davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
2019 AFL season

The 2019 AFL season was the 123rd season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior men's Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured eighteen clubs, ran from 21 March until 28 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.
The premiership was won by the Richmond Football Club for the twelfth time, after it defeated Greater Western Sydney by 89 points in the 2019 AFL Grand Final.
There were several alterations to the laws of the game in 2019:
The pre-season began with the 2019 AFLX tournament, the second and, as of 2024, latter AFLX event featuring AFL players. Unlike the 2018 competition, it was not contested by the clubs, but rather by four all-star teams selected by their captains: Patrick Dangerfield (captain of the Bolts), Nat Fyfe (Flyers), Jack Riewoldt (Rampage), and Eddie Betts (Deadlys, composed entirely of Indigenous players). The tournament occurred at Marvel Stadium, Melbourne on 22 February 2019 and was won by the Rampage.
This was followed by the pre-season series of games, known as the 2019 JLT Community Series, with teams playing two games each. The games were stand-alone, with no overall winner of the series. Each team played two games, many at suburban or regional venues, while all games were televised on Fox Footy.
Notable features of the draw included:
2019 marked the first year of games being broadcast in 4K resolution, with a total of 46 ultra-high-definition games being shown on Foxtel.
Bold – Home game X – Bye Opponent for round listed above margin
2006 AFL season

The 2006 AFL season was the 110th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989. The season featured sixteen clubs, ran from 30 March until 30 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs.
The premiership was won by the West Coast Eagles for the third time, after it defeated Sydney by one point in the AFL Grand Final.
Geelong 3.10.5 (92) defeated Adelaide 1.10.15 (84) in the 2006 NAB Cup Final. The game was held at AAMI Stadium, with an attendance of 30,707.
2016 AFL season

The 2016 AFL season was the 120th season of the Australian Football League (AFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Australia, which was known as the Victorian Football League until 1989.
The season featured eighteen clubs, ran from 24 March until 1 October, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top eight clubs. Thirty-four players, seventeen of whom were still active in the league, missed the season through suspension by the World Anti-Doping Agency, for doping infringements which occurred at the Essendon Football Club as part of its 2012 sports supplements program.
The premiership was won by the Western Bulldogs for the second time, after it defeated Sydney by 22 points in the 2016 AFL Grand Final.
The pre-season series of matches, known as the 2016 NAB Challenge, featured 27 practice matches played over 25 days, which began on 18 February and ended on 13 March. The matches were stand-alone, with no overall winner of the series. Each team played three games, many of which were played at suburban or regional venues, with all games televised on Fox Footy. The nine-point super goal was used in these matches.
The following rule changes were made for the 2016 season:
Notable features of the draw include:
Bold – Home game X – Bye Opponent for round listed above margin
On 12 January 2016, after appealing the AFL anti-doping tribunal's verdict that 34 past and present Essendon players were found not guilty of taking an illegal substance during the 2012 season, the Court of Arbitration for Sport returned a final verdict of guilty; as a result, these players, including twelve still at the club, five at another as well as 17 players who are currently playing at lower levels or have retired altogether, were suspended for the entire season.
Li Gang (footballer)

Li Gang (Chinese: 李钢; pinyin: Li Gāng; born 27 August 1981) is a Chinese football player as a midfielder.
Li Gang would start his career in 2002 with one of the local football clubs in Dalian, Dalian Sidelong in the second tier where he would go on to establish himself as a regular within the team by playing in twenty three league games within the 2003 league season. He would then see the club move to Shanghai and rename themselves Shanghai United at the end of the 2004 league season when the club also won promotion to the Chinese Super League after coming second within the league. Li Gang would help establish himself and his team the following season when his team came eleventh in the league. However at the beginning of the 2007 league season Shanghai United and Shanghai Shenhua merged with Shanghai Shenhua keeping their name.
At Shanghai Shenhua Li Gang would make his debut on March 7, 2007 against Sydney FC in the 2007 AFC Champions League group game that saw Shanghai Shenhua lose 2-1. With the former Shanghai United coach Osvaldo Giménez managing the team Li Gang would quickly established himself as a regular within the first team despite the significantly large squad and played in fifteen league games within the season as well as also winning the 2007 A3 Champions Cup, which was a mini tournament held during the summer break sanctioned by the East Asian Football Federation. At the beginning of the 2008 league season Wu Jingui was already brought back as Shenhua's manager and despite the large the exist of players at the beginning of the season Li Gang lost favour within the Shanghai team and saw his playing time significantly limited to only five league appearances throughout the season.
After losing his place within the Shenhua team Li Gang would join Chengdu Blades on loan during the 2009 league season where he quickly established himself as a regular within the team and played in ten league games for the club. Before the start of the 2010 league season it was discovered that several years before Chengdu Blades had fixed several league games and were punished with relegation to the second tier. Despite this Li Gang would make his loan move permanent and would play in seventeen league games to help push the club to win promotion at the end of the 2010 league season when he aided the club to a runners-up position. Back in the top tier Li Gang was named the club's captain during the 2011 Chinese Super League season, however he was unable to lead the team to safety and the club were relegated at the end of the season.
In March 2016, Li transferred to China League Two club Hainan Seamen.
Shanghai Shenhua
Jiangxi Liansheng
2025 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship

The 2025 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship is the 138th edition of the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament. Thirty-one of the thirty-two Irish counties take part – Kilkenny do not compete but take part in the All-Ireland Junior Championship - while London and New York complete the lineup, entering the 2025 Connacht Senior Football Championship.
Armagh is the defending champion having won the 2024 competition. Down entered the competition as the 2024 Tailteann Cup winner.
The draws for the championship took place on 12 October 2024.
Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster each organise a provincial championship. All provincial matches are knock-out.
Sixteen teams progress to the All-Ireland Championship round-robin:
The other 17 county teams compete in the 2025 Tailteann Cup. New York, if they fail to reach the final of the Connacht championship, will join the Tailteann Cup in the preliminary quarter-final stage, the remaining teams in the round-robin group stages.
In the All-Ireland Championship round-robin, 16 teams are drawn into four groups of four teams. Each team plays the other in its group once, earning 2 points for a win and 1 for a draw. Each team plays one home, one away, and one neutral fixture.
The top three in each group advance to the knockout stages, first-place teams to the All-Ireland quarter-finals, and second and third-placed teams to the preliminary quarter-finals.
Thirty-three counties competed in the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship: seven teams in the Connacht Senior Football Championship, eleven teams in the Leinster Senior Football Championship, six teams in the Munster Senior Football Championship and nine teams in the Ulster Senior Football Championship.
In rotation fixtures in return. Last played in 2015 but were both postponed in 2020 because of Covid-19.
Seven or eight places in the All-Ireland group stage are allocated based on performance in the 2024 National Football League, as detailed below.
Mohamed Sherif

