davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Soporte magnético

El soporte magnético es uno de los tipos de medios o soportes de almacenamiento de datos en los que se utilizan las propiedades magnéticas de los materiales para almacenar información digital.
Los tambores magnéticos están formados por cilindros con material magnético capaz de retener información. Los datos se graban y se leen mediante un cabezal cuyo brazo se mueve en la dirección del eje de giro del tambor. El acceso a la información es directo y no secuencial.
La cinta magnética está formada por una cinta de material plástico recubierta de material ferromagnético. Sobre dicha cinta se registran los caracteres en formas de combinaciones de puntos, sobre pistas paralelas al eje longitudinal de la cinta. Estas cintas son soporte de tipo secuencial, esto supone un inconveniente puesto que para acceder a una información determinada se hace necesario leer todas las que le preceden, con la consiguiente perdida de tiempo.
El disco flexible o disquete (en inglés, floppy disk), es un tipo de soporte de almacenamiento de datos formado por una pieza circular de plástico cubierta de material magnético que permite la grabación y lectura de datos, fino y flexible (de ahí su denominación) encerrado en una carcasa fina cuadrada o rectangular de plástico. Los disquetes más utilizados fueron los de 3½ o 5¼ pulgadas, utilizados en las primeras computadoras personales, aunque actualmente están en desuso.
El disco duro es el principal subsistema de almacenamiento de información en los sistemas informáticos. Es un soporte encargado de almacenar información de forma persistente en una computadora; es considerado el sistema de almacenamiento más importante y en él se guardan los archivos de los programas.
Los discos duros externos USB o Microdrive, utilizan un sistema de almacenamiento magnético. Suelen utilizar conexiones de tipo USB 2.0 y Firewire y últimamente, los fabricantes están incorporando puertos eSATA, que aumentan considerablemente la velocidad de transferencia entre discos duros.​
Un disco duro portátil, suele estar compuesto por una unidad de 2,5 pulgadas, y generalmente se alimentan de la salida de voltaje que ofrece la PC a la que es conectado. Ocasionalmente, un disco duro portátil USB, necesita la alimentación de dos conexiones de USB, debido al alto consumo ejercido por magnitud de su capacidad. El rango de capacidad para estos dispositivos de almacenamiento portátiles, suele estar entre 200 GB hasta los 2 Terabytes de almacenamiento de datos.
Soporte de almacenamiento de alta densidad

Soporte de almacenamiento de alta densidad, para dispositivos de almacenamiento de datos, como disquetes, discos compactos, DVD, disco Blu-ray o discos duros, se refiere a la cantidad de información que gestionan en un volumen muy inferior a los primeros dispositivos, históricamente hablando.
Los primeros medios de almacenamiento, medios de papel y tarjetas perforadas, eran ineficientes, lentos, y voluminosos. Estos entonces dieron lugar a almacenamiento magnético; memoria de núcleo, tambores y, finalmente, discos duros. Para copia de seguridad, había medios desmontables; la cinta magnética de riel y cartuchos, discos flexibles y discos duros desmontables. Después, discos ópticos (CD ROM y unidades de DVD) suplantaron a dispositivos magnéticos para usos archivísticos.
Hoy la necesidad de computadoras para almacenar más datos que nunca y el almacenamiento más reciente reemplaza dispositivos con partes móviles por unidades electrónicas de estado sólido.
Barril

Un barril de madera, también llamado barrica, cuba, tonel, candiota o pipa es un recipiente cilíndrico fabricado en madera que sirve como medio de almacenamiento de elementos líquidos o sólidos.​
La estructura del barril o barrica de madera está formada por duelas, piezas de madera con ahormadas para conseguir el perfil cóncavo del tonel, sujetas por aros anchos de metal o "zunchos", y cerradas con tapas planas, también de madera, llamados "fondos". Su uso tradicional desde la Antigüedad ha sido el almacenaje y conservación de líquidos como el agua, vino, whisky, cerveza y demás procesos de destilación de diversos cereales fermentados, o de granos, harinas, frutas, y otros alimentos de muy diverso tiempo de maduración y durabilidad. Quizá el uso más frecuente y conservado lo constituyen las barricas o toneles para elaborar y mejorar vinos (en especial los productos de la vid).​ A veces un barril tiene varios usos secuenciales distintos. Por ejemplo, los barriles de Jerez suelen usarse para el blended del whisky.​
Además del tradicional barril de madera —y siempre en función de su tipología y uso—, distintas industrias han adoptado recipientes y contenedores fabricados en diversos materiales y relacionados con la morfología polivalente del tambor industrial,​ entre ellos:
Se puede considerar como el sólido generado por un arco circunferencial o parabólico, parece un cilindro abultado. Tiene simetría axial respecto al eje que conecta los centros de los círculos bases, luego simetría especular(respecto a un plano) respecto a cualquier plano que contiene a su eje. Las secciones perpendiculares al eje de rotación son círculos: cuyo máximo diámetro es D y el mínimo es d, la altura h es la distancia entre las bases; se tiene, aproximadamente, los volúmenes:
De entre los numerosos ejemplos, puede recordarse quizá el estremecedor relato de Edgar Allan Poe titulado precisamente El barril de amontillado («The Cask of Amontillado»).​
Aunque en su origen fue con toda probabilidad una tinaja de barro​ lo que el filósofo Diógenes de Sinope eligió para vivir en las calles de Atenas,​ en la historia del arte la iconografía fue evolucionando y la tinaja mediterránea de barro se convirtió en barril de madera, más presente en la artesanía septentrional.
Los Barriles (Baja California Sur)

