davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Pencho Slaveykov

Pencho Petkov Slaveykov (Bulgarian: Пенчо Петков Славейков) (27 April 1866 O.S. – 10 June 1912 (O.S. 28 May 1912)) was a noted Bulgarian poet and one of the participants in the Misal ("Thought") circle. He was the youngest son of the writer Petko Slaveykov.
Born in Tryavna during the Bulgarian National Revival under Ottoman rule, Pencho was educated there as well as in Stara Zagora and Plovdiv. After an accident in January 1884, when at the age of eighteen he fell asleep on a bench while it was snowing and thus he fell ill with pneumonia, and despite lengthy treatment in Plovdiv, Sofia, Leipzig, Berlin and Paris, this illness left him with serious impairments – he could not walk without a cane, and he wrote and spoke with difficulties. He suffered from melancholic episodes, which forced him to find a cure in literature and to harden his will.
Slaveykov's works include poems and intimate lyrics. He collaborated with a number of magazines, which issued his works, and spent a part of his life in Leipzig studying philosophy, where he became familiar with German literature, thought and art.
After returning to Bulgaria in 1898, Slaveykov joined the Misal circle with a number of other noted writers, such as Krastyo Krastev, Petko Todorov and Peyo Yavorov. He became an assistant director (1901–1909) and later director of the National Library of Bulgaria (1909–1911) and a director of the Bulgarian National Theatre (1908–1909).
In 1903 he began a relationship with poet Mara Belcheva which lasted until his death in 1912. They never married but referred to her as his "wife" throughout his writings.
He was sent on missions to Moscow (1909) and Istanbul, Athens, Naples, Sorrento, and Rome (1911), where he studied the development of the libraries. Upon returning he engaged in hectic work.
He was fired from the post of director of the National Library because of political misunderstandings with the minister of culture Stefan Bobchev on 10 July 1911, and left Bulgaria, living in Zürich, Lucerne, Göschenen, Andermatt, Lugano and other places in Switzerland before arriving in Italy in the end of November 1911. He remained in Rome for three months, but set off in May 1912 to travel through Florence, the Engadin and the mountains looking for a cure. In the end of the month he arrived in the small town of Brunate near Lake Como, where he died on 10 June 1912.
Slaveykov was buried in Brunate's cemetery and his remains were moved to Bulgaria in 1921. Due to his death, the suggestion by Swedish professor Al. Jensen that Slaveykov be awarded a Nobel Prize was not considered by the Nobel Prize committee.
Slaveykov and Belcheva are portrayed on the Bulgarian 50 levs banknote, issued in 1999 and 2006.
David Gaines (composer)

David Gaines (born October 20, 1961) is an American composer.
He wrote the first orchestral symphony to incorporate texts written in Esperanto, and an Esperanto choral song, Povas Plori Mi Ne Plu ("I Can Cry No Longer"), which concerns the former military situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This song won First Prize at the 1995 World Esperanto Association's Belartaj Konkursoj (competitions in the field of Belles lettres) in Tampere. Gaines holds degrees in music composition from Northwestern University, American University, and Johns Hopkins University's Peabody Conservatory of Music.
His Esperanto symphony, available as a CD with Vit Micka conducting and Kimball Wheeler singing mezzo-soprano, was premiered by the Moravian Philharmonic in Olomouc, Czech Republic in October 2000. The four movements feature texts originally written by renowned Esperantists including L. L. Zamenhof and Marjorie Boulton, as well as Bulgarian poet Penka Papazova and Gaines himself. Within the Esperanto movement, Gaines serves as an advisory board member of the Esperantic Studies Foundation and holds the title of Honorary President of the Music Esperanto League (Muzika Esperanto-Ligo).
Bust of Roman Shukhevych

The bust of Roman Shukhevych in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada is a sculpture located near the Ukrainian Youth Association narodny dim of the Ukrainian nationalist and Nazi collaborator Roman Shukhevych, a military leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), and one of the perpetrators of the Galicia-Volhynia massacres of approximately 100,000 Poles.
The bronze bust is located on private property near the Ukrainian Youth Unity Complex in Edmonton. It was partly funded by Canadian taxpayers.
The bust depicts Roman Shukhevych, the Ukrainian ultranationalist and World War II Nazi collaborator. It was erected in 1973 by veterans of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army who fought as part of the Wehrmacht and later emigrated to Canada.
The Russian Embassy to Canada objected to the presence of the bust in October 2018.
The Friends of Simon Wiesenthal Center for Holocaust Studies called for the removal of the bust in 2021, stating that the bust and another local sculpture honours "Nazi collaborators and war criminals". Jewish group B'nai Brith also called for the bust's removal.
The bust was vandalised with the word "Nazi scum" in 2019. The sculpture was again dubbed with graffiti in 2021 with the words "Actual Nazi" written in red paint. In reaction to the second vandalism, the Ukrainian Youth Association issued as statement, calling the accusations that Ukrainian nationalist fighters during the Second World War were Nazis "Communist propaganda".
In October 2022, journalist and activist Duncan Kinney was charged with graffiti related to vandalism.
53°36′47″N 113°29′26″W﻿ / ﻿53.61299°N 113.49064°W﻿ / 53.61299; -113.49064
Jack Pye

Jack Pye, also known as Dirty Jack Pye, Filthy Jack Pye and The Doncaster Panther, (July 9, 1903 – December 8, 1985) was an English professional wrestler and actor from Doncaster, England. He was born John Pye on 9 July 1903 in Hindley near Wigan.
John Pye is a descendant of the powerful Pye Family. John married his wife Lillian Wright and they had 2 sons,
He also had an illegitimate son with Edith Tomlinson
John Pye was the eldest of 11 children, and he died in Blackpool Victoria hospital on 8 December 1985. His youngest sibling, Ellen (Nellie) died in 2006 in Bishop Auckland.
A bronze bust of Jack Pye which used to have a prominent place in the Castle Casino in Blackpool, is currently on display at Blackpool's Stanley Park Sports Centre. The bronze bust was donated to the Blackpool County Council due to its striking resemblance to Jack, which caused considerable discomfort to his surviving family.
In 1933, Pye came close to beating Atholl Oakeley for the British Heavyweight Championship. Other members of the Pye family who became wrestlers include brothers Harry Pye (who became a middle weight boxer), Tommy Pye (who became the light-heavy-weight wrestling champion of Great Britain), and Frank "Bully Pye" (the lightweight champion of Great Britain). Jack Pye's son, Dominic Pye was another family member to take up wrestling. Dominic had a tag partner called Casey Pye whose real name was Harry Bennett. They both appeared in the 1967 film 'Cuckoo Patrol' starring Freddie and the Dreamers. Dominic Pye went on to train several professional wrestlers, such as "Mad" Jock Cameron, who became well known on the British circuit in the 1960s. Jack Pye was presented with a Gold Jaeger-LeCoultre wrist watch as a retirement present in January 1964, the watch was presented by the Blackpool Tower Company Limited and Bill Best.
Pye also appeared in several films:
Winter clothing

