davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
ネパールの仏教

本項では、ネパールの仏教（ネパールのぶっきょう）について、歴史的な「ネパール」地域（カトマンズ渓谷）と現代のネパールの両方に対象として解説する。
現代のネパールにおける仏教の諸宗派には主に、カトマンズ渓谷の都市部を中心に伝統的に信仰されるネワール仏教、近世以降に隣国チベットから大々的にもたらされたチベット仏教、今世紀に入ってから増大を見せる上座部が挙げられる。
そもそも仏教の開祖である釈迦の故郷であるルンビニは、今日のネパール領南部にあった。仏教興隆に貢献したマウリヤ朝のアショーカ王は、この地に仏陀生誕の地を示す石柱を建立し、近代に至りそれが決め手となってルンビニが再発見されることになる。
インドでグプタ朝が隆盛していた紀元後5世紀以降、ネパールに成立したリッチャヴィ朝によって、この地に仏教とヒンドゥー教が同時にもたらされることになった。7世紀に入り、王朝の支配者アンシュ・ヴァルマーは、娘ブリクティーを吐蕃（チベット）の王ソンツェン・ガンポに嫁がせ、唐から嫁いだ文成公主と共に、吐蕃（チベット）に仏教文化をもたらし、ラサのトゥルナン寺（ジョカン、大昭寺）建立のきっかけを作るなど、後のチベット仏教の嚆矢となった。
チベット仏教と同じくインド後期密教が受容されていく一方、ヒンドゥー教、カーストにも強い影響を受けた社会環境の中で、ネパールの仏教は、グバジュ（Gubhaju）と呼ばれる世襲の仏教特権階級を生み出しつつ存続してきた。
11世紀前半には、アティーシャがチベットへ赴く途上、ネパールに滞在した。同地に密教をもたらしたのが彼であったかどうかは諸説あるものの、ネパールでは、この時代前後に密教が伝播していったようである。
インド仏教がイスラム勢力の侵攻によって滅亡した13世紀以降、このネパール仏教がサンスクリット経典を継承する唯一の存在となった。1820年にネパール入りした英国の外交官B. H. ホジソンによってそれが発見され、1881年にRājendralāla Mitraの『The Sanskrit Buddhist Literature of Nepal』で紹介されて以降、欧米や日本の研究者によって、サンスクリット経典蒐集拠点としてネパールは注目されることになった。
日本のその分野の草分けである河口慧海のネパール・サンスクリット経典との関わりは、その著書『チベット旅行記』『第二回チベット旅行記』で詳述されている。
Rōben

Rōben (良弁、朗弁、良辨、朗辨) (689 – 773), also known as Ryōben, was a Japanese Buddhist monk of the Kegon sect, and clerical founder of the Tōdai-ji temple in Nara, Nara Prefecture, Japan. He is popularly known as the "Golden Bell Practitioner" (金鐘行者, Konshō Gyōja). His life spanned the late Asuka period (538 – 710) to the early Nara period (710 – 794), a period associated with the establishment of Buddhism in Japan.
According to tradition, Rōben was born either in either Ōmi Province in present-day Shiga Prefecture or Sagami Province in present-day Kanagawa Prefecture. Sagami is considered the more likely location.
According to legend as a young baby, Rōben was snatched by an eagle and dropped off over a pine tree in front of what is now the Nigatsu-dō Hall. Rōben was raised as a monk, and reunited with his mother 30 years later. In one version of the story, Rōben wore an amulet of Kannon Bodhisattva since he was a baby, which his mother recognized when she came to Nara as a pilgrim. Records with the Ministry of Justice in Nara at the time, do record Rōben as having been raised as a monk since infancy, but do not state anything further as to his origins.
Rōben first studied Hossō Buddhism under the monk Gien (義淵) (d. 728). Gien and his disciples Rōben and Gyōki are considered to have created the foundation of Japanese Buddhism at the beginning of the Nara period. In 733, the fifth year of the Tenpyō era, Rōben oversaw expansion and construction of Kinshō-ji (金鐘寺) and the massive bronze statue of Vairocana Buddha under the patronage of Emperor Shōmu (724 – 749). Kinshō-ji is now the Hokke-dō hall of Tōdai-ji.
In 740, the twelfth year of the Tenpyō era, an eminent Korean monk of the Silla kingdom (57 BC – 935 AD) named Simsang (審祥, known as Shinjō in Japan, was invited by Rōben to Japan to help establish a new sect based on the Huayan school of thought. This led to the foundation of the Kegon school of Buddhism with permission from Emperor Shōmu. Rōben subsequently became the second patriarch of the Kegon school.
Rōben later presided over the drawing of the eyes ceremony of the Great Buddha statue at Tōdai-ji in 751. He was first a bettō monk at Tōdai-ji, but was later promoted to be a zōshō (僧正) high Buddhist priest of the temple.
Rōben spent the final years of his life on the establishment of Ishiyama-dera in present-day Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture. He died on November 16, 773 at the age of 85 at or near Uda in present-day Nara Prefecture.
Daibutsu

Daibutsu (大仏, kyūjitai: 大佛) or 'giant Buddha' is the Japanese term, often used informally, for large statues of Buddha. The oldest is that at Asuka-dera (609) and the best-known is that at Tōdai-ji in Nara (752). The Tōdai-ji Daibutsu is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of the seven Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara and a National Treasure.
There are also several in Aichi Prefecture. https://www.aichi-now.jp/en/features/detail/4/
Emperor Monmu

Emperor Monmu (文武天皇, Monmu-tennō, 683–707) was the 42nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Monmu's reign spanned the years from 697 through 707.
Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was Karu-shinnō.
He was a grandson of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō. He was the second son of Prince Kusakabe. Monmu's mother was Princess Abe, a daughter of Emperor Tenji. Monmu's mother would later accede to the throne herself, and she would be known as Empress Genmei.
Karu-shinnō was only six years old when his father, Crown Prince Kusakabe, died.
Emperor Monmu ruled until his death in 707, at which point he was succeeded by his mother, Empress Genmei, who was also his first cousin once removed and his first cousin twice removed. He left a young son by Fujiwara no Miyako, a daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito: Obito no miko (Prince Obito), who eventually became Emperor Shōmu.
Emperor Monmu's reign lasted 10 years. He died at the age of 25.
The actual site of Monmu's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Monmu's mausoleum. It is formally named Hinokuma no Ako no oka no e no misasagi.
Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Monmu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
Conventional modern scholarship seems to have determined that the years of Monmu's reign are encompassed within more than one era name or nengō.
The initial years of Monmu's reign are not linked by scholars to any era or nengō. The Taika era innovation of naming time periods – nengō – languished until Monmu reasserted an imperial right by proclaiming the commencement of Taihō in 701.
In this context, Brown and Ishida's translation of Gukanshō offers an explanation about the years of Empress Jitō's reign which muddies a sense of easy clarity in the pre-Taiho time-frame:
Bunin: Fujiwara no Miyako (藤原宮子, d. 754), Fujiwara no Fuhito’s daughter
Hin: Ki no Kamado-no-iratsume (紀竃門娘)
Hin: Ishikawa no Tone-no-iratsume (石川刀子娘)
Great Buddha of Thailand

The Big Buddha of Thailand, also known as The Great Buddha, The Big Buddha of Thailand, Phra Buddha Maha Nawamin, and Mahaminh Sakayamunee Visejchaicharn (Thai: พระพุทธมหานวมินทรศากยมุนีศรีวิเศษชัยชาญ; RTGS: Phra Phuttha Maha Nawaminthara Sakkayamuni Si Wiset Chai Chan) is a statue of the Buddha, located in Ang Thong Province of Thailand. It is the tallest statue in Thailand, the second tallest statue in Southeast Asia, and the ninth-tallest in the world.
Located at the Wat Muang temple in the Ang Thong Province, this statue stands 92 m (300 ft) high, and is 63 m (210 ft) wide. Construction commenced in 1990, and was completed in 2008. It is painted gold and made of concrete. The Buddha is in the seated posture called Maravijaya Attitude.
The statue was built following the order of Phra Kru Vibul Arjarakhun, the first abbot of Wat Muang temple, in order to commemorate the King Bhumibol of Thailand. The statue was built using the donated money from faithful Buddhists considering as the act of making merit. The budget spent on the statue was roughly 104,200,000 baht. Not far from the statue is believed to be the Wat Muang temple. The exact origins of the temple are unknown, as the original temple was destroyed in the 18th century during the war with the Burmese - they invaded and looted the former Thai capital of Ayutthaya. The reconstruction of Wat Muang took a long time and was not completed until 1982, and 8 years later work began on the 'Big Buddha', which was completed 18 years later. Nearby are more sculptures which depict the gods, the kings of Thailand and the events of the Siamo-Burma War. Also around the Buddha is a park where lotus flowers grow.
The statue's formal name, Phra Phuttha Mahanawamintra Sakayamunee Sri Visejchaicharn (Thai: พระพุทธมหานวมินทรศากยมุนีศรีวิเศษชัยชาญ), was given by Phra Khru Vibul Arjarakun, and means "the Lord Buddha of Wiset Chai Chan, Built in Honor of King Bhumibol." The name is a blend of Sanskrit words: Phra Phuttha (lit. 'Lord Buddha', Sanskrit varabuddha); Mahanawamintra (Bhumibol's royal title, Sanskrit mahānavamindra), Sakayamunee (Sanskrit śākyamunī), and Visejchaicharn (Sanskrit śrīviśeṣajayajāña)
The statue is also known as Luangpho Yai (หลวงพ่อใหญ่) or Luangpho To (หลวงพ่อโต); neither terms refer to any specific Buddha statue. The names literally mean Big Buddha, and are used for any colossal Buddha statue.
7th century

