davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Blagomir Mastagarkov

Blagomir Mastagarkov (Bulgarian: Благомир Мастагарков; born 12 March 1992 in Plovdiv) is a Bulgarian retired footballer, who played as a forward and now model and TV personality.
Born in Plovdiv, Mastagarkov is a product of Lokomotiv's youth system. He made his debut during the 2010–11 season on 19 September 2010 in a 0–3 away loss against Lokomotiv Sofia, coming on as a substitute for Dragi Kotsev. In 2014 Mastargarkov has joined Hassocks in the Southern Combination Football League and impressed coming off the bench in a 3–2 loss to Newhaven. The promising substitute appearance has the likes of Liam Benson & Ben Bacon worrying for their county league futures, making the remainder of the season sitting on the bench looking all that more likely. During his post match interview Mastagarkov described captain Alex Spinks as one of the most influential players he has ever played with, stating he is looking forward to playing under such a fantastic leader, legend, man.
Alek Manolov

Alek Manolov (Bulgarian: Алек Манолов; born 29 May 1986) is a Bulgarian footballer. He plays for Rilski Sportist.
Manolov was a youth player of CSKA Sofia. He began his football career in his local Conegliano German, rebranded as Chernomorets Burgas Sofia in 2006.
In 2017, he entered the Bulgarian version of The Farm.
Vanja Džaferović

Vanja Džaferović (born 19 March 1983) is a Croatian actor, TV personality and former footballer.
Džaferović was born in Bosanski Brod, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and moved with his family in his childhood to Croatia due to the Bosnian War.
Džaferović began his career in the local NK Inter Zaprešić. In June 2002, he transferred to HNK Segesta from Croatian town Sisak.
In July 2005 he signed for Beroe Stara Zagora in the Bulgarian A PFG, for an undisclosed fee. On 7 August 2005, he made his league debut in a 3–1 away loss against Vihren Sandanski. Džaferović scored his first ever goal for Beroe on 18 March 2006 against Litex Lovech; Beroe won 3–1. On 26 October 2006, Beroe manager Ilian Iliev chose Vanja as his club captain.
In 2008 Džaferović signed with Lokomotiv Sofia. He remained at Lokomotiv until July 2010 when he joined Ethnikos Achna after his contract expired, but he never played for the Cyprus team. The following month, he suffered a severe injury and was ruled out for nine months.
Džaferović was out of contract with Ethnikos when he was signed by the Beroe manager Ilian Iliev on 15 December 2010. Džaferović's first appearance back at Beroe was as a substitute against Akademik Sofia on 8 May 2011. Unfortunately, he sustained another injury during his time with Beroe and eventually did not return to football. Džaferović has made 129 appearances in the A PFG, being in the "top 20 club" for foreign players in the top flight of Bulgarian football.
In 2014 Džaferović won the 5th season of the Bulgarian version of the popular reality show Survivor. In 2015 he finished as runner-up in the all-star spin-off of Big Brother – Big Brother All Stars. He also joined Your Face Sounds Familiar in 2017 as a contender.
In 2020 he got TV series debut in a main role, joining the Bulgarian TV Series Strawberry Moon, where he plays the role of Alex, a firefighter.
Džaferović is married to Evgeniya, a TV personality and participant of Survivor BG: Pearl Islands. In 2012 he completed some paperwork to allow him to stay in Bulgaria.
Suits season 2

The second season of the American legal comedy-drama Suits was ordered on August 11, 2011. The season originally aired on USA Network in the United States between June 14, 2012 and February 21, 2013. The season was produced by Hypnotic Films & Television and Universal Cable Productions, and the executive producers were Doug Liman, David Bartis and series creator Aaron Korsh. The season had six series regulars playing employees at the fictional Pearson Hardman law firm in Manhattan: Gabriel Macht, Patrick J. Adams, Rick Hoffman, Meghan Markle, Sarah Rafferty, and Gina Torres.
The series revolves around corporate lawyer Harvey Specter and his associate attorney Mike Ross, the latter practicing without a law degree.
Six actors received star billing in the show's first season. Each character works at the fictional Pearson Hardman law firm in Manhattan. Gabriel Macht plays corporate lawyer Harvey Specter, who is promoted to senior partner and is forced to hire an associate attorney. Patrick J. Adams plays college dropout Mike Ross, who wins the associate position with his eidetic memory and genuine desire to be a good lawyer. Rick Hoffman plays Louis Litt, Harvey's jealous rival and the direct supervisor of the firm's first-year associates. Meghan Markle plays Rachel Zane, a paralegal who aspires to be an attorney but her test anxiety prevents her from attending Harvard Law School. Sarah Rafferty plays Donna Paulsen, Harvey's long-time legal secretary, confidant, and initially the only one at the firm who knows Mike never attended law school. Gina Torres plays Jessica Pearson, the co-founder and managing partner of the firm.
List of Hill Street Blues episodes

Hill Street Blues is an American serial police drama that aired on NBC in primetime from 1981 to 1987 for a total of 146 episodes. The show chronicled the lives of the staff of a single police station located on the fictional Hill Street, in an unnamed large city, with "blues" being a slang term for police officers for their blue uniforms. The show received critical acclaim, and its production innovations influenced many subsequent dramatic television series produced in the United States and Canada. Its debut season was rewarded with eight Emmy Awards, a debut season record surpassed only by The West Wing. The show received a total of 98 Emmy nominations during its run. The series ran for 146 episodes over seven seasons.
Kevin Behrens

