davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Palacio de Aguas Corrientes

The Palace of Running Waters (Spanish: Palacio de Aguas Corrientes) is an architecturally significant water pumping station in Buenos Aires, Argentina and the former headquarters of state-owned company Obras Sanitarias de la Nación. It is currently administered by Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos (AySA).
The building, designed and completed in the 19th century, was originally built to host the water tanks. Inaugurated in 1894, the palace is one of the most notable eclectic style buildings in Argentina. It was declared National Historic Monument of Argentina in 1989.
It was commissioned, in part, to replace the unsightly water tower on Lorea Plaza in what today is Congressional Plaza. Occupying a city block at the northern end of the city's Balvanera section, the Córdoba Avenue landmark still functions as a pumping station. The French renaissance palace was covered in over 300,000 glazed, multi-color terra cotta tiles imported from the British ceramics maker, Royal Doulton. It features a tin mansard roof, and is emblazoned with escutcheons representing the 14 Argentine provinces of the time.
The building was designed as a water pumping station in 1877 by the Norwegian architect Olaf Boye, the Swedish engineer Carlos Nyströmer, and the British civil engineer John Baterman (Bateman, Parsons & Bateman). Construction started in 1887. It was inaugurated in 1894.
The building was transferred to the City of Buenos Aires following the 1892 nationalization of the British-owned company.
In 1978, the water pumps were dismantled and the building became a museum.
The company, eventually known as Obras Sanitarias de la Nación (OSN), was reprivatized in 1993 with a 30-year contract. The contract's rescission in 2006 transferred the property to AySA, a State enterprise. The palace still houses a number of AySA offices, Historic Archives and a small water works museum.
The building contained twelve water tanks covering three floors and with a 72,000-ton total water capacity. The building is covered with 300,000 majolicas, has an iron structure that was produced in Belgium, and is sustained by 180 columns.
The building's entrance is graced by two caryatids, and the property, by landscaped gardens that includes a bust created by Norwegian sculptor Olaf Boye in honor of engineer Guillermo Villanueva, the first Director of the Buenos Aires Water Supply and Drainage Company Limited, the then British-owned municipal water works inaugurated in 1869.
Established in 1873, this is the only Archive containing complete and specific information about emblematic buildings and water supply planning of Buenos Aires. This archive is composed by three main divisions:
The building figures prominently in the book Santa Evita by Tomas Eloy Martinez.
34°36′02″S 58°23′42″W﻿ / ﻿34.60056°S 58.39500°W﻿ / -34.60056; -58.39500
Buenos Aires City Legislature

The Buenos Aires City Legislature (Spanish: Legislatura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, commonly known as the Legislatura Porteña) is the legislative power of the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is housed in the Legislature Palace (Spanish: Palacio de la Legislatura), an architectural landmark in the barrio of Montserrat.
The internecine warfare between those who favored a united Argentina with a strong central government (Unitarios) and Buenos Aires Province leaders who favored an independent nation of their own (Federales) dominated local political life in the decades following the Wars of Independence and led to the 1880 Federalization of Buenos Aires. Pursuant to this new policy, in 1882 President Julio Roca signed National Law 1260, which created the presidential prerogative of the appointment of the Mayor of Buenos Aires, as well as a city council by way of compromise towards the put-upon local gentry.
The newly formed city council (Consejo Deliberante) originally included 30 Concejales elected via male suffrage (though this excluded the city's immigrants, which made up a majority of voting-age males at least as late as 1914). The body first met during the tenure of Mayor Torcuato de Alvear, with whom a precedent for a productive relationship was established by cooperating on an unprecedented urban planning a renewal agenda. The council's resolution in 1921 for new grounds befitting a governing body of what had become one of the world's most prosperous cities was likewise approved by the Mayor at the time, José Luis Cantilo. A lot to the southwest of the Plaza de Mayo was set aside for the new building's construction, and was inaugurated on October 3, 1931.
The 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution led to the rescission of the President's right to appoint the Mayor of Buenos Aires, and with the election of Fernando de la Rúa as the city's first directly elected mayor on June 30, 1996, an assembly was chosen for the purpose of drafting a new municipal constitution. Approved on October 1, the document created a city legislature in lieu of the city council, and increased its membership to 60 (elected for four year terms via party-list voting, as outlined in the D'Hondt method, with half the seats at stake every two years).
The body is led by the mayor's lieutenant, the Vice Chief of Government (Vicejefe de Gobierno), who acts as President of the Legislature. They are assisted by three Vice-Presidents and Parliamentary, Administrative and Coordinating Secretaries. Gabriela Michetti of the center-right Republican Proposal (PRO) party became the first disabled individual to occupy the post of President of the Legislature in 2007; she left this post ahead of the June 2009 legislative elections, where she won a seat in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. The post is currently occupied by Vice Chief of Government Clara Muzzio of PRO.
The following legislature was elected in the 2021 and 2023 legislative elections.
34°36′34″S 58°22′28″W﻿ / ﻿34.60944°S 58.37444°W﻿ / -34.60944; -58.37444
Mariela Belski