The 7th century is the period from 601 through 700 in accordance with the Julian calendar in the Christian Era.
The spread of Islam and the Muslim conquests began with the unification of Arabia by the Islamic prophet Muhammad starting in 622. After Muhammad's death in 632, Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula under the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) and the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). The Muslim conquest of Persia in the 7th century led to the downfall of the Sasanian Empire. Also conquered during the 7th century were Syria, Palestine, Armenia, Egypt, and North Africa.
The Byzantine Empire suffered setbacks during the rapid expansion of the Caliphate and a mass incursion of Slavs in the Balkans which reduced its territorial limits. The decisive victory at the Siege of Constantinople in the 670s led the empire to retain Asia Minor, which ensured the existence of the empire.
In the Iberian Peninsula, the 7th century was known as the Siglo de Concilios (century of councils) referring to the Councils of Toledo. Northumbria established dominance in the British Isles from Mercia, while the Lombards maintained its hold in most of Italy.
In China, the Sui dynasty was replaced by the Tang dynasty, which set up its military bases from Korea to Central Asia. China began to reach its height. Silla allied itself with the Tang dynasty, subjugating Baekje and defeating Goguryeo to unite the Korean Peninsula under one ruler. The Asuka period persisted in Japan throughout the 7th century.
Harsha united Northern India, which had reverted to small republics and states after the fall of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century.
7th century BC

The 7th century BC began the first day of 700 BC and ended the last day of 601 BC.
The Neo-Assyrian Empire continued to dominate the Near East during this century, exercising formidable power over neighbors like Babylon and Egypt. In the last two decades of the century, however, the empire began to unravel as numerous enemies made alliances and waged war from all sides. The Assyrians finally left the world stage permanently when their capital Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC. These events gave rise to the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which would dominate the region for much of the following century.
The Zhou dynasty continues in China and the Late Period begins in Egypt with the Twenty-sixth Dynasty starting with the coronation of Psamtik I.
In Mesoamerica, the Zapotec civilization began to develop in the area later known as the Valley of Oaxaca.
See: List of sovereign states in the 7th century BC.
Hairstyles of Japanese women

Hairstyles of Japanese women have been varied throughout history. Since the 7th century, Japanese noblewomen have sought out elaborate and structured ways to wear their hair to show off their elite status. This included hairdos built of wax, ribbons, combs, hair picks, and flowers.
The noblewomen of the early 7th century would wear their hair "very high and boxy at the front, with a sickle-shaped ponytail at the back, sometimes called "hair bound with a red string."" They would call this hairstyle "keppatsu" because it was inspired by the Chinese fashion of the era. Kepatsu served to make the hairline look artificially retracted
The noblewomen of Japan started to abandon Chinese fashions and create their own style of sense and practicality. This occurred around 794 and lasted about 1345, during Heian period. The style at this time was to wear long, loose, straight hair. "Floor-length black tresses were considered the height of beauty." The 11th-century novel The Tale of Genji (源氏物語, Genji monogatari) describes women showing off their long, flowing hair.
This hairstyle first appeared during the Edo period. Women began putting wax in their hair and pulling back a number of different buns and decorated it by adding combs, sticks, sometimes even flower and ribbons. This version is relatively simple compared to what would come in later years of this style. This was the main style of a Geisha
"Those who would wear this hairstyle during this period were young and ordinary women.
Variants of the shimada are the Taka Shimada, Tsubushi Shimada, Uiwata, Momoware, and Torobin Shimada.
List of longest-reigning monarchs

This is a list of the longest-reigning monarchs in history, detailing the monarchs and lifelong leaders who have reigned the longest, ranked by length of reign.
The following are the 25 longest-reigning monarchs of states who were internationally recognised as sovereign for most or all of their reign. Roman emperors Constantine VIII and Basil II, reigning for 66 years in total (962–1028) and for 65 years in total (960–1025) respectively, are not included, because for part of those periods they reigned only nominally as junior co-emperors alongside senior emperors.
Regencies (and Coregencies as a "senior" monarch) are not counted against monarchs, hence Louis XIV is listed first among the monarchs of sovereign states despite his mother Anne of Austria being his regent for eight years. A distinction is not made between absolute and constitutional monarchs, hence Elizabeth II is listed second despite being a figurehead her entire reign.
The currently living longest-reigning monarch, Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, is not included on the list because Brunei was not a sovereign state until 1984. Bolkiah will be eligible for inclusion if he is still reigning in 2040 and surpasses Conrad I's independent rule of 56 years, 99 days.
The table below contains 100 monarchs of states that were not independent sovereigns for at least a portion of their reigns.
These monarchs are grouped according to length of reign by year in whole numbers. Within each year-grouping, they appear alphabetically. In a given year, there may have been a wide array of actual reign lengths based on days. Thus, this table does not present a precise ranking by total length of reign. The list is limited to those that might reasonably be expected to lie within the range of those in the tables above, at minimum 56 years. Emphasised states were sovereign. Japanese legendary emperors, according to the ancient Japanese calendar, reigned for very long terms of 60–70 years each. The longest ruler of the legendary emperors, Emperor Kōan, was claimed to have reigned for about 101 years. These figures are not included in the table because they are regarded as inaccurate by modern scholars. For those, see Longevity myths. Rulers with both independent and dependent rules are combined.
Umuce

Umuce ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'umuco nyarwanda bya kera kuva mu bakurambere bu Rwanda, umuce ubundi bawita umusambi cyangwa se ikirago . Umuce ubundi ukoze mu rukaganga bumishije ubundi bakagenda bahambiriza umugwegwe nayo babanje gutunganya neza bayikubita , bakayumutsa ubindi ikoroha .
Umuce ubundi utandukanye n'umusambi ndetse nanone byobi bitandukanye ndetse n'ikirago, ariko nanone bigatandukana bigendanye naho bikoresha ndetse n'imikoreshereze.
Inkwano

Inkwano ni kimwe mu bintu umuryango w'umuhungu ubasaba umugeni utanga kugirango bamuhe umugeni mu muco w'abanyrwanda. Inkwano zabaga zirimo amako atandukanye, nubwo habagaho umugeni w'ubuntu ariko inka nicyo kintu cy'apimirwagaho inkwano zitangwa .
ni inkwano yatangwaga ku muryango w'umukobwa aho zabaga ari inyana z'inka za majigija ariko zitegura kwima noneho ikabyarira rimwe n'umugeni b'azikoye.
inka b'ankwagamo umugeni ariko w'abyari iwabo cy'angwa watandukanye n'umugabo gusa yarabyaye bitanyuze mu muco nyarwanda .
Inka mu nani cyangwa ijana n'izazo zabaga ari inka bakoye umugore wari utuzwe n'undi mugabo bakamukurayo maze agasabwa mu rundi rugo, kuko yishimiwe kandi akuzwe bakamwita umugore wasumbakaje .
Isuka nayo yari inkwano yazaga mbere kugirango izage guhingira ubwatsi inka zizarya, mu muco n'amateka yu Rwanda Isuka yafatwaga nk'inkwano aho yatanganga amasuka 10 angana n'inka.
Gutenda byakorwaga n'umusore washakaga gukwa umukobwa ariko akaba nta kwano afite, rero akajya kwa sebukwe akabakorera akazi mugihe bumvikanye maze yakarangiza bakamuha umukobwa wabo.
Ludwig Feuerbach

Ludwig Feuerbach cyangwe Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach (28 Nyakanga 1804 - 13 Nzeli 1872), niwe wa mbere wagize igitekerezo cy’uko mu bintu byose byigwa na Filozofi, umuntu ariwe wa mbere kuko ariwe mukuru w’ibintu byose bigize kamere (nature). Yaneguye cyane igitekerezo cya Hegel cya Absolute Ideal , yerekana ko Absolute Ideal ya Hegel ari ubwenge bw’umuntu Hegel yatandukanyije na nyirabwo, abuhindura akantu gafite ubuzima gatozi, ngo maze karangije kihinduramo isi. Yagaragaje kandi ko igitekerezo gishingiye kuri matter kandi ko kitahinduka hatariho matter. Ludwig yari materialist. Yemeje kandi ko umuntu ari we urema Imana, Imana itarema umuntu. Kuri we ngo iyo umuntu ananiwe kumenya, gusobanura, gukora no gutunganya ibyo yagombaga, yihangira ikindi kintu aturizamo, agashyira mu maboko ibyo byose byamunaniye, bityo akiha Morale ko icyo yahanze (Imana) ari cyo kizabitunganya mu gihe gikwiye.
Imihango y'umugore utwite