Los Barriles es un pueblo en el municipio de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México.​ Tiene una población de 1 174 habitantes. Está situado a lo largo de la autopista 1, está situado a 40 millas (64,4 km) al norte de San José del Cabo y 65 millas (104,6 km) al sur de La Paz. El aeródromo de Punta Pescadero está a situado a 9 millas (14,5 km) al norte; Rancho Leonero, un lugar de vacaciones, está al sur. Junto a Buenavista, los pueblos rurales se encuentran a caballo entre la cabecera de Bahía las Palmas en el Golfo de California.​ Los Barriles se encuentra dentro del área de transición de la Sierra de la Laguna de la península de Baja California donde los cerros se convierten en llanos arenosos.​ Es muy visitado por estadounidenses, canadienses y europeos. Conocido por su pesca con mosca,​ Los Barriles es también la capital del kitesurf y el windsurf en Baja California Sur.​ En 2006, la conferencia anual de la Asociación de Teatro Shakespeare se llevó a cabo en Los Barriles.​ El puerto del pueblo se cerró temporalmente el 2 de septiembre durante la tormenta tropical Lorena de la temporada de huracanes del Pacífico de 2013.
Cláudya

Maria das Graças Rallo (born 10 May 1948), known by her stage name Cláudya (Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈklawdʒ(i)ɐ]), and formerly Cláudia and Cláudia Oliveira, is a Brazilian singer.
She debuted at age nine in a talent show at Radio Company of Juiz de Fora, where she grew up. At thirteen, she was a singer at many of the midnight feasts and dances of the region. She developed her career in São Paulo in the 60s, at the beginning, participating in the program O Fino da Bossa. In 1969, she won the Festival Song Fluminense, singing the song "Razão de Paz para Não Cantar" (Lage and Alesio Eduardo de Barros). She also participated in several festivals abroad, including Japan, Greece, Spain, Mexico, and Venezuela, becoming the most awarded singer outside Brazil.
She excelled in the music scene in 1982 with the song "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" from the musical Evita.
She has recorded over twenty albums and has huge record sales. Thanks to her great success, she was invited to participate in major television programs of the time. She launched an LP in Japanese, which sold over 200,000 copies and among the prizes won were the Roquette Pinto, the Golden Globe and Trophy Press. Among her biggest hits is the song "Com Mais de Trinta", a composition of Marcos Valle and Paulo Sérgio Valle.
Claudya also plays piano and keyboard, from the age of 23. She is the mother of singer Graziela Medori.
Marcelo D2

Marcelo Maldonado Peixoto (born November 5, 1967), also known as Marcelo D2, is a Brazilian rapper and songwriter, co-founder of Planet Hemp.
A former vocalist of the band Planet Hemp, he started his solo career in 1998 with the album Eu Tiro É Onda. The album was recorded in his studio by David Corcos, and was mixed in New York City and Los Angeles by Carlos Bass and Mario Caldato Eu Tiro É Onda was well accepted by the public and rap movement within São Paulo, earning respect from names such as Black Alien, Zé Gonzalez and Bnegão.
Marcelo returned to Rio de Janeiro with a pregnant girlfriend who gave birth to his son Luca. He found renewed success after restarting his solo career with the participation of the Hemp Family, a group formed by the pioneers of rap in Rio de Janeiro.
In 2003 he released À Procura da Batida Perfeita (Portuguese for "Looking for the perfect beat", a reference to an Afrika Bambaataa song of the same name) produced by Beastie Boys producer Mario Caldato. The album mixed hip-hop with samba, and included a collaboration with will.i.am from The Black Eyed Peas. The album was a hit, and led to an Acústico MTV performance, analogous to MTV Unplugged in the United States. The album was released with the English title in Asia, Europe, and North America. Finally, the album was promoted with a two-year tour.
Marcelo D2 appeared as a guest performer on two tracks of Sérgio Mendes' album Timeless.
His third album Meu Samba É Assim ("My Samba Is Like This") was released May 8, 2006. It features Chali 2na of Jurassic 5 on the track "That's What I Got".
In 2010, Marcelo D2's video "Meu Tambor" was nominated for Video of the Year for MTV Brasil.
His album Amor É Para os Fortes was elected as one of the 25 best Brazilian albums of the second half of 2018 by the São Paulo Association of Art Critics.
In 2021, his album Assim Tocam Meus Tambores was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Portuguese Language Rock or Alternative Album. His album Iboru was chosen by the Associação Paulista de Críticos de Arte as one of the 50 best Brazilian albums of 2023.
Construction barrel

Construction barrels (colloquially known as "drums" in the United States) are traffic control devices used to channel motor vehicle traffic through construction sites or to warn motorists of construction activity near the roadway. They are used primarily in the United States, but are occasionally used in Canada, Mexico and Costa Rica. They are an alternative to traffic cones which are smaller and easily hit by vehicles. Drums tend to command more respect from drivers than cones as they are larger, more visible, and give the appearance of being formidable obstacles.
Construction barrels are typically bright orange and have four alternating white and orange reflective bands. However some regions, such as the province of Ontario, Canada, use black barrels with orange stripes. Most have a rubber base that prevents the barrel from tipping over during high winds. Construction barrels have a handle at the top so they can be easily picked up and carried. The handle also allows crews to install barricade lights to increase visibility. The product makes up a $90 million industry in the United States.
Until the late 1980s, construction crews typically used 55-gallon steel drums to guide traffic through construction areas. They were painted orange and white and filled with sand or water to keep them in place. Because the drums were steel and weighed down with sand or water, extensive damage would occur to vehicles striking them, and they were dangerous to workers if propelled into work areas by vehicles. Plastic barrels that are commonly seen on American roadways today began emerging in the late 1970s and 1980s; steel 55-gallon drums were largely phased out by the 1990s, with an outright prohibition on using metal drums appearing in the third revision of the 1988 Edition of the MUTCD, published in September 1993.
By 1981, the drums were mainly a two-piece plastic design that included the top piece of the drum and a base that was filled with sandbags. The same year, an updated version of the invention was released by PSS; it included a flange to allow sandbag placement on the outside of the drum which made it easier to maneuver. In 1985, PSS released the modern-day version of the construction barrel, the LifeGard® drum. The LifeGard® utilized the sidewall of a recycled truck tire at its base to keep the drum securely in place on the roadway. This design is the most common one in use today.
Hourglass drum

