davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of gondola lifts

This article is a List of gondola lifts around the world. A gondola lift has cabins suspended from a continuously circulating cable whereas aerial trams simply shuttle back and forth on cables. (Both are cable cars, and both are aerial lifts which also includes chairlifts.) For aerial tramways, see the List of aerial tramways. For funitels, see the Funitel article.
(Note: this list should not contain aerial tramways or chairlifts.)
Among 170 aerial lifts in Japan, 97 lines are gondola lifts, including 3 funitels. 65 gondola lifts operate full season. See the above article for the full listing of aerial lifts in the country (including aerial tramways). Gondola lifts with English articles include:
Proposed
More than 90 Austrian ski resorts have gondola lifts for eight or more passengers, with more than 270 individual lifts in operation.
More than 40 Swiss ski resorts have gondola lifts for eight or more passengers, with more than 100 individual lifts in operation. Notable lifts include:
Listed in the order of opening year. List includes gondola lifts in European and Asian parts of the country.
Alberta:
British Columbia:
Ontario:
Québec:
Nova Scotia:
A pulsed gondola provides access to a canopy walkway and other attractions in the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve.
Arizona:
California:
Colorado:
Idaho:
Minnesota:
Montana:
New Hampshire:
New Jersey:
New Mexico:
New York:
Utah:
Vermont:
Washington:
Wyoming:
California
Colorado
Florida
Indiana
Louisiana
Minnesota
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Oregon
Texas
Washington
West Virginia
Note: Horse Hill and Kosciusko Express are combined lifts (or 'chondolas') where gondolas and four seat detachable chairs can be added to a cable according to demand.
A complete list of all 400 Australian aerial and ski lifts. It includes a dozen gondolas.
Casa de Campo

The Casa de Campo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkasa ðe ˈkampo], for Spanish: Country House) is the largest public park in Madrid. It is situated west of central Madrid, Spain. It gets its name 'Country House' because it was once a royal hunting estate, located just west of the Royal Palace of Madrid. It was created in the early 16th century for use by the royal family and nobility, and was opened to the public in 1931 when it became a public park. Today, it is a popular green space and weekend destination for Madrid residents.
Its area is 1,722.6 hectares (4,257 acres), about five times the size of New York City's Central Park or twice the size of Paris' Bois de Boulogne. The Casa de Campo is linked to the Parque del Oeste by the Teleférico de Madrid, a gondola lift.
The complex was declared in 2010 an Asset of Cultural Interest by the Community of Madrid. For its part, the regulations of the General Urban Planning Plan of the Madrid City Council, of 1997, classify it as a historic park.
An amusement park, the Parque de Atracciones de Madrid, and the Madrid Zoo are located inside the park. The park also contains an artificial lake for recreation.
From 1936 to 1939, during the Spanish Civil War, the front lines of the Siege of Madrid ran through the Casa de Campo, where the Republicans had halted a nationalist offensive in November 1936.
In the 90s and 2000s, the park was a center of prostitution.
The natural vegetation of Casa de Campo is mainly holm oak forest, accompanied by mediterranean bushes. However, throughout its history it has undergone constant transformation, even being used as farmland in some periods and repopulated in others with different non-native tree species, mainly stone pines or cypress trees, but also others such as poplars, chestnut trees, plane trees, ash trees, oaks or willows. In 2002, 686,294 specimens (trees or shrubs) were registered in the woodland inventory of the park.
In 2000, 18 trees or groups of them were classified as Singular Trees. They are marked with wooden signs that describe their special characteristics. A 2021 winter storm, Filomena, destroyed at least a tenth of the trees throughout Madrid, and damaged an unknown amount of the park.
The park can be accessed via the Teleferico, a gondola with a pick up point inside the Parque del Oeste on the west end of Madrid. The drop-off point houses a restaurant with an overlook of Madrid, playgrounds (both inside and outside), and access to Casa de Campo's many trails. The park is connected to Madrid's public transit system, including stations on lines 5 and 10 of the Madrid Metro.
Parque del Oeste

The Parque del Oeste (in English: Western Park) is a park of the city of Madrid (Spain) situated between the Autovía A-6, the Ciudad Universitaria de Madrid and the district of Moncloa. Before the 20th century, the land that the park currently occupies was the main landfill of the city. The park is the initiative of Alberto Aguilera, the mayor of the city at the beginning of the 20th century, who in 1906 requested the layout of a place for walking and relaxation by landscape artist Celedonio Rodrígáñez. It has beautiful sites such as the rose garden, where a rose competition is held every year.
One of the monuments in the park is the Temple of Debod, an Ancient Egyptian temple. The Egyptian state donated the temple of Debod to Spain in 1968 as a sign of gratitude for the help provided by Spain in saving the Abu Simbel temples.
The Parque del Oeste is linked to the Casa de Campo by the Teleférico de Madrid, a gondola lift.
Work began in 1893 and the first phase was inaugurated in 1905. This phase included an approximate area of 87 hectares between the present streets of Moret, and Seneca, plus a car ride today Paseo de Camoes.
In 1906, work continued work on the second phase, reaching the Cuartel de la Montaña (the current location of the Temple of Debod). It extended parallel to the Paseo del Pintor Rosales on old dumps.
During the Civil War, Parque de Oeste became the battlefield of the Battle of Ciudad Universitaria, opening trenches and building bunkers that still can be seen at its northern end. The southern end of the park was the site of the siege of the Montaña barracks, (now demolished) in July 1936.
Once the war ended, D. Cecilio Rodriguez, responsible for municipal parks, was responsible for its reconstruction, which lasted until the late 1940s. The landscape character, the type of planting and layout of the roads were respected.
During the years 1956 and 1973, it has been extended, occupying the lands of Cuartel de la Montaña, building the Rose Garden and the Parque de la montaña, located in the Temple of Debod.
List of tallest buildings in Madrid

Since 2009, the tallest building in Madrid (and Spain) has been Torre de Cristal, that dominates the Madrid skyline with 250 m in height. Madrid has two main business centres: Cuatro Torres Business Area and AZCA.
The list includes buildings (above 70 m (230 ft)) in the city of Madrid and its metropolitan area. An asterisk (*) indicates that the building is still under construction, but has been topped out.
Cercado de Lima

