davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ciudad Vieja, Montevideo

Ciudad Vieja (Spanish pronunciation: [sjuˈðað ˈβjexa], Old City) is a barrio (neighbourhood or district) of Montevideo, Uruguay. Located in a peninsula at the mouth of the Bay of Montevideo, it is the city's historic district. It was founded in 1724 as a walled city by the Spanish Empire. Following Uruguay’s independence, it became a district of the expanding city, which quickly grew beyond the original fortress, later dismantled.
As one of the city's central districts, it forms part of its central business district alongside Centro and Cordón. It serves as a key office district, housing several commercial banks and other financial institutions, government buildings, as well as museums, cultural venues, theaters and art galleries. The district also features a high concentration of Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Neoclassical buildings.
Until 1829 it was surrounded by a wall that protected it from possible invasions. After the wall was torn down, the only part of it that was preserved was the main gateway to the Citadel, which remains to this day as an emblem of Montevideo. Some street names recall the presence of the wall, like Ciudadela (citadel) or Brecha (breach), which owns its name to the breach in the wall that the British managed to open to enter the city during the 1807 British invasion and brief occupation of the city before they were defeated.
The main street, Sarandí, was turned into a pedestrian walkway in 1992, which increased its commercial and tourist attractiveness. In 2005 it was extended beyond the Constitution Square.
Ciudad Vieja has elegant buildings from the colonial era and the first decades of independence. The Cabildo (built between 1804 and 1812), the Solís Theatre, the Metropolitan Cathedral, and several museums, like the Museo Torres García are among the most impressive ones. Also, several design shops and recycled loft floors flourish in the streets near the port.
Jardines del Hipódromo María Mincheff de Lazaroff Stadium

Jardines del Hipódromo María Mincheff de Lazaroff Stadium, popularly known as Jardines del Hipódromo, is a stadium located in the Jardines del Hipódromo neighborhood in Montevideo, Uruguay. Owned by the Danubio F.C., it is used primarily for association football matches.
It is the first stadium in Uruguay to bear the name of a woman, after, in May 2017, the club's members voted to add the name of María Mincheff de Lazaroff, mother of Miguel and Juan Lazaroff, co-founders of the club, to the stadium.
It has been under constant renovation since 1997. It has a capacity for 18,000 seated people, although in "high-risk" matches, for security reasons only 10,000 tickets are enabled.
In 2017, the stadium name was changed to Jardines del Hipódromo "María Mincheff de Lazaroff" after the mother of the founders of the club Miguel and Juan Lazaroff (of Bulgarian descent).
The stadium was inaugurated in 1957, and is located in a neighborhood of the city of Montevideo, from which it takes its name. Before the venue was erected, there was a central square. The work, whose plans were drawn up honorarily by Arch. Luis A. Torres, with the collaboration of Architect Juan A. Gazzano, has gone through various stages of renovation and restructuring. In May 2017, Danubio's members voted to add the name of María Mincheff de Lazaroff, mother of Miguel and Juan Lazaroff, co-founders of the club, to the stadium.
43 years later, the "Gardens" was completed by building the missing side grandstand, made of reinforced concrete and with a capacity of 4,500 seated people. In addition, the field was completely redone, incorporating a drainage and underground irrigation system and placing a perimeter fence around the stage. The cost of the works was approximately US$ 350,000. The reopening celebration, on October 22, 2000, included the match of the 11th. round of Torneo Clausura between Danubio and Club Juventud The founders of the Club, Juan Lazaroff and Armando Olivera, kicked off the match that ended tied at 1.
In 2006, and in order to condition the stadium to be able to play international tournaments there, the civil and electrical construction was redone, the local and visitor changing rooms and the one corresponding to the judges were built anew, new booths were made and the Official Box was reformed with new toilets. The architects Fernando De Pablo and José Luis Mazzeo honorarily prepared the plans for the work and were in charge of jointly directing the work. One of the most peculiar characteristics of this stadium is that despite the reforms and advances it has undergone over time, it still preserves a natural palm tree in this stadium.
Meanings of minor-planet names: 9001–10000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.
Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.
Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.
Black Star Square

Black Star Square, also known as Independence Square, is a public square in Accra, Ghana, bordered by the Accra Sports Stadium and the Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park. The square often hosts the annual independence celebrations as well as other national events, and is the site for all civic and military parades and other national gatherings. It was completed in 1961, in time for the state visit of Queen Elizabeth II to Ghana.
In 1957, Kwame Nkrumah became the first prime minister and president of Gold Coast, now Ghana, after gaining independence from the British. Kwame Nkrumah commissioned the construction of the square to celebrate the nation's independence. It coincided with the visit of Queen Elizabeth II. Construction ended in 1961, and it was named Black Star Square. Kwame Nkrumah was the one who led Ghana, formerly Gold Coast, to gain independence from Britain.
Black Star Square is a site for Ghana's Independence Day parade, which falls on 6 March every year. A particularly notable parade was the Golden Jubilee, which was Ghana's 50th anniversary of independence from British colonial rule. The Golden Jubilee celebration occurred on March 6, 2007, and it was led by President John Kuffour. It also hosts all major national public gatherings and national festivals.
In Independence Square there are stands that can seat 30,000 people. The square boasts three monuments that encapsulate the fight for independence and liberation. This includes the Independence Arch, the Liberation Day Monument, and the Black Star Gate, also known as the Black Star Monument.Also the origin of the blackstar signifing black hope was brought to light by doctor Kwame Nkrumah due to Marcus Garvey's shipping line known as the black star line.. A statue of a soldier facing the Independence Arch symbolizes the Ghanaians who lost their lives fighting for Ghana's independence.
The state funerals for presidents John Atta Mills and Jerry Rawlings, and for vice-president Aliu Mahama, were held at the square. On March 24, 1998, over 500,000 people gathered at the square to welcome former U.S. President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton. This was the first visit to Ghana by a U.S. president.
5°32′51″N 0°11′33″W﻿ / ﻿5.5476°N 0.1926°W﻿ / 5.5476; -0.1926
Independence Memorial Hall

Independence Memorial Hall (also known as Independence Commemoration Hall) is a national monument in Sri Lanka built for commemoration of the independence of Sri Lanka from the British rule with the restoration of full governing responsibility to a Ceylonese-elected legislature on 4 February 1948. It is located in Independence Square (formerly Torrington Square) in the Cinnamon Gardens, Colombo. It also houses the Independence Memorial Museum.
The monument was built at the location where the formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester occurred at a special podium on 4 February 1948.
Located at the head of the monument is the statue of the first prime minister of the country Rt. Hon. Don Stephen Senanayake "The Father of the Nation". Most of the annual National Independence Day celebrations have been held here. Apart from a monument it served as the ceremonial assembly hall for the Senate of Ceylon and the House of Representatives of Ceylon until the parliament was moved to the new parliament complex. Currently it is the venue for religious events and annual national day celebrations.
The building was designed by a group of eight notable architects led by Tom Neville Wynne-Jones CBE, and included F. H. Billimoria, Shirley de Alwis, Oliver Weerasinghe, Homi Billimoria, Justin Samarasekera and M. B. Morina. The design of the building is based on the Magul Maduwa (Celebration Hall), the Royal audience hall of the Kingdom of Kandy the last native kingdom of the island, where on 5 March 1815 the Kandyan Convention was signed between the British and the Kandyian Chieftains (Radalas) ending the Kingdom of Kandy.
The Memorial Hall was featured as a pit stop on the 4th season of The Amazing Race Asia, the 1st season of The Amazing Race Australia, and the second season of the Israeli edition of The Amazing Race.
Historia del uniforme de Everton de Viña del Mar