Mohamed Sherif Mohamed Ragaei Bakr (Arabic: محمد شريف محمد رجائي بكر; born 4 February 1996) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi Pro League club Al-Khaleej and the Egypt national team.
Sherif was the 2020–21 CAF Champions League top goalscorer with six goals, the first player from Al Ahly to achieve this since Mohamed Aboutrika in the 2006 CAF Champions League. In addition, Sherif was the League top goal scorer with 21 goals.
Individual
రతన్ టాటా

రతన్ నవల్ టాటా (ఆంగ్లం: Ratan Naval Tata; 1937 డిసెంబరు 28 - 2024 అక్టోబరు 9) భారతదేశ పారిశ్రామికవేత్త, దాత, టాటా సన్స్ కు పూర్వపు చైర్మన్. అతను 1990 నుండి 2012 వరకు టాటా గ్రూపునకు చైర్మన్ గా ఉన్నారు. తరువాత అక్టోబరు 2016 నుండి ఫిబ్రవరి 2017 వరకు టాటా గ్రూఫునకు ఇంటెరిమ్‌ చైర్మన్ గా ఉన్నారు. టాటా ఛారిటబుల్ ట్రస్టులకు అధిపతిగా కొనసాగుతున్నారు. అతను భారతదేశ అత్యున్నత పౌర పురస్కారాలైన పద్మవిభూషణ్ (2008), పద్మభూషణ్ (2000) లను అందుకున్నారు. అతను వ్యాపారంలో విలువలు, దాతృత్వానికి గుర్తింపు పొందారు.
ఆయన 1937లో టాటా కుటుంబంలో టాటా గ్రూపు వ్యవస్థాపకుడు జమ్‌షెడ్జీ టాటా కు మునిమనుమడుగా జన్మించాడు. అతను అడ్వాన్స్‌డ్ మేనేజ్‌మెంట్ ప్రోగ్రాం ద్వారా కార్నెల్ యూనివర్శిటీ కాలేజ్ ఆఫ్ ఆర్కిటెక్చర్, హార్వర్డ్ బిజినెస్ స్కూల్ ల పూర్వ విద్యార్థి. అతను 1961లో టాటా స్టీల్ షాప్ ఫ్లోర్‌లో పనిచేసేటప్పుడు తన కంపెనీలో చేరారు, 1991లో జె.ఆర్.డి టాటా పదవీ విరమణ చేసిన తరువాత అతనికి వారసునిగా భాద్యతలు చేపట్టారు. అతను టాటాను ఎక్కువగా భారత-కేంద్రీకృత సమూహం నుండి ప్రపంచ వ్యాపారంగా మార్చే ప్రయత్నంలో అమెరికన్ టీ కంపెనీ టెట్లీని సంపాదించడానికి టాటా టీ, జాగ్వార్ ల్యాండ్ రోవర్‌ను సొంతం చేసుకోవడానికి టాటా మోటార్స్, టాటా స్టీల్ ఐరోపా (కోరస్)ను సంపాదించడానికి టాటా స్టీల్ ను పొందారు. ఆయన బాధ్యతలు స్వీకరించే నాటికి 10వేలకోట్ల టర్నోవర్‌‌గా ఉన్న టాటా గ్రూప్ ఆదాయం, ఆయన పదవీ విరమణ చేసిన 2013 డిసెంబర్ నాటికి 100 బిలియన్ డాలర్లకు చేరుకుంది.
ముంబైలోని ఓ ప్రైవేట్‌ ఆసుపత్రిలో చికిత్స పొందుతున్న రతన్‌ టాటా 2024 అక్టోబరు 9న 86 ఏళ్ల వయసులో తుదిశ్వాస విడిచారు. రక్తపోటు అకస్మాత్తుగా పడిపోవడంతో అక్టోబరు 7న బ్రీచ్ కాండీ ఆసుపత్రిలో చేరిన ఆయనకు ఇంటెన్సివ్ కేర్ యూనిట్‌లో వైద్యులు చికిత్స అందించారు.
టాటా కుటుంబం

టాటా కుటుంబం దేశంలోని అత్యంత సంప‌న్న‌కుటుంబాల్లో మొద‌టిది. ఈ కుటుంబం గుజరాత్ రాష్ట్రం నుండి వచ్చిన పార్శీ మతానికి చెందినది. ఈ కుటుంబానికి చెందిన పూర్వీకుడు జమ్‌షెడ్జీ టాటా
మూస:India-bio-stub
సైరస్ పల్లోంజీ మిస్త్రీ

