davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Garvan Woodland Gardens

Garvan Woodland Gardens is a 210-acre (85 ha) botanical garden and woodland garden located at 550 Arkridge Road, approximately 6 miles from Hot Springs National Park in Hot Springs, Arkansas, United States. Owned by the University of Arkansas, it has the stated mission of education, research and public service. For an admission fee, it is open daily, except on Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and the month of January.
Garvan Woodland Gardens is situated on a woodland peninsula with 4.5 miles (7 km) of shoreline on Lake Hamilton. It features rocky inclines reminiscent of the surrounding Ouachita Mountains, floral landscapes, streams, and waterfalls in a natural woodland setting, plus the fifth-ranked Garden of the Pine Wind Japanese Garden with Japanese maples and tree peonies, a conifer border, and various flower and rock gardens. Its collections display hundreds of rare shrubs and trees, including camellias, magnolias, roses and more than 160 different types of azaleas.
The garden site was clear-cut around 1915. It was purchased by the Arthur B. Cook family of Malvern, Arkansas in the 1920s. Arthur B. Cook operated Wisconsin-Arkansas Lumber Company and Malvern Brick and Tile Company until his premature death in 1934. Shortly afterward, a daughter, Verna Cook Garvan, assumed control of the A.B. Cook companies as one of the first female chief executive officers of a major southern manufacturing business. She served as CEO until her retirement in the 1970s.
A self-taught gardener, Verna Cook Garvan began to develop the site in 1956 as a garden and possible future homesite. Over the next 40 years, she planted thousands of specimens. She was intimately familiar with site and laid out each path. She personally chose each new plant and selected its location.
Upon her death in 1993, Mrs. Garvan left the property to the Department of Landscape Architecture of the University of Arkansas, through the University of Arkansas Foundation. The department is now an independent department within the Fay Jones School of Architecture and Design.
Fay Jones, winner of the American Institute of Architects' Gold Medal and first dean of the University of Arkansas School of Architecture, co-designed Verna Cook Garvan Pavilion, which sits in the center of the original plantings.
34°26′05″N 93°02′44″W﻿ / ﻿34.4347°N 93.0456°W﻿ / 34.4347; -93.0456
Tsampa

Tsampa or Tsamba (Tibetan: རྩམ་པ་, Wylie: rtsam pa; Chinese: 糌粑; pinyin: zānbā) is a Tibetan and Himalayan staple foodstuff, it is also prominent in parts of northern Nepal. It is a glutinous meal made from roasted flour, usually barley flour and sometimes also wheat flour and flour prepared from tree peony seeds. It is usually mixed with the Tibetan butter tea. It is also eaten in Turkestan and Mongolia, where it is known as zamba.
As the flour has already been roasted Tsampa is quite simple to prepare and does not need to be cooked; indeed, it is known as a convenience food and often used by the Tibetans, Sherpas, nomads and other travellers. While traditional tsampa is prepared with tea, sometimes water or beer is used in its place. It may also be prepared as a porridge which is called a "jham-thoo" which is usually sweet and nutty and prepared with Tibetan cheese, butter, tea and sugar. Tsampa is also prepared in a congee with lamb or yak stock to make a congee which is called "tsam-thug". André Migot described its preparation:
Besides constituting a substantial, arguably predominant part of the Tibetan diet, its prominence also derives from the tradition of throwing pinches of tsampa in the air during many Buddhist rituals. It is believed that tsampa-throwing actually predates Buddhist beliefs in the area and was originally used as an offering to animistic gods to request their protection. The tradition was consequently incorporated into Buddhism as a "mark of joy and celebration" used at celebratory occasions such as marriages and birthdays. Today it is particularly known in that regard for its use in New Year celebrations, where it is accompanied by chanted verses expressing the desire for good luck in the forthcoming year, for both oneself and others. Tsampa-throwing also occurs at most Buddhist funerals, where the action is intended to release the soul of the deceased.
Tsampa is used in a number of other ways. Mashes of tsampa and cumin are sometimes applied to toothaches or other sore spots. Tsampa is also known among Tibetan sportsmen for its ability to provide rapid energy boosts; the roasting of the flour breaks it down to an easily digestible state, allowing the calories therein to be quickly incorporated by the body.
Reflecting its foundational role in Tibetan culture, "Tsampa" is also the name of a Tibetan typeface.
The phrase "tsampa-eater" was used to promote a unified Tibetan identity. Whereas Tibetans speak various dialects, worship in different sects, and live in different regions, all Tibetans were thought to eat tsampa. In 1957, the India-based Tibet Mirror addressed a letter to "all tsampa-eaters", encouraging them to participate in what would become the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion. Recently, with the rise of the Tibetan diaspora, less emphasis has been placed on tsampa and more emphasis on Tibetan Buddhism in constructing a unified Tibetan identity.
Pink flowers

Pink flowers are used as a symbol of love and awareness. For decades, pink flowers have been used to decorate weddings as a symbol of love. They can also be used as a display of love at funerals, as demonstrated at the funeral for Anna Nicole Smith.
More recently, pink flowers have come to symbolize breast cancer awareness.
They may also be used as an expression of thanks, or just enjoyed for their aesthetic beauty.
Species of pink flowers include:
New York Chinese Scholar's Garden

The New York Chinese Scholar's Garden (simplified Chinese: 寄兴园; traditional Chinese: 寄興園; pinyin: Jìxīng Yuán; Jyutping: Gei3hing1 Jyun4) is part of the Staten Island Botanical Garden, located in the Snug Harbor Cultural Center. Materials were shipped to Staten Island in the spring of 1998, when a team of 40 Chinese artists and artisans from Suzhou constructed the garden. It opened in June 1999.
President of the Botanical Garden Frances Paulo Huber recognized the need for an authentic Chinese garden in 1984. The garden was finally constructed with the support of many partners, including the Staten Island Botanical Garden, the City of New York, the Landscape Architecture Company of China, the Metropolitan Chinese American Community, various private foundations, and hundreds of individuals and corporate donors. After a long series of collaborations a contract was signed with the Landscape Architecture Corporation of China. Mr. Zou Gongwu was appointed as chief project designer.
The garden is designed with elegance (ya, 雅) in mind. The garden is traditionally entered through a narrow passage where meditation takes place, prior to entering the main garden. The design of the garden produces harmony through its views and concepts. The garden creates an infinite space within an enclosed area.
Staten Island Botanical Garden (1999). The New York Chinese Scholar's Garden Interpretive Guide.
40°38′31″N 74°6′16″W﻿ / ﻿40.64194°N 74.10444°W﻿ / 40.64194; -74.10444
What Kind of Fool

