davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর

মহর্ষি দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর (১৫ মে ১৮১৭ – ১৯ জানুয়ারি ১৯০৫) ছিলেন একজন ব্রাহ্মধর্ম প্রচারক ও দার্শনিক। ১৮১৭ সালের ১৫ মে কলকাতার জোড়াসাঁকো ঠাকুরবাড়িতে তিনি জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। তাঁর পিতা প্রিন্স দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুর এবং মাতা দিগম্বরী দেবী। বিশ্বকবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর তাঁর চতুর্দশতম সন্তান।
ঠাকুর পরিবারের আদি পদবী কুশারী এবং আদিনিবাস অধুনা পশ্চিমবঙ্গের বর্ধমান জেলার কুশ নামক গ্রামে। এঁরা হলেন রাঢ়ী গোত্রীয় ব্রাহ্মণ৷ রবীন্দ্রজীবনীকার শ্রীপ্রভাতকুমার মুখোপাধ্যায় তার রবীন্দ্রজীবনী ও রবীন্দ্রসাহিত্য-প্রবেশক গ্রন্থের প্রথম খণ্ডে ঠাকুর পরিবারের বংশপরিচয় দিতে গিয়ে উল্লেখ করেছেন,
দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ১৮২৩-২৫ সাল পর্যন্ত বাড়িতেই পড়াশোনা করেন। ১৮২৭ সালে তিনি রাজা রামমোহন রায় প্রতিষ্ঠিত অ্যাংলো হিন্দু কলেজে ভর্তি হন। সেখানে কিছুকাল পড়াশোনার পর তিনি পিতার বিষয়সম্পত্তি ও ব্যবসা দেখাশোনার পাশাপাশি দর্শন ও ধর্মচর্চা শুরু করেন। ১৮৩৮ সালে পিতামহীর মৃত্যুকালে তাঁর মানসিক পরিবর্তন ঘটে। তিনি ধর্মবিষয়ে আগ্রহী হয়ে মহাভারত, উপনিষদ ও প্রাচ্য-পাশ্চাত্য দর্শনসহ বিভিন্ন বিষয় অধ্যয়ন শুরু করেন। এর ফলে পার্থিব বিষয়ের প্রতি তাঁর বীতস্পৃহ জন্মে এবং তাঁর মধ্যে ঈশ্বরলাভের আকাঙ্ক্ষা প্রবল হয়। তত্ত্বালোচনার উদ্দেশ্যে তিনি ‘তত্ত্বরঞ্জনী সভা’ (১৮৩৯) স্থাপন করেন, পরে যার নাম হয় তত্ত্ববোধিনী সভা । এ সময় তিনি কঠোপনিষদের বাংলা অনুবাদ প্রকাশ করেন (১৮৪০)।
১৮৪২ সালে দেবেন্দ্রনাথ তত্ত্ববোধিনী সভা ও ব্রাহ্মসমাজের দায়িত্বভার গ্রহণ করেন। পরের বছর তাঁরই অর্থে এবং অক্ষয়কুমার দত্তের সম্পাদনায় প্রকাশিত হয় তত্ত্ববোধিনী পত্রিকা। এই পত্রিকায় দেবেন্দ্রনাথকৃত বৃত্তি ও বঙ্গানুবাদসহ উপনিষদ প্রকাশিত হতে থাকে। দেবেন্দ্রনাথের প্রচেষ্টায় প্রকাশ্য সভায় বেদপাঠও শুরু হয়। ১৮৪৪ সালে দেবেন্দ্রনাথ প্রথম ব্রহ্মোপাসনা পদ্ধতি প্রণয়ন করেন এবং পরের বছর থেকে তা ব্রাহ্মসমাজে ব্যবহৃত হতে থাকে। দীর্ঘ শাস্ত্রচর্চার ফলে তিনি উপলব্ধি করেন যে, শুধু উপনিষদের ওপর ব্রাহ্মধর্মের ভিত্তি স্থাপন সম্ভব নয়। তাই ১৮৪৮ সাল থেকে তিনি ক্রমাম্বয়ে তত্ত্ববোধিনী পত্রিকায় ঋগ্‌বেদের অনুবাদ প্রকাশ করতে শুরু করেন, যা ব্রাহ্মধর্ম (১৮৬৯) নামে গ্রন্থাকারে প্রকাশিত হয়। ১৮৫০ সালে তাঁর অপর গ্রন্থ আত্মতত্ত্ববিদ্যা প্রকাশিত হয়। ১৮৫৩ সালে তিনি তত্ত্ববোধিনী সভার সম্পাদক নিযুক্ত হন এবং ১৮৫৯ সালে ব্রাহ্মবিদ্যালয় স্থাপন করেন।
দেবেন্দ্রনাথ পূজা-পার্বণাদি বন্ধ করে ‘মাঘ উৎসব’, ‘নববর্ষ’, ‘দীক্ষা দিন’ ইত্যাদি উৎসব প্রবর্তন করেন। ১৮৬৭ সালে তিনি বীরভূমের ভুবনডাঙ্গা নামে একটি বিশাল ভূখণ্ড ক্রয় করে আশ্রম স্থাপন করেন। এই আশ্রমই আজকের বিখ্যাত শান্তিনিকেতন । এছাড়াও তিনি হিন্দু চ্যারিট্যাবল ইনস্টিটিউশনের বেথুন সোসাইটির অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা ছিলেন।
দেবেন্দ্রনাথ কিছুদিন রাজনীতির সঙ্গে সক্রিয়ভাবে যুক্ত ছিলেন। ১৮৫১ সালের ৩১ অক্টোবর ব্রিটিশ ইন্ডিয়ান অ্যাসোসিয়েশন স্থাপিত হলে তিনি তার সম্পাদক নিযুক্ত হন। তিনি দরিদ্র গ্রামবাসীদের চৌকিদারি কর মওকুফের জন্য আপ্রাণ চেষ্টা করেন এবং ভারতের স্বায়ত্তশাসনের দাবি সংবলিত একটি পত্র ব্রিটিশ পার্লামেন্টে প্রেরণ করেন। দেবেন্দ্রনাথ বিধবাবিবাহ প্রচলনে উৎসাহী ছিলেন, তবে বাল্য ও বহু বিবাহের বিরোধী ছিলেন। শিক্ষাবিস্তারেও তাঁর বিশেষ অবদান ছিল। খ্রিষ্টধর্মের প্রভাব থেকে ভারতীয় যুবকদের রক্ষার জন্য ১৮৬৭ সালে রাধাকান্ত দেব তাঁকে ‘জাতীয় ধর্মের পরিরক্ষক’ ও ব্রাহ্ম সমাজ ‘মহর্ষি’ উপাধিতে ভূষিত করে।
দেবেন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর তাঁর মাতৃভাষা বাংলায় অনেক পরিমাণে লিখেছেন। তাঁর ব্রাহ্ম-ধর্ম সংস্কৃত শাস্ত্রের একটি ভাষ্য।
১৯ জানুয়ারি, ১৯০৫ সালে (৬ মাঘ ১৩১১ বঙ্গাব্দ) ৮৮ বছর বয়সে কলকাতায় তাঁর জীবনাবসান ঘটে।
রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তী

রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তী বা পঁচিশে বৈশাখ বাঙালি জাতির একটি অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সাংস্কৃতিক উৎসব। বাংলা পঞ্জিকা অনুসারে, প্রতি বছর বৈশাখ মাসের ২৫ তারিখে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের জন্মজয়ন্তী উপলক্ষে এই উৎসব পালিত হয়। ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, ত্রিপুরা সহ অন্যান্য রাজ্য এবং বাংলাদেশে ও বাঙালি অধ্যুষিত অঞ্চলে বিপুল উদ্দীপনার সঙ্গে এই উৎসব পালন করা হয়। বহির্বিশ্বের অন্যান্য অঞ্চলের বসবাসকারী বাঙালিরাও এই উৎসব পালন করেন। পশ্চিমবঙ্গে এই দিনটি রাষ্ট্রীয় ছুটির দিন হিসেবে পালিত হয়।
রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তী উৎসব উদ্‌যাপনের অঙ্গ হল রবীন্দ্রসংগীতানুষ্ঠান, নৃত্যানুষ্ঠান, রবীন্দ্রনাট্যাভিনয়, রবীন্দ্ররচনাপাঠ, আলোচনাসভার আয়োজন ও নানাবিধ সাংস্কৃতিক অনুষ্ঠান। রবীন্দ্রস্মৃতিবিজড়িত ভবনগুলিতে এই সময় বিশেষ জনসমাগম দেখা যায়। পশ্চিমবঙ্গে রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তীর প্রধান অনুষ্ঠানগুলি আয়োজিত হয় কলকাতায় অবস্থিত কবির জন্মস্থান জোড়াসাঁকো ঠাকুরবাড়ি ও রবীন্দ্রসদন এবং শান্তিনিকেতনে।
বাংলাদেশে দেশের সর্বত্র ছোটো-বড়ো নানা অনুষ্ঠানের মধ্য দিয়ে রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তী উদযাপিত হয়। এছাড়া শিলাইদহ কুঠিবাড়ি ঘিরেও একটি অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করা হয়ে থাকে। সকল শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠানে বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠানের আয়োজন করা হয়। রেডিও এবং টেলিভিশনে সারাদিনব্যাপী প্রচার করা হয় বিশেষ অনুষ্ঠান। সকল পত্র-পত্রিকা এ উপলক্ষে বিশেষ সংখ্যা প্রকাশ করে। ঢাকা এবং চট্টগ্রামে আয়োজন করা হয় রবীন্দ্রমেলার। অন্যান্য কর্মসূচীর মধ্যে থাকে স্কুল-কলেজের ছাত্র-ছাত্রীদের মধ্যে রচনা প্রতিযোগিতা, নানা প্রদর্শনীর আয়োজন, বই মেলা, সঙ্গীত ও চিত্রাংকন প্রতিযোগিতা ইত্যাদি।
রবীন্দ্রনাথের জীবদ্দশায়ও রবীন্দ্রজয়ন্তী উদ্‌যাপন করা হতো। ঘটা করে, সাড়ম্বরে এ দিবসটি পালনের মধ্য দিয়ে বাঙালি জাতি বাঙালির ভাষা ও সাহিত্য, শিক্ষা ও সংস্কৃতি, মন-মানসিকতা বিকাশে রবীন্দ্রনাথের মহীরূহপ্রতীম অবদানের প্রতি ঋণ স্বীকার করে।
অজয় নদ

অজয় নদ ঝাড়খণ্ড ও পশ্চিমবঙ্গের একটি বন্যাসঙ্ক‌ুল নদী যা গঙ্গার অন্যতম প্রধান শাখা ভাগীরথী হুগলির উপনদী। অজয় নামটির অর্থ যাকে জয় করা যায় না।
বিহারের জামুই জেলা চাকাই ব্লকের বাটপার অঞ্চলের ৩০০ মিটার উচু পাহাড় থেকে উৎসারিত হয়ে দক্ষিণ-পূর্ব দিকে প্রবাহিত হয়ে এটি দেবীপুরের নিকটে ঝাড়খণ্ডে প্রবেশ করে (দেওঘরের প্রস্তাবিত শিল্প অঞ্চল) দিয়ে গিয়ে অজয় নদ ঝাড়খণ্ডের উপর দিয়ে বয়ে গিয়ে পশ্চিমবঙ্গের পশ্চিম বর্ধমান জেলার চিত্তরঞ্জনের নিকট শিমজুড়িতে পশ্চিমবঙ্গে প্রবেশ করেছে এবং এটি প্রথম পশ্চিম বর্ধমান জেলা এবং ঝাড়খণ্ড হয়ে এবং পরে পশ্চিম বর্ধমান জেলার চুরুলিয়া ঘাট, বীরকুলটি ঘাট, দরবারডাঙা ঘাট ও সিদ্ধপুর ঘাট হয়ে এবং বীরভূম জেলার বড়কোলা, তামড়া, বিনুই ও নবসন গ্রামের সীমানা হয়ে পূর্বে প্রবাহিত হয়ে পূর্ব বর্ধমান জেলার কাটোয়া মহকুমার কেতুগ্রাম থানার নারেং গ্রামের প্রবেশ করে কাটোয়া শহরের কাছে ভাগীরথী নদীর সংগে মিলিত হয়েছে। অজয় নদের মোট দৈর্ঘ্য ২৮৮ কিলোমিটার (১৭৯ মাইল) তার মধ্যে শেষ ১৫২ কিলোমিটার (৯৪ মাইল) পশ্চিমবঙ্গে রয়েছে।
অজয়ের প্রধান উপনদীগুলি হল ঝাড়খণ্ডের পাথরো ও জয়ন্তী এবং বর্ধমানের তুমুনি ও কুনুর।
অজয় নদের ধারা থেকে অনেকদূর অবধি পার্বত্য অঞ্চলের ল্যাটেরাইট মাটির উপর দিয়ে প্রবাহিত হয়ে বর্ধমানের আউশগ্রামে এসে পাললিক সমভূমিতে প্রবেশ করে। অজয় নদের উপত্যকায় শাল, পিয়াল ও পলাশের ঘন জঙ্গল ছিল। কিন্তু অধুনা খনিজ উত্তোলন ও অন্যান্য মনুষ্যজনিত কারণে বেশিরভাগ জঙ্গল সাফ হয়ে গেছে। সম্প্রতি, ভারত সরকার (নৌ পরিবহন মন্ত্রক) অজয় নদকে জাতীয় নৌপথ আইন, ২০১৬.(৬)-এর আওতায় জাতীয় জলপথ -৭ হিসাবে ঘোষণা করেছে।
ম্যাক্ ক্রিন্ডল (Mc Krindle) সম্পাদিত ভারতের প্রাচীন ইতিহাস অনুযায়ী মেগাস্থিনিসের যুগে অম্যস্টিস নামে একটি নদীর উল্লেখ আছে যা কাটাদুপা শহরের কাছে দিয়ে প্রবাহিত হয়েছে। আরেকজন ইতিহাসবিদ উইলফ্রেড মনে করেন সেই অম্যস্টিস হল বর্তমান অজয়ের কোন প্রাচীন নামের অপভ্রংশ। সাম্প্রতিক খননকার্যের ফলে অজয় নদের উপত্যকায় পাণ্ড‌ু রাজার ঢিপিতে সিন্ধু সভ্যতার সমসাময়িক প্রাচীন সভ্যতার নানা নিদর্শন আবিষ্কৃত হয়েছে
বিংশ শতাব্দীতে অজয় নদে কম করে ২০ টি বন্যার লিখিত নথি আছে। নদের নিম্নভাগের বন্যা প্রতিরোধের জন্য বাঁধ রয়েছে।
১৩ শতকে গীতগোবিন্দর লেখক কবি জয়দেবের জন্মস্থান বীরভূম জেলার জয়দেব কেন্দুলি গ্রামে ও কবি কাজী নজরুল ইসলামের জন্মস্থান বর্ধমান জেলার চুরুলিয়া গ্রামের অজয় নদীর ধারে।
কবি কুমুদ রঞ্জন মল্লিক, কবি সত্যেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত ও আরও অনেক কবি অজয়ের দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়েছেন:
বিশ্বকবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর অজয় নদীর দ্বারা প্রভাবিত হয়ে লিখেছেন-
Rabindra Museum

