Reer Caynaashe

Rer ainashe is the most powerful clan in the Republic of Somaliland being the majority in Hargeisa, the capital city of the country. Additionally, they are also the majority in two regions of Somaliland burao hargeisa Two of pawrful Guutale ainashe And Sugule anishe
The Reer Caynaashe also spelled Reer Caynaanshe (English: Rer Ainanshe) are a royal Somali clan and were the dynastic rulers of the Habr Yunis Sultanate. They divide into 17 major sub-clans that together form the Baha Ainanshe and Rer Sugulle, from the latter descend the rulers of the Habr Yunis Sultanate. They inhabit the Togdheer and Maroodi Jeex regions of Somaliland and the Daroor, Danot and Misraq Gashamo regions of Ethiopia.
The clan traces their paternal lineage to Said Ismail who was the grandson of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed, an Arab Islamic scholar of the Banu Hashim. They take their name from their 18th century ancestor Ainanshe who was the son of Hersi Osman of the Ismail Arreh and a woman of the Ali Said clan. He had seven brothers: Said, Fahiya, Hildid, Warsame, Yusuf, Ali and Abdi whom they shared the same mother and are together known as the Ba Ali in reference to their mother's clan. Ainanshe was the Chieftain of the Habar Yoonis clan. His first wife belonged to the Jibrahil clan and was the mother of his eldest sons Samatar and Sugulle who would go on to found the Ba Jibrahil Rer Sugulle which is the section of the clan that all the Habr Yunis Sultan's descend. Ainanshe's other wives Mun, Basla and Egalo bore him 16 sons who are collectively known as the Baha Ainanshe. The etymology of the name Ainanshe originates from the word Ainan which in Somali means the horse's reins, when suffixed with she it takes on the meaning of one who is holding the reins, leading and guiding from disaster. Ainanshe's tomb is located to the south of Burao in the town of Jameecada Caynaanshe near the Oodweyne district border.
Enrico Baudi i Vesme who visited Burao in 1889 met the sons of Burao Chieftains Guled Ahmed Sugulle and Awad Gal, they relayed to him the following:
Volume 7 of Etiopia rassegna illustrata dell'Impero describing the Rer Ainanshe, states :
The Habr Yunis Sultanate finds its roots in the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Habr Je'lo would break from the Isaaq Sultanate with the Habr Yunis forming their own Sultanate led by Sugulle the son of the previous Habr Yunis Chieftain, Ainanshe Hersi. Sultan Deria Sugulleh would establish his capital at Wadhan (Waram) near the Sheikh pass and tax and administer the affairs of the Habr Yunis from the town. Large caravans bound for Berbera would pass through Habr Yunis territory through Burao and then Wadhan and proved a lucrative source of income for Sultan Deria.
Deria was succeeded by Hersi the son of Aman Deria who had died before his Sultan father, he was an important Habr Yunis chieftain. Vesme Baudi travelling through Habr Je'lo country east of Burao in 1889 gives an account of Aman's tomb.
Hersi Aman is remembered for his successful conquests and expansion of Garhajis territory in the Haud. His reign was abruptly ended when he was killed in a battle against the kindred Baha Sugulleh. Ismail Mire in his famous poem Ragow Kibirka Waa Lagu Kufaa (Pride Comes Before a Fall) comments on Hersi's conquests, pride and desire to rule.
Dual Sultans Era
After the death of Sultan Hersi Aman, the Baha Deria and Baha Makahil sections of the Sugulle dynasty vied for the Sultanship, which divided the Habr Yunis clan into two factions, the Baha Deria faction led by Guled Haji crowned Awad Deria a surviving son of the Sultan Deria Sugulleh. The Bah Makahil crowned Nur Ahmed Aman a young Mullah and nephew of Hersi Aman. Nur was initially uneasy and preferred his life as a Mullah rather than being the Sultan designate. The Habr Yunis were not interrupted by the British Somaliland protectorate which had been established in 1884 and was still largely relegated to the coast and its capital of Berbera. The two Sultans engaged in a lengthy war and divided the Sultanate's territory, where Awad ruled the Sultanate from his chosen capital of Burao and Nur from the Tuuyo plains and Oodweyne.
