davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
তামিলনাড়ু

তামিলনাড়ু (তামিল: தமிழ்நாடு;/ˌtæmɪl ˈnɑːduː/; তামিল: [ˈtamiɻ ˈnaːɽɯ] (শুনুন), abbr.) ভারতীয় প্রজাতন্ত্রের ২৮টি রাজ্যের অন্যতম। এই রাজ্যের রাজধানী চেন্নাই (পূর্বতন মাদ্রাজ)। তামিলনাড়ু ভারতীয় উপদ্বীপের সর্বদক্ষিণে অবস্থিত। এই রাজ্যের সীমানায় পুদুচেরি, কেরল, কর্ণাটক ও অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশ অবস্থিত। তামিলনাড়ুর ভৌগোলিক উত্তর সীমায় পূর্বঘাট, পশ্চিম সীমায় নীলগিরি পর্বত, আন্নামালাই পর্বত ও পালঘাট, পূর্ব সীমায় বঙ্গোপসাগর, দক্ষিণ পূর্ব সীমায় মান্নার উপসাগর ও পক প্রণালী এবং দক্ষিণে ভারত মহাসাগর অবস্থিত।
আয়তনের বিচারে তামিলনাড়ু ভারতের একাদশ (এই রাজ্যের আয়তন গ্রিসের সমান) এবং জনসংখ্যার বিচারে সপ্তম বৃহত্তম রাজ্য। অন্যদিকে এই রাজ্য ভারতের জিডিপি-র পঞ্চম বৃহত্তম অবদানকারী রাজ্য এবং ভারতের সর্বাপেক্ষা অধিক পরিমাণ নগরায়িত রাজ্য। ভারতের সর্বাধিক সংখ্যক বাণিজ্যিক সংস্থা (১০.৫৬%) এই রাজ্যে অবস্থিত। যা ৬% জনসংখ্যার ভাগের তুলনায় অনেকটাই বেশি।
প্রায় ৫০০ খ্রিষ্টপূর্বাব্দ থেকে তামিলনাড়ু ভূখণ্ড তামিল জাতির আবাসস্থল। প্রায় ১৫০০-২০০০ বছর ধরে এই অঞ্চলের ধ্রুপদি ভাষা তামিল বিভিন্ন লেখা ও সাহিত্যে ব্যবহৃত হয়ে আসছে। তামিলনাড়ু প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ, দ্রাবিড় স্থাপত্যের বিশালাকার হিন্দু মন্দির, শৈলশহর, সমুদ্র সৈকত, বিভিন্ন ধর্মের তীর্থস্থানে পরিপূর্ণ। এই রাজ্যে আটটি ইউনেস্কো বিশ্ব ঐতিহ্যবাহী স্থান রয়েছে।
এই রাজ্য ভারতের ৭ম জনবহুল রাজ্য। ভারতীয় রাজ্যগুলির মধ্যে সর্বনিম্ন জন্মহার এই রাজ্যের। এখানে চিকিৎসকের সংখ্যা ১,০৮,৩৬৫ যা ভারতীয় রাজ্যগুলির মধ্যে সর্বোচ্চ।
এই রাজ্য আয়কর প্রদানে দেশের মধ্যে ৪থ সর্বোচ্চ অবদান রাখে। প্রায় ৭৪ হাজার কোটি রুপি আয়কর আদায় হয় এখানথেকে।
এই রাজ্য ভারতের সর্ববৃহৎ মোটরগাড়ি শিল্পঅঞ্চল। ভারতের প্রায় ১/৩ অংশ মুনাফা এই রাজ্য থেকে আসে।
পোল্ট্রি জাত দ্রব্য উৎপাদনে এই রাজ্য ভারতে শীর্ষ স্থানে রয়েছে। বার্ষিক প্রায় ১২ কোটি দ্রব্য উৎপাদিত হয়।
রাজ্যের তিরুচ্চিরাপল্লী-এ একটি ১৯৬৪ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত রাষ্ট্রীয় প্রযুক্তিক প্রতিষ্ঠান রয়েছে।
তামিল চলচ্চিত্র
ইডলি , দোসা এখানকার প্রধান খাবার। এছাড়া বিবিধ মিষ্টি খাবারের চল রয়েছে। বিয়ে, অন্নপ্রাশনের মত নানা অনুষ্ঠানে এই মিষ্টি অত্যন্ত সমাদৃত।
এম. এ. চিদাম্বরম স্টেডিয়াম এই রাজ্যের প্রধান ও বৃহৎ আন্তর্জাতিক ক্রিকেট স্টেডিয়াম। ইন্ডিয়ান প্রিমিয়ার লিগ-এ চেন্নাই সুপার কিংস দল এই রাজ্যের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করে।
এছাড়া সালেম ক্রিকেট ফাউন্ডেশন স্টেডিয়াম , এনপিআর কলেজ মাঠ,ডিন্ডিগুল এবং ইন্ডিয়ান সিমেন্ট কোম্পানি গ্রাউন্ড,তিরুনেলবেলি তে তামিলনাড়ু প্রিমিয়ার লিগের খেলা অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এই মাঠগুলোতে বাতিস্তম্ভ রয়েছে ফলে রাতেও খেলা অনুষ্ঠিত করা যায় ।
মেরিনা এরিনা এই রাজ্যের প্রধান ফুটবল স্টেডিয়াম। বর্তমানে ইন্ডিয়ান সুপার লিগ এর চেন্নাই দলের ম্যাচ এখানে অনুষ্ঠিত হয়।
রাজ্যে ৪টি আন্তর্জাতিক বিমানবন্দর রয়েছে। চেন্নাই (৩.৬ কিমি রানওয়ে) , কোয়েম্বাটুর (৩.১ কিমি রানওয়ে) , তিরুচ্চিরাপল্লী (২.৪ কিমি রানওয়ে) এবং মাদুরাই (২.২ কিমি রানওয়ে) ।
দক্ষিণ রেল-এর সদর দপ্তর এই রাজ্যের চেন্নাই শহরে অবস্থিত।
সালেম, তামিলনাড়ু

সালেম (তামিল: சேலம், প্রতিবর্ণী. সেলম্) হল ভারত এর তামিলনাড়ু রাজ্যের একটি শহর। শহরটি কর্পোরেশন বা পৌরসংস্থা ও বৃহত্তর শহর নিয়ে গঠিত। এটি রাজ্যের ষষ্ঠ বৃহত্তম শহর। শহরটি চেন্নাই থেকে ৩৪০ কিলোমিটার দক্ষিণ পশ্চিম, বেঙ্গালুরু থেকে ১৮৬ কিলোমিটার দক্ষিণ-পূর্বে ও কোয়েম্বাটুর থেকে ১৬০ কিলোমিটার উত্তর-পূরে অবস্থিত।এই শহটিতে ইস্পাত কারখানা গড়ে উঠেছে,এই কারণে শহরটিকে ইস্পত নগরী বলে ডাকা হয়।
সেলম সমুদ্র সমতল থেকে ২৭২ মিটার (৮৯২ ফুট) উচুতে অবস্থিত। শহরটির স্থানাঙ্ক হল ১১.৬৮ উত্তর ও ৭৮.১৬ পূর্ব।
২০১১ সালের ভারতের আদম শুমিারি অনুয়ায়ী শহরটির জনসংখ্যা ৮,২৯,২৬৭ জন এবং বৃহত্তর সেলম এর জনসংখ্যা ৯,১৭,৪১৪ জন।শহরটির মোট জনংখ্যার ৫০.৫০ শতাংশ পুরুষ ও ৪৯.৫০ শতাংশ নারী।
সেলম শহরটি ছয়টি প্রধান সড়ক দ্বারা গঠিত। সড়ক পথের দ্বারা সেলম শহরটি ব্যাঙ্গালোর, চেন্নাই, কোয়েম্বাটুর ও কোচি শহরের সঙ্গে সংযুক্ত। সেলম রেলওয়ে স্টেলন দ্বারা শহরটিতে রেল যোগাযোগ সম্পন হয়। এই শহরটিতে একটি বিমানবন্দর রয়েছে। দুটি ফ্লাইটই সেলাম থেকে চেন্নাইতে চালিত হয়। যত তাড়াতাড়ি সম্ভব মুম্বই, কলকাতা, ব্যাঙ্গালোর, দিল্লি, হায়দরাবাদ এবং বিদেশে বিদেশের দেশের বড় বড় শহরগুলিতে পরিচালনা করার পরিকল্পনা রয়েছে।
তামিলনাড়ু ক্রিকেট অ্যাসোসিয়েশন

তামিলনাড়ু ক্রিকেট অ্যাসোসিয়েশন (টিএনসিএ) হল ভারতের তামিলনাড়ু রাজ্যের ক্রিকেট কার্যক্রমের পরিচালনা কমিটি। এটি ভারতীয় ক্রিকেট নিয়ন্ত্রণ বোর্ড সাথে অনুমোদিত এবং তামিলনাড়ু ক্রিকেট দল পরিচালনা করে। রূপা গুরুনাথ তামিলনাড়ু ক্রিকেট অ্যাসোসিয়েশনের সভাপতি এবং এন শ্রীনিবাসনের কন্যা টিএনসিএ হ'ল বিসিসিআইয়ের অন্যতম স্থায়ী পরীক্ষা কেন্দ্র।
টিএনসিএ তার আঞ্চলিক টি-টোয়েন্টি লিগ তামিলনাড়ু প্রিমিয়ার লিগ-এর উদ্বোধন করেছিল আগস্ট, ২০১৬ এ ।
তামিলনাড়ু কৃষক ও শ্রমিক দল