Hourglass drums are a sub-category of membranophone, or drum, characterized by an hourglass shape. They are also known as waisted drums. Drumheads are attached by laces, which may be squeezed during a performance to alter the pitch. The category also includes pellet drums such as the damaru, although not all pellet drums are hourglass shaped (such as the Korean do, nodo, noedo, and yeongdo, which are barrel shaped).
Hourglass drums exists in most regions of the world, but have very different construction methods, dimensions, purposes and playing methods. The label of hourglass drum is hence as generic as the label for bowed instrument or reed instrument. Thus the designation of Hourglass drum is used as a category in general instrument construction and does not refer to any particular uniform instrument.
Pellet drum

Pellet drums, or rattle drums, are a class of membranophone, or drum, characterized by their construction and manner of playing. They have two heads (either a single double-headed drum or two hemispherical single-headed drums joined together with the heads facing outward), and two pellets, each connected by a cord to the drum. The damaru, which is used in Tibet, Mongolia, and India, is an hourglass drum that is grasped by its waist with the hand twisting back and forth, causing the pellets to strike the heads in a rhythmic fashion. In China, Korea, and Japan, pellet drums are affixed to or pierced by a vertical rod or pole, and, depending on the instrument's size, the rod or pole is rotated back and forth along its axis either with one or both hands or between the palms, causing the pellets to strike the heads in a similar manner.
Pellet drums may be either hourglass shaped or barrel shaped. In some cases, multiple drums are mounted on a single rod.
Although pellet drums are often used in religious ritual (particularly Tibet, Mongolia, India, and Taiwan), small versions are also used in East Asia as children's toys or as noisemakers by street vendors. Such small versions are sometimes also referred to as rattle drums.
Tinya

The tinya (Quechua) or kirki (Quechua) is a percussion instrument, a small handmade drum of leather which is used in the traditional music of the Andean region, particularly Peru. The drum dates to the pre-Columbian era, and is used in traditional Peruvian dances, notably in Los Danzantes de Levanto where it is played by one person simultaneously with the antara, a type of panflute; that instrument combination is similar to the worldwide tradition of the pipe and tabor.
Korean drum

Korean drums play an important part in traditional Korean music, ranging from folk music to royal court music. There are a wide variety of shapes and sizes, for use both in accompanying other instruments and in special drumming performances.
In the traditional Korean classification of instruments, drums are grouped with the hyeokbu (혁부, 革部), or instruments made with leather. A notable class of these leather drums are Korean barrel drums.
During the Joseon period, many types of drums were used for the royal court music, including the janggu, jwago, yonggo, gyobanggo, jingo, jeolgo, nogo, and others. Among these, the janggu was also used for folk music, and later became the most commonly used drum used in Korean music.
Barrel murder

A barrel murder was a method for disposing of the bodies of people killed by early American mafiosi since the 1870s, although the earliest recorded barrel murders in New York were reported in 1895 and 1900.
The victims, usually Italian immigrants, would be found stuffed inside a barrel after being shot, stabbed, or strangled to death, and left on a random street corner or back alley, or shipped to a nonexistent address in another city. First used by the Sicilian Provenzano crime family in New Orleans and the Morello crime family in New York City, the barrel murders eventually alerted authorities to the existence of the Mafia, leading to the later investigation by New Orleans police chief David C. Hennessy, whose own eventual assassination was attributed to Sicilian mafiosi in 1890, resulting in one of the largest mass lynchings in U.S. history. New York detective Joseph Petrosino's early investigations into the New York barrel murders would lead to a crackdown against the Black Hand and the Morellos until his assassination in 1909. The Morellos, suspected of over 100 murders, continued to use the barrel murder for over thirty years until eventually ceasing after the (now well-publicized) murders resulted in unwanted attention from local authorities. Other non-Italian criminals used the same method to draw police suspicion away from themselves onto the Morellos and other Italian mafiosi.
The method was later used in Johnny Roselli's death when he was found in a 55-gallon oil drum off the coast of Florida in 1976. It is generally believed Roselli was murdered in revenge for his skimming profits from Las Vegas casinos, but given Roselli's involvement with CIA plots against Fidel Castro in Cuba, others have suggested that Roselli's death was not at the hands of fellow mobsters but that the killers used the barrel method to cast suspicion towards the Mafia.
Mochila arhuaca