"What Kind of Fool" is a 1981 vocal duet by singers Barbra Streisand and Barry Gibb. The song was written by Gibb and Albhy Galuten. Released as the third single from Streisand's album Guilty (1980), "What Kind of Fool" was the third consecutive top ten single from the album in the United States. "Woman in Love" reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the album's title track (also a duet between the two singers) reached number three, both in late 1980. "What Kind of Fool" spent three weeks at number ten on the Hot 100 in March and April 1981. It also spent four weeks atop the Billboard adult contemporary chart.
The songs on the Guilty album were a collaboration between Streisand and all the members of the Bee Gees, including Barry's brothers, Robin and Maurice Gibb. But Barry Gibb played the largest role of the brothers on the album, co-writing and co-producing all of the tracks, appearing on the album cover embracing Streisand, and singing two duets with her. Co-producer Karl Richardson was quoted describing Barry Gibb's contribution to this song: "He did the demo first. Barbra sang to the demo, then he came back and replaced a couple of things after he had heard what she was doing."
Popular American television series Glee covered this song in 2011 with fictional character Blaine Anderson (as played by Darren Criss). This was featured on their soundtrack album Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers. No episode of the series had featured this version, as it only appeared in the album.
Otus mindorensis

Ang Kuwago ng mindoro (Otus mindorensis) ay isang ng ibon sa genus Otus ng pamilya Strigidae. Ito ay endemic sa Pilipinas, o sa halip ay ang Mindoro.
Ang haba ng kuwago ng Mindorо ay hindi lalampas sa 18-19 sentimetro. Kayumanggi ang katawan, mapurol, dilaw ang mata gaya ng ibang kuwago. Ang tuka ay maberde-dilaw. Paws whitish-beige, natatakpan sila ng mga balahibo sa kalahati lamang. Ang mga kuko ay kulay abo tulad ng ibang mga kuwago.
Ang kuwago ng mindor ay isang bihirang species, endemic sa isla lamang ng Mindoro sa Pilipinas. Ang kuwago ay matatagpuan sa Mindoro Maulang gubat mga 800 metro sa ibabaw ng dagat. Ito ay protektado ng mga tao mula sa pagkalipol, kaya ito ay ibinabalik.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Ibon ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Bahurang Apo

Ang Bahurang Apo, Hapilang Apo o Batuharang ng Apo ay isang serye ng mga batuharang na batong-bulaklak o harang na mga koral na sumasakop sa 35 kilometrong parisukat sa loob ng mga katubigan ng Occidental Mindoro sa Pilipinas. Ito ang pangalawang pinakamalaking magkakadikit na mga sistema ng mga harang na mga batong-bulaklak sa mundo at siyang pinakamalaki sa bansa. Pinangangalagaan ang bahura at mga karatig-paligid nito bilang isang Liwasang Pambansa bilang bahagi ng proyektong Likas na Liwasan ng Bahurang Apo.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Balangkas ng Pilipinas

Ang sumusunod na balangkas ay nagsisilbing buod at gabay pampaksa sa Pilipinas:
Kabilang ang lalawigang pulo.
Dahil may 1,486 mga bayan o munisipalidad sa Pilipinas, nakatala lamang dito ang mga bayang may populasyong higit sa 100,000 katao ayon sa pinakahuling senso (senso 2020) at tanging bayan ng Kalakhang Maynila.
Isla ng Calauit

Ang Calauit ay isang isla ng Calamian Archipelago, malapit lamang sa hilagang-kanlurang baybayin ng Isla ng Busuanga . Ito ay bahagi ng munisipalidad ng Busuanga sa lalawigan ng Palawan, Pilipinas . Ang buong isla ay idineklara bilang isang wildlife sanctuary at game preserve noong 1977, ngayon ay isang tourist attraction na kilala bilang Calauit Safari Park .
Ang mga ligaw na hayop ay inangkat mula sa Africa noong 1970s. Kabilang sa mga imported na hayop ang 20 giraffes, dose-dosenang zebra at antelope . Inutusan ng Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos ng Pilipinas ang mga lokal na lumipat sa Halsey Island at iniutos na linisin ang mga kagubatan na kawayanan upang gawing katulad ng lugar na mga sabana ng Kenya . Tinatayang 254 na pamilya, karamihan ay mula sa mga katutubong tribo ng Tagbanwa, ay pinaalis at inilipat sa dating kolonya ng mga may ketong ng Halsey Island..
Ngayon, ang mga hayop na mula Africa ay patuloy na gumagala sa paligid ng isla at ang bilang ng mga hayop ay dumarami. Ang mga hayop ay nakapagparami sa loob ng apat na henerasyon at maaaring mamatay ng dahil sa kakulangan ng pagkakaiba-iba sa kanilang gene pool.
Noong 1970s, ilang pamilya, kabilang ang mga mula sa mga katutubong Tagbanwa, ay pinaalis sa Isla ng Calauit upang bigyang-daan ang mga ligaw na hayop na inangkat mula sa Africa. Ang ulat ng United Nations sa mga karapatang pantao at katutubo ay nakasaad kung paano dumanas ng relokasyon ang mga pamilyang Tagbanwa na nakaranas ng stress at hirap matapos ang utos ni Marcos na gawing santuwaryo ng mga hayop mula Africa ang kanilang mga lupaing ninuno.
Ang mga pamilya ay muling pinatira sa tigang na lupain, kung saan ang mga pamilya ay madalas na nagugutom. Sa loob ng ilang dekada, nagpupumilit ang mga pamilya na bumalik sa itinuturing ng mga Tagbanwa na kanilang ninunong lupain. Ang mga pamilyang Tagbanwa ay magtatayo ng mga tahanan, na gigibain naman ng mga sundalo ng Pilipinas. Hinarang din ng mga sundalo ang mga pinagmumulan ng tubig at nagtayo ng mga bakod upang maiwasan ang katutubong komunidad. Noong 2001, ang mga miyembro ng komunidad ng Tagbanwa ay ikinulong dahil sa pagtatangkang manirahan sa isla.
Matapos mapatalsik si Marcos sa isang mapayapang rebolusyon, ang Balik Calauit Movement ay inorganisa upang tulungan ang mga pamilya na mabawi ang kanilang lupaing ninuno. Tinutulungan din ng kilusan ang mga katutubong komunidad na igiit ang kanilang mga karapatang pantao.
Occidental Mindoro

