davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Prakash Amritraj

Prakash Amritraj (born October 2, 1983) is an Indian-American former professional tennis player, who represented India in international tournaments. He is the son of former Indian tennis player Vijay Amritraj.
Prakash Amritraj is the son of Indian tennis player Vijay Amritraj and Shyamala, a Sri Lankan Tamil.
Prakash is the paternal cousin of fellow tour pro Stephen Amritraj, whose father Anand and paternal uncle Ashok were former professional tennis players representing India. Prakash has one brother, Vikram, who was born in 1987.
He played 2 years of college tennis for the University of Southern California. He won the United States Tennis Association (USTA) Boys' 18s National Championships in 2002.
In 2007, Amritraj won three straight ITF Pro Circuit tournaments in India, beating Karan Rastogi in all three finals.
On July 14, 2008 Amritraj played in his first ATP Tour final, losing to Fabrice Santoro from France in straight sets.
From August 2010 to August 2012, Amritraj was inactive on the tour. However, he returned to the court for the first time in just over two years when he competed as a wildcard in a qualifier at the 2012 Comerica Bank Challenger in Aptos, California.
Prakash Amritraj joined the staff of the Tennis Channel in 2016 as one of the network's primary travel reporters and also as an in-match analyst and a host both in studio and at worldwide events. In February 2021, his contract was renewed for an additional three years through 2023.
Southern India Championships

The Southern India Championships also known as the South Indian International Championships was a combined men's and women's tennis tournament was founded in 1889 as the South India Championship. The championships was played at the Madras Gymkhana Club grounds, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. The championships ran until 1980 before it was discontinued.
Tennis was introduced to India in the 1880s by British Army and Civilian Officers. As early as 1883, the first tennis courts laid in Madras were at the Madras Cricket Club (MCC). In 1884 Madras Gymkhana Club built its first tennis courts. In 1889 the South India Championship was founded and played at the Madras Gymkhana Club, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. During the 1930s to 1950s the tournament was known as the South Indian International Championships. The championships were staged until 1980 when they were abolished.
Center for the Study of Southern Culture

The Center for the Study of Southern Culture (CSSC), located in Barnard Observatory on the University of Mississippi campus in Oxford, Mississippi, is an academic organization dedicated to the investigation, documentation, interpretation and teaching of the Southern United States, including its culture.
The CSSC includes the Southern Documentary Project division and the Southern Foodways Alliance institute, and a partner publication, Living Blues magazine. Over the years it has hosted countless programs, including the Oxford Conference for the Book, the Music of the South Concert Series and Symposium, the Gilder-Jordan Lecture in Southern Cultural History, the Blues Today Symposium, and the Southern Documentary Festival. The center supports an undergraduate and graduate Southern Studies academic department, granting Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, and Master of Fine Arts degrees. Former directors of the Center include William Ferris, Charles Reagan Wilson, and Ted Ownby. Kathryn McKee is the current director, and James G. Thomas, Jr. and Afton Thomas are the associate directors. CSSC published the award-winning Encyclopedia of Southern Culture and The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. In 2014, the CSSC launched the online journal Study the South.
In Barnard Observatory, the center's Gammill Gallery hosts changing exhibits of documentary photography of the American South. Among the many collections permanently housed at the center is the Kenneth S. Goldstein Folklore Collection.
Launched in 2014, Study the South is a peer-reviewed multimedia online journal, focusing on the culture of the American South. The academic approach is interdisciplinary, with a particular focus on history, anthropology, sociology, music, literature, documentary studies, gender studies, religion, geography, media studies, race studies, ethnicity, folklife, and art.
Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College

The Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College (SMBHC) is the honors program at the University of Mississippi in the United States. It was founded in 1997 through an endowment from Jim and Sally Barksdale. The institute originally bore the name McDonnell-Barksdale Honors College but was renamed upon the death of Sally Barksdale in 2003.
The Dean of the SMBHC is Ethel Scurlock.
In 2005, Reader's Digest named the college Best Honors College in its Best of America issue.
34°22′03″N 89°31′55″W﻿ / ﻿34.367387°N 89.532003°W﻿ / 34.367387; -89.532003
List of China Beach episodes

China Beach is an American dramatic television series set at a military evacuation hospital during the Vietnam War. The title refers to the Western nickname for My Khe beach, located on the coast of Da Nang, Vietnam. The ABC TV drama aired for four seasons over three years, from 1988 to 1991.
The show's pilot episode, "China Beach," aired on April 26, 1988. The final season was put on hiatus in fall 1990 and did not air its finale until summer 1991. The series ran for 61 episodes, concluding with a two-hour series finale on July 22, 1991.
China Beach was released on DVD in early 2013; its release had been delayed due to expensive music rights.
Bánh cuốn

Bánh cuốn or Bánh quấn (Vietnamese: [ɓǎjŋ̟ kǔən], lit. roll) is a Vietnamese dish originating from Northern Vietnam.
Bánh cuốn is made from a thin, wide sheet of fermented rice batter filled with a mixture of cooked seasoned ground pork, minced wood ear mushroom, and minced shallots. Sides for this dish usually consist of chả lụa (Vietnamese pork sausage), sliced cucumber, and bean sprouts, with the dipping sauce, which is fish sauce, called nước chấm (fish sauce).
The rice sheet of bánh cuốn is extremely thin and delicate. It is made by steaming a slightly fermented rice batter on a cloth that is stretched over a pot of boiling water. It is a light dish and is generally eaten for breakfast everywhere in Vietnam. A different version of bánh cuốn, called bánh cuốn Thanh Trì and bánh cuốn làng Kênh, may be found in Thanh Trì, a southern district of Hanoi and Kênh village of Nam Định, an ancient village in the center of Nam Định city. Bánh cuốn Thanh Trì or Bánh cuốn làng Kênh are not rolls, but just rice sheets eaten with chả lụa, fried shallots, or prawns.
Bánh ướt is simply the unfilled rice sheet, and is typically served with bean sprouts, chopped lettuce, sliced cucumber, fresh basil and mint, fried shallots and onions, chả/giò lụa, and fish sauce.
In regards to Vietnamese culture, Thai cuisine commonly refers to the dish as pak moh yuan (Thai: ปากหม้อญวน). Skilled food preparers will make each rice sheet extra thin with as much stuffing as possible. Rice sheets are usually made of arrowroot flour which gives a tapioca-like consistency. The dough may also be infused with naturally extracted herbs such as butterfly pea for blue shades and pandan for green shades. As for the stuffing, the most popular stuffing is ground pork with cilantro roots, pepper, garlic, shallots and preserved radish. Less common stuffing is chicken, mushroom, corn, coconut, bean sprouts, chives, etc. Vegetarian recipes are also available.
Pak moh yuan is often served with sauces and toppings. While sweet chili sauce is the standard, recipes from certain regions may also use seafood ingredients in their sauce. Coconut milk may be drizzled on top as a sweet option. The dish may be garnished with fried garlic and served with lettuce and fresh chili on the side.
Another variation known in Thai cuisine is khao phan (Thai: ข้าวพันผัก; lit. "rice wrap"). It is regarded a specialty of Uttaradit province where it is eaten freshly made in many variations, but also sun-dried. The dried versions often have spices added to them and are popularly used as a wrap for a spicy salad made with rice noodles and minced pork.
Bánh ướt (Vietnamese: [ɓǎjŋ̟ ʔɨ̌ət], lit. 'wet cake'), is a Vietnamese thin pancake wrapper consisting of rice noodle sheets, eaten with nước chấm, fried shallots, and a side of chả lụa (Vietnamese pork sausage).
Recipe for bánh cuốn in French: Bánh cuốn
Arroz negro (Mexican cuisine)