La mochila arhuaca o tutu iku en ika es una prenda de la indumentaria de la etnia arhuaca y una de las artesanías más importantes de Colombia.​​
Es un tejido de lana de oveja, algodón, fique o lana industrial, elaborado por las gwati (mujeres de la etnia) desde niñas.
Los materiales con que se tejen las mochilas arhuacas son de colores tierra, gama de marrones, beige, escala de grises y negro. Originalmente se elaboraban con fibras naturales nativas como el fique y el algodón (este último reservado a las mochilas de los mamos, las cuales no se pueden comercializar). Con la venida de los españoles, se introdujo la lana de oveja y actualmente se usa también la fibra industrial conocida como madeja.​
Las mochilas generalmente llevan dibujos o representaciones indígenas de animales y otros objetos de la cosmogonía, la cosmovisión y la cotidianeidad arhuacas. Cada diseño identifica a las familias; algunos de los más importantes son el gamako (la rana), símbolo de la fertilidad para las etnias indígenas de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, el zikamu (el ciempiés), el aku (la serpiente cascabel), que simboliza el tiempo y el espacio, el peynu (la peinilla, peine), kutía (las costillas), kaku serankua (el padre creador de la Sierra), makuru (el gallinazo), gwirkunu (los cerros y lagunas), urumu (el caracol), sariwuwu (los meses del embarazo), kunsamunu a'mia (el pensamiento de la mujer), kunsamunu cheyrua (el pensamiento del hombre), kanzachu (la hoja de árbol), chinuzatu (las cuatro esquinas del mundo), kambiru (la cola de alacrán o garabato), phundwas (los picos nevados de la Sierra) y garwa (el padre de los caminos).​​
Los hombres usan tres mochilas: una llamada chige kwanu, para guardar pertenencias personales; otra denominada zizhu, para llevar hojas de coca; y la tercera para guardar alimentos o elementos de viaje. También se usa una cuarta llamada buro masi, para guardar el poporo. Las mujeres llevan en las frentes la tutu gawu, hecha de fique. La tutu chakeai y la kau jina (blanca, de algodón, sin dibujos) son las mochilas del marunsama o mamu, el sabio espiritual arhuaco.​​
Desde la década de 1960 es una prenda que salió del ámbito geográfico arhuaco, penetró las grandes ciudades colombianas (especialmente Santa Marta y Valledupar y es usada sobre todo por la gente joven a manera de reivindicación de las culturas indígenas. Varias asociaciones de gwati tejedoras de la Sierra han sido organizadas para la confección y posterior comercialización de la mochila, lo cual se lleva a cabo en resguardos indígenas, almacenes de artesanías y por Internet.​
En 2006, la mochila arhuaca fue nominada como símbolo cultural de Colombia en el concurso organizado por la revista Semana con el apoyo de Caracol TV, el Ministerio de Cultura y Colombia es pasión.​
En 2013, "Mochilas Arhuacas" se convirtió oficialmente en marca registrada y se inició el trámite para que la artesanía goce de denominación de origen.​
Poporo

Un poporo (del idioma iku: To´buru)​ es un instrumento de las culturas ancestrales tayrona y quimbaya, y de las culturas contemporáneas de los pueblos arhuaco (ika o iku), kankuamo, kogui (o kágaba) y wiwa en Colombia.​ Forma parte del patrimonio cultural material e inmaterial de esos pueblos y se considera como uno de los símbolos de la identidad cultural del país.​​ Su utilización, como parte del sagrado ritual del mambeo, es un símbolo de la pervivencia cultural de estos pueblos.​
El poporo es un instrumento imprescindible en el ritual del mambeo, al igual que la mochila que contiene las hojas tostadas de ayu (Erythroxylum novogranatense).​ Este instrumento está elaborado con materiales naturales y tiene cuatro componentes:​
En la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, el poporo se entrega únicamente al varón mediante ceremonia especial, en cumplimiento de las prácticas culturales de las etapas fundamentales de la vida del ser arhuaco, las cuales son el bautizo (o Gunséymuke) con ocasión del nacimiento, el desarrollo (o Munséymuke) con ocasión de la entrada a la pubertad, el matrimonio (o Jwa ungawi) para iniciar la vida en pareja, y la mortuoria (o Eysa owmey) con ocasión de la muerte.​ La entrega del poporo se hace previo a la ceremonia del matrimonio, donde se comunica a la comunidad la capacidad del ser iku de cumplir la Ley de Origen, con capacidad para ser responsable de sí mismo, de la compañera e hijos, y miembros de la familia que lo necesiten.
Idioma arhuaco

Se denomina lengua arhuaco o ikʉ a la lengua amerindia de la familia chibchana usada por el pueblo autodenominado los «ika» de Colombia.​
Hay 14.301 hablantes todos en Colombia principalmente en la región de Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.​ El 90% de ellos son monolingües de su lenguaje aborigen.​ Algunos hablan el español, los porcentajes de alfabetismo son de 1 a 5% en arhuaco y el 15 a 25% en su idioma auxiliar, el español.​ Los usuarios tienen una identidad cultural así como tradiciones ancestrales y suelen ser de uso prolífero y vibrante de su idioma.​
Es también conocido como: aruaco, bintuk, bíntukua, bintucua, ica, ijca, ijka, ika e ike.​
Este idioma usa la estructura lingüística sujeto-objeto-verbo.​
Según con la descripción realizada por Landaburu (2002), el inventario consonántico de la lengua se compone de 16 consonantes.​ Sin embargo, otros autores sugieren dos fonemas glotales adicionales.​
Relaciones Barbados-Colombia