The Rabindra Museum is a museum located in Mungpoo, near Kalimpong, in the state of West Bengal, India. Poet Rabindranath Tagore stayed in this house in 1938 and 1939, at the invitation of poet and novelist Maitreyi Devi, the wife of quinologist dr. M.M.Sen.
On 13 April 2011, it was damaged when a tree fell during a storm.
Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences

Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS), also known as Rabindranath Tagore Hospital, in Mukundapur, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, is a multispeciality, tertiary care unit of Narayana Health group. It is a 681-bedded NABH accredited multi-super-speciality quaternary care hospital established in the year 2000. RTIICS has 16 operation theatres. RTIICS provides services not only to the people of West Bengal and the neighbouring states in Eastern India and Northeastern India.
RTIICS is the group's main hospital in Eastern India, with a primary catchment area of Kolkata. The hospital also treats patients from neighbouring districts, North-Eastern states as well as from neighbouring countries and continents such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Africa and Myanmar.
RTIICS, a unit of Asia Heart Foundation, was established in April 2000 by Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty, founder and chairman of Narayana Health. Early in 2016, RTIICS announced the establishment of ‘Stride’, a clinical centre offering multidisciplinary care for vascular diseases and traumas. Apart from vascular surgery, Stride is supported by an endocrinologist, radiologist, physiotherapist, counselor and other specialists.
It specialises in cardiology, neurology, neurosurgery, nephrology and urology.
Oriental Seminary

The Oriental Seminary is a private school in Kolkata.
The Oriental Seminary was established in 1829 by the educator Gour Mohan Addy. It was the first privately-run, first-rate school for children of Hindu parents in [Kolkata (then known as Calcutta). It was open only to boys of Hindu parents. It was possibly India's first fully private school, as even Hindu School, Hindu College, and Hare school had to abide by certain government guidelines.
In earlier days, students wanting to study English had to go to the missionary schools, where they were subject to substantial religious influence. The establishment of a school for learning English free from religious influences was a major contribution of Addy. Traditional Indian education centres which taught Sanskrit and/or Persian had started fading out.
Gour Mohan Addy (20 January 1805 – 3 March 1846) founded the school without government funding. He appointed teachers to each class level by their ethnicity: Eurasian teachers for junior classes, Bengali teachers for intermediate classes, and Englishmen or Bengalis for upper levels. He died in a boating accident on the Hooghly river, when returning from a trip to Serampore to hire a teacher.
Currently the principal of the primary section is Rina Basak Halder.
Oriental Seminary was the earliest school Rabindranath Tagore attended. The first experience of school aroused in the youngster the yearning to be a teacher. Wielding a stick, he used to teach from the railings in the big veranda of the palatial Jorasanko Thakur Bari.
Among the list of other notable alumni are Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, Krishnadas Pal, Girish Chandra Ghosh, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Sir Gooroodas Banerjee, Sambhunath Pandit, Vishwanath Datta, Amrita Lal Basu, Akshay Kumar Datta, Sudhindranath Dutta, Jatindranath Sengupta, Swami Abhedananda, Bankim Ghosh, Malay Roy Choudhury and Mithun Chakraborty.
Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata

Medical College, Kolkata, also known as Calcutta Medical College, is a Government medical college and hospital located in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. It is one of the oldest existing hospitals in Asia. The institute was established on 28 January 1835 by Lord William Bentinck during British Raj as Medical College, Bengal. It is one of the oldest medical college to teach Western medicine in Asia and the first institute to teach in English language. The college offers MBBS degree after five and a half years of medical training.
Student politics is rooted in tradition, with many students participating in the Indian freedom struggle. Anti-British movements were implemented with the programmes of Bengal Provincial Students' Federation (BPSF), the Bengal branch of All India Students' Federation. Student politics was initially focused on the independence of India. In 1947, Sree Dhiraranjan Sen, a student of the college, died during a Vietnam Day police firing. The Vietnam Students’ Association passed a resolution in its Hanoi session in memory of Sen in March 1947.
Student politics were highly influenced by the partition of Bengal and communal riots during and after the partition of India. Between 1946 and 1952, the college's doctors stood for communal harmony and worked hard in the refugee colonies. During 1952, ex-students of the college, among them Bidhan Chandra Roy who became the second Chief Minister of West Bengal, established the Students' Health Home for the welfare of students.
From the 1950s to the 1970s, the college became a centre of leftist and far-left politics. Student politics was highly influenced by the Naxalbari uprising in the early 1970s.
Medical College, Kolkata was ranked 44th among Medical Institutions by National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2024.
In February 2023, Dr. Sudip Das, a professor of ENT Department from the institution, gets a patent for developing a simple and innovative device.
Calcutta Historical Society

