davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Aia kawa

Aia kawa, kawa daun, teh kawa, atau kopi daun adolah minuman tradisional masyarakaik Minangkabau jo Kurinci. Namo aia kawa barasa dari bahaso Arab, qahwah nan bararti kopi. Sakileh minuman aia kawa iko sarupo jo kopi tapi babeda jo kopi-kopi nan biasonyo. Aia kawa ko indak tabuek dari racikan biji kopi malainkan dibuek dari daun kopi. Daun kopi lokal pilihan awalnyo dikariangkan jo caro disangrai salamo 12 jam. Katiko ka diminum, daun kariang iko dicampua jo aia dingin, lalu disaduah jo aia nan mandidiaah. Di daerah Kurinci, minuman iko tanamo jo sabutan air kawo.
Aia kawa dapek dikaikan jo adonyo tanam paksa pado maso kakuasaan kolonial Balando. Pado maso itu, salain kaum pribumi nan disuruah untuak mambudidayokan kopi di Pulau Jawa, masyarakaik Minang diminta pulo untuak mananam kopi di daerah pagunungan. Budidaya tasabuik dilakukan hinggo padalaman Sumatera, di Luhak Agam jo Lima Puluh Kota.
Jinih kopi nan patamo kali ditanam adolah kopi Arabika. Satalah babuah, kopi tasabuik mampunyoi banyak paminat sarato hargo jua nan tinggi. Namun, panduduak di Sumatera Barat dilarang manikmati biji kopi untuak diri surang walaupun dipaso untuak mananamnyo demi kapantiangan pardagangan. Biji kopi tasabuik harus dijua ka VOC untuak diekspor ka Eropa. Paraturan iko diakali jo manggunokan dadaunan kupi nan dipicayo masih manganduang kafein.
Dalam novel Max Havelaar karya Multatuli, istilah kopi daun (kawa daun) ado disingguang, misalnyo dalam ota antaro tokoh Pangawas Verbrugge jo Letnan Duclari. Kumandan garnisun itu takajuik katiko mandanga ado minuman banamo "kopi daun", dan Verbrugge mangatokan basonyo minuman itu alah biaso diminum urang-urang di Sumatera.
Aia kawa ko indak pakek mode kopi, labiah saroman jo teh. Kandungan kafein pado minuman iko labiah randah pulo daripado kopi. Salain kafein, daun kopi ko juo mamiliki senyawa tanin nan marupoan kalompok polifenol, mambantuak raso sapek jo rono coklat. Senyawa-senyawa nan ado pado daun kopi ko mampunyoi manfaaik untuak badan, yaitu maubek panyakik kulik, hipertensi, malancarkan angok, sarato dapek manambah stamina.
Minuman iko disarupuik wakatu cuaco dingin sarato dikinyam jo kulek-kulek angek cando goreang. Di tampek-tampek panjua aia kawa nan biasonyo babantuak dangau-dangau, biaso manyajikannyo indak jo galeh atau mangkuak, malainkan tampuruang karambia kariang nan dibalah duo. Tampuruang iko baagiah aleh bambu. Aia kawa dapek diminum basamo atau indak jo gulo.
Es tebak

Es tebak adolah es campua dari Sumatera Barat. Nan dimukasuik jo istilah "tebak" adolah olahan dari tepuang bareh katan nan dicampua jo tepuang sagu nan dimasak samo aia garam dan kapur sirih. Kalau alah masak, adonan nan alah siap dicetak tipih takah cindua. Barulah pelangkok lainnyo takah sirup sirah, susu kental manis, jo es batu serut ditambahkan.
Es cindua

Cindua marupoan minuman tradisional khas Indonesia nan dahulunyo tabuek dari tapuang hunkwe, tapi kini cindua tabuek dari tapuang bareh, disajikan jo es katam sarato gula anau jo santan. Di daerah Sunda minuman ko dikenal jo namo cendol, sadangkan di Jawa Tengah namonyo es dawet. Manuruik nan diyakini banyak urang di Indonesia, istilah "cendol" barasa dari kato "jendol", nan ditamuan dalam bahaso Sunda jo Jawa. Hal iko marujuak pado sensasi jendolan nan dirasoan katiko butiran cindua masuak malalui muluik katiko maminum es cindua.
Katiko mambuek cindua, tapuang bareh diolah jo caro diagiah parono hijau kudian dicetak malalui alaik khusus, sahinggo babantuak buliran. Parononan digunoan awalnyo parono alami dari daun pandan, tapi kini alah digunoan parono makanan buatan. Di penang, cindua dibuek jo caro mangayak kukuihan tapuang bareh nan diwarnai jo daun suji sahinggo didapek bantuak bulek lonjong nan lancip di ujuangnyo. Di penang, minum cindua disabuik 'nyendol'. Pado zaman dahulu cindua dinikmati katiko awal zaman Indonesia merdeka.
Minuman iko disajian jo banyak campuran. Nan patamo dimasuakan ampiang atau bareh puluik nan ditumbuak piih. Nan kaduo dimasuakan gulo anau atau saka nan alah dienceran. Nan katigo baru dimasuakan cindua nan alah dimasak jo santan. Sabagai tambahannyo, dimasuakan pulo lopih jo durian. Lopih jo durian ko ditambahan sasuai pasanan, ado pulo cindua nan indak ado lopoh jo durinnyo. Nan tarakhia ditambahan es katam ka campuran tadi.
Es cindua ado pulo nan barasa dari Penang, Malaysia, salain itu ado pulo Es dawet nan barasa dari Ipoh, perak. Pabedaan nan lainnyo adolah bahan dasar es cindua nan dulunyo tabuek dari tapuang hunkwe, sadangkan bahan dasar es dawet dulunyo tabuek dari tapuang bareh ataupun tapuang katan. Dawet Jepara manggunoan tapuang sagu aren, sadangkan Dawet salain nan barasa dari Jepara, manggunoan tapuang bareh atau bareh katan. Cendol minuman khas Jawa Barat itu tabuek dari tapuang hunkwe. Di wilayah Sumatra Barat, ado cindua nan tabuek dari tapuang sagu nan diolah dan ditambahkan jo santan.
Lukah Gilo