Las relaciones entre Barbados y la República de Colombia se iniciaron el 1 de febrero de 1972, seis años después de la independencia del país insular, además, Barbados fue el primer país de las Antillas Menores con que Colombia entabló relaciones, después de Trinidad y Tobago.​
Al igual que los demás países del Caribe, las relaciones entre Barbados y Colombia se basan en Estrategia de Cooperación con la Cuenca del Caribe que el país andino presta a Barbados. Los campos en los que se basa la cooperación colombiana en barbados son los siguientes:​​
En 1984 ambos países firmaron un Convenio de Cooperación Técnica y Científica, que servirá al país caribeño y al andino.​ Del mismo modo, en 2014, ambos países acordaron establecer un acuerdo sobre información en materia información Tributaria, con esto Barbados sale de la lista de paraísos fiscales.​​
En cuanto a los foros multilaterales, Barbados y Colombia han fortalecido sus lazos en cuanto a la lucha contra el problema de las drogas, ya que, Barbados, al igual que muchos de los países del Caribe, sirven como plataforma de comunicación y exportación de la cocaína a África, además, este funciona como plataforma para el lavado de dinero.​ Barbados, a diferencia de los otros Estados caribeño, juega un papel sobresaliente debido a que es sede de la Oficina de Naciones Unidas contra la Droga y el Delito para el Caribe y de Comisión Europea para el Control de Drogas.​
A pesar de tener casi 40 años de haber establecido sus relaciones, Barbados y Colombia no tienen representación diplomática, por tanto, la Embajada de Barbados en Washington D. C. es la cargada de las relaciones diplomáticas entre el país caribeño y Colombia, de igual forma, la Embajada de Colombia en Puerto España realiza las mismas funciones para Barbados. En cuanto a las relaciones consulares, los consulados de cada uno de los países en las ciudades anteriormente nombradas son los encargados de atender a la ciudadanía de la contraparte. Aunque, Barbados sí cuenta con un Consulado Honorario en la ciudad de Bogotá DC. En cuanto a los acercamientos, en 2012, la Viceministra de Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia, Mónica Lanzetta, visitó Bridgetown.​ De igual forma lo hizo el Viceministro de Asuntos Multilaterales, Carlos Morales, en 2014. Ambas visitas fueron con el fin de fortalecer los lazos y la ayuda en cooperación que Colombia proporciona al país caribeño.​
Desde 1971, un año antes del establecimiento de relaciones oficiales, Barbados y Colombia suscribieron el Canje de Notas en cuanto a la supresión de visados. Por tanto, la relación de visas (turismo/visita) entre Barbados y Colombia:
En 1994 la CARICOM y Colombia firmaron un tratado de libre comercio que tenía como objetivos promover el comercio y la inversión, la cooperación y la creación de joint ventures.​
El principal rubro de exportación del país caribeño al país andino son los productos químicos, mientras que la balanza comercial positiva de Colombia se debe a sus exportaciones por combustibles minerales.
FUENTE: Trade Map​
Arhuaca mochila

The mochila arhuaca (English: Arhuaca knapsack), or tutu iku in Ika, is a popular Colombian artisan bag made by the Arhuaco people of the Sierra Nevada. In recent years, they have become a cultural symbol of Colombian identity.
Although the whole arhuaco community is involved in production, only Wati (Arhuaco women) can weave the bags together according to custom. Traditionally, the women learn to weave from an early age by watching their mothers. The first mochila they make is given to the priest for the rituals of the life cycle.
The colors with which the mochilas are woven are earth tones, ranging from brown and beige to black and gray. Originally they were woven with natural fibers from the Arahuaco lands, such as agave and cotton (the latter reserved for Mamos backpacks, which can not be traded). The Spanish introduced sheep's wool and currently mochilas also are made with industrial fibers.
The bags are usually decorated with indigenous representations of animals and other objects of their cosmology. Each design identifies a family. Some of the most important are the gamako (frog), the symbol of fertility, the zikamu (centipede), the aku (rattlesnake), which symbolizes time and space, the peynu (comb), the kutia (ribs), kaku serankua (the creator of the Sierra father), makuru (vulture), gwirkunu (hills and lakes), urumu (snail), sariwuwu (the months of pregnancy), kunsamunu a'mia (the thought of women), kunsamunu cheyrua (human thought), kanzachu (tree leaf), chinuzatu (the four corners of the world), kambiru (scorpion tail or scribble), phundwas (the snowy peaks of the Sierra) and Garwa (the father of the roads).
In the town of Atanquez, the bags are most frequently made with hemp from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range.
Arhuaco men traditionally use three bags: one called chige kwanu, to save personal belongings, another called Zizhu, to carry coca leaves, and the third for food storage or travel items. They also used a fourth one called masi, to hold their poporo. The women carry the tutu gawa made of agave. The tutu chakeai and jina kau (white, cotton, without drawings) are marunsama backpacks or mamu (spiritual sage of the arhuaco).
When a man and woman will marry, the future wife weaves two bags, one for her and one for her husband, to symbolize the love of the couple.
Starting in the 1960s, the arhuaca mochila left the geographical arhuaco, penetrated large Colombian cities (especially Santa Marta and Valledupar), and is used primarily by young people today as a way to claim their indigenous culture.
In 2006, the backpack was nominated as the Arhuaco cultural symbol of Colombia in the contest organized by the magazine Semana.
Disney's 2021 film Encanto features the protagonist Mirabel Madrigal carrying a mochila bag when traveling.
National Indigenous Organization of Colombia