Si bien existen pocos antecedentes, una investigación desarrollada por el periodista e historiador Ricardo Gatica Labra, con motivo de la celebración del centenario de la institución en el año 2009, determinó que el primer uniforme utilizado por Everton en su historia fue de color rojo, detalle por el cual los medios de comunicación de la época se referían al club como «los Granates de Valparaíso».​ Para abril de 1915 el club utilizaba una camiseta granate con una «V» amarilla en el pecho. Tras pasar por unas camisetas granate con mangas y cuello blanco y pantalón violeta, en 1916, y luego de un acuerdo del directorio, se definieron los colores azul y oro, con el diseño de camiseta azul con mangas de color amarillo. Estos colores fueron usados por primera vez en un encuentro frente al Santiago Badminton.​
El uniforme actual fue establecido en 1925 cuando se encargó al jugador y comerciante argentino José Luis Boffi que comprara nuevas camisetas para el club, con el diseño a franjas, en su próximo viaje a Buenos Aires, dada la dificultad que representaba conseguirlos en Chile en aquellos años. Sin embargo, Boffi no habría encontrado dicho diseño por lo que decidió enviar camisetas de Boca Juniors, que si bien no correspondían al modelo, si presentaban los colores solicitados.​​ Por lo tanto desde 1925 en adelante Everton ha mantenido sus colores tradicionales, con la camiseta azul, con una franja horizontal amarilla y el pantaloncillo y las medias azules; variando solo en los modelos presentados.​ Para abril de 1915 el club utilizaba una camiseta granate con una «V» amarilla en el pecho. Tras pasar por unas camisetas granate con mangas y cuello blanco y pantalón violeta, en 1916, y luego de un acuerdo del directorio, se definieron los colores azul y oro, con el diseño de camiseta azul con mangas de color amarillo. Estos colores fueron usados por primera vez en un encuentro frente al Santiago Badminton.​
En ese sentido cabe destacar que la elección del azul y amarillo por parte de Boca Juniors se atribuye a que, al no tener un uniforme definido en sus comienzos, decidieron adoptar los colores de la bandera del primer barco que entrara al puerto de La Boca. Ese barco resultó ser sueco, lo que llevó a la adopción del azul y amarillo como colores oficiales del club.
Con respecto al uniforme alternativo, el rojo inicial fue utilizado en los años 1940 y 1950,​ y de ahí se ha variado entre el blanco y el amarillo, con modificaciones en cuanto a diseños, cabiendo resaltar el uso de pantalones azules y franja horizontal tanto del mismo color como en amarillo. Para el 2011 el directorio confirmó que la camiseta alternativa será de color rosado, pero por presiones de la barra no se llevó a cabo.​ Desde la llegada de los inversores extranjeros a la institución, el equipo comenzó a variar el tono de sus uniformes alternativos, pasando por el amarillo, el blanco, el rosa e incluso el fucsia. Los modelos comerciales han tenido, en su mayoría buen recepción por parte de los aficionados viñamarinos, incremenrando de esta forma la variedad en los diseños anuales.
Jumper (prenda de vestir)

El jumper​(del inglés jumper), pichi,​ o enterito es una prenda de vestir femenina, que se compone de una falda o pantalón corto con pechera y tirantes. Es una evolución del mono u overol.​
En Argentina, Perú, Chile, Colombia,​ México, Panamá, Paraguay, Venezuela y en Tarija (Bolivia), es usado habitualmente como uniforme escolar sobre una camisa o playera cuello tipo polo de manga corta con 2 o 3 botones; suele verse como la combinación de un chaleco y falda en una sola prenda, ya que es pegado y se ajusta con un botón o cierre a los costados o en la espalda. Con el mismo propósito lo fue también en Uruguay, en los institutos de enseñanza secundaria, hasta mediados de los años 1980 y lo es actualmente en México en institutos de educación particulares, sin importar el grado.
Jumper (informática)

En electrónica y en particular en informática, un jumper es un elemento que permite cerrar el circuito eléctrico del que forma parte dos conexiones. Esto puede hacerse mediante soldadura (se derrite suficiente estaño para cerrar el circuito), soldando un cable o alambre entre ambos puntos o, lo más frecuente, conectando dos pines en hilera o paralelo mediante una pieza de plástico que protege el material conductor que cierra el circuito. Los más habituales tienen tamaños de 2,54 mm, 2 mm y 1,27 mm.​
En las disqueteras antiguas, que tenían diferentes comportamientos y configuraciones en función del ordenador a que se conectaban (por ej, letra/identificador de unidad, 40 u 80 pistas, modos especiales sólo soportados por el Commodore Amiga, etc.) era muy frecuente ver hileras de pines con jumpers y serigrafiadas al lado de cada pareja de pines, iniciales enigmáticas solo conocidas por los técnicos de soporte. La llegada de las unidades de alta densidad (HD) y el triunfo del compatible IBM PC hizo que esos jumpers desaparecieran, aunque algunas unidades HD soportaban automáticamente esas configuraciones (por ejemplo algunas unidades HD de compatibles Olivetti 286/386 se podían conectar directamente en un Commodore Amiga soportando todos sus formatos especiales y el de alta densidad del PC) por la integración de componentes discretos.​
La principal dificultad al hacer la configuración, es la información del fabricante del dispositivo, que en algunos casos, está solamente en el manual de operación del mismo o algunas veces, con su leyenda respectiva impresa en la placa de circuito impreso donde está montado el jumper.
Antes de usar las tecnologías " JumperFREE " de ASUSTeK en el BIOS de configuración, que le permiten configurar dispositivos en la placa base y sus modos, se usaban puentes (o bloques de interruptores DIP ) para configurar controladores funcionales y el conjunto de chips de la placa base:
Los jumpers siguen siendo hasta ahora una forma rápida de configuración de hardware aplicando las características de los fabricantes. Esto permite fabricar dispositivos que se adecuan a diferentes fines con facilidad, incluso para un usuario inexperto. Pero suelen emplearse en funciones que no se van a alterar con frecuencia, como configurar el ID SCSI de un disco duro interno, o definir como dispositivo maestro, esclavo o cable select un dispositivo IDE (disco duro, unidad óptica, Unidad Zip...)​
La apertura o cierre de uno de estos puentes activa o desactiva prestaciones del dispositivo. Esto puede hacerse también mediante un interruptor DIP, pero es más voluminoso y caro. Siendo su uso más común el configurar una placa base o uno de sus periféricos o tarjetas de ampliación, la optimización y concentración de circuitería en chipsets han hecho que uno de sus usos más comunes en los PCs x86, determinar las frecuencias de reloj de diferentes elementos del microprocesador se realice ahora de modo electrónico modificando valores en el BIOS o en programas de utilidad.​
Otro de sus usos frecuentes ha sido en tarjetas de sonido y tarjetas gráficas para fijar el modo emulado al arrancar.
John Jumper