టాటా గ్రూప్ ఛైర్మనుగా రతన్ టాటా నిష్క్రమించిన తదుపరి ఆయన స్థానంలో కొత్త ఛైర్మన్‌గా సైరస్ మిస్త్రీ (1968 జులై 4 - 2022 సెప్టెంబరు 4) అధికారికంగా బాధ్యతలు చేపట్టారు. టాటా గ్రూపు ఛైర్మన్‌గా రతన్ టాటా పదవీ విరమణ తర్వాత ఆరో రథ సారథిగా యేడాది చివరి రోజున పగ్గాలు చేపట్టినట్లు కంపెనీ ఉన్నతాధికారులు వెల్లడించారు. జంషెడ్‌జీ నుసెర్వాన్‌జీ టాటా 1868లో టాటా గ్రూపును స్థాపించారు. యాభై ఏళ్లు సంస్థకు సేవలందించిన మాజీ ఛైర్మన్ రతన్ టాటా పదవీ కాలం శుక్రవారం(2012 డిసెంబరు 28)తో ముగిసింది.
ఇదిలావుండగా, షాపూర్‌జీ పల్లోంజీ కుటుంబానికి చెందిన సైరస్ మిస్త్రీ 2006లో టాటా గ్రూపు బోర్డులో చేరారు. టాటా గ్రూపు హోల్డింగ్ సంస్థ టాటా సన్స్‌లో పల్లోంజీ కుటుంబానికి 18 శాతం వాటా ఉంది. రతన్ టాటా తర్వాత ఛైర్మన్ పదవిలో ఎవరిని కూర్చోబెట్టాలా అని చాలా పెద్ద కసరత్తు జరిగింది. ఇందుకోసం ప్రత్యేకంగా ఏర్పాటు చేసిన కమిటీ, మొత్తం ఐదుగురు ప్రతిపాదిత సభ్యుల నుంచి చివరికి మిస్త్రీని ఎంపిక చేసింది. టాటా గ్రూప్ 6వ ఛైర్మన్‌గా 2012 డిసెంబర్ 28న బాధ్యతలు చేపట్టారు.
2016 అక్టోబరు 24 న టాటా సన్స్ బోర్డు, సైరస్ మిస్త్రీని చైర్మన్ పదవి నుండి బర్తరఫ్ చేసింది. దీనికి కారణమేమీ ప్రకటించలేదు. తాత్కాలిక ఛైర్మనుగా రతన్ టాటాను నియమించింది. నాలుగు నెలల కాలంలో కొత్త ఛైర్మనును ఎన్నుకునేందుకు ఒక సెర్చి కమిటీని నియమించింది.
భారతదేశపు తొలి బహుళజాతి సంస్థ " టాటా" సంస్థలు . 20 వ శతాబ్దపు తొలి సంవత్సరాలలోనే వ్యాపార కార్యాలయం కలిగిన సంస్థ టాటా సన్స్ . భారతదేశము బానిసపాలనలో ఉన్న కాలములో జాతీయ భావాలు కలిగిన ఒక పార్శీ - జంషెడ్జీ టాటా ఈ సంస్థను నెలకొలిపారు. ప్రపంచములో పలుదేశాలలో పరిశ్రమలు, పెట్టుబడులు కలిగిన టాటాలు ప్రవేశించని పరిశ్రమలేదు. ఉప్పునుండి సాప్ట్ వేర్ వరకు ప్రతి రంగములో వారి ఉత్పత్తులు ఉన్నాయి. టాటా స్టీల్, టాటా లారీలు, టాటా కార్లు, టాటా టీ, టాటా కెమికల్స్, టాటా టెలికమ్యూనిమేషన్‌ ... ఇలా వారి ఉత్పత్తులు భారతీయలందరి జీవితాలను తాకేవే . నాన్యత విషయములో రాజీ పడని కంపెనీగా, నిజాయితీ విషయ్ములో చాలా పారిశ్రామిక సంస్థలకన్నా మెరుగైనదిగా టాటా లకు గుర్తింపు ఉంది. ఈ సంస్థల ఆధాయము సుమారు 100 బిలియన్ల డాలర్లు ఉంటుందని అంచనా . 80 దేశాలకు పైగా వీరి పెట్టుబడులు, పరిశ్రమలు కలిగి ఉన్నాయి.
52 ఏళ్ళపాటు ఛైర్మన్‌గా వ్యవహరించిన జె.ఆర్.డి.టాటా నుండి వారసత్వముగా ఛైర్మన్‌ పదవిని 1991 లో రతన్‌ టాటా అందుకున్నారు. సుమారు 20 ఏళ్ళ పైబడి ఆయన ఆ పదవిలో ఉన్నారు. రతన్‌ టాటా అవివాహితుడైనందున తన 75 వ ఏట తన వారసుడుగా ఎంఫిక 5 గురు సభ్యులున్న కమిటీకి అప్పగించి ... అలా ఎన్నికైన వారే ఈ సైరస్ మిస్త్రీ.
54 ఏళ్ళ సైరస్‌ మిస్త్రీ 2022 సెప్టెంబరు 4న రోడ్డు ప్రమాదంలో మరణించాడు. అహ్మదాబాద్‌ నుంచి ముంబయి తిరిగి వస్తుండగా మహారాష్ట్రలోని పాల్ఘార్‌ జిల్లాలో సూర్యనది వంతెనపై ఆయన ప్రయాణిస్తున్న కారు డివైడర్‌ను ఢీ కొట్టడంతో ఈ దుర్ఘటన చోటుచేసుకుంది.
Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (1856–1926) was an Indian businessman who played a pivotal role in the growth of the Tata Group in India. He was the first-cousin of Jamsetji Tata and one of the partners in "Tata Sons" founded by Jamsetji Tata. Ratanji was the father of renowned J. R. D. Tata.
Ratanji was born in Navsari in the Bombay Presidency in 1856 to Dadabhoy Kawasji Tata & Bhikhibai Tata. Dadabhoy was the son of Kawasji Maneckji Tata and grandson of Maneckji Tata. They were all members of the extended Tata family. Dadabhoy's sister, Jeevanbai, was married to Nusserwanji Ratan Tata (a distant relative). Their son was Jamshedji Tata.
Ratanji studied at The Cathedral & John Connon School and Elphinstone College in Bombay. After graduating, he took up a course in agriculture in Madras. He then joined his family trade in the East Asia.
Ratanji was married to a Parsee woman at a young age. However, she died childless not long after the marriage. Ratanji was in his forties when he married a French woman, Suzanne Brière, in 1902. This was considered revolutionary in his times and was not welcomed by many in the Parsi community. They had five children: Rodabeh, Jehangir, Jimmy, Sylla and Dorab.
Under the name Tata & Co, Ratanji ran an opium importing business in China, which was legal at the time. In 1887, he and other merchants such as David Solomon Sassoon presented a petition on behalf of the opium traders to complain about a Hong Kong Legislative Council bill that threatened to affect their trade.
Tata Steel was conceived and commissioned by Jamsetji Tata. However, Jamsetji died before the completion of the project. Ratanji played an important role in the completion of the project along with Jamsetji's son Dorab and thus Tata Steel was established in Jamshedpur.
The Tatas supplied steel to the British during the First World War. However, after the war Tata Steel went through a difficult period in the 1920s as steel was dumped in India by Britain and Belgium. Ratanji, along with other directors successfully sought protection for the Indian steel industry from the colonial government of the day and steadied the operations of Tata Steel.
Air India Limited