Ang Occidental Mindoro (Filipino:Kanlurang Mindoro ; Espanyol: Mindoro Occidental) ay isang lalawigan ng Pilipinas na matatagpuan sa rehiyong MIMAROPA sa Luzon. Mamburao ang kapital nito at sinasakop ang kanlurang kalahati ng pulo ng Mindoro; Oriental Mindoro ang kalahating silangan. Nasa kanluran ang Timog Dagat Tsina at nasa timog-kanluran ang lalawigan ng Palawan, sa ibayo ng Kipot ng Mindoro. Nasa hilaga naman ang Batangas, na nakahiwalay sa pamamagitan ng Daanan sa Pulo ng Verde.
Sang-ayon sa senso noong 2000, nasa 380,250 ang populasyon ng Occidental Mindoro, at naging ika-21 pinakamaliit na lalawigan ayon sa populasyon. Nasa 65 mga tao bawat km² ang densidad ng populasyon. Tagalog,Kamangyan at Ilokano ang mga pangunahing wika dito.
Nahahati ang Occidental Mindoro sa 11 na mga bayan.
Websayt ng Occidental Mindoro
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Oriental Mindoro

Ang Oriental Mindoro (Filipino: Silangang Mindoro; Kastila: Mindoro Oriental) ay isang lalawigan ng Pilipinas na matatagpuan sa rehiyong MIMAROPA sa Luzon. Ang Lungsod ng Calapan ang kabisera nito at sinasakop ang silangang kalahati ng pulo ng Mindoro; Occidental Mindoro ang nasa kanlurang kalahati. Sa silangan ng lalawigan naroon ang Dagat Sibuyan at Romblon. Sa hilaga ang Batangas sa ibayo ng Daanan ng Pulo ng Verde. Ang mga Pulo ng Semirara ng Antique ang nasa timog nito.
Kilala ang Oriental Mindoro sa mga turista sa Puerto Galera. Ilang oras lamang ang munisipalidad na ito mula sa Maynila, at pinagmamalaki ang puting baybay-dagat at mga sinisisid na lugar. Para sa mga mahilig mamundok, nariyan ang Bundok Halcon.
Sa lalawigan ito nagmula ang dating pangalawang pangulo ng Pilipinas at mamahayag ng ABS-CBN na si Noli de Castro. Galing siya sa bayan ng Pola.
Inaasahan ng Oriental Mindoro ang turismo, at nag-aani ng mga prutas para kumita.
Nahahati ang Oriental Mindoro sa 14 na mga bayan at 1 lungsod.
Lindol sa Mindoro ng 2020

Ang Lindol sa Mindoro ng 2020 o 2020 Mindoro earthquake, ay isang magnitud 6.3 na lindol ang yumanig sa Mindoro, Pilipinas, Araw ng Pasko, 2020 dahil sa paggalaw ng "Lubang Fault" bahagi ng "Manila Trench", Disyembre 25, 2020; 7:43 am ng umaga, naiulat ang report sa layong 52 kilometro Timog kanluran ng Balayan, Batangas ang episentro ng lindol ay nasa pagitan ng Lubang at Paluan, Occidental Mindoro sa lalim na 121 kilometro ito ay naglabas nang enerhiya na papalo sa magnitud 6.3.Ito ay naramdaman sa ilang karatig lalawigan at rehiyon na aabot sa Intensity 6 (VI malakas).
Ang episentro ng lindol ay nasa dagat sa "Lubang Strait" pagitan ng Occidental Mindoro, 7:43 am ng umaga Philippine Standard Time (PST), ang pagyanig ay ramdam sa mga lalawigan ng Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro at Oriental Mindoro.
Ito ay nagiwan ng mga sirang kabahayan at sirang kalsada sa Lubang, Occidental Mindoro, at uka-ukang kalupaan sa Palauan na siyang nagdulot ng kawalan ng daraanan.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas at Kalikasan ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Victoria, Oriental Mindoro

Ang Bayan ng Victoria ay isang ika-3 klaseng bayan sa lalawigan ng Oriental Mindoro, Pilipinas. Ayon sa senso ng 2020, ito ay may populasyon na 52,175 sa may 12,250 na kabahayan. Tinagurian ito bilang sisidlan ng prutas ng Pilipinas (fruit basket of the Philippines). Pinagdiriwang dito ang Kapistahan ng Kapakyanan.
Ang bayan ng Victoria ay nahahati sa 32 na mga barangay.
Odiongan

