davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
එලිමහන් ජවන හා පිටිය ක්‍රීඩා.

අර්ධ කවයන් දෙකක් කෙළින් කොටස් දෙකක් සමග යා කොට නිර්මානය කළ සාමාන්‍ය ක්‍රමයේ ඕවල් හැඩැති ධාවන පථයකි.
එළිමහන් ජවන හා පිටිය මලල ක්‍රීඩා සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සරත් සෘතුවෙන් ආරම්භ වී ග්‍රීෂ්ම සෘතුව පුරාම පවතී. බොහෝ ධාවන පථයන් ඕවාලාකාරය. වට ප්‍රමාණය මීටර් 400 කි. නවීන “ටාරටන්” ධාවන පථ හෙවත් ඉතාම මෑතදී පැමිණි “මොන්ඩෝ” ධාවන පථ රබර් මතු පිටකින්යුක්තය. මෙම ධාවන පථ සාමාන්‍යයෙන් 6 සිට 10 දක්වා මංතීරු ගණනකින් යුක්ත වේ.බොහෝ ඒවාට වැටකින් යුක්ත පටු මං තීරුවක්ද අඩංගු වේ. එහි එක් නැම්මක ජලයෙන් යුත් වලක්ද ඇත. මෙම ධාවන පථයට ඇතුලත ප්‍රදේශය ඇමෙරිකන් පාපන්දු, සොකර්, නැතහොත් ලැක් රොසේ ක්‍රීඩාවන් සඳහා ක්‍රීඩා පිටියක් ලෙස යොදා ගත හැක. මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර පිටිය තණකොළ වලින් හෝ කෘතිම තණ කොළ වලින් යුක්තය.
සියලු පිටිය ක්‍රීඩා මෙම අභ්‍යන්තර පිටිය තුල පැවැත්විය හැක. කෙසේ වුවද හෙල්ල, කව පෙත්ත සහ හැමර් විසි කිරීම ධාවන පථය සහිත පිටියෙන් ඉවත වෙනත් පිටියක පවත්වනු ලැබේ. එයට හේතුව එම ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා විශාල ඉඩකඩක් අවශ්‍ය වීම සහ ක්‍රීඩා උපකරණ මගින් පිටියට හානි සිදු වීමයි. එසේම ඒවා ධාවන පථයට වැටීමද එක් හේතුවකි. එහෙත් ඇතැම් අභ්‍යන්තර පිටි මෙම ක්‍රීඩා සඳහා විශේෂයෙන්ම යොදා ගැනේ. හෙල්ල විසි කිරීම සඳහා ක්‍රීඩකයාට බොහෝ දුරක් දිව යාමට සිදු වේ. අනෙකුත් ක්‍රීඩකයන් ධාවන පථය ප්‍රයෝජනයට නොගන්න අවස්ථාවල හෙල්ල විසි කිරීමේ ක්‍රීඩකයින් දිව යාම ආරම්භ කිරීමට ධවන පථය පාවිච්චි කරති.
එලිමහන් ජවන හා පිටිය ක්‍රීඩා
Sri Lanka at the Olympics

Sri Lanka first participated at the Olympic Games in 1948, and has sent a delegation to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1976 Games to boycott apartheid South Africa and has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games.
Sri Lankan athletes have won a total of two Olympic silver medals, both in athletics.
The National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka was created in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year. The nation was designated as Ceylon (country code "CEY") until 1972.
Parami Wasanthi Maristela won Sri Lanka's first ever Youth Olympics medal, a bronze in the girls' 2000 metre steeplechase athletics event at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics.
Nadeesha Ramanayake

Nadeesha Ramanayake (born 25 December 1994) is a Sri Lankan track and field athlete who competes mainly in the 400 metres sprint. She won gold medal at the 2023 Asian Athletics Championships held in Bangkok in the 400m women's event. She is a member of the Sri Lanka Army Women's Corps.
In the 2011 Junior National Championships, Ramanayake made her debut at national level by representing Rajapaksa Central and finished sixth in the Under 18 girls’ 3,000 metres. Later, she started running the 800 metres and won a medal at the South Asian Junior Athletics Championships. For many years, she was second-fiddle to both her seniors and contemporaries before cementing her position in the 400 metre sprint event. At the 2019 Asian Athletics Championships, Ramanayake competed in the women's 4x400-meter race that broke the national record. She qualified for the 2023 Asian Championship and surpassed Menaka Wickramasinghe to become the third fastest woman in Sri Lankan history in the 400m. At the 400 meter event, she finished the race with a timing of 52.61 seconds and won gold. Ramanayake also became the eighth Sri Lankan to win an Asian Championships individual gold medal. At the 47th Sri Lankan National Sports Games held in August 2023, she won gold for both 200m and 400m and also bagged the best women athlete award.
List of Olympic medalists in athletics (women)

This is the complete list of women's Olympic medalists in athletics.
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.
Note: * Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds and also received medals.
The 3000 metres run was replaced by the 5000 metres run in 1996 and henceforth.
The 80 metres hurdles was replaced by the 100 metres hurdles in 1972.
In the year 2000 and henceforth, the distance was doubled to 20 kilometers.
In 1984 and thenceforth, the pentathlon (five events over two days) was replaced by the heptathlon (seven events over two days), so "discontinued" is not precisely correct. The heptathlon consists of the 200 meter and 800 meter runs, the 100 meter hurdles, the shot put, the javelin throw, the high jump, and the long jump in track and field: three track events and four field events.
Sri Lanka at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Sri Lanka competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004.
Sri Lankan athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard). Susanthika Jayasinghe was slated to be on the entry list for the women's 100 metres, but did not compete. She placed third in the same distance, and silver medalist, in the women's 200 metres in Sydney, but a fracture in her right leg caused her to pull out, though she did travel to Athens.
Sri Lanka has qualified a single shooter.
Vinoj Suranjaya

Vinoj Suranjaya De Silva Muthumuni (born 9 January 1995), also simply known as Vinoj De Silva or Vinoj Suranjaya, is a Sri Lankan track and field athlete and a national record holder in men's 200m.
He made his South Asian Games debut representing Sri Lanka at the 2016 South Asian Games and claimed two gold medals in 200m and 4 × 100 m relay events. In 2018 during the national trials for the 2018 Asian Games, he broke the 200m national record after 20 years which was held by former athlete Sugath Thilakaratne, clocking 20.68 seconds. He also represented Sri Lanka at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Vinoj also claimed silver in men's 200m event and was also part of the team which claimed new South Asian Games record for the men's 4 × 100 m relay event on 6 December 2019 during the 2019 South Asian Games.
Dulan Kodithuwakku

