davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Embla Matilde Njerve

Embla Matilde Njerve (født 2007) er en norsk friidrettsutøver som representerer Bergens TF og som konkurrerer i stavsprang. Hun er datter av tidligere tresteghopper Sigurd Njerve.
I 2023 tok hun bronse i European Youth Olympic Games. Hun vant NM-gull i stav innendørs i 2024.
Hun fikk sølv i stavsprang under U18-EM i friidrett 2024, bak Anastasia Boumpoulidi fra Hellas.
Njerve innehar rekorden for jenter 15 år i stavsprang med 3,80 meter.
Sommer-OL 2032

Sommer-OL 2032 blir de 35. olympiske sommerleker og skal etter planen arrangeres i Brisbane i Australia fra 23. juli til 8. august 2032. Dette vil bli tredje gang de olympiske sommerleker blir arrangert i Australia, etter at Melbourne var vert for Sommer-OL 1956 og Sommer-OL 2000 ble avholdt i Sydney.
Den internasjonale olympiske komité (IOK) hadde denne gangen ingen avstemning mellom flere kandidater som ved tidligere tildelinger, men skulle votere over en anbefaling fra IOKs Executive Board. Brisbane ble formelt valgt under IOKs 138. sesjon i Tokyo i Japan 21. juli 2021 med 72 stemmer for, fem stemmer mot og tre som avsto fra å stemme.
Det var forventet at Brisbane ville bli vertsby, etter at IOKs Executive Board den 24. februar 2021 gjorde byen til sin foretrukne by.
IOK indikerte tidlig at Brisbane i Australia hadde lagt inn en meget god søknad og det var derfor flere potensielle søkere som deretter avsluttet sine planer for Sommer-OL 2032.
De søkerne som var kommet til dialogfasen i søknadsprosessen, men som enten trakk seg eller ble avvist av IOK var:
24. februar 2021 ble Brisbane annonsert som IOKs foretrukne kandidat og 15. mars 2021 ba IOK om å få tilsendt de formelle dokumentene fra Brisbanes søkerkomité «i løpet av neste måned».
Sommer-OL 2036

Sommer-OL 2036 vil bli de 36. olympiske sommerleker. Den internasjonale olympiske komité (IOK) planlegger å velge vertssted etter 2025.
Under IOKs 134. sesjon 24. juni 2019 i Lausanne i Sveits ble det vedtatt nye prosedyrer for utvelgelse av vertssteder av olympiske leker.
IOK har også modifisert det olympiske charteret ved å fjerne krav om utvelgelse av vert sju år før lekene og å endre vertsby-begrepet fra en enkelt by til byer, regioner og/eller land.
Flere byer og regioner har meldt interesse for å arrangere sommerlekene i 2036.
IOK vurderer de bekreftede søkerkandidatene og inviterer de som anses som best egnet til to dialogfaser.
Hurtigløp på skøyter under Vinter-OL 1968

Under Vinter-OL 1968 i Grenoble ble det arrangert åtte øvelser i hurtigløp på skøyter. Løpene gikk på byens nybygde kunstisbane Anneau de Vitesse.
Vertsnasjon: Frankrike (FRA)
* = Det ble delt 2-delt sølv både på herrenes 500 m og 1 500 m, samt 3-delt sølv på damenes 500 m og ingen bronse-medaljer utdelt for disse distansene.Ved lik plassering er nasjonene sortert alfabetisk
* = Det ble delt 2-delt sølv både på herrenes 500 m og 1 500 m, samt 3-delt sølv på damenes 500 m og ingen bronse-medaljer utdelt for disse distansene.Ved lik plassering er sorteringen gjort alfabetisk på nasjoner deretter etternavn på utøver.
Jonathan Nordbotten

Jonathan Nordbotten (født 14. juli 1989) er en norsk tidligere alpinist som representerte Ingierkollen Rustad Slalomklubb.
I junior-VM i alpint 2008 ble Nordbotten nummer fem i kombinasjonen og nummer seks i slalåm. Han ble norsk mester i slalåm i 2010 i Narvik. Han debuterte i verdenscupen i slalåmrennet i Beaver Creek 8. desember 2011 der han kjørte ut i første omgang. I 2014 ble han landslagskjører. Han deltok i slalåm i VM i alpint 2015 i Beaver Creek der han kjørte ut i første omgang. Nordbotten fikk sin første topp ti-plassering i verdenscupen da han ble nummer seks i slalåm i Hahnenkammrennene i Kitzbühel 24. januar 2016.
I vinter-OL 2018 i Pyeongchang deltok Nordbotten på det norske laget som tok bronse i lagkonkurransen. De øvrige på laget var Nina Haver-Løseth, Kristin Lysdahl, Maren Skjøld, Sebastian Foss Solevåg og Leif Kristian Nestvold-Haugen.
Han la opp i 2021.
Lengste skihopp i USA

