davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Mo Xi

Mo Xi (Chinese: 妺喜; pinyin: Mò Xǐ; Wade–Giles: MoHsi) was a concubine of Jie, the last ruler of the Chinese Xia dynasty. According to tradition, Mo Xi, Da Ji (concubine of the last ruler of the Shang dynasty) and Bao Si (concubine of the last ruler of the Western Zhou dynasty) are each blamed for the fall of these respective dynasties. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, “Xia fell because of Mo Xi; Yin (Shang) fell because of Da Ji; Zhou fell because of Bao Si” (夏亡以妹喜，殷亡以妲己，周亡以褒姒). Neither Mo Xi nor the Lake of Alcohol, with which she is associated, is mentioned in the story of Jie and the fall of Xia dynasty in the Records of the Grand Historian.
According to the Lienü Zhuan (列女傳), Mo Xi was the concubine of Jie of Xia. She was beautiful, but lacked in virtue, being depraved and immoral. Even though her actions were those of a woman, she had the heart of a man. She wore a sword on her belt and a (man’s) cap. Jie drank day and night with Mo Xi and his palace ladies. He would place Mo Xi on his knees and listen to whatever came from her mouth. King Jie of Xia also made a lake of wine large enough to transport boats. With a drumbeat, three thousand men drank from it, lowering their faces to it like cattle. When they became drunk, they fell in and drowned. Mo Xi found this entertaining and laughed at them.
Later, Jie summoned Tang and imprisoned him at Xiatai, but afterwards released him. When the vassal lords rebelled, Tang attacked Jie and defeated him at Mingtiao. Tang banished Jie, who was set adrift out to sea on a boat along with Mo Xi and his favorite concubines. He died at Nanchao 南巢 mountain.
The account of Jie’s exile in the Lienü zhuan is different than the version found in the “Xia benji” 夏本紀 chapter of the Shiji, which not only does not mention Mo Xi, but also says, “Jie fled from Mingtiao and subsequently was exiled and died. Jie said to someone, ‘I regret failing to kill Tang at Xiatai, which has caused me to come to this’”.
According to the Guoyu, Mo Xi, who was from the state of Shi, plotted to bring down the Xia from the very beginning. “Formerly, when Jie of Xia attacked the state of Shi, the people of Shi gave Mei Xi to him. Mei Xi was favored, thereupon she colluded with Yi Yin 伊尹 and destroyed Xia” (昔夏桀伐有施，有施人以妹喜女焉，妹喜有寵，于是乎與伊尹比而亡夏).
The version of the Mo Xi’s story recorded in the Zhushu jinian 竹書紀年 (Bamboo Annals) also has her colluding with Yi Yin to bring down the Xia. “15th year (of Jie): [Gui 癸 (King Jie)] ordered Bian 扁 to attack Shan Min 山民. Shan Min presented two women to Jie, one called Wan 琬 and the other Yan 琰. The emperor loved the two, although the women bore him no children. He had their names carved on the gems Tiao 苕 and Hua 華: [that on the gem] Tiao was “Wan,” [on the gem] Hua was “Yan,” and he sent away his first wife Mo Xi to Luo 洛. In the Qing Palace 傾宮 he decorated the Yao Tower 瑤臺 for them to live in. Lady Mo Xi had intercourse with Yi Yin, for the purpose of making dissension between Yin and Xia” (translation by David Nivison).
Iron Pagoda

The Iron Pagoda (Chinese: 鐵塔) of Youguo Temple (佑國寺), Kaifeng City, Henan province, is a Chinese pagoda built in 1049. The pagoda is so-named not because it is made of iron, but because its color resembles that of iron. It is a brick pagoda tower built on the location of a previous wooden one that had been burnt down by lightning fire in 1044. Along with the Liuhe, Lingxiao, Liaodi, Pizhi, and Beisi pagodas, it is seen as a masterpiece of Song dynasty architecture.
This octagonal-base structure stands at a current height of 56.88 meters (186.56 feet), with a total of 13 stories. It is a solid-core brick tower with an inner spiral stone staircase and outside openings to allow light and air flow. The architectural style features densely positioned, articulated dougong in the eaves (miyan) and multiple stories (louge). The exterior features more than fifty different varieties of glazed brick and 1,600 intricate and richly detailed carvings, including those of standing and sitting Buddha, standing monks, singers and flying dancers, flowers, lions, dragons and other legendary beasts as well as many fine engravings. Under the eaves are 104 bells that ring in the wind. The foundation rests in the silt of the Yellow River. Inside the Iron Pagoda are frescos of the classical Chinese tales, such as The Journey to the West.
In the Northern Song (960–1127) dynasty's capital city of Kaifeng, the famous architect Yu Hao built a magnificent wooden pagoda as part of Youguo Temple (between 965 and 995 CE) that was considered by many of his contemporaries to be a marvel of art. Unfortunately, the widely admired structure burned down in 1044 after a lightning strike. Under the order of Emperor Renzong (1022–1063), a new pagoda was built in its place by 1049. The new tower was built of nonflammable brick and stone and was dubbed the 'Iron Pagoda' due its iron-grey color when viewed from afar (its bricks are in fact glazed red, brown, blue, and green). In 1847 the Yellow River overflowed its banks and the Youguo Temple collapsed, but the Iron Pagoda survived. Historically, the pagoda has experienced 38 earthquakes, six floods and many other disasters, but it remains intact after almost 1,000 years.
In 1994, the Iron Pagoda was featured on a two-yuan Chinese postage stamp.
Liuhe Pagoda

30°11′53.70″N 120°07′35.70″E﻿ / ﻿30.1982500°N 120.1265833°E﻿ / 30.1982500; 120.1265833
Liuhe Pagoda (Chinese: 六和塔; pinyin: Liùhé Tǎ; Wu: Loh-vhu Da), literally Six Harmonies Pagoda, is a multi-story Chinese pagoda in southern Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. It is located at the foot of Yuelun Hill, facing the Qiantang River. It was originally constructed in 970 by the Wuyue Kingdom, destroyed in 1121, and reconstructed fully by 1165, during the Southern Song dynasty (1127–1279).
The pagoda was originally constructed by the ruler of the Wuyue Kingdom, whose capital was Hangzhou. The name Liuhe comes from the six Buddhist ordinances and it is said that the reason for building the pagoda was to calm the tidal bore of the Qiantang River and as a navigational aid. However, the pagoda was completely destroyed during warfare in the year 1121.
After the current pagoda was constructed of wood and brick during the Southern Song dynasty, additional exterior eaves were added during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing Dynasties (1644–1911). The pagoda is octagonal in shape and some 59.89 metres (196.5 ft) in height, it also has the appearance of being a thirteen-story structure, though it only has seven interior stories. There is a spiral staircase leading to the top floor and upon each of the seven ceilings are carved and painted figures including animals, flowers, birds and characters. Each story of the pagoda consists of four elements, the exterior walls, a zigzagged corridor, the interior walls and a small chamber. Viewed from outside, the pagoda appears to be layered-bright on the upper surface and dark underneath. That is a harmonious alternation of light and shade.
According to the British sinologist and historian Joseph Needham, the pagoda also served as a lighthouse along the Qiantang River. Being of considerable size and stature, it actually served as a permanent lighthouse from nearly its beginning, to aid sailors in seeking anchorage for their ships at night (as described in the Hangzhou Fu Zhi).
A small "Pagoda Park" has recently been opened nearby. Its exhibition features models of ancient Chinese pagodas and illustrates the variety of different designs, as well as history, culture and symbols associated with the pagoda.
Vietnamese architecture