Umugore utwite, akunda kurwara irekwe (gusinzira); yilinda gutambuka umugabo we, ngo iyo amutambutse„ na we aralirwara.Umugore utvvite, maze hakagira umutambuka akamurenga, iy’umugore akozwe n’inda yanze kuvuka, batumira uwamurenze, akaza kumurengura. Iyo atamurenguye, ngo ntabyara, ngo inda iramwica. Umugore utwite, iyo arenze imiseno, ngo akuramo inda. Umugore utwite ntajya iwabo ataligeze guca mu irembo, ngo akuramo inda. Umugore utwite yilinda kunywa inzoga ipfutse, ngo apfumuze umuheha icyo bayipfukishije; babanza gukuraho urupfuko akabona gusoma ku nzoga; ngo atabigize atyo inda yazamwica ikamupfukirana; kandi ngo atazabyara umwana upfutse, utazashobora kuvuga.Umugore utwite ntaseka ikimara, ngo na we atakibyara. Ikintu cyose cyabuze ubulyo, umugore utwite yilinda kugiseka, ngo aragiseka akazakibyara (ibara Iyacyo-cyangwa akabyara ikidashyitse) Umugore utwite ntaseka uwahetse inyonjo, ngo yabyara umwa na uyihetse.
Umugore utwite, apfa kubona ikintu cy’imboneka limwe, nk’igali, imodoka, akagikoraho, akikora no ku nda, cyangwa akareba aho icyo kintu cyanyuze, akahakora agakora no ku nda ye, cyangwa akareba ikintu cyagikozeho, akakinyweraho amazi; cyangwa akareba uko acyambara. Iyo atabigenjeje atyo ngo abyara icyo kintu yabonye (ibara lyacyo. Umugore utwite, yilinda kureba aho imbwa yabwaguliye, kereka ibibwana bimaze guhumura; ngo atazabyara umwana uhumye. Umugore utwite, ntiyabona inzoka ngo aseke, iyo asetse, abyara umwana usohoroye urulimi nk’urw’inzoka. Azira no kwica inzoka, ngo yabyara umwana urabya indimi, kereka yambaye icyunulizwa cyayo. Umugore utwite, iyo agiye aho babaga, ntiyahava kereka bamuciliye inyama, batamuciliye ngo yakuramo inda.
Iyo umugabo ashaka urugi, arabona urutindo

Umugani "Iyo umugabo ashaka urugi, arabona urutindo" waturutse ku bitekerezo by’ubuzima bw’abanyarwanda ba kera, byibanda ku mbaraga z’umutimanama w’umuntu ushaka kugera ku ntego, ndetse no ku migenzereze y’abashakaga ibisubizo mu bihe bikomeye.
Uyu mugani ntufite inkomoko ku muntu umwe wihariye, ahubwo ushingiye ku mateka rusange y’abanyarwanda. Mu bihe bya kera, abantu babaga bafite intego ariko bakabura uburyo bworoshye bwo kuyigeraho (urugi), bagakoresha ubwenge, ubuhanga, cyangwa ubufasha (urutindo) kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo byabo. Hari ibyabayeho mu mibereho y’abantu bikaba intandaro yo kuvuga uyu mugani, urugero:
Uyu mugani rero wavuye mu bitekerezo by’ubuzima bwa buri munsi, ukomeza kwigisha abantu ko ubushake n’ubushishozi ari ingenzi mu buzima bwabo.
Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati

Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika yo Hagati cyangwa Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati (ECCAS cyangwa CEEAC ; izina mu Cyongereza: Economic Community of Central African States ; izina mu Gifaransa: Communauté Économique des États d'Afrique Centrale) ni umuryango ugamije guteza imbere ubufatanye mu by’ubukungu bw’ibihugu by’Afurika yo hagati. Intego zawo ni ukugera k’ubwigenge ibihugu bihuriyeho kuzamura ikigero cy’imibereho y’abaturage batuye ibihugu biwugize no guharanira ko hatabaho ihungabana ry’ubukungu binyuze mu bufatanye burimo umucyo.
Uyu Muryango w’Ubukungu bw’Ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo Hagati wavutse mu wa 1983. Ugizwe n’ibihugu 11 byo muri ako Karere harimo n’u Rwanda
CEEAC/ECCAS igamije: guteza imbere ubukungu bw’ibihugu mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi, umutungo kamere, ubucuruzi, inganda, itumanaho, gutwara ibintu n’abantu; guharanira imibereho myiza y’abaturage; gukuraho imisoro n’amahoro; gushyiraho politiki y’urujya n’uruza rw’abantu; gushyiraho Ikigega cy ubufatanye bugamije iterambere; gufasha ibihugu bikennye kurusha ibindi.
CEEAC ubu ifite gahunda yo kuvugurura imikorere mu rwego rw’ubukungu no gukemura ibibazo bihungabanya amahoro n’umutekano.
Umuhanda wo hagati (Afurika)

Umuhanda wo hagati ( Central Corridor ) ni inzira yo gutwara no gucuruza iherereye muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba no Hagati . Iherezo ryayo ni umujyi wa Dar es Salaam uri ku cyambu cya Tanzaniya, aho uhurira n’isi yose ukoresheje ubwikorezi. Kuva i Dar es Salaam, koridoro ikorera mu gihugu imbere, ikorera imbere muri Tanzaniya harimo umurwa mukuru wa Dodoma n'umujyi wa kabiri wa Mwanza, ndetse n'u Rwanda n'Uburundi bidafite inkombe z'amazi, ndetse no mu burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo . Iyi nzira igizwe ikoresha umurongo wo hagati wa Tanzaniya kimwe no guhuza imiyoboro.
Umuhanda wo hagati utanga ubundi buryo bwerekeza ku nyanja kuva mu Rwanda, mu Burundi no muri DRC uva mu muhanda munini wa koridori y'Amajyaruguru, unyura muri Uganda na Kenya kugera ku cyambu cya Mombasa .
Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri

Abanyafurika benshi bazi akamaro k’igiti. Tubona ibiti ahantu henshi kandi tunabikoresha mu mirimo itandukanye. Igiti ni ikimera kigira umugongo umeraho amashami n’amababi by’ingirakamaro cyane. Hari ibiti bimwe na bimwe bigira indabo zihumura neza, ibindi bikagira imbuto ziribwa. Habaho amoko menshi y’ibiti: ibigufi n’ibirebire, ibibyibushye n’ibyakonze kandi umumaro wabyo ntugira uko ungana.Nimwibaze nk’ubu umunsi umwe tubyutse tugasanga mu Rwanda hose nta giti na kimwe gihari! Byaba ari akaga gakomeye. Birumvikana ko nta biti byera imbuto byaba biriho, nta rubuto na rumwe rwazongera kuribwa. Abakunda imbuto ziribwa baba bagize ikibazo gikomeye cyane. Ipapayi yo yababaza abatari bake kubera ko benshi bayirahira ngo yabakijije impatwe, inzoka n’izindi ndwara.
Ahatari ibiti, ibyanya by’inyamaswa nk’Akagera, Nyungwe, pariki y’ibirunga ntibyahaboneka. Wa mwuka mwiza duhumeka waba ugiye nka Nyomberi. Imvura yajyaga itosa ubutaka, abantu bagahinga, ikiherera iyo. Inyamaswa ziba mu byanya zaba zibuze intaho, ba mukerarugendo babura iyo berekeza, mbese isi yaba ibaye imburabuturo!
Ibikorwa bya muntu bigira uruhare rukomeye mu kwangiza amashyamba. Umuntu ni we utema ibiti byo gucana, kubakisha, gukoramo ibikoresho bitandukanye ibindi akagurisha. Aratutira akabimaraho yirengagije ko n’ejo ari umunsi. Ntiyibuka gutera ibindi ngo bizamugoboke mu gihe kizaza. Umuntu ni we ucukura amabuye y’agaciro agatengura imisozi ubundi imvura yagwa inkangu zigacika. Ikindi gihangayikishije ni ubwiyongere bukabije bw’abatuye isi,bangiza ibidukikije bashaka aho gutura n’aho gushyira ibindi bikorwa byabo.
Ubu mu Rwanda hatangijwe gahunda n’ubukangurambaga mu kubungabunga igiti. Ndetse hagenwe itariki yiswe “umunsi w’igiti”. Kuri iyo tariki igiti kiramamazwa, hakaratwa umumaro wacyo maze rubanda rugashishikarizwa gutera ibiti ku bwinshi. Abanyarwanda barashishikarizwa gutera ibiti bivangwa n’imyaka mu murima. Intero kandi ni imwe ngo “Nutema kimwe uge utera bibiri”. Ubu ni bumwe mu buryo bw’ingenzi Leta y’u Rwanda yashyizeho ngo irusheho kubungabunga ibidukikije.
Inama y’Abaminisitiri

Inama y'Abaminisitiri y'u Rwanda igizwe na Minisitiri w’intebe, abaminisitiri, abaminisitiri ba leta , n’abandi banyamuryango batowe na Perezida. Abagize Inama y'Abaminisitiri batoranijwe mu mitwe ya politiki hashingiwe ku myanya bafite mu mutwe w’abadepite, ariko abagize Guverinoma ntibashobora kuba muri uwo mutwe wabadepite.
Mu 2018 inama y'Abaminisitiri yari igizwe na 50% byabagore, bityo u Rwanda hamwe na Etiyopiya biba ibihugu bibiri bya Afurika byonyine bifite uburinganire muri guverinoma zabo. Perezida Paul Kagame yagabanije umubare w’abaminisitiri uva kuri 31 ugera kuri 26 mu Kwakira 2018.
Grand Treatise on Tea

The Grand Treatise on Tea (simplified Chinese: 大观茶论; traditional Chinese: 大觀茶論; pinyin: Dàguān Chá Lùn) is a book written by the Chinese Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty in 1107.
Emperor Huizong was a great connoisseur of tea, with masterful skill in the art of tea ceremony. He often engaged in tea tasting and tea competitions with his subordinates at the Song imperial court. Emperor Huizong's favourite was Anji Bai Cha. (He wrote that what he loved was "Bai Cha." This should not be confused with the tea currently known as "White Tea," but was rather "a Green Tea which had the color of white jade".) In the Treatise on Tea, Emperor Huizong provided the most detailed, vivid and masterful description of the Song dynasty technique of tea spotting. The Emperor also laid down seven criteria for Tea Competitions (Doucha 闘茶).
The Treatise on Tea is a key document for understanding the most sophisticated tea ceremony in Chinese history. It stands as the monumental treatise on tea after Lu Yu's The Classic of Tea (c. 760–780).
Paul Le Mat