Air India Limited is an Indian aviation holding company notably consisting of Air India and Air India Express headquartered in Gurugram, India. Its ownership is divided between Tata Group (74.9%) and Singapore Airlines (25.1%). On the anniversary of the airline's founder J. R. D. Tata's birth, its headquarters in Gurugram was inaugurated.
It was previously a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Civil Aviation. It was incorporated on 30 March 2007 as the National Aviation Company of India Limited to oversee the merger of Air India, Indian Airlines . It was renamed as Air India Limited on 26 October 2010.
Air India Limited was privatized through its sale to the Tata Group. On 8 October 2021 Tata Sons paid ₹180 billion (US$2.1 billion) to Government of India and Tata will also assume ₹153 billion (US$1.8 billion) of Air India Limited's debt as per the transfer deal. The remaining ₹462.62 billion (US$5.4 billion) of Air India Limited's debt was also transferred to AlAHL.
The Tata Group requested approval from the CCI to merge AirAsia India and Vistara with Air India Limited in April 2022, which was granted on 14 June 2022.
On 15 April 2022, Alliance Air was no longer a subsidiary of Air India Limited. Alliance Air is now the only airline under the control of the Government of India.
List of accidents and incidents involving the Vickers VC.1 Viking

The Vickers VC.1 Viking was a British twin-engine short-range airliner derived from the Vickers Wellington bomber and built by Vickers-Armstrongs Limited at Brooklands near Weybridge in Surrey. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Viking was an important airliner with British and several foreign airlines pending the development of turboprop aircraft like the Viscount.
Of the 163 aircraft built 55 aircraft were lost in accidents between 1946 and 1965 with a total of 343 fatalities. The highest number of fatalities (40) occurred in the 11 September 1963 crash of F-BJER of Airnautic.
Below is a list of accidents and incidents involving the Vickers VC.1 Viking, by date:
Lucifer Franchise

Lucifer Franchise, colloquially known as the L Franchise is an Indian Malayalam-language political action thriller film series created by Murali Gopy and Prithviraj Sukumaran starring Mohanlal in the lead. The trilogy consisting of Lucifer (2019), L2: Empuraan (2025) and an third part titled L3: Azrael (TBD) revolves around Stephen Nedumpally / Khureshi Ab’raam (Mohanlal), the mysterious head of an international secret society called "Lucifer Nexus" and his involvement and influence on the Indian Kerala politics as well as the international geopolitics. It is currently the highest grossing Malayalam film franchise.
The first film, Lucifer (2019), revolves around a political power struggle following a leader’s death, revealing Stephen’s hidden influence. Its sequel, L2: Empuraan (2025), explores Stephen’s global dominance as the infamous Khureshi Ab’raam. The third installment, L3: Azrael (TBD) will conclude the trilogy, delving into Stephen’s origins and the present day conflict with Shenlong "Shen" Triad. The series explores the concepts of power, secret societies, new world order, black ops warfare and the Indian national identity, intertwining Kerala’s political chaos with global crime, as Stephen Nedumpally / Khureshi Ab’raam balances between his dual persona.
Following the death of Kerala’s Chief Minister, political chaos erupts as different factions vie for control. The late leader’s close confidant, Stephen Nedumpally, emerges as a key figure, as political conspiracies and underworld connections intertwine, Stephen must outmaneuver his rivals while protecting his allies and state. The film culminates in a gripping power shift, revealing Stephen’s shadowy past and vast influence beyond Kerala’s borders.
The second chapter of the franchise, it depicts Stephen’s global dominance as the infamous Khureshi Ab’raam, but must return to save his state when it navigates through politically dangerous routes when the current CM Jathin Ramdas associates with extremist right wing parties. Stephen must strategically manoeuver his influence stretching continents while also helping his confidant and army commander Zayed Masood get his long lasting vengeance.
Indian Identity Certificate

An Indian Identity Certificate, simply known as Identity Certificate (IC), is a travel document issued by the Passport Seva (Passport Service), Consular, Passport & Visa (CPV) Division of the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India to non-citizens of the Republic of India for foreign travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of identity as per the Passports Act (1967). It is mostly issued to Tibetan refugees, along with other stateless people. Since 28 June 2016, Sweden is no longer accepting the Indian Identity Certificate as a travel document. However, on 9 October 2018, Sweden started accepting the Indian Identify Certificate for Tibetan Refugees on the condition that they have no objection to returning to India.
Applications for an IC can be made to a Passport Seva office.
There are two cases where it is generally issued:
IC issuance is subject to clearance by CPV. In addition, clearance by State Government (Department of Home Affairs / Police) / Foreigner Regional Registration Office (FRRO) is also required for grant of a "No Objection to Return to India" (NORI) to be stamped on the Identity Certificate.
Indian Identity Certificates have a yellow cover with golden colored printing. The Emblem of India is emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The words 'Identity Certificate' (English) are inscribed above the Emblem whereas 'भारत गणराज्य' (Hindi) and 'Republic of India' (English) are inscribed below the emblem. The standard book contains 36 pages.
The note bearing page is typically stamped and signed by the issuing authority.
2025 in aviation

The following aviation-related events occurred in the year 2025.
The deadliest aviation accident of 2025 so far is the mid-air collision on 29 January between a Bombardier CRJ700 operating as American Airlines Flight 5342 and a Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter above the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., near Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. All 64 people on board the Bombardier CRJ700 and 3 on board the helicopter were killed.
2024 in aviation

This is a list of aviation-related events in 2024.
The deadliest crash in 2024 occurred when a Boeing 737-800 operating as Jeju Air Flight 2216 overran the runway while performing a belly landing in Muan, South Korea, on 29 December, killing 179 of the 181 passengers and crew on board. Flight 2216 is currently the deadliest plane crash of the 2020s decade, the deadliest crash involving a Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft surpassing Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752, and the second-deadliest accident involving a Boeing 737 behind Lion Air Flight 610.
2024 marked the deadliest year in commercial aviation since 2018.
Tata family

