davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Mazatlán F.C.

Mazatlán Futbol Club is a Mexican professional football club based in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, that competes in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football. The club was established in June 2020 after Monarcas Morelia was moved to Mazatlán.
In 2017, the Government of Sinaloa decided to build a new football stadium in the city of Mazatlán as part of a project that intended to build and improve several sport venues in the state. One of the goals of this project was to have a professional football team playing in Mazatlán.
In 2020, works were accelerated in order to have the stadium completed before 30 June and ahead of the start of the 2020–21 season with the aim of looking for a professional team to move to the newly built stadium. The stadium was provisionally named as Estadio de Mazatlán (Mazatlán Stadium) and it reportedly cost 1.452 billion pesos.
The Government of Sinaloa together with a group of businessmen from Mazatlán lobbied with a few Liga MX teams. Three franchises were rumored as potential candidates to move to Mazatlán for the 2020–21 season: Morelia, Puebla and Querétaro.
On 2 June, it was officially announced that Monarcas Morelia was moving to Mazatlán, and that it would be rebranded as Mazatlán Futbol Club, as a entirely separate football club. On 8 June, Mazatlán unveiled its crest and colours. The team colours are purple, black and white.
On 11 June, the club presented Francisco Palencia as their manager for the 2020–21 season. On 27 July Mazatlán played their first official match, in which they were defeated against Puebla with a score of 1–4: the club's first official goal was scored by César Huerta.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Estadio de Mazatlán

The Estadio de Mazatlán, also named Estadio El Encanto, is a football stadium located in the city of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico. It was inaugurated in 2020 and has a capacity of approximately 25,000. The stadium is the home of Mazatlán F.C., which began Liga MX play in the Apertura 2020 tournament.
In 2017, construction work began on a football stadium in the city of Mazatlán as part of a project to build and modernize various sports venues in the state of Sinaloa. The goal was for a football team to occupy the stadium, though there was no club based in the city.
In that same year, Pacific F.C. was founded, which belonged to the Faharo Group, owners of Murciélagos F.C. However, during its first tournaments of existence, the team had as its temporary headquarters the city of Los Mochis. It was not until January 2019 that Pacific arrived at Mazatlán, playing at the Estadio Teodoro Mariscal, a baseball stadium. This club would only play in the city for a few months.
In 2020, construction of the stadium was accelerated to have it ready for the start of the 2020–21 football season. Finally, on June 2, the arrival of a new team for the venue was confirmed as Monarcas Morelia were moved from Michoacán and renamed Mazatlán Fútbol Club. The stadium was provisionally named Estadio de Mazatlán. On July 7, 2020, Mazatlán F.C. announced that the stadium would be called El Kraken internally and publicly; however, it officially continued to carry the original name.
On July 27, 2020, the first game at the stadium was held between Mazatlán and Puebla during Week 1 of the Torneo Guardianes 2020, a 4-1 loss for the home side. The first goal at the venue was scored by Puebla's Santiago Ormeño.
The stadium hosted its first international match on June 7, 2023 when a friendly game was held between the national teams of Mexico and Guatemala. Raúl Jiménez scored the first international goal in the history of this venue.
On October 25, 2023, the stadium was renamed Estadio El Encanto, after Mazatlán F.C. signed an alliance agreement with a local company dedicated to the construction of houses, the company is named Encanto Desarrollos.
Carnaval de Mazatlán

The Carnaval de Mazatlán is an annual carnival held in the Mexican city of Mazatlán, Sinaloa. It is celebrated the five days before Ash Wednesday.
The carnival consists of various cultural events, such as float parades, fireworks, dances and poetry contests, literature awards and shows of enormous artistic quality. It was first staged in 1898.
The carnival has been canceled several times over the years:
Arraiján District

Arraiján is the district (distrito) of West Panamá Province in Panama. The territory lies west of the Panama Canal bordering Panama City. The population according to the 2000 census was 149,918; the latest official estimate (for 2019) is 296,188, with many suburban communities for commuting workers of Panama City. The district covers a total area of 418 km². The district seat is Arraiján city.
Arraiján District is divided administratively into the following corregimientos:
The Lycée français Paul Gauguin de Panama, a French international school, is in Panama Pacifico in Veracruz.
Claudia Ochoa Félix

Claudia Ochoa Félix (15 January 1987 – 14 September 2019) was a social media personality. In 2014, a rumor spread on social media that she was a high-ranking leader of the murder squad Los Ántrax, a bloc of enforcers that operate as an armed wing of the Sinaloa Cartel. After their leader José Rodrigo Aréchiga Gamboa (alias "Chino Ántrax") was arrested, Ochoa Félix was rumored to be one of the leaders. She denied the claims and her involvement in organized crime.
Ochoa Félix was known on social media for her resemblance to Kim Kardashian and had accounts on various social medias like Instagram and Snapchat. Ochoa Félix's photos revealed her luxurious lifestyle, which showed her with sports cars, planes, yachts and various weapons.
Ochoa Félix was found dead in her private residence in Culiacán on the 14 September 2019, due to apparent pulmonary aspiration caused by a drug overdose. The previous night she had been seen going home with an unidentified man after attending a party in the city centre. The morning after the unidentified man raised an alarm due to Félix not responding, she was pronounced dead at the scene.
Many people began to rumour online that Félix had been assassinated due to her affiliations with the infamous Los Ántrax squad and the Sinaloa Cartel. Claudia Félix fans assure that she "was Drake's crush", who "followed each other" on social networks and "sent messages", they say. When she died, Drake and Claudia Ochoa Félix were in Twitter trends.
Manny Montana