The Calcutta Historical Society is a learned society dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of Kolkata. Established in 1907, the society fosters research, documentation, and dissemination of historical knowledge.
The society has documented and disseminated knowledge about Kolkata's past and contributed to the study and understanding of Indian history, particularly the history of Kolkata.
Shortly after its establishment, the Calcutta Historical Society began publishing its journal, Bengal, Past & Present,. The journal features scholarly articles, research papers, and book reviews exploring aspects of the city's past, from the early days of British colonial rule to the emergence of Kolkata as a cultural hub.
Historian and researcher Walter K. Firminger, the first editor of Bengal, Past & Present, defined the journal's vision and direction and attracted contributions from scholars and historians.
In addition to the journal, the Calcutta Historical Society engages in research and publication activities, independently and in collaboration with academic institutions and historical societies. The society also conducts seminars, conferences, and workshops.
The Calcutta Historical Society also works to preserve and restore Kolkata's historic buildings, monuments, and landmarks. Through advocacy and fundraising, the society has supported the restoration of significant structures, undertaking numerous restoration projects by collaborating with government agencies, heritage organizations, and philanthropists.
Education and outreach programs are integral to the Calcutta Historical Society's mission. Scholarships and fellowships are awarded to students pursuing research in history, enabling young scholars to research Kolkata's past.
The Calcutta Historical Society has partnered with other historical societies at the national and international levels. These collaborations have facilitated joint research projects, exchanges, and conferences.
The society uses online resources, virtual exhibitions, digital archives, and social media to make historical materials more accessible to researchers, students, and enthusiasts.
The Calcutta Historical Society has had the support of individuals who have played roles in preserving and promoting Kolkata's history, including historians, researchers, and philanthropists.
To acknowledge contributions to historical research, the Calcutta Historical Society presents awards and honors to recognize deserving individuals.
List of works by Rabindranath Tagore

Below is a chronological list of works by Rabindranath Tagore between 1877 and 1941. Tagore wrote most of his short stories, novels, drama, poems and songs in Bengali; later he translated some of them into English.
With many of Tagore's stories, there has been more than one translation by more than one translator. For instance, The Supreme Night, One Night and A Single Night are all translations of the same story. Note that not all translations are of the same quality. Tagore wrote approximately 2,232 songs. In the below list, only the most notable are shown.
Charlestown, Nevis

Charlestown is the capital of the island of Nevis in the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis in the Leeward Islands of the West Indies. Charlestown is situated on the leeward side of the island of Nevis near the southern end of Pinney's Beach.
Charlestown was originally called Bath Bay in reference to Bath Stream, a stream noted for its curative waters. It became the chief town after Jamestown, Nevis's first settlement, was inundated by a tidal wave in 1680. In the late 18th century, Charlestown was both a naval base and a resort known for mineral waters. The town was almost destroyed by fire in 1873.
The main industry in Charlestown is sugar milling. Notable buildings in Charlestown include Hamilton House, where Alexander Hamilton, a Founding Father of the United States and framer of the U.S. Constitution, was born, and the nearby ruins of Montpelier Estate, where the British naval hero Horatio Nelson was married.
Historically, in colonial times, the town of Charlestown was protected by Fort Charles to the south and Fort Black Rocks to the north. Many of the oldest two-story stone buildings were severely damaged over time by earthquakes, which tended to cause the upper story to collapse into the lower story. This unfortunate design flaw led to the common practice of building a wooden upper floor above a stone ground floor.
Charlestown was the birthplace and childhood home of Alexander Hamilton. The restored stone building which was his place of birth now houses the Museum of Nevis History on the ground floor, and the Nevis Island Administration Assembly Room on the upper floor. There are two other museums in Charlestown: the Nelson Museum, and the Nevis Sport Museum, as well as the Philatelic Bureau.
There are many other important buildings in the town, some historical and some recent, such as the Post Office, the old Treasury Building which is now the Nevis Tourism Authority, the Court House and Public Library, the new Police Station and the Alexandra Hospital. At the northern end of town is the Bath Hotel and Spring House, which was a famous tourist hotel and spa during the 18th century. The main building of the Bath Hotel was for a while occupied by government offices.
Charlestown has a population of 1,500. It is the main administrative and commercial center for the island of Nevis and is also the most concentrated residential area on the island. It is the hub for much of the transportation in Nevis. There is a modern port area with a dock where the ferries from St. Kitts load and unload passengers. However, Charlestown lacks a commercial airport.
Memorial Square commemorates all the Nevisian soldiers who died during World Wars I and II. Nearby is the Cotton Ginnery Mall which supplies some of Nevis' residents' recreational shopping needs.
The education system on Nevis is similar to the British system. There are five pre-schools and seven primary schools (grades K–6). Primary schools are government-provided. In addition, there are three private primary schools. After primary school, children attend one of three secondary schools. Please also see the article: List of schools in Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Yuasa, Wakayama

Yuasa (湯浅町, Yuasa-chō) is a town located in Arida District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. As of 1 December 2021, the town had an estimated population of 11,413 in 5338 households and a population density of 550 persons per km. The total area of the town is 20.79 square kilometres (8.03 sq mi). Yuasa claims to be the birthplace of soy sauce.
Yuasa is located on the coast in north-central Wakayama Prefecture, facing the Kii Channel. The coastline is a ria coast and the climate is mild due to the effects of the offshore Kuroshio Current.
Wakayama Prefecture
Yuasa has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Yuasa is 15.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1878 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.0 °C, and lowest in January, at around 5.8 °C. The area is subject to typhoons in summer.
Per Japanese census data, the population of Yuasa has been slowly declining over the past 40 years.
The area of the modern town of Yuasa was within ancient Kii Province. The name "Yuasa" appears in Heian period documents in conjunction with Yuasa Shōen, a landed estate in the area which existed into the Nanboku-chō period. During the Edo period, it was the location of a daikansho which administered the surrounding area for Kishū Domain. The village of Yuasa was established with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889. It was elevated to town status on June 22, 1896. The neighboring village of Tasukawa was annexed on March 31, 1956.
Yuasa has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 10 members. Yuasa collectively with the other municipalities of Arida District, contributes three members to the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Wakayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.
Yuasa is famous for its soy sauce industry, which has flourished since the Edo period. Commercial fishing, especially for whitebait, agriculture and tourism are all-important contributors to the local economy.
Yuasa has four public elementary schools and one public middle schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Wakayama Prefectural Board of Education.
JR West – Kisei Main Line
Birsingha

Birsingha is a large village located in Ghatal Block of Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. Earlier this village was part of Hooghly District. Birsingha village is famous for the birthplace of the great Bengali social reformer and the author of Varna Parichay Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.
Birsingha is located at 22°43′21″N 87°39′22″E﻿ / ﻿22.7225°N 87.6562°E﻿ / 22.7225; 87.6562.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, scholar, social reformer and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance, was born at Birsingha on 26 September 1820.
Ghatal subdivision, shown in the map alongside, has alluvial soils. Around 85% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once. It has a density of population of 1,099 per km, but being a small subdivision only a little over a fifth of the people in the district reside in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
According to the 2011 Census of India, Birsingha had a total population of 3,026, of which 1,588 (52%) were males and 1,438 (48%) were females. There were 342 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Birsingha was 2,343 (87.30% of the population over 6 years).
Birsingha Bhagabati Vidyalaya is the oldest school in this area. Birsingha Vidyasagar Balika Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium girls' only institution established in 1971. The school has facilities for teaching from class V to class X. It has a library with 200 books and 15 computers. It is housed in a government building.
Birsingha Primary School was established in 1929.
Vidyasagar Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Birsingha, is the major government medical facility in the Ghatal CD block.
Panelas

