davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
The Black Friary

The Black Friary (Irish: An Mhainistir Dhubh) was a Dominican friary located in Trim, County Meath, Ireland.
It's believed that the first patron of the friary was Geoffrey de Geneville and that it was founded in 1263, just outside the town walls of Trim. Geoffrey de Geneville retired to the friary and was buried there in 1314. The friary was an important part of the town of Trim as it held extensive lands and ecclesiastical and governmental meetings were held there from the 13th to the 15th century. Matthew Hussey, 4th Baron Galtrim, was a noted benefactor of the Friary, and was buried there in 1418.
By 1540, as part of the dissolution of the monasteries, the commissioners of King Henry VIII suppressed the friary and sold its lands, buildings and goods. During the 18th century the buildings were further sold and quarried for stone. The grounds continued to be used as a cillín cemetery into the 18th century.
The Blackfriary Archaeology Field School is excavating this site which is in the ownership of the local authority Meath County Council. The excavations have been ongoing since 2010 (formerly in association with the Irish Archaeology Field School). The Director of the excavations (Principal Investigator) since 2010 is Finola O'Carroll, and Dr. Rachel E. Scott of DePaul University, Chicago, has been the project bioarchaeologist (osteoarchaeologist) since 2012. These annual excavations undertaken by Irish and international students of the Field School together with members of the local community have helped to reveal the architecture of the friary while also uncovering burials from inside and outside the church. Courses in Bioarchaeology and Osteoarchaeology on-site form part of the research programme for the Blackfriary cemetery.
The most recent excavations have confirmed the presence of two cloisters or courts in the friary. The main cloister, situated immediately to the north of the church, had a cloister arcade fashioned from Purbeck Marble, a find so far without parallels in Ireland. Ongoing excavations continue to reveal details of the layout of the buildings, suggesting the presence of a scriptorium as well as the chapter house in the east range.
The excavations undertaken by the Blackfriary Archaeology Field School are run in conjunction with the Blackfriary Community Heritage and Archaeology Project (BCHAP). The project aims to rejuvenate the six-acre site where the Friary is located for the benefit of the local community and visitors alike.
53°33′37″N 06°47′21″W﻿ / ﻿53.56028°N 6.78917°W﻿ / 53.56028; -6.78917
Sangar (fortification)

A sangar (or sanger) (Persian: سنگر) is a temporary fortified position with a breastwork originally constructed of stones, and now built of sandbags, gabions or similar materials. Sangars are normally constructed in terrain where the digging of trenches would not be practicable. The term is still frequently used by the British Army, but has now been extended to cover a wider range of small fortified positions.
The word was adopted from Hindi and Pashto and derives originally from the Persian word sang, "stone". Its first appearance in English (as recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary) is in the form sunga, and dates from 1841. The word has also occasionally been used as a verb, meaning "to fortify with a sangar": however, this usage appears to have been limited to the first decade of the 20th century.
The term was originally used by the British Indian Army to describe small temporary fortified positions on the North West Frontier and in Afghanistan. It was widely used by the British during the Italian Campaign of the Second World War. The term is also used by the British Royal Air Force to describe fortified guard positions on airfields.
More recently, the use of the term has been extended to cover a wider range of small, semi-permanent fortified positions. The Independent Monitoring Commission stated immediately after The Troubles in Northern Ireland:
James's Fort

James Fort (Irish: Dún Rí Shéamuis) is an early 17th-century pentagonal bastion fort located on Castlepark peninsula in Kinsale harbour, County Cork, Ireland. Situated downstream from Kinsale on the River Bandon, the fort was built to defend the harbour and seaborne approaches of the town. Following the construction of Charles Fort on the opposite side of the harbour in the late 17th century, James Fort became known as the "old fort" (Irish: an Seandaingean). Listed as a protected National Monument, and managed by the Office of Public Works, the fort is open to visitors.
Before James fort was constructed, an earlier medieval fortification existed on the site. This fortification, named Castle Ny-Parke was occupied for a time by Spanish forces as part of the 4th Spanish Armada. During the early part of the Siege of Kinsale (1601), it was captured from the Spanish by Sir Richard Smyth who led the attacking English forces of Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy.
Construction of James Fort commenced in 1602 - immediately after the Siege of Kinsale. The fort was named after James I of England and VI of Scotland, and was built to designs by Paul Ive (to replace and supplement the older medieval structure). Completed by 1607, the central structure was a half-bastioned four-sided stone fortification, surrounded by pentagonal earthworks to a bastion fort or star-shaped fort design. A hexagonal blockhouse was built on the water's edge - a water battery at the narrowest point in the channel.
As with Charles Fort on the other side of the harbour, James Fort was occupied by Jacobite forces during the Williamite War in Ireland. It was captured however in 1690 by Williamite forces, after being damaged by an explosion of gunpowder stores.
Though Charles Fort (the "new fort") was operated as a military garrison through to the early 20th century, James Fort (the "old fort") declined in use during the 18th century, and texts and maps describe it as a ruin by the 19th century.
James Fort was subject to a number of archaeological excavations in the late 20th and early 21st centuries - including a survey commissioned by Dúchas (the Heritage Service) in 1998. The fort site is listed as a National Monument (number 525), and as such under "state guardianship". As of 2016, An Taisce (the National Trust for Ireland) listed the fort in an "at risk" category, noting that while it had been subject to preservation works, it required "a long-term conservation management plan to prevent future deterioration".
The James Fort site is publicly accessible, and visited both as a tourist attraction and as an amenity park (by walkers and runners).
Charles Fort (Ireland)