Lukah Gilo adolah marupokan kasenian tradisional urang Minangkabau nan tingga di Sumatera Barat. Kasenian iko sarupo jo jailangkung nan dikandalikan jo surang pawang. Istilah lukah baarati alaik panangkok ikan nan tabuek dari anyaman rotan, sarato kato gilo. Jadi lukah gilo adolah alaik panangkok ikan nan tabuek dari rotan nan bagarak kama-kama bantuak urang gilo.
Kasenian tari lukah gilo muncua wakatu Rajo Adhityawarman manguasoi Pulau Sumatera. Wakatu itu, di upacaro ritual karajaan, rajo salalu manggunokan kakuatan-kakuatan animisme jo dinamisme. Ritual iko manjadi sabuah kasenian masyarakaik nan disukoi. Pado maso kaum Paderi bakuaso, kasenian iko sempat hilang, sabagian masyarakaik masih barusaho marawaik jo mangadoannyo.
Tari iko babeda talatak dari garakan lukah dek karano masuaknyo jin dalam lukah itu. Sasudah diagiah manto dek Kulipah. Salain itu, tari iko tambah rancak kalau ado panonton nan tasapo dek jin nan masuak ka lukah gilo. Lukah nan babantuak boneka manggarik lia ikuik musik tradisional Sumatera Barat. Babarapo urang mencubo mamacik jo manahan ukah tu, tapi inyo indak tahan alah tu ikuik manari. Lukah baru baranti jikok Kulipah manarik baliak mantonyo.
Tari lukah gilo ado babarapo syarat, manghidangan saji-sajian berupo makanan jo minuman, ramuan limau, bungo, darah ayam, kumayan, dan sabagainyo. Iko diparaluan dek Kulipah untuak mamanggia jin. Salamo pamainannyo, lukah gilo juo ka diiriangi musik jo nyanyian tradisional Minang.
Bungo lawang

Bungo lawang atau pekak adolah rempah nan mamiliki raso nan mirip samo Adeh manih. Rempah iko banyak digunoan di dalam masakan nagaro-nagaro Asia. Bungo lawang adolah salah satu bumbu tradisional masakan Cino iyolah ngo hiong nan tadiri dari limo jenis rempah. Namo Bungo Lawang dalam Bahaso Cino adolah ba jiao atau bat gok nan punyo arti "lapan tanduak", sasuai jo bantuaknyo nan mamiliki lapan kalopak. Bungo Lawang punyo baun nan kuek dan khas. Dari asalnyo di Tiongkok, rempah iko mulai diperkenalkan di Eropa pado awal abaik ka-17 dan sajak saaik itu mulai meraih popularitas. Minyak nan dihasilkan dijadikan bahan perisa dalam minuman. Bungo Lawang subananyo bukanlah bungo, tapi adolah buah nan dihasilkan dek sajenis pohon ketek. Tinggi pohonnyo dapek mancapai 8 meter. Inyo punyo bungo nan rancak bawarna kuniang. Bungo lawang bakambang biak malalui biji. Buahnyo dipatiak sabalun ranum dan dikariangkan jo bantuan cahayo matohari.
Bungo lawang dijadian rempah untuak manjadi penyedap raso untuak makanan, samo kayak kulik kayu manih jo bungo cengkeh. Bungo lawang banyak juo dipakai dalam masakan India nan kayo rempah misalnyo untuak kari. Bangsa Thailand, Vietnam, jo Indonesia banyak juo mamakai bungo lawang untuak penyedap masakan. Di Indonesia, bumbu iko digunoan di babarapo daerah nan punyo ciri khas masakan babumbu tajam. Misalnyo gulai Aceh, Randang Minang, masakan Jawa, dan Bali.
Salain menyedapkan masakan, bungo lawang punyo khasiat kesehatan juo. Bumbu iko elok untuak mengatasi gangguan pencernaan dan mamiliki fungsi diuretik atau melancarkan saluran kencing. Salain itu digunoan juo untuak pengobatan tradisional di Asia, contohnyo untuak sakik sendi. Bungo lawang banyak juo dimanfaatkan untuak minuman tradisional kayak jamu jo campuran minum teh, diantaranyo adolah minuman teh khas Thailand nan marupoan campuran teh hitam jo bubuak bungo lawang dan Wedang Pekak, minuman traditional khas Kabupaten Demak. Teh dari bungo lawang dapek juo dijadian ubek batuak. Minyaknyo dapek juo mangurangi gejala mual-mual bagi ibu nan sadang mangandung. Kandungan asam shikimat (shikimic acid) dalam bungo lawang mambuek rempah iko dimanfaatkan sabagai bahan utamo pambuek ubek anti flu buruang, tamiflu. Hal iko manyebabkan stoknya sempat mailang dari pasaran dan harganyo malambuang.
Alkohol

Dalam kimia, alkohol (atau alkanol) adolah istilah nan umum untuak senyawa organik apo pun nan mamiliki guguih hidroksil (-OH) nan tarkabek pado atom karbon, nan inyo surang takabek pado atom hidrogen dan/atau atom karbon lain.
Alkohol acok dipakai untuak manyabuik etanol, nan juo disabuik grain alcohol, dan kadang untuak minuman nan manganduang alkohol. Hal iko disababkan dek memang etanol nan digunokan sabagai bahan dasa pado minuman tasabuik, bukan metanol, atau grup alkohol lainnyo. Baitu juo jo alkohol nan digunokan dalam dunia farmasi. Alkohol nan dimukasuikkan adolah etanol. Sabananyo alkohol dalam ilimu kimia mampunyoi arati nan labiah laweh lai. Kelas alkohol nan pantiang, nan metanol jo etanol adolah bagian nan paliang sederhana, mancakuik sadoalah senyawa nan mamiliki rumus umum CnH2n+1OH.
Akhiran -ol muncua dalam panamoan kimia IUPAC untuak sadoalah zat nan mampunyoi guguih hidroksil sabagai guguih fungsional jo prioritas tatinggi. Katiko guguih jo prioritas nan labiah tinggi ado di dalam senyawa tasabuik, awalan hidroksi- digunokan dalam namo IUPAC-nyo. Akhiran -ol dalam namo non-IUPAC (cando parasetamol atau kolesterol) biasonyo juo manunjuakkan basonyo zat tasabuik adolah alkohol. Namun, banyak zat nan manganduang guguih fungsi hidroksil (utamonyo gulo, sarupo glukosa jo sukrosa) mamiliki namo nan indak mamasuakkan akhiran -ol, maupun awalan hidroksi-.
Aka diagonoxea