তামিলনাড়ু কৃষক ও শ্রমিক দল ( তামিল: தமிழ்நாடு விவசாயிகள் தொழிலாளர் கட்சி, টিএনপিডব্লিউপি) হল ভারতের তামিলনাড়ু রাজ্যের একটি রাজনৈতিক দল। টিএনপিডব্লিউপির সভাপতি হলেন পন কুমার। টিএনপিডব্লিউপি ২২ বছর ধরে সর্বভারতীয় আন্না দ্রাবিড় মুনেত্র কাজগাম (এআইএডিএমকে) কে সমর্থন করেছিল, কিন্তু ২০০৬ সালের তামিলনাড়ু বিধানসভা নির্বাচনের আগে জোট ভেঙে যায়। পরিবর্তে টিএনপিডব্লিউপি নিজেকে সমাজবাদী পার্টির সাথে যুক্ত করেছে। নির্বাচনের পর টিএনপিডব্লিউপি দ্রাবিড় মুনেত্র কাজগাম (ডিএমকে)-এর নেতৃত্বাধীন গণতান্ত্রিক প্রগতিশীল জোট সরকারকে সমর্থনের প্রতিশ্রুতি দেয়।
তামিলনাড়ু কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়

তামিলনাড়ু কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, সংক্ষেপে কুতন, সংসদের একটি আইন (২৫ নং, ২০ শে মার্চ) দ্বারা প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। ২০০৫ সালের ৩০ সেপ্টেম্বর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ভিত্তি প্রস্তর স্থাপন করেন কপিল সিব্বল। হায়দ্রাবাদ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের জনসংযোগ বিভাগের প্রাক্তন অধ্যক্ষ এবং ভারতীয় জনসংযোগ প্রতিষ্ঠানের (আই আই এম সি) প্রাক্তন অধিকর্তা বি.পি. সঞ্জয় তামিলনাড়ু কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের প্রথম উপাচার্য হিসাবে নিযুক্ত হন। বর্তমানে কুতন তার ৫০০ একর জায়গা বিশিষ্ট স্থায়ী ক্যাম্পাসে কাজ করছে। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের দ্বিতীয় উপাচার্য হিসাবে নিযুক্ত হন ডঃ আদিত্য প্রসাদ দাশ, যিনি একজন বিশিষ্ট বিজ্ঞানী ও শিক্ষাবিদ।
বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টি বর্তমানে পদার্থবিজ্ঞান, রসায়ন, গণিত, জীবন বিজ্ঞান ও অর্থনীতি বিষয়ে ইন্টিগ্রেটেড মাস্টার ডিগ্রি; ইংরেজি, তামিল, সামাজিক কাজ, মিডিয়া ও যোগাযোগ এবং রসায়ন বিষয়ে মাস্টার্স ডিগ্রি; পদার্থবিজ্ঞান, রসায়ন, তামিল, ইংরেজি, গণিত, জীবন বিজ্ঞান ও অর্থনীতি বিষয়ে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি প্রদান করে। মাদ্রাজ স্কুল অফ ইকনমিক্সকে তামিলনাড়ু কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (CUTN) থেকে সহযোগিতায় দেওয়া হয় সাধারণ অর্থনীতি, আর্থিক অর্থনীতি, আইনানুষ্ঠানিক অর্থনীতি, ফলিত পরিমাণগত অর্থনীতি এবং পরিবেশগত অর্থনীতিতে এম.এসসি করার জন্য।
থিরিউরুর জেলার নীলকুড়ি ও নাগাকুড়ি গ্রামের ৫০০ একর জমির মধ্যে প্রধান ক্যাম্পাসটি ছড়িয়ে রয়েছে এবং এটি দ্রুত উন্নয়নের মধ্যে রয়েছে।
তামিলনাড়ু সরকার একটি সড়ক প্রশস্তকরণ প্রকল্প চালু করেছে যাতে মায়িলাদুথুরাই-চেন্নাই এবং কুম্বকনম-চেন্নাই উভয় রাজ্য সড়কের সাথে দুটি ক্যাম্পাসকে যুক্ত করার জন্য একটি দুমুখী সড়কের প্রশস্তকরণের অনুমতি দিয়েছে। ক্যাম্পাসটি মহাসড়ক দ্বারা দুই ভাগে ভাগ হয়ে গেছে বলে দুটি ক্যাম্পাস সংযোগকারী একটি উচ্চতর সেতু নির্মাণ প্রকল্পও নেওয়া হয়েছে।
নাগাকুড়ি আবাসিক ক্যাম্পাসে জুলাই ২০১৩ সালে একটি কেন্দ্রীয় বিদ্যালয় শুরু হয় এবং বর্তমানে এটিতে সপ্তম শ্রেণি পর্যন্ত ক্লাস আছে যা বার্ষিকভাবে বৃদ্ধি পেয়ে দ্বাদশ শ্রেনী পর্যন্ত হবে।
ক্যাম্পাসে মোবাইল টাওয়ার সহ বিএসএনএল এর একটি এক্সচেঞ্জ রয়েছে এবং সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১৫ সাল থেকে একটি এসবিআই এটিএম নীলগুডি ক্যাম্পাসে কাজ শুরু করেছে।
তামিলনাড়ু কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়- এর বিভিন্ন কর্মসূচিতে ভর্তি করা হয় সেন্ট্রাল ইউনিভার্সিটি যৌথ এন্ট্রান্স টেস্ট (CUCET) এর মাধ্যমে। প্রতিবছর সেন্ট্রাল ইউনিভার্সিটি যৌথ এন্ট্রান্স টেস্ট নতুন গঠিত কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলির সমন্বয়ে গঠিত হচ্ছে। নতুন গঠিত কেন্দ্রীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়গুলি হল হরিয়ানা, জম্মু, ঝাড়খণ্ড, কর্ণাটক, কাশ্মীর, কেরালা, পাঞ্জাব, রাজস্থান, দক্ষিণ বিহার এবং তামিলনাড়ু। সেন্ট্রাল ইউনিভার্সিটি যৌথ এন্ট্রান্স টেস্ট (CUCET) এ অংশগ্রহণকারী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সংখ্যা বছরে বছরে বৃদ্ধি পাচ্ছে। বিভিন্ন স্নাতকস্তর, স্নাতকোত্তর গবেষণা ও ইন্টিগ্রেটেড প্রোগ্রামে ভর্তির জন্য সারা দেশে ৫৭ টি কেন্দ্রের মধ্যে সেন্ট্রাল ইউনিভার্সিটি যৌথ এন্ট্রান্স টেস্ট-২০১৬ অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। ২১ শে মে এবং ২২ মে ২০১৬ সালে পরিচালিত সাধারণ প্রবেশিকা পরীক্ষার জন্য ৬৫,০০০ এর বেশি প্রার্থী উপস্থিত হয়। প্রায় ৭৫ টি কেন্দ্রে সিইউসিইট-২০১৭ পরিচালনার জন্য প্রস্তাব করা হয়েছে।
হালিশহর, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ

হালিশহর ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গ রাজ্যের উত্তর ২৪ পরগণা জেলার একটি শহর ও পৌরসভা এলাকা। হাবেলীশহর (অট্টালিকা-বহুল নগরী) কথাটির অপভ্রংশে হালিশহর নামটি এসেছে। 'আইন-ই-আকবরী'তে সরকার-সাতগাঁর অন্তর্গত পরগনার মধ্যে হাবেলীশহরের নাম পাওয়া যায়।
পঞ্চদর শতকের মধ্যভাগে গাঙ্গুলীবংশীয় বড়িশার সাবর্ণ রায়চৌধুরীদের আদিপুরুষ হুগলি জেলার গোহট্ট-গোপালপুর (গোঘাট) নিবাসী 'পাঁচু শক্তি খান' অর্থাৎ পঞ্চানন গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় হাবেলীশহর পরগনার কর্তৃত্ব লাভ করে 'হালিশহর সমাজ' প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন।
হালিশহর গঙ্গাতীরবর্তী প্রাচীন জনপদ। অতীত নাম ছিল কুমারহট্ট । একসময় এখানে কুম্ভকারদের অর্থাৎ কুমারদের বিরাট হাট বসত, গঙ্গার ঘাট থেকে হাঁড়ি-কলসী নৌকায় করে চালান হত। তাই 'কুমারহাট' বা 'কুমারহট্ট' নাম হয়েছিল। কবিকঙ্কন মুকুন্দরাম চক্রবর্তীর চণ্ডীমঙ্গল কাব্যে হালিশহর নামটি প্রথম পাওয়া যায়। ব্রাহ্মণ পণ্ডিতদের বিদ্যাচর্চার ফলে কুমারহট্ট-পণ্ডিতসমাজ একসময় নদীয়া জেলার নবদ্বীপের সমতুল্য খ্যাতি অর্জন করেছিল। হালিশহরে 'চৈতন্য ডোবা' নামক জলাশয়ের ধারে বাস করতেন চৈতন্য মহাপ্রভুর দীক্ষাগুরু ঈশ্বর পুরী; এই জায়গার সামনের একটি মাঠে বর্তমানে গৌর-নিতাই মূর্তি প্রতিষ্ঠিত। এইসময় চৈতন্যদেবের প্রভাবে এখানে গৌড়ীয় বৈষ্ণবধর্ম বেশ বিস্তারলাভ করেছিল। অষ্টাদশ শতকের প্রখ্যাত শ্যামাসংগীতকার, সাধক রামপ্রসাদ সেনের বসতবাটিও ছিল হালিশহরে।
এখানে বারুইপাড়ার শুভচণ্ডীতলায় বটগাছের নিচে শাচণ্ডীর শিলার পাশে একটি প্রাচীন (সম্ভবত সেনবংশীয় রাজাদের আমলে নির্মিত) গণেশমূর্তি (দুই ফুট দীর্ঘ, পদ্মাসনে আসীন, পাথরের পালিশযুক্ত) পূজিত হয়, যেটি পাশের শাপুকুর খননকালে আবিষ্কৃত হয়েছিল। বারুইপাড়ায় পানের বরোজ রক্ষায় 'পবনদেব'এর পূজা করা হয়।
বিভিন্ন নামে শক্তিপূজা (কালী), মনসা-শীতলা, চড়কপূজা ও বৃক্ষপূজার চল বহুকালের। এখানে প্রাচীন পরিত্যক্ত মন্দিরের মধ্যে 'পঞ্চরত্ন' ও চারচালা বাংলা মন্দিরই বেশি। হালিশহরে বিভিন্ন শিবমন্দিরও অনুপম পৌরাণিক বিষয়ের কারুকাজে ভরা। এখানে কালিকাতলার 'জ্যাংড়া কার্তিক (দেবতা)' ও জেলেপাড়ার 'ধুমো কার্তিক (দেবতা)' পূজা বিখ্যাত।
শহরটির অবস্থানের অক্ষাংশ ও দ্রাঘিমাংশ হল ২২°৫৭′ উত্তর ৮৮°২৫′ পূর্ব﻿ / ﻿২২.৯৫° উত্তর ৮৮.৪২° পূর্ব﻿ / 22.95; 88.42। সমুদ্র সমতল হতে এর গড় উচ্চতা হল ১৫ মিটার (৪৯ ফুট)।
ভারতের ২০০১ সালের আদমশুমারি অনুসারে হালিশহর (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) শহরের জনসংখ্যা হল ১২৪,৪৭৯ জন। এর মধ্যে পুরুষ ৫৪% এবং নারী ৪৬%।
এখানে সাক্ষরতার হার ৭৬%। পুরুষদের মধ্যে সাক্ষরতার হার ৮১% এবং নারীদের মধ্যে এই হার ৭০%। সারা ভারতের সাক্ষরতার হার ৫৯.৫%, তার চাইতে হালিশহর (পশ্চিমবঙ্গ) এর সাক্ষরতার হার বেশি।
এই শহরের জনসংখ্যার ১০% হল ৬ বছর বা তার কম বয়সী।
পশ্চিমবঙ্গ মধ্য শিক্ষা পর্ষদ

