Asụsụ Hadza

Hadza bụ asụsụ dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ihe dị ka 1,000 Ndị Hadza na-asụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Eyasi na Tanzania, ndị gụnyere ndị na-achụ nta na-achịkọta oge niile n'Africa. Ọ bụ otu n'ime naanị asụsụ atọ dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka nwere ụdaume pịa. 'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị na-asụ ya, iji asụsụ eme ihe siri ike, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka na-amụta ya, mana UNESCO na-ekewa asụsụ ahụ dị ka nke na-adịghị ike.
Hadza na-eji ọtụtụ aha n'akwụkwọ. Hadza n'onwe ya pụtara "mmadụ." Hazabee bụ otutu, na Hazaphii pụtara "ha bụ ụmụ nwoke". Hatza na Hatsa bụ mkpụrụedemede German ochie. A na-akọwa asụsụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka Hazane, "nke Hadza".
Tindiga is from Swahili watindiga "people of the marsh grass" (from the large spring in Mangola) and kitindiga (their language). Kindiga is apparently a form of the same from one of the local Bantu languages, presumably Isanzu.Templeeti:Cn Kangeju (pronounced Kangeyu) is an obsolete German name of unclear origin. Wahi (pronounced Vahi) is the German spelling of the Sukuma name for either the Hadza west of the lake, or perhaps a Sukuma clan that traces its ancestry to the Hadza.
Hadza is a language isolate (Starostin 2013). It was once classified by many linguists as a Khoisan language, along with its neighbour Sandawe, primarily because they both have click consonants. However, Hadza has very few proposed cognates with either Sandawe or the other putative Khoisan languages, and many of the ones that have been proposed appear doubtful. The links with Sandawe, for example, are Cushitic loan words, whereas the links with southern Africa are so few and so short (usually single consonant–vowel syllables) that they are most likely coincidental. A few words link it with Oropom, which may itself be spurious; the numerals itchâme /it͡ʃʰaame/ "one" and piye /pie/ "two" suggest a connection with Kwʼadza, an extinct language of hunter-gatherers who may have had recently shifted to Cushitic. (Higher numerals were borrowed in both languages.)
Enweghị olumba, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ụfọdụ okwu mpaghara, ọkachasị ego ndị Bantu, nke dị ọtụtụ na mpaghara ndịda na ọdịda anyanwụ nke asụsụ abụọ dị elu.
A na-egosi asụsụ ahụ dị ka "ihe na-eyi egwu" na Ethnologue .
Ọdịdị mkpụrụedemede Hadza na-ejedebe na CV, ma ọ bụ CVN ma ọ bụrụ na a na enyocha ụdaume imi dị ka coda imi. Mkpụrụ okwu mbido ụdaume anaghị apụta na mbụ, na etiti ha nwere ike ịbụ /hV / - ọ dịkarịa ala, ọ dịghị obere abụọ nke /h / vs efu a maara.
A maara Hadza maka inwe ọkpụkpụ etiti (ọkpụkpụ n'ime morphemes). A na-ahụkwa nkesa a na asụsụ Sandawe na Asụsụ Nguni Bantu, mana ọ bụghị n'asụsụ Khoisan nke ndị Afrịka. Ụfọdụ n'ime okwu ndị nwere ike ike ịpụta n'iche ihe mere eme site na ị na-egosi mbụ mbụ (ọtụtụ na-egosi na ha na- ụbụrụ reduplication lexicalised, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ na-esite na prefixes), mana ndị ọzọ bụ prefixes. opaque. Dị ka ọ dị na Sandawe, ọtụtụ n'ime mgbasa ozi ndị dị n'etiti bụ glottalized, Minca ọ bụghị ha niile: puche 'mkpịsị aka', tanche 'ịtụ anya', tacce 'mkpetụ egbugbere ọnụ mmadụ', laqo 'ịkwama mmadụ. ', sekhe-na 'slow', penqhenqhe ~ peqeqhe 'ịgba ọsọ', haq-ko 'nkume anya', ex 'ige ntĩ naxhi 'ịgbetụ", khaxxe binxo 'ị 'ịkwaga', 'ịkwagi', 'ịgbatịgbatịrị ọnụ'.
Enweghị ụda okwu ma ọ bụ ụda olu egosila maka Hadza. Enweghị ụdị okwu ole na ole a maara ma ọ bụ ojiji ụtọ asụsụ nke nrụgide / ụda.
Hadza nwere ikeume ise, [i [i e a o u]]. esereseedemede ogologo nwere ike ịpụta mgbe e wepụrụ intervocalic [ɦ]. ለምሳሌ, [kʰaɦa] ma ọ bụ [kʰaː] 'ịgbago', mana okwu ụfọdụ gosiri [ɦ], dị ka [boːko] 'ya' vs [boko] 'ịrịa'. A na-eme ka ndịume niile bụ́ nke a na-eme n'ihu ụkwụume na ụkwụume, ndị na-ekwu okwu na-adịgasị iche ma ha na-anụ ha dị ka ụkwụ imi ma ọ bụ dị ka usoro VN. Coreedemede imi na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị ihe a na-egosi, na- sere, ọ bụgodị na ọ bụghị n'ihu ekiri ndị nwere ike ebe ike iji. N'ịbụ ndị dị otú ahụ, [CañCV] na [CVNCV] bụ allophones, mana ebe ọ bụ na VN akara ike ịpụta na njedebe nke okwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu ụkwụ glottal, ebe a na-ahụ naanị ụfọdụ imi, ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ibuume imi bụ allophonic na VN na ọnọdụ niile.
Consonants n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ndo na-apụta naanị na okwu mbinye ego ma ọ bụ bụ usoro NC, nke na-apụtaghị na ọ bụ otu akụkụ mana edepụtara ebe a iji gosi usoro nka. (Enweghị ihe atụ bụ imi-pịa usoro n'etiti okwu: aspirated nch, nqh, nxh na tenuis ngc, ngq, ngx.)