davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Vaksin malaria

Vaksin malaria adalah vaksin yang digunakan untuk mencegah malaria. Satu-satunya vaksin malaria yang mendapatkan persetujuan adalah RTS,S, yang dikenal dengan nama dagang Mosquirix. Pada Oktober 2021, vaksin tersebut disetujui oleh Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) untuk "digunakan secara luas" pada anak-anak sehingga menjadikannya kandidat vaksin malaria pertama yang menerima rekomendasi ini. Vaksin ini membutuhkan empat suntikan dan memiliki efikasi yang relatif rendah.
Penelitian untuk membuat vaksin malaria lainnya terus berlanjut. Vaksin malaria paling efektif yang ditemukan sejauh ini adalah R21/Matrix-M, dengan tingkat efikasi sebesar 77% pada uji coba awal dan menghasikan tingkat antibodi yang jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan vaksin RTS,S. Vaksin R21/Matrix-M adalah vaksin pertama yang memenuhi target WHO tentang vaksin malaria, yaitu memiliki efikasi setidaknya sebesar 75%.
Doksisiklin

Doksisiklin (doxycycline) adalah senyawa antibiotik yang digunakan untuk mengobati infeksi akibat bakteri dan parasit tertentu. Senyawa ini digunakan untuk mengobati pneumonia bakterial, jerawat, infeksi klamidia, Penyakit Lyme, kolera, Penyakit Rickettsia, dan sifilis. Doksisiklin juga digunakan untuk mencegah malaria, dan jika digabungkan dengan kuinina dapat mengobati malaria. Doksisiklin dapat ditelan atau diinfus (disuntikkan ke pembuluh darah).
Doksisiklin adalah antibiotik spektrum lebar dari kelas tetrasiklin. Seperti agen-agen tetrasiklina lainnya, senyawa ini menghambat atau membunuh bakteri dengan melakukan inhibisi (perlambatan) terhadap produksi protein. Doksisiklin membunuh malaria dengan menyerang apikoplas, sebuah organel plastid. Efek samping yang umum adalah diare, mual-mual, dan meningkatnya risiko bakaran matahari (untuk kelompok tertentu). Untuk wanita hamil setelah trimester pertama dan anak kecil, senyawa ini dapat menimbulkan masalah permanen pada gigi. Doksisiklin kemungkinan aman untuk wanita menyusui.
Tradisi

Tradisi atau kebiasaan (bahasa Latin: traditio, "diteruskan") adalah sebuah bentuk perbuatan yang dilakukan berulang-ulang dengan cara yang sama dan cenderung terjadi secara tidak sadar. Kebiasaan yang diulang-ulang ini dilakukan secara terus menerus karena dinilai bermanfaat bagi sekelompok orang, sehingga sekelompok orang tersebut melestarikannya. Kata "Tradisi" diambil dari bahasa latin ''Tradere'' yang bermakna mentransmisikan dari satu tangan ke tangan lain untuk dilestarikan. Tradisi secara umum dikenal sebagai suatu bentuk kebiasaan yang memiliki rangkaian peristiwa sejarah kuno. Setiap tradisi dikembangkan untuk beberapa tujuan, seperti tujuan politis atau tujuan budaya dalam beberapa masa.
Jika kebiasaan sudah diterima oleh masyarakat dan dilakukan secara berulang, maka segala tindakan yang bertentangan dengan kebiasaan akan dirasakan sebagai perbuatan yang melanggar hukum.
FUMIDA

Fumida adalah perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang pest control atau jasa pengendalian hama dan serangga. Didirikan pada tahun 2014. Fumida telah tersebar di beberapa kota besar di Indonesia.
Fumida didirikan berdasarkan riset mendalam terkait kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap jasa anti rayap di wilayah Jabodetabek. Kemudian, diketahui fakta di lapangan bahwa perusahaan yang melayani jasa tersebut dengan sistem yang terstandarisasi masih jarang ditemukan di Indonesia. Sementara masyarakat terus mengalami kerugian ekonomi akibat gangguan hama khususnya rayap.
Tahun 2017 Fumida tergabung menjadi anggota ASPPHAMI (Asosiasi Perusahaan Pengendalian Hama Indonesia).
Tahun 2020 Fumida ikut andil dalam upaya menekan penyebaran virus Corona dengan menyediakan layanan penyemprotan disinfektan pada sektor komersil dan residensial.
Baygon

Baygon adalah merek pestisida produksi S. C. Johnson & Son. Kegunaannya adalah sebagai pembasmi dan pengendali handalan rumah tangga, seperti nyamuk, kecoa, lipan, dan semut. Merek ini sangat populer di Indonesia sehingga sudah menjadi nama generik bagi produk sejenis.
Baygon pertama kali diproduksi oleh Bayer, sebuah perusahaan kimia asal Jerman, pada tahun 1950. Pada tahun 2003, merek Baygon dibeli oleh S. C. Johnson & Son. Walaupun demikian, sebagai bagian dari persetujuan, Bayer masih memasok bahan aktif yang terkandungnya dalam Baygon.
Fr8Auctions 208

Fr8Auctions 208 adalah balapan mobil dari NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, yang diadakan setiap tahun di Atlanta Motor Speedway di Hampton, Georgia di negara bagian Georgia AS, sekitar 20 mil selatan Atlanta. Perlombaan ini masih sangat muda dan diadakan untuk pertama kalinya pada tahun 2004. Sejak event pertama ini, jarak balapan yang akan ditempuh tidak berubah. Namun, pada tahun 2004, 2005 dan 2006, karena fase kuning sebelum akhir balapan, ada Hijau-Putih-Selesai, meningkatkan jarak dengan memerlukan beberapa putaran.
Sponsor EasyCare Vehicle Service Contracts, yang mensponsori balapan pertama pada tahun 2004, mensponsori balapan Camping World Truck Series lainnya di Atlanta Motor Speedway, sekarang EZ-GO 200, pada tahun 2005-2007. Pada musim 2005 perlombaan ini disebut "World Finanial Group 200", pada tahun 2006 perlombaan ini disponsori oleh John Deere.
Pada tahun 2016, Great Clips menjadi sponsor utama lomba.
Pada tahun 2020, sponsor judul seri Camping World mensponsori balapan bersama dengan Yayasan Tiket Veteran (Vet Tix), yang merupakan organisasi yang memberikan tiket acara olahraga kepada anggota Angkatan Bersenjata AS.
Fr8 (diucapkan "pengiriman") Lelang menjadi sponsor utama balapan pada tahun 2021. Etape 1 dan 2 berdurasi 30 lap dan etape terakhir berdurasi 70 lap. Mereka kembali sebagai sponsor utama pada tahun 2022 ketika balapan diperpanjang 8 mil. Oleh karena itu, nama perlombaannya menjadi Fr8 Auctions 208.
Manajemen hama terpadu