পশ্চিমবঙ্গ মধ্য শিক্ষা পর্ষদ পশ্চিমবঙ্গ সরকার পরিচালিত একটি মাধ্যমিক শিক্ষা বোর্ড। এই বোর্ড পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বাইরে অবস্থিত এই বোর্ডের অধিভুক্ত স্কুলগুলিতে দশম শ্রেণির মাধ্যমিক পরীক্ষা পরিচালনা করে থাকে।
পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বিধানসভা কেন্দ্রের তালিকা

২০24 সালে গঠিত সীমানা পুনর্নির্ধারণ কমিশনের সুপারিশ অনুযায়ী ২০24 সালে পুনর্নির্ধারিত সীমানায় পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বিধানসভা কেন্দ্রগুলি হল :
Temples of Bishnupur

The Temples of Bishnupur are a group of temples located in the town of Bishnupur, West Bengal, India. These temples, built by the Malla kings between the 17th and 18th centuries, are renowned for their unique architectural style that blends traditional Bengali design with influences from other regions. The temples are primarily constructed using terracotta, a material that gives them a distinctive reddish hue and allows for intricate detailing in the artwork. Known for their elaborate terracotta panels that depict scenes from Hindu epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, the temples are a testament to the artistic and cultural achievements of the Malla dynasty. Over the years, they have gained historical significance, drawing visitors and scholars alike. In recognition of their cultural value, the Temples of Bishnupur were added to UNESCO's tentative list of World Heritage Sites in 1997. The Temples are designated as Monuments of National importance by ASI.
This is a list of temples in Bishnupur, which are located in the town of Bishnupur in Bankura district of West Bengal, India. The town is famous for the unique terracotta temples made from the locally available laterite stones. The Malla rulers were Vaishnavites and built the famous terracotta temples during the 17th and 18th centuries at this place. Since 1997, the temples of Bishnupur is on the UNESCO World Heritage Site's Tentative list.
Peprilus paru

Peprilus paru, (harvestfish or American harvestfish; syn. Peprilus alepidotus), also occasionally known by a few local names as star butter fish or sometimes even simply as butterfish, is a marine, benthopelagic, circular-shaped and deep-bodied fish classified in the family Stromateidae of butterfishes.
These fish grow usually to about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in length, and are deep-bodied and circular-shaped, with curved fins, rounded nose and small mouth. Harvestfish are greenish silvery above, silvery sometimes tinged with yellow on its sides and belly and the fins of some individuals are slightly dusky or yellowish. Their habitat is the subtropical waters of the Western Atlantic: Chesapeake Bay and northern Gulf of Mexico in United States to Argentina. Harvestfish are sometimes caught commercially as a food fish.
The harvestfish is deep-bodied, round, and strongly compressed laterally with a forked caudal fin. It has long, curved, sickle-shaped dorsal and anal fins, lacks pelvic fins, a blunt snout, a small mouth, weak teeth, and lack a longitudinal keel. Harvestfish are usually silvery and iridescent, sometimes with a green tint on its dorsal half, with tinged yellow fins. They usually grow to about 18 to 30 centimetres (7.1 to 11.8 in) in length. Harvestfish have 2–5 total dorsal spines, 38–47 total soft dorsal rays, 2–3 anal spines, and 35–45 soft anal rays. The harvestfish also lacks the mucous pores situated below the anterior half of the dorsal fin that are conspicuous in the butterfish.
Adults are predatory and feed on small fishes, invertebrates such as jellyfish, crustaceans, and worms. Juveniles are plankton feeders.
The harvestfish is a pelagic schooling fish found in subtropical waters in coastal bays and inshore waters over the continental shelf at moderate depths. Juveniles can be found in shallow coastal waters or near coastal estuaries. They are known for their habit of swimming under certain species of jellyfishes, where they find shelter and perhaps a food supply of small invertebrates that have become entangled in the tentacles, but they are also subject to fatal stings inflicted by these tentacles.
The harvestfish distribution is Western Atlantic, as well as the Northern Gulf of Mexico to Argentina. They can range from Florida to Venezuela, Trinidad, and Antilles. They have been found in the western Caribbean.
Pythian Castle (Arcata, California)

The Pythian Castle is a building in Arcata, northwestern California, that was built during 1884-85 for the North Star chapter of the Knights of Pythias fraternal order. It is notable for its commercial Queen Anne style architecture which features five projecting towers: two square towers projecting from the center of the two street-fronting sides of the building, and three round towers projecting from the street-side corners. Patterned shingles covered the tower roofs in the past. The corner ones have "witch hat"-shaped tops and used to sport tall finials. The side ones once had cresting.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Although many of its details have changed, the building was deemed significant as the "only remaining Victorian commercial building [in Arcata] that has not lost its architectural and historic character."
Gallipoli Star

The Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası) was a military decoration awarded by the Ottoman Empire. It was commonly known in English as the Gallipoli Star and in German as the Eiserner Halbmond (Iron Crescent, in allusion to the Iron Cross). It was instituted by Sultan Mehmed V on 1 March 1915 for gallantry in battle. This decoration was awarded for the duration of World War I to Ottoman and other Central Powers troops, primarily in Ottoman areas of engagement.
The award includes a badge, ribbon and campaign bar.
The medal, made of nickel-plated brass, has a vaulted star-shaped badge, 56 mm across the diagonal span of the arms. The tips of the star are capped by ball finials and enclosed in a raised silver edge with the field in red lacquer or enamel. A raised crescent, open at the top, encircles the center of the badge. Inside the crescent is the Tughra or cipher of the decoration's creator, Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd, over the date 1333 AH (AD 1915). The reverse is flat, unadorned and has a straight pin.
Along with the badge came a ribbon with red and white stripes. The dimensions of the ribbon for combatants are: red 2.5 mm; white, 5 mm.; red, 29 mm.; white, 5 mm.; red 2.5 mm. For non-combatant awardees, the colors are reversed.
The campaign bars were not originally for wear with the War Medal, but with the Imtiaz and Liakat Medals, but were often found worn on the ribbon of the War Medal. The campaign bar is a right-pointing parabola of white at 56mm in length and 7mm in height. In the field is red Arabic script denoting the specific campaign, among which were:
When in formal dress, the badge was worn at the center, below the right breast pocket. Wear of the badge was exclusive; in everyday wear was substituted by the ribbon. The ribbon was worn from the second hole in the tunic button.
For Austrian and German awardees (often members of the Asienkorps), the award took lower precedence to their own Iron Cross 2nd class, and the ribbon of the Iron Crescent was placed beneath that of the Iron Cross.
The ribbon could also be fashioned into a chest riband for placement on a ribbon bar when in undress.
The campaign bar was usually not worn.
Twilight language