Dette er en oversikt over utviklingen av rekorder for lengste stående skihopp gjort i USA. Rekorder som også er anerkjent som verdensrekord er markert med WR.
Landets største hoppbakke er Copper Peak i Ironwood i Michigan. Alle lengderekorder for menn siden 1970 er satt der.
Oversikten er basert på en liste i Harold "Cork" Ansons bok Jumping Through Time, men er så langt mulig korrigert og supplert med kilder fra blant annet avisoppslag. Det kan herske noe usikkerhet rundt enkelte av rekordhoppene, særlig fra før 2. verdenskrig, både av dem som er tatt med på listen og blant utelatte «rekorder». Dette skyldes uklarhet omkring godkjenning av rekordene. Flere stående hopp som har vært lenger enn daværende gjeldende rekord, har av ulike årsaker ikke blitt godkjent, i de fleste tilfellene fordi de ble gjort som oppvisningshopp eller i renn som ikke var sanksjonert av USAs skiforbund. En del tidlige avisberetninger om «hopprekorder» har dessuten vært mindre pålitelige når det gjelder å skille mellom stående hopp og fall.
Norske utvandrere brakte skisport og ikke minst skihopping til USA, og var i mange år de fremste pådriverne for idretten. Dette gjenspeiler seg i oversikten over rekordene, som helt fram til 2. verdenskrig domineres av nordmenn og norskamerikanere.
Oversikten er svært mangelfull, fordi det finnes få opplysninger om bestenoteringer for kvinner. Helt til etter 2000 var det få renn for kvinner, blant annet har ingen kvinner hoppet i skiflygingsbakken Copper Peak i Ironwood, som er USAs største hoppbakke. Rekordlengder for menn og kvinner kan i liten grad sammenlignes direkte, og bør sees i sammenheng med størrelsen på bakkene de er gjort i.
Norske Redningshunder

Norske Redningshunder (tidl. Foreningen Norske Lavinehunder) er en humanitær organisasjon stiftet i 1956 som trener opp redningshunder og hundeførere til innsats i den frivillige redningstjenesten i Norge. Organisasjonen har flere lokallag rundt om i landet.
Norske Redningshunder arrangerer kurs og treningssamlinger rundt om i landet. De lærer opp hunder og førere til å lete etter savnede mennesker i snøskred, på barmark og i ruiner. De som består de avsluttende prøver, føres opp på Norske Redningshunders tjenestelister, og kan kalles ut av politiet ved leteaksjoner. All innsats i organisasjonen er på frivillig basis, og verken hundeførere, instruktører eller tillitsvalgte får noen økonomisk godtgjørelse for innsatsen de yter samfunnet.
Norske Redningshunder (NRH) er en landsomfattende humanitær redningsorganisasjon. Organisasjonens formål er å utdanne hunder og hundeførere til bruk i redningstjenesten og å spre opplysning om hundens muligheter til å finne mennesker som er savnet.
De seneste årene har NRH til enhver tid på landsbasis ca. 170 godkjente redningshunder, 100 lavinehunder og 25 USAR-hunder i døgnberedskap. Ekvipasjene (hund og fører) har en gjennomsnittlig tjenestetid på seks til syv år. I 2023 hadde NRH omtrent 500 godkjente ekvipasjer.
Organisasjonen ble stiftet i 1956 som Foreningen Norske Lavinehunder, men skiftet i 1992 navn til Norske Redningshunder.
I august 1999 ble det for første gang sendt sivile hunder ut av Norge på redningsoppdrag. Etter jordskjelvet i Tyrkia reiste åtte ruinsøksekvipasjer og tre ledere fra Norske Redningshunder nedover på oppdrag fra Utenriksdepartementet for å bistå med søksarbeidet.
I romjulen 2003 ble gruppen Norwegian Search and Rescue Team (NORSAR) sendt til Bam i Iran for å bistå etter jordskjelvkatastrofen der. NORSAR, besto av ekvipasjer og stab fra Norske Redningshunder, redningsmannskaper fra Oslo Brann- og Redningsetat samt medisinsk personale fra Norsk Luftambulanse.
FK Spartak Moskva

FK Spartak Moskva (russisk: Футбольный клуб «Спартак» Москва) er en fotballklubb fra Moskva i Russland.
Spartak har vunnet 12 sovjetiske seriemesterskap (kun Dynamo Kyiv har flere) og 9 av 14 russiske seriemesterskap. De har også vunnet den sovjetiske cupen ni ganger og den russiske cupen tre ganger. Spartak har også nådd semifinalen i alle tre europacupene.
Oppdatert 18. mai 2022.
Shanghai Port FC

Shanghai Port FC, kinesisk: 上海海港足球俱乐部 (stiftet 25. desember 2005) er en kinesisk fotballklubb fra Shanghai som har spilt i Kinas toppdivisjon.
Grunnleggeren Xu Genboa (født 1944) var en tidligere toppspiller som på 1990-tallet hadde ledet byrivalen Shanghai Greenland FC og omkring 2001 Inter Shanghai. Omkring år 2000 startet han Genboa fotballakademi som i 2005 slo seg sammen med det som ble kalt Shanghai Dongya FC der "Dongya" betyr "Øst-Asia".
De startet i Liga 2 (tredje nivå), spilte i Liga 1 (andre nivå) 2008–12 og har siden vært i Kinesisk superliga der de fikk sølv, bronse og sølv 2015–17, samt GULL i 2018. I asiatiske AFC Champions League tapte de semifinalen i 2017 mot japanske Urawa Red Diamonds.
Navnet Shanghai SIPG tok de i 2015, etter sponsoren Shanghai International Port Group (SIPG) som driver byens havn.
Svenske Sven-Göran Eriksson var trener 2014–16. Brasilianerne Oscar, Hulk og Elkeson kostet ifølge Romsdals Budstikke laget godt over en halv milliard kroner, da de fikk jobb her i 2016.
De spiller hjemmekampene på Shanghai Stadium og har røde hjemmedrakter. Logoen er hodet av en ørn.
Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics

Cross-country skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The women's events were first contested at the 1952 Winter Olympics.
C = classical, F = freestyle, m = mass start, p = pursuit, s = skiathlon
Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics): Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics.
Media related to Cross-country skiing at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons
List of Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing

Cross-country skiing is a sport that has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the inaugural games in 1924.
The numbers in brackets denotes cross-country skiers who won gold medal in corresponding disciplines more than one time. Bold numbers denotes record number of victories in certain disciplines.
Classic style: 1924–1936, 1948–1988, 2002–2006, 2014, 2022. Freestyle: 2010, 2018.
Classic style: 1924–1936, 1948–1984, 1994, 2002, 2010, 2018. Freestyle: 1988–1992, 1998, 2006, 2014. Mass start: 2006–2022.
4x10 km classic style: 1936, 1948–1984. 4x10 km freestyle: 1988. 2x10 km classic style + 2x10 km freestyle: 1992–2018.
Classic style: 2010, 2018. Freestyle: 2002–2006, 2014.
Classic style: 2006, 2014, 2022. Free style: 2010, 2018.
Classic style: 1952–1988, 2002–2006, 2014, 2022. Freestyle: 2010, 2018.
Classic style: 1984, 1994, 2002, 2010, 2018. Freestyle: 1988–1992, 1998, 2006, 2014, 2022. Mass start: 2006–2022.
3 × 5 km classic style: 1956–1972. 4 x 5 km classic style: 1976–1984. 4 × 5 km freestyle: 1988. 2 × 5 km classic style + 2 × 5 km freestyle: 1992–2022.
Classic style: 2010, 2018. Freestyle: 2002–2006, 2014.
Classic style: 2006, 2014, 2022. Freestyle: 2010, 2018.
This event ran from 1992 to 1998 to replace the 15 km event before it was replaced again by the 15 km event for the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Classic style: 1992–1998.
This event ran from 1956 to 2002 and was replaced by a 30 km skiathlon (15 km classical + 15 km freestyle) for the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Classic style: 1956–1992, 1998. Freestyle: 1994, 2002. Mass start: 2002.
The 5 km event ran from 1964 to 1998 before being replaced by the 10 km event, which was being reintroduced after the 10 km had been discontinued following the 1988 Winter Olympics.
Classic style: 1964–1998.
This event ran from 1992 to 2002 and was replaced by a 15 km skiathlon (7.5 km classical + 7.5 km freestyle) for the 2006 Winter Olympics.
Classic style: 1992, 1998. Freestyle: 1994, 2002. Mass start: 2002.
* denotes all Olympics in which mentioned cross-country skiers took part. Boldface denotes latest Olympics.
Top 10 cross-country skiers who won more gold medals at the Winter Olympics are listed below. Boldface denotes active cross-country skiers and highest medal count among all cross-country skiers (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
* denotes only those Olympics at which mentioned skiers won at least one medal
These are the podium sweeps; events in which athletes from one NOC won all three medals.
Nordic skiing

Nordic skiing encompasses the various types of skiing in which the toe of the ski boot is fixed to the binding in a manner that allows the heel to rise off the ski, unlike alpine skiing, where the boot is attached to the ski from toe to heel. Recreational disciplines include cross-country skiing and Telemark skiing.
Olympic events are competitive cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined — an event combining cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships host these sports every odd-numbered year, but there are also separate championships in other events, such as Telemark skiing and ski flying. Biathlon combines cross-country skiing and rifle shooting, but is not included as a Nordic discipline under the rules of the International Ski Federation (FIS). Instead, it comes under the jurisdiction of the International Biathlon Union.
The biomechanics of competitive cross-country skiing and ski jumping have been the subject of serious study. Cross-country skiing requires strength and endurance and ski jumping requires aerodynamic efficiency, both of which requirements translate into specific skills to be optimized in training and competition.
Recreational skiing began with organized skiing exercises and races of the Norwegian and Swedish infantries. Military races and exercises included downhill in rough terrain, target practice while skiing downhill, and 3 km cross-country skiing with full military backpack. Slalom (Norwegian: slalåm) is a word of Norwegian origin that has entered the international skiing vocabulary. In the 1800s skiers in Telemark challenged each other on "wild slopes" (ville låmir), more gentle slopes had the adjective "sla". Some races were on "bumpy courses" (kneikelåm) and sometimes included "steep jumps" (sprøytehopp) for difficulty. These 19th century races in Telemark ran along particularly difficult trails usually from a steep mountain, along timber-slides and ended with a sharp turn ("Telemark turn") on a field or icy lake.
Skate skiing is a type of skiing where the skier pushes off the ground with their foot to gain speed. This technique was developed in the mid-1980s and since 1985 many races had different races for classic skiing and skate skiing due to the speed of skate skiing. Skate skiing uses many techniques for different terrains.
Classic skiing was the first type of skiing used. Classic skis use grips on the bottom of the ski for the skier to kick off of. This technique is considered slower than skate skiing.
Noted Nordic skiing resorts around the world include the following:
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships

The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is a biennial Nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The World Championships was started in 1925 for men and opened for women's participation in 1954. World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and Nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping). The Winter Olympics from 1924 to 1980 were also the Nordic World Ski Championships (except in the Nordic combined events). This meant that the Olympic champions were also World champions and received an additional medal from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in odd-numbered years.
The first Nordic Skiing World Championships were held in Chamonix in 1924, as part of the first Winter Olympics, which were only later recognized as such. The competitions took place annually until 1939. From 1925 to 1927, the FIS referred to the events as Rendezvous races, while in the years after that until 1935 they were held as FIS races. Since 1937, the competitions have had the official title of FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. Until the 1980 Winter Olympics, the Olympic champions were also World champions, except in Nordic combined events.
The 1940 Nordic World Ski Championships were canceled due to the war, but this was also criticized at the time. The Italian winter sports resort of Cortina d'Ampezzo organized the 1941 Nordic World Ski Championships. However, the FIS subsequently declared these invalid at a congress in Pau in 1946, so that the medals awarded lost their official status and were no longer counted.
With the 1984 Winter Olympics, the rule that the Olympic winners were also World champions was finally abandoned. Since 1985, the Nordic World Ski Championships have taken place in odd-numbered years, independently of the Winter Olympics, in order to avoid an overlap with the Olympics.
The 1980 and 1984 World Championships consisted of a total of only three events; women's 20 km cross-country (1980), ski-jumping team event and Nordic combined team event (both 1984). These events were not held in the 1980 Winter Olympics and 1984 Winter Olympics and therefore got their own World Championships.
The following list shows when new events were added for the first time:
Table updated after the 2025 Championships. The medals won at the 13 Winter Olympics (from 1924 through 1980) are not included into this table. The medals won at the para cross-country events (in 2025) are also not included.
Boldface denotes active athletes and highest medal count among all athletes (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Eurosport (75 countries)Match TV (Russia)ORF (Austria)Eesti Media (Estonia)YLE (Finland)ARD/ZDF (Germany)NRK (Norway)Viaplay/TV6 (Sweden)SRG/SSR (Switzerland)RUV (Iceland)NBC (USA)TVP (Poland)Rai Sport (Italia)L'equipe (France)CBC (Canada)CT Sport (Czech Republic)JOJ Sport (Slovakia) RTV Slovenija (Slovenia)
Nordic combined

