davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
24 Hours in A&E

24 Hours in A&E is a British factual medical documentary programme, airing on Channel 4, set in a teaching hospital in inner London. Initially it was filmed in King's College Hospital in Denmark Hill, Camberwell, but in the seventh series, the setting was changed to St George's Hospital in Tooting, Wandsworth. For season 30 the setting changed again, this time moving out of London to Queens Medical Centre in Nottingham. Cameras film round the clock for 28 days, 24 hours a day in A&E (Accident and Emergency). It offers unprecedented access to one of Britain's busiest A&E departments.
24 Hours in A&E gives viewers behind the scenes access to King's College Hospital in Camberwell and St George's Hospital Accident & Emergency Department, in Tooting, SW London. In season 30, the series relocated to Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham. Series one aired every Wednesday at 21:00 and consisted of 14 one-hour episodes. The filming took place over 28 days using 70 fixed cameras and is the largest documentary series Channel 4 has ever made.
The series enables viewers to see the challenges that A&E staff face as they treat the patients that come through the doors every day.
The episodes show how the staff work as a team to treat those patients present involved in a full range of minor and serious conditions, both medical (suspected heart attack, aortic abdominal aneurysm, stroke) and trauma (from household accidents to road traffic collisions). The fly-on-the-wall footage is intercut with subsequent interviews with staff, patients and relatives giving their perspectives and background on the events shown.
Filming for the second series ended in March 2012. It began broadcasting on 16 May 2012, again appearing in the Wednesday 21:00 slot. The seventh series was filmed in St George's Hospital, Tooting. The first episode of this series was broadcast on 30 October 2014 at 21:00.
Series 7 started on 30 October 2014 with a new cast and new hospital. The new series was set at St Georges Hospital in Tooting London.
Series 30 started on 3 January 2023 with a new cast and new hospital. The new series was set at Queen's Medical Centre in Nottingham.
The production company behind the series (The Garden Productions) have also made a four-part observational documentary series about mental health. Two years in the making, Bedlam was filmed within clinical services provided by South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM). Both SLaM and King's College Hospital are part of King's Health Partners Academic Health Sciences Centre.
Keeping Britain Alive: The NHS in a Day, also made by The Garden Productions, but for BBC Two, was based on the inverse premise to 24 Hours in A&E: instead of observing different days in a single institution, the eight-part series followed the work of a variety of NHS services on a single day, Thursday 18 October 2012. The series aired from March 2013.
Due to the success of 24 Hours in A&E, Channel 4 commissioned a series with the same format that follows police officers in Luton, called 24 Hours in Police Custody.
Oklahoma drill

The Oklahoma drill is an American football practice technique used to test and train players in confined full contact situations. The technique was developed by Oklahoma Sooners coach Bud Wilkinson. It has many names.
The drill has several variations. The most common involves two players lined up three yards opposite one another. A corridor is set up typically using three blocking bags on each side of the players lined up top to bottom to create a wall, and the walls are spaced about one yard apart. This creates an area of about three feet by nine feet. The two players, at the sound of the whistle, then run at one another and the drill is over when one of the players is on the ground, or if a ball carrier is involved when he is tackled, or if the ball carrier runs out of bounds. If a player is able to drive the other player out of the corridor, that also ends the drill. In a variation, the ball carrier must keep running until they score a touchdown.
Many high school and college teams use the Oklahoma drill as a way to kick off the first day of full-contact practice. While often criticized as excessive, some argue that it can be a critical tool used by coaches to evaluate players that might have looked good in non-contact drills, but have yet to face full contact. Other times the drill is used simply to get players in the proper mind-set for full contact practices, especially in high school and college, where many times players have gone up to eight months doing only non-contact drills.
The Oklahoma drill, along with other full-contact drills, was officially banned from NFL team practices in May 2019 following years of declining use and increasing concerns for player safety. Veterans and high-profile NFL players rarely participate in pit drills owing to the higher risk of injury, with many coaches already refusing to permit the drill prior to its ban. A non-contact variant of the drill is sometimes run.
Oklahoma drills have been used for entertainment purposes, as a type of combat sport.
Agility drill

Agility drills are used in the aim of improving sports agility, which is the ability to change direction and accelerate while in motion.
The ability to change direction while in motion is very important in many sports but especially in team and dual sports. For example, an American football running back must be able to quickly change direction when he sees an opponent preparing to tackle him. A basketball player must be able to quickly change directions when dribbling the ball, attempting to get back on defense, or when trying to beat an opponent to the ball. A tennis player must be able to quickly change directions when moving to a position where the ball is expected to go but instead finds the ball going in a different direction.
Drills that entail jumping with turns in the air are usually applicable to basketball players and receivers and pass defenders in football but can apply to many sports in interest of strength. Drills that use side jumps and front-back jumps are more specific to team sports in which the athlete must change direction while running. Drills that require jumping over objects is usually best suited for sports in which the player must leap over hurdles or players. These drills usually use some form of rope ladders, small or low hurdles, ladders, or small cones.
The drills that use ladders, hurdles and cones are used extensively in many different sports.
For the drill to be successful in relation to improving sports performance on the field or court, it must include cutting actions. Learning how to do the cutting action is imperative. It involves both technical and physical components that are learned skills. These skills must be mastered in order to get maximum benefit in the agility drill.
Sophie Hall

Sophie Eloise Hall (born December 4, 1989) is a British-born American plus-size model and social media influencer. She posts on social media under the username Sophies Selfies.
Hall began modeling at the encouragement of her younger sister, Abigail, who had modeled from the age of 17. She converted her Instagram account from "personal pictures of me and the kids to posting outfits and products". She then signed with the agency Wilhelmina Models around 2019 and was later represented by Indure, an agency based in Miami. At 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) and 250 pounds (110 kg), she said making a career as a plus-size model was "a huge confidence booster" and she had "become that person that I needed when I was growing up", when she struggled with her body image.
Hall's social media accounts, using the username Sophies Selfies, focus on fashion, modeling, and everyday life. She has a subscription-based OnlyFans account. Her YouTube channel has a cooking segment called "Indulge with Sophie". She had one million Instagram followers in 2019 and more than two million in 2024.
Hall lives in Pasco County, Florida.
On February 23, 2024, Hall filed a civil lawsuit in Broward County against professional football player Tyreek Hill, alleging that he had broken her leg during a football lesson at his house the previous June. The suit said he asked her over after her ten-year-old son had attended Hill's football camp and invited her to run offensive line drills against him. The suit said she held her own on a couple of plays, frustrating him, before one hard play caused the fracture. Hill's lawyer disputed her account and said her injury resulted from her falling over a dog that interrupted one of the plays.
Indian Sports Honours