Charles Fort (Irish: Dún Chathail) is a trace italienne fortification, a bastion fort with one section of the outer wall built in star fashion. It is located at the southern end of the village of Summer Cove, on Kinsale harbour, County Cork, Ireland. First completed in 1682, Charles Fort was sometimes historically referred to as the "new fort", to contrast with James' Fort (the "old fort") which had been built on the other side of Kinsale harbour before 1607. The fort is now operated as a heritage tourism site by the Heritage Ireland arm of the Office of Public Works.
Charles Fort was built on the site of the ruins of an earlier stronghold known as Barry Óg Castle, at Rincurran. The Ringcurran defences had featured prominently during the Siege of Kinsale in 1601.
The new fort, which is named after Charles II, was designed by the Surveyor-general Sir William Robinson – architect of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham. Additional site structures are attributed to engineer Captain Thomas Philips. The fort was built between 1677 and 1682 to a design which included elements similar to star fortifications; a layout specifically designed to resist attack by cannon. It became known as the "new fort" – to contrast with James' Fort (the "old fort") which had been built on the other side of Kinsale harbour between 1602 and 1607.
An early lighthouse was established here in the 17th century by Robert Reading, and additional works (including the development of internal "citadel" defences) were added through the 18th and 19th centuries.
The fort remained in use as a British Army barracks for two hundred years afterwards, before being relinquished by British forces following the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921. The fort fell out of use after being burned by retreating anti-Treaty forces during the Irish Civil War in 1922.
Charles Fort is an example of a pentagonally bastioned fort. The five bastions are named, in turn, the "Kinsale" (also known as the "Devil's"), the "Charles", the "Cockpit", the "Flagstaff" and the "North". The "Kinsale" and the "Charles" – the seaward bastions – are more substantial than the other three, as it was expected that the fort would be attacked from sea.
With a focus on seaward defence, the landward and inland bastions of the fort are overlooked by higher ground. This weakness was of critical importance when the fort was subject to a 13-day siege in 1690 during the Williamite War in Ireland. John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (then 1st Earl) besieged Cork and captured Kinsale and its forts. Repairs were made following the siege.
The complex remained largely derelict for some time, but was named a National Monument of Ireland in 1971. Over the coming decades several sections of the fort were restored by Dúchas, the Irish heritage service. Restoration and development of the complex was later taken-over by the Office of Public Works (OPW), including the development of an exhibition space in the former commander's quarters.
Charles Fort is one of the most visited OPW sites in the region, attracting in excess of 86,000 visitors in 2015.
Cloughoughter Castle

Cloughoughter Castle (Irish: Cloch Locha Uachtair, meaning 'stone castle of Loch Uachtair') is a ruined circular castle on a small island in Lough Oughter, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the town of Killeshandra in County Cavan, Ireland.
The castle is located in the historic Kingdom of Breifne, specifically in the part that would later be subdivided into East Breifne, roughly corresponding to County Cavan. The spot may have been a crannóg, or an artificially created island, and it is possible there was fortification there as early as the sixth century. In the latter part of the 12th century, it was owned by the O'Rourkes, but early in the 13th century seems to have come into the hands of the Anglo-Norman de Lacy family. Architectural elements from the lower two stories show construction may have started as early as the first quarter of the 13th century.
In 1233, the O'Reilly clan took possession of the area and completed the castle. They retained it for centuries in the midst of their ongoing conflicts with the O'Rourkes, and with members of their own clan. It was there that Philip O'Reilly was imprisoned in the 1360s with "no allowance save a sheaf of oats for day and night and a cup of water, so that he was compelled to drink his own urine."
After the land confiscations that followed the Plantation of Ulster in 1610, Cloughoughter was granted to Captain Hugh Culme. In 1641, Philip O'Reilly, MP for Cavan and a prominent leader of the Irish Rebellion of 1641, seized control of the castle, which he held until 1653. During this phase of its existence, it was used as a jail, with Culme himself being one of the prisoners, along with his son-in-law Henry Jones. Another was William Bedell, Bishop of Kilmore in the Church of Ireland, who died in February 1642, evidently due to inadequate shelter from the cold winter.
In 1649 Owen Roe O'Neill, commander of the Ulster Army died at the castle. In March 1653, it was besieged by Commonwealth forces under Sir Theophilus Jones, brother of Henry and thus related by marriage to the Culme family. It was the last major Confederacy position to surrender on 27 April.
Jones set up his artillery in the nearby townland of Innishconnell and the damage caused by cannon shot remains to this day. Left in ruins, the castle became a frequent subject of art in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its visual impact was described in a travelogue published in The Dublin University Magazine in 1852:
Conservation efforts were begun on the castle in 1987. The structure is protected under the National Monuments Act.
Shell keep

A shell keep is a style of medieval fortification, best described as a stone structure circling the top of a motte.
In English castle morphology, shell keeps are perceived as the successors to motte-and-bailey castles, with the wooden fence around the top of the motte replaced by a stone wall. Castle engineers during the Norman period did not trust the motte to support the enormous weight of a stone keep. A common solution to this problem was to replace the palisade with a stone wall and then build wooden buildings backing onto the inside of the wall. This construction was lighter than a keep and prevented the walls from being undermined, meaning they could be thinner and lighter.
A gazetteer compiled by archaeologist Robert Higham counted 21 shell keeps in England and Wales. Examples include the Round Tower at Windsor Castle and the majority were built in the 11th and 12th centuries.
Surviving English examples of shell keeps include:
In addition Farnham and Berkeley castles have stone enclosed mottes which may be interpreted as shell keep variations. At other sites such as Durham, Warkworth, Clifford's Tower (York) and Sandal (Wakefield), shell keeps may have evolved into a tower proper. Clifford's Tower is often interpreted by modern visitors as a shell keep due to explosion damage, in 1684, which removed the roof and its central supporting masonry. True shell keeps were a stone wall around the upper perimeter of the motte with lean-to buildings against this outer wall and a small courtyard in the middle. See Restormel plan below.
Unusually Lewes and Lincoln castles both feature two separate mottes which may have had shell keeps upon both of them. The reason for this is unclear but given that Lincoln Castle is adjacent to the cathedral, one shell keep may have been for the castellan (castle holder) and the other for the bishop. In each case, only one shell keep survives.
Habsburg Castle