The Tata family is an Indian business family, based in Mumbai, India. The parent company is Tata Sons, which is the main holding company of the Tata Group. About 65% of the stock in these companies is owned by various Tata family charitable trusts, mainly the Ratan Tata Trust and the Dorab Tata Trust. Approximately 18% of the shares are held by the Pallonji Mistry family, and the rest by various Tata sons.
The Tatas are a Parsi family and originally came to Mumbai from Navsari in the state of Gujarat. The founder of the family's fortune was Jamshedji Tata.
Роспись по дереву (пьеса)

«Роспись по дереву» (швед. Trämålning) — одноактная пьеса шведского режиссёра и сценариста Ингмара Бергмана, написанная им в 1954—1955 гг.; позднее легла в основу сценария бергмановского фильма «Седьмая печать».
Будучи руководителем Муниципального театра Мальмё, Бергман вёл класс актёрского мастерства для членов труппы. Для весеннего показа он искал короткую пьесу с приблизительно равноценными ролями, как упражнение, в котором бы в полной мере проявились таланты десяти его студентов, но таковой ему найти не удавалось. Тогда режиссёр попросил актёров предложить, какие роли они хотели бы исполнить, и быстро написал несколько страниц монологов на основе их выбора. В дальнейшем этот материал был доработан Бергманом до одноактной пьесы, названной «Роспись по дереву».
Пьеса была вдохновлена фреской «Смерть, играющая в шахматы» (швед. Döden spelar schack) в церкви Тэбю (швед. Täby kyrka) в южном Смоланде, выполненной мастерской Альбертуса Пиктора около 1480 года.
Премьера пьесы для широкой аудитории состоялась 21 сентября 1954 года. Это была радиопостановка, срежиссированная самим Бергманом, с Гуннаром Бьёрнстрандом в роли оруженосца и Бенгтом Экерутом в роли рыцаря. Весной 1955 года Бергман поставил «Роспись по дереву» на сцене Муниципального театра Мальмё, а осенью того же года она вышла в Королевском драматическом театре в Стокгольме (реж. Бенгт Экерут). В рецензии, появившейся в октябре в журнале Bonniers litterära magasin, критик Оке Янзон отмечал, что это сильная работа, полная юмора и глубокого чувства, которая захватила аудиторию. Пьеса была опубликована издательством Bonniers в 1956 году и стала основой для фильма, поставленного в том же году Бергманом.
Место и время действия — Швеция, XIV век. Роли: Рассказчик, Девушка, Йон, Рыцарь, Ведьма, Кузнец, Мария, Актёр, Лиза, Карин.
Ковш (посуда)

Ковш (ко́вшик) (от лит. káušas — «уполовник, ковш, большая ложка», наряду с kiáušas — «череп, твёрдая оболочка, чаша») — ёмкость с одной рукоятью, предназначенная для питья и подачи напитков на стол, зачерпывания и переливания жидкостей, пересыпания сыпучих продуктов, и варки яиц.
В современном домашнем хозяйстве «ковшом» также называют небольшую кастрюлю с прямой ручкой.
Ковши для питья и подачи напитков использовали на Руси в X—XIX веках. Форма сосуда в виде чаши или ладьи. Характерными особенностями является остриё на одной стороне (образующееся подъёмом краёв сосуда и соединение их под углом) и уплощённая (листовидная) ручка на противоположной стороне ковша. Деревянные ковши украшали росписью и резьбой.
У некоторых ковшей на месте острия может быть дополнительная ручка, что превращает их в скобкарь (скопкарь) — разновидность ковша с двумя ручками (скобами). Ручки скобкаря часто были выполнены в виде хвоста и головы птицы (утки, лебедя), иногда лошади или дракона. В наиболее поздний период использования ковшей и скобкарей (XIX — начало XX веков) название «скобкарь» сохранили лишь на севере России, в центральных же регионах всё это называли одним словом «ковш».
Особой ценностью считали серебряные ковши, декорированные владельческими надписями и узорами. Самые ранние серебряные ковши, найденные во время археологических раскопок, датируют XII—XIII веками, в отечественных музеях представлены ковши XV—XVI веков. В литературе встречаются ковши: «питьи», «водосвятные», «выносные», «хоромные», «жалованные», «ковши-лебеди», «погребные», «винные». «Выносные» ковши обычно большого размера использовали во время торжественных мероприятий. Их украшали гербами, узорами, чеканкой и гравировкой с именем владельца. Наиболее известный ковш такого типа, принадлежавший князю Василию III, хранящийся в Сергиево-Посадском государственном музее-заповеднике.
В большом деревянном ковше (называемом «конюхом») ёмкостью до двух вёдер (около 24 литров) на праздничный стол подавали алкогольные напитки (пиво, медовуху, брагу, квас). Для розлива напитков из большого ковша по чаркам или стаканам использовали налёвки (черпаки), которые вешали крюковидными ручками на края конюха.
Чугун (посуда)

Чугу́н, чугуно́к — горшок из чугуна, позднее также из алюминиевого сплава, округлой формы, для тушения и варки в русской печи. Особенностью чугуна является его форма, повторяющая форму традиционного глиняного печного горшка: зауженный к низу, расширяющийся к верхней части и снова сужающийся к горлу. Такая форма позволяет ставить чугун в печь и вынимать его из печи с помощью особого инструмента — ухватa, представляющего собою разомкнутое металлическое кольцо на длинной деревянной ручке.
Объём от 1,5 до 20 литров. Чугун небольшой вместительности называется чугунок. Несмотря на кажущуюся древность этого вида посуды, металлические чугуны появились и получили широкое распространение лишь в самом конце XIX — начале XX веков. В это же время в России распространились чугунные кухонные плиты промышленного производства, в которых над топкой печи вместо кирпичного свода имелась металлическая панель со съёмными конфорками, в отверстия которых узким дном также ставились чугуны. В первой трети XX века начали производиться чугунки с эмалевыми покрытиями. Чугуны, как правило, имели клеймо завода-производителя, часто с указанием объёма в литрах.
Ним (дерево)

