፣ በአ እና ዐ ም መካከል ልዩ አጠቃቀም ይታያል ። ሀ፣ ሐ እና ኅ እንዲሁ አገባብቸው ውሱንና የጠራ መሆኑ ግልጽ ነው ። በተረፈ አንድ አንድ ፊደላት ከአሁኑ ዘመን በተለይ መልኩ ሲቀረጹ ይታያሉ ። ለምሳሌ "ጨ" ፊደል "ጠ" ሆኖ ከጎንና ጎኑ መያዣ ቀለበት ያለው ፊደል ሆኖ ቀርቧል።
የኣባ ጎርጎሪዮስ አጭር የሕይዎት ታሪክ በእዮብ ሉዶልፍ መጽሐፍ መቅድም እንደሰፈረ
ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር

ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር
Motii Abba Jifar II
መለጠፊያ:Infobox monarch ሞቲ አባ ጅፋር II (Oromo፡ Mootii Abbaa Jifaar; 1861 – 1932) የጅማ የጊቤ መንግሥት ንጉሥ ነበር (1878 – 1932 እ.ኤ.አ.)።
ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር የጅማ ንጉሥ እና የአባ ጎሞል እና የንግሥት ጉሚቲ ልጅ ነበሩ። ብዙ ሚስቶች የነበሯቸው ሲሆን፣ እነዚህም ፦ የሊሙ-ኤንናሪያ ንጉስ ሴት ልጅ የሆነችው ንግስት ሊሚቲ፣ የካፋ ንጉስ ሴት ልጅ ንግሥት ሚንጆ፣ እና ንግስት ሳፐርቲቲ ከሊሙ-ኤንናሬአ ነበሩ።
በዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር ዘመን አገዛዙን የሚደግፉ የሱፊ ቅዱሳን ነበሩ። ከመካከላቸው አንዱ በኋላ ወደ ኢሉባቦር የተሰደደው የቡሬው ሳዳቲ ነው።
እ.ኤ.አ. በ1880ዎቹ ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር ከጅማ በስተምስራቅ የሚገኘውን የጃንጄሮ ግዛት በኦሞ ወንዝ ዳርቻ ድል አድርገው በመንግሥታቸው ውስጥ አስገቡትውት ነበር።
እናቱ ንግሥት ጉሚቲ በሰጡት ምክር ጦርነቱን ከሚያስከትላቸው ችግሮች ለመዳን በ1884 ዓ.ም ለዳግማዊ ምኒልክ የሸዋ ነጉሥ ለመገዛት ተስማማ። እ.ኤ.አ. በ1886 ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር “ባሪያዎችን ( ጃንደረቦችን ጨምሮ)፣ የዝሆን ጥርስ፣ በሲቬት የተሞሉ የቀርከሃ አንጓዎች ፣ የማር ማሰሮዎች፣ በአገር ውስጥ የተሰራ ጨርቅ፣ ጦር፣ በብር ሳህኖች ያጌጡ ጋሻዎች እና ከእንጨት የተሠሩ እቃዎች (በርጩማዎችን ጨምሮ) ያቀፈ የሰላም መስዋዕት ከፍለዋል። ." በዚህ “የብልህ ፖለቲካ” (እንደ ኸርበርት ኤስ. ሌዊስ አነጋገር) አጎራባች የሆኑትን የኩሎ (1889)፣ ዋላሞ (1894) እና የካፋን (1897) ግዛቶችን ድል ለማድረግ ለምኒልክ ወታደራዊ እርዳታ መስጠትን ይጨምራል። ንጉስ ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር የጅማን የራስ ገዝ አስተዳደር እስከ እለተ ሞቱ ድረስ ማስጠበቅ ችሎ ነበር። በሌላ በኩል ጅማ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ስትጠቃለል አጼ ምኒልክ አባ ጅፋርን “በእራሳቸው የቆመ ጦር ውስጥ ከመጠን ያለፈ ጉጉት በማነሳሳት እና የአቢሲኒያ ወታደሮችን ወደ ራሳቸው አገልግሎት ለማግባባት ሞክረዋል” በማለት ለአንድ አመት እንዳሰሩት አሌክሳንደር ቡላቶቪች ተናግሯል። ቡላቶቪች ሲቀጥሉ "ንጉስ አባ ጀፋር ከእስር ሲፈቱ የጅማን ዙፋን በድጋሚ ከሚኒሊክ ተቀብለው ነበር"
ንግሥት ጉሚቲ ንጉስ አባ ጅፋር በግዛቱ የቡና ልማትን እንዲያሰፋ መከረችው፤ ይህም ለእሱና ለተገዥዎቹ ገቢ እንዲጨምር አድርጓል።
በጥር 1898 ወደ ደቡብ ምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ የቀይ መስቀል ተልእኮ አካል በመሆን ቡላቶቪች ጅማን ጎብኝተው የአባ ጅፋር እንግዳ ነበሩ። በጄረን ውስጥ ቡላቶቪች የአባ ጅፋር ንግሥቲቱን እናት ጥቂት የሳንባ በሽታ ለማከም እንግዳ ሆኖ በሄደ ጊዜ ያስተዋለውን የሚከተለውን የንጉሱን መግለጫ ትቶ ነበር፦
ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር ወደ ኋላ ዘመናቸው ለአረጋዊነታቸው ተገዙ። የልጅ ልጃቸው አባ ጆፊር የጅማን ነፃነት እንደገና ለመቆጣጠር ሞክረዋል። ሆኖም አፄ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ፈጣን ምላሽ ሰጥተው በአባ ጆፊር ላይ ወታደራዊ ኃይል ላኩ። ወታደሮቹ አባ ጆፊርን ወደ አዲስ አበባ ይዘው መጡ፣ እዚያም ታስረዋል።
እ.ኤ.አ. በ1930 ዓ.ም ኃይለ ሥላሴ የተጎሳቆሉትን ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋርን ከስልጣን በማንሳት አማቻቸው የነበሩትን ራስ ደስታ ዳምጠውን በእርሳቸው ቦታ ሾሙ። ደስታ ዳምጠው የጅማ ርዕሰ መስተዳድር ( ሹም ) ሆነው ሲያስተዳድሩ፣ ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር ደግሞ በንጉሥ ( ንጉሥ ) ማዕረግ እንዲቆዩ ተፈቅዶላቸዋል። ዳግማዊ አባ ጅፋር በ1932 ሲያርፉ የጅማ መንግሥት በይፋ በንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ተገዝቷል። </link>
ቤተ አባ ሊባኖስ

