davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Crédit Agricole (equipo ciclista)

Crédit Agricole (anteriormente Gan) fue un equipo ciclista profesional francés que en sus últimos años pertenecía al UCI ProTour participando también en algunas carreras de los Circuitos Continentales UCI.
Luego de que Peugeot decidiera dejar de participar de manera oficial en el ciclismo profesional, el director Roger Legeay buscó otros patrocinadores para continuar con la organización. Así, en 1987 entró la marca de ropa Z al equipo, quedando como patrocinadores Z-Peugeot, para más tarde, en 1990 quedarse como único patrocinador Z. En 1993 volvió a haber otro cambio y tomó el relevo una empresa francesa de seguros: Gan. Finalmente, « Crédit Agricole » se hizo con el equipo en agosto de 1998.
En 2007 consiguió un total de 17 victorias, destacando sobre todas ellas la lograda por Thor Hushovd en el Tour de Francia. El resto fueron victorias en carreras menores como la clasificación general de Anthony Charteau en el Tour de Langkawi o la etapa de Angelo Furlan en el Circuito de la Sarthe.
Contando como una sola todos sus nombres y estructuras, era el equipo más longevo del pelotón en el momento de su desaparición con 50 años consecutivos en el ciclismo profesional.
A partir del 2005, el equipo formó parte del ProTour.
Para años anteriores, véase Palmarés del Crédit Agricole
Para años anteriores, véase Plantillas del Crédit Agricole
Vuelta Ciclista a la Argentina de 1999

Esta fue la quinta edición de una Vuelta Ciclista a la Argentina, luego de siete años desde la última carrera ciclista que recorría la Argentina, desde 1992 que se corrió la cuarta Vuelta a la República no se había realizado ninguna otra competencia ciclista en el país de tal magnitud.​
La 1.ª edición de la Vuelta Ciclista a la Argentina se celebró entre el 23 de febrero y el 7 de marzo de 1999, con inicio en la ciudad de Mar del Plata (provincia de Buenos Aires) y final en La Rioja. El recorrido constó de un total de 11 etapas una con doble sector además de un prólogo cubriendo una distancia total de 1.676 km, pero por una protesta en la 4. etapa​ esta se redujo en 100 kilómetros.​ Fue la primera carrera argentina que otorgó puntaje en el ranking mundial estando inscripta en el calendario de la Unión Ciclista Internacional (UCI), encuadrada como categoría 2.5.
La competencia la iniciaron 23 equipos con casi 150 corredores (11 equipos locales y 12 extranjeros).​
Independiente (ciclismo)

La categoría de corredor independiente fue creada en los años 40 por la Real Federación Española de Ciclismo para amparar a los profesionales que no estaban encuadrados en ningún equipo, permitiéndoles pagar menos dinero por su licencia federativa y participar no solo en las carreras de profesionales sino también en muchas de las de aficionados.
A finales de los 50 sin embargo con el afianzamiento de los equipos patrocinados por casas comerciales y la imposibilidad de participaciones individuales en las carreras por etapas, la categoría de independiente se convirtió en un mero artificio administrativo, al que se solían acoger todos los profesionales en sus primeros años como tales.
Incoherentemente, la Federación separaba a los independientes de los profesionales propiamente dichos en los Campeonatos de España en Ruta, que se disputaban en carreras distintas para cada categoría, mientras que en los de Montaña y contrarreloj por Regiones competían todos juntos.
Internacionalmente, la categoría española de independiente resultaba también ambigua, y así mientras se les permitía participar en el Tour del Porvenir no podían hacerlo en los Juegos Olímpicos. Por otra parte los equipos que en los años 60 la Federación Española envió a competir en la Vuelta a Colombia y en la Vuelta a Guatemala estaban formados por corredores con licencia de independiente.
En 1965 la Federación abolió la categoría de independiente para crear inmediatamente la de aficionado de 1ª especial, que cumplió la misma función.
Ciclismo en los Juegos Olímpicos de Múnich 1972

El ciclismo en los Juegos Olímpicos de Múnich 1972 se realizó en dos instalaciones de la ciudad de Múnich, entre el 29 de agosto y el 7 de septiembre de 1972.
En total se disputaron en este deporte 7 pruebas diferentes (todas en la categoría masculina), repartidas en dos disciplinas ciclistas: 2 pruebas de ruta y 5 de pista.​​ El programa de competiciones se mantuvo sin cambios, como en las ediciones pasadas.
Movistar

Movistar (Spanish pronunciation: [moβisˈtaɾ]) is a major telecommunications provider owned by Telefónica, operating in Spain and Hispanic American countries. It is the largest provider of landline, broadband, mobile services, and pay television (Movistar Plus+) in Spain. Movistar is the second-largest wireless carrier in Mexico, with 25.8 million subscribers as of January 2020.
The Movistar brand has been in use in Spain since the launch of GSM services in 1995. The name became effective worldwide on April 5, 2005, after Telefónica purchased the BellSouth mobile operations branch in South America. After the purchase of O2 in 2005 by Telefónica, the company announced that the «O2» brand would continue to be used in the United Kingdom and Germany, as a separate branch with its own board and management structure. Since 2011, Telefónica has sponsored a UCI ProTeam squad in cycling under the name of Movistar Team.
The 1983 song "Walking on Sunshine" by Katrina and the Waves was used by Telefónica to announce the unification of all its operation brands (Telefónica MoviStar, Bellsouth, Unifon, Telefónica Moviles, Telefónica Movil, and Movicom) in Latin America and Spain under the Movistar brand after the takeover of BellSouth's Latin America division. Movistar has also used the New Radicals' hit "You Get What You Give" and "Two Princes" by Spin Doctors. Currently "Hey, Soul Sister" by Train is in advertising and other versions of the song are also used in audiovisual advertisements.
Movistar Team (women's team)