Arroz negro ("black rice") is a Mexican dish made with rice, in which its dark color comes from black bean broth. The dark broth is made by cooking black beans with onion and butter in sufficient water. Rice is fried with garlic, then the bean broth is added, as well as epazote, serrano pepper, and salt. The rice is simmered until tender.
It should not be confused with Black rice as a variety of rice, rather than a recipe, such as Indonesian black rice, Philippine balatinaw rice, and Thai jasmine black rice, these have natural color while the Mexican Arroz negro obtains this color from the black bean broth.
The traditional recipe comes from southern regions as Oaxaca and Campeche. And of course every family prepares it in a different way, but the main ingredients for the arroz negro are rice, black bean broth, onion, epazote, serrano, pepper and salt.
There are many other related dishes to the arroz negro. Some of them are the risotto nero (Venice, Italy), octopus with black rice and shrimp Archived 2017-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, and some others.
Liosta de na heipeasóid Orange Is the New Black

Is clár teilifíse Meiriceánach é Orange Is the New Black. Tá 91 eipeasóid de chuid Orange Is the New Black tagtha ar an saol faoi láthair.
Beidh an séasúr deireanach, an seachtú séasúr, ag craoladh sa bhliain 2019.
Jacob Fruitfield Food Group

The Jacob Fruitfield Food Group is a company that once produced food products in Ireland, but is now mainly a brand for imported foods targeted at the Irish market. It was formed by Fruitfield Foods' acquisition of the Republic of Ireland portion of Jacob's Biscuit Group in 2004 from Groupe Danone. The CEO and part-owner is Michael Carey. Other major shareholders include Lioncourt with a 36% stake.
The company is now part of brands owned by Valeo Foods.
It is the owner of many iconic brands that project an Irish identity - despite now being made elsewhere, with the factories in Tallaght and Ringsend all closed. Brands such as Jacob's, Bolands and Chef were all once made in Ireland, but are now imported. Products such as "Old Time Irish" marmalade continue to be sold on the Irish market despite no longer being produced in Ireland.
In 2009, Bolands was re-launched in new packaging with a much broader range as a budget alternative to Jacobs. In 2007, Jacobs took McVities to court for infringement of copyright. McVities launched Cream Crackers and Fig Rolls in the Irish market in similar packaging. It was revealed that McVities were also making the same products under contract for Jacobs and had even designed Jacobs labels for them.
In May 2009, Jacobs ceased production of biscuits at its home in Tallaght, Dublin. Production was moved to Portugal, Poland, the UK, France and Malta for cost reasons. Some minor production remains in Ireland with Wafer biscuits made in County Donegal, Real Irish products in Drogheda and premium oat biscuits in Cork. 220 people lost their jobs as a result of the closure in 2009.
Jacob's
Bolands
Fruitfield
Chef
Clarendon
Real Irish Food Company
Orange Marmalade (TV series)

Orange Marmalade (Korean: 오렌지 마말레이드; RR: Orenji Mamalleideu) is a 2015 South Korean television series based on the webtoon of the same name which was serialized on Naver WEBTOON from 2011 to 2013. Starring Yeo Jin-goo, Kim Seol-hyun, Lee Jong-hyun and Gil Eun-hye, it aired on KBS2 from May 15 to July 24, 2015 on Fridays at 22:35 for 12 episodes.
Set in a fantasy world where humans and vampires coexist, the latter have evolved and no longer rely on human blood as food. Still, they are feared and discriminated against by society, causing many of them to hide their true nature and live as "normal" citizens, or else become outcasts.
Baek Ma-ri (Kim Seol-hyun) is a socially withdrawn teenage girl hiding her vampire identity. Driven away from several neighborhoods, she is eager to settle down in her new city and live quietly. But things change when she accidentally kisses the neck of the most popular boy at her high school, Jung Jae-min (Yeo Jin-goo), and falls in love with him.
He is the most popular boy in school. His mother married a vampire when he was in middle school, causing him to quit music. He has hated vampires ever since. He falls for Baek Ma-ri when she transfers to his school, not knowing that she is a vampire.
As a child she was shunned and became an outcast. Determined to graduate from high school, she transfers to a new school and hides her vampire identity. She eventually falls for Jung Jae-min, but is caught in a love triangle with her childhood friend and fellow vampire, Han Si-hoo. She dreams of becoming a musician.
He is a vampire and Baek Ma-ri's childhood friend. His uncle had married Jung Jae-min's mother when he was in middle school. He has feelings for Ma-ri, and becomes involved in a love triangle with her and Jae-min.
She is the most popular girl in school. Used to getting her way, she doesn't like the fact that Baek Ma-ri has captured Jung Jae-min's attention. She resorts to bullying Ma-ri and hiding that fact behind her sweet demeanor.
Key: Blue-lowest rated episode; Red-highest rated episode.
The series also aired on KBS World two weeks after its initial broadcast, with subtitles.
Orange Marmalade

Orange Marmalade (Korean: 오렌지 마말레이드; RR: Orenji Mamalleideu) is a South Korean manhwa series written and illustrated by Seok-woo. It was adapted into a TV series of the same name in 2015.
Vampires were once hunted to extinction, but for the last 200 years there's a peace treaty between humans and vampires. Now vampires are living amongst the humans hiding their nature by drinking only pig blood. However, vampires are still predators by nature and still desire human blood.
This is a story about a vampire named Baek Ma-ri, who tries to conceal her identity from the world. Seeing vampires as monsters, the humans shun them and wish that they would die out already. Until one day, Jae-min's sweet-smelling blood made Ma-ri lose control of herself, resulting in a new sweet beginning.
Seok Woo (born 1984) launched his career with the webtoon Nostalgia in 2008, followed by the webtoons 17 Years Old, That Summer Day's Miracle, Days of Hana and She's Hopeless. At the Popcon Asia festival in Jakarta, Seok staid: "I didn't know how to make friends so I spent most time alone. By drawing comics, I could pour my heart out." He continued creating webtoons despite his parents' disapproval, and went on to study animation in university.
Orange Marmalade was released on WEBTOON from 2011 to 2013. Its first print volume was published on June 11, 2013.
A 12-episode South Korean live-action drama based on the series began airing on KBS2 on May 15, 2015. The series is co-directed by Lee Hyung-min and Choi Sung-bum, and stars Yeo Jin-goo as Jae-min, Kim Seol-hyun as Ma-ri, and Lee Jong-hyun as Si-hoo.
Soon after WEBTOON was released in Indonesia in April 2015, Orange Marmalade became the most popular webtoon in the country. Orange Marmalade currently has a 9.68/10 rating on WEBTOON.
Valeo Foods

