davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Lough Egish

Lough Egish (Irish: Loch Éigis, meaning 'lake of the learned man') is a rural area in County Monaghan, Ireland,[1] which takes its name from the local lake, Lough Egish. It is situated approximately midway between Ballybay, Castleblayney and Carrickmacross.
In 1901, after the Cooperative movement was formed in Ireland by Sir Horace Plunkett,[2] a group comprising ten local farmers set about forming the County Monaghan-based Lough Egish dairy co-operative which was, until the 1980s, independently known as Lough Egish Co-operative and Dairy Society. Lough Egish later merged with the County Cavan-based Killeshandra Co-op Creameries in an effort to consolidate the movement's ambitions of becoming the largest milk processing unit in the north midlands region by rationalising the capacity for milk production to form a new company called Lakeland Dairies. The other major milk processing co-operative in the region Bailieboro Co Op was a later addition to the Lakelands Dairies, making the group one of the largest and most successful milk processing companies in Ireland. There is a DVD about Lough Egish; its name is A Trip To Loch Egish.
Lough Egish and surrounding areas host a number of national and international brands including Agro Merchants, Cooltrim Oil Co Ltd, Gaffey Motors, Glanbia, Lakeland Dairies, Lavelle Hardware, Malones, Platinum Tanks, Rangeland Foods and SFS Steel Formed Sections.[3]
54°04′01″N 6°48′00″W﻿ / ﻿54.067°N 6.800°W﻿ / 54.067; -6.800
Ornua

Ornua, from the Irish "Ór Nua" meaning "new gold" (known as The Irish Dairy Board from 1961 until 2015), is an Irish agricultural cooperative, which markets and sells dairy products on behalf of its members: Irish dairy processors and Irish dairy farmers. The co-operative is Ireland’s largest exporter of Irish dairy products and owns the Kerrygold butter and cheese brand as well as Kerrygold Irish Cream Liqueur. In addition to the Kerrygold brand, its brand portfolio includes Pilgrims Choice, Dubliner, Shannongold, and BEO milk powder.
The Irish Dairy Board was established by an act of the Oireachtas (the Irish Parliament), the Dairy Produce Marketing Act 1961, and replaced the earlier Butter Marketing Committee. It was created to centralise the overseas marketing of Irish dairy products to achieve economies of scale and greater brand recognition. At the time of the Board's creation, the European Economic Community's market was closed to Irish butter, and the United Kingdom market limited Irish imports by an import quota. Tony O'Reilly was appointed General Manager in 1962 and announced to the board in July the plan to launch a new consumer brand to grow exports of Butter.
The name Kerrygold was selected to evoke "farming, naturalness, goodness and above all quality milk" as well as a sense of Irishness. In October 1962, the Board successfully test-launched the Kerrygold brand in the Winterhill area of North West England.
When Ireland joined the EEC in 1973, the Board began expanding its presence to continental Europe, beginning with the North Rhine-Westphalia state of Germany. By 1982, Kerrygold had national distribution in Germany.
On 31 March 2015, the Board assumed a new corporate identity as Ornua: "The Home of Irish Dairy".
Currently, Ornua operates from 19 subsidiaries worldwide, with pre-packing and blending facilities located in Germany, Great Britain, the United States and the Middle East. A €36m Kerrygold butter production and packing plant (Kerrygold Park) has been constructed in Mitchelstown, County Cork. In 2020, Ornua announced an investment of £3m in its Leek production facilities, to boost capacity in response to greater consumer demand for its cheese products and bringing total annual production to more than 110,000 tonnes.
In 2014, the Spanish cheese manufacturer Luxtor, previously a subsidiary of the system catering chain Telepizza, was taken over.
Kerrygold is the second highest-selling butter in the United States and the highest-selling butter in Ireland as of 2019. Kerrygold experienced "double-digit growth almost every year" from 2009 to 2019.
The Irish Dairy Board was awarded Exporter of the Year by the Irish Exporters in 2010.
Lakeland Dairies

Lakeland Dairies Group is an Irish dairy co-operative based in County Cavan, Ireland. It operates across sixteen counties in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Lakeland Dairies processes more than 2 billion litres of milk annually from 3,200 suppliers making it Ireland's largest dairy co-operative, and second largest milk processor after Tirlán. Lakeland Dairies currently has dedicated operations in Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States and exports 240 dairy products to 100 countries worldwide.
The Prospector (train)

The Prospector is a rural passenger train service in Western Australia operated by Transwa between East Perth and Kalgoorlie. On this service, two trains depart almost at the same time in opposite directions. One travels between East Perth and Kalgoorlie, the other between Kalgoorlie and East Perth with crew changeover occurring in Merredin. The original vehicles ordered in 1968 for trains providing this service were replaced in 2004 with vehicles capable of reducing journey times to 6 hours 45 minutes.
With the standard gauge line from Perth to Kalgoorlie due to open in mid-1969, the Western Australian Government Railways decided to replace The Kalgoorlie overnight sleeper service with a daylight service. The new service commenced on 29 November 1971, cutting the 653-kilometre (406 mi) journey time from fourteen to eight hours. With an average speed of 85 km/h (53 mph), it was the fastest service in Australia.
There is one train each way daily between East Perth and Kalgoorlie. On Mondays and Fridays, there are two services each way.
Each seat on board is in the same class. At every seat there is a touchscreen entertainment system with a small selection of movies, TV shows and music. They also offer a tray table, in-seat power (Australasian/Chinese/Argentine type only), and a foot rest.
Food is not complimentary on board and can be bought at the buffet. The buffet offers a variety of items such as ham and cheese croissants, pies, muffins, soft drinks, potato chips, lollies and alcohol.
In 2022, Wi-Fi internet access was introduced to the service.
In 1968, Comeng, Granville were awarded a contract to build eight WAGR WCA/WCE class railcars.
Built to take advantage of the generous loading gauge on the new line, they were the largest carriages ever built in Australia. They were the first trains in Australia to have at-seat catering. These held the record for the highest speed attained by an Australian train until bettered by a New South Wales XPT in September 1981.
In December 2000, Westrail awarded a contract to United Goninan, Broadmeadow for seven Transwa WDA/WDB/WDC class railcars to replace the original railcars.
The first entered service on 28 June 2004. The new railcars are capable of 200 km/h (124 mph), but track conditions restrict their top speed to 160 km/h (99 mph). Nonetheless, they further reduced journey times to 6 hours 45 minutes.
The Prospector had 68,497 passengers in the year leading up to June 2022.
KTM Class 91