Movistar Team is a Spanish professional road bicycle racing women's team which participates in elite women's races. The title sponsor is the Spanish mobile telephone company Telefónica, with the team riding under the name of the company's brand Movistar.
In September 2017, Movistar Team announced it would join the likes of Team Sunweb, Orica–Scott, FDJ and Astana in the creation of a predominantly Spanish women's team aimed at developing women's cycling within Spain.
In early October 2017, the inaugural roster was announced: Mavi García, Spanish national time trial champion – Lourdes Oyarbide and Lorena Llamas joining from BZK Emakumeen Bira. Alicia González Blanco, Eider Merino Cortazar and Alba Teruel Ribes joining from Lointek and with two international athletes also joining – Aude Biannic from FDJ Nouvelle-Aquitaine Futuroscope and Małgorzata Jasińska joining the team from US-based squad, Cylance Pro Cycling. In the same week Rachel Neylan (Orica–Scott) was added to the line-up. In November Movistar announced their final tenth rider addition to the 2018 roster, from Lointek, Gloria Rodríguez.
2025 Tour de France

The 2025 Tour de France is the upcoming 112th edition of the Tour de France. It will start in Lille on 5 July, and will finish with the final stage at Champs-Élysées, Paris, on 27 July.
Twenty-three teams will take part in the race. All 18 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited. They will be joined by five UCI ProTeams: the two highest ranked UCI ProTeams in 2024 (Lotto and Israel–Premier Tech), along with three teams (Team TotalEnergies, Tudor Pro Cycling Team and Uno-X Mobility) selected by Amaury Sport Organisation (ASO), the organisers of the Tour.
Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) rules allow twenty two teams to enter a Grand Tour – eighteen UCI WorldTeams, the two highest ranked UCI ProTeams from the previous season and two teams invited by the organisers. Grand Tour race organisers ASO and RCS Sport asked the UCI to allow an additional wildcard team to be invited to Grand Tour events, after lobbying from smaller teams competing for the wildcard slots. Larger teams were reported to not support the request, with Visma–Lease a Bike noting that an additional team would decrease safety. In March 2025, the UCI announced that twenty three teams would be permitted in 2025, allowing an additional ProTeam to be invited. ASO subsequently announced the teams on 31 March 2025.
On 30 November 2023, it was announced that the Grand Départ will take place in Lille. The full route was announced on 29 October 2024 by Christian Prudhomme. The route is considered to be in two halves, with flat and hilly stages for the first 10 stages, followed by mountainous stages in the Pyrenees and Alps before a return to the traditional finish on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The race will feature five summit finishes, including at Col de la Loze and Mont Ventoux. The race will feature just 44 km (27 mi) of individual time trial, with a 11 km (6.8 mi) mountain time trial to the Peyragudes altiport on stage 13. The race will be the first to take place wholly in France since the 2020 edition.
Reacting to the route, Rouleur stated that "the climbing in the second half of the race is relentless" and Velo predicted "plenty of drama" from a route "heavy on uphill finals and explosive breakaway stages". Defending champion Tadej Pogačar called the route "brutal", expressing his interest in the uphill time trial to Peyragudes.
UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race

The UCI Road World Championships Elite Men's Road Race is a one-day event for professional cyclists that takes place annually. The winner is considered the World Cycling Champion (or World Road Cycling Champion) and earns the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in road race or stage events. The event is a single 'mass start' road race with the winner being the first across the line at the completion of the full race distance. The road race is contested by riders organized by national cycling teams as opposed to commercially sponsored or trade teams, which is the standard in professional cycling.
The first professional World Cycling Championship took place in 1927 at the Nürburgring in Germany and was won by Alfredo Binda, of Italy. In recent years, the race is held towards the end of the European season, usually following the Vuelta a España.
The elite men's race is usually won by riders on the UCI World Tour or its predecessors. However, in the past there were separate events for amateur riders, mainly from Eastern bloc countries.
For men at the elite professional level, the World Cycling Championship, along with the Tour de France, and the Giro d'Italia, forms the Triple Crown of Cycling.
The event can be held over either a relatively flat course which favors cycling sprinters or over a hilly course which favors more of a climbing specialist or all-round type of cyclist. It usually involves laps of a circuit with a total race distance over 250 kilometres (160 mi) in length.
Seven cyclists have successfully defended their title (three Belgians, two Italians, a Slovakian and a French): Georges Ronsse (Belgium, 1928–29); Rik Van Steenbergen (Belgium, 1956–57); Rik Van Looy (Belgium, 1960–61); Gianni Bugno (Italy, 1991–92); Paolo Bettini (Italy, 2006–07), Peter Sagan (Slovakia, 2015–17) and Julian Alaphilippe (France, 2020–21). Sagan is the only rider with three straight titles (2015–17). Spaniard Alejandro Valverde has the most total medals by any individual rider with seven (1 gold in 2018; 2 silver in 2003, 2005; 4 bronze in 2006, 2012–14).
UCI Road World Championships – Women's road race

The UCI Road World Championships Elite Women's Road Race is a one-day event for professional cyclists that takes place annually. The winner is considered the World Cycling Champion (or World Road Cycling Champion) and earns the right to wear the Rainbow Jersey for a full year in road race or stage events. The event is a single 'mass start' road race with the winner being the first across the line at the completion of the full race distance. The road race is contested by riders organized by national cycling teams as opposed to commercially sponsored or trade teams, which is the standard in professional cycling.
The UCI Road World Championships for women made its debut in Reims, France in 1958. Due to the Summer Olympics, the Road World Championships were not held in 1984, 1988 and 1992.
Until about 1990, the race varied in length from a low of 46.6 km in 1966 to around 72 km (30 to 50 miles). From 1991, the race length began to gradually increase, first to 79 km (Stuttgart, Germany), and then to over 100 km in 1996 (Lugano, Switzerland). Since 2010, the course has varied in length between 130 kilometres (81 mi) and 160 kilometres (99 mi).
The event can be held over either a relatively flat course which favors cycling sprinters or over a hilly course which favors more of a climbing specialist or all-round type of cyclist. It usually involves laps of a circuit, albeit with fewer laps than the Elite Men's race.
From 2022 to 2024, competitors in this race under the age of 23 at the end of the previous year were also competing for honours in their own classification.
Historically, European nations have dominated this event.
Updated after the 2024 UCI Road World Championships
Updated after the 2024 UCI Road World Championships
John Foley (executive)