Aka diagonoxea adolah spesies spons nan tagolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari genus Aka dan famili Phloeodictyidae. Namo ilmiah spesies ko pertamo kali ditabikan pado taun 1968 dek Thomas.
Saroman spons pado umumnyo, spesies ko mamiliki tubuah nan bapori dan pamukaan nan kareh mode batu. Salain itu, Aka diagonoxea dapek juo manyerap oksigen dari aia malalui proses difusi.
Aka nodosa

Aka nodosa adolah spesies spons nan tagolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari genus Aka dan famili Phloeodictyidae. Namo ilmiah spesies ko pertamo kali ditabikan pado taun 1849 dek Hancock.
Saroman spons pado umumnyo, spesies ko mamiliki tubuah nan bapori dan pamukaan nan kareh mode batu. Salain itu, Aka nodosa dapek juo manyerap oksigen dari aia malalui proses difusi.
Aka terebrans

Aka terebrans adolah spesies spons nan tagolong dalam kelas Demospongiae. Spesies ko juo marupokan bagian dari genus Aka dan famili Phloeodictyidae. Namo ilmiah spesies ko pertamo kali ditabikan pado taun 1870 dek Schmidt.
Saroman spons pado umumnyo, spesies ko mamiliki tubuah nan bapori dan pamukaan nan kareh mode batu. Salain itu, Aka terebrans dapek juo manyerap oksigen dari aia malalui proses difusi.
List of Puerto Ricans

This is a list of notable people from Puerto Rico which includes people who were born in Puerto Rico (Borinquen) and people who are of full or partial Puerto Rican descent. Puerto Rican citizens are included, as the government of Puerto Rico has been issuing "Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship" to anyone born in Puerto Rico or to anyone born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico since 2007. Also included in the list are some long-term continental American and other residents or immigrants of other ethnic heritages who have made Puerto Rico their home and consider themselves to be Puerto Ricans.
The list is divided into categories and, in some cases, sub-categories, which best describe the field for which the subject is most noted. Some categories such as "Actors, actresses, comedians and directors" are relative since a subject who is a comedian may also be an actor or director. In some cases a subject may be notable in more than one field, such as Luis A. Ferré, who is notable both as a former governor and as an industrialist. However, the custom is to place the subject's name under the category for which the subject is most noted.
Political activists who were members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party:
Pre–20th century
20th century
21st century
Pre-20th century
20th century
21st century
20th century
21st century
Pre-20th century
20th century
21st century
First Lady or First Gentleman of Puerto Rico, a.k.a. Primera Dama o Primer Caballero de Puerto Rico in Spanish, is the official title given by the government of Puerto Rico to the spouse of the governor of Puerto Rico or the relatives of the governor, should the holder be unmarried. The governor's spouse leads the Office of the First Lady or First Gentleman of Puerto Rico. The position of First Lady or First Gentleman carries no official duty and receives no compensation for their service. They generally oversee the administration of La Fortaleza, the mansion that serves as the governor's residence and office. They also organize events and civic programs, and typically get involved in different charities and social causes.
Judges
Laws in the U.S. inspired by Puerto Ricans
Law enforcement
Firefighters
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
19th century
20th century
21st century
Tomoro Coffee

PT Kopi Bintang Indonesia, operating under the trade name Tomoro Coffee, is an Indonesian coffee company and coffeehouse chain. The company was founded by Xing Wei "Star" Yuan and Fish Sun in 2022. Headquartered at Landmark Pluit, Tomoro Coffee currently operates more than 600 outlets across Indonesia, making it one of the largest coffee chains in the country.
Tomoro Coffee was founded by Xing Wei Yuan, also known as "Star Yuan." Star, a graduate of the National University of Singapore, previously served as the Director of Product Management at Oppo and was also one of the co-founders of J&T Express. According to Star, Tomoro Coffee is his first venture in the food and beverage industry. He founded Tomoro Coffee together with Fish Sun, who currently serves as the company's vice president. They moved to Jakarta on 11 April 2022. Four months later, on 9 August 2022, the first Tomoro Coffee outlet was opened at Landmark Pluit, a business center that now serves as the company's headquarters. In October 2023, Tomoro opened its first international outlet in Shanghai. As of October 2024, Tomoro had more than 600 outlets in Indonesia, Singapore, China, and the Philippines.
Tomoro Coffee has continued to grow rapidly in the following years. Within just two years, the company has opened more than 600 outlets across Indonesia, with annual coffee cup sales reaching 30 million. Their goal is to open two new outlets every day and expand internationally, with key target markets including Singapore, China, and the Philippines. One of the innovations used by Tomoro Coffee is the using of Eversys E’4 automated coffee machine, which can produce up to 1,200 cups of coffee per day. They are also known for their online marketing strategy, including launching a mobile app to assist customers with ordering. Instead of franchising, Tomoro Coffee adopts a partnership system to grow its business.
Tomoro Coffee specializes in Arabica-based coffee as its flagship product. They offer various coffee variants, including palm sugar latte, pandan coffee, coconut coffee, and frappé. Furthermore, the company also sells non-coffee products such as lemonade, tea, chocolate, matcha, and pastry like croissants and cinnamon rolls.
Kopiko (brand)