Vietnamese architecture (Vietnamese: Kiến trúc Việt Nam) is the architectural style used by the Vietnamese through the process of historical development and the absorption and integration of regional and international architectures. Vietnamese architecture is reflected in the works from đình, shrines, temples, nhà thờ họ, citadels, palaces and housing architecture.
Ancient architecture in Vietnam had stilt houses (Vietnamese: nhà sàn) built with materials like wood and bamboo. Depictions of these houses are seen on Đông Sơn bronze drums. There are 2 types of houses with roofs curved up like a boat and roofs curved down like turtle shells. In the 2nd century BC, An Dương Vương built the Cổ Loa citadel with a spiral shape and was the first citadel built in Vietnam. Thus the name Cổ Loa, literally meaning "ancient spiral", cổ meaning ancient and loa meaning spiral.
Vietnamese architecture has imported influences from China; during this period, Vietnamese architecture was influenced by Buddhist architecture.
Modern architecture of the Vietnamese people has been influenced by the West clearly, and at the same time, there has been the absorption and fusion of East–West architecture with its own identity to shape the architecture as it is today.
Chinese architecture has influenced Vietnamese architecture immensely and many other countries around China, including Japan and Korea. While there is a lot of influence in Vietnamese architecture, there are also a few differences with Chinese architecture. The dougong (Chinese: 斗拱; pinyin: dǒugǒng; lit. cap [and] block; Vietnamese: Đấu củng) is an important part of Chinese architecture, is rarely or not found in Vietnamese architecture starting from the Lý dynasty where Vietnamese architecture began to develop and innovate away from Chinese traditional architecture. Vietnamese architecture was also influenced by feng shui (Vietnamese: phong thủy), buildings were built according to the directions and stars. A good example of this was during the construction of the Imperial City of Huế. Geomancers were consulted to find a suitable location for the citiadel. The citadel was oriented to face the Hương River (Perfume River) to the southeast. This differs from Beijing's Forbidden City in which faces true south.
French architecture has also influenced Vietnamese architecture with many colonial buildings being built with Vietnamese architecture and French architecture. The imperial palace of Huế, has many buildings using French architectural techniques and styles.
Daming Temple

Daming Temple (Chinese: 大明寺; pinyin: Dàmíng Sì) is a temple located at the middle peak of Shugang Mountain (蜀冈山), Yangzhou, Jiangsu province, China. This temple is known for a famous monk, Jianzhen, who studied the sutras and initiated people into monkhood here in 742 AD before he left for Japan.
Daming Temple is so named because it was constructed during the periods in the reign of Xiaowu Emperor of the Liu Song dynasty during the period of Daming (453–464 AD). In the first year of Renshou in the Sui dynasty (601), Emperor Wen Yang Jian issued an edict to build 30 pagodas across the country for the worship of Buddhist relics (佛骨) to celebrate his birthday. So the Qi Ling Tower was built in this temple. The magnificent tower had nine floors and was known as "China's most magnificent and special architecture", so the temple was also called "Qi Ling Temple".
During the periods of the Wuzong reign of the Tang dynasty (618–907), it was called Qiling Temple.
In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), due to social taboo of "Daming" (Daming Chinese: 大明 means Ming dynasty), its name was changed into "Qiling Temple" (栖灵寺). In 1765, during the 30th year of Qianlong period (1736–1795), Qianlong Emperor honored the name "Fajing Temple" (法净寺).
In 1922, Japanese scholar Tokiwa Daijo (常盘大定) built a pavilion, a gallery and a memorial hall before Daming Temple to commemorate master Jianzhen.
In 1973, Jianzhen Memorial Hall, designed by Liang Sicheng, was constructed.
In 1980, the temple reverted to its former name of "Daming Temple".
The temple was constructed around the hill, which consisted of three parts. The central part consistes of the Hall of the "Four Heavenly Kings" ("Fēng Tiáo Diàn") and the Great Hall. The eastern part consisted of Pingyuan Hall and the "Jianzhen Memorial Hall". The western part consisted of Pingshan Hall, Si Garden and other features. The palaces and pavilions are well integrated with each other and well-arranged in structure.
The Memorial Hall modeled the style of the Main Hall in the Tōshōdai-ji which was organized and built by Jianzhen in Japan. A wood carving sitting statue of Jianzhen which was dry-lacquered and wrapped with linen layer by layer is enshrined in the hall.
The Pingshan Hall (平山堂) was built by Song dynasty scholar official Ouyang Xiu in 1048 during the Qingli period when he was prefecture chief of Yangzhou. When people overlook the distant scenes, the mountains are at the same level with sight line, hence the name "Pingshan Hall" (平山堂; Ping means the same level and shan means mountains).
Some time during the Renshou reign of the Sui dynasty – between 601 and 604 AD, the nine-story "Qiling Pagoda" (栖灵塔) was completed.
Hillbrow Tower

The Hillbrow Tower (officially the Telkom Joburg Tower, and formerly JG Strijdom Tower) is a tall tower located in the suburb of Hillbrow in Johannesburg, South Africa. At 269 m (883 ft), it was the tallest tower in Africa for 50 years, until it was surpassed in 2021 by the 393.8 m (1,292 ft) Iconic Tower in Egypt's New Administrative Capital, as well as the continent's tallest structure for eleven years, until overtaken by the Nador transmitter in Morocco; it remained Africa's tallest free-standing structure for two more years until overtaken by the chimney of the Sasol III Steam Plant in 1984. For seven years it was also the tallest structure in the Southern Hemisphere until 1978, when surpassed by the 270 m Mount Isa Chimney in Queensland, Australia. It remains the tallest telecommunications tower in Africa. Construction of the tower began in June 1968 and was completed three years later, in April 1971. Construction cost 2 million rand (at the time, US$2.8 million). The tower was initially known as the JG Strijdom Tower, after JG (Hans) Strijdom, South African Prime Minister from 1954 to 1958. On 31 May 2005 it was renamed the Telkom Joburg Tower.
The tower was constructed for South African Posts & Telecommunications, which later became Telkom, South Africa's government-run and largest telecommunications company. As the general height of buildings rose in the central business district, it became necessary that the height of the new telecommunications tower stayed above the height of the buildings surrounding it.
The Hillbrow Tower has been closed to visitors since 1981, primarily for security reasons. Before the closure, the Hillbrow tower was one of the largest tourist draws in Johannesburg. The public was able to enter six public floors at the top of the tower. One of the floors housed a popular revolving restaurant named "Heinrich's Restaurant" and a discotheque named "Cloud 9" as well as another non-rotating restaurant known as "the Grill Room" and the observation floor which was at 197 m height.
During the 2010 FIFA World Cup, a huge football was fitted to the tower to celebrate the event. In 2013, television programme Carte Blanche broadcast from what used to be the revolving restaurant.
The Hillbrow Tower is one of two iconic towers that are often used to identify the Johannesburg skyline. The second tower, the Sentech Tower (old Albert Hertzog Tower), is used for television and radio transmissions.
Galata Tower

