davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
পাঞ্জাব, ভারত

পাঞ্জাব (গুরুমুখী: ਪੰਜਾਬ; পাঞ্জাবি: [pənˈdʒɑːb] ) উত্তর ভারতের একটি স্থলবেষ্টিত রাজ্য, যেটি পাঞ্জাব অঞ্চলের বৃহত্তর অংশ গঠন করেছে। উত্তরে জম্মু ও কাশ্মীর, পূর্বে হিমাচল প্রদেশ, দক্ষিণ ও দক্ষিণ-পূর্বে হরিয়ানা, দক্ষিণ-পশ্চিমে রাজস্থান, এবং পশ্চিমে পাকিস্তানের পাঞ্জাব ভারতের, পাঞ্জাবের সীমা নির্ধারণ করেছে। রাজ্যের রাজধানী চণ্ডীগড়ে অবস্থিত। এটি একটি কেন্দ্রশাসিত অঞ্চল এবং প্রতিবেশী রাজ্য হরিয়ানারও রাজধানী।
১৯৪৭ সালে ভারত বিভাজনের পরে, ব্রিটিশ ভারতের পাঞ্জাব প্রদেশ ভারত ও পাকিস্তানের মধ্যে বিভক্ত করা হয়। ১৯৬৬ সালে নতুন রাষ্ট্র গঠনের সঙ্গে ভারতীয় পাঞ্জাব বর্তমান পাঞ্জাব রাজ্য, পাশাপাশি দুটি নতুন রাজ্য হরিয়ানা ও হিমাচল প্রদেশে বিভক্ত হয়েছিল।
পাঞ্জাব রাজ্যে ২২টি জেলা আছে যেগুলি মহকুমা,তহশীল এবং ব্লকে বিভক্ত করা হয়েছে।
বিভাগ: পাঞ্জাবে মোট পাঁচটি বিভাগ হল পাতিয়ালা, রূপনগর, জলন্ধর, ফরিদকোট এবং ফিরোজপুর।
তহশীল : ৮২টি (২০১৫ সালে)
উপ তহশীল : ৮৭টি
মৌর ভাটিন্ডা জেলার সর্বশেষ তহশীল। মোহালি জেলাতে জিরাকপুর সর্বশেষ উপ-তহশীল।
পাঞ্জাব রাজ্যের রাজধানী চণ্ডীগড়, একটি কেন্দ্রশাসিত অঞ্চল। এটি হরিয়ানা, রাজ্যেরও রাজধানী। ভারতীয় পাঞ্জাবে ২২টি শহর এবং ১৫৭টি শহরাঞ্চল আছে।
পাঞ্জাব কৃষি ক্ষেত্রে অন্যতম অগ্রসর একটি রাজ্য। ২০১৫-১৬ সালের হিসেব অনুযায়ী চাল উৎপাদনে এই রাজ্য ভারতে ৩য় । প্রায় ১১.৮২ মিলিয়ন টন চাল উৎপাদন হয় যা ফিলিপিনের মোট উৎপাদনের সমতুল্য ।
মুখ্য শহরগুলি হল
রাজ্যের জলন্ধর-এ একটি ১৯৮৭ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রাষ্ট্রীয় প্রযুক্তিক প্রতিষ্ঠান রয়েছে।
রহনপুর অষ্টভুজী সমাধিসৌধ

রহনপুর অষ্টভুজী সমাধিসৌধ গৌড়িয় আমলের অন্যতম প্রাচীন নিদর্শন। এটি বাংলার মুসলিম স্থাপত্যের ইতিহাসে সর্বপ্রথম অষ্টভূজি ভবনের নিদর্শন। গোমস্তাপুর উপজেলার সদর দপ্তর রহনপুরের উত্তর প্রান্তের নওদা বুরুজের ঠিক দক্ষিণ পাশের ১ কি.মি. দূরে অপেক্ষাকৃত উঁচু ভূমির উপর এ অষ্টভূজ সমাধিসৌধটি অবস্থিত।
সমাধিসৌধের বাইরের দিক থেকে পরিমাপ ২৬.৫২ মিটার। ভবনটির প্রত্যেকটি বাহু ১.৩৭ মিটার পুরু এবং ৪.৩৪ মিটার দীর্ঘ। প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক অধিদপ্তর কর্তৃক সংরক্ষণ ও সংস্কারের পূর্বে গৌড়িয়া ইট দ্বারা নির্মিত এ ভবনটি বেশ জীর্ণ অবস্থায় ছিলো। অষ্টকোণাকারে নির্মিত এ ক্ষুদ্র সমাধিসৌধের উত্তর, দক্ষিণ, পূর্ব ও পশ্চিমে রয়েছে ৪টি খিলানযুক্ত প্রবেশ পথ। সমাধিসৌধের একটি মাত্র গম্বুজ যা অষ্টদেয়াল পিপা আকৃতির হয়ে উর্ধে উঠে গম্বুজের ভার বহন করছে।
দরজার উভয় পাশের দেয়ালে সুন্দর প্যানেলিং এর কারুকাজ রয়েছে। প্রত্যেক দরজার দু পাশে শোভাবর্ধক সরু মিনার স্থাপিত। প্রতি দরজার উপরে ৯ টি করে খিলান রয়েছে, দরজার নকশা এর মধ্যে মধ্যবর্তিটিতে শাপলা ফুল অঙ্কিত রয়েছে। এর অনুভুমিক প্যারাপেট বদ্ধ মেরলনের সারি দ্বারা অলংকৃত। সমাধিসৌধের অভ্যন্তরে গম্বুজ ও নিম্নদেশে বিচিত্র নকশা ও ছোট ছোট কুলুংগি রয়েছে। ক্ষুদ্রাকৃতির কুলুংগিগুলো সম্ভবত বাতি রাখার জন্য ব্যবহৃত হত। গম্বুজের পার্শ্বদেশে পদ্মফুল এবং কেন্দ্র বিন্দুতে কলসচুড়া শোভিত রয়েছে।
প্রাচীন এ সমাধিসৌধটি স্থাপত্য শৈলীগত দিক থেকে সপ্তদশ শতাব্দীর দিকে মুঘল রীতিতে নির্মিত বলে অনুমিত হয়। তবে কি উদ্দেশ্যে ভবনটি নির্মিত হয়েছিলো তা পরিষ্কারভাবে জানা যায়নি। স্থানীয়ভাবে ধারণা করা হয় এটি কোন সমাধি সৌধ ছিলো। অবশ্য বর্তমানে শবাধারের কোন আলামত বা চিহ্ন নাই। কিন্তু চতুর্পার্শ্বের দরজা দেখে এটা কোন ওলির মাজার সদৃশ বলে মনে হয়। কারণ প্রাচীন ইমারতগুলির মধ্যে অধিকাংশ বিলুপ্তি ঘটেছে। শুধু পবিত্র স্থাপনা গুলি আজো টিকে আছে। ঐতিহাসিক আবুল কালাম মোহাম্মদ যাকারিয়া ইমারতটিকে একটি মাজার বলে উল্লেখ করেন। এটি সপ্তদশ-অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীর পরে নির্মিত হয়েছে বলেও তিনি মনে করেন। ডঃ আহমদ হাসান দানীও একই মত পোষন করেন। খুব সম্ভবত সবাধারটি ভেঙ্গে ফেলা হয়, এবং এর মাল মসলা অন্যত্র সরিয়ে নেওয়া হয়েছে।
সময়ের বিচারে এটি বাংলার মুসলিম স্থাপত্যের ইতিহাসে সর্বপ্রথম অষ্টভূজি ভবনের নিদর্শন। পরবর্তিকালে এ বৈশিষ্টের পুনরাবৃত্তি দেখা যায় রাজমহলের বেগমপুরের অষ্টভূজি সমাধী সৌধে, যা এখন পর্যন্ত বাংলায় এ জাতীয় ভবনের সর্বশেষ উদাহরণ হিসেবে গণ্য। এ জাতীয় ভবনের ধারনাটি সম্ভবতঃ তুঘলক, সৈয়দ ও লোদী যুগে নির্মিত অষ্টভুজ সমাধী সৌধ থেকে এসেছে। মিহরাবের উপস্থিতি ভবনটিকে সমাধী সৌধ হিসেবেই বিবেচনার ইঙ্গিত প্রদান করে। সুতরাং এটি যে একটি প্রাচীন মাজার বা সমাধীসৌধ তা নির্দিধায় বলা যায়।
১৯৭৮ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে প্রত্নতত্ত্ব বিভাগ সম্ভবত এ-অষ্টভুজি ইমারেতের আঙ্গিনা সুরকি ঢালাই করেছে। এ ভবনের চারপাশে প্রায় ২ বর্গ কি.মি. এলাকাজুড়ে অজস্র মৃৎপাত্র, প্রাচীন ইট ও পাথরের ভগ্নাংশ ছড়িয়ে ছিটিয়ে রয়েছে। কিন্তু ক্রমবর্ধমান আবাদি জমির প্রয়োজনের তাগিদেই এ স্থানটি হয়ে গেছে ফসলি জমি। এখনো জমি কর্ষন করতে গেলে প্রাচীন ইট-পাথর এর ভগ্নাংশ বের হয়ে পড়ে। এ থেকে বোঝা যায় এখানে দূর অতীতে সারিবদ্ধ সুসজ্জিত প্রচুর ইমারতের অস্তিত্ব ছিল।
Biswa Bangla Gate