Manajemen hama terpadu atau pengendalian hama terpadu adalah sebuah pendekatan yang mengintegrasikan berbagai jenis metode pengendalian hama. Manajemen hama terpadu bertujuan untuk menekan populasi hama hingga di bawah tingkat kerusakan ekonomis (economic injury level).
FAO mendefinisikan manajemen hama terpadu sebagai pendekatan secara hati-hati terhadap metode pengendalian hama yang tersedia dan integrasinya yang mampu menekan perkembangan populasi hama dan menjauhkan pestisida ke tingkat yang dapat diterima secara ekonomi demi mengurangi risiko terhadap lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Manajemen hama terpadu menekankan pada pertumbuhan tanaman yang sehat dengan intervensi yang minimum terhadap ekosistem pertanian dan menekankan pengendalian hama secara alami. Pakar entomologi dan ekologi telah menekankan manajemen hama terpadu sejak beberapa tahun yang lalu.
Spesies invasif, termasuk hama, saat ini semakin mudah tersebar dengan meningkatnya pergerakan manusia dan hasil pertanian dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Hal ini memerlukan tanggapan serius mengenai integrasi dan penerapan seluruh jenis pengendalian hama.
Dalam sejarahnya, manajemen hama terpadu dibangun untuk mengendalikan hama pada usaha pertanian meski sesungguhnya dapat diterapkan pada keberadaan hama secara umum seperti pada habitat manusia dan struktur bangunan komersial.
Sistem manajemen hama terpadu dibuat berdasarkan enam komponen dasar yaitu jumlah hama yang dapat diterima, pendekatan prinsip pencegahan, pemantauan, pengendalian mekanis dan pengendalian hama biologis serta pestisida.
Pestisida merupakan cara terakhir yang dapat digunakan pada waktu tertentu pada siklus hidup hama. Berbagai pestisida yang berasal dari senyawa tumbuhan alami seprti nikotin dan piretrum telah tersedia dan dinilai tidak membahayakan lingkungan. Penerapan pestisida harus spesifik pada lokasi di mana hama berada sehingga penerapan pestisida dapat lebih efisien dan tidak mengganggu ekologi.
Bahan

Bahan atau material adalah zat atau benda yang dari mana sesuatu dapat dibuat darinya, atau barang yang dibutuhkan untuk membuat sesuatu. Material adalah sebuah masukan dalam produksi. Material sering kali adalah bahan mentah yang belum diproses, tetapi kadang kala telah diproses sebelum digunakan untuk proses produksi lebih lanjut. Umumnya, dalam masyarakat teknologi maju, material adalah bahan konsumen yang belum selesai. Beberapa contohnya adalah kertas dan sutra. Kata "bahan" kadang kala digunakan untuk menunjuk ke pakaian atau kain.
Material teknik adalah jenis material yang banyak dipakai dalam proses rekayasa dan industri. Material teknik dikelompokkan menjadi 6 golongan, a.l.:
Farmers Market

Farmers Market adalah jaringan toko swalayan yang memiliki beberapa cabang di Indonesia, terutama di Jakarta. Gerai ini umumnya menjual berbagai produk makanan, minuman, dan barang kebutuhan hidup lainnya. Di beberapa lokasi, gerai supermarket ini menggunakan sejumlah merek dagang lainnya seperti Ranch Market, The Gourmet by Ranch Market, Day2Day by Farmers Market, dan Farmers Family by Farmers Market. Farmers Market dan merek dagang lainnya beroperasi di bawah nama perseroan PT Supra Boga Lestari Tbk. dengan kepemilikan saham mayoritas oleh PT Global Digital Niaga Tbk (Blibli.com) yang merupakan bagian dari induk perusahaan Djarum Group.
Toko swalayan ini semula berdiri pada 1997, yang awalnya merupakan waralaba dari jaringan supermarket 99 Ranch Market di California, Amerika Serikat. Pada 2007, toko swalayan ini mulai menggunakan nama Farmers Market dan kemudian pada 2010 menghentikan kerja sama waralaba dengan jejaringnya di AS, namun tetap mendapatkan izin untuk menggunakan jenama Ranch Market hingga hari ini. Sekalipun kedua supermarket beroperasi dengan jenama yang sama, keduanya tidak lagi terkait. Saat ini, Farmers Market dan merek dagang lainnya sudah tersebar di lebih dari 13 gerai di kota-kota besar Indonesia seperti Jakarta, Tangerang, Bekasi, Cikarang, Bogor, Surabaya, Malang, Pekanbaru, Samarinda, Balikpapan, dan Palembang.
Perdagangan

Perdagangan, niaga, atau jual beli adalah kegiatan tukar menukar barang atau jasa atau keduanya yang berdasarkan kesepakatan bersama bukan pemaksaan. Pada masa awal sebelum uang ditemukan, tukar menukar barang dinamakan barter yaitu menukar barang dengan barang. Pada masa modern perdagangan dilakukan dengan penukaran uang. Setiap barang dinilai dengan sejumlah uang. Pembeli akan menukar barang atau jasa dengan sejumlah uang yang diinginkan penjual. Dalam perdagangan ada orang yang membuat yang disebut produsen. Kegiatannya bernama produksi. Jadi, produksi adalah kegiatan membuat suatu barang. Ada juga yang disebut distribusi. Distribusi adalah kegiatan mengantar barang dari produsen ke konsumen. Konsumen adalah orang yang membeli barang. Konsumsi adalah kegiatan menggunakan barang dari hasil produksi.
Menurut UU No.7 Tahun 2014, perdagangan diartikan sebagai semua aktivitas yang berhubungan dengan transaksi barang dan atau jasa di dalam negeri dan melampaui batas wilayah negara dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh kompensasi atau imbalan atas pengalihan hak barang dan atau jasa.
Jual beli adalah saling tukar menukar antara barang dengan barang atau barang dengan uang, melepaskan kepemilikan dari satu orang kepada yang lain dengan dasar saling ridha. Jual beli juga berarti saling memberikan sesuatu kepada pihak lain, dengan menerima imbalan terhadap barang tersebut dengan menggunakan transaksi yang didasari saling ridha yang dilakukan secara umum.
Berdasarkan penjabaran di atas terdapat beberapa masalah tentang jual beli, maka terlebih dahulu akan dikemukakan beberapa pengertian jual beli baik secara etimologi maupun secara terminologi. Jual beli menurut istilah atau etimologi Tukar menukar sesuatu dengan sesuatu yang lain.
Pengertian jual beli menurut bahasa adalah tukar menukar secara mutlak. Berdasarkan pengertian tersebut maka jual beli adalah tukar menukar apa saja, baik antara barang dengan barang, barang dengan uang atau uang dengan uang. Untuk lebih jelas tentang pengertian jual beli dapat dilihat dibawah ini:
Mosquito (missile)

The Mosquito was an Italian wire-guided anti-tank missile developed by the Swiss firm Contraves AG in close cooperation with the German firm of Bölkow, and produced by its Italian subsidiary Contraves Italiana SpA. It entered service with the Italian Army in 1961 and Indonesian armed forces. It was broadly similar to anti-tank missiles of the era, having a fibreglass body with four large wings, cruciform in cross-section and a relatively short body.
The missile is transported in a cuboid container that also acts as a launcher. The launcher is attached to a control box that is equipped with a binocular sight and control joystick. When the missile is launched the operator steers the missile using the joystick. He first "gathers" the missile to his line of sight to the target.
It is steered in flight by vibrating spoilers in the wings, and spins for additional stabilization, with a pyrotechnically spun gyroscope providing stabilization. Some Mosquito missiles are on display at the Schweizerisches Militärmuseum Full.
Blue panchax