Habsburg Castle (German: Schloss Habsburg, pronounced [ˌʃlɔs ˈhaːpsbʊʁk] ) is a medieval fortress located in what is now Habsburg, Switzerland, in the canton of Aargau, near the Aar River. At the time of its construction, the location was part of the Duchy of Swabia. Habsburg Castle is the original seat of the House of Habsburg, which became one of the leading imperial and royal dynasties in Europe. It is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
The castle was built around 1020 by Count Radbot, of the nearby county of Klettgau in the Duchy of Swabia, and Werner, Bishop of Strasbourg. They had the castle erected 35 km southwest of Klettgau, on the Aar, the largest tributary of the High Rhine. It is believed that he named the castle after a hawk (German: Habicht) seen sitting on its walls. Some historians and linguists believe the name may come from the Middle High German word hab/hap meaning ford, as it is located near a ford of the Aar River.
The name of "Habsburg" was not added to the noble title until Radbot's grandson, Otto II. He added "von Habsburg" to his title, thus beginning the House of Habsburg.
Habsburg Castle's importance diminished after Radbot's seventh generation descendant Rudolph moved the family's power base to Austria in 1276. Habsburg Castle remained property of the House of Habsburg until 1415, when Duke Frederick IV of Austria lost the canton of Aargau to the Swiss Confederacy.
The original coat of arms to fly over Habsburg Castle, a red lion on a golden field, remained part of the Austrian arms up to the end of the imperial period. The modern arms of the municipality of Habsburg, Switzerland, depict Habsburg Castle.
The area around the castle was covered by forests that were only cleared around 1500, nearly half a millennium after Habsburg Castle was first constructed.
The castle has been owned by the Canton of Aargau since 1804. It became part of Museum Aargau [de] in 2009. Today the "large" and "small" towers of the original castle are preserved, attached to a residential building of the 13th century, while large parts of the complex lie in ruins. The extent of its eastern part is recognizable only by foundation walls. The palatial residence hosts a restaurant and a small exhibition.
Margaret de Braose, Lady of Trim

Margaret de Braose, Lady of Trim (died after 1255), was an Anglo-Welsh noblewoman, the daughter of Marcher Lord William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber and the legendary Maud de St. Valéry, who was left to starve to death by orders of King John of England. Margaret founded a religious house, the Hospital of St. John in her mother Maud's memory. Margaret was the wife of Walter de Lacy, Lord of Trim Castle in County Meath, Ireland, and Ludlow Castle in Shropshire.
Margaret was a daughter of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, a powerful Marcher Lord, and Maud de St. Valéry. She was reputed to have had about fifteen siblings, although only eight have been recorded. Her paternal grandparents were William de Braose, 3rd Lord Bramber and Bertha of Hereford, and her maternal grandparents were Bernard de St. Valery and Matilda.
In November 1200, Margaret married Walter de Lacy, Lord of Trim Castle in County Meath, Ireland, and Ludlow Castle in Shropshire. He also owned many estates and manors in Herefordshire including Ewyas Lacy. He was later appointed Sheriff of Hereford. It was an advantageous marriage as Walter and her father both held castles and lordships in the Welsh Marches as well as Ireland, and thus the two men looked after each other's interests in both places.
Together Walter and Margaret had at least six children who included:
In 1208, Margaret's parents lost favour with their patron, King John of England, who seized all of the de Braose castles in the Welsh Marches. In order to escape from John's vindictive wrath, Margaret's mother, Maud and her eldest brother William fled to Ireland where they found refuge with Margaret and her family at Trim Castle. In 1210, however, King John sent an expedition to Ireland. Maud and William escaped from Trim but were apprehended on the Antrim coast while attempting to sail to Scotland. They were dispatched to England where they were both left to starve to death inside the dungeon of Corfe Castle, Dorset on the orders of King John. Walter de Lacy's estates were forfeited to the Crown as punishment for having harboured traitors inside his castle.
By 1215, Walter and Margaret were back in the King's favour, and Walter's confiscated estates were restored to him. As a further token of John's favour, Walter was appointed Castellan and Sheriff of Hereford the following year, and Margaret obtained permission to found a religious house in memory of her mother. On 10 October 1216, eight days before his death, King John conceded three carucates of land in the royal forest of Aconbury, Herefordshire to Margaret for the construction of the Hospital of St. John. King John sent the instructions to her husband Walter by letters patent. Margaret's subsequent attempts to free her foundation from the control of the Hospitallers led her into a lengthy dispute which ultimately involved the Pope.
Margaret died on an unknown date sometime after 1255. Her husband had died in 1241, leaving his vast holdings and lordships to their granddaughters by their son Gilbert, Margery de Lacy, and Maud de Lacy, Baroness Geneville.
Mama Lucha

Luz María Endara Altamirano (Quito, 17 de marzo de 1934-Quito, 29 de junio de 2006), conocida como Mama Lucha o Doña Luchita, fue una extorsionadora ecuatoriana.
En su juventud, por los años cincuenta, en la cantina de su madre, en Imbabura, comprendió que podía influir sutil o brutalmente a las personas, cuando usaba sus contactos con los policías que acudían a la cantina, para por medio de ellos intervenir en la liberación de la cárcel a los borrachos conflictivos que acudían a la cantina.​​
Comenzó a influir dentro de los juzgados bajo la tutela de abogados, aprendiendo de leyes consiguió resultados a su favor, ya sea mediante el terror como por medio de regalos.​
Su modus operandi abarcaba principalmente en mercados ecuatorianos, lugares donde se valía de su fuerte carácter y semblante para poder intimidar y amenazar a locatarios y vendedores.​ Les cobraba por ocupar sus puestos con el argumento de protegerlos de la delincuencia, pretexto que utilizaba para poder engañarlos y revender sus locales al Municipio de Quito, con costos de trescientos a diez mil sucres. Era contratada para cobrar deudas, y realizaba sus actividades criminales con una familia criminal conocida como la «banda de Los Chicos Malos».​
El 29 de junio de 2006, falleció en Quito a los 72 años de edad.​​
Relaciones Bolivia-Ecuador

Las Relaciones Bolivia-Ecuador se refieren a las relaciones entre la Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y la República del Ecuador. Ambos son miembros de la Comunidad Andina.
Tanto los actuales territorios bolivianos como los ecuatorianos formaron parte del Imperio español hasta el siglo XIX, cuando ambas naciones obtuvieron su independencia definitiva de España. La Real Audiencia de Quito y la Real Audiencia de Charcas conformaban parte del Virreinato del Perú en un comienzo, para luego esta última pasar a formar parte del Virreinato del Río de la Plata, siendo renombrada como Alto Perú, así como también la Provincia de Quito pasó a formar parte luego del Virreinato de Nueva Granada.
En el 2018, Ecuador presentó notas formales de protesta ante Bolivia y Venezuela por las críticas realizadas por los presidentes luego que la justicia ecuatoriana dictara un pedido de prisión preventiva al expresidente Rafael Correa, acusado supuestamente de autorizar un secuestro al opositor Fernando Balda.​
Bolivia y Ecuador conforman parte de la Zona Andina de Libre Comercio de la Comunidad Andina que permite la libre circulación de mercancías.​
Subsidio agrícola