Nordic combined is a winter sport in which athletes compete in cross-country skiing and ski jumping. The Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics has been held since the first Winter Olympics in 1924, while the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been held since 1983. Many Nordic combined competitions use the Gundersen method, where placement in the ski jumping segment results in time (dis)advantages added to the contestant's total in the cross-country skiing segment (e.g. the ski jumping winner starts the cross-country skiing race at 00:00:00 while the one with the lowest jumping score starts with the longest time penalty).
The first major competition was held in 1892 in Oslo at the first Holmenkollen ski jump. King Olav V of Norway was an able jumper and competed in the Holmenkollen Ski Festival in the 1920s. Nordic combined was in the 1924 Winter Olympics and has been on the program ever since. Until the 1950s, the cross-country race was held first, followed by the ski jumping. This was reversed as the difference in the cross-country race tended to be too big to overcome in ski jumping. The sport has been dominated by the Norwegians, supported by the Finns. It was not until 1960 that the Nordic grip on this discipline was broken when West German Georg Thoma won the gold medal at the 1960 Winter Olympics.
It was decided in early-November 2016 that women's competitions were to be established on FIS-level starting during the second half of the 2010s with inclusion at world championships starting in 2021 and at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022. But Olympic debut for women in 2022 was cancelled in July 2018 by IOC who was asking for more development time for this discipline; they likely will be added in 2026. In May 2018 the FIS Congress made several decisions regarding the inclusion of women in the sport of Nordic Combined. At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Nordic combined is the only sport with exclusively men's events. As of 2019, women will be officially included in FIS Junior World Championships. It was confirmed that 2021 will mark the start of the FIS World Championship program for women (senior level). 2018 marks the second year of the Continental Cup program for women, which will include a total of 12 events.
Formats and variations currently used in the World Cup are:
Included in the rules but currently not used in World Cup:
Events in the Olympics are: the sprint K120 individual, ski jumping K90 (70m), and Team/4x5km.
Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympics

The 1976 Winter Olympic Games cross-country skiing results. The women's 3 × 5 km relay was replaced by a 4 × 5 km relay at these games.
Twenty four nations participated in Cross-country skiing at the 1976 Winter Olympic Games.
Galina Kulakova of the Soviet Union finished third in the women's 5 km event, but was disqualified due to a positive test for the banned substance ephedrine. She claimed that this was a result of using the nasal spray that contained the substance. Both the FIS and the IOC allowed her to compete in the 10 km and the 4 × 5 km relay. This was the first stripped medal at the Winter Olympics.
Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics

The cross-country skiing events at the 2002 Winter Olympics were marred by drug problems. The winners of three races were disqualified after blood tests showed that three skiers had overly high red blood cell counts indicating the use of darbepoetin, a drug used to treat anemia. At the time, the drug was not specifically listed in the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) list of banned substances, but the Olympic rules generally prohibit doping of any kind, in accordance with its charter. After two years and several lawsuits in Olympic and Swiss courts, the skiers in question (Johann Mühlegg of Spain, and Larissa Lazutina and Olga Danilova of Russia) were stripped of all their medals from the 2002 Games.
See the external links below for the official IOC press releases containing detailed information of the doping cases and their resolution, including initial, intermediate, and final amended results. This article gives the final medalists as decided on by the IOC in early 2004.
Forty-four nations competed in the cross-country skiing events at Salt Lake City.
Ski Classics

Ski Classics is a series of long-distance cross-country ski races in classic style that has been held since 2011. In season XII, 2021–2022, the circuit included 15 events, in a professional tour for the 35 Pro Teams involved. From 2015 to 2022, the official name of the circuit was Visma Ski Classics, thanks to their main sponsor. The special thing about the Ski Classics concept is that anyone can start the races: professional or amateur, male or female, 25 or 75 years old. Everyone stands together on the same starting line to face the same weather conditions and the same course.
Ski Classics has also, since April 2019, launched the concept of Challengers. This tour has been created to connect and promote long distance skiing events worldwide. By autumn 2021, 39 races were on the Challenger calendar, combining cross-country skiing in winter and roller skiing throughout the year.
The cup was first arranged in 2011. The Czech skier Stanislav Řezáč won the men's overall cup, and the Swiss skier Seraina Boner won the ladies' overall cup.
In 2012, the cup consisted of 7 races. The races were Jizerská padesátka, Marcialonga, König Ludwig Lauf, Tartu Maraton, Vasaloppet, Birkebeinerrennet and the final Norefjellrennet which was cancelled because of lack of snow. The Norwegian cross country skier Anders Aukland won the overall cup. He participated for the Norwegian team Team Xtra Personell. The Swedish skier Jenny Hansson won the ladies' overall cup.
In 2013, the cup consisted of 6 races, Jizerská padesátka, Marcialonga, König Ludwig Lauf, Vasaloppet, Birkebeinerrennet and Årefjällslopet. It is an overall-cup, a sprintpoints-cup, a youth-cup and a team competition. The most profiled teams are Team Xtra Personell, Team United Bakeries, Team Coop, Team Tynell, Team Skinfit Racing Team and Team Skigo.
In 2014, the cup consisted of 6 races, among them La Diagonela, Marcialonga and Vasaloppet. Rickard Tynell won the first race, held in Switzerland due to lack of snow in Czech Republic.
Atleter som vunnit minst fem enskilda Pro Tour Event klassas som Ski Classics Legends of the sport.
FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships

The FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships is an annual nordic skiing event organized by the International Ski Federation (FIS). The Junior World Championships was started in 1977 and was first hosted in Sainte-Croix, Switzerland. The Junior World Championship events include Nordic skiing's three disciplines: cross-country skiing, ski jumping, and nordic combined (the latter being a combination sport consisting of both cross-country and ski jumping).
Notes:
Nordic skiing at the 1924 Winter Olympics

At the 1924 Winter Olympics, four Nordic skiing events were contested – two cross-country skiing events, one ski jumping event, and one Nordic combined event, all for men only.
Thorleif Haug of Norway won both cross-country skiing events, or 18 km and 50 km, along with the Nordic combined. Jacob Tullin Thams, also of Norway, won the large hill.
FIS Cross-Country World Cup

The FIS Cross-Country World Cup is an annual cross-country skiing competition, arranged by the International Ski Federation (FIS) since 1981. The competition was arranged unofficially between 1973 and 1981, although it received provisional recognition on the 31st FIS Congress, 29–30 April 1977 in Bariloche, Argentina.
The first World Cup races were held on 9 January 1982 and were located in Reit im Winkl, West Germany and Klingenthal, East Germany. Bill Koch of the United States and Berit Aunli of Norway were the overall winners in the first season.
Competitors attempt to achieve the most points during the season. They compete in two disciplines: Distance and Sprint. Current Distance races are mostly 10 km, 20 km, Skiathlon and 50 km for the men and women. The competitions are held with either individual start or mass start and either classic or free technique. In Sprint races, athletes are organised in heats based on their results in a prologue where the 30 fastest skiers qualify for the sprint's quarter-finals. The 12 best skiers in the quarter-finals advance to the semi-finals and the 6 best skiers in the semi-finals advance to the final. Sprint races are maximum 1.8 kilometres and are competed in either classic or free technique.
In ordinary World Cup races, 100 points are awarded to the winner, 95 for second place, 90 for third place, winding down to 1 point for 50th place. In Stage World Cup races; Tour de Ski, World Cup Final and mini-tours, 50 points are awarded to the winner, 47 for second place, 44 for third place, winding down to 1 point for 30th place. The overall winners of the Stage World Cup events are awarded 300 points for Tour de Ski victory and 200 points for an overall win in the World Cup Final or a mini-tour. The athlete with the most points at the end of the season in mid-March wins the Overall World Cup, with the trophy consisting of a 9 kilogram crystal globe. Sub-prizes are also awarded to the winners of the Sprint World Cup and the Distance World Cup, with a smaller 3.5 kg crystal globe.
Races are hosted primarily in Europe, with regular stops in the Nordic countries and Central Europe. A few races have also been held in North America and Asia. World Cup competitions have been hosted in 21 countries around the world: Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States. (Note that all World Cup races hosted in Bosnia were held when it was still part of Yugoslavia.)
The World Cup usually follows a November–March schedule, effectively ruling out hosting races in the southern hemisphere, for example in Argentina or New Zealand. Additionally, races have yet to be hosted in the Central Asia-Himalayas region.
The table below shows the three highest ranked skiers each year.
All results of female and male athletes of a nation are counted for the Nations Cup.
The table below lists those nations which have won at least one individual World Cup race.
Source:
Source:
Source:
Source:
List of urban areas in the Nordic countries

This is a list of urban areas in the Nordic countries by population. Urban areas in the Nordic countries are measured at national level, independently by each country's statistical office. Statistics Sweden uses the term tätort (urban settlement), Statistics Finland also uses tätort in Swedish and taajama in Finnish, Statistics Denmark uses byområde (city), while Statistics Norway uses tettsted (urban settlement).
A common statistical definition between the Nordic countries was agreed in 1960, which defines an urban area as a contiguous built-up area with a population of at least 200 and where the maximum distance between dwellings is 200 metres, excluding roads, car parks, parks, sports grounds and cemeteries - regardless of the boundaries of the municipality, district or county. Despite the common definition, the different statistical offices have different approaches to carrying out these measurements, resulting in slight differences between countries.
The Nordic definition is unique to these countries and should not be confused with international concepts of metropolitan area or urban areas in general. In 2010, Finland (stat.fi) changed its definition. This means that, according to official statistics, the land area covered by urban areas is three times larger in Finland than in Norway, although the total urban population is about the same (ssb.no). It also means that the population of a Danish 'byområder' is usually less than half the population of the 'functional urban area' as defined by Eurostat, whereas the population of a Finnish 'taajama' is usually around 80% of the respective 'functional urban area' as defined by Eurostat. For example, in 2013 the 'functional urban area' of Aarhus had a population of 845,971, while the 'functional urban area' of Tampere had a population of 364,992. However, according to official statistics, the "taajama" of Tampere is larger than the "byområde" of Aarhus (eurostat.ec). This suggests that direct comparisons between Finland and the other Nordic countries may be problematic.
Note that the population numbers from the countries are from different years, as Statistics Finland, Statistics Norway and Statistics Denmark release the statistic yearly (albeit at different times of the year), Statistics Sweden only release the figures every five years. The Norwegian data is from 2013 and 2018, the Danish data is from 2014, the Swedish is from 2010 and the Finnish is from 2017.
Also note that some of the statistics have been updated since the first note was made, so some statistics may be from 2018, while others from 2013, etc.
Tambores de barro prehispánicos

