davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Levski Sofia (sports club)

Levski Sofia (Bulgarian: Левски София) is a Bulgarian sports club based in Sofia. It was founded in 1914. The club is named after Vasil Levski, the national hero of Bulgaria.
The club develops 30 types of sports. Its football team, PFC Levski Sofia, is its most popular section. Other important sections are BC Levski Sofia, the basketball team, and VC Levski Sofia, the volleyball team. Levski is the only Bulgarian club, and one of the few in Europe, to have won the European Champions' Cup in three different team sports – basketball, volleyball and athletics.
To date, Levski has reached 27 European Finals in total (won nine titles) – one EuroLeague, one CEV Champions League, two European Champion Clubs Cup (athletics) titles, two EuroCup titles, and three Balkan League titles; and was runner-up in (18 finals) – three CEV Champions League Finals, two European Champion Clubs Cup (athletics) Finals, six CEV Cup Winners' Cup Finals, one EuroCup Final, one CELA Cup Final, two Balkan League Finals, two Balkans Cup Finals, and one Intertoto Cup Ernst Thommen Final. The athletes of Levski have won almost 1,000 medals from Olympic Games, World Championships and European Championships, which makes Levski one of the most successful European sports clubs of all-time.
Bulgarian A Group : 26
Bulgarian Cup : 26
Sofia Championship : 11
Tsar's Cup / Cup of the Soviet Army / Cup of Bulgaria : 6
Ulpia Serdika Cup : 4
Bulgarian Supercup : 3
Double : 13
Treble : 4
UEFA Europa League, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1/4 Finals : 1969–70, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1986–87, 2005–06
UCL, UEL Group Stage : 2005–06, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2010–11
Balkans Cup Runners-Up : 1960–61, 1961–63
Intertoto Cup Ernst Thommen Runners-Up : 1981
National Basketball League : 16
Bulgarian Cup : 16
Bulgarian Basketball Super Cup : 3
Double : 5
Treble : 1
Balkan League : 3
Bulgarian Champions : 8
Bulgarian Cup : 13
Double : 5
EuroLeague
Ronchetti Cup / EuroCup
Bulgarian Champions : 16
Bulgarian Cup : 18
Bulgarian Super Cup : 2
Double : 7
CEV Cup Winners' Cup / CEV Cup
Bulgarian Champions : 28
Bulgarian Cup : 27
Double : 17
CEV Champions League
Bulgarian Hockey League : 13
Bulgarian Cup : 17
Double : 8
Levski Sofia athletes:
Levski is the most popular club in Bulgaria. The club has various rivalries in the domestic competitions. Levski fans maintain a friendship with Lazio fans and have Bulgarian nationalist views.
Internal Revolutionary Organization

The Internal Revolutionary Organisation (IRO; Bulgarian: Вътрешна революционна организация (ВРО), romanized: Vătrešna revoljucionna organizacija (VRO)) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organisation founded and built up by Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski between 1869 and 1871. The organisation represented a network of regional revolutionary committees which were governed by a Central Committee in the town of Lovech. The foundation of IRO reflected Levski's ideas that the centre of revolutionary activity be transferred from the Bulgarian emigrant circles in Romania to Bulgaria proper. In 1871 Levski prepared the Charter of the organisation in the spirit of his own political views: liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottomans through a nationwide revolution and establishment of the country as a democratic republic with guarantees for the equality of all of its citizens regardless of their ethnicity or religion.
By the end of 1872, both Levski and Lyuben Karavelov, the chairman of the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC), which was situated in Bucharest, had concluded that the future success of the armed struggle against the Ottomans depended on the co-operation of both: external and internal committees. To this end the two organisations prepared and adopted a joint programme and charter and voted on the merger of the two organisations under the name of BRCK at a general meeting held in Bucharest in May, 1872. The goals and fundamental principles which governed the work of the Internal Revolutionary Organisation influenced the formation and guiding principles of subsequent Bulgarian revolutionary organisations, namely the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organisation (active in the Ottoman Empire from 1893 to 1912), the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (active in Greek and Yugoslav Macedonia from 1919 to 1934), the Internal Thracian Revolutionary Organisation (active in Western Thrace from 1922 to 1934), the Internal Dobrudjan Revolutionary Organisation (active in Dobruja from 1923 to 1940) and the Internal Western Outland Revolutionary Organisation (active in the Western Outlands from 1921 to 1934).
Bust of Vasil Levski

A bust of Vasil Levski is installed outside the Embassy of Bulgaria (1621 22nd Street NW), near Sheridan Circle, along Embassy Row and in the Kalorama Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States.
The artwork has an inscription with both Bulgarian and English text "Svoboda i sekimu svoeto" and "Freedom and to each his own", respectively.
In 1995, the President of Bulgaria Zhelyu Zhelev advocated for erecting a monument to Vasil Levski in the United States. The Vasil Levski Foundation, founded in Sofia in 1991, undertook this initiative. The foundation proposed the U.S. monument to be an author's copy of the monument to the Apostle in the park Borisova gradina in Sofia, built a year earlier. The bust's author is the Bulgarian sculptor Vladimir Ginovski, and the architect of the composition is Ivan Bitrakov. Ginovski is the best known in Bulgaria with the monument to the Saints Cyril and Methodius, unveiled in 1975 in front of the National Library in Sofia (with author's copies built in Rome, Italy and Murmansk, Russia).
Ginovski completed the monument in 1996 and attended its unveiling in Washington, D.C., on July 18 of the same year when it was the 159th anniversary of Levski's birth. On his only trip to the States, Ginowski was able to visit art galleries in New York.
In 2007, the monument was included in the album of monuments and sculptural portraits of Levski - "Memory of the Apostle". The collection includes nearly 130 illustrations. Additional information about the author, the year of construction and unveiling of the monument, etc. are provided for every artwork. Among the 14 most valuable photographs of sculptures of the Apostle is the photograph of the monument in Washington, D.C.
In July 2016, Bulgarian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Affairs Rumyana Bachvarova visited the U.S. and with Ambassador Tihomir Stoychev laid flowers at the monument in honor of the 179th anniversary of the birth of Levski. In October 2020, the U.S. Ambassador to Bulgaria Herro Mustafa paid tribute to the monument to the Apostle in Washington, D.C.
Every year around February 19, the day of Levski's hanging by Ottomans, many Bulgarians living in the U.S. pass through Washington, D.C., and pay tribute to the memory of the Bulgarian national hero. On July 18, the Levski's birthday, the embassy staff regularly laid flowers in front of the monument and paid tribute to the memory of the Apostle.
Georgi Iliev (businessman)

