davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Nalli (wardrobe store)

Nalli is an Indian wardrobe store and silk saree emporium based in Chennai. It is one of the oldest saree shops in the Chennai's commercial neighbourhood of T. Nagar.
Nalli was established in T. Nagar in 1928 by Nalli Chinnasamy Chetti, a weaver who belonged to the Padmasali community. Chinnasamy Chetti was a famous weaver of Kanchipuram sarees who had been weaving silk sarees since 1900 and gifted a Kanchipuram saree, the Durbar Pet, as a souvenir to George V during his visit to India in 1911. In 1928, he moved to the then Madras and became one of the first to open a shop in the neighbourhood of T. Nagar which was founded in the early 1920s. The shop initially functioned from a house until Nalli established his own showroom in 1935. Nalli Chinnasamy Chetti died in 1958 and was succeeded by his grandson Nalli Kuppusamy Chetti.
Khatau Group

Khatau Group is one of the oldest Indian business conglomerates. It was founded in 1874 by Seth Khatau Makanji (also known as Makanji Khatau). The group was one of the leading Indian industrial houses by the mid twentieth century, with ventures in textiles, chemicals, shipping, cement, aviation, automobile, paints, and other industries.
In addition to its flagship textile business, the Khatau Group helped pioneer India's industrial revolution by founding several leading companies in collaboration with other leaders of the time such as the Tatas and Walchand Hirachand. These included ACC Limited (1936), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) (erstwhile Hindustan Aircraft Company (1940), and Premier Automobiles Limited (1944).
Two of Seth Khatau Makanji's grandsons, Dharamsey Khatau and Chandrakant Khatau (father of Sunit Khatau) led the Khatau Group in these diverse ventures. Dharamsey Khatau was a board member of each of these companies and a chairman of ACC in the 1950s. Dharamsey Khatau was an honorary member of the Textile Association of India, along with other doyens of Indian textile industry, including leaders of the Birla, Tata, Singhania, and Ambani industrial houses. Sunit Khatau, the then Chairman of the company, was assassinated in Mumbai in 1994 for a dispute about the sale of a mill.
The Khatau family's companies were separated and are now run independently by heirs and professional managers.
Sanskriti Museums

Sanskriti Museums are a set of three museums namely, Museum of ‘Everyday Art’, Museum of Indian Terracotta (tribal art) and Textile Museum. It is housed within Sanskriti Kendra complex, at Anandagram, an artist village complex, spread over eight acres, situated 10 km south of New Delhi, near Aya Nagar on Mehrauli–Gurgaon Road, on the outskirts of Delhi. The nearest Delhi Metro station is Arjan Garh, on the Yellow Line.
The museum was founded by O. P. Jain in 1990, under the aegis of the Sanskriti Foundation, a New Delhi–based non-profit organisation established in 1978.
Sanskriti Pratishthan or Sanskriti Foundation is a non-profit culture and arts promotion organisation in Delhi set up in 1979, with O P Jain, L. M. Singhvi, Dr A M Singhvi and Sudarshan Agarwal as trustees. In the early years, it was largely privately funded by its members, later on it was received government funding, and from organisations like Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), and the Ford Foundation, and recently from the corporate sector. The construction of present Kendra premises began in 1989. Today the foundation also runs artist-in-residence programs here, and workshop for scholars, artists and craftsmen, plus it has residential studios, a library, an amphitheatre and an art gallery.
As its first project, the foundation instituted the 'Sanskriti Awards' in 1979, given to promising young talent in the group of 20–35 years, in five major fields, Literature, the Arts, Music, Dance, Theatre, Journalism and Social/Cultural Achievement. Next the Museum of Everyday Art established in 1984 contains items of everyday use. The foundation also runs 'Sanskriti Yatra' workshops on cultural awareness for school children. Its three- month residency programs is run residency programme in collaboration with UNESCO, Asia Link and the Fulbright Fellowships Program. Museumologist Jyotindra Jain is trustee and Director of the Foundation.
This Museum has over 1,500 objects of terracotta art, sculptures and figurines from the tribal areas of India, displayed in the backdrop of the respective tribal arts.
It houses a collection of what is called "Everyday Arts", where artisans turn the functional everyday household object like toys, nutcrackers, cups, saucers, spoons, and home shrines, articles of worship, into the works of art.
A showcase of the best of, and the most diverse of Indian textile heritage.
Kalyan Sarees

Kalyan Sarees is a women's clothing showroom based in Kerala known for their traditional handwoven bridal Sarees and Lehengas.
Kalyan Sarees was founded in 1992 by T. S. Ramachandran, the grandson of T. S. Kalyanarama Iyer who founded Kalyan in 1909. First showroom was opened in Thrissur, followed by showrooms in Coimbatore, Kannur, Thiruvananthapuram and Kozhikode.
Kalyan Sarees have partnered with actor Jayaram to be their brand ambassador.
Garad saree