John Foley (born 1971) is an American former billionaire and business executive who co-founded Peloton in 2012 and Ernesta in 2023.
Foley was born in Houston, Texas, in 1971, and grew up in Key Largo, Florida. He received the Bachelor of Science in Industrial Engineering from Georgia Tech and the Master of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School. During university, he paid for his tuition by working at a Skittles factory.
Before founding Peloton, he served as a president of Barnes & Noble.
Foley co-founded Peloton in 2012. The company went public in 2019, and he had a net worth of approximately $1.9 billion in 2021. As Peloton began to experience financial difficulties related to the COVID-19 pandemic, his net worth declined to approximately $225 million in November 2022. He left the company that year as it underwent a restructuring.
After leaving Peloton, Foley founded Ernesta, an online rug company that ships samples to customers. It was cofounded with Hisao Kushi and Yony Feng, both of whom also cofounded Peloton. The company launched in 2023, operating in New York, Texas, Florida and Illinois.
Foley lives in the West Village neighbourhood of Manhattan with his wife Jill and their two children, a son and a daughter.
Cycling in Spain

Cycling is a mode of transport in Spain with 20% of the people listing the bicycle as their mode of transport, though some Spanish cities as Valencia, Vitoria and Zaragoza well exceed that with 45%.
There is some cycling infrastructure such as cycle paths, cycle tracks, protected intersections, and bicycle parking, but lacks cycle paths in regional and, mainly, national roads.
On the other hand, in an overview about the traffic, Spain had 8.1 deaths in annual number of deaths from injuries (unintentional and intentional) among 1 to 14-year-old children during 1991–95, expressed per 100,000 children in the age group.
A Plan Estratégico Estatal de la Bicicleta (State Strategy Plan of the Bicycle) has been planned, but only two of the more than forty measures have been approved from the reform of the Reglamento General de Circulación (National Road Rules).
Cycling has been an important sport in Spain since the 1940s. The Vuelta a España (Spanish for "Tour of Spain") is one of the most important cycling events in the world, together with the Tour de France (French for "Tour of France") and Giro d'Italia (Italian for "Tour of Italy") racing tournaments.
Several Spanish cycling athletes have won the Tour de France, including Federico Bahamontes, Luis Ocaña, Pedro Delgado, Óscar Pereiro, Alberto Contador, and Carlos Sastre. The most successful Spanish cyclist is Miguel Indurain. He won the Tour de France in five consecutive years between 1991 and 1995. He also won the Giro d'Italia in two consecutive years (1992 and 1993), the 1995 Road World Championship time trial and the gold medal in the 1996 Olympic time trial.
More recently, in 2008, Sastre became the seventh and third consecutive Spaniard to win the Tour de France, then followed by Contador winning his second tour in 2009's edition. Contador was thought to have repeated his win in 2010 but the day before Stage 17, the queen stage finishing with atop the Col du Tourmalet, Contador tested positive for performance-enhancing substance Clenbuterol, although he claimed it was a result of consuming contaminated beef and in January 2012, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled him guilty and gave him a two-year ban backdated from July 21, 2010 and had all his results achieved after July 21 erased, including victory in the 2010 Giro d'Italia and a 5th-place finish and most aggressive rider award for stage 19 at the 2011 Tour de France. Since returning from the ban, Contador has won the Vuelta twice, in 2012 and 2014.
Óscar Freire shares the distinction of being one of four men to win the World Road Racing Championship three times, as well as being a three-time winner of one of the most prestigious one-day classic cycle races, the Milan–San Remo. Abraham Olano won the Vuelta a España in 1998, and is the only man to win World Championships in both the road race (1995) and time trial (1998).
Spain has also produced some notable mountain bikers like José Antonio Hermida and track racers like olimpic medalists Joan Llaneras, José Manuel Moreno Periñán, José Antonio Escuredo or Sergi Escobar as well as multi-world champion Guillermo Timoner.
Matthew Brennan (cyclist)

Matthew Brennan (born 6 August 2005) is a British cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Visma–Lease a Bike. In 2023, he became Junior World Track Cycling Champion in the Madison and the individual pursuit, in which he set a new junior world record.
Brennan attended Teesdale School and Sixth Form in Barnard Castle, County Durham.
In 2023, Brennan rode for British-based Fensham Howes-MAS Design team. He won the Guido Reybrouck Classic, a two-day race in Belgium, in 2023.
In August 2023, competing at the Junior Track Cycling World Championships in Cali, Colombia, he became the junior world champion in the Madison, alongside Ben Wiggins, and the Individual Pursuit, in which he set a Junior World Record time. He was also a silver medalist in the Scratch Race.
In September 2023, he became the British national champion in the Derny with ex professional cyclist and Commonwealth Champion Paul Curran.
He signed for the Jumbo–Visma Development Team prior to the 2024 season. He made his debut at the Down Under Classic and finished in third place. He made his stage race debut at the 2025 Tour Down Under finishing runner-up on the opening stage. He won his first World Tour level stage on stage one of the 2025 Volta a Catalunya, followed by another victory on stage five.
Sources:
Cycling team