Ним, также Нии́м или Азадира́хта инди́йская (лат. Azadirachta indica), также маргоза — древесное растение, вид рода Азадирахта (Azadirachta) семейства Мелиевые. Происходит из тропических и субтропических районов Пакистана, Бангладеш, Индии и Мьянмы.
Вечнозелёное дерево высотой 12—18 м с раскидистой кроной.
В Индии растение известно как «деревенская аптека», «божественное дерево» и «панацея от всех болезней». Продукция, сделанная из него, в аюрведической медицине считается глистогонным, противогрибковым, противобактериальным, противовирусным, антидиабетическим и успокоительным средствами; также препятствует образованию перхоти. Ним известен также как природный очиститель крови. Ствол, корни и кора обладают вяжущими, общеукрепляющими, противомалярийными свойствами. В аюрведической медицине средства, приготовленные из этого дерева, рассматриваются, как главные компоненты и особенно предписываются при болезнях кожи.
Прутья дерева ним в Индии, Бангладеш и Пакистане используются для чистки зубов. Масло из семян используется для приготовления косметики. Пасока богата белком и употребляется как питательный напиток.
Исследования, проведённые в Национальном университете Сингапура, показали, что активное вещество, выделяемое из дерева ним — нимболид — останавливает процесс развития рака предстательной железы. Помимо этого дерево ним показало свою эффективность при других видах рака: рак молочной железы, желудочно-кишечного тракта, гинекологические типы рака, гематологические, рак легкого, рак кожи.
Манцинелловое дерево

Манцинелловое дерево, или манцинелла, известное также как манзинилла и маншинелла (лат. Hippomane mancinella) — вид деревьев семейства Молочайные. Растение получило широкую известность из-за ядовитого млечного сока, содержащегося во всех его частях, в том числе в плодах. Манцинелловое дерево — одно из самых ядовитых деревьев на планете. Содержит токсин форбол.
В 1553 году манцинелла впервые упоминается в литературе — в книге «Хроника Перу» Педро Сьесы де Леона:
Растение распространено в Центральной Америке и на островах Карибского моря. Северная граница ареала вида — Флорида, южная граница — Колумбия и Венесуэла.
Манцинелловое дерево может вырастать до 15 м в высоту. Кора дерева сероватая. Листья глянцевые. Цветки маленькие зеленоватые. Плоды по внешнему виду напоминают яблоки; имеют зелёную или зеленовато-жёлтую окраску.
List of VFL/AFL wooden spoons

The wooden spoon is the imaginary and ironic "award" which is said to be won by the team finishing in last place in the Australian Football League. No physical wooden spoon award exists, other than those brought by opposition fans to taunt struggling teams, nor is such an award officially sanctioned by the VFL/AFL. However, most betting agencies will take wagers on the wooden spoon. Port Adelaide remains the only team who has not obtained a wooden spoon record.
The team which finishes on the bottom of the ladder wins the wooden spoon. This is determined by:
No countback exists if teams finish equal on points but with a different number of wins.
From 1901 to 1907, the VFL season was set up such that each team played fourteen regular season games: two games against each opponent. Based upon regular season ladder positions, teams were divided into pools A (1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th) and B (2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th), and each team played the opponents from its pool once each in the "sectional round."
Following the sectional round, the results of these matches were added to the ladder to give a final ladder based on seventeen matches per team. As such, the wooden spooner is considered to be the team which finishes last after all seventeen matches.
The three sectional games changed the outcome of the wooden spoon twice in the seven seasons of this format: in 1905, St Kilda beat Geelong in their last game, relegating Melbourne to last, and in 1907, Fitzroy won all three of their games, relegating Essendon to last.
In 1916, only four teams (Carlton, Collingwood, Fitzroy and Richmond) competed due to World War I. Fitzroy finished last after the home-and-away season with a record of 2–9–1 (10 pts), and Richmond finished third with a record of 5–7–0 (20 pts).
All four teams competed in the finals under the amended Argus system in place at the time. Richmond lost their semi-final and finished in overall last place as the lowest placed semi-final loser, while Fitzroy won their semi-final, the final and the Grand Final to win the premiership.
This has created uncertainty to some extent regarding which club won the 1916 wooden spoon: by analogy with the minor and major premierships, it could be said that Fitzroy won the "minor wooden spoon" and Richmond won the "major wooden spoon".
In this regard, the official AFL Season Guide recognises Richmond as the wooden spooners for the 1916 VFL season, while the Football Record in 1917–1923 listed the four clubs' positions for 1916 as Fitzroy, Carlton, Collingwood and Richmond.
However, finals have never, before or since, changed the 'winner' of the wooden spoon, so it is also fair to say that Fitzroy managed the astounding feat of winning both the premiership and the wooden spoon in the same season.
Bold indicates clubs currently playing in the AFL.
Note: These are a ranking of streaks, not a ranking of biggest streaks by club.
Tole painting

Tole painting is the folk art of decorative painting on tin and wooden utensils, objects and furniture. Typical metal objects include utensils, coffee pots, and similar household items. Wooden objects include tables, chairs, and chests, including hope chests, toyboxes and jewelry boxes.
With a longer history in Europe (see toleware), in America the practice began in 18th century New England, and was also extensively carried on among German immigrants in Pennsylvania. A separate, related tradition occurs in the Netherlands and among Scandinavian countries and immigrants, including Norwegians, Danes and Swedes. German tole painting may concentrate more on metal and tin objects, while Scandinavians and Netherlanders may concentrate more on wooden objects and furniture. Patterns in the two traditions vary slightly as well.
Modern tole painting typically uses inexpensive, long-lasting and sturdy acrylic paints. Good quality wooden work is sealed, primed and sanded before the decorative paint is applied.
The most beloved family objects tend to be high quality utensils or furniture, painted freehand with favorite patterns, colors or flowers, humorous themes, family in-jokes, or illustrations of favorite or family stories. The perceived value of a tolled utensil increases with its quality as a utensil, the quality of the art, and the personalization, the story, of the work.
An advantage of tole painting as a craft is that a bad painting can be sanded off and repainted. One of the signs of such repaintings is a black-backgrounded tole-painted object. Very often such objects are repainted, especially if the furniture or utensil is valuable and the painter is inexperienced.
Tole painting experienced a resurgence in the 1960s when teachers began opening studios in cities around the United States. One notable teacher is Priscilla Hauser of Tulsa, Oklahoma. After opening Priscilla's Little Red Tole House in 1968, she began to organize teachers and studios around the midwest, trained students to become teachers, and in 1972 began the National Society of Tole and Decorative Painters, which would eventually become the Society of Decorative Painters. Tole painting is now a worldwide phenomenon, largely due to the international expansion of the now 50-year-old Society of Decorative Painters.
Silas Kopf