Indian Sports Honours are annual sports awards given by the RPSG Group and the Sevva Foundation to sports personalities from India that have achieved excellence. The awards were founded in 2017.
The inaugural award ceremony was held on 11 November 2017 in Mumbai. The jury was chaired by former All-England champion and badminton coach Pullela Gopichand, tennis player and multiple Grand Slam winner Mahesh Bhupathi, former sprinter and President of the Indian Olympic Association P. T. Usha, former world number one shooter Anjali Bhagwat and India men's field hockey team's former captain Arjun Halappa.
TBD
Overseas Indian representation in Indian sports

The Overseas Indian representation in Indian sports refers to the participation of foreign nationals of Indian origin in international events of both senior and junior level representing the Republic of India. As India prohibits dual nationality, sports representation in international events with respect to Indian participation has generally followed the norm of selection of sportspeople of Indian nationality.
Despite this due to the ambiguity of representation law till 2008, many Overseas Indian sportspeople have represented India at international events. While individual sports such as tennis, figure skating etc, dominate Overseas Indian sportspeople representation, rugby union remains the only major team sport with Overseas Indian players, until 2008 when the Overseas Indians were disqualified from representing India.
In India however, the National sports representation law stems from a circular issued by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in December 2008, wherein it directed all national sports federations that any sportsperson representing India at the international level must hold a valid Indian passport. The rule was upheld in 2010 by the Delhi High Court in the Karm Kumar vs Union Of India and Ors.
The Indian law, with respect to the eligibility of Overseas Indians representing India stands at odds with the eligibility criteria for national representation of any sports governing bodies since 2008 when the current regulations were enforced and Overseas Indian representation was abolished. Before 2008 order and 2011 enactment of National Sports Code, due to ambiguity and lack of any sports law in the country with respect to player representation in international events, many Overseas Indian sportspeople had represented India in certain sports such as tennis, winter sports, swimming, etc.
This is a list of Overseas Indian sportspeople (both men and women) who have represented or are currently representing India in any sport at international level.
Note:
List of current NCAA Division I FBS football coaches

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) includes 134 teams. Each team has one head coach. In addition to the head coach, most teams also have at least one offensive coordinator and defensive coordinator; however, the head coach will sometimes assume one of these roles as well. FBS is composed of ten conferences: American Athletic Conference (The American), Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), Big 12 Conference, Big Ten Conference, Conference USA (CUSA), Mid-American Conference (MAC), Mountain West Conference (MW), Pac-12 Conference (Pac-12), Southeastern Conference (SEC), and Sun Belt Conference (SBC). All FBS schools except three (UConn, UMass, & Notre Dame) are members of one of these conferences.
In 2019, Kirk Ferentz of Iowa became the longest-continuous tenured head coach in Division I FBS. Ferentz began his current coaching tenure in 1999 and is the only FBS head coach who began his current head coaching position before the 2000 season. Three coaches had a previous head coaching stint at their current school: Greg Schiano at Rutgers (2001–2011, 2020–present), Scott Frost at UCF (2016–2018, 2025–present), and Rich Rodriguez at West Virginia (2001–2007, 2025–present).
Coaches' records updated through week 14 of the 2024 college football season.
UEFA coaching licences

The UEFA coaching licences are documents testifying credentials of managers/ coaches among members of UEFA. The governing body for football in Europe mandates several licences, each valid for coaching at a certain level. These include the UEFA Pro Licence, the UEFA A Licence, the UEFA B Licence and UEFA C Licence. They are issued by each UEFA member state's football federation and are valid for three years.
The UEFA Pro Licence is the highest coaching certification available in Europe and generally follows the completion of the 'B' and 'A' licences. A Pro Licence is required for anyone who wishes to manage a football club in the top tier of any European nation's league system on a permanent basis, i.e. more than 12 weeks (the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control). Such a licence is also required to manage in the UEFA Champions League, the UEFA Europa League and the UEFA Conference League.
The UEFA A Licence is one level below the UEFA Pro Licence and allows holders to be head coaches of youth teams up to age 18, reserve teams (also known as 'B' teams) for top-flight clubs, and men's professional second-tier clubs.
The UEFA B Licence is one level below the UEFA A Licence, and allows holders to be head coaches of amateur clubs, youth teams up to age 16, and assistant coaches for professional clubs.
The C License is one level below the B License. This license replaced the FA Level 2 certificate, which was previously provided by local football associations. The FA Level 1 certificate, now known as the "Introduction to Coaching Football" course, serves as a prerequisite for the C License. Some football associations refer to this entry-level coaching qualification as a "D License." When applying for the C License, completing the FA Level 1 course is often required.
Treuzdougen Herrek Rannvroel

