davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Костилков плод

Костилка (или костилков плод) в ботаниката е неразкриващ се плод, при който външна месеста част (епикарп или кожа и мезокарп или плът) обгражда една черупка (костилка, ядка, зърно) от втвърден ендокарп със семе (ядро) вътре. Тези плодове обикновено се развиват от един плодник и най-вече от цветя с яйчник, прикрепен към съда над закрепването на други флорални части (изключения са полипироновите костилки).
Цъфтящите растения, които произвеждат костилки, включват кафе, хинап, манго, маслина, повечето палми (включително асаи, фурми, сабал, кокосови и маслени палми elaeis), шамфъстък, white sapote, кашу и всички членове на рода Сливи (Prunus), включително бадем, кайсия, череша, damson, праскова, нектарина и слива.
Терминът drupaceous се прилага за плод, имащ структурата и текстурата на костилка, но който не отговаря точно на определението за костилка.
В месестите плодове перикарпът обикновено се състои от три отделни слоя: епикарп (известен също като екзокарп), който е най-външният слой; мезокарпа, който е средният слой; и ендокарпа, който е вътрешният слой, заобикалящ яйчника или семената. В цитрусов плод епикарпът и мезокарпът съставят кората. При сухите плодове слоевете на перикарпа не се различават ясно.
Стената на плода, развила се от яйчниковата стена на цвета, се нарича „околоплодник“ (перикарп, от гръцки: epi- – „върху“ + -carp – „плод). Околоплодникът често има два или три слоя, наричани:
Дюла Чеснеки де Милван

Граф Дюла Чеснеки де Милван (на унгарски: cseszneki és milványi gróf Cseszneky Gyula) е унгарски авантюрист.
Произлизащ от унгарската благородническа фамилия Чеснеки де Милван, през 1941 г. той става съветник на Томислав II, крал на Независимата хърватска държава, след което получава графска титла.
През 1943 г. Милван, който има и еврейски произход, е арестуван от Гестапо. Той успява да замине за Унгария, а след края на войната - за Аржентина.
Дюла Андраши

Граф Дюла Андраши (на унгарски: Andrássy Gyula) е унгарски и австро-унгарски политик, който е сред основоположниците на съвременна Унгария.
Той е консервативно настроен и външната му политика се насочва към експанзия на Австро-Унгария към Балканския полуостров, за предпочитане с британска и германска подкрепа, и без да се отчуждава от Турция. За него Русия е главният опонент поради нейните експанзионистични въжделения спрямо славянските и православните земи. Не се доверява на славянските националистически движения, тъй като в тях съзира заплаха за мултиетническата империя.
Обществената кариера на Андраши започва през 1845 г., когато оглавява дружеството за регулиране на водите на река Тиса. Взима участие в Унгарската революция от 1848 г., а след нейния неуспех живее в изгнание в Лондон и Париж. През 1858 г. се завръща в страната и се включва в партията на Ференц Деак. През 1865 г. става заместник-председател на парламента на Унгария и взема активно участие в преговорите, довели до образуването на Австро-Унгария.
На 17 февруари 1867 г. Андраши е назначен за министър-председател на Унгария. На този пост провежда значителни реформи в организацията на армията и граничните военни окръзи. Андраши се противопоставя на засилването на влиянието на славянските народи в Империята и на издигането на статута на Бохемия в двойната монархия. Противопоставя се и на намесата на Австро-Унгария на страната на Франция във Френско-пруската война през 1870 г.
На 6 ноември 1871 г. Андраши става външен министър на Австро-Унгария. Докато е на този пост международните позиции на империята чувствително се заздравяват. Той се отказва от претенциите за хегемония в Германия и се противопоставя на разширение в територията на разпадащата се Османска империя, което би увеличило славянското население на Австро-Унгария. Въпреки това, за да неутрализира нарастващото руско влияние на Балканите, на Берлинския конгрес през 1878 г. приема окупирането на Босна и Херцеговина. Това решение е силно непопулярно, както в Австрия, така и в Унгария, и допринася за оставката му на 8 октомври 1879 г.
Дюла Юхас (поет)

Дюла Юхас (4 април 1883, Сегед – 6 април 1937, Сегед) e един от най-значимите унгарски поети от първата половина на ХХ век.
Между 1893 г. и 1902 г. е ученик в Пиаристката гимназия в Сегед. На 21 май 1899 г. са публикувани първите му стихотворения в ежедневника „Сегеди напло“, а през август същата година публикува стихотворението си „Овидий“ в списание „Будапещи напло“. През 1905 г. се запознава с Ендре Ади, който оказва голямо влияние върху него.
На 17 август 1907 г. Дюла Юхас публикува първата си донесла му журналистически успех уводна статия във вестник „Сегед еш видеке“ – „Оглед на труп“. През есента на 1907 г. започва да преподава в Пиаристиска гимназия в Лева.
През 1914 г. се прострелва в гърдите в Националния хотел в Пеща. На 8 януари 1917 г. претърпява нервна криза и се лекува в клиника „Моравчик“ в Будапеща. На 9 април официално е обявен за психично болен. През 1915 г. публикува втората си стихосбирка, озаглавена „Уй вершек“ („Нови стихотворения“).
На 22 ноември 1918 г. става член на сегедския Национален съвет. Заместник-председател, а след това съпредседател на Радикалната партия, водещ публицист на ежедневника „Южна Унгария“.
На 18 януари 1929 г. е един от първите, отличен с наградата „Баумгартен“ (която получава и през 1930 г. и 1931 г.), но успехът го парализира и прекарва голяма част от годината в санаториума „Шварцер“ в Буда. Самотата и изолацията засилват душевните му проблеми и накрая, през 1937 г., се отравя с веронал.
Трагичното му заболяване и песимистичното му настроение оставят отпечатък върху стиховете му още от самото начало. Меланхолията и мъката се превръщат в основен тон в неговата лирика.
Chaenomeles