Kopiko is an Indonesian brand of coffee and confectioneries originally produced in Indonesia by Mayora Indah. It is named after the kōpiko coffee bean, found in Hawaii.
Kopiko Coffee Candy is currently available in over 80 countries.
There used to be a widely available second variety of the candies which were kosher, supervised by the KF Kosher Federation in London, though it is no longer being produced. Kosher Kopiko candies can still be found in Israel, however.
Kopiko Coffee Candy contains extract from real coffee beans. Ingredients include sugar, glucose, vegetable oil (palm oil and/or coconut oil), coffee extract (4.9%), butter, soy lecithin, caramel color, salt, and natural coffee flavor.
Two candy flavors are available: original coffee and cappuccino.
The Kopiko UK website advises that "4–5 sweets contain the caffeine equivalent of a cup of espresso" for the original coffee flavor, while the cappuccino flavor sweets contain "around half the caffeine" of the original coffee flavor.
The Caffeine Informer website estimates the caffeine content of the original coffee flavor to be "about 25 mg per piece."
Buko pandan cake

Buko pandan cake, also known as pandan macapuno cake or coconut pandan cake, is a Filipino chiffon or sponge cake (mamón) flavored with extracts from boiled pandan leaves and frosted with cream with young coconut strips and/or macapuno as toppings or fillings. It is a cake version of the traditional Filipino pairing of buko pandan. It is similar to the pandan cakes in other parts of Southeast Asia, but differ in that it is not served plain. It is always frosted with cream and coconut.
Arisan

An arisan is a form of Rotating Savings and Credit Association in Indonesian culture, a form of Microfinance.
Generally the arisan is a social gathering that takes place at a fixed interval (this being an informal social network this may be variable), at each member's home in turn. The rotating arisan holder (drawn by lots) receives payment from each other member and provides food for those members. In the course of the arisan the amount paid to other members will equal the amount received when the arisan is held.
The arisan can vary from an essential form of credit in poorer social circles, funding an otherwise unaffordable business venture, wedding, or large purchase, to a purely social gathering for rich housewives with the money incidental (although the amounts can be considerable). As a source of finance it represents an alternative to bank loans and other forms of credit.
In general, no interest is payable per se in the arisan, and forms vary regionally within Indonesia. In some cases the arisan lacks a social element and is simply a means of circulating money between members; in this case the arisan may take the form of an 'arisan call', known as 'julu julu' or 'jula jula' in Sumatra. The arisan call involves an auction element, whereby the member receiving the payout each week is determined not by lot, but by bid, those willing to wait till the end of the arisan receiving the largest payout, while more desperate borrowers will receive less, but get money earlier.
Beatriz's War

Beatriz's War (Portuguese: A Guerra da Beatriz) is a 2013 drama film directed by Luigi Acquisto and Bety Reis. It is the first full-length feature film to be produced by East Timor. Its premiere was on 17 September 2013 in Dili. The film was shown in the first month to 30,000 East Timorese at outdoor screenings. It was screened at the 2013 Adelaide Film Festival. It won Golden Peacock (Best Film) at the 44th International Film Festival of India.
The film is based on the story of Martin Guerre in 16th-century France, transplanted into the setting of East Timor during the Indonesian occupation. The film revolves around the life of a young East Timorese woman named Beatriz. The story begins with Beatriz meeting her future husband, Tomas, as children. The two marry young and soon after their wedding the Indonesian invasion of East Timor begins. Beatriz fights for her true love and her country.
Egg coffee

An egg coffee (Vietnamese: Cà phê trứng) is a Vietnamese drink traditionally prepared with egg yolks, sugar, condensed milk and robusta coffee. The drink is made by beating egg yolks with sugar and condensed milk, then extracting the coffee into the cup, followed by a similar amount of egg cream, or egg yolks which are heated and beaten, or whisked.
The drink is served in cafes throughout Vietnam, originating in Hanoi. The Giang Café (Vietnamese: Cà Phê Giảng) in Hanoi is known for serving the drink, which it makes with egg yolk, coffee powder, condensed milk, and, optionally, cheese. The cup is sometimes served inside a bowl of hot water or set upon a small candle to retain its temperature. The son of the café's founder Nguyen Giang claims that his father developed the recipe for the drink when milk was scarce in Vietnam in the late 1940s, replacing milk with egg yolk.
Ingredients for making egg coffee include fresh chicken eggs, sugar, milk, and coffee. The egg yolks are hand-whipped with milk and sugar and then boiled. Hot or iced coffee is poured into the beaten eggs, which will form an aromatic foam. A teaspoon is provided in order to eat the foam before drinking the coffee at the bottom.
Egg coffee is served in a small cup. To keep the drink warm, the waiter puts a cup of coffee in a bowl of warm water. After being poured over the cream made from eggs, the coffee at the bottom of the cup acquires a richer taste. In the past, eggs were hand beaten, so it took time and the foam of the eggs could not be achieved. With the availability of electric mixers, the coffee can be combined together with cocoa, white beans and matcha (tea powder) to create more variants. It can be served either hot or iced.
There are other, different, recipes for coffee containing egg.
Creamola Foam

Creamola Foam was a soft drink produced in the form of effervescent crystals that were mixed with water. It was manufactured in Glasgow and sold in the UK from the 1950s, until Nestlé ended production in October 1998.
In 2005, Allan McCandlish of Cardross started producing a re-creation of Creamola Foam under the name ‘Kramola Fizz’.
In April 2019, his daughter Agnes and son Andrew of McCandlish Farmhouse Confectionery relaunched the product under its original name of Creamola Foam (registered trademark) and is now available on the shelves again in Scotland as well as worldwide.
Creamola Foam came in the form of coloured crystals which were dissolved in cold water to form a sweet, fizzy drink. It was packaged in a small tin labelled with a cartoon girl and boy drinking with straws.
The drink originally came in raspberry, orange, and lemon flavours, and cola was later added.
The product was originally owned by Rowntrees before coming under the banner of Nestle UK until being sold off to Premier Foods.
The relaunched Creamola Foam drink comes in 17 flavours, including the original flavours which are Raspberry, Orange, Lemon, and Cola flavours.
The original packaging consisted of a small tin with a tight metal lid, normally pried off with a teaspoon. A paper seal covered the foam crystals.
The packaging included the phrases:
The original ingredient list read:
The revision introduced in the 1980s featured a plastic lid and modernised branding. The label reads, "Creamola FOAM". The ingredients were:
The effervescence, when the powder dissolves as it is stirred into water, is due to the reaction of the citric and tartaric acids with sodium bicarbonate, forming carbon dioxide gas. These weak organic "fruit" acids also provide a sharp taste. The addition of stabiliser and saponaceous foaming agents extends the life of the bubbles. The artificial colouring and flavouring, plus the fruit acids, give the impression of a fruity base, although the recipe is essentially synthetic.
Chinotto (drink)