The Galata Tower (Turkish: Galata Kulesi), officially the Galata Tower Museum (Turkish: Galata Kulesi Müzesi), is a medieval Genoese tower in the Galata part of the Beyoğlu district of Istanbul, Turkey. Built as a watchtower at the highest point of the mostly demolished Walls of Galata, the tower is now an exhibition space and museum, and a symbol of Beyoğlu and Istanbul.
During the Byzantine period the Emperor Justinian had a tower erected in what was to become Galata. This tower was destroyed by the Crusaders during the Sack of Constantinople in 1204.
In 1267 a Genoese colony was established in the Galata part of Constantinople. It was surrounded by walls and the Galata Tower was first built at their highest point as the Christea Turris (Tower of Christ) in Romanesque style in 1348 during an expansion of the colony. At the time the Galata Tower, at 219.5 ft (66.9 m), was the tallest building in the city.
After the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Genoese colony was abolished and most of the walls of the citadel were later pulled down in the 19th century, during the northward expansion of the city in the districts of Beyoğlu and Beşiktaş; though small parts of the Genoese walls in Galata have survived. The tower was allowed to survive and was turned into a prison. It was from its roof that, in 1638, Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi supposedly strapped on wings and made the first intercontinental flight, landing in the Doğancılar Meydanı in Üsküdar on the Asian side of the city, a story of doubtful authenticity recounted by the Ottoman travel writer, Evliya Çelebi.
From 1717, the Ottomans used the tower to look out for fires (on the Old Istanbul side of the city the Beyazıt Tower served the same function). In 1794, during the reign of Sultan Selim III, the roof was reinforced in lead and wood, but the stairs were severely damaged by a fire. Another fire damaged the building in 1831, after which further restoration work took place.
In 1875, the tower's conical roof was destroyed during a storm. It remained without this roof for the rest of the Ottoman period but, many years later, during restoration work between 1965 and 1967, the conical roof was reconstructed. At the same time the tower's wooden interior was replaced with a concrete structure and it was opened to the public.
In 2020 the Tower was splendidly restored then reopened as a museum now open for the public and the many tourists visiting Istanbul.
It is mainly popular for the 360-degree view of Istanbul visible from its observation deck.
The nine-story tower is 62.59 m (205.3 ft) tall, excluding the ornament on the top. The observation deck is at 51.65 m (169.5 ft). The tower is 61 m (200 ft) above sea-level. It has an external diameter of 16.45 m (54.0 ft) at the base, an inside diameter of 8.95 m (29.4 ft), and walls that are 3.75 m (12.3 ft) thick.
Pensacola Beach Water Tower

The Pensacola Beach Water Tower is a domestic water tower located in Pensacola Beach, Florida, United States. The water tower is an iconic symbol of Pensacola. It was run by Emerald Coast Utilities Authority (ECUA) from 2005 to 2007 until it was sold to The Island Authority. Today the water tower is not in use but still is a city treasure.
There were two of the same water towers at one point but were located at the different ends of the beach. The water towers were owned by ECUA at one point. In 2006 the second water tower was demolished because of the fee for maintenance. Along with the second water tower the first water tower was also supposed to be demolished but it was voted to stay. So today there is only one of the water towers standing still. In 2007 the tower was sold to The Island Authority from ECUA. In 2012 the water tower was repainted.
Media related to Pensacola Beach Water Tower at Wikimedia Commons
Sukumawiki

Sukumawiki (pia: sukuma wiki) ni aina ya kabichi isiyoumba 'kichwa' na inayoliwa sana katika Afrika ya Mashariki, hususa nchini Kenya. Inatengenezwa kwa kutumia majani mabichi yanayopikwa. Lakini sukumawiki inaweza kutengenezwa pia kwa kutumia aina nyingine za majani yanayofaa kupikwa.
Jina "sukuma wiki" lamaanisha ya kwamba hii ni njia ya kula kwa siku za wiki bila gharama kubwa hadi kufikia wikendi ambako chakula bora kinapatikana - kama pesa inatosha.
Huliwa mara nyingi pamoja na ugali au chapati. Nyama, samaki au karanga inaweza kuungwa mle.
Katakata majani. Chemsha vikombe viwili vya maji katika sufuria. Ongeza majani yaliyokatwa katika maji. Ongeza chumvi na viungo vingine kama maji ya limau, nyanya na kitunguu kilichokatwa.
Unaweza kuingiza pia vipande vya nyama, samaki na karanga.
Mwika Kaskazini

Mwika Kaskazini ni kata ya Wilaya ya Moshi Vijijini katika Mkoa wa Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Msimbo wa posta ni 25218.
Katika sensa ya mwaka 2022 wakazi walihesabiwa 19,934 . Wakati wa sensa iliyofanyika mwaka wa 2012, kata ilikuwa na wakazi wapatao 21,177 walioishi humo. Wenyeji wa eneo hili ni Wachagga na hupenda sana kunywa mbege.
Kata ya Mwika Kaskazini ina vijiji vitano ambavyo ni: Lole Marera, Maringa, Mrimbo Uuo, Msae Kinyamvuo na Nganyeni. Kila kijini kina shule mbili za msingi. Kwa sasa kata hii ina shule mbili za sekondari ambazo ni Lyakirimu na Mwika Secondary. Vijiji hivyo vimetenganishwa na mito inayotiririka toka mlima Kilimanjaro.
Kata ya Mwika Kaskazini ni maarufu kwa kilimo cha mazao mbalimbali ya chakula na mazao ya biashara. Wenyeji wa kata hiyo hulima zaidi ndizi, mahindi, mboga (mnafu, sukuma wiki, chainizi, kabeji, majani ya maboga, mchicha na karoti). Pia wenyeji wanalima kahawa ambayo hujipatia kipato chao kwa ajili ya kufanya shughuli mbalimbali kama kusomesha watoto na kujenga nyumba zao. Mwika kuna soko kubwa la biashara ambalo huwa linawakusanya wafanyabiashara toka sehemu mbalimbali za Afrika Mashariki. Hili soko ni maarufu kwa uuzaji wa mazao ya vyakula.
Angata Barrikoi

Angata Barrikoi ni kata inayopatikana katika kaunti ya Narok, Kenya.
Eneo ni la km² 315.20.
Ina watu wanaokadiriwa 24,945 (2019) na vijiji vidogo kama: Kabusa, Oldonyorok, Ongata, Tebengwet, Kabchinese, Kabwolta, Kondamet, Leoboinet na Sacfo.
Kuna makabila mengi kama Wakikuyu, Wakisii lakini Wakipsigis ni 10,000. Kuna Wasomali ambao wanafanya biashara katika maduka.
Kuhusu dini, wanakadiriwa watu elfu kumi ni Wakristo, lakini watu wengi huchanganya dini za jadi na za Kikristo, hivyo ni ngumu kutambua. Wengi ni Waprotestanti na mia tisa ni wa dini za jadi.
Hakuna msikiti.
Watu wengi wanafuata ufugaji wa ng'ombe na pia mbuzi na kondoo. Lakini pia watu wanalima hasa mahindi na pia maharagwe. Mboga kama sukuma wiki pia inapendwa sana na kuliwa na watu wengi.
Kuna vijisoko vidogo kama: soko la Ongata na la Oldonyorok. Pia kuna maduka mengi na maghala ambapo nafaka kama mahindi huwekwa na kuuzwa. Pesa zinazotumika ni Shilingi ya Kenya na Shilingi ya Tanzania.
Shule nyingi zimejengwa ili wanafunzi wasome, kama shule za sekondari za Ongata na 0ldonyorok. Pia kuna vyuo vingi, hasa cha Oldonyorok, ambapo mambo ya ufundi hufundishwa.
Vituo vya matibabu ni vichache mno, kituo kinachojulikana ni Angata Health Centre. Kuna famasia nyingi hasa katika maduka ya Angata na Oldonyorok.
Kuna timu ya mpira wa miguu inayoitwa Angata Victors FC.
Muhogo

Muhogo (Kiing. cassava) ni mmea wa jenasi Manihot na chakula muhimu katika Afrika, Amerika Kusini na nchi za Asia Kusini. Sehemu ya kuliwa ni hasa viazi vyake (mizizi minene au mahogo) vilivyo na wanga nyingi halafu pia majani yake yenye protini na vitamini.
Kuna aina kadhaa za muhogo zinazotofautiana hasa katika kiwango cha sianidi (cyanide) ndani yake. Sianidi ni sumu inayoandaliwa ndani ya mmea kwa umbo la kemikali linamarin. Linamarin hubadilika kuwa sianidi.
Viwango vya sianidi vinatofautiana kati ya spishi mbalimbali za muhogo. Aina zenye kiwango kidogo sana hazina matatizo lakini kwa jumla zao linatakiwa kuandaliwa kabla ya kuliwa.
Dawa ya sianidi hupotea kwa kuacha mizizi katika maji kwa siku mbili tatu. Njia nyingine ni upishi kwa joto kali kwa mfano kukaanga katika mafuta. Njia nyingine inayotumiwa hasa Afrika ya Magharibi ni kusaga viazi na kukoroga unga katika maji; baada ya masaa kadhaa maji hubadilishwa na uji unapikwa kuwa aina ya ugali.
Ravitoto