Georgi Andreev Iliev (Bulgarian: Георги Андреев Илиев; July 22, 1966 – August 25, 2005) was a Bulgarian businessman, best known for being a mobster, just like his brother Vasil, and continuing the operation of their crime syndicate VIS.
In his early years he won several wrestling competitions and a few gold medals, but had to stop his sports career because of a criminal conviction due to his involvement in a group rape. Upon his release from prison he became something of a small-time criminal. After the death of his brother Vasil Iliev, he became the boss of a criminal organization called VIS, which fronted as a legitimate security and insurance provider. The former head secretary of the Bulgarian Ministry of Internal Affairs Boyko Borisov claims to information showing Georgi Iliev's involvement in drug dealing and smuggling operations. According to Grigor Lilov, author of "The Richest Bulgarians", Georgi Iliiev had amassed a fortune of over $250 million.
He is also thought to have taken an eighteen-year-old Dimitar Berbatov hostage with plans of making him sign for his football team, Levski Kyustendil. Berbatov's father contacted CSKA Sofia's boss Iliya Pavlov who set things straight.
He was shot and killed at a restaurant in Sunny Beach, a resort town on Bulgaria's Black Sea coast near the city of Bourgas, by a suspected sniper. The same evening his club Lokomotiv won 1:0 against OFK Beograd (2:2 on aggregate) and continued in the next round of UEFA Cup where it was eventually eliminated by Bolton. Iliev was alleged to be an organized crime boss, and so his murder was suspected to be part of an ongoing turf war between rival criminal gangs. His brother Vasil Iliev was also shot and killed in 1995 in Sofia.
Georgi Ivanov (cosmonaut)

Major general Georgi Ivanov Kakalov (Bulgarian: Георги Иванов Какалов; born July 2, 1940) is a Bulgarian former military officer who was the first Bulgarian cosmonaut. He was a member of the National Assembly of Bulgaria in 1990.
Born in Lovech, Georgi Kakalov attended the Military Air-force School in Dolna Mitropolia. After completing the five-year program, he served in the Bulgarian People's Army as a military pilot. A few years later he became an instructor and head of a division.
He was selected to participate in the Soviet International Space Programme Interkosmos in 1978 and to follow the Soyuz spaceship training programme.
Meanwhile, he changed his family name to Ivanov, because his original surname Kakalov sounded very similar to "Кака" (excrements).
After intensive training, Georgi Ivanov was selected for the fourth mission under the Interkosmos programme, bringing Bulgaria to the 6th place among the countries that had their national space explorers.
Ivanov, along with Soviet cosmonaut Nikolai Rukavishnikov, was launched into space as part of the Soyuz 33 mission from Baikonur Cosmodrome on April 10, 1979, at 17:34 (GMT). The scientific program for the flight was prepared entirely by Bulgarian scientists, along with some of the equipment.
Though take-off was smooth, the mission was a disaster, with severe damage of the engine preventing docking in orbit to Salyut 6 orbital station as it was initially planned. A premature return to Earth became the only possible decision for Ivanov and Rukavishnikov. Due to some additional technical problems landing was difficult to endure-more than 9Gs. When Soyuz 33 finally landed, it was 320 kilometres (200 mi) southeast of Dzhezkazgan. It completed 31 orbits, and was in space for 1 day, 23 hours, and 1 minute. The flight remains the only example for manual landing and is thus quoted in every astronautic textbook.
Ivanov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on April 13, 1979. He earned a Ph.D. in space engineering. He was selected to the National Assembly and took part in the creation of the new democratic Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria.
Since 1993, Ivanov has been the executive director of Air Sofia.
Ivanov was married to Natalya Rousanova; they have one daughter, Ani (born 1967), and divorced in 1982. He is currently married to Lidia and they have one son, Ivan (born 1984). His hobbies include skiing, fishing, and golf. Ivanov is a member of the ASE — Association of the Space Explorers. He founded the Future in Space Foundation.
Vasil Levski Monument (Karlovo)

The Vasil Levski Monument stands in Vasil Levski Square in Karlovo, Bulgaria, between the churches of St. Nicholas and the Holy Mother. The foundation stone of the monument was laid on 15 May 1903, in front of prince regnant Ferdinand I. It was designed by the sculptor Marin Vasilev. The statue of Vasil Levski presents him with a revolver in his hand. By his side is a roaring lion, symbolising the nation of Bulgaria. In the lower part of the monument there is a list of Karlovo citizens, who died during the fight for Liberation of Bulgaria in July and August 1877. On the lower part of the pedestal there are three reliefs - "Creation of the revolutionary committee" („Създаване на революционен комитет“), "The arrest of Levski" („Залавянето на Левски“), and "Taking Karlovo's rebels from the konak" („Извеждане на карловски въстаници от конака“).
42°38′15″N 24°48′22″E﻿ / ﻿42.6374°N 24.8061°E﻿ / 42.6374; 24.8061
Stefan Slivkov