John Michael Jumper (Little Rock, Arkansas, 1985)​ es un científico estadounidense y director de DeepMind Technologies.​​​ Jumper y sus colegas crearon AlphaFold,​ un modelo de inteligencia artificial (IA) para predecir con gran precisión la estructura de proteínas a partir de su secuencia de aminoácidos. ​ Jumper ha declarado que el equipo de AlphaFold tiene previsto publicar 100 millones de estructuras de proteínas. ​
En 2024, fue galardonado con el Premio Nobel de Química por sus contribuciones al diseño computacional de proteínas. ​ ​ La revista científica Nature incluyó a Jumper como una de las diez "personas que más importaban" en la ciencia en su listado anual de Nature's 10 en 2021.​​ Jumper, junto a Demis Hassabis fueron galardonados con la mitad del Premio Nobel de Química de 2024 por sus predicciones en plegamiento de proteínas, mientras que David Baker recibió la otra mitad. ​​
Jumper se formó en la Universidad de Chicago, donde obtuvo un PhD en 2017 por una investigación sobre el uso del aprendizaje automático para simular el plegamiento de proteínas y su dinámica, siendo co-supervisado por Tobin R Sosnick y Karl Freed. ​ Jumper también obtuvo un Master of Philosophy en física teórica de la materia condensada, durante su estancia en la Universidad de Cambridge, donde disfrutó de la Marshall Scholarship en el St Edmund's College,​​ y es Licenciado en Ciencias en Física y Matemáticas por la Universidad de Vanderbilt.​
Jumper investiga algoritmos para la predicción de la estructura de las proteínas.​
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AlphaFold​​ es un algoritmo de aprendizaje profundo desarrollado por Jumper y su equipo en DeepMind, un laboratorio de investigación adquirido por la empresa matriz de Google, Alphabet Inc. Es un programa de inteligencia artificial que realiza predicción de la estructura de las proteínas.​
En noviembre de 2020, AlphaFold fue nombrado ganadora del concurso Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP). Esta competición internacional evalúa algoritmos para determinar cuál de ellos puede predecir mejor la estructura tridimensional de las proteínas. AlphaFold ganó la competición, superando a otros algoritmos y convirtiéndose en el primer algoritmo de aprendizaje automático capaz de predecir con precisión la estructura tridimensional de las proteínas.
En 2021, Jumper fue galardonado con el Premio Fundación BBVA Fronteras del Conocimiento en la categoría de "Biología y Biomedicina".​ En 2022, Jumper recibió el Premio Wiley en Ciencias Biomédicas​ y en 2023 consiguió el Premio Breakthrough en Ciencias de la Vida por desarrollar AlphaFold, que predice con precisión la estructura de una proteína.​ En 2023 se le concedió el Premio Internacional Gairdner de Canadá​ y el Premio Albert Lasker de Investigación Médica Básica. ​
En 2024, Jumper junto con David Baker y Demis Hassabis fueron galardonados con el Premio Nobel de Química.​​
John M. Jumper

John Michael Jumper (born 1985) is an American chemist and computer scientist. Jumper and Demis Hassabis were awarded with the 2024 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for protein structure prediction.
He currently serves as director at Google DeepMind. Jumper and his colleagues created AlphaFold, an artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict protein structures from their amino acid sequence with high accuracy. Jumper stated that the AlphaFold team plans to release 100 million protein structures.
The scientific journal Nature included Jumper as one of the ten "people who mattered" in science in their annual listing of Nature's 10 in 2021.
Jumper received a Bachelor of Science with majors in physics and mathematics from Vanderbilt University in 2007, a Master of Philosophy in theoretical condensed matter physics from the University of Cambridge in 2010 on a Marshall Scholarship, a Master of Science in theoretical chemistry from the University of Chicago in 2012, and a Doctor of Philosophy in theoretical chemistry from the University of Chicago in 2017. His doctoral advisors at the University of Chicago were Tobin R. Sosnick and Karl Freed.
Jumper's research investigates algorithms for protein structure prediction.
AlphaFold is a deep learning algorithm developed by Jumper and his team at DeepMind, a research lab acquired by Google's parent company Alphabet Inc. It is an artificial intelligence program which performs predictions of protein structure.
In November 2020, AlphaFold was named the winner of the 14th Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) competition. This international competition benchmarks algorithms to determine which one can best predict the 3D structure of proteins. AlphaFold won the competition, outperforming other algorithms scoring above 90 for around two-thirds of the proteins in CASP's global distance test (GDT), a test that measures the degree to which a computational program predicted structure is similar to the lab experiment determined structure, with 100 being a complete match, within the distance cutoff used for calculating GDT.
In 2021, Jumper was awarded the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the category "Biology and Biomedicine". In 2022 Jumper received the Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences and for 2023 the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for developing AlphaFold, which accurately predicts the structure of a protein. In 2023 he was awarded the Canada Gairdner International Award and the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research.
In 2024, Jumper and Demis Hassabis shared half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their protein folding predictions, the other half went to David Baker for computational protein design.
දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි

දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය (ඉංග්‍රීසි: 'Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam', දෙමළ: தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள், ISO 15919: tamiḻ īḻa viṭutalaip pulikaḷ; පොදු ව්‍යවහාරයෙහි එල්ටීටීඊ හෝ කොටි ලෙසින් වැහැරෙයි) පෙරදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සහ ඉන්දියාවේ ක්‍රියාත්මක වූ බෙදුම්වාදය පාදක ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානයකි.
ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානයේ අරමුණ වුයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා භූමිය දෙකඩ කර දෙමළ ඊලම් නමින් අලුත් රාජ්‍යයක් බිහි කිරීමයි. මේ සඳහා ඔවුන් ත්‍රස්තවාදී අරගලයක් ඇරඹූ අතර එය වසර තිහක් ඉක්මවූ ආසියාවේ දීර්ඝතම ගැටුමක් බවට පත් විය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාව මෙම සංවිධානයෙහි සහ යුධමය ක්‍රියාකාරකම් 2009 මැයි මාසයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකා සන්නද්ධ හමුදා විසින් පරාජය කරන ලදී.
සංවිධානයේ බලයේ උපරිම කාලසීමාව තුල ඔවුනට මනා ලෙස සංවිධිත ගරිල්ලා හමුදාවක් තිබු අතර ලාංකීය හා ඉන්දියානු දේශපාලන නායකයන් ඉලක්ක කරගැනුම් ඇතුළු ප්‍රහාර ගණනාවක් එල්ල කිරීමට ඔවුන් සමත් වූහ. ජනාධිපති රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස, ඉන්දීය අගමැති රජීව් ගාන්ධි යන්නවුන් මොවුන් අතින් ඝාතනය වූ ඉහල පෙලෙහි රාජ්‍ය නායකයන්ගෙන් සමහරෙකි. කොටි සංවිධානය රටවල් 32 ක තහනමට ලක් වූ සංවිධානයක් වුව ද යුරෝපයේ හා ඇමරිකාවේ දෙමළ ඩයස්පෝරාව (විසිරිතය) මගින් ලැබුණු සහය ඔස්සේ කටයුතු කෙරුණ අතර සංවිධානයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට අවසානය දක්වා වේළුපිල්ලේ ප‍්‍රභාකරන් එහි නායකයා වශයෙන් කටයුතු කරන ලදී.
යුද්ධය පැවතී කාලසීමාව පුරා උතුරු නැගෙනහිර ප්‍රදේශ වල සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රමාණයක් ඔවුන් විසින් පාලනය කරන ලදී. මෙම කාලසීමාව තුල එල් ටි ටි ඊ සංවිධානය ශ්‍රී ලංකා සන්නද්ධ හමුදා සමග භයානක ගැටුම් වලට මුහුණ දුනි. සිවු වතාවක් සාම සාකච්ඡා වලට සහභාගී වූ එල් ටි ටි ඊ ය සිවු වතාවේම එම සාකච්ඡා වලින් ඉවත් විය. 2002 සාම සාකච්ඡා වලට සහභාගී වන විට ඔවුන් විසින් වර්ග කිලෝ මීටර 15000 ක බිම් කඩක් පාලනය කරන ලදී. 2006 සාම සාකච්ඡා බිඳ වැටීමත් සමග ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදා දියත් කරන ලද හමුදා මෙහෙයුමෙන් පසුව මුළු දිවයිනම ලංකා රජයේ පාලනයට නතුවූ අතර එල්.ටි.ටි.ඊ. සංවිධානය යුධමය වශයෙන් පරාජයට ලක් විය. එල්.ටි.ටි.ඊ. සංවිධානය මැයි මස 17 වන දින තම පරාජය නිල වශයෙන් පිළිගත් අතර මැයි මස 19 වන දින ප්‍රභාකරන් ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදාවන් විසින් ඝාතනය කරන ලදී. ඉන් පසු සෙල්වරාසා පත්මනාදන් (රණ නාමය : කේ.පි) නායකත්වයට පත් වූ නමුත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව විසින් ඔහුව අත්අඩංගුවට ගන්නා ලදී.
1976 දී වේළුපිල්ලේ ප‍්‍රභාකරන් විසින් ආරම්භ කෙරිනි.
R.premadasa Rajiv gandooo Alfred Duraiappah Aranthalawa Bikshun
මොවුන් විශාල සිංහල දමිළ මුස්ලිම් මිනිසුන් ඝාතනය කරන ලදි ඒ මරාගෙන මැරෙන බොම්බ,ක්ලෙමො බොම්බ ,කපා කෝටා හා කුඩා ළමුන් යෝදා ගෙනය.මේ කුරිරැ ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානය වැඩි වශයෙන් යොදා ගනුලැබුවේ වයස 11-15 අතර කුඩා ලමුන්‍ වේ. කුඩා ළමුන් සොල්දාදුවන් ලෙස යොදවා හමුදා ව පරාජයට පත් කීරීමට උත්සාහ කර ඇත ඒ LTTE නායකයන්ගේ ළමුන් පීටරට සැප විදින අතරය.කුඩා ළමුන් බලහත්කාරයෙන් ගෙන ගොස් යුද පුහුණු වක් ලබාදී යුද්ද කීරීමට යවන ලදී. LTTE සංවිදානය වීසින් ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ ප්‍රදාන මර්මස්ථාන වන මහ බැංකුව,ගුවන් තොටුපල දුමරිය ස්ථාන හා බස් රථ වලටද ප්‍රරහාර එල්ල කරන ලදි.මේ සදහා ක්ලේමො බෝම්බ හා මරාගෙන මැරෙන බොම්බ ප්‍රහාර ප්‍රදාන විය.ඉතා සාහසික ලෙස මොවුන් අහින්සක මිනිසුන් ඝාතනය කරන ලදි
ලංකාව තුල මොවුන් 2009 මැයි 18 දින යුදමය වශයෙන් පරාජය කරන ලද්දේ හිටපු ජනාදිපති වරයෙකු වන මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ මැතිතුමන්ගේ නායකත්වයෙන් හා තිුවිධ හමුදා සෙබලුන්ගේ කැපවීම නිසාය.බටහිර රට වල්(USA,එක්සත් රාජධානිය,නොර්වේ)හා ශ්‍රි ලංකාවේ සමහර දේශපාලනය කරන උදවිය(රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ-තොප්පිගල කියන්නෙ කැලයක්,රවී කරුනානායක-කිලිනොව්චි යනවා කියාල යන්නේ මැදවච්චි ලක්ශ්මන් කිරිඇල්ල-යුද්ධ කරන්න ඕනා ගොනෙකුට පුලුවන් )
දකුණු ඉන්දියාව,ඇමරිකාව,කැනඩාව,ස්විඩනය
ඉලංගෙයි තමිළ් අරසු කච්චි

ඉලංගෙයි තමිළ් අරසු කච්චි (ITAK) (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Lanka Tamil State Party) යනු රටෙහි ශ්‍රී ලාංකීක දෙමළ වාර්ගීය සුළුතරය නියෝජනය කරන ශ්‍රී ලාංකීක දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි. එය පළමුවෙන් ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 1949 දී සමස්ත ලංකා දෙමළ කොංග්‍රසයෙන් (ACTC) බිඳී ගිය පාර්ශවයක් ලෙසිනි. 1972දී ITAK පක්ෂය ACTC සහ ලංකා කම්කරු කොංග්‍රසය (CWC) හා එක්ව දෙමළ විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ පිහිටුවා ගත් අතර, එහි නම පසුව දෙමළ එක්සත් විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ ලෙසින් වෙනස් කරන ලදි. 2004 වන තුරු නිද්‍රාශීලිව සිටි ITAK පක්ෂය දෙඑවිපෙ හි සිදුවූ බිඳීමකට අනතුරුව යළිත් සක්‍රීය දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් ලෙසින් යළි-ස්ථාපිත විය. ITAK යනු දෙමළ ජාතික සන්ධානයෙහි සංඝටක පක්ෂයකි.
අනුස්මරණ දිනය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික රණවිරු සැමරුම් දිනය ලෙසද හැඳින්වෙන, එය දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි (එල්ටීටීඊ) ත්‍රස්තවාදී සංවිධානය පරාජය කිරීම සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකා සිවිල් යුද්ධයේ අවසානය සනිටුහන් කරයි. එම දිනය රණවිරු සැමරුම් දිනයක් මෙන්ම යුද්ධයේදී දෙපාර්ශ්වයේම මියගිය සිවිල් වැසියන් අනුස්මරණ දිනයකි.එය සැමරුම් දේශන සහ මොහොතක නිශ්ශබ්දතාවයකින් සංකේතවත් කරයි. එහි ආරම්භයේ සිට, 2010 ජනාධිපති මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ යටතේ, එම දිනය ජයග්‍රාහී දිනය ලෙස හැඳින්වූ අතර මුලින් හමුදා පෙළපාලියක් ඇතුළත් වූ නමුත් 2015 දී ජනාධිපති මෛත්‍රීපාල සිරිසේන විසින් එම දිනය අනුස්මරණ දිනය ලෙස නම් කරන ලදී.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය සඳහා ළමුන් යොදාගැනීම

