davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Red bean cake

Red bean cake is a type of Chinese cake with a sweet red bean paste filling. There are many regional varieties, including Taiwanese versions.
Cantonese-style red bean cake is made with hardened red bean paste that has been frozen. The cake is sweetened and sprinkled with sesame seed. It is generally tough to bite, and is served as a square block. Depending on the particular region within China, this may be seen as a year-round snack, or as a seasonal pastry consumed on certain traditional Chinese holidays.
Sweet bean paste

Sweet bean paste is a food ingredient used throughout East Asian cuisine, primarily as a filling for sweet desserts and pastries.
The beans are usually boiled without sugar, mashed, and diluted into a slurry. The slurry is then strained through a sieve to remove the husks. The resulting liquid is then filtered and squeezed dry using cheesecloth, and then finally sweetened. Oil in the form of either vegetable oil or lard is usually added to the relatively dry paste to improve its texture and mouthfeel.
Oiled sweet bean paste is mainly found as fillings for Chinese pastries, while un-oiled sweet bean pastes can be used to make tong sui. Japanese pastries use primarily un-oiled sweet bean pastes.
There are several types of sweet bean paste:
There are a number of other pastes used in Chinese cuisine, primarily as fillings for dessert items. Although not made from beans, they share similar usage and are equally popular. They are very similar in flavor and texture to sweet bean paste. These include:
Buko salad

Buko salad, usually anglicized as young coconut salad, is a Filipino fruit salad dessert made from strips of fresh young coconut (buko) with sweetened milk or cream and various other ingredients. It is one of the most popular and ubiquitous Filipino desserts served during celebrations and fiestas.
By changing the ratio of milk, buko salad desserts can also become beverages (usually chilled or with shaved ice), known generally as samalamig. A frozen dessert version of the dish is known as ice buko.
Buko salad can have many variations as it can incorporate numerous other ingredients ranging from fruits, gulaman (agar) jellies, sago, kaong, tapioca pearls, nata de coco, macapuno, and others. Some versions however are popular enough to be considered as distinct subtypes. They include:
Buko halo or buko halo-halo is a combination of buko salad and halo-halo desserts, usually served directly on a coconut shell. It differs from halo-halo in the larger amount of coconut used.
A variant of buko salad with chunks of cantaloupes and various jelly desserts.
A popular variant of buko salad whose secondary ingredient are green gulaman (agar) cubes flavored with pandan leaf extracts.
Buko lychee is a combination of buko and lychee, a variant of buko salad.
A popular snack in farming regions because it can be made easily with readily-available ingredients. Made with young coconut meat, milk and sugar (or condensed milk), and saltines or biscuits (also graham crackers). It can also include orange-flavored softdrinks. Usually served on halved coconut shells.
A salad made with another common traditional pairing, that of ube halaya (mashed purple yam) and macapuno.
MasterChef Singapore season 2

The second season of MasterChef Singapore began airing on 21 February 2021 and ended on 25 April 2021 on Mediacorp Channel 5.
The winner of this season was Derek Cheong, with Leon Lim as the runner-up.
Source for names, hometowns, and ages. Occupations and nicknames as given on air or stated in cites.
Итгэл сэтгэлийн гүүр сан

Итгэл сэтгэлийн гүүр сан нь сайн үйлсийн чиглэлээр үйл ажиллагаа явуулдаг байгууллага юм. Эрхэм зорилго: Амьдралын түвшний ялгаатай нийгмийн нөхцөлд, ЗӨВ хүмүүсийн нэгдэл ГҮҮР болно. Үйл ажиллагааны чиглэл: Нийгмийн эмзэг бүлгийн хүүхэд, ахмад настан, хөгжлийг бэрхшээлтэй иргэддээ чиглэн хамтран ажиллаж, нийгмийн сайн сайхны төлөө эрмэлзэлтэй иргэд, аж ахуйн нэгжтэй нэгдэж ажиллана.
Боожоогийн Лакшмий

Боожоогийн Лакшмий (1972 онд Улаанбаатар хотод төрсөн)- Монгол улсын эдийн засагч. 2010 онд "Монголын эдийн засгийн чуулган"-ыг Монгол Улсын Засгийн газартай хамтран, амжилттай зохион байгуулсан бөгөөд энэ арга хэмжээ жил бүр зохион байгуулагдаж, Монгол Улсын эдийн засгийн дүр төрхийг зурж, чиг харааг тодорхойлж байна.
2018 оноос МУИС-ийн Олон улсын харилцаа, нийтийн удирдлагын тэнхимийн докторант.
2011 – 2012 ХБНГУ-ын Фрайберг хотын Уул уурхайн их сургуулийн Докторант.
1998 – 2002 ХБНГУ-ын Берлин хотын Техник, эдийн засгийн дээд сургууль (мастер – эдийн засаг).
1994 – 1998 ХБНГУ-ын Дрезден хотын Техник, эдийн засгийн дээд сургууль (бакалавр – эдийн засаг).
1991 – 1994 ХБНГУ-ын Форст хотын Эдийн засгийн мэргэжлийн сургууль ( мэргэжлийн диплом – эдийн засгийн туслах ажилтан).
1990 – 1991 ХБНГУ-ын Нордхаузен хотын бэлтгэл анги/коллежи.
1989 – 1990 МУИС-ийн Германы Техникумын бэлтгэл анги.
1979 – 1989 Улаанбаатар хотын Зөвлөлтийн 3-р бүрэн дунд сургууль.
2013 одоо хүртэл Эдийн засгийн бодлого, өрсөлдөх чадвар судалгааны төвийн захирал
2010 – 2013 Эдийн засгийн бодлого, өрсөлдөх чадвар судалгааны төвийн Менежер
2008 – 2010 Наран Моторс ХХК, маркетингийн албаны дарга, захирал
2004 – 2006 Мигма ХХК маркетингийн менежер
2004 – 2008 Герман-Монголын Гүүр ТББ-ийн УЗ гишүүн
2015 – 2018 Улаанбаатар хөгжлийн корпорацийн УЗ-ийн хараат бус гишүүн
2015 оноос Эмэгтэй захирлуудын клубын гишүүн
Орхон сум (Дархан-Уул)

