davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of compositions by Modest Mussorgsky

The following is a list of compositions by Russian composer, Modest Mussorgsky.
Note: The publication date is the first known date of publication, regardless of edition or fidelity to the composer's original score.
Youthful Years: A Collection of Romances and Songs (Russian: Юные годы: сборник романсов и песен, romanized: Yunïye godï: sbornik romansov i pesen) is a bound series of 18 manuscripts of songs by Mussorgsky, the existence of which was announced by Charles Malherbe in 1909.
Michel-Dimitri Calvocoressi provides this list of works with opus numbers, compiled by the composer, prefaced by the following remarks (italics added): "The other catalogue which was sent to Stassof is dated 16 August 1878; but, as it mentions no work composed later than 1874, Andrei Rimsky-Korsakof suggests, rightly, that it must have been compiled some four years earlier. Its only value is that of a biographical curiosity."
Note: The columns 'category' and 'notes', as well as the column headings, have been added for the convenience of the reader. It will be noticed that Calvocoressi's date given in the preceding remarks (16 August 1878) does not match that given below.
Notes
Sources
Fyodor Rokotov

Fyodor Stepanovich Rokotov (Fedor Rokotov) (Russian: Фёдор Степа́нович Ро́котов; 1736 – December 24, 1808) was a Russian painter who specialized in portraits.
Fyodor Rokotov was born in Vorotsovo (now a part of the Obruchevsky District of Moscow) into a family of peasant serfs, belonging to the Repnins. Much in his biography is obscure. He studied art in Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts. After buying back his freedom at the end of the 1750s he became established as a fashionable painter.
In 1765, Rokotov was elected an Academician, but he did not work as a professor in the Academy long, because it interfered with his painting. He returned to Moscow in 1765, where he lived for the rest of his life. He had a lot of commissions there, becoming one of the best portrait painters of his time.
Among his best-known portraits are Portrait of Alexandra Struyskaya (1772), sometimes called the Russian Mona Lisa and admittedly the most celebrated piece of the 18th-century Russian painting; Portrait of Countess Elisabeth Santi (1785), and Lady in a Pink Dress (1770s, illustration, right).
Rokotov avoided painting formal portraits with much adornment and decoration. Instead he was one of the first Russian painters advancing a psychological portrait with attention to optical and atmospheric effects.
Henrietta Mondry

Henrietta Mondry is a New Zealand academic, and is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, specialising in Russian cultural history, especially in relation to the history of Jewish people in Russia. Mondry was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi as of 2009.
After an MA, Mondry earned a PhD titled The Evaluation Of Recent Trends In Soviet Dostoevsky Scholarship (1970s–1980s) at the University of Witwatersrand. Mondry taught at Witwatersrand from 1980, and was made Head of Russian Studies in 1987 and then associate professor in Russian. She was appointed to the University of Canterbury in 1994. She is a full professor at the University of Canterbury, where she coordinates the Russian programme.
Mondry has written more than ten books, over seventy scholarly articles and over forty book chapters. She was involved in developing two international journals, the New Zealand Slavonic Journal and the South African-published Slavic Almanac.
Mondry was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi in 2009. She was also elected a Fellow of the New Zealand Academy of Humanities (now the Humanities Society of New Zealand) the same year.
Varvara Komarova-Stasova

Varvara Dmitrievna Komarova-Stasova (1862 – 1942) was a Russian writer and musicologist, who published under the pen name Vladimir Karenin. She wrote a four-volume biography of George Sand.
Varvara Stasova was the daughter of the liberal lawyer Dmitry Stasov. Her aunt was the feminist Nadezhda Stasova, and her younger sister Elena became a leading Bolshevik. In a book of memoirs, Childhood Memories of Great People, she recalled visitors to her childhood home including Modest Mussorgsky.
Her first publication was a female Bildungsroman, Musia (1888). Her next effort was a biography of the 18th-century German actor-manager Friederike Caroline Neuber, which she later tried unsuccessfully to adapt for the stage. By 1891, she was at work on her biography of Sand, which appeared between 1899 and 1926.
Yuri Antonov

Yuri Mikhailovich Antonov (Russian: Юрий Михайлович Антонов; born 19 February 1945) is a Soviet and Russian composer, singer and musician, People's Artist of Russia (1997).
Yuri Mikhailovich Antonov was born into the family of an officer of the Soviet Army, Mikhail Vasilievich Antonov, who after World War II stayed to serve in the military administration of Berlin. Yuri's sister, Zhanna (Jane) was born there. His mother, Natalya Mikhailovna (Litovchenko), who was from Kremenchuk (Poltava Region), died in 2008 at age 85.
Antonov is one of the most popular and successful artists on Soviet 70's-80's pop scene despite the fact that some of his songs (especially in early period) were banned by Soviet censorship. He appeared to an international television audience as a performer in the opening ceremony of the Moscow 1986 Goodwill Games.
In 1997 Yuri Antonov received a star on the Star Square in Moscow. He also received the Living Legend Award at the Ovation Awards in 2000.
He wrote music for the films "Take Care of Women" (1981), "Beauty Salon" (1985), "Fools Die on Fridays" (1990) and others.
Faun

