Ikigori

Ikigori (ubuke: Ibigori ; izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Zea mays ; izina mu cyongereza: Maize cyangwa Corn ; izina mu gifaransa: Maïs ) ni ikimera n’ikiribwa.
Abahinzi bo mu murenge wa Gashali ho mu Karere ka Karongi mu ntara y’iburengerazuba, bararira ayo kwarika kubera ko imbuto y’indobanure y’ibigori bateye mbere itabashije kuva mu butaka kubera imvura yabaye nkeya muri ako gace ko mu cyahoze ari Superefegitura ya Birambo.
Twibutse ko intungamubiri ziri mu bigori ubariye ku magarama 100 ari izi zikurikira : amazi angana na garama 10,3. Garama 362 za kalisiyumu, Karoli muri garama 100 zingana na 8,1. Harimo kandi amagarama 76,9 by’ibinyasukari, gararama 3,6 bya Lipide, gr 6,16 bya Vitamine A, 0,385 bya vitamine B1 NA Miligarama 0,201 za B2, miligarama 3,632 za vitamine B3 na PP, Miligarama 241 za acide gras, miligarama 304 z’umunyu ngugu na7,3 gr za Fibre, 6gr z’umunyu ngugu wa Feri, 3,5garama za Potasiyumu, 2,87 garama za manyeziyumu, 127gr za sodiyumu na 35garama za fosifori. MUKARERE KA RWAMAGANA BAKUNDA GUHINGA IGIHINGWA KIKIGORI BITEWE NUKO HARI UBUTAKA BUSHOBORA GUTANGA UMUSARURO.
Ikigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bigaragara mu ifunguro ry’ibanze rya hafi kandi rifatiye runini umubiri w’umuntu. Nk’uko urubuga rwa interineti Doctissimo.fr rubivuga, ngo icyo kiribwa kigirira akamaro gakomeye umubiri w’umuntu, kuko gikungahaye ku bitera imbaraga byinshi n’ibyubaka umubiri biringaniye. Inzobere mu mbonezamirire zo mu kigo cya Mississippi zivuga ko icyo gihingwa gikize cyane kuri “Amido”ndetse kikaba gifite inkomoko muri Korombiya aho abaturage baho ba kera bagifataga nk’ikiribwa cy’ibanze.
Icyo kiribwa cyaje gukwirakwira muri Afurika, i Burayi n’ahandi, kikaba cyarafashe umwanya ukomeye mu binyampeke byahingwaga icyo gihe nk’ingano ndetse n’uburo aho ibyo binyampeke byavagamo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye nk’igikoma, ubugali n’ibindi. Kurya cyane icyo kinyampeke udakuraho ariko ngo si byiza kuko bishobora gutera indwara ya “Pelle-agra” ni ukuvuga indwara y’uruhu iterwa no kubura Vitamine PP. Ibyo ariko ngo bikaba biterwa n’ubutamenya bushingiye ku buryo icyo kinyampeke cyakagombye gukoreshwa. Ubundi ifu y’icyo kinyampeke ngo ikennye kuri proteyine za ngombwa umubiri ukeneye ariko ushobora kuba wazikura mu bindi biribwa ndetse bitanahenze bityo ibyo bikaba byaherekeza ifunguro ryiganjemo ibigori. Ariko kandi bitewe n’ikoranabuhanga rimaze gutera imbere igihingwa cy’ibigori ngo gisigaye kivangwa n’ibindi biribwa bityo ngo bigatanga indyo nziza kandi ikize ku ntungamubiri zose.
Icyo gihe ikigori kiribwa gitetse, cyangwa bakifashisha ifarini yacyo aho bakoramo amoko menshi anyuranye y’ibiribwa rimwe na rimwe babanje kubicisha mu mavuta. Ikindi kandi hashobora kwifashishwa ifu igashyirwa hejuru y’inyama maze ukabishyira mu mavuta nk’uko biri mu muco gakondo w’Abanyamerika bafite inkomoko mu Buhinde.
Ibigori ni kimwe mu binyampeke bihingwa ku isi yose, mu turere twose tw'ubuhinzi haba imisozi migifi, iringaniye ndetse n'imisozi miremire. Ibigori byera mu butaka bunyuranye cyane cyane byera neza mu butaka bw'isi ndende, buseseka kandi buhitisha amazi, burimo ibumba n'ifumbire y'imborera ibuha intungagihingwa zihagije. Ibigori bihingwa mu butaka bw'isi ndende, bubika amazi, bworoshye kandi bufumbiye.
N'ubwo ibigori byera ku butaka bunyuranye, ntabwo byera neza mu butaka bwagundutse burimo umucanga mwinshi n'ibumba ryinshi, kereka bashyizemo ifumbire nyinshi mvaruganda, kandi ni ngombwa cyane guhinga bajya hasi kandi bagasukira kugira ngo amazi ahite neza.
1. RHM104:yihanganira izuba kandi iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye kuva kuri m 900 kugeza kuri m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Impuzandengo y'umusaruro ugera kuri toni 7.9kuri hegitari.