Un subsidio agrícola (también llamado incentivo agrícola) es un incentivo gubernamental destinado a la producción agrícola con el objetivo de regular la producción agrícola. Los subsidios agrícolas permiten administrar el suministro de productos agrícolas e influir en el costo y el suministro de dichos productos. Ejemplos de tales productos incluyen: trigo, granos alimenticios (granos utilizados como forraje, maíz, sorgo, cebada y avena), algodón, leche, arroz, maní, azúcar, tabaco, semillas oleaginosas como la soja y productos cárnicos como carne de res, cerdo, cordero.​
Las ayudas pueden ser de distintos tipos, que se pueden resumir en dos grupos fundamentales: ayudas directas (por kilos, superficies, cabezas de ganado, etc) o ayudas indirectas (rebaja de impuestos sobre productos o gastos necesarios para la actividad agraria).
Los subsidios agrícolas se instituyeron originalmente para estabilizar los mercados, ayudar a los agricultores de bajos ingresos y ayudar al desarrollo rural.​ En los Estados Unidos, el presidente Franklin D. Roosevelt firmó la Ley de Ajuste Agrícola, que creó la Administración de Ajuste Agrícola ( AAA). Esto vino como resultado de la serie de programas, proyectos de obras públicas, reformas financieras y regulaciones promulgadas por el presidente conocido como New Deal. La AAA ayudó a regular la producción agrícola al reducir el excedente y controlar el suministro de productos agrícolas en la sociedad. Mediante el control de siete cultivos (maíz, trigo, algodón, arroz, maní, tabaco y leche), el Congreso pudo equilibrar la oferta y la demanda de productos agrícolas al ofrecer el pago a los agricultores a cambio de que estos dejaran de cultivar parte de sus tierras.​ A diferencia de los subsidios tradicionales que promueven la producción de productos, el Congreso reconoció que los precios agrícolas necesitaban ser impulsados y lo hizo limitando la producción de estos cultivos.
Dentro de la Unión Europea, la agricultura está subvencionada o subsidiada, teniendo un gran peso en las rentas de los agricultores en ciertos productos. La Unión Europea a través de la Política agrícola común (PAC) y de las OCM (Organizaciones Comunes de Mercados), regula y subvenciona de distintos modos las producciones agrícolas. Esto lo hace principalmente a través de 3 mecanismos:
Están criticadas estas medidas que hacen que los precios del mercado mundial estén demasiado bajos al detrimento de los agricultores de los países pobres.
En Europa, la Política Agrícola Común (PAC) se lanzó en 1962 para mejorar la productividad agrícola. Según la Comisión Europea, el acto tiene como objetivo
Plaza de mercado

Una plaza de mercado es cualquier plaza donde se instaura un mercado, tanto si es abierta como si es cubierta.
En la Antigua Grecia el ágora era el término utilizado para designar a la plaza pública de las ciudades-estado griegas (polis). Era un espacio abierto, centro del comercio (mercado), de la cultura y la política de la vida social de los griegos.
En las antiguas ciudades romanas el foro originalmente era el término usado para referirse al lugar de la ciudad donde se establecía el mercado. Posteriormente el foro se fue transformando en un espacio público con funciones comerciales, financieras, religiosas, judiciales y de prostitución, además de ser el lugar donde los ciudadanos romanos realizaban comúnmente su vida social.
En el urbanismo español e hispanoamericano, la plaza del mercado es conocida como Plaza Mayor —las otras se denominan plazuelas—, mientras que en el musulmán corresponde al bazar. La tendencia a cubrir las plazas abiertas de mercado respondía a los ideales higienistas del siglo XIX, y desarrolló una particular arquitectura utilizando las nuevas posibilidades de la arquitectura del hierro. El concepto no se aplica tanto al nuevo concepto de centro comercial, propio de finales de siglo XX y comienzos del XXI.
En la cultura anglosajona, una plaza de mercado es cualquier población donde se celebre mercado, de forma continua o periódica, especialmente si es importante en una comarca o destaca por algún motivo desde un punto de vista agrícola, mercantil o financiero; por ejemplo, las que celebran una feria.
La visión de la antropología sobre los lugares de mercado es la de lugares donde se intercambian no sólo productos, sino también informaciones de todo tipo y donde se establecen y renuevan lazos personales y grupales.
Donatus Nwoga

Donatus Nwoga, na- afo 30 Julaị 1933 - 1991 bụ onye na-enyocha uri na prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ edemede Africa na M ahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka .
Nwoga bụ onye Mbaise na Imo Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ garakwara akwụkwọ nke sekọndịrị na St Brigid's School, Ahiara. Nwoga gara akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke London nakwa Mahadum Queen's Belfast ebe ya na onye na-ede uri Seamus Heaney gara klas n'afọ 1950. Nwoga bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ akwụkwọ Gorgon ma eleghị anya bụrụ onye mbụ bipụtara ọrụ. N Heaney.
Ọ bụ Nwoga na Romanus Egudu nyochara uri Igbo ma bipụta nchịkọta nke a tụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee. Nwoga na Chinua Achebe kụziiri nkụzi na Faculty of Arts na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka.
Ọ bụ onye otu gụnyere African Literature Association, International African Institute, Association for Commonwealth Language and Literature Studies, na The Folklore Society.
Akwụkwọ Nwoga dere gunyere West African Verse, An Anthology, na Poetic Heritage: Igbo Traditional Verse, n'etiti akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.
Na nsota ọnwụ Nwoga gasịrị na 1991, Heaney dere otuto nye ya nke akpọrọ "A Dog Was Crying Tonight in Wicklow Also".
Institute of African Studies na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka, malitere Dictionary of Igbo Proverbs iji kwabyere Nwoga ugwu.
Ílú

Ílú bu ihe ókwú nke mádu màchàrà, náa sị, nke kwàdòrò na ihe mkpà ihe mádu ne jé na ùwà. Ha bùkwà ihe échìchè. Ílù na byá shí omenala ndi madu nílé na asụsụ nílé. Omenala nílé nwèrè ílú.
Ernest Azudialu Obiejesi