Biswa Bangla Gate (also known as Kolkata Gate) is an arch-monument in the city of New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is built by Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO) on the Biswa Bangla Sarani at Narkelbagan, Action Area - I of New Town, Kolkata metropolitan area. It also houses India's first hanging restaurant. The visitors' gallery and restaurant are surrounded by glass giving a show to various parts of New Town.
Biswa Bangla Gate is located over the third rotary traffic island on Biswa Bangla Sarani, near Rabindra Tirtha in Action Area 1, New Town, Kolkata. It is connected with the Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station of Kolkata Metro Orange Line.
The idea of Kolkata Gate came up under the Newtown beautification project. design was made public in 2015. The construction of the Gate started on 6 March 2017. The total cost of the construction of the gate was expected to be around ₹25 crore (US$2.9 million).
The initial plan for the structure also included a Biswa Bangla globe hanging in the centre of the ring. But, while it was being pulled up, the pulley mechanism faulted and it crashed to the ground. No one was injured and it was decided to scrap the idea of globe.
On 2 February 2019, the gate was opened for public by Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee.
The ring is supported by two parabolic arches from four sides of the intersection.
This gate is 55 metres (180 feet) high. The 60 metres (197 feet) diameter circular viewing gallery is approximately 25 metres (82 feet) above the ground with an overall diameter of 220 metres (722 feet). The ring is supported by two parabolic arches from four corners of the intersection. The four legs stand on concrete foundations 70 tonnes (70,000 kg) steel was used for the structure. There are two staircases and an elevator to reach the gallery. Decorative paintings of luminaries have been drawn on the wall inside the ring with the outer side having a glass façade to have a view of the township. Maximum 100 visitors are allowed at a time on the ring. Biswa Bangla Gate logo is put up on the outer wall of the ring.
Biswa Bangla Convention Centre

Biswa Bangla Convention Centre is a convention centre in New Town, West Bengal, India. It was built by West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (HIDCO) and opened in the year 2017. It was built to attract meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) tourism in the city.
It is located on Biswa Bangla Sarani, Action Area I of New Town, near Biswa Bangla Gate. Other nearby notable structures include Rabindra Tirtha, Naval Aircraft Museum and Presidency University New Town Campus. The under construction Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station (previously CBD 1 metro station) of Kolkata Metro Orange Line will serve this area. The earlier named Convention Centre metro station was renamed to be the Eco Park metro station. It is 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport and 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) from Bidhannagar Road railway station.
It is a ten-storeyed building which houses a convention hall, two auditoriums and four banquet cum exhibition halls, with each having 3200 seats, 400 seats and 270–72 seats respectively. There are 822 parking spaces, executive lounges, swimming pool, gymnasiums etc. It also has a hotel behind the main building, with 100 rooms, which is operated on a Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis. The convention centre is spread over a 40,470 square metres (435,600 sq ft) area, with total built up area of 56,932 square metres (612,810 sq ft) which includes parking spaces, roads and service areas. The total cost of construction was ₹500 crore (equivalent to ₹701 crore or US$82 million in 2023). Larsen & Toubro was the contractor and Dulal Mukherjee & Associates was the architecture firm behind this project. The basic idea was taken from Vigyan Bhavan, a convention centre in Delhi. It is one of the largest convention centre in India and South Asia. With this Kolkata became a meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) destination in the country. The convention centre was also used for COVID-19 vaccination drive.
Biswa Bangla Sarani