Paul Le Mat (born September 22, 1945) is an American actor. He first came to prominence with his role in American Graffiti (1973); his performance was met with critical acclaim and earned him the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor.
Le Mat's breakout performance in George Lucas' American Graffiti landed him the lead role in box office hit Aloha, Bobby and Rose (1975). He also is known for his work in the Jonathan Demme films Handle with Care (1977) and Melvin and Howard (1980). He won another Golden Globe award for his performance in the TV film The Burning Bed (1984) and starred in the cult film Puppet Master (1989), which spawned a franchise.
Le Mat was born to Matthew (1914–1963) and Elizabeth LeMat (1917–2016). He graduated from Newport Harbor High School in 1963, and attended San Diego City College, Cypress Junior College, Chapman College, and eventually received an Associate of Arts degree from Los Angeles Valley College. Le Mat served in the Vietnam War with the U.S. Navy on an SP-5B Marlin seaplane in a maritime patrol squadron.
Le Mat starred in the pilot episode of Firehouse in 1973. In the same year, he appeared in American Graffiti, a coming-of-age film about a group of friends in Modesto, California in the early 1960s. He played John Milner - a role that would earn him his first Golden Globe Award. Le Mat also starred in Floyd Mutrux's 1975 crime spree film Aloha, Bobby and Rose, another commercial hit.
In 1977, he starred in Jonathan Demme's acclaimed comedy Citizens Band, later re-titled Handle with Care. Le Mat would reunite with Demme for 1980's Melvin and Howard, in which he played the title role of Melvin Dummar. The film was based upon the true story of a gas station attendant who claimed to be an heir of eccentric billionaire Howard Hughes, and it won two Academy Awards. Le Mat was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. In 1979, Le Mat reprised his role of John Milner in More American Graffiti.
In 1982, Le Mat played the character John Dortmunder in Jimmy the Kid, opposite Gary Coleman in the role of Jimmy. He also provided the voice of Omar in the American release of the animated film Rock & Rule. Le Mat starred in the made-for-TV movie The Burning Bed with Farrah Fawcett. The film was based on the true story of an abusive husband who drives his wife to drastic measures with his aggressive ways. Le Mat was awarded the second Golden Globe Award of his career for his role in the film. He starred in other television films such as The Night They Saved Christmas, Into the Homeland and Secret Witness. He appeared in the TV miniseries On Wings of Eagles and in the film Puppet Master.
In the 1990s, Le Mat worked on independent films and TV movies. He played Josiah Peale in Lonesome Dove: The Series and in the follow-up Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years. He had a small role in the 1998 film American History X. More recently, Le Mat starred in the film Stateside.
Le Mat married Suzanne de Passe in 1978. Le Mat and de Passe have since divorced.
湯圓

湯圓是一個盛行於華人界的美食及甜點，由於製作方便又美味，因此廣為流傳，是上元與冬至應景的一種食品，寓意團團圓圓，是人民对于幸福生活的一种向往和期盼。吳語稱之為「湯糰」、「圓子」；泉漳話（含台灣話）稱之為「圓仔」、「米圓」；潮州話稱之為「鴨母捻」、「圓」；興化話稱之為「丸囝」；馬祖話稱之為「湯丸」；福州話稱之為「元宵丸」；客家語稱之為「惜圓」、「粄圓」、「雪圓仔」、「圓粄仔」。
湯圓大多為糯米製成，也有少部分以黄米制成，內餡較為常見的有芝麻、棗子、水果及鮮肉、菜肉等；也有小而無餡者，喚「小圓子」，以吳地最爲人識。湯圓內餡可甜餡或鹹餡或是無餡，相對於元宵只能甜餡而言豐富許多。
吴语称汤团，江南地区的汤团以宁波汤团尤为出名。宁波汤团采用吊浆技法，即将糯米磨成水磨粉，随后配以用芝麻、猪油和白砂糖合成的黑洋沙馅，以其色白發光，糯而不粘而著名，故现在宁波邻近地区，如上海的汤团做法也多采用宁波汤团的做法。不過上海郊縣本地人家仍照老法，做菜肉、黑洋酥、棗子、豆沙四味，分做圓、圓長、一頭尖、兩頭尖樣式。今知名的宁波汤团老字号有缸鸭狗等，上海城隍庙的宁波汤团店也十分有名。此外酒酿小圆子也是江南地区的一道名点，色白無餡，湯甜微醺，開春時節最興。
每年春节期间，在四川当地都有吃汤圆的习惯，尤其是大年初一和十五这两天，有团圆的象征意義。此外，汤圆分甜味和咸味，甜的馅料以红糖、黄糖为主，多配以花生、核桃、芝麻、玫瑰；咸味的餡料多以肉末与宜宾芽菜等製成。
福州的湯圓又称米𥻵。𥻵的制作方法介于元宵和汤圆之间，是通过搓半湿的糯米米粉制成。没有馅料，用开水煮熟捞出，食用时会裹上豆粉、黑芝麻、白糖或花生粉等𥻵粉。在冬至早上，煮熟的汤圆会先和福橘（橘子，可带橘叶）摆放在一起供奉祖先， 然后再由全家一起当早餐食用。
湯圓在香港沒有特定的食用時節，但以秋冬季較受歡迎，市民會在中秋、冬至、農曆新年及元宵節製作湯圓，寓意團團圓圓，同時商店及餐廳也會準備較多的湯圓出售。事實上，香港很多甜品店一年四季也有在供應湯圓。傳統港式湯圓主要以花生顆粒、芝麻蓉及紅豆蓉作餡料，並以紅糖及薑煮成甜湯。新派港式湯圓則包含紫薯、綠茶、南瓜、奶黃等材料，也有把湯圓外皮做成不同顏色，以及製作成動物或水果的形象。
傳統湯圓通常比較小，無餡料，烹調時通常加紅糖或黑糖和水一起煮，是為圓仔湯。鹹的吃法，則是加入蔬菜和肉類甚至火鍋料等材料，煮成鹹湯圓。
除了無餡料的傳統湯圓，近年來包餡的湯圓也後來居上，有花生、芝麻、紅豆、豬肉等內餡，平時商店超市及賣場也會販賣冷凍的包餡湯圓，尤其在冬至和元宵期間，湯圓多會有促銷打折的活動。
馬來西亞與印尼有一種以棕櫚糖、黑糖、椰漿、糯米、食鹽製作，名為Klepon的類似湯圓的甜點椰絲球。
金超群

金超群（1951年11月26日—），台湾男演员，籍貫中华民国山东省青島市，因演出1993年華視八點檔連續劇《包青天》的包拯而走紅。
其妻陳琪原為一名護士，後轉職當演員，並曾於華視1993年版的《包青天》中飾演龐妃一角。
金超群18歲起參加舞台劇演出，歷經演員、導演、舞台監督等職務；也曾做過電影演員、副導演。早期飾演的角色大多是反派。
金超群曾經參與1992年中華民國立法委員選舉，以無黨籍身份於臺北縣選區參選，僅得5401票落選。其兄金超偉則是新黨顧問，其連襟是台灣民眾黨主席、前台北市市長柯文哲。
1993年，金超群因出演了華視連續劇《包青天》一夜成名，並因此獲得1995年金鐘奬最佳男主角奬。1994年，金超群解約，成為自由藝人。其間，參與近五十餘部電視劇演出，兼任過編劇、導演、製片人等職，還曾在國光藝校教過表演課。
1997年，金超群將自己幾乎所有的積蓄在青島開闢了「超群影視城」，而這個影視城只拍「包公戲」，其並說：「我的影視城，不出租、不迎客。」自1993年《包青天》一劇起，金超群飾演包拯一角已經超過600集。近年，他亦參與部分劇集的編劇。他表示會爭取每年拍攝新一輯的包青天，直至拍滿1000集。
Rakuten Girls