Manny Montana (born September 26, 1983) is an American actor. Born and raised in Long Beach, California, he started his career in 2008 and is best known for his character Rio in the series Good Girls.
Manny Montana was born and raised in Long Beach, California. After graduating from Jordan High School, Montana got a football scholarship to California State University Sacramento, but quit after an arm injury and dislocating his shoulder for the eighth time. He transferred to California State University, Long Beach to major in Journalism and Broadcasting. He worked as a DJ in the school's student-radio station, which landed him an intern position at Power 100.3. He is a first generation Mexican-American.
After graduating in 2006, Montana acted in a number of student films which eventually led him to guest star in single episodes of various television series. In 2012, Montana was cast as Johnny "J.T." Turturro in Graceland. In regards to fan reaction to the show, he stated: "Being cast on a regular procedural, where everything gets wrapped up by the end of the episode was always a fear of mine because that doesn't really test you as an actor. On this show, every week we're playing somebody different, there's great dialogue, I love my co-stars, it's fun to be at work and I think the fans are seeing that. Regardless of whether they like the show or not, I think they like the cast and the dynamic we have together."
In 2015, Montana appeared in Michael Mann's Blackhat as Lozano, a "wanted criminal". Montana auditioned for a lead role and did not receive it, but got offered a supporting role.
From 2018 to 2021, he was a member of the main cast of Good Girls as Rio. The show was cancelled after four seasons. In 2021, Montana appeared in one episode of the television show All American, portraying coach Dante Smart. In April 2022, it was announced that Montana would join season four of the show Mayans M.C., as a member of the Yuma Mayans.
Montana is married to Adelfa Martinez, with whom he has one child, a son. Marr is a life coach providing services digitally. The couple keeps their life private and their child away from the public.
Pacifica High School (Oxnard, California)

Pacifica High School (PHS) is a public high school in Oxnard, California. The school is part of the Oxnard Union High School District and serves students in northeast and downtown Oxnard.
In 1996, Oxnard Union High School District voters approved a $57 million school bond measure to finance construction of a new high school and improvements to existing campuses. Initially the Board of Trustees chose to name the campus Pacifico High School, shortened from Mar Pacifico (pacífico is Spanish for "peaceful"). Concerns soon arose that the new school shared its name with a brand of Mexican beer, so in 1999 the school board renamed the campus to Pacifica High School. The 50-acre (20 ha) campus was designed to accommodate up to 2,250 students, but by the 2018–19 school year the student population exceeded 3,000. Their current principal is Chris Ramirez.
The demographic breakdown of the 3,153 students enrolled for 2017–18 was:
75.7% of the students were eligible for free or reduced-cost lunch. During the 2017–18 school year, Pacifica was a Title I institution.
Pacifica High School's Culinary Arts Academy prepares students for careers in the food and beverage industry and further education in culinary arts. Students enter national culinary and hospitality competitions including FCCLA. Graduating seniors in the program conclude their studies at PHS by creating a four-course menu for their graduation dinner.
Pacifica High School athletic teams are nicknamed the Tritons. The school is a member of the CIF Southern Section and competes in the Pacific View League.
The Pacifica football team won its first California state football championship in 2019, defeating McClymonds High School of Oakland 34–6 in the CIF-State Division 2-A bowl game. It is the first-ever state championship for a public school football program in Ventura County (private schools St. Bonaventure and Grace Brethren previously won state titles). En route to the state bowl, the Tritons also captured a CIF-SS championship.
Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek

An drenkenn dezoksiribonukleek (berraet e TDN) zo ur volekulenn a gaver en holl vevien. Kavet e vez e nukleus ar c'helligoù eukariot, e kutoplasm ar c'helligoù prokariot, er mitokondriennoù hag er c'hloroplastoù. Lod eus ar viruzoù o deus ivez TDN serret en o c'hapsidenn.
En TDN emañ an holl ditouroù genetik a zo ezhomm anezho evit mont en-dro ar bevedeg. Gallout a raer keñveriañ an TDN ouzh ul levr keginañ, ennañ an holl rekipeoù evit gallout fardañ proteinoù, TRN...
Div neudenn nukleotidoù stag an eil ouzh eben a ya d'ober an TDN. Heuliad bazennoù an nukleotidoù a sav kodoù a c'hell bezañ lennet gant implij ar c'hod genetik. Titouriñ a ra war peseurt trenkennoù aminek a vo implijet evit sevel ar proteinoù. Molekulennoù sukr (an dezoksiriboz) ha fosfat, stag a bep eil, a ya d'ober skeledenn an TDN. Ar bazennoù zo stag outi. Peder bazenn zo en TDN : adenin (A), kutosin (C), guanin (G) ha timin (T).
An div neudenn nukleotidoù a vez liammet dre o bazennoù : guanin ouzh kutozin (G-K) hag adenin ouzh timin (A-T). Evel-se ez eus stumm un droellenn doubl gant an TDN.
Dornskrid

Un dornskrid a zo ur follenn pe un teskad follennoù e papiruz, paper pe barch, pe n'eus forzh peseurt danvez a vez skrivet warnañ gant an dorn, o terc'hel ur benveg-skrivañ, pluenn, kreion pe stilo.
En Henamzer e oa bet ijinet ar mod skrivañ-se pa veze implijet a-raok tablezennoù pri ha tablezennoù koar peurvuiañ. Miret eo bet koun Levraoueg Aleksandria er marevezh hellenadek enni miliadoù a dornskridoù a veze brudet er bed kreisdouarel a-bezh.
A-raok ma voe ijinet ar moullerezh er XV kantved ne oa nemet levrioù dornskrivet en Europa ar C'hornôg eta. An dornskridoù deuet betek hon amzer a zo dornskridoù kozh miret el levraouegoù-studi. Darn anezho a zo skeudennet gant enlivadurioù hag e reer an dornskridoù enlivet eus outo. Pa oa ar skoroù parch graet gant krec'hin loened zo e kouste ker sevel ul levr a dlefe bezañ enlivet gant arbennigourien pa oa gwelet evel ur c'henderc'had a-drolle.
Evit gwir ez eus daou ster disheñvel gant ar ger bremañ. Anv e vez ivez eus un dornskrid evit stumm kentañ al levr da vezañ moullet p'eo bet skrivet diwar dorn an aozer. Dornskridoù ar skrivagnerien a c'hell bezañ miret ha studiet goude o marv.
Pa vez skrivet al levr gant an aozer gant klavier ur skriverez pe un urzhiataer e vez implijet ar ger bizskrid.
Unicode

