davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
গরিবপুরের যুদ্ধ

গরীবপুরের যুদ্ধ সংঘটিত হয়েছিল ১৯৭১ সালের ২০-২১ নভেম্বরে পাকিস্তান ও মুক্তিবাহিনীর মধ্যে। ভারতীয় সশস্ত্র বাহিনী ৩ ডিসেম্বর, ১৯৭১ সালে মুক্তিবাহিনীর সাথে এ যুদ্ধে যোগ দেয় এবং এ বাহিনীর নাম দেয়া হয় মিত্র বাহিনী। বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামের অন্যতম অংশ এই যুদ্ধ।
এ যুদ্ধের অন্যতম ঘনিষ্টভাবে সম্পর্কিত অংশ হলো বয়রা প্রধানের উপর বিমান যুদ্ধ, যা মূলত বয়রার যুদ্ধ, যেখানে মুক্তিবাহিনী পাকিস্তান বিমানবাহিনীর মারণাস্ত্র সফলভাবে ধ্বংস করতে সক্ষম হয়। ভারতের পশ্চিম প্রান্তে যুদ্ধ শুরু হবার প্রাক্কালে ১৯৭১ সালের ইন্দো-পাকিস্তান যুদ্ধ নামে পরিচিত) মূলত এই সংঘর্ষ ঘটে। প্রধান অঞ্চল গুলো দখল নিয়ে এবং বারংবার পাকিস্তান সেনাবাহিনীদের মনোবল ভেঙে, মুক্তিবাহিনী এই যুদ্ধে পাকিস্তান সেনাবাহিনী কে পরাস্ত্র করে।
দীর্ঘদিনের অভ্যন্তরীণ চিন্তাভাবনা এবং বাঙালি জাতীয়তাবাদী দের কঠোর হাতে দমনের পর, কতক স্বাধীনতা সৈনিক মিলিতভাবে গেরিলা বাহিনী তৈরি করে। মুক্তিবাহিনী নামে পরিচিত এই বাহিনী যুদ্ধে ভারত হতে বিভিন্ন সাহায্য লাভ করে। পাক সেনাদের বিরুদ্ধে প্রাথমিক বিজয় লাভের পর এই অঞ্চলে তুলনামূলক শান্তি আসে এবং পরবর্তিতে ভারতীয় সাহায্যের মাধ্যমে স্রোত সম্পূর্ণ বদলে যায়। ভারতকোষ সেনাবাহিনী অতঃপর এই অঞ্চলে প্রবেশ করে এবং সীমান্তবর্তী অঞ্চলে সৈন্য মোতায়েন করে।
বয়রা প্রধান অঞ্চল পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের উত্তর-পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের গরীবপুর গ্রামের কিছু অংশ নিয়ে গঠিত। এটি উভয় দেশের সংযোগকারী একটি অঞ্চল। যশোর থেকে ভারতে একটি হাইওয়ে থাকায় এ অঞ্চলের নিয়ন্ত্রণ অত্যন্ত গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ছিল।
২১ নভেম্বর, ৪৫ ক্যালিভারির ১৪ পিটি-৭৬ ট্যাংক এর একটি স্কোয়াড্রনের সহায়তায় ১৪-পাঞ্জাব ব্যাটেলিয়ন গরীবপুরের পাকিস্তানি দুর্গের ভেতরে প্রবেশ করে। যদিও এটি একটি আকস্মিক আক্রমণ ছিল, তবে আগের দিনে ঘটা উভয় পক্ষের পেট্রোল সৈন্যদের দাঙ্গার কারণে পাকসেনারা ঘটতে যাওয়া এই আক্রমণ সম্পর্কে যথেষ্ট সতর্ক ছিল। এম২৪ শ্যাফে নামক হালকা ট্যাংক দ্বারা সজ্জিত ৩য় স্বাধীন সশস্ত্র স্কোয়াড্রনের সহায়তায় ১০৭ পদাতিক বিগ্রেড এই আক্রমণ তাৎক্ষণিকভাবে প্রতিহত করে।
পাকিস্তানি সেনাবাহিনী ভারতীয়দের আক্রমণ প্রতিহত করার জন্য প্রস্তুত ছিল। তবে পাঞ্জাব ব্যাটেলিয়ন যুদ্ধ, আগ্রাসী মনোভাব আর কাউন্টার এটাকের জন্য সুপরিচিত ছিল। রিকয়েলবিহীন রাইফেল নিয়ে প্রস্তুত থাকা পদাতিক বাহিনী কে সংরক্ষিত জায়গায় রেখে পাকিস্তানি আক্রমণ প্রতিহত করার জন্য ভারতীয় বাহিনী ট্যাংক পাঠায়। কয়েক ঘণ্টার মধ্যেই পাক বাহিনীর শিবির ধ্বংস করে ফেলে। পাক বাহিনী ঘন কুয়াশার জন্য এই তাৎক্ষনিক আক্রমণের ভয়াবহতা বুঝতে পারল না। তবে পাক বাহিনী এ যুদ্ধ অব্যহত রাখতে ভারতীয় শিবিরে ট্যাংক এবং পদাতিক বাহিনী প্রেরণ করে। তবে এবারো ভারতীয় বাহিনীর কৌশলের কাছে পাক বাহিনী পরাজিত হয়। সেই সাথে তাদের বিপুল ক্ষয়ক্ষতি সাধিত হয়। দুপুরের মধ্যে ১১টির ও বেশি ট্যাংক ধ্বংস হয়, ৩টি ট্যাংক চলমান হিসেবে আটক হয় এবং ৬ টি পিটি-৭৬ ট্যাংক নিয়ে পাক বাহিনী পালিয়ে যায়। ১০৭ বিগ্রেডে কে হারাতে হয় বিপুল সৈন্য। যার ফলে এটি তার মূল শক্তি হারায়। অন্যদিকে ভারতীয় বাহিনীর মাত্র ৪০ জন শহীদ হন।
তবে যুদ্ধের শেষ এখনো বাকি ছিল। পাক বাহিনী পাকিস্তান বিমান বাহিনীর কাছে সাহায্য চেয়ে পাঠায় এবং এই আহবানে পাকিস্তান বিমান বাহিনী ভারতীয় শিবিরে আক্রমণ করে সাহায্যের জানান দেয়। দুপুর ৩:০০ টার পর আকাশ পথে সহায়তা দেয়ার জন্য পাক বিমান বাহিনী তিনটি এফ-৮৬ স্যব্রেস এর মেশিনগান এবং রকেটের সাহায্যে ভারতীয় ঘাটিতে আক্রমণ করে।
গরিবপুরের যুদ্ধের ঘটনা অবলম্বনে বলিউড নির্মাতা রাজা কৃষ্ণা মেনন তৈরী করেছেন চলচ্চিত্র পিপ্পা। ২০২৩ সালের ১০ নভেম্বর ‘পিপ্পা’ সরাসরি অ্যামাজন প্রাইম ভিডিওতে মুক্তি পায়।
আপস্কার্ট

আপস্কার্টিং বা আপস্কার্ট ফটোগ্রাফি হল একজন ব্যক্তির স্কার্ট বা কিল্টের নিচে অসম্মত ছবি তোলার অভ্যাস, ক্রোচ এলাকা, অন্তর্বাস এবং কখনও কখনও যৌনাঙ্গের ছবি তোলা। আপস্কার্ট হল একটি আলোকচিত্র, ভিডিও বা চিত্র যা এই ধরনের একটি চিত্রকে অন্তর্ভুক্ত করে, যদিও শব্দটি স্কার্টের ভিতরে শরীরের অংশকে বোঝাতেও ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে, সাধারণত নীচে থেকে এবং পরা অবস্থায়।
অনুশীলনটিকে যৌন ফেটিশিজম বা ভ্রমনবাদের একটি রূপ হিসাবে বিবেচনা করা হয় এবং এটি ডাউনব্লাউজ ফটোগ্রাফির মতোই। আপস্কার্ট ফটোগ্রাফির সাথে সম্পর্কিত নৈতিক এবং আইনি সমস্যা হল গোপনীয়তার একটি যুক্তিসঙ্গত প্রত্যাশা, এমনকি একটি সর্বজনীন স্থানেও।
"আপস্কার্ট" শব্দটি তুলনামূলকভাবে সাম্প্রতিক, কিন্তু ধারণা এবং আগ্রহ সেখানে নেই। ১৭৬৭ সালের জিন-অনরে ফ্র্যাগনার্ডের দ্য সুইং চিত্রটিতে একজন মহিলার স্কার্টের দিকে তাকানো চিত্রিত হয়েছিল। "ভদ্র সমাজে", একজন মহিলার স্কার্টের দিকে তাকানোকে অসভ্য বা অভদ্র বলে গণ্য করা হত। কম ভদ্র সমাজে, কোনও মহিলার স্কার্টের দিকে তাকানো বা তার স্কার্ট উপরে তোলা বা অন্যথায় তার অন্তর্বাস উন্মোচন করাকে বাজি হিসাবে গণ্য করা হত, যেমন ক্যাবারে নাচের ক্ষেত্রে যেমন ক্যান-ক্যান বা বিনোদনের ক্ষেত্রে দ্রুত ঘূর্ণনের ফলে নর্তকীর পোষাক উঠে যায়। ভদ্র সমাজে, এই ধরনের আচরণ ব্যাপকভাবে অশোভন হিসাবে বিচার করা হয়।
উইকিমিডিয়া কমন্সে আপস্কার্ট সম্পর্কিত মিডিয়া দেখুন।
ত্রয়ী (যৌনক্রিয়া)

ত্রয়ী বা থ্রিসাম হ'ল এমন যৌন ক্রিয়াকলাপ যা একই সাথে তিন জন জড়িত। যদিও ত্রয়ী তিনজন অংশগ্রহণকারীদের মধ্যে একটি নৈমিত্তিক যৌন ক্রিয়াকলাপে সাধারণত প্রয়োগ করা হয় তবে একটি ত্রয়ী দীর্ঘমেয়াদী ঘরোয়া সম্পর্কের মধ্যেও পাওয়া যেতে পারে যেমন বহুগামিতা বা মেনেজ-ট্রয়স (ঘরোয়া ত্রয়ী) ।
একটি ত্রয়ী গ্রুপ সেক্সের একটি ফর্ম, তবে কেবল তিন জন এতে জড়িত থাকে। এটি ব্যক্তিগত পর্যায়ে আরও ঘন ঘন ঘটতে পারে, যেমন তিন বন্ধুর মধ্যে স্বতঃস্ফূর্ত যৌন ক্রিয়াকলাপ, বা সম-মনা সুইঙ্গার সম্প্রদায়ের মধ্যে সাজানো বা একবারের অভিজ্ঞতা হিসাবে পরিকল্পনা করা; এবং খুব কমই বেনামী বা অপরিচিতজনের মধ্যে হয়, যেমন অর্গী অথবা সেক্স পার্টিতে হয়। সুইঙ্গিং দম্পতিদের মধ্যে এক দম্পতির একজন প্রায়শই চালিকা শক্তি হয় এবং অন্যজন নিস্কৃিয়-সমর্থনকারী হিসাবে থাকে। কিছু দম্পতি একটি ত্রিভুজ প্রেমের বিকাশকে উপায় হিসাবে একটি ত্রয়ী ব্যবহার করে (মেনেজ এ ট্রয়স )।
একটি ত্রয়ী যৌন কল্পনার একটি সাধারণ উপাদান, এবং এটি সাধারণত পর্নোগ্রাফিতে চিত্রিত হয়।
ত্রয়ী জড়িত ব্যক্তিদের লিঙ্গ এবং যৌন দৃষ্টিভঙ্গির সংমিশ্রণ থাকতে পারে। প্রতিটি অংশগ্রহীতা যোনি, পায়ু বা ওরাল সেক্স বা পারস্পরিক হস্তমৈথুনের মতো এক বা উভয়ের সাথে যে কোনও ধরনের যৌন ক্রিয়ায় লিপ্ত হতে পারে। এক বা একাধিক অংশগ্রহণকারী হস্তমৈথুনের মতো অটোইরোটিক যৌন ক্রিয়ায় লিপ্ত হতে পারে, সম্ভবত অন্যান্য অংশগ্রহণকারীদের সাথে শারীরিক যোগাযোগ ছাড়াই। শারীরিক যোগাযোগ ব্যতীত কোনও তৃতীয় ব্যক্তির অংশগ্রহণ কোনও ত্রয়ী হয়ে থাকে কিনা এটি বিষয়গত সংজ্ঞাযুক্ত বিষয়। এই যেমন ফেটিশের সঙ্গে সম্পর্কযুক্ত হতে পারে অন্যের যৌনক্রিয়া দেখা বা বউয়ের যৌনক্রিয়া দেখা । লাকি পিয়েরি একটা অপভাষা যার অর্থ এমন একজন ব্যক্তি উভয় অংশীদারের মধ্যে অবস্থান নিয়ে ত্রয়ীকালে একসাথে গ্রহণকারী এবং প্রদানকারী সন্নিবেশমূলক পায়ূ এবং / অথবা যোনি সঙ্গম সম্পাদন করে।
একটি বিপরীতকামি লিঙ্গের ত্রয়ীতে দুজন পুরুষ এবং একজন মহিলা জড়িত থাকতে পারে, উদাহরণস্বরূপ, ডাবল অনুপ্রবেশে, বা দুটি মহিলা এবং একজন পুরুষ। উভকামী ত্রয়ীতে কোনও পুরুষ একজন পুরুষ এবং একজন মহিলার সাথে যৌনমিলন, কোন মহিলা একজন পুরুষ এবং একজন মহিলার সাথে যৌনমিলন করে বা তিনজনই একে অপরের সাথে সহবাস করতে পারে। একটি সমকামী ত্রয়ীতে তিনজন পুরুষ বা তিনজন মহিলা জড়িত থাকতে পারে। অন্যান্য সম্ভাবনাও সম্ভব, যেমন একজন ব্যক্তি দু'জন মহিলার সাথে যৌন মিলন করে যারা একে অপরের সাথে সহবাস করছে।
ত্রয়ী দৃশ্যে সংবলিত বিভিন্ন চলচ্চিত্রের মধ্যে আছে:
উইকিমিডিয়া কমন্সে ত্রয়ী সম্পর্কিত মিডিয়া দেখুন।
Pilot Baba

Wing Commander Kapil Singh (15 July 1938 – 20 August 2024), known as Pilot Baba, was an Indian spiritual guru and pilot with the Indian Air Force.
Kapil Singh was commissioned in the Indian Air Force (IAF) as a fighter pilot in 1957. He participated in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, rising to the rank of Wing Commander.
During the Sino-Indian War in 1962, Singh reported an apparition of Gorakhnath that guided his plane to a safe landing after he lost all contact with his base. Ten years later, he become a guru under the moniker "Pilot Baba" following his retirement from the IAF. Pilot Baba was known for his claim to enter lengthy samadhi, or death-like bodily states, often under the ground. He also claimed that he could control and manipulate the elements. His samadhi demonstrations, including supposedly being buried underground or kept under water for long periods, led to fame and donations. In 1980, he reportedly attempted a similar stunt with one of his devotees, collecting hundred of thousands of rupees from devotees to sponsor him. However, after being buried ten days underground, the devotee was unearthed and found to be dead, and Pilot Baba disappeared with the donations. After his return, Pilot Baba was found to have faked some of his escapades: in both a 1992 demonstration where he stayed underwater for five days and a 1996 burial for the same amount of time, it was reported that he actually employed secret compartments that allowed him to avoid danger. He was also exposed for money laundering on a TV program, offering a sting investigation a 30% commission to route the equivalent of 1.2 million pounds of black money through the ashrams accounts.
Pilot Baba set up ashrams in India and Japan.
Ashrams in India include:
Pilot Baba died in Mumbai, Maharashtra on 20 August 2024, at the age of 86.
Books written by Pilot Baba include:
1827

1827 (MDCCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1827th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 827th year of the 2nd millennium, the 27th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1827, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
도토리

도토리(영어: Acorn)는 떡갈나무, 갈참나무, 상수리나무와 같은 참나무 종류의 열매이다. 또한 도토리는 상실(橡實)이라고도 한다. 견과로서, 겉은 단단하고 매끄러운 과피로 이루어져 있다. 안에는 녹말이 들어 있어 떡잎이 발달되었다. 모양은 구형, 난형, 타원 형 등이 있고, 크기 또한 다양하다. 도토리묵을 만들어 먹기도 하고 다람쥐와 같은 산짐승과 밤이나 도토리에 알을 낳아서 번식하는 바구미의 주된 먹이이며 이를 이용하여 장난감이나 장식품을 만드는 재료로 이용된다.
예로부터 가뭄이나 흉작에 의해 먹을 것이 귀해졌을 때 쌀과 보리 등의 주식을 대체하거나 보조할 구황을 위한 대표적인 양식으로 도토리가 많이 사용되었다. 특히 도토리는 평소에도 먹기가 좋아 인기가 있었으며 조선 시대에는 나라에서 미리 평년에도 수집을 하여 비축하도록 하였다. 《본초강목》에는 흉년에는 산사람들이 밥을 해 먹거나 찧어서 가루로 먹었으며 풍년에는 돼지에게 주었다고 기록하고 있으며 잘 익은 도토리의 경우 보관을 잘 하면 수십 년이 지나도 사용할 수 있었다고 한다. 이를 위해 조정에서는 소나무가 잘 자라지 못하는 산에 잣나무와 도토리 나무를 심는 것을 장려하기도 하였다. 그러나 조정에서 지나치게 도토리를 걷게 하자 폐단도 나타났는데 흉년에 대비하고자 하는 목적이 오히려 백성에게 폐를 끼쳤다.
신선한 도토리는 2주 넘게 놔두면 벌레가 생기기 쉬우므로 보통 껍질을 벗겨 말려서 보관한다. 나무 절구, 맷돌 등을 이용하여 겉껍질을 벗기고 햇볕에 말린 다음 키를 이용하여 바람에 껍질을 날려서 분리한다. 2주 이상 햇볕에 잘 말리면 보통 원래 양의 1/3이 되고 무게는 반이 된다. 이 도토리를 맷돌 등으로 갈아서 물에 담그어 쓴맛을 없애고 앙금을 내고 그 앙금을 말려 녹말 가루를 얻을 수 있다. 이 녹말 가루와 함께 밀가루등으로 반죽해서 국수나 수제비, 부침개 등을 해 먹을 수 있다. 아니면 물에 풀어 풀을 쑤듯이 끓이다가 끈적하게 엉기면 그릇에 담아 식히면 묵이 된다.
《동의보감》에서는 도토리가 성질이 따뜻하고 맛은 쓰고 떫으며 독이 없다고 하였으며 설사와 이질 등을 낫게 하고 장과 위를 든든하게 하여 몸에 살을 오르게 한다고 하였다.
도토리로 만든 음식은 소화가 잘 되며, 설사를 그치게 하고 뼈를 튼튼하게 하며 살을 빼기에도 좋다. 지혈 작용이 있으며 몸 안에 쌓이는 중금속을 제거한다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 도토리는 탄닌 성분이 많기 때문에 너무 많이 먹으면 변비가 생길 수 있으며 빈혈에도 좋지 않다. 신선한 도토리 열매에는 대략 단백질 3%, 탄수화물 40%, 유지 5.5%, 탄닌 10~20%가 있다. 토종 꿀에 담가 먹으면 명약이 된다고 한다.
도토리묵

도토리묵은 도토리의 녹말을 이용하여 만든 묵류의 음식이다. 도토리묵은 산간지방에서 기원하였는데, 떡갈나무가 많은 지역은 가을에 도토리가 풍부하게 생산되므로 도토리를 음식 재료로 사용하였다. 다른 묵들과 마찬가지로 도토리묵은 무침으로 먹거나 양념장을 위에 뿌려 먹는다. 양념장은 간장, 참기름, 당근, 양파, 마늘, 고춧가루, 깨소금 등을 섞어 만든다.
도토리묵은 수백만의 사람들이 헐벗고 굶주렸던 한국전쟁 기간 동안 많이 먹었으나, 세월이 흐르며 도토리묵은 빈곤의 상징으로 인식되기 시작했고 메밀묵 등의 다른 묵을 쉽게 구할 수 있게 되면서, 점차적으로 수요가 감소했다. 그러나 최근 몇 년 사이 도토리묵은 건강 식품으로 재조명되고 있다.
수분함량이 많고 포만감을 주지만 칼로리가 적어서 다이어트 식품으로 사용되기도 한다.
도토리에는 녹말과 단백질이 풍부하지만, 탄닌과 폴리페놀 역시 풍부하여 소화를 방해할 수 있다. 따라서, 수확한 도토리는 반드시 사용하기 전에 탄닌 성분을 적절하게 가공하여야 한다. 도토리는 땅에 떨어지는 걸 줍거나, 가지에 달린 것을 직접 수확한다. 수확한 도토리는 껍질을 까고 내부의 견과부분을 분리하여 곱게 갈아낸다. 도토리 가루를 많은 양의 물과 잘 섞어 우려낸 후, 앙금을 가라앉힌 뒤 걸러내면 도토리 가루 속의 섬유소와 녹말 성분을 분리할 수 있다.
이런 과정에서 섬유소와 녹말이 분리되는 것 뿐만 아니라, 녹말 속의 탄닌 성분도 확산현상을 통해 빠져나간다. 물 속에서 우려내는 시간의 길이는 도토리가루 속의 탄닌 양에 비례하며, 효과적인 탄닌 제거를 위해서는 여러번 물을 갈아주어야 한다.
탄닌이 완전히 제거된 도토리 녹말가루는 색이 희어진다. 이 상태의 앙금은 그릇의 가장 바닥에 가라앉게 되므로, 윗물만 모두 따라낸 후 앙금을 말린다. 물기가 제거된 앙금은 곱게 빻아 가루의 형태로 판매된다. 가루 형태의 도토리 녹말 가루는, 물과 섞어 걸쭉한 농도가 되도록 끓여, 평평한 접시에 부어 식히면 도토리묵으로 만들 수 있다.
조선시대에 선조가 임진왜란이 터지는 바람에 북쪽으로 피난을 갔는데, 당시 그 지역에서는 상수리나무를 토리나무라고 불렀던 모양이다. 난리 중에 먹을거리가 있을 리 없고, 임금 일행을 대접하기는 해야 했기에 마을 사람들은 황송한 마음에 급한 대로 도토리로 묵을 쑤어 수라상에 올렸다. 그런데 배고플 때 먹으니 그 맛이 환상적일 수밖에. 나중에 궁궐로 돌아온 뒤에도 선조는 옛날 고생을 잊지 않겠다는 의미로 토리묵을 상에 올리라고 했다. 토리묵이 수라상에 자주 오르는 귀한 음식이 된 것이다. 그 뒤로 수라상에 올린다고 해서 도토리를 상수리라고 했다는 이야기가 전해진다.
개암

개암(영어: hazelnut)은 개암나무속 나무의 견과류이며, 헤이즐넛, 헤즐넛이라고도 불리며, 종에 따라 콥넛(cobnut), 필버트 넛(filbert nut) 등의 다른 이름으로 불린다. 사투리로 깨금이라고 부르기도 한다.
전체적인 외관은 타원형의 둥근 모양을 하고 있으며, 길이는 15~25 mm, 직경은 10~15 mm 정도로 길이가 직경에 비해 약 1.5배 정도 길다. 열매는 짙은 갈색을 띄는 단단한 씨방벽에 둘러싸여 있는 것이 특징이며, 수분 작용이 일어난 이후 7~8개월 뒤에 나무로부터 떨어져 나온다. 익은 열매는 날로 먹거나 익혀 먹거나 갈아서 섭취하는 등 식용으로 사용되며, 밤, 도토리 등과 함께 가축의 먹이로 제공되기도 한다.
터키, 아제르바이잔, 이탈리아, 그리스, 키프로스, 조지아 및 스페인의 카탈루냐 지방, 영국의 켄트주, 미국의 오리건주와 워싱턴주 등지에서 개암을 상품작물용으로 생산하고 있으며, 특히 터키에서는 연간 전 세계 개암 생산량의 75%를 담당해 세계 최대의 개암 생산지로 자리잡았다.
개암은 단백질, 불포화 지방, 비타민 E, 철분 및 필수 영양소 등이 풍부하며, 이러한 특성으로 인해 심혈관계 질환 환자들의 콜레스테롤 수치를 낮추기 위한 다이어트 음식으로 제공되기도 한다.
개암은 주로 프랄린, 파베 초콜릿 등의 과자류 또는 누텔라, 프란젤리코 등의 리큐어 등을 제조하는 데 이용되며, 개암으로부터 짜낸 기름은 음식의 풍미를 더하는 역할을 해 조리용 기름으로 사용된다. 또한 개암으로부터 나오는 향의 주성분은 필버톤으로 구성된다.
미국 요리

미국 요리(美國料理, 영어: American cuisine 어메리컨 퀴진)는 북아메리카에 있는 미국의 요리이며, 아메리카의 유럽 식민지화로 말미암아 수많은 요리 재료와 요리 스타일이 미국 요리에 도입되었다. 19세기와 20세기에도 다른 수많은 나라들로부터의 이주민들이 유입되면서 다양한 스타일이 지속적으로 확장되어 갔으며 이에 따라 미국 전역의 음식 다양성을 부추겼다.
옛날의 아메리카 토착민은 불 위에 바로 올려놓을 적합한 그릇이 없었을 때 '돌 보일러'라는 기술을 개발하였다. 돌 보일러는 달궈진 돌 위에 벽돌과 물이 채워진 냄비를 놓아 물을 끓이는 방법이다. 남서부에선 '오르노'라고 불리는 아도비 점토로 만들어진 오븐이 쓰였고 다른 지역에서는 구덩이를 파서 요리했다. 요리를 위해 해산물 위에 뜨거운 돌, 해초, 옥수수 껍질 등을 놓기도 했다.
미국인은 주로 감자와 빵, 그리고 고기를 즐겨 먹는다. 또 이탈리아, 그리스, 인도, 스페인, 튀르키예, 영국, 호주, 캐나다, 멕시코, 레바논, 프랑스, 브라질, 중국, 베트남, 일본, 한국 음식 등 다양한 음식을 먹을 수 있다. 미국인의 식생활은 주로 아침 식사로 토스트와 우유, 시리얼과 달걀, 과일 주스 등을 먹고, 점심 식사는 햄버거나 샌드위치 등 간이 식품으로 해결하는 식이다. 저녁 식사는 돼지고기, 쇠고기 스테이크, 닭고기, 칠면조고기, 생선 등의 육식과 생선으로 아침이나 점심에 비해 푸짐하게 먹는다. 한국의 간편식품에는 스파게티와 피자가 있는데 집에서 요리하거나 전화로 주문하여 먹는다. 미국인의 아침 식사 중의 하나인 시리얼은 원래 의사 켈로그가 소화 잘 되는 환자용 음식으로 고안한 것이다. 처음에는 몇 분 정도 가열해서 먹는 시리얼이었으나 후에 있는 그대로 먹을 수 있는 콘프레이크와 같은 차가운 시리얼이 개발되었다. 옥수수, 쌀, 밀 등을 원료로 하는 시리얼의 종류가 많은데 그 중에서 플레이크 상태로 만든 콘플레이크가 가장 인기가 많다. 하지만 패스트푸드를 어릴 때부터 먹어 비만인 아이들이 많다.
덴푸라

덴푸라(일본어: 天ぷら)는 일본의 튀김 요리이다. 해산물이나 채소 등에 밀가루 튀김옷을 입혀 기름에 튀겨 내는 음식으로, 16세기 후반 경 포르투갈 선교사에 의해 전해진 서양 요리의 영향을 받아 만들어졌다. 에도막부가 식용유 증산을 주도한 후 튀김요리가 널리 보급되면서 현대들어서는 일본의 국민 음식 가운데 하나로 자리잡게 되었다.
180도 정도의 고온으로 뜨거워진 기름에 단시간 내에 음식을 익힘으로 인해 영양가 손실이 적고 식재료 본연의 맛이 살아 있으며 기름으로 인해 고소한 맛을 더한다. 더운 날씨에 냉장 보관하지 않아도 쉽게 상하지 않는 특징이 있다. 튀김옷이나 식재료에 지방이 흡수되어 칼로리가 높은 음식으로 변한다.
한반도에 튀김 요리 문화가 형성되는데 영향을 준 것을 추정된다. 본래 한반도에는 밀가루와 식용유가 귀했기 때문에 지짐이나 볶음 정도만 있었고 튀김 요리는 발달하지 못했었다. 조선후기와 일제 강점기 시절에 덴푸라와 함께 튀김요리가 한반도로 전래된 것으로 보인다.
일본어 "덴푸라(天ぷら)"의 어원은 "사계제일(四季齊日)"을 뜻하는 포르투갈어 "템포라(têmpora)"에서 유래하였거나, "양념"을 뜻하는 포르투갈어 "템페루(tempero)" 또는 "양념하다"를 뜻하는 동사 "템페라르(temperar)"의 3인칭 단수 형태인 "템페라(tempera)"에서 유래했다고 추정된다.
1529년, 스페인과 포르투갈간에 사라고사 조약(Treaty of Zaragoza)이 체결된 이후 동방무역은 포르투갈이 주도했다. 1543년, 일본 다네가섬(종자도)에 표류한 포르투갈 인이 처음으로 유럽의 화승총을 전해주었다는 기록이 있다. 이것이 최초로 일본과 포르투갈 간에 교류가 시작된 것으로 본다. 이후 포르투갈 왕 주앙 3세가 동방에 파견할 선교사를 구하자 당시 예수회 원장이었던 로욜라의 추천을 받은 하비에르는 선교사가 되었다. 1549년, 예수회 소속 하비에르 선교사가 최초로 카톨릭을 일본에 전하였다. 이때 함께 온 일행들이 카톨릭의 금육일(禁肉日)을 지키기 위해 고기 대신에 생선과 야채를 기름에 튀겨 먹으며 자연스럽게 튀김 요리 문화가 전래되었다.
과거 일본 요리에서 튀김 음식은 튀김옷 없이 튀기거나 쌀가루를 묻혀 튀겼다는 설이 있으나 튀김요리가 발달하지 못했었다. 포르투갈인들은 밀가루 튀김옷을 묻혀 튀기는 방식을 소개했다. 포르투갈의 페이시뉴 다 오르타 등이 덴푸라의 기원이 된 음식이라 추정된다. 에도막부는 유채기름 증산을 주도하였고 튀김요리는 서민들도 먹을 수 있는 대중적인 음식이 되었다. 메이지유신(1868년) 때에는 기존에 금기시 했던 육식에 대한 해금령이 내려지자 돈가스를 비롯해 갖가지 서양의 튀김요리가 유행하게 되었다.
포르투갈은 15세기에 대항해 시대를 열었던 해상강국 답게 생선과 해산물을 많이 먹었다. 생선을 싫어하는 유립치고는 특이한 경우라 할 수 있다. 이런 포르투갈에서는 유럽에서 처음으로 생선을 기름에 튀겨 먹기 시작했다. 또한 포르투갈에는 생선이외에도 각종 식재료를 이용한 튀김 요리문화가 발달해 있었다. 그럴수 있었던 것은 로마제국이 이베리아 반도에 광활한 올리브 숲을 조성해 올리브 오일 생산기지로 사용했던 영향으로 포르투갈에는 식용유가 풍부했기 때문이다. 튀김조리법은 포르투갈 뿐만 아니라 중세에 올리브 오일이 많이 생산되는 지중해 연안 지역에서 많이 전해내려 오고 있었다.
기독교화 되어 있었던 유럽은 종교적인 관습에 의해 1년에 166일 정도는 계란을 비롯한 닭고기와 소고기 등 육식을 금하였다. 그러나 이런 금육일(禁肉日)에도 생선만은 허용되었다. 생선은 주로 튀겨 먹었는데, 특히 안식일에는 불을 피우거나 요리를 하는 등에 일조차 일체 금하였기 때문에 미리 생선을 튀켜 놓았다가 안식일에 먹기도 했다. 튀긴음식은 여름에도 쉽게 상하지 않았기 때문이다. 현재에도 포르투갈에는 각종 생선 요리와 튀김 요리가 발달해 있는 것을 볼 수 있다.
대표적인 재료로는 개량조개, 망둑어, 뱅어, 베도라치, 보리멸, 붕장어, 새우, 오징어 등 해산물과 가지, 단호박, 연근 등 채소가 있다.
튀김옷은 밀가루, 달걀, 찬물(또는 얼음물)로 만들며, 녹말가루나 쌀가루, 베이킹 파우더 등을 섞은 튀김가루를 사용하기도 한다.
식용유 또는 볶지 않은 참깨에서 짠 참기름 등을 사용해 튀긴다.
고기국수

고기국수는 제주도 전통 음식 중 하나다. 돼지고기와 뼈를 푹 삶아 소금으로만 간을 한 육수에, 면을 넣고 삶아 국물과 면 위에 고명으로 돼지고기 수육을 올리는 요리이다. 뼈국으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 고기국수는 결혼식이나 집안 잔치때 사용하는 잔치국수에서 전래된 것으로 보인다. 현재 잔치국수는 일반적인 멸치육수를 사용한다.
제주도는 예로부터 쌀 농사가 불가능한 토질을 지니고 있어, 주식으로는 밀과 보리를 자주 먹어왔는데, 그 풍습으로 인하여 국수와 보리를 이용한 요리가 발달하였다. 그중에서도 국수는 쌀 대신 사용할 만큼 주식으로써 사용가치가 높았다. 아직도 일부 시골에서는 경조사의 답례품으로 국수를 주는 경우가 있다. 우리나라에는 예로부터 경사가 있을 때 잔치를 열어 국수를 대접하는 문화가 발달해 잔치국수를 축제나 잔치때 온 사람들에게 대접하였다. 제주도에서는 경사가 있어 축제를 여는날에는 항상 돼지고기를 잡아 손님들에게 대접하는 문화가 있는데,한 솥에 돼지를 넣어 끓인 육수를 사용 하여 ,지역별로 서귀포에선 고기국수 제주시 밑 서쪽 동쪽지역에서는 몸국을 접대음식으로 내었음. 이때 살은 수육으로 만들어 제공하고, 내장과 피는 순대를 만드는데 사용한뒤, 남은 돼지머리와 수육으로 내놓고 남은 부속들을 돼지뼈 등을 진하게 고아낸 국물에 국수를 말아 손님에게 대접하였다.
좀더 대중적으로 알려진 계기로는 확실하지 않으나, 고기국수가 유명해진 원인중 하나는 골막식당과 파도식당이 국수를 본격적으로 판매하기 시작하면서 유명해 진 것으로 알려진다. 이곳은 제주도 고산에서 생산되는 특유의 두꺼운 대면을 아직까지 사용하는 식당이다.
제주도는 밀을 주식으로 사용했기 때문에, 다른지역과 달리 면이 굵은 것이 특징이다. 타 지역에서 우동면이라 불리는 굵은면을 사용하고 있으며, 현재 이러한 국수는 크게 인기가 없어 골막식당에서만 사용하고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 지금은 대부분의 가게가 최저 중면 이상의 면을 사용하여 국수를 만들어 낸다.
돼지고기는 다른 향신료나 야채같은 것을 일절 넣지않고, 돼지뼈와 돼지고기만을 물에 넣고 끓이는데, 이것은 제주도특산품인 돼지고기가 다른지역에 비해 유달리 역한냄새가 적고, 지방의 고소함이 뛰어나 가능하다고 한다.
현재 있는 대부분의 고기국수 전문점은 돼지고기 베이스를 100% 사용하지 않는집도 많으며 개운함과 감칠맛을 위해 대부분이 멸치육수를 섞어 사용하는 것으로 알려져있다. 몇몇 식당에서는 닭육수를 섞어 감칠맛을 배가하는 가게도 존재한다.
경상남도의 전통 음식인 돼지국밥과 제조방법의 유사성이 보인다. 밥과 국수를 사용하는 만큼 그 차이성도 있고, 일부 가게에서는 돼지국밥과 비슷한 맛의 육수를 내는 집도 있는 것이 사실이지만, 돼지고기의 차이성 때문에 그 맛의 차이가 존재하며, 살을 많이 끓이는 돼지국밥과 달리 돼지뼈의 함량이 많아 뼈육수에 가까운 밑국물을 사용하는 고기국수의 국물에 좀더 젤라틴질 성분이 많이 포함되어 있다.
일본 하카타의 유명 라멘 중 하나인 돈코츠라멘과 유사하게 돼지뼈를 베이스로 만들어 낸다. 국물맛이 거의 유사하지만, 마늘과 구운돼지고기 등을 사용하는 돈코츠라멘에 비해서 담백하다. 또한 제조과정에서 닭발과 돼지다리 등을 많이 넣어 처음부터 혼합육수를 만들어 젤라틴질을 많이 보충하는 돈코츠라멘과 달리, 고기국수는 돼지뼈 육수에 다른 육수를 섞어 쓰는 점이 다르다.
제주도는 단일 지역으로 국수 소비량이 제일 많은 도시이다. 제주도의 관광지로 유명한 삼성혈거리에는 많은 국수집이 위치해 있으며, 이곳을 국수거리라고 부른다.
청국장

청국장(淸麴醬)은 콩을 발효시켜 만든 한국 전통음식이다. 담북장(--醬)으로도 부른다. 일본의 낫토와 비슷하다고 알려져 있는데 발효에 관여하는 균이 다른 것으로 보고되고 있다.
푹 삶은 콩을 더운 방에 띄워서 만든 된장의 한 가지이다. 2-3일 발효시킨 다음 소금, 다진 파, 마늘을 섞어 꾹 눌러두어 만든다. 찌개는 청국장을 물에 되직하게 풀고, 김치·돼지고기·두부를 넣어 끓인다. 된장을 섞어서 끓이는 집도 있다.
청국장은 삶은 콩을 발효시켜 고초균(枯草菌, 또는 납두균(納頭菌)이라고도 한다, Bacillus Subtilis)이 생기도록 만든 속성 장류이다. 된장은 발효시켜서 먹기까지 몇 달이 걸리지만 청국장은 담가서 2~3일이면 먹을 수 있다. 즉, 콩 발효 식품류 중 가장 짧은 기일에 만들 수 있는 장이 청국장인 것이다. 전통적으로는 대체로 가을부터 이듬해 봄까지 주로 추운 계절에 만들어 먹었고 현대에서는 특별히 계절에 구애 받지 않고 제조해서 먹는 편이다. 청국장은 특유의 풍미가 있고 영양가도 높고 소화가 잘 될 뿐 아니라 콩 단백질을 가장 효과적으로 섭취할 수 있는 방법 중의 하나이다. 청국장은 그대로 날로 먹기도 하지만 주로 청국장 찌개를 해서 먹는 것이 일반적이다. 그래서 청국장 찌개를 줄여서 청국장이라고 하기도 한다.
조선 숙종때(1715년) 실학자 홍만선이 쓴 산림경제에는 전국장(戰國醬)이라는 이름으로 기록되어 있으며 1766년 영조때 유중림이 산림경제를 증보하여 펴낸 증보산림경제에도 콩을 잘 씻어 삶은 후 볏짚에 싸서 따뜻한 방에 사흘간 두면 실이난다고 청국장 만드는 법을 상세히 기술해 놓았다.
보통 청나라에서 배워온 것이라 하여 청국장이라 하나, 그 외에 위와 같이 전시(戰時)에 단기숙성으로 단시일내에 제조하여 먹을 수 있게 만든 장이라 하여 전국장, 또는 콩을 익혀서 만든다 하여 전시장(煎豉醬)이라고도 한다.
그 외에 충청도 방언으로는 퉁퉁장이라고도 하는데, 끓일 때 두부와 함께 넣는데 퉁퉁거리는 소리가 난다하여 붙여진 별명이다.
자연발효에 의한 청국장은 메주콩을 10∼20시간 더운 물에 불렸다가 물을 붓고 푹 끓여 물씬하게 익힌 다음 보온만으로 띄운 것이다. 그릇에 짚을 몇 가닥씩 깔면서 익힌 콩을 퍼담아 60 °C까지 식힌 다음 따뜻한 곳에 놓고 담요나 이불을 씌워 45 °C로 보온하면 고초균이 번식하여 발효물질로 변한다. 고초균은 40∼45 °C에서 잘 자라며, 단백질 분해효소 ·당화효소 등의 효소가 있으므로 소화율이 높다. 이 세균은 공기 중에도 많이 있지만 볏짚에 많이 들어 있으므로 청국장을 띄울 때 콩 사이사이에 볏짚을 넣고 띄우면 매우 잘 뜬다. 이때에 볏짚이 지닌 균의 활성이 좋고 나쁨에 따라 맛이 달라지게 된다. 콩이 잘 떴으면 마늘·생강·굵은 고춧가루·소금 등을 섞고 절구에 잠깐 찧어 두었다가 필요할 때에 쓴다. 청국장은 주로 고기·두부·고추 등을 넣고 끓여서 찌개를 만들어 먹는다.
청국장은 콩의 크기나 색과 상관없이 기호에 맞는 콩을 삶아서 쓴다. 삶은 콩에 볏짚을 넣어 자연발효를 시키므로 볏짚의 바실리스균 뿐만이 아닌 공기중의 바실리스균에도 영향을 받는다. 또 청국장은 만들어지는 고장, 만드는 사람, 그 날의 날씨, 사용한 콩의 종류 등에 의해 맛이 다양해지고 각기 다양한 균이 발생하여 면역력을 더욱 높여준다.
낫토는 작은 흰콩에 바실리스균 중에서도 낫토균이라고 하는 일본 정부가 허가한 균만을 사용한다. 그 균을 인위적으로 주입하여 다른 균이 침입하지 못하도록 포장된 상태에서 발효를 시킨다. 낫토는 청국장과 달리 다른 균을 차단시켜 일정한 맛을 유지한다.
List of markets in South Korea

Major cities in South Korea typically have several traditional markets, each with vendors selling a wide variety of goods including fruit, vegetables, meat, fish, breads, clothing, textiles, handicrafts, souvenirs, and Korean traditional medicinal items. The Korean word for market is sijang (Korean: 시장) and traditional street markets are called jaerae sijang (Korean: 재래시장) or jeontong sijang (Korean: 전통시장). The market space commonly includes permanent restaurants, pop-up restaurants and food stalls (pojangmacha, Korean: 포장마차, lit. 'covered wagon') that sell traditional Korean cuisine and street food. The Small Enterprise and Market Service (Korean: 소상공인시장진흥공단; previously the Agency for Traditional Market Administration) is responsible for improving the condition of the country's traditional markets with the goal of developing them into prominent tourist attractions.
The following is a list of retail and wholesale markets in South Korea. The list can contain many different types of markets including street markets, fish markets, farmers' markets, flea markets, and antique markets.
Hell's Kitchen (American TV series) season 12

Season 12 of the American competitive reality television series Hell's Kitchen premiered on Fox on March 13, 2014, and concluded on July 24, 2014. Gordon Ramsay returned as host and head chef, while Andi Van Willigan returned as the Red Team's sous-chef and James Avery returned as the Blue Team's sous-chef. Jean-Philippe Susilovic returned as maître d'.
The season was won by executive chef Scott Commings, with sous-chef Jason Zepaltas finishing second.
Filming took place over the course of 6 weeks, from October to December 2012.
Commings received the prize job retained from the previous season and became head chef at Gordon Ramsay Pub and Grill at Caesars Palace. Additionally, he broke the record for most nominations received by a winner, at seven. He would also be the last male winner on the show until Trenton Garvey in season 20, which aired nearly seven years later.
This was the first season in which two chefs quit the competition for personal rather than medical reasons. This season was also the first to feature the "Cook for Your Life" challenge, in which one chef from each team was ranked the weakest. These chefs would then compete against each other and the loser would be eliminated.
Twenty chefs competed in season 12. Jason Zepaltas previously competed on season 9 but withdrew before the first dinner service after falling ill during prep. He became the second chef to have competed in two seasons, after Robert Hesse from seasons seasons five and six, and until season 17, the first to present two signature dishes to Ramsay.
Muk (food)

Muk is a Korean food made from grains, beans, or nut starch such as buckwheat, sesame, and acorns and has a jelly-like consistency. Muk has little flavor on its own, so muk dishes are seasoned with soy sauce, sesame oil, chopped scallions, crumbled gim, and chili pepper powder, and mixed with various vegetables.
There are several types of muk:
Monumento a la Independencia de Loja

El monumento a la Independencia de Loja, también conocida como Torre del Reloj de San Sebastián, es una estructura conmemorativa ubicada en la plaza de San Sebastián (o de la Independencia), de la ciudad ecuatoriana de Loja. Concebida para rendir tributo a la independencia de la urbe y su zona de influencia, hecho acaecido el 18 de noviembre de 1820, está considerada como uno de los más sobresalientes atractivos de la ciudad.
La torre, de 32 metros de alto y estilo art déco, se encuentra coronada por un reloj público de cuatro esferas, una a cada lado de la estructura. En su base se pueden apreciar cuatro sobrerelieves de bronce que rememoran la historia del territorio lojano: cuando fue habitado por los paltas y bracamoros, cuando constituyó la gobernación española de Maynas y Yaguarzongo, la Independencia de 1820, y finalmente cuando se instauró el Gobierno Federal de Loja durante la crisis política que casi llevó a Ecuador al borde de su desaparición.​​
La torre fue construida para rememorar la independencia del territorio lojano en 1820, inaugurándose en 1950 durante la alcaldía de Alfredo Mora Reyes. Su emplazamiento en la plaza de San Sebastián responde al hecho de que, la tarde del 18 de noviembre de 1820, los lojanos fueron convocados en este sitio por Ramón Pinto, José María Peña, Nicolás García, José Picoita y Manuel Zambrano para realizar una marcha que avanzó hacia la Plaza Mayor en favor de la Independencia del territorio, que al día siguiente lograría sustituir al Jefe de Gobierno español por uno lojano, José María Torres Riofrío.​
Billetes, billetes...

Billetes, billetes... es una película de Argentina en colores dirigida por Martín Schor según su propio guion escrito en colaboración con Juana Sanpedro, Horacio del Prado y Roberto O. Perinelli que se estrenó el 6 de octubre de 1988 y que tuvo como principales intérpretes a Julio De Grazia, Ulises Dumont, Haydeé Padilla y Aldo Pastur. Este filme tuvo el título alternativo de Consecuencias.
Un comerciante que es un buen padre no tiene escrúpulos para ganar dinero y ecara un negociado que perjudicará al Estado.
Página 12 escribió:
El Heraldo del Cine escribió:
Manrupe y Portela escriben:
Billete de polímero

El billete de polímero fue desarrollado por el Banco Central de Reserva de Australia (RBA), la Organización para la Investigación Científica e Industrial (CSIRO) y la Universidad de Melbourne y fue emitido por primera vez en Australia en 1988. Estos billetes están fabricados con un polímero de polipropileno biaxialmente orientado (BOPP), que aporta un gran avance en términos de conservación y durabilidad del billete. Los billetes de polímero también incorporan muchas medidas de seguridad que no están disponibles en los tradicionales billetes de papel de algodón, haciendo que su falsificación sea mucho más complicada.
Existen tres tipos de billetes plásticos fabricados en polímero, en la actualidad se utilizan los denominados como Guardian y los Híbridos, el primer tipo consiste en un billete de polímero al completo, con ventanas transparentes y otras medidas de seguridad típicas de este tipo de billetes; el segundo tipo responde a un billete tradicional de papel que ha sido perforado con un hueco en forma de ventana al que se le aplica una tira de material polimérico, es decir, logra combinar las medidas de seguridad típicas de un billete de papel de algodón con los actuales de polímero. En los años 1980 se emitieron algunos billetes de polímero de un tipo denominado Tyvek, pero este tipo de billetes no logró implantarse con satisfacción, y los tres únicos países que adoptaron esta tecnología para su cono monetario, Costa Rica, Haití e Isla de Man, desmonetizaron dichos billetes al poco tiempo de su emisión.
Las medidas de seguridad tradicionales de un billete de papel también se pueden aplicar en el billete de polímero. Estas características incluyen la calcografía y tipografías de imprenta, las imágenes latentes, el cambio de color según la inclinación del billete, la microimpresión, y las imágenes de fondo. Los billetes de polímero pueden ser de diferentes colores en el anverso y en el reverso. Al igual que el de papel, los billetes de polímero puede incorporar una marca de agua. Algunas imágenes pueden ser creadas por la aplicación de una tinta ópticamente variable, lo que consigue un cambio de color según el ángulo de visión del billete. Los hilos de seguridad también se pueden incrustar en el billete de polímero, estos pueden ser magnéticos, fluorescentes, fosforescentes, microimpresos, etc. Al igual que el billete de papel, el de polímero puede ser impreso con relieves y zonas sensibles al tacto para su mejor identificación por personas con deficiencias ópticas.
Los billetes de polímero incluyen una medida de seguridad muy característica y que hasta 2006 no estaba disponible en los de papel, la ventana transparente. Esta ventana los hace fácilmente identificables y a su vez, prácticamente infalsificables.
Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social

El Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social de Ecuador es la cartera de Estado encargada de incluir en los ámbitos económicos, culturales y sociales a la población empobrecida; así mismo tiene como meta llevar a la gente a salir del asistencialismo, paternalismo y clientelismo político.​
Fue creado en 1979 con el nombre de "Ministerio de Bienestar Social" por el presidente Jaime Roldós Aguilera. La primera persona al mando del ministerio fue la licenciada Margarita Cedeño Gómez.​ En 2007 el presidente Rafael Correa le cambió el nombre al que lleva en la actualidad.​
El Ministerio está organizado en coordinaciones generales, viceministerios y subsecretarías, con la Oficina Ministerial en la cima. ​ Las divisiones clave incluyen la Coordinación General de Planificación y Gestión Estratégica, Administrativa y Financiera, y Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación. Estas divisiones se encargan de la planificación, la administración, las TIC, el cumplimiento y el asesoramiento legal.
El Viceministerio de Inclusión Social se enfoca en el desarrollo infantil temprano, la gestión intergeneracional, la protección especial y las discapacidades. El Viceministerio de Inclusión Económica gestiona el aseguramiento no contributivo, las operaciones, el emprendimiento y la gestión del conocimiento.
Los procesos de apoyo son gestionados a través de la coordinación zonal, direcciones distritales y oficinas técnicas, con servicios intramurales y extramurales que se brindan para apoyar diversos programas y actividades de extensión. ​
El Ministerio supervisa el establecimiento y regulación de corporaciones y fundaciones. Las corporaciones requieren un mínimo de cinco fundadores, mientras que las fundaciones pueden ser formadas por una sola persona. El proceso implica presentar una solicitud al Ministro, junto con las Actas de la Asamblea General Constitutiva, los estatutos y una declaración jurada de bienes. ​
El registro de juntas requiere una solicitud, la convocatoria de la asamblea y actas certificadas. Los cambios de membresía también necesitan una solicitud, convocatoria de asamblea y actas. La modificación de estatutos implica una solicitud, convocatoria de asamblea, actas certificadas y estatutos modificados. Para la disolución y liquidación voluntaria, los documentos necesarios incluyen una solicitud, convocatoria de asamblea, actas de nombramiento de un liquidador, el informe del liquidador, certificados relevantes y una declaración jurada de no deudas.
En términos fiscales, el Servicio de Rentas Internas (SRI) clasifica a las organizaciones sin fines de lucro como elegibles para el registro en el Registro Único de Contribuyentes (RUC), proporcionándoles un estatus fiscal beneficioso. ​
SUCRE

The SUCRE ([ˈsukɾe]; Spanish: Sistema Unitario de Compensación Regional, "Unified System for Regional Compensation") was a regional currency proposed for commercial exchanges between members of the regional trade bloc Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA), which was created as an alternative to the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA). The SUCRE was intended to replace the US dollar as a medium of exchange.
The SUCRE was first used as a virtual currency in 2010 in two transactions between Ecuador and Venezuela. International trade between member states in SUCRE reached its maximum in 2012 with 2,646 transactions worth almost 1,066 million US dollars. In each following year trade in SUCRE shrank. In 2015 there were 752 transactions worth around 345 million dollars.
The treaty explicitly limited the backing assets of the basket of currencies to financial securities denominated in the respective currencies of the member states. Prohibition of alternative forms of currency backing (such as commodity backing) presented an inequity for Ecuador that, alone in the group, does not have its own national currency (it uses the US dollar).
In the case of ALBA members Dominica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Antigua and Barbuda, the new currency posed a dilemma as they are already a member of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union and use the East Caribbean dollar, although none of them had agreed to the treaty establishing the SUCRE and the regional payments clearinghouse.
The SUCRE is named after Antonio José de Sucre, a leading figure in Latin America's independence struggle. Agreement in general terms for the currency was declared in 2009. The formal treaty establishing the regional payments clearinghouse was signed by the six Latin American presidents in Cochabamba, Bolivia, on October 17, 2009. (The former currency of Ecuador, one of the SUCRE's users, was also called the sucre, but was abandoned and replaced by the US dollar after the economic crisis in 1999).
This currency has code XSU in ISO 4217 standard currency list. ISO 4217 Standard definition:
In 2013 Uruguay joined the currency.
In 2018, the government of Venezuela proposed using the Petro, instead, for trade within ALBA.
Puente de Boyacá

The Puente de Boyacá (in English: Bridge of Boyacá) is a small bridge located at the Pan-American Highway, 110 km east of Bogotá and 14 km west from Tunja in a valley, crossing Teatinos River. Several monuments have been erected in the surroundings to commemorate the historic battle of August 7, 1819, known as the Battle of Boyacá, which granted independence to New Granada.
The bridge was built in the early 18th century, and was dedicated as National Monument and Memorial of Independence in 1920.
Near the bridge are located the following secondary monuments:
5°27′02″N 73°25′49″W﻿ / ﻿5.45056°N 73.43028°W﻿ / 5.45056; -73.43028
Miss Ecuador

Miss Ecuador is a national beauty pageant in Ecuador. The current Miss Ecuador is Eunice Rivadeneira from Guayas. She won the title on 17 August 2024, and will represent Ecuador at Miss International 2025.
The first winner of the Miss Ecuador pageant was Sara Chacón Zúñiga from Guayas in 1930. The contest was then inactive until 1955 when Leonor Carcache from Guayas won the first modern title of Miss Ecuador, and was the first representative of the country at Miss Universe 1955.
Representatives from the 24 provinces that make up Ecuador compete annually for the title of Miss Ecuador. Since 2024, Miss Ecuador has sent its winner to Miss International. In addition, the pageant also selects candidates to represent Ecuador in other international contests such as Reina Hispanoamericana, Miss United Continents and Miss Landscapes International. In the past, Miss Ecuador sent representatives to: Miss Universe until 2023, Miss World until 2012, Miss Earth until 2004, Miss Supranational until 2017 and Miss Grand International until 2018.
The following titleholders have represented Ecuador in three of the Big Four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World, Miss Universe, and Miss International with the exception of Miss Earth which has a separate national franchise in Ecuador.
Military Ordinariate of Ecuador

The Military Ordinariate of Ecuador (Spanish: Obispado Castrense del Ecuador) is a Latin Church military ordinariate of the Catholic Church in Ecuador. It is immediately exempt to the Holy See and its Roman Congregation for Bishops. It is headquartered at Apartado 17-03-758, Av. América 1830 y Mercadillo in Quito, the capital of Ecuador. It provides pastoral care to Catholics serving in the Ecuadorian Armed Forces and their families.
As of 2014, the ordinariate had 118 missions with 60 priests (50 diocesan, 10 religious) and 10 lay religious (brothers).
It was established as Military vicariate of Ecuador on 30 March 1983, with the first military vicar appointment on 5 August 1983.
It was elevated to Military ordinariate on 21 July 1986, the incumbent accordingly promoted.
(all Roman Rite)
Gigi (singer)

Ejigayehu Shibabaw, known by her stage name Gigi (born 1974), is an Ethiopian singer. She has performed the music of Ethiopia in combination with a wide variety of other genres, often in collaboration with her former husband Bill Laswell, a bassist and producer.
Gigi was born and raised in Chagni in northwestern Ethiopia. She has described learning traditional songs from an Ethiopian Orthodox priest in the family home. She lived in Kenya for a few years before moving to San Francisco in about 1998.
Gigi recorded two albums for the expatriate Ethiopian community, but it was her 2001 album, titled simply Gigi, that brought her widespread attention. She was noticed by Palm Pictures owner Chris Blackwell, who had years earlier introduced reggae to the mainstream through his former label, Island Records. Blackwell and Gigi's producer (and later, husband) Bill Laswell, decided to use American jazz musicians (including Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Pharoah Sanders, and others) to accompany Gigi on the album.
The result was a fusion of contemporary and traditional sounds. The album was a critical success internationally and generated controversy in her home country for such a radical break with Ethiopian popular music. This release was soon followed by Illuminated Audio, an ambient dub style remix of the album by Laswell.
2003 saw the release of Zion Roots, under the band name Abyssinia Infinite. Bill Laswell played guitar and keyboard (instead of his usual bass), and several of Gigi's family members contributed vocals. The album was a return to a mainly acoustic sound for Gigi, incorporating instruments such as the krar and the tabla.
Gigi's voice can be heard in the Hollywood film Beyond Borders (2003), in which Angelina Jolie portrays an aid worker during the 1984 - 1985 famine in Ethiopia.
She released her Three album, Gold and Wax on Palm Pictures, in 2006.
She has also appeared in "Running From the Light" in Buckethead's Enter the Chicken (2005). In 2010, she recorded Mesgana Ethiopia with Material, released on the M.O.D. Technologies label.
Her 2001 song "Guramayle" appears in the 2006 documentary God Grew Tired of Us. It plays over opening and closing credits.
Gigi was married to her producer Bill Laswell. Her younger sister, singer Tigist Shibabaw, died under unknown circumstances in 2008.
Tamrat Desta

Tamrat Desta (Amharic: ታምራት ደስታ; 1978 – 18 April 2018) was an Ethiopian singer and songwriter. He was best known for his two albums Anleyaym (2004) and Kanchi Ayebeltm (2008).
Tamrat Desta was born in Tiqur Wuha near Shashamane, Ethiopia in 1978. He was the second of three children, all boys. After some years in Tiqur Wuha, his family moved to Shashamene and later went to Hawassa, where Tamrat completed high school. In 1998, Tamrat moved to Dire Dawa to live with his guardian; while there, he began to perform as a singer.
In 1999, Tamrat relocated to Addis Ababa to pursue his music career. His first album, Anleyaym was released in 2004. Most of the lyrics on this CD were written by Habtamu Bogale, and the melodies of six tracks were composed by himself. Tamrat released his sophomore album Kanchi Aybeltm in 2008, reaching major achievements. In 2014, Tamrat released an album called Keza Sefer. In addition to contributing more than nine singles, he has also composed melodies for various singers Gossaye Tesfaye, Tadele Gemechu, Yerdaw Tena, Mamila and Kitchini, Meselu Fantahun, Haileyesus Feysa, Dereje Dubale, Tibebu Workiye, Tigist Woyoso, and Wondimu Jira are among the vocalists who played his melody compositions.
On 18 April 2018, Tamrat went to a local clinic in Addis Ababa for seeking medical help for tonsillitis. After receiving a pain killer, he collapsed on his way to his home and was pronounced dead at the scene. Shortly after his death, several media outlets speculated that Tamrat died of medical error and the physician who treated was found responsible for his death.
Tamrat's funeral service was held at Holy Trinity Cathedral church in Addis Ababa on 19 April 2018 and was attended by thousands of fans and famous figures. He was the father of five children, including Dagmawi Tamrat, who later became singer.
Mulugeta Abate

Mulugeta Abate was an Ethiopian songwriter, arranger, and lyricist popular for his prolific work on about 400 different albums and more than 4000 songs in various languages of Ethiopia. His latest works include the album by Man Alemosoh, which featured a popular song, "Wello". He was also credited for albums by dozens of singers in the Oromo language including the pop star Saiha Sami, and Desaligne Mersah in the Gurage language. He also arranged the popular Amharic song "ሕልሜን የት ልክሰሰው" sung by Gosaye Tesfye.
Mulugeta Abate was born in Kombolcha, Wollo, Ethiopia. He was also known by another name, Roobaa Dhaabaa (Oromo name). In his latest interview with Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation/EBC3, Mulugeta explained that the name Roobaa Dhaabaa was given to him by Oromos as a reward for his wonderful contribution in the development of Oromo song industry.
In Ethiopia, the vocalist receives most of the credit for the songs he or she performs, while the lyricist and melodist are often not credited, or barely mentioned, and are generally unrecognized by the public. Thus, most Ethiopians do not know the authors of songs, as in the case of Mulugeta Abate. He died in November 2016.
Emblem of Ethiopia

The Emblem of Ethiopia has been in its current form since 1996. It contains a yellow interlaced pentagram radiating rays of light on a blue shield. Today, the pentagram stands for the unity of the people and nationality of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The Emblem appears in the centre of the flag of Ethiopia.
Prior to 1975, the coat of arms of the Ethiopian Empire was used.
In 1975, an earlier version of the emblem of Ethiopia was adopted, consisting of a plow on a yellow sunburst surrounded by a wreath. It was used until 1987 and eventually became associated with the Derg regime.
Colours scheme
El gallo que fingió ser Jorge Luis Borges

El gallo que fingió ser Jorge Luis Borges (2015) es un volumen de relatos creado por el escritor mexicano Jaime Perales Contreras. El título del libro alude al primer cuento, en el que un gallo de corral se jacta de ser un famoso escritor argentino llamado Jorge Luis Borges.
Curiosamente, el cuento está basado en un episodio de la vida real de Borges. En su biografía "Borges: Genio y figura", Alicia Jurado relata que en 1946 Juan Domingo Perón fue elegido presidente, venciendo a la Unión Democrática. El escritor era partidario de esta última y se manifestó abiertamente en contra del peronismo que consideraba una dictadura. En ese entonces, Borges era empleado de la biblioteca nacional de Argentina y tuvo que renunciar cuando fue nombrado "inspector de aves de corral", o de pollos, por el gobierno.
El texto de Perales Contreras a su vez alude en su relato a varias personalidades del grupo de la revista argentina Sur, del que Borges fue colaborador cercano, como Adolfo Bioy Casares, Victoria y Silvina Ocampo y José Bianco.
El libro también se compone de seis relatos adicionales y una novela corta. Los relatos en su mayoría son fábulas y sátiras que desarrollan varios temas de la vida cotidiana contemporánea:
La contraportada del libro menciona como influencia al fabulista norteamericano y famoso colaborador de la revista The New Yorker James Thurber y al escritor de terror Edgar Allan Poe.
El cuento que da título al libro fue finalista de un concurso en Murcia, España, titulado Jara Carrillo.
En los relatos también hay varias referencias al cine y a la cultura popular estadounidense y mexicana.
Además del libro de relatos, Perales Contreras escribió un extenso volumen biográfico que narra varios episodios inéditos sobre el poeta y premio Nobel mexicano Octavio Paz y los escritores y amigos que conoció en vida titulado "Octavio Paz y su círculo intelectual".
http://www.elem.mx/obra/datos/209895
Fragmento del libro, en Revista Americas (Organización de los Estados Americanos), Julio 1 del 2010 (disponible solo en inglés) http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Rooster+Who+Pretended+to+be+Jorge+Luis+Borges.-a0229896205
Jorge Guillermo Borges

Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam (Paraná, 24 de febrero de 1874-Buenos Aires, 14 de febrero de 1938) fue un escritor, abogado, traductor, maestro y anarquista filosófico spenceriano argentino de ascendencia uruguaya.​ Esposo de la traductora y socialité porteña Leonor Acevedo Suárez, fue padre del escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges y de la ilustradora Norah Borges.​​ Su única novela, El caudillo, fue publicada en 1921 y corregida por su hijo.​
Nació el 24 de febrero de 1874, hijo del coronel Francisco Borges Lafinur (1835 - 1874) y Frances Ann "Fanny" Haslam (24 Dec 1842 - 20 Jun 1935), nativa inglesa, se mudó tempranamente a Buenos Aires, donde estudió la carrera de derecho junto a su amigo de toda la vida Macedonio Fernández, pero no la ejerció y se volcó en lugar de ello a la literatura y a la docencia.
Fue autor de una novela (El Caudillo, publicada en Palma de Mallorca, 1921). También realizó la traducción al español de Belleza Negra o también conocida como Azabache en 1935, una de las obras literarias más famosas de la escritora Anna Sewell.
Jorge Guillermo Borges fue asimismo responsable de la formación y vocación literaria de su hijo Jorge Luis.
En numerosas ocasiones, Jorge Luis Borges recuerda la biblioteca de Jorge Guillermo Borges, compuesta en su mayoría de libros ingleses, como el hecho capital de su vida, y afirma haber recibido de su padre las primeras enseñanzas literarias y filosóficas, especialmente la poesía y el anarquismo individualista de raíz liberal.​​
El tango (Jorge Luis Borges)

El tango es un libro en el que se reúnen cuatro conferencias del escritor argentino Jorge Luis Borges. Las conferencias se llevaron a cabo en 1965, en Buenos Aires y, en el año 2016, ya transcriptas de la única cinta magnetofónica que existía, fueron publicadas por Lumen.​
El tango reúne cuatro disertaciones de Borges dictadas a partir del 3 de octubre de 1965 en el primer piso, departamento 1, de la calle Hornos, de Buenos Aires, según el aviso publicado en La Nación anunciándolas. Las conferencias fueron grabadas por un productor musical español Manuel Román Rivas que, en ese entonces, vivía en Argentina. Después de años, ya radicado en Alemania, le regaló las cintas al actor José Manuel Goikoetxea.​
Hasta el año 2002, se ignoraba la existencia de las cintas magnetofónicas y recién se supo de su existencia al llegar a manos del escritor Bernardo Atxaga. En 2013 le hizo llegar una copia a María Kodama, viuda del escritor, que validó la autenticidad de las cintas.​
Las conferencias tratan de distintos aspectos del tango y le permiten a Borges hablar de algunos de los temas recurrentes en su obra: el compadrito, el gaucho, los barrios; así como mostrar su erudición y sentido del humor (en las conferencias hizo chistes sobre Gardel y cantó).​
En la primera conferencia trató de los orígenes del tango; en la segunda, de los guapos y compadritos; en la tercera, de la evolución y expansión; y en la cuarta, del alma argentina.
Borges en El Hogar

Borges en El Hogar es una antología de los escritos críticos de Jorge Luis Borges publicados entre 1935 y 1958 en la revista argentina El Hogar.​
Borges colaboró con El Hogar entre 1935 y 1958, y entre 1936 y 1939 estuvo a cargo de la sección Libros y autores extranjeros de la revista. Una antología de estas colaboraciones fue publicada con el título Textos cautivos en 1986,​ pero aproximadamente un tercio de esos escritos quedó sin recoger. Borges en el hogar reúne estos textos a los que se agregan varias encuestas y opiniones de Borges.
El conjunto de las publicaciones en El Hogar es un buen muestrario de las curiosidades y estrategias de lectura de Borges: su atracción por formas literarias marginales como el relato fantástico y el policial; una mirada atenta sobre los contemporáneos, que lo lleva a descreer de supuestas nuevas generaciones y a recordar a poetas como Enrique Banchs, ignorado y apartado de toda escena; un severo juicio crítico, no exento de caprichos, que se propone guiar al lector, brindarle información y criterios de valor. En las biografías sintéticas se aprecian originales procedimientos de narrador, mientras que las reseñas ofrecen un riquísimo conjunto de ideas y ocurrencias, que introducen inesperadas y fulgurantes reflexiones literarias.​