davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Janet Asimov

Janet Asimov (nombre de soltera, Janet Opal Jeppson) (Ashland, Pensilvania, Estados Unidos, 6 de agosto de 1926-25 de febrero de 2019)​ fue una escritora estadounidense de ciencia ficción y psicoanalista. Comenzó escribiendo libros de ciencia ficción para niños firmando con el seudónimo J O Jeppson en la década de 1970. Se casó con Isaac Asimov en 1973, y su matrimonio duró hasta la muerte de este en 1992; trabajaron juntos en la publicación de varios libros de ciencia ficción enfocados a lectores jóvenes, incluida la serie Crónicas Norby. También se hizo cargo de algunas columnas que Asimov publicaba en algunos periódicos. Fue humanista, liberal y activista defensora de los derechos de los animales.
Janet Asimov obtuvo su licenciatura en la Universidad de Stanford, después de haber comenzado sus estudios universitarios en Wellesley College, y se graduó como Doctora en Medicina en la Escuela Médica de la Universidad de Nueva York, trabajando como psicoanalista hasta 1986.
Su primer texto publicado como escritora fue un cuento de misterio que apareció en el número de mayo de 1966 de The Saint Mistery Magazine.
Según el propio Isaac Asimov, los libros en los que escribieron juntos eran 90 por ciento de Janet, pero aparecían con el nombre de él para fines comerciales, a petición del editor.
Serie The Roiss (como J.O. Jeppson):
Independientes:
Crónicas Norby (The Norby Chronicles) (con Isaac Asimov):
Independientes:
Dangwa flower market

Dangwa Flower Market, also known as Dangwa or Bulaklakan ng Maynila (Flower Market of Manila), is a fresh flower market in the Sampaloc area of Manila, in the Philippines. The market is composed of small, individually-owned stalls and street vendors selling flowers wholesale and retail, at prices 50 to 90 percent cheaper than Metro Manila's flower shops. In 2004, it was home to 50 flower vendors, and most are members of the Dangwa Flower Market Association. The market is centered on the crossroads of Dos Castillas Street and Dimasalang Street, spreading to adjacent roads like Lacson Avenue and Maria Clara Street.
The market derives its name from the adjacent Dangwa Tranco Terminal. Since the late 1950s, Dangwa Tranco passenger coaches have been bringing fresh flowers from Baguio City and other parts of the Cordilleras down to Manila.
The flower market was said to have sprouted in around 1976, when the neighbourhood was mostly middle-class residential, with a book publisher called Alip & Sons. The place grew in popularity as a flower market due to the presence of Dangwa Tranco Terminal, with buses coming from Benguet – where most cut flowers are harvested – unloading the fresh blooms in nearby streets.
By the 1980s and the 1990s, the market had surpassed competitors in Quiapo, Manila and Baclaran. The market’s growth during the Marcos era was also due to then-First Lady Imelda Marcos and her lavish lifestyle. At that time, the market provided flowers for big flower shops, which in turn decorated Malacañang Palace.
In 1994, a hardworking business owner started operating 24 hours a day due to growing demand, and other vendors followed suit. The advent of modern technology, specifically short message service (SMS) or "texting", has tremendous impact in the industry providing improved communication with the rural farmers and efficiency in transporting flowers at lower costs. SMS has also cut losses as dealers can instantly send feedback to farmers as to which flowers are in demand in a specific season.
Flowers in the market have since originated from beyond Trinidad Valley and the Cordilleras, in other flower farms nationwide like nearby Tagaytay, Batangas, and Laguna, to Davao and Cotabato south in Mindanao. The market has also expanded to sourcing specific varieties from overseas like Thailand, the Netherlands, and Ecuador. Some common varieties available include mums, roses, orchids, ylang-ylang, gerberas, anthuriums, and asters.
The flower market's peak seasons are around graduation days, Holy Week, Valentine's Day, All Saints Day and Mother's Day, and December. Sometimes customers flock the market till 11 pm on Valentine's Day.
14°36′55″N 120°59′19″E﻿ / ﻿14.615302°N 120.98864°E﻿ / 14.615302; 120.98864
Pavê

Pavê (Portuguese pronunciation: [pa've]) is a Brazilian dessert that consists of alternating layers of biscuits (ladyfingers or corn starch biscuits) and a cream made using condensed milk. It is similar in structure to the tiramisu.
Generally, recipes involve heating condensed milk and milk, and stirring the mixture until it thickens. Then, layers of milk-soaked biscuits are placed into a container alternating with layers of the creamy mixture. Additionally, pavês can be made of many different flavors, such as chocolate, dulce de leche, peanut, or fruits such as strawberries, pineapples, lemons and peaches.
The word pavê is said to have come from the French word pavé, meaning cobblestone pavement. This likely refers to the layout of each of the biscuit layers in the pavê.
The origins of pavê are uncertain. However, it was created prior to the tiramisu, as the latter was invented in the late 1960s, and recipes of pavê can be found as early as 1937. Brazilian recipes of refrigerated dairy desserts consisting of alternating layers of soaked ladyfingers and creamy mixtures can be found as early as 1917, although not called "pavê" at the time, but instead "pudding" or simply "cream".
In the 1970s, a peanut variant of pavê was reportedly popular.
A common pun relating to the dessert (in Brazil, referred to as an uncle joke) is "é pavê ou pacomê?". It is a play on words on the colloquial reduction of "para ver" (meaning 'to look at') to "pa ve", similar in sound to pavê. The joke means, simultaneously, "is [the dessert] to look at, or to eat?" and "is [the dessert] pavê, or to eat?".
Tamarind Juice (film)

Tamarind Juice (Spanish: Jugo de tamarindo) is a 2019 Peruvian comedy film written, directed, produced and co-starred by Julio Andrade in his directorial debut. Starring Karen Dejo, Leslie Stewart and Gerardo Zamora, it is based on the homonymous video clip by Julio Andrade.
Jugo de tamarindo focuses on a musician with domestic and marital problems. Until, in the middle of the tour, he meets a dancer with a traumatic past and with whom he made a successful video clip some time ago.
The actors participating in this film are:
On 9 September 2015 the making of a film based on his video clip Jugo de tamarindo was announced. Principal photography began in May 2016.
Tamarind Juice was scheduled to be released on 10 January 2019 in Peruvian theaters, but ended up being released on 24 January the same year.
In its opening weekend it attracted 1,200 moviegoers, being surpassed by the re-release of Schindler's List.
Sunday (2002 film)

Sunday is a television drama, produced by Sunday Productions for Channel 4 and screened on 25 January 2002. It dramatises the events of Bloody Sunday in Derry, Northern Ireland, through the eyes of the families of the dead and injured, specifically those of Leo Young, older brother of John Young, who was killed on the day. The timescale covers events in the years prior to Bloody Sunday, and subsequent events up to and including the Widgery Tribunal.
It was written by Jimmy McGovern and directed by Charles McDougall, and the Channel 4 transmission was followed by a live studio debate about the issues involved. It was overshadowed by the rival Bloody Sunday, shown eight days previously by ITV.
While the ITV's Bloody Sunday filmed most of its scenes in Ballymun in Dublin, Sunday filmed the majority of its scenes in Derry itself. Streets and areas where the actual events of Bloody Sunday happened were used by the production team, such as William Street, Creggan, Craigavon Bridge and Harvey Street, where Father Edward Daly was, in a well-known scene, filmed waving a blood stained handkerchief escorting men carrying one of the victims, Jackie Duddy.
It was released on DVD in the United Kingdom in February 2007.
The film was the debut of Clare Crockett, who gave up acting to become a nun and died during missionary work in Ecuador in 2016.
Groasis Waterboxx

The Groasis Waterboxx is a device designed to help in growing trees in dry areas. It was invented and developed by Dutch former flower exporter Pieter Hoff, and won the Popular Science Green Tech Best of What’s New Innovation of the year award for 2010. The word "Groasis" is a neologism formed as a portmanteau of the words "grow" and "oasis".
Large land areas in the world are too dry for trees to survive. Although water may be present in the ground, it is often too deep for small trees to develop a root structure to reach. The Groasing Technology employs biomimicry to solve the problem of growing plants in deserts, eroded areas, badlands and on rocks. The purpose of this technology is to replant such areas, restore the vegetation cover, and make them productive with fruit trees and vegetables.
The Groasis Waterboxx is a polypropylene bucket with a lid. It has a vertical tunnel in the middle for two plants. A wick allows water from inside the box to trickle into the ground via capillary action. The device mimics the insulating effect bird feces provide to germinating seeds. The box's lid is covered by tiny papillae, which create a superhydrophobic surface due to the lotus effect. The lid serves to funnel even the smallest amount of water down siphons into the box's central reservoir.
The product functions as a plant incubator, sheltering both a newly planted sapling and the ground around it from the heat of the sun, while providing water for the plant. The lid collects water from rain and nighttime condensation, which is then stored in the bucket. The water-filled reservoir releases small amounts (around 50 ml per day) of water into the ground by a wick to water the tree and to encourage the tree to develop a root structure. The box acts as a shield for the water in the upper ground, and this water then spreads down and out instead of being drawn to the surface and evaporated. Both temperature and humidity beneath and inside the box are more stable night and day than without.
From 2003 to 2010, the development of the Groasis Waterboxx has cost $7.1 million.
Use of the box initially involves digging a hole in the ground by a human or a machine. One to three plants are planted in the hole, and a cardboard panel is placed around the plants. In dry areas, the soil around the plants is inoculated with mycorrhizae to release nutrients in the soil that would otherwise be chemically inaccessible to the growing plants. A wick is inserted in the bottom of the Groasis which is then lowered over the plants and filled with water. Two lids are put on, funnels inserted and a cap plugs the top lid.
The box has been testing for the 3 years at Mohamed Premier University in Morocco where nearly 90% of plants survived with the box compared to 10% without. Apart from projects in warm arid areas, the box is being tested in wineries and cold mountain regions.
Another version is called Growboxx. It is a recycled paper bucket and should not be removed after a year. The bucket itself becomes food for the tree.
Tostilocos