Ravitoto ni vyakula vya kitamaduni vya Kimalagasi . Ravitoto ina maana ya "majani ya muhogo yaliyosagwa". Haya ni majani matamu ya muhogo (mti wa muhogo) yaliyopondwa kwa chokaa au kinu cha nyama. chakula hicho hupikwa na vitunguu na nyama ya nguruwe yenye mafuta mengi. Katika jamii zingine, maziwa ya nazi hutumiwa badala yake kupika majani ya muhogo, kama mataba huko Comoro .
Sahani hii ni rahisi kuandaa, lakini inachukua muda mrefu kupika kwa sababu kitoweo huchukua dakika 30 hadi saa. Kuna mapishi kadhaa ya ravitoto mtandaoni, na kuna njia kadhaa za kupika.
Bibi Bakare-Yusuf

Bibi Bakare-Yusuf Hon. FRSL (alizaliwa 1970) ni mtaalamu wa masomo, mwandishi, na mhariri kutoka Lagos, Nigeria. Yeye ni mwekwa msingi wa kampuni ya uchapishaji Cassava Republic Press aliyoianzisha mwaka 2006, mjini Abuja pamoja na Jeremy Weate.
Mapishi ya Zambia

Mapishi ya Zambia, hasa ni nshima, ambacho ni chakula kilichotayarishwa kutokana na mahindi meupe yaliyopondwa. Nshima ndio mlo wa nchini Zambia.
Mbali na nshima, vyakula vya Zambia vinajumuisha aina mbalimbali za vitoweo, mboga zilizopikwa kwa aina tofauti za bia. Samaki waliokaushwa na wadudu pia huliwa.
Ayigbe

Ayigbe ni vitafunio vya nchini Ghana.
Katika kutengeneza biskuti hiyo unachanganya pamoja wanga ya muhogo, nazi, sukari, chumvi na maji; baada ya mchanganyiko huo kuweka kwenye oveni ili kuoka kwa joto fulani. Biskuti ikawa na rangi ya hudhurungi nyeupe baada ya kuoka kabisa.
Biskuti hiyo ilitengenezwa na Yonunawo Kwami Edze kutoka Agbozome katika Mkoa wa Volta. Yonunawo Kwami Edze alianzisha biskuti kwa jamii ya Agbozome aliporudi kutoka Cote d'Ivoire kama mwokaji mikate mnamo 1907. Aliweza kutumia ujuzi aliojifunza kutengeneza biskuti ya Ayigbe ambayo inafurahiwa na Waghana hadi sasa.
Vitafunio hivi vinaweza kumudu kiuchumi kwa sababu aliwafunza wanawake wengi jinsi ya kuandaa biskuti ili kujikimu kimaisha.
Kaunti ya Meru

Kuhusu makao makuu, tazama Meru
Kaunti ya Meru ni mojawapo ya kaunti za Kenya zilizopo baada ya katiba mpya ya Jamhuri ya Kenya kupatikana mwaka 2010.
Jina lake limetokana na Wameru ambao ndio jamii kubwa zaidi katika kaunti hii.
Sehemu kubwa ya Meru ina ardhi ya rutuba na mvua ya kutosha. Ni kaunti inayojulikana kwa ukuzaji wa miraa, kama zao la biashara. Hata hivyo, ukulima wa ndizi, mahindi, majani ya chai na maharagwe hufanywa.
Wakati wa sensa ya mwaka 2019 wakazi walikuwa 1,545,714 katika eneo la km2 7,006.3, msongamano ukiwa hivyo wa watu 221 kwa kilometa mraba..
Makao makuu yako Meru.
Kaunti ya Meru inapakana na Kaunti za Nyeri, Laikipia, Tharaka Nithi, Isiolo na Kitui.
Iko katika upande wa mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya. Sehemu ya Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Mlima Kenya iko katika Meru.
Mvua yenye kufaa pamoja na udongo wa volkano huwezesha kilimo. Sehemu za Imenti zilizo karibu na Mlima Kenya huwa ni baridi kidogo na zenye vilima. Sehemu za Tigania hazina hali za kufaa kulima isipokuwa karibu na Vilima vya Nyambene, ambapo huwa baridi kidogo. Mbuga ya Kitaifa ya Meru iko katika sehemu za Igembe, kaskazini mashariki mwa kaunti.
Mito, k.v. Mto Kathita hutoka Mlima Kenya na Vilima vya Nyambene na hutiririsha maji yake ndani ya Mto Tana.
Meru ni sehemu ya kati ya uliokuwa Mkoa wa Mashariki nchini Kenya upande wa mashariki-kaskazini wa mlima Kenya.
Eneo la Meru lilijumlishwa hadi 1992 katika wilaya ya Meru iliyogawiwa baadaye kuwa wilaya zifuatazo:
Kaunti ya Meru imegawanywa katika maeneo bunge yafuatayo:
Muwa

Miwa (Saccharum spp.) ni aina za nyasi zinazotoa sukari.
Asili yake ilikuwa Asia ya Mashariki na kutoka huko zimesambazwa katika nchi za tropiki zenye mazingira yanayofaa kwake.
Kilimo cha mmea huo ni chanzo cha sehemu kubwa ya sukari kwa ajili ya matumizi ya binadamu na pia kwa sehemu kubwa ya ethanoli inayotengenzwa kwa matumizi ya biofueli.
Kwa ajili yake katika karne za nyuma ilistawi biashara ya watumwa hasa kutoka Afrika kwenda Amerika.
Muwa hulimwa kote katika nchi za kitropiki ukiwa ni chanzo cha asilimia 55 ya mahitaji ya sukari duniani. Nchi zinazolima muwa kwa wingi ni (uzalishaji wa mwaka 2005 kwa tani 1.000)
Nchi za Afrika ya Mashariki huzalisha kiasi kidogo tu duniani kama Tanzania (tani 300,000), Kenya (5,112,000) na Uganda (2,350,000)..
Kati ya mwaka 2004 na 2008 uzalishaji duniani uliongezeka kutoka tani bilioni 1.34 kufikia tani bilioni 1.74.
Sukuma wiki

Sukuma wiki is an East African dish made with collard greens, known as sukuma, cooked with onions and spices. It is often served and eaten with ugali (made from maize flour).
In Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and other parts of East Africa, colewort are more commonly known by their Swahili name, sukuma, and are often referred to as collard greens. It is also commonly mistaken for kale.
The literal translation of the phrase 'sukuma wiki' is to "push the week" or "stretch the week". It is a vegetable that is generally affordable and available all-year round in this region. It forms part of the staple dish in this region together with ugali or sima. Sakuma also is known agaar is Somali languages and its part of their culture.
The cultivar group name Acephala ("without a head" in Greek) refers to the fact that this variety of B. oleracea does not have the usual close-knit core of leaves (a "head") like cabbage. The plant is a biennial where winter frost occurs, and perennial in even colder regions. It is also moderately sensitive to salinity. It has an upright stalk, often growing up to two feet tall. The plant is very similar and closely related to kale. The preparation is different from traditional preparation of collard greens in the United States.
The plant is commercially cultivated for its thick, slightly bitter, edible leaves. For best texture, the leaves should be picked before they reach their maximum size, at which stage the leaves will be thicker and should be cooked differently from the new leaves. Age will not affect flavor. Flavor and texture also depend on the cultivar; the couve-manteiga and couve tronchuda are especially appreciated in Brazil and Portugal.
Sukuma wiki has been eaten for at least 2,000 years, with evidence showing that the Ancient Greeks cultivated several forms of both colewort and kale.
In the Congo, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya (East Africa), thinly sliced colewort are the main accompaniments of a popular dish known as ugali (also sometimes called sima, sembe or posho), a corn flour cake.
Sukuma wiki is mainly lightly sauteed in oil until tender, flavored with onions and seasoned with salt, which can be served either as the main accompaniment or as a side dish with preferred meat (fish, chicken, beef, pork).
Fresh sukuma wiki leaves can be stored for up to 10 days if refrigerated to just above freezing (1 °C) at high humidity (>95%). In domestic refrigerators, fresh colewort can be stored for about three days. Once cooked, they can be frozen and stored for greater lengths of time.
Caldo verde