Ang Odiongan ay isang unang klaseng bayan sa probinsya ng Romblon sa Pilipinas. Ayon sa senso ng 2020, ito ay may populasyon na 49,284 sa may 12,769 na kabahayan. Ito ang pinakamaunlad na bayan sa buong probinsya at nagsisilbing daungan ng komersyalismo sa lalawigan.
Ayon sa isang alamat, ang mga naunang nanirahan dito ay nakakita ng isang "odiong" (lokal na salita para sa "palaso") na nakaturok sa isang puno; kaya, ang lugar ay napangalanang Inodiongan, ibig sabihin "tinamaan ng palaso", na nabago naman at naging Odiongan.
Sa kasaysayan, ang Odiongan, gaya ng halos buo ng isla ng Tablas, ay unang tinirahan ng mga mandarayuhang Negrito galing sa isla ng Panay at tribo ng Mangyan na galing naman sa Mindoro Island. Ito ay sinundan nang panandalian ng mga dayuhang nagsasalita ng Onhan mula sa Panay. Nang mga taong 1810, isang grupo ng mga taong nagsasalita ng linggwaheng Asi ay nanirahan sa pook na iyon upang maghanap ng lugar na mas angkop sa agrikultura. Ngunit, ang kolonya na ginawa ng mga Simaranhon, Sibalenhon, at Bantoanon ay niloob at winasak ng mga piratangMuslim. Noong 1840, isa na namang pagtatangka ang ginawa ng ibang grupo ng mga Simaranhon, Bantoanon, at Sibalenhon; at sa pagkakataong ito, gumawa sila ng kuta o "cota" na prumotekta sa kolonya laban sa atake ng mga pirata at mga natural na kalamidad. Noong 1855, ang kolonya ay opisyal na itinalaga ng mga Kastilang may kapangyarihan na "pueblo" o bayan. Nang sumiklab ang Rebolusyon noong 1896, ang bayan ay sumali sa ipinaglalaban ng mga rebolusyonaryo sa pamumuno ng nagngangalang Tomas Fiedacan.
Ang Odiongan ay nahahati sa 25 barangay.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Heyograpiya ng Pilipinas

Ang Pilipinas ay isang kapuluan na naglalaman ng humigit-kumulang 7,641 na mga pulo na may kabuuang lawak na 300,000 km2. Ang Labingisang pinakamalaking mga pulo ay sumasakop sa ika-94 na bahagdan ng kabuuang lawak ng lupa. Ang pinakamalaki sa mga ito ay ang Luzon na may lawak na 105,000 km2. Ang sunod na pinakamalaking pulo ay ang Mindanao na may 95,000 km2. Ang kapuluan ay mahigit kumulang na 800 kilometro mula sa mainland ng Asya at matatagpuan sa pagitan ng Taiwan at Borneo.
Ang kapuluan ng Pilipinas ay nahahati sa tatlong mga pangkat ng pulo: ang Luzon, Kabisayaan, at Mindanao. Ang mga pulo ng Luzon ay sumasakop sa Luzon mismo, Palawan, Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate, Romblon, Catanduanes, Batanes at Polillo. Ang Visayas ay ang pangkat ng mga pulo sa gitnang Pilipinas, kung alin ang pinakamalalaki ay ang: Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Siquijor, Biliran at Guimaras. Ang mga pulo ng Mindanao ay sumasakop sa Mindanao mismo, Dinagat, Siargao, Camiguin, Samal, pati na rin ang Kapuluan ng Sulu, pangunahin na binubuo ng Basilan, Sulu, at Tawi-Tawi.
Ang kabatiran sa ibaba ay hinango mula sa kabatiran ng CIA Factbook information para sa Pilipinas, maliban na lamang kung nakatukoy.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Sistema ng mga Palya ng Batangas

Ang Sistema ng mga Palya ng Batangas o (Batangas Fault Segment) rito sa Pilipinas ay isang palya strike slip na matatagpuan sa Pilipinas, ito rin ay tinaguriang "Earthquake Swarm" o yung mga pag kakasunod-sunod na lindol na yumanig sa buong Timog Luzon at nagpasira sa Batangas Naganap ito noong ika Abril 4 at sumunod mga araw 8, nasundan pa ito noong ika Agosto taong 2017.
Ang mga palya na ito ay bahagi ng probinsyang Batangas ang Lubang Fault at Verde Fault.
Ang Lubang palya ay matatagpuan sa timog kanluran nang mga probinsya sa Batangas at Kabite. Ang islang ito ay Lubang Isla nasasakupan nang probinsyang Batangas.
Ang Verde palya ay matatagpuan sa pagitan probinsya nang Batangas at Mindoro ito at dumidiretso sa hilagang bahagi Kanluran ng Mindoro.
Ang mga Lindol sa Batangas ay sanhi nang pagalaw nang Batangas Fault Segment naganap ito sa mga buwan nang Abril at Agosto.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Lindol at Kalikasan ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Ginaw Bilog

Si Ginaw Bilog ay isang makatang Pilipino na ginawaran ng Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan ng pamahalaan ng Pilipinas.
Si Bilog ay pinanganak noong Enero 3, 1953. Isa siyang Hanunuo Mangyan na katutubo ng Mansalay, Oriental Mindoro. Nakilala siya sa kanyang pagsisikap na panatilihin ang tradisyonal na tulang Mangyang tinatawag na ambahan.
Ipinagkaloob ni Dating Pangulong Fidel V. Ramos ang Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) kay Ginaw Bilog noong Disyembre 17, 1993, bilang pagkilala sa pagsisikap ng kanyang pangkat sa pangangalaga sa tulang ambahan na nakatala sa kawayan.
Namatay siya noong Hunyo 3, 2003, sa edad na 50 dahil sa isang sakit na matagal nang nanalaytay sa kaniya.
Distritong pambatas ng Oriental Mindoro

Ang mga Distritong Pambatas ng Lalawigan ng Oriental Mindoro, Una at Ikalawa ang mga kinatawan ng lalawigan ng Oriental Mindoro sa mababang kapulungan ng Pilipinas.
Ang kasalukuyang nasasakupan ng Oriental Mindoro ay bahagi ng kinakatawan ng dating lalawigan ng Mindoro (1907–1951).
Sa pamamagitan ng Batas Pambansa Blg. 505 na naaprubahan noong Hunyo 13, 1950, hinati ang dating lalawigan ng Mindoro sa dalawa, Occidental Mindoro at Oriental Mindoro, at binigyan ng tig-iisang distrito. Ayon sa Seksiyon 6 ng batas, ang noo'y nanunungkulang kinatawan ng solong distrito ng Mindoro ay patuloy na nirepresentahan ang Occidental Mindoro hanggang makapaghalal ito ng sariling kinatawan sa pamamagitan ng espesyal na eleksyon.
Bahagi ito ng kinakatawan ng Rehiyon IV-A sa Pansamantalang Batasang Pambansa, mula 1978 hanggang 1984. Mula 1984 hanggang 1986, nagpadala ng dalawang assemblymen at-large ang lalawigan sa Regular Batasang Pambansa.
Sa ilalim ng bagong Konstitusyon, hinati sa dalawang distritong pambatas ang lalawigan noong 1987.
Notes
Distritong pambatas ng Occidental Mindoro