The blue panchax or whitespot (Aplocheilus panchax) is a common freshwater fish found in a large variety of habitats due to its high adaptability. This species is native to southern Asia from Pakistan, India to Indonesia. It has been discovered in two hot springs in Singapore. Identified by a white-coloured spot on its head, the species can reach up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in length; it tends to keep to the surface of the water, and controls the mosquito population by feeding on their larvae.
Persian powder

Persian powder is an insecticide powder with natural pyrethrin as the active agent. It is also known as Persian pellitory, insect powder and internationally as pyrethrum.
Persian powder is a green pesticide that has been used for centuries for the biological pest extermination of household insects, garden pests, and agricultural pests. It may first have been exported from Persia to Ancient Rome.
Pyrethrin and pyrethroids are used indoors, in gardens and the horticulture industry, and in agriculture.
It is produced from the powdered flowers of certain species of pyrethrum, plants in the genera Chrysanthemum and Tanacetum. In more recent times it has had formulations with brand names such as Zacherlin.
Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum (pyrethrins), such as permethrin.
A common formulation of pyrethrin is in preparations containing the synthetic chemical piperonyl butoxide: this has the effect of enhancing the toxicity to insects and speeding the effects when compared with pyrethrins used alone. These formulations are known as synergized pyrethrins.
In the novel Anna Karenina, the character Kitty used Persian powder to sanitize beds in an unclean hotel.
Tanacetum cinerariifolium

Tanacetum cinerariifolium is a species of flowering plant in the aster family, Asteraceae, and formerly part of the genus Pyrethrum, but now placed in the genus Chrysanthemum, or the genus Tanacetum by some biologists. It is called the Dalmatian chrysanthemum or Dalmatian pyrethrum, denoting its origin in that region of Europe (Dalmatia). It looks more like the common daisy than other pyrethrums do. Its flowers, typically white with yellow centers, grow from numerous fairly rigid stems. Plants have blue-green leaves and grow to 45 to 100 cm (18 to 39 in) in height.
The plant is economically important as a natural source of an insecticide called "pyrethrum." The flowers are pulverized and the active components, called pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When present in amounts less than those fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides and are not persistent, being biodegradable and also decompose easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for use around food. Kenya produced 90% (over 6,000 tonnes) of the world's pyrethrum in 1998 (called py for short), and is still the world's major producer. Production in Tanzania and Ecuador is also significant.
The plant is also used in companion planting. See Pyrethrum § Companion planting.
These plants can cause severe allergic reactions in some people. Prolonged contact with the dried flowers can cause allergic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma.
Franz-porcelains

Franz Collection is a Taiwanese porcelain brand named after the founder's German name "Franz". The products of this company include porcelain tableware, home decor, art collectible, and jewelry. Founded in 2001 and headquartered in Taipei, Franz Collection Inc. designs, creates and markets a variety of functional and home decor accessories.
Its design and research center is based in Taipei, Taiwan, with production in Mainland China. In addition to sales, marketing and distribution facilities in the United States, Franz has representative offices in Europe and different parts of China, and works with distributors in South East Asia.
The company owns and operates approximately 100 retail stores in Asia. Its artworks have been distributed by retailers in 66 countries, including department stores and shopping centers such Bloomingdale's in the U.S., Mitsukoshi in Taiwan, Plaza Indonesia in Jakarta, Pavilion in Kuala Lumpur, Takashimaya in Singapore, Rustan’s in the Philippines, as well as Abu Dhabi Mall and the Mall of the Emirates in the United Arab Emirates. It has also done exhibitions at Harrods in London and Bergdorf Goodman in New York.
Rhythm 0

Rhythm 0 was a six-hour long endurance art performance by the Serbian performance artist Marina Abramović performed in Naples in 1974. The work involved Abramović standing still while the audience was invited to do to her whatever they wished, using one of 72 objects she had placed on a table. These included a rose, feather, perfume, honey, bread, grapes, wine, scissors, a scalpel, nails, a metal bar, a gun, and a bullet.
There were no separate stages. Abramović and the visitors stood in the same space, making it clear that the latter were part of the work. The purpose of the piece, she said, was to find out how far the public would go: "What is the public about and what are they going to do in this kind of situation?"
Her instructions were:
Abramović said the work "pushed her body to the limits". Visitors were gentle to begin with, offering her a rose or a kiss. Art critic Thomas McEvilley, who was present, wrote:
As Abramović described it later: "What I learned was that ... if you leave it up to the audience, they can kill you ... I felt really violated: they cut up my clothes, stuck rose thorns in my stomach, one person aimed the gun at my head, and another took it away. It created an aggressive atmosphere. After exactly 6 hours, as planned, I stood up and started walking toward the audience. Everyone ran away, to escape an actual confrontation."
In the work, Marina explored the physical and mental limits of her being. In this she withstood pain, exhaustion, and danger in her exploration of an emotional and spiritual transformation. This performance was inspired by the contradictions of her childhood: both parents were high-ranking officials in the socialist government, while her grandmother, with whom she had lived, was devoutly Serbian Orthodox.
Rhythm 0 ranked ninth among the all-time best performance art pieces in a 2013 list by Complex magazine.
In 2023, The Guardian revisited Abramovic’s work and its continuing relevance today: “As some of the reviews of her RA show revealed, Abramović’s performance art practice still invites scepticism, even disgust – reactions to which she is long accustomed. She told me: “When I started in the early 70s, everyone said we were crazy. ‘This is not art, it’s nothing.’” By using the body as her medium, Abramović shows just how close art can get to life. As spectators of her work, we are also implicated in the reality of what people endure. Rhythm 0 is a shattering reminder of the people who live in fear of abuse daily.”
The Harvard Crimson in a 2023 article notes in regards to the audience’s reception of the piece: “One of the main reactions the audience members aimed to elicit was fear, reflecting the power dynamics at play between the artist and the audience. The audience members were aware that there would be no consequences for their actions against Abramović. This lack of consequence contributed to their increased willingness to use the objects in more extreme ways.”
భారతీయ రూపాయి చిహ్నం