Ernest Nnaemeka Azudialu Obiejesi (amụrụ ya n'ubochi nke iri na asaa nke Onwa Eprel , na afo1960) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere na Naijiria. Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye isi nchịkwa nke Nestoil na onye guzobere ntọala Obijackson.
A mụrụ ya na Okija, nke Anambra steeti di na Nigeria, Azudialu Obiejesi buru uzo sonyeere azụmaahịa ezinụlọ nna ya na afo1978 tupu o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ya, Obijackson West Africa Limited, nke na-ere ahịa gaa mpaghara West Africa. Ulo oru Nestiol nke Azudialu Obiejesi bụ ụlọ ọrụ di na Nigeria nke Injinia, Ịzụ ahịa, Iwu na inye Ikike na-emezi ụlọ ọrụ ndi na ahu maka mmanụ na gasi.
N'afọ 1983, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa mbụ ya bụ Obijackson na ọdịda anyanwụ oke Africa, nke nwere isi ụlọ ọrụ ya na Lagos.
N'afọ 1991, Obiejesi webatara Nestoil, ụlọ ọrụ Injinia, Ịzụta, Ịrụ & Nchịkwa maka iwu paịpụ, nrụzi na mmezi ya ihe ndị metụtara ya maka ịdọrọ mmiri, ịgafe osimiri na nchebe osimiri.
Neconde, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ozọ Azudialu Obiejesi nwere, bụ ọkachamara na nyocha na mmepe nke mmanụ na gasi maka mmepụta na ire ngwaahịa si na mmanụ n'ala Naịjirịa.
Bibliography nke ụmụ nwanyị Africa

A Bibliography nke akwụkwọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị Africa. A na-ahazi ntinye site n'aka onye edemede n"usoro mkpụrụ akwụkwọ:
• Clark, gracias (2010). Ndị inyom Africa ahịa akụkọ ndụ asaa sitere na Ghana, Indiana mahadum press.
• mmeri- vidrovitch, Catherine (1997). Ụmụ nwanyị Africa: akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a. Westview pịa.
Ifeoma Onyefulu

Ifeoma Onyefụlụ (amụrụ ya n’afọ 1959) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke Naịjirịa, onye odee akwụkwọ na ndị na-ese foto A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ eserese ya nke na-egosipụta foto banyere ndụ ime obodo n'Afrịka.
A mụrụ Onyefụlụ na Ọnịcha, Anambra, Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye so na agbụrụ Igbo nke Nigeria. O bi na UK. O tokwara na Naịjirịa. Ọ lụrụ di were kwaga na Britain na 1982. Ọ debanyere aha na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ foto na Earls Court nke Britain. Ọ mechara hapụ usoro nlekọta azụmaahịa ọ na-agbaso, n'ihi ọ nwetara ọrụ foto na Britain. Ọ malitere site na ịselụ ndị ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ foto. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-ese foto na Caribbean Times site na 1986-87. . Na 1991 ọ bidoro ịde ihe. Ọ nwere ụmụ abụọ nke na-emetụta ihe ndị ọ na-ede. Mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ ya na oge agụmakwụkwọ ha mere ka ọ na-ede ihe gbasara ihe ụmụaka nke ọma. Na nchịkọta ihe ụmụaka na-amasị ya nke ọma.
A họrọ akwụkwọ mbụ ya bl "A is for Africa" dịka ọkachamma akwụkwọ mmụta ụmụaka. Ọ tụọla ugo mmeri ugboro abụọ nke gụnyere; The Children's Africana Book Award, maka akwụkwọ ya nke a "Here Comes The Bride" na 2004 ya na kwa akwụkwọ ya ọzọ bụ "Ikenna Goes to Nigeria" na 2008.
Beverly Naya

Beverly Naya ( onye amụrụ Beverly Ifunaya Bassey Audio (help·info) ka ọnwa Eprel dị na mkpụrụ ụbọchi iri na asaa n'afọ 1989) bụ onye Naịjirịa na-emepụta ihe egwuregwu di iche iche a mụrụ na mba ana akpo Britain. O nwetara ihe nrite di iche dika onye nka ya nwere olile anya ịmụba nke 2010 Best of Nollywood Awards . Ọ nwetakwara nturu ugo ọzọ dika onye otu Nollywood kacha eto ọsisọ n'afọ 2011 akpọrọ City People Entertainment Awards.
A mụrụ Beverly Ifunaya Bassey na London dịka otu nwa naanị nne na nna ya bụ ndị Nigeria mụrụ. O bidoro mepụtawa ihe egwuregwu ka ọdị afọ iri na asaa mgbe ọ ka na-agụ maka filọsọfi,saikọlọji na soshịọlọji na Brunel University. . Ọ gụrụ ka esi ede na eme fim na Roehampton University N'ajụjụ ọnụ BellaNaija gbara ya ọ kọwara na ya lọchitere na Naịjirịa n'ihi uto nke otu Nollywood nakwa uru na ụzọ ọmepere ndi na-eto eto n'ihe gbasara ime fim. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ọzọ, o kwuru na ọ bụ Ramsey Nouah na Genevieve Nnaji bụ ndi ọ na-eṅomi ma na-egere ha ndụmọdụ.
Dika e kwuru na mbụ na ọ malitere ime ihe egwuregwu mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Brunel dị na Uxbridge, England. N’afọ 2011., Mgbe ndi Encomium Magazine gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ sịrị
" Mgbe m gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, amaara m na m chọrọ ịme ihe egwuregwu,na London, enwere m ike ịme fim ma eleghị anya otu ugboro n'afọ. Mana ebe a enwere oghere iguzobe ihe eji maram site na ime ọtụtụ ihie ónyonyò aga-asị mee. Ya mere m ji kpebiri m Naijiria "
Speed Darlington