Ang solong Distritong Pambatas ng Lalawigan ng Occidental Mindoro ang kinatawan ng lalawigan ng Occidental Mindoro sa mababang kapulungan ng Pilipinas.
Ang kasalukuyang nasasakupan ng Occidental Mindoro ay bahagi ng kinakatawan ng dating lalawigan ng Mindoro (1907–1951).
Sa pamamagitan ng Batas Pambansa Blg. 505 na naaprubahan noong Hunyo 13, 1950, hinati ang dating lalawigan ng Mindoro sa dalawa, Occidental Mindoro at Oriental Mindoro, at binigyan ng tig-iisang distrito. Ayon sa Seksiyon 6 ng batas, ang noo'y nanunungkulang kinatawan ng solong distrito ng Mindoro ay patuloy na nirepresentahan ang Occidental Mindoro hanggang makapaghalal ito ng sariling kinatawan sa pamamagitan ng espesyal na eleksyon.
Bahagi ito ng kinakatawan ng Rehiyon IV-A sa Pansamantalang Batasang Pambansa, mula 1978 hanggang 1984. Mula 1984 hanggang 1986, nagpadala ng isang assemblyman at-large ang lalawigan sa Regular Batasang Pambansa.
Sa ilalim ng bagong Konstitusyon, napanatili ng lalawigan ang solong distrito nito noong 1987.
Notes
Bubalus

Bubalus is a genus of Asiatic bovines that was proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1827. Bubalus and Syncerus form the subtribe Bubalina, the true buffaloes.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and classification of domestic animals as species, subspecies, races or breeds has been discussed controversially for many years and was inconsistent between authors. Assessors of the Food and Agriculture Organization consider domestic water buffalo populations as breeds.
Bubalus species comprise the domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis), the wild water buffalo (B. arnee), the tamaraw (B. mindorensis), the lowland anoa (B. depressicornis), and the mountain anoa (B. quarlesi). The latter two anoa species were proposed to form a subgenus Anoa within Bubalus.
Smith described Bubalus as low in proportion to the bulk with very solid limbs, a small dewlap and a long, slender tail; the head is large with a strong convex-shaped narrow forehead, large eyes and funnel-shaped ears; horns are lying flat or bending laterally with a certain direction to the rear; the female udder has four mammae. Lydekker added that the line of back is nearly straight with 13 pairs of ribs; the tail is tufted and reaching about to the hocks; the horns are more or less markedly triangular for the greater part of their length and situated low down on the skull; the muzzle is broad, and the hair sparse in adults.
This genus comprises the following living species:
The 2013 checklist of the Catalogue of Life lists as "accepted" five species binomina in the genus Bubalus:
Bubalus arnee is not listed here.
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System lists the same five species binomina as valid; it also lists as valid six subspecies of Bubalus bubalis:
The following extinct fossil species have been described:
Seal of Occidental Mindoro

The current Seal of Occidental Mindoro is adopted and used on March 21, 1994.
Upon the creation of Occidental Mindoro in 1950, a seal was adopted for the province. The 1950 seal resembles that of its neighboring province of Oriental Mindoro. The history of the seal is dubious regarding the designing and adoption of the seal but according to old officials of the province the following elements symbolizes:
The present seal was adopted through the initiatives of Governor Josephine Ramirez-Sato started in early 1992. The provincial government organized a seal design competition in an effort to find a new design to replace the 1950 seal. Five final designs were chosen from the entries submitted on November 15, 1992 and was three designs were chosen from the five. Augusto Viray Jr. was announced first-place winner of the competition and his design was chosen as the primary basis of the current seal.
At the beginning of 1993, Governor Sato organized a committee to finalize the design of the new seal base on the designs of the finalists of the 1992 competition through Executive Order No. 93-02. The final seal design was submitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for approval. During the regular session of the provincial council held on June 21, 1993, Resolution No. 106, Ss. 93 was passed and approved by the Board adopting the new and modified official seal of the province.
The draft seal along with relevant documents were submitted to the Department of the Interior and Local Government on July 20, 1993, where it was studied for two months. The draft seal was then forwarded to the department's Bureau of Local Government Services and on October 13, 1993, it was submitted to the National Historical Commission. On November 4, 1993 the draft was returned to the Office of the Governor of Occidental Mindoro for final comment and possible revision. No revisions were made and the draft design was submitted to the National Historical Institute. In a telegram sent by the National Historical Institute dated February 11, 1994, Governor Sato was informed that the design for the new seal design was approved.
On March 2, 1994, the seal was publicly presented by Governor Sato at the Provincial Developmental Council meeting held on March 2, 1994. By March 21, 1994, the seal was officially adopted for use of the provincial government.
The present seal first approved by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan in 1993 and adopted for use in 1994 has the description.:
These elements placed on the shield depicts the commitment of the province's inhabitants in conserving the province's natural resources.
The other elements of the seal depicts:
Mindoro rain forests