The faun (Latin: Faunus, pronounced [ˈfäu̯nʊs̠]; Ancient Greek: φαῦνος, romanized: phaûnos, pronounced [pʰâu̯nos]) is a half-human and half-goat mythological creature appearing in Greek and Roman mythology.
Originally fauns of Roman mythology were ghosts (genii) of rustic places, lesser versions of their chief, the god Faunus. Before their conflation with Greek satyrs, they and Faunus were represented as naked men (e.g. the Barberini Faun). Later fauns became copies of the satyrs of Greek mythology, who themselves were originally shown as part-horse rather than part-goat.
By the Renaissance, fauns were depicted as two-footed creatures with the horns, legs, and tail of a goat and the head, torso, and arms of a human; they are often depicted with pointed ears. These late-form mythological creatures borrowed their look from the satyrs, who in turn borrowed their look from the god Pan of the Greek pantheon. They were symbols of peace and fertility, and their Greek chieftain, Silenus, was a minor deity of Greek mythology.
Romans believed fauns stirred fear in men traveling in lonely, faraway or wild places. They were also capable of guiding men in need, as in the fable of The Satyr and the Traveller, in the title of which Latin authors substituted the word Faunus. Fauns and satyrs were originally quite different creatures: whereas late-period fauns are half-man and half-goat, satyrs originally were depicted as stocky, hairy, ugly dwarves or woodwoses, with the ears and tails of horses. Satyrs also were more woman-loving than fauns, and fauns were rather foolish where satyrs tended to be sly.
Ancient Roman mythological belief included a god named Faunus often associated with bewitched woods, and conflated with the Greek god Pan and a goddess named Fauna who were goat people.
The Barberini Faun (located in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany) is a Hellenistic marble statue from about 200 BCE, found in the Mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian (the Castel Sant'Angelo) and installed at Palazzo Barberini by Cardinal Maffeo Barberini (later Pope Urban VIII). Gian Lorenzo Bernini restored and refinished the statue.
The House of the Faun in Pompei, dating from the 2nd century BCE, was so named because of the dancing faun statue that was the centerpiece of the large garden. The original now resides in the National Museum in Naples and a copy stands in its place.
The French symbolist Stéphane Mallarmé's well-known masterpiece L'après-midi d'un faune (published in 1876) describes the sensual experiences of a faun who has just woken up from his afternoon sleep and discusses his encounters with several nymphs during the morning in a dreamlike monologue. The composer Claude Debussy based his symphonic poem Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894) on the poem, which also served as the scenario for a ballet entitled L'après-midi d'un faune (or Afternoon of a Faun) choreographed to Debussy's score in 1912 by Vaslav Nijinsky.
Media related to Fauns at Wikimedia Commons
List of images on the cover of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band

The Beatles' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band has a widely recognized album cover that depicts several dozen celebrities and other images. The image was made by posing the Beatles in front of life-sized, black-and-white photographs pasted onto hardboard and hand-tinted.
The cover image was created by Jann Haworth and Peter Blake, who in 1967 won the Grammy Award for Best Album Cover, Graphic Arts, for their work on it. Blake has said that the intention was to show a new band surrounded by fans after a performance. In an interview with American Songwriter, he said:
Rosen, Jody (8 June 2007). "Everything You Know About Sgt. Pepper's Is Wrong". Slate.
University of Kigali

University of Kigali (UoK) izwi nka kaminuza ya Kigali iherereye mugihugu cy' u Rwanda, mumumujyi wa Kigali. University of Kigali Ikaba ibarizwa muri zimwe muri kaminuza zibarizwa mu Rwanda.
ikigo cya University of Kigali cyatangiye ibikorwa byacyo mu kwakira umwaka wa 2013 nyuma yo guhabwa ibyangombwa na leta y' u Rwanda byemerera ikigo gutangira imikorere yacyo nka kimwe mubigo byigenga by' amashuri mu Rwanda. University of Kigali ikaba ifite amashami abiri aho ishami rikuru riheherereye mumujyi wa Kigali, irindi shami rikaba riherereye mu Akarere ka Musanze mu ntara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda.
University of Kigali ikaba ifite ibyiciro bitandukanye aho batanga ubumenyi butandujkanye mubyiciro bitatu, harimo icyiciro cyitwa Undergraduate, Graduate studies ndetse na Professional courses. intego nyamukuru ya University of Kigali ni ugutanga ubumenyi buhanutse buzafasha abanyeshuri baho ku isoko ry' imirimo.
Icyiciro cya Undergraduate Program gikubiyemo amashami ane (5) aho abanyeshuri bahabwa impamyabushobozi ziri mubyiciro bitandukanye aribyo:
Icyiciro cya Graduate Studies kizwi cyane nka Masters Program gikubiyemo amashami atandukanye ariyo:
School of Professional and Executive Programs zikubiyemo:
University of Kigali ifite uburyo butangaje cyane bw' ikoranabuhanga kuburyo byorohera abashaka kumenya amakuru yose ajyanye na kaminuza ndetse n' abanyeshuri bahiga bakoresheje urubuga rwabo uok.ac.rw ushaka kumenya amakuru cyangwa service zijyanye n' ibikorwa bya University of Kigali harimo ibisabwa mukugirango umuntu yemerwe kwiga muri University of kigali, uburyo bwo kwiyandikisha kwiga muri University of Kigali, Aamafaranga y' ishuri kubanyeshuri ba East Africa, Amafaranga y' ishuri yishyurwa n' abanyeshuri babanyamahanga cyangwase International Students.
University of Kigali ifite uburyo rwikoranabuhanga kuburyo abanyeshuri babona inyigisho muburyo buzwi nka E-Learning ndetse abanyeshuri bakaba babasha gukora ubushakashatsi bwo mubitabo bitandukanye bakoresheje uburyo bugezweho bwa online Library Services
Umurenge wa Kigali