1983දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය ඇරඹීමත් හා සමගම, ජාත්‍යන්තර අවධානයට පාත්‍රවූ ගැටළුවක් බවට ත්‍රස්තවාදය සඳහා ළමුන් යොදාගැනීම පත් විය.
අවුරුදු 18 ට අඩු වයසැති ළමුන් බඳවාගැනීම පිළිබඳ දශක 3ක කාලයක් පෙරමුණ ගෙන සිටියේ දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයයි. .
දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයෙන් කැඩීගිය කරුණා පාර්ශවයද ත්‍රස්තවාදය අතහැරීමට පෙර වසරක පමණ කාලයක් ළමුන් යොදාගැනීම සිදුකරඇත.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය සඳහා ළමුන් පුහුණුකල කාන්තාවක් පසුව ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ සරණාගත බව ඉල්ලාසිටීන ලදී.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජය විසින් මුදවා ගත් ළමුන් පුනුරුත්තාපනය කර යලි සමාජගත කෙරිනි.
දෙමළ මහජන විමුක්ති කොටි පක්ෂය

දෙමළ මහජන විමුක්ති කොටි පක්ෂය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිලිගත් දේශපාලන පක්‍ෂයකි.
ආරම්භයේදී "දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයේ කරුණා පාර්ශවය" ලෙසින් හැඳිනු ත්‍රස්තවාදී කන්ඩායමකි. දෙමළ මහජන විමුක්ති කොටි පක්ෂය (ටී.එම්.වී.පී) (දෙමළ: [தமிழ் மக்கள் விடுதலைப்புலிகள்] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), ඉංග්‍රීසි: Tamil Peoples Liberation Tigers), දෙමළ ඊළාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානයෙහි පෙර නායකයෙක් වූ කරුණා අම්මාන් 2004 දී එම සංවිධානයෙන් කැඩී වෙන්වුනු පසු, මෙය පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලදි. ශ්‍රී ලාංකික යුද්ධ හමුදාව සමගින් මෙම කණ්ඩායම සක්‍රීය සහයෝගයෙන් කටයුතු කළ බව විශ්වාස කෙරෙයි.
හියුමන් රයිට්ස් වොච් ප්‍රකාර එක් සිද්ධියකදී, ටීඑම්වීපී භට හමුදාවන් විසින් ළමුන් පැහැර ගෙන ගිය අතර අතරමැදි ලෙසින් ශ්‍රී ලාංකික හමුදා කඳවුරක ආරක්ෂා පිණිස තබා තිබුණි. දරුවන් නිදහස් කරන ලෙස දෙමව්පියන් විසින් හමුදාවෙන් ආයාචනා කළ මුත් ඒ පිළිබඳ පියවරක් නොගැනිණි. යුද්ධ හමුදාවේ දෙදෙනෙකු ටිඑම්වීපී භට හමුදා සාමාජිකයන්ට කථා කොට ඉන්පසු මග හැරගිය බව වාර්තා විය. හියුමන් රයිට්ස් වොච් හී ආසියාව සඳහා අධ්‍යක්ෂක වූ බ්‍රැඩ් ඇඩම්ස් පැවසුවේ, “පැහැර ගැනීම් පිළිඳව රජය පූර්ණ අවබෝධයකින් සිටින අතර ඒ පිළිබඳ මුනි වත රකින්නේ දෙමළ කොටින්ට එරෙහි මිත්‍ර පාර්ශවයක් පවත්වා ගෙන යෑමට පැවති දැඩි අභිලාශය මතය”.
සුදත් මහාදිවුල්වැව

සුදත් මහාදිවුල්වැව යනු ශ්‍රී ලාංකික චිත්‍රපට අධ්‍යක්ෂවරයෙකි. ඔහු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විවිධ වෘත්තාන්ත චිත්‍රපට, වාර්තා චිත්‍රපට, සමාජ දැනුවත් කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපාර සහ නාට්‍ය කටයුතු සඳහා ඔහුගේ කෘති සඳහා වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධය.
මහඅදිවුල්වැව ප්‍රචාරණ ආයතනයක නිර්මාණාත්මක පිටපත් රචකයෙකු ලෙස සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේය. ඉන්පසු ඔහු නිර්මාණාත්මක අධ්‍යක්ෂක ලෙස වෙළඳ ප්‍රචාරණ නිෂ්පාදන අංශයට යොමු විය. වයස අවුරුදු 21 දී ඔහු ටෙලි චිත්‍රපට මාලාවක් හරහා රූපවාහිනියේ සිය පළමු මහා පරිමාණ නිර්මාණ ව්‍යාපාරය ආරම්භ කළ අතර එමඟින් "ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ලාබාලතම අධ්‍යක්ෂක" බවට පත්විය. මෙම කාලය තුළ ඔහු ආචාර්ය ලෙස්ටර් ජේම්ස් පීරිස්ගේ ගිරය සහ ධර්මසේන පතිරාජගේ කඩුල්ල වැනි ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය චිත්‍රපට සමඟ සමාන ප්‍රේක්ෂකත්වයක් සඳහා තරඟ කළේය.
මහඅදිවුල්වැව සිය චිත්‍රපට සහ වාර්තා අධ්‍යක්ෂණය ආරම්භ කළේ සමාජ-දේශපාලන කරුණු ස්පර්ශ කරමිනි. 1989 දී 'ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික තරුණ සභා සේවා' ඔහුට "හොඳම චිත්‍රපට පිටපත" සහ "හොඳම වාර්තා පිටපත" යන සම්මාන පිරිනමන ලදී. ඔහු ජාතික තරුණ සභා සේවා සම්මානය, සුදත් රාජ්‍ය ටෙලි චිත්‍රපට සහ වාර්තා චිත්‍රපට සම්මානය, OCIC ජාත්‍යන්තර සම්මානය සහ ජනාධිපති සම්මාන ඇතුළු තවත් විවිධ සම්මාන ලබා ඇත.
සූරිය අරණ (චිත්‍රපටිය)