Speed ​​Darlington Audio (help·info) bụ onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu, onye na-agụ rap na onye na-emepụta egwu si Naịjirịa. Ama ya ama maka ụdị egwú ya pụrụ iche na omume ya n'uwa soshal midia tinyere esemokwu ya na ndị ọzọ n'ewu ewu. Nwa nwoke Chief Pericoma, a mụrụ ya na Arondizuogu, Ideato North, Imo State mana o toro na obodo Nú Yọk.
Darlington dọtara uche ndị mmadụ mgbe onye otiegwu Amerika P. Diddy kesara vidiyo nke Speed ​​Darlington na Instagram ya. Ofọdụ egwú ya ama ama bụ "BangDadaDang!", "Poppin Heavy", "Cash & Carry", "In Love With My Hand" na "Akamu".
Na Ọktọba 22, 2018, Darlington kwuwapụtara na ọ na-apụta maka izọ oché onyeisiala Naịjirịa na ntuliaka ọchịchị obodo Naijiria 2023 dịka onye na-azọ ọchịchị n'okpuru People's Action Party (PAP). Ọ guola egwu na mmemme egwu di iche iche ya na ndi otiegwu afrobeats ama ama dika Zlantan, Naira Marley na Qdot.
Na Jenụwarị 14, 2020, e jidere Speed ​​Darlington maka marijuana, mgbe ndị uwe ojii kwụsịrị ya n'akụkụ Computer Village na Ikeja, Lagos. E nyere ya iwu ka ọ kwụọ ₦200,000.
Chioma Chukwuka

Chioma Chukwuka amụrụ (na Machị 12, 1980, nke a na-akpọkwa Chioma Chukwuka Akpotha ma ọ bụ Chioma Akpotha) Listen (help·info) bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri, onye nduzi na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri. N'afọ 2007, o ritere ihe nrite Africa Movie Academy Award maka "Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ ndu" maka arụmọrụ ya na ihe nkiri "Sins of the flesh", na ihe nrite Afro Hollywood maka onye na-eme egwuregwu kacha mma na-eduzi ọrụ na 2010.
A mụrụ Chioma Chukwuka na Lagos Steeti, na Machị 12, 1980. O si Oraifite na Ekwusigo Local Government Area nke Anambra State, Nigeria. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Onward Nursery and Primary School na Lagos State, wee gaa Federal Government Girls College na Onitsha, Anambra State maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Chioma wee gaa Mahadum Lagos State, ebe ọ gụrụ Banking na Finance.
Ọrụ ime ihe nkiri Chioma Chukwuka malitere site na mmalite ya na ihe nkiri "The Apple" n'afọ 2000. Chioma mekwara ihe nkiri The Handkerchief na 2000. N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye "Best Actress in a Lead Role" na African Movie Academy Awards maka ihe nkiri Sins of the Flesh . A họpụtakwara ya maka African Movie Academy Award maka "Best Actress" na ihe nkiri "Accident" na 2014. N'inwe afọ 20 nke ahụmịhe, ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe karịrị 350 Nollywood, mepụtara ihe nkiri 6 ma nwee ọtụtụ onyinye maka otuto ya. Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Chioma emepụtala / soro mepụta ihe nkiri 8 gụnyere ihe nrite a họpụtara na On Bended Knees. Chioma Chukwuka bụkwa ọkà okwu ọha na onye nduzi.
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2019, ọ kwupụtara mmalite nke ikpo okwu na-ewu ikike a na-akpọ Masterclass With Chioma, ebe ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na-ede ihe nkiri, onye na-eme egwuregwu, na ndị ọkachamara ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-akụzi ihe ọ chọrọ iji mee ya na ihe nkiri, TV, na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri.
Chioma Akpotha ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya akara maka Erisco Foods na Nọvemba 2018. Chioma Chukwuka jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya akara maka ọtụtụ akara azụmahịa Naijiria na nke mba ụwa, gụnyere Globacom Nigeria, ụlọ ọrụ nkwukọrịta, Omo Detergent na Harpic Cleaner.
Chioma Chukwuka lụrụ Franklyn Akpotha na 2006.
Templeeti:Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actress
Chizzy Alichi

Chigozie Stephanie Alichi Audio (help·info) (a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 23 n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ1993), onye amara aha ya bụ Chizzy Alichi, bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naịjirịa .
Chizzy Alichi sitere na Ezza Nkwubor Nike n'Enugu East, okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo nke Enugwu steeti, nke di na South East (Nigeria) . Ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ nwere ụmụnne abụọ. O mere isi akụkọ mgbe o wuru ulo nne na nna ya n'afọ 2017. O bi n'Asaba,na Delta .
O sonyeere Nollywood n'afọ 2010 na mberede. O sonyeere ndị Actors Guild of Nigeria, tinye akwụkwọ maka i so n'ihe nkiri were nweta ohere nke mbụ dịka onye ome ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri a kpọrọ Magic Money nke gosipụtara Mercy Johnson na Bob-Manuel Udokwu . Oge mgbanwe nke ọrụ ya bịara na ihe nkiri Akaraoku, nke pụtara " hot akara", n'afọ 2016, nke Yul Edochie duziri.Ihe nkiri vidio ahụ malitere ị ba ụba na soshal midia mgbe ndị mmadụ chere na onye omeejije ahụ bụ onye na-ere akara. O gosiputara na ihe nkiri ndi ozo n'afọ 2017 maka nkea.
Antonia Okonma