Ur standard er stlenneg eo Unicode ®, bet savet gant Unicode Consortium e Mountain View (Kalifornia) hag embannet e 1991 evit ar wezh kentañ a-benn kemer lec'h ar c'hodoù evel ISO 8859-1, pa oa meur a hini anezho evit meur a rumm yezh.
Unicode a ro da bep arouezenn e ne vern peseurt reizhiad doare-skrivañ, un niver, un anv hag ur c'hodadur hepken en un doare unvan, a ya en-dro dre ne vern peseurt reizhiad urzhiataerezh pe veziant. E gwirionez n'eo ket bet enboneget an holl reizhiadoù skritur c'hoazh, abalamour da labourioù enklask ret n'hallont bezañ graet nemet gant arbennigourien, evit arouezennoù dibaot-kenañ pe reizhiadoù nebeut-anavezet pe aet da get. An darn vuiañ eus ar reizhiadoù a vez implijet er bed zo dija en Unicode koulskoude.
Liammet eo Unicode Consortium gant ar reolad etrebroadel ISO/IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 10646 hag a labour war an hevelep tachenn, met ar reolad ne bled na gant ar sevel arouezennoù na gant o sterva. Unicode a ra war-dro al lizherennegoù hag an doare da gevreañ al lizherennoù hag an arouezennoù diakritek, da skouer ñ, Ç ha ش.
En doare UTF-8 e c'hall ar reolad Unicode labourat gant ar reolad ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange).
Unicode 12.0 eo ar stumm nevesañ abaoe ar 5 a viz Meurzh 2019 : 137 928 arouezenn zo ennañ. Kudennoù a chom c'hoazh gant an arouezlunioù sinaat, a vez implijet e meur a yezh gant kemmadennoùigoù a c'hall bezañ pouezus evit al lennerien.
Re strizh e oa ar reoladoù kozh : un heuliad bitoù a dalveze evit ul arouezenn ; gant 7 bit e ra ASCII, hag ar reolad ISO/CEI 8859-1 a implij 8 bit evel an darn vuiañ eus ar yezhoù. Tud Unicode o deus dibabet ober gant bitoù evit termeniñ al arouezennoù ha bitoù all evit o c'hodiñ : 16 bit (2 okted) a voe implijet er stummoù kentañ, ha 32 vit (4 okted) a voe e stummoù kentañ ar reolad ISO/CEI 10646. Unvanet eo bet an daou zoare dre implijout 20 pe 21 bit dre arouezenn.
Ar furmad hollek UTF-x (Universal Transformation Format) a vez degemeret gant Unicode hag ISO/CEI 10646 ; x eo an niver bihanañ a vitoù implijet e vit kodiñ.
Unicode ne ra nemet listañ arouezennoù ha reiñ un niverenn da bep hini anezho. Ne reoilh ket an doare d'o diskwel war ar skramm pe war ar paper. N'eus liamm ebet etre tres un arouezenn hag he niverenn, pa'z eus unan en ur font ASCII pe ISO/CEI 8859-1 (Latin1, implijet en Afrika, Amerika, Europa ar C'hornaoueg hag Okeania). Da skouer, daou zoare zo da godiñ an arouezenn ñ : dre un niverenn hepken (arouezenn ragaozet) pe dre niverenn al lizherenn n heuliet gant niverenn an dildenn hep foet (arouezenn liesparzh). Evit ar lagad e vez gwelloc'h implijout arouezennoù ragaozet. Gant reizhiadoù skritur evel an devanāgarī pe al lizherenneg arabek e vez labourus-tre ragaozañ ereadurioù : kemm-digemm e vez ar grafemennoù hervez o lerc'h er ger ha hervez ar grafemennoù amezek.
Setu emañ skoemp komz eus fontoù Unicode rak sevel ur font gant an holl lizherennoù pe arouezlunioù kevret gant o arouezennoù diakritek hag o ereadurioù n'eo ket a-walc'h : ret eo kaout ur benveg gouest da zivizout peseurt hini implijout.
Maen (mein)

Unan eus danvezioù fonnusañ a c'heller kavet eo ar maen, hemañ an danvez kalet m'eo graet gantañ lodenn vrasañ gorre an Douar (planedenn), met graet e vez ivez gant ar gerioù roc'h ha karreg evit un dolzenn vras a weler en natur. Kavet e vez mein e gwiskadoù roc'hellek tev dindan gorre an Douar, met ur maen a zo, da gentañ holl, un dra kalet-tre a c'hell bezañ dezouget ha treuzfurmet. N'eus forzh peseurt stumm a zo d'ar mein e c'heller benañ ha pikañ anezho gant ostilhoù a-feson. A-bell en deus desket an Den sevel tiez ha savadurioù bras ha bihan dre lakaat mein war o sonn pe en ur aozañ mogerioù ha tolzennoù mein. Mein vihan a c'hell bezañ benet ha kizellet evit ober bravigoù.
Nadia Toffa

Nadia Toffa, ganet d'an 10 a viz Even 1979 hag aet da Anaon d'an 13 a viz Eost 2019, a oa ur gazetennerez ha kinnigerez skinwel italian. Brudet e oa o kinnig an abadenn fent flemm Le Lene a oa bet meulet e 2017 goude un heuliad furchadennoù tro-dro d'ar saotradur krouet gant testoù nukleel graet el Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso.
D'an 2 a viz Kerzu 2017, Toffa a oa semplet e-pad un enklask en Trieste. D'an 11 a viz C'hwevrer 2018, Toffa he devoa embannet e oa semplet dre un dorzhell hag e oa o stourm a-enep ar c'hleñved.
D'an 13 a viz Eost 2019 oadet a 40 vloaz, Toffa a oa marvet gant ur c'hrign-bev eus an empenn en he zi e Brescia, goude bezañ bet kaset d'an ospital e penn kentañ miz Gouhere pa oa he yec'hed o vont war fallaat.
Pempont

Pempont a zo ur barrez eus Breizh en arc'hdeaniezh ar Porc'hoed, a zo lodenn greisteizel eskopti kozh Aled-Sant-Mac'hlow, e reter Breizh-izel. Hiziv eman e kanton Moñforzh e departamant Il-ha-Gwilen.
"en erminoù, e dorzhell meur en glazur karget gant teir c'hurunenn dug en aour"
Niver a annezidi
Aerouant