Stefan Slivkov (Bulgarian: Стефан Сливков) (1837-1917), was a notable 19th-century Bulgarian leader, revolutionary and politician, associate of national hero Vasil Levski, and one of the founders of the local revolutionary committee in Stara Zagora. Slivkov fought for the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire. Captured and exiled in the notorious Diyarbakır in 1873, Slivkov survived torture and humiliation, and was eventually released in 1878, following the Treaty of San Stefano.
Slivkov returned home to become a dedicated builder of the newly freed Eastern Rumelia. He was one of the key figures of the Bulgarian unification. Subsequently, he was elected mayor of Stara Zagora (March 1885 - March 1886), Deputy Mayor, member of the County Council for many years, and ultimately became a Bulgarian National Assemblyman representing the People's Party of Bulgaria.
Slivkov is remembered with great affection in Stara Zagora. Grateful citizens erected multiple statues and monuments; schools and streets are also named in his honor.
Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)

The Fatherland Front (Bulgarian: Отечествен фронт, ОФ, romanized: Otechestven front, OF) was a Bulgarian pro-communist political resistance movement, which began in 1942 during World War II. The Zveno movement, the communist Bulgarian Workers Party, a wing of the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union and the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party all became part of the OF. The constituent groups of the OF had widely contrasting ideologies and had united only in the face of the pro-German militarist dictatorship in Bulgaria. At the beginning, the members of the OF worked together, without a single dominating group. Professional associations and unions could be members of the front and maintain their organisational independence. However, the Bulgarian Communist Party soon began to dominate. In 1944, after the Soviet Union had declared war on Bulgaria, the OF carried out a coup d'état (9 September 1944) and declared war on Germany and the other Axis powers. The OF government, headed by Kimon Georgiev of Zveno, signed a ceasefire treaty with the Soviet Union (28 October 1944). In the summer of 1945 most of BANU led by Nikola Petkov and most of the Social-Democrats had left the OF and became a large opposition group which later on after the 1946 Grand National Assembly election would become a coalition named "Federation of the village and urban labour" with 99 MPs out of 465.
On November 18, 1945, the OF won a large majority in national elections. In November 1946 Georgiev resigned as Prime Minister and was succeeded by Georgi Dimitrov, leader of the communists. Bulgaria became a People's Republic on 15 September 1946 after a referendum. In 1948 and 1949 all the remaining parties in the OF save for the pro-communist wing of the BANU self-dissolved and merged into the BCP. The OF eventually transformed into a wide-ranging popular front under overall Communist control.
From 1947 onward, the Fatherland Front was effectively the only legally permitted political organization in Bulgaria. Voters were presented with a single list from the Front at all elections from 1949 to 1986, with official figures showing well over 99 percent of voters approving the list. With the fall of communism in Bulgaria the Fatherland Front was dissolved in 1990.
Bulgarian irredentism

Bulgarian irredentism is a term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian irredentist nationalist movement in the 19th and 20th centuries, which would include most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia.
The larger proposed Bulgarian state was suggested under the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878.
The issue of irredentism and nationalism gained greater prominence after the Treaty of San Stefano. It established a Principality of Bulgaria, with territory including most of Moesia - the plain between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina), the regions of Sofia, Pirot, and Vranje in the Morava Valley, Thrace - Northern Thrace, parts of Eastern Thrace, and nearly all of Macedonia. This treaty laid grounds for much of the later claims for a Greater Bulgaria. However, the Treaty of San Stefano was a preliminary one, and the borders of the newly created Bulgaria were established in the Treaty of Berlin. It saw the previous territory divided in three – the Principality of Bulgaria, the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia, and Macedonia, which remained under Ottoman control.
In the early 20th century, control over Macedonia was a key point of contention between Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia who fought both the First Balkan War of 1912–1913 and the Second Balkan War of 1913. The area was further fought over during the Macedonian Campaign of World War I (1915–1918).
Just before entering World War II, Bulgaria had peacefully secured the return of Southern Dobruja from Romania in the Treaty of Craiova. During World War II, some of the territories in question were briefly added to Bulgaria by Nazi Germany, as a reward to Bulgaria, which had fought with Germany as one of the Axis powers. It was granted territory in Greece, namely Eastern Macedonia and parts of Western Thrace, as well as Yugoslav Macedonia (Vardar Macedonia). With the exception of Southern Dobruja, these concessions were reversed with the Allied victory (i.e. at the Paris Peace Conference of 1947).
Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee

Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee (BSCRC) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organization founded in Plovdiv, then in Eastern Rumelia on February 10, 1885. The original purpose of the committee was to gain autonomy for the region of Macedonia (Western Rumelia), but in perspective, the formation of a Balkan federation. According to Ivan Andonov, the committee was established to resolve the Macedonian Question by the initiative of the revolutionary Spiro Kostov, who inspired both, Andonov and Zahari Stoyanov toward revolutionary activity for the liberation of the Macedonian Bulgarians. However, BSCRC played an important role in the organization of the Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.
Dimitar Dimov