Rakuten Girls為台灣中華職棒樂天桃猿專屬啦啦隊，負責球賽時跳舞應援，也與關係友好的KBO聯盟韓國職棒進行交流。並協助球團進行新商品（如擔任新款服飾模特兒）、新服務行銷、季中外配合贊助廠商活動亦為其工作重點。，2018、2019年由球團主導發行音樂作品《Love Me More》、《Dancing Holiday》。
受到2004年KBO聯盟韓國職棒三星獅來台與兄弟象友好交流的友誼賽所帶來的啦啦隊啟發，隔年球團成立第一代La new Girls，2011年因球團北遷桃園，改名為Lamigo Girls。
2012年球隊前往韓國打亞洲職棒大賽，藉此考察當地應援氣氛後，隔年配合電子音樂形式的「猿風加油」改組擴編為LamiGirls，並曾模仿球隊引進一、二軍制度。搭上職棒回春熱潮，透過傳媒放送及球迷推薦，部分成員知名度大開，成為球隊行銷重要利器，球團趁此推出以啦啦隊為主的相關商品（抱枕），且當年即開始有媒體分析其現象。2014年配合「全猿主場」實施舉辦公開徵選，加上回鍋，再度擴編至23人，之後儘管成員更替，但透過每年甄選，大致上維持相同規模直到2016年結束。
2015年5月9-10日「La new趴」中，部分昔日La new Girls成員首次回娘家與LamiGirls相見歡。
2016年4月16日，經常擔任Lamigo TV來賓，也是2016年LamiGirls「女孩大勝」徵選會導師之一的前5566團長孫協志宣布操盤LamiGirls進軍演藝圈，寫真單曲《獨一無二的閃爍》已於7月22日對外發行，並於10月8日登上第51屆金鐘獎頒獎典禮表演舞台進行演出（僅網路播出），隔日則舉辦慶功簽唱會。國慶日當天，與中華職棒其他三隊啦啦隊成員一起參與中華民國105年國慶表演活動。
2017年球季除正式與台灣雪豹科技代理之直播社交平台Live.me合作外（2019年起轉與浪Live合作），且推出第二張作品《勇氣的每一秒》迷你專輯；然在下半年爆出拖欠酬勞風波，球團與孫協志所屬不動心娛樂經紀公司於年底已結束關係，由球團收回自己經營。
自2013年起，每年皆有以LamiGirls為主題的「趴」。2013-2014、2016-2019年為「辣蜜趴」，2015年則是「烏克麗麗」趴，主要目的皆在答謝球迷對LamiGirls的支持。
自2013年球隊搭上職棒回春熱潮，啦啦隊成為賣點後，2014-2017年每年徵選皆成為球季前的「嬌」點：
2020球季開始，引進啦啦隊員專屬背號，為中華職棒各球團專屬啦啦隊首支擁有跟球員一樣的背號系統。每周三的晚上8:00，會在官方YouTube更新節目。
2022年7月，創中華職棒先例，推出啦啦隊員專屬官方個人徽標Logo。
2019年12月17日，時任領隊劉玠廷表示，原LamiGirls除1、2名因生涯規劃而離隊外，其餘成員將全數留用。隔年1月22日，樂天女孩於官方Facebook上公開表示巧柔、牙璽喬兩位成員因生涯規劃而離隊。
2020年開季前公布五位新成員，其中包括前一年擔任LamiGirls練習生的陳甯亞、曾有中信兄弟Passion Sisters、統一7-ELEVEn獅Uni-girls資歷的宣琳（後改名為纁曖、羚安）、前天氣女孩成員，並短暫加入過味全龍專屬啦啦隊Dragon Beauties的筠熹（原：嗨獎）、LamiGirls時期的期間限定成員今井彩香，以及原韓國職棒韓華鷹隊啦啦隊成員李河潤等。然陳甯亞在四月底即因爭議事件被球團除名，今井彩香及李河潤則因嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情的入境限制無法來台，今井彩香直到2023年7月22日才正式回歸，李河潤甚至還沒等到入境限制解除，就已經引退，並沒有上場紀錄。
2021年起增設舞蹈總監及副總監職務，總監由原編舞老師暨樂天女孩成員陸筱晴轉任，副總監由前LamiGirls成員小帆擔任。另於2020年底宣布以「猿來是妳」為主題，舉辦睽違逾三年的海選活動。經過三階段徵選，於隔年2月20日選出包含林襄、熊霓、陳伊等七名成員。
2022年起增設練習生制度，由300多人報名名單中選出芷霖、雅涵、伊婷、宋宋、嘎琳、十元6人擔任練習生，球團於3月29日宣布由雅涵、宋宋、十元3人入選正式成員，其餘3人則等待下半季的考核之入選機會。6月10日球團公布第二波女孩正選名單，嘎琳入選正式女孩名單。
2023年1月，球團宣布倪暄因「合約到期」離隊。同年2月18日，由300多人報名名單中選出儷軒、欣妤（現：心韻）、芯芯（現：李昀）、禹菡、芷軒、凱伊、溫妮共7人擔任練習生，為歷屆甄選中最多，球團於3月20日宣布7位練習生全員轉正，成員數來到32人。同年3月17日，宣布韓籍成員李多慧加盟樂天女孩，成為隊史第三位「洋將」啦啦隊成員。3月28日宣布練習生伊婷（今:Kira）轉正，加上先前徵選，總成員數來到34人，為隊史最多。
2024年2月，球團宣布林襄、張語芯因「生涯規劃」離隊，並與同日宣布梔梔、Mika、Dora、丘薆等四位新成員加入。並於同年3月宣布李多慧因「生涯規劃」離隊。
2025年1月，球團宣布凱莉絲、十元、Yuri、慧慧、雅涵、心韻、阿布舞、菲菲因「合約到期」離隊，並與同日宣布彭彭、笑笑等兩位新成員加入。
2025年2月，球團宣布韓籍成員廉世彬加盟樂天女孩，成為隊史第五位「洋將」啦啦隊成員，同年3月1日，宣布韓籍成員禹洙漢加盟樂天女孩，成為隊史第六位「洋將」啦啦隊成員。同年3月3日，宣布韓籍成員河智媛加盟樂天女孩，成為隊史第七位「洋將」啦啦隊成員。
2020年P. LEAGUE+賽季，每場桃園領航猿主場賽事，會有六位樂天女孩應援，直到2021年桃園領航猿球團成立專屬啦啦隊Pilots Crew後，樂天女孩才結束籃球場的常態應援工作。
2024年9月，Rakuten Girls成員若潼正式加入P. LEAGUE+的桃園領航猿專屬啦啦隊Pilots Crew，成為同時在中華職棒和P. LEAGUE+兩大聯賽中擔任啦啦隊成員的藝人。
2022年8月13日，籃籃、岱縈、倪暄、琳妲受韓國BRG卡片鑑定公司邀請參加韓國職棒樂天巨人於26日的活動在主場擔任開球嘉賓和表演嘉賓，成為繼TWICE台灣籍成員周子瑜後到韓國職棒擔任開球嘉賓的台灣人。
2023年5月7日，樂天女孩受邀為晉峰在對香港U23的港超聯煞科戰中表演。同年七月再度參訪香港，為全國男子籃球聯賽（NBL）香港金牛隊應援。
2023年8月27日，樂天女孩受邀參與美國職業棒球大聯盟舉辦的第18屆大都會台灣日（Mets Taiwan Day），由隊長籃籃帶領Yuri、林襄、孟潔、苡萱及雅涵，於美國紐約市皇后區花旗球場以球會友，成為首支前往美國職業棒球大聯盟的台灣職棒啦啦隊。
2022年9月，籃籃以綜藝大集合主持群身分入圍第57屆金鐘獎，為隊史（含La NewGirls及LamiGirls時期）及中華職棒史上第一位入圍金鐘獎的現役啦啦隊員。
2024年1月30日，前領隊浦韋青傳出於任職領隊期間，未經公司同意，私下安排女孩以「樂天女孩」名義私接商演，遭球團報案一事曝光，桃園地檢署指揮廉政署偵辦，通知浦韋青、經紀人史丹利（本名：陳元凱）、孟潔、陳伊、李恩菲、林穎樂四位啦啦隊成員及三位廠商，一共等九人到案說明。經漏夜偵訊後，四位團員於隔日一早請回，浦、陳兩人再經桃檢複訊後，桃檢依背信、違反稅捐稽徵法諭令浦以50萬元交保候傳，陳則被法院聲請羈押禁見。。
仁当

仁当（香港亦稱巴東）是一道辛辣的肉类美食，起源于印度尼西亚的米南佳保人。作为米南佳保饮食文化的代表之一，往往成為正式场合或向客人表示尊敬时的桌上佳肴。仁当在马来西亚、新加坡和汶莱的马来人，以及菲律宾南部的莫洛人中也十分常见。在传统上，米南佳保人在节日时制作仁当，例如传统仪式、婚礼、開齋節等。
尽管经常认为仁当是一种咖哩，但它在印尼通常并不这样归类，因为仁当更为浓郁，并比一般的印尼咖哩含有更少的液体。2011年，在一项35,000人参与的CNN國際新聞網絡在线调查中，仁当被评选为“讀者投票：全球50大美食”第一名。
仁當的製作過程大致是：以椰奶、醬料烹煮肉類，同時把肉汁蒸發，使醬料呈現糊狀。
2018年，在人氣料理比賽節目《廚神當道（英國版）（英语：MasterChef）》中，馬來裔的參賽者扎萊哈（Zaleha Kadir Olpin）以仁當雞參賽，卻被評審華萊士（英语：Gregg Wallace）和托羅德（英语：John Torode）批評「雞皮不脆」並因此遭到淘汰，此舉引發了馬來西亞與印尼網友的大力撻伐，因为仁当鸡的鸡皮本就不脆，連馬來西亞前首相马哈迪·莫哈末也發聲批評，而節目製作方稱被誤解，說明評審的意思是吃不到那道菜的味道，而被淘汰也是因為「不夠入味」、「雞皮沒熟」等原因，是針對參賽者的那道菜而不是仁當。
而被淘汰的扎萊哈則在Instagram上表示雖然很失望，但將堅持自己傳統的烹調方式，並感謝外界的支持。時任馬來西亞外交部長阿尼法阿曼發文表示，她成功做到在最分裂的時候團結馬來西亞人這個許多政治人物都做不到的事情。
谢肉节