ቤተ አባ ሊባኖስ በቅዱስ ላሊበላ ከታነጹት አስራ አንዱ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት የሚቆጠር ይሁን እንጂ ቤተክርስቲያኑን ያነጸችው የላሊበላ ሚስት መስቀል ክብሬ እንደሆነች ይጠቀሳል። ቤተክርስቲያኑ በኢትዮጵያ ተዋሕዶ ቤተክርስቲያን ክብር ላገኙት ለአባ ሊባኖስ ይሆን ዘንድ የተዘከረ ነበር። የደብረ ሊባኖስ ጣሪያ ከከባቢው አለት አልተለየም፣
የላሊበላ ከፍልፍል ድንጋይ የተሠሩ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት
Prayer stick

A prayer stick is a stick-shaped object used for prayer.
In the rituals of the Puebloan people of the American Southwest contain many prayers; thus the Zuñi have prayers for food, health, and rain. Prayer-sticks, that is sticks with feathers attached as supplicatory offerings to the "spirits," were largely used by the Pueblo. These sticks are usually made of cottonwood about seven inches long, and vary in shape, color, and the feather attached, according to the nature of the petitions, and the person praying. The stick is intended to represent the "god" to whom the feathers convey the prayers that are breathed into the "spirit" of the plumes.
The Hopi Indians had a special prayer-stick to which a small bag of sacred meal was attached. Green and blue prayer-sticks are often found in the Pueblo graves and especially in the ceremonial graves of Arizona.
In Ethiopian culture, the handle of a mequamia, a prayer stick, is shaped like a tau cross. The mequamia are used to create rhythm during processions, and to rest on during long services where the priests and worshippers must remain standing.
Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia

The naming convention used in Eritrea and Ethiopia does not have family names and typically consists of an individual personal name and a separate patronymic. This is similar to Arabic, Icelandic, and Somali naming conventions. Traditionally for Ethiopians and Eritreans the lineage is traced paternally; legislation has been passed in Eritrea that allows for this to be done on the maternal side as well.
In this convention, children are given a name at birth, by which name they will be known. To differentiate from others in the same generation with the same name, their father's first name and sometimes grandfather's first name is added. This may continue ad infinitum. Outside Ethiopia, this is often mistaken for a surname or middle name but unlike European names, different generations do not have the same second or third names.
In marriage, unlike in some Western societies, women do not change their maiden name, as the second name is not a surname.
In the example above, the progenitors, Feiven and Senai, may be differentiated from others in their generation by their father's name. In this example, Feiven's and Senai's fathers' first names are Tewolde and Abraham respectively.
Feiven and Senai have a daughter and a son, each of whom is married and has a child. The first to have a child (a son) is their daughter, Yordanos Senai; she and her husband name the boy Ammanuel. The next sibling to have a child is Yordanos' brother, Zerezghi Senai; this child is also a son, named Afwerki. Ammanuel and Afwerki would each get their father's first name for their last.
In contemporary post-independence Eritrea, a person's legal name consists of his or her given name, followed by the given name of one of the parents (written name position equivalent to a "middle name" in Western naming conventions) then the given name of a grandparent (position equivalent to a "last name" in Western naming conventions). In modern Ethiopia, a person's legal name includes both the father and the individual's given names, so that the father's given name becomes the child's "last name", there is no actual middle name. In Ethiopia, and traditionally in Eritrea, the naming conventions follow the father's line of descent while certain exemptions can be made in Eritrea in which the family may choose to use the mother's line of descent. Usually in both countries the grandparent's name of the person is omitted in a similar way to how the middle name is omitted in Western naming conventions excluding important legal documents.
Ethiopians and Eritreans in the diaspora who have to legally adopt Western naming conventions usually convert their father's or grandfather's given name into an official last name or surname, with the ones who choose their grandfather's name additionally repurposing their father's name as an official middle name.
Ethiopian studies