Орхон сум (монгол бичгээр орхон) нь Дархан-Уул аймгийн сум юм. Дархан хотоос 45 км-ийн зайтай. Хуучин жимс ногооны сангийн аж ахуйн суурин дээр байгуулагдсан.
Орхон сум нь Дархан-Уул аймгийн сум юм. Дархан хотоос 45 км-ийн зайтай. Хуучин жимс ногооны сангийн аж ахуйн суурин дээр байгуулагдсан. БНМАУ-ын СнЗ-ийн 1968 оны 01-р сарын 11-ний 02 дугаар тогтоолоор Орхон, Шарын голын “Жимс ногоо, сүүний САА” нэртэй анхны засаг захиргааны нэгж болгон үүсгэн байгуулсан.
Тус САА нь 1974 онд Сэлэнгэ аймгийн харъяаллаас гарч, тухайн үеийн Дархан хотын Орхон хороо болж улмаар 1994 онд Засаг захиргаа, нутаг дэвсгэрийн нэгжийн өөрчлөлтөөр Орхон нэртэйгээр сумын зохион байгуулалтанд орж, одоо 2 багтайгаар төрийн үйлчилгээг иргэдэд хүргэж байна.
Орхон сум нь нийтдээ 47.8 мянган га нутаг дэвсгэртэй, 3076 хүн амтай, 1010 өрх, 33,5 мянган толгой малтай, 300-аад бүл зөгийтэй, газар тариалангийн үйлдвэрлэл эрхлэх нэн тохиромжтой, үржил шим сайтай хүрэн бор хөрстэй, 1300 га талбайд төмс, хүнсний ногоо тариалдаг, 800 орчим га талбайг услах хүчин чадалтай инженерийн байгууламж бүхий Шарын гол, Бүрэнтолгойн услалтын системтэй.
Тус суманд “Дархан-Ус төв” УҮГ, “Хуртай” ХК-ийн услалтын иж бүрэн системээр хувиараа хөдөлмөр эрхлэгч 700 гаруй иргэд газар тариалан эрхлэн жилд дунджаар 10-13 мянган тн төмс, хүнсний ногоо, 3 тн жимс, жимсгэнэ хураан авч зах зээлд нийлүүлж байгаагаас гадаад, дотоодын хэрэгцээгээ бүрэн хангаж байна.
Тус сум нь 600 гаруй хүүхэдтэй 12 жилийн ЕБСургууль, 160 хүүхдийн цэцэрлэг, нэг ээлжиндээ 250 хүнд үйлчлэх хүчин чадал бүхий соёл урлаг, спортын цогцолбор бүхий Соёлын төв, 12 ортой хүн эмнэлэгтэй, орон нутгийн болон олон улсын галт тэрэг сумын төвөөр дайрч өнгөрдөг төмөр замын өртөөтэй, үүрэн холбооны бүх сүлжээ, төмөр замын шилэн кабельтай, олон улсын авто замаас 9 км зайд оршдог, Орхон гол дээгүүр 2 хэсэгт гол гатлах хөвөгч болон бетонон гүүртэй, дэд бүтэц, зам харилцаа сайн хөгжсөн.
Мөн хувийн хэвшлийн 50 гаруй аж ахуй нэгж, байгууллагууд худалдаа, үйлчилгээ, хөдөө аж ахуйн чиглэлээр үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байгаагаас гадна гахай, тахиа, үхэр, зөгийний чиглэлээр фермер эрхлэгчид сүүлийн жилүүдэд олноор нэмэгдэж ногоочид, зөгийчдийн сайн дурын үндсэн дээр байгуулагдсан, тэдний эрх ашгийг хамгаалсан холбоо, төрийн бус байгууллагууд байнгын идэвхтэй үйл ажиллагаа явуулж байна.
Тус сумаас 1968-2010 онуудад Улсын аварга тариаланч, механикжуулагч, усжуулагч, жимсчин, зөгийчин, улсын сайн малчин, алдарч уяач, улсын анчин зэрэг 21 алдар гавъяатнууд төрсөн билээ.
Жил бүр Монгол улсын Засгийн газар, ХХААХҮЯ-наас зохион байгуулагддаг “Намрын ногоон өдрүүд” хүнсний ногооны үзэсгэлэн худалдаанд идэвхтэй оролцож, сүүлийн 4 жилд 10 мянган тн /Түмэн тонн ургацын эзэн/-оос дээш төмс, хүнсний ногоо хураан авч, 4 удаа Монгол улсын хүнсний ногоо тариалагч “ШИЛДЭГ СУМ”-аар шалгарлаа
Oh!Mudahnya Jahit Kebaya

Buku Oh!Mudahnya Jahit Kebaya ialah sebuah buku yang dikarang oleh Rahani Md Zain dan diterbitkan di Malaysia pada 20 Apr 2014 dengan harga 17 (20 Apr 2014). Ia diterbitkan oleh Alaf 21 dalam bahasa Melayu dengan nombor ISBN 9789831245. Berat buku adalah 100 gram
Buku Oh!Mudahnya Jahit Kebaya membincangkan dengan lengkap langkah demi langkah cara menjahit baju Kebaya. Dipaparkan juga bagaimana untuk mengukur, memotong dan menjahit baju Kebaya. Setiap perincian baju Kebaya yang ditunjukkan mengandungi maklumat yang betul dan jelas untuk difahami.
Terdapat tiga jenis baju Kebaya yang ditunjukkan di dalam buku ini, dengan langkah-langkah yang berlainan cara menjahit dan ciri setiap satunya. Buku ini sesuai sebagai bahan rujukan kepada yang baru belajar dunia jahitan.
Ratu Dunia Malaysia 1963

Miss Malaysia 1963, edisi pertama pertandingan Miss World Malaysia telah diadakan pada 23 April 1963, di Stadium Negara di Kuala Lumpur. 30 calon dari seluruh Persekutuan, Singapura dan Borneo dijangka bertanding tetapi hanya 11 calon dipilih untuk bertanding di peringkat akhir yang merebut mahkota dan gelaran.
Catherine Loh, mewakili Brunei telah dipilih sebagai Miss Malaysia 1963. Dia dinobatkan oleh pelakon Perancis Capucine pada akhir acara itu. Beliau telah menjadi "Miss Brunei" selama tiga tahun berturut-turut.
Peserta yang pernah bertanding/muncul di pertandingan ratu cantik antarabangsa/negara yang lain:
Templat:Miss World Malaysia
Karina Nadila