భారతీయ రూపాయి 2010 లో ఒక చిహ్నాన్ని (₹) సంతరించుకుంది. యూనికోడ్ భాషలో అది U+20B9. HTML భాషలో "&#x 20B9;" మధ్యలో ఖాళీ లేకుండా రాస్తే గుర్తు ( ₹ ) కనబడుతుంది. ఈ చిహ్నం డిజైనును 2010 జూలై 15 నాడు భారతదేశ ప్రభుత్వం ప్రజలకు పరిచయం చేసింది. ఈ చిహ్నం చూడటానికి దేవనాగరి లిపిలోని "र" (ర), ఆంగ్ల భాష అక్షరం "R" (ఆర్) కలగలిపినట్లు వుంటుంది.
2009 వ సంవత్సరంలో రూపాయికి చిహ్నం సమకూర్చేందుకు గాను ఒక పోటీని భారత ప్రభుత్వం నిర్వహించింది. 3,331 ఎంపికల నుండి 5 చిహ్నాలు ఎంపిక చేయబడ్డాయి. వీటిలో నుంచి ఐఐటి గౌహతికి చెందిన డి. ఉదయ్‌కుమార్‌ సమర్పించిన చిహ్నాన్ని మంత్రివర్గం ఎంపికచేసింది. మైక్రోసాఫ్ట్, ఆపిల్ వంటి పెద్ద పెద్ద గణణ యంత్ర (కంప్యూటర్) పరిశ్రమలు ఈ రూపాయి చిహ్నాన్ని కంప్యూటర్ లో ముద్రించేందుకు వీలుగా సాఫ్ట్ వేర్లు తయారు చేశాయి.
2009 మార్చి 5న భారత ప్రభుత్వం రూపాయి గుర్తు సృష్టించటానికి పోటీ ప్రకటించింది.. 2010 కేంద్ర బడ్జెట్ ప్రసంగంలో ప్రణబ్ ముఖర్జీ ప్రతిపాదిత గుర్తు భారతీయ సంస్కృతి, మూలాలను ప్రతిబింబించాలని అన్నాడు. 3,331 ప్రతిపాదనలు రాగా, వాటిలో ఐదు గుర్తులతో పొట్టిజాబితాలోకి తీసుకొనబడ్డాయి.
అవి నొందితా కొర్రియా మెహ్రోత్రా, హితేష్ పద్మశాలి, షిబిన్ కెకె, షారుఖ్ జె ఇరానీ, డి ఉదయకుమార్ ప్రతిపాదించినవి.. వాటినుండి ఒకటి 2010 జూన్ 4న కేంద్రమంత్రివర్గం సమావేశంలో ఎంపిక చేద్దామనుకున్నారు. కాని ఆర్థికమంత్రి అభ్యర్థన మేరకు వాయిదా వేశారు. 2010 జులై 15న నాటి సమావేశంలో ఐఐటి గౌహతిలో ఉపాచార్యులుగా పనిచేస్తున్న ఉదయ కుమార్ ప్రతిపాదన గెలుపొందినట్లుగా ప్రకటించారు.
హెచ్ సంస్కృతి సమాధులు

సంస్కృతి భారత ఉపఖండంలోని ఉత్తర భాగంలో పంజాబు ప్రాంతంలో కాంస్య యుగం సంస్కృతి (క్రీ.పూ 1900 నుండి క్రీ.పూ 1300 వరకు) హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతి అని కూడా పేర్కొన్నారు. ఇది హరప్పా (సింధు లోయ) నాగరికత చివరి దశ ప్రాంతీయ రూపం (సింధు జుకరు సంస్కృతి, గుజరాతు రంగపూరు సంస్కృతి.
హెచ్ సంస్కృతి సమాధులు ప్రస్తుత భారతదేశం, పాకిస్తాన్లలో పంజాబు పరిసరప్రాంతంలలో ఉంది. హరప్పా వద్ద లభించిన స్మశానవాటికకు "ఏరియా హెచ్" అని పేరు పెట్టారు. సంస్కృతి అవశేషాలు క్రీ.పూ 1900 నుండి క్రీ.పూ 1300 చెందినవని అంచనావేసారు.
రఫీకు మొఘలు అభిప్రాయం ఆధారంగా క్రీస్తుపూర్వం 1700 లో సింధు లోయ నాగరికత ఉత్తర భాగంలో హెచ్ సంస్కృతి సమాధుల సంస్కృతి అభివృద్ధి చెందింది. ఇది పంజాబు భూభాగంలో ఉంది. సింధు లోయ సంప్రదాయం స్థానికీకరణ యుగంలో లేదా " హరప్పా దశ చివరి" లో అభివృద్ధి చెందిన మూడు సాంస్కృతిక దశలలో ఒకటి.
కెనోయెరు అభిప్రాయం ఆధారంగా హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతి "మునుపటి హరప్పా దశ నమూనా నుండి స్థిరపడిన సంస్థలో మార్పును మాత్రమే ప్రతిబింబిస్తుంది. సాంస్కృతిక ముగింపు కాదు. పట్టణ క్షయం, విదేశీయుల ఆక్రమణ, ప్రాంతాన్ని వదిలివేయడం కాదు. ఇవన్నీ గతంలో ఉన్నాయని సూచించబడింది."
కెన్నెడీ, మల్లోరీ & ఆడంసు అభిప్రాయం ఆధారంగా హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతి మునుపటి హరప్ప జనాభాతో "స్పష్టమైన జీవసంబంధమైన అనుబంధాలను చూపిస్తుంది.
హెచ్ సంస్కృతి సమాధుల కొన్ని లక్షణాలు స్వాతు సంస్కృతితో సంబంధం కలిగి ఉన్నాయి. ఇది భారత ఉపఖండం వైపు ఇండో-ఆర్య ఉద్యమానికి సాక్ష్యంగా పరిగణించబడుతుంది. పార్పోలా అభిప్రాయం ఆధారంగా హెచ్ సంస్కృతి క్రీస్తుపూర్వం 1900 నాటి నుండి ఇండో-ఆర్య వలసల మొదటి తరంగాన్ని సూచిస్తుంది. వారు తరువాత క్రీ.పూ. 1700 - 1400 లో పంజాబు ప్రాంతానికి వలస కొనసాగించారు. కొచ్చరు అభిప్రాయం ఆధారంగా 4 వ స్వాతు పంజాబులో హరప్పా హెచ్ సమాధులు (క్రీ.పూ. 2000-1800) స్థాపించాడాని, 5 వ స్వాతు ఋగ్వేద ఇండో-ఆర్యన్లు తరువాత హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతికి చెందిన ప్రజలకు నాయకత్వం వహించిన తరువాత చిత్రిత బూడిదవర్ణ పాత్రల సంస్కృతికి చెందిన ప్రజలు (క్రీ.పూ 1400) ఉద్భవించారని భావిస్తున్నారు.
గాంధార సమాధి సంస్కృతి, ఓచరు కలర్డు కుమ్మరి సంస్కృతితో కలిసి, హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతిని కొంతమంది పరిశోధకులు వేద నాగరికత ఏర్పడటానికి ఒక మూలకారకంగా భావిస్తారు.
ఈ సంస్కృతి ప్రత్యేక లక్షణాలు:
హెచ్ సమాధులు అంత్యక్రియల కుర్చీల మీద చిత్రీకరించబడిన కొన్ని చిత్రాలు వేద పురాణాల అంశాల ద్వారా వివరించబడ్డాయి: ఉదాహరణకు బోలు శరీరాలతో ఉన్న నెమళ్ళు, లోపల ఒక చిన్న మానవ రూపం, ఇది చనిపోయినవారి ఆత్మలుగా వ్యాఖ్యానించబడింది. ఒక మట్టిదిబ్బ యమధర్మరాజు మట్టిదిబ్గగా చూడవచ్చు. ఈ కాలంలో కొత్త మత విశ్వాసాల ప్రవేశాన్ని ఇది సూచిస్తుంది. కాని హెచ్ సమాధుల సంస్కృతికి చెందిన ప్రజలు హరప్పా నగరాలను నాశనం చేసేవారు అనే ఊహకు పురావస్తు ఆధారాలు మద్దతు ఇవ్వవు. .
పురాతన భారతీయ శ్మశానవాటిక సంస్కృతిలో " హెచ్ సమాధుల " సంస్కృతి ఆధారపూర్వకంగా ధృవీకరించబడిన మొదటి సంస్కృతిగా గుర్తించబడుతుంది. ఇది గతంలో వేదాలలో వివరించబడింది. ఋగ్వేదంలో ఋక్కు 10.15.14 లో ఉద్భవిస్తున్న ఈ అభ్యాసం గురించిన సూచన ఉంది. ఇక్కడ పూర్వీకులు "దహన సంస్కారాలు (అగ్నిదగ్ధా-), దహించబడని (అనాగ్నిదగ్ధ-)" విధానాలలో ఖననం చేయబడ్డారన్న సూచన ఉంది.
The Monk as Man