The Cercado de Lima ('Walled Lima'), Damero de Pizarro ('Pizarro's Checkerboard'), or Lima Cuadrada ('Squared Lima') is an area of the historic center of Lima (capital of Peru) located within the old walls of the city.
The area of the Cercado de Lima corresponds to the original layout of the city. Its current boundaries within the city are the Rímac River to the north, Abancay Avenue to the east, Colmena Avenue to the south and Tacna Avenue to the west.
Its name derives from it being the oldest and most central part of the city and because its urban layout maintains the classic Spanish style of streets and perpendicular avenues that form homogeneously square blocks.
The area contains the main historical monuments of the city and several of the public buildings of the government of Peru including the Government Palace and the Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima.
Linear city (Soria design)

The linear city is an urban plan for an elongated urban formation that was proposed by Arturo Soria y Mata in 1882. The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors. Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow from the residential areas to the industrial strip. The sectors of a linear city would be:
As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that the city would become ever longer, without growing wider.
The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in Madrid, Spain during the 19th century, but was promoted by the Soviet planner Nikolay Alexandrovich Milyutin in the late 1920s. Milyutin justified placing production enterprises and schools in the same band with Engels' statement that "education and labour will be united".
Ernst May, a famous German functionalist architect, formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new city in the Soviet Union, primarily following the model that he had established with his Frankfurt settlements: identical, equidistant five-story communal apartment buildings and an extensive network of dining halls and other public services.
Puente de Vallecas

Puente de Vallecas ([ˈpwente ðe βaˈʝekas], "Bridge of Vallecas") is one of the 21 districts of the city of Madrid, Spain. It forms, with the district of Villa de Vallecas, the geographical area of Vallecas.
The district is administratively divided into 6 wards (Barrios):
Media related to Puente de Vallecas at Wikimedia Commons
40°23′54″N 3°40′09″W﻿ / ﻿40.398204°N 3.669059°W﻿ / 40.398204; -3.669059
El Pardo

El Pardo is a ward (barrio) of Madrid belonging to the district of Fuencarral-El Pardo. As of 2008 its population was of 3,656.
The ward was first mentioned in 1405 and in 1950 was an autonomous municipality of the Community of Madrid. One of the most notable buildings is the "Royal Palace of El Pardo", built in 1406 by the order of King Henry III of Castile. It was the first large edifice built in the area.
The Palace of El Pardo was the residence of dictator General Francisco Franco when he was head of the Spanish State.
El Pardo is located in the northern suburb of Madrid, close to the Manzanares river. Part of its area is covered by a forest named Monte de El Pardo. The ward contains a neighbourhood called Mingorrubio. It has nearly 16,000 hectares and El Pardo's Mount is the most representative Mediterranean forest in the whole region. Also, the enclosure of this Mount is due to Philip VI and took place at the XVIII. Its function was to prevent wild animals from escaping from the royal hunting grounds and to avoid poaching. In fact, much of the enclosure has been maintained to this day.
40°31′N 3°46′W﻿ / ﻿40.517°N 3.767°W﻿ / 40.517; -3.767
Cerro del Cubilete

The Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill") is a hill in Silao, Guanajuato, in Mexico. Approximately 30 miles southeast of Léon, it is said to be the geographical center of Mexico. Rising 2,580 metres (8,460 ft) above sea level, Cerro del Cubilete offers a panoramic view of Bajío. At the top of the hill is the 25 metre high Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue by Mexican sculptor Fidias Elizondo, which attracts many visitors on pilgrimages.
21°00′43″N 101°22′08″W﻿ / ﻿21.012°N 101.369°W﻿ / 21.012; -101.369
شیلیش مٹیانی

شیلیش متیانی ( 14 اکتوبر 1931 - 24 اپریل 2001 ) جدید ہندی ادبی دنیا میں نئی کہانی تحریک کے ایک کہانی مصنف اور مشہور نثر نگار تھے۔ انھوں نے 'بورولی سی بوریندر' اور 'انکاؤنٹر' جیسے ناول لکھے ہیں ، عقاب ، اردھنگینی جیسی کہانیاں نیز بہت سارے مضامین اور متاثر کن یادداشتیں بھی لکھیں ہیں۔ ان کی متاثر کن لگن اور ہندی ادب کے حوالے سے عمدہ کاموں کے نتیجے میں ، اتراکھنڈ کی حکومت کے ذریعہ ریاست اتراکھنڈ میں ایوارڈ تقسیم کیے جاتے ہیں۔
شیلیش متیانی 14 اکتوبر 1931 کو ریاست اتراکھنڈ کے کمون خطے کے تحت الموریہ ضلع کے بادچینا نامی گاؤں میں پیدا ہوئے تھے۔اس کا اصل نام رمیشچندر سنگھ مٹانی تھا۔ اس کے والدین کی وفات بارہ سال کی عمر میں ہوئی ، پھر اس نے پانچویں درجہ میں تعلیم حاصل کی ، جس کے بعد اس کے چچا لوگوں کے تحفظ میں رہتے تھے۔ کسی وجہ سے ، مستقل مطالعات میں خلل پڑا اور پڑھائی رک گئی۔ اس دوران ، انھیں مذبح خانوں اور جوئے کے جوڑے کے تعلقات میں کام کرنا پڑا۔ پانچ سال بعد ، 17 سال کی عمر میں ، اس نے پھر پڑھنا شروع کیا۔
سنگین حالات کے باوجود ، اس نے ہائی اسکول کا امتحان پاس کیا اور اپنا آبائی گاؤں چھوڑ دیا اور ملازمت کی تلاش میں 1951 میں دہلی آیا۔ یہاں انھوں نے 'امر کہانی' کے مدیر اچاریہ اوم پرکاش گپتا کے ساتھ رہنا شروع کیا۔ تب تک اس کی کہانی 'امر کہانی' اور 'رنگمحل' سے شائع ہو چکی ہے۔ اس کے بعد وہ الہ آباد چلا گیا۔ انہوں نے مظفر نگر میں بھی کام کیا۔ کچھ دیر دہلی آنے کے بعد ، وہ بمبئی چلا گیا۔ پھر پانچ چھ سال تک اسے بہت سے مشکل تجربات سے گذرنا پڑا۔ 1956 میں انھیں شری کرشنا پوری ہاؤس میں کام ملا جہاں وہ اگلے ساڑھے تین سال رہے اور اپنی تحریر کو جاری رکھا۔ بمبئی سے پھر المورا اور دہلی کے راستے ، وہ الہ آباد آئے اور کئی سال وہاں مقیم رہے۔ 1992 میں چھوٹے بیٹے کی موت کے بعد ، اس کا ذہنی توازن بگڑ گیا۔ وہ اپنی زندگی کے آخری سالوں میں ہلدوانی آیا تھا۔ نیوروسس کی حالت میں دہلی کے شاہدرہ اسپتال میں اس کی موت ہو گئی۔
1950 سے انھوں نے نظمیں اور کہانیاں لکھنا شروع کیں۔ ابتدا میں وہ رمیش متیانی 'شائیل' کے نام سے لکھتے تھے۔ ان کی ابتدائی کہانیاں 'رنگمحل' اور 'امر کہانی' رسالوں میں شائع ہوتی تھیں۔ انھوں نے 'امر کہانی' کے لیے ' طاقت ہی زندگی ہے' (1951 ) اور 'دوراہ' ( 1951 ) کے نام سے مختصر ناول بھی لکھے۔ ان کا پہلا مختصر قصہ کا مجموعہ 'میری تیس تیس کہانیاں' 1961 میں شائع ہوا تھا۔ان کی مختصر کہانیوں میں 'ڈببو ملنگ' ، 'رحمت اللہ' ، 'پوسٹ مین' ، 'پیاس اور پتھر' ، 'ایک خوشی کے دو غم' (1966) ، 'چییل' ، 'اردھنگینی' ، 'جلوس' ، 'مہابھوجا' ، شامل ہیں۔ 'مستقبل' اور 'مٹی' وغیرہ خاص طور پر قابل ذکر ہیں۔کہانی کے ساتھ ساتھ انھوں نے بہت سے مشہور ناول بھی لکھے۔ ان کے بہت سے مضمون مجموعے اور یادیں بھی شائع ہوئیں۔ اس نے 'وکلپ' اور 'جانپکش' نامی دو رسالے نکالے۔ ان کے خطوط 'مصن .ف اور حواس' ( 1983) میں مرتب کیے گئے ہیں۔
Chitta Kurta