The Mindoro rain forests ecoregion (WWF ID:IM0130) covers the island of Mindoro, which lies between the island of Luzon and the Palawan Archipelago in the Philippines. The island has been subject to heavy commercial logging, with the only original forests remaining on the high ridge of the central mountain range. Logging has been reduced long enough on the east side of the mountains to support a regrown forest and a number of endemic species.
Although the ecoregion is primarily on the island of Mindoro, it also includes a group of small islands to the southeast centered on (Semirara Island), and to the northwest centered on (Lubang Island). These small islands are isolated enough that they may support endemic species. The main island of Mindoro is divided by a north-south mountain range, with the east side more heavily forested than the west. The highest point is Mount Halcon, at 2,586 metres (8,484 ft). Because there are deepwater channels between Mindoro and Luzon, and Mindoro and the Palawans, the island was not connected by land bridges during the Pleistocene recent (Ice Age). It thus retains a distinctive community of flora and fauna, but there are affinities to the larger islands.
The climate of the ecoregion is Tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification (Am)). This climate is characterized by relatively even temperatures throughout the year (all months being greater than 18 °C (64 °F) average temperature), and a pronounced dry season. The driest month has less than 60 mm of precipitation, but more than (100-(average/25) mm. This climate is mid-way between a tropical rainforest and a tropical savannah. The dry month usually at or right after the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. The wet season in the ecoregion is June to October.
Although the original forest has been mostly logged or degraded by human activity, the island is currently about 60% covered with closed forest, mostly broadleaf evergreen. Another 13% is open forest, 10% is herbaceous cover, and the remainder is human settlement and cropland.
There are 42 species of mammals on Mindoro, 7 of which are endemic. Mammals of conservation interest include the critically endangered Mindoro dwarf buffalo (Bubalus mindorensis), and the critically endangered Ilin Island cloudrunner (Crateromys paulus).
About 16% of the ecoregion is officially protected. These protected areas include:
Mindoro–Batangas Super Bridge

The Mindoro–Batangas Super Bridge is a proposed 14 km (8.7 mi) pontoon bridge which is planned to connect the Philippine province of Batangas and Mindoro island.
Proposals to construct a bridge to connect Batangas and Mindoro island has been made as early as 2011. The bridge is meant to facilitate easier transport of agricultural goods from Mindoro island to Metro Manila which are usually exported from the island using inter-island vessels. In early 2011, Oriental Mindoro Governor Alfonso Umali Jr. has coordinated with President Benigno Aquino III regarding the conducting a study to construct a bridge in the area. Aquino has delegated Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) secretary, Rogelio Singson to start conducting a feasibility study on the bridge within 2011. On December 22, 2011, Umali met with principal Chinese investors in Calapan regarding plans to construct such a bridge. Chinese engineers also conducted a site survey in the area. The bridge is planned to span across the Isla Verde Passage and will cross Verde Island.
The DPWH announced in January 2012 that construction of the bridge will commence in February 2012, Although construction of the bridge did not commence as announced.
San Miguel Corporation first expressed interest to construct the bridge in 2013. In early 2015, a group of Malaysian investors led by Mohammed Jamil expressed interest in the project and is eyeing to import rice from Oriental Mindoro. A floating bridge or pontoon bridge design was adopted to avoid damaging the seabed of the Isla Verde Passage which is considered a "center of biodiversity".
San Miguel Corporation presented a plan for the bridge was presented to Governor Vilma Santos of Batangas and Governor Alfonso Umali Jr. of Oriental Mindoro. The cost of the construction of the 14-kilometer-long (8.7 mi) bridge is ₱18 billion and will take five years to build.
The bridge is planned to span the Isla Verde Passage. The bridge compose of two components. The first will span 6.4 kilometers (4.0 mi) from Barangay Ilijan in Batangas City to Verde Island. The second component spanning 4.4 kilometers (2.7 mi) will continue from Verde Island to Barangay Sinandigan in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro.
The Batangas-Mindoro bridge is touted to be the first floating bridge in Asia with high ship passage on its pontoons. The bridge will have pedestrian and bicycle lanes. The bridge will be also designed to withstand typhoons with winds up to 350 km/h (220 mph).
San Jose Airport (Mindoro)

San Jose Airport (IATA: SJI, ICAO: RPUH), formerly known as McGuire Field, is an airport serving the general area of San Jose, Occidental Mindoro in the Philippines. It is one of three airports in Occidental Mindoro, the others being Mamburao Airport and Lubang Airport. The airport is classified as a Principal class 1 domestic airport by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, an agency of the Department of Transportation that is responsible for the operations of not only this airport but also of all other airports in the Philippines, except the major international airports.
San Jose Airport was originally an American air facility which operated in the latter years of World War II. The airstrip was formerly named after World War II 5th Air Force ace Major Thomas McGuire. Consolidated B-24 Liberators were stationed in the facility.
After the war, the air facility was abandoned by American forces, the national government renovated the air facility and was inaugurated years later in 1951 by then President Elpidio Quirino. The national government later built a concrete road from the town center to the airport as well as converted the wooden bridge over the Pandurucan River into a concrete bridge.
The airport underwent a rehabilitation sometime around 2013.
The airport resides at an elevation of 14 feet (4 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 10/28 with a concrete surface measuring 1,836 by 30 metres (6,024 ft × 98 ft). It can accommodate aircraft as large as the Airbus A320.
St. Joseph Cathedral (San Jose, Occidental Mindoro)

Saint Joseph the Worker Cathedral, commonly known as Saint Joseph Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines. It is the episcopal seat of the Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose in Mindoro and its patron saint is Joseph the Worker.
Ecclesiastically, Mindoro island was under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Manila until the creation of the Diocese of Lipa in 1910 when Mindoro was transferred under Lipa. The then Mindoro province was made into an apostolic prefecture in 1936 with Bishop William Finneman as head of the apostolic prefecture. Mindoro remained under Lipa. In 1951, following the split of Mindoro Province into the provinces of Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro, the apostolic prefecture was elevated to the Apostolic Vicariate of Calapan.
The current church building was constructed under the administration of the parish priest George Koschinski. Prior to the church building constructed under Koschinski, the chapel of San Jose used a quonset hut which was used by the Allied Forces during World War II. The replacement church structure was built by both German and Filipino Catholics and was blessed by the Apostolic Vicar of Calapan, Bishop William Duschak, on September 30, 1962.
Pope John Paul II created the Apostolic Vicariate of San Jose in Mindoro which composes the whole province of Occidental Mindoro on January 27, 1983. Vicente C. Manuel was appointed as first apostolic vicar. Manuel was ordained as a bishop on June 29, 1983. Within the same year the church was converted into a Cathedral. Antonio P. Palang was appointed as second apostolic vicar on May 31, 2002. Pablito M. Tagura was appointed as third Apostolic Vicar on December 17, 2022.
Saint Joseph is the primary and titular patron of the St. Joseph the Worker Cathedral whose feast day is on May 1. Our Lady of Fatima is the secondary patroness of the church whose feast day is on May 13.
1994 Mindoro earthquake

