2021–2025 Bulgarian political crisis

The Bulgarian political crisis was a period of instability in Bulgaria, which has seen the country face seven parliamentary elections over four years: April 2021, July 2021, November 2021, October 2022, April 2023, June 2024 and October 2024.
The first two elections failed to result in a governing coalition, but the November 2021 election saw Kiril Petkov create an unstable government which lasted only 7 months. The October 2022 snap election resulted in another gridlock, leading to the April 2023 election. The 2023 election saw the creation of a rotating government between the GERB–SDS and PP–DB alliances, but the failure of the rotation caused the June 2024 election. Snap parliamentary elections were held again in October 2024, after all three attempts to form a government following the June 2024 elections had failed.
Former Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, and his populist conservative party GERB, had led Bulgaria continuously since 2016. Borisov's third government was embroiled in numerous corruption scandals during his time in office, specifically surrounding the allocation of EU funds, infrastructure projects and government subsidies.
Scandals including alleged photographs of the former Prime Minister lying on a bed next to a handgun, bars of gold and stacks of money and the "Eight Dwarfs" extortion scandal culminated in protests on 9 July 2020, with the aim of removing Borisov's government and Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev.
These protests would continue daily until after the government's term concluded on 16 April 2021.
The protests saw the rise to prominence of several so called "parties of change", consisting mainly of new political parties which opposed Borisov, and many of whom joined in with the protests. The main three electoral coalitions or parties in this bloc were There Is Such a People (ITN), Democratic Bulgaria (DB) and Stand Up! Mafia, Get Out! (IMSV), and polls suggested this bloc garnered large support.
The election took place on 4 April 2021, and was scheduled as a regular election following four years since the 2017 election.
Borisov's governing coalition lost its majority, with the government-supporting parties falling from a combined 134 seats to 75 out of 240, with only GERB staying in the National Assembly. In contrast, all three of the "parties of change" groupings entered the national assembly, winning a total of 92 seats, with 51 of these coming from Slavi Trifonov's ITN. The Socialist Party (BSPzB) also suffered its worst result in a democratic election. The election also saw turnout drop 3.5pp to 49.1%.
The "Anti-Corruption" bloc ruled out working with Borisov and GERB, and as such it was unlikely any government would be formed. President Rumen Radev gave first mandate to GERB as the largest party, who failed to form a government with the former foreign minister, Daniel Mitov, as the nominated Prime Ministerial candidate. The second mandate was offered to ITN, who refused after GERB had suggested it would be willing to support an ITN-led government. Radev gave the final mandate to Korneliya Ninova of the BSPzB, who refused to form a government after the "parties of change" refused to work with them. Stefan Yanev was appointed by Radev to lead an interim government, and a snap election was called for 11 July.
The July election saw ITN continue on its upward momentum, topping the polls in the election with 65 seats. The "parties of change" rose to 112 seats, still shy of the 121 needed for a majority. GERB fell to 63 seats, and BSPzB continued its downward trend. Turnout dropped by 8.7pp to 40.4%.
When ITN was handed the mandate by Radev, they opted to form a minority government with the support of the other anti-corruption parties and BSPzB, but the negotiations fell through. GERB ruled out trying to form a government, and BSPzB failed to convince other parties to support the caretaker government for a full 4-year term. Another election was scheduled for 14 November, occurring at the same time as the presidential election. Yanev continued as caretaker Prime Minister.
After ITN were perceived to have failed to work constructively with other parties to form a government, their support drastically dropped, coming in fourth place behind GERB, DB and BSPzB in some polls.
In August, there was speculation that two popular cabinet ministers from Yanev's first caretaker government, Kiril Petkov and Asen Vasilev could form a new anti-corruption party, and the project was officially launched on 17 September. We Continue the Change (PP) hoped to be a uniting force, which could bring together a government following the elections.
At the election, PP came out on top with 67 seats. The "parties of change" fell to 108 seats, with IBG-NI (formerly ISMV), falling out of the National Assembly. GERB and BSPzB continued to fall in their seat count. Revival (VAZ), a far-right party, also entered the Assembly following protests against the interim government's introduction of a vaccine passport, or "green pass". Turnout fell by a further 2pp to 38.4%.