Un aerouant, pe dragon, zo ul loen a faltazi, dezhañ korf un naer vras, ur penn damhañval ouzh hini ur c'hrokodil alies, liespennek a-wechoù, skant warn e gorf, un divaskell outañ, gouest da nijal ha da dufañ tan.
Kavout a reer al loen-se e mojennoù meur a vro er bed.
Hañval eo ouzh ur stlejvil, rak-se eo kar da loened an douar, hag ouzh ar re washañ, an naered drougoberius. Koulskoude eo ul loen eus an oabl ivez dre ma c'hall nijal.
Roll aerevent ha naered faltaziek
Kemeret eo bet evel arouez meur a wech:
Padrig Drean

Padrig Drean zo genidik a Vrec'h (Bro-Gwened), ganet d'ar 5 a viz Ebrel 1977. Kelenn a ra brezhoneg e Stumdi ha prezidant Kerlenn Sten Kidna eo a-c'houde 2014. Desket-bras eo àr dachenn an natur ha soniñ a ra ivez.
Padrig Drean en doa kresket e Brec'h ha desket ur yoc'h traoù àr an natur a-hed e yaouankiz. An tolpad sonerezh Ar Re Yaouank eo en doa raet c'hoant dezhoñ da zeskiñ brezhoneg.
Pa oa en oad da glask labour en doa gellet bout un « implij yaouank » get ar gevredigezh Spered ar Yezh. E gefridi a oa bet dastum troiennoù e bro an Alre. Enrollet en doa neuze paot-mat a gaozioù get brezhonegerion a-vihan ag ar c'hornad, ar pezh a roas dezhoñ un anaoudegezh don ag ar parlant-se.
Kelenn a ra brezhoneg e Stumdi, koulz e Plañvour èl en Aradon pe e kreizennoù arall get Stumdi.
Ezel a-gozh hag oberiant a Gerlenn Sten Kidna e oa pa zaas da brezidiñ ar gevredigezh e 2014.
E 2010 e tivizas pare ar gelaouenn An Dasson fiziiñ e Padrig Drean aozadur e niverenn 71. A-barzh e kaver a bep sort skridoù a zorn ar skrivagnour.
Tro ar blezioù-se eo e skrivas ivez testennoù an DVD embannet get Kerlenn Sten Kidna evit labourat ar c'hompren dre gomz. Kavout a reer 15 tem ha 3 live er bladenn, 45 video en holl enta, mes skrivet e voe muioc'h c'hoazh. An DVD Daet eo genin a oa bet embannet e fin 2012.
An Tamm Papir a oa bet embannet da gentañ e stumm ur gelaouennig kaset ingal da vignoned dre lekpost e-pad meur a viz. E miz Meurzh 2012 e voe embannet an teskad niverennoù-se get an aozour e-unan, edan an anv pluenn Dick Panterra.
Oberenn ziwezhañ Padrig Drean a oa bet tennet ag ar c'horpus divent en doa dastumet e-ser labourat evit Spered ar Yezh. Titlet eo De loen en large ha reiñ a ra un tañva ag an troiennoù a veneg loened a bep sort. Embannet e oa bet e 2019 get ar c'hevredigezhioù Ti Douar Alre ha Kerlenn Sten Kidna.
Alessandro Volta

Ar C'hont Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 a viz C'hwevrer 1745 Como - 5 a viz Meurzh 1827) a oa ur fizikour italian. Brudet eo en abeg d'e labour war an elektregezh, hag evit bezañ ijinet ar pil elektrek.
Ganet e oa bet Volta e Como e-lec'h ma voe war ar studi ha ma 'z eas da gelenner er Skol Roueel e 1774.
A-viskoazh eo bet studi an elektregezh e kreiz e breder. Pa oa studier yaouank c'hoazh e skrivas ur varzhoneg e latin diwar-benn ar fenomenenn boemus ha nevez-se. De vi attractiva ignis electrici ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus a voe e skrid skiantel kentañ.
E 1775 e krou an elektrofor, ur mekanik a brodu elektregezh statikel, a ro tu dezhañ da seveniñ e-leizh a arnodoù. E 1776-77 e studi kompozadur kimiek gazoù ar geunioù, dizoleiñ a ra ar metan, ha seveniñ a ra arnodoù e-giz loskidigezh ar gazoù en ur besel serr dre berzh ur fulenn elektrek.
E 1779 ez a da gelenner da skol-veur Pavia hag e-pad 25 vloaz e chomo er gador-gelenn-se. Sevel a ra un elektrometr koloennoù, ha da c'houde e sav ar c'hondensor kentañ - plaen metalek goloet gant ur gwiskad gwernis - ha gant an dra-se e voe anataet an elektregezh a zeu diwar kontakt ar metalioù.
Etre 1780 ha 1782 e veaj dre Frañs, Alamagn, an Izelvroioù ha Bro-Saoz ha kenlabourat a ra gant Antoine Lavoisier ha Pierre-Simon Laplace evit studiañ an elektregezh atmosferek.
Da heul dizoloadenn an elektregezh-loen gant Luigi Galvani, e studi Volta adalek 1792 penaos e vez broudet kigennoù ar raned. Disteurel a ra neuze teorienn Galvani a lakae ar pouez war ar gwiad loen. Da veno Volta eo ret kaout ur roudad elektrek serr graet gant metalioù.
E miz Meurzh 1800 ec'h embann Volta en ul lizher da brezidant ar Royal Society ijinadenn ar pil elektrek (pil voltaek) savet gantañ : ur berniadur koubladoù diskoù zink-kouevr stok-ha-stok, gant ul tamm gwiad euvred gant hilienn ( (H2O+NaCl) etre ar c'houbladoù. Pouezañ a ra war ar fed e kemer al laonenn gouevr ur garg negativel hag al laonenn zink ur garg pozitivel pa vezont dispartiet. E miz Du 1801 e kinnig Volta e bil dirak an Institut de France hag eno e lavar e lezenn ar voltadurioù, hag ivez talvoudoù voltadurioù kontakt ar metalioù urzhiet hervez an elektropozitivelezh war zigresk, eus ar zink betek an arc'hant.
Emledadur ar gazoù ivez a voe studiet gant Volta. Ijinañ a reas an eudiometr, anezhañ ur benveg evit dielfennadur volumetrek ar meskadoù gaz. Gant ar benveg-se e sevenas sintezenn gentañ an dour.
E 1794 e timezas Volta da Deresa Peregrini, merc'h ar C'hont Ludovico Peregrini. Tri mab a voe ganet d'ar c'houblad.
E 1819 en em dennas Volta d'e c'hêr c'henidik e lec'h ma varvas d'ar 5 a viz Meurzh 1827. Graet e vo volt eus an unanenn voltadur en enor dezhañ.
Urzh an Erminig