Mariela Belski (born 1971) is an Argentine feminist lawyer and human rights activist. As an activist, she promotes the defense and exercise of the rights of women and young people. She is an ambassador for #EllaDecide (#SheDecides), the global women's rights movement. Since 2011, she has served as executive director of Amnesty International Argentina.
Mariela Belski was born in Buenos Aires, 1971. She studied law at the University of Buenos Aires, obtaining her degree with an orientation in administrative law and later specialized in human rights. She completed a master's degree in International Human Rights Law at the University of Essex, and later took a postgraduate course in Human Rights and Democratization Processes at the University of Chile.
Belski is a member of the Women Leaders of the Americas Committee, an initiative of the Documentation Foundation. She is also a delegate of "Women 20", a transnational network that brings together women leaders to influence the agenda of the G20 decision-making groups. She has represented Argentina on international panels on human rights issues in the world and the region, such as the human rights crisis in Venezuela.
Regarding issues on the national agenda, she has taken part in parliamentary debates on the modification of the law regulating the country's immigration policy, and the project for the Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy (IVE). She has been invited as a specialist to participate in public debates in the country. Among other topics she addressed the humanitarian situation in Venezuela, sexual and reproductive rights, the refugee crisis, and climate change.
Antonela Roccuzzo

Antonela Roccuzzo (born 26 February 1988) is an Argentine influencer known for her marriage to footballer Lionel Messi.
Roccuzzo studied dentistry at the National University of Rosario, but later changed her major to social communication, only to drop out later. She is an ambassador for several philanthropic organisations, most notably the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and the Special Olympics. In April 2023, she endorsed the UNICEF's #GuardavidasDeLaInfancia campaign to combat poverty and human rights violations against children in Argentina.
Roccuzzo has modelled with several brands including Adidas, Alo Yoga and Ricky Sarkany; she has also worked with English fashion designer Stella McCartney.
Roccuzzo was born and raised in Rosario, Argentina and has Italian ancestry; she met Lionel Messi when the two were toddlers through her cousin Lucas Scaglia, and in 2009, the two confirmed their relationship. Messi and Roccuzzo married in 2017, and have three sons.
List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors

This is a list of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors and advocates, who work on behalf of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) for children's rights. UNICEF goodwill ambassadors are usually selected by regional and national UNICEF offices, the primary office at the United Nations building in New York is responsible for international appointments. UNICEF has the largest and most extensive goodwill ambassador and human rights advocacy program in the world for children.
In order of appointment:
In order of appointment:
In order of appointment:
In order of appointment:
Roque Sáenz Peña Hospital

The Roque Sáenz Peña Hospital (in Spanish, Hospital Dr. Roque Sáenz Peña) is a public municipal hospital in Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It serves as a secondary referral hospital for the South and Southwest Districts of the city.
The hospital is structured around three main areas:
The hospital's labor ward serves an average of 1,800 annual births. This area has a programme for the promotion of breastfeeding, for which it received the award of Mother and Child-Friendly Hospital (Hospital Amigo de la Madre y el Niño) from UNICEF Argentina.
The creation of a sanitary and first aid facility in the south of Rosario was first decided in 1921. This healthcare center was opened on 20 August 1923 in its current location. It received the name of former president Roque Sáenz Peña in 1933. A labor ward located in a different building was transferred to the hospital in 1961.
Luimelia

#Luimelia is a Spanish lesbian romance television series starring Paula Usero and Carol Rovira. It began airing on Atresplayer Premium on 14 February 2020.
#Luimelia is a spin-off of the period serial drama Amar es para siempre. It rescues two iconic characters, the lesbian couple formed by Luisita and Amelia, and transfers them forward from the late 1970s to current day, while being played by the same actresses. The project was driven by the strong momentum of fandom's shipping behind the two characters in the period drama series.
#Luimelia is based on an original idea by Camino Sánchez, Borja González Santaolalla and Diana Rojo. Produced by Atresmedia and Diagonal TV, the filming of the series began in Madrid by November 2019. Montse García, Francisco Sierra, Lucía Alonso-Allende and Ignacio García Alonso were credited as executive producers and Borja González Santaolalla as director. The first season premiered on Atresplayer Premium on 14 February 2020. The second season began airing on 16 August 2020, whereas the third season began airing on 17 January 2021. Consisting of 8 episodes, season 4 features an extended running time of around 30 minutes per episode. Its premiere date is slated for 25 July 2021.
Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel

Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel (ruseg : Союз Советских Социалистических Республик Soyouz Sovetskic'h Sotsialistitcheskic'h Respublik), ent-berr an Unaniezh Soviedel, anavezet ivez gant an teskanv URSS (СССР SSSR e ruseg), krouet e 1922, a oa ur riez hag a zo aet da get e 1991. En em astenn a rae eus ar Mor Baltel d'ar Mor Du ha betek ar Meurvor Habask. Lodenn Norzh Eurazia e oa he ziriad, hini Impalaeriezh Rusia, war-bouez Polonia ha Finland, da lavaret eo tost da 15 % eus douaroù ar bed. Riez vrasañ ar bed e oa dre he gorread, hag a-bell.
En amzer ma oa staliet an URSS e oa bet enteuziet pe zispartiet diouti un nebeud riezoù ha tiriadoù. Koulskoude, ma oa 15 republik enni en diwezh, e oa Republik Sokialour Kevreadour Soviedel Rusia an hini vrasañ, divent he gorread hag he foblañs. E-keñver an darempredoù diplomatel ez eo Stad Rusia warlerc'hiadez an URSS.
Disoc'h pennañ an Dispac'h rusian, c'hoarvezet e 1917 pa voe skarzhet an Tsar Nikolaz II diwar e dron, e oa krouidigezh an URSS.
Goude trec'h an Dispac'h ec'h embannas Lenin, penn ar strollad bolchevik, e vefe renet ar vro gant pennaennoù ar gomunouriezh ha bev e chomas ar bennaenn-se betek an diwezh.
Un aozadur politikel hepken a voe aotreet adalek 1923, Strollad Komunour an Unaniezh Soviedel (SKUS) ha daou urzhaz a rene ar riez : hini ar SKUS ha hini ar pennoù politikel dilennet, met lec'hiet dindan kazel-gê ar Strollad.
Er bloavezhioù 1980 e oa krog an Unaniezh Soviedel da vont war e gement all. Klask a reas sekretour meur diwezhañ an URSS, Mic'hail Gorbatchev, da derriñ an diskar-mañ dre bolitikerezh ar Perestroika (Перестройка, « Adsavadur », « Adframmadur ») hag ar Glasnost (Гласность, « Foranded » ar breudoù) adalek 1985. A-benn ar fin e voe diflosket an impalaerezh soviedel e 1991, ha roet he flas da Kenglad ar Stadoù Dizalc'h.
War div dachenn e c'haller kavout abegoù freuzadur an URSS :
Dre ma oa kreizennour ha burevourel, ne oa ket gouest ar renad da herzel ouzh kement a rendaeloù e pep lec'h.
Sid Vicious