Karina Nadila Niab, S.Ak. (lahir 21 Ogos 1992; umur 32 tahun) adalah pelakon, model, presenter, dan ratu kecantikan berkewarganegaraan Indonesia.
Ia dimahkotai sebagai Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2017 dalam kontes kecantikan Puteri Indonesia 2017, dan mewakili Indonesia dalam ajang Miss Supranational 2017.
Karina dilahirkan di Jakarta, Indonesia, pada 21 Ogos 1992 dari ayah yang tak diketahui dan ibu keturunan Minangkabau-Belanda, Jumaini Weissheimer. Ayah tirinya yang bernama Lukius Niab berasal dari Timor tradisional. Ketika berusia tujuh belas tahun, Karina memutuskan untuk menjadi ratu kecantikan, model, dan konten kreator penata rias. Sejak saat itu, ia bekerja sama dengan sejumlah produk kecantikan untuk meningkatkan popularitasnya. Kemudian, seorang produser film mendatangi Karina dan memintanya untuk berakting dalam beberapa film bioskop. Ia juga mulai menjadi presenter dan ko-presenter dalam beberapa acara televisi.
Karina menyelesaikan studinya di SD Islam Bakti Ibu Jakarta, SMP Negeri 19 Jakarta, dan SMA Negeri 82 Jakarta.
Karina meraih gelar sarjana Akuntansi di Indonesia Banking School. Karina sedang menyelesaikan studi untuk meraih gelar Magister dalam Administrasi Bisnis di PPM School of Management. Pada 19 Desember 2020, Karina menikahi pengusaha Indonesia, Rangga Prihartanto. Pesta pernikahan digelar di Jakarta Convention Centre dengan mengusung adat adat Minangkabau.
Karina dimahkotai sebagai Puteri Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Timur 2017, karena ia memiliki hak untuk mewakili provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam ajang Puteri Indonesia 2017. Selama malam final pada 31 Maret 2017 yang digelar di Jakarta Convention Center, Karina dimahkotai sebagai Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata, yang kemudian membawanya untuk meraih gelar Miss Supranational Indonesia 2017. Ia dimahkotai oleh seniornya yang mendapat gelar Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2016 dan berposisi sebagai Top 10 Miss Supranational 2016, Intan Aletrinö dari Sumatra Barat. Ini merupakan kali pertama Nusa Tenggara Timur meraih mahkota Puteri Indonesia.
Karina dimahkotai bersama Puteri Indonesia; Bunga Jelitha Ibrani dari DKI Jakarta 5, Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan; Kevin Lilliana Junaedy dari Jawa Barat, dan Puteri Indonesia Perdamaian; Dea Goesti Rizkita Koswara dari Jawa Tengah.
Sebagai Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2017, Karina mewakili Indonesia di edisi kesembilan dari Miss Supranational yang digelar pada 1 Desember 2017 di Arena Hala MOSiR di Krynica-Zdrój, Polandia, di mana ia berakhir dalam babak Top 25 semifinalis, dengan posisinya di peringkat ke-14. Ini merupakan kali keempat penempatan Indonesia di dalam sejarah Miss Supranational dan tiga tahun berturut-turut dari penempatan semifinalists sejak 2015 oleh Gresya Amanda Maaliwuga and 2016 oleh Intan Aletrinö.
Karina membeli pakaian adat berberat 30 kilogram dengan ansambel Lembuswana, yakni hewan mitologi Kutai. Kostum bernama "Lembuswana: The Apparatus of The King" tersebut didesain oleh Jember Fashion Carnaval.
Baju tangkal

Baju tangkal (atau baju azimat; Turki: tılsımlı gömlek; Parsi: پیراهن طلسمات, rumi: pirâhan telesmat) ialah azimat tekstil yang dipakai. Baju talismanik terdapat di seluruh dunia Islam. Baju boleh dikumpulkan kepada empat jenis yang berbeza dalam gaya dan simbol yang digunakan: Uthmaniyyah, Safavid, Mughal dan Afrika Barat.
Contoh-contoh terawal yang masih hidup telah dibuat kira-kira pada abad ke-15, walaupun tradisi baju azimat mungkin lebih lama. Dalam Surah Yusuf, baju nabi Yusuf digambarkan sebagai memberi perlindungan dan juga keajaiban. Dia menyerahkannya supaya dapat menyembuhkan kebutaan bapanya Yakub: "Pergilah dengan bajuku ini, dan sebarkanlah ke muka ayahku, dia akan datang untuk melihat""Pergilah kamu dengan membawa baju gamisku ini, lalu letakkanlah dia kewajah ayahku, nanti ia akan melihat kembali; dan bawalah keluargamu semuanya kepadaku".".
Templat:Commons-cat-inline
Kawaca

Kawaca adalah istilah untuk pakaian perang yang disebut dalam teks Jawa kuno. Namanya berasal dari bahasa Sanskrit kawaca yang bermaksud baju pelindung, cuirass, sejenis zirah rantai, apa-apa jenis tudung, korset, jaket.
Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder, dalam kamus Jawa kuno-Inggerisnya, mentakrifkan kawaca sebagai zirah berantai, mungkin berbentuk seperti jaket, yang diperbuat daripada logam. Perkataan itu juga mempunyai makna yang kedua, iaitu baju yang dipakai oleh ulama. Irawan Djoko Nugroho berpendapat bahawa dalam konteks ketenteraan, kawaca bermaksud baju besi. Ia berbentuk seperti tiub panjang dan diperbuat daripada tembaga tuang. Menurut Jiří Jákl, kawaca ialah pelindung dada logam yang dipakai pada bahagian atas badan tentera berpangkat tinggi. Dalam bahasa Bali tinggi, kwaca atau kuwaca adalah istilah umum untuk jaket, walaupun ia dahulunya bermaksud baju zirah dalam bahasa Jawa kuno. Dalam bahasa Jawa moden, kawaca bermaksud cuirass atau zirah rantai.
Dalam Kakawin Ramayana (kira-kira 870 M), yang merupakan versi Jawa dari epik Ramayana rekaan Valmiki (kira-kira 500 SM), menyebut tentang pakaian dan perisai yang mencerminkan zaman itu. Seorang ahli keluarga diraja dikatakan memakai mahkota, padaka (kolar, medali, atau penutup dada), karambalangan (korset atau breastplate) dan menggunakan baju besi bersalut emas walaupun dalam pertempuran. Kakawin Ramayana menyebut istilah watek makawaca, yang bermaksud pasukan berbaju pelindung (armoured troops).
Pakaian perisai, atau khususnya cuirass, digambarkan pada relief cerita Divyavadana di candi Borobudur. Dalam cerita itu, dikatakan bahawa Rudrayana menghantar hadiah kepada raja Bimbisara berupa kuiras terkenalnya yang bukan sahaja mempunyai kuasa ajaib tetapi juga dihiasi dengan permata yang tidak ternilai. Kuiras itu digambarkan sebagai tanpa lengan dan nampaknya tertutup di hadapan.
Av Pak