谢肉节 （俄语：Ма́сленица）又称送冬节，烤薄饼周。是一个从俄罗斯多神教时期就流传下来的传统俄罗斯节日。后来由于俄罗斯民众开始信奉东正教，该节日与基督教四旬斋之前的狂欢节发生了联系。现在谢肉节的开始日期为每年东正教复活节前的第8周，例如2009年的谢肉节从2月23日一直持续到3月1日
谢肉节起源于多神教时期的俄罗斯春耕节。马斯列尼察（Ма́сленица）是斯拉夫神话中的女神。在神话故事中，春神和战争之神亞里洛（英语：Yarilo）战胜了黑暗，给人们带来温暖。大约在2月末和3月初，人们烹制出象征太阳的金黄色圆形薄饼，在节日的最后一天烧掉象征马斯列尼察的稻草人以表示春天的来临。俄国人往往将此节日视作新年的开始。大约从公元二世纪起俄国人就已经庆祝这一节日。东正教传入俄罗斯以后，教会将节日的日期改到了大斋戒之前。因为在大斋戒中不得吃肉，所以这一周又成为人们向肉食品告别的日子，因此称为谢肉节。
历代沙皇也曾在自己的宫殿中或是在莫斯科举办谢肉节活动。苏联政府时期，该节日的宗教意义被淡化，此后谢肉节的传统逐渐遭到人们淡忘。2002年，莫斯科市宣布该节日为城市节日，莫斯科市将在节日期间举行彩车游行等活动。2005年，谢肉节被确定为全俄罗斯联邦的节日。
谢肉节最古老也是最重要的传统就是烹饪并食用名为布利尼的烤薄饼。这种薄饼呈金黄色，象征着太阳，表示春天的来临和白天越来越长。这种薄饼原先用荞麦粉、黄油、鸡蛋、牛奶、土豆或奶油、调味料制作而成，近年来随着人们生活水品的提高，开始逐渐向其中加入面粉成分。食用的时候，用薄饼将鱼子酱或是三文鱼卷起。舞蹈，歌唱，滑雪，滑冰，拳击等体育活动也是谢肉节必不可少的节目。
谢肉节分为两部分：周一到周三被称为小谢肉节，周四到周日被称为大谢肉节。在这一周之中，每一天都有不同的庆祝方式和主题。
红桃粿

红桃粿，又名桃粿、粿桃、红曲桃、红壳桃，是起源于廣東潮汕地区的特色食品。红桃粿可放入多种馅料，常见馅料有韭菜馅、糯米馅、芋丝馅、眉豆餡等，其中韭菜馅最为受欢迎。随着原材料价格上涨，2017年初在揭阳的价格已从每个1.8元上涨到2.2元。红桃粿也是当地一种祭祀必备品，用于祈福祈寿先将粳米粉与水做成红桃粿皮，搓成长条，取一小块压成圆形薄皮，包入馅料（可用糯米饭、香菇、虾米、鸡内脏、花生仁等），使用粿印印出形状和纹路，最后上蒸笼蒸熟。
红桃粿的寓意和象征主要体现在以下几个方面：
综上所述，红桃粿不仅以其美味深受人们喜爱，更承载着潮汕人民对长寿、吉祥、幸福、平安的美好祝愿和祈福祈寿的深厚情感
圣乔治节

圣佐治日即4月23日，是一个带有强烈宗教色彩的纪念日，主要在一些将圣佐治作为守護聖者的国家和地区间举行，包括英格兰、德国、格鲁吉亚、保加利亚、葡萄牙以及加泰罗尼亚。在英国，圣佐治日同时也是英格蘭地區的国庆日。公元303年的这一天，圣佐治因试图阻止罗马皇帝对基督徒的迫害而殉道。
自1969年以来，圣佐治日被罗马教廷宣布不再必须作为公共假日，但在天主教范围内，圣佐治仍然作为相当重要的圣徒而被纪念。在加泰罗尼亚，圣佐治日为当地第二大的庆祝性公假日。在那一天，根据传统风俗，人们会向爱人送一支玫瑰，向孩子送一本书。由于这一天根据不同历法，恰好也是莎士比亚和塞万提斯逝世的日子，因此这一天后来也被联合国教育科学文化组织（UNESCO）记为世界图书与版权日。
圣佐治同时也是童军活动的重要守護聖者，在英国，很多童军團體在每年最接近圣佐治日的周日举办游行活动，稱為「聖佐治日會操」。
格鲁吉亚人稱聖佐治日為Giorgoba，每年11月23日（儒略曆11月10日）舉行慶祝，這一日對格鲁吉亚人來說十分重要，學校和大學都會關門，所有人都会吃格鲁吉亚傳統美食，并且到教堂去庆祝这个节日。
排燈節

排灯节（Dīpāvalī；馬拉提語：दिवाळी，羅馬化：Diwali；印地語：दिवाली，羅馬化：Diwali；坦米爾語：தீபாவளி，羅馬化：Deepavali），又譯為萬燈節、印度燈節，也稱光明節，或者屠妖節，是一個五天的節日，於每年印度曆八月（天蝎宫）裏或八月前一周的第一個新月日（即公曆10月下旬或11月上旬）舉行。耆那教、印度教與錫克教慶祝「以光明驅走黑暗，以善良戰勝邪惡」的節日。后来，印度光明节也被看作“内心之光”的庆典，一些佛教信徒也慶祝這個節日。瓦拉納西是主要庆祝该节日的城市。因為排燈節作為印度最重要的節日，很多人錯誤以為排燈節就是印度的傳統新年，實際上印度傳統上不同邦不同地區的新年並不一致，但沒有一個印度傳統曆法把排燈節定為新年，多數曆法之新年定在公曆三月至四月之間春分前後，例如多數北印度的邦，把傳統新年定在灑紅節後的第一個新月，到1957年發佈印度國定曆，才統一在每年春分定為新年，但印度各邦仍舊持續慶祝其固有的新年。
排燈節在每年公曆10月至11月舉行，於印度曆七月後半月的第十三天開始，持續五天。第三天為眞正的排燈節日，第四天為印度曆八月初一。
排灯节 （英語 發音： /dɪˈwɑːliː/，英普遍称Divali、梵语为dīpāvalī）的意思为一系列的灯光，这个单词由dīpa（即为油灯）及 āvalī （一排、一系列）组成，这个节日也被称为dīpotsavam（dīpa+utsava），即灯火祭、灯火盛会。
排燈節起源於《羅摩衍那》的故事。
相傳世界被妖魔所侵擾，天神下凡降魔。降魔後，大地女神為天神誕下一名兒子，並取名「Narakāsura」。然而，身為神明之子的 Narakāsura 不僅常常與邪惡為伍，還強迫凡間百姓不准點燈。應百姓所求，天神與 Narakāsura展開了正邪大戰。最終，Narakāsura戰死，人民遂點燈慶祝。
亦有一說，排燈節是為紀念羅摩Rāma戰勝Narakāsura後返回阿約提亞Ayodhya的勝利。羅波那因為好女色而拐走悉多，悉多的丈夫羅摩因此前往楞伽島（今斯里蘭卡）將羅波那殺死並救回妻子。
印度教徒視排燈節為一年中最重要的節慶。在晚上，印度教的廟宇都大排長龍，善男信女點燈祈福、交換禮物、施放煙火。由於這個節日也被視為財富女神希拉什米的節日，家家戶戶都會打掃清潔，點燃蠟燭與油燈，等著女神降臨。東印度的孟加拉人與西印度的古吉拉特人，都會在這一天祭祀代表繁榮與富裕的女神拉希米。排燈節期間，印度所有公司暫停營業，但股市會有一天進行一小時的特別交易，作為呈給拉希米的獻禮。印度教徒有在排燈節贈送禮物的習慣。鍍銅的蠟燭台挑著一個貼有金屬皮的蠟燭，是人們送禮的熱門貨。當然，最受歡迎的還是印度的象首神加內什。在排燈節裡，糖果扮演了很重要的角色。在節日里，親戚朋友之間會互送稱做“巴菲”的彩色椰子糖，表示對對方的祝福。多數印度家庭會在排燈節期間穿新衣、戴珠寶，拜訪家庭成員與公司同事，致贈甜食、乾果、禮物。
在一些國家，排燈節被確立為法定假日，當中包括：
黃金週 (中國)

中国的黄金周指中华人民共和国的春节和国庆节两个法定节日因调休形成的长假期，由法定假日、原有的双休日加上调整邻近的双休日（先休假后补假，或先补假后休假）而成，由1999年的国庆节假期（“十一”黄金周）开始实施至今。因连休带来巨大的假日经济效益，被称为“黄金周”。
黄金周是从日本舶来的休假方式。中国黄金周制度的出现是在1997年亚洲金融危机的背景下，为了刺激消费，拉动国内经济，促进国内旅游而做出的举措，由当时国家计划委员会副秘书长张国宝向时任国务院总理朱镕基提出。1999年9月18日，国务院修订《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》，春节、劳动节、国庆节改为法定休假3天，再加上调整邻近日期的前后两对双休日，以调休形式拼接成每年3次连续7天的“长假”。为庆祝中华人民共和国建国50周年，首个7天长假由1999年国庆节假期开始实施。2000年6月份，国务院办公厅转发国家旅游局等部门《关于进一步发展假日旅游若干意见的通知》，正式确立了全年三个“黄金周”的概念。鉴于“黄金周”期间旅游客流量大，国务院建立全国假日旅游部际协调会议制度（全国假日办），以疏导客流，协调处理出现的重大交通、安全和紧急救援等有关事宜。
2007年，国务院再次修订《全国年节及纪念日放假办法》，劳动节假期由3天改为1天，取消实施八年的“五一”黄金周。
2012年7月24日，国务院印发了《国务院关于批转交通运输部等部门重大节假日免收小型客车通行费实施方案的通知》，决定自2012年国庆长假开始，对行驶收费公路的7座及以下小型载客汽车，在春节、清明节、劳动节、国庆节等四个法定节假日及其连休日，实行免费通行政策。
2015年，全国假日旅游部际协调会议（全国假日办）撤销，其职能由国务院旅游工作部际联席会议取代。
黄金周创造了庞大的经济收益，旅游消费集中释放，在交通、住宿、餐饮、商业、娱乐、游览等众多产业方面呈现出较强的带动作用。另一方面，居民集中出游带来客流高峰，导致交通、住宿、旅游设施压力陡增，道路拥堵，旅游景点人满为患。黄金周制造的“井喷”和黄金周前后的“低潮”，形成极度不均衡的状态，也造成旅游资源的巨大浪费。
秋夕 (朝鮮半島)