Samitha Dulan Kodithuwakku (born 10 July 1990), also known as Samitha Dulan, is a Sri Lankan Paralympic track and field athlete. He made his first Paralympic appearance representing Sri Lanka at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Samitha Dulan was born and raised up in Deniyaya, Southern Province. He pursued his primary and secondary education at the Deniyaya Central College and Rahula College.
Dulan suffered an impairment in his right leg after a tragic motorbike accident and took up para sports in 2017. He serves as a corporal of Sri Lanka Military Police and represents Military Police Sports Club. He joined the Sri Lanka Army on 5 December 2009.
Dulan's fourth-place finish in the men's F44 category of the javelin throw event at the 2019 World Para Athletics Championships in Dubai secured his berth in order to obtain direct slot to compete at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Dulan claimed bronze medal in the men's javelin throw F64 category at the 2020 Tokyo Paralympics. He won Sri Lanka's second medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics and noticeably his medal achievement was Sri Lanka's second medal in a single day on 30 August 2021.
In May 2024, he set a new world record in men's F44 classification javelin throw event during the 2024 World Para Athletics Championships after clearing a record distance of 66.49 meters in his first attempt in the final. He went onto claim a silver medal during his world record performance at the 2024 World Para Athletics Championships as he emulated his first attempt with further impressive clearing of 63.96m, 53.91m, 59.81m, 56.51m and 65.01m in the next five attempts.
He made his second Paralympic appearance representing Sri Lanka at the 2024 Summer Paralympics. In September 2024, he claimed silver medal in the men's F64 category of men's javelin throw event, where he also coincidentally shattered his own world record in men's F44 classification after clearing a distance of 67.03 meters. He cleared distances during the men's F64 javelin throw final with throws of 63.14m, 63.61m, 55.01m, 63.73m and his last throw was measured to be 67.03 meters, which eventually sealed him a silver medal and as well as the coveted world record holder title.
Parami Wasanthi Maristela

Parami Wasanthi Maristela Kalumarakkalage also known as Parami Wasanthi Maristela (born 28 May 2001) is a Sri Lankan track and field athlete who competes in the 2000 metre steeplechase event. She is the first Sri Lankan to have won a Youth Olympic medal. She pursued her secondary education at Kuliyapitiya Central School.
She made her Youth Olympics debut representing Sri Lanka at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics which was held in Buenos Aires and competed in the women's 2000m steeplechase event. She claimed a bronze medal in the event with a timing of 6 minutes 33.06 seconds. She also became the first ever Sri Lankan to win a medal at the Youth Olympics. It was also Sri Lanka's first major medal in a global athletic event after 11 years since Susanthika Jayasinghe's bronze medal achievement at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics . She was placed at 21st position in the women's 3000m steeplechase event at the 2018 IAAF World U20 Championships.
She also won a gold medal in the women's steeplechase at the 2018 Asian Junior Athletics Championships held in Gifu Japan with a new junior record in steeplechase event. In 2018, it was revealed that she would receive a scholarship to Kenya through the support of Athletics Association of Sri Lanka in order to make arrangements for her to become an expertise in women's steeplechase competitions. However, the move did not materialise for unknown reasons. She also played rugby and she represented the Sri Lanka women's U16 rugby team.
She won the Award for Emerging Sportswoman of the Year for 2018 during the Newsfirst Platinum Awards.
She hails from a difficult family background and underprivileged family circumstances. Her father Anthony Tudor is a fisherman and it was her father who encouraged Parami to take up the sport of athletics.
In 2021, she appealed and demanded to the Sri Lankan authorities to convince the Government of India to immediately release her father and other fishermen who were arrested by the coastal guards for illegally straying in the Andaman Islands. Her father was arrested by the Indian authorities alongside fellow fishermen in January 2021 and they were released in August 2021.
Sri Lankan sprint queen and 2000 Summer Olympic medalist Susanthika Jayasinghe landed a scathing attack on Parami Wasanthi criticising Parami's accusations regarding the failure of Sri Lanka Olympic Committee's promise to support athletes with required financial assistance.
Parami Wasanthi Maristela at World Athletics
Sri Lanka at the 2024 Summer Olympics

Sri Lanka competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France from 26 July to 11 August 2024. This marked Sri Lanka's nineteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics, with the exception of the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. Seven of the nation's previous Olympic appearances were under the name Ceylon.
The Sri Lankan delegation consisted of six athletes (three male and female) competing in three sports. Badminton athlete Viren Nettasinghe and javelin thrower Dilhani Lekamge were the country's flagbearers during the opening ceremony.
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Sri Lanka qualified three track and field athletes (one man and two women). Tharushi Karunarathna and Dilhani Lekamge both qualified directly through the World Rankings. Aruna Darshana qualified after receiving a reallocated quota spot. Athletes achieved qualified through their respective world rankings, in the following events:
Sri Lanka qualified one male badminton player through the BWF Race to Paris rankings as of April 30, 2024. At the age of 20, Viren Nettasinghe became the youngest badminton athlete to qualify for the Olympics from Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka received two universality quota spots from FINA (one man and one woman). The Sri Lanka Aquatic Sports Union selected the highest ranked eligible swimmers in their respective events based on results at the 2024 World Aquatics Championships in Doha, Qatar.
Tharushi Karunarathna

Dissanayaka Mudiyanselage Tharushi Dilsara Karunaratne (born 18 November 2004) is a Sri Lankan middle-distance runner who competes mainly in the 800 metres. She won a gold medal at the 2023 Asian Athletics Championships held in Bangkok in the 400m women's event and also the broke the 25 year old Asian record in the event.
Based on her world ranking, Tharushi has qualified for the 800m women's event at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
In October 2023, she took part at the 2022 Asian Games and claimed gold medal in the women's 800 m final at the age of 19 and became the first Sri Lankan since Susanthika Jayasinghe and Damayanthi Dharsha to clinch Asian Games gold medal for Sri Lanka.
Tharushi competed in the 100m and 200m events at her rural school's Inter-House Meet after her first coach, Pushpa Kumudini, noticed her talent. Later, she excelled at circuit meets. Her abilities blossomed when she attended A. Rathnayake Central in Walala on a sports scholarship and was a member of the 4 × 400 m relay team that won the All-Island School Games in a record time in 2018. Her first significant individual accomplishment was a bronze medal in the 800m at the Junior Nationals that year. Tharushi won the All-Island School Games in 2020, at the age of 15, after setting new records in the 400m and 800m races in the Under-16 Girls category. She ran personal bests of 56.54 seconds in the 400m and 2 minutes 14.00 seconds in the 800m, both of which were faster than the winners in the older age groups. In 2019, she also set a new 800m record of 2:17.00 at the Sir John Tarbat Meet. In June 2023, she won gold in the 800m women's race at the Asian Under 20 Junior Athletic Championships in Yecheon, South Korea. She also won silver in 400m and gold in 4 × 400 m mixed relay. In the 2023 Asian Athletics Championships, Tharushi recorded a time of 2:00:06 to win gold in the women's 800m race and also set a new Asian record.
She made her Asian Games debut by representing Sri Lanka at the 2022 Asian Games and competed in the women's 800m event. She eventually emerged as the ultimate winner of the competition after completing her run at 2:03.20 minutes. It marked the first instance for Sri Lanka since 2002 (after 21 years) to win a gold medal in Asian Games Athletics event. She also eventually set a new national record in women's 800m event during the course of the event. She was also part of the women's 400m relay team which secured bronze medal in 4 × 400 metres event at 2022 Asian Games by finishing at 3:30.88 minutes.
Before the Olympics, Karunarathna committed to the Tulane Green Wave track and field program to begin during the 2025 season.
Navjeet Kaur Dhillon