Winter clothing are clothes used for protection against the particularly cold weather of winter. Often they have a good water resistance, consist of multiple layers to protect and insulate against low temperatures.
Winter clothes are especially outerwear like coats, jackets, hats, scarves and gloves or mittens, earmuffs, but also warm underwear like long underwear, union suits and socks. Military issue winter clothing evolved from heavy coats and jackets to multilayered clothing for the purpose of keeping troops warm during winter battles. Several shirts and socks, usually four pairs were standard issue for the U.S. Army during WWII. Winter clothes used for sports and recreation includes ski suits, winter gloves, scarves, and snowmobile suits. Many northern cultures use animal fur to make winter clothes.
Zahari Zograf

Zahariy Hristovich Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Захарий Христович Димитров) (1810–1853), better known as Zahari Zograf (or Zahariy Zograf; Захари(й) Зограф) is a famous Bulgarian painter of the Bulgarian National Revival, noted for his church mural paintings and icons and often regarded as the founder of secular art in Bulgaria due to the introduction of everyday life elements in his work.
Zahari Zograf was born in the town of Samokov in 1810 and was taught by his brother Dimitar Zograf, with whom he later worked together, as his father died early. A spiritual student of Neophyte of Rila since 1827, he became an equal partner of his brother at the age of 21 in 1831, i.e. he was proclaimed a master.
His best known icons are those of the SS Constantine and Helen Church in Plovdiv, the Church of the Theotokos in Koprivshtitsa, as well as a number of monasteries. Zahari Zograf's best known frescoes are those in the main church of the Rila Monastery, in the chapel and the St Nicholas church of the Bachkovo Monastery, the Troyan Monastery and the Monastery of the Transfiguration. He painted three mural portraits of himself in the latter three, a move that was regarded as controversial during the time.
Zahari Zograf lived and worked on Mount Athos between 1851 and 1852, where he decorated the outer narthex of the Great Lavra. He also did several church donor portraits in his later years, also leaving a large number of unrealized sketches after his death from typhus on 14 June 1853.
Media related to Zahari Zograf at Wikimedia Commons
Ivan Mrkvička

Ivan Mrkvička (born Jan Václav Mrkvička, Bulgarian: Иван Мърквичка; 23 April 1856 – 16 May 1938) was an Austrian Empire-born painter and an active contributor to the artistic life of newly independent Bulgaria in the late 19th and early 20th century. He is regarded as one of the founders of the modern Bulgarian fine art tradition.
Born in the village of Vidim near Mělník, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague under professor Antonin Lhota and at the Munich Academy. Mrkvička came to Plovdiv in 1881 after an invitation by the then-Eastern Rumelian government and worked as a teacher in the Cyril and Methodius high school, where he co-operated with the most important cultural figures in the city — Ivan Vazov, Konstantin Velichkov, Petko Karavelov, Petko Slaveykov.
Mrkvička set up his first independent exhibition in 1886 and participated in two shared exhibitions with Anton Mitov, another teacher at the high school. During his Plovdiv period Mrkvička created some of his best known works: Plovdiv Marketplace (1883), Sakadzhii (1886), Gypsy Revelry (1887), Poulterer (1887), Marketplace in Plovdiv (1888) and others.
Mrkvička settled in Sofia in 1889 and was one of the founders of the National Academy of Arts in 1896, but briefly returned to Plovdiv in 1892 to take part in a special exhibition in the Plovdiv Fair main pavilion. He there presented 15 paintings, including Street in Plovdiv, and a sculpture called Bulgaria — Patroness of Agriculture and Crafts. He was also the author of the exhibition's official poster.
The painter's most significant achievements are in the everyday life genre, although he also worked in the historic painting sphere and is the author of many high-quality portraits. One of the creators of the then-coat of arms of Bulgaria and the coat of arms of Sofia, he became a Bulgarian Academy of Sciences member in 1918.
One of his students was Bulgarian artist Vladimir Dimitrov, who studied under him from 1903 to 1910.
Mrkvička died in Prague on 16 May 1938.
Media related to Ivan Mrkvička at Wikimedia Commons
Hristo Fotev

Hristo Konstantinov Fotev (Bulgarian: Христо Константинов Фотев; 25 March 1934 – 27 July 2002) was a Bulgarian poet.
Born in Istanbul, Turkey to Bulgarian parents, Fotev moved with his family to the Bulgarian Black Sea port city of Burgas in 1940. He published his first collection of poetry in 1960 and became a member of the Union of Bulgarian Writers in 1961. From 1964 on, he was the Union's creative secretary.
Fotev's lyrics often dealt with the topic of love and the sea was a key poetic element and inspiration in his work.
Geo Milev

