At-Tawba 29

Verse 29 of chapter 9 of the Qur'an is notable as dealing with the imposition of tribute (ǧizya) on non-Muslims who have fallen under Muslim rule (the ahl al-ḏimma). Most Muslim commentators believe this verse was revealed at the time of the expedition to Tabuk to threaten the Christians of Arabia in Syria and those of Rome.
Verse as written in Arabic:
English translations of the verse:
The Muslim jurists and exegetes disagree primarily on two issues in regards to the exegesis and legal judgements on this verse. One issue is of the generality of the command to fight, which some from the early and classical jurists considered to be a universal command against disbelievers in general. The second issue is of how the jizya relates to the belittlement of the Disbelievers, whether that is by virtue of paying the jizya or expressed in the manner in which the jizya is extracted from the dhimmi.
al-Shafi’i, the Imam of the Salaf from the 8th century notably made the judgement that this verse applies on the basis of religion rather than external aggression, and that the payment of the jizya is one of two modes by which a disbelieving man from the religion of the people of the Book can save his blood from being spilled. After mentioning the verse 9:29,
Somewhat anomalously, the modern 19th century Modern Islamic scholar Maududi also includes generally all disbelieving people in this group. Ibn Kathir writes, "Allah the Exalted encourages the believers to fight the polytheists, disbelieving Jews and Christians, who uttered this terrible statement [mentioned in Q9:30] and utter lies against Allah, the Exalted."
Babarti al-Hanafi of the fourteenth century also mentioned this verse and lengthily exposited its contrast to older Quranic verses enjoining peace, forbearance and the prohibition on offensive warfare, then invoked the doctrine of abrogation and emphasised the generality of the targets of war identified by the verse.
After mentioning the diverse array of interpretations, the influential scholar Al-Rāzī (d. 606/1210) quotes an early exegetical authority, Abū Rawq (d. 140/757), who said that this verse was not a unilateral condemnation of all Jews and Christians, but those "who do not heed the prescriptions contained in the Torah and the Gospel, respectively", while the famous Andalusian scholar al-Qurṭubī (d. 671/1273) "did not read into Qur'ān 9:29 a wholesale denunciation of the People of the Book as an undifferentiated collectivity."
Modern Pakistani scholar Ghamidi, in line with his general views on Islamic Jihad and Itmam al-Hujjah, limits the application of this verse to only the Muslim Prophet's non-Muslim addresses who lived in his time and region.
Another Interpretation, is that this verse refers to the Expedition of Tabuk (since this Surah was revealed at that period of time). Therefore, it was referring to the hypocrites of that time. Prophet Muhammed went to the War of Tabuk with an army of 30,000 Muslims. However, after the Roman army from Syria discovered the size of the Muslim army, they decided not to attack (so no battle took place).
O you Prophet, strive (Jihad) against the steadfast disbelievers and the hypocrites, and be harsh with them. And their abode is Hell, and miserable is the Destiny. They swear by Allah that they said nothing, while indeed, they had said the word of infidelity and had disbelieved after having accepted Islam, and had intended what they could not achieve. (9:73-74)
When Muhammed was returning from the Expedition of Tabuk, they intended to kill him and he knew about it, but they were unsuccessful.
Bayhaqi reports that Sayyidina Hudhaifa narrated (hadith):