Av Pak (Khmer: អាវប៉ាក់, also pronounced Aao Pak) is a traditional blouse-dress worn by women in Cambodia. Its literal translation is embroidery shirt in English.The blouse shared many attributes with the Kebaya blouse-dress of Indonesia, including the elaborate embroidered gold-threads used in formal versions of the Kebaya. It is usually worn with the Sampot Hol, a garment worn around the lower body which sometimes uses a more formal and elegant gold thread in the Khmer tradition. However, the Sarong is still frequently used with the Av Pak by ethnic Chams and Javanese in the poor and rural parts of the country.
The Khmer people consider the Av Pak to be a classic yet modern suit-dress which uses traditional Cambodian embroidery. In the 21st century, the blouse has come to be considered the national garment of Cambodia. Traditional upper garments have lost their popularity among Cambodian women. The Av Bopock, a tube shirt or tube dress is too closely associated with the Cham people, an ethnic minority in Cambodia and the Sbai, a shawl-like shoulder wrap dating back to the Khmer Empire era, is now considered too immodest because of the thin cloth used in the garment and the style of baring one shoulder when wearing the Sbai.
Wrap (clothing)

In the context of clothing, a wrap is
It can refer to a shawl or stole or other fabric wrapped about the upper body, or a simple skirt-type garment made by wrapping a piece of material round the lower body. Many people of all genders throughout the world wear wraps in everyday life, although in the West they are largely worn by women. They are sometimes sewn at the edges to form a tube which keeps the required size. A wrap may be secured by a corner being tucked beneath the wrapped material, by making a knot, or using ties, buttons or velcro.
Types of wrap garments include:
Richard Rivalee

Richard Rivalee, is a Malaysian fashion designer based in Penang, Malaysia.
He was born in 1966 from mixed Thai and Chinese parentage. He was brought up by his father in Penang, Malaysia after his parents’ divorce and due to family financial condition, he dropped out of school at very young age. He started his career as a hair stylist with a strong passion in fashion design. After years of savings, he enrolled for fashion design classes and apprenticed with Mdm.P’ng Guay Keow of Galeen Fashion Institute. With his talent, passion and creativity, Richard quickly gained recognitions in the industry via winning several state and national level fashion design awards such as Penang Young Designer High Fashion Award 1993/94 and MODA Theater Clothes of High Fashion 1997/98.
Richard is best known for his design in High Fashion under the label of Richard Rivalee Couture House. Recent notable collections include well-known evening gown series which featured in his "Richard Rivalee's Black Collection 2011". The uniqueness of his collections is that each masterpiece that sold to its clients will never repeat again. His womenswear collections cover western style and Malay style evening gowns and bridal gowns. His menswear collections cover modern classic clothing, suits and tuxedos.
Richard's designs and collections have reached internationally with clienteles from Asia, Europe and United States of America with patronage from royal families, celebrities and the rich & famous. His collections are often featured in renowned fashion and life style magazines in Malaysia and international such as Essenze (Malaysia), Backstage Professional (Malaysia), Fiori (Indonesia), AXM (UK) and many more. His collections are no stranger to fashion weeks, charity fashion events, ballroom galas and international beauty pageants. Among the projects, he has worked with international celebrities such as Petrina Fung Bo Bo, Amber Chia, Ning Baizura and Soong Ai Ling. His collections also featured in international renowned brands events such as Poh Kong Jeweller, Cartier, Swarovski and Jaeger-LeCoultre.
In early 2012, the label was acquired by a group of private investors for an undisclosed amount. Richard Rivalee is named the Chief Designer of the Company. On 19 May 2012, the Label celebrated its 22nd Anniversary in conjunction with the launch of its new label design. The event was held at the main premise located at the UNESCO World Heritage Site - Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia. According to its internal source, the company direction is to rebrand the label to international level while maintaining its uniqueness. In May 2012, Richard Rivalee was featured on Hong Kong TVBE channel via the introduction by Petrina Fung Bo Bo as her personal fashion designer.
Richard also make appearance as guest judge on various model contests, talent shows and beauty pageants.
Major Events/Sponsorships by Richard Rivalee Couture House:
Bernard Chandran

Bernard Chandran (Tamil: பெர்னார்ட் சந்திரன்; born 27 February 1968) is a Malaysian fashion designer.
Chandran is also a Malaysian television personality, known as the chief designer on the reality television show Project Runway Malaysia, since its debut on 8TV on 3 August 2007.
Chandran was a guest judge on Britain's Next Top Model, Cycle 6, Episode 12, where the top three models were given a chance to model in Chandran's fashion show during London Fashion Week.
Bernard Chandran was born to P. Ramachandran and Chow Yook Lin.
In 1991, he won the 'Open European Contest for Look of the Year 2000', becoming the first non-European to win the title.
In 2020, Chandran released a line of designer face masks and promoted it with an Instagram post featuring a black face donning a yellow mask, branded with Bernard Chandran's logo and the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter. Netizens accused Chandran of blackface and profiting from the Black Lives Matter movement movement.
He is married to Datin Mary Lourdes Chandran, a Malaysian of ethnic Indian origin and a former model who was one of the most successful Malaysian models in the 1980s. They have five children.
Chandran has stated that he wants his children to be grounded in Hinduism.
Bonia (fashion)