The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda or Achena Ajana Vivekananda is a book about Swami Vivekananda written by Shankar. In this book, Shankar discussed many unknown events of Vivekananda's life.
Swami Vivekananda's personal life's troubles, anxiety, his health, diseases, intimate side of him —these are the main topics of the book. In this book, Shankar portrayed "The Monk" as "a man". The book is divided into five chapters (except "Foreword" and "Acknowledgement")—
The books were first published in Bengali as Achena Ajana Vivekananda in November 2003 by Sahityam. Penguin Books translated and published the book in English in 2011. As of 2011, more than 100,000 copies of the Bengali version of the book were sold. The Bengali version of the book was a best-seller even in March 2014.
Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology

Swami Vivekanada Institute of Technology (SVIT) is an engineering college in the premises of Mahbub College High School grounds in Patny Centre, Secunderabad of Hyderabad District.
SVIT is located in the premises of Mahboob College, which has a historical significance. This institute was founded in 1862 by Somasundaram Mudaliar, as a first public school for primary education and witnessed turn of two centuries. In 1893, Swami Vivekananda addressed a large gathering on the site of the present-day school. Started as a primary school, Mahboob College now also offers graduate and post graduate education in professional streams. The engineering division of SVIT was established on 12 April 2004, which has later expanded to offer post graduate degree. The institution is named after Swami Vivekananda.
Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology is affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, approved by the All India Council for Technical Education and recognized by Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh). The engineering department offers graduation in five major branches
There is also a post graduation department in this institute under which offers
Admission in to the course is offered students who have qualified EAMCET Examination and completed Intermediate(+2) or its equivalent. The candidates will be admitted by EAMCET Convener strictly in accordance with the rank secured at the Entrance Examination and keeping the rules applicable in view, regarding the reservation of seats of various categories of candidates. To seek admission under CATEGORY – B, a student should either have obtained a rank or should have secured a minimum aggregate percentage of 50% in group subjects (Maths, Physics and Chemistry) in the Intermediate Examination of the Board of Intermediate Education, Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh) or any other examination recognized by the Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh ) OR as its equivalent.
All the candidates seeking admission into First year B.Tech under Category – B, are required to contact Admissions Officer, SVIT in person and obtain the application form and submit the same duly filled-in before the cut-off date as prescribed by the college. Candidates are shortlisted in accordance with rules laid down by Government of Telangana (Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh) and shortlisted candidates are called for admission as per the list.
The campus of the college has the qualities of a typical engineering college in Telangana (Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh). It shares space with Mahbub College High School. Due to sharing 3 institutions the space in this campus limited. The main problem in this institute is the non-availability of sports ground.
There is a mix of senior professors and junior lecturers at the college. Nagababa ranked the faculty in the Electronics & Communication Engineering department as the best among all the faculty in the school.
Every year SVIT will organize these events.
Government Funded Technical Institutes

The Government Funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs) are a list of 40 academic institutions funded either by the Government of India or the State governments of India that participate in the Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) for the admission process into their undergraduate programs in architecture, planning, sciences, and various branches of engineering and technology.
The Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) is responsible for conducting admission in 40 government funded technical institutes through its website.
The admissions are done on the basis of merit obtained in the Joint Entrance Examination - Main.
The seat allotment is subject to merit whereas seat acceptance is subject to payment of 35,000/- INR for Open and OBC within 2–4 days, and 20,000 INR for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Further seat acceptance does not mean admission, a candidate offered and accepted seat have to personally report to The allotted institute and pay the remaining fees demanded by the respective institute.
The Master as I Saw Him

The Master as I Saw Him: Being pages of the life of the Swami Vivekananda is a 1910 book written by Sister Nivedita. The book covers Nivedita's experiences with Swami Vivekananda, whom she met in London during November 1895. The book was simultaneously published from England and India, and The Master as I Saw Him is now considered to be a classic text.
In his book Indian Traffic, Parama Roy noted that the book differed from other biographies of Vivekananda in that it "[touched] upon the agonistic, conflictual nature of the guru-disciple relationship" and showed "reticence about his corporeality".
Өглөөний унд

Өглөөний унд буюу Өглөөний цай нь ихэнхдээ өглөөгүүр, өглөө иддэг хоол цайг хэлдэг. Монгол хэлнээ өглөө гэдэг үг нь" чамд өглөө" гэдэг утгыг давхар илэрхийлнэ. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, өглөөг чамд өглөө, одоо өөртөө өгч эхлэх утгыг илэрхийлдэг.
Монголчууд өглөөний хоол гэж нэрлэдэггүй гагцхүү өглөөний унд цай гэдэг хэллэг байдаг нь өглөөд "хоол" бус унд цай хэрэглэдэг. Монголын уламжлалт анагаах ухааны үүднээс өглөөний унд, цай нь хүний биеийн хий босох үед байдаг тул илчлэг тэжээл сайтай боловч шингэц сайн унд хэрэглэхийг зөвлөдөг. Монголчууд эрт үеэс өлөн элэгтэй явахыг цээрлэдэг буюу өглөө босоод цай ундгүй гарахыг цээрлэдэг.
Монголчуудын өглөөний ундандаа сүүн сүүн бүтээгдэхүүн буюу цагаан идээ, бүхэл үрийн гурилан бүтээгдэхүүн хэрэглэдэг. Монголчуудын хэлдгээр цагаан хоол маягийн хоололт байдаг.
Монголчуудын "Өглөөний цай, Өглөөний унд" нь нүүдлийн аж ахуйтай холбоотой эрүүл хүнс хэрэглэж байв.
Монголчуудын уламжлалт хоол хүнс нь улирал, цагт тохирсон байдаг. Өглөөд хийн цаг учраас тос илчлэгтэй, уураглаг хоол хүнс хэрэглэдэг байв.
Монголчуудын өглөөний ундад, тэр дундаа хот суурин газрын хүмүүсийн өглөөний цайнд 1921-1990 он хүртэл ЗСБНХУ-ын өглөөний цай, ундны нөлөө хүчтэй орж ирсэн.
Монголчууд зах зээлийн нийгэмд шилжсэнтэй холбоотой хүмүүс уламжлалт болоод социалист үеийн өглөөний цайг холимог байдлаар түгээмэл хэрэглэх болсон.
Монголчуудын өглөөний цайнд 2000-аад оны үеэс Баруун Европ, Америк зэрэг улс үндэстний өглөөний унд чухал нөлөө үзүүлж байна.
Шаравтар лидэр