Frank Linsly James visited Sultan Awad at Burao in 1884 and witnessed the dissenting situation between the two Sultans. Describing the political situation in the region and frequent raids between the two rival Rer Sugulleh factions and their allied Habr Yunis subclans
Awad was killed fighting in Ogaden by the Reer Ali. This allowed Nur to establish himself at Burao and rule over the entirety of the Habr Yunis. The Baha Deria still did not concede defeat and would eventually choose Awad's nephew, Madar Hersi, as their successor following Nur's death. Sultan Nur convened a shir of the Habr Yunis and decided to draw lots to settle the dispute with his challenger Madar Hersi rather than continue the senseless infighting that had lasted since Hersi Aman's death. Sultan Nur won the draw and gave Madar Hersi 100 camels as compensation and was proclaimed the uncontested Sultan of the Habr Yunis. The reunified rule under one Sultan Nur would last until the formation of the Dervish Movement several years later in 1899.
Early Dervish period
Sultan Nur had been the architect of disturbances at Berbera and was the man who narrated the famous story of French Catholic missionaries in Berbera converting Somali children. According to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler this news was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. Madar Hersi his former rival for the Sultan title had aided the Mullahs of Kob Fardod in recovering livestock that was previously looted by some of the Habr Yunis and this reignited after receiving aid from the Mullahs there notably Mohammed Abdullah Hassan. Upon his visit to Oodweyne in July 1899 Sultan Nur convened a great shir of the western Habr Yunis clans and called on them to join the new Dervish movement and upon their refusal he would leave to Burao and successfully rallied the eastern sections of the clan. The Dervish would declare war from Burao on September 1 of 1899. Madar was soon propagated as the legitimate Sultan by British authorities and managed the western sections of the clan throughout the period of the Dervish wars.
The last intelligence report mention of Sultan Nur in the Italian archives was in 1907. After the death of Sultan Nur 1907/1908 in the Dervish camp at Taleh his son Dolal Nur ascended the sultanate in the dervish camp.
Sultan Nur was buried by his dervish in a large domed tomb in Taleh, his tomb predated the later dervish forts. His white tomb in the dervish capital is a testimony to his contribution to the movement. Few dervish founders are commemorated in Taleh, numbering only four.
William Archibald Macfadyen, a British geologist and the only scholar to study the structures of Taleh fort, mentioned the handful of tombs constructed by the dervish for their leaders and gave a detailed description of the tombs in 1931. In his article Macfayden only identified Sultan Nur's tomb by name out of the four dervish entombed in Taleh:
After the Bombing campaign of the Taleh fort and the Dervish retreat into Ethiopia, Tribal Chief Haji Mohamed Bullaleh (Haji the Hyena) of the Rer Ahmed Ainanshe, commanded a 3000 strong army that consisted of Habr Yunis, Habr Je'lo and Dhulbahante warriors and pursued the fleeing Dervishes. They attacked Muhammad Abdallah Hassan and his army in the Ogaden region and swiftly defeated them, causing Muhammad to flee to the town of Imi. Haji and his army looted 60,000 livestock and 700 rifles from the dervishes, which dealt a severe blow to them economically, a blow from which they did not recover.
Rulers
The Habr Yunis Sultanate had eight rulers throughout its duration and the institution of Sultan still lasts today with the Baha Deria leading I conflict still not being completely resolved. The Bah Makahil maintain a well respected pretender although the current Sultan Osman Ali Madar of the Baha Deria is considered as the Sultan of the Habr Yunis.
The Rer Ainanshe along with their Hersi Osman kin were at the forefront of anti-colonial activity in the Somaliland protectorate and Italian Abyssinia. Lieutenant Mosye-Bartlette author of the Kings African rifles states that they constantly defied and resisted the British Protectrate government. In his 1884 publication La confrérie musulmane (Muslim Brotherhood) Henri Duveyrier states that the Rer Ainanshe had ties with the Senoussis, later Kings of Libya, who in the 19th century were involved in many anti-colonial upheavals across Muslim Africa. In 1896 Sultan Nur received a Senoussi delegation, at that time he was involved in war with the British government then based at Berbera.
Langton Walsh details an account of one of Nur's raids on the British in 1896, he states:
In 1899 Several members of the Rer Ainanshe would be among the founders of the Dervish movement, most prominent among being the Rer Amman brothers; Sultan Nur, Geele Ahmed and Hersi Ahmed.
Sections of the Hersi Osman once again clashed with the British in 1922 after a heavy tax was imposed upon them at Burao, the Rer Ainanshe and Said Hersi revolted in opposition to the tax and this caused them to clash with other sections of the Habr Yunis and the British colonial government. In the ensuing riot and shootout between the British and Hersi Osman, Captain Allan Gibb, a Dervish war veteran and district commissioner, was shot and killed. The British fearing they could not contain the revolt requested from Sir Winston Churchill, then-Secretary of State for the Colonies, to send troops from Aden and Airplane bombers in order to bomb Burao and livestock of the revolting clans to quell any further rebellion. The RAF planes arrived at Burao within two days and proceeded to Bomb the town with incendiaries, effectively burning the entire settlement to the ground.