"Chitta Kurta" (transl. "White Kurta") is a song by Indian singer and lyricist Karan Aujla featuring Gurlez Akhtar. The song was written by Aujla and music was composed by Deep Jandu . The music video was directed by Sukh Sanghera and starred Tanu Grewal as the female lead in it. The song was released on 3 December 2019 by Rehaan Records. The lyrics and Video describe how Aujla's new white clothes got dirty while dealing with his enemies.
The song hit various charts upon its release. It appeared on Global, Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand YouTube weekly charts. Also, the song appeared in the UK Asian music chart (BBC) and Apple Music India daily chart. In December 2019, the song and Aujla were the most-listened song and artist respectively on YouTube in Punjab, India and Chandigarh. However, the song was criticized for promoting violence. It was also said that he replied to his rival Sidhu Moose Wala's song 'Dhakka' which was released on the same day.
The music video of the song was directed by Sukh Sanghera, who also served as cinematographer. The filming of the video lasted for two days in November 2019 in Canada. Sanghera in his vlog disclosed Gurlez Akhtar was selected as a female singer after the filming of music video. Karan Aujla and Tanu Grewal acted as lead artists in the music video. The music video was released on YouTube on 3 December 2019 by Rehaan Records and it trended for over nine days in Punjab, India. As of January 2025, it has been viewed over 300 million times.
Karan Aujla and Gurlez Akhtar were nominated for Best Duet Vocalists at PTC Punjabi Music Awards.
Turban training centre

Turban training centre or turban tying centre or dastar academy (Punjabi: ਦਸਤਾਰ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਕੇਂਦਰ, Hindi: दस्तार सिखलाई केंद्र, Urdu: پگڑی تربیتی مرکز) are training institutes opened by professionals, who train Sikhs in tying dastar on their heads. They also tie dastar for those people who do not know how to tie a turban, charging fees. Their regular clients include industrialists, businessmen, doctors, engineers, transporters and students.
Turban training centers have opened mostly in main cities of Punjab, such as Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Bathinda, Patiala, Amritsar, Chamkaur, Moga. and nowadays in some Delhi and Haryana cities too. Amritdhari male Sikhs cover their hair with a turban, while Amritdhari female Sikhs may do so. However, the trend of wearing turbans declined due to fashion, glamor and youngsters preferring to keep cut hair and a clean shaved face. Regional Punjabi film stars and Punjabi music icons such as Inderjit Nikku, Diljit Dosanjh, Lehmber Hussainpuri, Ravinder Grewal, Ammy Virk, Ranjit Bawa, Sidhu Moose Wala, Tarsem Jassar, Shubh, Kulbir Jhinjher, Surjit Bindrakhia, Himmat Sandhu who always wear Pag in their films and music videos, have inspired Sikh youths to wear turbans with various new styles. . Most of turban trainers also tie a lot of Hindu wedding turbans nowadays.
Several styles of Sikh turban are popular, including Patiala Shahi, Morni Dastar, Pochvi Dastar, Barnala Shahi, Amritsar Shahi, Vatta Vaali (wrinkles turban) and Dumalla/Dhamalla for Amritdhari Sikhs. Dabbi Vaale Parne is a casual turban mostly worn by farmers in villages and has been popularized by Diljit Dosanjh, Nikku, Ravinder Grewal and now popularized in cities as well. Barring these, a simple turban with the shape and size of individual liking is tied. The length of cloth of any of the above styles varies according to personal suiting.
Some centres also provide training in Dumalla style, which is basic attire for all Amritdhari Sikhs and can also teach Parna, a casual turban, to all category of Sikhs. Many Sabat Surat turban trainers/tyers have inspired Sabat Surat Sikh youth and other clean shaven males to wear dastar to keep hair back and reject caps. Many turban trainers offer training camps in places outside of Punjab such as New Delhi and Mumbai (Bombay).
Turban trainers mostly prefer common full "Voil" or "F-74 Malmal" cloth and prefer double over single size and the turban is slightly made wet before they start the tying procedure and before tying Dastar a Patka or Keski is tied on head to cover hair first and head base is set in a proper way by tying the hair backwards
Some turban centres only sell turban cloth such as full Voil, Rubia or Malmal cloth but do not give professional training you may find retailers in all major markets in all major cities in Punjab.
Religion in Rajasthan