Шаравтар лидэр цэцэг нь Монгол орны эмийн ховор ургамалд тооцогддог.
Лидэр нь шаравтар лидэр, үнэгэн сүүлхэй лидэр гэсэн хоёр зүйл ордог. Гонзгойвтор өндөгөрхүү юм уу, зууван илтсээс тогтсон өдлөг навчистай, тавиас далан см өндөр иш, мөчрийнхөө оройд цайвар шаргал өнгийн баг цэцэг бүхий шаравтар лидэр ургана.
Шар лидэр цэцэгт ургамал нь үндсэндээ алкалоид, навчиндаа гликозид, амин дэм С, цэцгэндээ эфирийн тос агуулсан байдаг. Шаравтар лидэрийн үндсийг дорно дахины эмнэлэгт дотрын зарим өвчин болон халуун намдаах, тайвшруулахад өргөн хэрэглэж иржээ. Энэ ургамлын үндэсний хандыг төлийн уушигны өвчин анагаах, эх малын хаг саатахад хэрэглэдэг.
Шаравтар лидэр нь Монгол дагуур, Дорнод, монголын хээр тал, толгодын хажуу, нуур, голын эрэг дагаж ургадаг. Хусан төглийн хормойгоор тааралдана.
Шаравтар лидрийн үндсийг дорно дахины эмнэлэгт дотрын өвчин эдгээх халуун намдаа тайвшруулах зэрэгт өргөн хэрэглэж иржээ. Ургамлын үндэсний хандыг төлийн уушгины өвчин анагаах их малын хага саатахад хэрэглэдэг.
Сумъяажавын Дондог

Сумъяажавын Дондог нь (1935 онд төрж, 1996 онд нас баржээ) Монгол Улсын урлагийн гавьяат зүтгэлтэн уран зураач хүн байв.
2012 онд гэргий О.Сарангэрэл, охин Д.Ундармаа, Хүү Д.Умзориг нар хамтран Монголын урчуудын эвлэлийн 70 жилийн ойг тохиолдуулахын зэрэгцээ зураачийн гэгээн дурсгалд зориулс "Сумъяажавын Дондог" ном хэвлүүлж гаргажээ. Номын өмнөх үгийг гэргий О.Сарангэрэл бичиж, зураач С.Алтангэрэл, Б.Баттулга, Т.Бадамжунай, Ч.Батмөнх, Л.Бумандорж, Б.Ванган нарын 16 зураач уран бүтээлч болоод шавь уран бүтээлчдийн сэтгэгдлийг оруулжээ. Бүтээл туурвилын гэрэл зургийг түүхэн он цагаар оруулсан байна. Номын түүхэн баримтат гэрэл зураг дотор зураачийн гар бичмэлийг болон СУИС-ийн багш, зураач Л.Моломжамцын сонинд нийтлүүлсэн "Монголын жижигхэн Репин" дурсамжийн гэрэл зургийг оруулж өгсөн байв. "Сумъяажавын Дондог" номын төгсгөлд түүхэн гэрэл зургуудыг мөн л он цагийн дарааллаар оруулж өгчээ.
С.Дондог нь 1935 онд Сэлэнгэ аймагт төржээ.
1950 онд Нийслэлийн II дунд сургуулийн 7 дугаар ангийг дүүргэсэн байна.
1955 онд Урлагийн дунд сургуулийг төгсөн, Зураг урлалын газарт зураачаар ажиллаж байв.
1968 онд зураач С.Дондог туурвисан "Мөр" бүтээл нь монголын сор уран бүтээлийн нэгд тооцогддог. "Мөр" уран бүтээлд тэнгэрийн хаяанд улайран шаргалтах говийн уулс, түүний наана үргэлжилсэн элсэн манханыг маш ерөнхийлөн бичсэн байдаг. Түүнчлэн, морь, хүн, буу, мөр болон говийн ургамлаар зургийг товч бөгөөд тодорхой зохиомжилжээ.
1958-1964 онд И.Репиний нэрэмжит уран зургийн академийг Е.Е.Моисенкогийн урланд уран зургийг ангид суралцжээ.
Дондог багш-Мөр бүтээл
1912 он

(MCMXII) Аргын тооллоор Нэгэн мянга есөн зуун арванхоёрдугаар оны усан хулгана жил. Анно Домини гэж тоолдог болсноос хойш хоёр дахь мянганы 912-р он, 20-р зууны 12 дахь жил, 1910-аад он гэж тоолбол гурав дахь жил.
Шведийн эзэн хааны дэргэдэх Нобелийн хорооноос дараах хүмүүст Нобелийн шагнал олгохоор болжээ. Гэрэлт цамхаг, шаазан шатаах үйлдвэрт автомат уурын хөдөлгүүрийг зохион бүтээснийх нь төлөө Шведийн зохион бүтээгч Густаф Даленд физикийн шагналыг олгохоор болжээ. Харин синтетик материалыг урвалаар гаргаж авсан Францын химич Виктор Гринярд, Гидрогенийн судалгаанд нь үндэслэн Францын химич Поль Сабатье нарт хуваан олгосон юм. Эрхтэн шилжүүлж суулгах суудалгаанд онцгой амжилт гаргасныг нь үнэлэн Францын биологич Алекси Каррельд эрүүл мэндийн салбарын шагналыг олгожээ. Герман хэл дээрх зохиол бүтээлийг дэлхий дахинд таниуцл, уран зохиолын салбарт гавьяа байгуулсныг нь үнэлэн Германы зохиолч Герхарт Хауптманнд уран зохиолын салбарын шагналыг олгосон байна. Нобелийн хамгийн нэр хүндтэй шагнал гэгдэх энхтайвны шагналыг Карнегигийн олон улсын энхтайвны хүрээлэнг үүсгэн байгуулсных нь төлөө Элиху Рүүтэд тус шагналыг олгожээ. Ингэснээр энэ удаагийн Нобелийн шагналын гурвыг нь Францчууд хүртэж Францын шинжлэх ухааны салбар хэрхэн өсөн дэвжиж байгааг дэлхий нийтэд таниулсан юм. Нобелийн шагналтнуудыг дор танилцуулъя.
Шар тос

Шар тос. Халх Монголчууд шар тосыг ихэвчлэн өрөмнөөс гаргаж авна. Зарим нутагт айргийг түүхий сүүгээр эсгэж бүлээд, айргийн тос ялган, түүнийгээ шаргаан (удаан буцалгах) шар тос авахыг ч эрхэмлэнэ. Ер нь шар тосыг өрөмнөөс авах, айраг бүлж ялгах хоёр үндсэн арга аль ч нутагт голдуу зэрэгцэж байсан бөгөөд эхний арга зонхилж байжээ. Тос холиход хайлж буй өрөмний дээд хэсгээр ялгарсан шар тосыг халбагаар дахин дахин хутгаж тусгай саванд хуримтлуулж авна. Түүхий сүүний айрагнаас шар тос ялгаж авахдаа хоёр шатны боловсруулалт хийнэ. Юуны өмнө айргаа халаасан хярмаар хярамлах, эсвэл айрагнаас тасалж халаан эргүүлж хийн олон дахин бүлж айргийн тосоо загсааж унагана, дараа нь хамж аваад түүнийг шаргааж шар тос ялгах жишээтэй.
Шар тос бод, бог малын сүүний өрөм, ундаанаас ялгаж авах байдлаар үхэр, тэмээний шар тос, бог малын шар тос гэх мэтээр ялгагдах бөгөөд өнгө, амтны хувьд арай өөр өөр байдаг.
Хайлмаг тос