Navjeet Kaur Dhillon (born 6 March 1995) is an Indian track and field athlete who competes as a Discus thrower. Her current world ranking in the Women's Discus Throw category is 46, and in the Women's Overall ranking is 4165. She was the bronze medalist at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, with her final throw of 57.43 m and became the second Indian to win a medal at the World Junior Championships in Athletics in 2014. She holds a personal best of 59.18 m (194 ft 1+3⁄4 in), set in 2018 in Indian Grand Prix in February, 2018.
Dhillon had to wait for more than two years to receive her cash award for the World Junior Athletics Championship bronze medal. She hoped to receive a job offer by the Punjab government. She is presently employed in as an income tax inspector.
Following a doping violation in June 2022, she was banned for a period of three years.
Born in Amritsar, Dhillon won the Indian junior title in the discus in 2010 and the national youth title in 2011. She made her international debut at the 2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics, competing in qualifying only, and won her first medal (a bronze) at the 2011 Commonwealth Youth Games. Dhillon won a shot put/discus double at the 2012 Indian Junior Championships and claimed a silver medal at the 2012 Asian Junior Athletics Championships behind Subenrat Insaeng.
Dhillon made her first appearance in the senior ranks in the 2013 season, competing in both shot put and discus at the 2013 Asian Athletics Championships. More age category medals came at the 2014 Asian Junior Athletics Championships, where she was third in the shot put and second in the discus. She achieved a breakthrough at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics, taking the discus bronze medal with a personal best throw of 56.36 m (184 ft 10+3⁄4 in). This made her the second Indian to win a medal at that competition, following in the footsteps of fellow women's discus thrower Seema Antil.
Dhillon topped the national podium in the discus in 2014 and 2015, as she transitioned into the senior ranks, as well as a shot put/discus double at the 2015 National Games of India. She was sixth in discus at the 2015 Asian Athletics Championships. She did not compete internationally in 2016 and 2017, though she won shot put national titles those years and was runner-up in the discus nationally. Dhillon won the discus bronze medal at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – her first senior international medal.
Moscheea Maidan al Jazair din Tripoli

Moscheea „Maidan al Jazair” („Moscheea Pieței Algeriene”) este un lăcaș de cult din Tripoli, Libia. Edificiul a fost construit ca biserică a comunității italiene. Din anul 1970 este una din cele mai importante moschei din oraș.
În anul 1912 papa Pius al XI-lea a ridicat prefectura apostolică din Libia la rangul de Vicariat apostolic.
Istoria edificiului a început în anul 1923, când coloniștii italieni hotărăsc să construiască pentru comunitatea romano-catolică o catedrală în Maidan al Jazair sau Piața Algeriană din Tripoli. Catedrala a fost finalizată în anul 1928, cu sprijinul arhitectului Saffo Panteri, ce a proiectat clădirea în stil neo-romanic. Lăcașul avea o înălțime totală de 46 de metri și o clopotniță construită într-un stil specific bisericilor venețiene. Ca vechime, catedrala a fost al doilea lăcaș catolic construit în Tripoli, primul fiind Biserica "Santa Maria degli Angeli", construită în anul 1870 de comunitatea malteză. De asemenea, printre arhitecții care au participat la construcție s-a numărat și un libian, Othman Najim, care a proiectat decorațiunile interioare.
Catedrala a fost fondată în timpul primului mandat al lui Luigi Federzoni, ministrul italian al coloniilor, care a sporit finanțarea de stat pentru proiectele misionare catolice, ca parte a consolidării infrastructurii coloniale, în 1923. În 1923 vicar apostolic al Libiei era monseniorul Giacinto Tonizza. Construcția bisericii a fost finalizată în timpul celui de-al doilea mandat al ministrului Federzoni, în 1928, cu puțin timp înainte de a fi înlăturat din funcție. După finalizarea construcției, catedrala a fost sfințită în cinstea Sfintei Inimi a lui Isus Cristos.
În 1969, după succesul loviturii militare de stat și proclamarea Republicii Arabe Libiene, Muammar Gaddafi a ajuns la putere. La 21 iulie 1970 a fost emis un decret pentru confiscarea tuturor bunurilor italiene din țară și expulzarea coloniștilor italieni. În septembrie 1970 episcopul din Bengazi a fost expulzat, iar printre bunurile confiscate s-a numărat Catedrala Sfânta Inimă a lui Isus, folosirea ei ca moschee începând în 1970.
Începând cu anul 1990, în timpul regimului lui Muammar al-Gaddafi, și exteriorul edificiului a început să fie modificat. De-a lungul anilor au fost înlocuite multe dintre caracteristicile sale arhitecturale originale cu elemente arabe și islamice. În anul 2000 transformarea catedralei în moschee a fost definitivată. De atunci, edificiul a fost numit după președintele Gamal Abdel Nasser al Egiptului, dar până în 2013 unele surse au numit-o pur și simplu „Moscheea din Piața Alger”.
Lista episoadelor Top Gear

Top Gear este o emisiune auto a BBC, câștigătoare a premiilor BAFTA (British Academy for Film and Television Awards), NTA (National Television Awards) și a premiilor Emmy. Se estimează că emisiunea are peste 350 de milioane de telespectatori în lume, din care 5 milioane de telespectatori urmăresc emisiunea în fiecare săptămână în Marea Britanie. Top Gear este prezentată în momentul de față de Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond și James May. În prezent, în România, ea este difuzată pe Discovery Channel.
Lista episoadelor include și 4 episoade speciale ce fac parte din: Top Gear: US Special (seria 9), Top Gear: Botswana Special (seria 10), Top Gear: Vietnam Special (seria 12) and Top Gear: Bolivia Special (seria 14) și două serii speciale: Top Gear Winter Olympics și Top Gear: Polar Special.
Biserica fortificată din Roadeș