Garad saree (Bengali: গরদ শাড়ি) is a traditional handwoven saree (sari) of West Bengal. It is produced in Murshidabad and Birbhum districts of West Bengal. Mrityunjay Sarkar, a weaver of Mirzapur, is the inventor of this famous saree. This handloom saree is famous for the beautiful delicate designs on the anchal and "butti", the use of 100% pure silk in the weave and the saree fineness of the fabric. In 2024, Garad Saree received recognition as a Registered Geographical indication.
This saree is traditionally woven on fly shuttle pit looms using 90-92S silk yarn and golden zari yarn. Plain border and ground, or additional warp J/C or jala designs on the border and ground are observed on sarees. In the past, the saree had no design on the border, body and aanchal, and this saree was a symbol of holiness, purity and good shine. Even at present, Bengali Hindu women wear this saree during pujas, especially during the Ashtami puja of Durga Puja and the Sindur khela on the day of Bishorjan. The specialty of the Garad saree is that it is given a simple traditional Kha'i Māṛa or Khai Finish and finally folded into a special shape called pat.
The weaving community of Raghunathganj and Murarai regions, make these sarees. As of 2024, more than 600 looms are involved in Garad saree weaving in Murshidabad and Birbhum districts of West Bengal. In the financial year 2018–19, Garad sarees with a value of ₹149.6 million (equivalent to ₹190 million or US$2.2 million in 2023) crore were traded.
The silk industry of Murshidabad district is quite old, silk industry has been the main industry for the last three centuries. The district was famous for silk during the pre-British period. At that time, the main center of the silk industry was Cossimbazar in Murshidabad, where the company opened a factory around 1658 AD. Initially, factory operations were limited. Cossimbazar was the general silk market of Bengal; from here it was exported to a large part of Asia.
Garad weaving started in the late 19th century. This saree was first woven in Mirzapur in the present Murshidabad district. This famous cloth was invented by Mrutynjoy Sarkar, a weaver from Mirzapur. In the past this saree was a symbol of aristocracy. Saswankosekhar Gambhira, Monoranjan Posti, Shyam Sahana and Manindra Biro of Mirzapur won for their garad weaving skills in various competitions and exhibitions.
Politician Padmaja Naidu was the Governor of West Bengal between 1956 and 1967, wearing only Shyam Sahana's woven Garad Saree. Since then, these sarees also became popular as "Padmaja" after the name of the former Governor of Bengal. Also, Indira Gandhi, first woman Prime Minister of India, regularly procured sarees from Mirzapur.
Uppada Jamdani sari

Uppada Jamdani saree (or sari) is a silk sari style woven in Uppada of East Godavari district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was registered as one of the geographical indication from Andhra Pradesh by Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. Uppada Jamdani saris are known for their light weight.
The name Jamdani in the Uppada Jamdani sari is a Persian terminology, in which Jam means flower and Dani means Vase.
Jamdani style of weaving is originated in Bangladesh. In the 18th century, it was brought to south and in Uppada village of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India Jamdani style of weaving recreated with a local resonance. The Jamdani style weaving was as old as 300 years. In 1972, Uppada weavers were recognized by Govt. of India with President's award.
The Uppada Jamdani saree is a beautiful textile that has been weaved in [South India] for centuries. The fabric has a silk-like texture and is lightweight, making it perfect for designing sarees, gowns, scarves, etc. The history behind the Uppada fabric can be traced back to the Jamdani weaving technique developed in Bengal.
Uppada Jamdani saree weaving takes nearly 10–60 days time for which at least 2–3 weavers has to spend 10 hours of their day. Weavers uses pure lace (silver zari often dipped in melted gold) and also finest silk of Bengaluru area. Weaving of saree involves, laying out its design, interweaving silk threads, looming, etc., There are around 3000 looms producing Jamdani sarees in and around Uppada and kothapalli area.
Around forty percent of the local weavers are women. To make a sari, it takes a week to a fortnight which consists of cotton body with silk pallu and all completely handwoven. The weavers design in such a way that it can be folded and fits in a matchbox. Different designs include geometric, flowers, leaves, etc. Speciality of Jamdani saree is that it gets design on both the sides and is much less weight than that of Kanchi and Dharmavaram brands.
List of Hindu temples in Kanchipuram

Kanchipuram ([kaːɲdʑipuɾam]), or Kānchi or Kāncheepuram, is a famous temple city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It served as the capital city of the Pallava Kingdom. It is also known by its former names Kanchiampathi, Conjeevaram, and the nickname "The City of Thousand Temples" It is now the Administrative headquarters of Kanchipuram district. Kanchipuram is located 72 kilometers from Chennai, the capital city of the southern state of Tamil Nadu, India.
Kanchipuram is considered one of the seven holiest cities to the Hindus of India. In Hinduism, a kshetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where moksha, final release can be obtained. The Garuda Purana enumerates seven cities as providers of moksha, namely Ayodhya, Mathura, Haridwar, Varanasi, Avantikā, Dvārakā, and Kanchipuram.
Among the major Hindu temples in Kanchipuram are some of the most prominent Vishnu Temples and Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu like the Varadharaja Perumal Temple for Vishnu and the Ekambaranatha Temple which is the "earth abode" of Shiva. Kamakshi Amman Temple, Kumara Kottam, Kachapeshwarar Temple, and the Kailasanathar Temple are some of the other prominent temples.
* Divya Desams - temples dedicated to Vishnu glorified in the Nalayira Divya Prabandham, the early medieval Tamil literature canon of the Alvar saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. There are 15 Divya Desams in Kanchipuram. * Padal petra stalam - where the three of the most revered Nayanars (Shaiva Saints), Appar, Sundarar, and Sambandar have glorified the Shiva temples in Tevaram during the 7th-8th centuries. There are 11 padal petra stalams in Kanchipuram.
Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation

Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation is the civic body that governs the city of Kancheepuram in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is one of the four municipal corporations within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the other three being the central Greater Chennai Corporation,the satellite Tambaram City Municipal Corporation and the Avadi City Municipal Corporation. Inaugurated on 21 October 2021 covering an area of 36.14 Sqkm with a population of 232,816. It is headed by Mayor who presides over 51 councillors, each of whom represents one of the 51 wards of the city and executive is governed by Municipal Commissioner. Located about 75 km from Chennai in Tamilnadu state of southern India, Kanchipuram is a temple City renowned for its majestic temple architecture and Silk sarees. Of the 108 holy temples of the Hindu god Vishnu (DivyaDesams), 14 are located in Kanchipuram. In ancient time the city was a hub for religious education and was known as the ghatikasthanam, or "place of learning".
Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation was formed in the year 2021 and is one of 21 municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu. The place is driven spiritually through many important spiritual places linked to several ancient Vaishnavite and Saivite temples with continuous inflow of visitors.
Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.
Currently the Municipal Commissioner is G. Kannan.
Koneerikuppam, Thiruparuthikundram, Karuppadithattadai, Kizhkathirpur, Sirukaveripakkam, Thimmasamudram, Keezhambi, Putheri, Kaliyanoor, Vaipavoor, Enathur Village Panchayats are annexed to Kanchipuram City Municipal Corporation
Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:
In the 2022 urban polls, the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance won 32 of the 51 wards in the Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation. M. Mahalakshmi, the DMK councillor from Ward 9, became the first Mayor of the city. R. Kumaragurunaathan is the first deputy mayor of the kanchipuram corporation.
Tripura Risa Textile