Following the election, Petkov said he would be willing to work with any party which wished to join the fight against corruption in Bulgaria. The Turkish minority interest party Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) and GERB refused to cooperate with PP. On 10 December, the leaders of PP, BSP, ITN and DB announced they had agreed to form a coalition. Radev, who was re-elected as president, gave PP the first mandate.
With the first mandate, PP proposed a government. This was approved by the National Assembly on 13 December.
One of the first challenges of the new government was the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In February, defense minister Yanev was dismissed after he denied to call the invasion war, instead using the term "special military operation" as was used by Russia. BSP also threatened to leave the government if Bulgaria sent military aid to Ukraine. Despite this, according to investigations by Welt, Bulgaria used intermediaries to provide Kyiv with supplies of weapons, ammunition and diesel. Bulgaria was also at the forefront of urging that the EU impose sanctions on Russia as soon as possible. However, as a result of this action, the Russian-state affiliated Gazprom severed gas exports to the country.
After a dispute about lifting the veto against North Macedonia to allow them to join the European Union, ITN withdrew from the government on 8 June 2022 making it a minority government. However, 6 of ITN's delegates left the party in order to support Petkov's government.
On 22 June 2022 a motion of no-confidence succeeded with 123 members of parliament voting against the government. As no party was able to form another government within the current Parliament, President Radev scheduled another election to take place in October 2022 and appointed another interim government, led by Galab Donev, who had been minister for Labour and Social Policy in all of the interim governments, appointed by Radev (Gerdzhikov, Yanev 1 and Yanev 2).
The parties which formed the previous coalition: PP, BSPzB and DB failed to gain a majority only reaching 98 of the seats. Meanwhile, the two pro-Russian and nationalist parties VAZ and the new formed Bulgarian Rise (led by former interim prime minister Yanev) both made gains. GERB became largest party with around 25% and 67 seats. ITN failed to reach the 4% threshold.
It took three days for the Assembly to vote on a chairperson following the election. In the meantime, a dog called "Johnny" received joking endorsements from the public to become the chairman instead. Eventually, Vezhdi Rashidov from GERB was approved as a compromise on 21 October.
The first mandate went to GERB, and they proposed Nikolay Gabrovski. Gabrovski was disapproved by parliament on December 14.
During the government formation a debate about the return of paper ballots broke out which was abolished due to concerns of vote buying. GERB, DPS and BSP supported the return and were able to override a veto of president Radev against the changes of the electoral code.
The second mandate went to the second largest party PP on 3 January 2023. The third and last mandate was given to BSP which was also unable to form a government thus triggering snap elections, scheduled for 2 April 2023. However, BSP opened up to a potential cooperation with GERB, which had the potential for a breakthrough. Galab Donev was selected by Radev to lead another interim government.
The election scheduled for 2 April marked the 5th election the country has faced in 2 years. It has been suggested that the political turmoil could potentially impact Bulgaria joining the Eurozone.
PP negotiated with DB, alongside other minor organisations, to run on a joint list together for the 2023 election, a proposal all constituent parties of DB supported. They hope to prioritise justice reform, joining the Schengen Area and the Eurozone. The two parties were already working together in the upcoming local elections. On 10 February, DB announced they had come to an agreement and would be running on a joint list, PP–DB.
Going into the election, PP–DB hoped to form a minority government, while GERB supported forming a Grand coalition between them and PP–DB, which Borisov said would take time but could solve the political crisis.
The election saw the GERB-led list retain its position in first, and it has reportedly increased its seat count up to 69. PP–DB did worse than expected and were considered the losers of the night, dropping down to 64. VAZ rose above DPS, which itself stayed stable, and ITN narrowly re-entered the assembly. BV fell below the threshold. In terms of government negotiations, GERB stated that they would work with anyone, PP–DB broadly did not wish to join a government alongside GERB, and VAZ suggested that they would not join any government other than one solely led by them. BSP, DPS and ITN were vaguer about who they would support, but Ninova said the BSP would be open to negotiating with all parties.
At the first sitting of the Assembly on 12 April, no speaker could be elected, with the parliamentarians only sitting for a matter of a few minutes. There was not much progress built on government formation, though GERB and PP–DB pledged to meet and pass laws where the two groupings could see eye-to-eye.