Sid Vicious a oa e anv gwirion John Simon Ritchie. Ganet e oa d'an 10 a viz Mae 1957, e Londrez ha mervel a reas d'an 2 a viz C'hwevrer 1979, e New York). Ur soner eus Breizh-Veur e oa. An eil soner gitar boud berrbad eus ar Sex Pistols, deuet da vezañ ikon merzher an emsav punk a voe kavet marv en e leti e Greenwich Village e New York, drammet gant heroin.
Rambo (c'hoari video, 1985)

Rambo (skrivet ouzh ar skramm Rambo: First Blood Part II) zo ur c'hoari video embannet e 1985 ha diazezet war ar film Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985). Ar c'hoari a zo bet savet gant David Collier ha Tony Pomfret ha gant un doare ZX Spectrum troet gant Platinum Productions.
Kevezadeg bed ar Formulenn 1 1985

Kevezadeg bed Formulenn 1 1985 zo 36vet abadenn kevezadeg bed blenierien ar Formulenn 1. 16 redadeg zo bet e-barzh etre ar miz Ebrel hag ar miz Du ha gounezet eo bet gant Alain Prost evit ar vlenierien ha McLaren Racing evit ar saverien.
Kenderc'hel a ra ar McLarenoù-TAG da vestroni ar gevezadeg, gant Alain Prost e penn ar jeu ar wezh-mañ, diaesoc'h eo an traoù gant kampion ar bed Niki Lauda. Kemer a ra Prost penn ar gevezadeg diouzhtu, a-raok lezel anezhañ da Elio de Angelis war Lotus ha Michele Alboreto hag e Ferrari. Ingal eo Prost avat, gant 11 podiom, ha adkemer penn ar gevezadeg a ra goude e drec'h e Priz Bras Aostria hag e eil plas e Priz Bras an Izelvroioù, a-dreñv e genskipailher Lauda a dap ahont e drec'h diwezhañ. A-benn ar fin eo titlet Prost goude 14 redadeg, e Priz Bras Europa, o vezañ kampion bed gall kentañ e F1. Echuiñ a ra Prost gant 20 poent a-raok Alboreto, ha McLaren a dap e drede titl abaoe 1975.
Daou vlenier a dap o zrec'hioù kentañ, Ayrton Senna war Lotus e Estoril, o souzhiñ an holl gant e vestroni dindan ar glav, ha Nigel Mansell war Williams-Honda. Niki Lauda a ya war e leve e fin ar bloavezh.
Setu roll an holl vlenierien, skipailhoù hag oberourien keflusker o deus redet e 1985.
Priz Bras kirri Aostralia

Priz Bras kirri Aostralia zo ur redadeg kirri krouet e 1928 a gont evit kevezadeg bed ar Formulenn 1 abaoe 1985. Redet e oa bet war troiad kêr Adelaide adalek 1985 betek 1995 e fin ar bloavezh met redet eo bet bremañ e troiad Albert Park e Melbourne e penn-kentañ ar bloavezh.
(Goude Priz Bras Aostralia 2022)
Nøgne Ø

Nøgne Ø is a Norwegian brewery founded in January 2002 by Gunnar Wiig and Kjetil Jikiun. The name is Norwegian for "Naked Isle" and was selected from the 19th-century Norwegian poem Terje Vigen by Henrik Ibsen. In most years since 2006, the brewery has been on RateBeer's list of top 100 breweries in the world.
The brewery has grown from a 300 hl production in 2003 to an estimated 20000 hl production in 2015. They make more than 30 different styles of ales, and have an export to more than 40 markets. On November 25, 2013 Hansa Borg Bryggerier acquired a majority share in Nøgne Ø. This enabled them to export their beer to more countries.
Kjetil Jikiun left the brewery in July 2015. They moved to a new brewing facilities next to their old brewery in Grimstad in June 2017.
White House Honey Ale