Dimitar Todorov Dimov (Bulgarian: Димитър Тодоров Димов, 25 June 1909 – 1 April 1966) was a Bulgarian dramatist, novelist and veterinary surgeon.
Born in Lovech, Dimov is best known for his best-selling novel Tobacco (Bulgarian: Тютюн, translit. Tyutyun, 1951) which was made into the 1962 film Tobacco directed by Nikola Korabov. The plot of Dimov's Tobacco deals with the fates of a number of characters connected to a major tobacco factory. The central thread of the plot is the story of Boris, an ambitious youth of poor origins who renounces his first love Irina to marry Maria, the heiress of the tobacco business. He proceeds to steer the business with great greed and ruthlessness. His wife's descent into insanity and death in the loveless marriage subsequently allows him to marry Irina, who has studied to become a doctor, but is seduced by the promise of the luxurious life as a mistress and eventually spouse of an affluent factory owner. However, their common life is poisoned by the preceding events and by their own selfishness and moral decay. Other characters, including a brother of Boris and a friend of Irina who works at the factory, are devoted to the Communist movement and its struggle; these and various other plot threads make the book into a broader picture of capitalist Bulgaria in the years leading up to the Communist seizure of power. The novel criticises the egoism, careerism, greed and exploitation characteristic of the class society that it depicts from a socialist perspective.
Other novels authored by Dimov are Lieutenant Benz (1938), a story of fatal love between flawed characters during World War I; and Damned Souls (1945), a tragic tale of a dissolute young Englishwoman's passionate obsession with a fanatical and reactionary Jesuit set in Spain during the civil war. His plays included Holiday in Arko Iris and Women with a Past.
Dimov died in Bucharest on 1 April 1966, at the age of 56. There is a bust of Dimov in the Borisova gradina park behind the Vasil Levski National Stadium in Sofia. His daughter Theodora Dimova is also a writer. In addition, a number of elementary schools across Bulgaria are named in his honor (particularly in his hometown of Lovech and in Plovdiv).
List of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia

This list of Confederate monuments and memorials in Virginia includes public displays and symbols of the Confederate States of America (CSA), Confederate leaders, or Confederate soldiers of the American Civil War. Part of the commemoration of the American Civil War, these symbols include monuments and statues, flags, holidays and other observances, and the names of schools, roads, parks, bridges, counties, cities, lakes, dams, military bases, and other public works.
This list does not include items of a more strictly documentary nature, such as historic markers or battlefield parks if they were not established to honor the Confederacy. Nor does it include figures connected with the origins of the Civil War or white supremacy, as distinct from the Confederacy.
As of 24 June 2020, there are at least 239 public spaces with Confederate monuments in Virginia, more than in any other state.
For a list of removed or renamed memorials, see Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials#Virginia.
Gold Star Mothers National Monument

The Gold Star Mothers National Monument was a proposed national memorial to honor mothers whose children died in defense of the United States. The name of the memorial refers to the Gold Star Mothers Club, formed in the aftermath of World War I. A mother whose child had died in honorable military service while serving during the time of war was permitted to hang in her window a service flag with a gold star emblazoned on it.
The United States Congress authorized the Gold Star Mothers National Monument Foundation on January 2, 2013, in Section 2859 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013 (Pub. L. 112–239 (text) (PDF)). The foundation was authorized to raise private funds to construct a memorial on federal land in Washington, D.C. Once established, the memorial would be turned over to the federal government. Congress permitted the memorial to be constructed within Area 1, the central core of the District of Columbia centered on the National Mall, or Area II (adjacent to the National Mall and nearby federal lands).
Under the rules established by the Commemorative Works Clarification and Revision Act of 2003 (CWCRA), the memorial foundation had seven years (until January 2, 2020) to raise the necessary funds to build the memorial, and to obtain siting, design, and other approvals from the National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission (NCMAC), United States Commission of Fine Arts, and National Capital Planning Commission.
Although a bill (H.R. 2819) was introduced to extend authorization to 2024, it did not advance and permission to build the memorial lapsed.
In December 2013, the foundation laid out its goals for a national monument. They included:
The foundation began analyzing sites suggested by the NCMAC in 2013. It rejected Freedom Plaza, the belvedere western terminus of Constitution Avenue on the shores of the Potomac River, and sites on Memorial Drive close to the Arlington National Cemetery Administration Building. On December 12, 2013, it asked the NCMAC to approve a site on Memorial Drive between the south main gate of Arlington National Cemetery and the Armored Forces Memorial.
Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport

Mountain Grove Cemetery, Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, was laid out in 1849 in the then popular rural cemetery design in a park-like, rural setting away from the center of the city.
The cemetery was founded by showman P. T. Barnum, who himself is buried there. "The original grounds were surveyed and designed by Horatio Stone and Mr. [John] Moody," the cemetery's first superintendent.
Notables interred here include:
The cemetery includes a Civil War monument, Pro Patria. The granite stele monument with bronze plaque, raised in 1906 by the Bridgeport Elias Howe Grand Army of the Republic post and the State of Connecticut, is dedicated "IN LOVING MEMORY OF THOSE WHO DID NOT RETURN". The monument, by the Bridgeport sculptor Paul Winters Morris (1865–1916) includes bas-relief figures of soldiers with heads bowed. The monument is at the front of a plot marked by pyramids of cannonballs that contains the graves of about 83 Civil War veterans.
Vasil Levski National Military University