The National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (Spanish: Organización Nacional Indígena de Colombia or ONIC) is an organization representing the Indigenous peoples of Colombia, who, according to the 2018 census, comprise some 1,905,617 people or approximately 3.7% of the population. The organization was founded at the first National Indigenous Congress in 1982.
Spanish colonization involved the formalization of structures under the name of cabildos, with both pre-conquest and post-conquest features becoming local traditions. In the Andean highlands, many indigenous people lived essentially as peasants, and leftist as well as state organizations took an interest in incorporating indigenous peoples into peasant-sector organizations in the early and mid 20th century. One such organization was the National Association Of Campesino Users (ANUC).
The incorporation of indigenous peoples of Colombia into regional and national organizations with a specifically indigenous character and agenda was carried out in the 1970s and early 1980s. In the Andean Department of Cauca, the Regional Indigenous Council of Cauca (CRIC) was formed at the Toribío Assembly in 1971. The highly organized CRIC served as something of a hub for indigenous organizing during the 1970s.
In 1980, the first national encounter of indigenous organizations was held in Lomas de Hilarco, Tolima department. The encounter vocally opposed proposed changes to the national indigenous policy of the federal government, called for the respect of indigenous rights, and demanded the evolution and expansion of indigenous territories and the suspension and reversal of colonization within indigenous reserves. By this time, Regional Indigenous Councils existed in the departments of Vaupés, Vichada, Arhuaco, Chocó, and Tolima, as well as Cauca. an interim National Indigenous Coordination was created for coordination, and for the organization of a national assembly. The latter was held in Bosa, near Bogotá, in 1982, and united more than 1500. The organization's initial goals were:
In collaboration with the sympathetic Betancur administration, numerous indigenous reserves were titled, in which many new indigenous organizations were formed, resulting in a massive expansion of the national organization.
In 2010, an international campaign was launched to expose the suffering of what ONIC describes as the "massive violations of their rights". These violations are caused by "the internal armed conflict in Colombia, the lack of social and differential policies on the part of the Colombian state for indigenous peoples, and the imposition of a devastating development model in indigenous territories." The campaign was launched by two indigenous Colombian leaders on a European tour, and it is aimed at protecting at least eighteen tribes facing the ‘imminent risk of extinction'.
ONIC's current program of struggle calls for:
Christian Gros. 1991. Colombia indígena: identidad cultural y cambio social. Bogota: CEREC, 1991.
Arhuaco language

Arhuaco, commonly known as Ikʉ (Arhuaco: Ikʉ), is an Indigenous American language of the Chibchan language family, spoken in South America by the Arhuaco people.
There are 8000 speakers, all in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region of Colombia, 90% of whom are monolingual. Literacy is 1 to 5% in their native language. Some speak Spanish, and 15 to 25% are literate in that auxiliary language. The users have a very strong traditional culture and have vibrant use of their tongue.
It is also known as: Aruaco, Bintuk, Bíntukua, Bintucua, Ica, Ijca, Ijka, Ika, and Ike.
The language uses a subject–object–verb (SOV) sentence structure.
/ə/ is raised to and merged with /ɨ/ word finally.
This language registers 17 consonant phonemes:
With some exceptions, Arhuaco syllables may begin with up to two consonants (the second of which must be a glide /w j/) and may be closed by one of the following consonants: /ʔ n r w j/.
Arhuaco stress normally falls on penultimate syllables, with secondary stresses occurring on every other preceding syllable, in the case of longer words (e.g. /ˌunkəˈsia/ 'protective bracelet'). There are some affixes and enclitics that are extrametrical and do not count as syllables for stress assignment.
Frank (1985, 34) lists six personal pronouns for Arhuaco, with singular and plural numbers for first, second, and third persons and notes that they "do not occur very frequently in text; they occur occasionally in subject position, very rarely in object position, and most frequently as the object of a preposition".
Unusually, person marking in Arhuaco verbs has evolved to have effectively become a way to mark epistemic modality or evidentiality.
Frank, Paul. 1985. A grammar of Ika. PhD thesis. University of Pennsylvania.
Frank, Paul. 2000. Ika syntax. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Landaburu, Jon. 2000. La lengua Ika. in Lenguas indigenas de Colombia: Una visión descriptiva. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
Rug making

A rug is a piece of cloth, similar to a carpet, but it does not span the width of a room and is not attached to the floor. It is generally used as a floor covering, or as a decorative feature.
Braided rugs are made by using three or more strips of fabric, usually wool, folding the raw edges to the middle and braiding them together. For an oval rug the centre braid should be one inch longer than the width-length in feet. example 2' x 4' rug centre strip would be 2'2" long. The centre braid is laced together and new strips are sewn on to make the braid longer as lacing continues.
Traditional rug hooking is a craft in which rugs are made by pulling loops of yarn or fabric through a stiff woven base such as burlap, linen, rug warp or monks cloth. The loops are pulled through the backing material by using a latch hook mounted in a handle (usually wood) for leverage.
Rag rugs were commonly made in households up to the middle of the 20th century by using odd scraps of fabric on a background of old sacking. Rag rugs became widespread during the Industrial Revolution to the nineteenth century, but by the 1920s the craft was dying out except in areas of poverty or where tradition had a stronger hold. The necessity for thrift during World War II brought a brief revival, but it did not last long.
Proddy rugs are made, as the name implies, by prodding or poking strips of fabric through hessian or linen from the back side. Rag rugs made this way have many names, such as clippies, stobbies, clippers and peggies. In Northumberland they are called proggy mats, and in Scotland they are called clootie mats. They were often made for more utilitarian use such as by the back door, their pile hiding dirt well.
The Museum of English Rural Life has a collection of rug-making tools and thrift rugs.
These are both handmade and machine-made (see carpet). Woven rugs include both flat rugs (for example kilims) and pile rugs. The more tightly a rug is woven or knotted, the more detailed a design can be. "It is generally believed that the density of knots, the age, the material, and the rarity of the design or knots determines the value of a carpet. ..."
Gadwal sari