Biserica evanghelică fortificată din Roadeș este un ansamblu de monumente istorice aflat pe teritoriul satului Roadeș, comuna Bunești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 40740.03.
Ansamblul este format din două monumente:
Roadeș (în dialectul săsesc Raddeln, Radln, Rarlen, în germană Radenthal, în trad. "valea defrișată", colocvial Radeln, „desțeleniș”, în maghiară Rádos) este un sat în comuna Bunești din județul Brașov, Transilvania, România.
Biserica evanghelică a fost construită de sași în secolele XV-XVI în stil gotic purtând hramul Sfântul Ioan. Construcția a fost terminată în 1526. Elementele cele mai vechi, din secolul al XIV-lea, se întâlnesc la navă și, probabil, cele din prima fază de construcție a clopotniței. Un secol mai târziu, corul a fost refăcut în formele goticului târziu, închis poligonal, cu o frumoasă boltă sprijinită de contraforturi. La începutul secolului al XVI-lea au fost făcute noi amenajări: sacristia (1526), cu ușa ornamentată, una dintre raritățile de acest tip din provincie, supraînălțarea navei și dotarea ei cu un drum de strajă de zidărie, sprijinit pe arce, manșonarea turnului.
La interior, altarul (care se află în prezent în Biserica Sfântul Ioan din Sibiu) aparține și el aceleiași perioade (datat 1533, provenit din școala maestrului Veit Stoss), în timp ce cristelnița din piatră este și ea din goticul târziu. Tot în interior, mai pot fi admirate panourile amplei tribune, care urmează trei laturi ale navei, cu picturi din secolele XVII-XVIII.
Fortificația din jurul bisericii are elemente de datare mai precise. Prima curtină s-a clădit în cursul secolului al XVI-lea, pe un traseu oval-alungit neregulat, cu două perechi de turnuri exterioare, de flancare, tinzând să respecte nordul și sudul.
Curtina a doua, care s-a alipit doar către sud, est și, parțial, nord, poseda o intrare pe arce, asemănătoare Bisericii din Biertan, precum și un turn-coajă, neînchis spre curtină, la sud-est. Cel din urmă are data de construcție din 1644.
În anul 2013 fundația cantautorului Peter Maffay a restaurat zidul de incintă al bisericii fortificate care se prăbușise în februarie 2012.
După ce în 2015 a apărut pe turnul bisericii o crăpătură de sus până jos, care s-a mărit de la o lună la alta, în februarie 2016, după o iarnă cu temperaturi schimbătoare, cu vânt și ploi abundente, clopotnița bisericii fortificate s-a prăbușit la pământ, lăsând în urmă un morman de bolovani.
Orga bisericii, construită de Peter Gottlieb Schneider în anul 1838, a fost depozitată temporar, de la începutul lunii martie 2016, pe galeria laterală a Bisericii Negre.
Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1990

Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1990 a fost cea de-a paisprezecea ediție a celei mai importante competiții la care participă echipe naționale din toată lumea, ediție ce s-a desfășurat în Italia. Țara gazdă a fost stabilită în anul 1984. Au candidat pentru organizare Italia și Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste. Italia a devenit a doua țară care găzduiește de două ori turneul final, după ediția din 1934. Prima țară fusese Mexic cu edițiile 1970 și 1986. Costa Rica, Irlanda și Emiratele Arabe Unite au participat în premieră la un turneu final mondial.
Loturile de la Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1990 conțineau 22 de jucători.
Toate loviturile de start la ora locală (CEST/UTC+2)
Dacă echipele erau la egalitate de puncte, erau clasate după următoarele criterii:
România a revenit la un turneu final după o pauză de 20 de ani. A fost prima participare la o competiție majoră a Generației de Aur așa cum a fost intitulată generația care a adus cele mai mare performanțe pentru echipa națională. Deși a avut o grupă dificilă, cu Argentina, campioana mondială, U.R.S.S., finalista EURO 1988 și Camerun, a depășit faza grupelor. Tricolorii au început cu o victorie în fața URSS, apoi au reușit în ultimul meci o remiză mare împotriva Argentinei, punctul obținut aducând în premieră pentru România calificarea în faza a doua a unui Campionat Mondial. În optimile de finală, echipa pregătită de Emeric Ienei a fost eliminată de Irlanda după executarea loviturilor de departajare.
Echipele din Irlanda și Olanda au avut rezultate identice. Locul doi a fost determinat prin tragere la sorți.
Materiale media legate de Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1990 la Wikimedia Commons
Top Gear series 14

Series 14 of Top Gear, a British motoring magazine and factual television programme, was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two, consisting of seven episodes that were aired between 15 November 2009 to 3 January 2010. It is the first series that was also aired in high-definition. This series' highlights included the presenters making their own electric car, hosting a car-themed art exhibition, and a tribute to the car manufacturer Lancia. The sixth episode of the series was dedicated to a feature-length special, titled Top Gear: Bolivia Special, focused on a road trip with off-road vehicles.
A series of compilation episodes featuring the best moments of the thirteenth and fourteenth series, titled "Best of Top Gear", was aired during 2010 between 10 January to 7 February. The fourteenth series faced criticism for its feature film in the first episode, regarding comments considered unacceptable to Romanians.
Several Romanian newspapers criticised the comments made by Jeremy Clarkson in the fourteenth series' first episode, designed as a reference to the 2006 mockumentary that starred Sacha Baron Cohen as his fictional journalist character from Kazakhstan, with comments that Romania was "Borat country, with gypsies and Russian playboys". Because the film had already stirred controversy in the country, with a number of local Roma who had been involved in the film attempting to sue 20th Century Fox and Cohen, it was claimed that the comments had been "offensive" and had produced "bad publicity for their country", with the Romanian Times also reporting that Clarkson had called Romania a "gypsy land".
Further complaints were also made in regards to a scene in which Clarkson donned a pork pie hat and called it a "gypsy" hat, while commenting: "I'm wearing this hat so the gypsies think I am [another gypsy]." Following the episode, the Romanian ambassador sent a letter to the producers of Top Gear, in which he showed his appreciation for the show, highlighted the press's freedom of expression, the non-discriminatory spirit, and the fact that 89.5% of the country's population is Romanian, 6.5% is ethnic Hungarians, 2.5% are ethnic Roma and 1.5% are other ethnic groups, but asked that the episode be re-edited to exclude the offensive material in future showings. In another response to the episode after its broadcast, a group of Romanians hacked over two pages of the Daily Telegraph website, covering them in Romanian flags and playing Gheorghe Zamfir - Lonely Shepherd (featured on the soundtrack to the film Kill Bill) while stating:
The viewing figures shown in the Episode Table above, are a combination of the figures from the BBC Two broadcast and the BBC HD broadcast.
America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018