Urzh an Erminig a oa un urzh a varc’hegiezh hag a voe krouet gant an dug Yann IV Moñforzh e 1381. E 1448 e voe staget outañ urzh ar penn-ed ha dont a reas Urzh an Erminig da vezañ Urzh an Erminig hag ar Penn-ed.
E 1972 e voe krouet « Kolier an Erminig » evit enoriñ ar pennoù bras a labour evit kas sevenadur Breizh war-raok.
Hervez ur vojenn, an Dugez Anna a oa o pourmen e Breizh p'he doa gwelet tud o chaseal un erminig. Pa oa en em gavet al loen war ribl ur poull-dour e tibabas talañ ouzh ar chaseourien kentoc’h eget kousiañ e vlev gwenn-kann gant fank. An Dugez Anna, fromet-kaer gant emzalc’h al loenig-se, a c'houlennas ouzh ar chaseourien chom hep lazhañ an erminig. Neuze e tivizas ober eus an erminig hec'h arouez. « Kentoc’h mervel eget bezañ kousiet » zo deuet da vezañ ger-ardamez Breizh (latin : « Potius mori quam foedari »).
Lakaet e voe an erminig, evit gwir, da ardamezoù duged Breizh gant Pêr Iañ Brizhkloareg (1213-1237), a oa ezel eus tiegezh Dreux. E vab oa Pêr kentañ Brizhkloareg da Robert 1añ, ur mab da Loeiz VI. Tiegezh Dreux en doa ur skoed-ardamez gant karezennoù aour ha glas-pers hag ul lurell ruz. E 1316 e kemmas an dug Yann III an ardamezoù. Tennañ a reas ar c’harezennoù hag al lurell hag un torradur erminigoù lakaet en o lec’h. Dont a reas da vezañ ardamez Breizh. Krouet e voe an erminig ardamezek neuze gant ur familh kapesian.
Echu gant ar roll roet gant Pol Potier de Courcy.
Kolier an Erminig a vez roet bep bloaz, hiziv an deiz, da bevar den a ouestl o buhez da gas Breizh war-raok.
E 1972 e voe lakaet ar senedour Georges Lombard da brezidant ar CELIB (poellgor studiañ ha liammañ interestoù Breizh) war lerc’h René Pleven. Abaoe 1951 e oa René Pleven prezidant ar CELIB hag evit trugarekaat hag enoriñ anezhañ e teuas ar mennozh gant Georges Lombard adkrouiñ an enor bet krouet gant an dug Yann IV. Roet e voe Kolier an Erminig da René Pleven d'an 29 a viz Gwengolo 1972 e Palez Kendalc'hioù Pondi, dirak pennoù-bras eus ar metoù politikel, sevenadurel hag armerzhel.
E 1973 e voe roet Kolier an Erminig da Jean Meveleg (prezidant Kambr rannvroel al Labour-Douar) ha d’ar c’helenner Gabriele Pescatore (prezidant Cassa per il Mezzogiorno, a savas, gant ar CELIB Kuzuliadeg broioù-mor trobarzhiat Europa).
E-pad 15 vloaz ne voe roet kolier an erminig da zen. Goulenn a reas ar CELIB neuze kenderc’hel da enoriñ tud.
Krign-bev

Ar c'hrign-bev, anvet ivez kankr, zo ur c'hleñved hirbad hag a zeu diwar paotadur direizh ar c'helloùigoù en ur gwiad yac'h eus ar c'horf. Ar c'helloùigoù-se zo klonet diwar ur gellig bet kemmet he dezverkoù.
Seul vuanoc'h e kaver ar c'hrign-bev, seul niverusoc'h ez eo ar chañsoù da zreistbevañ. Ar butun a zo kaoz eus 22% eus ar marvioù gant ar c'hrign-bev. Un 10% all a zo awenet gant an teuc'hegezh, ar bouetañ fall, ar vank a sport hag un evañ alkol re uhel.
Un darn eus ar c'hrignoù-bev a c'hell bezañ talet outo dre chom hep butuniñ, ober sport, chom hep evañ re alkol, debriñ legumaj, debriñ frouezh,chom hep debriñ re boued savet gant ar greanterezh ha kig-ruz, chom nebeut amzer dindan an heol pa vez kreñv. E 2015, e-tro 90,5 milion a dud a oa klañv gant ur c'hrign-bev. E-tro 14,1 milion a dud a vez kavet dezho ur c'hreign-bev bep bloaz (hep krign-bev ar groc'hen er-maez eus ar melanom). E-tro 8,8 million a dud a varv bep bloaz gant ur c'hrign-bev (15.7% eus hollad ar marvioù).
Ur renkadur a zo d'ar c'hrignoù-bev hervez peseurt organ a zo taget :
Ar c'hrign-bev a zo bet atav eus outañ en istor Mab-Den. An deskrivadur anatañ eus ar c'hrign-bev a oa bet e-tro 1600 a-raok Jezuz-Krist e Papiruz Edwin Smith. En destenn-se e oa kaoz eus krign-bev ar vronn. Hippokrates (e-tro -460,-370 ) a glask diskrivañ doareoù disheñvel ar c'hrign-bev, evit ober eus outo e implij ar ger gresianek καρκίνος karkinos (krank pe grilh-dour). An anv-se a zo deuet dre tres un dorzhell solud ha drouk, gant "ar gwaziennoù astennet a-bep tu evel al loen ar c'hrank, dre ma z'eo an tostañ, en deus roet an anv-se".
Er XVvet, XVIvet ha XVIIvet kantved, e oa krog ar vedisined da sellet e-barzh ar c'horfoù evit kompren na pen aos e oa marvet an dud. Ar c'helnner alaman Wilhelm Fabry a soñje dezhañ e oa awenet krign-bev ar vronn gant ur bouloudenn wad. Ar c'helenner izelvroat François de la Boe Sylvius, heulier Descartes, a soñje dezhañ e oa awenet an holl c'hleñvedoù gant un argerzh kimiek.
An dreistbevañ d'ur c'hrign-bev a zo liammet gant an doare krign-bev, ha peur eo bet kavet ar c'hleñved. Hervez ar c'hrign-bev ha peur eo bet kavet, an dreistbevañ a vez mat-tre pe izel-tre (nebeut mizioù). Ur wech metastazet ur c'hrign-bev ez eo uhel ar feur mervel. Un hanter eus ar c'hlañvidi tapet gant ur c'hrign-bev alouber (hep ar c'harcinoma in situ pe krign-bev ar groc'hen hep melanom) a varvo gant ar c'hrign-bev pe ar pare.
E 2008, 12,7 milion krign-bev a oa bet kavet hag e 2010 e-tro 7,98 milion a dud a oa marvet gant ur c'hrign-bev. 13% eus ar marvioù bep bloaz a zo gant ur ur c'hrign-bev. Ar c'hrign-bev a gaver ar muiañ eo krign-bev ar skevent (1,4 milion a dud marvet), krign-bev ar stomog (740 000 den marvet), krign-bev an avu (700 000), krign-bev ar c'holon pe liammet gantañ (610 000) ha krign-bev ar vronn (460 000). Dre ar sifroù-se e weler ez eo ar c'hrignoù-bev alouber an doare uhelañ ma varver er bed dioreet hag an eil er vroioù o tiorenn. An hanter eus an dud tapet gant ur c'hrign-bev a vez kavet e takad ar vroioù dioreet.
Brennieg