An Treuzdougen Herrek Rannvroel pe THR (e galleg Transport Express Régional pe TER) zo ur merk kenwerzhel eus ar c'hevredad "SNCF Voyageurs" implijet evit an treuzdougen etre kêrioù e trenoù ha kirri-boutin e Frañs dre genemglevioù etre an SNCF hag ar rannvroioù melestradurel. Komz a reer eus an Trenioù Herrek Rannvroel (THR) evit trenioù ar rouedad-se (Train Express Régional pe TER e galleg).
Krouet e voe e 1986 ha kenveret eo gant ar Rannvroioù hag an SNCF abaoe 2002, nemet en Enez-Frañs (ha kêrioù zo e Centre-Val de Loire, Normandi ha Hauts-de-France) lec'h ma reer gant ar merk "Transilien", hag e Korsika lec'h m'eo bet divizet gant Strollegezh Korsika reiñ ar merañ d'ur c'hevredad ekonomiezh kemmesk (KEK) anvet "camini di ferru di a Corsica" pe "chemins de fer de la Corse" (CFC). E Lyon emañ sez ar c'hevredad "SNCF voyageurs" karget da gorvoiñ ar merk hag ar rouedad. Goude adreizh tiriadel 2015 e oa bet kenstrollet rouedadoù THR zo e 2016 ha 2017. En amzer dazont e vo digoret ar rouedad da gevratoù kevezer gall pe europat.
Kresket en doa an niver a veajourien etre 2002 ha 2012, digresket en doa etre 2012 ha 2016 ; kreskiñ a ra adarre abaoe 2017. Ar feur leuniañ a oa 25% e 2016.
Hervez an SNCF e 2016 e laboure 28 000 implijiad evit ar c'hinnig THR en 11 "Rannvro THR", evit ur c'hrengreadur a 4 miliard a euroioù.
Hervez an danevell graet gant Lez ar c'hontoù e 2019 diwar-benn an THR e sav ar c'houstoù hollek da 8,5 miliard a euroioù, 88% anezho skoaziadennet gant ar Stad (2 viliard) hag ar Rannvroioù (3,9 miliard).
Gwelet ar pennadoù THR Breizh ha THR Broioù al Liger.
E Breizh ez eus daou THR, anvet "Breizhgo" e Rannvro Breizh hag "Aléop" e Broioù al Liger. Strollañ a reont beajoù gant trenioù, kirri-boutin, ha listri evit darbariñ an inizi.
Linennoù zo a zo e div Rannvro, kenemglevioù zo etre ar rannvroioù neuze. Da skouer, meret eo al linenn Caen-Roazhon gant "TER Normandie" hepken, met kenveret eo Orleañs-Naoned/Ar Groazig gant "TER Centre-Val de Loire" ha "TER Pays de la Loire" (ar servij "Interloire" a vez graet anezhi), ha kenveret eo al linenn Brest/Kemper - Naoned gant "TER Bretagne" ha "TER Pays de la Loire".
Linennoù zo a zo anvet "Trenioù Touristel THR" gant an SNCF, da skouer al « ligne Baie » e Bae Menez-Mikael.
C'hoarioù olimpek hañv 2024

C'hoarioù olimpek hañv 2024, pe C'hoarioù an XXXIIIvet Olimpiadenn ent-ofisiel, a vo dalc'het etre ar 26 a viz Gouere hag ar 24 a viz Eost e Bro-C'hall, e Pariz dreist-holl. Ar gêr-mañ eo an hini a voe dibabet gant ar Poellgor Etrebroadel Olimpek e Lima, e Perou, d'ar 17 a viz Gwengolo 2017. An eil kêr eo da sevel C'hoarioù olimpek evit an trede gwech (1900, 1924 ha 2024), goude Londrez (1908, 1948 ha 2012), hag a-raok Los Angeles (1932, 1984 ha 2028).
Embannet ez eus ur budjed a 6,6 miliard a euroioù. Evit ar wech kentañ ne vo ket savet al lid-digeriñ er stad olimpek met e kreiz-kêr, war an Saena.
Ar maskodennoù dibabet n'int ket ul loen, evel m'emañ ar boaz d'ober, met ur boned frigian, gant divrec'h, divc'har ha daoulagad bras. Ober a reont dave d'an Dispac'h gall. Anvet "Phryges", unan zo olimpek, eben paralimpek, gant ur c'harosod. Kavet e vint e stumm t-shirtoù, dougoù-alc'hwezioù ha feurennoù.
Loc'hañ a reas ar flamm olimpek eus Gres e-bourzh an teirgwern Belem hag errout a reas e Marsilha e miz Mae 2024, a-raok treuziñ 64 tiriad hag ouzhpenn 400 kêr e Frañs e-pad 2 viz.
Meur a wallreuz a zo bet ganet adal c'hoarioù olimpek hañv 2024, lod a zo a-fed an en-dro, padal lod all niverusoc'h a zo liammet gant ar surentez. Lod chaladurioù a zo liammet gant gwirioù Mab-den, lod all dre ma 'z eo bet aotreet Israel da gemer perzh e-liamm gant ar Brezel etre Israel hag an Hamas, ha memestra gant ar sportourien rusian pe belarusian hag a gemero perzh er c'henstrivadegoù gant ar statud neutral e-liamm gant Aloubadeg Ukraina gant Rusia.
D'ar 25 diouzh an noz eo bet taget linennoù tren an SNCF, kudennoù bras a vo gant an trenioù betek an dibenn sizhun. An SNCF a embann n'eo ket un dagadenn urzhiataerel met tagadennoù dafar linennoù tren.
Robert Crépeaux

Robert Crépeaux a zo bet ganet e 1900 e Grassa (Okitania), er Stad c'hall, ha marvet e 1994 e Pariz (Bro-C'hall).
Graet gantañ e studi en École polytechnique e labour evel ijinour en SNCF. Meurc'haorier echedoù, bet kampion Bro-C'hall e 1924, 1925 ha 1941. . Kemer a ra perzh en Olimpiadoù.
Sant-Marzh-an-Il

Sant-Marzh-an-Il (Saint-Médard-sur-Ille e galleg) a zo ur gumun eus Breizh e kanton Meled e departamant Il-ha-Gwilen.
En glazur hadet gant flourdiliz en argant ha balafaned aour a-bep-eil
Niver a annezidi
Hent-houarn Rosko Montroulez

Ul linenn hent-houarn boutin he zreuz (1,435 metr) a oa etre Montroulez ha Rosko, niverennet 447000 en anvadur Réseau ferré de France (RFF) adalek ar bloaz 1883 ; kloz eo abaoe 2018.
Liammet e oa porzh-houarn Montroulez ouzh Karaez gant linenn strizh Rouedad_Breizh. E Kastell-Paol e oa tu da vont betek Brest dre ar rouedad Hentoù-houarn departamant Penn-Ar-Bed.
Tren Tizh-ha-Tizh