Chinotto (Italian: [kiˈnɔtto]) is a carbonated soft drink produced from the juice of the fruit of the myrtle-leaved orange tree (Citrus myrtifolia). The beverage is dark in color. Its appearance is similar to that of cola, but it is not as sweet, having a bittersweet taste.
The drink was known in antiquity as a dark-hued, bitter-tasting variant of orange juice, and was considered as refreshment. Industrial production of Chinotto soda dates to the 1950s. It is produced in Italy by several companies, and is mostly consumed in Italy and Malta. San Pellegrino, the mineral water company, exports it under the brand name "Chinò" and "Chinotto." Coca-Cola produces it under the brand name "Fanta Chinotto" in Italy and "Fanta Amara" in Malta.
London fog (drink)

A London fog is a hot tea-based drink that consists of Earl Grey tea, steamed milk, and a sweetener, often vanilla syrup. Earl Grey tea imparts its flavors of black tea and bergamot, a citrus.
Despite its name, It was invented in Vancouver, Canada in the 1990s by Mary Loria. Loria, who was pregnant at the time, frequented Vancouver's Buckwheat Cafe. After inventing the drink, she began ordering the drink at other cafes and recommending it to others. The trend spread. Despite conceiving the drink herself, Loria does not know who created the name. The term "fog" refers to the steamed milk.
The basic ingredients of a London fog are boiling black tea, preferably Earl Grey tea, vanilla extract, and steamed milk of choice. A teaspoon of raw honey or maple syrup is used to sweeten it. Sometimes, a small amount of cream is poured on top of the drink, topped with sprinkles of cinnamon, nutmeg, or lavender.
Variations of the London fog involve substituting the tea leaves and using milk alternatives. It is popular in the Pacific Northwest and on Canada's West Coast.
List of companies of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka is an island country located southeast of the Republic of India and northeast of the Maldives. According to the International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka's GDP in terms of purchasing power parity is second only to the Maldives in the South Asian region in terms of per capita income.
As of 2010, the service sector makes up 60% of GDP, the industrial sector 28%, and the agriculture sector 12%. The private sector accounts for 85% of the economy. India is Sri Lanka's largest trading partner. Economic disparities exist between the provinces, with the Western province contributing 45.1% of the GDP and the Southern province and the Central province contributing 10.7% and 10%, respectively.
LMD 100, dubbed as "Sri Lanka's Fortune 500", annually lists the leading 100 quoted companies in Sri Lanka. Only the top 20 companies are listed below. All revenue figures reported before the financial year ending 2024.
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organisations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
Rahi (film)

Rahi (The Wayfarer) is a 1953 Hindi social drama film produced and directed by K. A. Abbas. The film was based on Mulk Raj Anand's novel "Two Leaves and a Bud" (1937), which was scripted by Abbas. It was produced as a bilingual in Hindi as Rahi and in English as The Wayfarer, under the Naya Sansar banner. Its screenplay was by Mohan Abdullah and V. P. Sathe and the cinematographer was Ramchandra. The film starred Dev Anand and Nalini Jaywant with Balraj Sahni, David Abraham Cheulkar, Achla Sachdev and Manmohan Krishan.
The story revolved around an ex-army man played by Dev Anand, who takes up a job in a tea estate, only to get disillusioned with the management, and his situation. Nalini Jaywant played his love interest as a tea leaf picker. Her acting was appreciated in the film getting "great critical acclaim".
Dev Anand is an ex-army officer who gets a job in a tea estate. He is hired as an over-all manager by the English owners. Anand proves a loyal and diligent worker meting out punishment to the workers on the behest of his owners. He falls in love with one of the tea-picking girls (Nalini Jaywant). The workers rebel against the harsh and sometimes brutal management of the estate owners. Nalini Jaywant is shot by the owner in the rioting when the workers get out of control. A gradual change has also come over Anand, especially in his dealings with the tea workers, and losing interest, he leaves the place.
The songs composed by Anil Biswas were cited as being melodious. The lyricist was Prem Dhawan and the playback singers were Hemant Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar and Meena Kapoor.
Biluochun

Biluochun or Bi Luo Chun (Chinese: 碧螺春; pinyin: Bì luó chūn; pronounced [pî.lwǒ.ʈʂʰwə́n]) is a famous green tea originally grown in the Dongting mountain region near Lake Tai in Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. Also known as Pi Lo Chun, it is renowned for its delicate appearance, fruity taste, floral aroma, showy white hairs and early cropping.
The name Biluochun literally means "green snail spring". It is called so because it is a green tea that is rolled into a tight spiral, resembling snail meat, and is cropped in early spring.
Its original name is Xia Sha Ren Xiang (simplified Chinese: 吓煞人香; traditional Chinese: 嚇煞人香; pinyin: xià shà rén xiāng; "scary fragrance"). Legend tells of its discovery by a tea picker who ran out of space in her basket and put the tea between her breasts instead. The tea, warmed by her body heat, emitted a strong aroma that surprised the girl.
According to the Qing Dynasty chronicle Ye Shi Da Guan, the Kangxi Emperor visited Lake Tai in the 38th year of his rule. At that time, because of its rich aroma, local people called it "Scary Fragrance". The Kangxi Emperor decided to give it a more elegant name, "Green Snail Spring".
It is so delicate and tender that one kilogram of Dong Ting Bi Luo Chun consists of 14,000 to 15,000 tea shoots.
Today, Biluochun is cultivated in Dongting Mountains near Lake Tai in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Biluochun from Dong Shan (East Mountain) or Xi Shan (West Mountain) is considered the best. Biluochun is also grown in Zhejiang and Sichuan province. Their leaves are larger and less uniform (may contain yellow leaves). They taste more nutty than fruity and smooth. Lastly, Biluochun is grown on the island of Taiwan, specifically at Sanxia District, New Taipei City.
Biluochun is divided into seven grades in decreasing order of quality: Supreme, Supreme I, Grade I, Grade II, Grade III, Chao Qing I, and Chao Qing II.
The history of Bi Luo Chun tea has its roots in the Ming Dynasty, which dates back to around the 14th century. According to local legend, a young tea picker discovered an extraordinary tea bush decorated with very delicate, curled leaves that looked like snail shells. Fascinated by this discovery, the tea master created a drink from these delicate leaves, revealing an exquisite flavor that embodied the essence of spring. This is how Bi Luo Chun Green Snail Spring Tea was born.
Loolecondera