Brennieg (Brignac e galleg) a zo ur gumun eus Breizh e kanton Ploermael e departamant ar Mor-Bihan.
rannet; ouzh 1, en gul e dri dorzhell en erminoù; ouzh 2, en argant e dreustell en sabel heuliet gant teir flourdilizenn en gul, 2, hag 1; e gab dentek en aour karget gant un dreustellan kommek en glazur
Niver a annezidi
Atlantic jackknife clam

The Atlantic jackknife clam, Ensis leei, also known as the bamboo clam, American jackknife clam or razor clam, is a large edible marine bivalve mollusc found on the North American Atlantic coast, from Canada to South Carolina. The species was also introduced to Europe at the end of the 70's and is already extremely abundant there in suitable habitats. The name "razor clam" is also used to refer to different species such as the Pacific razor clam (Siliqua patula) or Razor shell (Ensis magnus).
Jackknife clams live in sand and mud and are found in intertidal or subtidal zones in bays and estuaries. Its streamlined shell and strong foot allow Jackknife clams to burrow quickly in wet sand. Jackknife clams are also able to swim by propelling jets of water out of their shells. The Jackknife clam gets its name from its shell's extremely sharp rim and the overall shape bearing a strong resemblance to an old fashioned straight razor. Beachgoers can be injured when the shell is accidentally stepped on.
At low tide the position of the Atlantic jackknife clam is revealed by a keyhole-shaped opening in the sand; when the clam is disturbed, a small jet of water squirts from this opening as the clam starts to dig. This species' remarkable speed in digging can easily outstrip a human digger, making the clam difficult to catch. Amos Winter of MIT has studied razor clams and how they bury themselves, in part by using a repurposed ant farm and glass beads. [1]
Thus the species is not often commercially fished, even though it is widely regarded as a delicacy: in coastal Massachusetts, they are sought after in the summer by locals to make home cooked clam strips and most towns have ordinances regulating how many can be taken at a time. The easiest way to catch jackknives is to pour salt on the characteristic breathing holes. The clam will try to escape the salt by coming up out of its hole, at which point you can gently grab the shell and pull it out of the ground.
Predators of Ensis directus other than humans include birds, such as the ring-billed gull (Larus delawarensis) in North America and the Eurasian oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) in Europe, and the nemertean worm Cerebratulus lacteus.
The Atlantic jackknife clam is now also found in northwestern Europe, where it is regarded as a harmful exotic species, but is also commercially exploited. It was first recorded in Europe in 1978/79, in the Elbe estuary.
The Atlantic jackknife clam has inspired a kind of biomimetic anchor in development by a team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, adapting the clam's digging method for use in keeping undersea cables and potentially watercraft anchored securely.
Razor shell

The razor shell, Ensis magnus, also called razor clam, razor fish or spoot (colloquially), is a bivalve of the family Pharidae. It is found on sandy beaches in Canada and northern Europe (north of the Bay of Biscay).
In some locations, the common name "razor shell" is also used to refer to members of the family Solenidae, including species of the genera Ensis and Solen, by some taxonomic classifications which include the family Pharidae within the family Solenidae. It prefers coarser sand than its relatives E. ensis and E. siliqua.
It is known for its elongated, rectangular shape, which presents a similarity to the straight razor, hence its name. The razor shell has been known to reach 23 centimetres (9 in) in length. The dorsal margin is straight while the ventral margin is curved. It can easily be confused with the slightly shorter 15 centimetres (6 in) and more curved E. ensis (in which both front and back are curved in parallel).
Razor shells have a fragile shell, with open ends. The shell is smooth on the outside and whitish in color, with vertical and horizontal reddish-brown or purplish-brown markings separated by a diagonal line. The periostracum is olive-green. The inner surface is white with a purple tinge and the foot is creamy white with brown lines.
The razor shell lives under the sand, using its powerful foot to dig to a safe depth. Its digging activity comprises six stages, repeated cyclically. A digging cycle involves integration of the muscular foot (which takes up a large part of the body) with the opening and closing of the valve and one end. The foot is inflated hydraulically, extending down into the sand and anchoring the animal. Deflation of the foot then draws the shell down. The razor shell also squirts water down into the sand, removing loose sand from its path. The foot is thought to exert a pressure of about 196 kilopascals (2.00 kgf/cm; 28.4 psi).
Its presence is revealed by a keyhole-shaped hole in the sand, made by its siphons during suspension feeding for plankton.
Razor clams can grow up to eight inches long, but are typically only four to six inches. Razor clams are filter feeders, meaning they strain food particles from the water around them. They primarily eat microscopic algae, but can also consume small crustaceans and other organic matter.
In the razor shell sexual development is highly synchronous. During the summer, they are in the sexual rest stage, and gametogenesis begins at the start of autumn. In winter and spring consecutive spawns take place, interrupted by gonadal restoration periods.
Many intertidal populations of razor shell have declined as a result of overfishing; the species is in decline in many areas.
Razor shells are very sensitive to minor perturbations in, for instance, salinity and temperature. They will emerge from their burrows if salt or brine is poured in.
Razor shells have been found to be vulnerable to germinoma, a variety of tumour.
Marine biology dredge