Silas Kopf (born 1949) is an American furniture maker specializing in the art of marquetry. Kopf graduated from Princeton University in 1972 with a degree in architecture and soon began designing and making furniture. In 1988, he received a Craftsman's Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, and used the opportunity to study traditional marquetry technique at the École Boulle, an institute of interior architecture and design, in Paris. His major projects include several pianos commissioned by Steinway & Sons and benches, desks, and cabinets for private collections and museums. His designs frequently incorporate floral depictions, other images from nature, and trompe-l'œil concepts. He first became interested in marquetry because he hoped for an alternative, less consumerist lifestyle.
Kopf was named Master of the Medium by the James Renwick Alliance of the Smithsonian Institution for 2015. This biennial award recognizes American craftspeople in the fields of wood, ceramics, glass, metal, and fiber.
Since 1978, he has worked in Easthampton, Massachusetts, where he continues to build and design. He has an assistant, Tom Coughlin, who also designs and builds guitars.
Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting (Russian:Городецкая роспись) is a Russian handicraft and folk art painting technique. It is a so-called "naive art".
This style of painting was popularized in the later half of the 19th century. It is different from Khokhloma folk painting but holds some common traits, they are both very colorful and bright. Gorodets painting sprang from carved Gorodets distaffs that were manufactured in villages nearby the town of Gorodets in the Nizhni Novgorod Region. Initially Gorodets craftsmen used the incrustation technique to ornament the distaffs, and by the mid 19th century saw the transition from incrustation to painting of Distaff.
Gorodets artists traditionally have painted genre scenes (including merrymaking, tea drinking, the famous Gorodets horse with a horseman, and folk festivities), decorative images of birds and animals (including roosters, horses, lions, and leopards), and flower patterns. Nowadays Gorodets craftsmen use similar imagery and motifs in their works. These are decorative panels, caskets, boxes, various sets of kitchen stuff, such as hardboards, bread bins, saltcellars, children furniture and toys, including the most popular the painted rocking horse.
The factory 'Gorodets Painting' has existed since 1965, and has an experimental laboratory where new motifs are devised, along with preserving the artistic tradition and style.
Mstyora miniature

Mstyora (or Mstera) miniature (Russian: Мстёрская миниатюра) is a Russian folk handicraft of miniature painting, which is done with tempera paints on varnished articles mostly made of papier-mâché.
Mstyora miniatures appeared in the settlement of Mstyora (in modern Vladimir Oblast) in the early 20th century on the basis of a local tradition of icon-painting. In 1923, Mstyora painters formed an artel called Ancient Russian Folk Painting (Древнерусская народная живопись), renamed Proletarian Art (Пролетарское искусство) in 1931. This artel was turned into a factory in 1960. The Mstyora painting technology was borrowed from the Palekh artists.
Mstyora miniatures usually represent characters from real life, folklore, and literary and historical works. Warmth and gentleness of colors, depth of landscape backgrounds (often with blue dales in the back), small size and squatness of human figurines, and subtlety of framing pattern done in gold are typical.
Mstyora miniature painting, rooted in a local icon-painting tradition, emerged in the early 20th century in Mstyora, now in Vladimir Oblast, Russia. In 1923, artisans formed the Ancient Russian Folk Painting artel, later renamed Proletarian Art in 1931 and transformed into a factory in 1960. Inspired by Palekh artists, Mstyora miniatures, crafted on varnished papier-mâché, depict scenes from real life, folklore, literature, and history, featuring warm colors, intricate gold-framed patterns, and distinctive landscape backgrounds with characteristic blue dales in the distance.
Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting (Russian: Жостовская роспись) is a Russian folk handicraft. It involves painting metal trays. It is practiced in the village of Zhostovo in the Moscow Oblast. It appeared in the early 19th century, mainly under the influence of the Ural handicraft of flower painting on metal. Subsequent development of Zhostovo painting handicraft was stylistically related to porcelain and enamel painting techniques, used by factories near Moscow, flower motifs on printed cotton, produced by the Ivanovo factories, and Lukutin miniatures (see Fedoskino miniatures).
Zhostovo handicrafts began early in the 18th century, when Ossip Filippovich Vishnyakov opened his workshop there in 1825. The Vishnyakov workshop sold products made from papier-mâché, including boxes, cigar cases, and trays.
In the 19th century, in some of Moscows's suburbs and villages of former Troitsk oblast appeared some workshops for manufacturing lacquered products made of papier-mâché. The origins of its painting technique are in Tagil painting, which appeared in the 18 century. In 1922 Novoseltsevo work artel was founded in Novoseltsevo to produce lacquered metal trays; in 1924 Zhostovo work artel and Spetskustar were founded there. Lakirovshik and Svoy trud were founded in 1925. The artels were united in 1925 to form Metallopodnos.
In the 1930s Soviet art's trend towards realism led to changes in the traditional ways, and applied to Zhostovo patterns that were made by professional artists without considering folk art. Zhostovo's lead artists resisted the pressure to abandon their traditions.
Earlier Zhostovo painting was part of the manufacture of housewares. It evolved into an independent form of decoration and craft that would become a unique style of Russian folk art, known as the Zhostovo Factory of Decorative Painting (Жостовская фабрика декоративной росписи).
Zhostovo painting is a handicraft of painting on metal trays, preliminary coated with layers of priming (putty) and oil varnish (usually, black). Painting is done in a few consecutive energetic and firm strokes with a soft brush and oil paints, richly diluted with linseed oil. The most widely used motif is mixed garden and wild flowers. Tray edges are painted with a light golden ornament called уборка (uborka). A finished tray is then covered with three layers of light lacquer and polished to brilliance.
Komite pangrèh pulitik