Chaenomeles is a genus of four species of deciduous spiny shrubs, usually 1–3 m tall, in the family Rosaceae. They are native to Southeast Asia. These plants are related to the quince (Cydonia oblonga) and the Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis), differing in the serrated leaves that lack fuzz, and in the flowers, borne in clusters, having deciduous sepals and styles that are connate at the base.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 3–4.5 cm diameter, with five petals, and are usually bright orange-red, but can be white or pink; flowering is in late winter or early spring. The fruit is a pome with five carpels; it ripens in late autumn.
Chaenomeles is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the brown-tail and the leaf-miner Bucculatrix pomifoliella.
Although all quince species have flowers, gardeners in the West often refer to these species as "flowering quince", since Chaenomeles are grown ornamentally for their flowers, not for their fruits. These plants have also been called "Japanese quince", and the name "japonica" (referring to C. japonica) was widely used for these plants in the 19th and 20th centuries, although this common name is not particularly distinctive, since japonica is a specific epithet shared by many other plants. The names "japonica" or "Japanese quince" were (and still are) often loosely applied to Chaenomeles in general, regardless of their species. The most commonly cultivated Chaenomeles referred to as "japonica" are actually the hybrid C. × superba and C. speciosa; C. japonica itself is not as commonly grown.
Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of As of April 2023:
Four named hybrids have been bred in gardens. The most common is C. × superba (hybrid C. speciosa × C. japonica), while C. × vilmoriniana is a hybrid C. speciosa × C. cathayensis, and C. × clarkiana is a hybrid C. japonica × C. cathayensis. The hybrid C. × californica is a tri-species hybrid (C. × superba × C. cathayensis). Numerous named cultivars of all of these hybrids are available in the horticultural trade.
The species have become popular ornamental shrubs in parts of Europe and North America, grown in gardens both for their bright flowers and as a spiny barrier. Some cultivars grow up to 2 m tall, but others are much smaller and creeping. The fruits are hard and – although less astringent than quinces – are unpleasant to eat raw, tasting like an unripe apple with the acidity of a lemon, though they do soften and become less astringent after frost (via the process of bletting). The fruits are suitable for making liqueurs, as well as marmalade and preserves, as they contain more pectin than apples and true quinces. The tree is suitable for cultivation as a bonsai.
Chaenomeles speciosa

Chaenomeles speciosa, the flowering quince, Chinese quince or Japanese quince, is a thorny deciduous or semi-evergreen shrub native to eastern Asia. It is taller than another commonly cultivated species, C. japonica, usually growing to about 2 m (6 ft 7 in). The flowers are usually red, but may be pink, white or green. The fruit is a fragrant, hard pome that resembles a quince.
This plant is widely cultivated in temperate regions for its twining habit and its showy flowers which appear early in the season, occasionally even in midwinter. It is frequently used as an informal low hedge. Numerous cultivars with flowers in shades of white, pink and red have been selected. The following cultivars and hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
The following cultivars have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Cryptocarya woodii

Cryptocarya woodii, the Cape quince, is a shrub or small forest tree, native to southern and eastern Africa. Its Latin name commemorates John Medley Wood, a botanist in Natal. From mid summer the tree bears small, inconspicuous flowers. The ripe fruit have a bumpy surface and are shiny, purple-black in colour. When a leaf is viewed against light some minute secretory glands are visible in the vein polygons (areolae). The larvae of Papilio euphranor and Charaxes xiphares breed on the foliage of this tree.
Media related to Cryptocarya woodii at Wikimedia Commons
Silvena Rowe

Silvena Rowe (née Lauta, born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian chef, food writer, television personality and restaurateur.
Rowe was born in Plovdiv to a Bulgarian mother and a Turkish father. Rowe's father, who was a newspaper editor of the largest [citation or source needed?] Bulgarian newspaper, Bulgarianised his name due to Bulgaria's communist government. He instilled in Rowe a love of cooking and passed down the traditions of the Ottoman cuisine. At the age of 19, she moved to London. Silvena cooked in the kitchen of the Notting Hill bookshop Books for Cooks, which led her to cook for Princess Michael of Kent, Ruby Wax and Tina Turner. She also met Malcolm Gluck and the two began to write a regular food column for The Guardian newspaper. In 2007, she was the food consultant on David Cronenberg’s 2007 film Eastern Promises. She has become a regular guest on the BBC's Saturday Kitchen and ITV's This Morning. In 2007, her book Feasts won the Glenfiddich Food and Drink Award. After her father's death she wanted to rediscover her heritage so she travelled through Turkey, Syria, Lebanon and Jordan tracing her Ottoman roots; this resulted in her cookbook Purple Citrus and Sweet Perfume.
On 7 June 2011, her restaurant Quince opened at The May Fair Hotel in Mayfair, London. Her restaurant is influenced by her Turkish heritage- homage to her grandfather Mehmed, who used to cook the dishes for her father. Currently Silvena shares her time between Dubai, Sofia, New York and London.
Silvena Rowe is also a Charlton Athletic Supporter.
Pelinkovac

Pelinkovac is a bitter-sweet liqueur based on wormwood (Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian: pelen or pelin), popular in Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia, Bulgaria as well as in Slovenia, where it is known as pelinkovec or pelinovec. The alcohol content is 28–35% by volume. It has a bitter-sweet taste.
Badel Pelinkovac was the first Croatian drink to be enjoyed in the court of Napoleon III of France.
In January 2017, Badel Pelinkovac started exports to the United States. It took two years for the company to get the permits to export to the USA. The drink was already exported to 30 countries worldwide.
In Croatia:
In Serbia:
In Bosnia-Herzegovina:
Pelinkovac is also produced by a number of small distilleries in Slovenia, Istria and in the city of Trieste and Friuli, Italy.
In United States:
https://darna.hr/hr/
Chaenomeles japonica

Chaenomeles japonica, called the Japanese quince, Maule's quince, or "Japonica", is a species of flowering quince that is native to Japan.
It is a thorny deciduous shrub that is commonly cultivated. It is shorter than another commonly cultivated species C. speciosa, growing to only about 1 m in height. It is best known for its colorful spring flowers, which are red, white, pink or multicoloured.
It is a bulky shrub with thorns and widely spreading branches, which reaches heights of growth of 0.6 to 2.0 meters. The leaves are lanceolate to obovate, roughly toothed and glabrous even when young. They are 4 to 5 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide, including the petiole. The unusually large stipules are 1 centimeter long and 1.5 to 2 centimeters wide, kidney-shaped and serrated on the edge; they are only found on long shoots.
It blooms in winter, before leaf budding; it blooms again in summer but with less abundance. Usually there are 2 to 3 flowers arranged together; they are coloured orange to brick red. When open, the flowers are 3 to 4 centimeters wide. The fruit is called Kusa-boke (草木瓜, Kusa-boke) in Japanese. It produces apple-shaped fruit, 4 to 7 centimeters in diameter, that are a golden-yellow color containing red-brown seeds.
The fruit is edible, but hard and astringent, unless bletted or cooked. The fruits are not edible raw, but as with all fruits of the rose family, the pulp is non-toxic and the kernels contain small amounts of poison. The fruit is occasionally used in jam, jelly and pie making as a substitute for its cousin, the true quince, Cydonia oblonga. C. japonica is also popularly grown in bonsai. It accepts all types of soil, but grows very slowly in calcareous soil.
Ayva tatlısı

Ayva tatlısı is a dessert from Turkish cuisine that is made with quince. The quince is cooked by boiling in water or in the oven with cloves, sweet syrup and filled with apple or quince meal, and raisins and topped with kaymak. It is served as halves with the inside slightly carved out. The dish is eaten warm and cold throughout Turkey, particularly in wintertime.
List of Turkish desserts
Crostata