Geo Milev (born Georgi Milev Kasabov; 15 January [O.S. 27 January] 1895 – 15 May 1925) was a Bulgarian poet, translator, and journalist. He is perhaps best known for his epic poem Septemvri, written during the Bulgarian September Uprising.
Geo Milev was born Georgi Milev Kasabov in Radne mahale, today Radnevo, the first son in the family of school teachers Milyo and Anastasia Kasabovi. In 1897 the family moved to Stara Zagora, where his father started a publishing business in 1907. Geo Milev attended the town's high school from 1907 to 1911 before he went on to study at the Faculty of Philology of Sofia University. From 1912 Geo Milev continued his education at the Faculty of Philosophy of Leipzig University, where he was introduced to German Expressionism. On 30 July 1914, two days after the outbreak of the First World War, he traveled from Leipzig to London, where he spent several months sightseeing and improving his English and met the Belgian Symbolist poet Émile Verhaeren. On returning to Germany, Geo Milev was detained in Hamburg on 18 October 1914 on suspicion of being an English spy. He was released after eleven days and returned to Leipzig, where he worked on his university thesis on Richard Dehmel. On 8 August 1915 he returned to Bulgaria without having obtained a degree. Beginning in 1916 he fought in World War I, where he was severely injured. After recuperating in Berlin he began to collaborate with the magazine Aktion. Upon his return to Bulgaria he started to publish the Bulgarian modernist magazine Везни (Scales), in Sofia. He contributed to the publication as a translator, theatre reviewer, director and editor of anthologies.
On May 15, 1925, in the course of government reprisals following the St Nedelya Church assault, Geo Milev, a member of the Bulgarian Communist party, was taken to a police station for a "short interrogation" from which he never returned. His fate remained unknown for 30 years. In 1954 during the trial of General Ivan Valkov and a group of former police and military executioners, one of the defendants confessed how victims of the 1925 purge had been executed and where they were buried. Geo Milev had been strangled with wire and then buried in a mass grave in Ilientsi, near Sofia. His skull was found in the mass grave. His body was identified by the glass eye he was wearing after he lost his right eye in World War I.
His daughter was the writer and diplomat Leda Mileva.
He published his most famous poem September in his magazine Пламък (Flame) in 1924. It describes the brutal suppression of the Bulgarian uprising of September 1923 against the military coup d'état of June 1923.
Milev Rocks in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica are named after Geo Milev.
Oromoo Baarentuu

Baarentuu (ykn Baarentoo; (maqaa durii) Baraytumaa ) gosa Oromoo lamaan keessa isa tokko. Gosti inni kan biraa Boorana. Gosti Oromoo Barentu nannoo Oromiyaa Bahaa keessa jiraata. Ummanni Baarentuu godinaalee Oromiyaa, Tigray, fi Amhara, Harargee Bahaa, Harargee Dhihaa, Arsii, Godina Baalee, Walloo, fi asaboo keessa jiraatu.
Baarentuun ummata Oromoo yoo ta'u gosa Oromoo kan jalqabaa keessaa walakkaa ta'a (walakkaan inni biraa Boorana). Ummanni Baarentuu baayyinaan magaala keessa fi baadiyyaa keessa yoo jiraatan muraasni garuu horsiisee bulaa fi qonnaa aadaatin jiraatu.baarentun oromuma isaatti ni bonaa.
Gara Godina Wallagga Bahaa fi Wallagga Dhihaa, ummanni baayyen amantii Piroteestaantii kana hordofan yoo ta'u, ummanni Shawaa Kaabaa, Shawaa Dhihaa, fi Shawaa Bahaa amantii Ortodoksii, Piroteestaantii, Islaamaa hordofu. Godinaaleen Baha Oromiyaa kan akka Harargee Bahaa, fi Harargee Lixaa keessatti ummanni baayyeen, naannoo dhibbeentaa 98.5% kan ta'u, amantii Islaamaa hordofa. Harargeen Oromiyaa gara bahaa achi fagoo waan jirtuuf, kunis ollaa ummata Sumaalee kana Ogaaden keessa jiraatu fi kibba ummata Affaar kan Mootummaa Naannoo Affaar keessa jiraatu waan ta'eef, ummanni Sumaalee fi Affaar ummata Afrikaa keessa jalqaba amantii Islaamaa fudhate waan ta'ef, Oromoon Harargee baayyeen amantii Islaamaa fudhate. Ummatni muraasni godinaalee Arsii fi Baalee keessa jiraatu ammallee amantii Oromoo kan durii Waaqa tokkichatti kan amanu yoo ta'u, ummatni baayyeen garuu amantii Islaamaa hordofu. Ummanni amantii aadaa Oromoo Waaqatti amanan baayyen isaani gosa Booranaati.
Ummanni Baarentuu/Baarentumaa qoqqooddama armaan gadi qaba (qoqqooddamni tokko deebi'ee mataasaatti qoqooddamuu danda'aa):
Morowa,tokko dhablee Ittuu, Ittun sagal dhale
==Wabii==madda abbaa gaddaa yayaa ummar
Gumii