43°5′5″N 25°36′10″E﻿ / ﻿43.08472°N 25.60278°E﻿ / 43.08472; 25.60278
The Vasil Levski National Military University (Bulgarian: Национален военен университет "Васил Левски", romanized: Natsionalen voenen universitet "Vasil Levski") is Bulgaria's national military academy.
Founded in 1878 as a military school in Plovdiv, it was moved to Sofia the same year. On 19 April 1924, it was promoted to university status; in 1945 it was named in honour of Bulgarian national hero Vasil Levski (1837–1873). Since 1958, it has been headquartered in Veliko Tarnovo.
On 14 June 2002, the structure of Bulgarian military academies was reorganized: the Veliko Tarnovo-based Vasil Levski National Military University also covers the artillery academy (now a faculty) in Shumen. (The Georgi Rakovski Military Academy, which functions as a staff college, remains independent while the former air force faculty in Dolna Mitropoliya was separated from the academy in 2020.)
Chapulín

Chapulín (del náhuatl chapōlin, de chapā[nia] ‘rebotar’, y ōlli ‘’, ‘insecto de que brinca") es el nombre común de algunos insectos ortópteros nativos de México.
Se usa para las siguientes especies:
Además, el nombre chapulín se usa genéricamente en México y América Central para las siguientes especies:
El chapulín le da su nombre al famoso cerro de Chapultepec (‘cerro de los chapulines’), en la Ciudad de México.
Los chapulines son criados especialmente para ser consumidos, junto con los escamoles, vinguitos, chinicuiles y acociles. Según la nutrióloga Verónica Juárez, de la UAEM, una tercera parte de los insectos que se conocen son comestibles; aunque se encuentran muy fácilmente y en grandes cantidades, en algunos municipios son poco consumidos. Entre sus beneficios para el organismo al consumir estos insectos se encontró que contienen entre el 60 y 70 % de proteínas de buena calidad, pueden ser igual o más nutritivos que la carne de res, pollo o cerdo.
Sólo 100 gramos de carne de res contienen entre 54 y 57 % de proteínas, mientras que 100 gramos de chapulines contienen entre 62 a 75 %. Estos insectos tienen un alto contenido nutricional y es una excelente opción para complementar una dieta equilibrada. Debido a su popular y exótico sabor se han elaborado diferentes productos a base de ellos, como salsas, salchichas, y botanas, y también son utilizados como complementos en ciertos guisados.
La posibilidad de llevar a la mesa este exquisito alimento es posible debido a que su precio es aproximadamente 50 % menor al de la carne de res.
En México se celebra cada 11 de Octubre.
El Chapulín Colorado (personaje)

El Chapulín Colorado es el protagonista de la serie homónima. Este superhéroe es poco común, no cuenta con todas las cualidades de otros grandes superhéroes como Superman y Batman, sin embargo lograba superar sus defectos y sobreponerse a sus problemas, y en esto subyace la grandeza del ser humano.
El Chapulín con frecuencia y por equivocación atrapaba a las personas inocentes y dejaba ir a los criminales, causando situaciones graciosas. Sin embargo, al final, todo se aclaraba (típicamente por otros o por algún accidente debido a sus errores) y los malos finalmente eran llevados a la cárcel, obteniendo el Chapulín todo el crédito de su captura, aunque no todos los episodios tenían un final agradable, por factores de la trama.
La presentación clásica de los años 1970 lo anunciaba como: "Más ágil que una tortuga, más fuerte que un ratón, más noble que una lechuga, su escudo es un corazón. Es el Chapulín Colorado." Sin embargo, la frase era distinta en el programa Los Supergenios de la Mesa Cuadrada.
Desde la perspectiva de Roberto Gómez Bolaños, el Chapulín era una antítesis de los grandes cómics de súperheroes como Batman o Superman ya que según él estos:
El Chapulín Colorado posee grandes superpoderes, teletransportarse (para aparecer cuando alguien lo necesite o también lo llegó a usar para combates cuerpo a cuerpo), respirar en el espacio sin necesidad de cascos u otras cosas, viajar en el tiempo (cuando lo necesitaban en el pasado o futuro), a veces hace "volar" , salta grandes distancias (de ahí el nombre "Chapulín") y utilizaba varios instrumentos que le permiten realizar todas sus hazañas, tales como:
Su indumentaria es un uniforme rojo desde su cabeza hasta los pies, chaqueta roja al estilo frac, en la cabeza lleva dos "Antenitas de Vinil", lleva un pantalón corto de color amarillo y tiene un escudo en el pecho en forma de corazón con sus iniciales "CH". Lleva zapatillas amarillas con cordones rojos.
Fast casual

Un restaurante fast casual es un restaurante que no ofrece un servicio de mesa, sino que tiene una oferta de comida de mejor calidad que un restaurante de comida rápida. Es un concepto intermedio entre la comida rápida y la comida casual. Se encuentra principalmente en los Estados Unidos y Canadá. En Canadá, también se conocen con el juego de palabras francofonizado haut-de-gamme.
El concepto se originó en los Estados Unidos a principios de la década de 1990, pero no se generalizó hasta finales de la década de 2000 y principios de la de 2010.​ Durante la recesión económica que comenzó en 2007, la categoría de comidas rápidas e informales experimentó un aumento de las ventas en el grupo demográfico de 18 a 34 años.​ Los clientes con menor renta familiar disponible, tienden a elegir comidas informales rápidas que se perciben como más saludables.​​
Al editor y fundador de FastCasual.com, Paul Barron, se le atribuye haber acuñado el término "Fast Casual" a finales de la década de 1990.​ A Horatio Lonsdale-Hands, expresidente y director ejecutivo de ZuZu Inc., también se le atribuye haber acuñado el término "Fast Casual".
ZuZu Handmade Mexican Food, un concepto de comida mexicana cofundado por Lonsdale-Hands y Espartaco Borga en 1989,​ presentó un registro de marca federal en los Estados Unidos de América, para el término "fast-casual" en noviembre de 1995,​ lo que llevó a Michael DeLuca a llamar a Lonsdale-Hands un "pionero progresista en el floreciente segmento de mercado de "Fast Casual"" en la edición de julio de 1996 de Restaurant Hospitality.​
La empresa Technomic Information Services definió los restaurantes Fast Casual como aquellos que cumplen con los siguientes criterios:​
El cocinero mexicano