The Class 91 is a type of electric multiple unit currently operating on Keretapi Tanah Melayu's Electric Train Service (ETS) since 2009. KTMB purchased a total of 5 sets worth RM 240 million from a joint venture between South Korea's Rotem Co. and Japan Mitsubishi Electric Corp in 2008. Each set has six coaches.
All five train sets were designed by the Marubeni Corporation and were built by Hyundai Rotem of Korea and Mitsubishi Electric of Japan. The design of the train sets follows very closely the IE 22000 Class of Ireland's InterCity trains. The major difference between the trainsets in Ireland and those used in Malaysia is that the Irish trainsets are diesel operated and use a broad gauge rail (1,600mm) while Malaysia has a metre gauge (1,000mm) system and are electrically powered.
The class 91 operates in a fixed 6-cars configuration. Currently, class 91 sets are mainly used for long distance intercity travel. In 2010–2012, 2 sets of KTM class 91 were being used for normal commuter use due to a shortage of trains. While in commuter use, long distance facilities such as toilets and cafes were closed and locked.
The Class 91 usually operates at its service maximum of 140 km/h (87 mph) and is known to sometimes speed at 160 km/h (99 mph) during regular service at certain stretches. Speed is limited partially by the use of narrow gauge.
Train schedule is categorically separated into a number of fixed classes with different ticketing structure afforded to travelling at particular times. i.e. travelling during peak would incur premium ticket cost whereas travel during off-peak mid day incur a discounted fare.
All six cars have standard class only with reserved seats. The seats use red seat covers and arranged in a 2+2 fashion with a tray table and a power outlet facilities. The seats can be easily converted for wheelchair use should the need arise. There is an LCD TV in every coach for entertainment and wheelchair-accessible toilets are available in coach B and E. Bistro coach are available at coach C which sells drinks, light snacks and microwaved meals.
The Class 91 is stabled and maintained at Batu Gajah Rail Depot in Perak.
The Class 91 is one of the first trains in KTMs inventory to feature onboard displays displaying current speed. Train seating is optimised for long distance seating with minimal standing space. Fixed large seats are placed traverse throughout the coach. LCD Displays within coach show feature films, with sound muted but with subtitled English. During long distance operations, as many as 7 attendants will attend the train set.
In the future, there are plans for an additional 20 sets.
However, there are none currently being ordered. Recent orders suggest a different rail class to be introduced. The second generation ETS KTM class 93 has been introduced to further expand the ETS fleet size.
One ETS Train, ETS104, crashed with an Ekspres Rakyat train at KM322 on 7 May 2016 at 1.40pm. Three passengers were injured and all passengers were safely evacuated. The train was heavily damaged at the front end and withdrawn from service.
Famine food

A famine food or poverty food is any inexpensive or ready available food used to nourish people in times of hunger and starvation, whether caused by extreme poverty, such as during economic depression or war, or by natural disasters such as drought.
Foods associated with famine need not be nutritionally deficient, or unsavory. People who eat famine food in large quantity over a long period may become averse to it over time. In times of relative affluence, these foods may become the targets of social stigma and rejection. For example, some cultures that consider cats and dogs to be taboo foods may have historically consumed them during times of famine.
The characterization of some foodstuffs as "famine" or "poverty" food can be social. For example, lobster and other crustaceans have been considered poverty food in some societies and luxury food in others, depending on the period and situation.
Several foodstuffs have been strongly associated with famine, war, or times of hardship throughout history:
Nobó

Nobó is a brand of dairy-free ice cream, manufactured in Dublin, Ireland and sold nationally.
The name Nobó is an amalgamation of the word no and the Irish word bó, to mean "no cow". This refers to the lack of dairy ingredients in the ice cream.
The company was started by Brian and Rachel Nolan in 2012. In 2013, the couple took part in the Food Works programme by Bord Bia, Enterprise Ireland and Teasgasc. They introduced Nobó commercially through local farmer’s markets before making the transition to major stores at the start of 2014. By September, the product was available in 100 stores across Ireland, which led to take up by the major national retailer SuperValu and other stores. The ice cream is also sold in the United Arab Emirates.
The main ingredients used in Nobó ice cream include avocado, coconut milk and honey as a natural sweetener. Nobó offers Chocolate and Toasted Almond, Vanilla and Coconut, Fresh Lemon, Passion Fruit, Mango and Irish Salted Caramel, available in 500ml and 100ml tubs. Nobó ice creams are also free from lactose, soya, gluten, cholesterol and eggs, as the founders cannot eat these ingredients found in conventional ice cream.
The product has been reported in national media for its taste and demonstrating a market for Irish exports. In August 2014, Nobó's Fresh Lemon flavour won 3 gold stars at the Great Taste Awards in the UK. The Irish Independent's Linda O'Sullivan wrote "Go taste their ice-cream, it is simply delicious." The Vegetarian Society of Ireland have suggested the product as a suitable dairy-free alternative to ice cream, though it contains honey, meaning it would not be considered vegan.
Love Train

"Love Train" is a hit single by the O'Jays, written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. Released in 1972, it reached No. 1 on both the R&B Singles and the Billboard Hot 100 in February and March 1973 respectively, and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart and was certified gold by the RIAA. It was the O'Jays' first and only number one record on the US pop chart. The song has been considered one of the first songs of disco music.
"Love Train" entered the Hot 100's top 40 on January 27, 1973, the same day that the Paris Peace Accords were signed. The song's lyrics of unity mention a number of countries, including England, Russia, China, Egypt and Israel, as well as the continent of Africa.
Record World said of the single release that the "tune chugs right along with a Gamble and a Huff" and could become the biggest hit from the Back Stabbers album.
Recorded at Sigma Sound Studios in Philadelphia, the house band MFSB provided the backing. Besides its release as a single, "Love Train" was the last song on the O'Jays' album Back Stabbers. "Love Train" was a 2006 inductee into the Grammy Hall of Fame.
The music video shows a group of people forming a human chain near a railroad station, while at the same time, some railroad cars are shown in motion. Throughout the video, more people join in the chain, which they call the "Love Train".
The video was likely filmed around the Northeast Corridor, since Long Island Rail Road MP75 railcars appear throughout the music video in which the words "LONG ISLAND" are clearly visible, along with Amtrak railcars, Penn Central railcars, and other railcars. It was recorded in 1973.
By early 1974, The Supremes' line up (Wilson, Birdsong and Payne) adopted the song to perform in live appearances. Hall & Oates covered it for the 1989 soundtrack to the film Earth Girls Are Easy, as well as Daryl Hall and his band joining the 2016 version of the O'Jays in a live version on Hall's Live from Daryl's House television show. The Rolling Stones played Love Train on their worldwide Licks Tour during 2002 and 2003.
Roots rock 'n' roll band The Yayhoos' take on the song appeared on their 2006 release, "Put The Hammer Down." Gospel Group Doc McKenzie and the Hi-Lites did a rendition in 2003. In 2006 Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee performed "Love Train" for the ending credits of Final Destination 3.
"Love Train" was sampled in the 1973 break-in record, "Super Fly Meets Shaft" (US #31).
An Australasian cover was recorded in 1973 by Dalvanius Prime.
Australian children's music group The Wiggles covered the song for their 25th studio album, Racing to the Rainbow.
The song was featured in the popular long-running Coors Light series of commercials featuring the Silver Bullet Express train from approximately 2005-11, returning as a Super Bowl and March Madness ad in 2024.
It has also been referenced in the seventh part of the popular Japanese manga series, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Steel Ball Run, as part of the main antagonist Funny Valentine's ability, Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap: Love Train.
Chunky (candy bar)

Chunky is a candy bar with milk chocolate, raisins, and roasted peanuts — using a sectioned and truncated pyramid shape. Chunky is produced by Ferrara Candy Company, a division of Ferrero SpA.
The Chunky candy bar was introduced in the late 1930s by New York City candy maker Philip Silvershein, at the time made with milk chocolate, raisins, cashews and Brazil nuts. Silvershein, a friend of William Wrigley Jr., distributed the bar via the Wrigley Gum Company. When Nestlé assumed rights to the brand in 1984, it changed the ingredients to milk chocolate, raisins and peanuts. In 2018, Ferrero SpA purchased Nestlé's U.S. candy line, which included Chunky.
In the 1950s, a Chunky could be purchased for five cents (as could most candy bars), with a smaller version, the Chunky Cutie, available for two cents. The average price of a Chunky in 2024 was $1.50 USD.
"Chunky Square", a pavilion at the 1964 New York World's Fair, featured a glass-walled automated factory, where visitors could watch the manufacturing of Chunky candy bars.
An early 1970s TV commercial for Chunky showed a young boy watching TV with his father. The boy amused viewers by claiming that Chunky was "THICKER-ER". The candy bar used the "Thicker-er" campaign into the 1980s.
Other Chunky advertising slogans included "Chunky, What a Chunk o' Chocolate", intoned by the nasal voice of Arnold Stang, and "Open Wide for Chunky".
Communications in Indonesia