White House Honey Ale is the first beer known to have been brewed in the White House. The process began in January 2011 at the request of President Barack Obama, who purchased the homebrewing kit using personal funds. As of 2012, three styles have been brewed in addition to the honey ale: White House Honey Blonde Ale, White House Honey Porter and White House Honey Brown.
The chefs at the White House are said to use "traditional methods" to brew the beer, before it is bottled and labelled with a customized logo. It includes a pound of honey collected from beehives on the South Lawn. The logo features a line drawing of the White House on a maroon background encircled in yellow.
The beer has been brewed for various events held at the White House. A Super Bowl party, attended by nearly 200 guests including acquainted celebrities and members of the U.S. Congress, was one of the first events where the ale was served. Nearly 10 US gallons (38 L) were produced for the party, with around 90 to 100 bottles available. Some bottles were also brewed for St. Patrick's Day.
On September 15, 2011, former United States Marine Corps Sergeant Dakota Meyer was the recipient of the Medal of Honor at the White House. Earlier, when informed of his award over the phone, he requested to share a beer with President Obama. The president accepted the offer and they each drank a bottle of the ale on the patio outside the Oval Office.
Former president Thomas Jefferson, who lived in the White House between 1801 and 1809, is known to have brewed beer himself, particularly after his retirement. He has been called "America's first microbrewer", but there is no evidence that it happened at the White House.
On August 21, 2012, at least two Freedom of Information Act requests were sent to the White House seeking the recipe of the White House Honey Ale from California attorney Scott Talkov and Texas attorney Brodie Burks, both home brewers. On August 29, 2012 during a brief Q&A session on Reddit, President Obama announced he would release the recipe, stating, "It will be out soon! I can tell from firsthand experience, it is tasty."
The recipe was released on September 1, 2012 on whitehouse.gov. As work of the United States Federal Government, the recipe is in the public domain.
White House Honey Ale does not match a specific beer style as outlined by the Beer Judge Certification Program style guidelines. Gravity, alcohol by volume, bitterness and color are within the guidelines for a Belgian Dubbel, however the English hop and yeast selection are not in keeping with the Belgian Dubbel style. Therefore, this beer would fall under BJCP Category 23- Specialty Beer.
Beer sommelier

A beer sommelier, also known as a cicerone in the United States, is a trained professional, working in the hospitality and alcoholic beverage industry, who specializes in the service and knowledge of beer, similar to a traditional wine sommelier. The knowledge required for certification includes an understanding of styles, brewing, ingredients, history of beer and brewing, glassware, beer service, draught systems, beer tasting, and food pairings. The profession is relatively new but growing.
The work of a beer sommelier is varied due to its infancy and the broadness of the beer and brewing industry. Typically people who qualify through one of the accreditation schemes work in the hospitality industry and will have responsibility for choosing and purchasing beer, oversee its correct storage and service, attend customers and educate staff. In the brewing industry, beer sommeliers may take tours and tastings as well as be sales representatives. In the retail industry, they may be in charge of the buying and selection of beers available for purchase. Self-employed beer sommeliers may undertake a range of jobs including pub and restaurant consulting and staff training, beer writing, hosting tasting events and beer judging for competitions at festivals, as well as in print for beer reviews.
There are a number of private organisations that offer courses and certification for individuals as a beer sommelier, not always using this term, but one of their own creation. The Guild of Beer Sommeliers is a membership organisation for qualified beer sommeliers, recognising the many certifications available. One of the largest certifications is the "Cicerone" program, which is a registered trademark of the Craft Beer Institute. However, the term has seen usage in a generic sense as well.
Beer tasting is the act of assessing the flavor and quality of beer via the subjective process of sampling the beer. Some organizations provide beer rating systems to quantify the results of beer tasting.
The Beer Judge Certification Program (BJCP) is a non-profit organization formed in 1985 "to promote beer literacy and the appreciation of real beer, and to recognize beer tasting and evaluation skills". The BJCP has administered the Beer Judge Examination to 10,968 individuals worldwide, 6,898 are currently active judges in the program, with 851 holding the rank of National or higher, and its members have judged over 1,350,724 beers and have sanctioned over 8,218 competitions.
Farmhouse ale

The Farmhouse ale is an ancient European tradition whereby farmers would produce beer for their own consumption using their own grain. Most farmers brewed ales for consumption during Christmastime and/or work in the late summer, but those with a plentiful-enough grain supply brewed for everyday drinking. Farmhouse ales do not constitute a single beer style; they vary significantly in terms of the ingredients and brewing process used, both of which follow ancient local traditions.
Many microbreweries and craft breweries in the present day market products as farmhouse ales, but in most cases, their connection with the actual farmhouse brewing tradition is rather tenuous. Breweries in Belgium and Northern France, for example, claim to sell beers derived from those traditionally brewed on local farms. This connection is not well-documented, however, and it is unclear how close these commercially-brewed offerings are to the farmhouse-brewed originals.
A notable exception are the commercial farmhouse breweries in Finland, Estonia, and Lithuania. These businesses brew on farms according to the ancient traditions, and some of them still use the original farmhouse yeast.
Farmers have been brewing beer from their own grain since long before the beginning of recorded history. Originally, farmhouse ale was brewed all over Europe, but in classical antiquity wine-growing largely displaced beer brewing in southern Europe. In northern Europe farmhouse brewing was gradually reduced by taxation, modernization, and convenient access to commercially brewed beer; in some areas, however, it never entirely died out.
Over the last decade there has been a resurgence of interest in farmhouse style brewing, partly driven by interest in the unique brewing methods and ingredients still in use. One example is the recent adoption of kveik yeast in modern brewing.
Many countries have their own variant of farmhouse-style beers:
Lindemans Brewery