Caldo verde (pronounced [ˈkaldu ˈveɾðɨ], Portuguese for "green broth") is a popular soup in Portuguese cuisine.
The basic traditional ingredients for caldo verde are julienned collard greens or couve-galega (essentially a type of collard green), (or alternatively other leafy greens such as kale or mustard greens), potatoes, olive oil, black pepper and salt, mainly flavoured with onion and garlic. Some regional recipes favour slight variations, like turnip greens or added meat, such as ham hock, making it similar to Italo-American wedding soup. Traditionally, the soup is accompanied by slices of paio, chouriço or linguiça (boiled whole with the potatoes, then sliced and added to the finished soup when serving) and with a Portuguese cornbread or rye bread called broa on the side for dipping. In Brazil, the soup is accompanied by Pão francês, similarly to virtually all kinds of soups. In Portugal, caldo verde is typically consumed during events such as weddings, birthdays and popular celebrations. It is sometimes consumed before a main course or as a late supper. It is traditionally served in earthenware bowls called tigela.
Caldo verde originated from the Minho Province in northern Portugal, based on an earlier recipe brought to Portugal by English merchants. Today, it is a traditional favourite nationwide and abroad, particularly in significant communities of Portuguese descent found in locations like Argentina, Brazil, France, Macau, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and Toronto. References to the soup appear in many novels by Camilo Castelo Branco. In 2011, following the result of a public vote, the soup was announced as one of Portugal's Seven Wonders of Gastronomy, highlighting both its popularity and heritage in Portugal. In neighboring Galicia (historically and culturally close to Portugal) a similar dish, caldo galego is also a culinary tradition.
ስመኘው በቀለ

እ/ር ስመኘው በቀለ (1957 - 2010 አ.ም) የታላቁ የኢትዮጵያ ህዳሴ ግድብ ፕሮጀክት ኢንጂነር በመሆን ያገለገለ የኢትዮጵያ መሐንዲስ ነበር. እ.ኤ.አ. በጁላይ 26 ቀን 2018 እ.ኤ.አ. በአዲስ አበባ መስቀል አደባባይ በመኪናው ውስጥ ሕይወቱ አልፎ ተግኝቷል። እ/ር ስመኘው በቀለ በጎንደር ዞን ማክሰኝት ከተማ፣ በ1957 አ.ም ተወለዱ።
ቦሌ ዓለም አቀፍ ጥያራ ጣቢያ

ቦሌ ዓለም አቀፍ የጥያራ ጣቢያ (አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ) በአዲስ አበባ ከተማ በደቡብ-ምሥራቅ አቅጣጫ ከአራዳ በስምንት ኪሎ ሜትር ርቀት ላይ የሚገኝ የአገሪቱ ዋና አድማሳዊ የንግድና የግንኙነት በር ነው።
ፕሮፌሶር (ዲባቶ) መስፍን አረጋ፣ ቦሌ በኦሮምኛ ቋንቋ ትርጉሙ የሚፈረፈር ወይም የሚሰነጣጠቅ መሬት እንደሆነ ይነግሩናል። እውነትም የአካባቢው ገጸ-ምድር ለአየር ማረፊያ አመቺ ሜዳማ ቢሆንም መሬቱ ግን ረግረጋማ እና መረሬ ነው።
ጥያራዎች (አየር ዠበቦች) ወደ አገሪቱ መግባት የጀመሩት በንግሥት ዘውዲቱ ዘመን ሲሆን በአዲስ አበባ ዙሪያ በጃን ሜዳ እና አቃቂ ያርፉ እንደነበር በታሪክ ተዘግቧል። የመጀመሪያው ቋሚ የጥያራ ጣቢያ ግን የተሠራው በአምሥቱ የፋሺስት የወረራ ዘመናት ሲሆን የካቲት ፳፬ ቀን ፲፱፻፳፰ ዓ/ም አክሱም አካባቢ ላይ ከነጥያራው ተከስክሶ በሞተው አብራሪያቸው፣ “ኢቮ ኦሊቬቲ” (Ivo Olivetti) ስም ሠይመውት የነበረው የልደታ የጥያራ ጣቢያ ነው።
በዚሁ በፋሺስት ወረራ ዘመን ‘አላ ሊቶሪያ’ (ALA LITTORIA S.A., R.) የተሰኘው ኩባንያ በአገር ውስጥ ከአዲስ አበባ ተነስቶ ነገሌን፤ ሞቃዲሾን፤ ድሬዳዋን፤ ቆራኄን፤ ጂቡቲን፤ አሰብን፤ ጂማን፣ ጋምቤላን ደምቢዶሎን፤ ጎንደርን፣ አስመራን፤ ደሴን፤ ነቀምትን እና አሶሳን የሚያገለግሉ የበረራ መሥመሮች ሲኖረው ከአድማስ ባሻገር ደግሞ በካርቱም፣ ዋዲ ሃይፋ፤ ካይሮ፣ ቤንጋዚ እና ሲራኩሳ አድርጎ ከሮማ ጋር የሚያገናኝ የበረራ መሥመርም ነበረው።
ከድል ወዲህ ልደታ ጥያራ ጣቢያ፤ የብሪታኒያ ጦር ኃይሎች ሲገለገሉበት ከቆየ በኋላ የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ታኅሣሥ ፳፩ ቀን ፲፱፻፴፰ ዓ.ም ሲመሠረት ዋና ጣቢያው እዚያው ነበር። ዳሩ ግን የአየር መንገዱ አገልግሎት እየተስፋፋ ሲመጣና ትላልቅ ጄት አውሮፕላኖች እንደሚያስፈልጉት ግልጽ ሲሆን፣ የልደታ አየር ጣቢያ ብቃት እንደሌለው እና ለጄት አየር ዠበቦችም ማሳረፊያ የማይስማማ መሆኑ ታምኖበት አማራጭ ሥፍራ ፍለጋ ተጀመረ። የአዲሱንም አየር ጣቢያ ዝርዝር ጥናት እንዲያዘጋጅ ውሉ ለአሜሪካዊው ‘አማን እና ዊትኒ’ (Amman, and Whitney) ኩባንያ ተሰጥቶ፤ ጥናቱ በ፲፱፻፶ ዓ.ም ተገባዶ አማራጩ ሥፍራ ቦሌ እንዲሆን ተወሰነ።
ቦሌ ሜዳማ አካባቢ ሲሆን፣ ለመነሳትም ሆነ ለማረፍ ከሚከለክሉ ተራራዎችና ጋራዎች የራቀ ሥፍራ ነው። የከተማዋም ወሰን በወቅቱ ከመስቀል አደባባይ እና ከኡራኤል በማያልፈት ጊዜ ለአየር ጣቢያው ቋሚነት የታጨው አካባቢ ከከተማ ውጭ እና ራቅ ያለ ነበር። የአየር ጣቢያው የግንባታ ወጪ ከአሜሪካዊው ‘ኤክስፖርት-ኢምፖርት’ ባንክ በተገኘ ብድር ተሸፍኖ ሥራው ተጀመረ።
የግንባታው ሥራ ጨርሶ ባይጠናቀቅም እንኳ፤ የማኮቦቢያው እና የበረራ ቁጥጥሩ ሕንፃ ሥራ እንደተገባደደ አየር መንገዱ የገዛቸውን ሁለት የጄት ዠበቦች (‘ቦይንግ ፯፻፯) ሲረከብ እዚሁ ቦሌ ጥያራ ጣቢያ ነበር ያረፉት። ጠቅላላ ግንባታው ተጠናቆ ሲያልቅ ኅዳር ፲፩ ቀን ፲፱፻፶፮ ዓ.ም ቀዳማዊ ኃይለ ሥላሴ ዓለም አቀፍ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ ተብሎ፣ በንጉሠ ነገሥቱ ተመርቆ ተከፈተ።
የየአዲሶቹ ጄት ጥያራዎች ክብደት፤ የአየር መንገዱ በረራ መሥመሮች መብዛት እና የማኮብኮቢያው መሠረት ግንባታ ጥንካሬ ወትሮውንም አስተማማኝ አለመሆን፤ የተነጠፈውም መረሬ እና የመሸርሸር ጠባይ ባለው አፈር ላይ በመሆኑ ከአምስት እና ስድስት ዓመታት አገልግሎት በኋላ የመሰነጣጠቅ ባህሪ ይታይበት ዠመር። ስለዚህ ማኮብኮቢያውን የማጠንከር እና ርዝመቱን በሰባት መቶ ሜትር የማራዘም ሥራ አዲስ በተገኘ ብድር ተጠናቋል።
የአገሪቱ የአየር ግልጋሎት እያደገ ሲሄድ መንገደኛ ማስተናገጃ ሕንፃዎቹም የግድ መስፋፋት እንደነበረባቸው ግልጽ ሲሆን ከጃፓን መንግሥት በተገኘ ብድር ተስፋፍቶ ኅዳር ፳፩ ቀን ፲፱፻፸ ዓ.ም ተመርቆ ተከፈተ።
From Mr J W Russell – Addis Abeba to Mr Rab Butler (1st January, 1964) [1015/64]
Bole International Airport (ADD/HAAB), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
ፋሲለደስ