Tostilocos (also Dorilocos) are a popular Mexican antojito (street food) that consist of Tostitos or Doritos tortilla chips with various toppings. Ingredients can include white corn, cueritos (pickled pork rinds), cucumber, jícama, lime juice, Clamato, mango pieces, hot sauce, chamoy, chili powder, salt, mayonnaise, and Japanese-style peanuts (sometimes referred to as "cracker nuts"). The dish was first conceived in the late 1990s by street vendors in Mexico.
In the 21st century, Tostilocos also known as “Tostitos Preparados” are now commonly sold by street vendors, stadium vendors, and at Mexican juice bars in both Mexico and the Southwestern United States.
The original Tostilocos were created in Tijuana, Mexico. The original mix contained tortilla chips, cueritos, cucumber, jícama, rueditas (little wheel-shaped pieces of fried flour), Japanese peanuts, lime juice, chamoy, and hot sauce.
The word tostilocos is a combination of the name of Tostitos-brand tortilla chips and the Spanish word loco, meaning "crazy". So the name essentially means "crazy chips" or "crazy Tostitos".
The usual way of serving tostilocos is by cutting open a bag of tortilla chips lengthwise and adding chamoy, lemon or lime juice, and if desired, Valentina hot sauce. After this, cueritos are added. Most often cucumber and jicama are the next toppings, but one can add any fruit desired. The finishing touches are Japanese peanuts and tamarind candies. The candies vary. The resulting concoction is eaten with a fork straight out of the bag, which is the original and most common way. However, vendors have also used Styrofoam plates or bowls.
Tostilocos is generally a "no rules" type of dish, so the ingredients may vary depending on personal taste. Besides the ingredients mentioned above, some vendors also use nacho cheese, shredded cheese, sliced pickled jalapeños, and chopped mango bits. The base chips can be any flavor of tortilla chips. Tostitos brand tortilla chips are the most commonly used (hence the name), but any brand of tortilla chips works equally well. Some vendors also use different kinds of chips, such as Fritos corn chips, Doritos (called "Dorilocos"), or hot Cheetos.
南京小吃

南京小吃，历史悠久，品种繁多，自六朝时期流传至今，多达80多个品种。名点小吃有荤有素，甜咸俱有，形态各异，其中代表是秦淮河夫子庙地区，其风味小吃是中国四大小吃群之一。 夫子庙的点心小吃许是缘于当年的秦淮画舫，手工精细，造型美观，选料考究，风味独特。经过多年的努力，其中七家点心店制作的小吃，经专家鉴定，将八套秦淮风味名点小吃正式命名为“秦淮八绝”。中国前国家副主席荣毅仁在夫子庙品尝秦淮风味小吃后，曾题写横幅：“小吃好吃”，亦作“吃好吃小”。
八绝如下：
第一绝：永和园的黄桥烧饼和开洋干丝
第二绝：蒋有记的牛肉汤和牛肉锅贴
第三绝：六凤居的豆腐涝和葱油饼
第四绝：奇芳阁的鸭油酥烧饼和什锦菜包
第五绝：奇芳阁的麻油素干丝和鸡丝浇面
第六绝：莲湖糕团店的桂花夹心小元宵和五色小糕
第七绝：瞻园面馆的熏鱼银丝面和薄皮包饺
第八绝：魁光阁的五香豆和五香蛋
镇江香醋

鎮江香醋又稱鎮江醋，中国四大名醋之一，和山西老陈醋同属北方名醋。「香」字道明鎮江醋比起其他種類的醋來說，重點在有一種獨特的香氣。鎮江醋屬於烏醋，其製作方法，是以糯米酿成米酒，再加入醋酸菌，采用固态分层发酵方法精釀陳置而成，一般需要釀製近三個星期，并且需要经过半年以上甚至5年的时间陈酿而成。
鎮江醋影響到當地飲食。江蘇鎮江地區的食品以「肴、點、麵」馳名。「肴」是水晶肴肉，「點」是蟹黄湯包、蒸餃、燒賣、大煮干丝等，「麵」是用肴湯為底煮出的麵，又称“锅盖面”。當地人煮這些菜餚時，多以鎮江醋沾滴澆淋，鎮江醋亦為日常煮食的常用調味品，或是作為佐膳汁料，其中一種是在吃大閘蟹時，蘸上加入薑絲的鎮江醋，以中和蟹的寒性。
據日本一項有關食醋類的研究指出，鎮江醋有較高的氨基酸含量，有助抑制人體老化，預防各種老年疾病。中国工程院院士阮长耿及其科研组经过3年多的研究发现：陈酿2年以上的镇江香醋中含有川芎嗪（一种治疗心血管疾病的物质）和抗氧化的功能因子。
1985年前，镇江市仅有两家生产镇江香醋厂家，其中最主要的厂家是生产恒顺香醋的恒顺酱醋厂，即江蘇恆順集團。此后，镇江香醋成为一个被广泛使用的名牌。高峰时，镇江市有百余家镇江香醋酿造厂。全国亦有21个省级行政区生产镇江香醋。种种乱象之下，镇江香醋名声受损。为此，当地于2004年11月成立鎮江市醋業協會。次年，协会申请「镇江香醋」为集體商標。「镇江香醋」逐成为鎮江市醋業協會拥有的集體商標，已被列为中国地理标志产品。根据江苏省十二届人大常委会第二十四次会议提交审查的《镇江香醋保护条例》规定，镇江香醋必须在镇江行政区域内生产，且必须采用特殊工艺制作，这意味着镇江香醋的特殊工艺将受到法律保护。
油飯

油飯，是台灣一種傳統的米食料理，通常是以蒸熟的糯米，去拌入炒香的佐料。佐料常見的有豬肉絲、魷魚絲、香菇絲、豆干絲、乾蝦仁、蝦米，以及比較少見的栗子、花生、臘肉、臘腸，然後，加上辛香料的蒜、薑、紅蔥頭、白胡椒、黑胡椒，以及醬油、麻油、清米酒，去料理而成。
根據臺灣民眾的傳統習俗，家中若有嬰兒出生，會在其滿月時烹煮麻油雞、紅蛋、油飯祭祖並分送親友以示慶祝，並且會因嬰兒性別來決定油飯內是否添加雞腿。
玉子豆腐

玉子豆腐（日语：玉子豆腐／たまごどうふ），又称鸡蛋豆腐，在中國大陸又稱日本豆腐，是一种源自日本的食物。其主要原料为鸡蛋，口感类似蒸蛋，因形状类似豆腐而得名，本身不含大豆成分。
玉子豆腐诞生于日本江户时代。1785年出版的《万宝料理秘密箱》中“玉子百珍”一节里，介绍了“卵豆腐”的制作方法。玉子豆腐后来流传至东南亚，并在20世纪90年代由马来西亚传入中国。
传统的玉子豆腐是用鸡蛋与日式高汤制成，鸡蛋与高汤的比例大致为1:2，混合均匀后蒸熟制成。现代工厂大规模生产的玉子豆腐一般以纯水代替日式高汤，一般还会加入其它调味料和焦磷酸钠、三聚磷酸钠等食品添加剂，且以管状塑料袋包装。
麻婆豆腐