A cycling team is a group of cyclists who join a team or are acquired and train together to compete in bicycle races whether amateur or professional – and the supporting personnel. Cycling teams are most important in road bicycle racing, which is a team sport, but collaboration between team members is also important in track cycling and cyclo-cross.
While riders form the core of a team, a top team also has personnel who support the racing and training. These include
There are also officers for sponsorship, marketing, and communication.
There are different levels of commitment between the riders and the team. Amateur teams range from a collection of riders who identify themselves as a team to those who provide riders with equipment and money. A top-level professional team is registered with the Union Cycliste Internationale, which enforces rules and a points system for professional competition.
Team members have different specializations. Climbing specialists grind away on hard inclines; sprinters save their energy for sprints for points and position; time trialists keep speed high over great distances.
Each team has a leader and captain, generally reckoned as the team's most experienced rider. The leaders have the most media exposure and the best chance of winning races. The rest of the team's members are domestiques, or secondary riders, who shield the leader from opponents and deliver food and drinks to him. However, any team member is allowed to go for a stage win.
In one-day races, one or several leaders are chosen according to demands of the race. In stage races, teams focus on different goals. For example, during the 2005 Tour de France teams such as Discovery Channel or T-Mobile focused on the general classification while other teams tried to win stages or one of the other classifications. In the 2004 Tour de France, Quick-Step–Davitamon helped Richard Virenque win the mountains classification while Lotto–Domo helped Robbie McEwen win the points classification. Smaller teams may simply get riders into a long breakaway to get coverage on television. Most professional teams have 10-20 riders.
Teams are generally sponsored in exchange for advertising on clothing and other endorsements. Sponsorship ranges from small businesses to international companies.
The Tour de France between 1930 and the late 1950s was for national teams which carried no prominent commercial advertising.
Lotto (cycling team)

Lotto (UCI team code: LOT) is a Belgian professional cycling team at UCI ProTeam level sponsored by the Belgian lottery. The same organisations also sponsor a women's cycling team, Lotto Ladies.
Lotto has a long history of cycling sponsorship, they began sponsoring 1984 with Tönissteiner–Lotto–Mavic–Pecotex. In 1985, it became prime sponsor of a team bearing only its name. Walter Godefroot and Patrick Lefevere were early directeurs sportifs. The fusion of the Lotto–Adecco and Domo–Farm Frites teams for the start of the 2003 season created the current team and structure in the guise of Lotto–Domo.
Omega Pharma had previously been a co-sponsor of the Quick-Step–Davitamon team in 2003 and 2004. Omega Pharma became the main sponsors in 2005, under their Davitamon brand name. The team name switched to Omega Pharma's Predictor brand name in 2007 and the Silence brand in 2008. From 2010 the team became known as Omega Pharma–Lotto, but this sponsor moved their financial support to the Quick-Step setup for the 2012 season.
Belisol became co-sponsors in 2012, and are a Belgian company making windows and doors and solar panels.
On the final day of the 2014 Tour de France the team announced that they had secured new sponsorship for the team with Soudal, manufacturers of sealants, adhesives and foams. Soudal signed a deal lasting six seasons, the team name becoming Lotto Soudal: in 2019, they extended the deal for two more years. Lotto continue to sponsor the team, as well as the women's team and under-23 team.
For one stage race each year since 2016 (at the 2016 Paris–Nice, 2017 Paris–Nice, 2018 Giro d'Italia, and 2019 Tour de Pologne), the team raced under the name Lotto Fix ALL and changed the team kit to a grey colour to reflect one of Soudal's key brands.
Lotto was a member team of the UCI World Tour from its inception in 2009 until the end of the 2022 season. The team was relegated from the World Tour at the end of 2022 after finishing 19th in the points standings for the 2020 - 2022 qualification cycle. The top 18 teams qualified for the 2023 - 2025 cycle, meaning that from 2023 the team dropped down a division and began racing under a UCI ProTeam licence. Among non-World Tour teams, Lotto finished first in the 2022 one-year points list ahead of TotalEnergies, meaning it received wildcards for all 2023 World Tour stage and one-day races.
The team is managed by Marc Sergeant and Bill Olivier and they are assisted by Herman Frison, Jean-Pierre Heynderickx, Bart Leysen, Marc Wauters, Mario Aerts, Dirk Demol and Michiel Elijzen.
After Tosh Van der Sande accidentally listed the wrong nasal spray brand in the paperwork at the 2018 Six Days of Ghent where he returned a positive test for prednisolone, a substance found in the nasal spray Sofrasolone, he was temporarily suspended by the team. Van der Sande was later cleared of any wrongdoing by the UCI.
Cycling jersey

A cycling jersey is a specialised jersey for cycling.
The cycling jersey used to be made of wool since the inception of cycling as a sport in the early 1900s, while contemporary jerseys have evolved into technical sportswear that is lightweight, fitted, made of synthetic and moisture-wicking fabric.
A specialised cycling jersey for the road discipline features the following unique characteristics:
Cycling jerseys are available in various cuts. For instance, a loose 'club cut' offering relaxed fit for recreational cyclists, and a form-fitting 'race cut' featuring a tailored fit that is tighter and shorter. Jerseys for other cycling disciplines such as mountain biking have different characteristics. Looser jerseys allow body armour to be worn beneath. Long sleeve options also provide additional protection against branches and twigs.
Professional cycling is heavily sponsored. Regulations specify the size, colour and the placement of sponsor, national federation and manufacturer logos and other graphics. In professional races, certain colours or patterns have special symbolism that signify the leader or the champion of a race or tour. Numbers are pinned on the back of the jersey for a race.
Team jersey