America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (AWIA) is a United States federal law, enacted during the 115th United States Congress, which provides for water infrastructure improvements throughout the country in the areas of:
The law also reauthorizes the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014 (WIFIA) which provides expanded financial assistance to communities under the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act. These programs are administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Section 4201 of the Act authorised the creation of the state infrastructure financing authority WIFIA (SWIFIA) program. This is a loan program established to support State infrastructure financing authority borrowers, administered by EPA.
Also included in the law is the designation of the United States courthouse located at 300 South Fourth Street in Minneapolis, Minnesota, as the "Diana E. Murphy United States Courthouse".
Romanian Carpathians

The Romanian Carpathians (Romanian: Carpații românești) are a section of the Carpathian Mountains, within the borders of modern Romania. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of the Alps-Himalaya System and are further divided into "provinces" and "subprovinces".
This is an overview of the geological subdivisions of the Romanian section of the Carpathian Mountains. The broadest divisions are shown in the map on the right. The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually called "units". The lowest-level detail for those units is maintained on separate pages.
Traditional Romanian naming conventions differ from this list. In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three geographical groups (North, Centre, South), instead in Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians.
The Transylvanian Plateau is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians, but it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.
The Outer Carpathian Depressions lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians etc.
The Romanian Carpathians chain is classified, according to the geomorphological and geological differences, into three major morphotectonic units:
The Eastern Carpathians are divided into three geographical groups; the Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:
List of tunnels by country

The list of tunnels includes any road tunnel, railway tunnel or waterway tunnel anywhere in the world.
Specifically notable tunnels in the People's Republic of China include:
e.g.:
Road tunnel in operation:
Road tunnel under construction:
Railway tunnel in operation:
Railway tunnel under construction:
No metro, but some long road tunnels, including Hvalfjörður Tunnel at 5.8 km (3.6 mi) and some longer, and the longest (non-road) hydroelectric tunnel in Europe, one of the longest tunnels of any kind in the world, at Kárahnjúkar Hydropower Plant at 39.7 km (24.7 mi)
Road tunnels in operation
Road tunnels under construction
Railway tunnels in operation
Road tunnels in operation
Railway tunnels in operation
Făgăraș Mountains

The Făgăraș Mountains (Romanian: Munții Făgărașului [ˈmuntsij fəɡəˈraʃuluj]; Hungarian: Fogarasi-havasok) are the highest mountains of the Southern Carpathians, in Romania.
The mountain range is situated in the heart of Romania, at 45°35′N 24°45′E﻿ / ﻿45.583°N 24.750°E﻿ / 45.583; 24.750.
The range is bordered in the north by the Făgăraș Depression, through which the Olt River flows, and in the west by the Olt Valley (Valea Oltului). Despite its name, Făgăraș, located 20 km (12 mi) to the north, is not the nearest town to the mountain range, which has no major settlements. Other important surrounding cities are Brașov and Sibiu.
Glacier lakes include Bâlea (2,034 m, 46,508 m, 11.35 m deep), the largest. The highest lake is in the Hărtopul Leaotei glacial valley. The deepest glacial lake is Podragu (2,140 m, 28,550 m; 15.5 m deep). Other lakes are Urlea (2,170 m, 20,150 m) and Capra (2,230 m, 18,340 m).
The highest peaks are:
The most used access point to the mountains is the Transfăgărășan road. The Transfăgărășan runs across the Făgăraș range. It is generally open only between June and September, due to unfavorable weather conditions for the rest of the year.
The Făgăraș Mountains are a very popular hiking, trekking and skiing destination in Romania. Most people wanting to hike on the Moldoveanu leave from the town of Victoria, or, in other areas of the Făgăraș Mountains, from Arpașu de Jos, Porumbacu de Jos, and Avrig. In the vicinity of the Negoiu, and in the central part of the band take the rocky nature of the mountains, and reaching the main ridge trail there are technical difficulties and exposure. Somewhat difficult part of the trail is a "Three steps from the death" running the main ridge by ridge Custura Arpașului the lake (in Romanian Lacul) Capra (2,230 m). Also a bit challenging is one of the ways to Negoiu – Strunga Dracului. The most difficult section of the ridge Custura Sărății between Șerbota [ro] (2331 m above sea level) and Șaua Cleopatrei pass (2,355 m). At the root of the fire is under Șerbota several meters of steel cable handrail, on the other part there are no artificial enhancements.
A decision to designate the mountains as a national park occurred in 2016, and has proven controversial with local people seeking to protect access to timber and forest products. In reality, the range has complex land tenure arrangements, so only a portion could be so designated initially, aided by private investment. There are also plans to develop a ski resort, opposed by conservationists but supported by many residents of the surrounding towns, who seek better livelihood and economic opportunities.
Tihuța Pass

Tihuța Pass (Romanian: Pasul Tihuța, also called Pasul Bârgău; Hungarian: Borgói-hágó or Burgó) is a high mountain pass in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains of Romania, between the Bârgău Mountains to the north and the Călimani Mountains to the south. The 1,201 m (3,940 ft)-high pass connects Bistrița (Transylvania) with Vatra Dornei (Bukovina, Moldavia). Its western side is located in Piatra Fântânele village, Tiha Bârgăului, Bistrița-Năsăud County; the eastern side is in Căsoi village, Poiana Stampei, Suceava County. The Tihuța Pass is crossed by national road DN17 [ro] (part of European route E58), which starts in Dej and ends in Suceava.
The pass was made famous by Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, where, termed as "the Borgo Pass", it was the gateway to the realm of Count Dracula. Stoker most likely found the name on a contemporary map; he never actually visited the area. Today the pass is home to Hotel "Castel Dracula"; located at an elevation of 1,116 m (3,661 ft), the hotel was built in 1976 and adopted its current name after 1989. The hotel has become quite an attraction due to its architectural style of a medieval villa, as well as the connection to the novel. In 2018 the property was put up for sale.
Close to the Tihuța Pass is the Piatra Fântânele Monastery [ro], which dates from 1928. The ensemble is dominated by a 31 m (102 ft) metal cross; built in 2010, this is the tallest such structure in Romania.
The Tihuța Pass is now part of the Via Transilvanica long-distance trail; it belongs to the 277 km (172 mi)-long The Highlands section of the trail, which runs from Bistrița to Poiana Stampei.
भारत के चरम बिंदुओं की सूची