Twilight language or secret language is a rendering of the Sanskrit term sāṃdhyābhāṣā (written also sāndhyābhāṣā, sāṃdhyabhāṣā, sāndhyabhāṣā; Wylie: dgongs-pa'i skad, THL gongpé ké) or of their modern Indic equivalents (especially in Bengali, Odia, Assamese, Maithili, Hindi, Nepali, Braj Bhasha and Khariboli).
As popularized by Roderick Bucknell and Martin Stuart-Fox in The Twilight Language: Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism in 1986, the notion of "twilight language" is a supposed polysemic language and communication system associated with tantric traditions in Vajrayana Buddhism and Hinduism. It includes visual communication, verbal communication and nonverbal communication. Tantric texts are often written in a form of the twilight language that is incomprehensible to the uninitiated reader. As part of an esoteric tradition of initiation, the texts are not to be employed by those without an experienced guide and the use of the twilight language ensures that the uninitiated do not easily gain access to the knowledge contained in these works.
The phrase "twilight language" has subsequently been adopted by some other Western writers, including Judith Simmer-Brown.
According to Mircea Eliade (1970), in 1916 Hara Prasad Shastri proposed the translation of "twilight language". However, in 1928 Vidhushekar Shāstri disagreed with that translation, showing that the term is based on a shortened form of the word sandhāya, which can be translated as "having in view", "intending", or "with regard to". Eliade concludes that: "Hence there is no reference to the idea of a 'twilight language'." He continues by speculating on how the term came to be corrupted by scribes who read the familiar word sandhyā ("crepuscular") for the original sandhā. Eliade therefore translates the phrase as "intentional language". Staal explains, "sandhā means esoteric meaning, as contrasted with prima facie or superficial meaning," and suggests to translate sandhābhāsā as "secret language".
However, the phrase "twilight language" continues to be used by many Western writers. For example, according to Judith Simmer-Brown:
As Bucknell and Stuart-Fox state:
Numbers, numerology and the spirituality of numerals is key to the twilight language and endemic to Vajrayana, as it is throughout Indian religions. Numbers that are particularly frequent in classification are three, five and nine. As Bucknell and Stuart-Fox state:
Although twilight language is primarily a feature of esoteric traditions such as the Vajrayana, Bucknell and Stuart-Fox cite the Thai Bhikkhu Buddhadasa as having explored "the importance of symbolic language in the Pali Canon ... in a number of lectures and publications."
Sonepur, Odisha and its literature is championed by such as Charyapada, Matsyendranath, Daripada and other Naths:
Seal of Phnom Penh

The Seal of Phnom Penh is the municipal seal used by the City Hall of Phnom Penh.
The seal is round with navy-blue rings. The trees, bridge, and temple (Wat Phnom) are also navy-blue.
The palm tree (Khmer: ដើមត្នោត, Daeum Tnaôt) represents Cambodia and the other trees represent nature. Wat Phnom (វត្តភ្នំ, lit. "Mountain Pagoda") and Spean Neak (ស្ពាននាគ, lit. "Dragon Bridge") represent Phnom Penh.
Volkswagen

Volkswagen, giorraithe go VW, is uathoibritheoir Gearmánach é a bhunaigh an Lucht Oibre sa Ghearmáin in 1937, a bhfuil cáil air mar gheall ar an gCiaróg íocónach agus a cheanncheathrú i Wolfsburg. Is é an príomhthionscadal branda an Ghrúpa Volkswagen, an déantóir gluaisteán is mó díolacháin ar fud an domhain in 2016 agus 2017. Tá an margadh is mó sa ghrúpa sa tSín, a sheachadann 40% dá dhíolacháin agus dá bhrabúis.
Aistríonn an téarma Gearmánach Volk go "daoine", dá bhrí sin aistríonn Volkswagen go "gluaisteán daoine". Is é mana fógraíochta idirnáisiúnta reatha na cuideachta ach "Volkswagen", ag tagairt do bhrí an ainm.
Volkswagen Lupo

Gluaisteán de dhéantús na Gearmáine is ea an Volkswagen Lupo. Bhí saol na cathrach ar intinn ag an déantúsóir nuair a dhear sé an gluaisteán beag seo, agus bhí an carr á thairgeadh ag an gcomhlacht Volkswagen ón mbliain 1998 go dtí 2005. Tá toilleadh innill beag ag an gcuid is mó de na carranna seo (1.0 lítear), agus tá siad sách eacnamaíoch ó thaobh na gcostas reatha de. Cé go bhfuil an carr seo beag, tá a dhóthain spáis taobh istigh - is féidir 833 lítear de bhagáiste a chur isteach i Lupo amháin leis na suíocháin chúil in íochtar.
Wolfsburg

Is baile tionsclaíoch i dTuaisceart na Gearmáine é Wolfsburg, a bhfuil clú agus cáil air de bharr Ceanncheathrú Volkswagen AG a bheith suite ann. Is é an logainm a bhí air ó cuireadh ar bun é go dtí an bhliain 1945 ná Stadt des KdF-Wagens bei Fallersleben ainm a dhéanann tagairt don fáth ar cuireadh ar bun é an chéad lá riamh, sa bhliain 1938, is é sin ná ar mhaithe le tithíocht a chur ar fáil d’oibrithe mhonarchana nua Volkswagen, a bhí ag obair ar na chéad Volkswagen (“Gluaisteáin an Phobail”). Ba é KdF-Wagen bunainm an Volkswagen Käfer (“ciaróg”).
Tá Wolfsburg suite in oirthear na Sacsaine Íochtaraí, in aice leis an teorainn stáit a dhéanann é a dheighilt ón Sascsain-Anhalt. B’ionann an teorainn seo agus an teorainn pholaitiúil a bhí idir Phoblacht Chónaidhme na Gearmáine agus Dhaonphoblacht na Gearmáine sna blianta 1949-1990.
Sa lá inniu, tá breis is 122,000 duine ina gcónaí san ait seo agus is é Wolfsburg an cúigiú cathair is mó sa Sacsain Íochtarach, i ndiaidh Hannover, Braunschweig, Oldenburg agus Osnabrück.
Is minic a bhíonn Wolfsburg i mbéal an phobail go hidirnáisiúnta mar gheall ar rath an chumann sacair áitiúil, VfL Wolfsburg, a bhuaigh Craobhchomórtas Sacair na Gearmáine sa bhliain 2009.
Audi

Is monaróir carranna sómasacha Gearmánach é Audi AG, giorraithe go dtí Audi go minic. Is i Ingolstadt, an Bhaváir, an Ghearmáin atá ceanncheathrú an chomhlachta. Is le Grúpa Volkswagen é. Mar aon le BMW agus Mercedes-Benz, tá sé i measc na mbrandaí carranna sómasacha is mó díol ar domhan.
Kalle Grundel

Is iarthiománaí rally Sualannach é Karl-Erik "Kalle" Grundel (rugadh 2 Deireadh Fómhair 1948). Rinne sé a cheannródaíocht idirnáisiúnta i 1982, ag tiomáint Volkswagen Golf GTi d’fhoireann monarchan Volkswagen. Ghnóthaigh sé a chéad agus a chríochnú podium i gCraobhchomórtas Railí an Domhain i 1986, ag stiúradh a Ford RS200 go dtí an tríú háit sa Swedish Rally.
Baruch Goldstein

Ba shladmharfóir Iosraelach–Mheiriceánach, antoisceach reiligiúnach agus lia é Baruch Kopel Goldstein (Eabhrais; איתמר בן גביר .Nollaig, 1956 – 25 Feabhra, 1994) nó Benjamin Carl Goldstein; a rinne ionsaí sceimhlitheoireachta sa bhliain 1994, ar a dtugtar Sléacht Mhosc Ibrahimi i Hebrón. Bhí Goldstein ina chrann taca ag an Kach, páirtí reiligiúnach Zionaíoch a ainmníonn an tAontas Eorpach agus tíortha eile mar sceimhlitheoirí.
Prionsabal na tabhartha

Bunphrionsabal de dhlí an Aontais Eorpaigh is ea prionsabal na tabhartha. De réir an phrionsabail seo, is aontas dá bhallstáit é an AE, agus tugann a bhallstáit a inniúlachtaí go léir dó go deonach. Níl aon inniúlachtaí ag an Aontas de réir cirt, agus mar sin fanann na Ballstáit ar aon réimsí beartais nár chomhaontaigh na Ballstáit go léir orthu go sainráite i gconarthaí. Léiríonn sé sin go bhfuil an ceart ag na Ballstáit déileáil le gach ábhar a thagann lasmuigh de chomhaontuithe na gConarthaí agus ní féidir leis an AE gníomhú ach amháin faoi na hinniúlachtaí arna dtabhairt ag na Ballstáit atá sainithe ag na Ballstáit sna conarthaí.
Bhí an prionsabal seo mar bhonn agus taca ag an Aontas Eorpach i gcónaí, ach sonraíodh go sainráite é den chéad uair sa Chonradh ag bunú Bunreachta don Eoraip a moladh agus ar diúltaíodh dó. Ina ionad, tugadh an prionsabal anonn go dtí an Conradh ar an Aontas Eorpach (CEA). Tá sé leagtha amach go hiomlán inAirteagail 4 agus Airteagail 5 den CAE
Tugadh an prionsabal anonn go dtí an Conradh ar an Aontas Eorpach a ionadú. Tá sé leagtha amach go hiomlán in Airteagail 4 agus 5 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach (CAE)an Conradh fir3 ar an Aontas Eorpachan prionsabal seo mar bhonn agus taca ag an Aontas Eorpach i gcónaí, ach sonraíodh go sainráite é den chéad uair sa Chonradh ag bunú Bunreachta don Eoraip a moladh agus ar diúltaíodh dó. Tugadh an prionsabal anonn go dtí an Conradh ar an Aontas Eorpach a ionadú. Tá sé sonraithe go hiomlán in Airteagal 4 agus in Airteagal 5 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach.
Léiríonn an dá Airteagal go soiléir nach ngníomhaíonn an tAontas ach amháin laistigh de theorainneacha na n-inniúlachtaí arna dtabhairt dó ag na Ballstáit, ach ansin sonraítear go soiléir "Inniúlachtaí nach bhfuil tugtha don Aontas sna Conarthaí fós ag na Ballstáit." Déantar é seo a athlua in Airteagal 4(1) agus ordaíonn sé go “Urramóidh an tAontas comhionannas na mBallstát i bhfianaise na gConarthaí, mar aon lena bhféiniúlacht náisiúnta atá ina cuid dhílis dá struchtúir bhunúsacha idir pholaitiúil agus bhunreachtúil, lena n-áirítear an fhéinriail áitiúil agus réigiúnach. Urramóidh sé a bhfeidhmeanna sár-riachtanacha Stáit, lena n-áirítear iomláine chríochach an Stáit a áirithiú, an smacht reachta a chaomhnú agus an tslándáil náisiúnta a choimirciú. Fanfaidh an tslándáil náisiúnta, go háirithe, ina freagracht ar gach Ballstát faoi leith agus air siúd amháin."
Ina lán réimsí tá inniúlacht roinnte ag an Aontas leis na Ballstáit. Nuair a bheidh reachtaíocht sna réimsí sin rite ag an Aontas aistrítear inniúlacht chuig an Aontas.
Páirtí an Phobail Eorpaigh