秋夕（朝鮮語：추석／秋夕），即韓國的中秋節，又稱仲秋節（朝鮮語：중추절／仲秋節）、嘉俳日（朝鮮語：가배일／嘉俳日），固有詞為한가위，是朝鮮半島主要傳統節日之一。與東亞其他地區的中秋節一樣定於農曆8月15日，但是3天連假（農曆8月14至16日），也被稱為“韓國感恩節”。
朝鮮半島過秋夕始於三國時代的新羅，結合了中國唐朝的中秋節慶祝秋收和賞月習俗及本土文化而成，除了原有慶祝秋收的意義外，還加上慶祝戰勝渤海國的意義。
這天是一家團圓的日子，也是掃墓並用新收穫的穀物和果實祭祀先祖的日子。回鄉探親，向親朋戚友送禮亦是過中秋節的習俗。所以英文亦把朝鮮半島的中秋節叫做「韓國感恩節」（Korean Thanksgiving Day）。應節食物則有松片、梨熟等。
人們會在這天摔跤、射箭等，以及跳一種叫强羌水越来的傳統舞蹈。
超级飞侠

《超级飞侠》（英語：Super Wings，台湾译《Super Wings》，韓語：《출동! 슈퍼윙스》）是韩国、中国大陆、香港、澳門、臺灣、美国播出的电视动画影集。本动画讲述了飞机机器人乐迪与一群称为“超级飞侠”的小伙伴环游世界，为小朋友递送包裹，并帮助他们解决困难的故事。
2021年初，该动画被网友指出一些问题。在第四季第25集《陪韩国朋友过中秋节》中，乐迪在中秋节时要送一个包裹给韩国全州的小女孩韩娜，然后在她家里了解到韩国人过中秋节会吃一种叫“松饼”的糕点，并参与了松饼的制作。一名微博用户表示，虽然她极力向孩子说明中秋节吃月饼是中国的传统，但女儿坚持认为中秋节是韩国的节日。此外，该动画片部分集数存在中国地图使用不严谨的问题。其后，《超级飞侠》已在中国大陆各视频网站全部下架，并邀请地图专家进行审核，依据国家法规进行改正。对有争议的中秋剧集已作废处理，同时将重新制作。有律师认为，出品方可能涉嫌违反《互联网文化管理暂行规定》。
奇華餅家

奇華餅家有限公司（英語：Kee Wah Bakery Limited），是香港品牌食品，中式餅店，始創於1938年。現在奇華餅家全球約有近100間分店，是一家在中國上海、廣州、深圳，澳門，美國，新加坡，台灣都有分店的跨國企業。
奇華餅家自置食品工場、旗艦店和行政總部於奇華工業大廈（九龍長沙灣青山道666號往旺角方向）。大埔新廠房第一期已於2010年投入運作。
1938年，黃業榮在油麻地上海街320號創辦奇華，開業之初只是油麻地上海街一家小型糖果雜貨店，名為「奇華食品公司」。1944年，奇華在上海街480號開設附設工場的支店，並定位為「奇華餅家」，開始以售賣中式餅食為公司主要業務。後奇華逐步多元化，相繼加入嫁喜禮餅、中秋月餅和麵包西餅，規模漸大。中式婚嫁專用的傳統中式禮餅後於1960至70年代受到西式婚禮及西式禮餅所影響，令這一類傳統工業備受考驗。創辦人黃業榮之子黃錫祥於1995年接手奇華並銳意改革，聘孫小華及楊志超等本地設計師重新包裝傳統禮餅及門市，並邀請其好友，演員曾志偉為代言人。現時奇華餅家除婚嫁禮餅外，亦有傳統月餅、中式餅食和麵包西餅及以香港手信為主題的「香港奇礼」。
在90年代初，中式餅店面對西餅崛起，唐餅的傳統形象相對很土，一度被嘲為「老餅」，西餅在香港成為時髦象徵。黃錫祥憶述當時的中式餅店「100間執了99間，難聽點說，我們是『死剩種』」。他更表示，有一次在中環一大型商場，見到一個時髦闊太提著一個名牌時裝店的紙袋，但裏面卻裝著奇華的月餅。他有見傳統中式餅食的形象及包裝問題後，決心搞好老品牌：「我要人拿著奇華的袋行置地廣場，都不會覺得貶低身分」。奇華其後決定將公司商標、餅食包裝、店舖等換上新設計，月餅由紙盒配以古裝美女畫像，大膽地換上黑色鐵盒配以皇帝頭像，突顯至尊的形象，以提升品牌格調。他父親看了也不禁問「點解拿走了我個靚女（嫦娥），變了鬍鬚佬？」。黃錫祥解釋那是皇帝，象徵至尊。父親於是欣然接受。
「香港奇禮」是奇華近年一項最成功的包裝。黃錫祥接手家族生意前常外出公幹，但每次只能買茶葉及朱古力作手信。他不明白為何東南亞不同地方都有特色手信，偏偏香港欠奉。經市場調查，他便將本地流行的老婆餅、合桃酥等重新包裝成手信，又特意找畫家為包裝繪圖。公司稱「香港終於有手信！」。
下元節

下元節為中國節日之一，時間在農曆十月十五，是「水官大帝」的生日，相傳當天該神會下凡人間為民解厄之日，這天人們會準備香燭祭品拜祀水官大帝，以求平安。因此又稱「消災日」、「謝平安日」、「下元水官節」。
此時，正值農村收穫季節，武進一帶幾乎家家戶戶用新穀磨糯米粉做小團子，包素菜餡心，蒸熟後在大門外“齋天”。又，舊時俗諺曰：“十月半，牽礱團子齋三官”。原來道教謂是日是“三官”生日，道教徒家門外均豎天杆，杆上掛黃旗，旗上寫著“天地水府”、“風調雨順”、“國泰民安”、“消災降福”等字樣；晚上，杆頂掛三盞天燈，做團子需三官。民國以後，此俗漸廢，惟民間將祭亡、燒庫等儀式提前在農曆七月十五“中元節”時舉行。
有說三界爺（三官大帝）分別是：天官堯、地官舜、水官禹，而其生日分別是：上元節（元宵）、中元節、下元節。
農曆十月十五日，為中國民間傳統節日，下元節，亦稱“下元日”、“下元”。下元節的來歷與道教有關。道門有三官大帝，天官大帝、地官大帝、水官大帝、謂天官賜福，地官赦罪，水官解厄。三官的誕生日分別為農曆的正月十五日、七月十五日、十月十五日，這三天被稱為“上元節”、“中元節”、“下元節”。下元節，就是「下元三品解厄水官洞陰大帝」的誕生日，亦是為解厄之辰，俗謂是日，水官根據考察，錄奏天廷，為人解厄。《中華風俗志》也有記載：“十月望為下元節，俗傳水宮解厄之辰，亦有持齋誦經者。”這一天，道觀做道場，民間則祭祀亡靈，並祈求下元水官排憂解難，號稱謝平安。古代又有朝廷是日禁屠及延緩死刑執行日期的規定。
“斋三官”之俗起源甚早。宋代吳自牧《夢粱錄》：“（十月）十五日，水官解厄之日，宮觀士庶，設齋建醮，或解厄，或薦亡。”又河北《宣化縣新志》：“俗傳水官解厄之辰，人亦有持齋者。”可见唐宋时代道教对此已极为重视。而道教诸神之中，“三官”地位颇高，特别是在黎民百姓之中影响较大，其起源乃是土生土长的原始民间信仰中人们对天、地、水的自然崇拜。
中国的传统节日大多对应着饮食表达。下元节这天，正值农村收获季节，很多地方人们用新穀磨糯米粉做小团子，包素菜馅心，蒸熟后在大门外“斋天”。因此有俗谚云：“十月半，牵砻团子斋三官。”道教徒家门外均竖天杆，杆上挂黄旗，旗上写着“天地水府”“风调雨顺”“国泰民安”“消灾降福”等字样。民国以后，此俗渐废，下元节少了一道风景。
对于水官的崇拜，南方比北方流行。据公开资料显示，在常州一带，因其地属江南水乡，农村多种水稻，副业捕鱼捉虾、驶舟航船等等皆与“水”有深厚的缘分，所以农家对“水官生日”特别重视，多于此日“斋三官”(祭祀天官、地官、水官)，祈求风调雨顺、国泰民安。
而由于“水官解厄”说法的流传，即每逢下元节来临，水官下凡巡查人家善恶，为人們解除灾难，因此，家家户户会张灯结彩，在正厅挂上一对提灯，并在灯下供奉鱼肉水果等物。
在下元节，道观有做道场、安期的安排。在民间则逐渐开始成为一个享祭祖先亡灵、祈求福禄的节日。老北京过去会在这一天为去世的先人烧纸，祭祀祖先。另外，由于“水官解厄”说法的流传，即每逢下元节来临，水官下凡巡查人家善恶，为人门解除灾难，因此，家家户户会张灯结彩，在正厅挂上一对提灯，并在灯下供奉鱼肉水果等物。在水乡常州，诸如种水稻、捕鱼捉虾等农业生产与水有着深厚的关系。所以人们会在下元节这一天“斋三官”(祭祀天官、地官、水官)，祈求风调雨顺、国泰民安。至于饮食，下元节也有独特的节令食品。以北京为例，过下元节时，家家户户都要做豆沙包。
下元節，是民間信仰中三官大帝之水官洞陰大帝的誕辰。臺灣民間俗稱「三界公」（臺羅：Sam-kài-kong），即掌管天、地、水三界之神，其地位僅次於玉皇大帝。
人們在十月十四的子時便開始祭拜三界公，備妥包括牲禮、鮮花、素果、綁著紅紙的壽麵、菜碗六碗、供品、酒菜等神饌，經焚香祭拜、祝禱，擲筊、祭酒三巡後便可燒金、撤供。宮廟中的祭祀尤其盛大，祭品須在下元前一周即備妥，當日再由爐主、教長與道士主祭、祈福。
焚"金銀包"等祭拜祖先或亡靈，民間折紅綠紙為仙衣，折錫箔為銀錠，裝入白紙糊的袋中，正面寫“謹言冥寶一封、彩衣一身上獻某某受納”，下書“子孫某某百拜”，背面寫“某年、某月、某日謹封”，俗稱“金銀包”，叩拜後焚化。除此以外，還有其他常見的祭拜祖先活動。
下元日也是道教齋法中規定的修齋日期之一。道教認為凡是要仰仗神力的事，如祈福、鑲災、拔苦、謝罪、求仙、延壽、超度亡人等等，皆要修齋。這一天，道觀做道場，為民眾解厄除困，民眾前往道觀觀祭，並在道觀中拜祭下元水官和祖先。
水官大帝禹的誕辰日，各地禹廟等大禹紀念場所常有祭祀活動。
飲食風俗是節日習俗的一個重要組成部分。人類在長期的、眾多的節日活動的實踐中，形成了獨立的、特殊的節令食品，諸如春節吃甜馃咸馃，正月十五吃元宵、端午節吃粽子，中秋節吃月餅等等，它同其它風俗習慣一樣，作為民族的一種共同情感、共同心態。統一著人們的節日行為，對節日的生存、發展起著重要作用。這一天，人們在家中做糍粑並贈送親友，蒸麻腐包子等，据说吃麻腐包子是纪念孟姜女千里送寒衣的忠贞气节。北方在下元节的时候吃豆沙包，南方下元节在吃的方面则显得比较的多，有芋子包、糍粑、麻腐包子、米果等。
除了廟宇的祭祀活動，下元節又溶進了許多農業生產中的祭祀風俗，使其又成為一個祭祀神靈、祈鑲災邪、祈求豐收的農祀節日。福建省莆田一帶，下元這天傍晚，各家各戶都要在田頭祭水神，祈求在乾燥的冬季莊稼地滋潤，農作物平安過冬。祭祀時，擺上齋品，將香一根根播在田埂上，以示虔誠。每逢下元節來臨，水官下降凡間巡查人間善惡，為人們解除災難。家家戶戶張燈三夜，在正廳上掛著一對提燈，並在燈下供奉魚肉水果等。同時還會進行“水色”等戶外活動。水，和“水官”有關，色，色彩豐富。一般是紮彩船，在河中巡遊。水色由此得名。
蘿蔔糕