Biswa Bangla Sarani is a 33 km long road in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, India. It starts from Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport and ends at Garia Kamalgazi. The road passes through Kaikhali, Haldiram (Teghoria), New Town, Salt Lake, Chingrighata, Dhapa, Science City, VIP Bazar, Ruby, Kalikapur, Mukundapur, Ajoy Nagar, Patuli, Garia Dhalai Bridge and ends in Garia Kamalgazi. This road is known by different names in different parts of its way. This road connects the Garia area of South Kolkata with Kolkata Airport easily through Salt Lake and New Town. The length of the road is approximately 33 kilometers. The road is of 6 lanes in New Town part and the bypass is of 4 lanes. Efforts are being made to upgrade the part of bypass into 8 lanes.
Kolkata Airport-Haldirams-Chinar Park-City Centre 2-Shrachi More-Akankha More-Eco Park-Owl More-Westin Signal-Biswa Bangla Gate-New Town-Salt Lake Sector V-Chingrighata-Science City-Ruby-Mukundapur-Garia Dhalai Bridge-Garia Kamalgazi.
West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation

West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (abbreviated as HIDCO) is a Government of West Bengal owned public sector undertaking headquartered in Narkelbagan, Action Area- I of New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It plans and executes infrastructure and housing development projects in West Bengal which includes buildings, parks, museum, subways, overbridges, drains, sewerage line, water supply lines, beautification works and others.
Many well known constructions such as the KMOMA, New Town Eco Park, Biswa Bangla Gate, International Finance Hub of Kolkata, Rabindra Tirtha, Nazrul Tirtha, Vocational Training Institute, N–S Corridor, Convention Center etc. are some of the projects developed by HIDCO. Monorail from Ultadanga to New Town via Salt Lake is also being planned by HIDCO.
Chandni Chowk metro station (Kolkata)

Chandni Chowk is an underground metro station on the North-South corridor of the Blue Line of Kolkata Metro in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is located in Central Avenue, Chandni Chowk, Bowbazar, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Bus route number 3B, 30C, 47B, 78, 214, 214A, 237, 242, S139 (Mini), S160 (Mini), S161 (Mini), E25, S9A, S10, S10A, S11, S15G, S17A, AC20, AC39 etc. serve the station.
Kakatiya Kala Thoranam

17°57′23″N 79°36′58″E﻿ / ﻿17.956286°N 79.616053°E﻿ / 17.956286; 79.616053
Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (also called Warangal Gate) is a historical arch in the Warangal district, of the Indian state of Telangana. The Warangal Fort has four ornamental gates which originally formed the gates to the ruins of the great Shiva temple which are known as Kakatiya Kala Thoranam or Warangal Gates. The architectural feature of these historical arches of the Warangal Fort has been adopted as the symbol of the Kakatiya Dynasty and has been officially incorporated as the Emblem of Telangana for the state of Telangana.
The arch was built around 12th century during the rule of the Kakatiya dynasty. The Monument was included in the "tentative list" of UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Monument was submitted by the Permanent Delegation of India to UNESCO on 10/09/2010.
The Kakatiya Kala Thoranam, or arch, is an extensive ornamented stone sculpture; reflective of four identical gates in the Warangal Fort, which was part of the great Swayambhusiva temple of Shiva in the fort built by Ganapati-deva (1199-1262) during the 12th century. His daughter Rudrama Devi and Pratap Rudra II of the Kakatiya Dynasty added more fortifications to the fort which was laid in three concentric circles. The four gateways (char kaman) were part of the temple which was destroyed by the Muslim invader Jauna Khan during the 1323 invasion, as a part of their policy followed after their victories over territories, to desecrate Hindu temples. The great temple of which the gates were integral is said to be comparable to the size and splendor of the Rudra Mahalaya Temple at Siddhpur in Gujarat.
A depiction of the arch forms the main symbol in the Emblem of Telangana for the state of Telangana. This logo or emblem, in English, Telugu and Urdu is portrayed with a combination of green and gold, representing "Bangaru Telangana" (meaning: "Golden Telangana"). Also inscribed on the logo are the names of the Government of Telangana in English, and as "Telangana Prabhutvam" in Telugu and as "Telangana Sarkar" in Urdu. At the base of the logo there is an inscription in Sanskrit which says "Satyameva Jayate" (meaning: Truth shall triumph).
The central part of the fort, identified as the archaeological zone, contains the ruins of the great Swayambhusiva temple, now seen with only the free-standing "Entrance Portals", or gates on the four sides, all being similar in design. Each gate has twin pillars with angled brackets over which lies the huge lintel; the height of this gate being 10 metres (33 ft). The gates have extensive intricate carvings of "lotus buds, looped garlands, mythical animals, and birds with foliated tails". They do not depict any religious symbols, said to be the reason for its preserved condition for not being destroyed by Muslim invaders. The gates at the northern and southern ends are 480 feet (150 m) apart. The eastern and western gates are at a distance of 433 feet (132 m) apart.
A replica of the gateway has been installed at Narsingi.
Rang Ghar

The Rang Ghar (Assamese: [ɹɔŋɡʱɔɹ]), (rong ghor meaning "House of Entertainment") is a two-storeyed building which once served as the royal sports-pavilion where Ahom kings and nobles were spectators at games like buffalo fights and other sports at Rupahi Pathar (pathar meaning "field" in Assamese) - particularly during the Rongali Bihu festival in the Ahom capital of Rangpur.
It is three kilometres (1.9 mi) away from the center of Sivasagar Town. Situated by the side of the Assam Trunk Road, it lies to the northeast of the Rangpur Palace, a almost seven-storied royal complex comprising the Talatal Ghar and the Kareng Ghar.
Ranghar is said to be one of the oldest surviving amphitheaters in Asia, the building was first constructed during the reign of Swargadeo Rudra Singha with bamboo and wood. It was later rebuilt with brick by Swargadeo Pramatta Singha in 1744 - 1751 A.D.
The roof of the Rang Ghar is shaped like an inverted royal Ahom long boat. The base of the monument has a series of arched entrances, while atop the roof sits a decorative pair of carved stone crocodiles.
Many of the arched entrances have retained little more than their brick framework, with mere vestiges of sculptural adornments here and there. The Ahoms, who used special, thin, baked bricks, did not use cement but a paste of rice and eggs as mortar for their construction, a pulse called Maati Maah and a fish named Borali Mach in Assamese. They also made use of powdered mixed lime and bricks to cover the surface of the inner walls. It is said that this layer of powder used to keep the inside of the Rang Ghar cool.
The adjoining field, known as Rupohi Pothar, wore a festive look when games like bull-fight, cock-fight, elephant fight, wrestling, etc., were held on different occasions during the Ahom rule. Rang Ghar, besides standing as the royal pavilion, also contributed in spreading the games to different parts of the kingdom and its neighbouring States.
About a kilometer to the northeast of the Rang Ghar is the Joysagar Pukhuri. This is a man-made tank, encompassing an area of about 120 bighas of land. It was dug in memory of Joymoti Konwari, mother of Rudra Singha (1665 – 1714) - the most illustrious of the Ahom kings.
Frequent earthquakes and seismic surveys being undertaken by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation are posing a threat to Assam's 18th century amphitheatre Rang Ghar. At least 35 cracks have been noticed at various places on the walls of the historic Rang Ghar.
On 14 April 2023, on the occasion of Bohag Bihu, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation of beautification project of the monument. The project is expected to provide facilities like a fountain show, a boat house with a jetty, an artisan village and food stalls.
A comprehensive History Of Assam by S.L. Baruah. Page 293
Esplanade Mansions, Kolkata

