davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Plantaciones Cornell

Las Plantaciones Cornell en inglés: Cornell Plantations es un jardín botánico de 80 hectáreas (200 acres) de extensión, incluyendo el F.R. Newman Arboretum.
Se ubica localizado adyacente al campus de la Universidad de Cornell, Ithaca (Nueva York).
Se encuentra encuadrado en el North American Plant Collections Consortium, gracias a su colección de Aceres con 98 taxones.
Su código de reconocimiento internacional como institución botánica (en el Botanical Gardens Conservation International BGCI), así como las siglas de su herbario es BH.
Cornell Plantations, One Plantations Road, Ithaca, New York NY 14850 Unites States of America-Estados Unidos de América.
Se encuentra abierto diariamente sin cargo.
Fue creado en 1935.
El jardín botánico de 20 hectáreas (50 acres), alberga 14 jardines diferenciados en los que se encuentran una amplia variedad de plantas ornamentales, de interés económico, y plantas nativas, dispuestas en :
La "Cornell Plantations" también administra además unas 1400 hectáreas (3500 acres) de áreas naturales biológicamente diversas incluyendo humedales, pantanos, cañones, páramos, prados, y bosques.
Shamba

El shamba (en suajili 'plantación'; pl. mashamba) es un sistema agroforestal practicado en África Oriental, particularmente Kenia. En estas tierras se combinan diversos cultivos: bananas, frijoles, ñames y maíz, a los que se agregan recursos madereros, apicultura, hierbas medicinales, setas, frutas del bosque, forraje para ganado, etc.​ Gracias a este policultivo, los agricultores obtienen una mayor cuota de ingresos, alimentos y empleo.​ Además, es más sostenible y genera una menor huella ecológica que los monocultivos.
El sistema fue creado en Kenia a mediados del siglo XIX, para extender el cultivo de tierras y satisfacer la demanda de leña.​ Un estudio de 2009 estimó que en Kenia, donde el Estado es el propietario de estas plantaciones, hay unas 160.000 hectáreas de shambas.​ Sin embargo, la gestión de los shambas también ha estado manchado por la corrupción, cosa que las asociaciones de agricultores keniatas han denunciado en muchas ocasiones.​ Se permitió la conversión de grandes áreas boscosas en tierras de cultivo. También ha sido un problema la introducción de especies no nativas como el eucalipto o el ciprés. Wangari Maathai pidió «no sacrificar los bosques autóctonos a expensas de las plantaciones exóticas».​
Cajanuma

Cajanuma es una aldea situada en la provincia de Loja, en el sur de Ecuador.​
Cajanuma está a una altitud de 2700 m s. n. m. Adentro en la aldea tiene menos de 50 habitantes. En la aldea se encuentra el famoso Parque nacional Podocarpus. Hay abundante vegetación, paisajes y fauna. Al km 1 del recorrido hay una laguna. (En el Parque nacional Podocarpus). Es conocida la Quebrada del Diablo. Está a 8 km de Loja, y a 30 de Vilcabamba.
Es una especie de rana pequeña con los flancos negros con grandes puntos blancos. Pristimantis cajanuma es similar a especies del grupo Pristimantis orestes. Es similar a Pristimantis orestes, sin embargo, se distingue fácilmente por la presencia de pliegues dorsolaterales evidentes (ausentes en Pristimantis orestes)
Existe un insecto procedente de Cajanuma, una mariposa endémica de la zona llamada Hellinsia cajanuma, mide 26 mm. Vive a 2850 metros, tiene unas alas amarillas con manchas marrones y antenas grises. Crían en octubre.
Provincia de San Ignacio

La provincia de San Ignacio es una de las trece que conforman el departamento de Cajamarca en el norte del Perú. Limita por el norte con Ecuador, por el este con el departamento de Amazonas, por el sur con la provincia de Jaén y por el oeste con el departamento de Piura.
Desde el punto de vista jerárquico de la Iglesia católica, forma parte del vicariato apostólico de San Francisco Javier, también conocido como vicariato apostólico de Jaén en el Perú.​
En 1926, se iniciaron las gestiones para la creación de la provincia de San Ignacio para cuyo efecto se había asignado una comisión para el viaje a Lima. La misma que estuvo conformada por el padre don Juan Cabrera Arias, Donovan Bartolini Rangel, Manuel Adrianzén Huamán y Luis Soto Sueldo, quienes se presentaron ante la junta militar de gobierno presidida por el general de división Ricardo Pérez. El 12 de mayo de 1965, mediante Ley n.º 15560, se crea la provincia durante el primer gobierno del presidente Fernando Belaúnde.
La provincia de San Ignacio está localizada en el extremo norte del departamento de Cajamarca, que corresponde así mismo al extremo septentrional de Perú, en la frontera con el Ecuador.
Destacan en su geografía los andes septentrionales o páramos, como los de Santa Ana y Tabaconas que ocupan un área pequeña de la cordillera Occidental, al norte de los andes peruanos entre los ríos Blanco, Tabaconas (aguas arriba), Canchis, y la yunga tropical (selva alta), que se caracteriza por ser una zona de bosques montañosos casi permanentemente lluviosos y nublados, comprendiendo en la misma algunos valles del bosque seco. La provincia de San Ignacio es una de las provincias más ricas por producir el rico café y con unas maravillosas pinturas rupestres en el cerro Faical. Destaca asimismo el reciente descubrimiento de los Petroglifos de Sawintsa, tallados en roca arenisca, en el territorio Awajún del distrito de Huarango.
La provincia tiene una población aproximada de ciento treinta mil habitantes.
La provincia tiene una extensión de 4990,30 km² y se encuentra dividida en 7 distritos:
Distritos.
La capital de esta provincia es la ciudad de San Ignacio.
Loja, Ecuador​​
Vegetación tropical (Martinica)