भारत के चरम बिंदुओं में वे निर्देशांक शामिल हैं जो भारत में किसी भी अन्य स्थान की तुलना में अधिक उत्तरी, दक्षिणी, पूर्व या पश्चिमि में स्थित हैं ; और देश में सबसे अधिक या सबसे कम ऊंचाई के है। भारत द्वारा दावा किया जाने वाला सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु, भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच विवादित क्षेत्र है। कन्याकुमारी ( केप कोमोरिन), मुख्य भूमि भारत के सबसे दक्षिणी में स्थित के अपवाद के साथ, अन्य सभी चरम स्थान निर्जन हैं। लेकिन कुछ लोग इंदिरा बिंदु को अन्तिम छोर मानते हैं, जो ग्रेट निकोबार द्वीप मे 6°45' उतरी अक्षांश पर स्थित है। हालांकि यह विचार न तो सही है और न ही गलत है।
अक्षांश और देशांतर दशमलव डिग्री संकेतन में व्यक्त किए जाते हैं, जिसमें एक सकारात्मक अक्षांश मान उत्तरी गोलार्ध को संदर्भित करता है, और एक नकारात्मक मान दक्षिणी गोलार्ध को संदर्भित करता है। इसी तरह, एक सकारात्मक देशांतर मान पूर्वी गोलार्ध को संदर्भित करता है, और एक नकारात्मक मूल्य पश्चिमी गोलार्ध को संदर्भित करता है। इस लेख में उपयोग किए गए निर्देशांक गूगल धरती से लिए गए हैं, जो डब्ल्यूजीएस84 भू-संदर्भ प्रणाली का उपयोग करता है। इसके अतिरिक्त, एक नकारात्मक ऊंचाई मानक, समुद्र तल से नीचे भूमि को संदर्भित करता है।
भारत अपने सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु के रूप में जिस क्षेत्र का दावा करता है, जोकि शिनजियांग के हिस्से के रूप में चीन द्वारा प्रशासित किया जाता है, पहले इस पर हुंजा द्वारा दावा किया गया था और इसलिए भारत द्वारा जम्मू और कश्मीर राज्य के हिस्से के रूप में इस पर दावा किया गया था। भारत द्वारा प्रशासित सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु जम्मू और कश्मीर में स्थित है। पुरे कश्मीर पर भारत के दावे, पाकिस्तान और चीन के साथ विवादित है, इन पूरे क्षेत्र में जम्मू-कश्मीर राज्य के गिलगित-बल्तिस्तान क्षेत्र, अक्साई चिन, चीनी क्षेत्र और भारतीय प्रशासित राज्य जम्मू-कश्मीर शामिल है। इस सूची में भारत द्वारा दावा किया गया सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु; भारत द्वारा प्रशासित लेकिन विवादित उत्तरी बिंदु; और भारत में निर्विवाद सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु दिये गये है। यह मामला उच्चतम ऊंचाई वाले क्षेत्रों पर भी लागू होता है।
भारत का सबसे पूर्वी राज्य अरुणाचल प्रदेश है। राज्य का कुछ हिस्सा चीन द्वारा "दक्षिण तिब्बत" के रूप में दावा किया जाता है, हालांकि यह भारत द्वारा प्रशासित है, भारतीय प्रशासित क्षेत्र का सबसे पूर्वी भाग इस विवादित क्षेत्र में स्थित है। नतीजतन, इस सूची में भारत में विवादित और निर्विवाद रूप से पूर्वी-सर्वाधिक दोनों बिंदुओं का उल्लेख किया गया है।
सन्दर्भ त्रुटि: "nb" नामक सन्दर्भ-समूह के लिए <ref> टैग मौजूद हैं, परन्तु समूह के लिए कोई <references group="nb"/> टैग नहीं मिला। यह भी संभव है कि कोई समाप्ति </ref> टैग गायब है।
इंदिरा कोल

इंदिरा कोल (Indira Col) काराकोरम पर्वतमाला की सियाचिन मुज़ताग़ उपश्रेणी के इंदिरा कटक (इंदिरा रिज) में स्थित एक कोल (यानि कटक में बना हुआ पहाड़ी दर्रा) है। यह सिआ कांगरी से 3 किमी पश्चिम में है, जो भारत, पाकिस्तान व चीन द्वारा प्रशासित क्षेत्रों के त्रिबिन्दु पर स्थित है। इंदिरा कोल दक्षिण में सियाचिन हिमानी (ग्लेशियर) और उत्तर में उरदोक हिमानी के बीच का सबसे निचला स्थान है, और सिन्धु नदी घाटी तथा तारिम द्रोणी के बीच के जलसम्भर में स्थित है। यहाँ से आसानी से उरदोक हिमानी पर उतरा नहीं जा सकता क्योंकि वह ढलान बहुत तीखी है।
ज्ञात है कि भारत का सबसे पूर्वी बिंदु किबिथू, सबसे पश्चिमी बिंदु कच्छ में सर क्रीक (गुहर मोती के पास),सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु इंदिरा कोल और सबसे दक्षिणी बिंदु इंदिरा प्वाइंट है. मुख्य भूमि का सबसे दक्षिणी बिंदु कन्याकुमारी के पास "केप कोमोरिन" है.
इंदिरा कोल, सियाचिन ग्लेशियर और उरडोक ग्लेशियर के बीच एक उच्च बिंदु है. यह पूर्वी कराकोरम रेंज में स्थित है. दरअसल इंदिरा कॉल नाम के दो बिंदु हैं जिनमे एक का नाम है इंदिरा कोल ईस्ट और दूसरा है इंदिरा कोल वेस्ट.
east west indira coL
इंदिरा कोल के बारे में कुछ रोचक तथ्य इस प्रकार हैं;
1. भारत का उत्तरी बिंदु इंदिरा कोल 5,764 मीटर (18,911 फीट) की ऊँचाई पर कराकोरम रेंज के सियाचिन मुजताघ में स्थित है. यह वह बिंदु है जहाँ पर भारत, पाकिस्तान और चीन की सीमायें आस पास हैं.
2. इंदिरा कोल का भारत की पूर्व प्रधानमन्त्री इंदिरा गाँधी से कोई सम्बन्ध नहीं है. पूर्वी इंदिरा कोल बिंदु का नाम देवी लक्ष्मी के नामों में से एक के नाम पर “बुल्क वर्कमैन” ने 1912 में रखा था.
3. कर्नल नरेंद्र "बुल" कुमार 1981 में पश्चिमी इंदिरा कोल पर पहुंचे थे जबकि हरीश कपाडिया इसी कोल पर 1998 पहुंचे थे.
4. कोल के दक्षिण में स्थित जमीन पर पाकिस्तान और भारत दोनों देश अपना दावा करते हैं लेकिन यह सिर्फ भारत का है
5. भारत के सबसे उत्तरी बिंदु (इंदिरा कोल) और सबसे दक्षिणी बिंदु (कन्याकुमारी) के बीच की दूरी 3,065 किमी. है.
भारत में राष्ट्रीय राजमार्गों की सूची - प्रदेश अनुसार