Valeo Foods is an Irish multinational producer of branded food and beverage products. The company has a portfolio of over 50 international food brands which are sold across 90 countries globally, including Rowse Honey, Odlums, Batchelors, Jacob's, Dolciaria Balconi, and Kelkin. The business combines food production, brand development, distribution and sales.
Valeo Foods was established in September 2010 through the merger of Batchelors, a manufacturer and retail category partner of a number of Irish food and drink brands, and Origin Foods, the food division of Irish-based Origin Enterprises Plc which included the Odlums, Shamrock and Roma brands.
In August 2011, the company acquired Jacob Fruitfield, a producer of biscuits, sauces and preserves, creating Ireland’s largest ambient food (shelf-stable food) supplier to the grocery trade and a supplier to the UK market. In March 2014, Valeo Foods added Rowse Honey, the largest producer of honey and the category leader in the UK, to its brands.
In June 2015, Valeo Foods announced its acquisition of Dolciaria Balconi, an Italian food producer that specializes in sponge cake, wafers and biscuits.
On 28 July 2015, Origin Enterprises plc announced the disposal of its 32% equity interest in the consumer foods group Valeo Foods Group Limited to CapVest Partners LLP.
In August 2018, Valeo Foods announced completion of its acquisition of Tangerine Confectionery.
In 2019, Valeo Foods sold Nimbus Foods Limited to the dairy company Meadow Foods Limited. In 2019 Valeo bought Kettle, which makes crisps. In 2020 the company acquired It's All Good, which manufactures tortilla chips. As of 2021 Valeo was controlling 27 factories, manufacturing in Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. In 2021, CapVest sold Valeo Foods to Bain Capital for over €1.7 billion.
Headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, the company operates from seven in-house manufacturing facilities located in Ireland, Italy and Great Britain, and additional offices in Dublin, Belfast, Oxfordshire and Milan.
Product brands, owned or distributed by Valeo Foods, include Odlums (flour and cereal), Chef (condiments), Roma (pasta and rice), Robert Roberts (coffee and tea), Kelkin (cereal products) and Shamrock (baking products). The Shamrock brand, for example, was established in Ireland in the 1950s and is used to market home baking products, including dried fruit, nuts and seeds. Shamrock also provides "route-to-market services" for third-party food manufacturers.
TUC (cracker)

TUC (/tʊk/) is a brand of salted octagonal golden-yellow crackers, comparable in taste to Ritz crackers. The TUC brand originated in Belgium, and belonged to French company LU. Nowadays, TUC crackers are owned by Mondelēz International, which markets the brand in mainland India, while Valeo Foods' Jacob Fruitfield Food Group produces TUC crackers for markets in Europe, Asia, North America, and North Africa, but not in Italy, where they are produced by Saiwa (a company owned by Mondelez International). In Pakistan, TUC is manufactured and marketed by LU (Continental Biscuits) and by United Biscuits in the United Kingdom.
There are some varieties of TUC biscuits available:
Funyuns

Funyuns is the brand name of an onion-flavored corn extruded snack introduced in the United States in 1969, and invented by Frito-Lay employee George Wade Bigner. Funyuns consist primarily of cornmeal, ring-shaped using an extrusion process, representing the shape of fried onion rings. A salt and onion mix gives them their flavor. They are a product of PepsiCo's Frito-Lay company. In Brazil, Funyuns are sold under the name "Cebolitos".
They were named "Funyuns" by University of North Texas professor and copywriter Jim Albright after it was discovered that the first choice of name for the product, "OnYums," was a registered trademark of Rudolph Foods. Initial television advertising for the snack featured a variation of Susan Christie's 1966 song, "I Love Onions."
Over the years, several recipes have come out that use Funyuns as an ingredient, including one using the product as a replacement for fried onions in green bean casserole and using the crushed snack food as a Thanksgiving turkey coating.
Boland's Bakery

Boland's Bakery was the largest bakery in Dublin in the late 19th century. It was founded by the Boland family. The company sold a number of products such as bread, biscuits, cakes, confectionery and flour, although over the years biscuits became the company's main product. The original bakery was located close to Capel Street between Mary (Abbey) Street and Little Mary Street. The Boland family lived on Capel Street.
Following the death of Patrick Boland (father of future MP and Olympic champion John Pius Boland), in 1888 the company was floated by the executor of his will Bishop Nicholas Donnelly, his brother in law. A number of members of the Boland family remained shareholders in the company.
The company had a number of production facilities around the city such as the buildings around Grand Canal Dock including Boland's Mill as well as a distribution network. Vans with the company name on it were a familiar sight up until the last quarter of the twentieth century.
The main Boland's Bakery building on the corner of Grand Canal Street and Macken Street (then Great Clarence Street), now the Treasury Building, played an integral part in the 1916 Rising and was occupied by Éamon de Valera. Also during a dispute when unemployed demonstrators, led by the writer Liam O’Flaherty, occupied the Rotunda Hospital, Boland's Bakery in Capel St. donated 500 loaves to the demonstrators.
In the late 1970s Boland's merged with Jacobs Biscuits Limited, to form Irish Biscuits Limited, with much of the production moved to premises in Belgard, Tallaght. Although many products were now being produced in Britain and labelled as Irish Brands. In 2004 production at the Tallaght facility stopped. Irish Biscuits were taken over by a number of foreign companies eventually ending up being owned by the French Groupe Danone. In 2004 it was sold to the Irish Fruitfield Food Group.
The name survives today in a number of brands produced by Jacob Fruitfield Food Group, such as custard creams, cream crackers and Bourbon creams. The name 'Boland's Flour Mills' is still clearly visible on the Grand Canal Dock basin.
Biserica Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail din Corjeuți

Biserica Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail din Corjeuți este un lăcaș de cult creștin-ortodox și monument de arhitectură de importanță locală din satul Corjeuți, raionul Briceni (Republica Moldova), construit la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea.
Actualmente, se află în stare nesatisfăcătoare, și se efectuează lucrări de restaurare neautorizate în interior.
Biserica Sfântul Mihail din Hildesheim

Biserica Sfântul Mihail din Hildesheim este un monument înscris în lista patrimoniului universal UNESCO. Edificiul este un exemplu al arhitecturii ottoniene. Partea superioară a edificiului este folosită de comunitatea evanghelică-luterană, iar subsolul de comunitatea romano-catolică, ceea ce face ca acest lăcaș să fie una din puținele biserici simultane care există de la reforma protestantă până în prezent.
Biserica Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail din Hlina