Vegetación tropical (Martinica), o Paisaje de la Martinica (en francés Végétation Tropicale, Martinica), es un cuadro de Paul Gauguin hecho en 1887 en la isla Martinica. Se conserva en Edimburgo, en la Galería Nacional de Escocia.​ Se conoce por la referencia número 232 del catálogo de Wildenstein (W.232).
Gauguin estuvo varios meses en la Martinica, junto con el pintor Charles Laval. Venían de trabajar en el Canal de Panamá para pagarse el viaje. Se instalaron en Le Carbet, cerca de la antigua capital Saint-Pierre. Escribió así a su mujer:
La bahía de Saint-Pierre ofrece una vista espléndida desde Morne de Orange, el cerro situado al sur cerca de Le Carbet. Arriba de la colina hay una llanura sin vegetación, y un monumento a Notre-Dame-du-Port. Al norte se encuentra la Montaña Pelée, un volcán que entró en erupción en 1902, quince años después de pintar el cuadro, destruyendo la antigua capital y toda la zona.
El paisaje es la vista de la bahía de Saint-Pierre desde Morne de Orange, pero Gauguin añade intencionadamente la vegetación eliminando todos los elementos de la civilización. Probablemente, la vegetación pintada era la que había cerca de Le Carbet y Gauguin la traslada a la colina añadiéndola detrás del paisaje de la bahía.​
En el lado de abajo a la derecha se encuentra la inscripción «1887 / P.Gauguin».
El carácter exótico del paisaje queda expresado por los colores brillantes. Al fondo se ven las últimas laderas del volcán cerca del mar. Recortando el cielo hay un árbol de papaya de dos ramas. El follaje en primer plano está hecho con pinceladas visibles de estilo impresionista, en cambio la vegetación baja y los árboles tienen una forma más estilizada con colores planos. La armonía de colores y la simplificación de formas son los primeros pasos del post-impresionismo.​
Entre los arbustos aparece un gallo, seguramente un símbolo de la presencia francesa. Poco antes Gauguin había estado en las obras del Canal de Panamá y había visto cómo la cultura occidental modificaba el paisaje y costumbres autóctonas.​
La experiencia exótica de la Martinica fue el preludio de la maduración adquirida años más tarde en Tahití.
La pintura fue vendida por el propio Gauguin al compositor Ernest Chausson probablemente por 500 francos.
John Stanley Beard

John Stanley Beard (15 de febrero de 1916 – 17 de febrero de 2011) fue un ecólogo, dasónomo, naturalista nacido en Inglaterra, con residencia en Australia. Estudió en la Universidad de Oxford donde completó su tesis doctoral en forestas tropicales. Mientras trabajaba en la División Forestal en Trinidad y Tobago durante los 1940s, desarrollando un sistema de clasificación forestal de la América Tropical y describió las forestas de Trinidad, Tobago, y las Antillas Menores; y esas descripciones siguen siendo referencias estándar sobre los temas.
Después de salir de Trinidad, se trasladó a Sudáfrica, y luego a Australia, donde produjo una extensa serie de cartas de vegetación que cubrían gran parte del país.
Sus amplios estudios exploratorios de Australia Occidental estableciendo normas para la comprensión de zonas florísticas regionales y zonas biogeográficas de todo el Estado. Fue el autor principal de las notas explicativas 1964-1981, del proyecto de carteo del Vegetation Survey of Western Australia. Fue también director fundante del Kings Park en Australia Occidental entre 1961 a 1970.​ Posteriormente fue director del Real Jardín Botánico de Sídney (1970–72) antes de retirarse a Perth.​ Durante su cargo de director, muchas de las plantas nativas únicas de Australia Occidental fueron cultivadas por primera vez.​ Beard editó el "Catálogo Descriptivo de las Plantas de Australia Occidental (1965), publicado por la Sociedad de Plantas Australianas, para promover el entendimiento de los requerimientos hortícolas de las plantas nativas de Australia Occidental.​
A su retiro, siguió produciendo relatos populares de sus estudios de vegetación en los ambientes vegetales de Australia Occidental (1990), y sus estudios taxonómicos y hortícolas de Protea spp. en Proteas de África Tropical (1993).
Falleció en febrero de 2011 a los 95 años.​
Lymanopoda

Lymanopoda es un género de mariposas de la familia Nymphalidae. Fue descrita originalmente por Westwood en 1851.​
El género es monofilético y cuenta con varias sinapomorfías morfológicas, entre ellas la posición de los ocelos en las alas posteriores, y características genitales de machos y hembras.​ Para el 2004 se reconocían al menos 66 especies, a las que hay que añadirle varios taxones nuevos descritos en los últimos años.​
Según análisis filogenéticos basados en genes mitocondriales y nucleares, Lymanopoda divergió de su clado hermano (Ianussiusa) hace unos 22 a 27 millones de años, y se pueden distinguir seis grupos o clados:​​
Se han reportado varios ejemplos de convergencia entre los patrones de coloración de especies del género Lymanopoda y otras especies de mariposas de la subtribu Pronophilina que vuelan en las mismas localidades. Estas relaciones se han descrito como miméticas, a pesar de que el grado de similitud no es muy refinado.​
Las orugas de Lymanopoda se alimentan de varias especies de bambú, principalmente de los géneros andinos Chusquea en el bosque nublado y Swallenchloa en los páramos.​​
Las especies de este género son:​
Sigrid Liede

Sigrid Liede (1957) es una botánica alemana. Desarrolla su actividad científica y académica en el "Departamento de Sistemática Vegetal. de la Universidad de Bayreuth.
En 1979 obtuvo su licenciatura en bioquímica, por la Universidad de Tubinga. Y, en 1983 el M.Sc. en biología (especialidad botánica aplicada, y microbiología) por la Universidad de Hamburgo, defendiendo la tesis Estudios en la taxonomía de especies del género Pleiospilos, Mesembryanthemaceae. En 1988, su PhD en botánica, por la misma casa de altos estudios, con la tesis Estudios en la taxonomía y ecología del género Erepsia, Mesembryanthemaceae, y en 1996 un posdoctorado, por la Universidad de Ulm, con la tesis Estudios en las Cynanchinae, Asclepiadeae- Asclepiadaceae.​
Nueva Loja