Evezhiadenn : Gant an droienn "Tren tizh bras" (liester : trenioù tizh bras) e vez graet e brezhoneg abaoe pellik. Implijet e vez ivez "Tren Tizh-ha-tizh" evit seurt trenioù. Gwelet ivez ar pennad kroget gant an anv Tren tizh bras. Ar pennad-mañ a komz eus an Tren-Tizh-ha-Tizh implijet e bro-Frañs, anvet TGV. Evit lenn ar pennad diwar ar seurt trenioù en un doare hollek, gwelet Tren tizh bras. An Tren-Tizh-ha-Tizh (pe TTT e brezhoneg ivez, pe TGV e galleg), zo erruet pell zo e Breizh, met a-hervez n'eo ket ur gwir Dren-Tizh-ha-Tizh peogwir ne ya ket buan a-walc'h ha gant-se e chom Breizh re bell diouzh Pariz : graet e vez an diforc'h etre an dafar (an tren) hag an hent-houarn hag a leusk an tren mont gant un tizh uheloc'h da 250 km/e. An Tren-Tizh-ha-Tizh a implij hentoù-houarn boutin betek Brest met ne vez ket a hent-houarn Tizh-Bras e Breizh e 2014, daoust ma vo digoret unan etre Le Mans ha Roazhon e 2017.
Emglev zo bet etre Rannvro Breizh hag ar Stad c'hall evit arc'hantañ ul linenn nevez (a ray un tamm mat a zistruj) a dostay Breizh diouzh Pariz ervat, pa vo echu al labourioù a grogo e 2010 hag a gendalc'ho betek 2013:
Trenioù a levitadur magnetek

Ur stumm disheñvel eus an trenioù boaz eo an trenioù a levitadur magnetek. Implij a reont perzh ar sustentadur magnetek, dre-se n’o deus tamm frotadurioù ebet gant ar railhoù. An trenioù-se, anvet d’un doare boaz Maglev (Magnetic Levitation Train) a zo anavezet evit o tizh brasoc’h eget ar re elektrek a-stumm gant an TGV gall pe an ICE alaman. Rekord ar Maglev a zo 581 km/e (e 2003), 6,5 km/e muioc'h eget an TGV.
Penn kentañ an enklaskoù war an trenioù a levitadur magenek o deus kroget e 1922 gant labourioù an alaman Hermann Kemper. Ur brevet vo lakaet ar 14 a viz Eost 1934. Met paouezet vo al labourioù abalamour d’an eil brezel bed.
Ur projet war un transrapid all n'eo kat c'hoaz gortozet.
Div stumm trenioù a sustentadur magnetek a zo, diforc’hiet gant o stummoù mont en-dro. An hini genta anvet Maglev a implij perzh ar sustentadur elekrodinamik (EDS) gant perzh bras dreiskondüsted enno. Ar Maglev dioroet ar muiañ a zo Maglev Japan, bez’zo bet outañ e Londrez, etre aeroborzh ha ti-gar Birmimgham, Rouantelezh-Unanet eus 1984 betek 1995.
An eil a zo anvet an Transrapid. Implij a ra perzh ar sustentadur elektromagnetek (EMS). Kavet ‘vez ennañ solenoïdoù, implij a ra aplikadenn nerzh Laplace, an elektromagnetezh. An Transrapid dioroet ar muiañ a zo an hini alaman hag hini Shangai.
An tip a sustantantadur elektrodinamik (E.D.S), Implijet vez ganto magnetoù dreistkonduster, bobinoù dreiskondust zo lakaet barzh an trein ha elektromagent war hed ar railhoù. Pa vez an tren oc'h en em diblasañ, ur red a zo lakaet barzh an hent. Nerzh Laplace a lak an tren da levitañ. Diblasadur an tren a grou ur stlejadenn elektromagnetek bras, ha gant se un dispign bras a energiezh. Ar Maglev ez eo an tren a levitadur magnetek aboutis e bro japan.
An trenioù a-stumm EMS a zo un tren a-stumm gant an Transrapid. Nerzh disoc’h Laplace a lak an trenioù Transrapid da levitañ. Da lavaret eo kenglokaûster an elektromagnetoù ebarzhiet en tren hag er railh a lak an tren da levitañ. Da c’houde eo disoc’h ur c’heflusker lineel sinkron a propusl an tren. Ebarhiet eo bobinoù (stator) ar c’heflusker er railh hag e solenoïdoù (rotor) en tren.
E soñj e oa gant bro Suis degas da benn ur raktres a drenioù a levitadur magnetek en ur ouzhpennañ ribouloù di-aer mod-se ne vefe (tost) tamm frotadurioù ebet. Ar memes raktres a vefe gant ar Stadoù-Unanet ha Sina. Un tren a sustendadur magnetek a-stumm EMS e vefe, liamm a rafe etre Beijing ha Washington gant un tizh a 6 000km/e !
Hent-houarn Lannuon Plouared

Ul linenn hent-houarn zo etre Plouared ha Lannuon, niverennet 446000 en anvadur RFF (Réseau ferré de France).
E miz Eost 1865 e voe kemmet anv ti-gar Plouared da Blouared-Lannuon, evel ma oa bet goulennet gant maer Lannuon ar mare. Ar c'hemm-se a c'hoarvezas pevar miz goude digoradur al linenn Hent-houarn Brest Roazhon. Da-heul e c'houlennas dilennidi Lannuon ma vefe ouzhpennet un tamm linenn betek Lannuon. Dek vloaz goude e voe aotreet ur c'horvoiñ "gallus" d'an embregerezh Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest (CCFO).
D'an 31 a viz Kerzu 1875 e voe fiziet al linenn da CCFO. Da heul an aotre-mañ e vez digoret al linenn d'an 13 a viz Du 1881.
D'ar 15 a viz Even 2000 e voe echuet tredanaat al linenn evit ma c'hellfe mont an TGV betek Lannuon.
Hent-houarn Sant-Maloù Roazhon

Ul linenn hent-houarn zo etre Roazhon ha Sant-Maloù, niverenney 441000 en anvadur Réseau ferré de France (RFF).
Er bloavezhioù 1840, kumunioù Sant-Malo, [Sant-Servan]] ha Parame a c'houlennas ma vefent liammet ouzh rouedad hentoù-houarn an embregerezh Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Ouest (CFFO) a oa da vezañ staliet. Asantet e voe d'o goulenn.
Shandong