Communications in Indonesia has a complex history due to the need to reach an extended archipelago of over 17,500 islands. The once important non-electronic communication methods of the past have given way to a considerable telecommunications infrastructure in contemporary Indonesia.
In the sixteenth century the Dutch Empire colonised Indonesia, constructing an elaborate communication system, both within Indonesia and to other countries. The first connection to Australia was an undersea telegraph cable that was completed on 18 November 1871, connecting Java to Darwin, and eventually to the Australian Overland Telegraph Line across Australia.
After independence, Indonesia started to develop its own communication systems, generally following the rest of the world. The construction of communication towers and launch of the Palapa series of communication satellites was done during the New Order period.
A number of lines connect Indonesia to international communication routes. For example, the SEA-ME-WE 3 optical submarine telecommunications cable lands at both Medan and Jakarta connecting Europe with South eastern Asia (several countries up to Japan) and Australia (Perth).
Indonesia has a long list of print media, in the form of newspapers and magazines. Some, such as Kompas, Media Indonesia, Koran Sindo and Koran Tempo are circulated daily and are relatively simple to obtain. Others are island- or city-specific, and are usually not distributed to other regions.
By June 2011, all sub-districts in Indonesia will be connected to the Internet.
The media in Indonesia is regulated by the Ministry of Communications and Informatics.
LIRNEasia's Telecommunications Regulatory Environment (TRE) index, which summarises stakeholders' perception on certain TRE dimensions, provides insight into how conducive the environment is for further development and progress. The most recent survey was conducted in July 2008 in eight Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines. The tool measured seven dimensions: i) market entry; ii) access to scarce resources; iii) interconnection; iv) tariff regulation; v) anti-competitive practices; and vi) universal services; vii) quality of service, for the fixed, mobile and broadband sectors.
Below-average scores received in all sectors and across dimensions reflect general dissatisfaction of the TRE in Indonesia. However, this does not mean that respondents have ignored recent developments. The relatively healthy growth in mobile sector is reflected in the higher TRE scores received by the sector for most dimensions, when compared to the fixed sector. On average, the mobile sector scores best, with fixed and broadband following.
KRI Pasopati

KRI Pasopati (410) (ex-Soviet submarine S-290) is a retired Project 613 Whiskey-class submarine of the Indonesian Navy.
The initial design was developed in the early 1940s as a sea-going follow on to the S-class submarine. As a result of war experience and the capture of German technology at the end of the war, the Soviets issued a new design requirement in 1946. The revised design was developed by the Lazurit Design Bureau based in Gorkiy. Like most conventional submarines designed 1946–1960, the design was heavily influenced by the Type XXI U-boat.
Pasopati is one of twelve vessels delivered to the Indonesian Navy in 1962. Pasopati was involved in Operation Trikora in 1961 she was used to transport marines and arms to the Indonesian army in West Irian and during those operations she was badly damaged. She was retired in 1994 after more than 30 years of service, disassembled and moved to a spot near Plaza Surabaya before being reassembled and turned into a museum which opened in 1998.
7°15′56″S 112°45′01″E﻿ / ﻿7.26552°S 112.75028°E﻿ / -7.26552; 112.75028
Soviet submarine L-3

The World War II Soviet submarine L-3 belonged to the L-class or Leninets class of minelayer submarines. It had been named Bolshevik and later Frunzenets, before it was decided that submarines should stop having names and carry numbers instead.
Under Captain of the 3rd Rank Vladimir Konovalov, L-3 was one of the most successful Soviet submarines of World War II. On 16 April 1945, it sank the German refugee transport MV Goya, an event that (if calculated by loss of life) is deemed to be one of the worst marine disasters ever, when 6,000 to 7,000 people died in the icy waters of the Baltic Sea.
After the dismantling of the submarine, part of it was used as the monument in Liepāja, though the monument was relocated to Moscow in 1995. Today, the conning tower of L-3 is on display in Moscow as a monument in Park Pobedy ("Victory Park") at Poklonnaya Gora museum.
Mines laid by L-3 also damaged the German sailing vessel Albert Leo Schlageter (1634 GRT) and the German icebreaker Pollux (4191 GRT).
L-3 is the twelfth-highest-scoring Soviet submarine (not counting ships sunk by mines she laid), with 10,722 GRT sunk.
In the book and subsequent film The Hunt for Red October, the fictional Soviet Alfa class nuclear-powered attack submarine is named the V.K. Konovalov.
Laboe Naval Memorial

The Laboe Naval Memorial (a.k.a. Laboe Tower, German: Marine-Ehrenmal Laboe) is a memorial located in Laboe, near Kiel, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Started in 1927 and completed in 1936, the monument originally memorialized the World War I war dead of the Kaiserliche Marine, with the Kriegsmarine dead of World War II being added after 1945. In 1954 it was rededicated as a memorial for the sailors of all nationalities who were lost at sea and at the same time a memorial for peaceful sailing in open seas.
The monument consists of a 72-metre-high (236 ft) tower topped by an observation deck. The deck stands a total 85 m (279 ft) above sea level. A hall of remembrance and World War II-era German submarine U-995, which houses a technical museum, both sit near the foot of the monument, and the site is a popular tourist venue. U-995 is the world's only remaining Type VII U-boat.
The tower was designed by architect Gustav August Munzer, who stated that the form was not meant to represent anything specific but was to inspire positive feelings in those who look at it. It has been associated by guides with the stem of a viking ship or the conning tower of a submarine.
The memorial complex was taken over by the Royal Navy at the end of the war in 1945, which expelled the Deutscher Marinebund responsible for its preservation. In 1954, the Allies returned it to the new Deutscher Marinebund, with the obligation to extend the memorial to the victims of the German navy in the two world wars, as well as to its enemies3. In 1996, it was decided to extend the commemoration to all sailors in general, and to evoke the freedom of the seas.
The tower is 72 meters high[1], 31.5 meters long and 13.80 meters wide, 85 meters above Baltic Sea level, and is 314 meters tall.
The German Navy has a memorial inscribed on the left-hand side for its sailors who “have lost their lives since 1955 in the performance of their duty”, and a similar memorial for civilian victims of disasters at sea, inscribed on the right.
The German submarine U-995 is on display near the tower.
54°24′43.87″N 10°13′50.87″E﻿ / ﻿54.4121861°N 10.2307972°E﻿ / 54.4121861; 10.2307972
反串