Bonia Corporation Berhad (MYX: 9288) is an international luxury fashion retailer based in Malaysia which has more than 700 sales outlets across Asia. It markets footwear, leatherwear and accessories. It is also involved in other manufacturing businesses.
The company was founded in 1974 by Sang Sem Chiang, the Group's Executive Chairman, who started the business of designing, manufacturing, and wholesaling leather goods in Singapore.
It was listed on the KLCI Bursa Malaysia secondary bourse in 1994. It later was transferred to the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia.
For the fiscal year ending June 2011, Bonia had sales of 461.38 million Malaysian Ringgits. For the fiscal year ending June 2012, Bonia had sales of 579.81 million Malaysian Ringgits (US$182.39 million), which is 25.7% higher than in 2011. For the fiscal year ending June 2014, Bonia reported sales of 691.61 million Malaysia Ringgits (US$194.11 million), which increased 9.4% compared to the year 2013 when the company's sales were 632.32 million Malaysian Ringgits.
Bonia Corporation, Berhad gathers iconic heritage brands with a network of 555 retail outlets around the world.
In 2012, Bonia acquired a 49% shareholding in German leather goods producer Braun Büffel for an estimated price of EUR 3.2 million through its 70% shareholding subsidiary Jeco (PTE) Ltd. As part of the deal, Bonia also acquired a registered trade mark in the UAE, the US and Canada.
Jeco, the Bonia subsidiary, brought on Damiano Biella in 2013 as the Creative Director for Braun Buffel. Biella was responsible for overseeing a design team in Singapore and working with the German brand. In 2019, Fabio Panzeri took over as the Creative Director, succeeding Damiano Biella in this role.
In 2022, Bonia had its first collaboration with local star Scha Al-Yahya for Eid al-Fitr collection. The brand has curated a special Raya campaign featuring Malaysian actress, Amelia Henderson in 2023.
Kanyakumari (restaurant)

Kanyakumari is an Indian restaurant in New York City off of Union Square in the Flatiron District primarily focusing on coastal Southern Indian food.
Salil Mehta opened the restaurant in January 2024. Mehta previously operated the restaurant Kebaya in the same location. Other restaurants by the same group, Fungi Hospitality, include the once Michelin starred Laut (Malaysian), Kebab Au Sharab (Indian), Wau (Malaysian), and the Asian inspired cocktail bars Singlish and Jelas.
The menu includes mussels Koliwada, slow-cooked Black Gold beef, and vada pav.
Kanyakumari joined the Michelin Guide for New York City in June 2024.
Rumah Kebaya

Rumah Kebaya is a name of a Betawi traditional house. The name comes from the shape of the roof, which resembles a fold of the Kebaya form of dress. The fold can be seen from the side of the house. Beside that, the Betawi have other traditional houses, namely Rumah Gudang and Rumah Joglo. Although the Betawi have 3 traditional houses, but the government admitted Rumah Kebaya as a legitimate house of Betawi society. A main characteristic of this house is its wide terrace, which may serve to receive a visitor and as a place for relaxing.
In the past, Betawi society usually made a well in front of their house and funerals took place beside their house. The wall is made from wooden panel which may be moved horizontally to enlarge the room. The house may be divided into two parts, for example the front of the house may be used as a public area, and the rear of the house reserved for private use.
Motor Volkswagen EA111

A família de motores Volkswagen EA111 – (em alemão: Entwicklungs Auftrag, ou "contrato de desenvolvimento") – são motores de 3 e 4 cilindros em linha, a gasolina, etanol, flex e diesel, refrigerados a água do Grupo Volkswagen. O EA111 foi projetado pela Audi sob a liderança de Ludwig Kraus e primeiramente instalado em 1974 no Audi 50 e pouco depois no Volkswagen Polo nos formatos de 895, 1093 e 1272 cilindradas com carburador. O EA111 estava e ainda está disponível em diversas versões com diferentes cilindradas.
Este motor com comando de válvulas no cabeçote possui um design de cabeçote de fluxo cruzado. Estes motores se diferenciam do motor Volkswagen AP (EA827) por terem o escapamento na parte frontal do motor, tendo assim sua instalação com uma inclinação de 12 graus para a frente. A série de motores EA111 ainda está em produção e será substituída gradualmente pelos motores EA211 a gasolina e os EA288 a diesel dentro da nova plataforma MQB.
Em 2023, o motor EA111 saiu de linha no Brasil porque o motor não atendia aos novos padrões de emissões estabelecidos pelo Programa de Controle da Poluição do Ar por Veículos Automotores.
No Brasil, o motor equipou os modelos Volkswagen Gol, Voyage, Saveiro, Fox e Kombi.
Na Europa, o EA111 foi utilizado até 2015 nos seguintes veículos da Volkswagen AG:
Stellantis Italy

Stellantis Italy, também conhecida simplesmente como Fiat e anteriormente como FCA Italy S.p.A. e Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A., é a subsidiária italiana da montadora multinacional Stellantis, dedicada à produção e venda de automóveis de passageiros e comerciais leves com sede em Turim, na Itália.
Em janeiro de 1979, as atividades de produção automotiva da Fiat S.p.A. foram divididas em uma nova subsidiária, a Fiat Auto S.p.A., como parte de um processo de descentralização em andamento na Fiat. Vittorio Ghidella foi nomeado CEO.
O Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. foi criado em 1 de fevereiro de 2007 a partir do Fiat Auto S.p.A.
Simultaneamente, as quatro divisões da Fiat Auto (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Lancia e Fiat Veicoli Commerciali) foram transformadas em quatro Società per azioni, todas controladas 100% pela FCA. Os ex-diretores de marca se tornaram CEOs das novas sociedades, enquanto os funcionários e instalações de produção permaneceram sob a FCA.
Ao mesmo tempo, a marca Abarth foi relançada como Abarth & C. S.p.A., uma quinta sociedade independente novamente detida 100% pela FCA.
Em 15 de dezembro de 2014, o Fiat Group Automobiles Sp A. mudou o nome para FCA Italy S.p.A.; a mudança de nome foi anunciada à imprensa no dia seguinte.
A Maserati e a Ferrari não estão sob o controle da FCA Itália. A Maserati é de propriedade direta da FCA, enquanto a Ferrari se separou da FCA em 2015.
Política econômica