Crostata (Italian: [kroˈstaːta]) is an Italian baked tart or pie. The earliest known use of crostata in its modern sense can be traced to the cookbooks Libro de Arte Coquinaria (Book of the Art of Cooking) by Martino da Como, published c. 1465, and Cuoco napolitano (Neapolitan Cook), published in the late 15th century, containing a recipe (number 94) titled Crostata de Caso, Pane, etc..
Crostata is a "rustic free-form version of an open fruit tart" that may also be baked in a pie plate.
Historically, it also referred to an "open-faced sandwich or canapé" because of its crusted appearance, or a chewet, a type of meat pie.
The name derives from the Latin word crustāta, the feminine past participle of crustāre ('to encrust'), and ultimately from the noun crusta ('crust'). The French term croustade derives from it, from which the English term custard derives. The word crostata appeared in the earliest Italian dictionaries, included in the 1612 dictionary Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca (compiled from 1591 to 1608) by the Accademia della Crusca and the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, and the 1617 dictionary Il memoriale della lingua italiana: ridotto in ordine d'alfabeto per commodità del lettore by Giacomo Pergamino, in which it was defined as a type of torta.
Traditionally, crostata consisted of a base, usually three layers, of friable dough "flavoured with clarified fat and butter". Today, shortcrust pastry is used instead. It is differentiated from a torta by its filling: crostata has an inconsistent chunky filling, whereas a torta has a consistent filling made of blended ingredients.
Crostata can be blind-baked, filled with pastry cream (crema pasticciera), and then topped with pieces of fresh fruit; this is called crostata di frutta. In his 1570 cookbook Opera dell'arte del cucinare, Bartolomeo Scappi included a recipe for a crostata of plums and sour cherries, and others for quince and pears. A modern version is crostata alla nutella, which has Nutella as the filling.
Ingredients for a savoury crostata may include meat, fish or vegetables, which are pre-cooked. Opera dell'arte del cucinare included a recipe for a "crostata of crabmeat and shrimp", and also stated that to instead make a torta, the shrimp and crab should be crushed. A popular sweet variant, especially in central and south Italy, is crostata di ricotta, made with ricotta cheese mixed with sugar and lemon zest, and which may additionally include cocoa or raisins.
Scappi included many recipes for crostata in Opera dell'arte del cucinare. For meat and seafood based crostata, there were recipes using pork jowls or prosciutto, crayfish, anchovies or oysters. Other savoury crostata recipes included a crostata with creamy cheese referred to as a butirata, those with truffles or field mushrooms, one with artichoke or cardoon hearts, and one with "the viscera of any sort of turtle".
Media related to Crostata at Wikimedia Commons
California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.

The California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc. (CRFG) is a non-profit organization of rare exotic fruit enthusiasts, hobbyists and amateur horticulturists based in California. The CRFG, founded in 1968, promotes rare fruits in the Southern California marketplace, according to a 1997 article in the Seasonal Chef online newsletter. As of 2008 the CRFG has 3,000 members in approximately 35 countries with 20 Chapters in Western US.
The California Rare Fruit Growers was co-founded by Paul Thomson and John Riley in 1968. Thomson was a self-taught botanist and fruit farmer based in San Diego's North County, while Riley was an engineer with Lockheed from Santa Clara, California. Both Thomson and Riley shared an enthusiasm for rare fruits and plants which had not been previously widely cultivated in California. Riley and Thomson soon began collaborating to publish a newsletter on tropical and subtropical fruits using a mimeograph machine. In 1968 they expanded operations to found the CRFG. Membership was swelled by a rapid influx of newcomers to California who were "without prejudice to what could not be grown" in the state.
To encourage and foster public and scientific interest, research, education in and the preservation of rare fruit plants that have edible seeds, fruits, leaves, stems or roots and are not commonly grown commercially. The furtherance and encouragement of these activities shall be for the benefit of the public rather than commercial interests.
A fruit is considered to be rare because it is:
The CRFG publishes a bimonthly magazine called The Fruit Gardener, an outgrowth of the early newsletters published by Thomson and Riley.
CRFG members and the public meets every year to celebrate the Festival of Fruit, an event organized by different chapters. This event includes seminars, workshops, local tours and plant sales.
Quince Mil

Quince Mil (Spanish: "Fifteen Thousand") is a community in Cusco Region, Peru.
There are many stories regarding how the community received its name.
Quince Mil is located on the route of the Interoceanic Highway. The highway, which is nearing completion, will link the Pacific coast of Peru to the Atlantic coast of Brazil. In 2009 Quince Mil began expanding, anticipating the completion of the new road.
Quince Mil Airport is located in Quince Mil.
13°14′S 70°46′W﻿ / ﻿13.233°S 70.767°W﻿ / -13.233; -70.767
Palatul Generala

Palatul Societății de Asigurări „Generala” (sau doar Palatul Generala), este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul municipiului București, operă a arhitectului Oscar Maugsch. A fost construit pe locul vechii grădini a Palatului Suțu, având ca model palatele de pe Bd. Haussmann din Paris. Arhitectul său este de origine germană - Oscar Maugsch. Acesta a studiat la Dresda și a fost Arhitect la Ministerului Cultelor ș Instrucțiunii Publice. Palatul a adăpostit inițial una dintre primele companii de asigurare din România - Societatea Generală de Asigurări GENERALA. Aceasta a fost înființată la Brăila în 1832 și avea ca scop principal asigurarea mărfurilor în timpul transportului naval. Acționarul principal al Generala a fost Marmorosch Blank ce își avea propriul sediu chiar în vecinătate, pe strada Doamnei. Primul său președinte a fost Alexandru Marghiloman. În momentul izbucnirii Primului Război Mondial, ”Generala” avea o situație financiară solidă, astfel încât după război, a reușit să se extindă în noile teritorii unite și să participe la naționalizarea mai multor întreprinderi din vechea monarhie austro-ungară. Criza economică din 1932-1934 nu a afectat-o prea mult. Generala a fost desființată în 1948 prin adoptarea Legii naționalizării. Până în martie 2019 Banca Comercială Română (BCR), membră a Erste Group, cel mai important grup financiar din România, a avut Sediul Central în Palatul Generala. În mai 2019 a găzduit Romanian Design Week, iar în septembrie expozițiile Pavilionului de Artă București - Art Safari.
A fost vândută la finalul anului 2019 unui fond de investiții cu sediul în Luxemburg, pentru suma de cca. 28 milioane de euro. Mai multe surse relatează că în viitor clădirea ar putea fi transformată în hotel.
Nobila Casa