Tripura Risa Textile or Risa Textile is a traditional handwoven cloth from Tripura, India, recently granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.
It is primarily woven by women using a loin loom, Risa is known for its vibrant colors and intricate designs. It holds significant cultural and social value within the Tripuri communities, serving as a female upper garment, headgear, stole, and a symbol of respect. The Risa Sormani ceremony, where adolescent girls receive their first Risa, marks a significant transition. The GI tag protects the unique origin and craftsmanship of Tripura Risa Textile, promoting its preservation and sustainable development.
وقار احمد رضوی

پروفسیر ڈاکٹر سید وقار احمد رضوی (پیدائش: 5 دسمبر 1936ء - 11 اپریل 2021ء) پاکستان سے تعلق رکھنے والے اردو زبان کے نامور نقاد، محقق اور جامعہ کراچی میں شعبہ اردو کے پروفیسر تھے۔
وقار احمد رضوی 5 دسمبر 1936ء میں امروہہ، ضلع مراد آباد، اتر پردیش میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ان کے مورثِ اعلیٰ مخدوم شاہ ابن بدرِ چشتی مغل بادشاہ جلال الدین اکبر کے عہد کے معروف صوفی بزرگ تھے۔ وقار احمد رضوی کے دادا احمد حسن امروہی محدث دار العلوم دیوبند کے اول شیخ الحدیث تھے، ان کے اکلوتے فرزند (وقار احمد رضوی کے والد) مولانا سید محمد رضوی اپنے وقت کے صف اول کے علما میں شمار ہوتے تھے۔ وقار احمد رضوی نے ابتدائی تعلیم کاچی گوڑہ ہائی اسکول حیدرآباد دکن سے حاصل کی۔ وقار رضوی نے فاضل درس نظامی 1944ء سے 1951ء کے درمیان اپنے دادا کے قائم کردہ دار العلوم جامع مسجد امروہہ سے مکمل کیا۔ پھر میٹرک یوپی بورڈ (بھارت) سے 1952ء میں اور انٹرمیڈیٹ 1954ء میں کیا۔ جبکہ ہندی رتن پنجاب یونیورسٹی (دہلی کیمپس) سے 1955ء میں کیا۔ بی اے آنرز (فارسی) پنجاب یونیورسٹی (دہلی کیمپس) سے 1959ء میں پاس کیا۔دہلی یونیورسٹی سے ایم اے اردو 1961ء میں کیا، علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی سے ایم اے (عربی) 1964ء میں کیا۔ 1984ء میں جامعہ کراچی سے ڈاکٹر ابو اللیث صدیقی کی نگرانی میں تاریخ جدید اردو غزل پر مقالہ لکھ کر پی ایچ ڈی کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ 2004ء میں جامعہ کراچی سے ڈی لٹ کی ڈگری کے مستحق قرار پائے۔ 1950ء کی دہائی کے آخر میں وہ پاکستان منتقل ہو گئے۔ وائس چانسلر جامعہ کراچی ڈاکٹر محمود حسین نے ان کی علمی صلاحیتوں کو دیکھے ہوئے جامعہ کراچی میں شعبہ اردو میں لیکچرار مقرر کیا۔ انھوں نے تمام عمر حصول علم اور تقسیم علوم میں مصروف رہ کر نہایت طمانیت اور سکون سے زندگی گزاری۔ 1996ء میں جامعہ کراچی سے پروفیسر کے عہدے سے ریٹائر ہوئے۔ درس و تدریس کے ساتھ ساتھ انھوں نے تصنیف و تالیف کا سلسلہ آخر وقت تک جاری رکھا۔ وقار احمد رضوی نے بہت سارے شاگرد چھوڑے ہیں۔ انھوں نے اصول تنقید پر ایک بنیادی کتاب بھی لکھی ہے جس کا نام معروضی تنقید ہے۔ یہ کتاب ایم اے کے نصاب میں بھی شامل ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ تاریخ ادب عربی، تاریخ جدید اردو غزل، خطبات اردو، تاریخِ نقد وغیرہ ان کی اہم کتب میں شامل ہیں۔
وقار احمد رضوی 11 اپریل 2021ء میں کراچی، پاکستان میں انتقال کر گئے۔
Pakistani art

Pakistani art (Urdu: پاکستانی فن) has a long tradition and history. It consists of a variety of art forms, including painting, sculpture, calligraphy, pottery, and textile arts such as woven silk. It shares features with Indian subcontinental art.
After independence in 1947, there were only two major art schools in Pakistan - the Mayo School of Art and the Department of Fine Arts at the Punjab University. Early pioneers of Pakistani art include Abdur Rahman Chughtai who painted with Mughal and Islamic styles, and Ahmed Parvez who was among the early modernists of Pakistan.
In the 1960s and 1970s, calligraphic styles emerged in Pakistan, with notable artists being Iqbal Geoffrey and Sadequain. The Karachi School of Art, the first art institution in Karachi, was founded in 1964 by Rabia Zuberi.
In the 21st century, graffiti started becoming popular in Pakistan, with the emergence of artists such as Sanki King, and Asim Butt. The latter also spearheaded Stuckism in Pakistan.
Major art galleries in Pakistan include the National Art Gallery in Islamabad. The Lahore Museum is known for its extensive collection of Buddhist art from the ancient Indo-Greek and Gandhara kingdoms, as well as from the Mughal, Sikh, and British empires.
Here is a list of some of Pakistan's famous artists:
Jamal J. Elias