A política econômica consiste no conjunto de ações governamentais que são planejadas para atingir determinadas finalidades relacionadas com a situação econômica de um país, uma região ou um conjunto de países. Estas ações são executadas pelos agentes de política econômica, a saber: nacionalmente, o Governo, o Banco Central e o Parlamento e internacionalmente por órgãos como, por exemplo, o Fundo Monetário Internacional, o Banco Mundial e os Exim Banks. Cada vez mais, há uma interação com entidades multinacionais, pelo fato de a economia da maioria dos países encontrar-se globalizada.
Na aplicação das medidas explícitas, empreendidas pelo governo, a política econômica pode ser:
Quanto à modalidade da política econômica, esta pode ser de natureza:
Política de estabilização tem o objetivo de estimular uma economia da recessão ou conter o excesso de inflação com a restrição a oferta de dinheiro.
Durante sua História, o Brasil passou por vários Governos com variados programas de política econômica. Mas, no geral, todos os Governos realizam investimentos no desenvolvimento do país de forma constante, programados pelo Orçamento Anual da União. Porém, alguns programas ficaram mais famosos.
Um exemplo de política econômica bem-sucedida no Brasil foi o famoso Plano de Metas, do presidente Juscelino, executado entre 1956 e 1960. Este plano incentivou a indústria automobilística, a abertura de estradas e criou Brasília, entre outros acontecimentos.
Posteriormente, nos anos 1970, os governos militares ficaram famosos por incentivar o desenvolvimento do país, através da ideia do "Brasil Grande", com diversos investimentos em infraestrutura (abertura e asfaltamento de milhares de quilômetros de estradas, construção de usinas de energia como Itaipu e outras, a Ponte Rio-Niterói, aeroportos, portos, criação do Proálcool e da Telebrás etc.).
No Governo Itamar Franco, o Plano Real levou ao controle da inflação, ao controle dos gastos públicos desenfreados através da implantação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, e também incluiu a privatização de empresas estatais ineficientes, alavancando melhorias no Brasil. Houve investimento na duplicação de 1 300 quilômetros de rodovias entre Belo Horizonte e Florianópolis, e de trechos das rodovias BR-232 (140 quilômetros entre Recife e Caruaru) e BR-230 (132 quilômetros entre João Pessoa e Campina Grande), incrementando a economia da região Nordeste do Brasil. O Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso asfaltou rodovias de terra da Região Norte do Brasil para melhorar a economia e a integração nacional: com a Venezuela, ao asfaltar a rodovia BR-174 (988 quilômetros ligando Manaus-Boa Vista-fronteira com Venezuela), e com o Peru e Bolívia, ao asfaltar a rodovia BR-317 (331 quilômetros ligando Rio Branco a Assis Brasil, na fronteira tríplice).
Já o Governo Lula lançou, em 2007, o Programa de Aceleração de Crescimento - PAC, um programa do Governo Federal englobando um conjunto de políticas econômicas planejadas para os 4 anos seguintes, destinando-se a acelerar o crescimento econômico do país.
Secretaria de Política Econômica

Secretaria de Política Econômica (SPE) é um órgão da administração pública direta, integrante do organograma do Ministério da Fazenda do Brasil. Foi criada em 19 de novembro de 1992 pela Lei 8.490, no governo do presidente Itamar Franco (interino) e do ministro Gustavo Krause.
Tem como principal atribuição a formulação e acompanhamento de políticas econômicas, bem como a elaboração de cenários econômicos e fiscais para subsidiar as definições das diretrizes de política econômica e a elaboração de novas políticas e propostas de aperfeiçoamento de políticas públicas vigentes.
É responsável pelo Sistema Prisma Fiscal, sistema de coleta de expectativas de mercado, e pela edição e publicação dos boletins MacroFiscal e Resultado Fiscal Estrutural.
A organização da Secretaria de Política Econômica é regida pelo Decreto 11.344, de 1 de Janeiro de 2023. A SPE está subdivida nas seguintes unidades:
O Prisma Fiscal é um sistema de coleta de expectativas de mercado para acompanhamento da evolução das principais variáveis fiscais brasileiras sob a ótica de analistas do setor privado. Dentre as variáveis fiscais que fazem parte da pesquisa estão a arrecadação das receitas federais, a receita líquida do Governo Central, a despesa total do Governo Central, a arrecadação líquida do Governo Central, a dívida bruta do Governo Geral. Os analistas de mercado cadastrados no sistema registram as suas expectativas para o comportamento no curto prazo (variáveis mensais, para um horizonte de doze meses) e no longo prazo (variáveis anuais, para o período de quatro anos). O sistema foi ampliado em 2021 e em 2022 e hoje apura 11 variáveis de interesse macrofiscal. Relatórios mensais, planilhas de dados e estudos especiais são publicados no portal do sistema.
Publicação bimestral com as projeções de curto e médio prazo para os indicadores de atividade econômica e de inflação. O documento também apresenta análises sobre as conjunturas macroeconômica e fiscal e estudos sobre medidas que exercem impacto relevante sobre o desempenho econômico do país.
Relatório produzido anualmente com divulgação do indicador de resultado primário estrutural.
Posse de Itamar Franco

Itamar Franco foi empossado como presidente do Brasil em 29 de dezembro de 1992, após o processo de impeachment do então presidente Fernando Collor de Mello, haja vista que a Constituição Federal previa que, caso o presidente eleito fosse impossibilitado de atuar, o vice-presidente assumiria como o chefe de governo da nação.
A cerimônia de posse iniciou-se por volta das 13h do horário local, quando o presidente do Senado Federal, Mauro Benevides, iniciou a sessão no Congresso Nacional. Pouco depois, Itamar Franco chegou à localidade para dar abertura ao processo de posse conforme os termos da Constituição Federal. Após o cumprimento dos atos cerimoniais, Itamar assinou o termo de posse, firmando-se de facto como presidente do Brasil e decretando o fim do governo Collor.
O evento, que geralmente costuma durar pelo menos 30 minutos, foi praticado em pouco mais de 20 minutos, até em razão de os atos cerimoniais não serem tão abrangentes nas posses nas quais o presidente vai cumprir o seu primeiro mandato e não está assumindo como vice-presidente, como foi o caso de Itamar e Michel Temer. Ele assumiu às 10h27. A festa foi curta e não contou com a presença de nenhum governador. Apenas dois representantes do PT apareceram, Eduardo Jorge e João Paulo Pires. Sua nomeação foi entregue pelo senador Dirceu Carneiro (PSDB-SC). A posse foi comedida e houve uma grande presença de mineiros, o que levou a imprensa a apelidar o novo governo de República do Pão de Queijo. A acessoria de Itamar afirmou que o presidente ficou ressentido pela ausência de Collor.
Na sua posse, Itamar fez um breve discurso no plenário da Câmara dos Deputados, no qual enfatiza a situação financeira crítica em que o Brasil estava e os casos de corrupção crescentes, o que tem direta ligação com o impeachment de Fernando Collor.
A cerimônia foi transmitida ao vivo pela Globo e pela TV Senado.
Foto de Itamar Franco e Lilian Ramos sem calcinha