සූරිය අරණයනු 2004 වර්ෂයේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තිරගත වූ, සෝමරත්න දිසානායක විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සිංහල චිත්‍රපටයකි. මෙරට පවත්වන ජනාධිපති සම්මාන උළෙලදී (Presidential Film Awards), සූරිය අරණ චිත්‍රපටිය සම්මාන 10කින් පිදුම් ලත් බව සඳහන් වෙයි.
A Little Monk

A Little Monk (Korean: 동승; RR: Dong-seung) is a 2003 South Korean film helmed by first-time director Joo Kyung-jung. It was chosen as one of the "10 Best Korean Films" in 2003 by the Korean Association of Film Critics Awards.
Three monks -- the abbot, a teen and a child -- live in a secluded mountain temple. The child is unhappy there and longs for his mother to return for him. The teen cannot forget a pretty girl he meets and decides to leave, and the abbot takes care of them.
List of Monk episodes

The following is a complete episode list for the criminal dramedy television series Monk. It premiered on the USA Network on July 12, 2002 in the United States and ended with a two-part series finale on November 27 and December 4, 2009. The complete series has a total of 125 episodes, including three 2-part episodes and four Christmas specials.
A follow-up film, entitled Mr. Monk's Last Case was released on Peacock, on December 8, 2023.
These four webisodes were also released on the Season 5 DVD.
USA Network ordered ten episodes that would deal with the Monk brothers' childhood. The first premiered on August 21, 2009. The series starred Aaron Linker as Little Monk, Chris Lizardi as Little Ambrose and Bella Thorne as Wendy, one of the Monks' classmates. The series was directed by Randall Zisk, with Hy Conrad, Andy Breckman, Kevin Albright, and Justin Brenneman serving as writers. Aaron Linker also appeared in the parent show as Little Monk in a flashback. The episodes are available only on the "Best of Monk" DVD.
Monk Little Dog

Monk Little Dog (French: Monk: La cata sur pattes; Korean: 멍크) is a series of animated shorts. The series was conceptualized by Kim Sung-jae, of Kim's Licensing, and produced by Timoon Animation and SAMG Animation. Season 1 of Monk Little Dog premiered on June 16, 2009 on Canal+ in France and ran until June 11, 2010.
In the UK the series was broadcast by the CITV Channel, ABC3 in Australia. In Indonesia, the series was originally aired by Global TV (now GTV) from 2011 until early 2012, but later moved to RTV between 2014 until 2016. While on Latin America it was broadcast on Cartoon Network and Boomerang.
Monk Little Dog was originated from a series of storybooks with plasticine characters released in 2006, notable books include Monk's Mouth Country Trip (Korean: 멍크의 입속 나라 여행); although its development as an animated series goes back to 2005. The difference is this storybook series included one human character while Monk Little Dog does not.
Monk season 4

The fourth season of Monk originally aired in the United States on USA Network from July 8, 2005, to March 17, 2006. It consisted of 16 episodes. Tony Shalhoub, Traylor Howard, Ted Levine, and Jason Gray-Stanford reprised their roles as the main characters. A DVD of the season was released on June 27, 2006.
Andy Breckman continued his tenure as show runner. Executive producers for the season included Breckman, David Hoberman, and series star Tony Shalhoub. NBC Universal Television Studio was the primary production company backing the show. Randy Newman's theme ("It's a Jungle Out There") continued to be used, while Jeff Beal's original instrumental theme could be heard in some episodes. Directors for the season included Randall Zisk, Jerry Levine, and Andrei Belgrader. Writers for the season included Andy Breckman, David Breckman, Hy Conrad, Daniel Dratch, Joe Toplyn, and Tom Scharpling.
During the airing of this season, writer Lee Goldberg published his first Monk mystery novel, Mr. Monk Goes to the Firehouse.
All four primary cast members from the end of the season three returned. This included Tony Shalhoub as Adrian Monk, the OCD "defective detective," Traylor Howard as Natalie Teeger, his assistant, Ted Levine as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer of the SFPD Robbery and Homicide Division, and Jason Gray-Stanford as Lieutenant Randy Disher. The character of Dr. Charles Kroger, Monk's ever-needed psychiatrist, was reprised by Stanley Kamel in five episodes, a number surpassed only by Emmy Clarke as Julie Teeger, Natalie's daughter, who appeared in seven. Melora Hardin continued to play Trudy Monk, Monk's deceased wife, and John Turturro returned as Ambrose Monk, Monk's agoraphobic brother, after a one-season absence. Jarrad Paul portrayed Monk's annoying upstairs neighbor, Kevin Dorfman. Michael Cavanaugh and Holland Taylor made their first appearance as Bob and Peggy Davenport (Natalie's ultra-rich parents), and Glenne Headly (Karen Stottlemeyer) made her exit from the series, after her character divorced the captain.
Donkey stone

A donkey stone was a type of scouring block, used mostly in the mill towns of the North of England to highlight the leading edge of stone steps.
The 'donkey brand' was originally the trade mark of a Manchester company called Edward Read & Son, who were one of several makers of the stones. Other companies used other animal designs or simple lettering, but the name 'donkey stone' stuck.
In parts of Greater Manchester, the practice of using donkey stone was described as 'brownstoning the step'.
Donkey stones were first used in textile mills to clean greasy steps, and give them a non-slip finish, however the stones also became popular with housewives who would use them to give doorsteps and flagged floors a decorative finish. After mopping, a damp donkey stone would be rubbed around the outside edge of a flagged stone floor or along the leading edge and sides of a stone door-step. When skilfully applied the dried residue would give a neat contrasting border or line. It was not very durable and would have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Quite often the stones would be given out in exchange for old clothes or scrap metal, by rag totters, or rag and bone men as they were sometimes called.
Donkey stones were made from a mixture of pulverised stone, cement, bleach powder and water. The mixture was ground up into a thick paste and then formed into a rectangular slab on a bench. The slab was then cut up to form the individual stones. The finished stones were then placed on racks to dry, usually for several days, although sometimes the drying process would take longer if the weather was cold and damp. Donkey stones were made in three different colours; brown, using a type of sandstone called cotta stone from Northampton; white, using a type of stone from Appley Bridge quarry near Wigan, and cream, using a blend of the two.
The use of donkey stones gradually died out during the 1950s and 60s. The last big manufacturer of the stones was a company called Eli Whalley, founded in the 1890s, in Ashton-under-Lyne, which ceased trading in 1979. Some of that company's old machinery is preserved at the town's Portland Basin Industrial Museum, and a blue plaque commemorates the site of the old works at Donkey Stone Wharf on the canal. Eli Whalley's stones were sold under the Lion Brand trade mark, the design of which was based on a photograph of a live specimen at Belle Vue Zoo. Another manufacturer was also based on Donkey Stone Wharf; they were called J. Meakin and Sons and made the "Pony Brand" donkey stone. They were in operation until the late 1960s. Donkey stones are still sold in certain northern markets and towns, their production being continued in Colne, Lancashire by Chris Fawcett.
Rich Kids of the Internet