Los tambores de barro prehispánicos son instrumentos de percusión con estructura de barro y parche de piel, que datan de la época prehispánica en Mesoamérica y Aridoamérica. Poseen varias formas volumétricas: copa, vidrio de lámpara, reloj y doble copa.
En el Códice Madrid, se puede apreciar un pequeño tambor bulboso, representado mientras era tocado, con un color rosa-marrón, lo que da indicio de que estaba hecho de cerámica. También se ve otro tipo de tambores. A uno de ellos el arqueólogo Hammond lo incluyó en el tipo "vidrio de lámpara", hallado en diversos lugares de las tierras bajas mayas en Honduras y Belice. Los tambores dobles fueron hallados en Usulután, Honduras, y en los Códices Dresden y Madrid. El otro tipo de tambor, con forma de copa, también ha sido hallado en Barton Ramie, Uaxactún, Tabasco, Campeche, Piedras Negras y Jaina.
Árbol de la vida (álbum)

Árbol de la vida es la segunda producción discográfica de estudio de la cantante mexicana Lila Downs la cual salió a la venta de manera simultánea en México y Estados Unidos en julio de 2000, posteriormente fue lanzado en España y Latinoamérica. Con este álbum Downs logró buena popularidad en países europeos como España, Francia, Inglaterra y Alemania.​ Producido por Lila Downs, Paul Cohen y Aneiro Taño con el apoyo del Instituto Oaxaqueño de las Culturas y Asociación Cultural Xquenda, este álbum es interpretado en español, náhuatl y en Idioma mixteco, este disco fue grabado en la Ciudad de México y en la Ciudad de Oaxaca, las canciones hablan sobre las diferentes deidades mexicanas, los códices mixtecos y las tradiciones, abarcando sonidos como: sones y chilenas así como instrumentos prehispánicos como el cutinti (tambor ritual de barro, con graduación tonal por niveles de agua), percusiones autóctonas, flautas de carrizo, sonajas, tambores de la región del Istmo, percusiones electrónicas, violoncelos, trompetas, bandoneones, flauta transversal y guitarras acústicas y eléctricas las letras don de la autoría de Lila Downs y Paul Cohen.​
Mridanga

El mridanga (AITS: mṛdaṃga; escritura devanagari: मृदंग; pronunciación: /mridánga/​) o khol es un tambor de terracota o de plástico, de dos parches, que se utiliza en el norte y este de India como acompañamiento de música religiosa hinduista.
Algunos hispanohablantes lo nombran en femenino debido a la terminación masculina sánscrita a, habitualmente usada para indicar el femenino en español.
El término posiblemente proviene de mridam-ga, que significa ‘golpeado-va’ (golpeado mientras se camina),​ indicando su carácter portátil. Es más popular la etimología mrida: ‘barro o tierra’ y anga: ‘cuerpo’.
Se desconoce su lugar de origen. Es nombrado como instrumento de percusión en el texto épico Majábharata (siglo III a. C.). Se conoce en toda la India desde los últimos siglos del I milenio a. C. También aparece en los Puranas, como el Bhágavat-purana (siglo XI d. C.).
Desde hace varios siglos es un instrumento musical muy importante en el estado indio de Bengala Occidental.
Se usa en música folclórica, semiclásica y principalmente como acompañamiento de música bhakti (devoción dedicada al dios Krisná).
En los grupos religiosos ISKCON (movimiento Hare Krisna) y krisnaísmo bengalí (gaudía vaisnava), la mridanga es uno de los dos instrumentos principales (junto con los címbalos kártalos) para interpretar la música religiosa kirtan (canto fuerte) y bhayan (canto suave).
El tambor se toca con las palmas y dedos de ambas manos.
Uno de los parches de la mridanga es más pequeño que el otro. Están hechos de tres capas de piel de vaca o cabra. El parche más pequeño se llama daian, y el más grande baian. La zona central de cada parche tiene una pasta de afinación hecha de polvo de arroz, pegamento y óxido de hierro.
Desde los años setenta, algunos miembros del movimiento Hare Krishna comenzaron a construir mridangas de resina plástica, marca Balaram. Los parches son de plástico y la pasta de afinación se ha reemplazado por un parche central de goma.
Tambores (Uruguay)

Tambores es una localidad uruguaya, cuya administración es compartida por los departamentos de Paysandú y Tacuarembó. El sector correspondiente al departamento de Paysandú forma parte y es sede del municipio homónimo.
La localidad se ubica, sobre la cuchilla de Haedo (límite natural entre los departamentos de Paysandú y Tacuarembó). El camino interdepartamental que sigue esta cuchilla separa en dos a la localidad y además la conecta con la ruta nacional N° 26. La localidad es atravesada por la línea de ferrocarril Montevideo - Rivera y posee su estación en el km 408. La capital departamental Tacuarembó se encuentra a 40 km, mientras que Paysandú se ubica a 200 km.​​
La localidad fue oficializada como pueblo el 21 de agosto de 1936 por ley 9.588 y elevada a la categoría de villa el 15 de octubre de 1963, por ley 13.167.​Un dato a acotar, es que el pueblo fue un campo de albergue nazi durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Se dice que el origen de la palabra Tambores es por la forma de tambor que tienen sus cerros. Según la leyenda, cuando el viento pasaba fuerte por allí se sentían como repiques de tambores.
Según el censo de 2023 la localidad contaba con una población de 1468 habitantes; de estos, 886 se encuentran en el departamento de Paysandú, mientras que 582 pertenecen al departamento de Tacuarembó.
Su principal actividad económica gira en torno a la ganadería.
La localidad cuenta con jardín de infantes, un Caif, dos escuelas primarias y un liceo.
La localidad cuenta con cuatro conjuntos de viviendas de planes del MEVIR.
Dos juntas locales cada una correspondiente a cada departamento, sucursal del Banco República (BROU), Centro de Atención Ciudadana (CAC), y complejo polideportivo.
Todos los años se realiza en la localidad la denominada «Semana de la Integración», entre la primera y segunda semana del mes de diciembre, incluye epectáculos artísticos musicales, exposiciones, talleres, entre otras actividades que atraen a vecinos de toda la zona.​
Barril de bomba