Telegram from Sir Geoffrey Archer, Governor of British Somaliland to Sir Winston Churchill the Secretary of State for the Colonies:
James Lawrence author of Imperial Rearguard: Wars of Empire writes
After the RAF aircraft bombed Burao to the ground and months of unrest the Rer Ainanshe and other Hersi Osman clans agreed to pay a small fine for Gibbs death, but they refused to identify and apprehend the accused individuals. Most of the men responsible for Gibb's shooting evaded capture. In light of the failure to implement the taxation without provoking a violent response, the British abandoned the policy altogether.
In 1956 the Rer Ainanshe founded a religious organisation that was fiercely opposed to what they saw as Christian imperialism by the British Somaliland government. Seeing that numerous secular political organisations with tribal orientations emerging Haji Yasin Handule of the Rer Wais Sugulle and other prominent Habr Yunis religious leaders founded the Party of Allah in 1956 with the intention of upholding Islam and dismantling tribalism. Yasin attempted to put a stop to inter-tribal conflicts by founding a group that would transcend tribal allegiances while maintaining an emphasis on Islam as the core of Somali identity. Haji Yasin influenced numerous other anti-colonial movements such as Nasser Allah.
Professor of African studies John Markakis in The 1963 rebellion in the Ogaden states :
Sheikh Ali Ismail Yacqub of the Rer Koshin Ainanshe was a prominent figure in the politics of the former Somaliland Protectorate, having been a member of the Somali National League. He was appointed as the newly created Somali Republic's Minister of Defence in 1960, the following year as President Gamal Abdel Nasser's state guest, he led a group to Egypt and spoke with him about military cooperation. He authorised cross-border attacks into Ethiopia in 1961, which resulted in the destruction of many facilities close to the border. Later, these clashes would intensify and result in the 1964 Ethiopian-Somali Border War.
Among the notable Generals leading the Ethiopia-Somali border war was Mohamed Ainanshe Guled of the Rer Farah Ainanshe, as a young man he joined the Italian Carabinieri college and graduated in 1952. After the establishment of the SNA he was made head of the 26th division based in Woqooyi Galbeed. Mohamed is credited for the coining of most Somali Military terms and nomenclature which replaced the Italian and English systems. During his military career he rose to the rank of Brigadier general serving as the vice-commander and later Chief Of Staff of the Somali armed forces, the highest rank within the military. While serving as Vice-President of the Somali Democratic Republic he Led a Somali delegation to the People's Republic of China on June 16, 1970, Ainanshe met Vice-Premier Li Xiannian and Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong. The governments of the People's Republic of China and the Somali Democratic Republic signed a preliminary agreement for economic and technical cooperation on June 19, at the end of a diplomatic visit to Beijing. Due to the increasing nepotism, clannism and corruption of the communist regime the SNM was organized in London, England, on April 6, 1981, by Hassan Adan Wadadid of the Farah Ainanshe, a former Somali diplomat and several other Isaaq intellectuals, he stated that the group's purpose was to overthrow the Siad Barre regime. Hassan was a double accredited ambassador to Somalia and Saudi Arabia and Pakistan in the 1960s. After the coup of 1969, he, like many diplomats and politicians in the country he moved to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, where he and other prominent Isaaq diplomats, politicians, and intellectuals held secret meetings with the goal of overthrowing the Siad Barre government. This group became known as the Saudi Arabian Group and later corresponded with a London-based group with similar aims. In early January 1981, Hassan led a delegation to London from a Saudi Arabian group that included Abdisalam Yasin, Ahmed Ismail Abdi and Mohamed Hashi Elmi. After many meetings, the two groups merged to form the Somali National Movement. Hassan was the official representative for the newly formed group and on 6 April 1981 he announced the launch of the SNM which eventually successfully overthrew of the Barre government and the established the Republic of Somaliland which seceded from Somalia in 1991. A minority of Rer Ainanshe were opposed to secession instead advocating for a de-centralized Federal Union with Somalia, among them were Osman Jama Ali and Ridwan Hirsi Mohamed who both served as Prime Minister and deputy Prime Ministers of Somalia respectively. Rer Ainanshe have held multiple ministry positions in the Somaliland government since its inception, recent ministers include medical doctor Hassan Ismail Yusuf of the Rer Gutale Ainanshe heading the health ministry and Said Sulub Mohamed of the Mahamud Sugulle currently serving as the Minister of Livestock and Fisheries of Somaliland.