Umurenge wa Kigali nyuma y’ivugurura ry’imitegekere y’igihugu ugizwe n’ibyahoze ari Imirenge ya Rwesero, Kigali na Mwendo.
Umurenge wa Kigali ufite: ubuso bungana na kilometero kare 32; abaturage 32,564; Utugari dutanu: Nyabugogo; Kigali; Ruriba, Mwendo no Rwesero. Ugizwe n'imidugudu mirogwine n'umunani (48)ariyo
Akagari ka Nyabugogo gafite imidugudu 10
1.Nyabikoni 2.Kiruhura 3.Giticyinyoni 4.Nyabugogo 5.Ruhondo 6.Gatare 7.Gakoni 8.Kamenge 9.Karama 10.KadobogoI
Akagari ka Kigali nako gafite imidugudu 10
1.Muganza 2.Akirwanda 3.Kibisogi 4.Murama 5.Kagarama 6.Ryasharangabo 7.RuhangoII 8.Gisenga 9.Rubuye 10.KadobogoII
Akagari ka Ruliba nako gafite imidugudu 8
1.RuhangoI 2.Ryamakimari 3.Tubungo 4.Ruzigimbogo 5.Ruliba 6.Nyabitare 7.Ruharabuge 8.Misibya
Akagari ka Mwendo nako gafite imidugudu 12
1.Ruhuha 2.Kanyabami 3.Ubuzima 4.Mwendo 5.Akagugu 6.Agakomeye 7.Umutekano 8.Amajyambere 9.Isangano 10.Karambo 11.Amahoro 12.Birambo
Akagari ka Rwesero nako kagizwe nimidigudu 8
1.Vuganyana 2.Rweza 3.Akanyamirambo 4.Rwesero 5.Makaga 6.Akinama 7.Ruhogo 8.Musimba
■Mumajyaruguru yumurenge wa Kigali hari umurenge wa Kanyinya
■Mumajyepfo yumurenge wa Kigali hari umurenge wa Mageragere
■Muburasirazuba hari umurenge wa Nyakabanda Kimisa garage
■Muburengerazuba hari umurenge wa Rugarika na Runda.
Abaturage b’Umurenge wa Kigali barahinga kandi barorora.
Umugezi wa Akagera

Urizi rwa kagera ruzwi kwizi rya Alexandra nile, Ni uruzi rwo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, rukaba rugize igice cy'imigezi yo hejuru ya Nile kandi rutwara amazi ava mu masoko ya kure cyane. Uburebure bwa kilometero 597 (371 mi) uhereye ku nkomoko yayo iherereye mu kiyaga cya Rweru mu Rwanda.
Igice cy'umugezi witwa Kagera gitangirira mu Burundi, gitemba kiva mu kiyaga cya Rweru. Kuva ku kiyaga, gitemba iburasirazuba ugana ku Rwanda-Burundi na Rwanda-Tanzaniya kugera mu masangano n'umugezi wa Ruvubu. Amazi ya Kagera rero atangwa ninzuzi ebyiri nini, Nyabarongo yu Rwanda, igaburira ikiyaga cya Rweru, na Ruvubu yo mu Burundi. Ntibizwi muri izi nzuzi zombi zigaburira ni ndende bityo rero isoko yanyuma ya Nili. Kuva aho ihurira, Kagera itembera mu majyaruguru ku mupaka wa Rwanda na Tanzaniya, hejuru y’isumo rya Rusumo no muri Parike ya Akagera. Ihita ifata iburasirazuba, ikurikira umupaka wa Tanzania na Uganda hanyuma ikisuka mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri Uganda. Mu 1898, Richard Kandt yavumbuye inkomoko ya Kagera.Uruzi rwagaragaye cyane mu mateka y'ibihugu runyuramo, cyane cyane u Rwanda. Mu 1894, Umudage Gustav Adolf von Götzen yambutse Kagera ku isoko ya Rusumo, atangira igihe cy'abakoloni b'u Rwanda; no mu 1916, mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, Ababiligi batsinze Abadage, binjira mu Rwanda mu nzira imwe. Uruzi rwamenyekanye cyane mu 1994 kubera gutwara imirambo yavuye muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda mu kiyaga cya Victoria, bituma hamenyekana ko ibintu byihutirwa mu turere twa Uganda, aho imirambo yaje kugaragara
Kagera yazamutse mu Burundi yinjira mu kiyaga cya Victoria. Nicyo kinini cyinjira mu kiyaga, gitanga hafi metero kibe 6.4 z'amazi ku mwaka (hafi 28 ku ijana by'ikiyaga gisohoka). Kagera ikorwa no guhurira kwa Ruvuvu na Nyabarongo, hafi y’amajyaruguru y’ikiyaga cya Tanganyika. Igizwe n'ibice by'Uburundi - Tanzaniya, u Rwanda - Tanzaniya, u Burundi - u Rwanda, na Tanzaniya - Uganda. Yitiriye izina rya Parike y'igihugu ya Akagera mu majyaruguru y'u Rwanda, ndetse no mu karere ka Kagera muri Tanzaniya. Ku ruzi hari Isumo rya Rusumo, ahantu h'ingenzi kwambukiranya u Rwanda na Tanzaniya. Ni hafi y'umujyi wa Rusumo.
Muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda yo mu 1994 akagera ka koreshwaga mu guta imirambo kuko ibihumbi by'abatutsi bo mu rwego rwa politiki biciwe ku nkombe z'umugezi. Uruzi rwanganaga imirambo yiciwe mu kiyaga cya Victoria muri uganda.
Ikiyaga cya Rweru