The Esplanade Mansions is a heritage building located in the Indian city of Kolkata, on the Esplanade Row and Marx Engels Beethi Road crossing, opposite to the Raj Bhavan. It was one of the buildings owned by Jewish businessman David Elias Ezra. The residential building was built in the Art Nouveau architecture style. Today it is owned by Life Insurance Corporation and houses commercial, railways and other government offices.
The Esplanade Mansion is in the city centre, Esplanade opposite the official residence of the governor of West Bengal, Raj Bhavan and Curzon Park. The building occupies a site bounded by Esplanade Row to the south, Marx Engels Beethi Road (or Old Courthouse Street) to the west and James Hickey Sarani (or Dacres Lane) to the east. Nearby major structures include Metropolitan Building, The LaLit Great Eastern, Currency Building etc.
It was owned and built by a Jewish business magnate, David Elias Ezra in 1910. He also became the Commissioner of the Calcutta Municipal in 1876 and a member of the Road and Conservancy Committee. Other properties he owned included the Chowringhee Mansions, Ezra Mansions etc. Previously, the site was Scott Thompson's shop and two houses. Martin & Co. was contracted for the construction. It was built as a residential building of the Ezra family. During WWII, it used to be the American Library.
It is the sole Art Nouveau building in the city. A blend of Art Nouveau and Edwardian architecture can be seen in the corner tower and cupola. It has circular balconies and arched windows. The residential property has 24 flats. It is listed as a Grade-I heritage building by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.
The Life Insurance Corporation (LIC) owns around 30 properties in Esplanade. The Esplanade Mansions is one of them. It also houses the office of the Chief Public Relations Officer of the Eastern Railways on the Raj Bhavan side and the Railway Claims Tribunal on the Curzon Park side, both on the ground floor. In 2003, LIC decided to renovate the building. The colour of the building was changed from lilac to white at a cost of ₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹40 lakh or US$47,000 in 2023).
Charles Correa

Charles Mark Correa (1 September 1930 – 16 June 2015) was an Indian architect and urban planner. Credited with the creation of modern architecture in post-Independent India, he was celebrated for his sensitivity to the needs of the urban poor and for his use of traditional methods and materials.
Charles Correa, a Roman Catholic of Goan descent, was born on 1 September 1930 in Secunderabad. He began his higher studies at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. He went on to study at the University of Michigan (1949–53) where Buckminster Fuller was a teacher, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1953–55) where he obtained his master's degree.
In 1958, Charles Correa established his own professional practice in Mumbai. His first significant project was the Mahatma Gandhi Sangrahalaya (Mahatma Gandhi Memorial) at Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad (1958–1963), followed by the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in Bhopal (1967). In 1961-1966, he designed his first high-rise building, the Sonmarg apartments in Mumbai. On the National Crafts Museum in New Delhi (1975–1990), he introduced "the rooms open to the sky", his systematic use of courtyards. In the Jawahar Kala Kendra (Jawahar Arts Centre) in Jaipur (1986–1992), he makes a structural hommage to Jai Singh II. Later, he invited the British artist Howard Hodgkin for the outside design of the British Council in Delhi (1987–1992).
From 1970–75, Charles Correa was Chief Architect for New Bombay (Navi Mumbai), where he was strongly involved in extensive urban planning of the new city. In 1984, Charles Correa founded the Urban Design Research Institute in Bombay, dedicated to the protection of the built environment and improvement of urban communities. During the final four decades of his life, Correa has done pioneering work in urban issues and low-cost shelter in the Third World. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi appointed him Chairman of the National Commission on Urbanization.
From 2005 until his 2008 resignation Correa was the Chairman of the Delhi Urban Arts Commission.
Later, Charles Correa designed the new Ismaili Centre in Toronto, Canada, which shared the site with the Aga Khan Museum designed by Fumihiko Maki, and the Champalimaud Foundation Centre in Lisbon, inaugurated by the Portuguese President Aníbal Cavaco Silva on 5 October 2010.
He died on 16 June 2015 in Mumbai following a brief illness.
Charles Correa designed almost 100 buildings in India, from low-income housing to luxury condos. He rejected the glass-and-steel approach of some post-modernist buildings, and focused on designs deeply rooted in local cultures, all the while providing modern structural solutions under his creative designs. His style was also focused on reintroducing outdoor spaces and terraces.
In 2013, the Royal Institute of British Architects held a retrospective exhibition, "Charles Correa – India's Greatest Architect", about the influences of his work on modern urban Indian architecture.
Charles Correa married Monika (née Sequeira), an artist, in 1961. Together they lived in one of the flats of the Sonmarg apartments in Mumbai. They had two children.
Delhi Gate, Delhi

Delhi Gate is the southern gate in the historic walled city of Delhi, or Shahjahanabad in 1638 AD. The gate links the New Delhi city with the old walled city of Delhi. It stands in the middle of the road, at the end of Netaji Subhash Chandra Road (or Netaji Subhash Marg), at the edge of Daryaganj.
The Gate was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 as part of the rubble– built high fort walls that encircled the Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi. The emperor used this gate to go to the Jama Masjid for prayer.
The gate is similar in design and architecture to the northern gate of the walled city, the Kashmiri Gate (1853). It was built in sandstone and is an impressive and large structure. Near the gate entry, two stone carvings of elephants were erected.
The road from this gate passes through Daryaganj leading to the Kashmiri gate. A part of the fort wall to the east has been demolished to build the Old Delhi Railway Station while the wall to the west exists.
The gate is now a heritage site maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
Kerguelen Arch