Nobila Casa este un lanț de magazine de decorațiuni interioare din domeniul HOME & DECO. Nobila Casa este operat de compania Mendola Pro, care deține și branduri proprii Mendola Fabrics, Mendola Wellness, Mendola Bedding, Mendola Kitchen, Mendola Dining etc. Firma este deținută de Tiberiu (63 de ani) și Zsuzsanna Szekely (59 de ani), care au pornit această afacere în 1991 cu un magazin de 20 de metri pătrați situat în Cluj. Povestea a început cu o mică croitorie la Vlaha, lângă Cluj, care funcționează până azi, unde pe vremuri s-a confecționat șorțuri și șervete de bucătărie pentru un mic magazin din centrul orașului. De la șorțuri s-a ajuns la o sortimentație care acoperă toate încăperile din casă, de la bucătărie, prin dining, living și dormitor, până la baie. Pentru a servi cerințele pieței firma s-a mutat într-o locație mai mare, în centrul Clujului, unde funcționează și azi primul magazin Nobila Casa.
În anul 2014, compania deținea 10 magazine, după care în anul 2015 s-a mai deschis încă trei magazine, astfel fiind prezent în 9 orașe (Cluj-Napoca, București, Brașov, Timișoara, Baia Mare, Bistrița, Alba Iulia, Târgu Mureș, Sibiu) cu 13 magazine. Tot în anul 2014 a început un proces de rebranding în cadrul companiei, în urma căruia a început schimbarea identității vizauale a magazinelor, și nu numai.
Cronologia dezvoltării magazinelor Nobila Casa:
1999- s-a deschis magazinul din centrul Clujului
2000- magazinul din Târgu Mureș
2007- magazinul din Polus Center Cluj-Napoca
2011- magazinul din Baia Mare
2012- magazinul din Alba Iulia
2012- primul magazin din Brașov
2012- magazinul din Sibiu
2013- magazinul din Bistrița
2013- magazinul din Timișoara
2014- primul magazin din București
2015- al doilea și al treilea magazin din București
2015- al doilea magazin din Brașov
Rețeta succesului conține câteva ingrediente de nelipsit: o gamă bogată de sortimentație, urmărind trendurile din toată lumea; pasiune pentru a face accesibile toate articolele care înfrumusețează o casă, care adaugă personalitate, stil și ținută de lux și chiar și din bugete modeste. Perseverență pentru a mulțumi cei mai exigenți cumpărători și pentru a consolida relația aceasta prin servicii de înaltă calitate și profesionalism.
Elena Vlădăreanu

Elena Vlădăreanu (n. 2 februarie 1981) este o poetă română contemporană.
Urmează studiile școlare în orașul natal, absolvind liceul Nicolae Bălcescu în anul 2000. Face în continuare studii superioare la Facultatea de Litere a Universității din București, fiind licențiată în litere în 2005, cu o teză despre literatura suprarealistă.
Elena Vlădăreanu a debutat către sfârșitul anilor de liceu, în revista constănțeană Metafora nr. 1-2/2000, cu un grupaj de poeme. Activează succesiv în diferite cenacluri literare precum cenaclul de la Litere, cel al Uniunii Scriitorilor, coordonat de Nora Iuga, apoi, din 2002, cenaclul Euridice, care a fost condus de Marin Mincu.
Din 2001, lucrează ca redactor la departamentul Cultură-Mass-Media al ziarului Cotidianul din București, iar din 2005, cu însărcinări similare, la ziarul Averea de unde în 2006 trece la Evenimentul zilei, apoi la România liberă. A colaborat la numerele publicației cu apariție intermitentă Fracturi, animată de poetul Marius Ianuș, fiind considerată a se număra printre reprezentanții curentului literar fracturist.
A colaborat, cu versuri sau cu articole de atitudine, cronici de carte, interviuri, reportaje și alte texte publicistice, la revista Metafora din Constanța, Convorbiri literare, Viața românească, Luceafărul, Paradigma, Vatra, Orizont, Fracturi, Cotidianul, Averea, la postul de radio Radio România Cultural ș.a. A publicat și proză în revistele Metafora, în anul 2000, și Vatra, în 2005. A participat la tabere sau ateliere de creație, festivaluri, lecturi publice, emisiuni radiofonice. În anul 2005 a beneficiat de o bursă la Berlin.
A fost prezentă în volumul No More Poetry. New Romanian Poetry, Heaventree Press, 2007. În februarie 2010 3:AM Magazine publică un interviu cu Elena Vlădăreanu și o selecție din poeziile ei.
Un prim debut editorial, considerat neoficial, are loc în 2001 cu placheta Din confesiunile distinsei doamne m. în colecția Underground Carmen. Anterior, fusese prezentă într-o antologie ocazională, Poezia taberei, 2000.
Debutul editorial propriu-zis are loc în 2002, cu volumul pagini, publicat la Editura Timpul din Iași.
Habemus bebe - o producție Asociația Art No More Arhivat în 1 decembrie 2017, la Wayback Machine. cu sprijinul WASP Studios, București 2014 (regia: Robert Bălan)
Prințesele spion - Teatrul pentru copii și tineret Gong, Sibiu - premiera noiembrie 2014 (regia: Robert Bălan)
O viață sigură - Teatrul Național Târgu Mureș - Compania Liviu Rebreanu Arhivat în 1 decembrie 2017, la Wayback Machine., 2016 (regia: Robert Bălan)
Identic natural de Elena Vlădăreanu și Robert Bălan - o producție Asociația Art No More , 2017 (regia: Robert Bălan)
În numele Tatălui - o producție Asociația Art No More, 2018 (regia: Robert Bălan)
Tribul lui Tudor - Asociația Art No More, 2018 (regia: Robert Bălan)
Silvia Cambir

Silvia Cambir (n. 24 ianuarie 1924, Hanu Conachi, Fundeni, Galați, România – d. 2007) a fost o pictoriță română expresionistă, portretistă și ilustrator de carte.
Născută în Hanu Conachi, județul Tecuci, Cambir a studiat la Facultatea de Litere și Filosofie a Universității din București, precum și la Academia de Arte frumoase cu Camil Ressu. A devenit membru al Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din România (UAP) în 1956. Munca ei a fost apreciată de criticii de artă precum Petru Comarnescu, Ion Frunzetti și Dan Grigorescu. În 2006 a primit Marele Premiu UAP.
Cambir era cea mai în vârstă într-un grup de artișți care vizitau în mod regulat orașul interbelic Balcic. Lucrările lor en plein air erau expuse în mod regulat în expozițiile de grup. Ea este, de asemenea, autorul unui dicționar de artă românească.
Andra Vasilescu

Andra Vasilescu (născută Andra Șerbănescu; n. 30 decembrie 1961, București) este o lingvistă română. A publicat lucrări în domeniul pragmaticii/analizei discursului, gramaticii, comunicării (interculturale și interpersonale), precum și în domeniul limbii române ca limbă străină.
A contribuit la capitolele despre pronume, enunțul interogativ, grupul pronominal și dialog ale lucrării Gramatica limbii române (Editura Academiei, 2005), lucrare premiată de Academia Română în 2005. Pentru colaborarea cu articole de morfologie și sintaxă la Enciclopedia limbii române (coordonator Marius Sala, Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2001) a primit premiul Academiei Române „Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu” în 2002. Printre altele, este coautor la The Grammar of Romanian (ed. Gabriela Pană Dindelegan), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013; A Reference Grammar of Romanian (ed. Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, Ion Giurgea), Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 2014; The Syntax of Old Romanian (ed. Gabriela Pană Dindelegan, Martin Maiden), Oxford University Press, 2016; Pragmemes and Theories of Language Use (ed. Allan, Keith, Capone, Alessandro, Kecskes, Istvan), Springer, 2016; Exploring Discourse practices across cultures (ed. Andra Vasilescu, Mihaela Constantinescu, Gabriela Stoica, Jonathan White), Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2020. A publicat peste100 de articole în domeniile de specializare.
Andra Vasilescu este și autoarea mai multor manuale și auxiliare școlare de limba română.
Este profesor de lingvistică și comunicare la Facultatea de Litere a Universității din București unde ține cursuri de sintaxă, pragmatică, comunicare interpersonală, comunicare interculturală, gramatică școlară, redactare academică, didactica redactării. Între 2004-2008 a fost prodecan al acestei facultăți. De asemenea, este CS I la Institutul de Lingvistică ”Iorgu Iordan - Alexandru Rosetti” al Academiei Române.
Acest articol biografic despre un profesor universitar român este un ciot. Puteți ajuta Wikipedia prin completarea lui!
Dan Perjovschi