Nueva Loja (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnwe.βa ˈlo.xa]), also known as Lago Agrio, is the capital of the province of Sucumbíos in Ecuador. It was founded in the 1960s as a base camp of Texaco. The official population as of the 2022 census is 55,627.
Nueva Loja is located in central Sucumbíos, in the Amazonian forest, and is one of the most important cities in northeastern Ecuador. Its importance comes from the oil extraction. It was originally named after the town of Sour Lake, Texas by Texaco when the company established the oil-producing settlement. Lago Agrio is Spanish for "Sour Lake". The official name of the Ecuadorian town is Nueva Loja. Its current name originates from the fact that the first colonizers came from the Southern Province of Loja.
The area around the city, the Lago Agrio oil field, has many ecological problems. The rainforest has been all but obliterated in this region and environmental degradation is severe, with catastrophic oil pollution in some areas. On February 14, 2011, a judge in Lago Agrio ruled that Chevron, now owner of Texaco, had to pay $9 billion in environmental damages for polluting the rainforest.
In 2017, the Superior Court of Justice of Brasil rejected enforcement of the 2013 Ecuadorian Supreme Court award, with the Prosecutor concluding that verdict was “issued in an irregular manner, especially under deplorable acts of corruption.”
In 2018 the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague ruled in favor of Chevron and said the 2013 Ecuador Supreme Court case was obtained "through fraud, bribery and corruption."
Manchester United Right Back Antonio Valencia was born in Nueva Loja.
The city is served by Lago Agrio Airport, with daily flights from/to Quito.
Nueva Loja has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
Sucumbíos Province

Sucumbíos (Spanish pronunciation: [sukumˈbi.os]) is a province in northeast Ecuador. The capital and largest city is Nueva Loja (normally referred to as Lago Agrio). It is the fifth largest province in the country, with an area of 18,084 km. In 2010, it had a population of 176,472 inhabitants.
Sucumbíos is bounded on the north by Colombia, on the south by Napo and Orellana, on the west by Carchi and Imbabura, on the southwest by Pichincha, and on the east by Peru. Sucumbíos is the only province in Ecuador that borders two different countries.
The province is one of the six provinces in the Amazon Region, a natural region of Ecuador.
The western area of the province belongs to the Eastern Andes Mountains, where most rivers in the province have their sources. The most important elevation in the province is the Reventador, an active volcano. The eastern portion of the province is part of the Amazon Basin, with high temperatures.
The main river in the province is the Aguarico River. It passes close to Nueva Loja, and empties into the Napo, on the Peruvian border. Other important rivers are the Putumayo, which marks the border with Colombia, and the Coca and Napo Rivers, in the south.
Sucumbíos was an unexplored area, where only indigenous people lived, until oil was discovered in its soil. In 1979, after nine years of foundation, Nueva Loja became the seat of its own canton, Lago Agrio Canton, in the Napo Province. On February 13, 1989, Sucumbíos became the 21st province in the country when it separated from Napo province.
The most important natural resource in the province is oil, the Lago Agrio oil field. Thus, Sucumbíos is one of the most important provinces in the country, economically.
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
The province is divided into seven cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres (km), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
0°05′S 76°53′W﻿ / ﻿0.083°S 76.883°W﻿ / -0.083; -76.883
Senna pendula

Senna pendula, also known as Easter Cassia, Christmas Senna, winter Senna, climbing Cassia, golden shower, pendant Senna and valamuerto, is a plant of the Fabaceae family with a shrub habit that is native to South America. It used in various parts of the world as an ornamental plant and is an environmental weed in Australia. The flowers are yellow and the name pendula means 'pendulous' or 'drooping'.
It is a fast-growing, spreading, scrambling or erect shrub that reaches 2–4 metres in height with multi-branched and arching stems and branches. Its single-compound, hairless leaves feature three to six duos of wide leaflets that are 1–5 cm long and 5–20 mm wide with rounded tips and salient yellowish margins.
Senna pendula is distinguished from Senna bicapsularis which has 3 pairs of leaflets on each leaf, while this one has 4–7 pairs of leaflets on each leaf and a gland between each pair of leaflets. 'S. bicapsularis' has flowers borne on rather short pedicels (flower stalks) that are less than half a centimeter in length, whereas 'S. pendula' has flowers borne on longer (1 to 3 cm) pedicels. 'S. pendula' may flower from as early as late summer, whereas S. bicapsularis blooms from late autumn to winter.
Its bright yellow flowers, which are about 3 cm across, have five large petals and are foaled in leafy clumps at the tips of the branches. The fruit is in a cylindrical pod (10–20 cm long and 6–12 mm wide) that hangs down. It flowers prominently at Easter in the southern hemisphere (or early autumn), hence its common name. It also has an insignificant flowering season in early summer (around Christmas in the southern hemisphere).
17 varieties are accepted.
Senna pendula was introduced as a garden plant in Australia in 1957, where it was described in a Brisbane nursery catalogue as, "a useful shrub bearing masses of buttercup-shaped flowers in autumn and early winter". Much sought for, gardeners had paid four shillings to purchase this plant during the mid 20th century. The shrub was in the market for many decades, though now it is no longer sold due its invasive nature.
In Florida, Senna pendula is usually cultivated as, and misapplied to, Senna bicapsularis. An investigation of herbarium specimens from the University of Florida, University of South Florida, and Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden had suggested that true Senna bicapsularis is very scarce in cultivation in Florida, whereas Senna pendula is more common and widespread.
The S. p. glabrata variety has become naturalised, and is also an environmental weed, in eastern Australia in the coastal and sub-coastal regions of south-eastern Queensland and New South Wales, where it is found in watercourses, gardens, disturbed sites, wastelands, roadsides, closed forests, forest margins and urban bushland.
It is spread by seed, suckers and dumped garden waste. Despite it being invasive, it is not a prohibited or restricted invasive plant under the Biosecurity Act 2015.
Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Condor National Park