Jamal J. Elias is a scholar and professor of Religious Studies who currently serves as the Special Advisor to the Provost of Aga Khan University. He has written and lectured widely on the Qur'an, Sufism, poetry and modern society.
Elias was born in Lahore, Pakistan, and attended Burn Hall School, St. Mary's Academy and Aitchison College. He received his BA in Religious Studies from Stanford University, his MA in Turkish Literature, and his PhD in Religious Studies (Islamic Studies) from Yale University in 1991. He has taught at a number of prestigious educational institutions in USA, including Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania, Amherst College, and Brown University, and he has lectured broadly in North and South America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, and Asia.
At The Aga Khan University, he researches and teaches on Muslim Civilizations, including Islam and Bioethics, and Media on the Muslim World.
Elias also serves regularly as a consultant on legal and social issues related to the status of Muslims in America. He has provided expert testimony on cases related to freedom of religion and expression, anti-Muslim bias, workers rights, immigration and asylum, and child custody. He was called on to write to the Administrative Review Boards held at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camps. The Boards were authorized to recommend whether Guantanamo captives should continue to be held in extrajudicial detention. One of the justifications offered for the continued detention of over three dozen of the Guantanamo captives was that they had participated in the activities of a Pakistani Islamic missionary group named Tablighi Jamaat. Elias wrote at the time that this was a peaceful group, and that, in particular, one of the tenets of the movement was that participation on a Tabligh mission was a valid substitute for participation in Jihad.
Elias is also a photographer who has held a number of solo and group exhibitions in the United States. He also researches Pakistani truck art; he has written widely on the subject.
State emblem of Pakistan

The State Emblem of Pakistan was adopted in 1954 and symbolises the ideological foundation of the country, the basis of its economy, cultural heritage, and guiding principles.
The four components of the emblem are a crescent and star crest above an escutcheon, which is surrounded by a wreath, below which is a scroll. The crest and the green colour of the emblem are considered traditional symbols of Islam. The quartered shield in the centre shows cotton, wheat, tea, and jute, which were the major crops of Pakistan at independence and are shown in the form of escutcheon and signify the main agricultural base for the importance of the Nation's economy. The floral wreath, surrounding the shield, is Jasminum officinale (the national flower) and represents the floral designs used in traditional Mughal art and emphasizes the cultural heritage of Pakistan. The scroll supporting the shield contains the national motto in Urdu, "Īmān, Ittiḥād, Naẓm," which reads from right to left: (ایمان، اتحاد، نظم), translated as "Faith, Unity, Discipline" which are intended as the guiding principles for Pakistan. This logo was designed by Maraj Muhammad student of the National College of Arts.
Embolada

Embolada, coco de embolada, coco-de-improviso ou coco de repente é uma arte surgida no Nordeste do Brasil, onde é especialmente popular.
Consiste em uma dupla de cantadores que, ao som enérgico do pandeiro, montam versos bastante métricos, rápidos e improvisados. Cada parceiro deve improvisar uma resposta rápida e ao mesmo tempo bem bolada. Caso não consiga, seu par é coroado triunfante. Não deve ser confundido com o repente, em que a música e a resposta são lentas, melodiosas e o tema principal é a vida cotidiana.
O embolador porém também é um repentista, assim como o violeiro ou o aboiador, que se utilizam de técnica e instrumentos diferentes.
Grupo Rusich

O Grupo de Assalto, Reconhecimento e Sabotagem "Rusich" (em russo: Диверсионно-штурмовая разведывательная группа "Русич", transl. Diversionno-shturmovaya razvedyvatel'naya gruppa "Rusich") é um destacamento de combate de direita neonazista pró-russo que participou da Guerra Russo-Ucraniana tanto na Guerra em Donbas de junho de 2014 a julho de 2015 do lado das repúblicas separatistas autoproclamadas quanto na invasão russa da Ucrânia como parte das tropas russas.
Em 2022, o grupo e seus comandantes Alexey Milchakov e Yan Petrovsky foram incluídos na lista de sanções dos EUA por sua "crueldade especial" nas batalhas no Oblast de Carcóvia.
O grupo luta desde junho de 2014, conduzindo operações de reconhecimento e sabotagem atrás das linhas ucranianas, também desempenhou um papel significativo em várias batalhas importantes no início do conflito em Donbas.
Em 2017, militantes do Rusich apareceram na Síria protegendo a infraestrutura estrategicamente importante de petróleo e gás pertencente a empresas russas. Em suas contas no Instagram, os militantes publicaram fotos de Palmira, no centro da Síria, onde um deles posa em frente às ruínas antigas, levantando a mão em uma saudação nazista.
Alguns jornalistas investigativos presumiram no final de outubro de 2021 que o grupo retornaria à Ucrânia, o que de fato aconteceu no início de abril de 2022. Os combatentes do Rusich foram transferidos para Carcóvia, no nordeste da Ucrânia.
O emblema do grupo é composto do símbolo pagão eslavo Kolovrat sobre a bandeira do Império Russo, outras versões incluem o símbolo nórdico Valknut, runas e o Sol negro.
Região da Floresta Negra do Norte

Região da Floresta Negra do Norte (em alemão: Region Nordschwarzwald) é uma unidade administrativa na Região de Karlsruhe (Regierungsbezirk Karlsruhe) do estado sudoeste alemão de Baden-Württemberg. Sua área compreende Pforzheim e os distritos de Calw, Enzkreis e Freudenstadt, na parte nordeste da Floresta Negra.
Lista dos cem municípios mais populosos da Região Nordeste do Brasil