Kevin Behrens (born 3 February 1991) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward for Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg and the Germany national team.
Behrens spent most of his career in Regionalliga, playing for Werder Bremen III, SV Wilhelmshaven, Hannover 96 II, Alemannia Aachen, Rot-Weiss Essen, 1. FC Saarbrücken and SV Sandhausen. With Saarbrücken, he won both the 2016–17 Saarland Cup and 2017–18 Regionalliga Südwest.
Behrens transferred to East Berlin-based Bundesliga club Union Berlin during the 2021 summer transfer window. On 16 September 2021, he scored his first goal in European competitions in a 3–1 defeat against Slavia Prague in the 2021–22 Conference League. On the first matchday of the 2023–24 Bundesliga season, Behrens scored his first Bundesliga hat-trick, all being headers, on 20 August 2023 at the Stadion An der Alten Försterei against 1. FSV Mainz 05 in a 4–1 home victory. On 20 September 2023, he made his UEFA Champions League debut in a 1–0 defeat against Real Madrid.
On 31 January 2024, Behrens moved to VfL Wolfsburg. In October that year, Wolfsburg disciplined Behrens for making a homophobic comment during an autograph session, refusing to sign a rainbow-themed shirt. He later apologised, and the club reaffirmed its commitment to diversity and tolerance.
In October 2023, Behrens received his first call-up to the German senior national team for two friendly matches against the United States and Mexico. He debuted against the latter on 17 October, coming on as a substitute at the 87th minute for Jamal Musiala in a match which ended in a 2–2 draw.
His sister Kim van de Velde (née Behrens) is a volleyball and beach volleyball player, who is married to Steven van de Velde.
1. FC Saarbrücken
Happy Valley (Pennsylvania)

Happy Valley, Pennsylvania is a region of Centre County that contains the borough of State College, and the townships of College, Harris, Patton, and Ferguson. Along with Halfmoon Township, these municipalities comprise the Centre Region Council of Governments. The region is bounded by Nittany Valley to the northeast, Penns Valley to the east, and Bald Eagle Valley to the north and west. Centre County is the State College, Pennsylvania, metropolitan statistical area, which is part of the State College–DuBois, PA Combined Statistical Area.
The name Happy Valley was given to the area in the Great Depression-era of the 1930s since it was generally not hit hard financially by the depression because of the presence of Pennsylvania State University.
The culture of Happy Valley is largely dominated by Penn State University. The activities that occur in this region largely surround the student activities, such as student arrivals, football Saturdays, Homecoming, and graduation. Though the region is also home to the State College Spikes, a minor league baseball team, the area is most known for the Penn State Nittany Lions football team.
During the summer session, the student population returns to their home towns, thus reducing the local population significantly. During this time, the Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts, usually referred to as "Arts Fest", is held for five days and draws many visitors to town during what would otherwise be a quiet period. Streets are closed off and lined with booths where people can buy paintings, pottery, jewelry, and other hand-made goods. There are also numerous musical performances and plays to take in, and food vendors selling everything from funnel cakes to Indian cuisine.
The Penn State IFC/Panhellenic Dance Marathon, commonly referred to as THON, is a 46-hour Dance Marathon that takes place every February on the University Park campus with the purpose of raising money for the Four Diamonds Foundation. A number of events throughout the year pave the way to February's THON weekend. The Borough of State College changes its name during the 46-hour event to City of THON even though the event takes place in College Township and not State College.
Blue-White Football Weekend occurs in April and includes a carnival, fireworks, food vendors, the student entertainment stage, live music, a parade, and more. On game day, an autograph session with the football student-athletes is held in Beaver Stadium, prior to kickoff of the Blue-White football intrasquad scrimmage game.
In a 2014 comparison of 380 metropolitan statistical areas in the United States, Happy Valley had the lowest vehicle theft rate.
40°48′13″N 77°51′32″W﻿ / ﻿40.8037°N 77.8589°W﻿ / 40.8037; -77.8589
2010 Sugar Bowl

The 2010 Allstate Sugar Bowl was an American college football bowl game that was part of the Bowl Championship Series (BCS) for the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the 76th Sugar Bowl. The Florida Gators defeated the Cincinnati Bearcats 51–24 behind a record-setting performance by senior quarterback Tim Tebow.
The contest was played on Friday, January 1, 2010, in the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana between the Florida Gators, who had been undefeated on the season until losing to #2 Alabama in the SEC Championship Game and the Cincinnati Bearcats, winners of the Big East Conference. The Bearcats were coached by Offensive coordinator Jeff Quinn on an interim basis after Head Coach Brian Kelly left Cincinnati to take the head coaching position at Notre Dame on December 10, 2009. This would be Quinn's only game as head coach for Cincinnati, as he had already accepted the head coaching position of the University of Buffalo's football team effective after the Sugar Bowl.
This was Florida's eighth trip to the Sugar Bowl, having gone 2–5 in their previous seven appearances, the last being a 37–20 loss to Miami in 2001. For Cincinnati, this was their first appearance in the Sugar Bowl and their second in a BCS bowl game. The teams had met only once before - in 1984, when the Gators defeated the Bearcats 48–17 at Florida Field. Florida's head coach Urban Meyer played college football at Cincinnati and was a member of that 1984 Cincinnati team.
Several days before the game, Florida head coach Urban Meyer announced that he would take an indefinite leave of absence after the Sugar Bowl due to health and family reasons, leading to much speculation about his future at Florida. In the post-game press conference, however, Meyer said that he "planned to be the coach of the Gators", and after spending more time with his family over the following weeks, he resumed his duties as Florida's head coach.
Florida quarterback Tim Tebow led the Gators to a 30–3 halftime lead and a 51–24 victory. Florida's offense set several Sugar Bowl records in the contest that still stand as of the 2018 edition. The Gators' 659 total yards were the most in Sugar Bowl history, and Tim Tebow set Sugar Bowl and Bowl Championship Series records with 482 passing yards and 533 total yards. Tebow's 320 first half passing yards also set a Sugar Bowl record, as did his 12 consecutive completions to start the game. Cincinnati wide receiver and returner Mardy Gilyard also broke Sugar Bowl records for return yards in the game.
Infinity (película)

Infinity es una película norteamericana, dramática y biográfica de 1996; cuenta los primeros años del físico Richard Feynman. Feynman fue interpretado por Matthew Broderick, quien también dirigió y produjo la película. La madre de Broderick, Patricia Broderick, escribió el guion, que se basa en los libros ¿Está usted de broma, Sr. Feynman? y ¿Qué te importa lo que piensen los demás?, ambos escritos por Richard Feynman y Ralph Leighton.
La película sigue muy de cerca el libro ¿Qué te importa lo que piensen los demás? y las historias contadas en él. La película comienza en 1924, con Richard y su padre, Arthur Melville Feynman, caminando por el bosque, donde Melville muestra su inspiración científica a Richard. En 1934, Richard y su futura esposa Arline están en la escuela secundaria y se inicia su relación amorosa. La historia salta entonces a sus años de universidad con Arline enfermando de tuberculosis. Luego continúa con Richard yendo al oeste, al Laboratorio Nacional de Los Álamos, en Los Álamos (Nuevo México), donde Arline le sigue más tarde, para ser internada en un hospital en Albuquerque (Nuevo México), donde ella muere. La película termina con Feynman llorando, al ver el vestido rojo que Arline le había señalado.
Michelle Feynman, la hija adoptiva de Richard Feynman y Gweneth en 1968, hace su aparición en la película como costurera en un tren.
Estación de San Rafael (Chihuahua)

San Rafael es una estación de trenes que se encuentra en San Rafael, Chihuahua.​
En 1940, el gobierno de la República adquirió los derechos del Kansas City, México y Orient Railway y el 27 de mayo de 1952 tomó posesión de la línea explotada por el Ferrocarril del Noroeste de México, el cual fue integrando en 1955 al Ferrocarril de Chihuahua al Pacífico, que al concluir en 1961 las obras entre San Pedro y Miñaca comunicaron por vía férrea a Ciudad Juárez, Ojinaga y la Ciudad de Chihuahua con Topolobampo, en la costa del Pacífico.​
Kansas City, México y Orient Railway

El Kansas City, México y Orient Railway, iniciado en 1900 por el empresario ferroviario estadounidense Arthur Edward Stilwell, fue el predecesor del ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico en México. Estaba previsto que llegara al Océano Pacífico en Topolobampo, Sinaloa.​
La parte de Estados Unidos se incorporó en 1900 como Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway. Se completó entre Wichita y Alpine,. La clasificación se llevó a cabo entre El Dorado y Bazaar. Las tiendas principales se ubicaron por primera vez en Fairview. En 1910, las tiendas de Fairview fueron destruidas por un incendio y luego se restablecieron en Wichita. El ferrocarril se vio obligado a declararse en quiebra en 1912, pero su receptor, William T. Kemper, iba a hacer una fortuna cuando se descubrió petróleo bajo sus vías. En 1914, se reorganizó como Ferrocarril KCM&O. Otra reorganización en 1925 le devolvió su nombre original. Popularmente se le llamó El ferrocarril de Oriente.​
A finales de 1925, KCM&O y KCM&O de Texas (las partes de los ferrocarriles interestatales en Texas debían estar bajo estatutos únicos) operaban juntas 1382 km de vías en 1188 km de derecho de paso; reportaron un total de 330 millones de toneladas-milla netas de ingresos por carga y 8 millones de millas-pasajeros. El KCM&O fue adquirido por el Ferrocarril de Atchison, Topeka y Santa Fe en 1928, principalmente para obtener acceso a los campos petrolíferos del oeste de Texas. Luego, el Santa Fe vendió las porciones mexicanas. El ferrocarril llegó a Presidio en 1930 y se construyó el Puente ferroviario internacional Presidio-Ojinaga.
Los derechos de operación en el tramo desde San Angelo Junction hasta Presidio se otorgaron posteriormente a Texas Pacifico Transportation.
Estación de El Paso

El Paso es una estación de trenes que se encuentra en El Paso, Texas. Es atendida por el Texas Eagle y el Sunset Limited. La estación fue diseñada por el arquitecto Daniel Burnham, quien también diseñó la Union Station de Washington D. C. Fue construido entre 1905 y 1906 y fue agregado al Registro Nacional de Lugares Históricos en 1971.​​
La estación sirvió como punto de transferencia para varios ferrocarriles. El Ferrocarril de Atchison, Topeka y Santa Fe el cual corría un tren al norte hacia Socorro, Belen y Albuquerque.
Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México opero un tren llamado, "El Fronterizo", al sur de Chihuahua, Chihuahua en México. El Southern Pacific operaba trenes transcontinentales al oeste de California y al este de Luisiana a través de Texas. El Texas Pacific y luego el Missouri Pacific Railroad operaban trenes a Fort Worth, Texas.​​​
Además del servicio de Amtrak, la estación cuenta con autobuses locales de Sun Metro en paradas cercanas. También se ha hablado de resucitar el servicio de tranvías a través de la frontera a Ciudad Juárez desde que el último trolebús rodó en 1974.
El espacio de oficinas de la estación está ocupado por el Texas Tech College of Architecture, que abrió sus puertas en 2013. Sun Metro anteriormente tenía su sede en el espacio hasta que se mudó en 2014.​
Ferrocarril del Noroeste de México

El Ferrocarril del Noroeste de México fue un ferrocarril que operaba en México entre Ciudad Juárez y Chihuahua, vía Nuevo Casas Grandes en la parte occidental del estado de Chihuahua.​ Antes de 1909, se conocía como Ferrocarril Río Grande, Sierra Madre y Pacífico. Fue construido con capital mayoritariamente canadiense para poder llegar a las operaciones madereras y mineras.​ Su operación subsidiaria, El Paso Southern, se extendió a los Estados Unidos en El Paso, Texas.​ En 1954 el ferrocarril se fusionó con los Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México y El Paso Southern se vendió a la Southern Pacific. Durante los últimos años de funcionamiento (1947-1954), el ferrocarril estuvo controlado por el magnate de los túneles "Subway Sam" Rosoff, quien también controlaba grandes intereses madereros a lo largo de la ruta.​
Debido a la cantidad de actividad minera en esta línea, sus trenes fueron ocasionalmente víctimas de intentos de atraco, sobre todo por parte del revolucionario mexicano Pancho Villa, quien en 1913 asaltó un tren que transportaba plata y logró retener a un empleado de Wells Fargo para pedir rescate. En enero de 1916, asaltantes asociados con Villa detuvieron un tren MNW y masacraron a 18 empleados estadounidenses de la empresa ASARCO.
Durante la expedición punitiva encabezada por el general estadounidense John J. Pershing en 1916 para intentar capturar a Pancho Villa, el uso del ferrocarril para transportar suministros fue un punto de discordia entre la expedición estadounidense y el gobierno provisional mexicano de Venustiano Carranza. Las tropas estadounidenses emplearon "trenes de camiones" para suministrar tropas debido a la negativa de Carranza a permitir a los estadounidenses el uso de la línea ferroviaria.
Actualmente, la mayor parte del antiguo MNW no está en uso; lo que se está utilizando ahora es parte de Ferromex.
Tubares (Chihuahua)

Tubares es una comunidad perteneciente al estado mexicano de Chihuahua, localizada en el municipio de Urique, cercano a los límites con el estado de Sinaloa.
Lo que hoy es la población de Tubares, tuvo su origen como una misión fundanda por los padres de la Compañía de Jesús para la evangelización de los pueblos que habitaban en lo profundo de las barrancas que desde la Sierra Madre Occidental hacia los valles de Sinaloa.
Por las dificultades de acceso a estas zonas desde el norte, que hoy forma el estado de Chihuahua, los primeros españoles que llegaron a esta zona lo hicieron desde el sur, del hoy estado de Sinaloa. Esta zona de barrancas destacaba por la gran variedad lingüística de sus pobladores, hablándose en la zona el cahíta, el tarahumara, guazapar y el tubar. La etnia de los tubares son hasta la fecha una de las que se tienen menor conocimiento sobre sus orígenes y cultura, en 2010 el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia descubrió asentamientos y ruinas atribuidas a esta cultura en cuevas de la de Barranca de Sinforosa.​
Por su aislamiento geográfico y localización en los confines de los estados de Chihuahua, Durango y Sinaloa —el denominado triángulo dorado—, Tubares ha sufrido el embate de grupos armados y delicuenciales, principalmente dedicados al narcotráfico. Durante varios episodios circunscritos en la guerra contra el narcotráfico en México la población fue atacada resultando en la muerte de varios de sus pobladores.​​
Tubares es una pequeña población que se encuentra en el extremo suroeste del estado de Chihuahua, en la zona de barrancas que descienden desde la Sierra Madre Occidental hasta la planicie costera del Pacífico en el estado de Sinaloa. Se encuentra localizado en las coordenadas 26°56′32″N 107°58′42″O﻿ / ﻿26.94222, -107.97833 y a una altitud de solo 280 metros sobre el nivel del mar.
Tubares se encuentra en la margen sur del alto río Fuerte, a unos tres kilómetros de su formación por la unión del río Urique y el río Verde y a unos cincuenta kilómetros al sur de la cabecera municipal, el pueblo de Urique. Es una comunidad aislada y de muy difícil acceso con el resto del estado, su único medio de comunicación es una carretera de terracería y a un puente sobre el río Fuerte de reciente construcción. Por estar localizado a solo 280 metros sobre el nivel del mar, Tubares registra altas temperaturas y la vegetación que lo rodea está formada por especies tropicales y selva.
De acuerdo con el Censo de Población y Vivienda realizado en 2010 por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía la población total de Tubares es de 141 habitantes, de los que 75 son hombres y 66 son mujeres.​
Municipio de Sinaloa

El municipio de Sinaloa es un municipio del estado mexicano del mismo nombre. Se ubica al norte del estado, limita al norte con los municipios de El Fuerte y Choix; al sur con los de Salvador Alvarado, Mocorito y Badiraguato; al poniente con el de Guasave y al oriente con el estado de Chihuahua. Su cabecera municipal es la Villa de Sinaloa de Leyva.
Según el censo del 2015 tenía una población de 88,659 habitantes.​
La configuración orográfica es predominantemente montañosa. En la porción media noroccidental se localiza la Sierra de Ocoroni. En la parte media suroriental, se encuentra la Sierra de Baragua. En el extremo noroccidental se localiza la Sierra de La Tasajera.
Dentro de las corrientes más importantes del municipio se encuentra el río Sinaloa que es el único que atraviesa el municipio y tiene su nacimiento en Guadalupe y Calvo, dentro del estado de Chihuahua; penetra al estado de Sinaloa por el extremo nororiental del municipio y sigue su recorrido por la región, cruzando en su parte final el municipio de Guasave, para desembocar finalmente en el Golfo de California.
Otras corrientes de importancia son los arroyos de Cabrera y Ocoroni.
Cuerpos de Agua
Sinaloa municipio se divide en 9 sindicaturas, cuya cabecera les da nombre, excepto una:​
Las 10 más pobladas en 2010 de acuerdo con el censo de INEGI son las que a continuación se enlistan:
Forestal Las regiones de producción forestal se localizan en: San José de los Hornos, con un potencial de 11 700 hectáreas de pino estando en producción 600 hectáreas.
Jesús María de Tisobuena.- Cuenta con 33 600 hectáreas, de las cuales 1100 están abiertas a la producción de pino.
Cuitaboca.- Con un potencial de 10 000 hectáreas, de las cuales únicamente se explotan 350 hectáreas de pino.
Sierrita de los Germanes.- Cuenta con 5000 hectáreas de las cuales producen 300 hectáreas.
El potencial de pino en el municipio es de 52 897 hectáreas localizadas en la zona serrana.
Minería En San José de Gracia, se encuentran yacimientos de oro, plata, zinc, molibdeno, tungsteno, barita y calcio. En el municipio se localizan 116 minas, que amparan una superficie de 16 276 hectáreas explotándose únicamente 75 hectáreas.
El régimen de tenencia de la tierra es mayoritariamente ejidal, seguido por el de pequeña propiedad, el sistema ejidal abarca aproximadamente el 70% y el resto de la superficie cultivable es de pequeña propiedad. Siendo los cultivos más comunes maíz, frijol, soya, trigo, sorgo, tomatey ajonjolí (para el mercado estadounidense), garbanzo y cártamo.
Se cuenta con una asociación ganadera local la cual cuenta con 6 mil 820 ganaderos registrados y 52 mil 235 cabezas de ganado registradas; existen pequeñas crías de aves de corral y porcinas para uso doméstico.
la ganadería de sinaloa es una de las más importantes de todo el país.
Solo existen tres pequeñas industrias muebleras y una planta hidroeléctrica de la C.F.E. generadora de energía eléctrica.
Servicios En la cabecera municipal se cuenta con hoteles y restaurantes al igual que en Bacubirito.
Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico

The Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico (Chihuahua-Pacific Railway), also known as El Chepe from its reporting mark CHP, is a major rail line in northwest Mexico, linking the city of Chihuahua to Los Mochis and its port, Topolobampo. It crosses the Sierra Madre Occidental, part of the range that in the United States is called the Rocky Mountains. There is no road covering the trajectory.
It runs 673 km (418 mi), traversing the Copper Canyon, a rugged series of canyons that have led some to call this the most scenic railroad trip on the continent. It is both an important transportation system for locals and a draw for tourists.
The tracks pass over 37 bridges and through 86 tunnels, rising as high as 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level near Divisadero (the continental divide), a popular lookout spot over the canyons. Each one-way trip takes roughly 16 hours. The track also crosses over itself to gain elevation.
The headquarters were in turn located in Mexico City, Chihuahua and Los Mochis.
The concept of the railroad was officially recognized in 1880, when the president of Mexico, General Manuel González, granted a rail concession to Albert Kinsey Owen of the Utopia Socialist Colony of New Harmony, Indiana, United States, who was seeking to develop a socialist colony in Mexico. The railroad was actually built by Arthur Stilwell as the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, starting about 1900.
From 1910 to 1914, Mexico North Western Railway (sp. Ferrocarril del Noroeste) completed the Temosachic-Casas-Grandes line. Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway completed the Chihuahua-Ojinaga section. Enrique Creel's Chihuahua al Pacífico railroad completed the Chihuahua-Creel section.
In 1940, Mexico acquired the rights from Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway. In May 1952, Mexico took possession of a line operated by Mexican Northwestern Railway. In 1955, Mexico merged them as Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacifico, S.A. de C.V.
Financial difficulties caused by the cost of building a railroad through rugged terrain delayed the project, and the ChP was not completed until 1961.
The private rail franchise Ferromex took over the railroad from the Mexican government in 1998.
In general, two different passenger trains run daily: Chepe Regional, a slower service with more stops for locals, with 15 official stops and more than 50 flag stops at which boardings or disembarkations can be made at passenger request, and the other a luxury, Chepe Express, direct service for tourists, which is faster and more expensive. First-class trains are composed of two to three cars, each holding 64 passengers. Second-class trains have three or four cars, each holding 68 passengers.
There is also regular cargo service running between Topolobampo and Chihuahua that might be further increased and extended so as to connect with the Texas Pacifico Transportation Railroad at the Ojinaga Presidio Crossing into the United States as a part of the La Entrada al Pacifico.
On its way from Los Mochis to Chihuahua it runs through El Fuerte, Temoris, Bahuichivo, Posada Barrancas, Divisadero, and Creel, among others.
Bosques de Chihuahua

Bosques de Chihuahua, full name Bosques de Chihuahua Sociedad de Responsabilidad Limitada de Capital Variable was a small logging railroad located in the state of Chihuahua, Mexico. The approximately 32 km line ran from a lumber mill at Mesa Del Huracán in Madera Municipality to a connection with the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico. Abandoned in 1988, this railroad rostered three diesel locomotives, an EMD SW1 and two Fairbanks-Morse H-16-44's. The railroad is notable as the last that actively operated the H-16-44 model in revenue service.
Ferrocarril del Pacífico

The Ferrocarril del Pacífico is a former railroad line company of Mexico that operated from Nogales, Sonora to Guadalajara, Jalisco via Mazatlán, Sinaloa.
It ran passenger trains between these points: El Yaqui and Mexicali, Nogales, Sonora -- Guadalajara, Jalisco via Benjamín Hill, Sonora and Mazatlán, Sinaloa; and shorter routes: Mazatlán - Naco and Guadalajara - San Marcos.
It was absorbed into Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México in 1984.
Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway

The Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, started in 1900 by American railroad entrepreneur Arthur Edward Stilwell, was the predecessor of the Chihuahua al Pacífico railroad in Mexico. It was intended to reach the Pacific Ocean at Topolobampo, Sinaloa.
The United States portion was incorporated in 1900 as the Kansas City, Mexico, and Orient Railway. It was completed between Wichita, Kansas, and Alpine, Texas. Grading took place between El Dorado and Bazaar, Kansas. Primary shops were first located in Fairview, Oklahoma. In 1910, the Fairview shops were destroyed by fire and the shops were then re-established in Wichita. The railroad was forced into bankruptcy in 1912, but its receiver, William T. Kemper, was to make a fortune when oil was discovered under its tracks. In 1914, it was reorganized as the KCM&O Railroad. Another reorganization in 1925 returned it to its original name. It was popularly called The Orient railroad.
At the end of 1925, KCM&O and KCM&O of Texas (the portions of interstate railroads in Texas were required to be under unique charters) together operated 859 miles (1,382 km) of track over 738 miles (1,188 km) of right of way; they reported a total of 330 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 8 million passenger-miles. The KCM&O was acquired by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1928, mainly to gain access to the West Texas oil fields. The Santa Fe then sold the Mexican portions. The railway reached Presidio in 1930 and the Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge was built.
Operating rights on the portion from San Angelo Junction (65 miles [105 km] NEE of San Angelo) to Presidio (known as South Orient Rail Line) later were awarded to Texas Pacifico Transportation.
San Rafael railway station (Chihuahua)

San Rafael is a train station located in San Rafael, Chihuahua, Mexico.
In 1940, the federal government of Mexico acquired the rights to the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, and on May 27, 1952, it took possession of the line operated by the Mexico North Western Railway. In 1955, the federal government merged the two lines to form the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico. When this was completed in 1961, they connected Ciudad Juárez, Ojinaga and the city of Chihuahua with Topolobampo on the Pacific coast by rail.
27°29′02″N 107°53′22″W﻿ / ﻿27.4839°N 107.8895°W﻿ / 27.4839; -107.8895
List of railroad crossings of the North American continental divide

A crossing of the North American continental divide is necessary for any transcontinental railroad in North America, and has always been one of the hardest obstacles. This article lists such crossings from north to south.
The Ecocanal is a proposal to build a rail line across Nicaragua from Monkey Point on the Caribbean to Corinto on the Pacific. If built, the rail line will cross the continental divide in Nicaragua, likely at a point north of Lake Nicaragua.
El Fuerte, Sinaloa

El Fuerte (Spanish: [el ˈfweɾte] ) is a city and El Fuerte Municipality its surrounding municipality in the northwestern Mexican state of Sinaloa. The city population reported in the 2010 census was 12,566 people.
El Fuerte, meaning "The Fort", was given a Pueblo Mágico ("Magical Town") touristic label in 2009, due to its many attractions, its historical importance and its appealing small-town colonial aura.
The city was founded in 1563 by the Spanish conquistador Francisco de Ibarra, the first European explorer of the lofty Sierra Madre Occidental mountains. In 1610 a fort was built to ward off the fierce Zuaque and Tehueco Native Americans, who constantly harassed the Spaniards. For years, El Fuerte served as the gateway to the vast frontiers of the northern territories of Sonora, Arizona and California, all of which were sparsely populated by unyielding tribes of native amerindians.
For nearly three centuries it was the most important commercial and agricultural center of the vast northwestern region of Mexico. El Fuerte was a chief trading post for silver miners and gold seekers from the Urique and Batopilas mines in the nearby mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental and its branches.
In 1824, El Fuerte became the capital city of the newly created Mexican state of Sonora y Sinaloa (reaching up deep into modern-day Arizona). It remained the capital for several years until the split of this state into the states of Sinaloa and Sonora.
Tourism remains a major industry in town, although it has been diminished in recent years by tourists being wary of Mexican drug cartel violence in other parts of Sinaloa; however, violence declined by 2013 from a high in 2011. El Fuerte has several holidays and local "Fiestas" which are celebrated with pageants, "Ferias" and the like. Several hotels cater to hunters and fishermen, who hunt (deer, boar, wild hog, wild goat, rabbit, armadillo, a variety of snakes) in the foothills or fish in the nearby Rio Fuerte river which runs on the northwest part of the town's commercial district. There are also local petroglyphs a short distance from the downtown. The city also serves as a gateway to the popular Barrancas del Cobre (Copper Canyon) situated in the nearby state of Chihuahua. There are no easily travelled roads to Copper Canyon from west of the Sierra Madre Occidental.
Many visitors take the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico railway, whose local station is a few miles south of town. The route is on the Chihuahua-Pacific Railroad, or ChePe, which passes through the scenic Copper Canyon, from Chihuahua, Chihuahua to the northeast, to Los Mochis, Sinaloa, near the Gulf of California, to the southwest.
The town is also served by El Fuerte Airport.
Queso Chihuahua

In Mexico, queso Chihuahua is commonly recognized as a soft white cheese available in braids, balls or rounds and originates in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. In Chihuahua and neighboring states, it is called queso menonita, after the Mennonite communities of Northern Mexico that first produced it, while elsewhere it is called queso Chihuahua. This cheese is now made by both Mennonites and non-Mennonites throughout the state and is popular all over the country.
Queso Chihuahua is good for melting and is similar to a mild white Cheddar or Monterey Jack. It may be used in queso fundido (fondue style melted cheese), choriqueso, quesadillas, chilaquiles, chili con queso, or sauces. The physicochemical specifications for Chihuahua cheese are 45% maximum moisture, 26% minimum butterfat, 22% minimum milk protein, 55% minimum total solids, 6.5% maximum ash, and a pH of 5.0 to 5.5.
Mexican Railway

The Mexican Railway (Ferrocarril Mexicano) (reporting mark FCM) was one of the primary pre-nationalization railways of Mexico. Incorporated in London in September 1864 as the Imperial Mexican Railway (Ferrocarril Imperial Mexicano) to complete an earlier project, it was renamed in July 1867 after the Second French Empire withdrew from Mexico.
The main line from Mexico City to Veracruz was dedicated on January 1, 1873, by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada; branches connected Ometusco to Pachuca and Apizaco to Puebla. The 103 kilometers (64 mi) between Esperanza and Paso del Macho were electrically operated beginning in the 1920s.
The Mexican Railway remained independent of the government-owned Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (National Railways of Mexico) until the government gained control in June 1946 and merged the property in March 1959. Following privatization in the 1990s, Ferrosur acquired the lines of the former Mexican Railway.
Although the Mexico City-Veracruz line, formerly the Mexican Railway, is currently a freight rail line, it has historically been used for passenger service as well.
Many passenger trains of the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México were named after the city they connected Mexico City's Buenavista station with. Therefore, the Jarocho (a Spanish word meaning a person from Veracruz) was the name given to the train that went from Mexico City to the Port of Veracruz via the former Mexican Railway. The Jarocho operated as part of the N de M until 18 August 1999.
In 2017, the National Tourism Business Council announced that the route will join a group of tourist train routes known as the Ruta de Cortés (Cortés Route). There are plans to use $100 million to improve and maintain the pre-existing railroad infrastructure for the Ruta de Cortés.
On November 20, 2023, the government of Andrés Manuel López Obrador announced a decree to reactivate seven passenger train routes, including a route from Mexico City to Veracruz and Coatzacoalcos.
On January 25, 2024, it was announced that the company Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles, together with Grupo México and Canadian Pacific Kansas City, would carry out the analysis of the development of four passenger train routes in Mexico, including the Mexico City-Veracruz line. The other three lines being considered are the Mexico City-Guanajuato Bajío Train [es] (Spanish: Tren del Bajío), a train connecting Mexico City's Felipe Ángeles International Airport with Toluca, and the Mexico City-Querétaro line.
Interoceanic Railway of Mexico

The Interoceanic Railway of Mexico (Ferrocarril Interoceánico de México) was one of the primary pre-nationalization railways of Mexico. Incorporated in Great Britain in 1888 to complete an unfinished project and compete with the Mexican Railway, it completed a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge main line from Mexico City to Veracruz in 1891. Branches included Mexico City to Puente de Ixtla (the constructed part of an incomplete line to Acapulco), Puebla to Cuautla, Atencingo to Tlancualpicán, and a cutoff between Oriental and Santa Clara (bypassing Puebla). Through subsidiary Mexican Eastern Railroad, the Interoceanic acquired a branch from San Marcos to Teziutlán in 1902, and in January 1910 it began operating the Mexican Southern Railway from Puebla to Oaxaca under lease. The Mexican government acquired control of the Interoceanic in 1903, and subsequently sold it to the National Railroad of Mexico in exchange for ownership of that company.
Although the National Railroad became part of Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (National Railways of Mexico) in January 1909, the Interoceanic and its two subsidiaries remained separate companies. Following privatization in the 1990s, Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (now Kansas City Southern de México) acquired most of the main line of the former Interoceanic, while several branches, including the old line to Puebla and the Mexican Southern, were assigned to Ferromex. A portion of the former Interoceanic and a station have been preserved as a heritage railway and museum in Cuautla.
Mexican Central Railway

The Mexican Central Railway (Ferrocarril Central Mexicano) was one of the primary pre-nationalization railways of Mexico. Incorporated in Massachusetts in 1880, it opened the main line in March 1884, linking Mexico City to Ciudad Juárez, across the Rio Grande from El Paso and connections to the Southern Pacific Railroad, Texas and Pacific Railway, and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Other major branches included Irapuato to Guadalajara (completed in 1888), Chicalote to Tampico (completed in 1890), and Guadalajara to Manzanillo (completed in 1908). The Mexican Central acquired control in June 1901 of the Monterey and Mexican Gulf Railroad, which connected the Mexican International Railroad at Reata (near Monterrey) to Tampico, and connected its main line with this line at the Monterrey end through a branch from Gómez Palacio. The Mexico, Cuernavaca and Pacific Railroad, owner of an unfinished line from Mexico City to Acapulco (completed to Rio Balsas), joined the system in November 1902, and in 1905 the Mexican Central bought the Coahuila and Pacific Railway (Torreón to Saltillo), which paralleled the branch from Gómez Palacio to Monterrey and was to be operated jointly with the National Railroad of Mexico.
The Mexican government gained control in 1906, and in February 1909 the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (National Railways of Mexico) took over the property. Following privatization in the 1990s, Ferromex acquired most of the former Mexican Central, the primary exception being the branch from Chicalote to Tampico, which was assigned to Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (now Kansas City Southern de México).
Timeline of Chihuahua City

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Chihuahua, Mexico.
Published in the 19th century
Published in the 20th century
Published in the 21st century
28°38′07″N 106°05′20″W﻿ / ﻿28.635278°N 106.088889°W﻿ / 28.635278; -106.088889
Ferromex

Ferromex (reporting mark FXE) (syllabic abbreviation of Ferrocarril Mexicano, 'Mexican Railway') is a private rail consortium that operates the largest (by mileage) railway in Mexico with combined mileage (Ferromex + Ferrosur) of 12,100 kilometres (7,500 mi) and is often classed with North American Class I railroads.
Ferromex began operating on February 19, 1998, following the privatization of most of the government-owned railways by Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León. Ferromex operates more than 9,610 kilometers (5,970 mi) of track and interconnects five major inland Mexican cities, five cities along the border with the United States, four seaports on the Pacific Ocean, and one more on the Gulf of Mexico. Grupo México owns 74% and Union Pacific Corporation owns 26% of the company. The Ferromex system operates 9,610 km of Ferromex tracks plus 2,654 kilometers (1,649 mi) of Ferrosur tracks.
Ferromex hosts the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico "ChePe" railroad, a tourist line that runs through the Copper Canyon. Ferromex also operates the Tequila Express, which runs from Guadalajara to a tequila distillery in Amatitán.
In November 2005, Grupo México, the majority owner of Ferromex, purchased Infraestructura y Transportes Ferroviarios, the parent company of Ferrosur, another of Mexico's Class I railroads, in a US$309 million stock transaction. The Mexican Federal Competition Commission (CFC) had rejected a proposed 2002 merger of Ferromex and Ferrosur amid opposition from Ferromex competitor Grupo Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (TFM).
Following the November 2005 purchase of Ferrosur by Grupo México, Kansas City Southern de México (KCSM), successor to TFM, petitioned the Mexican government to block the merger of Ferrosur and Ferromex. The CFC rejected the merger in June 2006 and stated that the merger would have led to excessive concentration in the railway industry to the detriment of consumers and competing shippers. However, in March 2011, a tribunal ruled in Grupo México's favor, and the merger was permitted.
In January 2011, Ferromex ordered 44 new SD70ACe locomotives from EMD, its first order since 2006.
Grupo México Transportes, with Fundación Grupo México, operates Dr. Vagón, a hospital train that offers free, complete healthcare for hard to reach communities in Mexico.
Platanus wrightii

Platanus wrightii, the Arizona sycamore, is a sycamore tree native to Arizona and New Mexico with its range extending south into the Mexican states of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa.
The tree is a large deciduous tree, growing up to 82 ft (25 m).
The Arizona sycamore is a tree of central Arizona's transition zone in the Mogollon Rim–White Mountains. The range extends into southwest New Mexico and parts of Sonora, Chihuahua, and Sinaloa in Mexico. In Arizona the range extends south towards northern Sonora. The range in southeast Arizona is a northeasterly part of the Sonoran Desert, and is at the northern region of the Sierra Madre Occidental cordillera.
Arizona sycamore is prevalent in riparian areas of the Madrean Sky Islands, mountain sky islands in southeast Arizona, extreme southwest, Bootheel region of New Mexico and along the San Francisco River in Western New Mexico, northeastern Sonora, and extreme northwest Chihuahua). The species is more prevalent west of the Madrean Sky Islands region, still in the central and northeast Sonoran Desert, an area around the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument at the Arizona-Sonora border, with the species range extending in Sonora in the Occidentals, or its western foothills. Scattered reports have been made farther east in the Sierra Madre Occidental.
பாண்டில்

பாண்டில் என்னும் சொல் வெண்ணிறத்தைக் குறிக்கும். வெண்ணிற மூடாக்கு வண்டி, வெண்ணிற விரிப்புள்ள கட்டில், வெண்ணிறமுள்ள சங்கு, வெண்ணிறத் தோலால் போர்த்தப்பட்ட யாழ்ப்பெட்டி, மகளிர் இடுப்பில் அணிந்துகொள்ளும் வெண்ணிற ஒட்டியாணம், வெள்ளி-விளக்கு முதலான பொருள்களை உணர்த்தும். பாண்டில் என்னும் பெயர் கொண்ட ஓர் அரசனும் இருந்தான்.