Lindemans Brewery (Brouwerij Lindemans) is a Belgian family brewery based in Vlezenbeek, a small town in Flemish Brabant, southwestern Brussels. It produces lambics, a style of Belgian ale that uses raw wheat and wild yeast.
The history of Lindemans Brewery began in 1822 when the brewery was founded on a small farm in Vlezenbeek. The brewery's patriarch was Frans Lindemans, the brother of the then-bailiff of Gaasbeek. In 1930, due to the growing success of the brewery, the agricultural activity was stopped definitively to focus on the brewing of Kriek and Gueuze. They produced their first Faro in 1978. Shortly after, in 1980 the brewery started its production of Framboise. Consequently, in 1986 and 1987, Lindemans added Cassis and Pêcheresse to its assortment. Finally, in 2005, Apple was the last beer to be introduced.
The brewery, to this day, is still a family company, run by brothers Nestor and Rene for a long time, before their sons, Dirk and Geert, took over the business, each having a 50% interest in the company.
Lindemans brews its lambic according to the method of spontaneous fermentation. This lambic is then used as the base for all of the fruit beers. In 25 years, the production grew from 5.000 to 50.000 hectoliters. Over that span, the brewery expanded multiple times. In 1991 a new brewhouse was built next to the old one to increase capacity. In 2013 works for a new expansion, with a new bottling plant, started. Today, the brewery brews 85.000 hectoliters per year. 60.000 hectoliters of this amount is lambic, the base to which fruit juices are added. Each year 6.000 hectoliters of Lindemans Faro are produced, representing 7,5% of the entire production.
Lindemans Faro is a lambic beer. The first Lindemans Faro was brewed in 1978, when the beverage was becoming popular again. At 4% ABV, it is considered a light beer. It is available in 250 ml, 375 ml and 750 ml bottles.
Lindemans varieties include Lambic Framboise (raspberry), Kriek (sour cherry), Pêcheresse (peach), Cassis (blackcurrant), Pomme (apple), and Strawberry.
Because of the limited availability of sour cherries from Schaerbeek, the traditional ingredient for Kriek, Lindemans Kriek is made using unsweetened cherry juice which is added to a mixture of lambics of different ages. The resulting beer is described as less sour and more fruity. It contains 2.5% ABV.
50°48′57″N 4°12′44″E﻿ / ﻿50.81579°N 4.21229°E﻿ / 50.81579; 4.21229
Beer snake

A beer snake, or cup snake, is the stacking of numerous plastic beer cups to form a "snake." Beer snakes are most commonly found at sporting events that are played out over many hours, such as cricket. Some snakes have been reported in the media as being up to 175 meters long. They are typically formed during breaks in play or when the outcome of the match is all but certain; for example, when the fourth Test of the Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006 tour at The Oval was halted after ball-tampering allegations, a large beer snake was constructed in the OCS stand.
A beer snake is made with a large number of empty plastic beer cups, usually those issued by the bars on site at the stadium. Many sports stadiums do not allow glass containers for safety reasons, and use plastic cups for serving beer. These plastic cups, once empty, provide the flexible building blocks for constructing the beer snake when inserted into each other.
An early version of the beer snake, created by Eugene Mroz and his sons Peter and Michael, was recorded on June 24, 1969, at Wrigley Field, Chicago, Illinois, as documented in the Chicago Sun-Times edition published the next day. This predates, by nearly three decades, the genuinely documented early beer snake in January 1997 at the WACA Ground in Perth, Australia. A newspaper article in the Sydney Morning Herald cited Michael Gray as "The Snake Charmer" and architect of the social phenomenon.
As such a large number of cups are needed, gathering normally occurs in large groups of people. The cups are simply stacked within each other until they form a tube or 'snake'. Once the snake has reached a substantial length, it is held skyward to 'dance' as if being charmed. Snake length is often restricted by the width of the bay of seats, as anything longer will protrude into the aisle. One solution to this is to team up with other groups and link your snakes together. The biggest challenge is to keep the snake in one continuous piece, without it collapsing (as shown in image).
Security staff at many sporting venues normally deter such behaviour, and they will often attempt to confiscate the empty cups from people attempting to build a beer snake. This is in part due to the potential dangers of such structures in crowded places, and also because the component cups are often not completely empty and will therefore spill beer on to spectators.
As a result of several minor injuries that occurred when a beer snake collapsed during a regular-season Canadian Football League game, the Winnipeg Football Club banned the creation of beer snakes during their football games.
Shower beer

A shower beer is a beer consumed while taking a shower. While the concept is not complex, it did not become a cultural trend until the first decade of the 2000s.
With easily-openable aluminum beer cans in abundance, and indoor showers common and becoming the preferred form of bathing, there is some evidence that the idea of having a "shower beer" as a purposeful act did exist by the 1980s in the United States, but no contemporary news coverage of it seems to exist. To the extent people starting drinking in the shower prior to going out (pregaming) in the mid-1980s, this is also when the national drinking age in the United States was raised to 21.
However, aside from anecdotal stories, there is no evidence that the idea of a "shower beer" started spreading as a cultural trend in the United States until the mid-2000s. The term "shower beer" only first spiked in Google search results in 2006, and it has continued to grow since that time. The Urban Dictionary entry for shower beer was created in 2004. The first products sold to support drinking a beer in the shower seem to have first appeared around 2006, such as the "shower beer buddy", and numerous other products have appeared since. Breweries also market some beers specifically as good "shower beers".
A number of stories about the practice started being posted on the Internet around 2012. The r/showerbeer subreddit on Reddit was created in 2011, and had more than 100,000 subscribers as of 2019. The site features selfies of people (with varying degrees of nudity displayed) enjoying a shower beer.
One noted frequent case for having a shower beer is during "pregaming" (a term that developed in 1990s) before going out for a night on the town. The increase of the legal drinking age in the United States to 21 in the 1980s has been blamed for the popularity of pregaming, and may have promoted the development of shower beers on college campuses. However, other common occasions for having a shower beer include after a long day at work or after doing strenuous outside activity. Actress Margot Robbie shared her enjoyment of "beer showers" after a long work day in a 2016 interview.
To avoid glass breakage, it is often recommended that a shower beer be a canned beer.
1985