Is páirtí polaitiúil Eorpach é Páirtí an Phobail Eorpaigh (PPE) le páirtithe Críostaí-daonlathacha, liobrálacha-coimeádach, agus coimeádach. Eagraíocht thrasnáisiúnta í, atá comhdhéanta de pháirtithe polaitíochta eile. Bunaithe ag páirtithe Dhaonlathaithe Críostaí go príomha i 1976, tá sé tar éis a bhallraíocht a leathnú ó shin chun páirtithe liobrálacha-coimeádach agus páirtithe eile a bhfuil dearcthaí polaitiúla lárnach deasach acu a chuimsiú. Ar an 31 Bealtaine 2022, thogh an páirtí Manfred Weber ina Uachtarán, a bhí ina Spitzenkandidat de chuid an PPE in 2019 freisin.
Tá an PPE ar an bpáirtí is mó i bParlaimint na hEorpa ó 1999 agus sa Chomhairle Eorpach ó 2002 i leith. Is é an páirtí is mó sa Choimisiún Eorpach reatha é freisin. Is as an PPE Uachtarán an Choimisiúin Eorpaigh Ursula von der Leyen agus Uachtarán Pharlaimint na hEorpa Roberta Metsola. Bhí go leor de bhunaitheoirí an Aontais Eorpaigh freisin ó pháirtithe a bhunaigh an PPE níos déanaí. Lasmuigh den AE rialaíonn an páirtí tromlach i dTionól Parlaiminteach Chomhairle na hEorpa freisin.
Áirítear leis an PPE páirtithe móra ar dheis mar CDU/CSU na Gearmáine, Poblachtánaigh na Fraince, CD&V na Beilge, PNL na Rómáine, Fine Gael na hÉireann, Comhrialtas Náisiúnta na Fionlainne, Daonlathas Nua na Gréige, Forza Italia na hIodáile., Daon-Pháirtí (PP) na Spáinne, Ardán Cathartha na Polainne, Páirtí Daonlathach Sóisialta na Portaingéile agus Saoránaigh um Fhorbairt Eorpach na Bulgáire.
De réir a shuíomh Gréasáin, is é an PPE “teaghlach pholaitiúil na lárnaigh dheasacha, a bhfuil a fhréamhacha domhain i stair agus i sibhialtacht mhór-roinn na hEorpa, agus [a] bhí ina cheannródaí ar an tionscadal Eorpach ó bunaíodh é”.
Bunaíodh an PPE i Lucsamburg an 8 Iúil 1976 ar thionscnamh Jean Seitlinger ; Leo Tindemans, Príomh-Aire na Beilge ag an am, a d'éirigh leis bheith ina chéad Uachtarán ar an PPE; agus Wilfried Martens, a bhí ina Uachtarán ar an PPE agus ina Phríomh-Aire ar an mBeilg níos déanaí. Bhí an Secretariat International des partis démocratiques d'inspiration chrétienne, a bunaíodh i 1925, na Nouvelles Equipes Internationales, a bunaíodh i 1946 (nó 1948), agus Aontas Eorpach na nDaonlathaithe Críostaí, a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1965, .ann roimhe
Go déanach sna 1990idí, rinne an polaiteoir Fionlannach Sauli Niinistö idirbheartaíocht ar chumasc den Aontas Daonlathach Eorpach (ADE), a raibh sé ina uachtarán air, isteach san PPE. I mí Dheireadh Fómhair 2002, scoir an ADE dá ghníomhaíochtaí tar éis don PPE a bheith glactha go foirmiúil ag ócáid speisialta in Estoril, an Phortaingéil. Mar aitheantas ar a chuid iarrachtaí, toghadh Niinistö ina Uachtarán Oinigh ar an PPE an bhliain chéanna.
Bhí seachtar Uachtarán ag an PPE:
Páirtí na Soisialach um Eoraip

Is páirtí polaitiúil daonlathach sóisialta é Páirtí na Soisialach um Eoraip ( PSE nó PES sa Bhéarla).
Cuimsíonn an PES páirtithe polaitiúla ar leibhéal náisiúnta ó gach stát sa limistéar eacnamaíoch Eorpach (LEE) agus an Ríocht Aontaithe. Áirítear leis seo páirtithe móra ar nós Páirtí Daonlathach Sóisialta na Gearmáine, Páirtí Sóisialach na Fraince, Páirtí Lucht Oibre na Breataine, Páirtí Daonlathach na hIodáile, Páirtí Sóisialach na Portaingéile, Páirtí Daonlathach Sóisialta na Rómáine agus Páirtí Sóisialach Oibrithe na Spáinne . Ina theannta sin, ligtear páirtithe ó roinnt tíortha Eorpacha eile agus ó réigiún na Meánmhara isteachsan PSE freisin mar pháirtithe comhlacha nó breathnóirí. Is baill den Chomhghuaillíocht Fhorásach nó den Idirnáisiúntas Sóisialach níos leithne iad formhór na bpáirtithe comhalta, comhlacha agus breathnóirí.
Faoi láthair tá an PSE faoi stiúir a uachtarán, Stefan Löfven, iar- Phríomh-Aire na Sualainne . Is é a ghrúpa polaitiúil i bParlaimint na hEorpa ná Comhghuaillíocht Fhorásach na Sóisialaithe agus na nDaonlathaithe (S&D). Feidhmíonn an PSE freisin i gCoiste Eorpach na Réigiún ( sa Ghrúpa PSE i gCoiste na Réigiún ) agus sa Chomhairle Eorpach.
Gaeilge na Mumhan

Is í Gaeilge na Mumhan canúint dheisceartach na Gaeilge. Tá difríochtaí suntasacha idir Gaeilge na Mumhan agus na canúintí eile. Labhraítear canúintí den gcineál seo i gCiarraí (go háirithe i nGaeltacht Chorca Dhuibhne agus Ciarraí Theas), i gCúil Aodha, in Oileán Chléire agus i nGaeltacht na Rinne. Bhí an-ról ag Gaeilge na Mumhan i bhforbairt na litríochta nua-aimseartha Gaeilge ós rud é gurb i nGaeilge na Mumhan a scríobh an tAthair Peadar Ua Laoghaire Séadna, an chéad úrscéal riamh dá scríobhadh i nGaeilge, agus gur chuir gníomhaithe agus saineolaí teangan an-spéis inti. Chomh maith leis sin, ba í Gaeilge na Mumhan a bhí mar chanúint ag údair na gclasaiceach Blascaodach: Peig le Peig Sayers, An tOileánach le Tomás Ó Criomhthain, agus Fiche Blian ag Fás le Muiris Ó Súilleabháin. Is dócha gurb iad Pádraig Ó Cíobháin, Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Maidhc Dainín Ó Sé, Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill agus Alan Titley na scríbhneoirí comhaimseartha is bisiúla sa chanúint.
Is féidir difríochtaí a aithint idir na mionchanúintí Muimhneacha féin, ach seo iad na saintréithe is suntasaí atá ag baint leo:
Cloistear an do roimh na consain féin go minic i nGaeilge na Mumhan. Go praiticiúil, áfach, is mar dh- a fhuaimnítear é roimh na gutaí, is é sin, b'fhearr, abair, d'osclóinn a litriú mar dh'osclóinn nó do dh'osclóinn leis an bhfíorfhuaimniú a chur in iúl - rud a d'fheicfeá i bhfoilseacháin bhéaloidis ina bhfuiltear ag déanamh dlúthaithris ar an gcanúint.
Tabhair faoi deara arís gur gnáth dh'osclaíos, dh'osclaís agus araile a dhéanamh de sa chaint. Le fírinne d'fheicfeá leithéidí do dh'oscail, do dh'éirigh sna díolamaí béaloidis ina ndéantar aithris chruinn ar fhíorfhuaimniú na canúna.
Maidir leis na briathra neamhrialta, in áit an -as, is é an dóigh a gcuireann siad an chéad phearsa uatha in iúl san aimsir chaite ná leathnú an chonsain dheireanaigh: thánag "tháinig mé", dúrt, duart "dúirt mé", chuala (gan iarmhír gan forainm) "chuala mé", chonac (fuaimniú: ch'nuc) "chonaic mé" (ach, ar ndóigh, deirtear chuas "chuaigh mé", rugas "rug mé", bhíos "bhí mé"). Maidir le thánag agus chuala, is iad sin na ceartfhoirmeacha stairiúla, ach is ar éigean a úsáideann aon chanúint ar leith an bheirt acu, nó i gCiarraí, rinneadh thána de thánag faoi thionchar chuala, ach i gContae Chorcaí, rinneadh chualag de chuala faoi thionchar thánag.
Bíonn foirmeacha aimsire caite an bhriathair úd déan!/déanamh bunaithe ar an tamhan dein-: do dheineas, do dheinis, do dhein sé, do dheineamar, do dheineabhair, do dheineadar; do deineadh.
Is follasach go dtagann an chuid is mó de na focail as Gaeilge Chiarraí, ós í an chanúint is mó sa Mhumhain.
Dublin County Council