麻婆豆腐，是中国菜裡的川菜代表之一，突顯出了川菜“麻辣”的特點。主要食材有豆腐、牛肉碎、豆瓣醬和花椒等。其中，麻的味覺是来自花椒，而辣的感覺則是来自辣椒。麻婆豆腐在全世界範圍內都非常受歡迎，其辣度也經常会相应降低，並加上當地的調味料進行改造。
此菜在同治元年（1862年），由成都市北郊萬福橋一家名為「陳興盛飯舖」的小餐館老闆娘陳劉氏所创。因為陳劉氏臉上有麻点，人稱陳麻婆，她發明的这种燒豆腐就被稱為「陳麻婆豆腐」。後來因為這道菜大受歡迎，食客多不知其原始店名，而稱之為「陳麻婆豆腐店」。該店與包席菜館「正興園」、「鍾湯圓」等店家齊名。由於陳興盛飯鋪本是鄉間小舖，早期店內並未準備牛肉和菜油等食材，食客必須自行先到肉舖割肉、到油鋪打油，然後將食材交給飯鋪的師傅來料理。稍後店鋪生意興旺，才開始由伙計代客到街上打油買肉。清代《錦城竹枝詞百詠》中收錄有一首描述本菜的詩：「麻婆豆腐尚傳名，豆腐烘來味最精。萬福橋邊帘影動，合沽春酒醉先生。」
在中国文化大革命时期，此菜由于破四旧而一度被改名“麻辣豆腐”，至今仍有人用此称呼。
麻婆豆腐廣受歡迎，流傳各地，做法也有許多不同。最大的改變之一，是陳興盛飯鋪自己所調整，亦即將材料的牛肉改為豬肉，以便不吃牛肉的食客也能品嘗，但若干老食客對此改變評價不一。該店後來又改回專用牛肉，但以豬肉為料的作法也已廣為各地廚師和食客接受。其次則是增加了豆瓣醬，乃至於公認以郫县豆瓣最佳。當代麻婆豆腐講究麻、辣、鮮、燙、嫩、捆（豆腐完整不爛）、酥（牛肉末酥香）等特色。此外，也有使用豬腦或牛腦代替豆腐的變化做法，製作過程相同，稱為麻婆腦花。但因當代人對膽固醇的顧忌，此變化作法並不常得見。
台灣在1960年代製作此菜時，油必用花生油，肉則不拘牛豬。肉炒熟後，加入豆瓣醬、豆豉、紅椒粉、醬油、鹽、糖，爆香後再加入豆腐片、高湯，滾煮後加入蔥、薑、蒜，以水調太白粉勾芡，起鍋前加花椒粉和麻油。作料與程序已有若干變化，強調麻、辣、燙、鹹。
在日本，最初是由四川宜賓出身的廚師陳建民將本菜傳入，並針對日本人的口味稍作變化。日本式的麻婆豆腐主要是不用花椒（或只用少量），而另外使用蚝油和紹興酒，甚且有使用甜麵醬或八丁味噌為醬料者。近年來日本也流行使用花椒的正宗四川口味，稱為「四川麻婆豆腐」或「陳麻婆豆腐」。
最常见的快餐版本为麻婆豆腐蓋飯。現有的其他變化組合吃法还有：麻婆豆腐麵（分乾拌及醬汁較多兩種）、麻婆豆腐包子、炸麻婆豆腐餅，還有少見之以熱麻婆豆腐拌涼麵等。
蕈類

蕈類（mushroom，toadstool）又稱菇類、蕈菇，是泛稱大型真菌的肉質產孢子實體，其菌絲具橫隔壁，將菌絲分隔成多細胞，受到認為自身有危險的攻擊時，會散播孢子。蕈類於生態系中皆為分解者。
蘑菇通常是对蘑菇属（Agaricus）部分食用菌的总称，常见的包括双孢蘑菇（Agaricus bisporus）、大肥菇（Agaricus bitorquis）、四孢蘑菇（Agaricus campestris）等；一般栽培的蘑菇是指双孢蘑菇。海南发现世界最大真菌子实体——椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌。
多數真菌（並非指菇類）按科學分類可分為以下主要幾類：
按形態分類則可分為5類：
菇類通常行孢子生殖；孢子萌發後，其產生的菌絲是有橫隔壁的單核菌絲。正、負交配型的單核菌絲相遇後，經接合成為雙核菌絲，然後才發育成為菇類的子實體。
子實體由菌傘和菌柄所組成。菌傘的腹面具有菌褶，成熟時經減數分裂可產生孢子。
許多菇類可被當作食品，如香菇、洋菇、金針菇、松茸、松露和木耳等。
某些菇類亦具有醫療價值，如靈芝、雲芝、桑黃、茯苓及冬蟲夏草等。藥用真菌如桑黃、靈芝、樟芝等多富含多醣體及三萜類化合物；在傳統醫學的觀點，認為有解毒、活血、增強免疫力、消炎、抗癌、延年益壽等功效，至於實際的功效仍需要進一步的研究。
相對於食用菇，也有許多對人類有害的毒菇；已知的如：有致命毒性的鱗柄白毒鵝膏菌、毒鵝膏、苞腳鵝膏菌、擬稀褶紅菇、火焰茸，會造成神經系統異常的豹斑毒傘、毒蠅傘、橘黃裸傘，會影響腸胃消化系統的褐黑口蘑、綠褶菇、毒粉褶菌等。
毒菌會造成許多的中毒症狀（蕈類中毒）：食用造成嘔吐、腹痛、下痢、痙攣、昏睡、幻覺等，最嚴重時可能導致死亡。也有過一段時間後會造成身體麻痺的。還有食用前後一段時間內有飲用酒類就會造成中毒的品種。
沒有經驗者自行摘採野生的菇類來食用是非常危險的行為，目前並沒有簡單的方法可以直接判定蕈類是否可食。毒菇中有許多品種與食用菇非常相像。也有毒性雖然弱但仍會造成嚴重症狀者（例如日本亮耳菌這種弱毒性的品種，也有造成死亡的案例）。自然界中仍有許多仍未有研究的蕈類存在，且沒有毒性的品種在不同的地方也可能產生毒性，或是以往研究不充分而認為是食用蕈、近年才發現有毒（如貝形圓孢側耳）。
某些原食用菇的人工培植地棄置後，也有可能另外生長出其他品種、甚至是有毒的菇類。
蘑菇中毒可分成6种情况：
毒菇並沒有非常確切的辨識方法。「會裂開的菇就是食用菇」、「毒菇的顏色都很鮮艷所以顏色不顯眼、味道不錯的菇類就可以吃」、「不會讓銀器變色的就可以吃」、「被蟲吃過的菇就可以吃」、「泡鹽水或加鹽煮過就可以去掉毒素」等，都是被实验否定的說法，絕對不能當作實際的判斷根據。例如毒性極高的紅褐杯傘就顏色不顯眼、常裂開來。要確認是否可食、有沒有毒，除了根據菇類的品種外，還要考慮生長的地區。不過，實際上多數菇類中毒案例都是將已知的有毒品種錯認為無毒種而造成，事先若能做過確認大多都能避免。
迷幻蘑菇

賽洛西賓蕈類（psilocybin mushrooms）即裸蓋菇，俗稱迷幻蘑菇、神奇魔菇、魔菇（magic mushroom）、牛屎菇，是含有裸蓋菇鹼和脫磷酸裸蓋菇素等迷幻物質的蕈類。它們在生物屬分類上涵蓋田頭菇屬（Agrocybe）、錐蓋傘屬（Conocybe）、灰斑褶菇屬（英语：Copelandia）、盔孢傘屬、老傘屬（Gerronema）、裸傘屬、韌傘屬（Hypholoma）、絲蓋傘屬、小菇屬（Mycena）、斑褶菇屬、光柄菇屬及裸蓋菇屬（英语：Psilocybe），總共約190種，其中又以裸蓋菇屬為大宗。
考古文獻顯示，早在史前時代人類就已懂得食用含有致幻性物質的蕈類。民族植物學暨致幻劑學者喬治·薩莫里尼（英语：Giorgio Samorini）指出，阿傑爾高原的塔西利（北非卡普薩文化的史前遺址）的某些中石器時代石洞壁畫可能記錄了薩滿教使用原始的迷幻魔菇的情景，並推測應為裸蓋菇種。中部美洲的原住民，自前哥倫布時代，便已經使用裸蓋菇屬的致幻菇種於宗教共融、占卜和治療，直至今日。考古遺址也發現許多蕈類狀的雕像，似乎印證著古代以致幻性蕈類為儀式使用的悠久歷史。
目前，在從墨西哥中部到瓦哈卡州的一些群體中已經報導了捲毛毒素的使用。
目前，在阿姆斯特丹迷幻蘑菇（Magic Mushroom）已經被列為非法了，但是迷幻松露（Magic Truffle）依然合法。（這兩個其實基本上就是同一種東西，有同樣的效果，只不過Magic Mushroom是蘑菇而Magic Truffle是蘑菇的孢子而已）。
雙孢蘑菇

雙孢蘑菇（学名：Agaricus bisporus）俗稱洋菇，也常被误称为口蘑（與口蘑不同），為伞菌科伞菌属的一种，是最常見的食用菇之一，肉質肥厚。原生於歐洲及北美洲，人類至少自古希臘時代起便開始食用，人工栽培則約始於17世紀的法國等地，現在則已經廣泛在世界各地栽培。
雙孢蘑菇最大約可長到蕈傘直徑20公分，蕈柄長度15公分，不過人工栽培的雙孢蘑菇多半在蕈傘成熟張開後直徑達2～4公分時便採收。雙孢蘑菇依外觀顏色區分可分為4種，即白色、灰白色、淡黃色及褐色，其中以白色種最受市場歡迎，也是產量最多的一種。
双孢蘑菇在未成熟阶段通常呈现白色或者浅褐色，而且形状又圆又厚，在西方通常称其为巴黎蘑菇（champignon de paris），英语也称纽扣菇（Button mushroom）。成熟后，蘑菇伞会张开，肉色会深化而呈现深褐色，在西方也被称为Portobello。
雙孢蘑菇在70多个国家有种植，為最常見的食用菇之一。
洋菇富含維生素、蛋白質和膳食纖維，脂肪含量低，热量低，是一种不错的食材。洋菇也是为数不多的，可以生吃的蘑菇之一。不过其子实体可能会含有遺傳毒性以及致癌性的物质，最好不要生吃。
奈須蘑菇