Ikiyaga cya Rweru is a lake close to the northernmost point of Burundi in central Africa. The northern shore of the lake forms part of Burundi's border with Rwanda. It is the most distant origin point of the Nile River. The Kagera River, considered by many as the start point of the Nile, rises at the northern part of the lake, located in Rwanda. .
Ikiyaga gifite ubuso bwa km2 (40 sq mi) hagati y’ibihugu byombi, u Burundi (80 km2 (30 sq mi)) nu Rwanda (20 km2 (10 sq mi)). Ikiyaga gifite inkombe zigera kuri kilometero 76. Ikiyaga ni gito cyane mu bice byinshi kandi gifite uburebure bwa metero 2,1 n'uburebure bwacyo kuri m 3 iherereye mu Burundi. Umugezi wa Kagera usohoka mu kiyaga cyo mu Burundi ugatemba ugana iburasirazuba ku mupaka w'u Rwanda kugeza aho uhurira n'umugezi wa Ruvubu.
Muri Kanama 2015, abarobyi bo mu Burundi batuye hafi y'ikiyaga mu Ntara ya Muyinga bakuye imirambo irenga 40 itaramenyekana ireremba mu kiyaga. Imibiri myinshi yari ipfunyitse muri plastiki. Imirambo yatoraguwe yari mu ntangiriro yo kubora, biteye ubwoba abaturage baho kubera ibibazo by'ubuzima. Uburundi buvuga ko imirambo yose yakuweho ari u Rwanda ku bwenegihugu kandi ko nta mwanzuro wizewe w’ukuntu iyo mibiri yishwe. Ibihugu byombi bihakana ko iyo mibiri ari abaturage bayo. Biro nkuru y’iperereza yaturutse muri Amerika yemeye gufata uru rubanza nyuma y’ibihugu byombi bigaragaje ko bidashishikajwe no kureba iki kibazo.
Umugezi wa Ruvyironza

Umugezi wa Ruvyironza (cyangwa Luvironza) ni uruzi ruri Afurika abantu bamwe babona ko ari isoko ya kure ya Nili, uruzi rurerure ku isi. Irazamuka ku musozi wa Kikizi mu Burundi, ikanyura hejuru yu mugezi wa Rurubu mu ruzi rwa Kagera muri Tanzaniya, hanyuma ukahava ujya mu kiyaga cya Victoriya . Hamwe n'uburebure bwa kilometero 182.4 .
Umurwa

Umurwa
Ibihugu byateye imbere byanabonye ko ari byiza kugira imirwa ibiri cyangwa se imijyi ibiri: umurwa w’ubutegetsi (political capital) n’umurwa w’ubucuruzi (commercial capital).
Ibi nabyo u Rwanda rwari rukwiye kubikora. kurubu u Rwanda rukaba
rufite gahunda yo kuba bakongera cyangwa se bakagura umurwa ari nako
bakora imijyi igiye inyuranye muri buri ntara izajya iyunganira Kigali mu rwego
rwo kugabanya abimukira bava mucyaro bakimukira muri kigali. no murwego rwo kongera imirimo iyo mijyi irimo ; Muhanga,Musanze, Nyagatare,Huye,Rusizi na Rubavu [1][2]
Rwakazina Marie Chantal