Хайлмаг тос (бас Хольсон тос) нь сүүний өрмийг хайлуулж хийсэн нэгэн зүйл идээ юм. Өрөм хайлуулж гурил хутган болгосон идээ. Хайлмаг хийхийг Монголчууд ихэнхдээ "хайлмаг хайлах" гэж хэлдэг.
Монголчууд хайлмагийг ерөнхийд нь чихэртэй хайлмаг, чихэргүй хайлмаг гэж ангилдаг. Чихэртэй хайлмагийг дотор нь орц найрлагаас шалтгаалж нэлээд хэд ангилж нэрлэнэ.
Хайлмаг хайлах буюу хайлмаг хийх дараалал:
Хайлмаг хийх арга
Хайлмаг хайлах
Шар буурцаг

Шар буурцаг (Латин: Glycine max (L.)Merr.) нь Зүүн Азиас гаралтай, буурцагтны овгийн нэгэн зүйл ургамал. Шар буурцаг нэг наст ургамал бөгөөд Хятадад гэхэд 5000 жилийн турш хүнс болон эмийн орцонд хэрэглэж байна. Найрлагандаа их хэмжээний амин хүчил агуулах тул уургийн сайн эх үүсвэр болдог. Мөн өөх тос, төмөр, кальци, болон эрдэс бодис агуулна. Шар буурцагны тариалалтаар АНУ, Бразил, Аргентин, Хятад ба Энэтхэг зэрэг орнууд тэргүүлдэг.
Soybean (U.S. English) болон soya bean (UK English) гэж нэрлэдэг шар буурцаг нь 5000 гаруй жилийн тэртээгээс эртний Хятадад тариалж, хүнсэнд өргөнөөр хэрэглэж ирсэн түүхтэй. Англи хэлээр "soy" гэж нэршсэн нь Японы shōyu (醤油, しょうゆ) буюу цуу гэсэн үгийг анх Голландчууд Soya Sauce гэж өөрсдийн хэлэнд буулгаж авсантай холбоотой юм. Soya Sauce буюу цууг мөн шар буурцагнаас гаргаж авдаг тул буурцгийг нь Soy bean гэх болжээ. Шар буурцгийг европ зүгийнхэн 1690-ээд оноос л судлаачдын түвшинд мэдэх болж, 1740 онд Францаар дамжин шар буурцаг анхлан Европод нэвтэрсэн боловч бодитой тариалж эхэлсэн нь 1885 он юм. АНУ-ын хувьд 1898 оноос аж ахуйн зорилгоор шар буурцгийг тариалах болжээ. 2009 оны байдлаар, дэлхий дээр шар буурцгийн тариалалт, нийлүүлэлтийг АНУ (32%), Бразил (28%), Аргентин (21%), Хятад (7%) болон Энэтхэг (4%) голлон хангадаг байна. Шар буурцаг бол дэлхий даяар өргөн тархсан, хүнсэнд маш олон төрлөөр өргөн хэрэглэдэг, шим тэжээлтэй, олон талын ашиг тустай, тэгсэн хэрнээ амтлаг бүтээгдэхүүн билээ. Нэг Га газар тариалсан шар буурцагнаас гаргаж авах уураг, протейний хэмжээ бусад буудай, хүнсний ногооноос дор хаяж 2 дахин их, үнээний ферм тэр газар ажиллуулж сүү гаргаж авснаас 5-аас 10 дахин их, мөн яг тэр газар мал аж ахуй эрхэлж гаргаж авах махны уурагнаас 15 дахин их байж чадах юм. Иймд, шар буурцагны шим тэжээл, ургамлын гаралтай уургийн баялаг агууламж нь юугаар ч орлуулашгүй хүнсний зүйл, үнэт баялаг юм. Шар буурцгийг янз бүрээр боловсруулж, амталж, маш олон нэр төрлийн хоол, хоолны хачир гаргаж авдаг. Нийтлэг, олны мэдэхээс жишээлбэл: шар буурцагны сүү - шар буурцгийг дэвтээж, нухаж, устай чанаж, шүүж гаргаж авна шар буурцагны гурил - шар буурцгийг тээрэмдэж хийсэн гурил мисо - исгэсэн буурцагнаас гаргаж авсан нухаш, мисогоор японы алдартай мисо шөл хийдэг натто - урьдчилан чанаж болгосон, бутлаагүй буурцагийг исгэж бэлдэнэ. Амтлаг боловч исч, зунгааралдсан хэлбэрээс нь зарим хүн сэжиглэж, дургүй байх тохиолдол байдаг. шар буурцагны тос - ургамлын тосны нэг хэлбэр буурцагны мах - шар буурцагны тосгүй гурилыг хэлбэржүүлж хийнэ. Төрх, бүтцээрээ махтай төстэй. цуу - исгэсэн шар буурцагнаас гаргаж авсан хоолны шингэн амтлагч юба - шар буурцагны сүүний өрөм.
Сүүн бүтээгдэхүүн

Сүүн бүтээгдэхүүн гэдэг нь үнээ, сарлаг, хонь, ямаа, ингэ, гүү зэрэг амьтдын сүүгээр хийдэг хүнсний зүйлийг хэлнэ. Ихэвчлэн өндөр илчлэг бүхий, исэлдсэн бүтээгдэхүүн байдаг. Монголчууд сүүнээс гаргаж авсан сүүн бүтээгдэхүүнүүдийг нийтэд нь цагаан идээ гэж нэрлэдэг.
Сүү (Ариутгаж халдваргүйжүүлсэн, тослогийн хэмжээг стандартад нийцүүлсэн, Streptococcus lactis болон Leuconostoc citrovorum нянгуудыг нэмсэн, химийн аргаар найрлагыг өөрчилсөн зэрэг)
Монголчууд тослог бүтээгдэхүүнийг "тосон идээ" гэж нэрлэдэг.
Юань гүрний үед Марко Поло сүү, жимс, тос амттаныг хольж хөлдөөж мөхөөлдөс, зайрмаг хийдэг байсан тухай тэмдэглэсэн байдаг аж.
Galdan Namchot