奈須蘑菇（日语：奈須 きのこ／なす きのこ，1973年11月28日—），本名为奈須國廣（日语：奈須 國広／なす くにひろ），日本男性腳本家與小說家。毕业于法政大学大学院人文科学研究科。由於不公開露面，因此曾因名字的漢字寫法惹來性別上的猜測。座右銘為「人類皆強大」，自畫像是一顆蘑菇怪物。與武內崇為中学同學和好友，兩人成立同人團體「TYPE-MOON」，2000年發表遊戲《月姬》，奈須負責劇本。2003年商業化成立遊戲公司「Notes」（ノーツ）。2004年發表遊戲《Fate/stay night》，同樣擔任遊戲腳本原案。現於講談社的「浮士德（ファウスト）」連載小說《DDD》（Decoration Disorder Disconnection）。
中學時受到著名日本奇幻小說家菊地秀行的影響，而走上寫作之路。自稱受到菊地秀行、綾辻行人、島田莊司、竹本健治和京極夏彦等人作品的影響與啟發。
1998年與武內崇組成同人團體「竹箒」，1998年起在「竹箒」網站上發表一個月連載一回的小說《空之境界》。2000年12月，以同人團體「TYPE-MOON」名義，在Comic Market 59發表遊戲《月姬》，受到極大迴響，創下許多同人遊戲的記錄。2003年，和武內崇成立遊戲公司「Notes」，以「TYPE-MOON」名義發表合集「月箱」後，解散「TYPE-MOON」，將其改為「Notes」的品牌。2004年發表第一款商業作，遊戲《Fate/stay night》。同年，與講談社合作將小說《空之境界》重新編輯和編排後出版。
奈須氏慣以獨特的筆法及艱澀的文字撰寫文章，加上其作品背後龐大的設定量，生動的文筆令讀者為之沉迷。日本當地的稱這種獨特的筆法為「きのこ節」，在網路上受到廣泛討論。之后创作了《DDD》，在《腐姬》的影响下，做出《Fate/stay night》的HF线。
官方網頁Staff日記中自述，2004年曾作胃部檢査。
2018年，54563号小行星（R. A. Tucker发现）被命名为奈须蘑菇的名字，同一批被命名为小行星名字的还有冈本伦、绫辻行人、新海诚、伊福部昭、高梨康治等。
「奈須きのこ」中，「きのこ」意為蘑菇（這點從奈須以蘑菇頭當自畫像可看出），若要寫成漢字，通常作「木野子」，而「子」一般見於女性人名，故有人以為奈須是女性。但是其實「きのこ」也可寫作「茸」字，即蘑菇。
在早期一篇長篇訪問中，「Notes」成員OKSG曾戲言奈須是女性，原名奈須きの子（註釋有寫明奈須是男性）。從後來另一篇訪問中刊登的照片（雖然只有背面）也能看出奈須不太可能是女性。奈須在「竹箒」網頁的PROFILE中自稱性別是「雄」。
「きのこ節」指奈須氏獨創的筆法，特色在於：
巴西蘑菇

巴西蘑菇（Agaricus subrufescens）又称巴西菇、姬松茸，是一種原产自巴西、秘鲁可進食的菌類植物，味道帶甜，有杏仁的芳香。
巴西蘑菇常見於營養保健食品中，巴西人很愛吃，並聲稱有活化免疫系統、預防惡性腫瘤（防癌）的功效。然而，其科學根據一直存疑。日本的國立健康營養研究所自2011年3月開始就相關產品的有效性及安全性進行研究，至今仍未得到可信度高的結果。
巴西蘑菇经常以姬松茸作为名称进行销售，但姬松茸和松茸是完全不同的品种，松茸是一种野生药用菌，而姬松茸是可人工培育的食用菇，价格也差别极大。
姬松茸原生於北美洲，最早由美國植物學家查爾斯·霍頓·佩克於1893年發表描述。在19世紀後期到20世紀初期，姬松茸在美國東部作為食用菌而培植。這種植在1970年代於巴西再次被發現，但被錯認為另一在佛羅里達州發現的另一品種Agaricus blazei Murrill。這種「新發現」的菌類植物由於其醫療價值而被炒熱，並冠上各種冠冕堂皇的名稱，如：「太陽菇」（cogumelo do sol）、「神菇」（cogumelo de Deus）、「生命之菇」（cogumelo de vida）等。
中文名称巴西蘑菇也译自Agaricus blazei Murrill。
Agaricus subrufescens forms fruitbodies singly or in clusters in leaf litter in rich soil, often in domestic habitats.Originally described from the northeastern United States and Canada, it has been found growing in California, Hawaii, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Philippines and Brazil.
初步研究顯示巴西蘑菇產品會產生肝毒性（在一例尝试用蘑菇治疗卵巢癌的患者身上发现），並可能在一些人身上引起過敏。
味精症候群

味精症候群（MSG symptom complex）是偽科學。支持者聲稱這是一系列症状，包括头疼、脸部或其它部位潮红、流汗和口部和脸部感到压力。更严重的症状则包括喉咙肿胀、胸口疼痛、心悸和呼吸急促。一般个案的患者能够康复，不会受重大伤害。在吃下含有丰富味精的食物前，只要服用正常含量的维他命B6，就可以避免此症候群。
由於美國人最初是因為吃中國菜引起這些病徵，所以一度將這些病徵稱為中国餐馆症候群（Chinese restaurant syndrome）。
谷氨酸钠综合征则指中式餐馆经常使用谷氨酸钠（亦即味精）。味精是常见调味料，在很多家庭菜式、加工食物和餐厅菜式都出现。“中式餐厅”是指现象的最初事例，但并非只有中国菜带来这种綜合症。
「MSG綜合症狀」起初稱為「谷氨酸单钠症候群」也就是「中國餐館症候群」，最初来自1968年在美国《新英格兰医学杂志》上发表的一封署名 Robert Ho Man Kwok 的读者来信，其自称来到美国几年了，常去中餐馆吃饭，发现中餐馆大量使用味精造成多种症状。因为其名字很像来自香港的华裔移民，一些媒体称之为“華裔醫生郭浩民”。郭氏認為這種症狀背後隱藏著許多原因，其中包括用酒烹調時所殘留的酒精、鈉成分或MSG調味品等。但經過那次後，MSG就成為大家關注的焦點，兼且與那些症狀再也脫不掉關係。然而，從未研究過酒或鹽成分所帶來的影響。多年來，特異性症狀的清單就建立在這些逸事趣聞的基礎上。
然而据迈克尔·布兰丁的报道，“華裔醫生郭浩民”子虚乌有，那封造成之后连锁反应的信其实来自两个美国年轻医生打赌能否在《新英格兰医学杂志》这样的严肃刊物上发表明显胡扯的文章。他们杜撰的醫生自称所在的医学机构 the National Biomedical Research Foundation of Silver Spring 根本不存在。其中一人在来信发表后多次联系《新英格兰医学杂志》告诉他们实情，但被拒绝接受。
虽然症候群鲜有发生，但一些人认为味精有害而不敢吃有味精之食物，一些餐厅就以不提供这类食物作招徕。
一般认为味精是中国餐馆症候群发生的原因，多项研究却显示它与症候群的症状没有重大关联。其中一项研究并不假设症候群只有某一个原因，而认为症候群是数种进食后的症状，并有各自独立的原因。
1987年联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织食品添加剂专家联合会第19次会议宣布，取消过去关于成人食用味精量要限制的规定，确定它是一种可靠的食品添加剂，除一周岁内婴儿外，其他年龄组儿童都可食用。这个结论是在广泛研究的基础上作出的，经过调查发现，所谓的“中国餐馆综合征”并非因中国菜肴多加味精的缘故，而是蠟樣芽孢桿菌污染饭菜所致。研究报告还证实，味精加热后一般变化不大，加热到154℃时味精只不过失去了它本身含有的结晶水，加热到210℃时味精发生吡咯烷酮化，加热到270℃时才分解破坏。所以，在一般食品的烹调温度条件下，味精的性能是稳定的，用不着担心变质有毒的问题。事实上，正宗的味精都是由粮食加工制成的。味精的化学成分是谷氨酸钠，它进入人体后很快分解出谷氨酸，而谷氨酸是一种有鲜味的氨基酸，肉汤、鸡汤之所以鲜，也在于因汤中溶有较多谷氨酸的缘故。氨基酸自然对人体是有益的。不过，毫无节制地食用味精仍然有钠离子摄入量超标之虞，原因在於味精是谷氨酸以鈉鹽的形式保存與販售。簡言之所謂的中國餐廳症候群（CRS）在經過嚴格與縝密的科學實驗下，目前並無任何證據顯示味精於一般情況的使用量下（谷氨酸鈉鹽/MSG）與中國餐廳症候群有任何的關聯。
李鸿章杂碎