Ethiopian studies or Ethiopian and Eritrean studies refers to a multidisciplinary academic cluster dedicated to research on Ethiopia and Eritrea within the cultural and historical context of the Horn of Africa.
The classical concept of Ethiopian and Eritrean studies, developed by European scholars, is based on disciplines like philology and linguistics, history and ethnography. It includes the study of Ethiopian and Eritrean arts and the history and theology of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The classical core of Ethiopian and Eritrean studies is the philology of the written sources of Christian Ethiopia and Eritrea and Ethio-semitic linguistics. While this approach is still alive and has its role, Ethiopian and Eritrean studies has opened to a wider concept that tries to avoid a bias in favour of the Christian Abyssinian culture (Amhara, Tigrinya; cf. Habesha people). It includes the study of the other Afro-Asiatic languages and cultures of Ethiopia and Eritrea besides those of Ethio-semitic derivation; the nation's non-Afro-Asiatic languages and cultures, including the southern Ethiopian cultures; non-Christian faiths, comprising Islam in Ethiopia and Eritrea and traditional religions; social and political sciences; as well as contemporary issues like environment and development studies.
The study of Ethiopian and Eritrean topics had been long been concentrated in European academic institutions. This is seen in such examples as Enno Littmann directing the German Aksum-Expedition in Ethiopia in 1905. When Italy invaded Ethiopia, some Italian scholars such as Enrico Cerulli were active in Ethiopia. As a result, many Ethiopian manuscript collections and other materials from Ethiopia are found in European museums and libraries.
Ethiopian studies began a new era in 1963 when the Institute of Ethiopian Studies was founded on the campus of Haile Selassie University (which was later renamed Addis Ababa University). The heart of the IES is the library, containing a wide variety of published and unpublished materials on all types of matters related to Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.
Ethiopian and Eritrean studies scholars congregate at the interdisciplinary International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, a series of gatherings that takes place every three years. Traditionally, every third conference is held in Ethiopia. The 19th meeting was in Warsaw, August 24–28, 2015. The 20th conference was in Mekelle, Ethiopia, in 2018. The 21st conference was held in Addis Ababa. Volumes of proceedings are published after most conferences.
Ethiopian and Eritrean studies is served by a few journals and publications specifically devoted to the field. These include:
ABBA discography

The discography of Swedish pop music group ABBA consists of nine studio albums, two live albums, thirteen compilation albums, four box sets, five video albums, 53 singles, and 41 music videos. They are one of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, and are one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music. Throughout their career, ABBA has sold more than 400 million records worldwide. They have scored nine number-one singles and 10 number-one albums in the UK, becoming the most successful Swedish act of all time on the Official Charts, and were ranked third best-selling singles artists in the United Kingdom with a total of 11.3 million singles sold by as of November 2012. In May 2023, ABBA were awarded the BRIT Billion Award, which celebrates those who have surpassed the milestone of one billion UK streams in their career.
ABBA's biggest hit singles worldwide are "Dancing Queen" and "Fernando", with Arrival being their biggest hit studio album.
The compilation album ABBA Gold is the second best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold over 30 million copies worldwide.
“Film clips” showing groups performing their songs had been used to great effect by major artists like The Beatles since the mid-Sixties as a convenience for those who were reluctant or unable to tour or make appearances abroad. In the summer of 1974, when there was a demand for the group's presence in the United States, they hired the director Lasse Hallström to direct the group's first film clips, for "Waterloo" and "Ring Ring". Hallström had been making pop film clips for television since the late Sixties, and had recently directed a sequence of successful short comedy skits for Swedish television. The videos were successful, and the following year the group rehired him to make four promo clips of the songs they felt had the strongest hit potential on the new album ("I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do", "Mamma Mia", "SOS" and "Bang-A-Boomerang"). Hallström would go on to make most of their in-house promotional clips, often on a very small budget (the four 1975 films were completed in two days, at a total cost of less than 50,000 kronor (£5,500), and Hallström did the editing work himself from his apartment). The relationship ended in 1982, prompted by changing tastes and demands and complaints from ABBA's distributors that Hallström's low-budget approach made it difficult to market the band. Director Kjell Sundvall and cinematographer Kjell-Åke Andersson, an up-and-coming filmmaker team, were hired to replace them for the final two promotional videos, "The Day Before You Came" and "Under Attack".
Notes for albums and songs
Notes for peak chart positions
ABBA (album)

