davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
2014 South American Games

The 2014 South American Games was a multi-sport event that took place in Santiago, Chile. It was the 10th edition of the ODESUR South American Games. Santiago hosted this event for the second time, the first being in 1986. Most of the events took place in and around the National Stadium. The games were held between March 7 to 18.
14 countries competed at the games. One fewer that one 2010 South American Games, the Netherlands Antilles did not participate after the Dissolution of their country
In 2006 Medellin won the bid for the 2010 edition 8 votes to 6, and the runner up Santiago will be organizing the next edition.
The Chilean government said they would invest US$800,000 for the games.
The mascot for this edition of South American Games is Chago, which is based on an Andean condor. According to the organizers, the mascot symbolizes values of effort, dedication and teamwork.
* Host nation (Chile)
Luce (mascot)

Luce (Italian: [ˈluːtʃe] lit. 'Light') is the official mascot of the Catholic Church's 2025 Jubilee. Designed by tokidoki founder Simone Legno, she represents a Catholic pilgrim. She is accompanied by a pet dog named Santino and three friends named Fe, Xin, and Sky.
Luce has blue hair, blue eyes and pale skin, and wears a yellow rain jacket, which is colored in reference to the flag of the Vatican City as well as a symbol for "journeying through life's storms". She carries a pilgrim's staff, which represents "the pilgrimage toward eternity", and wears mud-stained boots to represent "a long and difficult journey". Her eyes have highlights in the shape of a scallop shell, a traditional symbol of Catholic pilgrimage; her shining eyes were described as "a symbol of the hope of the heart". Luce also wears a multi-colored World Mission rosary around her neck.
Simone Legno, Luce's designer, said that he hoped "Luce can represent the sentiments that resonate in the hearts of the younger generations".
Luce was unveiled by Archbishop Rino Fisichella of the Dicastery for Evangelization on October 28, 2024, as the official mascot of the 2025 Jubilee. He said that Luce was inspired by the Catholic Church's desire "to live even within the pop culture so beloved by our youth".
Luce represented the Holy See at Lucca Comics & Games in 2024, which was the first time that the Vatican officially participated in a comic convention. At Lucca Comics & Games, a large inflatable display of Luce became a popular selfie spot. Additionally, she will appear at Expo 2025 in Osaka, Japan.
Following Luce's unveiling, she quickly spawned Internet memes, fan art, and cosplay.
The designs and general artstyles of Luce and her friends have been compared to anime characters, and users on websites such as Twitter have joked about the Catholic Church embracing anime visuals. Comparisons were drawn between Luce's design and the designs of Ai Ohto, the protagonist of Wonder Egg Priority, and Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion. Emanuele Vietina, the director of Lucca Comics & Games, stated that Luce shared characteristics with the character Arale Norimaki from Dr. Slump.
Luce drew mixed reactions from Catholics. While many approved of her, some traditionalist commentators criticized her as "too modern and silly" to represent Catholicism. Some pushed back on the multi-colored rosary, claiming a resemblance to the pride flag; however, the rosary's colors are from the World Mission rosary created by Fulton Sheen.
Ken Iikura-Gross of Anime News Network compared the Catholic Church's use of an anime mascot to Buddy Christ from the 1999 film Dogma. In the film, Buddy Christ is a marketable and relatable redesign of Jesus Christ aimed to attract younger audiences to Catholicism. Kevin Smith, the director of Dogma, remarked that "Buddy Christ winked so Luce could dilate".
List of Olympic mascots

The Olympic mascots are fictional characters who represent the cultural heritage of the location where the Olympic Games are taking place. They are often an animal native to the area or human figures.
One of the first Olympic mascots was created for the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble; a stylized cartoon character on skis named Schuss. The first official Olympic mascot appeared in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, and was a rainbow-colored Dachshund dog named Waldi.
Since the Games in 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, the Olympic and Paralympic mascots have always been presented together, which was first done in 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The Youth Olympic Games, which are run by the International Olympic Committee, have had mascots as well.
Izzy (mascot)

Izzy was the official mascot of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics and was initially named Whatizit ("What is it?") at its introduction at the closing ceremony of the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. The animated character with the ability to morph into different forms was a departure from the Olympic convention in that it did not represent a nationally significant animal or human figure. It was the first computer-generated mascot in Olympic history.
In 1991, the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games (ACOG) began a search for a mascot with a competition of twenty design firms as well as suggestions from the general public. In the end, ACOG received a total of ten submissions. Many of the proposed mascots resembled flames or phoenixes. One was based on a peanut, while another was inspired by one of Zoo Atlanta's gorillas. The selection, initially named "Whatizit", was designed by John Ryan, senior animation director of Atlanta-based design firm DESIGNefx.
The character was first introduced at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, being depicted in costume by Mark Evans, a cheerleader from the University of North Carolina. The mascot's reveal was received negatively by viewers and members of the ACOG itself. Whatizit's design and name were the subject of widespread criticism for their confusing nature and for not being good representations Atlanta. The ACOG collaborated with Parade for a poll to rename the character. The most submitted name was "Kirby", but the ACOG chose not to use it as that name was already used by a trademarked mascot. The ACOG instead used the second most popular name, "Izzy".
ACOG commissioned an animated television special entitled Izzy's Quest For Olympic Gold to promote Izzy and expand his backstory. Produced by Film Roman, the special debuted on Turner Network Television on August 12, 1995. Izzy also served as the player character in a video game titled Izzy's Quest for the Olympic Rings, released in 1995 by U.S. Gold for the Super NES and Genesis platforms. An adventure game entitled Izzy's Adventure was released for PC in 1996.
Izzy proved quite unpopular among viewers and the media; a range of nicknames appeared in U.S. media outlets, such as "The Sperm in Sneakers." Busch Gardens Williamsburg, a theme park in Williamsburg, Virginia, named a new Wild Mouse roller coaster after the mascot, but the name has since been changed. A popular joke that circulated in Atlanta around the end of the 1996 games stated that the blue line painted on Peachtree Road (which actually designated the route for the Olympic Marathon) was "Izzy's ass being dragged out of town."
Breaking at the 2023 Pan American Games