Imbuto shingiro y'ubu bwoko ituburwa n'ishami rya RAB rishinzwe imbuto n’ama sosiyeti amwe n’amwe y’abikorera mu butubuzi bw’imbuto.
2. RHM1407: iberanye n'imisozi iciriritse, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Iyi mbuto yakorewe igenzura mu buryo bwa laburatwari n'uburyo busanzwe bigaragara ko yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori. Aho yageregerejwe yatanze umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 7.87 kuri Ha.
3. RHT132: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 1400 na m 2000 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira.
4. RHM1409: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Yakorewe isuzuma muri Laburatwari no mu mirima hagamijwe kureba niba yihanganira indwara ya Cyumya y'ibigori, bigaragara ko iyihanganira mu rugero. Umusaruro mpuzandengo wayo ni toni 8.67 kuri hegitari.
5. RHM1402: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye, iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1800 z'ubutumburuke. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.59 kuri hegitari. Nta sosiyeti irafata iyi mbuto kugira ngo iyitubure.
6. RHMM111:iberanye by'umwihariko n'imisozi iringaniye ariko ikonja. Ni imbuto yera vuba cyane, yerera iminsi 100. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 6.16 kuri hegitari.
7. RHMMM113: iberanye n'imisozi iringaniye iri hagati ya m 900 na m 1700 z'ubutumburuke. Ni imbuto yerera iminsi 110. Itanga umusaruro mpuzandengo wa toni 8.23 kuri hegitari.
8. RHMH1520 iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.
9. RHMH1521: : iberanye n'imisozi miremire, iri ku butumburuke muri hejuru ya m 1800. Ifite umusaruro mpuzantengo wa toni 7.8 kuri hegitari.
Mu Rwanda, abahinzi benshi b'ibigori bakoresha uburyo bumenyerewe bwo gutegura umurima:
Uburyo bwo gutegura umurima bakoresheje isuka bukoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buto. Ubu buryo ntibwihuta, bukoresha abakozi benshi ariko burizewe.
Imashini zihinga zikoreshwa cyane cyane n'abahinzi bafite ubutaka buringanye cyangwa bunini kubera ko izi mashini zihenda kandi ntizibonerwe ibyuma bisimbura ibishaje ku buryo bworoshye, igiciro cyo hejuru cy'amavuta zikoresha ndetse n'igiciro gihanitse cyo kuzikodesha.
Ubu ni uburyo bwiza ku bahinzi bafite ubutaka buto cyangwa buringaniye kuko zikoresha amavuta make kandi zikaba zidahenze n'ubwo zitaberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye. Izi mashini zikoreshwa ibintu byinshi kandi biroroshye kuzikoresha. Icyakora abahinzi benshi ntibarasobanukirwa n'ibyiza byo gukoresha imashini, bitewe ahari n'uko zikiri nshya ku isoko.
Ubu ni uburyo bwo gukoreshwa inyamaswa zikurura amasuka ahinga. Ubu buryo bufasha umuhinzi guhinga ubutaka bunini no gutera ibigori byinshi ugereranyije no guhingisha isuka isanzwe. Gusa rero ubu buryo ntibuberanye n'ubutaka bukomeye cyangwa buhanamye.Ubu buryo kandi busaba kugura no korora imfizi yifashishwa mu gukurura amasuka ahinga.
Nyuma yo kureba uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutegure umurima, ni ngombwa kandi kurwanya isuri mu murima kugira ngo itazangiza ibigori umusaruro umuhinzi yari yizeye ntuboneke.
Amaterasi y’indinganire
Gucukura imiringoti,
Gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka bifata ubutaka
Gufumbira
Mu murima ugiye guterwamo ibigori hashyirwa Toni 10 kuri ha z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza mu gihe cy’itabira. Iyo ubutaka bwagundutse cyane, batera ishwagara mu murima mu byumweru bibiri mbere yo gutera ku rugero rwa Toni 2,5 na Toni 5 z’ishwagara kuri ha, ikamaramo ibihembwe bine by‘ihinga. Hashyirwa mu murima ifumbire mvaruganda: kg 250 za NPK(17-17-17) kuri ha, cyangwa kg 100 za DAP mu gihe cy’itera cyangwa imaze kumera. Iyo hashize ibyumweru bitandatu nyuma yo gutera, bakongeramo 100 kg za Ire kuri ha.
Imirimo ikorwa mu rwego rwo gukenura cyangwa gufata neza igihingwa cy'ibigori, harimo kubagara inshuro ebyiri, kwicira, no gusukira.
Ibigori bibagarwa inshuro ya mbere bikimara kumera bifite cm 10 z’uburebure. Iryo bagara rigamije gukuramo ibyatsi bibi byacuranwa intungagihingwa n'ibigori, no kumena ubutaka kugira ngo ibigori bibashe gukura neza.
Ibigori babyicira mu gihe babagara ubwa kabiri. Kwicira ni ukurandura utugori tudasa neza nk'ibindi, biba bigaragara ko tutazera neza cyangwa se kugabanya umubare w'ibigori byameze mu mwobo umwe iyo birenze bibiri.