反串是中國傳統戲曲演出中的一種演出方式，主要是指演出與自身本工的行當不同的戲的情形。雖然後來反串一詞也被用於男扮女或女扮男的異裝情形，但在其原本的意義中，是與演員以及劇中人的性別無關的。舉例而言，男性的梅蘭芳作為一個旦行演員，演出女性角色是正常，他曾在《轅門射截》一劇中演生角的呂布則反而是反串。除了如上述的旦串生之外，生串旦、生串淨、生串丑等情形也都很常見。
行當的概念在元雜劇中已經存在，但當時許多演員常常沒有明確的本工行當，例如《青樓集》中記錄的一些著名女性演員常能兼「旦末」，因此其無論扮旦或末，都不能算是反串。
比較有明確反串情形的，要到明代中後期的一些傳奇劇目，如劇作家徐渭寫的《女狀元》等戲中，有明確要因劇情的轉換以旦行演員來換男裝演生角的情形，但未留下其實際表演時情形的相關記錄。在明末清初最盛的崑劇中，由於對表演藝術特講求精緻，各行當之間各形成嚴格的派別，因此反串兼演是不被容許，這種情形到清代中葉更達到極緻，因此只有少數特別的劇目，才能反串，如《南西廂》的〈長亭〉一齣，所有劇中人均由旦角反串，成為慣例。
清朝康熙十年（1671年），政府开始禁止女性登台表演，女性角色均由男性出演。晚清，天津开埠后，始有女演员公开登台表演。而男女同台合演亦是在天津最先出现。在清中葉才形成的京劇中，反串是較常出現的演出方式。在京劇發展早期由於較多人精通數個行當，因此反串現象較不明顯，光緒年間，角色的分工才愈趨細密，這情形發展到民國以後達到極緻，由於專精一門成為普遍的觀念，而反串的情形才逐漸增加，許多著名的演員如四大名旦、楊小樓、等都不時有反串的演出。
王安祈〈從「兼扮、雙演、代角、反串」的演出現象看「當代戲曲」與「古典戲曲」劇場意義的不同〉
人妖

人妖原常指对泰国变性人的蔑称，现今还是一种對跨性別女性的冒犯稱呼，尤其常指未進行男跨女的性别肯定手術的人，通常是貶義詞。
“人妖”是中文中常用的一种蔑称，原意指女扮男、外貌行为不符合社会规范的女子。
因18世紀清代成書的《聊齋誌異》最終一回《人妖》中感人的故事而較為人知。
由於古代沒有變性手術，在過去是指服裝上等的男扮女、女扮男、行為怪異的人，但對於經常易裝的戲子則沒有此說。
英文中「Tranny」是對跨性別者的貶抑稱呼，尤其常指跨性別女性。
偽娘

偽娘（日语：男の娘／おとこのこ），也稱偽女，男娘，是日本文化中有女孩（日语：娘）一样女性化性别表现的男性。与单纯的男扮女装不同，后者一般没有女性化的心理。偽娘是ACG中常見的一種定型角色，在這類作品中的偽娘有進行變裝而顯得女性化的，也有天生就有女性化特徵的（俗稱“天賦黨”）。
偽娘与扶她、跨性別女性、變性人、雙性人等生理性別和性別認同不一致的人群不同，他们生理上是男性，性別認同一般也为男性。
（即一般偽娘雖然有女性化的心理，但性別認同同時为男性。）
偽娘在日本演藝圈不罕見，17世紀的歌舞伎表演中即有由男性演女角的「女形」，近代較知名的有1950年代的美輪明宏。不少日本樂團的成員也會作偽娘裝扮，特別是視覺系樂團，例如Versailles -Philharmonic Quintet-樂團的前任及現任吉他手Jasmine You和Hizaki、Malice Mizer的吉他手Mana、以及和樂器樂團的貝斯手亞沙。
男性在時如果扮成女性角色，算是偽娘， 但是女性在cosplay時如果扮成女性角色，就不算偽娘。扮成男性角色的女性也被稱為偽男，伪男子。crossplay意义与cosplay相同，但前者为美国创造，日本仍使用後者。
偽娘文化也傳至日本之外，例如中國大陸的愛麗絲偽娘團。台灣「康熙來了」節目有一集的主題是「偽娘」，但節目中指的是跨性別女性。
1980年代的偽娘代表作品是江口壽史的漫畫《停止！！雲雀》，主角大空雲雀是動漫界最早的偽娘，據說此作是作者想惡搞當時日本戀愛系動漫畫主流風。本漫畫作於1981年，在2010年發行最終章《停止！！雲雀 完全版》，時隔27年。
1990年代的偽娘代表人物是小野敏洋的漫畫《光碼戰士》女主角有栖川櫻。《光碼戰士》第11話證實，有栖川櫻是罹患性別不安症的11歲少年：生理是男性，心理是女性；同樣在第11話中，男主角虎堂烈（虎堂烈）宣稱有栖川櫻不是人妖：「他心理雖是女人，但身體可是真正的男人！」《光碼戰士》是在小學館為小學生編製的漫畫月刊《快樂快樂月刊》1992年4月號至1994年7月號連載的漫畫，在這種年齡層的漫畫月刊中連載以偽娘為女主角的漫畫是相當大膽的作法；而在有栖川櫻被證實是偽娘時的畫格內，小野敏洋在左下角加了一個小畫格「預先描繪」讀者看到此頁內容時的驚訝的表情。《光碼戰士》第14話中，女配角權田原夏樹提到讀者首次得知有栖川櫻是男兒身時的反應：「有的讀者震驚過度，甚至躺了四天呢。」
2005年1月28日發售的十八禁戀愛冒險遊戲《處女愛上姊姊》主角宮小路瑞穗與2005年10月21日發售的十八禁戀愛冒險遊戲《Happiness!》配角渡良瀨準是2000年代的偽娘代表人物。「瑞穗」因宮小路瑞穗而成為「偽娘」一詞的同義詞，渡良瀨準曾經被誤以為是《Happiness!》女主角。2006年9月7日發售的《我的Pico》，是以偽娘為主角的全球第一個少年愛動畫。
大內密探零零發

《大內密探零零發》（英語：Forbidden City Cop）是1996年的一部賀歲電影，由周星驰和谷德昭联合导演。周星驰在影片中饰演一位不会武功的皇宫大内密探，平时除了当妇科大夫给人看病外，业余爱好是研究一些不被赏识的小发明；最后，靠着这些发明，他挫败了敌人的阴谋，拯救了整个国家。
零零恭、零零喜、零零發、零零財四個人，是負責保衛宋朝皇帝安全的「保龍一族」。阿恭、阿喜、阿財三人都是武藝高強的特工；阿發是唯一不懂武功的，只會搞些小發明，始終不被皇上重用，大多偽裝成婦科醫師給人看病，隨時等皇帝的詔命。
當時的中國北方，有女真族建立的金國，金國的「無相王」，是一位擁有無上武藝的高手，他練就「無相神功」，臉部沒有五官，可以「隔山打牛」，還可以幻化成他人狀貌，以欺騙他人，並一心想要侵略宋朝。
一日，無相王以解剖研究「天外飛仙」（外星人）屍體為名，召開醫學大會，欲把中原所有醫師引出，令中土軍隊無人醫理，乘機讓金兵南下，侵略漢族土地，但無相王未料竟騙出皇帝，並將三大高手殲滅，更是大喜過望。眼見皇帝將死于金國之手的關鍵時刻，零零發使用他發明的「直升機」和「機關槍」救出皇帝，並殺死了無相王的妻子及兒子。
零零發救駕有功，回國後獲得朝廷寵信、重賞。皇帝知道阿發的實力不容小覷，安排阿發到城中有名妓院「慧賢雅敘」刺探金國來的名妓琴操是否奸細，但阿發隨即愛上了美豔絕倫的琴操，原來，琴操是無相王所扮，意圖破壞阿發家庭，並瓦解皇帝對阿發的信任，陷阿發於不義，以替自己妻兒報仇。
實際上，阿發早看穿無相王陰謀，並在雷電劈中，內力暴增一億倍之時，使出一招威力無窮的絕招「天外飛仙」，擊敗無相王，挽救了中原漢族。
梅绍武