李鸿章杂碎（英語：chop suey）又稱杂碎，是盛行于北美地区的的美式中国菜。至今已有一百多年的历史，因1896年清末名臣李鸿章游历美国而名声大噪，进而在美国和加拿大流行，成为北美地区一道受人喜爱的華人美食。
“炒杂碎”作为在美国最出名的美式中国菜，其起源有多种说法。一种说法是由在美国為修铁路的工人作菜的华工厨子发明，另外一种说法是起源于淘金热时期的中国餐馆，不管哪一种说法属实，都说明在李鸿章出訪美国之前杂碎已经出现在美国的华裔餐馆了，且跟揚州炒飯一樣，廚師多为广东籍移民。
不过，目前较为准确的说法是，杂碎起源于广东江门台山，菜式也是从台山菜中提炼而成。其中一名比较出名的香港医生，在追忆时谈到，“当时在1894年吃这道菜，就是在美国的台山饭馆里，味道没有怎么变，正如我所讲的那样，台山人个个都是探险家，因此这道菜极有可能来自于台山。"在台山-四邑地区，农民大部分以什锦蔬菜面食为主，也正是如此，西半球的大多数中国人为台山人，且极大多数的餐馆以杂烩和炒面为主。
美国现存最早的杂碎餐馆菜单是一张1879年波士顿宏发楼的菜单，现存纽约美國華人博物館，说明“炒杂碎”在李鸿章访美之前已经存在，“杂碎”被冠以李鸿章之名，源于1896年李鸿章访美时，据称李鸿章在当地受到了盛大的欢迎，一时成为美国上下关注的对象。而先期进入美国的餐馆商人便借李鸿章之名，成功进行了一次捆绑式的广告营销，从而诞生了著名的“李鸿章杂碎”。
在西方的中餐馆中，“李鸿章杂碎”是很常见的一道菜肴，各地饮食习惯不同，做法也各有差异。
美国版的“李鸿章杂碎”取材肉丝炒菜丝，用猪肉丝或鸡丝等，与绿豆芽、芹菜丝、笋丝、青椒丝、洋葱丝、大白菜丝或者荷兰豆等混炒而成，1903年梁启超游历美国时品尝過這道菜，印象不佳：“然其所谓杂碎者，烹饪殊劣，中国人从无就食者”。
传闻李鸿章在访问美国时，因吃不惯西餐，其私人随身厨师便将剩菜杂烩一锅，恰巧有外国客人造访，李鸿章挽留招待。外国客人品尝后称赞之余，向李鸿章询问菜名，李随口一句“杂碎”。另一传說是李鸿章要宴請美國人，李鴻章的廚師為了滿足中美兩國的口味，而發明了「雜碎」。此后“李鸿章杂碎”便流行开来，在当地大受欢迎，成为当地中餐馆的一道招牌菜。這些传說都是典型的烹飪神話。
梁启超在1903年访问美国时，曾经感慨道，“杂碎馆自李合肥（鸿章）遊美后始发生。前此西人足迹不履唐人埠，自合肥至后一到游历，此后来者如鲫……自此杂碎之名大噪。仅纽约一隅，杂碎馆三四百家，遍于全市。此外东方各埠，如费尔特费（费城）、波士顿、华盛顿、芝加高（芝加哥）、必珠卜（匹兹堡）诸埠称是。”
杂碎一词很早进入美国主流文学艺术。美国诺贝尔文学奖得主辛克莱·刘易斯的1914年小说Our Mr. Wrenn（英语：Our Mr. Wrenn）和1922年小说Babbitt（英语：Babbitt (novel)），都提到美国中式餐馆的杂碎。美國爵士樂音樂家路易斯·阿姆斯壯1925年出的唱片歌曲中包括Who'll Chop Your Suey（When I'm Gone）。美国画家愛德華·霍普1929年作油画《杂碎（英语：Chop Suey (painting)）》。
西蘭花

西兰花（學名：Brassica oleracea var. italica；英語：broccoli），又稱西兰花、綠花菜、花菜苔、百加利（一些海外的中國餐館所用音譯），旧称木立花椰菜，是一種蔬菜。西蘭花源於意大利，和結球甘藍、擘蓝、宝塔花菜、花椰菜、淡绿花椰菜同為甘藍的變種。西蘭花的裁種記錄可追溯至古羅馬時期，推斷最早產自意大利半島或西西里島。中國大陸譯名西兰花,乃因产自西方，与另一甘蓝变种的芥蓝味道相似，故得名，意指西方的芥蓝。台灣譯名則因為像花椰菜、呈青绿色而得名青花菜。
西蘭花富含豐富維生素C和膳食纖維，還含有具強效抗癌性能的多種營養成分，如二吲哚甲烷和少量硒。每100克西藍花就含有89.2毫克的維生素C，含量是大白菜的4倍。當中發現一種叫做3,3'-二吲哚甲烷的物質，對人的先天免疫系統好比一個有效的調製器，具有抗病毒，抗細菌和抗腫瘤活性作用。西蘭花還含有一種叫葡萄糖蘿蔔硫苷的化合物，它可以加工成一種抗癌化合物叫蘿蔔硫素。蘿蔔硫素的前身為硫代葡萄糖苷，經由芥子酶（myrosinase）轉化成蘿蔔硫素，然而芥子酶為熱不安定性，高溫烹煮會破壞活性，進而大量減少蘿蔔硫素的生成。另有研究指出，西蘭花嫩芽内含有异硫氰酸酯，其能有效抑制幽门螺杆菌生长，进而间接抑制致胃炎、胃溃疡甚至胃癌的发生或发展。西蘭花嫩芽比成熟的花头异硫氰酸酯浓度更高。
西蘭花苗（broccoli sprouts，baby broccoli）一般指三到四天大的西蘭花植株，含有豐富的黑芥子酶；如果西蘭花粉與西蘭花苗同時食用，那麼就可以同時獲得黑芥子酶和蘿蔔硫素。科學家表示，如果西蘭花及西蘭花乾粉與西蘭花苗一起食用，西蘭花苗中所含的黑芥子酶可促進西藍花中蘿蔔硫素的形成和吸收，西蘭花抗癌功效就會增加一倍。
蒙古烤肉

蒙古烤肉是源自臺灣的菜餚，類似鐵板燒，通常由多種肉類與蔬菜等置於大型平鐵板上拌炒而成。取餐形式則類似自助餐，顧客取料後由廚師料理。
蒙古烤肉是由北京出生的資深相聲演員吳兆南發明。
1951年，吳兆南在台北市新店溪畔的螢橋地區開設烤肉店維生，使用了更多種類的肉品、配料和醬料使得整體味道上更多元，牛羊雞豬肉加上蔬菜，再淋上醬油、麻油、大蒜、辣椒、檸檬汁、鳳梨等十餘種配料。吳兆南原本想將此新式料理取名為「北京烤肉」，但聽起來有「通匪」之嫌，叫「北平」也不適合，因而以蒙古取名，「離那地方（指北京）愈遠愈好」。
傅培梅亦曾在其節目傅培梅時間中介紹類似料理，稱其孩子小時候常常帶友人來訪時，午餐會買各樣肉品、蔬菜，發盤子讓孩子們自行夾取搭配，以熱炒方式完成，並命名該料理為「蒙古炒肉」。然而傅培梅長女程安琪出生於1952年，已較上述吳兆南自述研發蒙古烤肉時間晚。
蒙古烤肉從發明以來，在台灣的餐廳都是採取一價吃到飽的形式，只是當時的路邊攤價格低廉，現在因肉品的檔次提高，加上燒餅、酸菜白肉鍋等配套的多樣化，價位也隨之提高。
巴西烤肉

巴西烤肉（葡萄牙語：churrasco）是一種流行在南美的烤肉吃法，在鐵串上穿有各式肉類，經過炭火燒烤之後食用。巴西烤肉阿根廷、烏拉圭和玻利維亞等南美國家同样流行，但在中國的餐廳多以巴西烤肉這一菜名提供。一般來說，巴西烤肉店（rodizio）以自助餐形式為多，店員會來到各顧客前，按照顧客的需求切下肉量。
中国东南地区

中国东南地区，通称东南地区，是指以广东省和福建省为中心的中国东南部地区。
不同资料中，中国东南地区的具体范围有所不同。而在两岸分治背景下，因应中华人民共和国方面的一个中国原则，中国东南地区亦囊括中华民国最大的实控领土——臺灣（台湾地区）。
《中国饮食文化史·东南地区卷》将东南地区分为岭南和闽台两大区域，包括广东省、广西壮族自治区、海南省、福建省和台湾省。
另一种差异较大的东南地区范围定义，将广东省和福建省，连同上海市、江苏省、浙江省，共计五个省级行政区，统称为东南五省（市）、东南四省一市。若加上邻近的、非沿海省份的江西省和安徽省，共计七个省级行政区，统称为东南六省一市。
将所有资料汇总，最广义的中国东南地区包括了华东和华南地区所有省份、上海市、广西壮族自治区以及港澳台地区。该地区涵盖了中国除辽宁省、河北省和天津市以外所有的沿海省份，也是中国经济最发达的地区，其中上海市和港澳台地区达到了先进发达国家的水平（人均GDP两万美元以上），江苏、浙江、福建、广东和山东五省则达到了中等发达国家的水平（人均GDP一万到两万美元之间）。
东南某省特指台湾省。由于中国大陆方面奉行一个中国原则，在不承认实际控制台湾的中华民国是国家的背景下，东南某省即为此类特殊用法之一。
Egg substitutes

Egg substitutes are food products which can be used to replace eggs in cooking and baking. Common reasons a cook may choose to use an egg substitute instead of egg(s) include having an egg allergy, adhering to a vegan diet or a vegetarian diet of a type that omits eggs, having concerns about the level of animal welfare or environmental burden associated with egg farming, or worries about potential Salmonella contamination when using raw eggs. There is a growing movement to address some of these concerns via third-party certifications, but because many labels in the industry remain confusing or intentionally misleading, some consumers distrust them and may use egg substitutes instead.
There are many commercial substitutes on the market today for people who wish to avoid eggs. Most of these products are devoid of all animal products, and thus are vegan and contain no cholesterol.
The product called Egg Beaters is a substitute for whole/fresh eggs (from the shell) but is not an egg substitute; it consists mainly of egg whites.
Simple homemade egg substitutes can be made using many different ingredients, depending on which aspect(s) of an egg must be replicated. Some commonly used substitutes are tofu, various fruit purées, potato starch, mashed potato, baking powder, ground seeds (especially flax and chia), chickpea flour, and plant milk.
One large egg (the size almost every recipe uses) equals 1/4 cup (~60 mL) when whisked.
Sautéed mushrooms