Gumiin Gadaa kora ykn yaa'ii abbootii Gadaa fi gosaati. Gumiin abbootii Gadaan hoogganame, gosa naannoo gumiin itti teessu jiran hundaa hirmaachisa. Gumiin kora abbootii gadaa gosa gosaan gaggeeffamuudha. Korri abbootii gadaa gosaan gaggeeffamu kun, waggaa saddeet keessatti gumii (kora walii galaa) ni waama. Gumiin Oromoo Booranaa fi Oromoo Gujii biratti walgayii ol’aanaa abbootii gadaa fi ummataa yoo ta’u, Oromoo kaan biratti ammoo Caffee yookan Yaa’ii Odaa jedhamuun beekama.
Iddoowwan sirna Gadaa keessatti abbootiin Gadaa fi miseenson­ni Gadaa Gumii taa’uun hanga har’atti sirna ho’aadhaan itti kabajamu keessaa Gumiin Gaayoo fi Gumiin Bokkoo isaan beekamoodha. Gumiin kan taa’amuuf sirna Gadaa keessatti, gamaaggama gaggeessuuf, rakkoo hawaas-dinaagdee hiikuuf, seera dulloome baasuufi seera haaraa lallabuuf.
Gumiin Gaayoo ardaa jilaa godina Booranaa aanaa Dhaas ganda Gaayoo keessatti argamu yoo ta’u, ardaan jilaa kun ardaa abbootiin gadaa seera itti haaromsanii fi seera haaraa lallabame iddoo itti raggaasisaniidha. Gu­miin Gaayoo bara gadaa Abbaa Gadaa Daawwoo Gabboo (1764) irraa kaasee, Oromoo Booranaatiif wiirtuu jilaa akka taatee fi marsa gadaa 40ffaa akka keessummeesse ni dubbatama. Gumii Gaayoo kanarratti seerota fooyya’uufi jijjiiramuu qabanis haaluma yeroofi gaaffii gosaatiin kora itti keessumeeffamuudha. Adeemsi kora Gaayoo kunis, jijjiirama hawaasaafi haala guddina hawaas-dinaagdee Oromoo Booranaarratti hojii guddaa kan raawwachaa ture yoo ta’u, jireenya Oromoo Booranaafi walitti dhufeenya inni saboota ollaa wajjin qabu kan itti madaalamuufi hiikoo argartuudha. Kana malees mirgoota dubartiifi daa’immanii, akkasuma mirgoonni namoota harka qal’eeyyiifi rakkinoota gosaa, dhimma buusaafi gonofaa, dheedaafi obaafi k.k.f. iddoo itti sakatta’amuufi falli itti kennamuudha.
Gumiin Gaayoo safuu mataa isaa qaba. Oromoo Boorana biratti Gumii Gaayoorra hin qotan; namni itti hin awwaalamu. Yoo mana itti ijaaruuf muka irraa muraanis daraaraa itti naqatan. Gumiin Gaayoo walakkaa lafa Booranaa waan taateef gosonni Booranaa 17 (Digaluu, Maxxaarrii, Karrayyuu, Daaccituu, Odituu, Galaantuu, Maccituu, Bachituu, Siraayyuu, Koonnituu, Arsii, Hawaaxxuu, Qarcabduu, Warra Jiddaa, Malliyyuu, Dambituu fi Noonnituu) Gumii Gaayoo akka wayyuutti ilaalan.
Gosti Booranaa 17nu Gumii Gaayoo hordofuuf yoo ganda Gaayoo dhufan, guyyoota hedduu waan achi turaniif gosa gosaan ‘diidaa mana waaqaa’ Gaayoorratti qubatan. Yeroo qubatanitti osoo gumiin hin gaggeeffamiin dursanii gosa gosaan taa’anii rakkoo gosaa qoratan. Akka ilaalcha Oromoo Booranaatti irreen Boorana gosa Booranaati. Booranni gumii kanaan seera adda addaa qorata; seera namaa, yookiin ilmaafi intalaa, seera marraafi bishaanii, seera mukaa (muka jilaa), seera eelaa, seera galaanaa fi k.k.f. qorata.
Gumiin Bokkoo godina Gujii aanaa Annaa Sorraa keessatti taa'ama. Gumii kanarrattis akkuma Gumii Gaayoo seera haaraa tumuu, rakkoo hawaas-diinagdee qorachuu, marii geggeessuu fi kkf keessatti argama.
Oromoo Maccaa

Oromoon Maccaa heddumminaan gidduu-galeessa, Oromiyaa naannawa Shawaa Lixaa fi Kibba Lixaa, Lixa Oromiyaa Wallaggaa, i kibba Lixaa Oromiyaa Jimma, Buunnoo fi Iluubbaaboori qubate.
Oromoon Maccaa naannoo kana kan qubate jaarraa 16ffaa walakkeessa lammaffaa keessa yeroo Oromoon gara kibba Mormoritti babaallachaa tureti. Mootummaan duraan naannoo san ture Impaayera Itoophiyaa fi Sulxaana Adaal bulchinsa Ahimad Giraanyi jalaltti waraana geeggeeffamen kan dadhabe yoo ta'u waraana fi buttaa garbaa kan abbootin waranaa warra Kiristaanaa geggeessaa turaniin ummannii duraan naannoo sana ture bayyee xiqqeesseti ture.
Qubsumni Maccii naannoo amma jiraataniitti godhe kun garee guguddaan odoo hin taane garee xixiqqoon kan godhame ture, maqaan gosoota Maccaa ammallee akka maqaa iddoowwaniitti bakka baayyeetti tajaajilaa jira. Ummanni afaan Omootiikii fi Naayiloo-Sahaara dubbatu kan duraan naannoo sana ture jalqaba gabaro (gabbara) yoo godhaman dhawaata garuu gosa Maccaatti makamanii Oromoo ta'an.
Oromoon Maccaa Oromoo Tuulamaa wajjin sirna Gadaa tokko kan qabu yoo ta'u caffeen isaan kibba Finfinnee harraa kana ture. Jaarraa 16ffaa gara dhumaa keessa, Oromoon Maccaa sirna Gadaa mataa isaa kan dhaabbate yoo ta'u Caffeen isaas Odaa Bilii /Tute Bisil ture; kunis yaa'aa olii Gibee keessatti argama. Makkoo Bilii gadaa Maccaa kana waame. Addaan bayiinsa kanaaf Maccaa fi Tuulamni walii walii isaanii itti gaafatamaa godhu.
Bara 1963tti, Waldaan Wal-gargaarsa Maccaa fi Tuulamaa irra caalaa Oromootan yoo dhaabbatu dabalataan gosoota ummattoota kibba Itoophiyaas keessatti hirmaatanii jiru. Waldaan kun jalqaba waa'ee dhimmoota naannoo irratti kan socho'uu fi guddina kan jajjabeessu kan ture yoo ta'u, yeroo gabaabaa keessatti bilisummaa siyaasa fi aadaa Oromoo hundaaf falmuu jalqabe. Haaluma kanaan, bara 1967tti waldaan kun akka hin sochoone dhorkame; bara 1994tti waldaan kun lammata yoo dhaabbatu yeroo lammataaf bara 2004tti dhorkame.
Macci yeroo tuulama bira turetti yeroo wiirtuun isaanii Odaa nabee turetti ijoollee shan qaba, isaanis shanan Maccaa jedhamu. Shanan Maccaa kunis: Liiban, Jaawwii, Guduru, Daallee (Daadhii) fi Jiddaa Turan.
Erga achii gara dhiha oromiyatti imalee booda ilmaan 7(torba) horeera isaanis Jibaat, walal, Dhayee, Danfaa, oboo, laaloo, Gundee jedhamu. Walii galaan macci ilmaan 12 horeera. Ijoolleen Maccaa shanan eenyuun horan jennee yoo gaafannu:
Metehara