梅绍武（1928年12月22日—2005年9月28日）原名梅葆珍，北京人，毕业于北京燕京大学，中国大陆翻译家。梅绍武曾担任第6、7、8、9届全国政协委员。梅绍武也是梅兰芳纪念馆名誉馆长，梅兰芳文化艺术研究会会长、中国社会科学院美国研究所研究员。梅绍武是中国大陆第一个翻译美国小说家弗拉基米尔·纳博科夫作品的人。梅绍武同董乐山、施咸荣一起被誉为中国社会科学院美国研究所三剑客。
1928年，梅绍武出生在北京，籍贯江苏省泰州市，父亲是京剧大师梅兰芳，母亲福芝芳是满族京剧演员。 梅绍武孩提时在上海读书。 抗日战争爆发后，梅兰芳远走英属香港避难，其妻子福芝芳带着孩子在暑假去香港度假期。 1941年，梅兰芳把儿子梅葆琛、梅绍武接到香港读书，受到了良好的西式教育，后来考取岭南中学。 大日本帝国攻占香港之后，梅绍武离开香港去了贵州省贵阳市，在清华中学读书。 1946年，梅绍武考取浙江省杭州市之江大学，在工程系读书。 1947年，梅绍武考取燕京大学西语系，学习英语、选修法语和德语。
1952年，梅绍武从燕京大学毕业，在北京图书馆工作。 70年代，梅绍武曾在英国牛津大学博德利图书馆学习。 梅绍武后来调到中国社会科学院美国研究所。
2005年，梅绍武在北京市北京肿瘤医院因结肠癌病逝。
梅绍武父亲梅兰芳和母亲福芝芳一共有9个子女，只有4个长大成人，即梅葆琛、梅绍武、梅葆玥、梅葆玖。
梅绍武妻子屠珍，1956年两人在北京结婚。屠珍1955年毕业于北京大学法文系。
中央戏剧学院

中央戏剧学院，简称中戏，是中华人民共和国戏剧艺术教育的最高学府。1950年4月2日正式成立，校名由中国共产党中央委员会主席毛泽东题写。前身是延安鲁迅艺术学院戏剧系、华北大学文艺学院、南京国立戏剧专科学校。校址位于北京市东城区东棉花胡同39号，此外还在昌平区设有校区。不少知名藝人都是該校的畢業生。该校和北京電影學院、上海戲劇學院并列中国大陆三大知名培养影视戏剧艺術人才的高等院校。
中央戏剧学院是中央部属高校，為教育部直属艺术院校，是中国戏剧艺术教育的最高学府，亦是世界著名的艺术院校及中国戏剧、影视艺术教学与科研的中心和亚洲戏剧教育研究中心（ATEC），目前是从事戏剧影视艺术训练和实践的重要基地。
学院培养了近万名毕业生，其中有多人多次荣获文华奖，“五个一工程”奖，戏剧梅花奖，振兴话剧奖，电视金鹰奖、飞天奖、白玉蘭獎，电影金鸡奖、百花奖、華表獎、金马奖以及国际电影大奖如金熊奖、金狮奖、奥斯卡奖提名等，取得了令人瞩目的成就。
中央戏剧学院现设有戏剧文学系、舞台美术系、导演系、表演系、电影电视系、艺术管理系等。
1996年，学院招收首个文化艺术事业管理专业班，该班隶属戏剧文学系。该专业是艺术管理系的前身。主要培养戏剧制作人及舞台管理类人员。该班首批学生15人，为徐晨、关渤等。
2017年9月21日，中华人民共和国教育部公布了第一轮世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单，其中中央戏剧学院的戏剧与影视学成功入选。2022年2月11日，教育部公布了第二轮双一流名单，中央戏剧学院的戏剧与影视学再次入选。
刘学义

刘学义（1990年7月6日—），中国大陆男演员，出生于中国山东省青岛市，毕业于中央戏剧学院表演系本科2010级，现为欢瑞世纪旗下演员，代表作有《青云志》、《琉璃》、《少年歌行》和《春花焰》等。
劉學義2014年畢業於中央戏剧学院表演系，在校期間即有參與拍攝電視劇，積累表演經驗。2013年因拍攝電視劇《上官婉儿》正式出道。2016年7月，在古裝玄幻劇《青云志》中飾演青雲門第一弟子蕭逸才，漸為觀眾所熟知。2017年，參演青春神話劇《天乩之白蛇传说》中一人分飾妖帝斬荒和天帝，深情形象深植人心。2020年8月，主演的東方玄幻仙俠劇《琉璃》播出，在劇中飾演反派人物昊辰和柏麟帝君，而為人熟知。
喻恩泰

喻恩泰（1977年11月3日—），江西南昌人，中国演员、主持人。
1999年毕业于上海戏剧学院电视系电视编辑专业本科，之后曾就职于澳门卫视。2000年，他考入上海戏剧学院电视艺术系研究生主持人方向班。2002年，他获全额奖学金前往英国牛津大学进修莎士比亚戏剧表演。2005年考取上海戏剧学院导演专业博士生，但未入学，2006年转入中央戏剧学院攻读导演专业博士生，至2009年7月毕业。他的语言模仿能力较强，善模仿中國各地方言和外籍人士讲中文。
2015年1月21日，喻恩泰与旅游卫视主持人史林子在贵阳云岩区民政局领取了结婚证。3月8日，在京举行婚礼。
2015年8月26日，喻恩泰公开与女儿的合影，宣布成为父亲。
2016年11月9日，喻恩泰二胎得子，与姚晨女儿同日出生，取名“小罗汉”。
表演型人格障碍