The Kerguelen Arch is a former natural arch on the island of Grande Terre in the Kerguelen Islands of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, an archipelago in the southern Indian Ocean. Although the arch collapsed sometime between 1908 and 1913, the remaining pillars can be found on the littoral zone of the cape between Baie de l'Oiseau and Baie de la Dauphine, north of the Loranchet Peninsula. It is one of the best-known structures of the area, and its twin pillars are depicted on numerous postage stamps of the TAAF.
Jean-Paul Kauffmann wrote a book about the search for the Kerguelen Arch and Port-Christmas after he returned from a three-year captivity during the Lebanon hostage crisis.
The sixth volume of the comic Prométhée, by Christophe Bec and Stefano Raffaele, published in June 2012, depicts a Kerguelen Arch mysteriously found still standing in 2019, over a century after its collapse.
48°41′29″S 69°04′18″E﻿ / ﻿48.6913°S 69.0717°E﻿ / -48.6913; 69.0717
Zero Bridge

The Ahmad Bridge is a wooden arch bridge located in the city of Srinagar in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It crosses the Jhelum river in a roughly North-South direction connecting Sonwar in the north to Rajbagh in the South. Originally constructed in the late 1950s under the then chief minister Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, the bridge was closed for vehicular traffic in the late 1980s owing to the weakening of its wooden structure.
Officially it is said to have been named Zero Bridge since traditionally the Amira Kadal bridge was regarded as the first bridge on the Jhelum as it entered Srinagar and the Zero bridge preceded this 'first' bridge.
The Zero Bridge is still the first bridge downstream of the Jhelum while entering the Srinagar city and the next upstream crossing is located near Pantha Chowk in the city outskirts. At present, the old wooden structure of the bridge is being replaced by a new one, preserving the original architecture and the bridge would continue to be a pedestrian crossing and a heritage site. The vehicular traffic is currently handled by the Abdullah Bridge, located roughly 200 metres downstream.
Distritong pambatas ng Maynila

Ang mga Distritong Pambatas ng Lungsod ng Maynila, Una, Ikalawa, Ikatlo, Ikaapat, Ikalima at Ikaanim ang mga kinatawan ng mataas na urbanisadong lungsod ng Maynila sa mababang kapulungan ng Pilipinas.
Ang Lungsod ng Maynila ay dating nahahati sa dalawang distritong pambatas mula 1907 hanggang 1949.
Noong panahon ng Ikalawang Republika, isinama ang Maynila sa Lungsod ng Kalakhang Maynila sa bisa ng Kautusang Tagapagpaganap Blg. 400 na naaprubahan ni Manuel Quezon noong Enero 1, 1942. Nagpadala ang Kalakhang Maynila ng dalawang assemblymen at-large sa Kapulungang Pambansa.
Nang manumbalik ang Komonwelt, ibinalik ang dalawang distrito ng lungsod mula 1945 hanggang 1949. Sa bisa ng Revised Charter ng Maynila na naaprubahan noong Hunyo 18, 1949, muling hinati sa apat na distrito ang lungsod.
Bahagi ito ng kinakatawan ng Rehiyon IV sa Pansamantalang Batasang Pambansa, mula 1978 hanggang 1984. Mula 1984 hanggang 1986, nagpadala ng anim na assemblymen at-large ang lungsod sa Regular Batasang Pambansa.
Sa ilalim ng bagong Konstitusyon, muling hinati sa anim na distrito ang Maynila noong 1987.
Notes
Kalye Escolta

Ang Kalye Escolta ay isang maksaysayang silangan-kanlurang kalyeng nasa lumang distrito ng Binondo sa Maynila. Kahilera nito ang Ilog Pasig, mula Plaza Santa Cruz hanggang Plaza Moraga at Kalye Quintin Paredes. Ang kalye ay kinalalagyan ng ilang naggagandahang halimbawa ng mga sinaunang disenyo ng tukudlangit. Kilala ito sa Kastila bilang calle de la Escolta. Ang kahulugan nito bilang isang makasaysayang distritong pampinansiyal ay kinabibilangan ng Kalye Escolta at ibang mga kalapit na kalye sa Binondo at Santa Cruz.
Isa sa mga pinakalumang kalye sa Maynila, binuo ang Escolta noong 1594. Ang pangalan nito ay mula sa Kastilang salitang escoltar, nangangahulugang "upang i-abay". Kilala ang Escolta sa dami ng mga imigranteng mangangalaka, karamihan mula sa Fujian, Tsina, na nagsidatingan ipang makipagsaparalan sa Kalakalang Galyon. Nakalinya sa Escolta ang mga tindahan na nagbebenta ng mga iniluwas na produkto mula sa Tsina, Europa, at sa iba pang bahagi ng Amerikang Latino na dumating sa katabing daungan ng San Nicolas. Sa dulo ng ika-19 siglo, umusbong ang Escolta lalo sa pagiging isang maunlad na distritong pangnegosyo na tahanan ng mga pinakamataas na gusali sa lungsod gaya ng Pamilihang Sapi ng Maynila. Ang mga pamilihan ay pinalitan ng mga modernong department store at mayroong dumadaang isang elektronikong linya ng tram na tawag noon ay tranvia. Nagsilbing pangunahing distritong pangkomersiyal ang Escolta hanggang sa pagtamlay nito noong dekada-1960, kung kailang lumipat ang sentro ng negosyo sa Makati.
Ang unang pagsangguni sa "La Escolta", ay napakinggan sa sarsuwelang "El pay-pay de Manila" Al volver de la Escolta Charito tras comprarse un precioso paipay, y una carta encontró de Pepito en su rocabay, ¡Ay, que se le cai! Y en la carta le hablaba de amor ¡Ay Jesús, qué calor, qué calor!
14°21′19″N 120°35′03″E﻿ / ﻿14.3553°N 120.5843°E﻿ / 14.3553; 120.5843
Estasyon ng Tutuban (LRT)

Ang Estasyon ng Tutuban o Himpilang Tutuban ay isa sa mga pinaplanong dagdag na himpilan sa kanluran sa Linyang Bughaw ng sistemang Magaan na Riles Pantawid ng Maynila (MRT-2). Kapag ito ay naitayo, ito ang panlimang himpilan sa linya na nasa Lungsod ng Maynila. Magsisilbi ang himpilan para sa Binondo sa Lungsod ng Maynila at ipinangalan mula sa tanyag na distrito ng Binondo na Divisoria na kung saan maraming pamilihan ng mga murang gamit.
Magsisilbi bilang panlabing-dalawang himpilan para sa mga treng MRT-2 na patunong Pier 4 sa kanluran at bilang ikatlong himpilan para sa mga treng patungo sa Santolan o sa hinaharap ay patungong Masinag depende sa magiging dami ng himpilang itatayo sa kanluran.
2015 sa Pilipinas