ABBA is the third studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was originally released on 21 April 1975 through Polar Music and featured the hits "SOS", "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" and "Mamma Mia".
Following the Eurovision success of "Waterloo", ABBA saw the band gaining worldwide recognition. "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" topped the charts in Australia, as did "Mamma Mia" shortly after. "SOS" and "Mamma Mia" became hits in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The album saw ABBA dabble with reggae on "Tropical Loveland" and includes a grand, pseudo-classical keyboard instrumental in the traditions of Keith Emerson and Rick Wakeman with "Intermezzo No. 1" (early working title: "Mama").
ABBA was first released on CD in Japan in 1986 by Polydor Records. This release contains a slightly different mix of "Man in the Middle" not found on any subsequent CD pressing and thus is highly sought after by collectors. ABBA was released on CD throughout Europe in 1987 also by Polydor, with five songs added from the Waterloo and Ring Ring albums, which were not available on CD until 1990. ABBA was released on CD in Sweden by Polar Music in 1988, featuring the original 11 tracks only. The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form several times: in 1997 as part of "The ABBA Remasters" series with two bonus tracks, in 2001 with updated cover artwork incorporating their ambigram, first used for their next album Arrival, in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set, and most recently in 2012 as a "Deluxe Edition".
On the original UK cassette release of the album, "Bang-A-Boomerang" was split in two parts, being faded during the second verse at the end of side one and continued at the beginning of side two.
On 19 November 2012, ABBA was reissued as part of the Deluxe Edition series with a 2-disc package. The first disc, a CD with special remastered audio, featured the original album with three bonus tracks. The second one, a DVD, contained 60 minutes of previously unreleased TV performances, including: the complete 41-minute ABBA In Australia 1976 television special, in which the band performed twelve songs; performances of "Mamma Mia", "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do", and "So Long" from the SVT 1975 special Made In Sweden – For Export; a 1975 performance of "SOS" from the Seaside Special; a 1976 performance of "Mamma Mia" from Top of the Pops; two television commercials for The Best of ABBA and Greatest Hits; and the "International Sleeve Gallery". A 24-page illustrated booklet with an essay on the making of the album was also included.
Jude Rogers of the BBC said that, with this deluxe reissue of the album, "ABBA doubters will be pleasantly surprised to find the band's desire to experiment here" and that "long-term fans will enjoy the accompanying DVD, and be reminded of an interesting juncture in the quartet's career".
All tracks are written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, and Stig Anderson; except where noted.
Adapted from the original album's liner notes.
ABBA
Additional musicians
Production
Frontera entre Argentina y Uruguay

La frontera entre Argentina y Uruguay es una línea de 887 km, marcada por los ríos Uruguay y de la Plata (392 km).​ Comienza en una frontera triple Uruguay-Argentina-Brasil, en la desembocadura del río Cuareim con el río Uruguay. El curso fluvial de este sigue, pasando al oeste de los departamentos uruguayos de Artigas, Salto, Paysandú, Río Negro, Soriano y Colonia​ de las provincias argentinas de Corrientes, Entre Ríos y Buenos Aires, hasta desembocar en el Río de la Plata.
El río Uruguay siempre fue un límite físico que separaba a la antigua Banda Oriental del resto del Virreinato del Río de La Plata. En función de la presencia de este río, la frontera entre Uruguay y Argentina no fue muy disputada.
Desde 1815 - 16 el gobierno del Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil y Algarve (Brasil antes de la independencia) procuraba anexar la región de la actual Uruguay a Brasil. Este hecho ocurrió con la victoria brasileña contra los uruguayos durante la batalla de Tacuarembó el 1820. La región fue denominada Provincia Cisplatina del ya independiente Imperio del Brasil.
Fue retomada por uruguayos con el apoyo de las tropas de Argentina el 25 de agosto de 1825. Al terminar la guerra, con el tratado de Montevideo, se creó la soberana República Oriental del Uruguay. La actual frontera fue establecida en ese momento. El propio nombre oficial de Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), señala que el país se encuentra al oriente -este- del río Uruguay.
El trazado terrestre fue establecido luego de que ambos países firmaran el Tratado del Río de La Plata en el año 1973.
El río Uruguay es bien navegable por embarcaciones mayores desde el Río de la Plata hasta Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina, y hasta Paysandú, Uruguay. Las embarcaciones pequeñas pueden ir hasta Concordia, en Argentina, y hasta Salto, en Uruguay. Una toma internacional (Uruguay y Argentina) para la producción de energía hidroeléctrica se ubica en Salto Grande, sobre el río Uruguay.​
Actualmente se discute y planifica la creación de un puente sobre el río Uruguay uniendo a las ciudades de Bella Unión y Monte Caseros.​
En la década de 1980, el arrastre aluvional de sedimentos fusionó a la Isla Martín García y Timoteo Domínguez. La labor de identificar por donde debería correr la frontera internacional le fue encomendada a la Comisión Administradora del Río de la Plata (CARP), la cual resolvió la demarcación. El 19 de junio de 1988 en la Cancillería argentina se firmaron las notas reversales del protocolo sobre la demarcación del límite entre las islas Martín García (partido de La Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires) y Timoteo Domínguez (departamento de Colonia), las que fueron rubricadas por el ministro de relaciones exteriores de la Argentina Dante Caputo y su par del Uruguay Luis Barrios Tassano. Este pequeño tramo limítrofe constituye la única frontera terrestre entre ambos países.
Relaciones Reino Unido-Uruguay