The 1994 Mindoro earthquake occurred at 03:15:30 PST on November 15 near Mindoro, Philippines. It had a moment magnitude of 7.1 and a maximum Rossi–Forel of VII (Very strong tremor). It is associated with a 35-kilometer-long (22 mi) ground rupture, called the Aglubang River fault. Seventy eight people were reported dead, and 7,566 houses were damaged. The earthquake generated a tsunami and landslides on the Verde Island.
The epicenter of this earthquake was located in the Verde Island Passage, a strait separating Luzon and Mindoro. The focal mechanism showed predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faulting. The released seismic moment was about 5.12×10 Nm.
The Aglubang River fault, which shows a right-lateral strike-slip sense of movement, extends from Malaylay Island in the north of Oriental Mindoro to Alcate, Victoria in the south. Measurements along the rupture reveal a maximum horizontal displacement of 4 meters (13 ft) and a maximum vertical displacement of 1.9 meters (6 ft 3 in).
The earthquake generated a tsunami, which affected Mindoro, the Verde Island, the Baco Islands, and Luzon. Some concrete structures also suffered moderate damage in the tsunami. In Baco Islands, the vertical run-up reached 8.5 meters (28 ft). The tsunami was also recorded in Lobo. The tsunami was larger than expected considering the strike-slip movement of the earthquake.
Ñuto

El ñuto es un postre proveniente de la amazonía peruana, se prepara a base de huevos, almidón de yuca y otros alimentos propio de la selva.​​
Se registra que los ñutos tuvieron su origen en las cocinas rurales de las ciudades amazónicas, que se regalaba a los niños luego de su hora de juego por la tarde. Los ñutos acompañaban al arroz con leche y mazamorras; por la emigración el postre término expandiéndose a todo el territorio peruano.​​
El postre resulta en bolitas de color blanco humo, su cuerpo es de manteca mezclado con huevos, harina de yuca y azúcar, la masa es cortada en 1 cm y luego metidos al horno.​​
Mote de queso

El mote de queso es una sopa típica del Caribe colombiano, originario de la subregión Montes de María y de la sabanas del Bolívar Grande. Su principal ingrediente es el ñame, preferiblemente espino o en su defecto criollo; se prepara con queso costeño duro (en cuadritos), ajo, cebolla, gotas de limón, además de las hojas de bleo de chupa (arbusto de hojas aromáticas).
Se sirve acompañado con arroz blanco o de coco, un sofrito de cebolla de rama, ají dulce y ajo y suero atollabuey; opcionalmente se le agregan gotas de limón en el momento de servir.
Es considerado insignia culinaria de la Costa y plato reconocido en toda Colombia. La variante sinuana se prepara con leche de coco.​
MORÓN, Carlos y GALVÁN, Cristina. La cocina criolla. Recetas de Córdoba y regiones de la costa Caribe. Domus Libri: 1996. p. 155.
Feta

Feta (griego: φέτα, género femenino, en turco beyaz peynir, literalmente "queso blanco", en búlgaro сирене) es un queso clásico de Grecia (famoso también en Bulgaria, Turquía, Dinamarca y Rumania), fundamentado en la cuajada del queso que se cura en salmuera. Este tipo de queso es muy tradicional y aparece descrito hace cientos de años, remontándose, por lo menos, a la Antigüedad clásica. La feta se elabora generalmente con leche de oveja, aunque pueden encontrarse variedades con leche de yegua. El queso feta tiene tal popularidad en Grecia que incluso se importa de otras zonas, como Dinamarca. En Grecia se elaboraba tradicionalmente con leche de oveja, o a veces con una mezcla de leche de oveja y cabra, lo cual le daba un sabor bien definido, y un punto de sal derivado de sumergir el queso fresco en salmuera. Actualmente, se utiliza también leche de vaca y su sabor ya no es tan definido.
Es un queso blando, sin corteza que se expende en porciones rectangulares o en forma de cuña. Su consistencia es sólida aunque flexible poseyendo algunas grietas y presentando en ocasiones pequeños huecos.
Su porcentaje butiroso (tenor graso) mínimo es del 43% del peso neto. Al gusto es delicadamente craso y ligeramente ácido resultando en un sabor muy grato.
En el comercio, el auténtico feta se distribuye en cajas de madera o, en su defecto, en envases de hojalata.
El queso feta ha sido cubierto por una Denominación de origen como uno de los ingredientes de la ensalada griega y de las tortas griegas llamadas spanakotiropites.
En la preparación de los buñuelos colombianos, el queso feta puede reemplazar al queso costeño.
Queso paipa

El queso paipa es un queso semiduro, semigraso y semicurado boyacense en Colombia.​ producido en el Valle de Sogamoso a una altitud de unos 2.525 m s. n. m. en la parte noroccidental del departamento de Boyacá e incluye las poblaciones de Paipa y Sotaquirá.​
Su denominación de origen, protegida, estatus otorgado por el gobierno colombiano.​
El queso Paipa, es la reinvención del queso Reinoso de la región y elaborado desde hace más de 100 años. Su historia se relaciona con haciendas en Boyacá. ​​
Su nombre se debe al municipio de Paipa, donde se vendía los días de mercado a viajeros y transeúntes.​
Un dato del queso es que no necesita refrigeración, se puede conservar sin necesidad de una nevera.
Pan en huevo