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ዓፄ ፋሲለደስ ወይም ዓፄ ፋሲል (የዙፋን ስማቸው ዓለም ሰገድ) ከአባታቸው አፄ ሱሰኒዮስ እና ከእናታቸው ልዕልት ስልጣነ ሞገስ በሸዋ ክፍለሀገር ቡልጋ መገዘዝ ፣ ህዳር 10፣ 1603 (እ.ኤ.አ) ተወለዱ። የነገሱበትም ዘመን ከ1632 እስከ ጥቅምት 18, 1667 (እ.ኤ.አ) ነበር።
በስረፀ ክርስቶስ በተመራው አመፅ ምክንያት በ1630 ፋሲለደስ ለንግስና ቢበቃም፣ ዘውዱን ግን እስከ 1632 አልጫነም ነበር። ሲመተ ንግስናው በ1632 እንደተገባደደ የመጀመሪያው ስራው የተዋህዶ ቤ/ክርስቲያንን የቀድሞው ቁመና መመለስና የካቶሊኮችን መሬት በመቀማት ከደንካዝ በማባረር በፍሪሞና እንዲወሰኑ ማድረግ ነበር። ወዲያውም በማከታተል ከግብፅ አገር አዲስ ጳጳስ እንዲላክለት በማድረግ በአባቱ ዘመን እንዲደበዝዝ ተደርጎ የነበረውን የግብፅና ኢትዮጵያ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ግንኙነት እንዲጸና አደረገ። በኬኒያ የሚገኘው የሞምባሳ ወደብ በፖርቱጋሎች መደብደቡን ሲሰማ፣ የሮማው ፓፓ ከበስትጀርባው ያለበት ሴራ ነው በማለት በምድሩ የነበሩትን የካቶሊክ ጀስዊቶች በመሰብሰብ አባረራቸው።
ፋሲለደስ የጎንደር ከተማን በ1636 የኢትዮጵያም ዋና ከተማ አድርጎ እንደቆረቆራት ይታመናል። ከሱ በፊት በአካባቢው ከተማ እንደነበር ወይም እንዳልነበር በታሪክ የተገኘ ማስርጃ እስካሁን የለም። አከታትሎም የፋሲል ግቢንና 44ቱ ታቦታት ተብለው የሚታወቁትን የጎንደር ከተማ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት መሰረት ጣለ። በአፄ ፋሲል ከተመሰረቱት ታዋቂወቹ 44 አብያተ ክርስቲያናት፣ ታዋቂወቹ አደባባይ እየሱስ፣ አደባባይ ተክለ ሃይማኖት፣ አጣጣሚ ሚካኤል፣ ግምጃቤት ማራያም፣ ፊት ሚካኤል፣ እና ፊት አቦ ይገኙበታል። ያለመታከትም 7 የድንጋይ ድልድዮችን በማሰራት እስካሁን ድረስ ስሙ ሲጠራ ይኖራል። አልፎም በግራኝ አህመድ ዘመን በእሳት ጋይቶ የነበረችውን አክሱም ፂዮን በአዲስ መሰረት እንደገና ማሰራት ችሎአል።
ፋሲለደስ በዘመኑ እጅግ ተወዳጅ ንጉስ ቢሆንም አመጽ መነሳቱ አልቀረም። በላስታ ለምሳሌ በ1637 መልክዓ ክርስቶስ በተባለ ሰው መሪነት ጦርነት ተነስቶ አፄ ፋሲልን ስጋት ላይ ቢጥልም በሚቀጥለው አመት በተደረገው ጦርነት አመፁ ሊገታ ችሎአል።
ፋሲለደስ ፖርቱጋሎችን ቢያባርርም ከውጭው አለም ጋር ብዙ ግንኙነት ያደርግ ነበር። ለምሳሌ በ1664-5 የህንድ ንጉስ አውራንግዘብ ሲነግስ መልካም ምኞትን በመልክተኞቹ ለሙግሃሉ መሪ ልኮ ነበር።
በ1666 ልጁ ዳዊት ሲያምጽ፣ ወህኒ ተብሎ ወደሚታወቀው አገር በግዞት ልኮት ነበር። ይህም ከጥንቶቹ የኢትዮጵያውን ነገሥት ተፎካካሪያቸውን ወደ አምባ ግሽን በግዞት እንደሚልኩት ስርዓት ነበር።
አፄ ፋሲል አዘዞ ተብላ በምትታወቀው ከጎንደር ከተማ 5 ማይል ርቃ በምትገኘው ከተማ ጥቅምት18፣1667 እ.ኤ.አ. (ጥቅምት 10፣ 1660) ከዚህ አለም በሞት ተለዩ። አሟሟታቸውንም፣ በጊዜው በህዝቡ ዘንድ የነበራቸውን ተቀባይነት በሚያንጸባርቅ መልኩ፣ የዜና መዋዕል ዘጋቢያቸው እንዲህ ሲል ይተርካል፡
አስከሬናቸውም የአገሪቱ መላ ህዝብ ባዘነበት ሁኔታ በቅዱስ እስጢፋኖስ ገዳም፣ ጣና ሃይቅ ውስጥ ደጋ ደሴት ተብላ በምትታወቀው ደሴት የዘላለም እረፍት አገኘ። መቃብራቸውም ውስጥ ያንድ ትንሽ ህፃን አስክሬን አብሮ ይገኛል። ይሄውም ልጃቸው ሲሆን የወደፊቱ ንጉስ ለመሆን እጩ ነበር። ነገር ግን አዲሱን ንጉስ የመጣው ህዝብ ብዛት ሲተራመስ ድንገት ተጠቅጥቆ ለሞት በቃ።
ኃይሉ ገብረዮሐንስ (ገሞራው)