Dan Perjovschi (n. 29 octombrie 1961, Sibiu, România) este un desenator, ilustrator, scriitor, jurnalist și autor de performance român. Lucrările sale de artă reprezintă o combinație între desene, desene animate, artă brută și graffiti și se află temporar pe pereții muzeelor sau altor spații contemporane din lume. Perjovschi abordează teme sociale de actualitate în operele sale și a avut un rol important în cultura românească, fiind ilustrator și autor de articole pentru Revista 22 din București. A avut expoziții în Statele Unite ale Americii, Portugalia, Spania, Germania, Ungaria, Suedia, Norvegia, Elveția, Marea Britanie, Germania, Mexic, Brazilia, Coreea de Sud, China etc. În prezent, locuiește și lucrează în București și Sibiu.
În intervalul 1972-1980 a urmat Liceul de artă din Sibiu. Între anii 1980 și 1984 a urmat cursurile Academia de Artă din Iași, ca după 1990 să meargă la București, unde după debutul din revista tinerilor Contrapunct, s-a alăturat Revistei 22, primul săptămânal independent din România, editată de prestigioasa organizație anticomunistă Grupul pentru Dialog Social.
Interviuri
Covoare transilvănene

Denumirea de covor transilvănean este folosită ca termen de conveniență pentru a desemna un patrimoniu cultural al covoarelor islamice din secolele XV-XVII, în special de origine otomană, care au fost păstrate în bisericile transilvănene. Totalul covoarelor din Transilvania constituie una dintre cele mai mari colecții de covoare anatolice otomane în afara lumii islamice.
Printre covoarele de perete conservate în Transilvania sunt covoarele clasice turcești ca Holbein, Loto, și așa-numitul „alb” Selendi sau Ushak. Termenul de „covor transilvănean” mai precis se referă la patru tipuri distincte de covoare anatoliene care au supraviețuit în Transilvania.
Covoarele transilvănene modelate ca și covoare de rugăciuni sunt caracterizate printr-o singură nișă roșie, cu pereți exteriori albi cu o stemă florală curbilinie care poartă diferite tipuri de flori și muguri de flori și granițe de culoare ocru galbene cu forme curbilinii. Câmpurile sunt, de obicei de culoare ocru sau uneori roșie. Un covor de acest tip este descris în pictura lui Pieter de Hoochs din 1663 „Portretul unei familii care cântă”.
Nicu Stan

Nicu Stan (n. 25 noiembrie 1931, Constanța – d. 24 august 1990, Iași) a fost un operator, director de imagine de film, scenarist și regizor de film român. A semnat imaginea pentru filme de referință ale cinematografiei românești precum Răscoala (1966), Diminețile unui băiat cuminte (1967), Columna (1968), Baltagul (1969), Puterea și adevărul (1972), Actorul și sălbaticii (1975) și Toate pînzele sus (serial TV, 1977).
S-a născut la 25 noiembrie 1931 în Constanța. A absolvit Institutul de Artă Teatrală și Cinematografică „I.L. Caragiale” din București în 1955, debutând încă din ultimul an ca student pe post de cameraman și asistent de operator la mediumetrajul ...Și Ilie face sport (1954). Colaborează apoi la realizarea a două lungmetraje: Alarmă în munți (1955) și Pasărea furtunii (1957). A regizat apoi câteva scurtmetraje documentare (Covoare orientale, Confex și Nu, nu e miraj) și a fost asistent de operator la lungmetraje de ficțiune, debutând ca director de imagine în filmul Partea ta de vină... (1963), regizat de Mircea Mureșan.
În anii 1980, urmând exemplul altor operatori, Nicu Stan a regizat patru filme de lung metraj: Un echipaj pentru Singapore (1982), Vreau să știu de ce am aripi (1984), Furtună în Pacific (1986) și Cale liberă (1987). La filmul Furtună în Pacific (1986), a fost și scenarist împreună cu scriitorul constănțean Constantin Novac. Și-a continuat, în paralel, și meseria de director de imagine. A murit la 24 august 1990.
Criticul de film Călin Căliman, care i-a dedicat un capitol în volumul Cinci artiști ai imaginii cinematografice (Ed. Reu Studio, București, 2009), îl considera un „o luciditate dinamică”, care părea să confere viață imaginii filmelor sale, aparatul său de filmat având parcă o „privire ca de o om, ca de ființă vie”.
Pentru activitatea sa în domeniul cinematografic, operatorul și directorul de imagine Nicu Stan a obținut mai multe premii ale Asociației Cineaștilor din România (ACIN):
În plus, filmul Puterea și Adevărul a obținut Marele Premiu al Asociației Cineaștilor din România în 1972, Nicu Stan fiind menționat de juriu printre cei care au contribuit la realizarea lui.
6

Anul 6 începe, conform calendarului iulian, într-o zi de vineri. Este anul consulatului lui Lepidus și Lucius Arruntius.
A fost un an marcat de dezastre la nivel global: în Imperiul Roman (foamete, incendii, probleme financiare, războaie cu germanicii, revolte precum răscoala iudaică a lui Iuda Galileanul sau marea revoltă illirică), Imperiul Part (uciderea regelui Orodes al III-lea) și în Imperiul Han (moartea împăratului Ping Di, urmată de revolte agrariene împotriva lui Wang Mang, cel care deține de facto puterea în China).
Sectorul 6

Sectorul 6 este un sector în București, situat în partea de vest a municipiului, cuprins între sectoarele 1 și 5.
Începând de la intersecția râului Dâmbovița cu Str. Constantin Noica și Șos. Cotroceni, limita de est a sectorului urmează traseul: Șos. Cotroceni, B-dul Geniului, Drumul Sării (toate inclusiv) până la intersecția cu Calea 13 Septembrie și B-dul. Ghencea.
Primarul sectorului 6 este Ciprian Ciucu dales din partea Alianței PSD-PNL. Consiliul Local al Sectorului 6 este format din 27 de consilieri, cu următoarea compoziție bazată pe partid politic, după alegerile locale din 2024:
Furios și iute 6