The Loolecondera estate was the first tea plantation estate in Sri Lanka, established in 1867 by Scotsman James Taylor. The estate is located 35 km (22 mi) southeast of Kandy, Sri Lanka.
The Loolecondera estate was purchased from the Crown by James Joseph Mackenzie in 1841 to establish a coffee plantation. The estate lay between 900 and 1,500 m (3,000 and 4,900 ft) above sea level and was covered in dense forest, which wasn't cleared for a decade. In October 1852 a seventeen-year-old James Taylor arrived in Ceylon, having signed up as an assistant supervisor with George Pride for three years. Upon his arrival he was sent to Loolecondera, under the supervision of a Mr. Williams. By 1857 he was the manager of Loolecondera.
In the late 1860s coffee plantations across the island were devastated by the fungal disease Hemileia vastatrix, also known as coffee leaf rust. Coffee plantations were forced to diversify.
In 1865 Taylor began experimenting with planting cinchona. In 1865, on the instructions of the owners of the estate, he acquired Chinese tea seeds from the Peradeniya Botanical Gardens, these were planted along the sides of the roads and in the paths through the coffee plantation. In 1867 Taylor cleared 7.7 hectares (19 acres) of land on the estate and planted the first tea plantation, using Assam hybrid tea seeds. By that time Loolecondera had become the property of Messrs. Harrison and Leake, the partners of the firm of Keir Dundas & Co., Kandy.
In 1872, he started a tea factory with his latest invention of the tea leaves cutting machine.
He spent most of his life in Loolecondera until his death in 1892.
Some of the early equipment used by Taylor at Loolecondera has been relocated and are displayed at the Ceylon Tea Museum, housed in the former Hanthana Tea Factory.
Loolecondera is a corruption into British English of the native name "Lool kandura" (ලූල් කඳුර in Sinhala). Loolkandura means "the stream full of loola fish" (Channa striata).
Rize tea

Rize tea (Turkish: Rize çayı) is the black tea used for Turkish tea. Produced in Rize Province of Turkey which has a mild climate with high precipitation and fertile soil, when brewed it is mahogany in color.
In addition to being consumed at home, it is served in Turkish cafés by a çaycı, in small, narrow-waisted glasses. It can be taken strong (Turkish: demli or dark) or weak (Turkish: açık or light), and is traditionally served with sugar crystals (Turkish: toz şeker) or a couple of sugar lumps (Turkish: kesme şeker), although it is frequently consumed without any sugar, depending on personal preference.
Rize Province is located between the Pontic Mountains and the Black Sea, and is considered to be the "wettest" corner of Turkey; this environment provides a specific ecosystem for tea growing. The land contains many mountain valleys and has been prized for its biodiversity.
Tea was experimentally farmed in the Rize Province, starting in 1912 as an initiative by the Head of the Chamber of Agriculture, Hulusi Bey. But it was not until around 1945, that Turkish tea plantations in Rize Province were producing sizable crops. There are other regions of tea growing within Turkey, with Rize Province being one of the largest and more successful. By 1947, the first local tea factory was created and by 1958, the first regional tea research institute was created in Rize Province.
The success of tea crops in Rize brought work and wealth to a once impoverished area, as well as a large population change. Modern day harvesting of Rize tea crops has been done by migrant laborers, especially people from the Caucasian countries of Georgia and Azerbaijan. In 2021, the tea plantations were expecting 40,000 foreign workers during the harvest season however due to the COVID-19 pandemic travel restrictions, African laborers came to the region to work instead (specifically from Gambia, Senegal, Sudan and Zambia).
RAF slang

The Royal Air Force (RAF) developed a distinctive slang which has been documented in works such as Piece of Cake and the Dictionary of RAF slang.
The following is a comprehensive selection of slang terms and common abbreviations used by Royal Air Force from before World War II until the present day; less common abbreviations are not included. The slang of the RAF (sometimes referred to as Slanguage), developed partially from its antecedents of the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, however, some phrases developed with less certainty of their origin.
Often common colloquial terms are used as well by airmen, in addition, some terms have come into common parlance such as "I pranged the car last night". Other slang was used by British and Empire air forces. There were a number of codes used within the RAF, not now under the official secrets act, some of which are included. Terms such as Jankers and Brylcreem Boys do not apply as the first was a general military term for someone under military discipline, and the latter was how the RAF were referred to by others.
It is followed by a list of nicknames of aircraft used by, or familiar to, the RAF.
Monty Python's Flying Circus featured a sketch named "RAF Banter".
Dogsbody (album)

Dogsbody is the debut studio album by American band Model/Actriz. The album was released on February 24, 2023, through True Panther Sounds.
The album has been recorded since 2021. In an interview with Document Journal, frontman Cole Haden described the album as "Picking up my damn body from all of those times, not knowing what really was meant by all of that suffering… This album is the reason for having experienced all of that." Model/Actriz said that Dogsbody recorded with afar from the atmosphere of previous EPs.
Haden, who is openly gay, said that lyrically he was inspired by the musical Cats because it "filled [him] with sexual vigor and terror." According to Haden, "as a gay person working in a genre that’s not very outwardly gay, the album is very gay. And when people from the queer community are relating to it, that makes me feel proud of the thing that we made."
Jayson Greene of Pitchfork reviewed "Dogsbody is the perfect foil to frontman Cole Haden’s white-hot charisma", and gave it a "Best New Music" designation. John Wohlmacher of Beats Per Minute said, "With Haden’s starkly poetic lyrics and borderline crazed delivery comes a counter-position to the harsh music, creating a unique tension that no other group from the American post-no wave scene generated." Dogsbody won "Best Heavy Record" at the 2024 Libera Awards.
Melati di Tapal Batas