Ing Amérikah Sarékat, komite pangrèh pulitik (cara Inggris: political action committee, dicekak PAC) ya iku jinising organisasi sing ngumpulaké sumbangan kampanye saka para anggotané saperlu didharmakaké kanggo urusan kampanye nyengkuyung utawa nentang para calon, prakarsa balot, utawa undhang-undhang. Istilah légal PAC digawé nedya marsudi réformasi wedana kampanye ing Amérikah Sarékat. Istilah iku mirunggan kanggo ing manéka warna kagiyatan wedana kampanye ing Amérikah Sarékat. Tata dhémokrasi ing nagara-nagara liya nganggo istilah sing béda-béda tumrap unit sing ngragadi kampanye utawa ngragadi adon-adon pulitik iki.
Ing tataran fédheral Amérika, organisasi bisa dadi PAC manawa nampa utawa nganggo ragad punjul $2.600 nedya bisa mangaribawani pilihan umum fédheral, miturut Federal Election Campaign Act (cara Jawa: Paugeran Kampanye Pilihan Umum Fédheral). Ing tataran praja, organisasi bisa dadi PAC miturut ukum bab pilihan umum prajaé.
Tumrap PAC, sumbangan saka kas korporasi utawa sarékat buruh iku ilégal, sanajan korporasi utawa sarékat bisa nyeponsori PAC lan wènèh sokongan kanggo urusan administrasi lan pangumpuling wedana. PAC sing afiliasi karo sarékat buruh mung bisa golèk sumbangan saka anggota-anggotane, déné PAC sing swatantra bisa golèk sumbangan saka wong umum nanging kudu ngragadi urusané dhéwé nganggo wedana kuwi.
PAC sing ngusung sawenèh calon ing tataran fedheral bisa nyumbang marang calon kanthi cara-cara mangkene:
Ing kasus Citizens United v. FEC, the Supreme Court of the United States ing taun 2010, ing jerone, salah sawijining kasil ngowahi sawenèh perangane Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (uga diarani McCain-Feingold Act) sing nglarang kumpeni lan sarekat pulitik sing swatantra ragad ing kampanye pulitik. Citizens United ngelegalke kumpeni-kumpeni lan sarekat-sarekat ragad saka dhuwit kase kanggo ngragadi blanjang sing swatantra kanggo kegiyatan sing ana hubungane karo kampanye-kapanye, nanging ora ngowahi larangan bab sumbangan kanthi langsung déning kumpeni utawa panunggalan kanggo kampanye ing tataran fedheral. Organisasi-organisasi sing kepengen nyumbang kanthi langsung marang kampanye-kampanyene calon ing tataran fedheral isih kudu gumantung karo PAC-PAC sing tradhisional kanggo ancas iku mau.
Ana ing ngisor iki tembung-tembung Jawa sing dianggo ing artikel iki, dikanthèni jarwané ing basa Inggris.
Gendra Watergate

Watergate iku gendra pulitik gedhé lan kadadèn ing Amérika Sarekat ing taun 1970-an, sawisé ana prampokan ing kantor gedhéné Democratic National Committee (DNC) ing pakantoran Watergate ing Washington, D.C. lan administrasiné Présidhèn Richard Nixon sing ngupadi nutupi paumiluné. Nalika konspirasi iku kalingkab lan diinvèstigasi déning Konggrès AS, upayané administrasiné Nixon ngeruwé papriksané konggres iku sing tudhone crisis akonstitutional.
Istilah Watergate iku uwis dadi cara kanggo nyakup sakumpulan kagiyatan sing wadi lan asringé ilegal sing dilakukaké déning anggota administrasiné Nixon. Kagiyatan-kagiyatan iku mau kalebu "akal-akalan" kaya ta ngganggu kantor mungsuh pulitiké lan wong-wongé Nixon utawa pambiyantuné sing nyujanani. Nixon lan para pambiyantuné dhèwèké njalari pasiksan marang kumpulan-kumpulan aktifis lan para bleger pulitik, nganggo tenagané Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), lan Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
Sekandal iki banjur njalari kalingkabé sawenèh cahaking wisesa déning administrasiné Nixon, artikel-artikel bab dakwaan, lan lengseré Nixon saka kursi Presidhen Amérika Sarekat ing tanggal 9 August taun 1974. Sekandal iku mau uga marai anané wong cacah 69 sing didakwa, sing ing persidhangan utawa prosès pambela hasilé ana wong cacah 25 divonis bersalah lan lumebu kunjara. Akèh saka wong-wong iku mau tenaga administrasiné Nixon sing pangkaté uwis dhuwur.
Perkara iki mau kawiwitan déning panyandhaké wong lanang cacah lima amarga mbludhus lumebu ing kantor gedhéné DNC ing komplek Watergate ing dina setu tanggal 17 Juni taun 1972. FBI nyelidhiki lan ngalingkab gegayutané dhuwit sing tinemu ing kanthongé para prampok lan a wedhana tartamtu sing dianggo déning Committee for the Re-Election of the President (CREEP), organisasi kampanyé resminé Nixon.
Richard Gabriel Fox

Richard Gabriel Fox ya iku ahli antropologi saka New York, Amérikah Sarékat, kalairan tanggal 2 Maret 1939. Richard naté kuliah ing Columbia University (AB) taun 1960. Sabanjuré ana ing University of Michigan (MA) taun 1961 lan Ph.D. taun 1965. Dhèwèké uga naté nglakoni panlitian lapangan antropologis ana inf Uttar Pradesh Indhi (1963), Edinburgh (1975), lan Delhi, Punjab, Indhi (1980, 1981). Saka panlitiané, Richard nulis karya-karya akademis kaya déné From Zamindar to Ballot Box: Community Change in a North Indian Market Town (1969), Kin, Clan, Raja, and Rule: State-Hinterland Relations in Pre-Industrial India (1971), Lions of the Pinjab: Culture in the Making (1985), lan Gandhian Utopia: Experiments with Culture (1989). Richard nyumbangké panemuné ing bab analisis bebrayan sing komplèks kaya ing Indhi. Karyané sing kaping kapisan ya iku nuduhaké kajian kutha pasar cilik Indhi.