Shandong (sinaeg : 山東省 Shāndōng shěng "Er reter d'ar menez") zo ur proviñs eus Republik Pobl Sina, e reter ar vro.
Liammoù strizh a zo bet savet etre Shandong ha Rannvro Breizh abaoe 1985 gant kevelerezh. Meur a gêr eus ar proviñs a zo gevellet gant kêrioù eus Breizh: Jinan gant Roazhon, Yantai gant Kemper, Qingdao gant Brest, Weifang gant Sant-Brieg, Rizhao gant an Oriant. Gant Naoned eo gevellet Qingdao ivez.
Strollad Komunour Gall

Ar Strollad Komunour Gall (ent-ofisiel Parti Communiste Français, pe PCF ) a zo ur strollad politikel gall savet e 1920.
E miz Kerzu 1920 eo rannet e daou ar Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO). Emezellañ a ra ar Section française de l'Internationale communiste (SFIC) nevez d'ar C'hKomintern diazezet gant Lenin. Buan awalac'h eo adanvet "Parti Comuniste" hag embann a ra bezañ dispac'hour hag etrebroadelour.
Aozadur ar strollad e Breizh e dibenn miz Here 1936 :
Kazetennoù e Breizh :
Niver kuzulioù-kêr dalc'het gant ar strollad e miz Ebrel 1936 goude dilennadegoù 1935 :
Mouezhioù dastumet en dilennadegoù deputeed e Breizh: disoc'hoù ar strollad e 1928, 1932 ha 1936 (niver a vouezhioù) Aodoù-an-Hanternoz
Il-ha-Gwilen
Liger-Izelañ
Mor-Bihan
Penn-ar-Bed
Holladoù departamantel ha Breizh a-bezh
Goude an Eil Brezel-bed en em ro dezhañ e-unan ar PCF al lesanv "Strollad ar 75000 den fuzuilhet" ("Le parti des 75000 fusillés"). Kemer a ra perzh er gouarnamant etre 1944 ha 1947;kichen-ha-kichen gant ar c'haollourien. Strollad kentañ Bro-C'hall e teu da vezañ e dilennadegoù ar gannaded e 1945, gant 26,2 % eus ar mouezhioù ha 159 kannad. E zisochoù gwellañ en deus e 1946 e dilennadegoù ar gannaded e 1946 (28,3 % eus ar mouezhioù ha 182 sez). E miz Here 1947 eo echu gant an Trede Republik hag eo lakaet war-sav ar IV republik c'hall. E miz Du emañ ar Strollad Komunour en eil plas en dilennadegoù kêr, gant 30 % eus ar mouezhioù.
Ur strollad eus an tu enep eo. Skoulmañ a ra un emglev gant François Mitterrand hag ar Strollad Sokialour Gall er bloavezhioù 1970.
Adalek 1981 e kemer perzh er gouarnamant gant ar Strollad Sokialour Gall. Mont a ra war ziskar moueziadeg goude moueziadeg. War ar renk emañ evit an dilennadegoù prezidant evit ar wech diwezhañ e 1995. 8,6% eus ar mouezhioù a ya da Robert Hue, ar pezh a zo mat awalac'h evit ar strollad.
Kemer a ra perzh abaoe en emglevioù gant strolladoù all eus an tu-kleiz pe an tu-kleiz pellañ.
Laurence Lavrand

Laurence Lavrand (Kemper, 17 a viz Gwengolo 1955) zo ur skrivagnerez vreizhat evit ar yaouankiz, gallek ha brezhonek. C'hoar eo d'an embanner ha skrivagner brezhonek Yann-Fañch Jacq. Bet eo o chom e Mayotte e-pad c'hwec'h vloaz. Distro eo da Vrest, war he leve. Darn eus he levrioù gallek zo bet lakaet e brezhoneg.
E 2023 eo bet anvet e penn embannadurioù Keit Vimp Bev.
Lewis Carroll

Lewis Carroll (anv gwir Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, 27 a viz Genver 1832 e Daresbury – 14 a viz Genver 1898 e Guildford) a oa ur skrivagner, matematikour ha luc'hskeudenner saoz. Gantañ eo e voe skrivet Troioù-kaer Alis e Bro ar Marzhoù (Alice in Wonderland).
SNCF TGV Réseau

The SNCF TGV Réseau (TGV-R) is a TGV train built by Alstom between 1992 and 1996 for SNCF, the French national railway for use on high-speed TGV services. The Réseau trainsets are based on the earlier TGV Atlantique. The first Réseau (English: Network) sets entered service in 1993.
Fifty dual-voltage trainsets were built in 1992–1994, numbered 501-550. A further 40 triple-voltage trainsets, numbered 4501-4540, were built in 1994–1996. The last ten of these triple voltage units are known as Thalys PBA (Paris–Brussels–Amsterdam) sets and were built for Thalys services, now branded as Eurostar. As well as using standard French voltages of 25 kV 50 Hz AC and 1,500 V DC (also used in the Netherlands), the triple voltage sets can operate under the Belgian and Italian 3,000 V DC supplies.
They are formed of two power cars (8,800 kW (11,801 hp) under 25 kV—like the TGV Atlantique) and eight carriages, giving a capacity of 377 seats. They have a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph). They are 200.19 m (656 ft 9+1⁄2 in) long and are 2.904 m (9 ft 6+5⁄16 in) wide. The dual-voltage sets weigh 383 tonnes (844,370 lb), and owing to axle-load restrictions in Belgium the triple-voltage sets have a series of modifications, such as the replacement of steel with aluminium and hollow axles, to reduce the weight to under 17 t (16.7 long tons; 18.7 short tons) per axle. Owing to early complaints of uncomfortable pressure changes when entering tunnels at high speed on the LGV Atlantique, the Réseau sets are pressure-sealed.
In 2006 the carriages of nineteen sets were used to form TGV POS sets by using new TGV POS power cars for services on the LGV Est to Germany and Switzerland. The 38 Réseau power cars were slightly modified and joined to new Duplex carriages, forming nineteen TGV Réseau Duplex units. They now operate as part of the TGV Duplex fleet, being numbered 601-619.
After some ten years of successful service, the interior of TGV Réseau sets became outdated and needed a refurbishment. This refurbishment was part of the TGV Est project, as the dual-voltage sets were to assure the domestic services there. The same interiors would also be used in the coaches for POS sets.
Three possible interiors were presented to the public between 2002 and 2003 in different stations:
At the end of the Train Capitale exposition in Paris, MBD Design and Christian Lacroix were announced as the winning design.
Work started on the first dual-voltage sets in 2004 at SNCF's Hellemmes workshops, near Lille. In 2006 the last dual-voltage set was finished. Between 2008 and 2009 the three-voltage sets will also be refurbished in the same design. The refurbished sets can be distinguished from the non-refurbished ones by: the slightly changed livery; the fittings in the coaches, which are in new colours (red for 2nd class, yellow-green for 1st class and silver for the bar) and the reflecting stripes on the sides of the motorcars.
Although SNCF announced in July 2007 that the Lacroix-design would not be continued because some materials vibrated at 300 km/h (186 mph), this was later changed: the Lacroix-design will be applied to all TGV Réseau sets.
SNCF TGV Atlantique