Melati di Tapal Batas adalah lagu perjuangan karya Ismail Marzuki dan Suto Iskandar yang diciptakan pada masa perjuangan Indonesia pasca kemerdekaan. Lagu ini diciptakan sebagai pesan moral kepada para pejuang muda kala itu, terutama untuk para pemudi yang terjun langsung memanggul senjata berjuluk Barisan Srikandi. Mereka disadarkan bahwasanya perjuangan tidak semata-mata membawa senjata di medan pertempuran garis depan. Namun masih banyak yang membutuhkan tenaga para pemudi di garis belakang, seperti membantu pasokan logistik dan medis.
Adalah Letnan Kolonel Moeffreni Moe'min, seorang Komandan Resimen V Cikampek yang membawahi wilayah pertempuran Jakarta dan sekitarnya kala itu, merasa terenyuh sekaligus prihatin melihat para pemudi yang berjuang dengan penuh heroik di medan pertempuran. Banyak dari mereka menjadi sasaran peluru musuh karena kurangnya keterampilan dalam bertempur. Sebagian dari mereka berasal dari keluarga petani yang hanya bermodalkan semangat berjuang tanpa dibekali keahlian khusus. Moeffreni Moe’min kemudian bertemu dengan Ismail Marzuki dan Suto Iskandar, menyatakan keinginannya untuk membuatkan sebuah lagu yang dapat mempengaruhi para pemudi tersebut untuk menarik diri dari garis depan tanpa merasa rendah diri dan kehilangan semangat berjuang. Moji memainkan lagu penutup siaran.
Engkau gadis muda jelita Bagai sekuntum melati Engkau sumbangkan jiwa raga Di tapal batas Bekasi Engkau dinamakan Srikandi Pendekar putri sejati Engkau turut jejak pemuda Turut mengawal negara Oh pendekar putri yang cantik Dengarlah panggilan ibu Sawah ladang rindu menanti Akan sumbangan baktimu Duhai putri muda remaja Suntingkan kampung halaman Kembali kepangkuan Bunda Berbakti kita di ladang
Jember (kota)

Kota Jember (bahasa Jawa: ꦗꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦂ, Pegon: جمبر) adalah ibu kota dari Kabupaten Jember yang secara administratif berada di 4 kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Kaliwates, Patrang, Ajung, dan Sumbersari. Kota Jember berada di tengah-tengah wilayah Tapal Kuda, Jawa Timur.
Kota Jember dahulu bernama Kecamatan Jember dan menjadi pusat pemerintahan Kabupaten Jember sekaligus menjadi bagian dari Kota Administratif Jember sebelum akhirnya dihapuskan dan bergabung kembali dengan kabupaten Jember. Kemudian Kecamatan Jember dihapus dengan dasar Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 14 Tahun 1976 tanggal 19 April 1976 dan dipecah menjadi 3 kecamatan yaitu Kecamatan Kaliwates, Kecamatan Patrang, dan Kecamatan Sumbersari.
Kota ini terletak sekitar 1008 km dari Jakarta, 510 km dari Semarang, 197 km dari Surabaya dan 100 km dari Banyuwangi. Letak geografis yang berada di tengah-tengah wilayah tapal kuda menjadikan Jember sebagai pusat dari Badan Koordinasi Wilayah dan Pemerintahan Jawa Timur V (BAKORWIL V) yang kantornya terletak di Jalan Kalimantan no.42, Jember. BAKORWIL V meliputi 1 kota dan 6 kabupaten di wilayah Tapal Kuda, yaitu Kota Probolinggo, Kabupaten Probolinggo, Kabupaten Lumajang, Kabupaten Situbondo, Kabupaten Bondowoso, Kabupaten Banyuwangi, dan Kabupaten Jember.
Selain sebagai pusat BAKORWIL V, Jember saat ini juga berfungsi sebagai pusat regional dan tempat yang strategis dari kantor perwakilan pemerintah lainnya untuk kawasan Tapal Kuda. Beberapa perwakilan pusat dan provinsi yang memiliki kantor regional di kota Jember antara lain adalah Kantor perwakilan Bank Indonesia Jember (untuk daerah operasi Jatim bagian timur), Kantor Pusat Telkom Indonesia untuk wilayah JATIM Timur, Kantor PT KAI Daerah Operasi IX Jember (Daop IX Jember; Bangil-Banyuwangi), Kantor Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK), Kantor Pelayanan Kekayaan Negara dan Lelang (KPKNL), Kantor Patroli Jalan Raya (PJR) Induk JATIM V, BKSDA Wilayah III Jember, Kantor Pos Besar Jember, Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Jember, Kantor Pajak Jember, dan Kantor Bea Cukai Tipe A Jember.
Batas-batas Kota Jember adalah:
Kota Jember merupakan kota yang tak otonom karena secara hukum masih di bawah pemerintah Kabupaten Jember sebagai pusat pemerintahan. Secara administratif, Kota Jember terbagi menjadi 4 kecamatan dengan 29 desa/kelurahan.
Kota Jember terkenal sebagai kota pendidikan terbesar ke-3 di Jawa Timur setelah Kota Surabaya dan Kota Malang, dibuktikan dengan banyaknya Perguruan Tinggi Negeri dan Swasta yang tersebar di 3 kecamatan di Kota Jember. Beberapa di antaranya adalah:
Kota Jember terkenal dikenal dengan julukan Kota Karnaval. Hal ini tidak terlepas dari Jember Fashion Carnaval (JFC) sebagai ikon utama karnaval di Kota Jember. JFC masuk dalam karnaval terbesar ke-3 dunia dan menjadi fashion street terpanjang di dunia sepanjang 3,5 km. Karnaval ini biasanya digelar pada bulan Agustus yang di dalamnya juga digelar festival multievent di Kota Jember, dimulai dari Alun-Alun Jember dan berakhir di GOR Kaliwates.
Gunung Parahu