Las relaciones Reino Unido-Uruguay son las relaciones exteriores entre el Reino Unido de Gran Bretaña e Irlanda del Norte y la República Oriental del Uruguay.
Ambos países establecieron relaciones diplomáticas inmediatamente después de la independencia de Uruguay en 1825.​ Supremo a la constitución de Uruguay como estado era el Tratado de Montevideo de 1828 de la paz preliminar de 1828, una pieza de la diplomacia británica.
El Reino Unido desempeñó un papel importante en Historia del Uruguay hasta el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, después de lo cual Estados Unidos desempeñó un papel cada vez más importante.
Relaciones Rusia-Uruguay

Las relaciones Rusia-Uruguay son las relaciones exteriores entre la Rusia y Uruguay.
Las relaciones diplomáticas entre Uruguay y Rusia fueron establecidas en 1857, tras un intercambio de correspondencia entre el presidente uruguayo Gabriel Antonio Pereira y el zar ruso Alejandro II, en el que manifestaban la intención de estrechar lazos.​ De esta forma, Uruguay se convirtió en la primera república y el segundo Estado de América Latina –por detrás del Imperio del Brasil–, en ser reconocido de iure por Rusia.​ En 1966 se abrió un consulado ruso en Montevideo.​
En 1913, con la llegada de 300 familias rusas al área rural del departamento de Río Negro, se fundó la localidad de San Javier, que destaca por ser la única ciudad en todo el hemisferio sur donde más de la mitad de la población proviene de Rusia.​​
Durante la revolución de Octubre, Uruguay rompió relaciones diplomáticas con la República Rusa, pero posteriormente fueron restablecidas en 1926, cuando Uruguay reconoció oficialmente a la Unión Soviética.​ En 1935, en el marco de la dictadura de Gabriel Terra, Uruguay nuevamente rompió sus relaciones diplomáticas con la URSS.​ No obstante, fueron normalizadas en 1943.​
Ana María Rodríguez Ayçaguer

Ana María Rodríguez Ayçaguer (Durazno, 1947) es una historiadora y docente universitaria uruguaya.
Licenciada en Ciencias Históricas por la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de la República, desde 1986 es docente e investigadora del Departamento de Historia del Uruguay de dicha Facultad. En 2008 obtuvo por concurso el cargo de Profesora Agregada (Grado 4). Es responsable del dictado de cursos y seminarios a nivel de grado y postgrado.
Por muchos años trabajó junto al profesor José Pedro Barrán.
Ha sido Profesora visitante en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid y en la Universita degli Studi, Pisa y "Visiting Scholar" en el Centre of Latina American Studies de la Universidad de Cambridge en Inglaterra.
Integró distintos equipos de investigación y desde el año 2000 trabaja en una línea de investigación que busca profundizar el estudio y el conocimiento de la historia de la política exterior uruguaya en el siglo XX, especializándose en el período 1930-1945.
Fue becaria del Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO), del programa Fulbright y de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional (AECI).​
De su producción bibliográfica se destacan:
Un pequeño lugar bajo el Sol. Mussolini la conquista de Etiopía y la diplomacia uruguaya 1935-1938. Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 2009. Este libro fue nominado al premio Bartolomé Hidalgo 2009, auspiciado por la Cámara Uruguaya del Libro, en la categoría Historia.
Selección de Informes de los representantes diplomáticos de los Estados Unidos en el Uruguay. Tomo 1: 1930-1933. Montevideo, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación, 1997.
Energía y política en el Uruguay en el siglo XX (coautora). Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 1991.
América Latina entre dos imperialismos. La prensa británica de Montevideo frente a la penetración norteamericana (1889-1899). Montevideo, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, 1988.
Historia del Uruguay en el siglo XX (1890-2005) (coautora). Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 2007.
La diplomacia del anticomunismo: la influencia del gobierno de Getulio Vargas en la interrupción de las relaciones diplomáticas de Uruguay con la Unión Soviética. In Revista de Estudos Ibero-americanos, Vol. 34. Porto Alegre, Editora PUC, 2008.
Relaciones República Checa-Uruguay