Panelas é um município brasileiro do estado de Pernambuco, Região Nordeste do país. Sua população foi estimada em 26 474 habitantes, conforme dados do IBGE de 2019. Administrativamente, Panelas é formado pelos distritos Cruzes, São José e São Lázaro e sede.
Panelas obteve sua autonomia municipal em 18 de maio de 1870 pela Lei Provincial nº 919, tendo sido desmembrado do município de Caruaru e parte do território do município de São Bento do Una.
Localiza-se a uma latitude 08º39'49" sul e a uma longitude 36º00'21" oeste, estando a uma altitude de 532 metros. De acordo com a divisão regional vigente desde 2017, instituída pelo IBGE, o município pertence às Regiões Geográficas Intermediária e Imediata de Caruaru. Até então, com a vigência das divisões em microrregiões e mesorregiões, fazia parte da microrregião do Brejo Pernambucano, que por sua vez estava incluída na mesorregião do Agreste Pernambucano.
Panela

Panelas são uma família de utensílios culinários consideradas por muitos como indispensáveis em qualquer cozinha. São geralmente de forma cilíndrica ou subesférica e normalmente têm uma tampa e uma ou duas pegas (cabos). A palavra origina-se do latim medieval panna, contração de patina, vaso para cozinhar, e este do grego παιάνη (l.patera) Alguns desses utensílios, são revestidos internamente de teflon, material, antiaderente e que suporta altas temperaturas.
Cerca de 500.000 a.C., com a descoberta do fogo, o Homo erectus passou a assar suas carnes de caça em espetos para se alimentarem. E nesse período, começaram a se alimentar de cereais, que precisavam de ser cozinhados para o consumo. Daí surgiu a necessidade de se ter um recipiente para portar os grãos, então passaram a utilizar carcaças de tartarugas e de grandes moluscos como recipientes para ir ao fogo.
Há 20.000 a.C., especula-se que o uso de vasos de cerâmicas permitiu o cozimento de alimentos em água fervente.
Por volta de 3.000 a.C., com o advento dos metais, começaram a surgir os protótipos de panelas como caldeirões.
No século XV, era comum se encontrar em uma culinária medieval europeia, caldeirões de ferro, uma panela de barro e um assador em forma de lança, que assava carnes e animais inteiros.
No século XVII, frigideiras, chaleiras e panelas começaram a aparecer nas casas. Nos Estados Unidos, comumente se utilizava ferro para sua criação. Já na Ásia, o cobre e o aço era mais comum.
Entre o século XIX e XX, o aço inoxidável e o alumínio tornaram viável a produção em massa de panelas, que ocorreu entre o século XX e o século XXI.
Feijoada

Feijoada é uma designação portuguesa a um prato da culinária transmontana que se popularizou também nos demais países lusófonos como Brasil, Angola, Moçambique, Timor-Leste e Macau. Consiste num guisado de feijão, normalmente com carne, e quase sempre acompanhado com arroz.
Com raizes no Norte de Portugal, hoje em dia constitui um dos pratos mais típicos das cozinhas portuguesas e brasileiras com as versões à transmontana, à poveira, à portuguesa, e à brasileira, sendo essa última adaptada pelo Brasil à base de feijões pretos, tornando-se o seu mais popular prato nacional.
Em Portugal, cozinha-se com feijão branco no noroeste (Minho e Douro Litoral) ou feijão vermelho no nordeste (Trás-os-Montes), e geralmente inclui também outros vegetais (tomate, cenouras ou couve) além de carne de porco ou de vaca, às quais se podem juntar chouriço, morcela ou farinheira.
No Brasil, é feita da mistura de feijões pretos com vários tipos de carne de porco e de boi. É servida com farofa, arroz branco, couve refogada e laranja fatiada, entre outros acompanhamentos. Esta versão da feijoada é conhecida como feijoada à brasileira, cuja primeira menção data de 2 de março de 1827 em um anúncio publicado no Diário de Pernambuco, na cidade do Recife, informando que na Locanda da Águia d’Ouro, na rua das Cruzes, às quintas-feiras seria servida "excelente feijoada à brasileira tudo por preço cômodo".
Feijoada à transmontana

A feijoada à transmontana é um dos pratos típicos da gastronomia portuguesa. Originário da região de Candedo, Vinhais em Trás-Os-Montes no norte de Portugal. É normalmente servida como parte das festividades tradicionais do Domingo Gordo, que cai imediatamente antes do Carnaval.
É um prato baseado num guisado de feijão vermelho cozinhado com uma mistura de carnes de porco, orelha, focinho e chispe de porco fumado com enchidos como chouriço de carne, chouriço de sangue (morcela) ou alheira. Pode também levar legumes como tomate, couve, cenoura e diversos condimentos como cominhos, colorau ou pimentão -doce ou folha de louro.
A feijoada é acompanhada normalmente por arroz branco, arroz no forno ou um arroz de enchidos (similar ao cozido à portuguesa).
A origem é medieval, resultante de aproveitamento de restos de carne e vegetais em ensopados. Os ingredientes disponíveis eram usados todos juntos no mesmo tacho.
A feijoada transmontana é também a inspiração para a feijoada brasileira e todas as feijoadas comuns na culinária lusófona.
Lista de pinturas de Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres

Esta é uma lista de pinturas de Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, lista não exaustiva das pinturas deste pintor, mas tão só das que como tal se encontram registadas na Wikidata.
A lista está ordenada pela data da publicação de cada pintura. Como nas outras listas geradas a partir da Wikidata, os dados cuja designação se encontra em itálico apenas têm ficha na Wikidata, não tendo ainda artigo próprio criado na Wikipédia.
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) foi um pintor ícone do conservadorismo cultural na França do século XIX. Ingres tornou-se o expoente da pintura neoclássica francesa após a morte do seu mestre, Jacques-Louis David. As suas obras elegantes e meticulosamente desenhadas constituíam a antítese estilística do emocionalismo e do colorismo da escola romântica contemporânea. Na sua pintura histórica monumental, Ingres procurou perpetuar a tradição clássica de Rafael e Nicolas Poussin. As distorções espaciais e anatómicas que caracterizam os seus retratos e nus, no entanto, antecipam muitos das mais audaciosas experiências formais do modernismo do século XX.
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Purê de batata

Purê de batata, purê de batatas ou puré de batata é um prato feito triturando batatas cozidas ou vaporizadas, geralmente com leite, manteiga, sal e pimenta adicionados. Geralmente é servido como acompanhamento de carne ou legumes. Purê de batata é um ingrediente em outros pratos, como nhoques e gnocchi.
Culinária da Islândia

A culinária da Islândia está baseada no peixe, na carne de carneiro, e nos produtos lácteos, podendo ser notada uma influência dinamarquesa e norueguesa. Um dos pratos mais populares é o Þorramatur. Como ingredientes básicos, são frequentemente usado o carneiro, o bacalhau, o hadoque, o lagostim, o salmão,o caviar, o tubarão-da-Groelândia, a aguardente da Islândia, o iogurte skyr, a truta ártica e o lagópode-branco.
Outra preparação tradicional é o pão-de-trovão, cozido dentro das fontes termais.
Queijo azul