El barril de bomba es un tambor tradicional usado en la música de bomba de Puerto Rico. Los barriles de bomba se fabrican tradicionalmente con las maderas de los barriles de ron. Estos tambores son de un solo parche, más cortos y anchos que las congas, y resuenan más profundo.
El tambor de sonido más grave es llamado "buleador" o "segundo", y el de sonido más agudo es llamado "subidor" o "primo".
Instrumento musical mecánico

Un instrumento musical mecánico, también llamado automático o automatófono, es un instrumento musical que ejecuta música por sí mismo, sin necesidad de la acción de un intérprete. También entran dentro de esta categoría aquellos instrumentos, como el organillo, que pueden reproducir música con la ayuda de una palanca o algún tipo de mecanismo que debe ser accionado por una persona.
La historia de los instrumentos mecánicos se remonta muchos siglos atrás, pero los primeros ejemplos claros de este tipo de instrumentos son los pequeños carillones que se construían durante la Edad Media. Durante el Renacimiento, los artesanos de Augsburg fabricaban, con barriles con una especie de alfileres, artilugios musicales auto ejecutantes. A partir del siglo XVI la fabricación de instrumentos mecánicos adquirió mayor popularidad e idearon numerosos artilugios, como los órganos hidráulicos o los neumáticos, las cajas de música y los violines y violonchelos automáticos, como la violina de Ludwig Hupfeld. En el siglo XVIII se inventó el reloj flauta. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart y Ludwig van Beethoven escribieron originales composiciones para dicho instrumento.
A comienzos del siglo XIX, el alemán Johann Nepomuk Maelzel inventó el panarmónico, que podía simular los sonidos de una orquesta entera a través de tubos de órgano e instrumentos de percusión automatizados. Estas orquestas recibían el nombre de orchestrions. El mecanismo más popular dentro de este género fue el cilindro taladrado, con el que más tarde se permitió grabar en rollos de papel la música ejecutada por un intérprete y reproducirla automáticamente en el instrumento. Estos cilindros se comenzaron a utilizar en espinetas y cajas de música, y se mejoraron sustancialmente con las pianolas, en las que también se pudo recrear factores como la dinámica y la intensidad del sonido.
ISBN: 84-8266-485-9 http://www.bibliotecavirtualdeandalucia.es/catalogo/catalogo_imagenes/imagen.cmd?path=1000528&posicion=1
Tambores de hendidura

Los tambores de hendidura (a veces llamados instrumentos de raja o instrumentos de hendidura) son instrumentos de percusión idiófonos. Por lo general están hechos con un tronco de madera o de bambú, que se ha vaciado y al que se le ha practicado una o varias hendiduras o rajas para que suene cuando se golpea.
Según el tipo de instrumento, tiene una o varias rajas paralelas en un lado y algunos modelos tienen hendiduras dispuestas en forma de H. En este último caso, como en el teponaztli de los mayas y de los aztecas, si las lengüetas son de longitud y grosor desigual el tambor produce dos notas diferentes. Los extremos de los tambores de hendidura están cerrados de modo que la cáscara haga que la cámara resuene y que las vibraciones se creen golpeando las lenguas con un mazo. La cámara que resuena aumenta el volumen del sonido producido por la lengüeta, el cual sale a través de la abertura. Si la cámara de resonancia es del tamaño correcto para hacer de diapasón del sonido producido por la lengüeta, en otras palabras si tiene el volumen suficiente para que se desarrolle la onda sonora plena de este tono, el instrumento será más eficiente y sonará más fuerte.
Los tambores de hendidura se tocan generalmente con mazos, baquetas o palos, pero se pueden tocar también con las manos y con los pies.
En Vanuatu, los grandes tambores de hendidura llamados atintin/atingting kon o gongs atingting/atintin, llevan una sola hendidura y son decorados con figuras grabadas en la madera a la manera de los tótems locales.
El kagul de Maguindanao, en Filipinas, es de pequeño tamaño y se fabrica en bambú.
Los tambores de hendidura son muy comunes en África, y llevan una gran variedad de nombres, formas y tamaños según las tradiciones de cada etnia. Los hay de algunos centímetros hasta de varios metros de largo. Por su gran potencial sonoro, los grandes tambores de hendidura africanos servían tradicionalmente para transmitir mensajes codificados, por los que a veces se les llama "tambores teléfono".​ Los tambores bamileke de Camerún, como la mayoría de los tambores de hendidura africanos, tienen una sola hendidura y las variaciones de grosor de los bordes de la hendidura producen hasta cuatro notas.
Los tambores de hendidura en sus distintas versiones son instrumentos tradicionales de África, Asia del sureste, Oceanía y América central.
Sambal (tambor)