Las relaciones República Checa-Uruguay son las relaciones exteriores entre República Checa y Uruguay. Se establecieron relaciones diplomáticas entre ambas naciones en tiempos de la Checoslovaquia. También hay algunos inmigrantes checos en Uruguay.
La República Checa está acreditado a Uruguay desde su embajada en Buenos Aires, Argentina.​ Uruguay está acreditada en la República Checa desde su embajada en Viena, Austria.​
Hay una serie de acuerdos entre ambos países:
Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca de Uruguay

El Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) es una de las secretarías de Estado más relevantes de Uruguay, desempeñando un papel crucial en el desarrollo económico y social del país. Fundado con el objetivo de promover y regular las actividades agropecuarias, el MGAP es responsable de la formulación de políticas y la implementación de programas que fomentan la producción sostenible y la competitividad del sector agropecuario.
Fue creado el 19 de marzo de 1935, tras la disolución del entonces Ministerio de Industria, mediante la aprobación de Ley N.º 9.463 y con el objetivo de promover y regular las actividades agroagropecuaria. Su primera denominación fue como Ministerio de Ganadería y Agricultura, hasta que en julio de 1974 adoptó la denominación actual, como Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca,​ nombre que mantendrá hasta abril de 1986 cuando finalmente pasa a denominarse como Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca.​
Uruguay es conocido por su rica tradición agrícola y ganadera, y gran parte de sus exportaciones provienen de productos agropecuarios, como carne, lácteos, granos y otros productos derivados. El ministerio trabaja en estrecha colaboración con productores, cooperativas y organizaciones del sector para garantizar la calidad y seguridad de los productos, así como para impulsar la innovación y la sostenibilidad en las prácticas agrícolas.
Además, la secretaría Estado juega un papel fundamental en la gestión de recursos naturales, la conservación del medio ambiente y el bienestar animal, asegurando que las actividades agropecuarias se realicen de manera responsable y respetuosa con el entorno. A través de su labor, el ministerio contribuye al desarrollo rural y al fortalecimiento de las comunidades, promoviendo un sector agropecuario dinámico y resiliente
En el ejercicio actual (2025-2030) la cartera de estructura de las siguientes unidades ejecutoras
El actual ministro de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca es desde el 1 de marzo de 2025, Alfredo Fratti.​
¹ Ministros del gobierno cívico-militar (1973-1985).
Ley de acuerdos de la Ronda Uruguay

La Ley de acuerdos de la Ronda Uruguay (Uruguay Round Agreements Act en inglés) es una ley del congreso de Estados Unidos que implementa los acuerdos llevados a cabo en la Ronda Uruguay de negociaciones del Acuerdo general sobre comercio y aranceles.
El título V de esta ley hizo varias modificaciones a la ley de derechos de autor de los Estados Unidos. Enmendó el título 17 ("copyright") del código de Estados Unidos para incluir el artículo 104A totalmente reescrito sobre restauraciones del derecho de autor en trabajos extranjeros y para incluir el nuevo capítulo 11, conteniendo una prohibición de las grabaciones piratas de sonido y vídeo de espectáculos en vivo. Se insertó el nuevo artículo 2319A mediante en el título 18 de ese código, detallando las medidas penales contra infracciones de esta nueva prohibición.​
Estados Unidos se había unido a la convención de Berna el 1 de marzo de 1989, cuando su Ley de implementación de la Convención de Berna entró en vigor. El artículo 18 de la convención especificó que el tratado cubre todos los trabajos que todavía poseen derechos de autor en el país de origen y que no entraron en dominio público en dicho país a través de la expiración de una garantía previa.​
Canada–Uruguay relations

Canada and Uruguay established diplomatic relations in 1951. Both countries are members of the Cairns Group, the Organization of American States and the United Nations.
Canada and Uruguay established diplomatic relations in January 1951. In 1953, Canada's first appointed ambassador to Uruguay was based in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In April 2001, Uruguayan President Jorge Batlle paid a visit to Canada to attend the 3rd Summit of the Americas held in Quebec City.
In November 2017, Uruguay co-hosted with Canada the United Nations Peacekeeping Defence Ministerial conference in Vancouver, British Columbia. Uruguay has endorsed the Vancouver Principles on Peacekeeping and the Prevention of the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers as well as Canada's Elsie Initiative for Women in Peace Operations. In February 2020, Canadian Leader of the Government in the House of Commons, Pablo Rodríguez, paid a visit to Uruguay to attend the inauguration for President Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou.
Both nations have signed a few agreements such as a Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (1999); Social Security Agreement (2002); Audiovisual Co-Production Agreement (2005); Air Transport Agreement (2012) and a Tax Information Exchange Agreement (2014).
In 2022, there were approximately 5,500 Canadians who claimed to be of Uruguayan descent.
In 2022, trade between Canada and Uruguay totaled US$256.2 million. Canada's main exports to Uruguay include: fertilizer, machinery, and mechanical appliances. Uruguay's main exports to Canada include: meat, wood, as well as nuts and fruit. In March 2018, Mercosur trade bloc ministers (which includes Uruguay) agreed to launch formal negotiations toward a comprehensive Canada-Mercosur free trade agreement (FTA). Canadian multinational companies such as BlackBerry, Scotiabank and Thomson Reuters operate in Uruguay.
Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay

Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay (Spanish for 'Bank of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay') (also known as Banco República or BROU) is a state-owned commercial bank in Uruguay, founded in 1896 under the presidency of Juan Idiarte Borda.
The most important Uruguayan bank with the largest number of customers, it plays a dominant role in lending and deposit in the Uruguayan market. It currently has 124 branches throughout the national territory and 2 abroad.
In the last decades of the 19th century, different social groups such as small merchants and public employees, who, in the framework of the Baring Crisis, demanded access to bank credit, so as not to resort to usury private banks and various lenders. In the Agricultural Livestock Congress of 1895, the creation of a financial institution had been called for to provide agricultural credit, and to adapt the terms and conditions required for rural production. The creation of the Bank was proposed by then Minister of Finance Federico Vidiella, was widely discussed in Parliament and in the local press, and on August 4, 1896, the law containing the thirty-four bases of the Organic Charter was promulgated. On August 24, 1896, the bank's first board of directors was installed, and on October 22 it formally opened its doors, with 54 employees. The first deposit account was made by President Juan Idiarte Borda.
The Organic Charter granted the bank the power to issue banknotes —from 1907 it had a monopoly on it—. Over time, it developed a wide variety of activities, such as a commercial and specialized credit bank, a state bank and, gradually, the Uruguayan monetary authority.
After the 1929 crisis, the Banco de la República became the key piece of economic policy. In the 1930s, the bank was restructured and divided into a Banking Department and a Currency Management and Money Supply Department. In 1941, the Board of Directors resolved to create the Department of Economic Research, thus perfecting the Bank's advisory role to government bodies.
Due to the banking crisis that took place in the 1960s, the department in charge of currency management and money supply was separated from the institution and turned into a new entity, the Central Bank of Uruguay, created with the Constitution of 1967.
The bank's headquarters are located in Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo. The building, designed by the Italian architect Giovanni Veltroni in a neoclassical style, was built in 1866 to house the Italian Bank, and was later used successively by other banking institutions, such as Banco Unión, or by the Junta de Crédito Público and by Banco Nacional until its dissolution.
As of February 2023 the bank maintained 124 branches throughout Uruguay and 2 overseas (Buenos Aires and New York City).
List of the presidents of Banco de la República Oriental del Uruguay before the creation of Banco Central del Uruguay.
Viscofan

Viscofan is a Spanish manufacturer of casings for meat products, operating in over 100 countries.
It is a global producer of casings with the capacity to manufacture the four main technologies available in the artificial casings market (cellulose, collagen, fibrous, and plastic).
The company has been traded on the Madrid Stock Exchange General Index since December 1986. Viscofan was formerly a component of the IBEX 35.
Viscofan was founded in 1975, the year in which the production and commercialization of its products began. The company's growth led it to start share trading in the Madrid Stock Exchange General Index in December 1986.
As part of its growth strategy, in 1988, Viscofan acquired the food group IAN (Industrias Alimentarias de Navarra), which enabled it to gain momentum in the industry at a national level.
Following this, the company designed an international expansion strategy which began with the acquisition of the German company Naturin GmbH&Co in 1990, and with the opening of new commercial offices in other countries.
In 1995, it acquired Gamex in the Czech Republic, Trificiel in São Paulo (Brazil), and in 2005 it acquired Koteksprodukt AD in Serbia and the assets of AB Tripasin of Sweden. A year later, in 2006, Viscofan strengthened its presence in the American market with the purchase of the American assets of Teepak (US and Mexico).
In 2008, the company executed the expansion of its co-generation plant in Spain. In the same year, Viscofan Bioengineering (VBE) was established, it was meant to be a business unit that combined biosciences and engineering to supply collagen-based products for use in repairing damaged tissues in patients. The Viscofan Group's Bioengineering unit is located in Weinheim (Germany), a benchmark centre for the company's collagen casings, where it has an additional cleanroom to produce collagen products for medical use.
In 2009, the company created Viscofan Technology (Suzhou) Co. Ltd. in China. Viscofan already distributed its products in China prior to this but it did not have its own production centre. A year later, in 2010, the first converting plant in the country was inaugurated.
In 2012, Viscofan Uruguay S.A. was created, serving as the first collagen converter in Latin America.
In 2013, a collagen extrusion plant was opened in China. A year later, in 2014, the Company opened an extrusion plant in Uruguay.
In 2015, coinciding with its 40th anniversary, Viscofan sold the IAN Group to concentrate fully on the casing business. The company also acquired Nanopack Technology & Packaging to strengthen its plastics business line and inaugurated a new plastics plant in Mexico.
In 2016, Viscofan enhanced its position and expanded its product offering with the acquisition of Vector USA and Vector Europe.
Viscofan produces the four kinds of artificial casing available on the market:
Viscofan exports a large part of its products to other markets and is currently present in over 100 countries. It has production centers in 10 countries – Spain, Germany, Belgium, Czech Republic, Serbia, China, United States, Brazil, Mexico, and Uruguay – and has commercial offices in 15 countries.
Akarere ka Nyarugenge