«El cocinero mexicano»​ es un libro de cocina sobre gastronomía mexicana, de autor anónimo y publicado por primera vez en la Ciudad de México en 1831 por la Imprenta de Galván. Consta de tres tomos y ha tenido doce ediciones,​ y se considera el recetario más antiguo sobre gastronomía mexicana.​
Su propósito fue recoger recetas tradicionales de los hogares mexicanos, proporcionar una base académica a la cocina mexicana y situarla a la altura de las cocinas europeas, aplicando «los métodos de la cocina española, italiana, francesa e inglesa», tal y como se describe en el prólogo. En aquella época el país era aún muy joven, ya que se había independizado apenas hacía una década, y estaba formando su identidad cultural y gastronómica.​
Más tarde se reeditaría en forma de diccionario bajo el nombre de El cocinero americano y más tarde Nuevo cocinero mexicano. Los libros de cocina que surgen a lo largo del siglo XIX en México tienen una fuerte influencia de la Ilustración francesa, por lo que las formas de redactarse, la indexación de los contenidos, los métodos y técnicas culinarias explicados...etc. son bastante afrancesados. Incluso las mismas casas editoriales que los publican y difunden son llevadas por franceses (Rosa y Bouret, Garnier Frères, Bossange... etc.).​
El cocinero mexicano está redactado en lenguaje instructivo que es conciso y sencillo. Esto es porque fue diseñado con una finalidad pragmática, no enciclopédica. Es decir, que da instrucciones, pero no definiciones. Este libro de cocina menciona ingredientes pero no ofrece cantidades ni tiempos de cocción, lo que da a pensar que está dirigido a cocineros/as avanzados con conocimiento previo. Asimismo, esto refuerza la idea de que tiene una función puramente práctica, no académica. No obstante, sí hace uso de vocabulario específicamente enciclopédico, por ejemplo, el uso de contracciones académicas como id. («íbidem») o la inclusión de referencias internas y observaciones a pie de página.
El cocinero mexicano fue impreso en tres tomos. Cada tomo se clasifica en tratados según el tema (sopa, ensalada, asado... etc.), y algunos tratados se subdividen a su vez en secciones. Las secciones están conformadas por varias recetas, pero también incluyen técnicas culinarias, métodos, advertencias y consejos. El primer tomo contiene un estudio preliminar de la obra. Nota: aquí se indican sólo algunas de las muchas recetas que comprende el recetario:
Picadillo

Se llama picadillo o carbonada a cualquier plato cuyos ingredientes van muy picados y, en particular, a un plato tradicional de muchos países hispanos y las Filipinas (donde se llama giniling) hecho con carne picada (normalmente de ternera), tomate (que puede sustituirse por salsa de tomate) y otros ingredientes, que cambian según la región. Se sirve a menudo con arroz, o se emplea como relleno de otras recetas, como los tacos, las croquetas y los pasteles salados.
En España consiste en carnes de diversos tipos ya cocinadas incluyendo, a veces, verduras variadas, huevo, etc, muy picadas y que suelen utilizarse como relleno, también puede llamarse picadillo a diversos aliños.
El picadillo costarricense es de herencia andaluza, consiste en un guiso de carne picada con especias, achiote y pequeños trozos de diversas verduras.​ Entre las carnes más utilizadas está la cecina, la falda y la carne molida, aunque también se usa pollo o chorizo, e incluso, en algunas variantes se le agregan trocitos de huevo duro o atún.​ En este país existen una gran variedad de picadillos de diferentes verduras. Tradicionalmente los picadillos costarricenses se consumen con tortilla y forman los populares gallitos, o sirven de acompañamiento a otros platillos típicos como el casado.
Las versiones cubanas incluyen pimiento, cebolla, ajo, orégano, comino, salsa de tomate, caldo, aceitunas y a veces pasas, patatas y alcaparras, y suelen saltearse en aceite de oliva y vino blanco, según la región. El picadillo cubano se sirve con frijol negro y arroz.
En México, el picadillo de res es un platillo clásico de la cocina nacional.​​ El conjunto de ingredientes más básicos y populares del picadillo en México es la carne de res molida, zanahorias y papas, todo ello cocinado en una salsa de tomate hecha con tomates licuados, ajo y cebolla, usualmente sazonada con sal, pimienta y comino, pero su preparación e ingredientes pueden variar ligeramente de una región a otra, por ejemplo, un picadillo mexicano puede también incluir calabaza y chícharos. El picadillo mexicano se come típicamente con tortillas, tostadas o totopos y suele acompañarse con arroz mexicano o frijoles; también puede utilizarse como relleno de chiles rellenos,​ chiles en nogada,​ tamales​ o gorditas.​​​ La carne de cerdo también es una carne popular para usar en el picadillo en México, así como hacer una mezcla de carne de cerdo y de res.​​
En Puerto Rico el picadillo se usa como relleno para empanadas, alcapurrias y otras frituras. La carne picada se saltea con aceite de oliva o annatto, especias, tomillo y orégano, hoja de laurel, recaíto, salsa de tomate y ocasionalmente queso o una mezcla de pasas (maceradas en ron), aceitunas, alcaparras y jamón.
En la República Dominicana incluye pimiento, cebolla roja, ajo, pasta de tomate, cubo de caldo, aceituna, alcaparra, pasas, huevo duro, vinagre de manzana y all spice, y se sirve con arroz blanco.
Grasshopper (cocktail)