A team jersey (also sports jersey) is a shirt worn by members of a sports team to identify their affiliation with the team. Jerseys identify their wearers' names and/or numbers, generally showing the colors and logo of the team. Numbers are frequently used to identify players, since uniforms give players a similar appearance.
A jersey may also include the logo of the team's sponsor.
A cycling jersey is a specialised jersey designed to be used in road cycling. Cycling jerseys are usually made of synthetic microfiber material to aid in wicking sweat away from the skin to allow it to evaporate. Specific colours or patterns represent certain statuses in these races, such as the yellow jersey of the leader of the general classification in the Tour de France, or the rainbow jersey for the world champion.
The main garment of an ice hockey uniform, which was traditionally called a sweater, is known as a hockey jersey. Basketball jerseys are usually sleeveless. Baseball jerseys are usually button up.
In Australian rules football, the player's shirt is known as a "guernsey".
Other examples are cricket whites, basketball uniform, baseball uniform and gridiron football uniform.
Cycling kit

In competitive cycling, the kit (or uniform) is the standard equipment and attire worn specifically by athletes participating in the sport. The outfits differ from the clothes worn in other forms of cycling, such as commuting and recreational cycling (for which people are likely to wear ordinary street clothes, perhaps with a coat or rain cape). Competitive kit uses technical and performance materials and features to improve efficiency and comfort. The UCI specify the kit and the design the riders use.
Cycling kits have evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when participants wore wool jerseys. Recent advances in manufacturing and technology have enabled lighter, more comfortable, colourful and complex designs to be made. Cycling kits nowadays are made primarily with synthetic materials, such as Lycra, which conforms to the body, thereby reducing drag by eliminating loose fabric as well as increase in comfort. Made-to-order custom kits with tailored cuts made to order are becoming increasingly common for individuals, clubs and teams to produce kits with custom designs. Notable brands include Adidas, Castelli, Pearl Izumi, Rapha and Santini SMS.
Cycling kits in professional races are usually featured with sponsor logos and advertising, and specific colours and/or patterns signify certain position or a leader in a race. In a race, cyclists pin number tags of the race on the back of the jersey (and another on the bike). To generate revenue for the professional teams, replica kits are generally made available for fans to purchase.
The basic equipment set out in the UCI technical regulation guide (Section 3: riders’ clothing) includes a jersey with sleeves, a pair of shorts and possibly a skinsuit.
Generally speaking, the typical summer cycling kit (whether racing or not) consists of:
and in spring/autumn the additional pieces:
and in winter the additional pieces:
The following optional pieces can be worn by the cyclist for additional comfort or performance monitoring:
Cycling in general
Cycling as a sport
Exercise clothing and fabrics
Udang

Udang (Jawi: ‏اودڠ‎‎) ialah sejenis haiwan yang hidup di dalam air dan tergolong dalam cabang Dendrobranchiata ordo Decapoda. Walaupun kelihatan sama sahaja dengan udang halus, udang berbeza dengan udang halus dari segi struktur insangnya. Insang udang bercabang (oleh itu, namanya dendro = "pokok"; branchia = "insang"), manakala insang udang halus berlamela. Takson kembar bagi Dendrobranchiata ialah Pleocyemata yang terdiri daripada semua udang halus, udang karang, ketam, dan sebagainya.
Udang boleh didapati di dalam air masin dan air tawar. Pada masa kini, udang air masin dan air tawar diternak secara besar-besaran di kebanyakan negara. Di Malaysia, udang diternak di Pahang dan Sabah. Ladang ternakan udang di Pahang hanya untuk di eksport. Udang yang hidup di pertambahan air payau ada beberapa jenis yang ada seperti udang tambak sehingga populer disebut udang laut. Di samping itu, beragam jenis udang yang benihnya masuk dari laut ke dalam tambak. Meskipun demikian, jenis-jenis udang dan ikan yang di budaya kan semisel ikan.
Udang karang

Udang karang (Jawi: ‏اودڠ كارڠ‎‎) atau barong (Jawi: باروڠ‎) atau bekara (Jawi: بكارا‎ Lab., Bru.) atau udang kara (Jawi: اودڠ كارا‎) terdiri daripada famili (Nephropidae, kadang-kadang Homaridae) krustasea laut besar.
Antara spesies udang kara :
Ia pernah menjadi makanan mampu orang miskin di Maine, Massachusetts, dan penduduk pinggir pantai Kanada bahkan juga kepada para penghuni penjara dengan tujuan engganggu selera makan mereka; ia juga pernag dijadikan bahan membuat baja serta umpan menangkap ikan. Ia hanya menjadi makanan mewah pada pertengahan abad ke 19 setelah diperkenalkan oleh penduduk New York dan Boston sehinggakan kapal khusus digunakan untuk mempercepatkan pengangkutan tangkapan udang agar kekal hidup segar.
Udang kara umumnya dimasak dengan dikukus atau direbus. Kadar raksa dari udang kara ditangkap di Amerika sekitar 0.31 ppm.
Udang ketak

Udang ketak atau udang lubuk (Thenus orientalis) ialah sejenis spesies udang kara yang boleh ditemui di Lautan Hindi dan Lautan Pasifik.
Udang lubuk mempunyai badan keper, dan boleh membesar sehingga 25 sentimeter (9.8 in), atau panjang karapas 8 cm (3.1 in).
Udang ketak biasa terdapat di kawasan berbatu karang dengan dasar yang berpasir. Di Malaysia banyak terdapat di kawasan gugusan taman laut Mersing. Mengikut tinjauan yang dijalankan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Perikanan, Jabatan Perikanan Malysia, pada sekitar tahun 1985, pendaratan udang ini amat memberangsangkan. Namun kini kedapatan udang ini merosot secara mendadak dan ia jarang terdapat di mana-mana pasar di Malaysia, kecuali di sekitar Sabah.
Udang lipan