Biserica de lemn „Sfântul Arhanghel Mihail” din Hlina este un lăcaș de cult creștin-ortodox și monument de arhitectură de importanță națională din satul Hlina, raionul Briceni (Republica Moldova), construit la începutul secolului al XX-lea.
Actualmente, se află în stare nesatisfăcătoare, construcția din lemn, fiind acoperită cu tablă, având și o ușă termopan.
Traffic Lights (cântec de Lena Meyer-Landrut)

Traffic Lights este primul single al cântăreței germane Lena de pe al patrulea album de studio al acesteia,Crystal Sky.Cântecul a fost scris de către Hayley Aitken, Alexander James și Harry Sommerdahl."Traffic Lights" a fost lansat de către casa de discuri Universal Germania pe 1 mai 2015,cu 2 săptămâni înainte de data lansării albumului.Cântecul este de tip slow electro-pop, iar vocea Lenei amintește mult de vocea cântăreței Ellie Goulding. Este primul single lansat de Lena în ultimii 2 ani,ultimul single fiind Mr. Arrow Key de pe albumul Stardust,single ce a fost lansat pe 17 mai 2013.
Semafor

Semaforul (din fr. sémaphore) este un dispozitiv de semnalizare optică, ce indică diferite semnale referitoare la circulația rutieră, feroviară, maritimă etc.
Metodă de semnalizare vizuală, de obicei cu lumini sau steaguri. Înaintea radioului, un sistem de semaforizare a fost folosit pe scară largă pentru transmiterea de mesaje între nave. O persoană stătea cu brațele deschise, fluturând două steaguri în anumite unghiuri, pentru a indica litere sau cifre.
Primele semafoare au fost instalate pe 10 decembrie 1868, în Londra, lângă clădirea Parlamentului Britanic.
Discografia Lenei Meyer-Landrut

Discografia cântăreței germane Lena Meyer-Landrut conține patru albume de studio, zece discuri single, un album live și șapte videoclipuri. Lena a câștigat Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2010 cu prima sa înregistrare, „Satellite”, care a fost lansat în martie 2010.
Meyer-Landrut a câștigat selecția națională Unser Star für Oslo, un program de televiziune pentru alegerea reprezentantului la Concursul Muzical Eurovision. Cu cele trei interpretări din finală („Bee”, „Satellite” și „Love Me”), ea a stabilit un record all-time pentru Germania, debutând cu trei melodii clasate în primele cinci.
"Satellite" a debutat pe primul loc în Germania, și a primit trei discuri de aur. În mai 2010, Meyer-Landrut a lansat primul album de studio, My Cassette Player, care a debutat pe primul loc în clasamentele din Germania, Austria și pe trei în Elveția.
Cel de al doilea album lansat de Lena este Good News a fost lansat pe 12 octombrie 2012.A debutat în topul Germaniei pe prima poziție. Primul single lansat,Taken by a Stranger,a fost lansat pe 18 februarie 2011,single ce a reprezentat Germania la Concursul Muzical Eurovision 2011,terminând concursul pe locul 10. Single-ul a urcat până pe poziția secundă în clasamentul german. Albumul s-a vândut în mai mult de 200.000 de copii.
Stardust este cel de al treilea album de studio lansat de Lena.Albumul a fost lansat pe 12 octombrie 2012.Primul single de pe album a fost lansat pe 21 septembrie 2012, și poartă numele albumului,Stardust.Albumul și single-ul au debutat împreună în clasamentul german pe poziția secundă.Albumul și single-ul au fost certificate cu platină pentru vânzări de peste 100.000 de copii,respectiv 150.000 de copii.
Lena a lansat cel de-al patrulea album de studio din cariera sa,numit Crystal Sky, pe data de 15 mai 2015. Albumul a debutat pe poziția secundă în topul german,fiind și poziția maximă atinsă în top.Primul single de pe album, Traffic Lights, a fost lansat pe 1 mai 2015,cu două săptămâni înainte de lansarea albumului.Single-ul a ajuns în topul german până pe locul 14.
Listă de contacte cu OZN-uri

Acest articol este o listă de contacte cu OZN-uri, inclusiv cazurile de rapoarte de întâlniri cu extratereștrii cum ar fi răpirea. Unele cazuri sunt foarte cunoscute publicului larg și au devenit parte a folclorului, în timp ce alte cazuri sunt mai obscure și sunt cunoscute numai de ufologi și de entuziaștii genului.
După 2004!!!!
Crystal Sky (album)

Crystal Sky este al patrulea album de studio al cântăreței germane Lena Meyer-Landrut.Albumul a fost lansat pe 15 mai 2015.
Lena a început să lucreze la album la începutului lui 2014.În luna ianuarie ea a călătorit în New York City pentru a avea discuții cu producătorul Bosko În mai 2014 a vizitat studioul Yoad Nevo din Londra,iar în iunie 2014 a lucrat cu cântărețul australian Kate Vinter în Berlin.În Los Angeles,Lena a lucrat cu cântărețul Rosi Golan.În Brighton,aceasta a lucrat cu echipa de producție Biffco. Lena a anunțat oficial albumul pe 7 august 2014 pe paginile ei de Facebook și Twitter.Albumul a fost lansat de către casa de discuri Universal pe 15 mai 2015.
Tramvaiul din Sofia