Furios și iute 6 (în engleză Fast & Furious 6) este un film de acțiune din anul 2013, regizat de Justin Lin. Este cel de-al șaselea film din seria Furios și iute și îi are în rolurile principale pe Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Dwayne Johnson, Michelle Rodriguez, Jordana Brewster, Tyrese Gibson, Chris Bridges, Sung Kang, Luke Evans, Gina Carano și John Ortiz.
După ce Dom și Brian au dat lovitura din Rio și au distrus regele imperiului drogurilor din Rio, au adus 100 de milioane de dolari echipajului, iar aceștia s-au împrăștiat prin toată lumea. Din păcate nu se mai pot întoarce acasă și vor trăi pentru totdeauna fugind din calea legii, astfel că viețile lor sunt nesatisfăcătoare.
Între timp, Hobbs a dat de urma unei organizații de mercenari extrem de duri și de bine pregătiți. Această rețea se întinde pe teritoriul a 12 țări. Conducătorul acestei rețele e Owen Shaw care are ca ajutor pe nimeni alta decât Letty, fosta iubită a lui Dom, pe care acesta o credea moartă.
Singura cale de a distruge organizația este de a le aduce în față rivali pe măsura lor, care să le depășească talentele. Așa că Hobbs îl roagă pe Dom să își reunească echipa în Londra. Răsplata va fi anularea pedepselor pentru întreaga echipă și posibilitatea de se întoarce acasă și de a-și reîntregi familiile.
Mica Ertegun

Mica Ertegun was a Romanian-American interior designer and philanthropist.
Mica Ertegun, born Ioana Maria Banu on October 21, 1926, in Bucharest, Romania, was the only child of Natalia Gologan and Gheorghe Banu, a prominent figure in King Carol II’s cabinet and an ally of King Michael I during World War II. Amid Allied air raids, Mica was sent to the family’s country estate. Following the 1948 abdication of King Michael and her father's imprisonment by the Communist regime, Mica and her husband, Stefan Grecianu, an aristocrat 15 years older, fled Romania, traveling via stateless refugee passports to Zurich. Initially penniless, they were supported by friends, staying at the Dolder Grand hotel and later moving to Paris, where Mica worked as a model. Eventually, they relocated to Canada, where Mica spent eight years working on a farm.
In the late 1950s, Mica traveled to New York City to meet a diplomat in hopes of securing her father's release. Though unsuccessful, she met the recently divorced Ahmet Ertegun, the co-founder of Atlantic Records, at a dinner. The two were married in 1961 after Mica obtained a divorce from Grecianu.
In 1967, she co-founded MAC II with decorator and author Chessy Rayner (with the MAC initials representing "Mica And Chessy"), focusing on residential and commercial projects. Ertegun's design projects have included the 1969 redesign of Saks Fifth Avenue's flagship store's fifth floor.
Ertegun's philanthropic efforts were numerous, with significant donations to the University of Oxford, establishing the Ertegun Graduate Scholarship Programme in the Humanities. Her contributions to cultural heritage include leading donations for the restoration of the Holy Edicule at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and the creation of the Mica and Ahmet Ertegun Atrium at Jazz at Lincoln Center in New York.
For her contributions to philanthropy, education, and British-American cultural relations, Ertegun was awarded an honorary CBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2017. She was a 1993 inductee in the Interior Design magazine Hall of Fame along with her MAC II founder, Rayner. In 2023, she was added to the Architectural Digest AD100 Hall of Fame.
Mica Ertegun died, aged 97, at her home in Southampton, New York on December 2, 2023.
Key pattern

Key pattern is the generic term for an interlocking geometric motif made from straight lines or bars that intersect to form rectilinear spiral shapes. According to Allen and Anderson, the negative space between the lines or bars of a key pattern “resemb[es] the L- or T-shaped slots in an ordinary key to allow it to pass the wards of the lock.”
Key patterns have been discovered and used in ornamentation by a number of global cultures in human history, and are thought to largely have been designed independently of each other. The earliest examples of key patterns are seen in textile ornaments from Mezin, Ukraine, dated to approximately 23,000 B.C. Key patterns were also common in textile and ceramic ornamentation during the Neolithic period, with examples found among archeological discoveries in present-day Fiji, Peru, Mexico, Moldova, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Greece, as well as in pre-Christian Celtic art. The oldest known pair of pants, wool trousers found in a grave dated to approximately 1038-926 B.C. in present-day western China, have a decorative band of key patterns woven into them. In addition, extant examples of early medieval Insular art, such as stone decorations and illuminated manuscripts, as well as Japanese, Chinese, and Islamic decorative arts from different periods, feature key patterns.
Celtic mazes, Greek frets, and xicalcoliuhquis are examples of well-known designs that are considered to be key patterns.
வெண்மைப் புரட்சி

வெண்மைப் புரட்சி என்பது இந்தியாவின் தேசிய பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டு கழகம் 1970 ல் ஆரம்பித்த கிராமப்புற மேம்பாட்டு திட்டம் ஆகும். இதன் முக்கிய நோக்கம் புதிய மேம்படுத்தப்பட்ட கால்நடைகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி அதிக பால் உற்பத்தியைப் பெருக்குவதாகும். தேசிய பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டு வாரியத்தின் தலைவராக இருந்த டாக்டர். வர்கீஸ் குரியன் இதனை முதலில் குஜராத் மாநிலத்தின் ஆனந்த் நகரத்தில் உள்ள அமுல் பால் உற்பத்தியாளர்கள் கூட்டுறவு ஒன்றியத்தின் மூலம் செயல்படுத்தினார். இதனால் இவரை இந்தியாவின் வெண்மைப் புரட்சியின் தந்தை என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறார்.
வர்கீஸ் குரியன்