Rajasthanis are predominantly Hindu, Muslims and Jains. However, regardless of their religious segments, Muslim, Hindu and Jain Rajasthanis mingle with each other socially. Most Rajasthani Hindus are vaishnavas, however, Durga and her avatars are equally worshiped throughout Rajasthan. Oswals are predominantly Jains but small section of vaishnava Oswals are also found.
All castes are followers of various Hindu sects and equally revere every Hindu devr. Jats are mostly Hindus and follow Vedic religion. Meenas of Rajasthan till date strongly follow Vedic culture which usually includes worship of Bhainroon (Shiva) and Krishna as well as Durga. The Rajputs generally worship the Vedic gods Sun, Shiva, Vishnu and Bhavani (goddess Durga). The Gurjars (Gujars or Gujjars) worship the Vedic gods of Sun god, God Devnarayan, Vishnu, Shiva and goddess Bhavani. Historically, The Gurjars were Sun-worshipers and are described as devoted to the feet of the Sun-god. Marathi Bhakti movement by Mahānubhavis and Varkaripanthis of Maharashtra who mainly followed Vaishnavism had immense influence on the development of Rajasthani Bhakti movement. Meerabai (मीराबाई) was an important figure during 'Rajasthani Bhakti movement.
Rajasthani Muslims are predominantly Sunni Muslims. They are mainly Khan, Meo, Syed, Mirasi, Mughals, Qaimkhani, Neelgar, Manganiar, Muslim Rangrez, Bohra, Merat, Sheikh, Qureishi, Ansaari, Qazi, Sindhi-Sipahi, Rath and Pathans. With the introduction of Islam, some communities converted to Islam, though pre-Islamic community identity and some pre-Islamic socio-ritual elements have persisted. Rajasthani Muslim communities, after their conversion, continued to follow pre-conversion practices (Rajasthani rituals and customs) which is not the case in other parts of the country. This exhibits the strong cultural identity of Rajasthani people as opposed to religious identity.
Some other religions are also prevalent such as Buddhism, Christianity, Parsi religion etc. Over time, there has been an increase in the number of followers of Sikh religion. Though Buddhism emerged as a dominating religion during 321-184 BC in Mauryan Empire, it had no influence in Rajasthan for the fact that Mauryan Empire had minimal impact on Rajasthan and its culture. Although, today Jainism is not that prevalent in Rajasthan but historically the Rajasthan and Gujarat areas were strong centres of Jainism in India, and the state is rich in Jain temples, large numbers of which are still maintained by Jain organizations.
Central Asian clothing

In Central Asian countries such as Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan, and as well as Afghanistan the tunic and loose trousers ensemble forms part of traditional costume. Men will wear turbans or hats with their tunics and sirwals whilst women will wear scarves or hats.
Men in Central Asian Uzbekistan traditionally wear the sirwal known as lozim in which is wide. Over the lozim, women wear dresses known as kuylak which are generally full sleeved and fall to below the knees but some can be long dresses. A head scarf is traditionally worn over the head which is tied at the back of the neck. Some women also use a second scarf.
Men of Uzbekistan wear the lozim with a long robe called the chakmon.
Women in Tajikistan also wear dresses which are long robes called kurta with sirwal called izor (also referred to as sharovary) tied at the ankles. The ankle gathers are tied with a cord. Head scarfs are also worn.
The dress of women of Turkmenistan consists of under trousers called balaq, a dress called koynak and a headdress.
Theodore

Theodore e saozneg, pe Théodore e galleg, zo un anv-badez a orin gresianek, roet d'ar baotred evel d'ar merc'hed. Koulskoude eo raloc'h evel anv-plac'h, ha Dorothée eo en deus kemeret e lec'h.
Theódoros eo ar stumm orin, diwar Theós, « Doue » (θεός), ha dōron, « donezon, road » (δώρον). Ma c'haller kompren « road digant Doue ».
Kompren a c'haller ivez n'eo nemet an droidigezh e henc'hresianeg eus an anv hebreek מתתיהו, a vez treuzskrivet "Matt(a/i)tyahu", evel anvioù teoforek all, savet diwar un elfenn, anv pe verb, hag ul lostger a zo anv un Doue bennak.
Théodore Botrel

Jean-Baptiste-Théodore-Marie Botrel, anavezetoc'h evel Théodore Botrel (1868 e Dinan - 1925 e Pont-Aven), a oa ur sonaozour breizhat, brudet e ganaouennoù a-raok ar Brezel-bed kentañ. La Paimpolaise eo e son brudetañ.
Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué

Ar beskont Théodore Hersart de La Villemarqué, Kervarker e brezhoneg, zo ur yezhour breizhat troet gant sevenadur Breizh. Ganet e oa e Kemperle d'ar 7 a viz Gouere 1815, ha marvet d'an 8 a viz Kerzu 1895 e Kemperle ivez. Brudet eo e oberenn Barzhaz Breizh, un dastumad gwerzioù ha sonioù hengounel. Bras eo bet e levezon war an emsav sevenadurel.
Pa oa yaouank e veve e Maner ar Genkiz, e Nizon, e-kichen Pont-Aven. E vamm, ar gontez Maria-Ursule Feydeau de Vaugien, a ouie mat a-walc'h brezhoneg, ken dre gomz ken dre skrid, ha krog e oa da zastum kanaouennoù brezhonek. Pa oa Kervarker studier e skolaj jezuisted Gwened e tremene e vakañsoù er maner o tiskrivañ war karnedoù pozioù ha tonioù kanaouennoù brezhonek kanet gant meveleion peurliesañ : peizanted, micherourion, servijourion... E-pad 150 vloaz e chomas ar c'harnedoù-se gant ar familh, betek ma voent fiziet er c'hlasker Donatien Laurent.
Théodore Géricault

Jean-Louis André Théodore Géricault, ganet d'ar 26 a viz Gwengolo 1791 hag aet da Anaon d'ar 26 a viz Genver 1824, zo ul livour gall. Brudet eo bet gant an daolenn Le Radeau de La Méduse. Marvet eo yaouank, unan eus aozourien brudetañ ar romantelezh c'hall eo.
Théodore Pilven le Sévellec