ኃይሉ ገ/ዮሐንስ (ገሞራው) 1928 ዓ.ም ከአባቱ መርጌታ ገ/ዮሐንስ በአዲስ አበባ መስቀል አደባባይ አካባቢ ተወልዶ በልጅነቱ የቤተክርስቲያን ትምህርት ቀስሟል። መደበኛ ትምህርቱን በምኒሊክ ት/ቤት እየተከታተለ በስላሴ ቤተክርስቲያን በድቁና ያገለግል የነበረው ገሞራው፤ በልጅነቱ የተካነበት የግእዝ ቋንቋ ከቀሳውስቱ ጋር እንደፈለገ በቅኔ እንዲግባባ አስችሎታል። ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ትምህርቱን እንዳጠናቀቀ በቀዳማዊ ኃ/ሥላሴ ዩኒቨርሲቲ ስር የሚገኘውን መንፈሳዊ ኮሌጅ ተቀላቀለ። ከመንፈሳዊ ትምህርት ይልቅ ፍልስፍና ቀልቡን ስለገዛው ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ቋንቋዎች ጥናት ተቋም ተቀይሮ የሚወደውን ስነ ጽሁፍ ማጥናት ቀጠለ።
የደራሲና ባለቅኔው ስራዎች በጥቂቱ “አንድነት ግጥም” (እማማ አፍሪካን ለማስታወስ)፣ “በረከተ መርገም”፣ “የበሰለው ያራል”፣ “በናቴኮ ሴት ነኝ”፣ “እናትክን በሉልኝ”፣ “የሽግግር ደባ”፣ “ዛር ነው በሽታዋ”፣ “ቅኔ ለዘመን”፣ “ቆርጠሃት ታለለ”፣ “የመንጎል ጥሪ”፣ “ዜሮ ፊታውራሪ” ይሰኛሉ።
አንድነት ግጥም (እማማ አፍሪካን ለማስታወስ) 1984 87 ገጽ በረከተ መርገም 1987 ISBN 91-7328-627-3 96 ገጽ የበሰለው ያራል 1988 ISBN 91-7328-638-9 224 ገጽ በናቴኮ ሴት ነኝ 1989 243 ገጽ እናትክን በሉልኝ 1989 ISBN 91-7328-774-1 134 ገጽ የሽግግር ደባ (?) 1990 ISBN 91-7328-675-3 353 ገጽ ዛር ነው በሽታዋ 1991 208 ገጽ ቅኔ ለዘመን 1992 ገጽ274 ቆርጠሃት ታለለ (?) 1992 290 ገጽ የመንጎል ጥሪ 1994 ISBN 91-630-2924-3 108 ገጽ ]] ዜሮ ፊታውራሪ 1995 ISBN 91-7328-768-7 55 ገጽ ]]
Mao Zedong, Weida de jinbu zhi fu! - Stockholm : Författares bokmaskin : [Stockholm] : [G.Y. Hailu], 1986. - 38 s. : ill. - ISBN 91-7328-536-6
Hanying chengyu di xiaojia = A tiny home of Chinese-English idiomatic phrases / compiled by Hailu - [Stockholm] : [Författares bokmaskin] : [Stockholm] : [G.Y. Hailu], 1987. - xxxix, [1], 478 s. - ISBN 91-7328-598-6 ምንጭ ስዊዲን አብያተ መጻሕፍት ዝርዝር
መስቀል አደባባይ

መስቀል አደባባይ የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን ታሪካዊ ይዞታ ነው በኢትዮጵያ ዋና ከተማ አዲስ አበባ የሚገኝ አደባባይ ነው።‹‹መስቀል አደባባይ ለክብረ በዓል፣ የሚውል የአዲስ አበባ ከኦርቶዶክስ ክርስቲያኖች "የመስቀል አምልኮ" አደባባይ ነው፤››
ባለቤትነቱን እና ስያሜውን ያገኘው እምነት ተከታዮች በየዓመቱ በሚከበረው የ መስቀል በዓል ምክንያት ነው። ይህ ቦታ በደርግ አገዛዝ ዘመን በኦፊሴል "አብዮት አደባባይ" ተብሎ ይጠራ የነበረና በየዓመቱ የአብዮቱ ክብረ በዓል ይከናወንበት ነበር። በዚህ ወቅትም የጊዜው የደርግ መንግስት እና የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ቤተክርስቲያን አለመግባባት ተፈጥሮ በየ ወቅቱ የሚጠየቅ ጉዳይ ነበር በወቅቱ የነበረው መንግስት ግን በአጠቃላይ ከሀይማኖት ጋር መልካም ግኑኝነት ስላልነበረው ጥያቄዎችን አልመለሰም ነበር። ከ1967 ዓ.ም. መገባደጃ ጀምሮ በዘመነ ደርግ ‹‹አብዮት አደባባይ›› ይባል ነበር፡፡ኢሕአዴግ መንበረ ሥልጣኑን ከያዘ በኋላ ከ1984 ዓ.ም. ጀምሮ ወደ ቀድሞው መጠሪያ መስቀል አደባባይ መመለሱ ይታወቃል፡፡ የጥናት ድርሳናት እንደሚያሳዩት መስቀል አደባባይ በ1950ዎቹ መጀመርያ ስያሜው ከማግኘቱ በፊት በእስጢፋኖስ አደባባይነት እንደሚታወቅ፣
ሌፍኮዚያ

ሌፍኮዚያ (Λευκωσία, Lefkoşa) የቆጵሮስ ዋና ከተማ ነው።
የሚኖርበት የህዝብ ቁጥር 197,600 ሆኖ ይገመታል። ከተማው 35°09′ ሰሜን ኬክሮስ እና 33°21′ ምሥራቅ ኬንትሮስ ላይ ተቀምጦ ይገኛል።
ሌፍኮዚያ በጥንት ሌድራ የተባለ ከተማ-አገር ነበር። የሌድራ ንጉስ ኦናሳጎራስ ለአሦር ንጉስ አስራዶን በ680 ክ.በ. ቀረጥ እንደ ገበሩ ይመዘገባል። 300 ክ.በ. ገዳማ በግብጽ ንጉሥ 1 ፕቶሎማዮስ ልጅ በሌኮስ አዲስ ተሰርቶ ስሙ ደግሞ ሌፍኮጤያ ሆነ። በግሪክና ሮማውያን ዘመኖች ትልቅ መንደር አልነበረም። በ340 ዓ.ም. መጀመርያ ኤጲስ ቆፖሱን ትሪፊሊዮስን ባገኘው ጊዜ ስሙ ሌድሪ ወይም ሌፍኩሲያ ተባለ።
በወደቦቹ ላይ አደጋ በአረቦች ስለ ተጣለ ሰዎችም ወደ ሌፍኮዚያ ስለ ሸሹ ከተማው በትልቅነት አደገና በ10ኛ ክፍለ ዘመን ገዳማ የደሴቱ ዋና ከተማ ሆነ። በ1184 ዓ.ም. ፈረንጆች (የመስቀል ጦርነት ሠራዊት) ያዙትና ስሙን ኒኮሲያ አሉት። ስለዚህ እስከ ዛሬ ድረስ በምዕራባውያን አገራት ቦታው 'ኒኮሲያ' ይባላል።
መስከረም ፳፮