Esta é uma lista dos cem municípios mais populosos da Região Nordeste do Brasil de acordo com o último Censo Demográfico pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), em 2022.
Os estados que tiveram mais municípios foram Bahia (23), Pernambuco (22) e Ceará (18). Os que menos tiveram municípios foram Sergipe (5), e Alagoas (4) e Piauí (3). Veja a lista Completa:
Percentual da população do estado:
Segundo a tabela, a porcentagem é maior no estado de Pernambuco, onde 58% da população está em apenas 23 municípios. O menor índice é no estado do Piauí, 33%. Somando a população de todas as cem maiores cidades do Nordeste, tem-se um resultado em que cerca de 45% da população está concentrada nessas cidades, assim como 13% da população do Brasil.
Pandeiro

The pandeiro (Portuguese pronunciation: [pɐ̃ˈdejɾu]) is a type of hand frame drum popular in Brazil. The pandeiro is used in a number of Brazilian music forms, such as samba, choro, coco, and capoeira music.
The drumhead is tunable, and the rim holds metal jingles (platinelas) which are cupped, creating a crisper, drier and less sustained tone on the pandeiro than on the tambourine. It is held in one hand, and struck on the head by the other hand to produce the sound. Typical pandeiro patterns are played by alternating the thumb, fingertips, heel, and palm of the hand. A pandeiro can also be shaken to make sound, or one can run a finger along the head to produce a drum roll.
The term pandeiro was previously used to describe a square double-skinned frame drum, often with a bell inside; such an instrument is now known by the term adufe in Spain and Portugal.
The term pandeiro (pandero in Asturian) is still used in parts of Galicia, Asturias and Portugal to describe the square-shaped drum, while the round drum with jingles is known as pandeira in Galicia and pandeireta in Portugal.
Some of the best-known pandeiro players today are Paulinho da Costa, Nanny Assis, Airto Moreira, Marcos Suzano, Cyro Baptista, Zé Maurício, and Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro.
Other notable pandeiro players were Scott Feiner, bringing the pandeiro to jazz, and Milt Holland, a Los Angeles–based studio percussionist and drummer who travelled the world extensively to collect and study various ethnic percussion types.
Artists such as Stanton Moore use it non-traditionally by tuning it low to sound like a bass drum with jingles, mounting it on a stand and integrating it into the modern drum kit. Others, such as Sule Greg Wilson on the Carolina Chocolate Drops album Genuine Negro Jig, use it in tandem with a tunable bodhran—also mounted—and play them as a pair with brushes to create drum kit effects, as well as their original intent as hand-held instruments.
Frame drum

A frame drum is a drum that has a drumhead width greater than its depth. It is one of the most ancient musical instruments, and perhaps the first drum to be invented. It has a single drumhead that is usually made of rawhide, but man-made materials may also be used. Some frame drums have mechanical tuning, while on many others the drumhead is tacked in place. The drumhead is stretched over a round, wooden frame called a shell. The shell is traditionally constructed of rosewood, oak, ash etc. that has been bent and then scarf jointed together; though some are also made of plywood or man-made materials. Metal rings or jingles may also be attached to the frame. In many cultures larger frame drums are played mainly by men in spiritual ceremonies, while medium-size drums are played mainly by women.
Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro

Carlos de Oliveira, better known as Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro, is a Brazilian percussionist best known for playing the pandeiro, a tunable tambourine, played with a different technique than in North American music, and is one of the instrument's major proponents.
Carlinhos grew up in Rio de Janeiro in the 1940s, and was immersed in samba. Carlinhos took up the pandeiro at age seven, starting with one of his mother's cake pans. He visited the favelas to absorb samba styles, particularly at one of the greatest samba schools, GRES Estação Primeira de Mangueira. Carlinhos would join in during rehearsals, and he soon came to the attention of singer Jamelão, who invited Carlinhos to become a performing member of Mangueira, a high honor.
Carlinhos's pandeiro playing became quite theatrical, with unprecedented juggling and stunts (known as malabarismo). Soon Carlinhos was performing professionally, working with some of the most important musicians and composers in Rio.
In 1966, Brazil held a national contest to find the country's best pandeiro player. Carlinhos out-performed 500 other players to win the first Golden Tambourine award, thereby becoming known as Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro. With this recognition, Carlinhos represented Brazil in performances before the Japanese royal family, the Swedish royal family, and also in a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of England.
Carlinhos has had a wide-ranging career as a percussionist, appearing in Brazilian films, on Brazilian television, and performing around the world with artists including Herbie Mann, Sergio Mendes, Sadao Watanabe, Ed Thigpen, Toots Thielemans, Martinho da Vila, Beth Carvalho, and Maria Bethânia.
Carlinhos married an American singer in 1983, moved to Hawaii, and raised a family. For the last three decades, he has led parades, performed with numerous American samba bands, and taught classic Rio-style samba to thousands of students. Today, Carlinhos lives in Los Angeles, performing nationally and teaching locally, at the 18th Street Arts Center in Santa Monica. He is a recipient of awards from the Durfee Foundation, the Alliance for California Traditional Arts, and the Department of Cultural Affairs, Los Angeles.
Carlinhos is a recipient of the 2011 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.
The book, How to Play Pandeiro Like Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro by Simon Carroll was published on March 26, 2021.
Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast

Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast: Popular Music in a Culture of Migration is a book by professor of Portuguese Jack A. Draper III, published by Peter Lang in 2010.
Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast not only documents and analyses the music of migrants in Brazil, but also analyzes how the music shaped both its creators and Brazil as a whole. Using forró artists and excerpts from their music, Draper argues that the migrants used a musical genre called forró to kill saudade, which means longing and nostalgia, loneliness and lust, as He also argues that it was used to rebel against industrialization and used as an attempt to help Brazilian “natives” overcome prejudice. He analyzes the historical and political climate that forró formed in, a time of oppression, dictatorships and political instability. Draper seems to be portraying forró like a Brazilian equivalent of Blues, which was also used to fight longing, loneliness and lust. He argues and analyses how the migrants completely re-thought all the elements of music, including melody, lyrics and rhythms to make it their own. He also shows forró’s presence in Brazilian pop culture, including the teaching of it in universities, and the playing of it at nightclubs and music festivals.
Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast has been reviewed by Reference & Research Book News.
Los Angeles Brazilian Film Festival