Antonia Okonma (amụrụ na 24 Julaị 1982) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Britain.//(listen) (help·info) A maara ya nke ọ́ma maka ịrụ ọrụ Darlene Cake na usoro ITV Bad Girls site na 2004-2006.
A mụrụ Okonma ma zụlite ya na London. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Igbo nke Naijirịa.
N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara Okonma ka ọ bụrụ Darlene Cake na usoro ihe nkiri ụlọ mkpọrọ ITV Bad Girls, nke mbụ pụtara na usoro nke isii, nke a na-agbasa na 2004. Omume Darlene Cake sitere na Jamaica, nke chọrọ ka Okonma jiri ụda olu Jamaica kwuo okwu. Ọ pụtara na usoro nkẹ isii, nke asaa na nke asatọ, na-eme ka ọ pụta ikpeazụ na nke abụọ ikpeazụ na 2006, mgbe Darlene nwara igbu onwẹ ya site n'itinye onwe ya ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na, a na-ahụ ya ka ọ lanarịrị, a maghị ọdịnihu ya ma kọwaghị ya na ihe omume ikpeazụ. Mgbe ngwụcha nke usoro nke isii gasịrị, a na-agbasa ihe pụrụ iche n'azụ ihe nkiri, nke akpọrọ Bad Girls: Most Wanted, na ITV2 ma họpụta ndị iri kachasị dịka ndị na-ekiri ya họpụtara; A họpụtara Darlene Cake na nke anọ. N'afọ 2004, Okonma ritere ihe nrite Gathering of Africa's Best (GAB) maka Best Newcomer na ihe nritẹ Screen Nation maka Best Emerging Talent maka ọrụ ya na Bad Girls .
N'ịgbaso ọrụ ya na Bad Girls', Okonma nwetara ọrụ na ihe ṅkiri Britain Screaming Blue Murder na Rabbit Fever, yana obere ọrụ na miniseries BBC Moses Jones na 2009.
N'elu ikpo okwu, Okonma emeela ihe na Royal Court na Riverside Studios. Ọ pụtara na Torn na Arcola Theatre n'akụkụ Brooke Kinsella na Jocelyn Jee Esien. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a ṅa mmepụta nke Iya Ile (The First Wife) na Soho Theatre.
Okonma esonyewokwa na mmemme TV nke Strictly African Dancing . Ọ rụkwará ọrụ dị ka Tina Turner na Stars in Their Eyes . Na ngwụcha afọ 2007, ọ bụ onye asọmpi na usoro nke abụọ nke Cirque de Celebrité na Sky One .
Okonma nwere akará ugó mmụta na Accounting na Finance site na Mahadum London South Bank. Ọ zụrụ na Royal Court's Young People's Theatre ruo afọ abụọ.
Akụkọ Bible

Akụkọ Bible bụ nkuzi nke onye na-akọ ọmụmụ na-ewere dị na Bible, na-amụ ma na- መሪ uche n'ahụ ahụ, wee hụ n'ụzọ ka ndị na-ege ntī wee nwee ike ijikọ ya na ọmụmụ ahụ.
Ndị na-akọ Bible na-etinye onwe ha n'ụzọ na omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke oge Bible, na-okwu na ụzọ dị mma nke akwụkwọ aka na Bible n'oge a bụ site na akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Nsọ n'ihu ọha [1] ma ọ bụ onye ree. [2] Akụkọ Bible nke oge a dị ka ihe nwere ike site na Tom Boomershine, prọfesọ ogologo na United Theological Seminary na Dayton, Ohio onye nwalere echiche nke icheta echiche na Bible ma mee ha n'oge ọ nọ na seminarị.[3] N'afọ 1977, ya na Gil Bartholomew (nke bụzi Adam Bartholomey) wee malite Network of Biblical Storytellers (NBS). Ndị na-akọ Bible dị ịrịba na mba ụwa, otu akara na Australia na 1990, otu na Canada na 1996, na ndị ọzọ na United Kingdom na Singapore. Boomershine bụkwa onye nna na onye bụbu Oga oche nke Bible na Ancient and Modern Media Group na Society of Biblical Literature, nke na-eme ihe nkiri nka na omume nke okpukpe Bible n'ụwa oge ochie na nke oge a yana otu a na-eji mgbasa ozi dị iche iche eme ihe iji ihe akwụkwọ nsọ..
A naghị ejikarị okwu ncheta eme ihe mgbe a na-akọwa akụkọ n'ihi na a na-ewere ya ka ọ pụtara mmụta. Kama nke ahụ, a na-akọwa usoro ahụ dị ka 'internalization' ma ọ bụ 'na-etinye aka na ncheta miri emi'. N'ihi usoro a, atụmanya zuru oke bụ na onye na-akọ akụkọ ga-enwe ike ịkọ akụkọ ahụ na 95% nke ọdịnaya ziri ezi na 75% nke okwu ziri ezi. Enwere ike iji usoro dị ka ndị a:
Site sitere na Bible na-ebinye ọtụtụ saịtị na ime ihe nkiri, ma n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ọ bụ ụdị nka iche. Kama iwere naanị otu onye, ​​onye na-akọ akụkọ na-akụkọ ihe nkiri ahụ dum echiche nke ndị na-ege ntĩ. N'ihi na a na-emekarị ndị na- map ọtụtụ ihe nkwado ma ọ bụ ike, nke a ike ka onye na-akọ ahụ hụ ihe nkiri nke ihe ahụ iji n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ka ọ na-achọta ahụ. Enwere ike iji ọtụtụ mee ihe:
A na-eme ọtụtụ akụkọ Bible dị ka otu onye na-akọ akụkọ na-amụta otu akụkọ site na Bible ma na-eme ya:
N'ihe omume ebe ndị na-akọ akụkọ na-agbakọta ọnụ, enwere ike ịtọ akụkọ Akụkọ ifo ebe a na-ekesa akụkụ dị iche iche nke akụkọ dị ogologo nye ndị na-agakọ tupu nnọkọ ahụ ma na-akọkwa akụkọ akụkọ akụkọ ahụ na ihe omume ahụ na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị na-ekwu akụkọ ha.
N'ime ihe nkiri Bible Storytelling na ọtụtụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ, enwere ike ịnwe naanị otu onye na-akọakọ akụkọ na-ikwu okwu n'otu oge, yabụ enwere ike iji ndị ọzọ na-akọ ịkọ akụkọ mee ihe iji bulie akụkọ ahụ n'ụzọ ndị a:
Mbeku

Mbeku // (ege ntị) (site n'okwu Igbo maka mbe) bụ mbe aghụghọ na Igbo na Ndida Afrika folktales.
N'otu akụkọ aetiological, nnụnụ na-akpọrọ Mbekwu gaa oriri n'eluigwe. Mgbe ọ na-eri nri niile, nnụnụ ahụ na'egbochi ya ịlaghachi n'ụwa, ọ dara, nke bụ otu mbe si nweta ụkpụrụ na mkpokoro ha.
N'akụkọ ifo Igbo, Mbekwu (ma ọ bụ Mbe) mere ka nke akporo Na broker Grasshopper (Ukpana) kwenye inyere aka n'obi mwute ụgha maka ọnwụ nna nna ya, ka o wee nwee ike inweta nri n"aka ndị ikwu ya. Igurube ahụ raara ya nye ndị ikwu ya, ndị gburu ya.
Nadine Ibrahim