Sautéed mushrooms (French: Champignons sautés au beurre) is a dish prepared by sautéing edible mushrooms. It is served as a side dish, used as an ingredient in dishes such as coq au vin, beef bourguignon, and foods such as duxelles, as a topping for steaks and toast, and also as a garnish.
Sautéed mushrooms is a common dish prepared by the sautéing of sliced or whole edible mushrooms. Butter is typically used when sautéing the dish, and margarine and cooking oils such as olive oil and canola oil are also used. Clarified butter can be used, as can a mixture of oil and butter. The dish is typically cooked over a high heat until the mushrooms are browned, with the oil or butter being very hot in a pan before the mushrooms are added. Overcooking may create an inferior dish by causing the mushrooms to lose moisture and becoming shriveled.
During the cooking process, the dish can be deglazed with the use of wine, and wine can be used as an ingredient in and of itself without deglazing. The dish can be flavored with lemon juice, various herbs and seasonings, salt and pepper. Additional ingredients such as minced green onions and shallots can also be used. The dish is vegetarian, and may have a meat-like texture.
Sautéed mushrooms is sometimes served as a side dish, and is also used as an ingredient in the preparation of dishes and foods such as beef bourguignon, coq au vin, poulet en cocotte, Poulet Saute Chasseur, soups and stews, sauces, and duxelles, a paste prepared by sautéing mushrooms, onions, shallots, and herbs in butter. Sautéed mushrooms is also used as a topping for cooked steaks and toast, as a side dish meant to specifically accompany steaks, and as a garnish. The dish can serve to add significant flavor to various dishes, in part per the glutamic acid present in the cells of edible mushrooms (see also: glutamate flavoring).
Moo goo gai pan

Moo goo gai pan (Chinese: 蘑菇雞片; Cantonese: móh-gū gāi-pin) is the Americanized version of a Cantonese dish – chicken with mushroom in oyster sauce (香菇雞片), which can be a stir-fry dish or a dish made in a clay pot. The Chinese-American version is a simple stir-fried dish with thinly sliced chicken, white button-mushrooms, and other vegetables. The word pan 片 means thin slices, referring to the way that the chicken is cut. Popular vegetable additions include bok choy, snow peas, bamboo shoots, shiitake mushrooms, water chestnuts, carrots, and/or Chinese cabbage (Napa cabbage).
The name comes from the Cantonese names of the ingredients (note that tone marks here do not match Mandarin tones):
Jim Dine

Jim Dine (born June 16, 1935) is an American artist. Dine's work includes painting, drawing, printmaking (in many forms including lithographs, etchings, gravure, intaglio, woodcuts, letterpress, and linocuts), sculpture, and photography.
Dine's first formal training took the form of night courses at the Art Academy of Cincinnati, in which he enrolled in 1952 at the age of 16, while attending Walnut Hills High School. In 1954, while still attending evening courses, Dine was inspired by a copy of Paul J. Sachs' Modern Prints and Drawings (1954), particularly by the German Expressionist woodcuts it reproduced, including work by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938), Emil Nolde (1867–1956) and Max Beckmann (1884–1950)—"I was shocked by them" — and began creating woodcuts in the basement of his maternal grandparents, with whom he was then living.
After high school, Dine enrolled at the University of Cincinnati. Under printmaking teacher Donald Roberts (1923–2015) Dine experimented in lithography, etching, intaglio, dry paint and woodcuts. At Roberts' suggestion, Dine subsequently studied for six months with Ture Bengtz (1907–73) at the School of Fine Arts at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, before returning to Ohio University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1957 (remaining for an additional year to make paintings and prints, with the permission of the faculty).
In 1958 Dine moved to New York, where he taught at the Rhodes School. In the same year he founded the Judson Gallery at the Judson Church in Greenwich Village with Claes Oldenburg and Marcus Ratliff, eventually meeting Allan Kaprow and Bob Whitman: together they became pioneers of happenings and performances, including Dine's The Smiling Workman of 1959. Dine's first exhibition was at the Reuben Gallery, where he also staged the elaborate performance Car Crash (1960), which he describes as "a cacophony of sounds and words spoken by a great white Venus with animal grunts and howls by me." Another important early work was The House (1960), an environment incorporating found objects and street debris, installed at the Judson Gallery.
Dine continued to include everyday items (including personal possessions) in his work, which linked him to Pop Art—an affinity strengthened by his inclusion in the influential 1962 exhibition "New Painting of Common Objects" at the Pasadena Art Museum, curated by Walter Hopps and later cited as the first institutional survey of American Pop Art, including works by Robert Dowd, Joe Goode, Phillip Hefferton, Roy Lichtenstein, Edward Ruscha, Wayne Thiebaud and Andy Warhol.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයේ ඉතිහාසය

වර්තමාන ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතන්තවාදි සමාජවාදි ජනරජයේ නිති සමිපාදනය කිරිමෙ ආයතනය හෙවත් ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය වන්නේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවයි. 1978 ව්‍යස්ථාවට අනුව පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ජනරජයේ උත්තරීතර ආයතනයකි.
1947 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය වන්නේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව වන අතර එය ද්වි මාණ්ඩලික පාර්ලිමේන්තුවකි.එනම්
නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රි මණ්ඩලයේ මන්ත්‍රිවරු 101කි.ධූර කාලය වසරකි. 1947 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයේ ප්‍රථම මණ්ඩලය මෙයයි. මේ මන්ත්‍රිවරු අතර 95ක්ම සරල බහුතර නියෝජන ක්‍රමය යට‍තේ ජන්දයෙන් පත්වන අතර ඉතිරි 6 දෙනා සුලු ජාතිකයන් වෙනුවෙන් අගමැතිගේ උපදෙස් පරිදි අග්‍රාණ්ඩුකාරවරයා විසින් පත් කරනු ලබයි.සාමාන්‍ය පනත්,මුදල් පනත් මෙම මණ්ඩලයට සම්මත කළ හැකිය.මෙහි ආණ්ඩු පක්‍ෂයක් හා විපක්‍ෂයක්ද දක්නට ලැබුණි.නියොජිත මණ්ත්‍රි මණ්ඩලය තුළ ආණ්ඩු බලය හිමි වුයේ ආණ්ඩු පක්‍ෂයටයි.ආණ්ඩු පක්‍ෂය තුළ අගමැතිවරයා,සභානායකවරයා,කැබිනට් ඇමතිවරු.අනෙක් ඇමතිවරු,ආණ්ඩු පක්‍ෂයේ ප්‍රධාන සංවිධායක ආණ්ඩු පක්‍ෂයේ මන්ත්‍රිවරු අසුන් ගත්හ. 1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රථම කථානායකවරයා වන්නේ ෆැරැන්සිස් මොලමුරේ මහතාය.1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ප්‍රථම අගමැතිවරයා ඩී.එස්. සේනානායක මහතාය.විපක්ෂ කායකවරයා වුයේ ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්‍ෂයේ නායක ඇන්.එම්.පෙරේරා මහතාය.මේ අනුව 1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තුව තුළ ප්‍රථම මණ්ඩලය වු නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රි මණ්ඩලය වැඩි බලයක් භුක්ති විදින ලදි.මෙහි දෙවන මණ්ඩලයවුයේ සෙනෙට් සභාවයි.එහ් සමාජික සංඛාව 30 කි.අගමැතිගේ උපදෙස් පරිදි ග්‍රණ්ඩුකාරයා විසින් සුළු ජාතිකයන් 15 දෙනෙකු පත් කළේය.ඉතිරි 15 දෙනා දේශපාලකයට අකමැති සාමාජ සේවයට කැමති පිරිස් වෙනුවෙන් නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රි මණ්ඩලයෙන් මන්ත්‍රිවරැන් ගේ කැමත්තෙන් පත් වුණි.විශේෂයෙන්ම අධිකරණ අමැතිකරයා පත්වුයේ සෙනෙට් සභාවනි.මේ අනුව 1947 පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ දෙවන මණ්ඩලය වූ සෙනෙට් සභාවට වඩා පළමු මණ්ඩලය වූ නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රි මණ්ඩලය වැඩි වරප්‍රසාද හා බලතල භුක්ත් විදින බව පෙනේ.
මහජන මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය (ලංකාව)

මහජන මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය යනු සෝල්බරි ව්‍යවස්ථාව මගින් 1947 දී පිහිටුවන ලද ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ (දැන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ) පහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයයි. කොළඹ ගාලු මුවදොර පිටියේ පිහිටි පැරණි රාජ්‍ය මන්ත්‍රණ සභා ගොඩනැගිල්ලේ පැවති මෙම සභාව ප්‍රථම වරට රැස්වූයේ 1947 ඔක්තෝම්බර් 14 වැනිදාය. 1972 මැයි 22 දින සම්මත කරන ලද ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු ජනරජ ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව, නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය (සහ ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ) වෙනුවට ඒකමණ්ඩල ජාතික රාජ්‍ය සභාව සමඟ ප්‍රතිස්ථාපනය විය.
ඉන්දියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව

ඉන්දියානු පාර්ලිමේන්තුව (හින්දි: भारतीय संसद (භාරතීය සංසද්)) යනු, ඉන්දියාවේ උත්තරීතර ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩලය වෙයි. පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සමන්විත වන්නේ ඉන්දියාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා සහ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩල දෙක — ලෝක් සභා (ජනතා මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය) සහ රාජ්‍ය සභා (රාජ්‍යයන්ගේ මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව) — වෙතින් වෙයි. පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩල දෙනෙක් කුමන එකක් හෝ නැඳවීමට හෝ වාරාවසාන කිරීමට හෝ නැතහොත් ලෝක් සභාව විසුරුවා හැරීමට හෝ බලය ජනාධිපතිවරයා සතු වෙයි.
ඉන්දියාවේ රජය ද්විමණ්ඩල වන අතර; උත්තර මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය වන්නේ රාජ්‍ය සභා සහ පහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය වන්නේ ලෝක් සභාව වෙයි. නවදිල්ලියේ සංසද් භවන් ( සංසද් මාර්ග් හෝ "පාර්ලිමේන්තු වීදියෙහි" පිහිටි) හී වෙන් වෙන් සභා ගර්භ දෙකක් තුල, මෙම මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩල දෙක රැස් වෙති. පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩල දෙකෙන් කුමන එකට හෝ තේරී පත්වූ හෝ (ජනාධිපතිවරයා විසින්) නම් කරනු ලැබූ හෝ අයවළුන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් ලෙසින් හෝ පාම වරුන් ලෙසිනි. ලෝක් සභාවේ පාම වරුන්, ඉන්දියානු මහජනතාව විසින් සෘජු ලෙසින් තෝරා පත් කරගනු ලබන අතර රාජ්‍ය සභා හී පාම වරුන්, ප්‍රාන්ත ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩල සාමාජිකයන් විසින්, සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය අනුව තෝරා පත්කර ගැනෙති. පාම වරුන් 790 වෙතින් පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සමන්විත වන අතර, ලෝකයේ විශාලතම ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී ඡන්දදායක කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා සේවය කරති; 2014 මහා මැතිවරණය සඳහා ඡන්දය ප්‍රකාශ කිරීමට, ඉන්දියානුවෝ 814.5 මිලියන සංඛ්‍යාවක් ලියාපදිංචි වී සිටියහ.
ඉන්දීය ආණ්ඩුව

ඒකාබද්ධ වශයෙන් ඉන්දියානු ජනරජය ලෙසින් හැඳින්වෙන, ප්‍රාන්ත 29 ක් සහ සංගම් බලප්‍රදේශ හතක් අඩංගු සංගමයක, පාලන අධිකාරිය වෙයි. ඉන්දියාවේ අගනුවර වන නව දිල්ලියෙහි, එය පදනම්ව ඇත.
ඉන්දියානු පුරවැසියන් වෙත බල පවත්වන මූලික සිවිල් සහ අපරාධ නීති පනවා ඇත්තේ, සිවිල් පටිපාටි සංග්‍රහය, ඉන්දියානු දණ්ඩ නීති සංග්‍රහය සහ, අපරාධ නඩු විධාන සංග්‍රහය වැනි ප්‍රධාන පාර්ලිමේන්තු නීති සම්පාදන තුලින්ය. ෆෙඩරල් සහ තනි තනි ප්‍රාන්ත රජයයන් වෙත බල පවත්වන අධිකරණ ක්‍රමය, පදනම්ව ඇත්තේ, ඉංග්‍රීසි වෝහාර සහ ව්‍යවස්ථායීය නීතිය මතය. රජයේ ආසනය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ නව දිල්ලියෙහි බැවින්, මධ්‍යම රජයට ගෞරවාර්ථ පදය ලෙසින් "නව දිල්ලිය " යන්න පොදුවේ ව්‍යවහාර කෙරෙයි.
ඉන්දියානු රජය වෙස්ට්මිනිස්ටර් ක්‍රමය ට අනුව හැඩගැසී ඇත .රජය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් විධායකය , ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකය සහ අධිකරණයෙන් සමන්විත වන අතර, ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවෙන් බලතල පිළිවෙළින් අගමැතිට හා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවටත් ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණය වෙතත් පවරා ඇත .ඉන්දියාවේ ජනාධිපතිවරයා ඉන්දීය සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි රාජ්‍ය නායකයා සහ සේනාධිනායකයා වන අතර.තේරී පත් වූ අගමැතිවරයා විධායකයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරන අතර. මධ්‍යම රජය පවත්වාගෙන යාමේ වගකීම දරයි. පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ද්විමණ්ඩල ස්වභාවයක් ගන්නා අතර, ලෝක් සභාව පහළ මන්ත්‍රණ සභාව වන අතර රාජ්‍ය සභාව ඉහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය වේ .
ඉන්දියාවේ ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයේ බලතල ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබන්නේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුව , රාජ්‍ය සභාව සහ ලෝක් සභාවෙන් සමන්විත ද්වි-මණ්ඩල ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයකි.පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ සභා දෙකෙන්, රාජ්‍ය සභාව (හෝ 'ප්‍රාන්ත කවුන්සිලය') ඉහළ මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය ලෙස සලකනු ලබන අතර, ජනාධිපතිවරයා විසින් පත් කරන ලද සහ ප්‍රාන්ත සහ භෞමික ව්‍යවස්ථාදායකයන් විසින් තේරී පත් වූ සාමාජිකයින්ගෙන් සමන්විත වේ.
රජයේ විධායකය යනු රාජ්‍ය නිලධාරි තන්ත්‍රයේ දෛනික පරිපාලනය සඳහා තනි බලතල සහ වගකීම දරයි.
ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 53(1) වගන්තියට අනුව විධායක බලය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ඉන්දීය ජනාධිපතිවරයා වෙත පැවරී ඇත. ජනාධිපතිවරයාට සියලු ව්‍යවස්ථාමය බලතල ඇති අතර ඉහත 53(1) ව්‍යවස්ථාව අනුව ඒවා සෘජුව හෝ යටත් නිලධාරීන් හරහා ක්‍රියාත්මක කරයි. ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ 74 ව්‍යවස්ථාවේ විස්තර කර ඇති පරිදි අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලයට නායකත්වය දෙන අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා විසින් ලබා දෙන උපදෙස් අනුව ජනාධිපතිවරයා ක්‍රියා කළ යුතුය .
ජනාධිපතිවරයාගේ 'ප්‍රසාදය' තුළ ඇමති මණ්ඩලය බලයේ පවතී. කෙසේ වෙතත්, ප්‍රායෝගිකව, අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය ලෝක් සභාවේ සහාය රඳවා ගත යුතුය. ජනාධිපතිවරයෙකු විසින් ඔහුගේ හෝ ඇයගේ මුලපිරීම මත අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය විසුරුවා හැරියහොත් එය ව්‍යවස්ථාමය අර්බුදයකට තුඩු දිය හැකිය. මේ අනුව, ප්‍රායෝගිකව, ලෝක් සභාවේ බහුතර සහාය ඇති තාක් කල් අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලය විසුරුවා හැරිය නොහැක .
ඉන්දියාවේ ඉහළ නිලධාරීන් රැසක් පත්කිරීමේ වගකීම ජනාධිපතිවරයා සතුයි. මෙම ඉහළ නිලධාරීන්ට ප්‍රාන්ත 28 හි ආණ්ඩුකාරවරුන් ඇතුළත් වේ ; අගවිනිසුරුවරයා ; _ අනෙකුත් විනිසුරුවරුන්ගේ උපදෙස් මත ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ සහ මහාධිකරණවල අනෙකුත් විනිසුරුවරුන්; නීතිපතිවරයා ; _ පාලක සහ විගණකාධිපති ; ප්රධාන මැතිවරණ කොමසාරිස් සහ අනෙකුත් මැතිවරණ කොමසාරිස්වරුන් ; යුනියන් රාජ්ය සේවා කොමිෂන් සභාවේ සභාපති සහ සාමාජිකයින් ; 'A' කාණ්ඩයේ සමස්ත ඉන්දීය සේවා ( IAS , IFoS සහ IPS ) සහ මධ්‍යම සිවිල් සේවා නිලධාරීන් ; සහ අමාත්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ නිර්දේශ මත වෙනත් රටවල තානාපතිවරුන් සහ මහ කොමසාරිස්වරුන් ඇතුලත් වේ.
රාජ්‍ය නායකයා ලෙස ජනාධිපතිවරයාට වෙනත් රටවල තානාපතිවරුන්ගේ අක්තපත්‍ර ද ලැබෙන අතර, අගමැතිවරයා , රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස , ඓතිහාසික සම්ප්‍රදායට අනුකූලව පොදු රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලයේ අනෙකුත් සාමාජිකයන්ගෙන් හා මහ කොමසාරිස්වරුන්ගේ අක්තපත්‍ර ලබා ගනී .
ජනාධිපතිවරයා ඉන්දීය සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවන්හි ප්‍රධාන අණදෙන නිලධාරියා වේ.
බංග්ලාදේශය