வர்கீஸ் குரியன் ( நவம்பர் 26, 1921- செப்டம்பர் 09, 2012, கோழிக்கோடு, கேரளம்) இந்திய வெண்மைப் புரட்சியின் தந்தை என அழைக்கப்படுகிறார். இந்தியாவின் பால்காரர் என்றும் கூறுவதுண்டு.
குசராத் கூட்டுறவு பால் விற்பனைக் கூட்டமைப்பின் (GCMMF) தலைவராக இருந்தவர். அமுல் என்ற வணிகப்பெயருடன் விற்கப்படும் உணவுப்பொருட்களை நிருவகிக்கும் ஓர் உயர்நிலை கூட்டுறவு இயக்கமே குசராத் கூட்டுறவு பால் விற்பனைக் கூட்டமைப்பாகும். 2006-07 ஆண்டிற்கான வருவாய் $ 1 பில்லியன் அமெரிக்க டாலர்கள் ஆகும்.
உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டுத் திட்டமான வெள்ளைச் செயலாக்கத்தின் வடிவமைப்பாளராக குரியன் கருதப்படுகிறார். ஆனந்த் மாதிரியைக் கொண்ட கூட்டுறவு பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டுத் திட்டத்தை நவீனப்படுத்த உதவிய குரியன் இந்தியாவின் வெண்புரட்சியை வழி நடத்தினார். இதன் மூலம் உலகிலேயே கூடுதலாக பால் உற்பத்தி செய்யும் நாடாக இந்தியாவை முன்னேற்றினார்.
குரியன் கோபிசெட்டிபாளயத்திலுள்ள வைரவிழா மேனிலைப்பள்ளியில் பள்ளிப்படிப்பை படித்தார். குரியன் சென்னை லயோலாக் கல்லூரியில் 1940ஆம் ஆண்டு இயற்பியலில் இளங்கலைப்பட்டம் பெற்றார். பின்னர் சென்னைப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் இயந்திரவியல் பொறியியல் பட்டம் பெற்றார். 1946ஆம் ஆண்டு ஜாம்ஷெட்பூரில் உள்ள டாடா எஃகு தொழில்நுட்ப நிலையத்தில் பட்டமேற்படிப்பை முடித்தார். பின்னர் அரசு உதவித்தொகையில் அமெரிக்காவின் மிச்சிகன் மாநிலப் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் படித்து இயந்திரவியல் பொறியியலில் எம்.எஸ் பட்டத்தை சிறப்புநிலையில் பெற்றார்.
இந்தியா வந்தபிறகு, மே 1949ஆம் ஆண்டு ஆனந்த் அரசு பால்பண்ணையில் பொறியாளராகச் சேர்ந்தார். அதேநேரம் புதியதாகத் துவங்கப்பட்ட கூட்டுறவு பால்பண்ணை , கைரா மாவட்ட கூட்டுறவு பால் உற்பத்தியாளர் சங்கம் தனியாரிடமிருந்த பொல்சன் பண்ணையுடன் போட்டியிட்டு தோற்றுக் கொண்டிருந்தது. அரசுப் பணியில் சவால்களில்லாமல் வெறுத்திருந்த குரியனுக்கு இது ஒரு நல்ல வாய்ப்பாக அமைந்தது. கைரா பால் சங்கத் தலைவர் திரிபுவன்தாஸ் படேலிடம் பால் பதப்படுத்தும் ஆலையை நிறுவிட உதவுவதாகக் கூறினார். இதுவே அமுல் பிறக்க வழி வகுத்தது. மேலும் தேசிய பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டு வாரியம் குஜராத்தில் உதயமானது.
பால்பண்ணை மேம்பாட்டிற்காக குரியனுக்கு இந்தியாவில் மட்டுமன்றி பிற நாடுகளிலும் உயரிய விருதுகள் வழங்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.
வர்கீஸ் குரியனின் 100வது பிறந்த தினமான நவம்பர் 26, 2021 அன்று வர்கீசின் புகைப்படத்தினை தமிழக அரசின் பால் நிறுவனமான ஆவின், பால் உறையின் மீது அச்சிட்டுச் சிறப்பு செய்தது.
ஆரட்டதேசம்

ஆரட்டதேசம் இமயமலையில் கங்கை உற்பத்தியாகும் இடத்தில் தெற்கிலும், நேபாளதேசத்திற்கு கிழக்கில், கிழக்கு மேற்காக நீண்டு பரவி இருந்த தேசம்.
இந்த தேசத்தில் பூமி முழுவதும் எப்பொழுதும் இடைவிடாத பனி, மழை, குளிர் இவைகள் அதிகமாக இருக்கும்.
இந்த தேசத்திற்கு நடுவில் பெரியமலையும், குன்றுகளும், அடர்ந்த காடுகளாலும், பெரியமலைகளினாலும், சூழப்பட்டுள்ளதால், இதை மலை நாடு என்றே அழைப்பதுண்டு. இத்தேசத்தின் காடுகளில் வெள்ளைக்குதிரைகளும், வெண்மை ஆடுகளும் கொடிய காட்டு விலங்குகளும் அதிகம் உண்டு.
இந்த ஆரட்டதேசத்தில் இமயமலையிலிருந்து உருவாகி தெற்கு நோக்கி ஓடுகிற நதி கண்டகீ இந்த தேசத்தை செழிக்க வைக்கின்றது.
பாரசீகதேசம்

பாரசீகதேசம் பர்பரதேசத்திற்கு மேற்கிலும்,காந்தாரதேசத்திற்கும்,கிராததேசத்திற்கும் தென்மேற்கிலும், சமமான பூமியாய் மிகவும் அகன்று பரவி இருந்த தேசம்.
இந்த தேசம் சரியான வெப்பத்தையும், குளிரையும் எப்பொழுதும் அடையாமல் ஒரேவிதமான குளிர்காற்று வீசுவதால் இங்குள்ளோர் வெண்மை நிறத்தவர்களாக இருப்பார்கள்.
இந்த தேசத்திற்கு தெற்கில் மகாமலைத் தொடரும், வடக்கில் கிராத பெருமலையும், கிழக்கில் பர்பரதேச மலையும் உள்ளது. இந்த தேசத்தின் வடக்கில் சீமாமலை என்ற மலையும் உண்டு. இத்தேசத்தின் காடு|காடுகளில் பச்சைக்கிளி, பஞ்சவர்ணக்கிளி, குயில், மயில், சிறுகுருவி, ஊர்க்குருவி ஆகியவையும், உயர்சாதிக்குதிரையும், யானைகளும் அதிகம் உண்டு. பச்சைமரகதகற்களும், கோமேதகக் கற்களும்,மலைச்சாரள்களில் கிடைக்கிறது.
இந்த பாரசீகதேசத்திற்கு ரதசித்ரை என்ற நதி இந்த தேசத்தை செழிக்க வைத்து கிழக்குமுகமாய் ஓடி பர்பரதேசத்தின் மேற்கு மலையில் உள்ள ஒரு ஏரியில் இணைகிறது.
இந்த தேசத்தில் தேக்கு, பலா, பிரம்பு, திந்துகம், பூர்சரம் முதலியன அதிகமாய் விளைகிறது.
நேபாளதேசம்

நேபாளதேசம் பாஞ்சாலதேசத்திற்கு வடமேற்கிலும், கோசலதேசத்திற்கு வடக்கிலும், ஆரட்டதேசத்திற்கு மேற்கிலும் இமயமலையின் தெற்கிலும், அகன்று விசாலமாக பரவி இருந்த தேசம்.
இந்த தேசத்தில் பூமி முழுவதும் எப்பொழுதும் இடைவிடாத பனி, மழை, குளிர் இவைகள் அதிகமாக இருக்கும். இந்த தேசத்திற்கு கிழக்கு பாகத்திலே ஆயவர்கம் என்ற ஓர் உபதேசமுண்டு.
இந்த தேசத்திற்கு நடுவில் தவளகிரி என்ற பெரிய மலையும், குன்றுகளும், அடர்ந்த காடுகளாலும், பெரியமலைகளினாலும், சூழப்பட்டுள்ளதால், இதை மலை நாடு என்றே அழைப்பதுண்டு. இத்தேசத்தின் காடுகளில் வெள்ளைக் குதிரைகளும், வெண்மை ஆடுகளும் கொடிய காட்டு விலங்குகளும் அதிகம் உண்டு.
இந்த நேபாளதேசத்தின் கிழக்கிலும், ஆரட்டதேசத்திற்கு மேற்கிலும், இமயமலையிலிருந்து உருவாகி தெற்கு நோக்கி ஓடுகிற நதி கௌசிகீ இந்த தேசத்தை செழிக்க வைக்கின்றது.
செம்பிட்டத் தில்லான்