The Ichigkat Muja – Cordillera del Condor National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Ichigkat muja – Cordillera del Cóndor) is a protected area in Peru located in the region of Amazonas. It protects part of the Eastern Andes forests at the Cordillera del Condor mountain range.
Cordillera del Condor National Park is located in the region of Amazonas, in northern Peru, next to the border with Ecuador. The main geographic feature is the Cordillera del Condor, a forested mountain range with moderate to steep slopes, that occupies almost 90% of the park area. The rest of the area is occupied by low hills and river terraces, being the main watercourses the Cenepa and the Santiago rivers. The highest elevation in the park is ca. 2500 m.
Cordillera del Condor National Park has a wet tropical climate. The climograph data corresponds to the village of Coangos, in Ecuador (1576 m of elevation), just outside the national park and near the Peruvian border.
This national park protects part of the Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests ecoregion. These forests grow smaller as elevation increases, becoming cloud forests at high elevations and dwarf forests at mountain tops.
Some of the plant species present in the area are: Alchornea triplinervia, Miconia spp., Piper aduncum, Iriartea deltoidea, Anthurium spp., Solanum grandiflorum, Inga spp., Uncaria tomentosa, Ochroma pyramidale, Minquartia guianensis, Eryngium foetidum, Perebea guianensis, Socratea exorrhiza, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Weinmannia spp., Calathea loeseneri, Palicourea spp., Oenocarpus bataua, Clethra castaneifolia, Gynerium sagittatum, Senna alata, etc.
Some of the birds present in the park are: the Andean cock-of-the-rock, the oilbird, the white-throated toucan, the blue-and-yellow macaw, the ornate hawk-eagle, the green hermit, etc.
Among the mammal species present in the park are: the Venezuelan red howler, the jaguar, the white-lipped peccary, the Amazon dwarf squirrel, the southern tamandua, the neotropical otter, the nine-banded armadillo, etc.
Alejandro Carrión

Alejandro Carrión Aguirre (11 March 1915 – 4 January 1992) was an Ecuadorian poet, novelist and journalist. He wrote the novel La espina (1959), the short story book La manzana dañada (1983), and numerous poetry books. As a journalist he published many of his articles under the pseudonym "Juan Sin Cielo." In 1956 he founded, along with Pedro Jorge Vera, the political magazine La Calle. He directed the literary magazine Letras del Ecuador. He received the Maria Moors Cabot prize (1961) from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism as well as the Ecuadorian National Prize Premio Eugenio Espejo (1981) for his body of work. He was the nephew of Benjamín Carrión and Clodoveo Carrión.
Alejandro Carrión wrote articles and political commentary in the following periodicals and newspapers:
A selection of Alejandro Carrión's poetry was recorded in Quito for the Library of Congress in Washington; a copy of that recording is housed at Harvard University's "House of the Poetry". Alejandro told of his emotional reaction to hearing his own words when visiting in the company of the poet Archibald McLeish: "small satisfactions that illuminate the life of a poet."
Puyango Petrified Forest

Puyango Petrified Forest is a fossil deposit of petrified wood located in the middle basin of the Puyango River, between the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja. The area covers 2,658 hectares and its sediments are divided into four geological formations, dating from the late Cretaceous period. These deposits are rich in both fossilized trunks and leaves - which belonged to the typical Mesozoic flora - as well as fossils of invertebrates such as bivalves, ammonites, echinoderms, among others.
The forest is located between 360 and 500 meters above sea level and has an average temperature of 22.5 °C. The most appropriate season to visit is the dry season from May to December. During the winter season the area receives more than 900 mm of rain that change the landscape considerably, making the visit interesting also in these months. Puyango is one of the few remnants of dry tropical forest in the southwest of Ecuador where strong slopes and ravines have preserved the natural and complete natural vegetation of this type of ecosystem and other areas of secondary forest that are in recovery.
Puyango was formerly a sea; the oldest fossils correspond to marine organisms. This sea dried up, populated with forests and animals, organisms that after hundreds of years, due to great natural events were buried underground. Finally, by geological movements typical of the Earth's crust, these remains came to the surface again forming an invaluable sample of the remote past of the planet. The most recent fossils found are 60 million years old and the oldest fossils reach 500 million years.
The main attraction of the Puyango Petrified Forest are the petrified trees of the Araucarioxylon genus. The fossils are about 100 million years old and are perhaps the largest collection of petrified wood in the world; The largest specimen is 2 m in diameter and 15 m in length. There are also fossils of leaves corresponding to four genera of primitive plants resembling the present ferns and palms. According to Robert E. Shoemaker, a noted paleobotanist who studied the area between 1975 and 1976, the amount of petrified trunks contained in such a compact area represent one of the largest collections of this type in the world, comparable perhaps to Arizona's Petrified Forest National Park in the U.S.
In 1987, the area was also declared a protected forests to preserve natural resources, including some of the last remnants of dry forest in the region. Nowadays Puyango is managed by the prefectures of Loja and El Oro and the municipalities of Puyango and Las Lajas. In 2005, the Puyango Protected Forest was declared as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International. There are 161 species of birds recorded at the Puyango Protected Forest, including 43 species endemic to the dry forest of western Ecuador and northwestern Peru.
Libertad F.C. (Ecuador)

Libertad Fútbol Club is an Ecuadorian professional football club from the city of Loja. Founded on 17 May 2017, it plays in the Serie A.
Founded on 17 May 2017 as Independiente Fútbol Club de Pindal, the club played in the Segunda Categoría de Loja in the 2018 season, In 2019, the club qualified for the national phase of the Segunda Categoría, being knocked out in the group stage.
Ahead of the 2020 campaign, Independiente changed its name to Libertad Fútbol Club, winning the tournament in Loja but still being knocked out early in the Segunda Categoría. After a second consecutive title in Loja in 2021, Libertad achieved promotion to the Serie B as champions.
In the 2022 Serie B, their first-ever season in the second level, Libertad won an immediate promotion to the Serie A, finishing in third place but benefitting from Independiente Juniors' ineligibility for promotion.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Loja, Granada