El pan en huevo (en eslovaco: chlieb vo vajci o chlieb vo vajíčku, dialectalmente chleba vo vajci o bundáš​) es un plato salado frito de desayuno o cena​ populares en la República Checa y Eslovaquia.
El pan en huevo tiene su origen en la tostada francesa, que se elaboran en una versión dulce. Ya en la antigüedad, cocinaban un equivalente simple del pan de la época, que remojaban en leche y luego frieron en aceite. Más tarde huevos llegó a usarse para esto. Era más popular en el período de la Edad Media, cuando a menudo se servía como guarnición de las comidas principales. La receta no ha cambiado mucho desde entonces, ya que se componía de ingredientes básicos ya disponibles en el pasado.​
El pan en huevo requiere rebanadas de pan, huevos, leche, sal y aceite para freír. Los huevos se baten con leche y sal, y las rebanadas de pan se sumergen en la base de huevo, que luego se colocan en aceite caliente en una sartén. Se fríen a fuego suave​ 2 a 3 minutos.​ El pan en huevo se puede condimentar con mostaza, kétchup​ o espolvorear con queso​
Sándwich de panceta, huevo y queso

Un sándwich de panceta, huevo y queso es un sándwich de desayuno hecho con panceta, huevo (típicamente frito o revuelto), queso y pan, que suele untarse con mantequilla y tostarse. Se sirve a menudo acompañado con café. Existen sándwiches parecidos que cambian la panceta por salchicha o jamón.
Pueden usarse cruasanes, bagels, tostadas, galletas o magdalenas en lugar de pan para elaborar el sándwich.​ Este plato también puede servirse como un burrito o taco.​
A veces se le añade tomate.​ Una versión más fuerte incluye hash brown.
Existe una versión adaptada a una dieta baja en hidratos de carbono.​​ También se ha modificado la receta al Hot Pockets (170 calorías y 7 g de grasa) y Lean Pockets (150 calorías y 4,5 g de grasa).​ Un sándwich de panceta, huevo y queso típico tiene unos 20 g de grasa y 350 calorías.​​
Pan de jamón

El pan de jamón fue creado en Venezuela. Las recetas más antiguas se siguen conservando, pero han dado paso a la creación y fusión de diferentes rellenos aunados al jamón. El relleno clásico es el de jamón, pasas y aceitunas verdes, por lo general, rellenas con pimiento o pimentón rojo. Es un pan típico de Venezuela, que forma parte de la gastronomía navideña del país. Existen algunas variantes en los ingredientes, tales como el jamón de pavo y el queso crema, el de plátano frito, el de jamón ahumado con cuatro quesos, el de jamón con salsa de tomate tipo pizza, entre otros; y se ha creado una variante en el pan usando masa de hojaldre y el de masa de pan de maíz, así como el pan de jamón con masa de pan de yuca. Estos panes son una creación venezolana de comienzos del siglo XX. Desde su creación, el pan de jamón desplazó a la arepa de maíz molido con masa de guiso de hallacas que se servían en las festividades navideñas y se instauró en las mesas navideñas de las familias venezolanas cuyo consumo y fabricación poco a poco se fue transformando en una costumbre navideña hasta hacerse imprescindible cada diciembre.
Según Miro Popić, periodista y columnista venezolano especializado en gastronomía, la receta del pan de jamón es atribuida a Gustavo Ramella, propietario de una panadería ubicada en las esquinas de Marcos Parra y Solís de la ciudad de Caracas en diciembre de 1905. Aparentemente, en aquel entonces solo llevaba jamón como relleno. Su rápida aceptación provocó que otras famosas panaderías, como las de Montalbán y Banchs lo incorporaran a su oferta, añadiéndole este último uvas pasas.​ Para los años 1920 ya había variedades con otros ingredientes tales como almendras, aceitunas, nueces y alcaparras. Posteriormente, gracias a su atractivo y calidad, su consumo se fue expandiendo por todo el territorio nacional, muy especialmente durante las festividades navideñas.
Con el paso del tiempo, el mismo ha tenido diversas variaciones, a saber:
Pan cazabi

El pan cazabi (denominado también como pan cazabe) fue un sucedáneo del pan muy empleado por los conquistadores españoles.​ Se trataba de una preparación de harina de mandioca (Manihot esculenta) que se horneaba y se sometía a los mismos procesos que el pan de trigo. La mandioca es tubérculo harinoso que recuerda a la harina de trigo, y que posiblemente no lograra fermentar y airearse como el pan. En Nueva España era muy popular entre los colonos españoles dedicados al cultivo ganadero.​ Es posible que su producción existiera en la América precolombina, pero su empleo como sucedáneo del pan en los primeros instantes se popularizó con la llegada de los conquistadores.​
Entre los primeros colonos españoles que llegaron a América el trigo, el vino y el aceite de oliva eran ingredientes altamente apreciados.​ Si bien en los primeros instantes hubo muy poco interés por realizar su cultivo, poco a poco se fue estableciendo una labor de adaptación de estas especies a los nuevos climas y tierras americanas. Mientras esta aclimatación de especies ocurría hubo de acostumbrarse a ingredientes autóctonos. La cazaba fue uno de los primeros. La añoranza de pan de trigo quizás hiciera posible la elaboración de este sucedáneo que aplacó las primeras hambres. Según algunos autores, los españoles conocieron este producto en Santo Domingo y posteriormente fueron elaborando el pan.​
La ausencia de gluten en la harina de esta raíz hace que la fermentación no sea posible en la masa inicial, lo que cambia bastante en la textura final del producto. Cabe pensar que esta preparación exisitiera, no obstante, no hay Cristóbal Colón poseía la mitad de una factoría de pan cazabi en la Isla de Mona al final de sus días.​ Herencia de su tío El Adelantado. Las referencias al pan de yuca son abundantes en las narraciones de los soldados españoles, incluso en los buques de la armada. Su empleo como alimento en los buques de la armada española se realiza por poseer la harina de yuca una mayor capacidad de conservación además de no tener mal sabor.​ Siendo un sustitutivo eficaz del bizcocho de trigo y cebada, además de más barato.
Este tipo de pan, tan popular entre los colonos y conquistadores, así como entre los marinos de la armada. Apenas llegó como noticia a la cocina española. De la que apenas se tiene noticia, ni siquiera de indianos (emigrantes colonos que retornaban). Igualmente el cultivo de la mandioca no prosperó en Europa.