Théodore Pilven le Sévellec, pe Boc'hruzig ar c'halvar, ganet d'ar 26 a viz Mae 1842 e Gwiseni, marvet d'an 3 a viz Kerzu 1924 e Paris, oa ur barner hag a skrivas un dornad levrioù embannet e dibenn an XIXvet kantved ha deroù an XXvet.
Lucien Pilven e oa anv e dad, maer Gwiseni, ha Jeanne Marie Joséphine Le Sévellec hini e vamm. Eñ an hini a stagas an daou anv. Skoliet e voe e skol bublik Gwiseni, hervez Lukian Raoul, ma anavezas ar simbol. Goude e voe skoliet e Kastell-Paol ha Lesneven.
Perzh a gemeras e Brezel 1870 gant Arme Breizh, ha bet e oa e kamp Konli. Goude ar brezel e voe barner e Lisieux, Kintin, Kastell-Briant ha Roazhon.
Dimeziñ a reas da Louise de la Haye Saint-Hilaire e 1892, da 50 vloaz. Ur mab en doe, Xavier Pilven le Sévellec.
Hiziv ne gaver ken an anv Pilven le Sévellec e Breizh.
Janus (loarenn)

Janus (gresianeg Ιανός) a zo ul loarenn diabarzh eus Sadorn. Sadorn X e vez anvet ivez. Hec'h an a denn eus Janus.
An hevelep kelc'hic'hd o-deus Epimetheus ha Janus. 50 km nebeutoc'h eget hini Epimetheus hepken eo radius radius krenn Janus. Tra m'o deus ar c'heltroioù tostoc'h un tizh brasoc'h e tle an div loarenn tostaat an eil ouzh an eben. Evel ma vuzul Epimetheus 115 km ha Janus 178 km e seblantfe e vefe didec'hus ur stokadenn. Tra ma tosta al loarenn ziabarzh ouzh an hini ziavaez, avat, c'hounez he c'heltro startijenn ha kreskiñ a ra tra ma digreskiñ hini al loarenn ziavaez. En doare-se e "eskemm" al loarennoù o c'helc'htroioù ha da pellaat adarre e krogont. Biskoazh emaont tostoc'h an eil ouzh an eben eget 10.000 km. Pep pevar bloazh e c'hoarvez an eskemm. D'an 21 a viz genver 2006 e c'hoarvezas an hini diwezhañ hag e 2006 e c'hoarvezho an hini da heul. D'an amzer-se e kresko kelc'htro Janus a 20 km tra ma digresko hini Epimetheus a 80 km.
Skouer arall ebet eus an doare emzalc'h ez eus e koskoriad an Heol.
Gustave Courbet

Jean Désiré Gustave Courbet (10 a viz Mezheven 1819 – 31 a viz Kerzu 1877) a oa ul livour gall eus ar skol "realist", en XIX kantved.
E Kumun Pariz e 1871, e kemeras perzh.
Perc'henn war madoù oa e familh, un ti feurm er Jura o doa, pinvidik a-walc'h e oant neuze da geñver ar re all.
Er c'hloerdi e voe kaset Gustav, evit kaout un deskadurezh lennegel. Hogen plijout a rae muioc’h dezhañ ar c'hentelioù livañ, e-skoaz d’an dañvezioù all. E skolaj Besançon e oa, hogen ne oa ket a-zevri gant ar studioù klasel, hag e tarempredas da-vat kentelioù an arzoù kaer, re an Ao Charles-Antoine Flajoulot. Da Baris ez eas d'ober studioù war ar gwir. Gant ar studioù gwir e tiskrogas er bloaz 1839-1840, evit mont da vat war an obererezh a vourre gantañ, al livañ. E holl amzer a dremene o livañ en atalier an arzour Charles de Steuben. E mirdi al Louvre ez eas da livañ alies, evel a rae al livourien all, evit dreveziñ ha kopiañ livadurioù arzourien all brudet araozañ. Gant al livadurioù teñval / sklaer hollandad e voe boemet, an hud venetian hag ar wirvoudelezh spagnol. En nevez-amzer 1841, e voe dizoloet arvorioù Normandie gantañ. Gant ur c'heneil dezhañ Urbain Cuenot voe e gentañ troiadenn.
Diskenn a rejont ar Seine e-bourz ur vag, deus Paris d'an Havr. En ur skrivañ de dad e kontas e voe sebezet ha boemet gant seurt ermaeziadeg, gant ar tiez, ar gweledvaoù, an natur...
Deroù 1841, e kredas Coubet kinnig ul livadur da juri ur saloñs : Portraits d'Urbain Cuenot et Adolphe Marlet, neoazh nac'het e voe ganto. Er c'harter latin e voe graet gantañ e annez.
1842 emboltred gant ar c'hi du, un epagneul, hag evit ar wech kentañ e voe aotreet unan eus e daolennoù, en diskouezadeg. Levenez ennañ, diflukañ maez eus an divrud.
William Adolphe Bouguereau

William-Adolphe Bouguereau (La Rochelle, 30 a viz Du 1825 – idem, 19 a viz Eost 1905) a oa ul livour gall.
Mab e oa d'un nevidour gwinoù Bordeaux. E familh a oa katolik a orin saoz. E skol-kêr Bordeaux e teskas an tresañ, kent mont e 1846, oadet 21 bloaz, da Baris da skol an Arzoù-Kaer, da zeskiñ digant al livour nevez-klasel François-Édouard Picot (1786-1868). Daou vloaz goude, e 1848, e voe deroet eil Priz Roma, war ar rampo gant Gustave Boulanger (1824-1888) d'an deskard evit e daolenn Saint Pierre après sa délivrance de prison vient retrouver les fidèles chez Marie (1848). E 1850 en devoe kentañ Priz Roma evit Zénobie retrouvée par les bergers sur les bords de l'Araxe (1850).
E 1856 e timezas gant Marie-Nelly Monchablon (18361877), a zo bet e batromez evit meur a daolenn ; pemp bugel o devoe.
Labourioù kinklañ a reas e 1865, evit tiez prevez, iliz-veur La Rochelle, chapelioù ha sel C'hoariva Meur Bordeaux.
Adalek 1866 e voe meret e respet gant ur marc'hadour taolennoù : meur a oberenn gant Bouguereau a voe gwerzhet, da brenerien stadunanat dreist-holl : daouzek hepken eus e daolennoù a voe bodet da-geñver Diskouezadeg hollvedel Paris e 1878, ar peurrest o vezañ en SUA.
E 1869 ha 1871 e voe e Breizh (An Alre, Fouenant, Konk-Kerne), ma livas taolennoù.
Intañv e voe an arzour goude tremenvan e bried e 1877, oadet 40 vloaz. En hevelep bloaz e varvas o fempvet bugel, oadet bloaz.
Er bloaz 1885 e voe dilennet William Bouguereau da gadoriad ar Fondezon Taylor, ur gevredigezh arzourien ; er gador e chomas betek diwezh e vuhez. En hevelep bloaz e ve deroet dezhañ ar vedalenn a enor e Saloñs Paris
Adalek 1888 e voe kelenner en Akademiezh an Arzoù-ker e Paris hag en Akademiezh Julian, ur skol brevez ; bep bloaz e veze dikouezet e daolennoù e Saloñs Paris.
E 1896, d'e 71 vloaz, e timezas al livour gant ur skoliadez dezhañ, al livourez stadunanat Elizabeth Jane Gardner (1837-1922), a oa 59 bloaz da neuze. Hep mar ebet e c'houlennas E. J. Garner digant he fried, a oa kadoriad Akademiezh an Arzoù-kaer, penn ar Saloñs ha kadoriad al Légion d'Honneur, pouezañ evit ma vefe digoret an Akademiezh Julian ha Skol an Arzoù-kaer d'ar maouezed
D'an 19 a viz Eost 1905, en e 79vet bloaz, e varvas William Adolphe Bouguereau e La Rochelle, e gêr c'henidik. E bered ar Montparnasse e Paris emañ e vez.
Etre 1845 ha 1905 e reas W. A. Bouguereau 828 livadur a zo renablet er c'hatalog Bartoli & Ross. Hervez urzh an amzer ha gant an anvioù orin ez eo bet savet al listenn-mañ, hep ar bihanadurioù avat (taolennoù adlivet war ur framm bihanoc'h) hag an taolennoù en deus eilet.
Jules Joseph Lefebvre