The Los Angeles Brazilian Film Festival is a film festival held in Los Angeles, California. First held in 2008, the festival is dedicated to showcase Brazilian cinema and films made by Brazilian-American filmmakers. The festival has been dubbed "the most prestigious Brazilian film festival outside of Brazil".
The festival was founded in 2007 by Meire Fernandes and Nazareno Paulo. The festival hands out awards for select films, including for best feature film, documentaries, shorts, and best kids movies. They also host seminars and workshops, as well as networking opportunities for filmmakers, during the Brazilian Film Market section. The organization has showcased over 1300 films since the festival's inception.
The inaugural edition was held in 2008, going from March 5 to March 7 at the Landmark in West Los Angeles. The first film shown there was Bellini and the Devil, where lead actor Fábio Assunção won the award for Best Actor.
The 2012 edition hosted the world premiere of Márcio Garcia's film Open Road. The Los Angeles Film School hosted the 2013 edition of the festival. In 2015, the festival made its debut at Harmony Gold Theatre in Hollywood, with additional screenings at the Regent Theatre. A film made by both Fernandes and Paulo, Colors of Love, was shown at the 2015 edition. The 2020 edition was adapted for a "stay home" format due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including allowing for the audience to vote for their favorite movie.
As of 2023, the festival is held at the Culver Theater, near Culver Studios in Culver City. During the 2023 edition, 40% of the films selected were made by female filmmakers, and 30% of the films came from filmmakers from the North and Northeast of Brazil.
Pro Evolution Soccer

Pro Evolution Soccer (oficialmente abreviado como PES,​ y conocido como World Soccer: Winning Eleven 5 en su versión japonesa) es un videojuego de fútbol para PlayStation, PlayStation 2, el cual se lanzó a la venta en el año 2001. Es el primer videojuego de la serie Pro Evolution Soccer.
World Soccer: Winning Eleven 5 Final Evolution también se lanzó en Japón después del lanzamiento de Pro Evolution Soccer en Europa.​
PES fue sucedido por Pro Evolution Soccer 2, que se lanzó en 2002.
En la versión inglesa del juego, Chris James y Terry Butcher proporcionan comentarios sobre los partidos,​​ mientras que en la versión japonesa los comentaristas son Jon Kabira y Katsuyoshi Shinto.​
En el videojuego hay 8 estadios con nombres ficticios:
La versión de PlayStation 2 recibió "reconocimiento universal" según el agregador de revisión de videojuegos Metacritic.​ En Japón, Famitsu le dio a las versiones original y J.League una puntuación de 34 de 40,​​ y la versión Final Evolution 33 de 40, todas en la misma versión de consola.​
La versión PlayStation 2 de Pro Evolution Soccer recibió un premio de ventas "Gold" de la Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA),​ indicando ventas de al menos 200,000 copias en el Reino Unido.​
Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation

La Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation (RSSSF) es una organización internacional amateur fundada en 1994 dedicada a recolectar estadísticas sobre fútbol con el fin de construir un archivo exhaustivo de información relacionada con este deporte en todo el mundo​ en un sitio homónimo que sirve de base de datos.​
Su contenido es editado por diversos aficionados al fútbol registrados de manera gratuita y voluntaria;​ la afiliación está abierta a cualquier persona y la condición para ser miembro «es la capacidad y voluntad de proporcionar datos para el Archivo RSSSF que aún no posean una cobertura suficiente».​
La Fundación fue creada en enero de 1994 por tres miembros regulares del grupo de noticias rec.sport.soccer (RSS) de USENET: Lars Aarhus, Kent Hedlundh, y Karel Stokkermans. Originalmente se la conoció como "North European Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation" (NERSSSF), pero la referencia geográfica fue abandonada al crecer la cantidad de miembros de otras partes del globo.
Desde diciembre de 1994 la por entonces NERSSSF inauguró su archivo central, el cual es hasta la actualidad uno de los mayores archivos sobre fútbol a nivel mundial. En 2002 dicho archivo fue trasladado al dominio www.rsssf.com. Desde el traslado del grupo de noticias a la web, el número de miembros se incrementó dramáticamente. Esto provocó el cambio de nombre a Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation, ya que el archivo pasó a ser internacional.
En la actualidad, la RSSSF tiene una gran cantidad de contribuyentes en todo el mundo y ha lanzado seis proyectos independientes para seguir más de cerca las ligas locales de los países en que se abrieron. Los mismos están dedicados a Albania, Brasil, Noruega, Polonia, Rumania y Uruguay (GIEFI). Además existe un proyecto llamado FootballSquads, el cual se dedica a recolectar información sobre las plantillas actuales de los clubes a nivel mundial. En la actualidad, la fundación supera los 300 miembros.
La fundación estuvo varios años unida al RSS del newsgroup y todavía mantiene un archivo (última actualización el 15 de junio de 2003) con lo que algunos de sus miembros consideran que son las mejores contribuciones.
El archivo de la RSSSF contiene información histórica y actual del fútbol a nivel mundial. Está dividido en 6 categorías, y a su vez algunas tienen sub categorías:
También está la categoría de cambios recientes, donde se indican los nuevos artículos que se han agregado al archivo.
Desde 1992, todavía en el grupo de noticias RSS, se comenzó a realizar una votación para elegir al mejor futbolista del año.
Premio World Soccer al mejor jugador del mundo