Loja (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈloxa]), formerly Loxa, is a town in southern Spain, situated at the western limit of the province of Granada. It is in the valley of the River Genil, overlooked by the so-called Sierra de Loja, of which the highest peak, Sierra Gorda, stands 1,671 metres above sea-level.
Loja has sometimes been identified with the ancient Ilipula, or with the Lacibi (Lacibis) of Pliny and Ptolemy. It is unknown when Loja was first captured by the Moors; most likely this happened in the 8th century. It first clearly emerges in the Arab chronicles of the year 890.
It was taken by Ferdinand III of Castile in 1226, but was soon afterwards abandoned.
As part of the Granada War, Loja was attacked in 1486 by Christian forces under Ferdinand and Isabella. These soldiers included some Englishmen commanded by Sir Edward Woodville. The victorious Spanish allowed the Muslim population to leave for Granada. The town's Moorish name, Medina Lawša, was changed to Lauxa. Isabella called it the "flower among thorns". In 1491 work began on the Church of the Incarnation on the site of the town's main mosque.
The town was the centre of the Loja uprising in 1861, led by local Rafael Pérez del Álamo [es], that was quickly suppressed.
In the 1870s a railway train arrived in the area linking Bobadilla and Granada.
The town's Islamic heritage is still evident in the quarter of the Alcazaba, a Moorish fortress of which most of the walls and towers remain.
Other sights include:
Mashariki African Film Festival

Ni umushinga wizwe n'urubiruko rw'uRwanda ugamije kuzamura impano no gutinyura aribyo twita gukangura impano isinziriye aho niho twakoresheje nk'ikitwa amarushnwa yiswe ''Mashariki African Film Festival''.
Iri Serukiramuco ryakozwe n'abakinnyi ba film,abakinnyi bumuco na siporo ndetse nakinnyi burwenya (comedian).
Bashishikarije urubyiruko gukora cyane bkikura m'ubukene kandi ba kangurira urubyiruko gukora cyane kndi bagakorera hamwe.
Gasegereti

bimwe mubituma u Rwanda rwihuta mu iterambere harimo no gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegerei)
mbere 'ubukoroni abanyarwanda bari bataramenya ko bafite ubutunzi munsi 'ubutaka bwu Rwanda
ahagana mu mwaka wi 1945 ni abazungu baturutse mugihugu cy'ububirigi batahuye ko mu Rwanda aho kuri
ubu twita mu karere ka kayonza mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu hari amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegereti)
mu myaka yo hambere nko muri 1945 Ababirigi bamaze gutahura ko mu Rwanda hari ubutunzi bukomeye munsi y'ubutaka batangiye gucukura gasegereti mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu gusa icyogihe u Rwanda nabanyarwanda nta nyungu nimwe babiguzemo kuko ababirigi bacukuraga bohereza mugihugu cyabo. gusa nago byatinze u Rwanda ahagana mu mwaka 1962 rwaje kubona ubwigenge byari ibyagaciro gakomeye kubanyarwanda bose kuko ibirombe byeguriwe Leta yu Rwanda batangira gucukura amabuye y'agaciro (Gasegereti) ndetse batangira no kubibonamo inyungu.
kugeza ubu U Rwanda ni igihugu kiri munzira y'iterambere biturutse munzira nyinshi zitandukanye kubaka inganda, Imihanda, imiturirwa, amavuriro,amashuri ndetse ndettse nibindi kugeza ubu mu karere ka Kayonza mu murenge wa Rwinkwavu hari uruganda rwitwa Wolframe Mining and Process LTD rushinzwe gucukura ndetse no guttunganya aya mabuye y'agaciro acukurwa muri aka karere
Aya mabuye yitwa Gasegereti utayazi wagirango ni ibuye risanzwe kuburyyo wanaryubakisha waryitiranyije nandi mabuye asanzwe gusa gasegeretti yavuye mumazi ndetse niyavuye ku musozi ziba zitandukanye inyuma ariko imbere ari zimwe kimwe muu bikubwira ko ari Gasegereti iyo uriteruye riba rifitte uburemere butandukane kure cyane n'ingano yaryo. abacukura aya mabuye bavuga ko riba riruta uburemere ibuye risanzwe bingana inshuro 10 bitewe nibirigize (étain/tin)
U Rwanda rufite ubwoko 5 bw'amabuye y'agaciro yoherezwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga Gasegereti, Coltan, Wolfram, Zahabu na Gemstone cyangwa amabengeza mu Kinyarwanda. Rufite kandi sosiyete 120 zikora ubwo bucukuzi.
u Rwanda kandi ruvugako rufie amabue ahagije kandi aboneka hose mugihugu
Ingombyi

Ingombyi n'igikoresho gifite ibigwi n'amateka ahambaye mu Rwanda [1] , kikaba ari kimwe mu bigaragaza intekerezo zihangabuhanga Abanyarwanda bari bakungahayeho zabafashaga guhanga ibikoresho bibafasha gukemura ibibazo biriho. harimo kuyifashisha mu kujyeza
abarwayi kwa muganga kuko nta modoka zabagaho.
Ingombyi ni igikoresho gakondo abanyarwanda bifashishaga mu guheka abarwayi babageza kwa muganga
Ababyeyi bagiye kubyara cyangwa abana, nabandi barwayi muri rusange. ni igikoresho cyakoreshwaga
mukimbo k'imodoka kuri ubu twita Imbangukiragutabara, zifasha abarwayi bategereye ibitaro kugera kwa muganga.
Kugeza ubu mu Rwanda ntago ingombyi igikoreshwa cyane mu kugeza abarwayi kwa muganga
kuko Imbangukiragutabara zigeza abarwayi kwa muganga zimaze kugezwa hirya no hino mu Rwanda.
gusa muri iki gihe usanga hari uduce tumwe natumwe tukifashisha ingimbyi mu guheka abarwayi.
kuko usanga ari kure yibitaro kandi ugasanga nt n'imodoka ihageza. aha twavuga nko mubirwa bya Nkombo nahandi.
Akamaro kibiti biterwa ku mihanda