Rich Kids of the Internet, also known as RKOI, is a social media channel and brand. Originally called Rich Kids of Instagram, it started as a hashtag in 2012 which subsequently became a popular Tumblr photo blog; it started its own Instagram channel in 2014. RKOI curates images of ultra-wealthy young people flaunting their luxury lifestyles. As of 2020, they were paying $2,000 to be featured.
The site's early motto was, "They have more money than you and this is what they do." The first post went viral with a picture of Michael Dell's teenage son enjoying a buffet on the family jet on the way to Fiji, taken by his sister. The identity of who was behind Rich Kids of Instagram remained secret for eight years, leading to comparisons with the television series Gossip Girl. While many of the young people featured appeared eager to show off their wealth, there were reports that "prominent families" had offered money to have their children's photos taken down from RKOI.
British entrepreneur James Ison was revealed as the founder in 2020. He had started posting as an economics student at Oxford Brookes University, and was soon contacted by two New Yorkers who became his partners. RKOI officially changed its name to Rich Kids of the Internet after receiving a legal letter from Facebook, which acquired Instagram.
In 2018, a Business Insider article featuring "50 of the most outlandish photos from the feed" included snaps of taking a helicopter for a "walkabout" on an Icelandic glacier; Bombardier jets; "private island yacht days"; a drone shot of a superyacht; a gold Bentley; a Ferrari 458 Spider; using a Lamborghini to transport a Christmas tree; exclusive use of the spa at the W Miami Hotel; camping in a safari tent at Coachella festival; and showing off fashion and accessories such as Rolexes, Cartier bracelets, Hermès shoe boxes, Louis Vuitton bags, and a white leather skirt suit from Prada.
Influencers regularly featured on RKOI included Tiffany Trump, daughter of Donald Trump; Christian Combs, son of Sean "Diddy" Combs; EJ Johnson, son of basketball star Magic Johnson; hotel heir Barron Hilton; Indian entrepreneur Manan Shah, Evan Luthra; and Moldovan Daria Radionova.
Since its launch, RKOI has spawned many imitators worldwide. It also became the basis for a 2014 novel called Rich Kids of Instagram, co-authored by the creator of RKOI and Maya Sloan.
全国重点文物保护单位

全国重点文物保护单位是中华人民共和国对不可移动文物所核定的最高保护级别——即中国国家级文物保护单位。根据2002年10月28日第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第三十次会议通过的《中华人民共和国文物保护法》第十三条的规定，国务院文物行政部门在省级、市、县级文物保护单位中，选择具有重大历史、艺术、科学价值者确定为全国重点文物保护单位，或者直接确定，并报国务院核定公布。全国重点文物保护单位的保护范围和记录档案，须由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府的文物行政部门报国务院文物行政部门备案。全国重点文物保护单位不得拆除，需要迁移的，须由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府报国务院批准。
至2019年10月，中华人民共和国已公布了八批，共5058项全国重点文物保护单位：
第一至三批全国重点文物保护单位类别和第四至七批类别不统一，其中前三批分为革命遗址及革命纪念建筑物、石窟寺、古建筑及历史纪念建筑物、石刻及其他、古遗址、古墓葬等六类。从第四批开始，重新划分为古遗址、古墓葬、古建筑、石窟寺及石刻、近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑、其他等六类。在第三次全国文物普查的基础上，国家文物局以新分类为准，对前三批进行了统一归类（其中原“革命遗址及革命纪念建筑物”改为“近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑”，原“石窟寺”、“石刻及其他”大部分改为“石窟寺及石刻”，少数改为“其他”，原“古建筑及历史纪念建筑物”大部分改为“古建筑”，少数改为“近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑”），同时对第一至七批重新进行了统一编号。现按新分类统计如下：
中国百年百大考古发现

中国百年百大考古发现是中国考古学会、中国文物报社为纪念中国现代考古学诞生百年而评选的考古发现名录，于2021年10月18日在第三届中国考古学大会公布。列入的考古发现时间跨度将近200万年，包括旧石器时代5项，新石器时代33项，夏商时期10项，两周时期15项，秦汉时期16项，三国至隋唐时期9项，宋辽金元时期9项，明清时期3项，类型上包括聚落、城址、墓葬、洞穴遗址、矿冶遗址、陶瓷窑址、沉船遗址等多种类型。
名单按时代之先后排列如下：
中国20世纪100项考古大发现

中国20世纪100项考古大发现由中国社会科学院组织评选，2001年3月29日在北京评出。参加了这次评选的专家学者来自8个国家级的文物考古机构、28个省市自治区和香港特别行政区的文物考古机构以及11所权威大学的考古文博院系。
100项考古大发现中，旧石器时代7项，新石器时代30项，夏商周时期23项，秦汉魏晋南北朝有24项，隋唐及以后有16项。
名单按时代之先后排列如下：
复活的军团

《复活的军团》是一部拍摄制作的纪录片，内容讲述的是秦国的经济、军事及统一过程，从兵马俑、各地遗址分析了整个过程。
本片由北京科学教育电影制片厂于2004年出品，荣获第22届中国电视金鹰奖长篇电视纪录片最佳作品奖，一共6集。
香港無綫電視首播方面，於2005年购买本片的播映权，由鄧景輝主持。
盜墓

盜墓是指進入陵墓或地下墓室盜取陪葬之物或掘出屍體的行為，在早期貧窮的中國十分盛行。
盜墓往往影響了歷史學家及考古學家的研究工作，因為盜墓人往往先於專家开掘墓穴，其目的通常只是為了墓穴內的具高價值的精美陪葬品，在盜墓過程中極有可能故意或无意的破壞了墓穴的完整。
盜墓也有可能是為了洩恨报复。唐代宗大曆二年（767年）郭子儀在靈州（今寧夏靈武縣）大破吐蕃。是年十二月，有盗墓贼掘郭子仪之父的坟墓。民間傳聞是魚朝恩遣人所為。朝廷擔心郭子儀發兵謀叛，事發後郭子儀入朝流涕說：“臣久主兵，不能禁暴，军人残人之墓，固亦多矣。此臣不忠不孝，上获天谴，非人患也。”
盜墓的歷史由來已久，例如根據考古學家的研究發現，秦始皇陵曾經遭盜墓贼挖掘及破壞，兵馬俑手上的武器大多都被拿走，陵墓亦有給放火燒毀的跡象。估計是項羽所為，他推倒秦俑士兵，令其身首異處。
又例如直至1968年所發現漢代墓穴的兩套玉衣，一直以來人們都只是以為玉衣的存在只是個傳說而已，但現時大部分人都相信歷來有大量盜墓贼盜去了大部分的玉衣。
在中世紀及文藝復興時期的歐洲，有記錄指學習醫術及美術的學生會從殮房、民居、墓地等地方盜取的屍體，以學習人體解剖學。文藝復興時期的著名藝術家達芬奇和米開朗基羅都曾經從殯儀館或墓地裏盜取屍體，透過解剖認識人體，令他們作品更臻完美，不過這行為通常被視為盜屍，而非盜墓。
中国盗墓最猖狂的时期是在于八国联军时期，军阀时期和文化大革命到2000年。在任何一个朝代，盗墓都是要被诛九族的，只有以上这些历史时段才能钻到空子，也使得中国十墓九空。 在文化大革命时期，很多现在所称的文物贩子，其实就是盗墓贼，会去青海，新疆等地去开墓。
彭修文