भारत में राष्ट्रीय राजमार्गों की सूची भारतीय राजमार्ग के क्षेत्र में एक व्यापक सूची देता है, द्वारा अनुरक्षित सड़कों के एक वर्ग भारतीय राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग प्राधिकरण। ये लंबे मुख्य में दूरी roadways हैं भारत और के अत्यधिक उपयोग का मतलब है एक परिवहन भारत में। वे में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा भारतीय अर्थव्यवस्था। राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग संख्या 2 laned (प्रत्येक दिशा में एक), के बारे में 65,000 किमी की एक कुल, जिनमें से 5,840 किमी बदल सकता है गठन में "स्वर्ण Chathuspatha" या स्वर्णिम चतुर्भुज, एक प्रतिष्ठित परियोजना राजग सरकार द्वारा शुरू की श्री अटल बिहारी वाजपेयी. (स्रोत, हिंदू, डीटी के नेतृत्व में 7 जून 2008: श्री एच टी Muniapppa, केन्द्रीय मंत्री ofo भूतल परिवहन राज्य) जिसमें से 4,885 किमी औसत रहे हैं अलग एक्सप्रेस राजमार्ग। में कुछ और क्षेत्रों में यह 4 गलियों को विस्तृत कर सकते हैं विकसित किया है। बड़े शहरों के करीब, राजमार्गों भी 8 लेन का हो सकता है। भारत में राजमार्ग भारत में कुल सड़क नेटवर्क का लगभग 2% है, लेकिन कुल सड़क यातायात का लगभग 40% किया जाता है। राष्ट्रीय (संशोधन) विधेयक, 1995 राजमार्ग, निर्माण और भारत के इन धमनियों के रखरखाव में निजी निवेश के लिए प्रदान करता है। सबसे लंबे समय तक राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग NH7 जो [[उत्तर(up)के वाराणसी से दक्षिण के भारतीय मुख्य भूमि के दक्षिणी सबसे बिंदु पर कन्याकुमारी, तमिलनाडु 2369 किमी की दूरी तय की है और जबलपुर, नागपुर, हैदराबाद और बंगलूर जैसे महानगरों से गुजरता है। कम से कम राष्ट्रीय राजमार्ग NH47A, जो एर्नाकुलम - कोचीन पोर्ट के लिए एक 6 km खंड है। भारत को दुनिया का सबसे ऊंचा drivable राजमार्ग में होने का गौरव प्राप्त है मनाली के लेह लद्दाख, कश्मीर जोड़ने के लिए।
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बिनसर वन्य अभयारण्य

बिनसर वन्य अभयारण्य (Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary) भारत के उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के अल्मोड़ा ज़िले में स्थित एक वन्य अभयारण्य है। यह अल्मोड़ा से लगभग ३४ किलोमीटर दूर है और समुद्र तल से लगभग २४१२ मीटर की उंचाई पर है। बिनसर लगभग ११वीं से १८वीं शताब्दी तक चन्द राजाओं की राजधानी रहा था। अब इसे वन्य जीव अभयारण्य बना दिया गया है।
बिनसर झांडी ढार नाम की पहाडी पर है। यहां की पहाड़ियां "झांदी धार" के रूप में जानी जाती हैं। बिनसर गढ़वाली बोली का एक शब्द है - जिसका अर्थ "नव प्रभात" है। यहां से अल्मोड़ा शहर का उत्कृष्ट दृश्य, कुमाऊं की पहाडियां और ग्रेटर हिमालय भी दिखाई देते हैं। घने देवदार के जंगलों से निकलते हुए शिखर की ओर रास्ता जाता है, जहां से हिमालय पर्वत श्रृंखला का अकाट्य दृश्‍य और चारों ओर की घाटी देखी जा सकती है। बिनसर से हिमालय की केदारनाथ, चौखंबा, त्रिशूल, नंदा देवी, नंदाकोट और पंचोली चोटियों की ३०० किलोमीटर लंबी शृंखला दिखाई देती है, जो अपने आप में अद्भुत है और ये बिनसर का सबसे बड़ा आकर्षण भी हैं।
बिनसर अभयारण्य में तेंदुआ पाया जाता है। इसके अलावा हिरण और चीतल तो आसानी से दिखाई दे जाते हैं। यहां २०० से भी ज्यादा तरह के पक्षी पाये जाते हैं। इनमें मोनाल सबसे प्रसिद्ध है ये उत्तराखंड का राज्य पक्षी भी है किन्तु अब ये बहुत ही कम दिखाई देता है। अभयारण्य में एक वन्य जीव संग्रहालय भी स्थित है।
रानीखेत से १९ किलोमीटर की दूरी पर बिन्सर महादेव मंदिर समुद्र तल से २४८० मीटर की ऊंचाई पर स्थित इस क्षेत्र का प्रमुख मंदिर है। मंदिर चारों तरफ से घने देवदार के वनों से घिरा हुआ है। मंदिर के गर्भगृह में गणेश, हरगौरी और महेशमर्दिनी की प्रतिमा स्थापित है। महेशमर्दिनी की प्रतिमा पर मुद्रित नागरीलिपि मंदिर का संबंध नौवीं शताब्दी से जोड़ती है। इस मंदिर को राजा पीथू ने अपने पिता बिन्दू की याद में बनवाया था। इसीलिए मंदिर को बिन्देश्वर मंदिर के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यहां हर साल जून के महीने में बैकुंड चतुर्दिशी के अवसर पर मेला लगता है। मेले में महिलाएं पूरी रात अपने हाथ में दिए लेकर सन्तान प्राप्ति के लिए आराधना करती हैं। गढवाल जनपद के प्रसिद्ध शिवालयों श्रीनगर में कमलेश्वर तथा थलीसैण में बिन्सर शिवालय में बैकुंठ चतुर्दशी के पर्व पर अधिकाधिक संख्या में श्रृद्धालु दर्शन हेतु आते हैं तथा इस पर्व को आराधना व मनोकामना पूर्ति का मुख्य पर्व मानते हैं।
पौड़ी मुख्यालय से ११८ किलोमीटर दूर थैलीसैंण मार्ग पर ८००० फीट की ऊँचाई पर स्थित है। यहाँ का प्रसिद्ध बिनसर मन्दिर देवदास के सघन वृक्षो से आच्छादित ९००० फीट पर दूधातोली के ऑचल में विद्यमान है। जनश्रुति के अनुसार कभी इस वन में पाण्डवों ने वास किया था। पाण्डव एक वर्ष के अज्ञातवास में इस वन में आये थे और उन्होंने मात्र एक रात्रि में ही इस मन्दिर का निर्माण किया।
दक्षिणी ध्रुव