Udang lipan, udang mentadak atau udang ronggeng atau sentadu (Inggeris: mantis shrimp) ialah krustasea laut, ahli dalam aturan Stomatopoda. Ia bukanlah udang mahupun lipan, tetapi diberi nama menurut bentuk fizikal yang menyerupai kedua-dua haiwan darat tersebut. Ia mampu mencecah 30 sentimeter (12 in) panjang, sungguhpun kes luar biasa sehingga 38 cm (15 in) telah direkodkan di Hawaii.
Kulit luar karapas bagi udang lipan, menutup hanya bahagian belakang kepala dan tiga segmen pertama toraksnya. Udang lipan terdapat dalam pelbagai warna, daripada perang terang kepada warna kuning bata terang. Sungguhpun ia merupakan haiwan biasa dan antara pemangsa penting di kebanyakan habitat kawasan air laut tropika dan subtropika cetek, ia kurang difahami kerana kebanyakan spesies menghabiskan kebanyakan hayat mereka berlindung di dalam sarang dan lubang.
Peluru berpandu Blue Steel

Peluru berpandu Blue Steel adalah peluru berpandu balistik senjata nuklear sedia guna (stand-off) bagi negara British. Dimajukan semenjak 1954 ia beroperasi dari Februari 1963 sehingga 1969. Ia sepanjang 10 meter (35 kaki) dengan sayap selebar 4 meter (13 kaki), seberat 7000 kilogram (15,000 paun) dan jarak sejauh 240 kilometer (150 batu). Berenjin roket dua-kamar menggunakan hidrogen peroxide dan minyak tanah "kerosen". Kepala peledaknya adalah Red Snow peranti satu-megaton.
Peluru berpandu Blue Steel merupakan peluru berpandu udara ke darat yang dilancarkan dari pesawat pengebom V. Apabila dilancarkan, enjin roket kamar pertama akan melancarkan peluru berpandu pada laluan yang telah ditentukan kepada sasaran dengan kelajuan Mach 1.5. Apabila menghampiri sasaran kamar kedua akan melancarkan peluru berpandu pada Mach 3. Di atas sasaran, enjin akan mati dan peluru berpandu akan jatuh bebas sebelum meletupkan kepala peledak sebagai letusan udara.
Penggantian untuk peluru berpandu Blue Steel, Mark 2, telah dirancang dengan jarak lebih jauh dan enjin ramjet, tetapi dibatalkan disebabkan kesukaran memajukan Mark 1.
Peluru berpandu jarah dekat ini bermakna pesawat pengebom V masih terdedah kepada peluru berpandu darat ke udara "Surface-to-air missile" (SAM). Terdapat beberapa percubaan untuk memajukan atau mendapatkan gantian -- peluru berpandu Blue Streak dan Skybolt ALBM adalah dua kegagalan yang jelas.
Mars Pathfinder

Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder), kemudian dinamakan kembali sebagai Carl Sagan Memorial Station, dilancarkan pada 4 Disember 1996 oleh NASA di atas roket Delta II hanya sebulan selepas Mars Global Surveyor dilancarkan. Semasa perjalanannya, pesawat angkasa lepas ini terpaksa melaksanakan empat pelarasan pada 10 Januari, 3 Februari, 6 Mei dan 25 Jun. Selepas perjalanan 7 bulan, ia telah mendarat di Ares Vallis, di dalam kawasan dinamakan Chryse Planitia di planet Marikh, di Oxia Palus quadrangle, pada 4 Julai 1997. Sebaik sahaja pendarat dibuka, ia mendedahkan perayau dipanggil Sojourner yang seterusnya melaksanakan banyak uji kaji di permukaan planet Marikh.
In the 2000 film Red Planet starring Val Kilmer, astronauts stranded on the Martian surface in the year 2057 improvise make-shift communications using the radio from Mars Pathfinder to contact their main ship orbiting the planet.
Templat:Discovery
Templat:NASA planetary exploration programs
Templat:Webby Awards
Templat:Orbital launches in 1996
Sistem-sistem kumpulan darah manusia

Istilah sistem kumpulan darah manusia ditakrifkan oleh Persatuan Pemindahan Darah Antarabangsa sebagai satu kaedah pengelasan kumpulan darah manusia berdasarkan antigen-antigen permukaan sel yang secara khusus terdapat pada sel-sel darah manusia, dan antigen-antigen ini dikawalatur oleh sama ada satu lokus gen tunggal mahupun dua atau berbilang gen-gen homolog yang berkait rapat dengan sedikit hingga tiada rekombinasi yang dapat diperhatikan dalam gen-gen tersebut. Antara sistem-sistem darah yang sering dikenali adalah sistem antigen ABO dan sistem antigen Rh (resus), dan sehingga Disember 2022 terdapat 44 sistem pengelasan antigen darah manusia yang dapat dikenal pasti.
Ujian keserasian darah dilakukan sebelum pemindahan darah, termasuk pemadanan sistem kumpulan darah ABO dan sistem kumpulan darah Rh, serta saringan antibodi-antibodi penerima terhadap sistem-sistem kumpulan darah manusia yang lain. Ujian keserasian darah juga dilakukan secara rutin ke atas wanita hamil dan pada darah tali pusat daripada bayi yang baru lahir, kerana ketidakserasian darah antara ibu dan bayi menyebabkan bayi berisiko mendapat penyakit hemolitik bayi baru lahir. Ujian ini juga dilakukan sebelum pemindahan sel stem hematopoetik, kerana ada kemungkinan untuk berlakunya penyakit cantuman lawan perumah akut sekiranya tidak dilakukan.
Sistem kumpulan darah manusia yang selain daripada ABO dan Rh mempunyai risiko komplikasi yang agak kecil apabila darah bercampur. Oleh itu, dalam keadaan kecemasan seperti pendarahan teruk, transfusi darah segera adalah lebih penting berbanding ujian keserasian sistem kumpulan darah yang lain (mungkin termasuk sistem Rh juga). Malahan, ujian keserasian darah selain ABO dan Rh secara amnya hanya terhad kepada pengesanan antibodi (tidak semestinya termasuk kaedah penggolongan depan darah yang dikenali sebagai "forward typing"). Namun di Eropah, wanita yang memerlukan pemindahan darah sering ditentukan antigen K dan antigen-antigen lanjutan Rh untuk mengelak daripada berlakunya pemekaan antigen ini, yang boleh merisikokan mereka untuk mendapat penyakit hemolitik bayi baru lahir sewaktu kehamilan.
Apabila perlu memberi transfusi sel darah merah kepada pesakit, kehadiran antibodi-antibodi (yang penting dari segi klinikal dan dihasilkan oleh pesakit) boleh dikesan dengan mencampurkan serum pesakit dengan 2 hingga 4 jenis sel darah merah "saringan" atau "kontrol" yang bersama-sama memaparkan hampir kesemua antigen yang penting kaitannya. Jika mana-mana campuran ini memaparkan tindak balas (bukti antibodi pesakit yang terikat pada sel darah merah saringan), panel antibodi yang lebih teliti akan dilakukan (seperti yang digambarkan di sebelah kanan).
Aldebaran