Gadwal sari is a handcrafted woven sari style in Gadwal of Jogulamba Gadwal district in the Indian state of Telangana. It was registered as one of the geographical indication from Telangana by the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. They are most notable for the Zari on the saris. The sari consists of a cotton body , silk border, and zari pallu. with silk pallu which is also given a new name Sico saris. The weave is so light that the saree can be packed in a matchbox. The Brahmotsavas of Tirupati begins with the deity's idol being adorned with Gadwal Saree.
Gadwal Handloom Centre, established in 1946 by the late Ratan Babu Rao, was mainly responsible for the widespread knowledge and detail regarding the Gadwal Sari.
List of Wild Kratts episodes

Wild Kratts is a live-action/animated educational children's television series created by Chris and Martin Kratt. The Kratt Brothers Company and 9 Story Media Group produce the series, which is presented by PBS Kids Go! and PBS Kids in the United States and by TVOKids in Canada. The show's aim is to educate children about biology, zoology, and ecology, and teach kids small ways to make big impacts. It has ties to the Kratts' previous shows, Kratts' Creatures and Zoboomafoo, and contains numerous characters from the latter.
In the series, the animated Kratts' brothers encounter wild animals during stories of adventure and mystery. This program is the longest lasting series created by the Kratt brothers, lasting for over a decade after the respective 3-month and 2-year runs of the two previous series.
Beginning with this season, every episode begins with a view of the Earth before the Kratt brothers are shown introducing the audience.
Pueblo Bello

Pueblo Bello (Pretty Village), is a village and municipality in the northern region of the Department of Cesar, Colombia. It is located in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and is home to Amerindians pertaining to the Arhuaco ethnicity, whom consider Pueblo Bello a sanctuary but by the name of Arumake in their language. Pueblo Bello is the main producer of coffee in the Caribbean Region of Colombia.
Pueblo Bello is the only municipality that is completely within the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains. The municipality borders to the north with the Department of Magdalena; to the east and south with the municipality of Valledupar and to the southwest with the municipality of El Copey. The municipality of Pueblo Bello is also part a Forest Reserve, the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park and the indigenous reserve. The municipality is crossed by two rivers; the Ariguaní River and the Ariguanicito River.
Pueblo Bello presents an average temperature throughout the year between 16°C and 22°C predominantly characterized by mountain climate.
The region was first inhabited by the Arhuaco and Chimila Maconganas. Upon the arrival of the Spanish, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas, the first European explorers to arrive were men under the orders of Lope de Orozco and had named it Valle de Taironaca (Valley of Taironaca).
The village was founded by Captain Antonio Florez in c. 1590 with the name Dulce Nombre de Jesus but due to constant attacks from the Chimilas the town was moved nearer to Valledupar. The old village was named; Pueblo Viejo (named changed to Pueblo Bello in the 20th Century) and the new town; Nueva Valencia.
Pueblo Bello was a corregimiento of Valledupar until 1997 when it was elevated to municipality by Ordinance 037 of December 10, 1997; later Decree 000239 of May 6, 1998 the Ordinance was recognized and enforced.
Pueblo Bello celebrates the Festival del Café y la Mochila Arhuaca and the "Regional Olympics ". On July 16 of each year the town celebrates the Roman Catholic tradition of the Virgin of El Carmen.
10°25′N 73°35′W﻿ / ﻿10.417°N 73.583°W﻿ / 10.417; -73.583
Persisk teppe

Persiske tepper (farsi: ‏قالی‎, qālī) er betegnelsen som favner håndknyttede tepper fra det persiske område i (Iran og noen deler av tilgrensende land), og som av og til benyttes generisk om andre tepper i samme stil.
Persia formodes å være de orientalske teppers opprinnelsesområde. De eldste bevarte teppene ble knyttet på 1400-tallet, men først fra 1500-tallet finnes det større mengder av persiske tepper bevarte. Noen av de mer kjente er Ardabilteppet, Chelseateppet, og Jaktteppet på Stockholms slott. Under Abbas den store hadde den persiske teppeknytingen sin storhetstid.
De mest kjente teppetypene er medaljongteppet med klassisk sentral komposisjon og planteornament, blomsterteppet med spiralformede ranker og palmettblomster, samt florteppet som var populært frem fra midten av 1600-tallet. Tilvirkningen skjedde fremst i manufakturene i Yazd og Kashan. Materialet er ull og silke. Ofte anvendes gull- og sølvtråder. Blant de mer eksklusive teppene kan jaktteppene fremheves. På 1600-tallet ble slike knyttet i Esfahan, Tabriz og Herat.
Heratteppene, som ble tilvirket i nettopp Herat (i dagens Afghanistan) fra 1500- til 1700-tallet har en regelmessig overflate med et tett orientalsk mønster. De kom tidlig til Europa der malere som Rubens og van Dyck avbildet dem. Vaseteppet har en egenartet langsmal form. Hovedmotivet er en vase som gjennom et nett av ranker er forent med de øvrige blomster-, palmett- og tschimotivene. De første ble til under safavidene trolig i det sørlige Persia.
Andre typer av persiske tepper er:
Polyamid