A Grasshopper is a sweet, mint-flavored, after-dinner alcoholic drink named for its green color, which comes from crème de menthe. Tujague's, a bar in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, claims its owner Philip Guichet invented the drink in 1918. The drink gained popularity during the 1950s and 1960s throughout the American South.
A typical Grasshopper cocktail is equal parts green crème de menthe, white crème de cacao, and cream shaken with ice and strained into a chilled cocktail glass.
A "Vodka" or "Flying" Grasshopper replaces the cream with vodka.
A "Frozen" Grasshopper adds mint ice cream to create a more dessert-like drink.
An "After Eight" adds a layer of dark chocolate liqueur to the crème de menthe, crème de cacao and cream.
In the North Central United States, especially Wisconsin, Grasshoppers are blended drinks, with ice cream substituted for cream. A related variation is the "Grasshopper milkshake", which contains mint chocolate chip ice cream, milk, and crème de menthe. This is blended and served in a tall glass decorated with a miniature or broken cream-filled chocolate sandwich cookie.
A "Girl Scout Cookie" substitutes peppermint schnapps for crème de menthe.
In celebrating the 85th anniversary of the snack food, Hostess released a cooking book of recipes using Twinkies. One of the recipes is called a "Twinkie Grasshopper" which is akin to a milkshake.
Grasshopper pie

Grasshopper pie is a no-bake mint-flavored mousse pie with a chocolate crumb crust. Typically light green in color, it is associated with spring, and especially with Easter celebrations in the United States. The pie takes its name from the Grasshopper cocktail.
Grasshopper pie filling is made by folding whipped cream into marshmallow or cream cheese. The cream cheese version is made by adding green food coloring to a mixture of condensed milk with cream cheese, then gently folding in chocolate-covered mint cookie crumbs and whipped topping. Alternately, melted marshmallows can be gently folded into fresh whipped cream. The filling is infused with creme de menthe and creme de cacao, which give the mousse its characteristic green coloring.
The crust is a chocolate cookie crumb crust, variations of which can be made with crumbled sandwich cookies, or by melting chocolate in a double boiler and stirring in crisped rice cereal, then pressing the mixture into a pie dish and allowing it to set in the refrigerator.
Grasshopper pie can also be made as an ice cream pie.
Blonde grasshopper pie is made with crushed pineapple and white creme de menthe and creme de cacao, and so is called "blonde" because it lacks the artificial green coloring of the original version.
Korean-Mexican fusion

Korean–Mexican fusion is a type of fusion cuisine originally from Los Angeles that combines traditional elements of American-style Mexican and Korean foods. The earliest Korean-Mexican fusion featured Mexican or Tex-Mex dishes such as tacos or burritos filled with Korean-style barbecued meats and kimchi. Typical dishes include Korean tacos and bulgogi burritos. Food critics Jane and Michael Stern state that Korean–Mexican fusion is a growing food trend that has steadily gained in popularity since 2009.
Restaurants serving Korean tacos have existed in the United States at least since 1996, with a restaurant in Santa Monica, California called "2424 Pico" using the name for Korean fillings inside of a lettuce wrap. The proprietors of the Kogi Korean BBQ, a food truck in Los Angeles, California, used Twitter to announce their schedule and itinerary. In the following years, food trucks serving Korean–Mexican fusion opened in several cities across the U.S., including San Francisco, Austin, Chicago, Portland, Seattle and Washington. after the first food truck serving Korean tacos, Kogi Korean BBQ, opened in Los Angeles in late 2008.
Several restaurants serving Korean–Mexican fusion exist in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China. Unlike in the United States, Korean-Mexican fusion exists in the casual dining segment, while street food trucks continue to dominate in the US.
Typical dishes include tacos or burritos prepared with Korean barbecue, such as kalbi or spicy chicken, and American foods such as french fries with kimchi.
Nikkei cuisine

Nikkei cuisine is a type of fusion cuisine that combines Japanese and Peruvian elements. Nikkei is the word used to describe immigrants of Japanese origin in Peru.
The Japanese first began their journey through Peru in 1889.
Nikkei food is characterized by its use of the wide variety of ingredients available to Peru. In 1980, this type of food became recognized and since then has been seen as a fusion of Japanese and Peruvian ingredients. Peruvian influences include some basic ingredients such as rocoto, which gives the spicy flavor, yellow chili peppers and limes. On the other hand, the Japanese side of the fusion can be seen in the introduction of vegetable crops and especially rice in the Peruvian land. Not only did they combine products from both cultures, but the Japanese would also use Peruvian foods to make traditional dishes from their homeland. An example of this is the use of yucca for the preparation of mochi, which will give rise to yucamochi, a classic dish of this fusion cuisine.
Sushi burrito