Tramvaiul din Sofia este o rețea principală de transport public din Sofia, capitala Bulgariei. Ea a început să funcționeze la 1 ianuarie 1901. În 2006 rețeaua de transport avea o lungime de aproximativ 308 kilometri, având linii cu ecartament îngust și standard într-un singur sens. Majoritatea traseului este format din linii cu ecartament îngust (1009 mm), în timp ce liniile cu ecartament standard (1435 mm) sunt utilizate de tramvaiele care circulă pe traseele 20, 22 și 23 și au o lungime de aproximativ 40 de kilometri.
Pe 1 decembrie 1898 primăria capitalei bulgare a concesionat construirea de linii de tramvai unor companii franceze și belgiene. Construcția a durat puțin mai mult de un an și prima linie de tramvai a fost inaugurată pe 1 ianuarie 1901. Inițial, populația era deservită de 25 de tramvaie cu motor și 10 remorci care circulau pe șase linii cu o lungime totală de 23 de kilometri și cu un ecartament de 1000 mm.
În perioada cuprinsă între 1901 și 1931 au fost achiziționate un număr mare de tramvaie și remorci de la diferiți producători europeni. În 1931 Bulgaria a început să construiască vagoane de tramvai, sub supravegherea inginerului Teodosii Kardalev. Acestea au fost cunoscute ca vagoanele Kardalev. Începând din 1936 tramvaiele bulgărești au fost produse sub marca DTO (Дирекция на трамваите и осветлението - Direkția na tramvaite i osvetlenieto: Departamentul pentru tramvaie și electricitate, companie deținută de primărie). Inițial au fost folosite în producție vechile caroserii metalice.
În 1934 a fost construit primul mare depozit de tramvaie în cartierul Krasno selo. În 1951 acolo a fost construită o fabrică pentru producerea de noi modele de vagoane. Compania producătoare (cunoscută sub numele Трамваен завод - Tramvaen zavod: Fabrica de tramvaie) a fost redenumită „Трамкар” (Tramkar: Tramvai) în 1990 și a fost o companie înregistrată Tramkar până în 2008. Prin 1959 ea a produs 155 DTO și Republika, care au fost primele tramvaie construite în întregime în Bulgaria. Ultimul tramvai, T8M-900 a fost livrat în 1991 și este încă în uz. Începând de atunci, fabrica a fost folosită pentru repararea și renovarea vechilor tramvaie.
În 2017 rețeaua a fost completată cu 28 de tramvaie second-hand Fi 4/6 S „gherkin” donate parțial de compania BVB care operează rețeaua de tramvaie din Basel. Tramvaiele au fost construite în 1990-1991 și au podea joasă inserată în 1997-1999. Ele au înlocuit vehiculele mai vechi de pe liniile 6, 8 și 12.
Prima linie de tramvai cu ecartament standard din Sofia a fost construită în 1987. Până la acel moment toate liniile de tramvai aveau ecartament metric, dar, de fapt, erau construite cu o lățime de 1.009 mm. Opt ani mai târziu, în 1995, a fost construită cea de-a doua linie cu ecartament standard. Nici o altă linie de tramvai nu a mai fost construită de atunci, deoarece primăria orașului Sofia și-a concentrat eforturile pe construirea rețelei de metrou.
Tramvaiul din Nürnberg

Rețeaua de tramvai din Nürnberg (în germană Straßenbahnnetz Nürnberg) este o rețea de tramvai care face parte din sistemul de transport public al Nürnberg-ului, un oraș din landul federal Bavaria (Germania).
Rețeaua este operată de compania VAG Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft Nürnberg (VAG), care este membru al VGN (Verkehrsverbund Großraum Nürnberg sau Rețeaua de Transport Metropolitan Nürnberg).
În anul 2024 rețeaua era formată din șapte linii, care rulează pe un traseu operațional total cu lungimea de 38,4 km. Tramvaiele transportau 39,152 milioane de pasageri anual.
Prima linie de tramvai cu cai a fost inaugurată la Nürnberg pe 25 august 1881.
Sistemul a fost electrificat, iar primul tramvai electric a circulat în oraș pe 7 mai 1896. Întregul sistem a fost electrificat pe 20 iulie 1898. Până în anii 1990 ecartamentul liniilor era de 1432 mm.
Rețeaua de tramvai din Nürnberg a operat șase linii până în 2011, când două linii de tramvai au fost unite.
Rețeaua de tramvai are lungimea de 96 km, cu un traseu total de 37 km, din care 33 km 33 kilometri (21 mi) este traseul operațional. 41% din traseul operațional de tramvai este format din linii de tramvai separate de alte căi de comunicații, iar restul de 59% reprezintă linii de tramvai care se află pe străzile orașului.
Rețeaua de tramvai din Nürnberg este alcătuită din următoarele șapte linii:
În urma unui vot ce a avut loc în anul 2016 la Erlangen, traseul de tramvai urmează a fi extins de la Wegfeld către Erlangen și de acolo către Herzogenaurach, urmând să aibă o formă ce seamănă aproximativ cu litera L. Orașul Herzogenaurach a avut anterior o conexiune cu magistrala feroviară, dar aceasta a fost închisă în anii 1980, transformându-l într-unul dintre cele mai mari orașe din sudul Germaniei fără conexiune feroviară.
Materiale media legate de Tramvaiul din Nürnberg la Wikimedia Commons
Silviu Andrieș-Tabac

Silviu Andrieș-Tabac (n. 19 mai 1969, Chișinău, RSS Moldovenească, URSS) este un istoric specializat în heraldică din Republica Moldova, doctor în istorie, conferențiar cercetător, Heraldist de Stat al Republicii Moldova, șeful Cabinetului de heraldică din cadrul Aparatului Președintelui Republicii Moldova.
La 25 martie 2014, președintele României Traian Băsescu a decorat mai multe personalități din Republica Moldova, printre care se numără și heraldistul Silviu Andrieș-Tabac, care a fost recompensat cu Ordinul "Meritul Cultural" - în grad de Ofițer, Categoria H - "Cercetarea științifică."
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll

Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (n. 4 februarie 1811, Montpellier, Franța – d. 13 octombrie 1899, Paris, Franța), a fost un constructor de orgi, francez. Este considerat ca fiind cel mai distins constructor de orgi ai secolului XIX. Mișcarea de reformă a orgii a încercat să întoarcă construirea de orgi la un stil mai baroc, dar în ultimele decenii ale secolului XX modele lui Cavaillé-Coll au devenit iar la modă. Cavaillé-Coll a fost autorul a numeroase articole publicate în reviste științifice, și cărți pe tematica orgii, în care a publicat rezultatele cercetărilor și experimentelor sale. Un film documentar despre viața și activitatea sa a fost filmat în 2011 și lansat în 2012.
Născut în orașul Montpellier, Franța, la Dominique, unul într-o linie de constructori de orgi, el a dat dovadă de talent precoce în inovare mecanică. Orgile sale sunt "orgi simfonice": adică, ele pot reproduce sunetele celorlalte instrumente și totodată să le combine.Cea mai mare și cea mai grandioasă orgă a sa este în Saint-Sulpice, Paris. Cavaillé-Coll a fost, de asemenea, bine cunoscut pentru problemele sale financiare. Arta de a crea instrumente manual, de neegalat la acel moment, nu a fost suficientă pentru a asigura supraviețuirea companiei sale. Acesta a fost moștenită în 1898, la scurt timp înainte de moartea sa, la Paris, de către Charles Mutin. El a continuat afacerea, dar datorită celui de al doilea război mondial compania aproape a dispărut.
Cavaillé-Coll Cavaille-Coll este responsabil pentru multe inovatii care au revolutionat construcția de orgi, performanța și de compoziția. El a rafinat pedalele de expresie și prin crearea unora (mai echilibrate) cu arc cu care îi permite organistului să crescă potențialul de orgii și exprimarea acesteia. El a schimbat major registrele, permițând astfel o amplă și dezvoltată tehnică de execuție, creând noi posibilități din punct de vedere al tehnicii și compoziției. Toate inovațiile sale au permis executarea unui crescendo neîntrerupt de la pianissimo la fortissimo, ceva ce nu era posibil înainte. Orga sa de la Basilica Sainte-Clotilde, Paris (proclamată basilică de către Papa Leon al XIII-lea în 1897) a fost una dintre primele care a fost construită cu aceste noi caracteristici. Prin urmare, aceasta l-a influențat pe César Franck, care a fost organist titular acolo. Lucrările de orgă ale lui Franck au inspirat generații de compozitori organiști care au venit după el.
Un film documentar intitulat Orgile lui Cavaillé-Coll a fost lansat în 2012 de către Fugue State Films, pentru a marca atât aniversarea a 200 de ani de la nașterea lui Cavaillé-Coll în 2011 cât și 150 de ani a orgii sale de la St. Sulpice.
Numele lui Cavaillé-Coll a fost atribuit și unui asteroid: 5184 Cavaillé-Coll.
Robert Burns