Nadine Ibrahim (born 1993 or 1994) is a Nigerian film director.
Ibrahim was born in Kaduna, in northern Nigeria, and was raised as a Muslim. Her mother, Amina J. Mohammed is the former Nigerian minister of the environment and current Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. At a young age, Ibrahim developed an interest in storytelling and filmmaking rather than traditional academic subjects. She moved from Nigeria to Great Britain at the age of 14 and studied media and film production at the University of Gloucestershire. Among other things, she worked on projects for the United Nations and Fictionless films. Ibrahim was the associate producer for Hakkunde, about a Southern Nigerian who encounters Northern culture for the first time.
Her short documentary film Through Her Eyes was released in 2017. It tells the story of a Azeeza, a 12-year-old girl who was kidnapped and became a suicide bomber. The film was a semi-finalist at the Los Angeles Cinema Festival and was nominated in the short film category at the Africa International Film Festival. For the media group EbonyLife films and television she used film to tell stories of the ethnic groups of northern Nigeria, such as the Hausa, Fulani, Igbira, Igala, Tiv and Gbagyi. She is the CEO of a Nigerian-based multimedia company, Nailamedia, founded in 2017. Her documentary short film Marked, which she worked on for two years, was inspired by the marking on her aunt's face, and made its debut at the Aké Festival in Lagos in 2019. It deals with traditional scarification, which is widespread in Nigeria but also a taboo subject, however, the beauty aspect of it was what Ibrahim wanted to champion.
Ibrahim listed Tyler Perry, Alfred Hitchcock, Spike Lee and Ang Lee as her role models. Another important influence she mentions is her mother, through whose work in the government she learned of poverty and corruption in Nigeria. She has been named one of the top young Nigerian filmmakers to watch.
Sindhi folk tales

Sindhi folktales (Sindhi: لوڪ سنڌي آکاڻيون) play an important part in the culture of the Sindhi people of southern Pakistan. Pakistan's Sindh province abounds in fairy-tales and folktales that form its folklore. Some of these folktales (قصا ۽ ڪٿائون) are particularly important for the development of higher literature in Sindhi, since they were to form the core of mystical tales of Sindh immortalized by Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, and are generally known as Heroines of Shah (شاھ جون سورميون).
Recently, these folktales have been compiled into seven volumes titled Lok Kahaniyun under Sindhi Adabi Board's Folklore and Literature project, with supervision by Sindhologist Nabi Bakhsh Baloch. These seven volumes incorporate different varieties of folktales, legends and other stories. More than 300 folk-tales have been brought to light through this series of volumes, which includes both classical and popular tales.
Many of these folktales, especially those that deal with love stories, are well known in Sindh. Among them, the story of Sassui Punhun is probably the most famous. In it, a beautiful Indus girl named Sassui, brought up by a washerman's family in Bhambore, attracts many lovers. Finally, the prince of Kecch falls in love with her. His family is dismayed and eventually make the couple drunk and carry the lover away. Sassui finds herself alone in the morning. She follows the traces of a caravan until she perishes in the desert.
There is also the tragic story of Sohni who, married to a man she dislikes. She swims every night across the Indus to visit her beloved Mehar who tends the cattle on an island Eventually her sister-in-law discovers the secret and substitutes a pot of unbaked clay for a pot she used to carry as a kind of life vest, and Sohni drowns.
Strange is the story of Lilan Chanesar. The heroine, a lady well versed in magic charms, barters the right of sleeping one night with her husband to her unknown rival for a diamond necklace. When her husband divorces her, she realizes she has frivolously given away all her happiness. After long trials, the couple meet again and die together.
The story of Nuri tells of historical event during the Samma period, when the young Jam Tamachi fell in love with a fishermaid, Nuri, who, by virtue of humility and softness, became his favourite queen.
The story of Umar Marui is also famous. Umar, the ruler of Amarkot, captures young Marui. She pines and longs for home, never listening to the blandishment of the ruler, but remaining faithful to her family, the poor herdsmen of Malir Tharparkar. Eventually, Umar sees no way but to send her home.
All these stories and many more have been enriched in the course of time and provide imagery for Sindhi literature, especially for the Sufis, who spiritualised the tales.
Stories of Dodo Chanesar and Moriro Mirbahar are full of sentiment of valour. Similarly, Sorath Rai Diyach emphasizes the prowess and generosity of King Diyaach, who severed his head and gave it in alms to a bard, Bijal and Mokhi and Matara.
Flying Ship

The Flying Ship (Ukrainian: летючий корабель, romanized: letuchiy korabel; Russian: летучий корабль, romanized: letuchiy korabl) is an East Slavic or Eastern European folk tale, considered a Ukrainian folk tale in some collections, as well as a Russian folk tale in others. In retellings, it is also called The Ship That Flew, Fool of the World and the Flying Ship, and The Fool and the Flying Ship.
An old man and old woman had three sons, two wise and one foolish. The two wise sons were treated better than the foolish son. When the tsar offered his daughter in marriage for any man who could make a ship fly, the two wise sons were allowed to leave while the foolish son was not. Undeterred, the foolish son convinced his parents to let him go, and they sent him away with a small amount of stale, flavorless food and some water. On his way, he met an old man. When the old man asked for food, the foolish son opened his sack and was surprised to discover that it was no longer stale and flavorless. The foolish son next discovered that the water turned to wine after he had offered it to the old man. The old man thanked the foolish son for the food and drink, then tells him how the foolish son can go into the forest, chop a tree down, and then lay down and go to sleep until woken up. The foolish son does as suggested, and awakes to discover a flying ship, into which he climbs and flies off.
While flying, the foolish son meets a number of people. While the characters are similar, their names differ by storyteller.
Finally, they arrive at the Tsar's feast and disembark from the flying ship. Viewing them as peasants, the tsar decides to give them five impossible tasks to avoid marrying his daughter to them.
Seeing this, the Tsar and his daughter were both satisfied.
The tale is classified, in the East Slavic Folktale Classification (Russian: СУС, romanized: SUS), as two tale types: SUS 513A, Russian: Шесть чудесных товарищей, romanized: Shest' chudesnykh tovarishchey, lit. 'Six Wonderful Companions', and SUS 513B, Russian: Летучий корабль, romanized: Letuchiy korabl', lit. 'Flying Ship'. In type SUS 513A, the hero finds companions with wonderful powers that help him win a princess. In type SUS 513B, the hero carves a ship that traverses both in land and sea.