Dublin County Council (Irish: Comhairle Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath) was a local authority for the administrative county of County Dublin in Ireland.
The county council was established on 1 April 1899 under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 for the administrative county of County Dublin. Its headquarters were established at 10–11 Parnell Square in 1900 but, due to the cramped conditions, it transferred to 46–49 O'Connell Street, Dublin City in 1975.
In 1985, County Dublin was divided into three electoral counties: Dublin–Belgard (South Dublin from 1991) to the southwest, Dublin–Fingal (Fingal from 1991) to the north, and Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown to the southeast. At the 1985 local election and the 1991 local election, the election was held within these electoral counties.
On 1 January 1994, under the Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993, County Dublin, the County Council and the Corporation of Dún Laoghaire were abolished, and the electoral counties each became administrative counties. Dublin County Council was succeeded by the councils of:
The city of Dublin has been administered separately from the county since before the establishment of the county council. Its local authority is Dublin City Council, styled Dublin Corporation until 2002.
The archives of Dublin County Council are held at Fingal Local Studies & Archives.
Both the Parnell Square property and the O'Connell Street property were transferred to the Fingal County Council on the abolition of Dublin County Council. These offices were a key location in the events described in the Mahon Tribunal – a tribunal which inquired into re-zoning and planning irregularities in the 1980s in County Dublin.
From 1994 to 2014, the Dublin Regional Authority served as a coordinating body for the area which had been administered by Dublin County Council, as well as that of Dublin City Council. The area is now part of the Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly.
The motto on its coat of arms was Beart do réir ár mbriathar in Irish which means Action to match our speech.
History of Volkswagen in Ireland

Volkswagen began its involvement in Ireland when in 1949, Motor Distributors Limited, founded by Stephen O'Flaherty secured the franchise for the country at that year's Paris Motor Show.
Motor Distributors' began to handle Volkswagen in Ireland in 1950, when Volkswagen Beetles started arriving into Dublin packed in crates in what was termed 'completely knocked down' (CKD) form ready to be assembled. The vehicles were assembled in a former tram depot at 162 Shelbourne Road in Ballsbridge. As of 2021, this is the premises for Ballsbridge Motors who are a Mercedes-Benz dealer. The first Volkswagen ever built outside Germany was assembled here. This vehicle is now on display at the Volkswagen Museum in Wolfsburg. Irish-assembled Beetles rose from an output of 46 units in 1950 to 2,155 units in 1952. This necessitated a move in 1955 to a new factory premises on the Naas Road. Assembly of the Beetle continued there until 1977 when production of the car ceased in Europe. Volkswagen vehicle assembly continued in Dublin until the mid-1980s. During the same period, the Volkswagen Transporter van was also assembled at these premises. This premises remained as the headquarters for Motor Distributors Ltd.
Between 1950 and 1980, Beetle sales in Ireland averaged at 3,000 - 4,000 units per annum peaking in 1972 when 5,288 units were sold. In 1953, O'Flaherty acquired the Volkswagen franchise for the United Kingdom, which he sold to the Thomas Tilling group in 1957. In 1956, Volkswagen sales were high enough to cause concern in Dáil Éireann that it was adversely affecting the balance of payments. The Volkswagen Golf Mk1 was introduced in 1975 and the Beetle ceased to be sold in 1980.
The rights to distribute the Audi brand were acquired in 1967 and the rights for Skoda acquired in 1993.
In 2007, it was announced that Volkswagen AG would take direct control over its operations in Ireland from October 2008. This took effect on 10 October 2008 when the distribution business became Volkswagen Group Ireland. This came about as result of the lifting of block exemption regulations in 2003. Headquarter were moved from its premises on the Naas Road to Liffey Valley.
In November 2009, Volkswagen Group Ireland also took control of the distribution business of SEAT in Ireland, another Volkswagen Group Brand.
MS Isle of Inishmore (1996)

MS Isle of Inishmore is a ro-ro ferry owned by Irish Ferries and operated on their Dover-Calais service. At the time of her introduction, she was the largest car ferry operating in Northern Europe. She is named after Inishmore, the largest of the Aran Islands. The name of the ferry is tautologous, since "Inishmore" derives from the Irish for "big island". Despite not being sister ships, the ship's design is copied from the Stena Line vessel Stena Jutlandica up until the superstructure.
Isle of Inishmore was constructed by Van der Giessen de Noord in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, at a cost of IR£60 million. Construction commenced in December 1995, and the vessel was launched in October 1996. She was delivered to Dublin in February 1997, before entering service in March 1997.
Power is provided by four Sulzer diesel engines. Each round trip between Rosslare and Pembroke requires 25 tonnes of marine diesel oil.
Isle of Inishmore began her career on Irish Ferries' Dublin-Holyhead route as the flagship of the company's fleet, replacing the 1995 built Isle of Innisfree. Following the introduction of the larger MS Ulysses onto the route in March 2001, Isle of Inishmore was redeployed to the Rosslare-Pembroke route. She was replaced on the Pembroke Dock to Rosslare crossing by the Blue Star 1. The chartering of the Blue Star 1 freed up Isle of Inishmore from the Pembroke-Rosslare crossing, and, still under the Irish Ferries brand, will be redeployed on the Dover-Calais crossing. After finishing works in Denmark, involving replacing the stern ramp with sliding doors and installing a so-called "cow catcher" at the bow to fit at both Dover and Calais, the Inishmore arrived in Dover on 19 June 2021, and conducted berthing trials at both Dover and Calais. The vessel then entered service on 29 June.
In 2006, the vessel broke its moorings and ran aground, with minor damage.
On 30 July 2008 a fire broke out on board the Isle of Inishmore at Pembroke Dock at approximately 02.30am, in a thermal oil boiler located adjacent to the engine room of the vessel. The function of this boiler is to preheat the fuel oil prior to its use in the ship's main engines. The ship was getting ready to sail for Rosslare at 02:45am, with some 227 passengers and 89 crew on board. All passengers and crew were put on standby. At 4:20am the fire was brought under control with nobody having been injured. The 02:45am Pembroke to Rosslare and the 08:45am Rosslare to Pembroke crossings were both cancelled as a result.
소쇄원

소쇄원(瀟灑園)은 대한민국 전라남도 담양군 가사문학면 지곡리에 있는 조선시대 정원이다. 조선 중종 때 학자 양산보(梁山甫,1503~1557)가 기묘사화로 스승인 조광조(趙光祖)가 화를 입자 다시 고향으로 내려와 아버지 창암공 양사원이 지금의 광주 서창에서 살다 아들 양산보 3세 때 설립하고 입향한 본가 창암촌의 옆 계곡에 지은 별서정원(別墅庭園)으로, 자연미와 구도 면에서 조선시대 정원 중에서도 첫손으로 꼽힌다. 1983년 7월 20일에 사적 제304호로 지정되었고, 2008년 5월 2일에 명승 제40호로 변경되었으며 양산보의 아버지 양사원이 1506년 지석동으로 입항한 이후 부터 현재까지 후손들이 떠나지 않고 실제 거주하며 관리하는 살아 있는 정원으로, 현재 양산보의 15대 손 양재혁과 그의 어머니 심효경씨가 정원의 가치를 지켜가고 있다
당시 건물은 정유재란 때 소실되었으나 다시 복원, 중수하여 현재 2동이 남아 있다. 소쇄원은 조선중기 호남 사림문화를 이끈 인물의 교류처 역할을 하였다. 외종 사촌 사이 면앙 송순, 처남 조카 김성원의 스승 사이 석천 임억령, 사돈 사이 하서 김인후, 처남 사이 사촌 김윤제, 제봉 고경명, 처남의 처조카 사위 송강 정철 등이 드나들면서 정치, 학문, 사상 등을 논하던 구심점 역할을 하였다.
양산보 호를 따서 지은 이름으로 알려져 있었으나, 실제 ‘소쇄’라는 이름은 면앙정(俛仰亭) 송순(宋純, 1493~1583)이 ‘맑고 깨끗하다’라는 뜻으로 지었다는 사실이 2021년 밝혀졌다.
소쇄원은 지금은 1905년에 소실된 창암촌 본가의 후원으로 크게 내원과 외원으로 구분하는데 우리가 흔히 말하는 소쇄원은 내원을 말한다. 그 외 창암촌과 소쇄원 사이 황금정 행정의 건물이 있었고 외부에는 방암촌 관덕재 죽림재 활터 등의 건물이 존재했었다.
정원은 계곡을 중심으로 하는 기다란 사다리꼴 형태로 되어 있다. 4.060m의 면적에 기능과 공간의 특성에 따라 애양단구역, 오곡문구역, 제월당구역, 광풍각구역으로 어찌보면 본가 창암촌과 연계하여 오곡문까지 자연지형으로 이루워진 산과 언덕과 담장으로 경계를 둔 아버지가 지은 본가 창암촌의 후원 일부의 구역이라고 구분할 수 있다. 정원 내에는 대나무, 소나무, 느티나무, 단풍나무들로 된 숲이 있다. 주위에는 흙과 돌로 쌓은 자연스러운 담이 있는데 ‘애양단’, ‘오곡문’, ‘소쇄처사양공지려’의 석판과 목판글씨가 담벽에 박혀있다. 소쇄원 안에는 영조 31년(1755) 당시 소쇄원의 모습을 목판에 새긴 그림이 남아 있고, 양산보의 5대손 양응지가 그린 본가 창암촌도의 그림이 남아있어 원래의 규모에서 축소되어 현재의 모습으로 남아있음을 알 수 있다.
선비의 고고한 품성과 절의가 엿보이는 아름다운 정원으로, 조선시대를 대표할 수 있는 정원이다.
서산 해미읍성