表演型人格障碍，简称表演型人格（histrionic personality disorder, HPD，台湾译做作型人格疾患），是以行为戏剧化为主要特点的一种人格障礙。患者常以感情用事、夸张言行吸引他人注意。女性多于男性。
表演型人格障碍目前主要由美国精神医学会在《精神障碍诊断与统计手册》（最新版为DSM-5-TR，2022）中定义，属B类群人格障碍（夸张或不稳定型）；世界卫生组织《国际疾病分类》第10版（ICD-10）曾收录了这种障碍，但ICD-11（2022）已删去所有的具体人格障碍诊断。
表演型人格障碍旧称癔症型（性）人格障碍（histerical personality disorder，又译歇斯底里性人格障碍）、心理幼稚型人格障碍（psychoinfantile personality disorder）、寻求注意型人格障碍等。现英文名“histrionic personality disorder”中“historic”一词对应的原意为“（行为、举止等）过分戏剧化的；做作的；矫揉造作的”，常作贬义，如“histrionic gesture”意为“忸怩作态”。
在DSM-5-TR中，诊断标准为：
表演型人格患者爱表现自己，不停追求被他人赞赏及以自己为注意中心的刺激活动，可能凭热情开放使新朋友觉得他们有魅力。但这一印象并不能持久，因为他们将自己的需要看得比别人更有价值，总是要求成为关注焦点，否则就会做些戏剧性的事情（如编造故事、夸张情绪）来强行引起注意；若不能成为注意焦点就会抑郁不安。不仅仅是对有性兴趣的人，他们在普通社交背景包括工作关系下也可能对人进行性诱惑或性挑逗，给人“轻浮”的感受。由于过度追求外表，他们很容易因为他人对自己形象的批评而懊恼。表演型人格患者言语风格过度追求使人印象深刻，会戏剧性地表达强烈见解，但根本没有具体论据支撑。他们喜怒哀乐均形于色，爱发脾气，情绪过于公开夸张、表情过于丰富多样，可能令朋友熟人也觉得尴尬；然而他们的情绪散得很快，情感体验肤浅，很容易让人责备是“虚伪做作”。表演型人格患者的观点易受时尚影响，他们依赖“直觉”，过度相信他人，常常莫名觉得他们见到的“强大的权威人物”可以神奇解决他们的问题。表演型障碍患者只关注当下、难以延迟满足，追求新颖、厌倦日常；他们放纵自我，易受感情伤害，为满足需要常不择手段，在欲求不满和欲望实现的过程中消耗自己。
同其他人格障碍相比，表演型人格障碍对患者整体心理功能的影响相对较轻，不过在人际交往方面的缺陷仍非常明显。他们倾向于“社交支配”，整个谱系包括从“暖性支配”（warmer dominance）的一段到“冷性支配”（colder dominance）的一端。前者如追求成为注意焦点、爱出风头（exhibitionistic）等，后者如傲慢、霸道、挑衅等。从表演型障碍患者比其他人离婚或从未结婚的频率更高来看，他们的亲密关系显然受到了影响。他们和同性朋友的关系也常受损害，因为他们喜欢“性挑逗”异性的社交风格对同性来说可能是种威胁，也因为他们持续要求关注。他们会带着极大的热情开始从事一份工作或某项任务，但很快消退；也会在人际关系方面喜新厌旧，永远在追求令他们激动的下一段新的关系。
表演型人格障碍患者和躯体形式障碍患者一样常夸大身体问题，比常人更常就医；他们也比常人更常作出自杀姿态与自杀行为，以胁迫得到关注与照顾。表演型人格患者通常由于抑郁或焦虑问题而寻求治疗。
表演型人格障碍和边缘型人格障碍有诸多相似之处，如变化无常的情绪、热烈又不稳定的人际关系等等，但也有一些重要区别：边缘型人格患者常极度依赖他人，但表演型人格患者只是追求关注和赞美；边缘型人格患者有慢性的深刻的空虚感、身份认同紊乱、更多的自杀未遂以及短暂精神病发作，但表演型人格患者一般没有达到这种严重程度。
表演型人格障碍同反社会型人格障碍一样具有冲动、肤浅、寻求刺激、鲁莽、诱惑、支配等特征，但反社会型人格操纵他人往往单纯欲求权力与利益，表演型人格则主要为获得关爱。表演型人格还有明显的情感夸张的特征，这是反社会型人格所没有的；表演型人格患者也并不一定参与反社会行为。
表演型人格障碍也与自恋型人格障碍一样渴望注意，但自恋型人格总是表现为高人一等的“优越感”，表演型人格患者则并不反感被看作是脆弱或依赖的，只要能得到关注。自恋型人格患者强调与他人的亲密通常不是像表演型人格患者那样只为使关系本身更加密切，而是为了强调自己与高社会地位或拥有财富的人群的关系。
对表演型人格障碍的流行病学研究或总结等得到的盛行率数据有：0.9%（对5项研究的总结，其中4项调查地是美国）、1.8%（2001—2002年美国流行病学调查）、1.3~3%（《中国大百科全书》说法）、2%~3%（美国调查）等等。
女性比男性更常被诊断为表演型人格障碍，但有学者认为男女真实患病率可能没有显著差异。中国的流行病学调查既有男女无显著差异的结果，也有女性多于男性的结果。
文献显示，早在古希腊，就有哲学家对表演型人格进行了探讨，但时至今日，仍几乎完全没有找到表演型人格障碍的病因（及治疗方式）。
家族史研究似乎显示表演型人格障碍在家族中聚集，且同时伴有边缘型人格障碍、反社会型人格障碍和躯体形式障碍，并不清楚这是由遗传还是环境导致。另一项研究提示表演型人格障碍可能有较高的遗传度（达0.67）。
目前并没有可靠的治疗表演型人格障碍的方式。
药物治疗无法改变人格结构。若表演型人格患者发展出现实感丧失与过度幻想等症状，则可用小剂量抗精神病药（如氟哌啶醇、利培酮等）治疗这些症状；抑郁焦虑等也可用影响5-HT等的相应药物予以缓解。但对表演型人格本身基本没有作用。
心理治疗表演型人格也仍未得到实证检验。目前应用的疗法有：认知行为疗法，帮助患者形成不依赖他人赞同的人生目标与计划，增加日常适应性行为；心理动力学疗法，帮助患者释放被压抑的情绪和需要，并学会用社会认可的方式表达；等等。认知行为疗法已表明对抑郁和人际困难有一定程度的改善作用。
伴有自杀和攻击行为的表演型人格障碍常需住院治疗。
预后欠佳。
桑冲

桑冲（？—1477年），本姓李氏，明朝山西太原府石州（今山西省吕梁市离石区）李家湾文水东都人，知名罪犯，專事誘姦婦女。
成化三年三月间，桑冲离家，经历大同、平阳、太原、真定、保定、顺天、顺德、河间、济南、东昌、朔州、太谷、永年等共四十五郡縣，及乡、村等七十八处，专门施迷药，诱奸妇女。
桑冲為了勾引良家婦女竟男扮女相，“戴一发髻，妆妇人身首”，還把自己的腳也纏成小腳。
先后有良家女子一百八十二人受害。
后于成化十三年七月企图在高宣家故技重施，但当晚被企图潜入房内欲行不轨的婿赵文举識破其真相，捉送晋州，惊动朝廷，遂以有伤风化于当年十一月被凌迟处死---
Peking Opera Blues

Peking Opera Blues (traditional Chinese: 刀馬旦; simplified Chinese: 刀马旦; pinyin: Dāo Mǎ Dàn; Jyutping: dou1 maa5 daan2; Cantonese Yale: Dòu Máah Dáan) is a 1986 Hong Kong action comedy film directed and produced by Tsui Hark. It stars Brigitte Lin, Cherie Chung, Sally Yeh, Paul Chun, Wu Ma, and Kenneth Tsang. The film combines action comedy with scenes involving Peking Opera.
Peking Opera Blues was nominated for six awards at the Hong Kong Film Awards including Best Actress.
During the early Republican era, China was in turmoil, with warlords dividing the nation and causing widespread suffering. It was rumored that a prince of the imperial family had hidden a vast treasure. However, after offending Empress Dowager Cixi, his entire family was executed, leaving only his young daughter, who fled with a traveling opera troupe's musician. Fifteen years later, various factions, including a warlord under Yuan Shikai, Japanese spies, and revolutionaries, begin a relentless pursuit of the hidden treasure, leading to a fierce battle between justice and evil.
Tsao Wan is the daughter of a general and a devoted patriot. She is torn between her love for the nation and her loyalty to her father, who aids Yuan Shikai in securing massive foreign loans that push the country further into financial despair. Meanwhile, Bai Niu, who grew up in an opera troupe, and Sheung Hung, a money-hungry courtesan, cross paths with Tsao Wan through fate. Together, their intertwined lives weave an epic tale of love, sacrifice, and patriotism, as they embark on a daring journey in the midst of political chaos.
The Chinese title translates as Knife Horse Actresses, a term used in Peking Opera to refer to male actors playing female warriors (See Dan article for details). It is sometimes erroneously translated as Knife Horse Dawn, because both words are represented by the same Chinese character.
The film grossed HK$17,559,357 in Hong Kong.
In his Wrap Up video to the Region 1 DVD of Wong Kar-wai's Chungking Express, Quentin Tarantino refers to Peking Opera Blues as "one of the greatest films ever made" and "a blast––it's a lot of fun."
Zhengyici Peking Opera Theatre