Un sambal es un instrumento membranófono tradicional del oeste de India.​ Consiste en dos tambores de madera unidos por un lado, con un parche de piel estirado en sus bocas superiores. Un tambor es más alto en afinación que el otro. Este instrumento es tocado con dos baquetas de madera, una de ellas teniendo una extremidad circular. El sambal es también un tambor tradicional del pueblo gondhali y del pueblo konkani. Utilizado por los sirvientes de la diosa Mahalaxmi Devi, se emplea en la puja gondhal.
Batá

Un tambor Batá es un tambor de doble parche, tallado en madera con forma de reloj de arena con un cono más largo que el otro. Este instrumento de percusión es usado primordialmente para propósitos religiosos o semi-religiosos de la cultura yoruba, localizada en Nigeria, así como adoradores de la Santería en Cuba, Puerto Rico y los Estados Unidos. También se usa con fines únicamente musicales.
Los tambores batá son una familia de tres tambores consagrados: Iyá, tambor grande; Itótele, tambor mediano, y Okónkolo, tambor chico. Los tambores son tocados simultáneamente para crear toques de polirritmia.
Timbaletas

Las timbaletas son un instrumento de percusión. Consiste en dos pequeños tambores unidos, normalmente, montados sobre un atril metálico. Estos tambores son de metal con cabezas afinables de piel (membranófono). La membrana no sobresale por el aro que la sujeta. La piel sobrante queda en el interior.
Como en los bongós, ambos tambores tienen la misma altura, pero distinto diámetro. El más pequeño del par se llama "el macho", o el tambor menor, mientras el más grande se llama el tambor "femenino" o principal. Tradicionalmente, el tambor de tono más bajo es el de la izquierda, pero el ejecuntante puede ubicarlos según su criterio.
Aunque su forma es similar a la del bongó (cuya caja es de madera), su sonido está más cercano al timbal, por ser las cajas de las timbaletas metálicas. De ahí, su nombre.
Las timbaletas siempre se tocan con baquetas.
Las timbaletas son uno de los instrumentos que forman parte de las baterías.
Tambor (industrial)

Un tambor industrial es un recipiente cilíndrico utilizado para el envío de carga a granel. Los tambores pueden ser de acero, de cartón denso (comúnmente llamado tambor de fibra), o de plástico, y se utilizan generalmente para el transporte y almacenamiento de líquidos y polvos. Los tambores suelen estar acreditados para el transporte de mercancías y sustancias peligrosas. Las mercancías enviadas deben coincidir con la marca del tambor necesaria para cumplir con la normativa aplicable.​ Los tambores también se les llama barriles de uso común, tanques o contenedores.
Cooperativa de Transporte de Paysandú

La Cooperativa de Transporte de Paysandú (COPAY) es una cooperativa de transporte de pasajeros de Uruguay, brinda el servicio de transporte urbano en Paysandú, e interdepartamental en otras regiones del país.​​
La Cooperativa de Transporte de Paysandú fue fundada el 5 de marzo de 1953 por funcionarios y trabajadores empresa ERSA, quienes obtuvieron el apoyo del Dr. Pablo Zunin, como representante del gobierno departamental. La integraban veinte socios los cuales cumplían funciones de conductores, mecánicos y de administración. Contaba con trece ómnibus de los cuales sólo funcionaban siete, los cuales cubrían el servicio urbano. La misma comenzó sus actividades uniendo distintos puntos del departamento de Paysandú, aunque posteriormente uniría dicho departamento con los departamentos de Río Negro y Tacuarembó En los años setenta, y al inaugurarse el puente binacional Paysandú - Colón, la misma comenzó a brindar el primer servicio de transporte por carretera entre Uruguay y Argentina.
En los años ochenta comenzó con el servicio interdepartamental, uniendo Paysandú con Montevideo.​​
Su gestión ha sido subsidiada por la Intendencia de Paysandú y por el Ministerio de Transporte y de Obras Públicas, lo cual le permite brindar además del transporte gratuito a estudiantes, abaratar el precio del boleto para jubilados y pensionistas, así como también el pago de cuotas por la renovación de su flota.​​
El trazado de sus recorridos urbanos es coordinado en conjunto con la Intendencia de Paysandú así como también con organismos públicos,uno de esos ejemplos es el acceso que tienen los estudiantes a la Estación Experimental "Mario A. Cassinoni", dependiente de la Facultad de Agronomía
​
Los estudiantes escolares y liceales reciben hasta cincuenta boletos - abonos mensuales gratuitos, durante el período de clases, para trasladarse desde sus hogares a los centros educativos, de acuerdo al decreto nacional 397/2011, el cual es subsidiado por el Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas, mediante el aporte de $ 250.000 mensuales.​
Cuenta con un total de 30 ómnibus para el uso urbano.​
Y también cuenta con un total de 26 ómnibus para sus líneas interdepartamentales
Dispositivo de almacenamiento de acceso directo

En computadores centrales y algunos minicomputadores, un dispositivo de almacenamiento de acceso directo (direct access storage device o DASD en inglés) es cualquier tipo de dispositivo de almacenamiento secundario que tiene un tiempo de acceso bajo en proporción a su capacidad.
Históricamente, el término fue introducido por IBM para cubrir tres tipos de dispositivos diferentes: discos duros, tambores y células de datos. La funcionalidad de acceso directo, ahora llamada acceso aleatorio, de esos dispositivos era el opuesto al acceso secuencial usado en cintas magnéticas, mucho más lento al acceder a un punto distante en el dispositivo. Tanto los tambores como las células han desaparecido como productos en sí, de modo que DASD es ahora un sinónimo de dispositivo de disco. Los discos modernos usados en computadoras centrales son raramente discos individuales sino más bien grandes conjuntos de discos usando esquemas RAID.