Metehara (Amharic: መተሐራ, Oromo: Mataharaa) is a town in central Ethiopia. Located in the East Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, it has a latitude and longitude of 08°54′N 39°55′E﻿ / ﻿8.900°N 39.917°E﻿ / 8.900; 39.917 with an elevation of 947 meters above sea level.
Access to Metehara includes a station on the Addis Ababa–Djibouti Railway. There is a Tuesday livestock market. Notable local landmarks include Metehara Mikael Bet church, Mount Fentale to the north, Awash National Park to the northeast, and Lake Basaka to the south of the town.
The town is inhabited by the Karrayyu Oromo, Afar, Somali Dir clans (Issa and Gadabuursi) and Amhara.
Visitors to the area in the first decades of the 20th century frequently described the area as land between the Karrayyu Oromo, Afar, Somali Dir clans (Issa and Gadabuursi) and Amhara. Somali settlers from the Issa and Gadabuursi migrated to this region towards the end of the era of Emperor Menelik II. Later their numbers increased as relatives and kinsmen took permanent settlement there. On the eve of the Italian invasion, a German named Neitzel had been granted a concession to cultivate cotton and coffee. Despite that, few people lived in the area until the arrival of the Dutch corporation Handelsvereeningung Amsterdam (HVA), which established a factory to process sugar at Metehara, after it had been expelled from Indonesia in 1954.
In 1970, the Karrayyu Oromo staged an armed demonstration in Metehara which destroyed fences and buildings at the HVA plantation. The Derg announced 3 February 1975 that the sugar plantation, including the Dutch investments, would be fully nationalized.
During the 2002 drought, a Karrayyu Oromo leader was killed in Metehara, which increased tensions between the Karrayyu Oromo and Afar peoples. As a result the Afar, who traded at the Tuesday market, did not go to the market during that drought.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Metehara has an estimated total population of 21,348 of whom 10,763 were men and 10,585 were women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 11,934 of whom 5,837 were males and 6,097 were females. It is the largest town in Fentale woreda.
Barento

Barento (Oromo: Bareentoo) is one of the two major subgroups of the Oromo people, a Cushitic ethnic group. They live in the West Hararghe Zone, South hararge, Arsi zone, of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia while the other subgroup named Borana Oromo inhabiting Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Addis Ababa, West Shewa Zone, West Welega Zone and Borena Zone of the Oromia Region of Ethiopia.
Barento are one of the two main moiety of the Oromo people in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. Between the fifth and eighth centuries, the Borana Oromo and Barentu Oromo people had differentiated from the confederation. The Barento people thereafter expanded to the eastern regions now called Hararghe, Arsi, Wello, and northeastern Shawa. The Borana people, empowered by their Gadda political and military organization expanded in the other directions, regions now called western Shewa, Welega, Illubabor, Kaffa, Gamu Goffa, Sidamo and in the 16th-century into what is now northern Kenya regions. The Borana and Barento groups are sometimes referred to as two early era moieties of the Oromo people.
The Barento Oromo people in Arsi, Bale and Hararghe regions abandoned their traditional religions in the 9th century, when they were converted to Islam. In eastern regions close to Somalia, about 98.5% of the Barento people now follow Islam.
Some people away from Somalia border, in the Arsi Zone and the Bale Zone follow Orthodox Christianity
According to Barento there are two groups of Barento clans, the authentic Oromo and assimilated foreigners. The clans labelled Humbana are originally Oromo whereas the Sarri Sidama are non Oromo in origin and consist of various assimilated group including Harari, Somali etc. The Barento consist of the following sections or subgroups, which in turn include many subdivisions:
Boi Caprichoso (Manaus)

O Grêmio Recreativo Popular “Boi Caprichoso”, foi um boi-bumbá fundado na Praça 14 de Janeiro em Manaus, tinha como característica seu couro branco e seu coração preto na testa. Notabilizou-se por participar dos torneios de Boi-Bumbá organizados pela prefeitura de Manaus, em que sagrou-se campeão em algumas oportunidades. A partir de 1957 começou a concorrer no Festival Folclórico do Amazonas onde participou até 1971, quando encerrou suas atividades.
O Boi-Bumbá Caprichoso da Praça 14, foi criado pelo Mestre Raimundo Fonseca, um nordestino emigrante do Maranhão, filho de mãe escravizada, que foi a Manaus na época do apogeu da borracha, em busca de maior prosperidade. A Praça 14 de Janeiro onde fixou sua residência, no início do século XX foi o destino de boa parte da população negra em Manaus, neste território foi criado pela família Fonseca o Quilombo de São Benedito, que hoje é considerado o segundo maior quilombo urbano do Brasil.
Mestre Raimundo Fonseca fundou o Caprichoso em 14 de janeiro de 1913, junto dos irmãos Manoel e Antão, do senhor Ramiro Silva e da sua esposa Paula Maria. Nos primeiros anos, o boi brincava na época de São João somente para os moradores da comunidade. Com o tempo o boi começou a participar das famosas touradas que aconteciam nas ruas de Manaus, quando um boi se encontrava com o outro. O seu principal rival era o Boi Mina de Ouro do Boulevard Amazonas que tinha como característica a cor preta e estrela branca na testa, o encontro geralmente acabava terminando em briga. Um dos casos que acabou em tragédia foi noticiado pelo Jornal do Commercio em 1929, em que João Alves, a Catirina do Caprichoso, foi apunhalado por uma faca por um brincante do Mina de Ouro.
Na década de 1940, a Prefeitura Municipal de Manaus realizou o primeiro concurso para escolher o melhor bumbá, com objetivo de cessar as touradas que causavam bastante indignação na imprensa. Além do Caprichoso, nesse torneio participou quase todos os bois da cidade, entre eles o Mina de Ouro, Tira Prosa, Corre-Campo, Campineiro e o Boi Garantido do bairro da Cachoeirinha. Nesse período o Caprichoso ganhou títulos, um dos que se tem registro foi o campeonato de 1947.
A partir de 1957 com a criação do Festival Folclórico do Amazonas, os bois começaram a concorrer dentro do evento, o Caprichoso participava do grupo principal junto com mais quatro boi-bumbás. Nesse período, com a morte de mestre Raimundo, em 1945, quem comandava o bumbá era a família de Luiz Gadelha. O Boi Caprichoso encerrou suas atividades em 1971, quando era dirigido por Alberto Orelhinha.
David Assayag