Rwakazina Marie Chantal Umunyarwandakazi wimyaka 49 Wu munyapolitike uhagarariye uRwanda muri Switzerland akaba nuhagarariye uRwanda bihorano Mu Muryango Wabibumbye (United Notion).
Mu 1995-2000, Rwakazina Marie Chantal yabonye impanya bushobozi yikiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza ibutare mubijyanye nubukungu (bachelor's degree in economics)(2001-2003)yabonye Kandi impanya bushobozi yikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza yakuye muri kaminuza ya fondation Universtaire Luxembourgeoise,arlon Belgium.
2003/2008 Rwakazina Marie Chantal yarahagarariye umurenge wa Nduba Kandi akorana mukigo cya RALGA.
Rwakazina Marie Chantal kuva 2013-2018 yakora nkimuguke mu Muryango Wabibumbye (united nations) muRwanda mubijyanye niterambera arinabyo yize muri kaminuza mu bubirigi.
Rwakazina kuva muri 2018-2019 yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wumujyi wa kigali.
taliki 04 Ukuboza Rwakazina yabonye ibaruwa imwemerera kwitabira ibirori byabereye apostolic palace ivatikani (Vatican city) bya yobowe na pope Francis.
https://www-africanews-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.africanews.com/amp/2018/05/25/marie-chantal-rwakazina-elected-mayyor-of-rwanda-s-capital-kigali/?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQKKAFQArABIIACAw%3D%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16515856504050&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africanews.com%2F2018%2F05%2F25%2Fmarie-chantal-rwakazina-elected-mayyor-of-rwanda-s-capital-kigali%2F
Referances
I&M Banki Rwanda

I&M Bank Rwanda Plc., ni banki y’ubucuruzi mu Rwanda yemerewe na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda . ikaba ari banki ya kabiri nini mu Rwanda.
Icyicaro gikuru cya banki giherereye kuri KN 03 Avenue 9, mu karere k’ubucuruzi hagati ka Kigali, mu murwa mukuru w’u Rwanda. icyicaro gikuru cya banki kiri : 01 ° 56'55.0 "S, 30 ° 03'41.0" E (Ubunini: -1.948611; Uburebure: 30.061389).
Banki ya kabiri nini mu bucuruzi bunini mu Rwanda, inyuma ya Banki ya Kigali, ikora ibigo binini, imishinga mito n'iciriritse, n'abantu ku giti cyabo. Kugeza mu Kuboza 2020, umutungo wose wa banki wari ufite agaciro ka miliyari 417.2 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (hafi miliyoni 424.46 z'amadolari y'Amerika), hamwe n’abanyamigabane bangana na miliyari 54.48 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (hafi 55.42 z' amadolari y'Amerika).
Iyi banki yafunguwe muri 1963 ku izina y'Igifaransa rya Banque Commerciale du Rwanda BCR cyangwa Banki y'Ubucuruzi y'u Rwanda. Mu ntangiriro, yari ifitwe na guverinoma y'u Rwanda . Muri 2004, yeguriwe abikorera. Kugeza muri Mata 2010, Actis Capital yari ifite 80 ku ijana yari aya guverinoma y'u Rwanda ikaba ifite 20 ku ijana by'ikigo cy'imari gisigaye. Actis Capital ni sosiyete yigenga ishoramari, ifite icyicaro i Londere mu Bwongereza, izobereye mu ishoramari mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere . Kuva muri Mata 2010, ishoramari ry’ikigo ryari hafi miliyari 5 z'amadolari y'Amerika .
Muri Nyakanga 2012, Actis Capital yavuye muri BCR igurisha imigabane yayo mu ihuriro rigizwe na Banki ya I&amp;M yo muri Kenya, PROPARCO yo mu Bufaransa, hamwe n’ishoramari ry’Abadage . Guverinoma y'u Rwanda yagumanye imigabane muri banki. Muri Kanama 2013, banki yasubiye muri Banki ya I&M (u Rwanda) kugira ngo igaragaze imigabane iriho ubu.
Muri Nzeri 2015, I&M banki Rwanda yashyizeho Umuyobozi uyobora - Robin Bairstow.
Muri Werurwe 2017, I&M Bank Rwanda yatangiye gucuruza ku Isoko ry’imigabane mu Rwanda binyuze mu Itangizwa rya mbere .
Banki ya I&M (u Rwanda) ni umunyamuryango w'itsinda rya I&amp;M Bank ry'amasosiyete. Iri tsinda n’isosiyete itanga serivisi z’imari muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, ifite umutungo urenga miliyari 3.14 z'amadolari y'Amerika (KSh324.3) guhera muri Nzeri 2019. Iri tsinda rifite ibikorwa muri Kenya, Morise, u Rwanda, na Tanzaniya.
Kugeza muri Nyakanga 2021, imigabane ya banki yari ifite ibigo byashyizwe ku mbonerahamwe ikurikira
Banki ya I&M Rwanda ikomeza amashami akurikira, guhera muri Werurwe 2020:
Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda) - MININFRA

Minisiteri y'Ibikorwa Remezo ( MININFRA ; Kinyarwanda ; French ) ni ishami rya
Guverinoma y'u Rwanda . Minisiteri ishinzwe politiki y'ibikorwa remezo n'iterambere mu gihugu hose. Claver Gatete ni Minisitiri w’ibikorwa Remezo muri guverinoma ya Rwanda. Mbere yibyo, yakoreye Guverinoma ye mu nzego zitandukanye; Minisitiri w’imari n’igenamigambi mu bukungu (2013-2018); Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y’u Rwanda (2011-2013) na Komiseri Mukuru mu Bwongereza, Irilande na Isilande, (2005 - 2009).
Minisiteri iyobowe na Minisitiri w’ibikorwa Remezo . Kuva imaze gushyirwaho, Abaminisitiri bashyizweho ni:
Patricie Uwase