서산 해미읍성(瑞山 海美邑城)은 대한민국 충청남도 서산시 해미면 읍내리에 있는 옛 읍성이다. 1963년 1월 21일 대한민국의 사적 제116호로 지정되었다. 조선시대 건축된 성이지만 보존 상태가 상당히 양호하다. 서산시에서는 해미읍성을 이용한 축제와 관광 상품을 개발하고 있다. 매년 10월에 해미읍성 역사체험축제(서산해미읍성문화축제)를, 매년 4월부터 10월까지 해미읍성 전통문화공연을 개최하고 있다. 조선말기 천주교 박해당시 약 1천여 명 이상의 천주교 신자들이 순교당한 천주교 성지이기도 하다.
해미라는 지명은 조선 태종 7년 1407년에 정해현(貞海縣)과 여미현(餘美縣)을 병합하면서 정해현에서 해(海)자를 따고 여미현에서 미(美)자를 가져와 해미(海美)로 부르기 시작하며 유래되었다. 고려 시대에 충청남도 서산 지역은 정해현, 여미현, 부성현, 지곡현이라는 4개 현으로 나누어져 있었다. 그중에 정해현은 현재의 서산시 해미면 지역에 해당된다. 고려 태조 왕건이 통일전쟁중에 한씨 성을 가진 몽웅역의 관리가 운주 전투에서 승리하며 나라에 큰 공을 세우자 그에게 대광(大匡) 벼슬을 주고 고구현(高丘縣) 땅을 분할하여 정해현을 설치하여 그의 관향으로 삼게 하였다. 여미현은 본래 백제의 여촌현(餘村縣)으로, 757년(경덕왕 16) 이름을 여읍(餘邑)으로 변경되었다가 고려 초 다시 여미(餘美)라 바뀌었다. 이 두지역이 병합되면서 해미현이라 불리게 된것이다. 1895년(고종 32) 행정 구역 개편 시 해미현이 해미군으로 변경되었다.
1417년(태종 17년)에 축성을 시작하여 1414년(태종 14) 충청병마절도사영이 덕산(德山)에서 이곳으로 이설되었다. 1421년(세종 3년)에 축성이 완료되었다. 해미읍성은 원래 왜구의 출몰에 대응하기 위한 군사적 목적으로 건축되었는데, 충청도 병마절도사가 이 성에 주둔한 것도 그 때문이다. 세조때에 군사 제도가 진관체제(鎭管體制)로 개편되면서도 이 역할은 여전하여 충청도 지역의 주요 군사거점으로서 역할을 수행하였다.
1651년(효종 2년)에 병마절도사가 청주로 이전하면서 해미현 관아가 옮겨와 해미읍성이 되고, 문무를 겸한 겸영장이 배치되며 호서좌영으로 명칭이 바뀐 이후, 호서 지방 행정 중심지 역할을 하였다. 해미읍성이란 명칭도 이때 개명된 것으로 본래 이름은 '해미내상성'(海美內廂城)이었다.
일제강점기였던 1914년에 군현제가 폐지되고 해미현이 서산군에 통합되면서 읍성은 폐지되었다. 폐지 이후 일제는 관아건물을 면사무소로, 객사를 학교로 사용했으며 청허정을 신사(神社)로 만들었다. 해방 후 1963년 1월 21일 사적 116호로 지정되었다. 1970년대부터 복원공사가 시작되었으며 성내 건물을 철거하고 동헌, 객사, 내아 등을 복원하였다. 2000년대부터 정비공사가 시작되었으며 성내 동헌, 객사, 내아 등을 정비하였고, 2004년부터 해미읍성 역사체험축제가 개최되기 시작하였다. 2014년 8월 17일 교황 프란치스코가 방문하여 해미순교성지 기념관 앞에서 열린 해미 순교자 3위의 기념비 제막식에 참석하였으며 제6회 아시아 청년대회 폐막 미사를 주례하였다.
조선후기 실학자 다산 정약용은 1791년(정조 15) 신해박해 때 천주교도라는 모함을 받아 해미읍으로 유배를 왔었으나 정조의 비호로 10일만에 유배가 해제되어 돌아간적이 있다. 1801년대 순조 때 신유박해로부터 시작된 본격적인 천주교 박해는 1839년 기해박해, 1866년 병인박해, 병인양요, 1868년 남영군 분묘 도굴사건 이후 더욱 극심해진다. 조선 후기 충청도 서북 지역(내포지방 13개군현)의 군사와 치안을 함께 관장하던 해미진영(海美鎭營)은 이 지역의 천주교 신자들을 색출하고 처벌하는 임무도 맡고 있었다. 따라서 해당 지역의 천주교도들을 모두 잡아들여 해미읍성에서 처형하였다. 당시 처형된 천주교인들은 무려 1,000여명 이상 이었다고 전한다.
이순신은 1576년(선조 9년) 무과 급제하고 권관과 훈련원 봉사를 거쳐 세번째 관직으로 1579년(선조 12년)에 충청병마절도사의 군관으로 부임하여 해미읍성에서 10개월 간 근무하였다. 당시 전하는 기록에 의하면 '공은 구차하게 낮고 고달픈 자리에 있으면서도 자신의 뜻을 꺾고 남을 따른 적이 한번도 없었으며 상관인 주장에게 부정한 사실이 있으면 극진히 말하며, 이를 바로 잡았고, 청렴한 자세로 자신의 몸을 단속하면서 털끝만큼도 사적인 감정을 개입시키는 법이 없었다고 전한다.
총 길이는 1,800m이며, 성벽 높이는 5m이다. 성벽 밖에 2m 깊이의 해자를 팠다. 북한산성, 남한산성, 삼년산성 등이 산에 쌓은 산성이라면, 진주성, 공산성, 사비성은 강을 낀 산에 건설되었는데 해미읍성은 평지에 타원형으로 지은 것이 특징으로 대략 달걀 모양과 비슷하다.
명동성당