Robert Burns (n. 25 ianuarie 1759 - d. 21 iulie 1796) a fost un poet scoțian, precursor al romantismului britanic. A scris în limba engleză și în dialectul scoțian.
Fiul unui fermier sărăc, a cunoscut încă din copilărie cântecele și poeziile populare transmise pe cale orală.
Malacca (stat)

Malacca (Melaka) este al treilea cel mai mic stat federal din Malaysia. El ocupă ca. 1,3 % din suprafața țării, fiind compus din trei districte: Melaka Tengah (314 km²), Alor Gajah (660 km²) și Jasin (676 km²). Statul Malacca se află în regiunea de coastă din sud-estul peninsulei Malaysia, lângă Strâmtoarea Malacca.
Deși cel dintâi sultanat malaysian a fost cel al Malaccăi, acest stat nu mai este condus de către un sultan. Statul este condus de un guvernator, (în limba malaieză Yang Di-Pertuan Negeri), post ocupat în momentul de față (2009) de Tun Datuk Seri Utama Mohd. Khalil b. Yaakob, fost ministru al Informației al Malaysiei.
Prima mențiune scrisă cunoscută despre Malacca provine dintr-un text chinez, Ko Kwo Yi Yu, care menționează o misiune chineză în Malacca în anul 1403. În acest text găsim o listă de cuvinte în limba malaieză transcrise în caractere chinezești, cu traducerea lor în limba chineză.
Potrivit tradiției, Malacca a fost fondată în anul 1400 de către Parameswara, un prinț din cetatea hindo-buddhistă Palembang (la sud de Sumatra) care a refuzat suzeranitatea regatului javanez Majapahit și a părăsit Palembang. Malacca a revendicat suzeranitatea asupra Palembag-ului, dar China a sprijinit Majapahit-ul.
Malacca este situată pe coasta de sud-vest a Peninsulei Malaieze, în fața Sumatrei, statele Negeri Sembilan la nord, iar Johor la est.
Malaiezii (50%) și chinezii (40%) constutie cele două grupuri etnice principale, indienii formând un grup etnic minoritar. Există și o minoritate eurasiană descedentă a metișilor portughezi din Malacca. Ei vorbesc o veche creolă portugheză numită Cristao, numită și Papia Kristang.
Spital de psihiatrie

Spitalele de psihiatrie, de asemenea, cunoscute sub numele de spitale de boli mentale, sunt spitale specializate în tratamentul tulburărilor mentale grave. Unele spitale sunt specializate numai în terapie pe termen scurt sau ambulatoare pentru pacienții cu risc scăzut. Altele sunt specializate în îngrijirea temporară sau permanentă a rezidenților, care, ca urmare a unei tulburari psihologice, necesită asistență de rutină, tratament, sau un mediu de specialitate și controlat. Pacienții sunt de multe ori primiți pe bază de voluntariat, dar pot fi internați și involuntar atunci când un individ prezentă pericol semnificativ pentru el sau pentru alții.
Clădirea primăriei municipiului Chișinău

Clădirea primăriei municipiului Chișinău este un monument de arhitectură și istorie de însemnătate națională, introdus în Registrul monumentelor de istorie și cultură a municipiului Chișinău. În prezent în această clădire își are sediul Primăria Municipiului Chișinău.
La sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea primarul orașului, Carol Schmidt, a înaintat inițiativa construcției unui sediu nou pentru duma orășenească, pe locul ocupat de depoul de pompieri. Proiectarea a fost încredințată lui Mitrofan Elladi, arhitectul de atunci al orașului. În ajutorul său a fost invitat Alexandru Bernardazzi. Arhitectura clădirii este în spirit eclectic în baza arhitecturii renașterii italiene.
Construcția sediului dumei a fost terminată în 1902. În 1941, în timpul retragerii sovieticilor, consiliul local, cum era denumită primăria pe atunci, a fost aruncat în aer. Clădirea a fost restaurată în 1944 de către administrația românească. A fost distrusă din nou, în luna august a anului respectiv, în timpul bombardamentelor aeriene sovietice.
După război clădirea necesita o restaurare serioasă, iar de acest lucru s-a ocupat arhitectorul Robert Kurtz, în perioada 1946–1948. Acesta s-a inspirat din fotografiile păstrate, pentru a restabili fațada cît mai aproape posibil de varianta originală. În 1951, administrația a revenit în clădire, fiind astfel dată în exploatare.
Clădirea, ridicată în două niveluri, cu planul în formă de careu, ocupă colțul cartierului, mărginit lateral de strada Vlaicu Pârcălab, construită cu fațadele principale pe liniile roșii ale străzilor. Fațadele sunt înviorate de rezalite, încununate cu frontoane triunghiulare, în care se află intrări în unitățile comerciale de la parter și intrarea în curtea interioară a primăriei.
Intrarea principală este soluționată printr-un rezalit amplasat la colțul clădirii, încununat cu un turn cu orologiu, vechi simbol al autoadministrării urbane, intrarea dominată de volumul unui balcon-tribună, element de aceiași origine istorică. Circulația pe verticală este soluționată pe o scară cu trei rampe cu treptele din marmură. Cele mai importante cabinete ale primarului și funcționarilor principal, sunt amplasate în rezalite.
Deasupra intrării principale se află o sală polivalentă cu o configurație poligonală, înscrisă în configurația colțului. Decorația plastică, bazată pe combinație de forme medievale gotice și renascentiste specifice Toscanei, este activă, reprezentată prin ferestre circulare, înscrise în ancadrament ogival în partea superioară, turnulețe de colț, mascaroane, bosaje masive la colțurile rezalitelor, la ancadramente și paramentul etajului, toate fațadele fiind încununate de o cornișă proeminentă susținută de console cu imitarea unor mașicule.
Carlton Bloc

Carlton Bloc (Romanian: Blocul Carlton) was a residential block located in Bucharest, Romania, at 9 Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard, completed in October 1936. Having 14 floors and a height of 47 metres (154 ft), it was the tallest building in the capital until it completely collapsed in 1940 in an earthquake.
The building, comprising 96 apartments, was located between University Square and Piața Romană, at the intersection of the Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard with Royal Street (nowadays, Ion Câmpineanu Street). On the ground level, the bloc had several stores and a large cinema, also called the Carlton.
The Carlton Bloc was designed by architects George Matei Cantacuzino and Vasile Arion. The master plan for the systematization of Bucharest, elaborated by the City Hall in 1935, was the basis for the construction, as were most other tall buildings erected in the center of the capital at the time. The construction was carried out by the enterprise of the brothers Karl and Leopold Schindl. The calculations for the reinforced concrete structure that conferred the strength of the building were performed by the engineer Franz Schüssler.
The Carlton Bloc collapsed during the November 10, 1940 Vrancea earthquake. The earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.4 on the Richter scale, happened at 3:39 am (local time), when most residents were at home. According to Constantin Bălăceanu-Stolnici, the collapse of the building killed at least 150–160 people, although other accounts put the death toll at 200–220, with a single survivor (a watchman on the top floor).
Iris, Cluj-Napoca

Iris is a northern district of Cluj-Napoca in Romania. It is largely an industrial district, a heritage of industrialisation under the post-war Communist government. It is a terminus for tram lines 100 and 102.
46°47′40″N 23°36′22″E﻿ / ﻿46.7944°N 23.6061°E﻿ / 46.7944; 23.6061
বেগুন

বেগুন এক প্রকারের ফল যা সবজি হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়। অনেকের ধারণা এই উদ্ভিদের প্রজাতিগুলির উদ্ভব ভারতে হয়েছিল, যেখানে এটির ব্যাপক বৃদ্ধি হতে থাকে। আবার অনেকের মতে এর বৃদ্ধি আফ্রিকাতেও হতে পারে।
বেগুন গাছ প্রায় ৪০ থেকে ১৫০ সেমি দীর্ঘ হয়। পাতাগুলো ঘন এবং প্রায় ১০ থেকে ২০ সেমি দীর্ঘ ও ৫ থেকে ১০ সেমি প্রশস্ত হয়। বুনো বেগুন গাছ আরো বড় হতে পারে। বেগুনের ফুল সাদা হতে গোলাপী বর্ণের হয়। পাঁচটি পাপড়ি থাকে। বেগুনের ফল বেগুনী বা সাদা বর্ণের হয়। ফল অনেকটা লম্বাটে, নলাকৃতি, ডিম্বাকার হয়ে থাকে। ফলের ভিতরে অনেকগুলো নরম বীজ থাকে।
ভারত ও বাংলাদেশের বিভিন্ন রান্নায় বেগুনের ফল ব্যবহার করা হয়। বেগুনের তরকারি পিত্তনাশক, জ্বর কমায়, খিদে বাড়ায় এবং পরিপাক করা সহজ। বেগুন ভর্তা, বেগুন পোড়া, এবং বেগুনী বানাতে এর ব্যবহার রয়েছে। বিশেষত বাংলাদেশে ইফতারের জন্য বেগুনী একটি জনপ্রিয় খাবার। বেগুনের ভর্তা অনেক জনপ্রিয়। এটি গ্রামবাংলার অনেক সুস্বাদু খাবার।
বেগুনের চাষাবাদ প্রধানত পলি মাটিতে বেশি হয়। বেগুন চাষের জন্য প্রথমে বীজতলায় চারা তৈরি করে মূল জমিতে রোপণ করতে হয়। বীজতলা তৈরির সময় কয়েকটি বিষয়ের দিকে লক্ষ্য রাখতে হবে। যেমন-
বেগুন চাষের জন্য চারা উৎপাদন একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কাজ। শীতকালীন বেগুন চাষের জন্য শ্রাবণ মাসের মাঝামাঝি হতে আশ্বিন মাস এবং বর্ষাকালীন বেগুন চাষের জন্য চৈত্র মাস পর্যন্ত বীজ বপন করা যায়। বালি, কমপোষ্ট ও মাটি সমপরিমাণে মিশিয়ে বীজতলা তৈরি করতে হয়। সবল চারা পাওয়ার জন্য প্রথমে একটি বীজতলায় বীজ বুনতে হয়। গাছ গজানোর ৮-১০ দিন পর চারা তুলে দ্বিতীয় বীজতলায় রোপণ করতে হয়। এতে চারা সুগঠিত হয়। অতিরিক্ত পানিতে বা জলে বীজ নষ্ট হয়ে যায়।
কৃষকদের মতে গুণগত মানসম্পন্ন ভালো ফলন পেতে হলে বেগুন চাষের জমিতে যতটুকু সম্ভব জৈব সার প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। মাটি পরীক্ষা করে মাটির ধরন অনুযায়ী সার প্রয়োগ করতে হবে। তবে জৈব সার ব্যবহার করলে মাটির গুণাগুণ ও পরিবেশ উভয়ই ভালো থাকবে। বাড়িতে গবাদি পশু থাকলে সেখান থেকে গোবর সংগ্রহ করা যাবে। নিজের গবাদি পশু না থাকলে পাড়া-প্রতিবেশী যারা গবাদি পশু পালন করে তাদের কাছ থেকে গোবর সংগ্রহ করা যেতে পারে। এছাড়া ভালো ফলন পেতে হলে জমিতে আবর্জনা পচা সার ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। বাড়ির আশেপাশে গর্ত করে সেখানে আবর্জনা, ঝরা পাতা ইত্যাদি স্তূপ করে রেখে পচা সার তৈরি করা সম্ভব।
ফিউজিয়াম ছত্রাক দ্বারা বেগুনের ঢলে পড়া রোগ হয়। গাছের গোড়া ও শেকড় বিবর্ণ হয়ে যায়। এ রোগ হলে পাতা নেতিয়ে পড়ে ও গাছ ঢলে পড়ে। পরবর্তীতে গাছ মারা যায়।
স্থানীয়ভাবে উৎপাদিত জৈব কীটনাশক ব্যবহার করা যেতে পারে। এতে পোকা দমন না হলে স্থানীয় কৃষি সম্প্রসারণের অধিদপ্তরের ইউনিয়ন পর্যায়ে কৃষি কর্মকর্তা অথবা উপজেলা কৃষি অফিসে পরামর্শের জন্য যোগাযোগ করা যেতে পারে।
খাওয়ার উপযোগী বেগুন ক্ষেত থেকে তোলার সময় সাবধানে সংগ্রহ করতে হবে। লক্ষ্য রাখতে হবে গাছের গায়ে যেন আঘাত না লাগে বা ক্ষত সৃষ্টি না হয়। গাছ থেকে তোলা বেগুন কাঁচা পাতা অথবা খড়ের উপর রাখতে হবে যেন বেগুনে আঘাত না লাগে; এটা অতি প্রয়োজনীয়।
এক বিঘা জমিতে বেগুন চাষ করলে গড়ে প্রায় ১০০-১২০ মণ বেগুন পাওয়া যায়।
বেগুন ফসল সংগ্রহের পর ঠান্ডা ও খোলা জায়গায় কয়েক দিন সংরক্ষণ করা যায়। তাই সংগ্রহের পরপরই ঝুড়িতে বা বস্তায় বাজারে পাঠান যেতে পারে। তবে বস্তায় বেশিক্ষণ রাখা ঠিক নয়।
ছোলা

ছোলা বা চানা( বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম :Cicer arietinum) একটি ডাল জাতীয় খাদ্যশস্য। এটি প্রোটিনে সমৃদ্ধ। মধ্যপ্রাচ্য, পশ্চিম এশিয়া এবং ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশে এটি চাষ করা হয়।
ছোলা দ্বিবীজপত্রী উদ্ভিদ। ছোলার গাছ ২০ থেকে ৫০ সেমি পর্যন্ত লম্বা হয় তবে ১ মিটার পর্যন্ত লম্বা হতে পারে। ছোলার কাণ্ডের দুইপাশে পালকের মতো পাতা থাকে। একটি [শুঁটিতে] দুই থেকে তিনটি করে ডালবীজ থাকে। ফুলগুলি সাদা, বা কখনও কখনও লালচে নীল রঙের হয়। ক্রান্তীয় বা উপক্রান্তীয় জলবায়ু ও বাৎসরিক ৪০০ মিলিমিটার বা তার বেশি বৃষ্টিপাত ছোলা গাছের স্বাভাবিক ফলনের জন্য জরুরি।
বিশ্বব্যাপী ছোলা মূলত দুই ধরনের - দেশী ছোলা এবং কাবুলি ছোলা।
দেশী ছোলা ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশ, ইথিওপিয়া, ইরান ও মেক্সিকোতে চাষ হয়। এগুলি গাঢ় রঙের ও ত্বক অমসৃণ। দেশী ছোলাতে আঁশের পরিমাণ বেশি।
কাবুলি ছোলা হালকা রঙের, মসৃণ ত্বকবিশিষ্ট। এগুলি আফগানিস্তান, উত্তর আফ্রিকা, দক্ষিণ ইউরোপ, ও চিলিতে চাষ হয়। বর্তমানে ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশেও এর চাষ হয়।
কাবুলি চানার গুঁড়া অর্থাৎ বেসন দিয়ে অনেক ধরনের খাবার তৈরি করা হয়, যেমন পিঁয়াজি, বেগুনী, পাকোড়া, ইত্যাদি।
স্বাস্থ্যকর খাবার হিসাবে ছোলা বা বুটের বেশ সুনাম। এটা মুখরোচকও বটে। শক্তি দেয়। পেটেও থাকে বেশিক্ষণ। সাধারণত দুই প্রকারের ছোলা পাওয়া যায়— দেশী ছোলা ও কাবুলী ছোলা। দেশী ছোলা আকারে ছোট, একটু কালচে রংয়ের এবং অপেক্ষাকৃত শক্ত। কাবুলী ছোলা একটু বড় আকারের, উজ্জ্বলতর রং এবং দেশী ছোলার চেয়ে নরম। দেশী ছোলা এই উপমহাদেশে পাওয়া যায়। কাবুলী ছোলা জন্মায় আফগানিস্তান, দক্ষিণ ইউরোপ– এসব স্থানে।
ছোলা অত্যন্ত পুষ্টিকর। এটি প্রোটিন বা আমিষের একটি উল্লেখযোগ্য উৎস। ছোলায় আমিষের পরিমাণ মাংস বা মাছের আমিষের পরিমাণের প্রায় সমান। তাই খাদ্য তালিকায় ছোলা থাকলে মাছ-মাংস পরিমাণে কম থাকলেও চলে। আমাদের দেশের মত উন্নয়নশীল দেশে ছোলাকে মাছ বা মাংসের বিকল্প হিসাবেও ভাবা যেতে পারে। ছোলার ডাল, তরকারিতে ছোলা, সেদ্ধ ছোলা ভাজি, ছোলার বেসন, ছোলা ভুনা— নানান উপায়ে ছোলা খাওয়া যায়।
প্রতি ১০০ গ্রাম ছোলায় আছে প্রায় ১৭ গ্রাম আমিষ বা প্রোটিন, ৬৪ গ্রাম শর্করা বা কার্বোহাইড্রেট এবং ৫ গ্রাম ফ্যাট বা তেল। ছোলার শর্করা বা কার্বোহাইড্রেটের গ্লাইসেমিক ইনডেক্স কম। খাওয়ার পর খুব তাড়াতাড়িই হজম হয়ে গ্লুকোজ হয়ে রক্তে চলে যায় না; বেশ সময় নেয়। তাই ডায়াবেটিস রোগীদের জন্য ছোলার শর্করা ভাল। ছোলার ফ্যাট বা তেলের বেশির ভাগই পলিআনস্যাচুরেটেড ফ্যাট, যা শরীরের জন্য ক্ষতিকর নয়।
প্রোটিন, কার্বোহাইড্রেট ও ফ্যাট ছাড়া ছোলায় আরও আছে বিভিন্ন ভিটামিন ও খনিজ লবণ। প্রতি ১০০ গ্রাম ছোলায় ক্যালসিয়াম আছে প্রায় ২০০ মিলিগ্রাম, লৌহ ১০ মিলিগ্রাম, ও ভিটামিন এ ১৯০ মাইক্রোগ্রাম। এ ছাড়াও আছে ভিটামিন বি-১, বি-২, ফসফরাস ও ম্যাগনেশিয়াম। এ সবই শরীরের জন্য কাজে লাগে। ছোলায় খাদ্য-আঁশও আছে বেশ। এ আঁশ কোষ্ঠ কাঠিন্যে উপকারী। খাবারের আঁশ হজম হয় না। একইভাবে খাদ্যনালী অতিক্রম করতে থাকে। তাই মলের পরিমাণ বাড়ে এবং মল নরম থাকে। এতে কোষ্ঠ কাঠিন্য দূর হয়। মলত্যাগ করা সহজ হয়। নিয়মিত মলত্যাগ হয়ে যায় বলে ক্ষতিকর জীবাণু খাদ্যনালীতে থাকতে পারে না। ফলে খাদ্যনালীর ক্যান্সার হবার সম্ভাবনা কমে। খাদ্যের আঁশ রক্তের চর্বি কমাতেও সহায়ক। আরও নানান শারীরিক উপকারিতা আছে খাদ্য-আঁশে। দেরীতে হজম হয়, এরূপ একটি খাবার হচ্ছে ছোলা। ছোলা দীর্ঘক্ষণ ধরে শরীরে শক্তি যোগান দিতে সক্ষম। প্রতি ১০০ গ্রাম ছোলা থেকে প্রায় ৩৬০ ক্যালরিরও বেশি শক্তি পাওয়া যায়। ছোলা মানব দেহের জন্য অত্যন্ত উপকারী।