39°53′51″N 116°22′47″E﻿ / ﻿39.897404°N 116.379847°E﻿ / 39.897404; 116.379847
The Zhengyici Peking Opera Theatre (Chinese: 正乙祠戏楼; pinyin: Zhèngyǐcí Xìlóu), located on a hutong in the Xuanwu District of Beijing, is one of the best-known Beijing opera theatres. It is also one of the oldest wooden theatres in China. Zhengyici means a temple (ci) for Zhengyi Xuantan Laozu (正乙玄坛老祖).
The theatre was built in 1688, during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty. It was built on the ruin site of a Buddhist temple. It has a rich history that includes performances by the grandmaster of Peking Opera, Mei Lanfang.
After the Cultural Revolution, the theatre fell into disrepair. However, in 1995 a local businessman sponsored a full restoration. The theatre now continues to perform Beijing Opera. It is considered a living relic and one of Beijing's finest monuments.
In August 2005, the theatre was temporarily closed for building work. As of October 2010, the theatre was all set to reopen, with the premiere of Mei Lanfang Classics, providing a view of Peking Opera in its heyday. The play includes six classics from the 160 repertoires of Mei Lanfang, including Battle with Invaders, Drunken Princess, Goddess of Luo River, Taking Command of Troops, Sylph Scattering Flowers, and Farewell to Princess Yu.
On June 10, 2012, the theatre played host to American comedian Louis CK, who taped an episode of his show Louie there to an invitation-only audience.
Jing role

The Jing (simplified Chinese: 净; traditional Chinese: 淨) is a role type in Chinese opera for "rough" or "mighty" male characters. In many genres (such as Peking opera and Cantonese opera), this role requires heavy face painting. As a result, it is also known as Hualian ("Painted face"). However, not all characters with painted faces fall into this category, with Chou (clowns) being another major painted-face role type.
This type of role will entail a forceful character, so a Jing actor must have a strong voice and be able to exaggerate gestures. Depending on the repertoire of the particular troupe, he will play either primary or secondary roles. The colour and face design represents the identity and personality of the character.
Face painting in Chinese theatre probably began with masks, and actors painted their faces as early as 9th-century Tang dynasty (618–907). During the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) red and white facial designs were used in opera to distinguish good characters from bad ones. After the 14th century, facial patterns multiplied, and new colors have been introduced. Peking opera now boasts 15 basic facial patterns, but there are over 1000 specific variations. Each design is unique to a specific character. The patterns and coloring are thought to be derived from traditional Chinese color symbolism and divination on the lines of a person's face, which is said to reveal personality. Easily recognizable examples of coloring include:
Later designs introduced other colors, such as:
To emphasize a character's height and strength, the forehead is generally elongated, with the face design covering the entire face, from the crown to the chin and extending to both ears.
Three main types of Jing roles are often seen. These include tongchui, roles that heavily involve singing, jiazi, roles with less emphasis on singing and more on physical performance, and wujing, martial and acrobatic roles.
Painted Faces

Painted Faces (Chinese: 七小福) is a 1988 Hong Kong biographical drama film co-written and directed by Alex Law and starring Sammo Hung as his mentor, Master Yu Jim-yuen of the China Drama Academy. For his portrayal as Master Yu, Hung won his second Hong Kong Film Award for Best Actor at the 8th Hong Kong Film Awards. The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 62nd Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
The Chinese title refers to the Seven Little Fortunes, which includes Hung, Yuen Biao, Jackie Chan and their fellow opera-mates, who later became popular in the Hong Kong film industry. The film focuses on Master Yu and his methods on bringing up his protégés.
Marc Savlov of Austin Chronicle gave the film 3½ stars out of 5 and said that: "Despite the fact that the film lags a bit in its second half [...], Painted Faces remains a charming, gorgeously lensed slice of Hong Kong history, and certainly one that no Jackie Chan/Samo Hung/Yuen Biao fan should pass up."
Modius (headdress)

The modius is a type of flat-topped cylindrical headdress or crown found in ancient Egyptian art and art of the Greco-Roman world. The name was given by modern scholars based on its resemblance to the jar used as a Roman unit of dry measure, but it probably does represent a grain-measure, and symbolizing one's ability to learn new information by having an open mind with an empty cup.
The modius is worn by certain deities, including the Eleusinian deities and their Roman counterparts, the Ephesian Artemis and certain other forms of the goddess, Hecate, and Serapis. Serapis was the main idol/figurehead at the Library of Alexandria during the ancient Egyptian & Roman alliance. Personifications of Genius often wore the modius. On some deities it represents fruitfulness. It is thought to be a form mostly restricted to supernatural beings in art, and rarely worn in real life, with two probable exceptions. A tall modius is part of the complex headdress used for depictions of Egyptian royal women, often ornamented variously with symbols, vegetative motifs, and the uraeus. It was also the distinctive headdress of Palmyrene priests.
Shen Gongbao

Shen Gongbao (申公豹) is a major character featured within the famed classic Chinese novel Investiture of the Gods. Shen Gongbao is a disciple of Yuanshi Tianzun, Jiang Ziya's junior fellow apprentice.
The earliest source of the character Shen Gongbao is in the novel Fengshen Yanyi, but according to some scientific theses from the 2000s in China, the portrayal of Shen Gongbao may have originated from the practice of tiger worship in Jinan that existed long before the appearance of the novel Fengsheng Yanyi.
In Fengshen Yanyi, Shen Gongbao is good at communication, persuasion, and magic arts in general. He first appeared in Chapter 37 and nearly convinced Jiang Ziya to burn the Investiture through a display of his Taoist sorcery, which allowed him to stay alive even after cutting off his head. The Old Man of the South Pole thwarted his plot by commanding the White Crane Boy (白鹤童子) to turn into a crane and snatch his head away. Upon learning that Shen Gongbao would die if his head was not returned to his body in time, Jiang Ziya pleaded for his life, and he was spared. Later, Shen Gongbao left Kunlun Mountain to assist King Zhou of Shang to battle the forces of King Wu of Zhou. Still holding a grudge against Jiang Ziya, he convinced many Jie Taoists to join the war in opposition of the Zhou army.
Finally, Shen Gongbao was arrested by his master Yuanshi Tianzun. Shen Gongbao was appointed as the General of East Sea (Chinese: 东海分水将军) in the end. The General of East Sea is one of the gods who manage the East China Sea.
In classical Chinese artwork, Shen Gongbao is frequently depicted as a deity riding a white-foreheaded tiger (白額虎), holding a treasure sword (寶劍) in one hand and a celestial pearl (開天珠) in the other, both possessing the ability to subdue demons. In contrast, in Chinese opera, Shen Gongbao is often portrayed as a deity riding a black panther, with a dark, flowing beard, while one hand is raised high and the other is poised for action.
Svengali