The marine biology dredge is used to sample organisms living on a rocky bottom or burrowing within the smooth muddy floor of the ocean (benthic) species. The dredge is pulled by a boat and operates at any depth on a cable or line, generally with a hydraulic winch. The dredge digs into the ocean floor and bring the animals to the surface where they are caught in a net that either follows behind or is a part of the digging apparatus.
Early dredging samplers did not have a closing device, and many organisms were washed out. This led to a mistaken impression that the deep-sea bed lacked species diversity, as theorised by Forbes in his Azoic hypothesis. Later samplers devised by Howard L. Sanders and the Epibenthic sled designed by Robert Hessler showed that deep-sea bottoms are sometimes rich in soft-bottom benthic species.
The first marine biology dredge was designed by Otto Friedrich Müller and in 1830 the results of two dredging expeditions undertaken by Henri Milne-Edwards and his friend Jean Victoire Audouin during 1826 and 1828 in the neighbourhood of Granville were published. This was remarkable for clearly distinguishing the marine fauna of that portion of the French coast into four zones.
Müller's design was modified by the Dublin naturalist Robert Ball in 1838 and at the Birmingham meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1839 a committee was appointed for dredging research with a view to the investigation of the marine zoology of Great Britain, the illustration of the geographical distribution of marine animals, and the more accurate determination of the fossils of the Pliocene period. The committee was led by Edward Forbes. Later annual reports of the British Association contained communications from the English, Scottish and Irish branches of the committee, and in 1850 Forbes submitted its first general report on British marine zoology. Ball's dredge was still in use in 1910.
In the 20th century the 'anchor-dredge' was developed to sample deep burrowing animals. It is not towed but digs in, and is released, in the manner of an anchor.
The wide variety of dredges and other benthic sampling equipment makes site comparison difficult.
Dolania

Dolania is a monotypic genus of mayfly in the family Behningiidae containing the single species Dolania americana, also known as the American sand-burrowing mayfly. It is found in the southeastern United States, as far south as Florida, and is generally uncommon. The adult insects emerge before dawn in early summer, mate and die within the space of about thirty minutes. The female deposits her eggs in the water and dies within five minutes of emergence. This is believed to be the shortest adult lifespan of any insect.
The adult Dolania americana has a pale brownish-purple body and membranous wings that are 10 to 13 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) in length. The legs of both male and females are vestigial, thin and twisted, but appear to retain some function. The cerci are longer and more robust than the terminal filaments. The penis of the male is twice as long as the genital forceps.
The body of the nymph is cylindrical with a flattened head. The antennae are on the ventral side of the head and the small mandibles do not bear any tusks. The sides of the head and the prothorax are spiny. None of the legs have claws; the front pair are palp-like and the remaining pairs are spiny and protect the gills, which are on the ventral surface of the abdomen. The abdomen is densely covered with bristles. The first abdominal segment has a pair of single gills and the other segments bear further pairs of rather smaller, bifid gills. There are three tail filaments at the tip of the abdomen.
Dolania americana is found in the streams and rivers of the coastal plains of the southeastern United States. The nymph burrows into the sandy riverbed and the adults appear briefly flying over the water surface.
In Florida, the adults emerge at the end of April or in early May, and in South Carolina, in the first half of June. When ready to transform, the nymphs swim to the surface, split their skin, transform into the subimago winged form, and fly off, all in the course of ten to twenty seconds. The exuviae (nymphal skin) float away downstream. Their emergence is synchronised and the males emerge first, about one and a half hours before sunrise. Male subimagos moult but the females, which emerge soon after the males, remain in the subimago form.
Having moulted into the adult form within about five minutes of emergence, the males patrol a stretch of river about 15 to 20 metres (49 to 66 ft) long, seeking out females with which to mate. They continue to do this until they drown, having fallen into the water from exhaustion. Upon emergence, the females mate, deposit their eggs into the water and die within the course of about five minutes. All the mayflies die within about thirty minutes of emergence.
The eggs are about 1 mm (0.04 in) in diameter, among the largest of eggs laid by mayflies. The nymphs that hatch out of these burrow into the sediment on the bed of the river using their forelegs and head. Their usual habitat is fairly clean sand in an area with rapidly moving water. They feed on the larvae of chironomids and ceratopogonids. By autumn they are about one third grown and complete their development within a year.
Sand lance

A sand lance or sandlance is a ray-finned fish belonging to the family Ammodytidae. Several species of sand lances are commonly known as "sand eels", though they are not related to true eels. Another variant name is launce, and all names of the fish are references to its slender body and pointed snout. The family name (and genus name, Ammodytes) means "sand burrower", which describes the sand lance's habit of burrowing into sand to avoid tidal currents.
Sand lances are most commonly encountered by fishermen in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, but are found in oceans throughout the world. These fish do not have pelvic fins and do not develop swim bladders, staying true to their bottom-dwelling habit as adults. Both adult and larval sea lances primarily feed on copepods. Larval forms of this fish are perhaps the most abundant of all fish larvae in areas such as the northwest Atlantic, serving as a major food item for cod, salmon, whales and other commercially important species. As adults, sand lances are harvested commercially in some areas (primarily in Europe), leading to direct human competition with diving birds such as puffins, auks, terns, and cormorants. Some species are inshore coastal dwellers, and digging for sand lances to use as a bait fish has been a popular pastime in coastal areas of Europe and North America. Other species are deep-water dwellers, some of which have only recently been described to science, and most of which lack common names.
Sand lances have chameleon-like independent eye movements and special focusing lenses. Sand lance also have a tongue that can quickly dart out of its mouth at high velocity, a ballistic tongue. Sand lances and chameleons share other features.
The sand lance has lent its name to two submarines of the United States Navy:
Acrocnida brachiata