David Assayag Neto (Parintins, 16 de janeiro de 1969) é um levantador de toadas brasileiro, um dos principais nomes do Festival Folclórico de Parintins no item levantador de toadas.
Filho de um marroquino com uma parintinense, David iniciou sua carreira cantando no Boi Caprichoso nos anos 1980, mas não chegou a ser item oficial. Foi um dos fundadores da Banda Canto da Mata, que, inicialmente, era neutra, não estando ligada a nenhum dos bois de Parintins. A Banda Canto da Mata foi posteriormente anexada ao Caprichoso. Em 1994, David Assayag torna-se o levantador oficial de toadas do Boi Garantido, onde permaneceu durante quinze anos.
Em 1996 junto com o Boi Garantido, escoou a toada "Vermelho" que foi um grande sucesso no Brasil e em Portugal.
No Boi Garantido, David teve o espaço que sempre quis para mostrar o seu talento, ganhou fama e tornou-se valorizado e foi reconhecido como a melhor voz do Amazonas. David Assayag foi o mentor e iniciou, em 2007, a Casa de Toadas, espaço onde recebe convidados e canta toadas novas e antigas dos bois de Parintins.
Em 1997, recebeu do então presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso, uma comenda federal que o homenageia como o "Cantor mais popular da região Norte".
Em 2009, foi contratado pelo Boi Caprichoso retornando às origens, o que obviamente foi bastante polêmico e repercutiu intensamente na mídia amazonense.
Em 2012 foi homenageado pela Unidos do Alvorada, do carnaval de Manaus e estava como um dos homenageados do enredo da Grande Rio, sobre a superação.
Em 2020, após dez anos no Boi Caprichoso, anuncia que esta de volta ao Boi Garantido.
Garantido - 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006 e 2009
Caprichoso - 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 e 2018.
Carnaval de Notting Hill

O Carnaval de Notting Hill é um evento de carnaval da cidade de Londres, Inglaterra.
O Carnaval originou-se como um festival pagão no Egito antigo, que foi posteriormente celebrada pelos gregos e depois os romanos. A festa popular foi adotada pela igreja cristã católico romano na Europa, como o festival de Carne Vale. O festival de Carnaval foi transportado para o Caribe pelos traficantes de escravos europeus. Eles excluiram os escravos africanos do festival e bailes de máscaras de luxo. Na emancipação dos escravos africanos libertos do Caribe transformou o festival europeu para sempre em uma celebração do fim da escravidão. O festival Carnaval teve uma nova forma cultural derivada de sua própria herança Africano e as novas culturas artísticas crioulas desenvolvidas no Caribe. É o Carnaval Caribe, que é exportado para grandes cidades em todo o mundo.
No início da década de 1960, havia um grande número de imigrantes de Trinidad e Tobago em Londres que, por serem discriminados, decidiram se manifestar de uma maneira pacífica e alegre: pelas ruas do bairro de Notting Hill. Os precursores Rhaune Laslett e Claudia Jones, reconhecida como a “Mãe do Carnaval de Notting Hill”, faziam festas dentro de suas casas. Foi daí que surgiu o Carnaval de Notting Hill. Com o tempo cresceu e ganhou mais imigrantes de outras ilhas caribenhas.
As escolas de samba do Carnaval de Notting Hill foram tendo sucesso graças ao Carnaval brasileiro, precisamente o Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro, entre elas estão a London School of Samba, a primeira escola de samba de Londres, que foi fundada no ano de 1984; a Quilombo do Samba e a Paraíso School of Samba.
A Paraíso School é a escola de samba que traz grandes artistas e intérpretes, celebridades no Carnaval do Rio de Janeiro, como Dominguinhos do Estácio, Bruno Ribas e Mestre Esteves, entre outros. já a Quilombo teve como carnavalesco Cahê Rodrigues.
Carnaval de Veneza

O Carnaval de Veneza é um festival anual realizado em Veneza, Itália, famoso em todo o mundo por seus trajes elaborados e máscaras. O carnaval termina na terça-feira de carnaval (Martedì Grasso ou Mardi Gras), que é um dia antes do início da Quaresma, na quarta-feira de cinzas.
O carnaval tem suas origens na Idade Média, existindo por vários séculos até ser abolido em 1797. A tradição foi revivida em 1979, e o evento moderno agora atrai aproximadamente 3 milhões de visitantes anualmente.
Segundo a lenda, o Carnaval de Veneza começou após a vitória militar da República de Veneza sobre o patriarca de Aquileia, Ulrico di Treven, no ano de 1162. Em homenagem a esta vitória, o povo começou a dançar e se reunir na Praça de São Marcos. Aparentemente, este festival começou nesse período e tornou-se oficial durante o Renascimento. No século 17, o carnaval barroco preservou a imagem de prestígio de Veneza no mundo. Foi muito famoso durante o século 18. Encorajava a licença e o prazer, mas também era usado para proteger os venezianos da angústia presente e futura. No entanto, sob o governo do Sacro Imperador Romano e mais tarde Imperador da Áustria, Francisco II, o festival foi totalmente proibido em 1797 e o uso de máscaras tornou-se estritamente proibido. Reapareceu gradualmente no século 19, mas apenas por curtos períodos e, sobretudo, para festas particulares, onde se tornou ocasião para criações artísticas.
Depois de uma longa ausência, o Carnaval retornou em 1979. O governo italiano decidiu trazer de volta a história e a cultura de Veneza e procurou usar o tradicional Carnaval como peça central de seus esforços. A remodelação das máscaras começou como a busca de alguns estudantes universitários venezianos para o comércio turístico. Desde então, cerca de 3 milhões de visitantes vêm a Veneza todos os anos para o Carnaval. Um dos eventos mais importantes é o concurso para la maschera più bella ("a máscara mais bonita"), que é julgado por um painel de figurinistas e estilistas internacionais.
O conto O Barril de Amontillado, escrito por Edgar Allan Poe, se passa em Veneza durante o carnaval.
As máscaras venezianas aparecem com destaque nos filmes De Olhos Bem Fechados e O Sábado das Bruxas, de Marco Bellocchio. As lojas que forneceram as máscaras incluem Ca' Macana e Il Canovaccio em Veneza.
No Brasil, o Carnaval de Veneza acontece durante a Festa da Gastronomia em Nova Veneza, Santa Catarina, e Nova Veneza, Goiás.
Não Deixe o Samba Morrer