The sushi burrito or sushirrito is a type of Japanese-Mexican fusion cuisine. It is typically prepared by rolling sushi ingredients such as fish and vegetables in a wrap and serving like a burrito. The dish is a form of American fusion cuisine inspired by the mixture of Mexican and Japanese cuisine, but is not considered to be authentic to either.
Some variations of the sushi burrito include Mexican American ingredients typical of burritos, while others are simply burrito-sized rolls with traditional ingredients. The latter dish was described by GQ as an "oversized maki roll." Sushi burrito recipes often include raw or fried fish, as well as seaweed or rice wrappers in place of traditional tortillas used in burritos. Soy paper is also commonly used as a wrap.
The sushi burrito was created in 2008 by Peter Yen of the San Francisco fast casual restaurant Sushirrito. Since then, the dish has expanded in popularity and is sold by a variety of sushi and burrito restaurants in the United States.
Sushi burritos have seen widespread popularity in the United States since their creation. Their popularity is partly based on the popularity of both sushi and burritos as take-out and casual dining meals, as well as the influence of "foodie" culture. Josh Scherer of the Los Angeles Times described the popularity of the sushi burrito as a food trend, and criticized both the eating experience and authenticity of the dish.
Mezcal worm

A mezcal worm is an insect larva found in some types of mezcal produced in Oaxaca, Mexico. The larva is a red maguey worm, the caterpillar of the Comadia redtenbacheri moth, usually called chinicuil or gusano rojo ("red worm"). The red worm is typically considered tastier than a white maguey worm.
Although the custom is relatively recent, larvae are used by several brands of mezcal to give flavor to the drink. In 1950 Jacobo Lozano Paez first introduced the practice of adding larvae to mezcal.
The other variety of "worm" in mezcal is the larva of a weevil known as picudo del agave, Scyphophorus acupunctatus, the agave snout weevil, that infests certain species of yucca and maguey. They are not related to edible maguey worms.
The weevil is a pest that can severely damage agave plants by eating the plant to death from the inside. If only a few infest the plant, they can still carry and infect the plant with harmful bacteria leading to plant death. In some cases, up to 40% of a maguey harvest has been lost to weevil infestations. Infection-resistant varieties of the plant are being developed.
Picudo larvae may be roasted and eaten; they are a seasonal specialty of markets in southeastern Mexico.
Chapulines

Chapulines, plural for chapulín (Spanish: [tʃapuˈlin] ), are grasshoppers of the genus Sphenarium that are commonly eaten in certain areas of Mexico. The term is specific to Mexico and Central America, and derives from the Nahuatl word chapolin [t͡ʃaˈpolin] (singular) or chapolimeh [t͡ʃapoˈlimeʔ] (plural).
They are collected only at certain times of year (from their hatching in early May through the late summer/early autumn). They are toasted on a comal. Often they are seasoned with garlic, lime juice, chilies and/or salt.
One of the regions of Mexico where chapulines are most widely consumed is Oaxaca, where they are sold as snacks at local sports events and are becoming revived among foodies. There is one reference to grasshoppers that are eaten in early records of the Spanish conquest, in early to mid-16th century.
Besides Oaxaca, chapulines are popular in areas surrounding Mexico City, such as Tepoztlán, Cuernavaca and Puebla. They may be eaten individually as a botana (snack) or as a filling, e.g. tlayuda filled with chapulines. The Seattle Mariners successfully introduced chapulines as a novelty snack in their 2017 home games.
In 2007, several American media reported concerns over lead contamination in products imported from Zimatlán, a municipality in Oaxaca, including chapulines.
Edible insects are also known to affect people who have crustacean/shellfish allergies due to similar biochemistry because insects and crustaceans are related to each other, both being Tetraconata.
Contaminated chapulines which were found for sale in California were also identified in samples from Zimatlán.
Escamol

Escamoles (Spanish: [eskaˈmoles] ; Nahuatl languages: azcamolli, from azcatl 'ant' and molli 'puree'), known colloquially as Mexican caviar or insect caviar, are the edible larvae and pupae of ants of the species Liometopum apiculatum and L. occidentale var. luctuosum. They are most commonly consumed in Mexico City and surrounding areas. Escamoles have been consumed in Mexico since the age of the Aztecs. The taste is described as buttery and nutty, with a texture akin to that of cottage cheese.
Maguey worm

Maguey worms (Spanish: gusanos de maguey, [ɡuˈsanos ðe maˈɣej] ; chinicuiles [tʃiniˈkwiles] ) are either of two species of edible caterpillars that infest maguey plants (Agave americana and Agave tequilana).
The white maguey worms, known as meocuiles, are caterpillars of a butterfly commonly named "tequila giant skipper," Aegiale hesperiaris.
Aegiale hesperiaris is found usually in regions of Central Mexico, on the leaves of Agavaceae plants, such as Agave tequilana and Agave americana (maguey). They are not found on cacti, as is often erroneously reported. Aegiale hesperiaris butterflies deposit their eggs at the heart of the leaves of agaves. The larvae then eat the flesh of the agave stems and roots, sometimes boring out the agave completely.
The red maguey worms are known as chilocuiles, chinicuiles or tecoles, and are the larvae of the moth Comadia redtenbacheri. These infest the core and roots of the maguey plant, often in a collective mass. Along with agave snout weevil larvae (mezcal worm), red maguey worms are one of the types of gusanos found in bottles of mezcal liquor from the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
When fully mature, these caterpillars appear fleshy-red and can measure up to 65 mm (2.6 in). They are considered a highly nutritious delicacy in Mexican cuisine. One 100-gram serving contains over 650 calories, or the equivalent of two plates of rice. While they are sometimes eaten alive and raw, they are also considered delicious deep-fried or braised, seasoned with salt, lime, and a spicy sauce, and served in a tortilla.
Maguey worms: a mexican tasty snack