彭修文（1931年2月7日—1996年12月28日），男，湖北武汉人，中国当代作曲家、指挥家，现代民族管弦乐团的奠基人之一。
1931年生于湖北汉口，从小学习二胡、琵琶等民族乐器，喜爱戏曲和民间音乐，没有受过正統音樂训练。1949年，毕业于商业专科学校，1950年到重庆人民广播电台工作。
1952年，彭修文被调到中央广播民族乐团，1953年任该乐团指挥兼作曲。此期间，他创作和改编了一系列民乐乐曲，并建立了中国新型民族管弦乐队的最初编制。1957年，在莫斯科第六届世界青年联欢节艺术比赛上，彭修文指挥中央广播民族乐团演出了由他改编的《春江花月夜》、《金蛇狂舞》和《关山月》，获得了金质奖章。
文革期间，彭修文的音乐事业被迫中断，他在家里为唐诗和宋词谱曲。
在文革结束后的1979年，美国著名小提琴家艾萨克·斯特恩来华访问演出，他的此次中国之行被美国导演艾伦·米勒拍摄成新闻纪录电影《从毛泽东到莫扎特（英语：From Mao to Mozart: Isaac Stern in China）》，片中收录了 彭修文根据美国乡村民谣改编的民族管弦乐合奏《哦，苏珊娜》，该片获1981年奥斯卡最佳纪录片奖。
1981年受聘为香港中乐团客席指挥。同年出任中国广播民族乐团艺术指导。
1980年代中，彭修文创作了许多大型民乐作品，如二胡协奏曲《不屈的苏武》、交响诗《流水操》、《怀》、《秦兵马俑幻想曲》等。
1996年12月28日凌晨在北京逝世。在他辞世前一周完成《香港节日序曲》的总谱。香港中乐团曾宣布彭修文将於香港特別行政區成立時就任艺术总监。
彭修文为现代中国民族管弦乐队的创立和发展做出了杰出贡献。他参照西方古典音乐的和声学、配器法、乐器制作标准和乐队编制建立起来的中国民族乐队，被称为“彭修文模式”，是中国在20世纪中叶最有代表性乐队形式，在他之后成立的中乐团都或多或少的借鉴了他的模式。另外，40余年来他先后创作、改编了400余部民族管弦乐曲，其配器之精妙广为人所称道。
他去世后，音乐界评价他为“民族音乐大师”。
Etruscan terracotta warriors

The Etruscan terracotta warriors are three statues that resemble the work of the ancient Etruscans, but are in fact art forgeries. The statues, created by Italian brothers Pio and Alfonso Riccardi and three of their six sons, were bought by The Metropolitan Museum of Art between 1915 and 1921.
The Riccardis began their career as art forgers when Roman art dealer Domenico Fuschini hired them to forge shards of ancient ceramics and eventually whole jars.
Their first sizeable work was a large bronze chariot. In 1908, Fuschini informed the British Museum that the chariot had been found in the old Etruscan fort near Orvieto, and that the Riccardis had been commissioned to clean it. The British Museum bought the chariot and published the find in 1912. Pio Riccardi died soon after the purchase.
The Riccardis enlisted the aid of sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti and created a statue, later known as the Old Warrior. It was 202 cm (6.6 ft) tall and was naked from the waist down. It was also missing its left thumb and right arm. In 1915, they sold it to the Metropolitan Museum of Art that also bought their next work, the Colossal Head, in 1916. Experts decided it must have been part of a seven-metre (23-foot) statue.
The next work was designed by Pio's eldest son Ricardo, who died in a riding accident before it was completed. When finished, the statue stood a little over two metres (6.6 ft) tall. In 1918, the Metropolitan Museum of Art bought it for $40,000 and published the find as the Big Warrior in 1921. The forgers subsequently dispersed.
The three warrior statues were first exhibited together in 1933. In the following years, various art historians, especially in Italy, presented their suspicions that on stylistic and artistic grounds alone, the statues might be forgeries, but there was no forensic proof to support the allegations. A later expert found that these exceptionally large pieces showed extraordinarily even firing characteristics, but he expressed this as cause for admiration, not suspicion. In 1960, chemical tests of the statue glazes showed the presence of manganese, an ingredient that Etruscans had never used. The museum was not convinced until experts deduced how they had been made. The statues had been sculpted, painted with glaze, then toppled while in an unfired, green state to produce fragments. Metropolitan director James Rorimer stated that studies by the museum's Operating Administrator Joseph V. Noble (an antiquities collector and self-trained ceramic archaeologist) "provided the first technical evidence of their having been made in modern times." This was confirmed by Alfredo Fioravanti, who on January 5, 1961, entered the US consulate in Rome and signed a confession. The forgers had lacked the skills – and the very large kiln – required to make such large pieces. The fragments had been fired, "discovered" and sold, or re-assembled ("restored") then sold. As proof, Fioravanti presented the Old Warrior's missing thumb, which he had kept as a memento. On February 15, the Metropolitan Museum announced that the statues were forgeries.
A Terra-Cotta Warrior

A Terra-Cotta Warrior, also known as Fight and Love with a Terracotta Warrior, is a 1990 Hong Kong film based on the novel by Lilian Lee, directed by Ching Siu-tung and produced by Tsui Hark, starring Zhang Yimou and Gong Li. The film is about a forbidden love between a court lady and a soldier of the Qin dynasty. Gong Li plays the female protagonists Dong'er (the court girl) and Zhu Lili (the actress), and Zhang Yimou plays the terracotta warrior Meng Tianfang. This is one of the only two films where Zhang Yimou has a leading role, the other being Wu Tianming's Old Well. Warner Bros. has included the film in the catalogue of Warner Archive Collection.
The First Emperor searches for the elixir of immortality, and he despatches 500 teenage boys and girls to help him accomplish this task. One of his soldiers, General Meng Tianfang falls in love with one of the despatched maiden by the name Dong'er. When their forbidden love is exposed, the girl reveals she has found the elusive elixir and secretly gives it to Meng. The emperor orders their execution and the soldier is sentenced to death by being encased alive in clay as a terracotta warrior, only to be reawakened in the 1930s when a struggling actress, Zhu Lili, the reincarnation of the girl who remembers nothing of her past life, accidentally stumbles upon the tomb of the First Emperor. The soldier struggles to adapt to a new era while the two are pursued by archeological looters and thugs.