Galdan Namchot is a festival celebrated in Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia and many regions of Himalaya, particularly in Ladakh, India. It is to commemorate the birth as well as parinirvana (death) and the Buddhahood of Je Tsongkhapa (1357–1419 AD), a famous Scholar/teacher of Tibetan Buddhism whose activities led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. Galdan Namchot also marks the beginning of the new year celebrations in Ladakh.
Je Tsongkhapa was born in the city of Tsongkha in Amdo, Tibet (present-day Haidong and Xining, Qinghai) in 1357. He was a famous teacher of Tibetan Buddhism whose activities led to the formation of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. On the twenty-fifth day of the tenth month of the Tibetan lunar calendar, Galdan Namchot is celebrated to commemorate birthday and Buddhahood of Je Tsongkhapa. Galdan Namchot also marks the beginning of the new year (which falls after five days of the Galdan Namchot festival and continues till the Dosmoche festival in February).
Ladkahi's follow the Tibetan lunar calendar. Historically Losar, thereby Galdan Namchot were celebrated in the twelfth month in the Tibetan lunar calendar. Owing to a war in Skardu during reign of Raja Jamyang Namgyal (1595–1616 AD), Ladakh started celebrating Losar two months before in the tenth month of the Tibetan lunar calendar.
As a part of the Galdan Namchot festival, monasteries, public and residential buildings are lit up. Butter lamps are also lit up which symbolizes the annihilation of darkness. Traditional dishes such as Thukpa, Momo and Butter tea is prepared and served in households. Khatak, a traditional ceremonial scarf is gifted by Ladakhi people.
Since Ladakh follows the Tibetan lunar calendar and Galdan Namchot festival comes on the twenty-fifth day of the tenth month Tibetan calendar, every year the festival falls on different dates of the Gregorian calendar.
J. Harrison Ghee

J. Harrison Ghee (born June 16, 1989) is an American actor, singer, and dancer, best known for their work on Broadway. They first received recognition for their performance as Lola in Kinky Boots. In December 2022, they originated the role of Jerry/Daphne in Some Like It Hot, a stage musical based on the 1959 film of the same name. They won the 2023 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical at the 76th Tony Awards for their performance, and as such Ghee and Alex Newell became the first openly nonbinary actors to be nominated for and to win a Tony Award. In 2024, they won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album at the 66th Annual Grammy Awards.
They originated the role of Andre Mayem in the musical Mrs. Doubtfire, a role they also played in the 5th Avenue Theatre at an out of town engagement in 2019.
J. Harrison Ghee grew up the child of a Southern Baptist pastor and an educator in Fayetteville, North Carolina. They began playing cello in elementary school, later switching to play the bass. Ghee then learned to play trombone, so that they could be in the E. E. Smith High School marching band. After graduating high school in 2007, Ghee attended the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. Ghee first tried drag in college when they played a female wrestler.
Ghee began working professionally at Tokyo Disneyland and on cruise ships. While in Tokyo, Ghee began creating their drag persona, Crystal Demure. When Ghee went to audition for Motown, they took the opportunity to share with the casting directors, who also worked on Kinky Boots, their story and connection with the Kinky Boots character Lola and were eventually cast as Lola in their Broadway debut. Ghee was the first established drag performer to take on the role. Ghee eventually joined the national touring production of the show.
Ghee joined the cast of Mrs. Doubtfire, and began previews before the 2020 closing of Broadway. In 2021, Ghee performed as Velma Kelly in The Muny's production of Chicago, before originating the role of Andre Mayem when Mrs. Doubtfire opened. In 2022, Ghee joined the cast of Some Like It Hot. They are playing Jerry/Daphne, the role played by Jack Lemmon in the film. In 2023, Ghee and Alex Newell became the first openly non-binary actors to be nominated for and win a Tony Award when Ghee won Best Actor in a Musical and Newell won Best Featured Actor in a Musical for Shucked at the 76th Tony Awards. In 2023, they were named as one of OUT Magazine's Out 100. In 2024, it was announced they would lead as the Lady Chablis in Jason Robert Brown and Taylor Mac's production of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil.
Ghee is non-binary and pansexual, and uses he/she/they pronouns.
Ghee Hin Kongsi

The Ghee Hin Kongsi (simplified Chinese: 义兴公司; traditional Chinese: 義興公司; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gī Heng Kong-si; pinyin: Yì Xīng Gōngsī; Jyutping: ji hing gung si) was a secret society in Singapore and Malaya, formed in 1820. Ghee Hin literally means "the rise of righteousness" in Chinese and was part of the Hongmen overseas network. The Ghee Hin often fought against the Hakka-dominated Hai San secret society.
Ghee Hin was initially dominated by Cantonese people, although Hokkien people formed the majority by 1860. Teochew, Hainanese, and Hakka people formed smaller minorities. One of the major leaders of Ghee Hin was Chin Ah Yam, a Hakka peasant from rural Dabu County, Guangdong. The secret society, of Hongmen origin, was set up to provide mutual aid and support for Chinese migrants, with the common aim of overthrowing the Qing dynasty and restoring the Ming. Their main lodge in Singapore was located on Lavender Street, and contained the ancestral tablets of important ex-members, before being donated to the Tan Tock Seng Hospital when it was torn down in 1892, following the "Suppression of Secret Societies Ordinance".
The Ghee Hin were notorious for committing mass killings of such targets as the Catholic Hakka ethnic group in 1850 (with approximately 500 casualties), and post office workers in 1876, due to their opposition to a new, more expensive monopoly on postage and remittances. The colonial government began to move towards surveillance, control, and finally suppression of Ghee Hin from the 1890s onwards. The Teochew people who belonged to the Ghee Hin secret society were massacred by the hundreds, if not thousands.
Chicken ghee roast

Chicken ghee roast is a popular Tuluva Mangalorean chicken recipe whose origins go back to the town, Kundapur, close to Udupi. Chicken ghee roast is fiery red in colour, and has a tangy and spicy flavor with ghee and roasted spices.
A few key ingredients of chicken ghee roast are chicken, curds, onions, ghee, jaggery, tamarind, ginger, garlic and regional spices and condiments.
Muzium Perhiasan Cina Selat

Muzium Perhiasan Cina Selat (Cina: 海峡华人珠宝博物馆) adalah sebuah muzium di Bandaraya Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. Muzium unik ini mempunyai dinding akuatik dan seni bina tradisional yang digunakan untuk menjadi rumah seseorang - keluarga Peranakan.
Sebelum ia dibuka sebagai muzium, bangunan ini merupakan rumah milik seorang Peranakan Cina yang terkenal. Muzium Perhiasan Cina Selat ini kemudiannya dibuka pada Oktober 2012. Koleksi di muzium ini adalah hasil koleksi selama 30 tahun.
Muzium ini ditempatkan di bangunan rumah warisan yang mewakili budaya Peranakan. Rumah ini terdiri daripada ruang tamu, dua ruang terbuka, ruang makan dan lain-lain.
Muzium ini memaparkan perabot dan perhiasan budaya Peranakan, dari kerongsang, kasut, porselin, cincin dan sebagainya yang dipengaruhi oleh reka bentuk dan motif Cina dan dicipta oleh tukang Cina, India dan Sri Lanka. Di samping pelbagai jenis barang kemas yang berjumlah sehingga 400, muzium ini juga menempatkan peralatan pembuatan barang kemas dan galeri gaya hidup.
Muzium ini dibuka setiap hari dari pukul 10.00 pagi hingga 5.00 petang pada hari bekerja dan hingga 6 petang pada hujung minggu.