Usibye kurimbisha imihanda iterwaho ku mpande ndetse no hagati ibiti n’indabyo, ibi ni bimwe mu bituma imyotsi isohorwa n’ibinyabiziga ifatwa nibyo biti ahubwo bigatanga umwuka mwiza abantu bahumeka.
Abantu batuye mu mijyi nubwo bakwiyongera nta mpungenge zuko ibinyabiziga byakwangiza ibidukikije, nkuko bitangazwa n’inzego z’ubuyobzi ziri mu mijyi, kandi hashyizweho uburyo bwo gukorana n’abikorera kugira ngo bavane imyanda mungo itanyanyagizwa ahabonetse hose bityo yanduze imijyi ndetse n’ibidukikije.
Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Rubavu Bwana Habyarimana Girbert aravuga uburyo iyi myanda ibyazwamo ibindi ubu ikaba yarabaye imali kubayikura mu ngo kuko ibyazwamo ibyo gucana ndetse ikaba yarabaye igisubizo cyo kurengera ibidukikije.
Agira ati “Kubera isuku ndetse n’ibiti biteye iruhande rw’imihanda hamwe no hagati ubu Akarere kacu gasigaye gatuwe cyane kandi biterwa nuko hari amahirwe yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza uhagaragara, ariko ibyo byose nuko twita ku bidukikije kandi nibihari tukabibungabunga aho bitari tukaba tugomba kubyongeraho, ubu twashyizeho gahunda yuko buri muturage agomba gutera ibiti ndetse no kubungabunga inkengero z’amazi”.
Gushyiraho izi ngamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije byanabaye uburyo bwo guhanga imirimo, kubabyaza imyanda yo mungo ibindi bikoresho nkenerwa mu buzima bwa buri munsi, akaba ari umusaruro wimwe mu ntego nyamukuru wo gushyiraho iriya mijyi yunganira Kigali, kuko babona akazi hafi yabo bakiteza imbere batagombye kujya gushakira ahandi.
Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe imicungire n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka kigaragaza ko umubare w’abaturage b’u Rwanda biyongora ku kigero cya 2,4%, ibi bituma u Rwanda ruza mu bihugu byo ku mugabane w’Afurika bifite umuvuduko uru hejuru mu kwiyongera kw’abaturage bikomeje gutya u Rwanda rwazaba rutuwe n’abaturage miliyoni 22 mu mwaka wa 2050, ruvuye kuri miliyoni zikabakaba 13 rufite kugeza ubu.
Nkuko bigaragazwa n’imibare ya Minisiteri y’igenamimbi muri izo miliyoni 22 z’abazaba batuye u Rwanda, miliyoni 5 nizo biteganijwe ko zizaba zituye muri Kigali, ariko abantu nibakomeza gahunda yo guteza imbere imijyi yunganira Kigali, Umujyi wa Kigali ntabwo
muri iyo myaka uzarenza abawutuye miliyoni 4.
Habyarimana Jean Luc

Mitana Jean Luc ( yavutse ku ya 29 Nzeri 1983 ), ni umukinnyi wa firime wu mu Rwanda akaba n'umukinnyi wa sinema . Niwe washinze uruganda rukora firime Filimi rufite icyicaro mu Rwanda. Yabaye umukinnyi wa sinema muri firime zitandukanye zirimo Inyuma y'Ijambo, Kai Umucuruzi n'imbaraga mu bwoba .
Yavutse ku ya 29 Nzeri 1983 i Kigali, mu Rwanda.
Muri 2006, yinjiye muri Almond Tree Films Collective maze muri 2009, Mitana akora kuri filime izwi ku izina rya Maibobo iyobowe na Yves Montand Niyongabo kandi yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi rya Rotterdam mu 2010. Yatanzwe mu iserukiramuco rya Sinema Africano d'Asia e Amerika Latina ya 2011 i Milan, mu Butaliyani. Yayoboye SAA-IPO mu 2010. Yarasiwe i Kigali iterwa inkunga na Tribeca Film Institute. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Tribeca 2011 hanyuma ryerekanwa mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Durban 2011 ndetse na AfryKamera International Film Festival, Polonye mu 2011. Hanyuma muri 2014, yakoze kuri documentaire Inyuma y'Isi iyobowe na Marie-Clementine Dusejambo. Muri 2014, yitabiriye Berlinale Talents, aho yari muri Studio yo Guhindura.
Mizero Ncuti Gatwa

Mizero Ncuti Gatwa ( yavutse kamera 1992 ) yavukiye mu rwanda gusa ubu atuye mu byongereza akaba ri umukinnyi wa filimi. Yatangiye umyuga wa filimi mu mashuri ya Dundee repertory theatre aho yaje kubona umudari wa Lan chrleson muri 2014 .
Icyerekezo cya Gatwa cyagezweho ubwo yakina ari umwangavu w’abahuje ibitsina witwa Eric Effiong muri televiziyo ya Netflix , yerekana ibiganiro byerekeranye n’igitsina ( 2019–2023 ), byamuhesheje igihembo cya BAFTA Scotland ndetse n’abahatanira ibihembo bitatu bya Televiziyo ya BAFTA . Yagize uruhare runini muri filime Barbie (2023) hamwe na televiziyo Masters of the Air (2024), maze arazamuka cyane agaragaza kwigira umuntu wa cumi na gatanu kwa Muganga mu kiganiro cya siyanse ya siyanse ya BBC baza Muganga ( 2023 - ubungubu ).
Gatwa yavukiye i Nyarugenge, Kigali, mu Rwanda, ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1992. i Se, ni Gatwa Tharcisse , ukomoka mu karere ka Karongi mu Rwanda, ubu ni umunyamakuru.
Uyu muryango wahunze u Rwanda mu gihe cya jenoside yo mu Rwanda yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 maze batura muri otcosse. Babaga i Oxgangs muri Edinburgh, bimukira i Dunfermline afite imyaka 15. Gatwa yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Boroughmuir na Dunfermline High School mbere yo kwimukira i Glasgow kwiga muri Royal Conservatoire ya Scotland, arangiza afite impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi mu gukina mu 2013. Mugihe yiga, yakoraga muri club The Polo Lounge, atanga ibyuma hanyuma nyuma aba umubyinnyi . Conservatoire yamuhaye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro mu cyiciro cyo gutanga impamyabumenyi 2022.
Amaze kurangiza amashuri, Gatwa yahawe umwanya muri Dundee Repertory Theatre gahunda yo gutanga impamyabumenyi aho yakinnye mu bitaramo byinshi harimo na Victoria wa David Greig . Muri iki gihe, Gatwa yagabweho igitero n'abantu batatu batazi mu muhanda bavunika urwasaya; ibi byakosowe hamwe na titanium. Yagize uruhare rugufi muri sitcom ya Bob Servant 2014, nayo yashyizweho kandi ikorerwa amashusho muri Dundee. Muri 2014, Gatwa yahawe igihembo muri Ian Charleson Awards kubera ibikorwa bye bya Mercutio 2014 i Romeo na Juliet i Home, Manchester .
Nelson Boateng