Breaking (breakdancing) competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile were held between November 3 and 4th, 2023 at the Chimkowe Gym in Peñalolén, a suburb of Santiago.
On June 24, 2022, breaking was added to the sports program as the 39th sport, serving as a qualifier for its Olympic debut at Paris 2024. This will mark the sport's Pan American Games debut.
A total of two events are scheduled to be held, one each for men and women. A total of 32 athletes (16 per gender) are scheduled to compete.
A total of 32 breakdancers will qualify to compete (16 per gender). The host nation is guaranteed one sport per event. The other 15 spots will be awarded through the 2023 Pan American Championships and World Rankings list. A country can qualify a maximum of four athletes (two per gender).
A total of 12 NOC's qualified breakdancers. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.
* Host nation (Chile)
This event was a direct qualification event for the 2024 Summer Olympics. A total of two quotas (one each for B-Boys and B-Girls) was awarded.
Военная техника

Вое́нная те́хника — технические средства, имеющиеся у вооружённых сил и обеспечивающие их боевые действия и повседневное функционирование.
К ним относятся:
В зависимости от принадлежности к роду войск (сил) вида вооружённых сил, отдельным родам войск (сил) или спецвойскам различают военную сухопутную, военно-морскую, военно-воздушную технику, технику инженерных войск, морской пехоты и так далее.
Военную технику подразделяют и по функциональному назначению, например, ракетная, артиллерийская, броневая, танковая, авиационная, корабельная, техника связи, стрелковое оружие.
Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс

Оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТРК) — вид ракетного вооружения, предназначенный для поражения целей противника на оперативную глубину относительно линии фронта (до 500 км). Является промежуточной ступенью между тактическими (РСЗО) и стратегическими (БРМД) ракетными вооружениями. Термин применялся, главным образом, в советской и российской военной литературе, а также в странах, куда поставлялась советская военная техника. В США и странах НАТО традиционно употреблялся термин артиллерийские ракеты (англ. artillery rocket применительно к баллистическим ракетам и artillery missile к ракетам, оснащённым ИНС с корректируемой траекторией полёта).
Комплекс состоит из средства-носителя на самоходной или буксируемой платформе, оперативно-тактической ракеты на направляющей и возимого запаса ракет на транспортно-заряжающих машинах, прицепах или трейлерах, системы наведения, аппаратуры связи и обслуживающей аппаратуры.
Первые советские ТРК и ОТРК имели лишь ядерное боевое оснащение («8К14», «Луна», «Темп-С»), при этом точность их ракет была небольшой.
Первым ракетным комплексом, предусматривавшим оснащение ракеты неядерной боеголовкой, стал ТРК «Точка», принятый на вооружение в 1975 году. В последующем на его базе был разработан принятый на вооружение в 1989 году комплекс «Точка-У».
В 1979 году на вооружение был принят ОТРК «Ока». Однако заключение в 1987 году между СССР и США Договор по ракетам средней и меньшей дальности привело к ликвидации не только попадающего под действие Договора комплекса «Темп-С» с дальностью до 900 км, но и комплекса «Ока» с дальностью до 400 км.
В 2006 году на вооружение был принят новый российский ОТРК «Искандер».
ОТРК активно использовались в ходе ряда локальных войн конца XX века, начала XXI века. Существует ряд международных договорённостей , ограничивающих характеристики оперативно-тактических комплексов.
Военная история

Вое́нная исто́рия — история военного дела и войн, которые велись известным народом или государством или происходивших в какую-нибудь определённую историческую эпоху; также — история какой-либо одной войны или даже отдельной кампании.
Следует отличать военную историю от истории военного искусства, которое развивается как в военное, так и в мирное время и имеет предметом военные учреждения и приёмы того или другого народа или государства.
Военная история — наука о происхождении, строительстве и действиях вооружённых сил (воинских формирований) государств (народов) мира, составная часть военной науки.
Изложение военной истории не сводится к простому повествованию о военных событиях (действиях), но должно также давать оценку политическим обстоятельствам, вызвавшим войну и влиявшим на её ход. Как часть военной науки, она должна представить точную картину театра войны и состояние вооружённых сил враждующих сторон, насколько это имело влияние на ход действий; она должна исследовать те мысли, которыми руководились распорядители военных операций, равно как обстоятельства, которые можно считать причиной успеха или неудачи; наконец, военная история обязана дать войне критическое освещение и путём этой критики выводить основы военного искусства.
Все эти задачи не легко исполнимы. В интересах воюющих — держать свои планы, расположение своих войск и т. п. в тайне, как перед открытием военных действий, так и во время их. И после окончания войны по причинам весьма разнообразного свойства правители и полководцы часто не желают снимать завесу со многих обстоятельств, существенно важных. Официальные бюллетени и реляции часто являются настолько фантастичными, что требуется крайне внимательное сопоставление их с другими свидетельствами и документами, чтобы восстановить действительный ход событий. Сочинений по всеобщей военной истории очень немного; но зато сочинениями об отдельных войнах и кампаниях литература весьма богата. Важным материалом для изучения военной истории служат мемуары, корреспонденции, равно как и разрабатываемые в последнее время истории полков.
Бастион (береговой ракетный комплекс)