செம்பிட்டத் தில்லான் அல்லது செம்பிட்டத் தகைவிலான்(red-rumped swallow ) என்பது தில்லான் குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு பறவையாகும். இப்பறவை தெற்கு ஐரோப்பா, போர்ச்சுகல், ஸ்பெயின், ஜப்பான், இந்தியா, ஆப்பிரிக்காவின் சில பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறது. இவற்றின் முதன்மை உணவு பூச்சிகளாகும்.
இப்பறவை சிட்டுக்குருவி பருமன் உள்ளது. பிளவுபட்ட வாலும், மின்னும் தீய்நுதலும் கருநீல முதுகும், செம்மஞ்சள் கலந்த வெண்மை நிறமுடைய வயிறும், பின் கழுத்திலும், பிட்டத்திலும் செந்தவிட்டு நிறமும் கொண்டது. இப்பறவைகளின் பெரும்பகுதி வலசைவருபவை ஆகும்.
சியாச்சின் பிணக்கு

சியாச்சின் பிணக்கு (Siachen Conflict), அல்லது சியாச்சின் போர், இந்தியாவின் ஜம்மு காஷ்மீர் மாநிலத்தின் லடாக்கிலிருந்து வடகிழக்கே ஐம்பது கிலோ மீட்டர் தொலைவில் உள்ள இமயமலையில் காரகோரம் மலைத்தொடரில் உள்ள சியாச்சின் பனி மலையில் 900 சதுர கிலோ மீட்டர் பரப்புள்ள நிலத்தின் உரிமை குறித்து இந்தியா - பாகிஸ்தான் நாடுகளுக்கிடையே நடைபெறும் இராணுவப் பிணக்கு ஆகும். உலகின் மிக உயரத்தில் அமைந்த சியாச்சின் போர்க்களத்தில் நடந்த போர், 2003 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இரு நாடுகளுக்கு இடையே ஏற்பட்ட ஒப்பந்தப்படி போர் நிறுத்தம் ஏற்பட்டது., 1984 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இந்திய இராணுவம், ஆபரேஷன் மேகதூத் நடவடிக்கையின் மூலம், சியாச்சின் பனி மலையின் எழுபது சதுர கிலோ மீட்டர் பரப்பளவு பகுதியை இந்தியா தக்க வைத்து கொண்டதன் மூலம் சியாச்சின் பிணக்கு மேலும் முற்றியது. டைம் இதழ் செய்தியின் படி, இந்தியா சியாச்சின் பகுதியில் 1000 சதுர கிலோமீட்டர் பகுதியை கைப்பற்றியதாக தெரிவிக்கிறது.
உலகின் மிக உயரமான இடத்தில் அமைந்த இந்தியாவின் ஹெலிபேட், சியாச்சின் பனிமலையில் 21,000 அடி (6,400 மீ) உயரத்தில் உள்ளது. இந்த ஹெலிபேட் தளத்தின் வாயிலாக இந்திய வீரர்களுக்கு உணவு மற்றும் இதர தளவாடங்கள் கொண்டு செல்லப்படுகிறது.
கார்கில் போருக்கு சியாச்சின் பிணக்கே முக்கிய காரணம் என இந்தியாவின் முன்னாள் வடக்கு கட்டளைப் பிரிவுத் தலைவர் லெப்டினண்ட் ஜெனரல் கே. டி. பட்நாயக் கூறியுள்ளார்.
1949 ஆம் ஆண்டில் செய்து கொண்ட கராச்சி உடன்படிக்கை மற்றும் 1972 ஆம் ஆண்டில் ஏற்பட்ட சிம்லா ஒப்பந்தப்படி இந்திய- பாகிஸ்தான் அரசுகள் சியாச்சின் பனிமலையில் என்.ஜெ.9842 என்றழைக்கப்படும் போர் நிறுத்த எல்லைக்கோட்டை வரையறுத்தது. தெளிவற்ற இந்த போர் நிறுத்த எல்லைக்கோட்டை பின்னர் இரு நாடுகளும் மதியாது போரிட்டுக் கொண்டு வருகிறது.
இமயமலையின் காரகோரம் மலைத்தொடரில், கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து ஆறாயிரம் மீட்டர் உயரத்தில் உள்ள சியாச்சின் பனிமலை உலகின் மிக உயரமான போர்களமாகும். சியாச்சின் மலைப்பகுதிகளில் ஆக்சிசன் குறைவாக இருப்பதால், மூச்சு விடுவதற்கு மிகவும் சிரமம் ஆகும். சியாச்சின் பனிமலையை தக்க வைத்துக் கொள்வதற்கு இந்தியா-பாகிஸ்தான் நாடுகள் 13 ஏப்ரல் 1984 முதல் போரிட்டு வருகிறது. இப்போரில் இதுவரை இருதரப்பிலும் இரண்டாயிரத்திற்கும் அதிகமான படைவீரர்களை இருதரப்பு நாடுகளும் இழந்துள்ளது. மேலும் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான வீரர்கள் படுகாயம் அடைந்துள்ளனர். போரில் உயிர் நீத்த விரர்களைக் காட்டிலும், இங்கு நிலவும் பூச்சியம் பாகைக்கு கீழ் காணப்படும் கடுங்குளிராலும், கடுமையான பனிப்பொழிவாலும், பனிச்சரிவுகளாலும் அதிக வீரர்கள் உயிர் இழந்துள்ளனர் மற்றும் பலர் படுகாயம் அடைந்துள்ளனர்.
கடல் மட்டத்திலிருந்து 18 ஆயிரம் அடி உயரத்திற்கு மேல் இருக்கும் சியாச்சின் இராணுவ முகாம்களில் உள்ள வீரர்களுக்கு தேவையான உணவு, உடைகள், போர்த் தளவாடங்கள் முதலியவைகள் ஹெலிகாப்டர்கள் மூலம் கொண்டு செல்லப்படுகின்றன. இதற்கு இந்தியா ஒரு நாள் ஒன்றிற்கு 6.8 கோடி ரூபாய் செலவழிக்கிறது.
7 ஏப்ரல் 2012-இல் சியாச்சின் பனிமலையில் ஏற்பட்ட பனிச்சரிவில் சிக்கி 140 பாகிஸ்தானிய போர் வீரர்கள் இறந்தனர்.3 பிப்ரவரி 2016-இல் ஏற்பட்ட பனிச்சரிவில் சிக்கி பத்து இந்திய படைவீரர்கள் இறந்தனர்.. மேலும் ஜனவரி 2016-இல் ஏற்பட்ட பனிச்சரிவில் நான்கு இந்திய படைவீரர்கள் உயிரிழந்தனர்.