Os queijos azuis têm uma produção mais elaborada, resultando assim numa massa macia e quebradiça, permeada por veios azulados que dão uma característica peculiar que dá nome a esse tipo de queijo. Na Itália e na França nasceram os mais famosos queijos azuis.
Os seus veios azulados vêm da injecção de culturas de Penicillium, o que também lhe confere um sabor característico.
Entre os queijos azuis destacam-se o Gorgonzola, o Roquefort e o Stilton.
IPE KW1 Quero-Quero

O KW1 Quero-Quero é um planador fabricado no Brasil entre 1975 e 1986. O seu protótipo foi projetado e construído por Kuno Widmaier, e produzido em série pela IPE Aeronaves. O Quero-Quero é um planador de assento único, construído em madeira (freijó e compensado), com trem de pouso tandem e fixo.
O KW1a foi projetado pelo engenheiro Kuno Widmaier em Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, tendo voado pela primeira vez em 18 de Dezembro de 1969. Na época o DAC procurava por um projeto de planador para re-equipar os aeroclubes, e os resultados de Widmaier fizeram o seu desenho ser selecionado.
Após a seleção, a IPE Aeronaves iniciou o processo de adaptações visando a certificação e produção seriada: O cockpit foi aumentado, o nariz redesenhado, e o leme aumentado. O certificado de tipo foi outorgado em dezembro de 1976, o projeto foi adquirido pelo Comando da Aeronáutica, com a IPE sendo contratada para a fabricação. 156 unidades foram construídas e distribuídas a diversos aeroclubes brasileiros e para a Força Aérea Brasileira. Muitos recordes foram estabelecidos no tipo , que é comumente utilizado como primeiro planador monoplace no curso de piloto de planador. Em 2017 ainda consta como o planador mais numeroso no Brasil.
O planador possui configuração de asa alta, com empenagem convencional, trem de pouso tandem, fixo e com bequilha não comandável. A fuselagem é de construção semi-monocoque, inteiramente de madeira, e as asas são construídas com longarina de freijó (Cordia goeldiana), e caixão de torsão de contraplacado aeronáutico.
As asas são divididas em 3 partes: Uma seção central de união com a fuselagem, e duas seções localizadas próximo à metade de cada semi-asa. Após o caixão de torsão a asa é coberta com tela. A empenagem horizontal e vertical são de madeira revestida com tela.
Dados de: Manual de Voo do Planador Quero-Quero
IPE Nhapecan

O IPE-02 Nhapecan é uma família de planadores biplace para instrução e treinamento, projetada pelo engenheiro João Carlos Pessoa Boscardin e produzida pela empresa brasileira IPE Aeronaves (Indústria Paranaense de Estruturas). A variante IPE-02b Nhapecan II é o único modelo da família que foi certificado e produzido em série. O tipo é encontrado em diversos aeroclubes do Brasil para instrução primária.
O desenho do IPE-02b Nhapecan remonta o KW-2 Biguá, desenvolvido pelo engenheiro Kuno Widmaier, e construído pela IPE Aeronaves em 1976. A empresa comprou os direitos de produção do tipo, e enviou um protótipo para avaliação ao Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, no entanto, os resultados dos ensaios indicaram a necessidade de mudanças significativas no projeto.
Ciente do interesse do DAC, Boscardin prosseguiu com o desenvolvimento das mudanças do KW-2 Biguá, realizando o redesenho das asas, empenagens e estrutura, e nomeando a aeronave IPE-02a Nhapecan I, apresentado no Campeonato Brasileiro de Voo a Vela em Bauru de 1979, e na Feira Internacional de Aviação de 1979 em São José dos Campos, junto com o protótipo do Aerotec Urubu.
O protótipo do IPE-02a Nhapecan I chamou atenção dos representantes do Ministério da Aeronáutica na feira, e uma avaliação pelo Clube de Voo a Vela da Academia da Força Aérea (CVV-AFA) foi agendado.
Os resultados da avaliação resultaram na variante batizada de IPE-02b Nhapecan II, certificado em 1986, encomendado pelo Ministério da Aeronáutica em detrimento do Aerotec Urubu. 70 exemplares do modelo foram comprados para distribuição aos aeroclubes e 10 unidades para a Força Aérea Brasileira.
Uma variante designada IPE-02b Nhapecan III chegou a ser desenvolvida, porém não passou da fase experimental.
A família de planadores IPE Nhapecan é composta por 3 variantes:
Primeiro protótipo da família de planadores, que voou pela primeira vez em 24 de maio de 1979 com matrícula PP-ZQL. Ao menos dois protótipos produzidos, não chegou a ser produzido em série.
Modelo de instrução primária, certificado em 1986, com cerca de 80 exemplares produzidos pela IPE Aeronaves até os anos 1990.
Protótipo de versão melhorada da versão II, não chegou a ser produzido em série. Um protótipo construído.
Maria Rufino Duarte

Maria Rufino Duarte (m. Salvador, 1928), também chamada Mariquinha de Lembá, Dona Mariquinha ou Dona Mariazinha, foi uma candomblecista de Salvador, na Bahia, a quem a tradição oral atribuiu a criação de uma das vertentes do Candomblé Banto no estado, o Angolão Paquetã. Possivelmente descendia duma linhagem real de Angola e sua parentela esteve envolvida na fundação da Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos e na construção da Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos.
Maria Rufino Duarte nasceu em data incerta no século XIX. Tata Edinho, com base em informações obtidas com Angelina Santana, alega que ela tinha 17 anos em 1843, o que daria 1826 como o ano de seu nascimento. Supostamente era filha de um soba (chefe tribal), nascendo princesa em Angola. Foi escravizada e levada ao Brasil, onde sua família se envolveu na fundação da Irmandade de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos e na construção da Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, localizada na ladeira do Pelourinho. Era consagrada ao inquice Lembá e alegadamente ajudou o muxicongo Manuel do Incoce na iniciação de Manoel Bernardino da Paixão (1881–1956), que recebeu o nome religioso de Ampumandezu. Contemporânea e irmã de santo de Maria Neném, do Terreiro Tombenci, teria sido a fundadora da vertente do Candomblé Banto chamada Angolão Paquetã, cujo primeiro terreiro se encontra na avenida Vasco da Gama, no bairro da Federação, onde era mameto-de-inquice (mãe-de-santo). Faleceu em Salvador em 1928. No bairro de Cajazeiras XI há o terreiro de Mutalambô iê Caiangô (Mutalambo ye Kaiongo), cujo tata-de-inquice (pai-de-santo), Mutá Imê, é filho de santo de Mameto Casindé, e ambos são da navalha (linhagem de terreiro) de Duarte.
A tradição oral sustenta que Duarte recusava-se a tratar com pessoas brancas e tal postura é tida como atitude de orgulho preto. Como consequência, coloca Jamie Lee Andreson, visto que a maioria das narrativas sobre o candomblé foram produzidas por brancos e acadêmicos estrangeiros naquele momento, sua linhagem é pouco representada nos estudos científicos. O silêncio por ela escolhido é visto pelos candomblecistas como um sinal de lealdade e dedicação à fé, além de indignação com observadores e gravadores brancos que muitas vezes se intrometiam e deturpavam as religiões. Além de seu silêncio, Duarte iniciou poucos filhos de santo, de modo que a sua navalha não é extensa. Isso se deu por sua rígida observância dos fundamentos e sua valorização da observância silenciosa. Um deles era Nicássio Manuel dos Reis, que iniciou mulheres influentes como Maria Olho de Gato and Doroteia de Carvalho.
Quibebé

Quibebé ([kiβeˈβe], Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Uruguay), kiveve (Paraguay, pronounced the same), or quibebe ([ki'bɛbi], Brazil) is a popular dish of semi-sweet winter squash stew or purée in Paraguayan, Northeastern Brazilian, and the North-Eastern Argentina gastronomies. It has a doughy texture and is of creamy consistency. Its taste is very pleasant and the primary ingredient is a pumpkin fruit that is called by the guarani name, "andaí" or "zapallo anco" of Cucurbita moschata. The fruit is a squash that may be elongated or spherical, and its exterior color ranges from green to orange, to reddish. The pulp is orange color (a color that in Guarany would be called "reddish", the translation of the term Kiveve), compact, of firm texture, and has a sweet flavor.
Till the second part of the 19th century, it was very usual in the city of Buenos Aires and its area of influence.
The origin of "kiveve" is located in Guaraní-Jesuit Missions.
Traditional "kiveve" is made using the following ingredients: a pumpkin or "andai" with a deep orange flesh and sweet flavor, cooked and pureed; sugar, a kind of cornmeal with a consistency between corn starch and corn flour (harina de maíz), and fresh cheese. It is served mildly warm or already cool in a bowl, each commensal pours in milk to taste.
The pumpkin is peeled, cubed and boiled in water. When cubes are tender enough the preparation is pureed with a blender or smashed in its own cooking liquid in the same pot, then sugar is added, and finally corn flour is sifted all over the bland puree in the pot while stirring the mixture in the fire, keep stirring for about 10 minutes, or until the corn flour is completely cooked. Fresh cheese finely chopped is added, stir again for a few seconds and retrieve the pot from the fire. Kiveve used to be cooked in clay pots.
This dish is served as a sweet snack or as a dessert.
The name "kiveve" comes from the Guarani term for a reddish color. Because the "andai", the main ingredient of the dessert, has a deep orange color, it was given the name "kiveve" (reddish). In fact, in popular slang, the word, "kiveve", is used to identify redheaded people.
City of Gastronomy

UNESCO's City of Gastronomy project is part of the wider Creative Cities Network. The Network was launched in 2004, and organizes member cities into seven creative fields: Crafts and Folk Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media Arts, and Music.
To be approved as a City of Gastronomy, cities need to meet a number of criteria set by UNESCO:
Cities submit bids to UNESCO to be designated, with a review every four years.
The Cities of Gastronomy are:
Chancaca

Chancaca is a typical Bolivian, Chilean and Peruvian, warm, sweet sauce made of raw unrefined sugar from sugarcane. It is often flavored with orange peel and cinnamon, and is consumed on sopaipillas or picarones.
Chancaca is also a synonym for panela, the unrefined sugar used to make chancaca syrup. Chancaca can be used to prepare chicha de jora, Peruvian maize beer.
In Colombia, chancacas are a traditional coconut candy.
Bolo de rolo

Bolo de rolo (English translation: rollcake) is a typical Brazilian dessert, from the state of Pernambuco. The cake batter is made with flour, eggs, butter and sugar. This dough is wrapped with a layer of guava paste, giving the appearance of a swiss roll with much thinner layers. It is recognized as a national dish in Brazilian law.
Its origin lies in the adaptation of Portuguese cake colchão de noiva (bride's mattress), a kind of sponge cake rolled with a filling of nuts. Upon arriving in Brazil, the Portuguese cooks changed the filling to guava fruit, which is plentiful in northeastern Brazil, cooked with sugar, which was abundant since it was made in the factories of the region. It is common to sprinkle the bolo de rolo with sugar for presentation.
Ordinary Law № 379/2007: bolo de rolo was recognized as intangible heritage of Pernambuco.
Гангар хун

Гангар хун (Cygnus cygnus) нь дэлхийн бөмбөрцгийн хойд хагаст амьдардаг том шувуу юм. Манай оронд тайга, ойт хээр, тал, говийн бүсийн томоохон гол, нууруудад өндөглөн зусна. Биеийн урт нь 140-160 см, далавчаа дэлгэсэн урт 205-275 см ба 8-20 кг жинтэй байна. Хошуу нь шар өнгө давамгайлсан хар өнгөтэй. Гангар хун нь өргөн, их устай газрыг эрхэмлэх ба ихэнх цагаа усанд өнгөрөөнө. Энэ шувуу нь хэдэн зуун бээр газрыг туулан нүүдэллэж, Европын хойд хэсэг болон зүүн Азийн нутгаар өвөлждөг. Гангар хун нь хосоороо амьдрах ба хамтран үүрээ засна. Эм хун 4-7 ш өндөг гаргаж дарна, эр нь үүр болон гэр бүлээ хамгаалах үүрэгтэй. 36 өдөр дарсны дараа бор эсвэл саарал өнгийн дэгдээхэй гардаг байна. 120-150 өдрийн дараа нисэж сурна. Хүнд том биетэй тул нисэхээс өмнө гүйж, эрч авдаг байна.
Бүс нутгийн тархалт: Энэ зүйл нь Толбо, Ачит, Үүрэг, Хотон нуурууд (Монгол алтайын нуруу) Дунд нуур(Сийлхэмийн нуруу), Увс нуур болон TesTorkholig голын цутгал, Хар ус, Хар, Дөргөн, Хяргас, Айраг нуур болон ховд голын цутгал (Их нууруудын хотгор), Баян нуур, Завхан гол(Завханы говь хээрийн нам дор бүс нутаг) , Орхон гол болон Сангийн Далай, Өгийн нуур (Хангайн нуруу), Тэрхийн цагаан нуур, Сангийн далай, Хар нуур (Тарвагатай-Булнайн нуруу), Хөвсгөл нуур, Эгийн гол(Хөвсгөлнийн уулс), Шишгэд, Доод нуур (Дархадын хотгор), Орхон, Сэлэнгэ, Хараа, Ерөө голууд (Орхон, Сэлэнгийн), Онон, Балж, (Хэнтийн нуруу) Хэрлэн гол,Хайчийн цагаан, , Дэлгэр цагаан нуурууд (Herlen-Ulz valleys, Халха, Нөмрөг, Дэгээ, Азрага голууд, Буйр, Ташгайн таван нуур (Valley of the Lakes);, Булган голын хөндий( Зүүн говь), энэ зүйл нь эдгээр бүс нутгийн дагуу тархсан ба Захуйн Баян бүрд ((Trans-Altai Gobi Desert)) (Gombobaatar, 2004).
Нийт тоо толгой: 180,000 бие гүйцсэн бодьгалиас бүрддэг.17,100,000 km2бүс нутгийг хамрадаг (BirdLife International, 2011)..Энэ тооцоонд Монголын зүйлийн тоо толгойг тооцоогүй. Амьдрах орчин болон Екологи: Монголд үржлийн үедээ нүүдэллэн ирдэг, 3болон 4сарын сүүлээр ирдэг.Нуур, уан сан, зэгс шагшуурга, жижиг голын эрэг орчмоор амьдардаг.(Bold et al., 2005; Tseveen¬myadaget al., 2010; Gombobaatar, 2012).
Ихэтуанийн бослого