The TGV Atlantique (TGV-A) is a class of high-speed trains used in France by SNCF; they were built by Alstom between 1988 and 1992, and were the second generation of TGV trains, following on from the TGV Sud-Est trainsets. The trains were named after the Ligne à Grande Vitesse Atlantique (lit. 'Atlantic high-speed line') that they were originally built for.
105 bi-current sets, numbered 301-405 were built. Entry into service began in 1989. They are 237.5 m (779 ft) long and 2.904 m (9 ft 6.3 in) wide. They weigh 444 t (437 long tons; 489 short tons), and are made up of two power cars and ten carriages with a total of 485 seats. They were built for a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph) with 8,800 kW (11,801 hp) total power under 25 kV.
From 2015 onwards, many of these units have been scrapped with only 28 still in service in 2022. Most of the remaining fleet have been refurbished and mainly see service on slower trains between Paris and Bordeaux that use only a portion of the LGV Atlantique and LGV Sud Europe Atlantique. Fast through services on the route are now operated by the higher capacity TGV "Océane".
Modified unit 325 set the world speed record in 1990 on the new LGV before its opening. Modifications, such as improved aerodynamics, larger wheels (from 920 mm to 1090 mm) and improved braking were made to enable test run speeds of over 500 km/h (311 mph). Its gear ratio was changed from 51⁄27 × 51⁄44 ≈ 1 : 2.1894 to 51⁄27 × 46⁄49 ≈ 1 : 2.012. The set was reduced to two power cars and three carriages to improve the power-to-weight ratio, weighing 250 t (246 long tons; 276 short tons). The TGV Atlantique's world record was beaten on the 3 April 2007, by a TGV POS set on the LGV Est, which reached a top speed of 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph).
TGV inOui

TGV inOui is the brand name of premium TGV train services operated by SNCF since 27 May 2017 on certain high speed rail services. SNCF is in the process of replacing 'classic' TGV services with the premium inOui and low-cost Ouigo brands in preparation for the future opening of France's high-speed rail infrastructure to competition. The name 'inOui' was adopted because it resembles the French word inouï meaning “extraordinary” (or literally, “unheard of”).
In 2017, TGV inOui trains were tested on the Paris – Bordeaux – Toulouse line.
The brand was officially presented in September 2018. Its aim is to replace existing TGV services with "plus de confort, de services et de connectivité" (English: "more comfort, services and connectivity"). In December 2018, trains operated between Lille, Marseille and Nice from Paris and operated on the rest of the network from 2020.
Transport express régional

Transport express régional (French pronunciation: [tʁɑ̃spɔʁ ɛksprɛs ʁeʒjɔnal], usually shortened to TER) is the brand name used by the SNCF, the French national railway company, to denote rail service run by the regional councils of France, specifically their organised transport authorities. The network serves French regions; Île-de-France (Transilien) and Corsica (CFC) have their own specific transport systems. Every day, over 800,000 passengers are carried on 5,700 TER-branded trains.
TER is part of SNCF Voyageurs, a branch of the SNCF dealing with urban and regional passenger rail, which also includes Transilien, Intercités, Chemins de fer de la Corse (CFC), Keolis, and Effia.
SNCF established the TER system in 1984 to provide a framework for the management of regional passenger services. Since the end of the 1990s, it has been closely coordinated with the regional councils, who sign an agreement with SNCF on the designated routes, the number of connections, the fares and the service levels.
TER services are heavily subsidised by French taxpayers. On average, 72% of the cost is borne by the State and the regional councils, with the travellers paying only about 28% of the cost. This cost tends to increase over time because the regional councils have steadily expanded the number of services.
TER trains consist of single or multiple-unit diesel, electric or dual-mode rail cars, as well as some Corail carriages previously used on intercity routes.
Seven régions have been experimenting with the transfer of administration of the regional rail network since 1997: Alsace, the Centre-Val de Loire, Nord-Pas-de-Calais (the North), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Rhône-Alpes and the Pays de la Loire (Loire Valley), and, since January 1999, Limousin.
In 1998, the traffic increased to an average of 4.9% in these seven régions compared with 3.2% in other regions.
A few other regions are in turn signing on conventions interimédiaires in order to prepare for the increasing decentralization of the network: in particular, Haute-Normandie in September 1997, Midi-Pyrénées and Burgundy November 1997, Picardy in January 1998, and Lorraine in February 1998.
Several figures released by the regions:
These figures do not take into account infrastructure expenses.
The SNCF have designated ten TER services as trains touristiques (touristic trains). They are:
SNCF Voyageurs

SNCF Voyageurs ([ɛsɛnseɛf vwajaʒœʁ], lit. 'SNCF Travelers') is a state-owned enterprise founded on 1 January 2020, an independent subsidiary of the French National Railway Company (SNCF), in charge of operating passenger trains.
Its predecessor is (partially) SNCF Mobilités EPIC which was founded on 1 January 2015.
Its first CEO is Christophe Fanichet [fr]. He was appointed by SNCF President Jean-Pierre Farandou [fr].
Its divisions are:
Additionally, SNCF Voyageurs oversees SNCF's investment in international high-speed service operators Eurostar and TGV Lyria.
On 1 January 2020, the 3 EPIC companies and their subsidiaries become one state-owned group consisting of a parent company with its subsidiaries: SNCF Voyageurs, SNCF Réseau, Rail Logistics Europe, Keolis and Geodis. The previous SNCF Mobilités is dismantled. SNCF Gares & Connexions is integrated to the new SNCF Réseau company, while the logistics activities, rail freight (Geodis and FRET SNCF) and Keolis have directly joined the parent company. TGV inOui service, along with the low cost Ouigo TGV service, Intercités traditional long-distance services, TER, RER, Transilien regional services and the web site Oui.sncf become this new company named SNCF Voyageurs.
TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