On 22 May, PP and GERB agreed to form a government with a rotational premiership. Nikolay Denkov, PP's candidate would be the Prime Minister for the first 9 months of the government and Mariya Gabriel, the GERB candidate, would serve as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister. After 9 months, the two would switch positions. Petkov claimed the government was not a coalition, and that it was the best they could do, despite breaking their pre-election promise. Petkov also said he hoped the government could survive for at least 18 months, and confirmed he would not be a part of the cabinet. It was reported that DB will support the government, but from the outside with no ministers in government. Alleged recordings from an incriminating PP meeting, including both leaders, were released by Radostin Vassilev, an MP for PP–DB, who left the party. Petkov claimed the recordings did not represent the truth and were manipulated. There were suggestions that these recordings could impact the formation of the PP and GERB cooperation agreement, but Borisov said it would not make an impact.
Denkov, the proposed Prime Minister, released the cabinet composition alongside the proposed Deputy Prime Minister, Gabriel on 2 June. They announced that they had joined in negotiations with DPS, in order to achieve the supermajority of 160 MPs needed to enact constitutional reforms. DPS said they would not prevent the government's formation, but they were more vague regarding their explicit support.
The Denkov government's primary goals were to continue Bulgaria's accession process into the Schengen Area and Eurozone and judicial reform.
The government faced two no confidence votes. The first was submitted by BSP, V and ITN over energy policy, in October 2023. The Denkov government won the vote by a large margin, supported by the coalition parties and DPS. The same three parties supported another no confidence motion regarding defence and security in November 2023. Initially, GERB and DPS staged a walkout during the debate, leading to the government narrowly surviving with 66 votes to keep them and 61 to oust them. However, due to re-voting requests and the quorum not being met, the vote was repeated, which the government survived comfortably.
The Denkov government submitted its resignation on 5 March 2024 as scheduled in the rotation agreement, but would stay in place as a caretaker government until the negotiations for a rotation government had concluded. The government's resignation was approved unanimously by the National Assembly.
Gabriel, as GERB's proposed candidate for PM, received the first mandate to form a government from President Radev. She proposed a government without getting the consent of PP–DB, and PP–DB ministers subsequently declared they did not wish to enter a government led by Gabriel. Further negotiations followed, but they broke down, with disagreements over cabinet positions and support of DPS.
PP–DB were given the second mandate to form a government on 26 March, but as GERB had ruled out accepting a government, the mandate was returned the following day unfulfilled. President Radev chose to give the third and final mandate to ITN on 28 March, who rejected it, returning it in seconds. Further elections were likely to be held on 9 June 2024, to coincide with the European Parliament elections on the same day.
The June 2024 election saw similar results for most parties to the 2023 election. Notably, PP–DB dropped into third place behind DPS, with its vote share falling by almost 7 points. Velichie, a minor nationalist party, passed the 4% threshold, and so entered the National Assembly.
Coalition negotiations again failed to produce a feasible government. A key development was a split and the expulsion of MPs from DPS over the disagreements between the two chairmen on whether they should support a GERB-led government. Velichie also split, with reports that some were considering supporting a GERB-DPS government. However, the investiture proposal for a minority government by GERB failed to get a majority of the votes, with the results as following:
The second and third mandates to form a government went to PP–DB and ITN, respectively. PP–DB immediately returned the mandate, while ITN attempted to build support for a Euro-Atlantic expert government but ended up returning the mandate unfulfilled.
By the end of August 2024, the composition of the Assembly was as follows:
On 27 August, the central leadership organisation of the DPS removed Delyan Peevski as chairman of the party, and seven MPs close to Peevski were expelled from the party. This move has been linked to Ahmed Dogan, MP and honorary chairman of the party. Peevski called the move unconstitutional, and gained control of the official party website. This follows the rift in the party following the election, where the parliamentary group split. The controversy surrounding Peevski has led to two groups emerging, DPS – A New Beginning and Democracy, Rights and Freedoms, with both groups registering as electoral coalitions with the acronym DPS in order to get around the rules of the electoral commission. After DPS–Peevski was recognized to be the legitimate DPS by the Supreme Administrative Court of Bulgaria, DPS~Dogan changed their name to "Alliance for Rights and Freedoms" (АПС instead of ДПС) and registered without listing DPS as a member of the alliance. The DPS mayors split 50:50 between both groups.
The GERB party leader Rosen Zhelyazkov formed a government on 16 January, 2025 with BSP and ITN with the external support of APS.