Idinedetalye ng 2015 sa Pilipinas ang mahalaga at makabuluhang mga kaganapan ng tala na nangyari sa Pilipinas noong taong 2015. Ang mga pandaigdig na kaganapan na konektado, o nag-aalala sa Pilipinas ay kasama rin sa artikulong ito.
Ang taon ay itinalaga ng Kagawaran ng Turismo bilang Visit the Philippines Year.
Noong Hulyo 17, 2014, inanunsyo na ng pamahalaan ang hindi bababa sa 18 na pagdiriwang sa Pilipinas para sa 2016 tulad ng ipinahayag sa pamamagitan ng bisa ng Proclamation No. 831, serye 2014. Tandaan na sa listahan, mga okasyon sa italiko ay "special non-working holidays," mga nasa bold ay ang "regular holidays," at sa mga nasa di-italiko at di-bold ay ang "espesyal na okasyon para sa mga paaralan."
Sa karagdagan, inoobserbahan ng maraming lugar ang mga lokal na pista opisyal, tulad ng pagkakatatag ng kanilang bayan. Ito rin ay "espesyal na araw."
Enero
Marso
Abril
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Hunyo
Hulyo
Agosto
Oktubre
Nobyembre
Disyembre
Mga taga-media na pinaslang sa bansa sa taong 2015 (sa pitong mamamahayag na pawang hindi pa tiyak ang motibo, tatlo rito ay posibleng may kinalaman sa kanilang mga trabaho: Ybañez, Escanilla, Maestrado):
Mareco Broadcasting Network

Ang Mareco Broadcasting Network, Inc. ay isang kumpanyang pagsasahimpapawid na pinag-aarian ng pamilya Villar. Nakabase ang pangalang ito sa Mabuhay Records Corporation bilang pangunahing kumpanya nito na nagmamay-ari din ng Villar Records at Mabuhay Records. Ang tanggapan nito ay matatagpuan sa #6 Tirad Pass Street, Sta. Mesa Heights, Lungsod Quezon. Bukod sa mga himpilang pinag-aarian nito, nagbibigay din ang Mareco ng pagkonsulta ukol sa pamamahala para sa iba't ibang kumpanya ng radyo sa bansa.
Itinatag ang Mareco Broadcasting Network, Inc. ng pamilya ni Manuel P. Villar Sr. noong 1963 sa pamamagitan ng dalawang himpilan sa AM: DZBM 740 kHz at DZLM 1430 kHz. Ang grupo ay nakakuha ng isang FM na istasyon ng radyo noong 1971. Sa deklarasyon ng Batas Militar noong 1972, isang decree ang inilabas na nag-uutos sa isang broadcast company na magpatakbo ng AM at FM station sa bawat lugar. Dahil diyan, nanatili ang DZBM sa AM habang lumipat ang DZLM sa FM, sa pamamagitan ng 105.1 MHz na may call letters na DWLM.
Sa kalaunan, itinigil ay nakatuon ang pamilya sa mga pagpapatakbo ng broadcast nang huminto sila sa pagre-record ng negosyo noong huling bahagi ng 1970s. Noong Nobyembre 1978, lumipat ang talapihitan ng DZBM sa 774 kHz.
Noong gitnang bahagi ng dekada 80, nagpalit ang call letters ng DWBM-FM at DWOO-AM sa DWLM-FM at DZBM-AM, ayon sa pagkakabanggit.
Noong Mayo 1993, muling inilunsad ng MBNI ang DWOO-AM bilang himpilang pangbalita.
Noong 1994, napunta sa anak ni Luis Villar na si Louie ang DWBM-FM na naging Crossover. Smooth AC ang format ng himpilang ito na nagpapatugtog ng halong Smooth jazz, Latin at R&B. Samantala, napunta sa pamilya Palma ang DWOO-AM na naging DWAT-AM at kalaunan pimahalaha ito ng negosyanteng si Lucio Tan. Ito ang naging simuno ng pagsampa ng pamilya Villar ng kaso sa korte laban kay Tan. Sa katapusan, binili ng Interactive Broadcast Media na pinag-arian ng pamilya Palma ang himpilang yan at muli yang itinatag noong Oktubre 1996 bilang DWWW 774.
Noong huling bahagi ng dekada 90, pinalawig ang Crossover sa apat na karagdagang himpilan sa iba't ibang bahagi ng bansa.
Noong Disyembre 30, 2019, kinuha ng Horizon of the Sun Communications (produser ng Chinatown TV at Chinese News TV sa IBC 13) ang operasyon ng mga himpilan nito. Noong Enero 13, 2020, itinatag ang DWBM-FM bilang Q Radio. Samantala, sumunod ang mga himpilan nito sa noong Nobyembre 16, 2020. Samantala, lumipat ang Crossover sa online. Kasalukuyan ito sumasahimpapawid sa pamamagitan ng live streaming sa mobile application nito sa iOS at Android.
Noong Hulyo 1, 2023, namaalam sa ere ang Q Radio dahil sa mga problemang pinansyal. Ilang araw bago nito, nagkaroon ng Brigada Mass Media Corporation at Mareco ng kasunduan, kung saan nasa pamamahala ng Brigada ang mga himpilan nito, maliban sa himpilan nila sa Bacolod, kung saan nasa pamamahala ito ng RYU Group of Companies.
Bong Revilla

Si Jose Marie Mortel Bautista (ipinanganak 25 Setyembre 1966), mas kilala bilang Ramon "Bong" Revilla, Jr., o Bong Revilla, ay isang Pilipinong artista, politiko, at dating naging Senador ng Pilipinas.
Nakatapos si Revilla ng elementarya noong 1979 sa Jesus Good Shepherd sa Bayan ng Imus at sa mataas na paaralan noong 1982 sa Fairfax High School, Los Angeles, California, Estados Unidos. Ama niya ang aktor rin na si Ramon Revilla, Sr. (Jose Acuna Bautista) at asawa naman niya si Lani Mercado (Jesusa Victoria H. Bautista). Mayroon silang mga supling na artista rin: sina Bryan Revilla at Jolo Revilla.
Si Bong Revilla ay nadawit sa 2013 pork barrel scam at sinasabing naglipat ng kanyang mga pondong pork barrel sa mga pekeng NGO ng sinasabing utak ng scam na si Janet Lim-Napoles para sa mga hindi umiiral na proyekto kapalit ng pagtanggap ni Bong Revilla ng ₱224,512,500 kickback mula kay Napoles.. Siya ay napawalang sala sa lahat ng kaso na nauugnay sa scam.
DYBM