"Não deixe o samba morrer" é um samba composto por Edson Conceição e Aloísio Silva. Foi gravado em 1975 pela cantora Alcione, que ganharia as paradas de sucesso no início do ano seguinte com essa canção, faixa de seu primeiro álbum de estúdio A Voz do Samba.
Guanciale

Guanciale é um tipo de bacon não defumado italiano, preparado com as bochechas do porco, de onde deriva seu nome (guancia, em italiano, é "bochecha"). A carne da bochecha é esfregada com sal, pimenta-do-reino, e curada por três semanas. Seu sabor é mais forte que o de outros produtos feitos da carne de porco, como a pancetta, porém sua textura é mais delicada.
O guanciale é usado tradicionalmente em pratos da culinária italiana como o molho all'amatriciana e o preparo à carbonara, servidos com massas. É uma iguaria da Itália central, especialmente da Úmbria e do Lácio. Devido à sua raridade, a pancetta costuma ser utilizada como sua substituta, com uma resultante diferença no gosto do prato.
Álvaro Damião

Álvaro Damião Vieira da Paz (Belo Horizonte, 27 de setembro de 1970) é um político e jornalista brasileiro, atual prefeito de Belo Horizonte. Ele assumiu o cargo em 26 de março de 2025, após a morte do então prefeito Fuad Noman.
Álvaro Damião nasceu e cresceu no bairro Concórdia, em Belo Horizonte. Desde cedo demonstrou interesse pela comunicação, iniciando sua trajetória no jornalismo esportivo, onde construiu uma carreira marcada por coberturas de grandes eventos como cinco Copas do Mundo, duas Olimpíadas, três Jogos Pan-Americanos e três Copas América.
Damião acompanhou viagens dos principais clubes mineiros — América, Atlético e Cruzeiro — além da Seleção Brasileira. Na rádio, destacou-se na equipe da Rádio Itatiaia, sendo uma das vozes mais reconhecidas do jornalismo esportivo mineiro. Na televisão, apresentou programas como Alterosa Agora e Bola na Área, pela TV Alterosa, e também teve passagens pela Record.
Filiado ao Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB), Álvaro Damião iniciou sua trajetória política em 2016, quando foi eleito vereador de Belo Horizonte. Demonstrando forte apoio popular, foi reeleito em 2020, dessa vez pelo Democratas (DEM). Durante seus mandatos, destacou-se por iniciativas voltadas à mobilidade urbana e à promoção de eventos esportivos e culturais na capital mineira.
Em 2024, foi eleito vice-prefeito de Belo Horizonte na chapa encabeçada por Fuad Noman, candidato do Partido Social Democrático, que foi reeleito no segundo turno. Álvaro Damião assumiu protagonismo na administração municipal de Belo Horizonte a partir do fim de 2024, quando foi nomeado secretário de Governo da Prefeitura em 27 de dezembro, conforme publicação em edição extra do Diário Oficial do Município. A nomeação ocorreu após a exoneração de Anselmo Domingos, que perdeu o cargo por articular apoio ao então candidato à presidência da Câmara Municipal, Juliano Lopes. Já no início de 2025, em 4 de janeiro, já como vice-prefeito, Damião passou a exercer interinamente a chefia do Executivo, em razão da licença médica do então prefeito. Após o falecimento de Fuad no dia 26 de março de 2025, Álvaro assumiu o cargo de prefeito, tornando-se o chefe do Executivo municipal.
Realizar Worldwide Events

A Realizar Worldwide Events é uma empresa multinacional, com sede no Reino Unido, dedicada à produção de eventos conjugando a criatividade, a arte e a tecnologia na promoção de marcas e instituições. Os seus principais serviços centram-se na concepção e produção de soluções criativas, originais e inovadoras, através de eventos de grande escala, celebrações e eventos públicos, galas, eventos corporativos e desportivos.
Fundada em 1996, em Portugal, por Paulo de Sousa Pereira, a Realizar Wordwide Events encontra-se presente em vários países. Em 2005, promoveu a sua internacionalização para Espanha, assim como, três anos mais tarde, a sua inauguração no Reino Unido. Em 2010, expandiu-se para os países do Benelux, abrangendo os mercados holandês, luxemburguês e belga.
Império Serrano

The Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Império Serrano is a samba school of the city of Rio de Janeiro, that was created on March 23 of 1947 after a disagreement of the extinct samba school Prazer da Serrinha. It was nine times champion of the Carnaval and can be considered one of the most traditional schools of the samba of the city. One of the principal vainglories of its members is the open democracy of the school, established in the school's foundation. Its history is normally confused with the history of the Morro da Serrinha, despite its headquarters being in Avenida Ministro Edgard Romero near the Estação Mercadão de Madureira, but in the same neighborhood: Madureira.
The Ala de Compositores (Ala of the Composers) of Império is one of the most respected, having in its history people such as Silas de Oliveira, Mano Décio, Aniceto do Império, Molequinho, Dona Ivone Lara (first woman to participate in the ala of the composers of the samba schools), Beto sem Braço, Aluizio Machado, and Arlindo Cruz.
The school's history is crowned by splendid sambas, true classics of the samba-enredo such as Aquarela Brasileira ("Brazilian Aquarelle") (1964 and 2004), Exaltação a Tiradentes ("Exaltation to Tiradentes") (1949), Os Cinco Bailes da História do Rio ("The Five Balls of the History of Rio") (1965), Heróis da Liberdade ("Liberty Heroes") (1969), Bumbum paticumbum Prugurundum (1982), among others.
In 1982, the singer Clara Nunes recorded the samba Serrinha, in homage to Mauro Duarte and Paulo César Pinheiro.
In the 1990s, the school confronted serious political problems that resulted in three downgradings (1991, 1997, and 1999).
The school returned to the elite of the Carnaval in 2001, though struggling to remain in the group. That year, the school brought the samba of Arlindo Cruz, Maurição, Carlos Sena, and Elmo Caetano, and it was considered by the reviewers as the most beautiful of the year. The samba narrated the story of the Resistance, nickname of the Syndicate of the Stevedores of Rio de Janeiro, with which many of the school's members were connected.
In 2004, the Império repeated the samba-enredo Aquarela do Brasil, considered one of the most beautiful sambas-enredo in history, and despite financial problems and internal disputes, received a Sambadrome standing ovation. In 2007, the school fell again to the Grupo de Acesso, but won the title in 2017, resulting in a 2018 return to the Special Group.
Acadêmicos do Salgueiro