Jules Joseph Lefebvre, ganet e Tournan-en-Brie (Seine-et-Marne) d'ar 14 a viz Meurzh 1834 ha marvet e Pariz d'ar 24 a viz C'hwevrer 1912, a oa ul livour akademiek gall hag ur poltredour. Kelenn a rae e Skol-Uhel an Arzoù-Kaer hag en Akademiezh Julian e Pariz.
Lakaet e vez da unan eus livourien bennañ an arz akademiek e Bro-C'hall.
E-tro ar bloaz 1836 e kuitaas an tiegezh ar Seine-et-Marne da vont da Amiens, m'en em stalias an tad evel baraer.
Goude en devout desket tresañ er skol ec'h eas ar mab, 18 vloaz e 1852, da studiañ e Skol an Arzoù-kaer e Pariz a-drugarez d'ur yalc'had deroet dezhañ gant kêr Amiens.
E 1861 e c'hounezas Prix de Rome Akademiezh an Arzoù-kaer gant e daolenn anvet La Mort de Priam.
Etre 1855 ha 1898 e tiskouezas 72 poltred e saloñsoù Pariz. Er bloaz 1891, oadet a 57 vloaz, e voe dilennet en Akademiezh an Arzoù-kaer.
Kelenner e voe en Akademiezh Julian, ur skol brevez bet diazezet e 1866 gant al livour Rodolphe Julian (1839-1907). Kalz studierien estren a oa en e glasoù, en o zouez al livour stadunanat William Hart eus an Hudson River School.
Goude bout bet klañv e-pad hir amzer e varvas Jules Joseph Lefebvre d'ar 24 a viz C'hwevrer 1912, nebet a-raok e 78vet deiz-ha-bloaz. Beziet e voe e bred Montparnasse e Paris
Brudet eo e livadurioù merc'hed noazh, kement ha re e gevezer William Bouguereau. E 1868 e voe kaoz vras a-zivout e daolenn Femme couchée. E oberenn vrudetañ avat eo La Vérité, ur vaouez noazh o tont er-maez eus ur puñs en ur wintañ ur melezour.
Gant Jules J. Lefebvre e voe livet selioù al leti Vanderbilt e New York ; e Pariz e livas re al Lez-terriñ ha re Saloñs al Lizhiri en ti-kêr.
Académie d'homme nu • Allégorie de la Victoire • Baigneuse • Beauté méditerranéenne • Clémence Isaure • Femme à l'orange • Fleurs des champs • Grisélidis (la prière) • Jeune femme aux fleurs de liseron dans ses cheveux • Jeune femme nue tenant des fruits • Jeune fille à la mandoline • L'amour blesse • L'esprit du matin • La cape rouge • La douleur de Marie-Madeleine • La Fiancée • Le petit Pifferaro • Mignon • Nymphe aux fleurs de liseron • Nymphe chasseresse • Portrait d'une femme • Portrait d'un Ottoman • Portrait de Nadeja Dumas fils, née Van Knorring, veuve Naryschkine • Portrait du sculpteur Sanson • Tête de religieuse
Cunedda