蘿蔔糕是一種中國料理，流行於閩粵地區。在廣東作為粵式茶樓的點心，在香港和廣東更是如年糕一樣作為一種賀年食品，寓意步步高升。蘿蔔糕在闽南文化中也非常重要，因此在中國福建南部、台灣、新加坡及馬來西亞也甚為普遍。當地人以閩南泉漳語、潮汕語稱之為菜頭粿。台湾客家人则稱之為蘿蔔粄或菜頭粄。
廣東和香港蘿蔔糕的主要特色是含有切碎的臘味，故此又稱臘味蘿蔔糕，製作臘味蘿蔔糕的方法雖然簡單，但等待時間較長。先制作麵團，需要由大米粉、糯米粉和粟米粉和大量的水混合成粉漿，再在其中加入白蘿蔔的切絲、碎塊或者粉末即可，如果想增加豐富的口感，可以額外加入冬菇、蝦米、臘腸或臘肉的碎末，完成後用模具固定成方形，放入蒸籠中蒸成。
傳統粵式茶樓的蘿蔔糕一般分為蒸蘿蔔糕和煎蘿蔔糕兩種。蒸煮的蘿蔔糕，可加上醬油調味。而煎蘿蔔糕則是將已蒸煮好的蘿蔔糕切成方塊，放在少量的油中煎至表面金黃色即成，還可以選擇蘸上甜醬、芝麻醬或辣醬作調味。除了茶樓外，香港的粥店都會售賣蒸蘿蔔糕，但材料較為簡單，通常不會加入肉類材料，甚至沒有配料，通常淋上醬油調味，可與粥品和炒麵作為簡單的早餐或小吃。
香港與廣東一帶的粵式茶樓除了供應傳統的煎蘿蔔糕外，以XO醬和蘿蔔糕同炒的「XO醬炒蘿蔔糕」也甚為常見。港式蘿蔔糕一般會有蝦米。
新加坡和馬來西亞福建、潮州籍貫的「菜頭粿」通常以炒蘿蔔糕的方法為主。做法則是將已蒸煮好的蘿蔔糕切成小塊，這種小塊稱為「粿角」，再以甜醬油、蔥花、雞蛋、蒜粒一拼放到油鍋中炒熱便成。馬來西亞的粵式點心樓與茶粿攤子則有銷售傳統蘿蔔糕，並以甜醬和特製辣椒醬調味。
台灣的客家風味蘿蔔糕是其中蘿蔔比例最高的，不會添加鹽和其它豐富的食材，只以白蘿蔔的味道為主。作法則是在來米泡水隔夜去水磨漿，添加燜煮過的蘿蔔絲，調味後清蒸，可以沾食醬油、桔子醬等沾料。
维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：蘿蔔糕
Egg yolk pastry

Egg yolk pastry or dànhuángsū is a traditional Taiwanese mooncake of which the filling is made of salted duck egg yolk and red bean paste. According to the "Baked Food Information Magazine" in August 1986, the inventor of mini mooncakes and egg yolk pastries is Chen Zengxiong, the third generation descendant of the century-old bakery "Baoquan" in Fengyuan District, Taichung.
Egg yolk pastries use naturally fermented salted egg yolks marinated in red soil with grape seed oil, and they are made with many layers.
Le̍k-tāu-phòng

Le̍k-tāu-phòng or lǜdòu pèng is a traditional Taiwanese mooncake. The filling is made of sweet mung bean paste stuffed with lard and shallots and baked, and sometimes a little pork is added. In recent years, due to the emphasis on health, many operators have also introduced versions that do not contain pork, lard and other ingredients, and are purely filled with mung bean puree.
Traditional Taiwanese mooncakes are large in size (as big as the palm of your hand). Since the early 1980s, the industry in Fengyuan District, Taichung, known as the "Pastry Capital" of Taiwan, has invented small mooncakes that have no lard residue and are filled with mung bean puree filling. The portion is half the size of traditional mooncakes.
The Lek-tau-phong emerged in the 1940s. During the Japanese colonial period in Taiwan, Japanese confectionery culture moved into Taiwan. In order to cater to Japanese tastes, Fengyuan's local pastry manufacturers learned Japanese wagashi technology, used sweeter fillings, and reduced the size of pastries, promoting the popularity of Japanese confectionery. Fengyuan's local cake shops also developed a small mooncake with mung bean paste as the filling, called gourd dun cake (葫蘆墩餅), which is the predecessor of lek-tau-phong。.
Little New Year

Little New Year (Chinese: 小年), also known as the Festival of the Kitchen God, is a festival in the traditional lunisolar Chinese calendar. It honors the Kitchen God and takes place roughly a week before the Chinese New Year. In northern China the Little New Year is celebrated on the 23rd day of the twelfth month of the Chinese calendar, while in southern China it is celebrated on the 24th day.
When little new year rolls around, the Jade Emperor decides according to the family's yearly behavior to decide if he will reward or punish them. The Kitchen God serves as the messenger to report back to the Jade Emperor. Folks burn a paper image of the god in order to dispatch his spirit into heaven to do so and afterwards they put a new image next to the stove to welcome him back in order to oversee and protect the family again. While that happens, sacrifices are made to him in hopes of sealing his mouth and leading him to only saying good things about the family. Sacrifices may include spirit money, sweet food such as cakes and dried fruit, tea, and straw for the Kitchen God's horse. People sometimes throw beans on the roof to represent the sound of the Kitchen God's horse's hooves. Less commonly, people feed beans to the horse.
Traditionally, the sacrifices are only made by men, not women. The god's journey is also marked by fireworks.
House cleaning happens between the eighth day of the last lunisolar month (when Laba Festival happens) and Little New Year. Chinese beliefs call for folks to clean themselves and their housing since it is said that ghosts and spirits must either return to Heaven or stay on Earth. So to ensure that they leave, people clean every corner of their home. During this time, the house is also cleaned with the goal of reducing infectious agents so the new year does not start with sickness.
Guandong candy is a treat made of glutinous millet and sprouted wheat. It is said that if one's mouth was full of candy one would not be able to bad-mouth others. Traditionally, people melt the candy and put it on the mouth of the kitchen god, so that he cannot tell the Jade Emperor anything bad; either he will only be able to say sweet things, his mouth will be stuck together so that he cannot talk, or the candy is simply a bribe. In some areas, people put honey or sticky rice on his mouth instead.
Similarly to the kitchen god picture, the old paper cuts are taken down and then new ones are put up and it is an indication to the beginning of spring. The paper cuts are usually of the word 福 indicating the people's wish for a lucky year. The cut is also usually up side down since in Chinese "upside-down" sounds like "to arrive" so they are wishing for luck to arrive.
The preparation process has to be all done in advance. There is a wide variety to things to do and prepare with most of them revolving around the word "new", often new clothing. Things like firecrackers are bought to use as celebration. A popular item is the giving of red envelopes since it is the people's belief for the young ones to "respect the elderly" and in return the elderly "love the youth". Commonly the red envelopes have money inside.