Grêmio Recreativo Escola de Samba Acadêmicos do Salgueiro, popularly known simply as Salgueiro, is a popular samba school from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was established on March 5, 1953 from the merger of Morro do Salgueiro's two samba schools called Azul e Branco do Salgueiro (Salgueiro's Blue and White) and Depois Eu Digo (I'll Say it Later), which then merged again with Unidos do Salgueiro. It first paraded in 1954 with the Romaria à Bahia samba. The school's motto is "Not better, nor worse, just a different school".
GRES Acadêmicos do Salgueiro is a nine-time champion of the Rio de Janeiro carnival, having won in 1960, 1963, 1965, 1969, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1993 and 2009. Its most famous sambas are "Festa Para Um Rei Negro" (Pega No Ganzê), "Bahia de Todos os Deuses", "Peguei Um Ita no Norte", "Explode Coração", "Chica da Silva", "Skindô! Skindô!" and "Tambor" (Drums). One of the most popular Sambas de Enredo from the last years, creating impressive and emotional chants between the own community of the "Academia" and made the spectators vibrate in the Arquibancada of the Sambódromo were the particular strong and impulsive Samba of 2019. Taking the musical and poetical heritage of the afro-brasilian roots as the principal issue for their presentation for Carnival at the Sapucai, Salgueiro selected the famous orixá "Xango" as their theme (enredo) of 2019 and the unforgettable "Gaia - a vida em nossas mãos" in 2014, which makes still part of the most famous and memorized compositions of the last years.
Acadêmicos do Salgueiro: Pagina oficial, www.salgueiro.com.br, Retrieved 10 May 2020.
Bruno, Leonardo: Explode Coração. Histórias do Salgueiro (= Cadernos do Samba, vol. 2), Rio de Janeiro 2013.
Jurth, Friederike. "O Samba Enredo do Salgueiro 2019: Tudo que tem que saber." Samba Enredo. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
Jurth, Friederike. "Os Sambas Enredo inesquecíveis" Samba Enredo. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
De Oliveira Pinto, Tiago: Art. „Samba“, in: MGG2, Sachteil Bd. 8, Kassel and Basel 1998.
Sandroni, Carlos: „Samba Carioca e Identidade Brasileira”, in: Raízes músicais do Brasil, ed. by Dominique Dreyfus, Rio de Janeiro 2005.
Outline of Rio de Janeiro

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Rio de Janeiro:
Rio de Janeiro – capital and most populous city of Rio de Janeiro state, and the second most populous city in Brazil, Rio de Janeiro was founded in 1565 by the Portuguese as part of the Portuguese Empire. It was the capital and political center of Brazil, where events like the Proclamation of the Republic took place. Brasília overtook Rio de Janeiro as the new capital of Brazil in 1960. Rio de Janeiro is known for its cultural riches, such as Carnival, samba and bossa nova, beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema, and also for the Christ the Redeemer statue overlooking the city. Major education institutions include the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Rio de Janeiro State University, and Colégio Pedro II.
Geography of Rio de Janeiro
Museums in Rio de Janeiro
Demographics of Rio de Janeiro
Politics of Rio de Janeiro
History of Rio de Janeiro
Timeline of Rio de Janeiro
Culture of Rio de Janeiro
Architecture in Rio de Janeiro
Literature in Rio de Janeiro
Music of Rio de Janeiro
Theatre in Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro in art / Paintings of Rio de Janeiro
Art in Rio de Janeiro
Events in Rio de Janeiro
Festivals in Rio de Janeiro
Languages of Rio de Janeiro
Media in Rio de Janeiro
People from Rio de Janeiro
Religion in Rio de Janeiro
Economy of Rio de Janeiro
Public transport in Rio de Janeiro
Rail transport in Rio de Janeiro
Education in Rio de Janeiro
Wikimedia Atlas of Rio de Janeiro
Samba-enredo

Samba-enredo, also known as samba de enredo, is a sub-genre of modern samba made specifically by a samba school for the festivities of Brazilian Carnival. It is a samba style that consists of a lyric and a melody created from a summary of the theme chosen as the plot of a samba school.
The first sambas sung by the samba schools in their carnival presentations were freely created and generally were about of the samba itself or the reality of the samba musicians. The institution of contests between the Rio de Janeiro samba school from the 1930s onwards compelled them to commit themselves to presented themes, which began to narrate mainly episodes and exalt characters from the official Brazilian historiography.
"Samba-enredo" translates literally in Portuguese a samba-theme, which is thematically bonded to the selected special theme (enredo) of its samba school and narrates the story, which it told by the samba schools, in a lyrical form. Each samba school performs one song in the Carnaval parade. A new song must be written each year for each school; they must be on Brazilian topics. The Carnaval parade is among other things a samba competition, with judges, who rank the new sambas according to their perceived merit. Being by definition topical, sambas-enredo are seldom performed outside of the Carnaval environment. It is important to note that the samba-enredo is one of the criteria used by the Judging committee to decide who is the winner of the Carnaval parade competition. The samba-enredo must be well sung by the samba school's puxador (or singer) or the school will lose points. While the "puxador" (the samba-enredo singer) sings, everyone marching in the Carnaval parade sings the samba-enredo along with him, and harmony is another judging criterion.
For each samba school, choosing the following year's samba-enredo is a long process. Well in advance of the Carnaval parade, each samba school holds a contest for writing the song. The song is written by samba composers from within the school itself ("Ala dos Compositores"), or sometimes from outside composers, normally in "parcerias" (partnerships). Each school receives many—sometimes hundreds—songs, sometimes hundreds of them, each hoping to be the next samba-enredo for that year. The samba-enredo is written by these numerous composers mentioned above only after the Carnival Art Director, or "Carnavalesco", officially publishes the samba school's parade theme synopsis for the year. After a careful explanation of the parade-theme, many times done by the Carnival Art Director himself, composers may ask questions in order to clarify the synopsis, so they can start writing the samba-enredos.