Iyo ibigori bimaze kugera ku burebure bwa cm30, barabisukira. Gusukira ni ukwegereza agataka ibigori, hagamijwe kubishyigikira kugira ngo bikure neza kandi bishinge imizi byoye guhungabanywa n'umuyaga.
1. Nkongwa y’ibigori: ni udukoko bita Busseola fusca, sesania colanistis, eldana sacharina. Utwo dukoko dukwirakwizwa n’utunyugunyugu dutera amagi mu bigori mu gihe cy’imicyo. Ubwone bu­garagazwa n’imyobo mu ruti, mu ntete no ku mababi y’ibigori, ikikijwe n’amabyi ya nkong­wa.
Ibimenyetso bya Nkongwa y’ibigori: ubwone bwa Busseola fusca ku mababi y’ibigori (A) imyobo y’ubwone (B) imyobo n’umwanda wa Nkongwa mu ruti rw’ikigori rw’ikigori (C), umutima w’igihingwa cy’kigori wapfuye( D), ubwone ku kigori n’intete zacyo, (E) n’imyobo yuzuyemo umwanda wa Nkongwa n.intete zariwe (F).
Bayirwanya batera kare, basimburanya ibihingwa, kurunda ibigorigori mu kimpoteri cyabyo cyangwa gukoresha imiti nka Dursban 48% 1,5l/Ha cyangwa béta-cyfluthrine 2,5% hakoreshejwe ml 10 z’umuti muri litiro 10 z’amazi kuri ari 1.
2. Indwara y’imigongo cyangwa ingenge y’amabara bita “Maize streak virus” ikwirakwizwa n’agakoko bita Cicadulina rubila. Igaragazwa n’imirongo y’umweru ku kibabi.
Bayirwanya baterera rimwe kandi kare, bakarandura ibyafashwe bishobora gukwirakwiza indwara.
3. Kubabuka kw’amababi y’ibigori: iyi indwara iterwa n’agahumyo bita “Helmnthosporium turcicum“. Ni indwa­ra ifata amababi y’ikigori ikagaragazwa n’amabara manini arambuye ku mababi. Ikara cyane mu gihe cy’imvura.
Mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya, batera ku gihe imbuto zihanganira iyo ndwara kandi hagakores­hwa imbuto ihungijwe umuti wa Thiran na benomyl. Ni ngombwa kandi kurunda ibigorigori mu cyimpoteri cyabyo ahitaruye.
4. Nkongwa idasanzwe
Nkongwa idasanzwe (Fall Armyworm: Spodoptera frugiper- da) ni icyonnyi kidasanzwe gitera igihombo kinini cyane iyo kitarwanyijwe bikwiye. Icyi cyonnyi cyibasira cyane cyane ibigori ndetse n’ibindi bihingwa nk’amasaka n’ibisheke.
Nkongwa idasanzwe n’ubwone bwayo Nkongwa idasanzwe ifite ishushyo y’inyuguti ya “Y”
Igihe ubisanzemo ihutire gutanga amakuru ku babishinzwe (Abajyanamab’ubuhinzi, abafashamyumvire, n’abashinzwe ubuhinzi mu Kagari, Umurenge, Akarere,RAB…)
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori ni idwara iterwa na virusi z’ubwoko bubiri ari zo Maize chlorotic mottle virus (Machlomovirus: Tombusviridae) na Sugarcane mosaic virus (Potyvirus: Potyviridae) cyangwa se ubundi bwoko bwa virusi ifata ibinyampeke yo mu bwoko bwitwa Potyviridae.
Ibimenyetso
Cyumya/ Kirabiranya y’ibigori yigaragaza ku buryo bwinshi bitewe n’ubwoko, ikigero cy’ubwandu n’ibihe. Mu bimenyetso
biyigaragaza harimo amababi y’ikigori cyafashwe ahinduka umuhondo hanyuma agatangira kwuma ahereye ku mpande agana imbere. Iyo gifashwe kikiri gito cyuma gihereye ku mutwe. Iyo gifashwe cyaramaze guheka, umuheko ugaragara nk’aho ikigori cyeze, nyamara iyo uwuvanyeho ibishishwa usanga imbere intete zidakuze kandi ari nke cyane (Castillo and Herbert, 1974; Castillo Loayza, 1977; Niblett and Caflin, 1978; Uyemoto et al., 1981).
Kwanika ibigori mu murima bishobora kunganirwa no kongera kubyanika mu nyubako zabugenewe kuko bigabanya ibyago byo kuzana uruhumbu.
Ibigori bishobora kujyanwa hanze y’ubwanikiro bikanikwa ku zuba ku birago cyangwa ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo byume neza bigere ku ugero rw’ubuhehere rwifuzwa mbere y’uko bihungurwa.
Ibigori bigomba guhungurwa bigeze ku gipimo cy’ubuhehere cya 13-14%. Guhungura n’intoki ni bwo buryo bumenyerewe. Ubundi buryo bwo guhunguza udukoresho bafata mu ntoki cyangwa imashini zihungura ibigori bishobora koroshya akazi no kongera ubushobozi bwo guhungura byinshi.
Akuma gahungura ibigori Imashini ihungura ibigori.
Ibigori bihungurwa kubera impamvu zikurikira: