davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Four Seasons Hotel Moscow

The Four Seasons Hotel Moscow is a modern luxury hotel in Manezhnaya Square in the Tverskoy District, central Moscow, Russia. It opened on October 30, 2014, with a facade that replicates the Soviet Hotel Moskva of the 1930s (Russian: Гости́ница «Москва́»), which previously stood on the same location. It is located near Red Square, and in close proximity to the pre-revolutionary City Hall.
It was operated by Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts from its opening until 2022, when the chain ceased managing the hotel due to economic sanctions imposed on Russia resulting from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The hotel continues to use the name, though it is no longer part of the international chain.
The first Hotel Moskva was built in sections from 1932 to 1938. The partially-completed hotel opened in December 20, 1935.
The hotel was notable for its use of two different designs for the wings off the central structure. The most popular (possibly apocryphal) explanation is that Shchusev submitted a single conceptual drawing of the façade to Stalin, with one half showing one design option and the other half a different design option for the wings of the building. According to the story, Stalin signed off on the drawing, without noticing the two options. Afraid of informing Stalin that he had failed to select a design, the decision was made to simply construct one wing of each design option, on either side of the building. One included large windows and a more ornate façade, while the other maintained the smaller windows and simpler details of the rest of the hotel's façade. The lobby of the original hotel contained an entrance to the Moscow Metro Okhotny Ryad station. Anti-aircraft guns were installed atop the hotel during the Battle of Moscow. The label of Stolichnaya vodka features a line drawing of the hotel. The Hotel Moskva was expanded in 1977, for the 60th anniversary of the October Revolution. A new 6-story wing was built in the rear, facing Revolution Square. The Hotel Moskva was demolished in 2004.
The original structure had become too dated to serve the needs of a first class hotel, so it was completely demolished and replaced with a replica, which added modern facilities inside and an underground parking garage. The first portion of the new complex, facing Revolution Square, was built on the site of the dismantled 1977 wing. Housing offices and a shopping center, Fashion Season, it opened in 2012.
The hotel portion, on the site of the 1935 building, replicates the iconic facade, following Shchusev's exterior plans as accurately as possible. It opened on October 25, 2014 as the Four Seasons Hotel Moscow.
As of 2016, Russian businessman Alexey Khotin owned the hotel. Four Seasons Hotels ceased managing the hotel in March 2022, due to economic sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, but the hotel continues to use their name, although it is no longer associated with the chain.
Монголд болсон дуулиант гэмт хэргүүд (улс төр, авилга, урвалт)

Монголд болсон дуулиант гэмт хэргүүд нь улс төр, авилга, урвалт зэрэг маш олон хүчин зүйлээс шалтгаалсан байдаг.
Монгол улсад 20 дугаар зуунд тусгаар тогтнолын төлөө тэмцэл, нийгэм, улс төрийн хувьд өөрчлөлт, шинэчлэл зэрэг эерэг хувьсал өөрчлөлтүүд дэс дараалан болсны үр дүнд Тусгаар тогтносон Монгол улс үүсэн байгуулагдаж чадсан юм. Гэвч энэхүү үйл хэргийн эсрэг талд тухайн үеийн шинэчлэл өөрчлөлтийг эсэргүүцэх, түүнийг ашиглан ашиг завшаан хөөцөлдөн гарсан улс төрийн шинжтэй болон хээл хахууль, авилга, аллагын хэлбэртэй маш олон тооны хэрэг гарсан сөрөг талын хар түүхтэй.
Монголд болсон дуулиант гэмт хэрэг, гэмт үйлдлүүдийг түүхэн цаг хугацаа, үйлдлийн хэв шинжээр нь гурав хувааж байна. Үүнд:
Монголын тусгаар тогтнолын тэмцлийн эхэн үе буюу 1911-1921 он
Ардын хувьсгалаас ардчилсан хувьсгал хүртэл буюу 1921-1990 он
1990 оноос өнөөдрийг хүртэл
Авимимус

Авимимус. Үлэг гүрвэл, шувуу хоёрын эволюци хөгжлийг нэг чиглэлтэйгээр авч үзэх үү, эсвэл тэдгээр нь өөр хоорондоо ямар ч ойр дөт хамааралгүй гэж үзэх үү гэдэг бол амьтны аймгийн тодорхой бүлгүүдийн үүсэл хөгжлийг зөвөөр шийдвэрлэх цогцолбор асуудлын нэг юм. Монгол орон дахь цэрдийн галавын тунамал хурдсаас анх олдсон Авимимусийн төрлийн амьтан бол хэдийгээр динозавр болох нь баттай боловч шувууны олон шинжийг агуулсан, ялангуяа урд мөчиндөө далавчны эх үүсвэр болох өдний гуурстай байсан төдийгүй яваандаа урд шуу, сарвууны шивнүүр яснууд нь шувуутай адил болж хөгжсөн байна гэж зөвлөлтийн судлаач С. М. Курзанов үзэж байна.
Авимимусын чулуужсан ясыг Монгол, зөвлөлтийн палеонтологичид 1971 онд Өмнөговь аймгийн Сэврэй сумын Удан сайр гэдэг газраас олжээ. Уг чулуужсан яс агуулсан хурдсын геологийн насыг хожуу цэрд, 70 сая жилийн өмнөх цаг үе гэж тодорхойлжээ.
Геологийн цаг тоолол

Газрын гадарга бүрэлдэн тогтсон цаг хугацаа олон сая жилийг хамрах ба үүнийг геологийн насаар хэмжэнэ.
Геологийн цаг тоолол нь Дэлхийн хөгжлийн түүхэнд тохиолдсон үйл явдлуудын цаг хугацааны хамаарлыг үзүүлэхийн тулд хэрэглэдэг геологийн нэр томъёо юм. Доор үзүүлсэн геологийн цаг тоолол нь Олон улсын стратиграфийн холбооны ангилал бөгөөд, АНУ-ын Геологийн албаны стандарт өнгөний кодыг ашигласан болно.
Үнэмлэхүй нас тогтоох цацраг идэвхит изотопийн судалгааны үр дүнгээр Дэлхий нь ойролцоогоор 4.570 тэрбум жилийн өмнө үүссэн гэж үзэж байна. Геологийн цаг тоолол нь хэд хэдэн ялгаатай нэгжүүдээс бүрдэнэ. Эдгээр нэгжүүдийг тухайн үед болж өнгөрсөн томоохон үйл явдлууд дээр тулгуурлан ялгана. Өөрөөр хэлбэл эдгээр нэгжүүдийн хоорондын хил заагийг (цаг хугацааны) геологийн, эсвэл палеонтологийн үйл явдлуудаар (амьтны аймгийн массыг хамарсан сүйрэл зэрэг) тодорхойлно. Жишээлбэл, Цэрд ба Палеогений заагт томоохон сүйрэл явагдсан ба үүгээр дээр дурьдсан хоёр галавын хил заагийг тогтооно. Энэ мөхлөөр динозавр бүрэн, тэнгисийн амьтдын зүйлийн бүрдлийн ихээхэн хэсэг мөхсөн болно. Эртний галавуудыг үнэмлэхүй нас ба чулуужсан үлдэгдлийн харьцангуй насаар тодорхойлно.
Геологийн цаг тоололын хамгийн том нэгж нь суперэон. Суперэон нь Эоноос тогтоно. Эон нь Эринд, эрин нь галавуудад хуваагдана. Галавууд Эпохиос тогтоно. Эпохийг яруст хуваана.
Геологичид галавуудыг дээд/хожуу, доод/түрүү, дунд гэх мэтээр хэлдэг ба дээд, дунд, доод гэдгийг чулуулгийн хувьд ("дээд юрагийн элсэн чулуу" гэх мэт), харин хожуу, дунд, түрүү гэдгийг цаг хугацааны хувьд хэрэглэгддэг болно. Жишээлбэл, "түрүү юрагийн хуримтлал", "хожуу юрагийн чулуужсан үлдэгдэл" гэх мэтээр. Геологийн цаг тоололын нэгжүүдийг Дэлхийн орон бүр өөр өөрийнхөөрөө нэрлэдэг бөгөөд Олон улсын Стратиграфийн комисс үүнийг нэг мөр болгох оролдлого хийсээр байгаа болно.
Доорхи хүснэгт нь геологийн цаг тоололын нэгжүүд, тухайн үед явагдсан гол үйл явдлуудыг багтаасан болно. Энэ ангилал нь Олон Улсын Стратиграфийн комиссын ангилал бөгөөд, хүснэгтийн мөрийн өргөн нь хугацаанаас хамаараагүй болно.
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Хоёрдахь ба гуравдахь зураг нь эхний зураг дахь, Фанерозой ба Кайнозойг (одоор тэмдэглэгдсэн) томруулан харуулсан болно. Хугацааг сая жилээр үзүүлэв.
Голоцений (хамгийн сүүлийн эпохи) нэрийг тэмдэглэлгүй, хоосон орхив.
Nemegt Formation

The Nemegt Formation (also known as Nemegtskaya Svita) is a geological formation in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia, dating to the Late Cretaceous. The formation consists of river channel sediments and contains fossils of fish, turtles, crocodilians, and a diverse fauna of dinosaurs, including birds.
The Nemegt Formation is composed of mudstones and sandstones that were deposited by ancient lakes, streams, and flood plains. The Altan Uul locality was described by Michael Novacek as "a canyon carved out of a very rich series of sedimentary rocks" with "steep cliffs and narrow washes". The climate associated with it was wetter than when preceding formations were deposited; there seems to have existed at least some degree of forest cover. Fossilized trunks have been also found. These petrified wood, and the remains of Araucariaceae conifers indicate that the forests of the Nemegt were thickly wooded, with a high canopy formed by tall conifer trees. When examined, the rock facies of this formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that there existed a rich habitat, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain massive Cretaceous dinosaurs.
The most recent stratigraphy divides the Nemegt Formation into three informal members. The lower member is dominated by fluvial deposits, while middle and upper members consist of alluvial plain, paludal, lacustrine, and fluvial deposits. The colour of the sediments is usually light grey to tan in colour in comparison to the typically red colour of the underlying Barun Goyot Formation. It overlies and sometimes interfingers with the Barun Goyot Formation. Interfingering has been noted at the stratotype (Red Walls) and Hermiin Tsav. There has been no absolute dating of the Nemegt Formation. Historically the Nemegt has been considered late Campanian to Maastrichtian, based on comparisons of fossils present, but no exact dating has been performed. The age for the underlying Baruungoyot Formation (= Svita) has been suggested as Santonian to Campanian, and Shuvalov (2000) found K-Ar dating of basalts that they referred to the mid and upper Baruungoyot to be 75 to 80 million years old.
Stratigraphic positions are based on Eberth (2018) who correlated localities to their approximate position within the formation.
Baruungoyot Formation

The Baruungoyot Formation (also known as Barun Goyot) is a geological formation dating to the Late Cretaceous Period. It is located within and is widely represented in the Gobi Desert Basin, in the Ömnögovi Province of Mongolia.
It was previously known as the Lower Nemegt Beds occurring beneath the Nemegt Formation and above the Djadokhta Formation. It has been suggested that the Djadokhta and Baruungoyot Formations are lower and upper parts, respectively, of the same lithological unit and the boundary between the two does not exist. The stratotype of the Baruungoyot Formation is the Khulsan locality, east of Nemegt. At Nemegt, only the uppermost barungoyotian beds are visible. The Red Beds of Khermeen Tsav are also considered part of the Baruungoyot Formation. It is approximately 110 metres (360 ft) in thickness, and was laid down roughly 72-71 million years ago. Given the new date for the start of the Maastrichtian (72.1 MYA) a basal Maastrichtian age seems probable. The Baruungoyot Formation preserves an environment of sand dunes, created from wind-eroded rocks (aeolian dunes).
Bayan Mandahu Formation

The Bayan Mandahu Formation (also known as Wulansuhai Formation or Wuliangsuhai Formation) is a geological unit of "redbeds" located near the village of Bayan Mandahu in Inner Mongolia, China, in the Gobi Desert. It dates from the late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the Campanian, it is dated somewhat uncertainly to between 75 and 71 mya (million years ago).
The paleoenvironment it preserves was semi-arid and characterized by alluvial (stream-deposited) and eolian (wind-deposited) sediments. The formation is known for its vertebrate fossils, most of which are preserved in unstructured sandstone, indicating burial by wind-blown sandstorms.
The fauna of the Bayan Mandahu is very similar in composition to the nearby Djadochta Formation, and the two may have been deposited at roughly the same time. These two formations share many of the same genera, but differ in the makeup of species. For example, the most common mammal in the Djadochta is Kryptobaatar dashzevegi, while in the Bayan Mandahu, it is the closely related Kryptobaatar mandahuensis. Similarly, the dinosaur fauna of the Djadochta includes Protoceratops andrewsi and Velociraptor mongoliensis, while the Bayan Mandahu contains Protoceratops hellenikorhinus and Velociraptor osmolskae.
An amphisbaenian species is known from the formation. An iguanian species is known from the formation.
A taeniolabidoidea multituberculate is known from the formation.
Khuren Dukh Formation

The Khuren Dukh Formation, also known as the Khukhtyk Formation, Khukhteeg Formation, or Hühteeg Svita, (Mongolian: Хөхтээг формаци, Khökhteeg Formatsi), is a geological formation in Mongolia whose strata date back to the Aptian–Albian ages of the Early Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.
The earliest record of Pachycephalosauria.
Embolotherium

Embolotherium (Greek ἐμβωλή, embolê + θηρίον, thêrion "battering ram beast", or "wedge beast") is an extinct genus of brontothere that lived in Mongolia during the late Eocene epoch. It is most easily recognized by a large bony protuberance emanating from the anterior (front) of the skull. This resembles a battering ram, hence the name Embolotherium. The animal is known from about 12 skulls, several jaws, and a variety of other skeletal elements from the Ulan Gochu formation of Inner Mongolia as well as the Ergilin Dzo Formation of Outer Mongolia.
Several species of Embolotherium have been named, including Embolotherium andrewsi, Embolotherium grangeri, Embolotherium louksi, Embolotherium ultimum, Embolotherium ergilensi, and Embolotherium efremovi. However, only two species, Embolotherium andrewsi and Embolotherium grangeri, appear to be valid. Other supposed species of Embolotherium are probably synonymous with these two species and were originally based on juvenile skulls, poorly preserved fossil material, or specimens that are not significantly different from either E. andrewsi or E. grangeri.
Another genus of brontothere, Titanodectes, which was named for several lower jaws found in the same sedimentary deposits as Embolotherium, probably represents the same beast as Embolotherium grangeri. Protembolotherium is another closely related genus from the Middle Eocene, which is distinguished by a noticeably smaller ram.
The skull reaches a condylobasal length of 920 mm. Complete skeletons of Embolotherium have not yet been recovered, although many postcranial elements referable to it have been collected. The postcranial skeleton of Embolotherium suggests a powerful, graviportal animal with a close resemblance to the late Eocene North American brontothere Megacerops, which it rivaled or somewhat exceeded in size, making Embolotherium one of the largest brontotheres, if not the largest. Unlike many of the other Late Eocene brontotheres, there is no clear evidence that Embolotherium was sexually dimorphic. All known specimens have large rams. Therefore, coupled with the fact that the rams were hollow and fragile in comparison to the solid and sturdy horns of the North American brontotheres, such as Megacerops, it does not seem likely that the ram served as a weapon for contests between males. Rather, it might have had a non-sexual function, such as signaling to each other. The ram may have served as a specialized resonator for sound production. This hypothesis is suggested by the fact that the bony nasal cavity extends to the peak of the ram, thus implying that the nasal chamber was greatly elevated, possibly creating a resonating chamber.
Prehistoric Mongolia

The climate of Central Asia became dry after the large tectonic collision between the Indian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. This impact threw up the massive chain of mountains known as the Himalayas. The Himalayas, Greater Khingan and Lesser Khingan mountains act like a high wall, blocking the warm and wet climate from penetrating into Central Asia. Many of the mountains of Mongolia were formed during the Late Neogene and Early Quaternary periods. The Mongolian climate was more humid hundreds of thousands of years ago.
Mongolia is known to be the source of priceless paleontological discoveries. The first scientifically confirmed dinosaur eggs were found in Mongolia during the 1923 expedition of the American Museum of Natural History, led by Roy Chapman Andrews.
During the middle to late Eocene Epoch, Mongolia was the home of many Paleogene mammals with Sarkastodon and Andrewsarchus being the most prominent of them.
Deer stones (also known as reindeer stones) are ancient megaliths carved with symbols that can be found all over central and eastern Eurasia but are concentrated largely in Siberia and Mongolia. Most deer stones occur in association with ancient graves; it is believed that stones are the guardians of the dead. Out of 900 of these deer stones found in Central Asia and Siberia, around 700 are located in Mongolia. Their true purpose and creators are still unknown. Some researchers claim that deer stones are rooted in shamanism and are thought to have been set up during the Bronze Age around 1000 BC, and may mark the graves of important people. Later inhabitants of the area likely reused them to mark their own burial mounds, and perhaps for other purposes. In Mongolia, the Lake Baikal area, and the Sayan Altai and Altai Mountain regions, there are 550, 20, 20, and 60 known deer stones respectively. Moreover, there are another 20 deer stones in Kazakhstan and the Middle East (Samashyev 1992) and 10 further west, specifically in Ukraine and parts of the Russian Federation, including the provinces of Orenburg and the Caucasus, and near the Elbe River (Mongolian History 2003).
There are different viewpoints about the origins of deer stone art. According to H. L. Chlyenova, the artistic deer image originated from the Saka tribe and its branches (Chlyenova 1962). Volkov believes that some of the methods of crafting deer stone art are closely related to Scythians (Volkov 1967), whereas D. Tseveendorj regards deer stone art as having originated in Mongolia during the Bronze Age and spread thereafter to Tuva and the Baikal area (Tseveendorj 1979). D. G. Savinov (1994) and M. H. Mannai-Ool (1970) have also studied deer stone art and have reached other conclusions.
List of geological features on Venus

Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is classified as a terrestrial planet. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister planet" due to their similar size, gravity, and bulk composition (Venus is both the closest planet to Earth and the planet closest in size to Earth). The surface of Venus is covered by a dense atmosphere and presents clear evidence of former violent volcanic activity. It has shield and composite volcanoes similar to those found on Earth.
Cytherean valleys are called by the Latin term valles, and are named after river goddesses or after words for the planet Venus (including terms for the morning star or evening star specifically) in various languages.
Undae, dune fields, are named after desert goddesses.
Tesserae are areas of polygonal terrain. They are named after goddesses in world mythologies.
Scarps on Venus are called rupes and are named after goddesses of the hearth.
Amado Laguna de Rins

Amado Laguna de Rins (Gistaín, 1849 - Zaragoza, 1907), fue un militar, ingeniero y político, que fue alcalde de Zaragoza.
Nacido en la localidad oscense de Gistaín, cursó sus primeros estudios en el colegio de los Escolapios de Barbastro, trasladándose posteriormente a Zaragoza donde realizó los estudios de secundaria. En 1863, ingresó como cadete en el Colegio de Infantería de Toledo, hasta que en 1866 salió destinado al Regimiento de Navarra Nº 25 con base operativa en Aragón. Intervino en hechos de armas en Cataluña durante la Revolución de 1868 y durante la tercera guerra carlista. Viajó al Imperio alemán (1884) y a Francia (1885) como observador de los ejércitos de esos dos países para poder modernizar el ejército español, obteniendo durante estos años diversas distinciones y reconocimientos. En 1886 pasa a la reserva, si bien antes, ya en 1880 había fundado la empresa Amado Laguna de Rins S.A. y en 1883 La Azucarera de Aragón S.A.,​ dedicada a la transformación de la remolacha, y fomentando el cultivo de la misma, siendo la primera empresa de este tipo en Aragón. Fue el primer presidente y también uno de los principales impulsores de la creación de la Mutua de Accidentes de Zaragoza,​ fundada en 1905.
Como alcalde de Zaragoza en dos periodos de 01-07-1899 a 20-03-1901 y de 01-01-1903 a 31-12-1903, destaca durante su mandato, la demolición de la antigua cárcel de San José, levantando en su lugar el Mercado Central de Zaragoza.​
Tiene una calle dedicada a su memoria en la ciudad de Zaragoza​
Laguna Cáceres

La laguna Cáceres o bahía Cáceres es un lago natural de Bolivia, ubicado en el extremo este del país en el departamento de Santa Cruz. Parte de la laguna se encuentra dentro del parque nacional y área natural de manejo integrado Otuquis, a una altitud aproximada de 150 m s. n. m. Está situada a orillas de las localidades de Puerto Suárez y Puerto Quijarro en territorio boliviano,​ y conectada con el río Paraguay por medio del canal Tamengo. Tiene unas dimensiones de 8,25 kilómetros de largo por 5,68 kilómetros de ancho y una superficie de 26,5 km² llegando en época de lluvias a los 200 km².
Esta laguna fue conectada por primera vez por medio de una carretera con el resto de Bolivia mediante la propuesta de la Empresa Nacional de Bolivia de Miguel Suárez Arana al gobierno de Bolivia, presentado el 1 de julio de 1875.​
La deforestación ha afectado negativamente el área de la laguna Cáceres, ya que causa una mayor cantidad de material de arrastre que incrementa la sedimentación de la laguna y sus afluentes. En 2011 y 2012 se alertó que la laguna podría secarse en un lapso de 10 años, y en 2021, la navegación al canal Tamengo desde la laguna Cáceres se hizo imposible debido al bajo nivel del agua.​
Sol sonriente

El emblema antinuclear "¿Nuclear? No gracias" o «Sol sonriente» es un símbolo internacional adoptado por los movimientos cívicos antinucleares en todo el mundo. La versión en español se instauró en mayo de 1977. Hoy continúa en uso.
El diseño es obra de la danesa Anne Lund, quien lo realizó en 1975, en el marco de la campaña de su organización OOA Organisationen til Oplysning om Atomkraft/Organization for Information on Nuclear Power.
El símbolo es propiedad de la Fundación OOA, colectividad sin ánimo de lucro que vela por su buen uso. Lo protege contra alteraciones o de su apropiación por entes con fines comerciales u organizaciones políticas.
Con este fin, el símbolo ha sido registrado como marca en todo el mundo, incluidos los registros de marcas de Estados Unidos​ y de la Unión Europea.​
El símbolo del «Sol sonriente» ha sido protagonista de diversos casos de uso indebido en España. En enero de 2011 la revista Cambio 16 publicó una versión alterada del logo con el texto «Sin tabaco, gracias». Después de una queja formal de la Fundación OOA, Cambio 16 publicó una nota aclaratoria en el primer número de febrero.
La Fundación OOA prohíbe a partidos políticos el uso del emblema antinuclear. Por este motivo también ha actuado de oficio por usos indebidos realizados por Izquierda Unida, Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds, Andalucía Verde-Los Verdes y Equo.
Por congruencia ortográfica, el logo, o lema, o moto en español requiere una pausa indicatriz de una decisión firme y de una conclusión así mismo irrevocable. Debería ser: No. Gracias.
Logotipo

Un logotipo —también abreviado a logo— es un signo gráfico que identifica a una empresa, un producto comercial, una conmemoración, un proyecto, o en general, a cualquier entidad pública o privada.​​
Históricamente, los artesanos del barro, del cristal, de la piedra, los fabricantes de espadas y artilugios de hierro fino, así como los impresores, utilizaban marcas para señalar su autoría.
Para que un logotipo resulte congruente y exitoso, debe ser conforme al principio fundamental del diseño donde «menos es más». Dicha simplicidad permite que sea:
Las marcas construidas exclusivamente con letras llegan a tener tanta fuerza o más que aquellas que, si bien cuentan con un icono gráfico, requieren la asociación del texto para posicionarse desde el inicio; tal es el caso, por ejemplo, de las marcas de automóviles. Posteriormente, la imagen queda intrínsecamente asociada al sonido del nombre de la marca original.
El logotipo puede ser el eje afirmador de la propiedad privada a través del hecho de la autoría.
Un logotipo se diferencia por:
La simbología es el estudio de los símbolos o el conjunto de estos. Un símbolo, por otra parte, es la representación sensorial de una idea que guarda un vínculo convencional y arbitrario con su objeto. La noción de simbología se utiliza para nombrar al sistema de los símbolos que identifican a los diferentes elementos de algún ámbito. La electricidad, la química y la mecánica, entre otros ámbitos del conocimiento, tienen su propia simbología. Quien conoce la simbología de una especialidad, puede expresarse mediante los símbolos e interpretar diagramas o esquemas que apelen a los símbolos en lugar de las palabras. Es posible clasificar la simbología según su objeto de estudio o área de incumbencia.
Los logotipos y su diseño pueden estar protegidos por derechos de autor, a través de varias organizaciones de propiedad intelectual en todo el mundo que ponen a disposición los procedimientos de solicitud para registrar un diseño y darle protección legal. Por ejemplo, en el Reino Unido, la Oficina de Propiedad Intelectual (Reino Unido) rige los diseños registrados, las patentes y las marcas comerciales. Por lo general, es el diseño visual el que estará protegido, incluso si se reproduce en una variedad de otros colores o fondos.
Isologo, imagotipo, isotipo y logotipo son varias tipologías posibles de la marca corporativa.
Edificio El Moderno

El edificio El Moderno es una construcción situada en el número 1 de la calle Policarpo Sanz, esquina calle Carral, en Vigo, al noroeste de España. Es uno de los edificios históricos más significativos de la ciudad y de la comunidad de Galicia.​
Las obras fueron promovidas por Manuel Bárcena Franco, Conde de Torrecedeira, con el objetivo de hacer un edificio para viviendas de renta.​ El arquitecto al que se encomendó el encargo fue el francés de origen polaco Michel Pacewicz,​ que inició las obras en 1897 y las terminó en 1902.​ El edificio recibe el nombre de El Moderno por un famoso hotel que estuvo allí instalado,​ y que recibía ese nombre, creado en 1906 por Jesús Fernández Otero, primer teniente de alcalde de Vigo, y empresario que también explotaría el Hotel Continental. En este hotel falleció Fernando Díaz de Mendoza y Aguado, el 20 de octubre de 1930. Fue renovado en 1953 por el productor de cine Cesáreo González, que le dio el nombre de Gran Hotel.​
Se trata de una obra donde la influencia francesa es más que evidente.​ El edificio consta de semisótano, planta baja, entresuelo, tres plantas, y un ático bajo cubierta con óculos. Una modificación en 1977, muy poco respetuosa con el edificio original, modificó el interior por completo, la cubierta para sumar dos plantas, y eliminó la cúpula de escamas cromáticas que corona la rotonda del esquinal.​
La fachada a Policarpo Sanz es simétrica y ofrece una composición de diferentes formas arquitectónicas,​ distribuidas según las plantas, mezclando vanos de diferentes alturas y anchuras, aislados o englobados entre grandes columnatas corintias, con frontones neobarrocos partidos con volutas; también combina balcones corridos e individuales, con petriles pétreos o forjados, almohadillado con alternancia de sillares y dovelas resaltados mediante esgrafiado, arcos escarzanos, semicirculares, elípticos, y dinteles fuertemente decorados. Todo en la línea de un barroco rococó francés. Destaca la perfección del trabajo de cantería, otra muestra más del nivel de calidad alcanzado por la profesión en Vigo en esos años.​ Al sexto piso y ático de este edificio se le conoce como “El Palomar”​
Color intermedio

Un color intermedio es aquel que se obtiene mediante la mezcla de dos colores definidos. Usualmente es sinónimo de color terciario,​ en este sentido, se consigue al mezclar partes iguales de un color primario y un color secundario. Sin embargo, también suelen considerarse colores intermedios a otras combinaciones, como los colores tierra (agrisados), colores pastel (aclarados con blanco), oscuros, etc.
Es un color intermedio entre uno primario y un secundario, por lo que son seis. En el modelo tradicional de coloración son:​
En la combinación de colores de acuerdo a los modelos CMYK o RGB, se obtienen análogamente otros colores terciarios.
Al mezclar un primario con su complementario (un secundario que no lo contiene) se crean los colores quebrados (o colores tierra) estos son: tierra amarilla (T) con 50% de amarillo + 25% de rojo + 25% de azul, tierra roja (T) con 50% de rojo + 25% de amarillo + 25% de azul, y tierra azul (T) con 50% de azul + 25% de amarillo + 25% de rojo.
Los colores tierra son infinitos y se forman mezclando entre sí, en diferentes proporciones, los tres colores básicos (primarios sustractivos).
Si las proporciones de la mezcla de los tres colores fuera exacta obtendríamos el negro. Como las proporciones de mezcla pueden variar enormemente, la cantidad de colores tierra (broken hues) que podemos obtener es muy numerosa.
Ocres, sienas y sombras, ocre amarillo, ocre rojo, sombra natural, sombra tostada, etc., son denominaciones comunes de estos colores tierra según la predominancia en ellos de un color básico u otro.
Torre Laguna

El edificio Torre Laguna es un inmueble destinado a viviendas, oficinas y locales comerciales situado en la ciudad de El Ejido, provincia de Almería (España). Con una altura de 105 metros y 30 plantas es el tercer edificio más alto de Andalucía, por detrás de Torre Sevilla y las Torres de Hércules.​​
Planeado el inicio de las obras para marzo de 2005, estas no comenzaron hasta la primavera de 2006, estimándose la ejecución en dos años. Sin embargo, entre la constructora Garasa Esñeco y la promotora Dórica surgió un conflicto judicial que supuso la paralización de las obras durante más de un año. En enero de 2009, la justicia daba la razón a Dórica y obligaba a Garasa Esñeco a abandonar el edificio. Dórica tomó entonces las riendas de la obra, concluyéndose esta a principios de 2011.
En 2019 Blackstone a través de la Sociedad Aliseda saca a la venta locales comerciales, garajes y trasteros. Los actuales propietarios Quasar Investments heredaron el edificio del Banco Popular.​​
Torre Laguna era en 2018 el tercer edificio finalizado más alto de Andalucía con 105 m de altura.​
Cuenta con 30 plantas más 2 sótanos, garaje con capacidad para 275 vehículos, cafetería, restaurante panorámico, 119 viviendas y 54 oficinas.​
Obtuvo en 2007 el Premio Casodomo a la domótica estando en fase de construcción.​
Antena de látigo

Una antena de látigo es una antena consistente en un alambre o varilla flexible recta. El extremo inferior está conectado radiorreceptor o transmisor. La antena es designada para ser flexible de tal forma que no se rompa fácilmente, y su nombre deriva del movimiento que adquiere cuando se la manipula, similar al de un látigo. Las antenas de látigo para radios portátiles son a menudo una serie de tubos de metal telescópicos entrelazados, de tal forma que pueden ser retraídos cuando no está en uso. Las más grandes, hechas para ser montadas en vehículos o estructuras, están construidas con una varilla de fibra de vidrio rodeando un núcleo de alambre, pudiendo tener hasta 10 m de longitud. El largo de la antena es determinado por la frecuencia de las ondas de radio con la que será usada. El tipo más común es el látigo cuarto de onda, el cual tiene aproximadamente un cuarto de la longitud de onda. El látigo es el tipo más común de antena monopolo, y es usada en las bandas HF, VHF y UHF. Son ampliamente usadas en las radios portátiles, teléfonos inalámbricos, walkie-talkies, radios FM, Radiocaseteras y dispositivos de wifi; también son provistas como antenas en unidades de cabecera y transceptores para vehículos y aeronaves. Las versiones más grandes montadas en techos y mástiles son usadas como antenas en las radioestaciones base por la policía, bomberos, ambulancias, taxis y otros servicios.
Monopolo vertical

Se denomina monopolo vertical a un tipo de antena (receptora o transmisora) que es la mitad de un dipolo vertical.
Cuando el monopolo vertical se instala sobre un plano de tierra, según la teoría óptica de antenas, puede ser modelada como un clásico dipolo. El dipolo es por definición una antena simétrica respecto de su punto de alimentación central y por ello la denominación de alimentación balanceada, en cambio en el monopolo y el plano de tierra se configura una alimentación de tipo desbalanceada, siendo el "vivo" conectado al monopolo propiamente, y el "retorno" conectado al plano de tierra.
La antena monopolo fue inventada en 1895 por el pionero de la radio Guglielmo Marconi. Por esta razón a veces se la llama antena Marconi.
Su montaje es sencillo sobre superficies planas conductoras. Es fácilmente conectado al transmisor o receptor mediante un cable coaxial de tipo desbalanceado, sin perturbar las características de radiación del monopolo. Como ejemplo de ambas situaciones podemos señalar que los monopolos para frecuencias VHF y UHF son instalados sobre el techo de unidades móviles, y en Onda Larga y Onda Media (casi siempre monopolos) la superficie terrestre es su plano de tierra por definición, dado que deben erigirse completamente sobre esta debido a sus dimensiones (entre 30 y 500 metros de altura).
Plano de tierra o de masa (este último término menos empleado en antenas) se denomina a una superficie plana, infinita y perfectamente conductora. Al montarse un monopolo (aislando la base) sobre esta superficie teórica se produce un efecto "espejo" creándose un dipolo vertical completo. De manera realista el plano de tierra para ser considerado como tal, debe tener dimensiones muchos mayores a la longitud de onda de la señal a transmitirse o recibirse. Esta característica sobre todo se refiere a la conformación del patrón de radiación. En el caso de señales que se propagan por el modo de corrientes de superficie, la extensión del plano de tierra tiene un significado distinto.
Tenemos la misma configuración que con un dipolo largo, pero radiando solo en la mitad del espacio, por lo que la potencia que radia el monopolo es la mitad que la radiada por el dipolo largo.
Consecuentemente, la resistencia de radiación del monopolo es la mitad del dipolo largo.
Y la directividad será el doble.
El monopolo se alimenta en la base. La alimentación es asimétrica y habitualmente se alimenta con cable coaxial.
La antena vertical emite en polarización vertical, o sea, el campo eléctrico es perpendicular al plano del suelo.
Federal Telecommunications Institute

The Federal Telecommunications Institute (Spanish: Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones; abbreviated as IFT and incorrectly referred to as IFETEL, Tzeltal: Snaul jtsob a’telelil Sk’asesojibal k’op Ayejetik ta ch’ajantak’inetik, Q’eqchi: Rochochil li Xna’ li K´iila Puktesib´aal, Ixcatlán Mazatec: Ndo̱bo̱a̱ Xtitjón xi chji̱a̱ni ni xi tsꞌentsójó eén, Kiliwa: Pakutiy tuchatu te-e ñam pjkai, Chuj: Instituto Yik yajal k’en Alumel ab’ix) is an independent government agency of Mexico charged with the regulation of telecommunications and broadcasting services. It was formed on September 10, 2013, as part of larger reforms to Mexican telecom regulations, and replaced the Federal Telecommunications Commission (Cofetel).
The current president of the IFT is Gabriel Oswaldo Contreras Saldívar.
On August 8, 1996, President Ernesto Zedillo created Cofetel, which originally was based in the tower of the Secretariat of Communications and Transportation.
In 2013, President Enrique Peña Nieto created the IFT to replace Cofetel as part of the telecommunications reform package of the Pacto por México. The IFT is an autonomous federal agency that is responsible for the regulation of the use of spectrum, telecommunications and broadcasting networks and offerings, and access to infrastructure. IFT also regulates the awarding of concessions and permits for broadcast stations and promotes and protects competition in telecommunications.
Through an agreement with PROFECO, the IFT also handles user comments and complaints for communications services.
The IFT is headed by a board of seven commissioners, including a chair. They are each nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.
The sitting commissioners are:
Federal Commission of Telecommunications (Mexico)

The Federal Commission of Telecommunications (Comisión Federal de Telecomunicaciones) (CoFeTel) was the regulator of telecommunications in Mexico, and was part of the Mexico's Secretariat of Communications and Transport (SCT). Formed in 1996 and replaced in 2013, Cofetel was roughly equivalent to the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, and Ofcom in the United Kingdom. Among its duties were licensing of broadcasting stations and regulation of telephone companies.
As of September 2013 COFETEL has been replaced by the IFT, the Federal Telecommunications Institute.
Algodoneros de Unión Laguna

The Algodoneros de Unión Laguna (English: Laguna Union Cottoneers) are a professional baseball team in the Mexican League (LMB). Based in Torreón, Coahuila, they play in the North Division of LMB.
The team was established on 31 March 1940 under the name Algodoneros de Unión Laguna, named for the Compañía Jabonera La Unión (La Unión Soap Company), the team's first sponsor. The team won its first pennant in 1942 under manager Martín Dihigo. The franchise moved to Nuevo Laredo in 1944, but an expansion club restored baseball to the region between 1946 and 1953. In the 1950 season, Laguna won their second and latest title to date, with Guillermo Garibay as manager, defeating Charros de Jalisco 4 games to 2 in the Final Series.
With the creation of the Zona Norte in 1970, the Comarca Lagunera returned to the Mexican League. The new Algodoneros de Unión Laguna played their home games in Gómez Palacio, Durango from 1970 to 1974, and moved across the border to Torreón for the 1975 season with the construction of Estadio Superior, which reused the structure of the former Colt Stadium in Houston. The move coincided with new ownership, Don Juan Abusaid Ríos. The team won the Zona Norte in 1974, 1976, and 1978, but fell to the Diablos Rojos del México (1974, 1976) and Rieleros de Aguascalientes (1978) in the league championship. After the 1981 season and a falling out between ownership and Governor José de las Fuentes, Abusaid sold the team to the Sindicato de Trabajadores Petroleros de la República Mexicana (Union of Oil Workers of the Mexican Republic), which moved the franchise to Tampico, Tamaulipas. While the stadium was taken down in Torreón and moved to Tampico, the franchise spent the 1982 season in Monclova, Coahuila, as the Astros de Monclova.
In 1985, the Indios de Ciudad Juárez were bought by Jorge Dueñes Zurita and moved to Torreón, where the franchise has remained since. The team made the postseason in 1989, 1990, 1992, and 1994, but in their lone league championship appearance in 1990, they fell in five games to the Bravos de León. Unión Laguna was bought in 1997 by FEMSA-Cervecería Cuauhtémoc-Moctezuma, which sold the team in 2002 to Ricardo Martín Bringas, the director general of Organización Soriana.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the new management opted to change the team's name and colors. The Vaqueros Laguna (Laguna Cowboys) donned orange uniforms beginning with the 2003 season. The team appeared in the playoffs in 2004, 2009, 2014, and 2015, the latter two years as the wild card.
The 2017 season marked a return to tradition for baseball in Torreón as the franchise restored the Unión Laguna name and switched back to maroon as its primary color.
The 2018 season further marked a return to tradition for baseball in Torreón, as the franchise restored the original name under which the club had been founded in 1940: the Algodoneros de Unión Laguna.
Among their best players in history are Miguel Gaspar, Guillermo Garibay, Pedro "Charolito" Orta, Moisés Camacho, Leo Rodríguez, Martín Dihigo, Jesus "Chanquilón" Diaz, Antonio Pollorena, and Héctor Espino.
Satellite (Dave Matthews Band song)

"Satellite" is a song by American rock group Dave Matthews Band. It was released in 1995 as the fifth and final single from their LP Under the Table and Dreaming. It reached #18 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song originally debuted on their album Remember Two Things. The guitar part for this song evolved from a finger exercise that Dave Matthews used to do. The cover art of the album features dishes of the Very Large Array in central New Mexico.
Panam (brand)

Panam is a Mexican footwear brand founded in 1962. It is one of the oldest footwear companies that originated Mexico.
The company was created by the Melem and Pérez families who wanted to create a brand that would provide affordable shoes for the country. The company was named Producto Auténtico Nacional Mexicano, Panam for short, and built its first factory in Naucalpan in the state of Mexico. After a fire burned down its first factory, the company decided to build a new factory in Cuautitlán Izcalli.
In 1967, the company launched the Panam 084. It was released in a blue and white colorway that the company referred to as Campeón. It was the first shoe to introduce the "P" logo which has since been used on all of the company's shoes. The shoe became popular among school students for use during recreational activities in the 1970s and 1980s.
In November 2019, the company expanded its business and created a clothing line to sell alongside their footware. The company has expanded into neighboring countries and has opened stores in Guatemala, Belize, and the United States.
Universal Music México

Universal Music Group México S.A. de C.V. (often referred to as just UMG México) is a Mexican subsidiary of the Universal Music Group founded in 1963. It was founded as Dusa Discos Universales in 1963, undergoing several name changes over the years, first being first acquired by Gramophon-Philips Group (PolyGram) in 1971. It has been known as Universal Music México since 1999, following PolyGram's merger with UMG through the acquisition of Seagram.
The company was founded in 1963, under the name Dusa Discos Universales, during the 1960s it signed and launched talents such as Los Bonys, Gabriel Gaytán y Los Leos, Los Portorriqueños, Alvaro Zermeño, Rocío Durcal, among others. Dusa also distributed artists on record labels of the then Philips Phonographische Industries (such as Polydor and Mercury Records). They also released the famous compilation albums "Jugo de Hits".
Dusa was eventually purchased by Grammophon-Philips Group in 1971, briefly called Polydor (Mexico) from 1971 to 1977. Due to the name change from Grammophon-Philips to PolyGram, the Mexican subsidiary was renamed PolyGram Discos in 1977. During the Philips-PolyGram years, the company continued doing the same as Dusa, launching national artists and distributing global PolyGram artists in Mexico.
In 1982, A&M Records' Mexican sublabel, titled AyM Discos, was also briefly established in Mexico City before being acquired by PolyGram in 1989.
Due to Seagram's acquisition of PolyGram in 1998, PolyGram was merged with Universal Music Group (previously Decca and MCA), and its Mexican office was renamed as Universal Music México.
Another important imprint and catalog of UMG México is Fonovisa Records, which was founded in Mexico in 1984 by Televisa; It had artists such as Los Tigres del Norte, Los Humildes, Los Bukis, Los Caminantes, Rigo Tovar, Timbiriche, Flans, Lucero, Thalía, Cristian Castro and Enrique Iglesias. In 2002, Televisa sold it to Univision Music Group, which would later be purchased by Universal Music Group (UMG) in 2008. Since then, Fonovisa acts as a mutual subsidiary between Universal Music México and Universal Music Latino.
The origins of EMI in Mexico arose in 1965, when Capitol Records arrived in Mexico under the name of Discos Capitol de México to form a local company with the aim of distributing the music of Capitol artists in Mexico. On July 1, 1970, the company, due to circumstances, became managed by Capitol Records' parent conglomerate, Electric & Musical Industries (EMI). After this change in management, the company became known as EMI Capitol de México.
In 1994, it was renamed EMI Music México again. After the purchase of EMI by Universal Music Group, the company and the catalog became part of Universal Music México the same year. UMG México currently uses the EMI logo as imprint.
List of largest Mexican companies

This article lists the largest companies in Mexico in terms of their revenue, net profit and total assets, according to the American business magazines Fortune and Forbes.
This list displays all 3 Mexican companies in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks the world's largest companies by annual revenue. The figures below are given in millions of US dollars and are for the fiscal year 2023. Also listed are the headquarters location, net profit, number of employees worldwide and industry sector of each company.
This list is based on the Forbes Global 2000, which ranks the world's 2,000 largest publicly traded companies. The Forbes list takes into account a multitude of factors, including the revenue, net profit, total assets and market value of each company; each factor is given a weighted rank in terms of importance when considering the overall ranking. The table below also lists the headquarters location and industry sector of each company. The figures are in billions of US dollars and are for the year 2023.
This list displays all 4 Mexican companies in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks the world's largest companies by annual revenue. The figures below are given in millions of US dollars and are for the fiscal year 2018. Also listed are the headquarters location, net profit, number of employees worldwide and industry sector of each company.
This list is based on the Forbes Global 2000, which ranks the world's 2,000 largest publicly traded companies. The Forbes list takes into account a multitude of factors, including the revenue, net profit, total assets and market value of each company; each factor is given a weighted rank in terms of importance when considering the overall ranking. The table below also lists the headquarters location and industry sector of each company. The figures are in billions of US dollars and are for the year 2018.
Secondary sector of the economy

In macroeconomics, the secondary sector of the economy is an economic sector in the three-sector theory that describes the role of manufacturing. It encompasses industries that produce a finished, usable product or are involved in construction.
This sector generally takes the output of the primary sector (i.e. raw materials like metals, wood) and creates finished goods suitable for sale to domestic businesses or consumers and for export (via distribution through the tertiary sector). Many of these industries consume large quantities of energy, require factories and use machinery; they are often classified as light or heavy based on such quantities. This also produces waste materials and waste heat that may cause environmental problems or pollution (see negative externalities). Examples include textile production, car manufacturing, and handicraft.
Manufacturing is an important activity in promoting economic growth and development. Nations that export manufactured products tend to generate higher marginal GDP growth, which supports higher incomes and therefore marginal tax revenue needed to fund such government expenditures as health care and infrastructure. Among developed countries, it is an important source of well-paying jobs for the middle class (e.g., engineering) to facilitate greater social mobility for successive generations on the economy. Currently, an estimated 20% of the labor force in the United States is involved in the secondary industry.
The secondary sector depends on the primary sector for the raw materials necessary for production. Countries that primarily produce agricultural and other raw materials (i.e., primary sector) tend to grow slowly and remain either under-developed or developing economies. The value added through the transformation of raw materials into finished goods reliably generates greater profitability, which underlies the faster growth of developed economies.