A foto de Itamar Franco e Lilian Ramos sem calcinha é um registro fotográfico feito por Marcelo Carnaval, então trabalhando para O Globo, considerado uma foto icônica e polêmica e que foi produzida em 14 de fevereiro de 1994. Nele, a modelo Lilian Ramos e o então presidente Itamar Franco aparecem lado a lado, dentro de um camarote na Marquês de Sapucaí e no contexto da publicação dos resultados do Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro em 1994. Contudo, a foto se tornou um escândalo pois a modelo estava de saia curta e sem calcinha, o que acabou por se tornar um entrave político para o governo de Itamar Franco.
Segundo Valdemar Costa Neto (PL-SP), Lilian e sua irmã desfilaram naquela noite e depois juntaram-se ao deputado e outros políticos do Partido Liberal em seu camarote. Depois da meia-noite, Valdemar foi visitar o camarote presidencial e Lílian pediu para ir junto; "o presidente me deu muita atenção quando eu passei na avenida", ela teria dito. A segurança do presidente barrou sua entrada, mas depois que Valdemar cumprimentou-o, o próprio presidente permitiu sua entrada.
Diante de uma situação desprevenida que era avaliada como algo "incompatível com a dignidade, a honra e o decoro do cargo”, configurando uma espécie de pré-condição para um impeachment, Itamar chegou a ficar diante da possibilidade de ser o segundo presidente forçado a deixar o cargo, uma vez que havia assumido a presidência após a saída de Fernando Collor.
A entrevistadores brasileiros, a modelo Lilian Ramos, que nasceu em Fortaleza, surgiu como sósia de Fafá de Belém e chegou a entrar em depressão após o fatídico episódio, avaliou como algo negativo para a sua imagem o que aconteceu no dia do registro fotográfico: “Minha carreira acabou ali”, chegou a afirmar em 2016. Após o escândalo, a modelo se mudou para a Itália, onde se casou e virou celebridade, deixando para trás a época de ensaios nus para revistas e participações em filmes como A Rota do Brilho.
Década de 1990 a.C.

Séculos: (Século XXI a.C. - Século XX a.C. - Século XIX a.C.)
Décadas: 2040 a.C. 2030 a.C. 2020 a.C. 2010 a.C. 2000 a.C. - 1990 a.C. - 1980 a.C. 1970 a.C. 1960 a.C. 1950 a.C. 1940 a.C.
Anos: 1999 a.C. - 1998 a.C. - 1997 a.C. - 1996 a.C. - 1995 a.C. - 1994 a.C. - 1993 a.C. - 1992 a.C. - 1991 a.C. - 1990 a.C.
Crianças desaparecidas no Paraná nas décadas de 1980 e 1990

As crianças desaparecidas no Paraná nas décadas de 1980 e 1990 referem-se a uma onda de desaparecimentos de crianças entre o início dos anos 1980 e meados de 1990. O desaparecimento de Guilherme Caramês Tibustius, em 1991, levou a criação do Serviço de Investigação de Crianças Desaparecidas (Sicride) em 1995, o que ajudou a diminuir e a resolver este tipo de crime no estado a partir de então.
Em 2017, dos 28 casos de desaparecimento de crianças em aberto no Paraná, nove eram dos anos 1990 e quatro da década de 1980, ou seja, havia 13 crimes destas décadas ainda sem solução.
Em julho de 2022, conforme portais oficiais, mais de dez crianças que sumiram entre os anos 1980-1990 continuam desaparecidas:
Algumas das crianças encontradas, cujos restos mortais foram identificados, estão abaixo nomeadas. No entanto, muitos destes casos não foram solucionados, ou seja, não se sabe o que aconteceu exatamente e se houve crime, quem foi ou foram os autores. "É uma mácula na história do Paraná", disse a apresentadora do Operação Policial, se referindo aos casos de Leandro Bossi e Evandro, que não foram solucionados.
Zona da Mata Regional Airport

Presidente Itamar Franco Airport (IATA: IZA, ICAO: SBZM), formerly and still commonly called Zona da Mata Regional Airport, is an airport serving Juiz de Fora, and the region of Zona da Mata, Brazil, located in the municipality of Goianá. Since March 8, 2012 the airport is named after Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco, the 33rd President of Brazil.
It is operated by Socicam.
The construction of the airport was completed in 2007 but commercial operations began only on August 23, 2011.
In March 2011 Infraero ceased to administrate the airport and Multiterminais Alfandegados do Brasil became the new administrator.
In January 2015, through a public bidding launched by the Government of Minas Gerais, the Presidente Itamar Franco Airport started to be administered by the Concessionária do Aeroporto da Zona da Mata S.A., formed by Socicam Administração, Projetos e Representações Ltda. and Companhia Brasileira de Comércio Exterior (CBCE). Socicam is a company with experience in the administration of bus terminals (such as Tietê Bus Terminal in São Paulo/SP), airport terminals (such as the Airport of Caldas Novas-GO), as well as urban and container terminals.
Note: : Flight operated with Voepass equipment on behalf of LATAM Brasil.
The airport is located 35 km (22 mi) from downtown Juiz de Fora, 64 km (40 mi) from downtown Ubá, and 75 km (47 mi) from downtown Cataguases.
There are currently two bus independent companies that provide shuttle service to the Airport, departing from the city of Juiz de Fora: Viação José Maria Rodrigues and Viação Bassamar. The Airport also has an independent taxi company, named Companhia de Táxi Aeroporto Zona da Mata.
Timeline of Brazilian economic stabilization plans

The following is a timeline of the Brazilian economic stabilization plans in the "new Republic" (post-military dictatorship) era, a period characterized by intense inflation of the local currency, exceeding 2,700% in the period of 1989 to 1990.
This period was marked by intense economic experimentation (including many forms of economic heterodox shocks) and, as a whole, comprises a unique case study on macroeconomics.
Equity International

Equity International is a private equity firm founded by Sam Zell to invest in real estate in markets outside of the United States. Since its founding in 1999, it has invested in 28 companies.
In 2002, Equity International invested $32 million in Mexican home builder Homex. The firm divested from Homex in 2008.
In 2005, the firm made a $50 million investment in Brazilian property company Gafisa. In 2010, the firm sold a significant portion of its shares in Gafisa.
In 2006, the firm made its first investment in China, a $10 million investment in Xinyuan Real Estate, a Chinese homebuilder based in Zhengzhou. Xinyuan Real Estate became a public company via an initial public offering in 2007.
In 2008, the firm invested in Chinese logistics and warehousing company Shanghai Yupei Group. The investment was sold in 2011.
In 2011, the firm closed its 5th investment fund, with capital commitments of $650 million.
In 2016, the firm invested $125 million in Estapar Participações SA, an operator of parking lots in Brazil.
In 2017, the firm made a $29 million investment in Grupo Acosta Verde, a developer, owner, and manager of shopping centers in Mexico.
In March 2020, the firm announced an investment in Stanza Living, an Indian student housing and shared living operator.
मदुराई जिल्हा

हा लेख मदुराई जिल्ह्याविषयी आहे. मदुराई शहराच्या माहितीसाठी येथे टिचकी द्या.
मदुराई हा भारताच्या तमिळनाडू राज्यातील जिल्हा आहे. याचे प्रशासकीय केंद्र मदुराई येथे आहे.
Yellow Cab Ambassador

Ambassador was an American automobile produced by the Yellow Cab Company of Chicago, Illinois, between 1921 and 1925.
Initially sold for use as a taxicab, the Model D-1 was introduced as a "drive-yourself" model in 1924.
Yellow Cab introduced the Ambassador in 1921 and explained that "this car was being made up to order". The Ambassador was available as a 4-passenger sport or 7-passenger touring for US$4,500, as well as a Berlin limousine or sedan for $6,500. All featured a 136-inch (3,454 mm) wheelbase and a special 6-cylinder Continental L-head engine.
In 1925 Yellow Cab was taken over by General Motors. John D. Hertz remained as president and the Ambassador D-1 model became the "Hertz". Apart from a larger engine in 1927, production continued with little change until 1928. Most were sedans, although other body styles were available.
Ajay Mehta

Ajay Mehta (/ˈɑːdʒeɪ ˈmɛtə/ AH-jay MET-ə) () is an Indian actor based in North America, known for his deep baritone voice.
Mehta was born in New Delhi, India and he was educated in New Delhi, in Mayo College and St. Stephen's College. According to a 2010 interview, he wanted to be an actor since he was three and a half years old and participated in plays while attending college.
He has appeared in many television shows, including The Mentalist, Eli Stone, Without a Trace, The Sopranos, Sex and the City, NCIS, Anger Management, The Middle, Rules of Engagement, Nip/Tuck, Numb3rs, CSI: NY, Royal Pains, Modern Family, The Good Place, Rectify and Outsourced. He played a Middle Eastern ambassador on 24. He played Citigroup CEO Vikram Pandit in the television movie Too Big to Fail, which was broadcast in the United States on HBO. He appeared as an auctioneer on 2 Broke Girls in September 2012, and as the prime minister of India in G.I. Joe: Retaliation in 2013. He also appears in the video game Far Cry 4.
In 2007, Ajay was cast as an ad campaign spokesman for Fiber One brand products.
Madurai district

Madurai District is one of the 38 districts of the state of Tamil Nadu in southeastern India. The city of Madurai serves as the district headquarters. It houses the famous Sri Meenakshi Sundareshwarar temple and is situated on the banks of the river Vaigai. Thiruparankundram is one of the major tourist place in the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,038,252 with a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. Aside from the city of Madurai, the larger towns are Melur, Vadipatti, Thirumangalam, Thirupparankundram, Peraiyur, and Usilampatti.
The main kingdoms which ruled Madurai are the Pandyas and the Nayaks.
The district is bounded by Theni in the west, Sivaganga in the east, Dindigul in the north, Virudhunagar in the south and small parts of Tiruchirappalli in the northeast.
The climate has extremes. There are three distinct periods of rainfall:
According to 2011 census, Madurai district had a population of 3,038,252, up from 2,578,201 in the 2001 census, for a growth rate of 17.95%. It had a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males, up from 978 in 2001, and much above the national average of 929. A total of 313,978 were under the age of six, constituting 162,517 males and 151,461 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.46% and 0.37% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the district was 74.83%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. 60.78% of the population lives in urban areas.
The district had a total of 794,887 households. There were a total of 1,354,632 workers, comprising 81,352 cultivators, 287,731 main agricultural labourers, 39,753 in house hold industries, 765,066 other workers, 180,730 marginal workers, 11,367 marginal cultivators, 85,097 marginal agricultural labourers, 7,540 marginal workers in household industries and 76,726 other marginal workers.
At the time of the 2011 census, 92.56% of the population spoke Tamil, 3.20% Saurashtra and 2.58% Telugu as their first language.
Madurai district contains the entirety of Madurai Lok Sabha constituency, and parts of Theni and Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituencies.
Madurai district comprises 13 talukas and revenue blocks, same names same boundaries. Under the gram panchayat system rural administration or the district is done by panchayat villages and the taluka headquarters. The revenue blocks are further sub-divided by firkas. The three taluks, Tiruparankundram, Madurai West and Madurai East, were created in February 2014. The thirteen talukas/blocks are:
In the 2001 census, Madurai district had only seven talukas: Madurai North, Madurai South, Melur, Peraiyur, Thirumangalam, Vadipatti, and Usilampatti.
Madurai Tamil

Madurai Tamil (மதுரை தமிழ்), known as Madurai Bashai, is the dialect of Tamil spoken in the region of Madurai and over a vast geographical area of South Tamil Nadu, the area once ruled by the Pandiya kings. It differs substantially from Nellai Tamil, a region which was also part of the Pandiya domain.
The common dialect has made the term Madurai refer to a much larger area than it actually is. It is not uncommon for people from any of the above cities to introduce themselves as people of Madurai.