1985 (MCMLXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1985th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 985th year of the 2nd millennium, the 85th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1980s decade.
The year 1985 was designated as the International Youth Year by the United Nations.
1985 in film

The following is an overview of events in 1985 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable births and deaths.
The top ten 1985 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:
The year was considered an unsuccessful one for film. Despite a record number of film releases, many films failed at the box office, and ticket sales were down 17% compared with 1984. Industry executives believed the problem, in part, was a lack of original concepts. Films about fantasy and magic failed, as audiences leaned towards science-fiction. Janet Maslin said the fault for this lay partly with Steven Spielberg, who had created such a successful template with films like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Close Encounters of the Third Kind that many fantasy films had imitated them. There was also a saturation of youth-oriented films targeted at those under 18. Executives were not fond of these films, but the financial rewards were too significant to ignore. The few films aimed at older audiences, like Cocoon, were surprise successes. Only Back to the Future and Rambo: First Blood Part II were successful blockbusters, earning more than double the box office of Cocoon. Films offering escapism and pro-America themes like Rambo: First Blood Part II and Rocky IV had also fared well.
The glut of youth-targeted films like Return to Oz and The Black Cauldron, and science-fiction comedies like Weird Science, Real Genius, and My Science Project had resulted in a string of failures. Executives said that the films were all very similar and marketed in the same way, offering no variety for audiences.
Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
Antes del fuego

Antes del fuego es una película de suspenso colombiana del año 2015 dirigida por la cineasta Laura Mora como su ópera prima. Es protagonizada por Luis Fernando Hoyos y Mónica Lopera, y contó con las actuaciones de Jairo Camargo, Christian Tappan, Juan Ángel, Julio Pachón y Víctor Hugo Morant.​
Bogotá, Colombia 1985. Las vidas de Arturo Mendoza (Luis Fernando Hoyos), un prestigioso abogado que decidió dedicarse a la investigación periodística, y Milena Bedoya (Mónica Lopera), hija de una de las empleadas de la cafetería del Palacio de Justicia y estudiante de periodismo, se unen 19 días antes de uno de los acontecimientos que cambió el rumbo de la historia política de Colombia. El país vive un año convulsionado, la suspensión de los diálogos de paz y la inminente aprobación del tratado de extradición que generan un ambiente enrarecido. La extraña noticia del suicidio de Roberto Sepúlveda ‘El Gordo’ (Fernando Lara), mejor amigo y socio de Arturo, desencadenará una investigación frenética para aclarar su muerte. La búsqueda será cualquier cosa menos sencilla, pues Arturo y Milena se adentrarán en un mundo de poderes e intrigas mucho más grande de lo que imaginaron y del cual no podrán salir indiferentes. A pesar de ser ideológicamente opuestos, su relación se irá estrechando y sus métodos para descubrir el misterio los llevará a tomar decisiones que cambiarán para siempre sus vidas.​
Antes del fuego se inspiró en hechos reales ocurridos en noviembre de 1985: La toma del Palacio de Justicia, en donde un comando de guerrilleros del entonces M-19, tomó las instalaciones del palacio de justicia, siendo este después retomado por la policía nacional y el ejército colombiano, con la subsecuente masacre de 98 y desaparición de 11 personas. Al respecto, su guionista Mauricio Cuervo comentó:
Para construir el guion, se realizó un trabajo de investigación de varios meses y de viajes en el tiempo, entre el Productor General y Director de Fotografía, Alessandro Angulo; la Productora Ejecutiva, Diana Camargo; y el guionista Mauricio Cuervo, quienes acudieron a la bibliografía, documentales y material de archivo para crear la historia.​ Laura Mora, que venía de codirigir Escobar, el patrón del mal junto a Carlos Moreno, tomó la dirección de la película inspirada en este último trabajo. Al respecto, comentó:
Aunque no hubo reunión con las víctimas, se estudiaron las historias e investigaciones alrededor que señalan que los eventos pudieron haberse evitado. Agregó la directora:
Las etapas de preproducción, rodaje y postproducción tomaron cerca de ocho meses y el rodaje se hizo en 18 días en cerca de 30 locaciones, en su mayoría en el centro de Bogotá, con un equipo compuesto por 40 personas.​ El estreno de la cinta fue el 6 de agosto del 2015, tres meses antes del trigésimo aniversario del holocausto.
Bochil