Ихэтуан (Хятад: 義和團) буюу Боксчдын бослого/(Нударгатны бослого) (Хятад: 拳亂, цуанлуань), 1899-1901 он хүртэл Хятадын хойд нутагт гарсан гадаадын нөлөөний эсрэг гарсан бослого. Манжийн төрийн арчаагүй байдал болон гадаад гүрнүүдийн дээрэнгүй бодлого олон нийтийн дургүйцлийг хөдөлгөсний улмаас 1899 онд Хятадын хойд хэсэгт дэгдсэн бослого. Түүхэнд боксчдын бослого гэж нэрлэгдсэн энэ бослогод оролцогсод эрх тэгш бус хэлэлцээрүүдийг эсэргүүцэж, гаднын чөтгөрүүдийг хөөн зайлуулах уриан дор гаднынхныг алж хядах Христийн шашинд орсон эх орон нэгтнүүдээ цаазлах замаар өргөжсөөр 1900 он гэхэд Бээжин рүү довтлох хэмжээний хүчийг хуралдуулжээ. Энэ үед хатан хаан Цыши босогчидтой нэгдэж, тэдний тулгалтаар Их Британи, Герман, Австри-Унгар, Франц, Итали, Япон, Америкийн Нэгдсэн Улс, Орос гэх Найман улсын эвсэлд нэгэн зэрэг дайн зарлав. 2 сарын дараа 8 гүрний цэрэг Бээжинг эзлэн авч, хатан хаанд шинэ гутамшигт болзол тулгасан юм. Үүний дараа Цыши хатан хаан босогчдын эсрэг урваж Манжийн төр барууны эвсэлтэй хамтран 1901 онд бослогыг бүрэн даржээ.
1900 онд Манжийн засаг Хятадад гарсан Ихэтуанийн бослогыг дарахад зориулан Ар Монголоос 20 000 монгол цэрэг татах гэтэл дөнгөж 2000 монгол цэрэг цуглаад, тэд нь тус тусын хошууны ноёдоос Улиастай дахь манж жанжны мэдэлд шилжмэгц, Энхтайваны удирдлагаар бослого гаргаж, Улиастайн манж цэргийг хядаж, хятад пүүсийг талж сүйтгээд гэр гэртээ тарцгаасан байна.
Хонгорын элс

Хонгорын элс нь Өмнөговь аймгийн Сэврэй., Баяндалай сумдын. нутагт орших бөгөөд Сэврэй, Зөөлөнгийн нурууны. араар 180 орчим км үргэлжилдэг элсэн манхан юм. Баруун хойноос зүүн урагш чиглэн үргэлжилсэн нийтдээ 965 ам км талбайтай. Элсний хамгийн өргөн нь баруун хойд талдаа 27 км, хамгийн нарийн нь төв хэсэгтээ 800 метр байдаг. Элсний орой дээр гарахад цааш хэдэн зуун манхан толгод үргэлжлэн харагдана. Хонгорын элсний ойр хавийг бүхэлд нь харахад урдуураа хадтай уул, дундуураа ургамал ургах аргагүй элсэн манхан, хойд бэлээр нь гол урсаж ногоорсон баянбүрд харагдах нь тун үзэсгэлэнтэй. Зөөлөнгийн нуруунаас буусан үерийн ус Хонгорын элсний дундуур зам гарган нэвт урсаж хөрсөнд шингээд, элсний хойд захад Сэрүүн булаг., Арганга булаг. хэмээх горхийг үүсгэн газар дээр дахин гарч баруун тийш элснийхээ хаяагаар 10 гаруй км урсдаг бөгөөд үүнийг Хонгорын гол хэмээнэ. Элсэн манханаар аялахдаа хамгийн ойр байх толгод дээр эхлэн хажуулдан явж гарах бөгөөд нэг оройгоос нөгөө орой руу толгодын хярыг даган явбал дөхөм болно. Сул нүүдэллэдэг элс учраас эгц авирах боломжгүй, хөл шигдэн амархан ядардаг. Сэврэй уулын хаднаа нэлээд олон тооны хадны сүг зураг байх бөгөөд тэр дунд таван янгирын араас хөөж намнаж яваа дөрвөн морьтой анчныг дүрсэлсэн зураг бий. Нум сум нь энгийн хэлбэртэй бөгөөд хүрэл зэвсгийн үеийн нум байж болох юм гэж судлаачид үзжээ.
Өмнөговь аймгийн бүх нутгийн 3 орчим хувийг эзэлдэг элсэн нуруу, манхан, тармаг элсээс Сэврэй, Номгон, Зөөлөн уулийн ар хоолойг дагаж баруунаас зүүн тийш 185 км үргэлжлэн 925 ам дөрвөлжин км талбай эзлэх Хонгорын элс хамгийн том бөгөөд Монгол улсын томоохон баянбүрдийн нэгэнд тооцогдох юм. Хонгорын элсний баруун үзүүрт орших баруун зүүн Шургуул, Тал гашуун, Адаг гашуун, Талын цүнхэл, Хоохорын тээг, Хун нуурын шал, Харын боом, Шар хулсан зэрэг хиаг, хулс,ширэг, заг, сондуул, хужир бүхий сонин тогтоцтой хонхор хотгор газар юм.
Элсэн манхан нь ёроолоосоо дээд оргил хүртэл 10-195метр хүртэл цавчим өндөр бөгөөд салхитай үед янз бүрийн хөгжим эгшиглэх мэт дуу авиа гардаг. Үүний тод жишээ нь Хонгорын голын дуут манхан юм. Энэ нь салхинд элсний маш нарийн ширхэгүүд хийсч сарнин цахилгаанжаад түүний эерэг сөрөг цахилгаан цэнэг үрэлдсэнээс иинхүү чимээ гардаг байна. Хонгорын элс нь шовх оройтой үргэлжилсэн алтан шаргал уул бий болгож ар ёроолоосоо урсгал булаг, ногоон зүлэгтэй, түүний хөвөөгөөр мал сүрэг налайн бэлчиж адаг цагаан нууранд нь усны шувууд ганганалдан чухам нүдийг хужирласан нутаг юм. 2010 онд Монголын говь нэрээр аймгаа төлөөлөн “Монгол улсын есөн гайхамшиг”-ийн нэгээр тодорсон байна.
Дуут манхан.-Хонгорын элсний хамгийн өндөр хэсгийг Дуут манхан гэнэ. Элсэн дээр дээш харан хэвтэхэд дүнгэнэн нисэх агаарын хөлгийн чимээ сонсогддог учраас нутгийнхан тус нэрийг өгчээ.