Samuel Nelson Boateng (wavutse ku ya 14 Gicurasi 1968) ni umukinnyi wo gusiganwa kumaguru wabigize umwuga ukomoka muri Gana wasezeye mu kwiruka yari kabuhariwe muri metero 200 .
Yatsindiye umudari muri Shampiyona nya furika yo mu 1989 . Muri Shampiyona nya furika yo mu 1993 yatsindiye imidari haba muri metero 100 na 200. Muri uwo mwaka yitabiriye amarushanwa yi si ya 1993 . Yaviriyemo muri kimwe cya kabiri kirangiza, amaze gushyiraho agahigo ka amasegonda 20.52. Yitabiriye kandi imikino Olempike yo mu 1992 yabereye i Barcelona.
Muri kaminuza, yabaye umukinnyi mwiza inshuro 2, mu banyamerika muri metero 200 mu 1993 na metero 4 X 100 mu 1991 nku mukinnyi wa nyuma muri ibyo birori byombi.
Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL

The Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL or Pseudodon DUB1006-fL (540,000-430,000 BP) is a fossil freshwater shell of Pseudodon vondembuschianus trinilensis found at Trinil, Java, Indonesia. The shell has a zigzag engraving supposedly made by Homo erectus, which could be the oldest known anthropogenic engraving in the world.
The shell is a part of an assemblage of fossil freshwater mussel shells, excavated by the Dutch paleoanthropologist and geologist Eugène Dubois in 1890s from the Pleistocene layer at the Trinil site, Java, Indonesia. The assemblage, including the shell DUB1006-fL, is now at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
Geometric engravings on the shell DUB1006-fL were discovered by a biologist Josephine Joordens (then at Leiden University) and her colleagues in 2014. Their analysis suggests that the engravings are made by Homo erectus between 540,000 and 430,000 BP. The engravings were probably made on a fresh shell specimen using a shark tooth. It is also suggested that all grooves were made by a single individual in a single session with the same tool.
Joordens et al. do not give a direct interpretation of the engravings, but suggest that "engraving abstract patterns was in the realm of Asian Homo erectus cognition and neuromotor control." In her interview, Joordens says that since the intentions of the individual who made the engravings are not known, it is not possible to classify these engravings as art. "It could have been to impress his girlfriend, or to doodle a bit, or to mark the shell as his own property," says Joordens.
The main discussion happens around the question of whether the engraving on the shell can be considered as art (which would make it the earliest known artistic expression of hominids in the world). Commentators of the original study by Joordens et al. suggest their opinions, but do not study the engravings explicitly. Some commentators, similarly to the authors of the study, give a neutral description of the engravings, calling them a "doodle" or "decorative marks". Some other commentators suggest explicitly that these engravings are art.
Tsion Avital, a philosopher of art and culture, makes a distinction between art and design and suggests that the engraving on Pseudodon DUB1006-fL cannot be seen as the former, but can well be the latter. He contests the description of the engraving by Joordens et al. who called it an "abstract pattern", saying that the terms "abstract" and "pattern" "hint obliquely at the possibility that these engravings possess some symbolic significance." "These engravings are in no sense abstract but rather are completely concrete marks," says Avital.
The Indonesian government has requested the return of the complete Dubois collection (circa 40.000 fossils), because they regard it as goods that were looted by the Dutch during the colonial occupation.
Abiru

The Abiru (Kinyarwanda for royal ritualists) were the members of the privy council of the monarchy of Rwanda. They were oral repositories of the ubwiiru, an esoteric code of kingship. Due to the mythopoetic nature of accounts of the early history of the Abiru and the Rwandan monarchy, an accurate history of the Abiru is difficult to codify or study.
The council as a whole can be described as a priestly body that elected, advised and/or deposed Rwandan kings. Debate continues over the pre-colonial functions of the body, which makes definite statements on the subject needing further research.
The wider ethnic community that was traditionally expected to provide the membership of the council was known as the Abiru.
The Abiru functioned as advisors to the king in political matters, and may or may not have a political role assigned to them. Their primary function as a group was to determine the continuing suitability of the king in terms of ritual and political function. Historically, the Abiru deposed 'unworthy' kings and proclaimed successors based on secretive ritual practices, acting as a fons honorum for Rwanda.
When thought of as an ethnic group, the class of elite families that has provided members of the Royal Council of Abiru for centuries on a hereditary basis was also referred to as Abiru. Although sometimes thought of as being a distinct community, the Abiru were traditionally considered to be part of the wider Tutsi ethnicity. A Burundian near-analogue would be the Ganwa.
List of female hereditary monarchs