Cunedda, pe Cunedda ap Edern, Cunetacius en latin (war-dro 386 - 460), anvet ivez Cunedda Wledig e kembraeg, a oa ur penn-brezel brezhon, eus Gododdin, er V kantved, hag a zeuas da ziazezañ e dierniezh e Rouantelezh Gwynedd, e hanternoz Kembre. Krediñ a reer e renas adalek ar bloavezhioù 440 pe 450.
Dont a ra e anv eus ar predeneg, counodagos - ki mat. Lod a gompren ki evel aotrou, a gavont enorusoc'h (abalamour d'ar chas a vremañ), met kompren a c'haller ivez ez eus kaoz eus ki-emgann, ha brezelour eo neuze ster ar ger.
Mab e oa da Edern ("Eternus" e latin, ha mab-bihan da Badarn Beisrudd ("Paternus" e latin) a oa mab da dTegid ("Tacitus"). Diouzh an anvioù e weler e oa kreñv al levezon roman war an tiegezh, ha krediñ a ra da lod e oa "Peisrudd" anv e dad-kozh abalamour d'ur vantell ruz a veze gant ofiserien uhel an arme roman. Hennezh a oa un ofiser e penn an armeoù roman e bro ar Votadini, deuet da vout rouantelezh Manaw Gododdin (pe Clackmannanshire kalz diwezhatoc'h), lakaet eno gant Magnus Maximus, daoust ma c'haller krediñ ivez e oa ur penn-meuriad brezhon hag a oa bet roet un titl ofisiel dezhañ gant ar Romaned, evel a c'hoarveze a-wechoù. Legadet e voe e garg d'e vab Edern ap Padarn ha war e lerc'h da Gunedda.
Kas a reas Cunedda ar Votadini d'an emgann ouzh ar Bikted hag an Iwerzhoniz e su Moger Hadrian met war-dro 430 e voe dilec'hiet e lu da norzh Kembre da zifenn ar vro diouzh aloudabegoù tud Iwerzhon. En em staliañ a reas Cunedda e bro ar Venedoti, er pezh a vo egin Rouantelezh Gwynedd. N'eo ket sklaer petra e oa abegoù an dilec'hiadeg-se. Marteze en doa sentet Cunedda ouzh urzhioù Maximus, pe ouzh re Vortigern, penn-roue ar Vrezhoned goude disparti ar Romaned.
N'eo ket an holl istorourien a ya a-du gant an istor-se, avat. Krediñ a ra David Dumville n'eo ket gwall wirheñvel e kontrolle mat a-walc'h ar melestradur goude-roman e dachenn er V kantved da vezañ barrek da zilec'hiañ pobloù en doare ma rae an impalaeriezh roman. Evel ma oa aet Maximus da anaon e 388 hag e oa aet kuit Constantine III gant ar pezh a chome eus al lu roman e 407 eo douetus he doa an impalaeriezh roman kalz levezon c'hoazh war ar pezh a c'hoarveze e Preden.
Hervez Dumville en defe roet Maximus, pe e erlerc'hier, karg da zifenn an harzoù da bennoù lec'hel abretoc'h eget ma vez kredet, war-dro an amzer ma voe dilezet ar c'hreñvlec'h e Chester er bloavezhioù 470.
N'ouzer hogozik netra diwar-benn buhez Cunedda. Dimezet e vefe bet gant Gwawl, merc'h da roue Ebrauc, Coel Hen, nav mab en dije bet, ha rannet en dije e rouantelezh etrezo goude.
Gant nav mab Cunedda e voe savet ar broioù-mañ en hanternoz ha kornaoueg Kembre a-hervez.
Alex Grossmann

Alexander Grossmann (5 August 1930 – 12 February 2019) was a French-American physicist of Croatian origin.
Aleksandar Grossmann was born to a Jewish family in Zagreb, where he was attending a gymnasium when World War II in Yugoslavia started. Forced to leave school and convert to Catholicism under the rule of the so-called Independent State of Croatia, he and his family fled to Montecatini Terme in Italy, and then Geneva in Switzerland. After the war, he returned to Zagreb and completed high school as well as graduated mathematics at the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb in 1952.
Grossmann started work at the Ruđer Bošković Institute, and collaborated with international visiting scholars between 1952 and 1955.
He travelled to the United States in 1955, working in the physics departments of the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS), Princeton, Brandeis University, and the Courant Institute, NYU, then again at the IAS until 1963.
After one year at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHES) in Bures-sur-Yvette, France, he joined the "Centre de Physique Théorique de Marseille" (the CPT) as it was being created in 1966, at the request of Daniel Kastler. He then became a research supervisor at the CNRS.
At the Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille II in Luminy campus he did pioneering work on wavelet analysis with Jean Morlet in 1984. This in effect showed this identity's applicability to signal analysis.
In 1993, he became involved in genomic research as part of a group formed in Gif-sur-Yvette. He worked in this area with what eventually became the Laboratoire de Mathématique & Modélisation d'Evry until 2014.
Grossmann's lifelong scientific achievements were commemorated at a scientific conference held in his honor and that of Yves Meyer on 12-13 June 2019 at the Institut de Mathématiques d'Orsay.
Nicci French

Nicci French is the pseudonym of English husband-and-wife team Nicci Gerrard (born 10 June 1958) and Sean French (born 28 May 1959), who write psychological thrillers together.
Nicci Gerrard and Sean French were married in 1990. Since 1999 they have lived in Suffolk in East Anglia, England. Both have studied English literature at Oxford University. The couple have two daughters, Hadley and Molly, and Gerrard has two children from her first marriage, Edgar and Anna.
Nicola 'Nicci' Gerrard was born on 10 June 1958. She grew up in Worcestershire, together with her two sisters and her brother.
She was educated at The Alice Ottley School in Worcester. She then studied English literature at Oxford University and then an MPhil at Sheffield University in 1986. She went on to teach literature in Los Angeles and London. She founded a women's magazine, Women's Review, before becoming a freelance journalist. During that time she married and had two children.
Following the failure of this first marriage, she met Sean French whilst working as editor for the New Statesman where French wrote a weekly column, but left when she was offered another job at The Observer.
In November 2014 her father John Gerrard died, his dementia having deteriorated significantly during a five-week stay in hospital for an unrelated problem and with very restricted visiting by his family. As a result of this Gerrard launched John's Campaign for extended visiting rights for carers of patients with dementia.
Since February 2019, Gerrard has supported the 'Save Our Libraries Essex' (SOLE) campaign, speaking out against the proposed closures of libraries by Essex County Council.
Julian Sean French was born on 28 May 1959 in Bristol, the son of Philip French, a radio producer and film critic, and his Swedish-born wife Kersti (née Molin). He was, like his two younger brothers Patrick and Karl, educated at William Ellis secondary school in north London before studying English literature at Oxford University. The couple never met while there. While at Oxford University, French won a young writers’ contest organised by Vogue, and subsequently became a journalist.
In 1987 he gained his first column and until the end of 2000 he wrote a column for the New Statesman. His solo novel Start from Here was published in 2004.
National Institute of Industrial Property (France)

The National Industrial Property Institute (French: Institut national de la propriété industrielle, pronounced [ɛ̃stity nɑsjɔnal də la pʁɔpʁijete ɛ̃dystʁijɛl]; abbr. INPI) is the national intellectual property office of France, in charge of patents, trademarks and industrial design rights. It is a department of France's Ministry of Economics and Finance. INPI's headquarters is in Courbevoie.
Provincia de Napo Pastaza

La provincia de Napo Pastaza fue una antigua división política en el periodo republicano de Ecuador creada el 15 de diciembre de 1920 a través de la división de la provincia de Oriente en dos.​​
La provincia estaba subdividida en las jefaturas políticas de Sucumbíos, Napo y Pastaza. Tras la reforma a la Ley Especial de Oriente, llevada a cabo el 22 de octubre de 1959 y durante la presidencia de Camilo Ponce Enríquez, se divide la provincia en la de Napo (con capital en Tena) y la de Pastaza (con capital en Puyo).​
Puente del Río Aguarico