Aldebaran (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) ialah bintang gergasi merah yang terletak 65 tahun cahaya dalam buruj Taurus. Dengan magnitud purata 0.87, ia merupakan bintang paling cerah pada langit malam. Nama "Aldebaran" datang dari perkataan Arab الدبران ("al-dabaran") yang secara harfiah bermaksud "pengikut", mungkin kerana bintang cerah ini kelihatan mengikut gugusan bintang Pleiades, atau gugusan bintang terbuka Seven Sisters ("Tujuh Gadis Bersaudara").
Sebuah rakan subnajam dilaporkan pada tahun 1997 tetapi tidak dapat ditetapakan oleh pemerhatian berikutnya.
Aldebaran diklasifikasikan sebagai bintang jenis K5III. Ia bintang gergasi jingga yang meninggalkan garisan utama gambar rajah Hertzsprung–Russell. Ia sudah menghabiskan bahan bakar hidrogen terasnya dan lakuran hidrogen sudah terhenti. Mahupun kepanasannya tidak membenarkan lakuran helium, suhu bahagian teras bintang ini meningkat disebabkan tekanan graviti dan ia berkembang kepada garis pusat yang 44.2 akli lebih besar daripada garis pusat Matahari, sekitar 61 juta kilometres (lihat 10 gigametre bagi saiz seakan). Satelit Hipparcos mengukur kejauhannya sejauh 65.1 tahun cahaya (20.0 pc), dan ia bercahaya dengan tahap 425 kali kekilauan Suria.
Aldebaran ialah satu daripada bintang yang senang dicari di langit malam, disebabkan kecerahannya dan juga hubungan relatifnya dengan asterisme (fenomena sinaran cahaya berbentuk sinar atau bintang yang ditunjukkan oleh hablur tertentu bila dilihat pada cahaya terpantul seperti yang ditunjuk oleh batu nilam atau mineral mika.) langit. Ia menjejak tiga bintang gugusan tali pinggang Belantik (Orion) dari kiri ke kanan (di Hemisfera Utara) atau dari kanan ke kiri (hemisfera Selatan); bintang pertama yang meneruskan garisan itu ialah Aldebaran.
Aldebaran berkedudukan dekat dengan ekliptik bagi hijaban Bulan. Hijaban sedemikian boleh berlaku apabila nod menaik Bulan berdekatan dengan ekuiniks musim luruh. Fenomena ini akan berlaku pada tahun 2015. Garis pusat Aldebaran yang agak tepat diperoleh semasa hijaban yang berlaku pada 22 September 1978. Aldebaran kesebarisan deng Suria pada lingkungan 1 Jun setiap tahun.
Koordinat: 04 35 55.2, +16° 30′ 33″
Senarai hieroglif Mesir

Berikut ialah senarai hieroglif Mesir.
Jumlah hieroglif yang digunakan meningkat daripada beberapa ratus di zaman Kerajaan Pertengahan ke beberapa ribu di zaman Kerajaan Ptolemaios.
Senarai hieroglif yang paling banyak digunakan ialah senarai tanda Gardiner (1928/9), yang mengandungi 763 tanda dalam 26 kategori. Georg Möller menghimpunkan senarai yang lebih meluas, yang menyusun menurut zaman dalam sejarah (diterbitkan secara anumerta pada tahun 1927 dan 1936). Blok hieroglif Mesir Unicode (Unicode versi 5.2, 2009) mengandungi 1071 tanda, disusun menurut senarai Gardiner. Pada tahun 2016, Michael Everson mencadangkan untuk memperluaskan piawai Unicode untuk memasukkan senarai Möller.
Lihat halaman-halaman berikut untuk subset hieroglif yang ada:
Nama aksara Unicode mengikuti senarai tanda Gardiner (dialaskan dengan sesifar hingga tiga angka, yakni Gardiner A1 ialah "EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH A001"), dengan tambahan nama glif dalam NL001–NL020 dan NU001–NU022, masing-masing melambangkan 20 Nomos (Wilayah) Mesir Hilir dan 22 Nomos Mesir Hulu.
Z12–Z16 ialah lanjutan bagi senarai Gardiner, termasuklah beberapa angka Mesir.
Lumpiang gulay