«Бастион» (индекс ГРАУ 3К55, по кодификации НАТО: SSC-5 «Stooge» (рус. «марионетка») — береговой ракетный комплекс с противокорабельной ракетой П-800 «Оникс» / «Яхонт».
Предназначен для поражения надводных кораблей различных классов и типов из состава десантных соединений, конвоев, корабельных и авианосных ударных групп, а также одиночных кораблей и наземных радиоконтрастных целей в условиях интенсивного огневого и радиоэлектронного противодействия.
БРПК «Бастион» является одним из носителей ракеты «Оникс», которая, в свою очередь, наравне с ракетными комплексами «Калибр» и Х-35 «Уран» и перспективной гиперзвуковой противокорабельной ракетой «Циркон», является основным противокорабельным ракетным оружием в Вооружённых силах России.
Комплекс может комплектоваться самоходной загоризонтной РЛС обнаружения воздушных и надводных целей «Монолит-Б»
Стандартный состав дивизиона К-300 «Бастион-П»:
9 мая 2014 года на военном параде в День Победы впервые в Ростове-на-Дону были представлены современные образцы вооружения военно-морских объединений Южного военного округа. По Театральной площади в составе механизированной колонны парадного расчёта прошли подвижный ракетный комплекс «Бастион» и артиллерийская система «Берег». Также береговые подвижные ракетные комплексы «Бастион» и «Бал» участвовали в параде в Севастополе 9.5.2014.
9 сентября в ходе плановой отработки задач боевой подготовки береговые ракетные части, вооружённые комплексом «Бастион», выполнили ракетные стрельбы по морским целям и успешно уничтожили учебную цель на расстоянии более 90 км в центральной части Чёрного моря.
15 марта 2015 года стало известно, что в марте 2014 года, во время аннексии Крыма, Россия развернула на полуострове несколько комплексов «Бастион».
15 ноября 2016 года в ходе нанесения ударов по объектам в Сирии был произведён пуск ракет «Оникс» комплекса «Бастион» по целям на суше. Данное событие является как первым случаем использования комплекса в условиях реальных боевых действий вообще, так и первым широко известным случаем применения комплекса по наземным целям.
Используется для ударов по наземным целям в ходе вторжения России на Украину. Анализируя применение на Украине эксперты отмечают что возможности самонаведения противокорабельных ракет с радиолокационным наведением не оптимизированы для ударов по наземным целям и обеспечивают меньшую точность по сравнению со специализированными оружием, кроме того ракета может нацеливаться на неверную цель приводя к сопутствующему ущербу
В 2016 году будут поставлены в береговые войска ВМФ Российской Федерации ещё пять комплексов «Бастион-П». Первый стационарный противокорабельный БРК «Бастион-С» шахтного базирования (до 36 ракет 3М55) будет развёрнут в Крыму до 2020 года. В состав комплекса могут войти беспилотные летательные аппараты и подводные гидроакустические станции. Полное перевооружение на комплексы «Бастион-П» запланировано с 2017 года по 2021 год. В 2019 году на вооружение ВМФ России поступило 3 дивизиона (12 ПУ) комплекса «Бастион».
Возможные эксплуатанты
Арт Росс Трофи

Арт Росс Трофи — приз, ежегодно вручаемый хоккеисту, набравшему наибольшее количество очков по системе гол+пас в регулярном чемпионате НХЛ.
Трофей в 1947 году подарил Лиге Артур Хауи Росс — бывший менеджер и тренер «Бостон Брюинз».
Если два хоккеиста закончат первенство с одинаковым числом очков, приз вручается:
Победитель получает 10 тысяч американских долларов, второй и третий бомбардиры, соответственно, 6 и 4 тысячи долларов.
В сезонах 1994/95 и 2012/13 из-за локаутов было проведено по 48 матчей.
Сезон 2019/20 был прерван из-за пандемии коронавируса. Команды провели от 68 до 71 матча.
В сезоне 2020/21 из-за пандемии коронавируса было проведено по 56 матчей.
Легенда: С = Страна; А = Амплуа игрока; И = Игры; Г = Голы; П = Передачи; О = Очки; ОИ = Очки в среднем за игру; В = Возраст
Список лучших снайперов чемпионатов НХЛ за всю историю Список игроков НХЛ, набиравших 100 и более очков за сезон Список игроков НХЛ, забивавших 50 и более голов за сезон
Груша (орудие пытки)

Груша, железная груша, груша страданий, капиструм — орудие пытки, состоящее из железной раскрывающейся коробки грушевидной формы и винта. Его функциональность в качестве устройства для пыток предположительно заключалось в том, чтобы вставляться в рот, прямую кишку, влагалище или ноздри, а затем расширяться и наносить увечья жертве. Состоит из металлического корпуса, разделённого на сегменты, которые могут раздвигаться поворотом винта. Из-за внешнего вида устройств, считается, что некоторые из них были изготовлены в ранний современный период (около 1600 года). Дошедшие до нашего времени груши хранятся в музеях или частных коллекциях. Факт существования груши как привычного орудия пыток оспаривается некоторыми исследователями, потому что Первые упоминания о них датируются XIX веком в том числе и одни из самых древних экспонатов.
Исторические свидетельства о груше как об орудии пыток оспариваются некоторыми исследователями как неправдоподобные. Не найдено никаких источников периода Средневековья, в которых эти устройства описываются как орудия пыток. Одним из аргументов в сторону неправдоподобности версии об использования устройства в качестве орудия пыток является то, что сохранившиеся экземпляры изготовлены с излишним вниманием к деталям, чтобы быть таким устройством. Груши, возможно, существовали в Средневековье только как проект, а затем воссозданы по нему.
Основная часть груши — винт, при кручении которого она, как цветок, раскрывалась. У груши обычно было 3—4 лепестка. Сверху была ручка, на которую часто надевалось украшение. При действии груша разрывала прямую кишку (анальная), влагалище (вагинальная), ноздрю (носовая), ротовую полость (оральная).
Груши присутствуют в музеях, посвящённых пыткам, а также в частных коллекциях.
Наиболее раннее упоминание такого устройства содержится в книге Ф. де Кальви «Генеральный справочник по истории воров», написанной в 1639 году, в которой изобретение приписывается грабителю по имени капитан Гошеру де Палиоли и временам Генриха Наваррского. Устройство использовалось, чтобы усмирить богатого парижанина, пока грабитель и его сообщники грабили дом жертвы. Устройство также упоминается в «Словаре вульгарного языка Гроуза» 1811 года, где оно описано как «Удушающая груша», средство, использовавшееся в Голландии при вымогательстве. Стоит заметить, что в средневековой литературе оно упоминается как средство, используемое преступниками, а не как орудие пыток в привычном понимании.
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher

The Type 63 multiple rocket launcher is a towed, 12-tube, 107mm rocket launcher produced by the People's Republic of China in the early 1960s and later exported and manufactured globally. Although no longer serving with active infantry units, the Type 63 is still in People's Liberation Army service with specialized formations such as mountain infantry units and special forces detachments. The Type 63 was widely used in the PLA until the late 1980s. It was adopted as the successor of the Type 50-5 of 102mm.
China has also developed a Type 63 multiple rocket launcher of 130mm. The RPU-14 is a Soviet 140mm MRL of similar design to the Type 63.
The launcher's 12 tubes are arranged in three removable rows of four, mounted on a single-axle carriage with rubber tires. The Type 63 originally fired an 18.8 kilogram rocket (Type 63-2) with a 1.3 kilogram warhead. Ammunition for the Type 63 was later improved (Type 75 and Type 81 series), although the overall weight of the rocket remained the same. A fixed amount of propellant is contained in the rocket motor. The steel-cased rocket is stabilized with spin imparted by six angled nozzles in its base. The Type 63 was distributed on the basis of six per infantry regiment, or 18 per infantry division. For airborne and mountain units the lighter Type 63-I was developed.
The Type 63 and its copies can be mounted on different kinds of armoured and unarmoured vehicles, for example the MT-LB, the Safir, the Mamba, the RG-32 Scout, the GAZ-66 and the M113.
The Type 63 and its rockets are built in several countries including:
NATO and western sources have used the Soviet-style designation BM-12 to describe this weapon system, and further even ascribe Soviet origin and initial manufacture of both launcher and rockets. However, there is no evidence in non-western sources of Soviet development or production, or of the BM-12 moniker being applied. Very similar Type 50-5 or Type 488 102mm rockets were manufactured in China and used in the Korean War prior to development of the Type 63.
It appears the systems designated BM-12 (for example in Afghanistan and Libya) were or are all of Chinese origin, being merely used or cross-traded by Soviet interests.
A number of countries have developed single-tube, man-portable rocket launchers that fire the same type of rockets:
Military history of Russia

The military history of Russia has antecedents involving Kievan Rus' and the Rus' principalities that succeeded it, the Mongol invasion of the early 13th century, Russia's numerous wars against Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Sweden, and Ottoman Empire, Prussia (Seven Years' War), France (especially the Napoleonic Wars and the Crimean War). The 20th century saw Russia's involvement in two world wars, as well as smaller military conflicts. During the Cold War, the greatly enlarged armed forces suppressed rebellions in Eastern Europe and became a nuclear superpower hostile to NATO, as well as China after 1960. The post-Cold War military history of the Russian Federation began in 1991.
The military history of Russia includes:
Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier

The Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier (Russian: Ржевский мемориал Советскому солдату) is a Russian memorial park located in the Rzhevsky District of the Tver Oblast. The park is dedicated to the Battles of Rzhev.
The idea to build the memorial came from veterans of the war who collectively wrote to the Committee of the Union State of Russia and Belarus and to scouts of the Russian Military Historical Society (RMHS) in 2017 asking them to create a monument in honor of the diamond jubilee of the victory. Andrei Korobtsov and Konstantin Fomin were the respective sculptor and architect for the project, both being chosen following an international competition that looked into the matter. The erection of the monument began in January 2020 and was completed by early May. Despite being completed in time for the anniversary celebrations on 9 May, it was decided, in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, that the opening date would be pushed a month later. It was opened in a public ceremony on 30 June attended by Russian President Vladimir Putin, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko and Red Army veterans of the Second World War.
The monument features a bronze 25-metre statue of a soldier in the Red Army standing on a 10-metre mound. On the road leading to the mound, there are images of soldiers on broken walls situated on both sides, as well as the names of those who were killed in action during the battle. Around 34 million rubles were allocated to the monument from the regional government, alongside the 650 million rubles allocated by the Union States, the budget of the Russian government, and private donations. The construction of the monument was also financed and supported by organizations such as Lukoil. The image of a soldier dissolving in a flock of birds originates from the poem Zhuravli by Rasul Gamzatov, which became iconic thanks to its adaptation to music by Yan Frenkel.
56°13′07″N 34°15′45″E﻿ / ﻿56.2185°N 34.2626°E﻿ / 56.2185; 34.2626
PULS (multiple rocket launcher)

PULS (Precise & Universal Launching System, formerly known as Lynx MRL) is a multiple rocket launcher developed and manufactured by ELBIT Systems (formerly Israel Military Industries) and used by Israel Defense Forces and other countries.
After the acquisition of Israel Military Industries by Elbit Systems in 2018, an upgraded and modernized version of the Lynx was developed, called the PULS (Precise & Universal Launching System). The Defense Technology Institute (DTI) of Thailand is partnering with Elbit Systems to develop a Thai version of the PULS called D-11A.
The EURO-PULS is being developed in cooperation between the German KNDS and ELBIT targeting the European market by integration of, additional missile types. As part of the project, the US made GMLRS and other HIMARS missiles would have been integrated with the EURO-PULS launchers, however, the management of Lockheed Martin, the US missile manufacturer, refused to do so.
In January 2023, Denmark announced it is negotiating the acquisition of 8 PULS systems for the Royal Danish Army.
In March 2023, the Dutch Ministry of Defence announced that it would acquire 20 PULS systems for the Royal Netherlands Army with the first systems to be delivered in the same year. The contract worth 305 million dollars was signed on May 18.
On 10 October 2023, the government of Spain decided to order the locally manufactured version of the PULS systems for SILAM programme (es:SILAM).
Israel introduced the PULS into IDF service in 2020 under the name Lahav, which is a PULS rocket module mounted on a HEMTT truck chassis. It was first used operationally in February 2024 during the Israel–Hamas War.
It can be configured to carry a variety of rockets in two sealed pod containers: 36 (2 pods × 18 rockets each) 122mm Grad rockets; or 26 (2×13) 160mm LAR-160 or ACCULAR rockets; or eight (2×4) 306mm EXTRA rockets; two (2×1) 330mm Delilah missiles or four (2×2) 370mm Predator Hawk tactical ballistic missiles.
The PULS also able to carry and launch SkyStriker loitering munitions, which is a unique feature among MLRS systems. The SkyStriker drones have a range over 100 km and 6 drones are packed into a single container according to a video published by Elbit Systems. The drone can engage moving targets unlike the other missiles of the PULS system, but it can also return and land after doing reconnaissance and can be relaunched again.
Practice missiles with a range between 7–15 km are also available for the PULS system.
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Vodnik (Russian military vehicle)

Vodnik (Russian: Водник; Automotive number GAZ-3937 and its modified version GAZ-39371) is a Russian high-mobility multipurpose military vehicle manufactured by GAZ. It is a "heavy modification" of the civil GAZ-2330 "Tigr". Its name comes from the Russian "водник" – a person employed in water transport, but is also used to refer to some person or object simply related to water.
The Vodnik was adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.
This vehicle is amphibious, and uses its wheels to propel itself when afloat. It has a water-displacing hermetic hull which provides improved fording performance and a 4x4-type chassis with independent suspension and a centralized system of tire-pressure control. The ground clearance is 475 mm. The standard undercarriage with a cab can be fitted with a number of different modules with various number of passenger seats and cargo compartments, seating up to 10 people. It is powered by a 175 hp (130 kW) diesel engine giving a top speed of 112 km/h (4 to 5 km/h when swimming).
The car is built on a modular scheme. Welded body includes two removable modules. Front module consists of a power department and management, divided sealed bulkhead.
The rear multi-module due to the quick release coupling can be replaced in the field. In other words, a single chassis can perform several functions, depending on the installed modules:
The vehicle has a switchable front wheel drive, independent torsion bar suspension, central tire inflation system, power steering and a powerful system for heating and air conditioning.
The Vodnik may be fitted with the same BPU-1 turret, designed in late 1970s, as the BTR-80 on the top of the vehicle towards the rear. The turret is fitted with the 14.5 mm KPV heavy machine gun and 7.62 mm PKT coaxial light machine gun. The main gun is not stabilized (neither in the BTR-80 nor the BTR-80A), so accurate fire on the move is limited (to low speeds), and the rotation mechanism is manually operated. In some cases, it is fitted with a BPPU turret with a 30-mm 2A72 and a PKT. The gunner sits in a roof mounted chair located above the flat floor behind the driver/commander and two passengers, and before the passenger bench. The gunner's station is basic, but uncharacteristically spacious for a Soviet-designed armored vehicle. The gunner is equipped with daytime sight. There are six 902V "Tucha" 81 mm smoke grenade launchers mounted on the rear of the turret.
The distant ancestor of GAZ-3937 "Vodnik" is floating car under the symbol NAMI-0281, of which the design begun in 1985. Though, this car had a completely different layout. The compartment of the power unit was located in the rear of the vehicle and the cargo compartment was housed in the middle. This solution made it possible to maintain a trim while afloat, almost regardless of the load. The modern GAZ-3937 has retained almost nothing from its predecessor. NAMI-0281 itself has some resemblance to the BRDM.
Vodnik is available in two versions.
Military vehicle

A military vehicle is any vehicle for land-based military transport and activity, including combat vehicles, both specifically designed for or significantly used by military. Most military vehicles require off-road capabilities and/or vehicle armor, making them heavy. Some have vehicle tracks instead of just wheels; half-tracks have both. Furthermore, some military vehicles are amphibious, constructed for use on land and water, and sometimes also intermediate surfaces.
Military vehicles are almost always camouflaged, or at least painted in inconspicuous color(s). In contrast, under the Geneva Conventions, all non-combatant military vehicles, such as military ambulances and mobile first aid stations, must be properly and clearly marked as such. Under the conventions, when respected, such vehicles are legally immune from deliberate attack by all combatants.
Historically, militaries explored the use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) vehicles, both to gain experience with commercially available products and technology, and to try to save time in development, and money in procurement. A subtype that has become increasingly prominent since the late 20th century is the improvised fighting vehicle, often seen in irregular warfare.
A military truck is a vehicle designed to transport troops, fuel, and materiel along asphalted roads and unpaved dirt roads. Military trucks are a crucial part of military logistics. Several countries have manufactured their own models of military trucks, each of which has its own technical characteristics. These vehicles are adapted to the needs of the different armies on the ground. In general, these trucks are composed of a chassis, a motor, a transmission, a cabin, an area for the placement of the load and the equipment, axles of transmission, suspensions, direction, tires, electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, engine cooling systems, and brakes. They can be operated with a gasoline engine or with a diesel engine, there are four-wheel drive (4x4) vehicles, six wheeled (6x6), eight wheeled (8x8), ten wheeled (10x10) and even twelve wheeled vehicles (12x12).
Land combat and non-combat vehicles include: {{columns-list|colwidth=width|
World War II monuments and memorials in Yugoslavia

The authorities of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia established many World War II memorials during the country's existence. Several memorial sites were established between 1945 and 1960, though widespread building started after the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito commissioned several memorial sites and monuments in the 1960s and 1970s dedicated to World War II battles, and Nazi concentration camp sites. They were designed by notable sculptors, including Dušan Džamonja, Vojin Bakić, Miodrag Živković, Jordan and Iskra Grabul, and architects, including Bogdan Bogdanović, Svetlana Kana Radević and Gradimir Medaković. After Tito's death, a small number were built, and the monuments were popular visitor attractions in the 1980s as patriotic sites, and since the Yugoslav Wars and the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the sites are mostly abandoned.
In Slovenia, World War II Veteran Organisation and its branches yearly hold many commemorative events in regard with the subject of the monuments and people remember the fallen on the Day of the Dead.
On August 28, 2018, author Donald Niebyl published a book titled Spomenik Monument Database, the first-ever English-language guidebook on the WWII monuments of Yugoslavia, after conducting several years of intensive research.
For the list of World War II monuments in each republic of the Former Yugoslavia, see:
Pennsylvania Railroad World War II Memorial

The Pennsylvania Railroad World War II Memorial is a monument on the main concourse of 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It commemorates the 1,307 Pennsylvania Railroad employees who died in World War II.
The monument features a 28-foot (8.53 m) heroic-sized bronze sculpture, Angel of the Resurrection, that portrays Michael the Archangel lifting up the soul of a dead soldier from the "flames of war". The sculpture is set upon an 11-foot (3.35 m) black-granite base, with two inscribed dedications and four bronze plaques listing the 1,307 names in alphabetical order. The work was designed and created by Walker Hancock (1901–1998), Instructor of Sculpture at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Hancock served in the U.S. Army during World War II, and had been one of the "Monuments Men" who recovered art looted by the Nazis.
The monument is unusual in its intense verticality, which was inspired by the tall Corinthian columns of the concourse's east colonnade behind it. Viewing the monument is particularly dramatic in the morning, when it is silhouetted against sunlight streaming through the four-story windows between the columns. It remains Hancock's most famous work, and was his personal favorite.
The memorial was dedicated on August 10, 1952. Army General Omar Bradley, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, spoke at the ceremony. It was unveiled by Army Sergeant Robert E. Laws, a sheet-metal worker at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Altoona Works and a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his bravery in combat in the Philippines.
The two inscriptions read:
Hancock bequeathed his one-third-scale plaster model to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Following years in storage, it was restored and placed on permanent exhibit in the new Art of the Americas Wing, in November 2010.
List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS

This list of the military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) includes experimental, prototypes, and operational types regardless of era. It also includes both native Soviet designs, Soviet-produced copies of foreign designs, and foreign-produced aircraft that served in the military of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its successor states of the CIS. The service time frame begins with the year the aircraft entered military service (not the date of first flight, as reported by some sources). Stated production quantities, which are often very approximate, include all variants of the aircraft type produced for the USSR, unless otherwise noted.
Wikipedia convention is to use the Soviet or Russian names and designations for these aircraft, not the post-World War II NATO reporting names, although these will be used as redirects to guide the reader to the desired article. The reporting names assigned by Western intelligence agencies listed here are provided for ease of reference; they are by no means complete.
Operation Summer Rain (Cold War)

Operation Summer Rain (German: Operation Sommerregen), was a highly classified joint mission involving the Federal Intelligence Service (BND) and special units of the German Armed Forces during the Cold War-era Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s. The primary objective of the operation was to gather intelligence on the weapons systems used by Soviet forces.
During the Cold War, the West, particularly the United States, aimed to contain Soviet influence in Afghanistan. Intelligence agencies pursued a strategy of supporting the Mujahideen by providing weapons, equipment, and training. This approach aimed to give the Soviet forces a costly experience while gaining insights into Soviet military technology.
Operated under the utmost secrecy by the 16A department of the BND, responsible for the "Near and Middle East" region, Operation "Summer Rain" aimed to secure Soviet military technology deployed in Afghanistan. Notably, the Bundestag was not involved in the approval process, with the operation receiving the green light from the respective German governments.
BND agents from Pullach collaborated over several years with Afghan Mujahideen fighters, working together to obtain weaponry from the Soviet forces. The agents focused on acquiring a range of military assets, including new armor, ammunition types, night vision devices, and navigation technology used by the Soviet Red Army.
The BND agents transported the acquired Soviet weaponry to Pakistan, where a container, cleverly disguised as a mobile medical station, served as the hub for analysis. The materials were meticulously examined, with a former BND employee recalling the X-ray assessments, particularly on the ammunition, to gauge its potential danger.
The Soviet weaponry was regularly transported back to Germany, where it underwent disassembly, testing, and further examination. Some of the Soviet ammunition reportedly found its way to military training grounds in Germany, where it was tested, including firing anti-tank ammunition at a Marder (infantry fighting vehicle), as recounted by an ex-BND agent.
The BND maintained a veil of secrecy around Operation "Summer Rain," with former BND President Hans-Georg Wieck confirming the agency's active involvement. The operation raises questions about the government's withholding of information and the extent to which it was used to support the Islamist resistance in Afghanistan during the Cold War. As the Taliban's power reemerges, calls for a comprehensive investigation into the BND's activities in Afghanistan from the 1980s to the present emphasize the need for both scientific and political scrutiny.
Song of Lawino

Song of Lawino (Acholi: Wer pa Lawino) is an epic poem written by Ugandan poet Okot p'Bitek. It was first published in 1966 in an English translation by the author, although Chapter 14, its final chapter, was removed. It was quickly translated into other languages. The complete poem in the original Acholi Luo language was published later in 1969. Taban Lo Liyong published an English translation of chapter 14 in 1993 as well as a new translation of the entire poem in 2001 (as The Defence of Lawino).
Song of Lawino has become one of the most widely read literary works originating from Sub-Saharan Africa. It has also become culturally iconic within Africa, because of its scathing display of how African society was being destroyed by the colonization of Africa.
Song of Lawino was originally written in rhyming couplets and had a regular meter. The poem is told from the point of view of Lawino in the first person.
p'Bitek published a follow-up poem in English, Song of Ocol, in 1970.
Song of Lawino, which is a narrative poem, describes how Lawino's husband, Ocol, the son of the tribal leader of their Acholi tribe, has taken another wife, Clementine, who is educated and acts European. Although Ocol's polygamy is accepted by society, and by Lawino herself, her description of his actions shows that he is shunning Lawino in favour of Clementine. Ocol is also said to be fascinated with the culture of the European colonialists. As an example of this, Lawino says Ocol no longer engages, or has any interest in, the ritualistic African dance but prefers the ballroom-style dances introduced by the colonising Europeans. This loss of culture on the part of Ocol is what disturbs Lawino the most. The poem is an extended appeal from Lawino to Ocol to stay true to his own customs, and to abandon his desire to be white.
The book also advocates for the African culture that has been lost by the educated elite. Lawino bemoans her husband's lack of African pride and she romanticizes all that is black. Lawino says "all that is black is beautiful."
Tor (rock formation)

A tor, which is also known by geomorphologists as either a castle koppie or kopje, is a large, free-standing rock outcrop that rises abruptly from the surrounding smooth and gentle slopes of a rounded hill summit or ridge crest. In the South West of England, the term is commonly also used for the hills themselves – particularly the high points of Dartmoor in Devon and Bodmin Moor in Cornwall.
Although English topographical names often have a Celtic etymology, the Oxford English Dictionary lists no cognates to the Old English word in either the Breton or Cornish languages (the Scottish Gaelic tòrr is thought to derive from the Old English word). It is therefore accepted that the English word Tor derives from the Old Welsh word tẁrr or twr, meaning a cluster or heap.
Tors are landforms created by the erosion and weathering of rock; most commonly granites, but also schists, dacites, dolerites, ignimbrites, coarse sandstones and others. Tors are mostly less than 5 meters (16 ft) high. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain their origin and this remains a topic of discussion among geologists and geomorphologists, and physical geographers. It is considered likely that tors were created by geomorphic processes that differed widely in type and duration according to regional and local differences in climate and rock types.
For example, the Dartmoor granite was emplaced around 280 million years ago. When the cover rocks eroded away it was exposed to chemical and physical weathering processes. Where joints are closely spaced, the large crystals in the granite readily disintegrate to form a sandy regolith known locally as growan. This is readily stripped off by solifluction or surface wash when not protected by vegetation, notably during prolonged cold phases during the Quaternary ice ages – periglaciation.
Where joints happen to be unusually widely spaced, core blocks can survive and remain above the weathering surface, developing into tors. These can be monolithic, as at Haytor and Blackingstone Rock, but are more usually subdivided into stacks, often arranged in avenues. Each stack may include several tiers or pillows, which may become separated: rocking pillows are called logan stones. These stacks are vulnerable to frost action and often collapse leaving trails of blocks down the slopes called clitter or clatter. Weathering has also given rise to circular "rock basins" formed by the accumulation of water and repeated freezing and thawing. An example is found at Kes Tor on Dartmoor.
Dating of 28 tors on Dartmoor showed that most are surprisingly young, less than 100,000 years of surface exposure, with none over 200,000 years old. They probably emerged at the start of the last major ice age (Devensian). By contrast the Scottish Cairngorms, which is the other classic granite tor concentration in Britain, the oldest tors dated are between 200 and 675 thousand years of exposure, with even glacially-modified ones having dates of 100–150,000 years.
Lapurr Sandstone

The Lapurr Sandstone, also spelled Lapur Sandstone, previously considered part of the informal "Turkana Grits", is a geological formation in Kenya (Turkana County). It is the oldest unit in the Turkana Basin. The strata date back to the Late Cretaceous, likely Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on palynology and the presence of dyrosaurs and mosasaurs, the upper part of the unit likely extends into the Palaeogene, based on zircon dating. It predominantly consists of fine-coarse arkosic sandstone, which has been interpreted as either been deposited in fluvial or shallow marine conditions. Dinosaur remains among other vertebrates have been recovered from it around Lokitaung Gorge, though these mostly consist of heavily abraded, isolated bones of robust morphology like sauropod limb bones and caudal vertebrae.
Architectural Association of Kenya

The Architectural Association of Kenya (AAK) is a corporate body for professionals in the built and natural environments in Kenya. It draws its membership from eight major disciplines:
Landscape architecture is a new practice in Kenya, first inaugurated in Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology. It deals with design of open spaces ranging from residential to public space. It entails design of plazas (foyers, street plazas, mixed and pedestrian malls), squares, parks (neighbourhood, mini, public parks), golf courses, town aesthetics.
Licensed under the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, AAK Co-operative Sacco Ltd (The Architectural Association of Kenya Co-operative Savings and Credit Society Limited) (also dubbed The Built Environment Sacco) is the premier Sacco serving professionals in the built environment industry. They include architects, quantity surveyors, engineers, town planners, environmental design consultants, landscape architects, and construction project managers. Membership to the Sacco is also open to immediate family members of the said professionals and staff of firm members of AAK and affiliated associations. The Sacco undertakes Back Office Savings Activity (BOSA) activities for its members.
Yellow Dragon

The Yellow Dragon (simplified Chinese: 黄龙; traditional Chinese: 黃龍; pinyin: Huánglóng; Cantonese Yale: Wong4 Lung4) is the zoomorphic incarnation of the Yellow Emperor of the center of the universe in Chinese religion and mythology.
The Yellow Emperor or Yellow Deity was conceived by Fubao, who became pregnant after seeing a yellow ray of light turning around the Northern Dipper (in Chinese theology the principal symbol of God). Twenty-four months later, the Yellow Emperor was born and was associated with the color yellow because it is the color of the earth (Dì 地), the material substance in which he incarnated.
The Yellow Dragon is a part of Wuxing and the Four Symbols as the embodiment of the element of earth.
According to legends, the Yellow Dragon already manifested hornless to Fuxi, emerging from the River Luo, and instructed him with the elements of writing. When he appeared before Fuxi, he filled a hole in the sky made by the monster Gonggong.
The Yellow Emperor was said to have turned into the form of the Yellow Dragon at the end of his life to ascend to Heaven. Since the Chinese consider him to be their ancestor, they sometimes refer to themselves as "children of the dragon" (also see: Nine sons of the dragon). This legend also contributed towards the use of the Chinese dragon as a symbol of imperial power.
The Chinese national flag from 1889–1912 is also called the Yellow Dragon Flag (黄龙旗; 黃龍旗; huánglóng qí).
In East Asian culture, the Yellow Dragon is the fifth symbol completing the Sixiang (Four Symbols). This deity is the center of the cosmos and it represents the element earth, the Chinese quintessence, as well as the changing of the seasons.
The Yellow Dragon does not appear in Japanese mythology: the fifth element in the Japanese elemental system is the void, so there cannot be an animal representing it. However, some consider the Ōryū as the Japanese counterpart of the Yellow Dragon since they share some similarities.