Patricie Uwase ni umu engeniyeri w'umunyarwandakazi kandi akaba n'umunyapolitiki mu gihugu cye mu Rwanda
akaba ari umwe mu banyapolitiki bakiri bato mu Rwanda kuko yavutse mu mwaka wi 1989
Uwase Patricie wavukiye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wi 1989 yahoze ari umunyamabanga uhoraho muri Minisiteri y'ibikorwaremezo
mu Rwanda kurubu akaba yaragizwe State Minister
Patricie ni umu enjeniyeri ufite akamaro kanini cyane mu buyobozi kuva muri 2015 yabaye kandi umujyanama wa
wa tekiniki wa Minisitiri w'ibikorwa remezo mu Rwanda mu nshingano ze harimo mu kwibanda cyane ku mirimo imwe
nimwe ifitiye igihugu akamaro harimo nka Kigali convention center hamwe n'ikibuga kindege mpuzamahanga cya Bugesera
Yakoze kandi muri Comite yigihgu ishinzwe gutegura ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu kuva muri 2016 kugeza 2018 nanone
Patricie yakoraga nka visi perezida wi inama yikigo gikomeye mu Rwanda nka Rwandair
Patricie Uwase afite Impamyabumenyi ya Bacherol muri sience mubijyane nubwubatsi yakuye mu Ishuri rikuru
nderabarezi rya Kigali (KIST) afite kandi Impamyabumenyi y ikirenga muri sience yakuye muri kaminuza ya California
Amina Rwakunda

Amina Umulisa Rwakunda ni umunyarwandakazi umaze igihe mu inteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda byumwihariko muri minisiteri iteza imbere ubukungu bwigihugu, Ikanagenzura ingengo yigihugu kandi ikagisubiramo igihe cyose bibaye ngombwa (MINECOFIN), yashyizweho ku ya 27 Mata 2018 asimbuza Rugwabiza Minega Leonard wabaye umujyanama mu by'ubukungu. Yabanje kuba impuguke mu by'ubukungu muri Minisiteri y’Imari aho yasimbuwe na Kalisa Thierry.
Madamu Rwakunda afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri globolization no guteza imbere ubukungu muri kaminuza ya Antwerp.
Amina Umulisa Rwakunda ni umuyobozi w'inama y'ubutegetsi mu ikigo gishinzwe Isoko ry'imigabane mu Rwanda (RSE) kuva 2012. Ubu ni Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe ubukungu / Umuyobozi wa Politiki ya Macroeconomic muri Minisiteri y’Imari n’Igenamigambi; n'Ubuyobozi bwa NISR (Ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare mu Rwanda) umwanya amazeho imyaka 12 n'ukwezi kumwe kuva 2010. Ni Visi Perezida w'Inama y'Ubutegetsi mu ikigo cy'Urusobe rwubushakashatsi bwa politiki y'ubukungu mu Rwanda (EPRN)
Abahanga mu by'ubukungu bavuga ko Umuyobozi w’Ubukungu afite inshingano zimuhatira gukurikirana ibibazo byose by’ubukungu bw’igihugu. By'umwihariko, Umulisa afite inshingano zo guhagararira igihugu mu isuzuma ry’ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari (IMF), gusuzuma igihugu ndetse n’ibindi bice bimenyesha icyemezo cy’umuryango ku bijyanye n’ubufatanye n’u Rwanda.
Emmanuel Sekimonyo

Uyu yari umuririmbyi ukomeye ku giti cye yari azwi ku mazina ya Manu Matabaro. Yari azwi cyane mu ndirimbo ‘Umwana w’umunyarwanda’, ‘Imbabazi bambe’ n’izindi zitandukanye. Emmanuel Sekimonyo yavutse mu 1948 ahitwa Matyazo muri Ngororero mu Ntara y’Uburengerazuba. Yari atuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali i Remera ndetse yiciwe mu 1994.
King James

King James ni umwe mubahanzi bamaze igihe kitari gito muri muzika nyarwanda kandi akaba agikunzwe kugeza magingo aya. Uyu umuhanzi afite impano idasanzwe aho ijwi rye n'imitoma agira mumyandikire y'indirimbo ze byahogoje benshi mu Rwanda.Kandi akaba ari n'umwanditsi kabuhariwe w'indirimbo wabigize umwuga.Ubusanzwe King James yitwa James Ruhumuriza. Ni umuririmbyi w'injyana ya RnB n' izindi ziyishamikiyeho nka zouk na pop.
Uyu muhanzi King Jamus yavutse 1 Mata 1990 ni mwene Consolatie Kazizi na Issac Murihano.
King Jamus yatangiye ubuhanzi bwe mu mwaka wa 2006, ubwo yari mu mashuri yisumbuye. Indirimbo ye ya mbere yayise " Intinyi" ayisohora mu mwaka wa 2009. Amashuri ye yisumbuye yayize mu kigo cya APE RUGUNGA aho yarangije mu mwaka wa 2010.
ku itariki ya 24 Ukuboza 2010 nibwo uyu muhanzi King James yashyize hanze album ye ya mbere maze ayita " Umugisha" . Iyi album ye iriho indirimbo zakumzwe cyane nka :
N'izindi nyishi, King James kandi ni umwe mu bahanzi bagize uruhare mu iterambere rifatika mu bikorwa byabo. Ubu uyu muhanzi afite inzu ya kadasiteri igaragara yujuje kandi akaba anafite alimentation iherereye mu mugi wa Kigali, I Nyamirambo.
Ku itariki ya 10 Ukuboza 2011 yamuritse album ye ya kabiri yise "Umuvandimwe" ayimurikira mu ntara y'Amajyepfo muri Kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda ku itariki ya 13 Mutarama 2012.
Iyo album ye iriho indirimbo zakunzwe cyane nka :"
N'izindi nyishi.
Zaninka Kabaganza Liliane

Zaninka Kabaganza Liliane uzwi nka Kabaganza Liliane Yavutse ku itariki ya 11 Kamena 1975, avukira ahitwa Bibogobogo mu Ntara ya Kivu y’amajyepfo muri Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC), Papa we umubyara ni Umushumba mu Itorero ryitwa Healing Heart mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo akaba yitwa Mukiza Leonard naho mama we yitwa Nyabaziga Odette bakaba barabyaranye abana 6, ni umuririmbyikazi akaba n’umwanditsi w’indirimbo zihimbaza Imana, afite ubwenegihugu bw’ubunyarwanda , uburebure bwa metero 1.51, ni umudamu yashakanye na Dusabemungu Ntabajyana Celestin mu mwaka 1999 I Kigali, Liliane yamenyekanye cyane muri Chorale Rehoboth,mu ndirimbo nka "Imana ni byose, Iyo ntekereje umugabo witwa Yesu, Getsemani, Habwa ikuzo, Bakundwa n’izindi" Ubu Liliane Kabaganza amaze kwandika indirimbo 68. Indirimbo yanditse mbere ikaba yitwa i Bethelehemu iri kuri Alubumu ya mbere ya Rehoboth Ministries yitwa “Abafite inyota ni muze”.
Mico The Best

Turatsinze Prosper nk’amazina ye nyakuri cyangwa Mico The Best amazina akoresha mu buhanzi, avuka i Gikondo gusa ababyeyi be bakomoka mu ntara y’Amajyepfo ahahoze hitwa Nyakizu.
Uyu muhanzi yatangiye kuririmba muri 2007 gusa nkuko we abyivugira indirimbo ye ya mbere yamenyekanye ni iyitwa ‘Umuzungu’ yakozwe na Nyakwigendera Dr Jacques muri F2K Studio. Uyu musore yakoze nyinshi mu ndirimbo zagiye zikundwa zirimo: Umuzungu, Umugati, Umutaka, Akabizu, Kule kimwe n’izindi nyinshi zo ha mbere icyakora no muri iyi minsi afite iziri kugenda zikundwa zirimo;Amarangamutima, Uwo muntu ndetse n’Indahiro.
Yasezeranye imbere y’amategeko n’umukunzi we Clarisse ukunze gukoresha amazina ya Clarisse Khloe Dubnx ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Ni mu muhango wabaye kuri uyu wa Kane tariki 19 Kanama 2021. Byabereye mu murenge wa Nyarugenge mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Kuwa 26 Nzeri 2021 yasezeranye kubana akaramata na Clarisse mu birori byasusurukijwe n’abahanzi batandukanye, byanabaye hubahirizwa amabwiriza yo kwirinda icyorezo cya COVID-19 , ndetse anagabirwa inka n’ibyamamare bitandukanye.
Hanze y’umuziki avuga ko ikintu cyamubabaje cyane ari urupfu rwa se witabye Imana muri 2013 azize indwara y’umutima, ariko na none nk’umunyarwanda wese yababajwe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.
Muri muzika ye ikintu cyamubabaje ni uko abantu batinze kumumenya ariko na none yishimira ko baje kumwakira nyuma yo kumenya icyo ashoboye.
Kagera River