Nyarugenge ni Akarere kamwe mu turere 3 tugize umujyi wa Kigali. kagizwe n' imirenge 10, utugari 47 n' imidugudu 350.
Akarere ka Nyarugenge kagabanijwemo imirenge 10 ( imirenge ): Gitega, Kanyinya, Kigali, Kimisagara, Mageragere, Muhima, Nyakabanda, Nyamirambo, Nyarugenge na Rwezamenyo.
Lycée de Kigali (LDK) iri mu Kagari ka Kiyovu, Umurenge wa Nyarugenge, Akarere ka Nyarugenge.
Umurenge wa Nyarugenge

Umurenge wa Nyarugenge mu karere ka Bugesera witiriranwa n'undi wa Nyarugenge uri mu mujyi wa Kigali, uri kuri Km60 uvuye Kigali Rondpoint. Umurenge wa Nyarugenge ya Bugesera uhana imbibi n'uwa Ruhuha, Mareba na Shyara, uwa Busoro wo mu karere ka Nyanza, intara y'Amajyepfo, unyuze ku cyambu cya Rwabusoro, n'igihugu cy'uBurundi hakurya y'ikiyaga cya Cyohoha sud. Ni umurenge munini cyane kandi ufite ibyiza byinshi by'ubukerarugendo, harimo nk'umuhanda uhuza intara y'uBurasirazuba n'iy'Amajyepfo, agasozi ka Ngoma kahoze ari ingoro y'Abami b'uBugesera bitwaga Nsoro, ubuhinzi bw'umuceri buhambaye n'amacumbi meza yakira abakora ubukerarurugendo mpuzabantu (Social Tourism in Rwanda)
Hôtel des Mille Collines

Hôtel des Mille Collines ( Hotel y’imisozi igihumbi ) ni hoteri nini iri mu mujyi wa Kigali, mu Rwanda . Yamenyekanye cyane nyuma yuko abantu 1.268 bahungiye muri iyi nyubako mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994. Inkuru ya hoteri n’umuyobozi wayo muri kiriya gihe yari, Paul Rusesabagina, yaje gukoreshwa nk'ishingiro rya filime ya Terry George ya Hotel Rwanda muri 2004.
Isosiyete y'indege y'Ababiligi Sabena niyo yubatse Hôtel des Mille Collines muri 1973 kandi yari iyifite mu gihe cya Jenoside yo mu Rwanda muri 1994.
Yari hoteri yinyenyeri enye ifite ibyumba 112, akabari, ibyumba bitatu byinama, resitora, pisine, hamwe na tennis.
Ku ya 10 Kanama 2005, Hoteli Sabena yagurishije Hotel des Mille Collines kuri Hotel MIKCOR Hotel Holding kuri miliyoni 3.2 z'amadolari y'Amerika (hafi miliyari 1.8 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda ). Umuyobozi mukuru w'itsinda rya MIKCOR, Miko Rwayitare, yavuze ko mu ihererekanyabubasha ryabereye muri iyo hoteri ku wa kane tariki ya 16, yavuze ko ubu iryo tsinda rifite 89% bya hoteri byose, ifite 8.5% na 2.5% ifitwe na Banki ishinzwe iterambere ry’u Rwanda (BRD) na guverinoma yu Rwanda. Rwayitare kandi yari umuyobozi mukuru wa Telecel International, yari isosiyete y'itumanaho. Muri Mata 2014, Mickor Investment Holdings Ltd yahinduye imicungire ya hoteri ayishyikiriza Hoteli Kempinski maze Kôinski yitwa Hôtel des Mille Collines. Hoteri yavuye mu munyururu wa Kempinski nyuma yimyaka ibiri, ku ya 1 Mata 2016, isubira ku izina ryayo rya mbere.
Hoteri niho hategurirwaga filime Hotel Rwanda, ariko ntabwo igaragara muri iyi filime, ariko ahanini yafatiwe muri Afurika yepfo . Iyi hoteri ariko igaragara muri firime ya HBO 2005, Rimwe na rimwe muri Mata, na firime yo muri Kanada muri 2007, Shake Hands hamwe na Sekibi, nayo yafatiwe ahantu mu Rwanda.