TER Provence Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, branded as TER Zou!, is the regional rail network serving the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in France. This network is operated by SNCF, although services between Nice and Marseille will instead be operated by a subsidiary of Transdev from June 2025, after winning a competitive tender held by the region in 2021. The public transport authority, the Regional Council, runs 800 trains a day, especially near Avignon, Marseille, Toulon and Nice. 100,000 users take regional trains each day.
The network is made up of 17 train lines. All bus lines are operated by private operators under the Regional Council Authority.
Unlike most other regions in France, the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur separates their trains into two services:
This separation is done due to the presence of big metropolises on the coast (Marseille, Toulon and Nice) and a very rural hinterland (French Alps). Toulon does not have suburban services, as these are absorbed into Marseille. The suburban trains from Marseille also continue onto Avignon, 100 kilometres (62 mi) away.
The rail network as of May 2022:
Rail service not part of the TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur network:
With the building of the new LGV Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur line between Marseille and Monaco expected by 2030, regional traffic may grow. This will be achieved through the introduction of a new high speed train calling every hour at Marseille Provence Airport, the construction of a new underground train station in downtown Marseille, a new high speed stop in Marseille's Eastern Districts, and the enlargement of Toulon, Nice Côte d'Azur Airport and Nice Ville train stations.
Transport in Darjeeling

Transport in Darjeeling consists of the intra-city transport and the communication between the city and other locations in Darjeeling district. Darjeeling (pronunciation) is a hill station in the Indian state of West Bengal and it is the headquarters of Darjeeling district situated in the Mahabharat Range (or Lesser Himalaya) at an average elevation of 2,134 m above sea level.
The town of Darjeeling can be reached by the 80-kilometre long Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, nicknamed the "Toy Train", from Siliguri. It is a 60-centimetre (2-foot) narrow-gauge railway run by the Indian Railways.
Established in 1881, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999, only the second railway after the Semmering Railway in Austria to have this honour. The toy train leaves from Siliguri, a station located a few kilometres from New Jalpaiguri, and takes about 8 hours to reach Darjeeling through the meandering mountain railway line. The elevation level is from about 100 m in Siliguri to about 2200 m in Darjeeling. It is to this day powered by a steam engine. A modern diesel engine is used for Darjeeling's mail. The railway has long been viewed with affection and enthusiasm by travellers to the region, and the Earl of Ronaldshay gave the following description of a journey in the early 1920s:
The trip up to Darjeeling on the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway has changed little since that time, and continues to delight travellers and rail enthusiasts, so much so that it has its own preservation and support group, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway Society.
The Operation of Darjeeling Himalayan Railways between Siliguri and Kurseong was temporarily suspended following a Landslide at Tindharia between 2010 and 2015.
The Hill Cart Road (National Highway 110) connects Darjeeling with Siliguri. There is another road connecting the two towns via Mirik. There are two different shortcut routes off the Hill Cart Road that go through Pankhabari and Rohini, respectively. Four wheel drives are the most popular means of transport, as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region. Many vintage Land Rovers ply in the route. Also Maruti Omni and several SUVs are common. The road and toy train communication often get disrupted during the monsoons season due to landslides. Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus in Siliguri is the most important bus terminus in the region.
Darjeeling does not have an airstrip. The nearest airport is Bagdogra airport (IXB), near Siliguri, which is a 3-hour (approx. 90 km) drive from Darjeeling. Air India, GoAir, IndiGo and SpiceJet fly to Bagdogra.
New Jalpaiguri, serving the town of Siliguri, is the nearest major railway station. New Jalpaiguri is well connected to major Indian cities, especially Kolkata.
Intra-city transport is mostly by hired taxis. However, walking remains the most widely used method for travelling in this hilly town. Two-wheelers are also popularly used by the residents.
The 8 km (5 mi) long Darjeeling Ropeway connecting Darjeeling's North Point with Singla, which was started in 1968, was closed after an accident in 2003. It reopened in February 2012.
Laffa

Laffa, also known as lafa or Iraqi pita, is the Modern Hebrew term for a large, thin flatbread with an Iraqi origin. Laffa is a simple bread that is traditionally vegan and cooked in a tannur or tabun, both of which are clay ovens. It is most often used to wrap falafel, kebab, and shawarma to make sandwiches, to dip in hummus, matbucha and other dips, or with shakshouka, and other dishes. It is also the traditional bread used in sabich, an Israeli eggplant sandwich.
Laffa is similar to many tandoor breads found in Asia, including naan and pita. Though they are similar, laffa is unique in that it does not form a pocket and is much thicker and chewier than pita or naan.
Laffa is known as Iraqi pita, given its origin in Iraq. Members of the Jewish community of Iraq, almost all of whom came to Israel via Operation Ezra and Nehemiah in the mid-20th century, brought with them the standard Iraqi flatbread known in Baghdad Jewish Arabic as ʿēsh tannūr, ḫobz al-tannūr, or simply khubz "bread". Laffa was traditionally baked in communal outdoor wood or coal-fired ovens and served as an accompaniment to myriad dishes.
Laffa is prepared by creating a dough typically made up of flour, water, yeast, salt, sugar, and olive oil and combined over a long fermentation process. The dough is kneaded and then often left to rise for several hours or overnight. It is then divided into several balls of dough, which are then left to rise again. Afterwards, the dough is then rolled out into a large, thin piece, much thinner than a pita, and cooked for several minutes until it has risen slightly and cooked through. For the cooking process, laffa was traditionally baked in a wood- or coal-fired oven, similar to a tandoor. In modern times a pizza oven, outdoor grill, stovetop, frying pan, or oven is more often used. After baking, laffa is often finished with olive oil and za'atar.
While laffa and pita are similar in appearance, different leavening processes creates significantly different outcomes. Pita only undergoes moderate leavening, while laffa can be fermented days on end. This leads pita to have a thinner and crispier texture while laffa is much thicker and chewier.
Laffa's simplicity makes it an ideal pairing for various dishes. In particular, its durable texture makes it suitable for dipping, and it is frequently paired with dips such as hummus and other mezes. It is the traditional bread used in sabich and is also commonly used to wrap sandwiches such as falafel, shawarma, ground meat kebabs, and others.
Laffa has distinct regional variations. In Iraq, any sandwich or wrap made with this bread is called a laffa. The name refers to the bread it is wrapped in. In Israel, laffa is often used as a general term. For instance, Israelis may refer to both taboon bread and the thinner saj bread as "laffa".
Cultural trait