Bochil (del tsotsil: Boch, chil ‘Jícara, grillos’‘Jícara de grillos’) es una localidad del estado mexicano de Chiapas, está situado al noroccidente en la tradicional Región de los Bosques, de la zona de los Altos de Chiapas, es cabecera del Municipio de Bochil.
La zona donde hoy se asienta Bochil estuvo habitado desde tiempos antiguos por grupos indígenas tsotsiles, descendientes de los antiguos mayas que poblaban la región, en el año de 1486 estos grupos fueron conquistados por los aztecas al mando de Jitotol, quien conquistó gran parte de los que hoy es Chiapas para los aztecas en tiempos del Huey tlatoani Ahuízotl, los orígenes de la población se dan durante la época de la colonia, cuando en esa zona se fundó una hacienda que fue denominada San Pedro Mártir Bochil, que progresó hasta convertirse en una de las más productivas de la región, como tal atrajo a numerosa población, principalmente tsotsiles que se emplearon como peones de la hacienda, que crearon el núcleo poblacional que hoy es Bochil y que fue progresando y aumentando en población a lo largo de toda la época colonial y primeros años de México independiente.
Tras la Revolución mexicana a inicios de la década de 1920 la llegada de la escuela rural y las ideas revolucionarias agrarias conllevan a la transformación de lo que todavía seguía siendo una hacienda particular en el pueblo de Bochil, que inicialmente se convierte en una Agencia Municipal perteneciente al Municipio de Jitotol; el 20 de agosto de 1929 mediante un decreto del gobernador Raymundo E. Enríquez Bochil adquirió la categoría de pueblo y cabecera municipal del nuevo Municipio de Bochil,​ en 1934 se reconoce a los indígenas tsotsiles como ejidatarios, otorgándoseles 5,860 hectáreas de tierras cultivables; desde entonces Bochil se desarrolló como un importante centro agrícola de su región, en los últimos años ha ido diversificando sus actividades económicas.
El antiguo nombre de "Bochil" en aquel entonces era: 'Espanto Negro' denominado así por las antiguas civilizaciones pertenecientes a los altos de Chiapas, mucho antes que el nombre que se le conoce hoy en día 'Boch'il' (Jicara de grillos) (José G.2023).
Bochil se encuentra ubicada en las coordenadas geográficas 16°59′41″N 92°53′28″O﻿ / ﻿16.99472, -92.89111 y a una altitud de 1,160 metros sobre el nivel del mar, la zona en que se ubica es mayoritariamente montañosa, y a unos 93 kilómetros al norte de Tuxtla Gutiérrez, la capital del estado. La principal vía de comunicación es la Carretera Federal 195, esta carretera de sentido norte-sur, la comunica al sur con Soyaló e Ixtapa y después de enlazar con la Carretera Federal 190 con Tuxtla Gutiérrez y San Cristóbal de las Casas; y al norte de Jitotol y Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán, así como con ciudades del norte del estado como Pichucalco y finalmente con Teapa y Villahermosa, Tabasco.
Según los resultados del Conteo de Población y Vivienda de 2020 realizados por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, la población de la localidad es de 14,200 personas, de las cuales 6,738 son hombres y 7,462 son mujeres.​
Asado gitano

El asado gitano​​ (en eslovaco: cigánska pečienka, abreviado y coloquialmente cigánska) es un plato típico de comida rápida eslovaca y un manjar en ferias,​ fiestas de la cosecha de vino o mercados navideños.​ La comida también recibe el sobrenombre de "hamburguesa eslovaca". Son trozos de carne machacados (lomo desde el cuello, cuello,​ panceta magra​ de cerdo o como alternativa al pollo​) marinados al menos durante la noche y fritos en grasa​ (manteca de cerdo o aceite) con cebollas, que se coloca en una žemľa grande caliente​ engrasado y frotado con mostaza.
Según su nombre, el asado gitano tiene su origen en la cocina gitana y es también su plato típico.​ En el pasado, la comida se preparaba con motivo de las celebraciones del Primero de Mayo en Checoslovaquia.​
Lechazo asado (cordero lechal)

El lechazo asado es una variedad de asado de un cordero lechal, aún sin destetar (de ahí su sobrenombre de lechazo). En la cocina española es muy popular en las tierras de Castilla y León​Es uno de los platos más importantes de las gastronomías de Castilla, de León y de Asturias. Tradicionalmente se elabora al horno de leña, en cazuelas de barro y es servido a los comensales caliente, con la carne exterior crujiente.
Algunas localidades han unido la cultura pastoril y el turismo sostenible, convirtiéndose en un destino gastronómico líder a nivel nacional e internacional. Entre ellas han alcanzado renombre los asadores de Valladolid, Campaspero, Cogeces del Monte, Roa de Duero, Villaescusa de Roa, Palencia, Carrión de los Condes, Saldaña, Burgos, Aranda de Duero, Ameyugo, Sepúlveda, Villalcázar de Sirga, Lerma, Peñafiel y Sacramenia, entre otros.
En Castilla y León, la carne con la que se realiza este plato está protegida con la IGP de Lechazo de Castilla y León.
El cordero asado, junto con el cochinillo asado, forman parte de la cocina de Castilla y León y Asturias desde la invasión del Imperio Romano en tierras de Hispania.​ Actualmente es uno de los platos más representativos de estas dos comunidades autónomas.
Para su preparación tradicional es necesaria una cazuela de barro y el horno de leña. Se vierte un poco de agua, se introduce en el horno muy caliente siempre con temperatura constante, durante unas dos horas, se da la vuelta y se deja unos 30 minutos, se va pinchando para saber si la carne está tierna. Se rectifica de sal. Otra variante es que antes de meterlo en el horno se unta con la manteca. El plato requiere pocos ingredientes pero la dificultad se encuentra en pillar el punto.​
Outdoor fireplace

An outdoor fireplace is a place for building fires outside of the home. Similar in construction to an indoor fireplace, an outdoor fireplace is usually added to a stone, brick, or concrete patio. It often consists of a firebox and a chimney. The firebox is typically constructed with a smoke shelve incorporated although straight firebox designs are not uncommon since chimney draft is not always a concern for an outdoor fireplace. As with indoor fireplaces, an outdoor fireplace requires cleaning and maintenance to keep it looking and working at its best. While an outdoor fireplace may not need to be cleaned as often, it will need to be cleaned regularly in order to keep it reasonably tidy and maintained and to remove ash build.
While indoor fireplaces are traditionally designed for heating, an outdoor fireplace is usually used for cooking. Many are designed to double as wood-fired ovens that allow homeowners to create meals such as pizzas and casseroles. Entire outdoor kitchens can evolve from the fireplace.
An outdoor fireplace can simply be a decorative element, which allows homeowners to enjoy a crackling fire while entertaining in the backyard. Some municipalities (e.g. Toronto) prohibit purely decorative fireplaces.
Meat chop