El Premio World Soccer al mejor jugador del mundo es un galardón que concede anualmente, desde 1982, la revista deportiva inglesa World Soccer al mejor futbolista del año. El premio se concede en función de las votaciones de los lectores de la revista, que valoran los méritos de todos los futbolistas del mundo, tanto en las actuaciones con sus clubes como con sus selecciones nacionales.Desde la edición de 2012, dichos votos se computan al 50% con el de un jurado de expertos que dictamina sus votos según sus criterios. Así, el resultado final se concede tras el cómputo global de los mismos.
El primer galardonado del premio fue el italiano Paolo Rossi de la Juventus F. C., quien se impuso al alemán Karl-Heinz Rummenigge del F. C. Bayern de Múnich y al brasileño Paulo Roberto Falcão de la A. S. Roma. Curiosamente, durante los primeros diez años del fallo, la Serie A italiana era la liga de la que procedían la mayor parte de los premiados llegando a acumular un total de veintidós futbolistas entre los treinta finalistas, siendo la Associazione Calcio Milan el equipo más representado con siete futbolistas.​
El vigente ganador en 2023 es el noruego Erling Haaland, quien obtuvo su primer galardón.
Entre los premiados que repitieron galardón al año siguiente de estrenarse figuran el francés Michel Platini, los brasileños Ronaldo y Ronaldinho, y el polaco Robert Lewandowski, mientras que ningún futbolista ha conseguido llevarse el trofeo en tres años consecutivos. Sin embargo, los tres jugadores anteriormente citados más Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten, Cristiano Ronaldo y Lionel Messi han sido los únicos en repetir premio.
La revista también concede los premios al mejor entrenador, el mejor equipo, mejor árbitro y al mejor jugador joven —actualmente extinguido—.
Nota: El sistema de votos ha ido variando a lo largo de los años, computándose de diferentes maneras y según números distintos de posibles galardonados, motivo de la disparidad del porcentaje de votos, siendo este un mero cálculo estimativo según el número de finalistas.
Nota *: Jugadores galardonados que también jugaron en el año natural con otro club.
En caso de empate figura en primer lugar el que antes consiguiese el premio.
Ousseni Bouda

Ousseni Bouda (Uagadugú, Burkina Faso, 28 de abril de 2000) es un futbolista burkinés que juega como delantero en San Jose Earthquakes de la Major League Soccer de los Estados Unidos.
Recibió el premio Gatorade National Boys Soccer Player of the Year para la temporada 2017-18. El premio es un honor reconocido a nivel nacional otorgado al mejor atleta de escuela secundaria en cada deporte en los Estados Unidos.
Nacido en Burkina Faso, pasó cuatro años en la Right To Dream Academy en Ghana. Luego se mudó a la Millbrook School en Nueva York y llevó a los Millbrook Mustangs a ganar tres campeonatos consecutivos en el torneo del Preparatory School Athletic Council de Nueva Inglaterra.​ Fue honrado con el Gatorade National Soccer Player of the Year, un premio nacional otorgado al mejor jugador de fútbol de escuela secundaria de niños.​​ Terminó su carrera en la escuela secundaria con 82 apariciones para los Mustangs, anotando 156 goles. En sus últimos dos juegos de la escuela secundaria, Bouda anotó cinco goles en cada juego, lo que llevó a los Mustangs a ganar el campeonato.
Catalogado como un recluta de cinco estrellas por Top Drawer Soccer,​ jugó al fútbol universitario para el Stanford Cardinal men's soccer program.​ Fue el primer jugador de fútbol del Stanford en ganar el premio Gatorade High School Player of the Year.​ El 30 de agosto de 2019 hizo su debut universitario con Stanford, en una victoria por 5-0 contra el Penn State. En el mismo partido, hizo su primera apertura universitaria y anotó su primer gol universitario. El 15 de octubre de 2019 ganó el premio Pac-12 Men's Soccer Player of the Week, siendo el primer estudiante de primer año de la temporada en ganar el honor.​ El 20 de noviembre de 2019, concluyendo la temporada de fútbol masculino de la 2019 Pac-12 Conference, fue nombrado en el All-Pac-12 first team.​
No participó en la temporada 2020 debido a una lesión. En la temporada 2021, lideró al Stanford con nueve asistencias y cinco goles, y fue incluido en el primer equipo All-Region de United Soccer Coaches y en el primer equipo All-Pac-12.​
El 6 de enero de 2022 fue anunciado como uno de los ocho miembros de la 2022 Generation Adidas class antes del SuperDraft de la MLS 2022.​ Cinco días después, los San Jose Earthquakes lo eligieron como su primera opción y la octava opción general en el SuperDraft de la MLS.​
Jugador más valioso de la Major League Soccer

El premio al Jugador más valioso de la Major League Soccer (Landon Donovan MVP Award) es un galardón otorgado anualmente al mejor futbolista de la Major League Soccer, la primera división del fútbol de los Estados Unidos y Canadá. Desde el comienzo del premio en 1996 hasta 2007 fue patrocinado por Honda. Desde ese entonces el premio es patrocinado por Volkswagen.​ El 15 de enero de 2015 la liga anunció que el nombre del premio sería cambiado oficialmente al Landon Donovan MVP Award, en honor al recientemente retirado futbolista estadounidense de Los Angeles Galaxy. Donovan ganó el premio solo en una ocasión, pero fijó varios récords de goles y asistencias tanto en la liga como en la selección nacional estadounidense.​
Major League Soccer 2022