Gunung Prau atau Gunung Parahu (bahasa Jawa: ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦥꦫꦲꦸ, translit. gunung parahu, har. 'gunung perahu') adalah salah satu gunung di Dataran Tinggi Dieng, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia memiliki ketinggian puncak 2.590 mdpl terletak pada koordinat 7°11′13″S 109°55′22″E﻿ / ﻿7.18694°S 109.92278°E﻿ / -7.18694; 109.92278. Gunung ini merupakan tapal batas empat kabupaten di Jawa Tengah, yaitu Kabupaten Batang, Kabupaten Kendal, Kabupaten Temanggung dan Kabupaten Wonosobo.
Puncak dari gunung Prau merupakan padang rumput luas yang memanjang dari barat ke timur. Bukit-bukit dan sabana dengan sedikit pepohonan dapat dijumpai pada puncaknya. Gunung ini menjadi salah satu tujuan pendakian utama di Dataran Tinggi Dieng sebagai salah satu spot sunrise favorit bagi wisatawan.
Hutan di lereng Gunung Parahu yang mengarah ke Kendal dan Batang, merupakan hutan lebat dan terdapat tumbuhan kantong semar (Pitcher plants) endemik Jawa yaitu Nepenthes Gymnamphora yang banyak tumbuh bersama dengan pakis resam (Glichenia linearis). Di sekitar puncak ditemui bunga Edelweiss Jawa (Anaphalis maxima dan Anaphalis longifolia). Di kawasan hutan Parahu juga ditemui binatang khas Jawa seperti macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas), sigung jawa (Mydaus javanensis) dan elang jawa (Nisaetus bastelsi).
Setidaknya ada enam jalur yang umum digunakan untuk mendaki Gunung Parahu, yaitu:
Dari keenam jalur tersebut, jalur pendakian Gunung Parahu via Patak Banteng merupakan jalur termudah yang ramah untuk pendaki pemula. Dan jalur pendakian Gunung Parahu via Dwarawati merupakan jalur pendakian tercepat untuk sampai ke puncak Gunung Parahu.
Cerita dari Tapal Batas

Cerita Dari Tapal Batas adalah sebuah film dokumenter, yang di dalamnya menceritakan tentang suatu wilayah perbatasan dan orang-orangnya yang tinggal di dusun Badat Baru di wilayah Entikong, Kalimantan. Dusun Badat Barut terletak di dekat perbatasan wilayah Republik Indonesia dengan Malaysia.
Wilayah Indonesia terdiri dari area yang luas, sehingga tidak semua wilayah dapat ditangani dengan sebaik-baiknya, begitu pula para penduduk yang mendiami daerah tersebut. Salah satunya adalah dusun Badat Baru di wilayah Entikong, Kalimantan. Dusun Badat Barut terletak di dekat perbatasan wilayah Republik Indonesia dengan Malaysia. Dapat dikatakan tidak ada akses jalan darat menuju ke sana.
Di dusun tersebut terdapat sebuah sekolah dasar, yaitu SDN Badat yang hanya ditangani oleh seorang guru, yaitu Guru Martini. Guru Martini dapat dikatakan bertindak sebagai staf pengajar, kepala sekolah, juru-kunci dan pesuruh selama 8 tahun. Guru Martini tinggal di desa Semangit. Untuk pergi mengajar, Guru Martini harus melalui jalan sungai selama 8-12 jam, melewati 15 riam, termasuk Riam Pelanduk. Di riam tersebut, para penumpang perahu harus turun dan ikut mendorong perahu agar dapat melalui riam.
M. Lizet, kepala dusun Badat Baru juga menyatakan kesulitan hidup di sana. Begitu juga Mantri Kusnadi yang sulit mendapatkan pasokan obat. Pasokan dari wilayah Indonesia dapat dikatakan hamper tidak mungkin. Satu-satunya cara adalah mendapatkan pasokan dari wilayah Malaysia. Sehingga di sana banyak terdapat pelintas batas tradisional. Di dusun Sapit, pala pelintas batas tersebut bertemu untuk saling menukar atau berbelanja.
Shelly adalah adik M. Lizet yang telah menikah dengan warga Malaysia dan tinggal di Kuching. Secara materi dan fisik, kehidupannya jauh lebih nyaman. Dengan berkendara mobil, Shelly melintasi jalan-jalan mulus di kota Kuching.
Jika situasi seperti ini terus berlanjut, bukan tidak mungkin para penduduk di sepanjang perbatasan akan lebih merasa sebagai warga negeri orang daripada negeri sendiri, padahal mereka sebenarnya sangat loyal pada negeri Republik Indonesia.
Ahmadiyah menurut negara

Ahmadiyah adalah sebuah gerakan kebangkitan Islam dan mazhab atau aliran baru dalam Islam. Gerakan ini lahir lebih dari satu abad, yang tak lepas dari kontroversi. Salah satu hal yang menjadi kontroversi antara Ahmadiyah dengan gerakan Islam lainnya misalnya NU, ialah masalah kenabian. Pengikut Ahmadiyah meyakini bahwa ada nabi setelah Nabi Muhammad. Sosok yang diyakini sebagai penerus Nabi Muhammad itu yakni Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, pendiri Ahmadiyah.
Pada tahun 2014, Jamaah Muslim Ahmadiyah telah berdiri di 206 negara yang tersebar di seluruh dunia. Karena ada sejumlah negara melarang adanya Ahmadiyah di negara tersebut, jumlah Ahmadi tidak bisa dihitung secara pasti. Karenanya, Jamaah Muslim Ahmadiyah memberikan gambaran “puluhan juta”. Walaupun begitu, kebanyakan dari sumber-sumber independen memperkirakan jumlah Ahmadi antara 10 sampai 20 juta.
Gerakan Ahmadiyah Lahore mewakili sekitar kurang dari 0,2% dari jumlah total penduduk Ahmadi.
Berikut ini adalah perkiraan angka Muslim Ahmadi dan persentase mereka menurut negara. Walaupun begitu, ini tidak mencantumkan seluruh negara yang memiliki penduduk Ahmadi. Banyak negara-negara dengan jumlah Muslim Ahmadi yang besar tidak tercantum, seperti Benin, Burkina Faso, Pantai Gading, Guinea, Gambia, dan sejumlah negara-negara Arab.