El puente sobre el río Aguarico, en la provincia de Sucumbíos en la amazonía norte del Ecuador, dirigido por el Sr. Toni el suizo, es un ejemplo de trabajo comunitario y de aprovechamiento de materiales descartados por la industria petrolera que opera en la zona.
El puente peatonal colgante tiene una longitud de 264 m.
Madera de balsa

Se denomina madera de balsa a la madera del árbol que crece en la selva subtropical de Colombia, Ecuador, así como en Centroamérica y en otros países sudamericanos. Las condiciones geográficas y climáticas de la cuenca baja del río Guayas (Ecuador) hacen que el balso ecuatoriano tenga mayor desarrollo y sea de más calidad.
La madera de balsa es la madera más ligera que se conoce, con una densidad de 0.10 a 0.15 g/cm (100 kg/m^3 a 150 kg/m^3), lo que la hace más liviana que el corcho. Crece salvaje en los bosques tropicales de América del Sur, especialmente en Ecuador que la exporta a varios países. El árbol alcanza una altura de 20 y 25 metros, con troncos de 75 a 90 cm de diámetro. No es una especie en peligro, ya que crece rápidamente. Se tala a los 3 o 4 años; en un corte transversal muestra una estructura compuesta por múltiples pequeños alvéolos que le dan la calidad y sus mingas.
Es usada en diferentes aplicaciones tales como la construcción de tanques para químicos, tinas o bañeras, paletas para generadores eólicos, automóviles, camiones, botes, etc. La madera de balsa tiene entre otras cualidades: su gran capacidad de aislamiento térmico y acústico, su bajo peso, su facilidad para encolarse y el mínimo movimiento de agua entre sus celdas. También se utiliza, a nivel mundial, en aeromodelismo y maquetas de arquitectura. Son sus características:
Río Coca

El río Coca es un río que se encuentra en el este de Ecuador. Es un afluente del río Napo. Los dos ríos se unen en la ciudad de Puerto Francisco de Orellana. El río Payamino también se funde en el río Napo en la ciudad, pero en un punto aproximadamente 1,5 kilómetros aguas arriba de la confluencia de Coca-Napo. Su caudal alimenta el proyecto hidroeléctrico Coca Codo Sinclair.
Línea Apaporis-Tabatinga

La línea Apaporis-Tabatinga (a veces llamada Apaporis-Leticia) es una parte de la frontera entre Brasil y Colombia. Esta divisoria fue declarada anteriormente límite entre el Perú y, posteriormente, Ecuador con Brasil.
El 23 de octubre de 1851, se firmó un tratado entre el Perú y Brasil que, a pesar de emanar de una convención de comercio y navegación, incluyó un acuerdo parcial de límites en la parte conocida de la Amazonía.
En resumen, se fijó el límite desde el Apaporis hasta el origen del Yavarí y obtuvo para el Perú la libre navegación del Amazonas, a cambio de los territorios ubicados al oeste de la línea entre el río Apaporis y la población de Tabatinga.​
El 6 de mayo de 1904, Ecuador y Brasil firmaron un tratado donde se incluyó como frontera entre ambos países la acordada entre este último y el Perú en 1851.
En resumen, Brasil (a espaldas del Perú) reconocía como territorio ecuatoriano el área al oeste de la línea Apaporis-Tabatinga.
El 15 de julio de 1916, Ecuador y Colombia firmaron un tratado, en el cual el primero cedía territorios ubicados al oeste del divortium aquarum del Putumayo y el Napo y el río Ambiyacú; y, por consiguiente, la frontera de Ecuador con el Brasil fijada en el Tratado de 1904.​
El 24 de marzo de 1922, Colombia y el Perú firmaron un tratado de límites, que fijó y reconoció a Colombia como perteneciente al condomio del Amazonas y colindante con Brasil en la línea Apaporis-Tabatinga.​
Distrito de Napo

El distrito de Napo es uno de los 11 distritos de la provincia de Maynas, ubicada en el departamento de Loreto, perteneciente al departamento de Loreto, en el Perú.
Desde el punto de vista jerárquico de la Iglesia católica forma parte del Vicariato Apostólico de San José de Amazonas.​
La capital se encuentra situada a 139 m s. n. m. y cuenta con 2.685 habitantes. Está conformada por 10 barrios: Barrio San Juan Bautista, Barrio Santa Rosa, Barrio Fray Martín, Barrio Jorge Chávez, Barrio Jaime Carranza, Barrio Nueva Primavera, Barrio 28 de Julio, Barrio Santa Eliza, Barrio Señor de los Milagros, Barrio San Antonio.
Distrito creado el 2 de julio de 1943.​
San Juan de la Libertad
En este distrito de la Amazonia peruana habitan las siguientes etnias:​
Napo Province

Napo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnapo]) is a province in Ecuador. Its capital is Tena. The province contains the Napo River. The province is low developed without much industrial presence. The thick rainforest is home to many natives that remain isolated by preference, descendants of those who fled the Spanish invasion in the Andes, and the Incas years before. In 2000, the province was the sole remaining majority-indigenous province of Ecuador, with 56.3% of the province either claiming indigenous identity or speaking an indigenous language.
This province is one of the many located in Ecuador's section of the Amazon Rainforest.
In Napo province are also Antisana Ecological Reserve, Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park, and Limoncocha National Biological Reserve.
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
The province is divided into five cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres (km), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park

Sumaco Napo-Galeras National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras) is a protected area in Ecuador situated in the Napo Province, Orellana Province and Sucumbíos Province. The highest point of the park is the Sumaco volcano that peaks at 3,732 m; the lowest altitude is 600 m.
Some 280 birds species are known from the park, but the true number is probably much higher because the park is little explored. Notable birds include Dysithamnus occidentalis, Touit stictoptera, Ara militaris, and Galbula pastazae. A mammal survey conducted at 2500 m on the eastern slope of Sumaco revealed 17 species, including eight species of bats. Larger mammals include Panthera onca, Tremarctos ornatus, Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Tapirus pinchaque, and Puma concolor. Little information exists on other groups, but it is assumed that the diversity of amphibians and reptiles is particularly high. Indeed, a number of amphibians are only known from the area, including toad Osornophryne sumacoensis that is only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco. Similarly, Pristimantis ernesti is only known from the summit of Sumaco.