Lumpiang gulay, also known as vegetable lumpia, is a Filipino appetizer consisting of julienned or cubed vegetables with ground meat or shrimp in a thin lumpia wrapper made from rice flour that is deep-fried. A notable variant of lumpiang gulay is lumpiang togue, which is made mostly with togue (mung bean sprouts). Its origin is of both Spanish and Chinese influenced. Lumpiang gulay is a Filipino version of chimichanga.
Despite the name, lumpiang gulay is not a vegetarian dish by default, though vegetarian lumpia, a vegetarian variant, can be created from the basic recipe.
Typical ingredients in lumpiang gulay include carrots, kamote (sweet potato), onions, garlic, shallots, cabbage or lettuce, potatoes, singkamas (jicama), sitaw (green beans), sayote (chayote), and togue (mung bean sprouts). It is mixed with a small amount of ground meat, meat strips, and/or shrimp. Fish flakes can also be used. The meat is simmered for a few minutes before adding the rest of the ingredients. They are then wrapped in lumpia wrapper and deep-fried. The vegetables can alternatively be stir-fried. The ingredients of lumpiang gulay are roughly the same as the ingredients of lumpiang sariwa variants, except that lumpiang gulay is fried.
It is traditionally eaten dipped in vinegar or agre dulce, but other types of dipping sauces can also be used. It is sometimes also known as lumpiang prito, a generic name for any fried lumpia versions.
Lumpiang gulay is distinguished from other types of lumpia (especially lumpiang Shanghai) in that it has a greater ratio of vegetables to meat. It is also typically thicker in diameter than lumpiang Shanghai because it has more fillings. Other types of lumpia like lumpiang ubod, lumpiang labong, and lumpiang singkamas are generally regarded as different dishes, as they can be served fresh or fried, unlike lumpiang gulay which is always served as lumpiang prito (deep-fried).
A popular variant of lumpiang gulay is lumpiang togue, also known as "bean sprouts lumpia" or "bean sprouts egg roll". It is prepared roughly the same as lumpiang gulay with mostly the same ingredients. The main difference is that lumpiang togue uses more togue (mung bean sprouts) as the main ingredients, replacing the main filler of lumpiang gulay (usually cabbage).
Despite the name, lumpiang gulay is typically not vegetarian. However, vegetarian versions can be made from both lumpiang gulay and lumpiang togue which do not use meat at all. They typically also include mushrooms or tokwa (tofu). These are differentiated as "vegetarian lumpia", which can be served fresh or fried. A pescetarian version can also be made with just chopped shrimp or fish flakes. Unlike lumpiang gulay and lumpiang togue, vegetarian lumpia can be served either as lumpiang prito (fried) or lumpiang sariwa (fresh).
Vegan versions of lumpiang gulay can also be created. Though the lumpia wrappers used will need to be the vegan versions (without eggs).
The vegetarian lumpia was featured on the Netflix TV series Street Food in the Cebu, Philippines episode.
Shrimp toast

Shrimp toast or prawn toast (Chinese: 蝦多士; Cantonese Yale: haa dō si) is a Cantonese dim sum dish from Hong Kong. It is made from small triangles of bread, coated with a paste made from minced shrimp and cooked by baking or deep frying. It is a common appetizer in Western Chinese cuisine. A common variant in the United Kingdom, Australia and Ireland is sesame prawn toast. This involves sprinkling sesame seeds before the baking or deep frying process.
The dish originates from Hong Kong, as an early form of fusion cuisine, combining prawn paste, which is very common in Hong Kong cuisine, and toast, originating from the West. The dish is called haa dō si 蝦多士 in Cantonese, haa, meaning prawn, and dō si, a loan word from English meaning toast. The dish's range expanded along with trading routes, making its way to Japan and Southeast Asia countries like Vietnam and Thailand.
The dish was introduced to Japan during the Meiji period through the port of Nagasaki, whose local Shippoku cuisine blended the cookery of China, Japan, and the West. In Japanese, shrimp toast is known as hatoshi (Japanese: ハトシ), a loan word from Cantonese. Many Chinese restaurants and shops in Nagasaki's Chinatown still serve this dish. Some also serve a variant made with pork.
Bakkwa

Bakkwa, also known as ròugān, is a Chinese salty-sweet dried meat product similar to jerky.
Bakkwa is made with a meat preservation and preparation technique originating from China. The general method of production has remained virtually unchanged throughout the centuries, but the techniques have been gradually improved. It is traditionally made of pork, beef, or mutton, which is prepared with spices, sugar, salt and soy sauce, then dried on racks at around 50 to 60 °C (122 to 140 °F) to a final water activity between 0.60 and 0.69.
Nowadays, products with a softer texture, lighter color and less sugar are preferred. The shafu type of bakkwa products has a higher water content, and thus has a softer texture and lower sugar content. Whereas the traditional bakkwa has a water activity below 0.7, shafu bakkwa tends to be closer to a water activity of about 0.79. Nevertheless, shafu can have a similar shelf life to other types of bakkwa.
Bakkwa is very popular in Singapore and Malaysia where it is traditionally eaten during the Chinese New Year. When Chinese immigrants brought this delicacy over to Singapore and Malaysia, it began to take on local characteristics. A notable example lies in the preparation of bakkwa, where the meat is grilled over charcoal rather than air-dried, imparting a smokier flavor to the meat. The Singaporean and Malaysian versions of bakkwa are also sweeter than their mainland China counterparts with many different variations having developed to suit local palates, such as chili bakkwa.
Shrimps (brand)

Shrimps is a fashion label founded by London-based designer, Hannah Weiland, launched in 2013. Originally launched with one faux fur coat and then centered around faux fur outerwear and accessories, Shrimps is now a full RTW label offering a variety of pieces as well as the faux fur outerwear that made its name. Shrimps became famous for its signature faux fur coats, garnering support from animal rights activists such as PETA, and drawing new attention to faux fur as a fabric in fashion.
Early supporters of the brand include Laura Bailey, Natalie Massenet, Adwoa Aboah, Alexa Chung, amongst others.
Shrimps presents new collections seasonally on schedule at London Fashion Week. Stuckists for the brand include: Dover Street Market, Selfridges, Matchesfashion.com, Nordstrom, Bon Marché, BOONTHESHOP and My Theresa.
With a background in History of Art and a diploma in Surface Textile Design from the London College of Fashion, Weiland takes her inspiration from the witticisms of modern art and a playful engagement with pattern and texture. Using carefully sourced fabrics that emphasize color and texture, Weiland creates unique, beautifully crafted pieces. At the heart of the brand is faux fur and outerwear, however the collections are now full RTW collections including accessories