መስከረም ፳፮
በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር የዓመቱ ፳፮ኛው ዕለት እና የመፀው የመጀመሪያው ቀን ነው። ከዚህ ዕለት በኋላ እስከ ዓመቱ መጨረሻ ድረስ፣ በዘመነ ሉቃስ ፫፻፵ ዕለታት ሲቀሩ፤ በዘመነ ዮሐንስ ፣ ዘመነ ማቴዎስ እና ዘመነ ማርቆስ ደግሞ ፫፻፴፱ ዕለታት ይቀራሉ።
የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ዕምነት ተከታዮች "ዘመነ ጽጌ" ወይም "ወርኅ ጽጌ" የሚባለውን የማርያምን ስደት መታሰቢያ የ ፵ ቀን የጽጌ ፆም በዛሬው ዕለት ጀምረው ኅዳር ፮ ቀን ይፈቱታል።
፲፰፻፹፪ ዓ/ም -ቶማስ ኤዲሶን የተባለው አሜሪካዊ የፈጠራ ሰው የመጀመሪያውን ተንቀሳቃሽ ምስል (motion picture) አሳየ።
፲፱፻፷፮ ዓ/ም - የግብጽ ሠራዊት በእስራኤል ላይ የ’ረመዳን ጦርነት’ ወይም የ’ዮም ኪፑር’ ጦርነት በመባል የሚታወቀውን የስድስት ቀን ውጊያ ከፈቱ።
፲፱፻፸፬ ዓ/ም - የግብጽ አመጸኛ መኮንኖች ፕሬዚደንታቸውን አንዋር ሳዳትን አደባባይ ላይ በጥይት ደብድበው ገደሏቸው።
፲፬፻፬ ዓ/ም - በ፲፫፻፸፭ ዓ/ም በኢትዮጵያ ዙፋን ላይ ተቀምጠው ለሃያ ዘጠኝ ዓመት የነገሡትና የጌታችን ኢየሱስ ክርስቶስን ግማደ መስቀል ወደኢትዮጵያ ያስመጡት ዳግማዊ ዓፄ ዳዊት ፈረሳቸው ረግጧቸው ሞቱ።
፲፱፻፸፬ ዓ/ም የኖቤል የሰላም ሽልማት ተቀባይ እና የግብጽ ሦስተኛው ፕሬዚደንት አንዋር ሳዳት በአመጸኛ መኮንኖች እጅ ተገደሉ።
Simegnew Bekele

Simegnew Bekele Aynalem (Amharic: ስመኘው በቀለ አይናለም; 13 September 1964 – 26 July 2018) was an Ethiopian civil engineer who served as chief project manager of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project as well as three other similar dam projects in Ethiopia. He was considered the "public face" of the dam project.
Simegnew was born in 1964 in the small town of Maksegnit located in Begmeder Province. He completed a course at the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo) technical training center in 1986. He taught at the institution for a while after graduating with a degree in Civil Engineering from Addis Ababa University in 1997. He served as deputy project manager for the Gilgel Gibe I and the project manager for the Gilgel Gibe II dams. In 2011 he was designated as head of the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Project Office (GERDPO), since the start of its construction in 2011. In 2015 the Tigrai Online e-magazine named him as its person of the year.
On the morning of 26 July 2018, Simegnew was found shot dead in his Toyota Land Cruiser in Meskel Square, Addis Ababa. Speaking at a press conference, Ethiopian Federal Police Commissioner Zeynu Ummer said that he had been found with a Colt gun in his right hand and a bullet wound behind his right ear, however foul play has been suspected. Simegnew had been scheduled to give a press conference on the progress of the dam later that day, following comments by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed that construction could take up to ten more years, far more than previous projections. He was the public face of the dam being built near the country's western border with Sudan that, when completed, would be Africa's largest.
Simegnew's death is the second of a high-profile company official at around that time. In May, gunmen ambushed and killed Deep Kamara, the country manager for Nigeria's Dangote Cement, alongside two others in the Oromia region outside Addis Ababa. Simegnew's death sparked protests in Addis Ababa, with marchers demanding justice for what they assumed was his assassination. Tens of thousands of people gathered in Meskel Square and along Menelik II Avenue to witness his funeral procession on 29 July. Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed reacted to the news, saying he was "saddened and utterly shocked" by the engineer's death. On 7 September, police investigation reports suggested that Simegnew committed suicide by self-inflicted gunshot wounds. Conspiracy theories relating to his death circulated by some skeptics who promote anti-governmental rhetoric, whether he was killed by government agent or TPLF's recruiter.
Freedom Day (South Africa)

Freedom Day is a public holiday in South Africa celebrated on 27 April. It commemorates the first post-apartheid elections held on that day in 1994 and the day on which the new constitution was introduced. The elections were the first national elections where everyone of voting age of over 18 from any race group, was allowed to vote.
It is part of the twelve public holidays determined by the Public Holidays Act (No. 36 of 1994).
On the first commemoration of the holiday, President Nelson Mandela addressed Parliament:
Freedom Day is an annual celebration held on 27 April in South Africa. The day reminds South Africans of the immeasurable sacrifices made by individuals and nations to break them away from the chains of unjust segregation by a selected few. It reminds them of the efforts of their national heroes, particularly Nelson Mandela. He is regarded as a champion of freedom, not only in South Africa but the entire world. It is a day that not only marks the emancipation of South Africans from apartheid but also returned their essential human rights in 1994.
Celebration High School

Celebration High School is a public four year high school located in Celebration, Florida, United States. It is a part of the School District of Osceola County, Florida.
Celebration High School was graded a 'B' school by the Florida Department of Education. It features an International Baccalaureate program. The graduation rate is currently 92%.
Students have the opportunity to take Advanced Placement course work and exams. The AP participation rate at Celebration High School is 55%. The school currently has a College Readiness Score of 44.1/100.0. 29% of students are economically disadvantaged, and are eligible for free (29%) or reduced-price (1%) lunch as of 2021.
Celebration High School competes in the Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA) using the nickname of "The Storm."
Athletic Programs offered at Celebration High School:
Celebration High School's IB Diploma Programme was authorized in March 2011. The current coordinator is Alissa Petersen. The program offers a variety of courses including:
Celebration High School has an Air Force Junior ROTC that operates within the school as an elective class. It was established in 2005.
Celebration High School enrollment characteristics for the 2019-2020 school year.
Total number of students enrolled: 2,648
Enrollment by gender:
Enrollment by race and ethnicity:
South African National Space Agency

The South African National Space Agency (SANSA) is South Africa's government agency responsible for the promotion and development of aeronautics and aerospace space research. It fosters cooperation in space-related activities and research in space science, seeks to advance scientific engineering through human capital, as well as the peaceful use of outer space, and supports the creation of an environment conducive to the industrial development of space technologies within the framework of national government.
SANSA was established on 9 December 2010 by the National Space Agency Act.
Currently, SANSA's main focusses include using data obtained from remote sensing through satellites and other projects to provide assessment on flooding, fires, resource management and environmental phenomena in South Africa and the African continent.
SANSA was formed after an act of parliament was passed by acting President Kgalema Motlanthe in 2009. The agency was formed with the intent of consolidating space-related research, projects and research in South Africa and to assume the role as a regional centre for space research in Africa.
Throughout the 1950s to 1970s lunar and interplanetary missions conducted by NASA had been supported from a tracking station at Hartebeesthoek where the first images of Mars were received from the Mariner IV spacecraft in the first successful flyby of the planet. Other South African facilities also assisted in tracking satellites to determine the effects of the upper atmosphere on their orbits.
In 1980s work on the development of a launcher and a satellite had been in progress but was discontinued after 1994. In 1999, South Africa launched its first satellite, SUNSAT from Vandenberg Air Force Base in the US. A second satellite, SumbandilaSat, was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan in 2009.
SANSA's mission is to use space science and technology to:
SANSA is a key contributor to the South African Earth Observation Strategy (SAEOS), for which the primary objective is "to coordinate the collection, assimilation and dissemination of Earth observation data, so that their full potential to support policy, decision-making, economic growth and sustainable development in South Africa can be realised."
SANSA will provide space-based data platforms that focus on in-situ Earth observation measurements in collaboration with entities such as the South African Earth Observation Network (SAEON).
SANSA Space Science is host to the only Space Weather Regional Warning Centre in Africa, which operates as part of the International Space Environment Service (ISES). The Space Weather Centre provides an important service to the nation by monitoring the sun and its activity to provide information, early warnings and forecasts on space weather conditions. The space weather products and services are required primarily for communication and navigation systems, in the defence, aeronautics, navigation and communication sectors.