La temporada 2022 de la Major League Soccer (MLS) fue la vigésima séptima edición de la primera división del fútbol en los Estados Unidos y Canadá. Comenzó el 26 de febrero y concluyó el 5 de noviembre con la final de la MLS Cup, en la cual Los Angeles Football Club se impuso en la tanda de penales al Philadelphia Union por 3-0 tras empatar 3-3 en el tiempo reglamentario, alzando el primer campeonato de su historia.​
La temporada regular comenzó el 26 de febrero y concluyó el 9 de octubre. La competencia estuvo dividida en dos conferencias, con 14 franquicias en cada una. Cada equipo jugó 34 partidos, 17 de local y 17 de visitante. Cada equipo jugó contra los demás clubes de su misma conferencia, a encuentros de ida y vuelta, para un total de 26 partidos; los restantes 8 cruces se disputaron contra 4 de los 14 equipos de la otra conferencia.​
Los play-offs de la MLS lo disputaron 14 para la temporada 2022. El mejor equipo de la conferencia este y oeste avanzaron automáticamente a las semifinales de conferencia, y los seis equipos restantes de cada conferencia clasificaron a la primera ronda. Los play-offs comenzaron el 15 de octubre y concluyeron con la final de la MLS Cup, que estuvo programada para el 5 de noviembre.
El 2 de noviembre se anunció el equipo ideal de la temporada (denominada MLS Best XI), que reconoce a los 11 mejores jugadores de la Major League Soccer.​
Super Match Soccer

Super Match Soccer es un videojuego de fútbol publicado por Acclaim​ y desarrollado en 1998 por Jon Ritman en su empresa Cranberry Source.​ El juego se ejecuta en las plataformas PC y PlayStation.​
Algunas de las características más interesantes que incluye son:​
Super Match Soccer es un videojuego en 3 dimensiones en el que existen cinco cámaras que se pueden seleccionar para jugar (cada una de ellas con varios niveles de zum).
Incorpora 24 selecciones nacionales cada una con un nivel de habilidad distinto. El juego permite seleccionar, en cada equipo, los futbolistas que participaban y la táctica. Así mismo, se pueden editar los nombres y características de cada futbolista.
El juego permite que participe un solo jugador, dos jugadores en la misma máquina, juego en red de varios jugadores (sólo en la versión de PC) o partidos de hasta 8 jugadores en PlayStation usando un adaptador. También soporta controladores analógicos tanto para PC como PlayStation.
Nació con la intención de ser la tercera parte de Match Day muchos años tras la publicación de su exitosa segunda parte Match Day II. Pero por problemas legales le tuvo que cambiar el nombre por Super Match Soccer.​
Match Day II

Match Day II es un videojuego de 8 bits publicado por Ocean Software​ y desarrollado en 1987 por Jon Ritman en una Z80 con Bernie Drummond como diseñador y Guy Stevens en el sonido.​ El juego se ejecuta en las plataformas Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Amstrad PCW, MSX y Commodore 64 (esta última versión fue programada por otro equipo).​
Es un simulador de fútbol en el que cada equipo está formato por 7 jugadores (6 jugadores de campo y el portero)​ y las portería aparecían una a cada lado de la pantalla, teniendo que hacer scroll para llegar a ellas (vista lateral).
Incluyó nuevas modalidades de juego así como la popular barra de nivel cuyo contenido controla la potencia del disparo. El juego tenía la posibilidad de realizar diferentes jugadas como golpes de cabeza, centros y tacones; todas ellas respondiendo rápidamente a los movimientos de los controles, lo que unido a su velocidad gráfica y diseño minucioso de los elementos - jugadores, cancha, público, balón; supuso una gran revolución en el mundo de los simuladores de la época.​
El juego tiene, entre otras, las siguientes opciones:​
Incorporó por primera vez la posibilidad de saltar en línea recta, golpear de tacón, lo que supuso toda una novedad. Además, permite el golpeo de cabeza, volea y disparo raso o parabólico con distintas intensidades en función de una barra de potencia.​
Para las colisiones de los jugadores con el balón se usa un sistema de reflexión en el que los jugadores eran un diamantes (Diamond Deflection System​), lo que da un enorme abanico de posibilidades.
También permitía que el jugador controle al portero, aunque éste no puede coger el balón con las manos.​
Los nombres por defecto de los equipos son:
La versión española del juego sólo usa 48Ks de memoria del Spectrum, mientras que la inglesa usa hasta 128 para mejorar la música.​
El juego incluye la canción When the Saints Go Marching In mientras los jugadores salen del vestuario y ocupan sus posiciones en el terreno de juego​
Los sprites del juego son una modificados de un juego anterior Bear Bovver intentando simular una perspectiva isométrica.​
Nació como consecuencia del desarrollo de la primera versión del juego, Match Day, que apareció en 1984. También existe otra versión del juego, International Match Day (en inglés),​ que incluye selecciones nacionales.
El juego está basado en un videojuego anterior que Jon Ritman terminó pero no llegó a publicar, Soccerama.​
Posteriormente, en 1995, Jon Ritman intentó sacar Match Day III, pero por problemas legales le tuvo que cambiar el nombre por Super Match Soccer.​
Partido de fútbol del Congreso

El partido de fútbol del Congreso (en inglés: Congressional Soccer Match; acrónimo: CSM, por sus siglas en inglés) es un partido anual de fútbol en el que participan miembros y empleados del Congreso de los Estados Unidos, así como también atletas, embajadores, corporaciones y líderes comunitarios. Es patrocinado por la Fundación de Fútbol de Estados Unidos, y copatrocinado por el Caucus de Fútbol del Congreso. Se juega desde 2013.​​
Las ediciones de 2020 y 2021 fueron suspendidas debido a la pandemia de COVID-19.​
Match Day

Match Day es un videojuego simulador de fútbol desarrollado por Jon Ritman y publicado por Ocean Software en 1984. La primera versión se realizó para ZX Spectrum y después se publicaron versiones para BBC Micro, Commodore 64 y Amstrad CPC (está última la realizó un equipo externo a Océano sin usar el código fuente original de Ritman​).
Es el primer juego de la serie "Match Day", que incluye Match Day 2, International Match Day y Super Match Soccer​