A cultural trait is a single identifiable material or non-material element within a culture, and is conceivable as an object in itself.
Similar traits can be grouped together as components, or subsystems of culture; the terms sociofact and mentifact (or psychofact) were coined by biologist Julian Huxley as two of three subsystems of culture—the third being artifacts—to describe the way in which cultural traits take on a life of their own, spanning over generations.
In other words, cultural traits can be categorized into three interrelated components:
Moreover, sociofacts are considered by some to be mentifacts that have been shared through artifacts. This formulation has been related to memetics and the memetic concept of culture. These concepts have been useful to anthropologists in refining the definition of culture.
These concepts have been useful to anthropologists in refining the definition of culture, which Huxley views as contemplating artifacts, mentifacts, and sociofacts. For instance, Edward Tylor, the first academic anthropologist, included both artifacts and abstract concepts like kinship systems as elements of culture. Anthropologist Robert Aunger, however, explains that such an inclusive definition ends up encouraging poor anthropological practice because "it becomes difficult to distinguish what exactly is not part of culture." Aunger goes on to explain that, after the cognitive revolution in the social sciences in the 1960s, there is "considerable agreement" among anthropologists that a mentifactual analysis, one that assumes that culture consists of "things in the head" (i.e. mentifacts), is the most appropriate way to define the concept of culture.
The idea of the sociofact was developed extensively by David Bidney in his 1967 textbook Theoretical Anthropology, in which he used the term to refer to objects that consist of interactions between members of a social group. Bidney's 'sociofact' includes norms that "serve to regulate the conduct of the individual within society."
The concept has since been used by other philosophers and social scientists in their analyses of varying kinds of social groups. For instance, in a discussion of the semiotics of the tune 'Taps', semiotician of music Charles Boilès claims that although it is a single piece of music, it can be seen as three distinct musical sociofacts: as a "last call" signal in taverns frequented by soldiers; as an "end of day" signal on military bases; and hence, symbolically, as a component of military funerals. The claim has been made that sociofactual analysis can play a decisive role for the performance of, and collaboration within, organizations.
የላሊበላ ከፍልፍል ድንጋይ የተሠሩ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት

በአጭሩ ስለ ዓለት ላይ የተሠሩ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት፣ የዛጉዌ ነገስታት ከሚታወቁባቸው ዓበይት ነገሮች አንዱና ዋነኛው ከተፈጥሮ ዋሻ ውስጥ በመገንባትና ከዓለት ላይ በመፈልፈል አብያተ ክርስቲናትን ማነጻቸው ነው፡፡
እንዲህ ዓይነቱ ሥራ የተጀመረው በ6ኛው መ/ክ/ዘ በአፄ ካሌብ ዘመነ መንግሥት ቢሆንም ከፍተኛ ትኩረት ተሰጥቶት የላቀ ደረጃ የደረሰው ግን በዛጉዌ ነገሥታት ነው፡፡ ለዓለም አስደናቂ ሆኖ የተሠራው ግን በንጉሥ ላሊበላ ነው:: በዚህ ዘመን ከዋሻ ውስጥና ከውቅር አለት አብያተ ክርስቲያናትን ማነፁ እንዲሁም ዝም ብሎ ሳይሆን ራሱን የቻለ ሃይማኖታዊ ትርጉምና መጽሐፍ ቅዱሳዊ አንድምታ ያለው ነው፡፡ ይህ ንጉሥ በጣም እግዚአብሔርን ወዳጅ ነበረ::
እንደሚታወቀው ጌታችን ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ የተወለደው በቤቴልሄም ዋሻ ውስጥ ሲሆን የተቀበረው ደግሞ ዮሴፍ ለራሱ ጠርቦ ባዘጋጀው አዲስ መቃብር በጎለጎታ ነው፡፡ ስለሆነም አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ከዋሻ ውስጥ መሠራታቸው የጌታችንን የትውልድ ቦታ (የቤቴልሔም ዋሻ) ፣ ከውቅር ዓለት መታነጻቸው ደግሞ የጌታችንን የመቃብር ቦታ (ጎለጎታን) የሚያስታውሱን ናቸው ፣ ሌላም ብዙ ብዙ ትርጉም አላቸው
ላሊበላ
የአዳም መቃብር
ሶማሌ ክልል

የሶማሌ ክልል (ክልል 5) ከኢትዮጵያ ዘጠኝ ክልሎች አንዱ ነው። ዋና ከተማው ጅጅጋ ነው። 279,252 ካሬ ኪ.ሜ. ቦታ ሲሸፍን በ1991 የሕዝብ ብዛቱ 3,602,000 ነበር። ክልሉ በጣም ብዙ የሶማሌ ብሔረሰቦች ይገኙበታል። በ1970ዎቹ እ.ኤ.አ. ሶማሊያ ቦታውን በወውረር ከኢትዮጵያ ጋር ጦርነት አስነስታ ነበር። ከነዚህም ዋነኛው የኦጋዴን ጦርነት ነው።
በአፕሪል 2005 እ.ኤ.አ. ከባድ ዝናብ በክልሉ እና ሶማሊያ ጎርፍ አስከትሏል። ይህም የሸበሌ ወንዝን አንዲሞላና አካባቢውን በውሃ እንዲያጥለቀልቅ አድርጓል። ይህ ደግሞ ከ100 በላይ የሚሆኑ ሰዎችን ሞት አስከትሏል።