Ang DYBM (99.1 FM), sumasahimpapawid bilang Yuhum Radio 99.1, ay isang himpilan ng radyo na pagmamay-ari ng Mareco Broadcasting Network at pinamamahalaan ng RYU Group of Companies. Ang estudyo at transmiter nito ay matatagpuan sa GM Cordova Ave., Brgy. Mandalangan, Bacolod.
Itinatag ang himpilang ito noong Pebrero 1997 bilang 99.1 Crossover. Noong panahong yan, nasa Mountain View Subdivision, Mandalagan District ang una nitong tahanan. Ito ay may parehong format tulad ng sa Maynila, isang makinis na jazz na may pinaghalong pop-jazz at R&B, at nagpapalabas ng oras-oras na internasyonal na balita mula sa CNN .
Noong Nobyembre 16, 2020, opisyal na inilunsad ang mga himpilang panrehiyon ng MBNI bilang Q Radio at meron itong Top 40 na format. Bukod sa pagkakaroon ng sariling local programming, nag-simulcast din ito ng ilang programa mula sa punong himpilan nito sa Maynila. Bago nito, kinuha ng Horizon of the Sun Communications (mga producer ng Chinatown TV) ang operasyon ng mga himpilan ng MBNI.
Noong Hunyo 19, 2023, naganunsyo ang Q Radio na mamamaalam ito sa ere sa katapusan ng buwan na yan dahil sa mga problemang pinansyal at kakulangan ng suporta mula sa mga advertisers nito.
Sa unang bahagi ng buwang iyon, kinuha ng RYU Group of Companies ni Ramel Uy ang mga operasyon ng himpilang ito. Noong Agosto 13, 2023, muli ito inilunsad bilang Yuhum Radio na may pang-masa na format.
Nanjing

Ang Nanjing (nan·jíng; Tsino: 南京; pinyin: Nánjīng; Wade–Giles: Nan-ching) ay ang kabisera ng lalawigan ng Jiangsu sa silangang Tsina. May mahalagang lugar ito sa kasaysayan at kultura ng bansa, dahil ilang-ulit itong nagsilbing kabisera ng Tsina. Nangangahulugang "Kabisera sa Timog" ang kasalukuyan nitong pangalan, at malimit binaybay na Nankin at Nanking ang romanisadong pangalan nito hanggang ipatupad ang reporma sa pinyin, na nagbigay daan upang karaniwang baybayín ang Nanjing sa kasalukuyan nitong anyo sa nakararaming wika na gumagamit ng alpabetong Romano.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa PRC ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surnames

The majority of the Chinese diaspora in the Philippines is made up of Fujianese descent, with a small percentage of Cantonese from Guangdong and Hong Kong. During the Spanish period, many Chinese from Fujian were enticed by the Galleon Trade, which was one of the main reasons for the influx of Chinese in the Philippines. Those who converted to Catholicism were placed in Binondo, and those who did not were in Parian. Having a Hispanicized Filipino-Chinese surname signifies that a Chinese person has become Catholic. Some adopted the surnames of their Spanish godparents, while others combined modified Chinese names and added honorifics such as -co, -son, and -zon at the end. Many of them intermarried with Filipinos and were integrated into Philippine society. Filipinos who possess those surnames have Chinese lineage.
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Davao Chinatown

The Davao Chinatown, also known as Davao China Street, Davao City Chinatown, or Mindanao Chinatown (Cebuano: Lungsod Tsina sa Dabaw; Tagalog: Bayang Tsina ng Dabaw), is a Chinatown located in Davao City and the only one on Mindanao island in the Philippines. It is the primary residential and trading area of the Chinese-Filipino community in the city. The area is bordered by Santa Ana Avenue, Monteverde Avenue, Ramón Magsaysay Street, and León García Street. Dubbed as the Philippines' largest Chinatown, it has a total land area of 44 hectares, comprising four barangays.
In 2003, the city's then mayor, Rodrigo Duterte, issued an executive order declaring portions of Barangays 27-C and 30-C, where Chinese-Filipino residences and businesses were concentrated, to be the city's Chinatown.
The Davao City Chinatown Development Council (DCCDC) was established to assist the conservation of the area's cultural heritage and the implementation of policies in that regard. It is also charged with the management of commerce in the area.
The Chinese gate archways are inspired by páilou (牌樓) or páifāng (牌坊), a traditional style of architectural arch in China. Archways also serves as main entry points, making them one of the main attractions, emphasising cultural significance and adding aesthetic value.
Faith and devotion have had a wide influence on moulding the country's culture and norms. Buddhist and Taoist temples define the rich cultural importance of the area. Additionally, Christian churches of different denominations are one of the city's destinations for devotees.
A wide array of shopping malls, hardware stores, restaurants, retail outlets, and wholesale shops are usually found on every street in the area. Most of them are owned by Chinese Filipino families, whose majority originated in Fujian, China. Since then, it has served as one of Davao City's primary trading centers. Various affordable commodities are sold, such as home and office furniture, electronic gadgets and appliances, bicycles, apparels, accessories, and many more. Foods, drinks, fruits, vegetables, and flowers are available on sidewalks and put up for sale at cheaper prices. Other products are also available and displayed in kiosks and stalls.
Chinatown has been the home of learning institutions spanning from basic education programs to tertiary schools.
The common mode of transportation in the city is PUVs (public utility vehicles), like jeepneys and multicabs, that are accessible within the downtown area. In minor streets, Cycle rickshaw, also known to locals as a pedicab, offers a ride along a short distance for a low fare cost. While metered cabs reaching multiple landmarks are the alternative ride for convenient travel built with GPS, or the Global Positioning System.
Media related to Davao Chinatown at Wikimedia Commons
Plaza Moraga