दक्षिणी ध्रुव पृथ्वी का सबसे दक्षिणी छोर है। यह अंटार्कटिका में है।
तथ्यानुसार दो मुख्य दक्षिणी ध्रुव हैं, एक स्थिर और दूसरा जो घूमता है।
चुम्बकीय उत्तरी और दक्षिणी ध्रुव वहाँ होते है जहाँ पर दिक्सूचक संकेत करता है। ये ध्रुव वर्ष प्रतिवर्ष घूमते रहते हैं। केवल दिक्सूचक को देखकर ही लोग यह बता सकते हैं की वे इन ध्रुवों के निकट है। दक्षिणी ध्रुव से सारी दिशाएँ उत्तर में होती हैं, पर ध्रुवों के बिल्कुल निकट दिक्सूचक भरोसेमंद नहीं है।
भौगोलिक उत्तरी और दक्षिणी ध्रुव वे ध्रुव हैं जिनपर पृथ्वी घूमती है, वहीं जिन्हें लोग एक ग्लोब पर देखते हैं कहाँ पर साती उत्तर/दक्षिण की रेखाएँ मिलती है। ये ध्रुव एक ही स्थान पर रहते है और यही वे ध्रुव होते हैं जब हम केवल उत्तरी या दक्षिणी ध्रुव कहते हैं। लोग कुछ विशेष तारों को देखकर ये बता सकते हैं कि वे इन ध्रुवों पर है। ध्रुवों पर एक तारा समान ऊँचाई पर चक्कर लगाता है और क्षितिज पर कबी भी अस्त नहीं होता।
दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर पड़ने वाला महाद्वीप है अंटार्कटिका। यह बहुत ही ठंडा स्थान है। सर्दियों के दौरान कई सप्ताहों तक यहाँ सूर्योदय नहीं होता। और गर्मियों के दौरान, दिसंबर के अंत से मार्च के अंत तक सूर्यास्त नहीं होता।
स्वयं ध्रुवीय बिन्दु पर भी छः महीने की सर्दियाँ होती हैं और इतने समय तक सूर्योदय नहीं होता। और जब सूर्योदय होता है तो, यह छः महीनों की लंबी गर्मियाँ आरंभ होती हैं, जब कोई व्यक्ति दिन के किसी भी समय खड़े होकर सूरज को क्षितिज के ऊपर घड़ी की उल्टी दिशा में अपने चारो ओर घूमते हुए देख सकता है।
दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर पहुँचना कठिन है। उत्तरी ध्रुव के विपरीत, जोकि समुद्र और समतल समुद्री बर्फ से ढका होता है, दक्षिणी ध्रुव एक पर्वतीय महाद्वीप पर स्थित है। यह महाद्वीप है अंटार्कटिका। यह बर्फ की मोटी चादर से ढका है और अपने केंद्र पर तो १.५ किमी से भी मोटी बर्फ से। दक्षिणी ध्रुव बहुत ऊँचे स्थान पर है और बहुत वातमय (तूफ़ानी)। यह उन स्थानों से बहुत दूर है जहाँ पर वैज्ञानिकों की बस्तियाँ हैं और यहाँ जाने वाले जहाज़ों को प्रायः बर्फ़ीले समुद्री रास्ते से होकर जाना पड़ता है। तट पर पहुँचने के बाद भी भूमार्ग से यात्रा करने वाले खोजियों को ध्रुव तक पहुँचने के लिए १,६०० किलोमीटर से भी अधिक की यात्रा करनी पड़ती है। उन्हें तैरते हिमखंडों को पार करके बर्फ़ से ढकी भूमि और फ़िर सीधे खड़े पर्वतीय हिमनदों को जो टूटी, मुड़ी हुई समुद्र में गिरती बर्फ से ढके होते हैं और तेज़ जमाने वाली बर्फीली हवाओं वाले पठार को भी पार करना होता है।
दक्षिणी गोलार्ध

निर्देशांक: 45°0′0″S 0°0′0″E﻿ / ﻿45.00000°S 0.00000°E﻿ / -45.00000; 0.00000
दक्षिणी गोलार्ध किसी ग्रह का वह आधा भाग होता है, जो उसकी विषुवत रेखा के नीचे (दक्षिणी ओर) होता है। गोलार्ध का शाब्दिक अर्थ है आधा गोला। हमारा ग्रह अक्षवत् दो भागों में बंटा है, जिन्हे उत्तरी गोलार्ध व दक्षिणी गोलार्ध कहते हैं। उत्तरी गोलार्ध का उत्तरी ‌छोर तथा दक्षिणी गोलार्ध का दक्षिणी ‌छोर बहुत ठंडे स्थान होने के कारण वहाँ बर्फ का साम्राज्य रहता है। दक्षिणी गोलार्ध के दक्षिणी ध्रुव पर तो बर्फ से बना विशाल महाद्वीप ही मौजूद है। दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में पांच महाद्वीप-आस्ट्रेलिया,नौ-दसवा दक्षिण अमेरिका,एक तिहाई अफ्रीका तथा एशिया के कुछ दक्षिणी द्वीपों मौजूद है। दक्षिण गोलार्द्ध चार महासागरों- हिन्द महासागर, अन्ध महासागर, दक्षिणध्रुवीय महासागर और प्रशान्त महासागर मौजूद है। पृथ्वी के अक्षीय झुकाव की वजह से दक्षिणी गोलार्द्ध में ग्रीष्म ऋतु, दक्षिणायन (२२ दिसंबर के आसपास) से वसंत विषुव (लगभग २१ मार्च) तक चलता है और शीत ऋतु, उत्तरायण (२१ जून) से शरद विषुव (लगभग २३ सितंबर) तक चलता है।
उत्तरी गोलार्ध कि तुलना में दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में सौम्य तापमान परिवर्तन पाया जाता है; पर अंटार्कटिका(उत्तरी ध्रुव), आर्कटिक से ज्यादा थंडा है। इसका कारण यह है कि उत्तरी गोलार्ध का ज्यादातर हिस्सा महासागरों से भरा है। दक्षिणी गोलार्ध में दिन के दौरान सूर्य उत्तरी दिशा की स्थिति में अधिकतम बढता है, पर मकर रेखा के ऊपर सूर्य मध्याह्न के समय दक्षिण में दिखता है। सूर्य के संचलन की दिशा के कारण, एक सौर घड़ी के छाया की चाल उत्तरी गोलार्ध में विरोधी दक्षिणावर्त होती है।
दक्षिणी अफ्रीका

अफ्रीका महाद्वीप के दक्षिणी भाग को दक्षिणी अफ्रीका कहते हैं। इसमें बोत्सवाना · लेसोथो · नामीबिया · दक्षिण अफ्रीका · स्वाजीलैंड देश आते हैं। इनके विस्तृत आंकड़े इस प्रकार से हैं:-