Svengali (/svɛŋˈɡɑːli/) is a character in the novel Trilby which was first published in 1894 by George du Maurier. Svengali is a Jewish man who seduces, dominates and exploits Trilby, a young half-Irish girl, and makes her into a famous singer.
After the book's publication in 1894, the word "svengali" has come to refer to a person who, with evil intent, dominates, manipulates and controls another.
In court, the "Svengali defence" is a legal tactic that portrays the defendant as a pawn in the scheme of a greater, and more influential, criminal mastermind.
Svengali is a stereotypical antisemitic portrayal of an Ashkenazic (Eastern European) Jew, complete with "bold, black, beady Jew's eyes" and a "hoarse, rasping, nasal, throaty rook's caw, his big yellow teeth baring themselves in a mongrel canine snarl". He is continually filthy and yet still "clean enough to suit (his own) kind". George Orwell wrote that Svengali, who while cleverer than the Englishmen, is evil, effeminate, and physically repugnant, was "a sinister caricature of the traditional type" and an example of "the prevailing form of antisemitism."
In the novel, Svengali transforms Trilby into a great singer by using hypnosis. Unable to perform without Svengali's help, Trilby becomes entranced.
Svengali was almost immediately stripped of his Jewishness in portrayals. Svengali was first portrayed by the English actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree in London and by the actor Wilton Lackaye in the United States in the stage play of 1895, Trilby. The story has also been used in several movies.
The character was portrayed in the following films which were all titled Svengali: first by Ferdinand Bonn in the silent film of 1914, then by Paul Wegener in the silent film of 1927, by John Barrymore in 1931, by Donald Wolfit in 1954 (in Technicolor), and by Peter O'Toole in the film of 1983, which was a modernised version made for television and co-starred Jodie Foster. In the movie of March 1983 however, the names of the characters were changed.
The character "Levi Svengali" was portrayed by actor and director Ash Avildsen in the television series Paradise City released by Amazon Prime Video in March 2021.
Vicky Donor (soundtrack)

Vicky Donor is the soundtrack album to the 2012 film of the same name directed by Shoojit Sircar and produced by John Abraham, starring Ayushmann Khurrana and Yami Gautam, in their film debuts. The film's soundtrack consisted of eight songs jointly composed by Abhishek–Akshay, Bann Chakraborty, Rochak Kohli and Khurrana, with lyrics written by Akshay Verma, Juhi Chaturvedi, Khurrana, Kohli, Swanand Kirkire and Vijay Maurya. The album was preceded by the single "Pani Da Rang" and was released through Eros Music on 1 February 2012. The music, particularly the song "Pani Da Rang", was well received by music critics and Khurrana won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song.
The soundtrack album features eight tracks which were composed by Abhishek–Akshay, Bann Chakraborty, Rochak Kohli and Ayushmann Khurrana. All of them contributed two tracks each. Actor Khurrana also composed and sung the track "Pani Da Rang" which was released as a single on 1 February 2012. The song was written with Kohli, during their time at DAV College, Chandigarh in 2003. He used to carry the guitar to the film sets to inform Shoojit Sircar, that he had composed a song and inquired him whether he wanted to hear it. Khurrana perfomed few lines of the song which Sircar had liked and had included in the film. He further stated that he included few lines in the last paragraph as the character is singing the song on the terrace. The song entirely consisted of Punjabi lyrics.
The film's soundtrack was launched at a private mall in Mumbai on 29 February 2012, with the cast and crew in attendance. Eros Music distributed the soundtrack and released in digital and physical platforms.
The soundtrack album received positive reviews from critics and listeners. A reviewer based at Indo-Asian News Service stated "Vicky Donor is a good effort and the coming together of various artists makes it worth a listen." Karthik Srinivasan of Milliblog called it as a "Well put-together, enjoyable soundtrack". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama wrote "Music of Vicky Donor turns out to be better than expected. Even though there is a mandatory 'bhangra' number 'Rum Whiskey' to take care of the album from commercial standpoint, it is songs like 'Mar Jayian' and 'Pani Da Rang' which are indeed the pick of the lot."
Sega liwet

Sega liwet yaiku panganan khas ing Indonésia mligi ing Jawa. Sega liwet kalebu panganan kang bisa ditemoni sakabehing panggon ing Indonésia. Sega liwet saka beras kang diliwet nganggo banyu, nganti tanak. Sega liwet Sala (mèmper sega uduk amarga diolah nganggo santen klapa), biyèn didol kanthi diideraké mubeng kampung déning ibu-ibu kanggo sarapan. Para bakul akèh-akèhé asal saka Kacamatan Baki, Kabupatèn Sukaharja, kang adohé watara 10 kilomèter saka pusat Kutha Sala.
Ing panggonan liya, sega liwet ora diolah nganggo santen kaya ing Sala, nanging nganggo banyu padatan. Jinis sega liwet liyané kang diolah nganggo banyu padatan kaya ta sega liwet ayam lan sega liwet Sundha.
ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀

꧋ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦪꦲꦶꦏꦸꦥꦔꦤꦤ꧀ꦏ꦳ꦱ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪꦩ꧀ꦭꦶꦒꦶꦲꦶꦁꦗꦮ꧉ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦏꦭꦺꦧꦸꦥꦔꦤꦤ꧀ꦏꦁꦧꦶꦱꦢꦶꦠꦼꦩꦺꦴꦤꦶꦱꦏꦧꦺꦲꦶꦁꦥꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦆꦤ꧀ꦝꦺꦴꦤꦺꦱꦶꦪ꧉ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦱꦏꦧꦼꦫꦱ꧀ꦏꦁꦢꦶꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦧꦚꦸ꧈ꦔꦤ꧀ꦠꦶꦠꦤꦏ꧀꧈ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦱꦭ(ꦩꦺꦩ꧀ꦥꦼꦂꦱꦼꦒꦈꦢꦸꦏ꧀ꦲꦩꦂꦒꦢꦶꦲꦺꦴꦭꦃꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦏ꧀ꦭꦥ)꧈ꦧꦶꦪꦺꦤ꧀ꦢꦶꦢꦺꦴꦭ꧀ꦏꦤ꧀ꦛꦶꦢꦶꦲꦶꦢꦺꦫꦏꦺꦩꦸꦧꦺꦁꦏꦩ꧀ꦥꦸꦁꦢꦺꦤꦶꦁꦲꦶꦧꦸꦲꦶꦧꦸꦏꦁꦒꦺꦴꦱꦫꦥꦤ꧀꧈ꦥꦫꦧꦏꦸꦭ꧀ꦲꦏꦺꦃꦲꦏꦺꦃꦲꦺꦲꦱꦭ꧀ꦱꦏꦏꦕꦩꦠꦤ꧀ꦧꦏꦶ꧈ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦱꦸꦏꦲꦂꦗ꧈ꦏꦁꦄꦢꦺꦴꦲꦺꦮꦠꦫ꧇꧑꧐꧇ꦏꦶꦭꦺꦴꦩꦺꦠꦺꦂꦱꦏꦥꦸꦱꦠ꧀ꦏꦸꦛꦱꦭ꧉
꧋ꦲꦶꦁꦥꦁꦒꦺꦴꦤꦤ꧀ꦭꦶꦪ꧈ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦲꦺꦴꦫꦢꦶꦲꦺꦴꦭꦃꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦱꦤ꧀ꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦏꦪꦲꦶꦁꦱꦭ꧈ꦤꦔꦶꦁꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦧꦚꦸꦥꦢꦠꦤ꧀꧈ꦗꦶꦤꦶꦱ꧀ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦭꦶꦪꦤꦺꦏꦁꦢꦶꦲꦺꦴꦭꦃꦔꦁꦒꦺꦴꦧꦚꦸꦥꦢꦠꦤ꧀ꦏꦪꦠꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦭꦤ꧀ꦱꦼꦒꦭꦶꦮꦼꦠ꧀ꦱꦸꦤ꧀ꦝ꧉