බංග්ලාදේශය දකුණු ආසියාතික රටකි. ගිනිකොණ දෙසින් ඇති ඉතා කුඩා මියන්මාර මායිම ද, දකුණෙන් පිහිටි බෙංගාල බොක්ක ද හැරුණු විට මුළු රටම ඉන්දියාවෙන් වට වී පවතියි. ඉන්දියාවට අයිති බටහිර බෙංගාල ප්‍රාන්තය ද බංග්ලාදේශය ද සහිත ප්‍රදේශයට බෙංගාලය යැයි කියනු ලැබෙයි. මෙහි නිල භාෂාව වන බෙංගාලි බසෙන් 'බංග්ලාදේශය' යන්න 'බෙංගාල රාජ්‍යය' යන අර්ථය ලබා‍දෙයි.
වත්මන් බංග්ලාදේශ දේශසීමා ලකුණු වූයේ 1947 දී සිදුවුණු බෙංගාල සහ ඉන්දියානු බෙදා වෙන්කිරීම් වලදීය. මෙහිදී පාකිස්ථානය නමින් රාජ්‍යයක් ඇතිවුණු අතර එයට අයත් නැගෙනහිර පාකිස්ථාන ප්‍රදේශය වත්මන් බංග්ලාදේශය වෙයි. කෙසේ වෙතත් පසුව ඇතිවූ දේශපාලනමය සහ භාෂාමය භේද නිසාත් ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ලැබුණු කුඩම්මාගේ සැලකිලි නිසාත් 1971 දී බංග්ලාදේශ නිදහස් සටන මගින් බංග්ලාදේශය වෙනම රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස ප්‍රකාශ කරන ලදී. නිදහස ලැබීමෙන් පසු දුර්භික්ෂ, ස්වභාවික විපත් සහ දුගී බව මෙන්ම දේශපාලන ගැටුම් සහ හමුදා කුමන්ත්‍රණ ද බංග්ලාදේශයේ සුලභ දසුනක් විය. 1991 දී ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය නැවත ස්ථාපිත කිරීමෙන් පසු වාතාවරණය සන්සුන් වූ අතර ක්‍රමික ආර්ථික දියුණුවක් ඇතිවිය. අද බංග්ලාදේශය ආගමික දේශපාලන පක්ෂ තහනම් කර ඇති ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී, අනාගාමික (secular), ඒකීය, ව්‍යවස්ථානුකූල ජනරජයක් වෙයි.
බංගලාදේශය 1971 නව රාජ්‍යයක් ලෙස ස්ථාපිත විය. ඔවුන් නිර්මාණය කර ගත් පාර්ලිමේන්තුව සංසද් භවාන් නම් විය.පාර්ලිමේන්තුව නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ ඇමෙරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදයේ ලුයිස් ඩාන් විසිනි.
ජාතික පක්ෂියා - පොල්කිචිචා ජාතික පළතුර - පැණි වරකා
භාවිතා වන මුදල් ඒකකය - ටකා
බංලාදේශ ජනගහණයෙන් බහුතරය මුස්ලිමි ජාතිකයින්ය බහුලවම භාවිතා වන රථය - රික්ෂෝව
ඔබ දන්නවාද? බංග්ලාදේශය තුළ පොලිතීන් භාවිතය සපුරා තහනමි බව.
බංග්ලාදේශය ගැන බොහෝ තොරතුරු ලඟදීම
Sri Lankan Parliament Building

The Sri Lankan Parliament Complex (Tamil: இலங்கை நாடாளுமன்றக் கட்டடம்; also known as the New Parliament Complex) is a public building and landmark that houses the Parliament of Sri Lanka. Situated in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte, the administrative capital, it is built on an island, surrounded by the Diyawanna Oya. It was designed by Deshamanya Geoffrey Bawa.
On 29 January 1930 the British Governor of Ceylon, Sir Herbert Stanley (1927–1931), opened a building fronting the ocean at Galle Face, Colombo, designed for meetings of the Legislative Council. It was subsequently used by the State Council (1931–1947), the House of Representatives (1947–1972), the National State Assembly (1972–1977) and the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1977–1981). Today the Old Parliament Building is used by the Presidential Secretariat.
In 1967 under Speaker Sir Albert F. Peris, the leaders of the political parties unanimously resolved that a new Parliament building should be constructed on the opposite side of Beira Lake from the existing Parliament at Galle Face, but no further action was taken. While Stanley Tillekeratne was the Speaker (1970–77), the leaders of the political parties entrusted the drawing up of plans for a new Parliament building to architects, but the project was subsequently abandoned.
On 4 July 1979, then Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa obtained sanction from Parliament to construct a new Parliament Building at Duwa, a 5 hectares (12 acres) island in the Diyawanna Oya (off Baddegana Road, Pita Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte) about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) east of Colombo. The island was where the palace of the King Vikramabahu III's powerful Minister Nissaka Alakesvara had been situated. It had belonged to E. W. Perera prior to being vested in the state.
The building was designed by architect Deshamanya Geoffrey Bawa and built by a Japanese consortium of two Mitsui Group companies for a cost of over $25.4 million US. The project was completed on a scheduled time of 26 months. It was officially opened on 29 April 1982 by then President J. R. Jayewardene.
Sri Lanka's Parliament Building was designed by respected local architect Geoffrey Bawa. The building is designed in a style of regional modernism. While the building is an example of Modernism, it still respects Sri Lankan vernacular architecture.
The parliament complex has the allusion of symmetry, which contrasts sharply with the organic form of the lake it is located in.
Old Parliament Building, Colombo

The Old Parliament Building, is the building that houses the Presidential Secretariat of Sri Lanka. Situated in the Colombo fort area facing the sea, it is in close proximity to the President's House, Colombo and adjacent to the General Treasury Building. The building housed the island's legislature for 53 years until the new parliamentary complex was opened at Sri Jayawardenepura in 1983.
The Neo-Baroque-style building was built during the British colonial era to house the Legislative Council of Ceylon, and was the idea of Sir Henry McCallum. This was subsequently included in a proposal made by a committee to construct the new building for the Secretariat, Council Chamber and Government offices on reclaimed land at the northern end of Galle Face, which was approved by the Government in 1920. Austin Woodeson, chief architect of the Public Works Department of Ceylon, was tasked with the building's design; his initial estimate of 400,000 rupees for the scheme was later revised by the Public Works Advisory Board to 450,000.
The building was opened on 29 January 1930 by Governor Sir Herbert Stanley; a year later it was taken over by the State Council of Ceylon for its use, who were tenants of the building until 1947, when the House of Representatives was formed with the onset of self-rule. Following the adoption of a republican constitution in 1972, the National State Assembly convened in the building until 1977, when it was renamed the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
Parliament then moved out to a purpose-built complex in Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte in 1983; the building then became home to the Presidential Secretariat, housing the Office of the President. The building and the former Council Chamber (formally known as the Parliament Chamber) is a venue for many state events, often the letters of credence of incoming ambassadors and high commissioners are accepted by the President here.
The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom adorned the top of the building face until 1948, when it was replaced by the arms of the Dominion of Ceylon and was once again replaced in 1972 with the arms of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.
The front garden of the Old Parliament Building is host to several bronze statues of eminent statesmen, that include:
St. Mary's Church, Negombo

St. Mary's Church is a landmark edifice, a Roman Catholic church in the heart of Negombo. It is one of the largest Catholic church in Sri Lanka.
St. Mary's Church is located in the Grand Street in the centre of Negombo.
Negombo has been influenced greatly by the Christian faith from the time it was occupied by the Portuguese. It is often called "Little Rome" in view of the large number of churches in the city.
Construction of the church was started in 1874 and completed, after a long gap, in 1922. The art and architecture of this church and a few similar other churches in Sri Lanka demonstrate the cultural amalgamation of the European practice with Sri Lankan art and architecture during the early years of the 20th century.
The church was built in neoclassicism style with columns and plain walls. Its ceilings are painted with alabaster images of many saints. The walls at the upper level are fixed with sculptures of religious saints. The unique paintings on the life of Christ on the ceiling were done by the N.S. Godamanne, a local Buddhist painter. The beauty of the paintings on the nave is described as "thunderous". A testator paid the cost of one of the altars, which was imported from Europe.
7°12′04″N 79°50′17″E﻿ / ﻿7.201°N 79.838°E﻿ / 7.201; 79.838
Whist Bungalow

Pradeepa Hall (formally Whist Bungalow) is a large bungalow (as mansions are referred to locally) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. A nineteenth century stately home modeled on Neoclassical style, located in Mutwal north of Colombo on the cost where the Kelani River used to meet the Indian Ocean. It is now used as a reception hall for weddings.
Built by Henry Augustus Marshall, an Englishmen who accompanied Lord North who was the first British Governor of Ceylon. Marshall was an officer in the Ceylon Civil Service and went on to serve as Auditor General of Ceylon. He built Whist Bungalow as a small retreat in addition to his other houses Rock House and Modera House.
The house was bought by the Supreme Court Judge Sir Richard Morgan who expanded the house to its current appearance and extend the garden. It was inherited by his son who died suddenly and is rumored haunt the house. Louis H. S. Pieris, the son-in-law of Sir Charles Henry de Soysa thereafter became the owner and it was later leased to Stipperger, the representative of the Austrian Lloyd Shipping Company in Colombo. During this time Ernst Haeckel and Lord Llandaff where guests at Whist.
Later the government took over the bungalow for use as the official residence of the Inspector General of Police. It was bought at government auction the wealthy merchant C.S. Antony and the family lived until it was leased as a tea store used by companies such as Bartleets, JEDB and SPC. During this time it was briefly own by the Government Minister V.A Sugathadasa. As a result of these exchanges size of the estate had reduced over the years and as a result of the land reclamation act of 1972, many of the servants living in the out houses gained ownership of them.
In the 1980s it was acquired by the Urban Development Authority, which refurbished it and renamed it as Pradeepa Hall. It was open as a venue for public functions by Prime Minister R. Premadasa on February 10, 1987. Since then it has been managed by the National Housing Development Authority with the latest refurbishments undertaken in 2010.