한국 천주교 서울대교구 주교좌 명동대성당(韓國 天主敎 서울大敎區 主敎座 明洞大聖堂), 통칭 명동성당(明洞聖堂, 영어: Myeongdong Cathedral)은 대한민국 서울특별시 중구 명동2가에 있는 천주교 서울대교구의 대성당이다.
명동성당은 한국 최초의 본당(사제가 상주하며 사목하는 성당)으로, 그 성당 건물은 한국 최초로 지어진 대규모 고딕 양식의 천주교 성당으로 1977년 11월 22일 대한민국의 사적 제258호로 지정되었다.
명동성당은 서울대교구의 교구장 대주교의 주교좌가 있는 서울대교구의 중심성당으로, 현재 교구장은 2021년 서울대교구의 교구장대주교에 착좌한 정순택(베드로) 대주교이며, 본당 주임 신부는 조성풍(아우구스티노) 신부이다.
주보성인은 '원죄 없이 잉태되신 복되신 동정 마리아'다.
주변에 서울대교구청, 가톨릭 회관, 성 바오로 서원, 다양한 문화시설 등이 있다.
2009년 외벽 벽돌 보수공사가 이뤄졌으며, 2011년 이후부터 언덕 남쪽에 별관을 짓는 개발 공사가 진행 중이다.
조선인 최초로 북경에서 천주교 세례를 받은 이승훈(베드로)이 1784년 봄에 귀국하여 서울 명례방(현 명동)에 있는 통역관 김범우(토마스)의 집에서 신앙모임인 '명례방공동체'를 결성하였다.
이승훈, 정약용(요한) 3형제, 권일신(프란시스 자비에르) 형제 등이 광암 이벽(세례자 요한)을 지도자로 삼아 종교 집회를 가짐으로써 한국 최초의 천주교회가 창립되었다.
그러나 이 신앙 공동체는 이듬해 '명례방 사건'으로 김범우가 유배된후 1787년에 서거하면서 와해되었다.
그러나 이들이 뿌린 씨앗은 밀알이 되어 김범우가 서거한지 1세기(100년)가 흐른 1887년에 김범우의 집이 있던 일대의 대지를 매입 완료한후 명동성당 건립을 위한 첫삽을 뜨면서 빛을 보게 되었다.
1882년 한미수호 조약의 체결로 종교의 자유를 얻게 될 것을 예견한 제7대 교구장 블랑 주교가 '김가밀로'라는 한국인 전교회장 명의로 대지매입 작업을 시작하였다.
매입하고 건축에 따른 재정지원은 파리선교회가 하였다.
현재의 명동성당 자리는 침계 윤정현(梣溪 尹定鉉)의 저택이 있었는데 바깥채만도 60칸이 넘는 넓은 집이어서 처음에는 한옥 그대로 교회로 이용했다.
블랑 주교는 이 곳에다 우선 종현 서당을 설립, 운영하면서 예비 신학생을 양성하는 한편 성당 건립을 추진해 한불 수호 통상 조약(1886년)을 체결한 이듬해인 1887년(고종 24) 5월, 대지를 마저 구입하면서 그 해 겨울부터 언덕을 깎아 내는 정지 작업을 시작했다.
조선 왕실은 천주교 측에 작업 중지와 토지권의 포기를 요구하지만 천주교 측은 공사를 강행했다.
성당의 건설은 조선 사회에 큰 물의를 일으켰다.
1888년 4월 조선 정부는 금교령을 발표하며 천주교를 탄압했는데 이 원인이 명동성당 건립 때문이었다.
당시 고종은 왕궁보다 더 높은 자리에 훨씬 높은 건물이 올라 가는 것에 분개했다.
조선왕조 역대 왕들의 어진(御眞)을 모신 영희전(永禧殿)과 가까워 성당 건립으로 영희전의 풍수(風水)를 침해할 우려가 있다는 이유로 조정에서 소유권을 억류하여 공사를 지연시켰다.
특히 이 저택과 부지는 평소 청백리로 소문났던 침계 윤정현을 위해 고종이 직접 하사한 집이었기에 고종의 분노는 더 컸다.
고종은 천주교 측에 당장 건축의 중단을 요구했지만 천주교 측은 고종의 요구를 거절했다.
결국 고종은 금교령을 발표해 천주교 및 개신교의 전도 활동을 막았다.
4월 28일 조선의 독판교섭통상사무 조병식이 미국, 러시아, 이탈리아 3국 공사에게 기독교 전교를 금하라는 조회문을 통보한 것이다.
명동성당 건설로 인한 조선 정부의 금교령 발표로 천주교 뿐만 아니라 개신교 선교사들까지 선교활동에 발목이 묶이기도 했다.
이 때문에 한동안 성당 건설은 지연될 수밖에 없었다.
소유권 분쟁이 해결된 후 저택을 허문 뒤 1892년 8월 5일 기공식을 하고 공사를 시작했다.
초대 주임 블랑 주교가 1890년 선종하고 두세 신부가 2대 주임으로 부임했다. 성당 설계와 공사의 지휘 감독은 코스트 신부가 맡았는데 그는 약현(현 중림동) 성당과 용산 신학교의 설계 감독도 맡았다.
유진 코스트 신부가 1896년 사망한 뒤 프와넬 신부가 남은 공사를 마무리했다.
1898년 5월 29일 조선 교구장 뮈텔 주교의 집전으로 역사적인 축성식을 가졌다.
이 당시의 이름은 종현성당(鐘峴聖堂)으로, 종현은 명동성당이 세워진 장소를 말한다.
정유재란 때 명나라 장군 양호가 이곳(당시 북달재, 북고개)에 진을 치고 남대문에 있는 종을 가져다 달았다고 해서 붙여진 이름이다.
1909년 12월 22일에는 독립운동가 이재명이 벨기에 국왕 레오폴드 2세의 추도 미사에 참석하고 나오던 이완용을 명동성당 앞에서 칼로 3차례 찔러 암살을 시도했으나 의거에 실패했다.
이재명은 당시 군밤장수로 변장하고 성당 앞문에서 대기하다가 나오는 이완용의 허리와 어깨를 3번 찔렀는데, 이완용은 이로 인해 큰 부상을 입었고 인럭거꾼 박원문이 칼에 찔려 사망했다.
이완용은 피습 직후 대한의원에서 당시 조선 기준 최고의 외과수술을 받고 가까스로 회복되었으며, 이재명은 체포되어 이듬 해 9월 15일 교수형을 언도받고 처형됐다.
1924년에는 파이프오르간이 수입되어 처음으로 성당 내에 설치되었다. 현재 이 오르간은 소실되었다. 1945년 해방 이후에는 이름을 명동성당으로 바꾸었다.
1980년대에는 민주화 운동에 관련된 수배자나 시위대가 전두환 군사독재정권의 탄압을 피해 명동성당으로 모여들어 민주화 운동의 성지로 인식되기도 하였다.
1987년 6.10 항쟁 당시 시위대들이 진압을 피해 명동성당 내부로 피신했는데 김수환 추기경은 "경찰들이 성당에 들어온다면 제일 먼저 나를 만나게 될 것입니다.
그 다음 농성 중인 신부님들을 보게 될 것이고, 그 뒤에는 수녀님들이 있습니다.
학생들은 수녀님들 뒤에 있습니다. 그들을 체포하려면 나와 신부님들과 수녀님들을 짓밟고 가십시오" 라는 말로 경찰들의 성당 진입을 막았다.
2009년 김수환 추기경이 선종할 당시에는 교황장으로 장례를 치르기 전에는 조문 인파로 긴 행렬을 보였다.
수도자
김옥경(마리아 유스티나), 김숙영(가브리엘), 이수정(젤뜨루다)
경주 분황사 모전석탑

경주 분황사 모전석탑(慶州 芬皇寺 模塼石塔)은 대한민국 경상북도 경주시 분황사에 있는, 삼국시대 신라의 모전석탑이다. 1962년 12월 20일 대한민국의 국보 제30호로 지정되었다.
탑이 세워진 시기는 분황사 창건 때인 신라 선덕여왕 3년(634)으로 보고 있다. 현재 3층으로 되어 있으나 원래의 규모는 정확히 알 수 없다. 임진왜란 때 반쯤 파괴되었는데 1915년 조선총독부에서 수리할 때 2층과 3층 사이에 들어 있던 사리함을 꺼냈는데, 함 안에는 각종 옥류, 가위, 은바늘 및 숭녕통보(崇寧通寶), 상평오수 등 고려시대의 중국주화가 발견되었다.
현재 남아있는 신라 석탑 가운데 가장 오래된 걸작품으로, 돌을 벽돌 모양으로 다듬어 쌓아올린 모전석탑(模塼石塔)이다. 원래 9층이었다는 기록이 있고 7층이었다는 주장도 있지만 이는 확실하지 않으며, 지금은 3층만 남아있다.
탑은 넓직한 1단의 기단(基壇) 위에 3층의 탑신(塔身)을 착실히 쌓아올린 모습이다. 기단은 벽돌이 아닌 자연석으로 이루어져 있고, 네 모퉁이마다 화강암으로 조각된 사자상이 한 마리씩 앉아있다. 회흑색 안산암을 작게 벽돌모양으로 잘라 쌓아올린 탑신은 거대한 1층 몸돌에 비해 2층부터는 현저하게 줄어드는 모습을 보이고 있다. 1층 몸돌에는 네 면마다 문을 만들고, 그 양쪽에 불교의 법을 수호하는 인왕상(仁王像)을 힘찬 모습으로 조각해 놓았다. 지붕돌은 아래윗면 모두 계단 모양의 층을 이루고 있는데, 3층 지붕돌만은 윗면이 네 모서리에서 위쪽으로 둥글게 솟은 모양이며, 그 위로 화강암으로 만든 활짝 핀 연꽃장식이 놓여 있다.
선덕여왕 3년(634) 분황사의 창건과 함께 건립된 것으로 추측되며, 비슷한 시기에 만들어진 익산 미륵사지 석탑(국보 제11호)과도 좋은 대조를 이룬다. 특히, 부드러우면서도 힘차게 표현된 인왕상 조각은 당시 7세기 신라 조각양식을 살피는데 좋은 자료가 되고 있다. 1915년 일본인에 의해 수리된 이후 지금까지 그 모습을 유지하고 있으며, 수리 당시 탑 안에서 사리함과 구슬 등의 많은 유물들이 발견되었다.
김제 금산사 미륵전

김제 금산사 미륵전(金堤 金山寺 彌勒殿)는 전북특별자치도 김제시 금산면에 있는 조선시대의 불전이다. 1962년 12월 20일 대한민국의 국보 제62호로 지정되었다.
금산사에 있는 3층의 불전으로 현존하는 유일한 조선시대 중기의 건축이다. 1층과 2층은 각각 정면 5칸, 측면 4칸이고 3층은 정면 3칸, 측면 2칸으로 되었다. 기둥 사이에는 모두 공간포를 하나씩 두었고 공포는 안팎 모두 2개의 출목으로 되고 내출목은 간단한 초기의 운공(雲工)으로 되어 있다. 이 건물에서는 고층건물의 안전도를 높이기 위해 각 추녀는 높은 기둥에 연결되고 뒷몸을 파서 박은 후 비녀장을 질러 빠져나지 못하게 했고, 가운데 도리의 동요를 막기 위해 동자기둥(童子柱)을 세워주는 등 세심한 배려가 엿보인다.
모악산에 자리한 금산사는 백제 법왕 2년(600)에 지은 절로 신라 혜공왕 2년(766)에 진표율사가 다시 지었다.
미륵전은 정유재란 때 불탄 것을 조선 인조 13년(1635)에 다시 지은 뒤 여러 차례의 수리를 거쳐 오늘에 이르고 있다. 거대한 미륵존불을 모신 법당으로 용화전·산호전·장륙전이라고도 한다. 1층에는 ‘대자보전(大慈寶殿)’, 2층에는 ‘용화지회(龍華之會)’, 3층에는 ‘미륵전(彌勒殿)’이라는 현판이 걸려있다
1층과 2층은 앞면 5칸·옆면 4칸이고, 3층은 앞면 3칸·옆면 2칸 크기로, 지붕은 옆면에서 볼 때 여덟 팔(八)자 모양인 팔작지붕이다. 지붕 처마를 받치기 위해 장식한 구조가 기둥 위뿐만 아니라 기둥 사이에도 있는 다포 양식이다. 지붕 네 모서리 끝에는 층마다 모두 얇은 기둥(활주)이 지붕 무게를 받치고 있다.
건물 안쪽은 3층 전체가 하나로 터진 통층이며, 제일 높은 기둥을 하나의 통나무가 아닌 몇 개를 이어서 사용한 것이 특이하다. 전체적으로 규모가 웅대하고 안정된 느낌을 준다.