Et polyamid er et polymer som inneholder monomerer av amider koblet sammen med peptidbindinger. De finnes naturlig, eksempelvis proteiner som ull og silke, men kan også framstilles kunstig ved hjelp av polykondensasjon. Eksempler på kunstig framstilte polyamider er nylon og aramider.
Produksjonen fra monomerer foregår ved at en amidkobling dannes fra kondensasjonsreaksjonen mellom en amingruppe og en karboksylsyre eller et syreklorid. Et lite molekyl, vanligvis vann eller hydrogenklorid elimineres.
Amingruppen og karboksylsyren kan være på samme monomer, eller polymeren kan bestå av to ulike bifunksjonelle monomerer, en med to amingrupper, den andre med to karboksylsyre- eller syrekloridgrupper.
Aminosyrer kan sees på som et eksempel på en enkel monomer (dersom en ser vekk fra forskjellene mellom R-gruppene) som reagerer med like molekyler og danner et polyamid.
Aramid (vist på bildet under) er et aromatisk polyamid som lages når to ulike monomerer danner en alternerende kjede:
Lilleborg

Lilleborg AS is a major hygiene and cleaning article company in Norway, owned by Solenis, and formerly owned by the Orkla Group. It was established in 1833, and was one of the first companies in Norway to start manufacturing brand name products. It currently operates three factories in Norway, and employs a total working staff of 595.
Originally a family business, established in 1833 on the banks of the Aker river in Oslo, Lilleborg expanded in 1842 to manufacturing hygiene products with the opening of "sæbesyderiet", the "soap boilery". Here the company's manufacture of soft soap and bathroom soaps took place. In 1897, it became an aksjeselskap, and changed its name to A/S Lilleborg Fabrikker. In the final years of the 19th century, the company was offering a broad range of oils, bathroom, household and soft soaps. It was also the largest company of its sort in Norway, with more than 100 employees on roll.
At the end of the 1920s, Lilleborg had developed a close relationship with Denofa, a cooking oil producing company based in Fredrikstad. This culminated in 1930 with an agreement of cooperation between Lilleborg, Denofa, and the British company Lever Brothers (later Unilever), which had large ownership interests in the companies. As part of this agreement, Lilleborg acquired ownership and production of several well-known Lever Brothers brands, Sunlight being perhaps the foremost. Focusing strongly on brands throughout the 1930s, the company launched several of their strongest-selling brands of today in the years before the war, including Lano, Solidox, Blenda and Lux.
Unilever decided to sell their stocks in the company in 1958, but agreed upon another cooperation agreement which was to last for 20 years. This agreement was subsequently reformed on two occasions, and is still in effect - and will be until 2014. The following year, Denofa and Lilleborg merged to form A/S Denofa og Lilleborg Fabriker, which soon became a major player in the Norwegian hygiene market. The company then, in 1973, acquired Goma fabrikker, which in turned owned (amongst others) A/S Ello in Kristiansund.
In 1996, Lilleborg and Denofa split once more into two separate entities, in which Denofa continued the cooking oil activities, while Lilleborg was evolved into a pure brand-name manufacturer. In relation with this split, Lilleborg was reorganized as a company under Orkla Brands, a division of the Orkla Group, whilst Denofa was placed under Orkla Chemistry. In 1997, the activity by the Aker river ceased, while a new laundry detergent factory was opened in Ski.
Lilleborg holds and/or produces the following brand name products:
Friends season 1

The first season of the American television sitcom Friends aired on NBC from September 22, 1994, to May 18, 1995.
The website Collider ranked the season number 9 on their ranking of the ten Friends seasons. They wrote that the best episode of the season was "The One Where Rachel Finds Out".
The first season was officially released on DVD in region 1 on April 30, 2002 by Warner Home Video, becoming available in both the United States and Canada as a 4-disc DVD Box Set. The release includes the extended versions of every episode with footage not seen on their original NBC broadcast. Additionally, each episode is updated with color correction and sound enhancement. Special Features include a commentary for the pilot episode with executive producers Kevin S. Bright, Marta Kaufmann and David Crane, a video guide to season one's guest stars, including George Clooney, Helen Hunt and Noah Wyle; an interactive map with inside stories from the crew, a trivia quiz and the trailer of Season Two DVD Release. For region 2, the release included the original NBC broadcast version of the episodes, and not the extended versions unlike the region 1 release.
The season also had an individual Blu-ray for region A on April 30, 2013, in this release the episodes are presented in their original NBC broadcast versions and does not include the extra deleted scenes and jokes that were included in the DVD version. Additional audio & subtitle tracks are also included with this release.
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 70% approval rating, with an average rating of 7.1/10 and based on 43 critic reviews. The critics consensus reads: "Friends' daffy situations elicit just as many eye-rolls as laughs, but this perky sitcom gets by with a little help from its immensely likable cast.". In the Los Angeles Daily News, Ray Richmond named the series as "one of the brighter comedies of the new season", and the Los Angeles Times called it "flat-out the best comedy series of the new season". Tom Feran of The Plain Dealer wrote that the series traded "vaguely and less successfully on the hanging-out style of Seinfeld", while Ann Hodges of the Houston Chronicle called it "the new Seinfeld wannabe, but it will never be as funny as Seinfeld." Chicago Sun-Times' Ginny Holbert found Joey and Rachel's characteristics to be underdeveloped, while Richmond commended the cast as a "likeable, youth ensemble" with "good chemistry"; Robert Bianco of USA Today was complimentary of Schwimmer, calling him "terrific". He also praised the female leads, but was concerned that Perry's role as Chandler was "undefined" and that LeBlanc was "relying too much on the same brain-dead stud routine that was already tired the last two times he tried it". The authors of Friends Like Us: The Unofficial Guide to Friends thought that the cast was "trying just a little too hard", in particular Perry and Schwimmer. People Magazine said that the "saving grace" is that the characters become more likable as time goes on.