Acrocnida brachiata, the sand burrowing brittlestar, is a species of brittle star in the family Amphiuridae. It occurs on the seabed in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, living semi-buried in the sand with only its arm tips projecting.
Acrocnida brachiata has a flat disc up to 12 mm (0.5 in) in diameter and five slender, clearly-demarcated, articulated arms up to 180 mm (7 in) in length. It is greyish-brown in colour. It can be distinguished from other similar species by the transverse furrows in the plates at the bases of the arms, the ventral scales bearing small tubercles and by the presence of an outer mouth papilla which is quite distinct from the paired papillae inside the mouth. The arms, which like other brittle stars flex sideways rather than up and down, have a pair of tentacle scales on each joint as well as numerous spines.
Acrocnida brachiata occurs in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. It is common round the coasts of the British Isles where its depth range is from the lower shore down to about 40 m (130 ft). It is a benthic species, living on sandy bottoms and burying itself in the sediment, with only the tips of its arms projecting. It often occurs in association with the burrowing sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum, commonly known as the sea potato.
There is a marked difference in morphology between populations in the intertidal zone and those thought to be the same species living in the subtidal zone. Study of these differences led to the describing of a new species Acrocnida spatulispina by Sabine Stöhr and Delphine Muths in 2009, for the deeper water individuals. The brittle stars in the genus Acrocnida show morphological affinities with Amphiura chiajei, but less with Amphiura filiformis.
Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory

The Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory (VUCEL) is a research facility of the School of Biological Sciences at Victoria University of Wellington that supports research in coastal ecology and marine biology. Located at the southern end of the North Island of New Zealand, in Island Bay on Wellington's south coast, approximately 8 km south of the university's main campus, the laboratory overlooks Cook Strait and the exposed rocky reef systems of the Taputeranga Marine Reserve.
VUCEL is known in Māori as Te Toka Tū Moana, which means "the surf-beaten rock that stands firm in the ocean". The Māori name is both a description of the VUCEL building (with natural design elements that give it the appearance of rising from the rocks of the Wellington south coast), and it is representative of the strong connections between land and sea that are the focus much of VUCEL-supported research.
VUCEL is a purpose-built research facility designed by Pynenburg & Collins Architects Ltd with the internal laboratory spaces designed by Labworks Architecture Ltd, the research facility was completed in early 2009 and comprises an 816 m research space that includes 113 m of science laboratories, 168 m of wet laboratory facilities supplied with filtered and unfiltered flow-through seawater, and 161 m of oceanfront office space for up to 30 VUCEL research students, academics, and support staff. VUCEL provides a staging area for field-based research programmes along the Wellington south coast and surrounding regions. The lab maintains a small fleet of research vessels and vehicles, SCUBA diving facilities, research infrastructure, and instrumentation for field-based ecological research. VUCEL provides logistic support to research programmes in coastal ecology that are conducted in the Wellington region and throughout New Zealand, the Indo-Pacific region, and Southern Ocean.
Victoria University first proposed a marine lab along the south coast of Wellington in the 1920s but it was not until the 1960s that a lab was established. This predecessor to VUCEL, known as the Island Bay Marine Lab, occupied a building that was originally constructed as a shark liver oil processing plant by the Glaxo Company. This 1950s structure supported the marine biology programme of Victoria University until 2007, when it was demolished to make way for the new purpose-built coastal ecology laboratory.
41°20′52″S 174°45′53″E﻿ / ﻿41.3479°S 174.7648°E﻿ / -41.3479; 174.7648
The Seashell and the Clergyman

The Seashell and the Clergyman (French: La Coquille et le Clergyman) is a 1928 French experimental film directed by Germaine Dulac, from an original scenario by Antonin Artaud. It premiered in Paris on 9 February 1928. The film is associated with French Surrealism.
The film follows the erotic hallucinations of a priest lusting after the wife of a general.
Although accounts differ, it seems that Artaud disapproved of Dulac's treatment of his scenario. The film was overshadowed by Un chien andalou (An Andalusian Dog, 1929), written by Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and directed by Buñuel. Un chien andalou is considered the first surrealist film, but its foundations in The Seashell and the Clergyman have been all but overlooked. However, the iconic techniques associated with surrealist cinema are all borrowed from this early film. In Lee Jamieson's analysis of the film, the surrealist treatment of the image is clear. He writes:
The British Board of Film Censors famously reported that the film was "so cryptic as to be almost meaningless. If there is a meaning, it is doubtless objectionable".
Alan Williams has suggested the film is better thought of as a work of or influenced by German expressionism.
The BFI included The Seashell and the Clergyman on a list of 10 Great Feminist Films, stating:
The film, originally silent, was one of the first films scored by Silent Orchestra and performed by them at the National Museum of Women in the Arts in Washington, DC in 2000. This was the first film to be scored by live accompaniment band Minima. Their debut performance was at the UK's Shunt Vaults at London Bridge in 2006. It has also been rescored by Steven Severin of Siouxsie and the Banshees and The Black Cat Orchestra.
For the 2005 Kino International DVD collection Avant-garde: experimental cinema of the 1920s and '30s, the guitarist Larry Marotta provided the film's soundtrack.
Sons of Noel and Adrian performed a live score at The Roundhouse in June 2009. In March 2011, Imogen Heap performed an acappella score of her own composition with the Holst Singers as part of the Birds Eye View festival.
In January 2012, a new score to a director's cut of The Seashell and the Clergyman was released by the artist Roto Visage on Kikapu.
In 2015 an electronic soundtrack was composed by Luigi Morleo for the Film Silence Music Festival in Italy.
A new score by Sheffield musicians In the Nursery was performed live to accompany a showing of the film on 9 June 2019 and released on CD on 25 October 2019.