This is a list of female hereditary monarchs who reigned over a political jurisdiction in their own right or by right of inheritance. The list does not include female regents (see List of regents), usually the mother of the monarch, male or female, for although they exercised political power during the period of regency on behalf of their child or children, they were not hereditary monarch, and thus cannot be included in the list of female hereditary monarchs.
Each entry contains the name (with years of birth–death) and span of reign in years (where available). Where necessary, the source of inheritance right is indicated, that is, whether they succeeded from their fathers, mothers, siblings or other relatives. Cases where succession was obtained by other means (usurpation or marriage, for example) are also indicated accordingly.
Listă de societăți româno-americane

Tel: (847) 663-9690 Fax: (847) 663-0960
Tel: 773-205-2732
Tel: (847) 663-9690 Fax: (847) 663-0960
Tel: 248-524-0220
40 Wall St., New York NY 10005 [25]
Miorița Academy of Arts and Science, 31-35 Crescent St.#3M, Long Island City NY 11106
Croton on Hudson NY 10520
Union & League of Romanian Societies of America, 23203 Lorain Rd., North Olmsted OH 44070-1624[27]
[28] Arhivat în 27 septembrie 2007, la Wayback Machine.
Tel: 440-779-9913 Fax: 440-779-9151
Lista câștigătorilor premiului Ditmar

Premiul Ditmar (în engleză Ditmar Award) a fost acordat anual din 1969 la Convenția Națională Australiană de Științifico-fantastic (Australian National Science Fiction Convention) sau Natcon pentru a recunoaște realizările în ficțiunea speculativă australiană (științifico-fantastic, horror și fantasy) și realizările fandomului științifico-fantastic. Premiul este similar cu premiul Hugo, dar la scară națională și nu internațională. Premiile sunt numite Martin James Ditmar „Dick” Jenssen, un fan și artist australian, care a susținut financiar premiile la începutul lor.
Aceasta este o listă a câștigătorilor și a nominalizărilor la premiul Ditmar:
Cu text aldin sunt prezentați câștigătorii, restul sunt nominalizările.
Nu s-a acordat niciun premiu
(Ziarul australian Thyme relatează că Tschaicon a fost „Prima convenție australo-asiatică de science fiction”, în care cuvântul „australian” a fost înlocuit cu „australo-asiatic” în întregime; categoriile de premiere au folosit cuvântul „australo-asiatic” în locul cuvântului „australian”.)
‘’Two items ruled ineligible; category withdrawn’’
The ; Premiul William Atheling Jr pentru critică literară sau recenzii
Dacia Spring

Dacia Spring este primul model electric al mărcii românești Dacia. Modelul a fost lansat pe piață în 2021 sub numele de spring adică primăvară în limba engleză. Informația a fost confirmată în timpul unei prezentări la conferința de presă în care au fost comunicate rezultatele financiare ale grupului Renault pe 2019.
Aceasta este prima oară când Renault menționează într-un document oficial lansarea unui model electric sub marca Dacia. Informația a apărut pe un slide care prezinta planurile grupului Renault pe următorii ani.
Modelul citadin cu propulsie electrică de la Dacia este o versiune europeană a lui Renault City K-ZE, un crossover de segment A care exista deja pe piața din China. Prezentarea oficială a variantei de pre-serie a avut loc pe 3 martie 2020.
Mașina a venit, inițial, în două versiuni: una pentru consumatori și una pentru ride-sharing. Desosebirile erau de ordin estetic, modelul pentru consumatori venind cu accente portocalii și stopuri cu semnătură luminoasă specifică Dacia, în formă de „Y”, în timp ce modelul pentru ride-sharing venea cu accente albastre și stopurile de pe Renault K-ZE.
Modelul este asamblat în China.
În iunie 2022, Dacia a aunțat o restilizare a tuturor modelelor care să introducă noua identitate vizuală a brandului. Astfel, pentru 2023, modelul Spring a primit o grilă cu design nou care încorporează logo-ul „Dacia Link” iar siglele vechi de pe volan și portbagaj au fost înlocuite de logotipul Dacia. A fost lansată și o nouă culoare pentru acest model, Lichen Kaki.
Accentele portocalii au rămas disponibile, dar opționale.
În ianuarie 2023, Dacia a lansat o versiune Extreme, care a mărit puterea motorului de la 45cp la 65cp. Aceasta a adus și schimbări de design, precum elemente topografice pe protecțiile de plastic ale ușilor și utilizarea noii culori de accent „Copper Brown”, care a înlocuit elementele portocalii.
Dacia a lansat pe 8 decembrie 2020 o versiune comercială a primei lor mașini electrice românești, numită Dacia Spring Cargo.
Dacia Jogger

Dacia Jogger (nume de cod RJI) este un automobil dezvoltat și produs de compania franceză Renault și filiala sa din România, Dacia. A fost dezvăluit în august 2021, ca succesor al Logan MCV și Lodgy, pe segmentul de MPV-uri compacte. Este bazat pe a treia generație de Logan și este oferit cu cinci sau șapte locuri.
Deși face parte din segmentul C, mașina este construită pe platforma CMF-B LS (Low Specification), creată pentru segmentul B. De asemenea, deși mașina are elemente de design specifice unui „crossover”, nu este destinată folosirii în mediul off-road.
Dacia Jogger a fost dezvăluită în august 2021. În România, comenzile au fost deschise pe 1 decembrie 2021, iar livrările au început din martie 2022.
Varianta Hybrid 140 a modelului Jogger a fost lansată în ianuarie 2023, primele livrări fiind programate pentru martie 2023.
În iunie 2022, Dacia a anunțat o restilizare a tuturor modelelor care să introducă noua identitate vizuală a brandului. Astfel, pentru 2023, modelul Jogger a primit o grilă cu design nou care încorporează logoul „Dacia Link”, siglele vechi de pe volan și portbagaj au fost înlocuite de logotipul Dacia, iar elementele cromate din faruri și interior au fost înlocuite cu unele albe sau vopsite în gri.
Materiale media legate de Dacia Jogger la Wikimedia Commons