A meat chop is a cut of meat cut perpendicular to the spine, and usually containing a rib or riblet part of a vertebra and served as an individual portion. The most common kinds of meat chops are pork and lamb. A thin boneless chop, or one with only the rib bone, may be called a cutlet, though the difference is not always clear. The term "chop" is not usually used for beef, but a T-bone steak is essentially a loin chop, a rib steak and a rib cutlet.
Chops are generally cut from pork, lamb, veal, or mutton, but also from game, such as venison. They are cut perpendicular to the spine, and usually include a rib and a section of spine. They are typically cut from 10–50 mm thick.
In United States markets, pork chops are classified as "center-cut" or "shoulder". Lamb chops are classified as shoulder, blade, rib, loin or kidney, and leg or sirloin chops. The rib chops are narrower and fattier, while the loin chops are broader and leaner. Lamb chops are sometimes cut with an attached piece of kidney.
Chops may either be cut by separating the ribs using a knife and then cutting the spine with a hacksaw or cleaver, or by sawing perpendicularly to the spine using a band saw, which cuts across some ribs diagonally. Chops are sometimes beaten with the side of a cleaver or with a meat mallet to make them thinner and more tender.
Chops may be cooked in various ways, including grilling, pan-broiling, sautéeing, braising, breading and frying, and baking. Lamb chops are often cooked with dry heat, grilled or pan-broiled. Pork chops and veal chops are grilled, sautéed, or braised, or breaded and fried (milanese). In South Africa and Namibia the traditional way of cooking chops is to grill them outdoor over open fire coals, called braaiing.
In Great Britain, the idea of a chop comes from the 17th century, when London chophouses started cooking individual portions of meat.
Irori

An irori (囲炉裏, 居炉裏) is a traditional Japanese sunken hearth fired with charcoal. Used for heating the home and for cooking food, it is essentially a square, stone-lined pit in the floor, equipped with an adjustable pothook – called a jizaikagi (自在鉤) and generally consisting of an iron rod within a bamboo tube – used for raising or lowering a suspended pot or kettle by means of an attached lever which is often decoratively designed in the shape of a fish. Historically irori served as the main source of residential heating and lighting, providing a place to cook, dry clothing, and serve as a communal gathering location.
The irori (囲炉裏) has the following functions.
Similar to kerosene heaters common in rural Japan, burning charcoal produces fine particulates and carbon monoxide, the latter which can pose immediate health hazards in a poorly ventilated space. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter has been implicated in elevated rates of glaucoma and cataracts. High rates have been observed among smokers and rural Indian farmers who practice stubble burning.
Philippine asado

Philippine asado refers to two different Filipino braised meat dishes. The name originates from Spanish asado ("grilled"), a reference to the original dish it was applied to, the Chinese-Filipino version of char siu barbecues usually known as pork asado. However, Filipino versions have evolved to be braised, not grilled. The other Filipino dishes also known as asado are asado de carajay and asado matua. Unlike the Chinese-derived version, they are savory rather than sweet.
Asado de carajay is a native asado. The name is derived from Philippine Spanish carajay ("wok", ì or kalaha in Philippine languages). Asado de carajay is made with meat (pork, beef, or chicken) braised in soy sauce, bay leaves, peppercorns, calamansi, onions, and various vegetables (usually tomatoes, potatoes, mushrooms, and carrots). It is traditionally cooked in a wok, hence the name.
Asado de carajay is differentiated from the "Chinese-style" pork asado in the use of vegetables, the absence of Chinese spices, and its savory flavor. It is also not restricted to pork, but can be cooked with beef or chicken.
Asado matua (Kapampangan for "old-fashioned/traditional asado") is a unique variation of asado de carajay that originates from Pampanga. It uses whole pork rump or shoulder (known as kasim) slow-cooked in a sauce with tomatoes, potatoes, calamansi, oregano, garlic, onion, black pepper, soy sauce, salt, and oil. Variations in different household recipes also add other ingredients like grated cheese, chorizo de Bilbao, chicken liver, pickles, and/or Vienna sausages.
Asado matua is also known as "Kapampangan asado", asadong Pasko, asadong barrio, and abo-abo, among other names, due to their association with fiestas in the province of Pampanga.
Pork asado, also known as "Chinese" asado or "Chinese-style" asado, is the variant most commonly associated with the name asado. It is derived from the Chinese dish char siu, and possibly also influenced by the Hokkien dish tau yew bak. Unlike char siu, however, the dish is always braised, not grilled or roasted. The dish is made with pork braised in soy sauce, garlic, bay leaves, onion, brown sugar, and various Chinese spices (usually star anise and five spice). It is very similar to humba and pata tim, which also originate from Chinese-Filipino migrants. It also resembles hamonado, because of its sweetness, though hamonado uses pineapple and is a native dish.
Pork asado is usually sliced thinly and served with the braising liquid. Pork asado is also commonly shredded and used as fillings for sandwiches and buns. It is also the primary filling of the Filipino siopao, which is also known as siopao asado.
A variant of pork asado is the "Macau-style" pork asado. It uses the same ingredients but differs primarily in that the meat is not broiled beforehand, but rather boiled directly in the marinade until tender.