Plaza Moraga is a public square in Manila, Philippines. Serving as the gateway to Manila's Chinatown of Binondo, the plaza is located at the foot of Jones Bridge at the west end of Escolta Street. It was named after a Franciscan friar, Fr. Fernando de Moraga and it is by the opinion of many, that were it not for him, the history of the Philippines would turn out differently from what it is now.
Plaza Moraga came to develop during the American colonization period. It was the place where superb restaurants, commercial establishments and foreign embassies could be found. One of the familiar places-to-visit here was the Clarke's Cafe which opened in 1899. They were known for selling ice cream.
The Venerable Fernando de Moraga was born in one of the towns in the province of Salamanca, Spain. In 1597, he visited the Philippines and stayed for a short period near Plaza Dilao in Paco and some of the towns in the provinces of Bulacan and Laguna. In 1607, he was appointed as the parish priest of Santa Ana.
In Intramuros, he also became the local Superior of the San Francisco Convent some years after his duty in Santa Ana. He was elected as the Chapter president before being delegated to the General Chapter in Spain in 1616. He reached Spain in 1619 while traveling barefooted through the Middle East while begging, evangelizing and baptizing along the way.
Fr. Moraga has convinced the King, through his persuasion and knowledge on the colony to revoke the decree and keep the Philippines during that time when King Philip III of Spain had issued a decree that included surrendering the Philippines.
Plaza Moraga has now become a plaza occupied mostly by cars and a big parking space is designated on one of the corners. There are still commercial buildings surrounding the plaza including The Original Savory Restaurant, a Chinese restaurant known for their chicken. It succeeded the famed Savory Restaurant that was razed by fire in 2015. However, the famous ice cream parlor is already closed.
In June 2015, the world's largest Chinatown arch was built on the south side of Plaza Moraga at the entrance to Binondo from Jones Bridge in celebration of the city's 444th founding anniversary as well as the 40th anniversary of Philippines-China diplomatic ties. Funded as a gift from the city government of Guangzhou, it measures 63.8 feet (19.4 m) high and 74 feet (23 m) wide, higher than Washington, D.C. Chinatown's Friendship Archway.
San Nicolas, Manila

San Nicolas is one of the sixteen districts in the city of Manila in the Philippines. It is located at the west central part of the city, on the northern bank of the Pasig River bounded by the districts of Binondo to the east by Estero de Binondo, and Tondo to the north and west, and by the Pasig River to the south. Considered as a heritage district of Manila, this community has kept its 19th-century ancestral houses, which symbolizes the wealthy lives of the people who used to live there, similar to the ancestral houses of Silay and Vigan.
As of the May 1, 2020, national census, the population of San Nicolas, which is composed of 15 barangays named as numbers from 268 to 276 and from 281 to 286, is 42,957. This is slightly lower than the 2010 census that counted San Nicolas residents at 44,241.
The town of San Nicolas was originally named Baybay, meaning "shore" in Tagalog.
According to Piet Van der Loon (1966), a Sangley Chinese community had already settled in Baybay near Tondo on the banks of the Pasig river, before the Spanish conquest of Manila in the Battle of Manila (1570), and way before the market at Parián (modern-day Arroceros Urban Forest Park) attracted large numbers of traders and craftsmen, especially immigrants and merchants from Southern Fujian, so before Parián and Binondo became the local Chinatown of the area, Sangley Chinese settlers and merchants were already living in Baybay in between Tondo and old Manila (modern-day Intramuros) on the south bank of the Pasig river.
During Spanish rule, Baybay was renamed to San Nicolas, after the patron saint of sailors, boatmen, and mariners. San Nicolas is now the western part of Manila Chinatown, the first Chinatown in the Philippines, and perhaps the world; the eastern part is Binondo, which was founded in 1594 by Governor-General Luis Pérez Dasmariñas. The Dominican order came to western part of Chinatown in 1596 and then founded San Nicolas in 1598. This was the first mission by the Dominicans outside Intramuros.
In 1901, during the American Occupation of the Philippines, San Nicolas became a district of the newly chartered city of Manila as its borders were extended outside the walled city presently known as Intramuros. Daniel Burnham, an American architect and urban planner, was commissioned to build a Plan of Manila. The result of the plan was the making of places and parishes that included San Nicolas. In modern times, San Nicolas is one of the administrative districts of Manila and part of the third legislative district of Manila. It became an extension of the Filipino-Chinese community in Binondo.
Barangays 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, and 276 are part of Zone 25; and Barangays 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, and 286 are part of Zone 26.
Liwasang Bonifacio

The Liwasang Bonifacio (Bonifacio Square), also known by its former name, Plaza Lawton, is a city square and transport hub in front of the Manila Central Post Office in the Ermita district of Manila, Philippines. It lies at the south end of Jones Bridge, MacArthur Bridge, and Quezon Bridge, which link the northern districts of Binondo, Santa Cruz, and Quiapo to the central district of Ermita. The plaza straddles the dividing line between Ermita and Intramuros and is the starting point of Padre Burgos Avenue, which connects to Taft Avenue and Roxas Boulevard in Rizal Park.
Historically known as the Plaza del Fortín, the plaza was given its current name in 1963 after the revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio, founder of the Katipunan independence movement during Spanish colonial rule. A monument in his honour now stands in the centre of the plaza. The plaza is a popular site of protests and demonstrations organized by several leftist groups; it is one of four freedom parks in the City of Manila, where protests and rallies may be held without requiring permission from local authorities.
During the Spanish colonial period, the land currently comprising Liwasang Bonifacio and the Manila Central Post Office was the Cuartel del Fortín, a small fortress guarding the Pasig River east of Fort Santiago. It was located in the early Chinese trading village of Parián right outside the walls of Intramuros before it moved north of the Pasig River to Binondo and Santa Cruz in the late 18th century. El Fortín served as the quarters of a contingent of the Spanish infantry regiment where it is fronted by a small plaza surrounded by stone benches and trees. The Plaza del Fortín also doubled as a public recreation area at night where early residents would gather to hear musical performances. By the late 19th century, the fortress was acquired by the Compañía General de Tabacos de Filipinas and was converted into a factory called the Fabrica del Fortín. It was the largest tobacco factory in the Philippines at the time, employing more than 5,000 labourers. After the Spanish–American War, the factory became the head office of the Bureau of Post and was eventually replaced by the Manila Central Post Office building. The Manila tranvía had a terminal in the plaza, which was then renamed Plaza Lawton after Henry Ware Lawton, the American general killed during the Philippine–American War. A statue of Andres Bonifacio was erected here in 1963, designed by national artist Guillermo Tolentino to commemorate his birth centennial. It was also in 1963 when Plaza Lawton was renamed Liwasang Bonifacio in his memory.