The Kagera River, also known as Akagera River, or Alexandra Nile, is an East African river, forming part of the upper headwaters of the Nile and carrying water from its most distant source. With a total length of 597 km (371 mi) from its source located in Lake Rweru in Rwanda.
The section of river named Kagera begins in Burundi, flowing out from Lake Rweru. From the lake, it flows east along the Rwanda-Burundi and Rwanda-Tanzania borders to a confluence with the Ruvubu River. The waters of the Kagera are thus provided by two major tributaries, the Nyabarongo of Rwanda, which feeds Lake Rweru, and the Ruvubu of Burundi. It is unknown which of these two feeder rivers is the longer and hence the ultimate source of the Nile. From the confluence, the Kagera flows north along the Rwanda-Tanzania border, over Rusumo Falls and through Akagera National Park. It then takes a turn to the east, following the Tanzania-Uganda border and emptying into Lake Victoria in Uganda. In 1898, Richard Kandt was the first European to reach the source of the Kagera.
The river has featured prominently in the histories of the countries it runs through, particularly Rwanda. In 1894, German Gustav Adolf von Götzen crossed the Kagera at Rusumo Falls, marking the Rwandan colonial era that officially started in 1899. And in 1916, during World War I, the Belgians defeated the Germans, entering Rwanda by the same route. The river gained international notoriety in 1994 for carrying bodies from the Rwandan genocide into Lake Victoria, causing a state of emergency to be declared in areas of Uganda, where these bodies eventually washed up.
The Kagera rises in Burundi and flows into Lake Victoria. It is the largest single inflow into the lake, contributing approximately 6.4 billion cubic metres of water a year (about 28 per cent of the lake's outflow). The Kagera is formed by the confluence of the Ruvuvu and the Nyabarongo, close to the northernmost point of Lake Tanganyika. It forms parts of the Burundi–Tanzania, Rwanda–Tanzania, Burundi–Rwanda, and Tanzania–Uganda borders. It lends its name to Akagera National Park in northern Rwanda, as well as to the Kagera Region of Tanzania. On the river are the Rusumo Falls, an important crossing point between Rwanda and Tanzania. It is near the town of Rusumo.
The Kagera River basin is rich in fish. As of 2001, there were at least 55 species known from the Rwandan section alone and the actual number is likely higher. Additionally, there are at least 15 undescribed species of haplochromine cichlids that are endemic to some of the lakes in the upper parts of the river basin. Because of the many waterfalls and rapids, the various sections of the Kagera River basin are clearly separated, making movements by fish between them difficult or even impossible.
During the Rwandan genocide of 1994, the Kagera was used to dispose of corpses as thousands of Tutsis and Hutu political moderates were murdered on the river banks. The river brought the massacred bodies into Lake Victoria, creating a serious health hazard in Uganda.
Rwanda national football team

The Rwanda national football team represents Rwanda in international football and is controlled by the Rwandese Association Football Federation, the governing body of football in Rwanda, and competes as a member of the Confederation of African Football (CAF), as well as the Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA), a CAF sub-confederation that governs football in East and Central Africa. The team bears the nickname Amavubi (Kinyarwanda for The Wasps), and primarily plays its home games at the Stade Amahoro in Kigali, the nation's capital. They have never qualified for a World Cup finals, and reached their only Africa Cup of Nations in 2004.
Rwanda qualified for its first ever Africa Cup of Nations in the 2004 edition. At the tournament, they lost their opening match 2–1 to Tunisia before winning their first ever point in the competition after a 1–1 draw against Guinea. Rwanda went on to beat DR Congo in their final group match by a 1–0 scoreline, but it wasn't enough, as elsewhere in the group, Guinea and Tunisia drew, meaning both teams progressed to the quarter-finals, and Rwanda were eliminated.
In 2001, after adopting the new flag of Rwanda, The Federation (FERWAFA) changed the color of the team kit. The new team kit consists of a yellow jersey, blue shorts and green socks for home matches, while their away kit is either all white or all blue. Adidas has generally been the manufacturer for the Rwandan team since 2001. However, between 2004 and 2009, Rwanda used L-sport as their outfitter, and in 2015 the side started wearing kit provided by AMS, an emerging Australian supplier.
Under the official FIFA Trigramme the team's name is abbreviated as RWA; this acronym is used by FIFA, the CAF and the CECAFA to identify the team in official competitions. However the team was more commonly known as the RR, the acronym for the country's official name, Repubulika y'u Rwanda or République du Rwanda, which the local press used when they referred to the team as the RR XI. The national team is often referred to as Amavubi (The Wasps).
The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.
Win Draw Loss Fixture
The following players were called up for the 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification – CAF Group C matches against Nigeria and Lesotho on 21 and 25 March 2025.
The following players have been called up for Rwanda in the last 12 months.
Western Province, Rwanda

Western Province (Kinyarwanda: Intara y'Iburengerazuba; French: Province de l'Ouest; Dutch: West-provincie) is one of Rwanda's five provinces. It was created in early January 2006 as part of a government decentralization program that re-organized the country's local government structures.
Western Province comprises the former provinces of Cyangugu, Gisenyi, Kibuye, and a small portion of Ruhengeri. It is divided into the districts of Karongi, Nyabihu, Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Nyamasheke, and Rutsiro. The capital city of Western Province is Kibuye.
2°22′30″S 29°12′35″E﻿ / ﻿2.37500°S 29.20972°E﻿ / -2.37500; 29.20972
Ministry of Infrastructure (Rwanda)

The Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA; Kinyarwanda: Ministeri y'Ibikorwaremezo; French: Ministère des Infrastructures) is a department of the Government of Rwanda. The Ministry is responsible for infrastructure policy and development throughout the country. Claver Gatete is the current Minister of Infrastructure.
The ministry was founded after Rwandan independence in 1962 as the Ministry for Technical Businesses. Three years later it was renamed to the Ministry of Public services. Following the military coup which brought President Juvenal Habyarimana to power, the ministry was renamed again to the Ministry of Public Services and Energy. It retained this name until 1980, when it was expanded to include a water remit. The Ministry of Public Services was retained after the 1994 Rwandan genocide, reverting first to its former title of Ministry of Public Services and Energy, from 1994 then back to its 1960s title of Ministry of Public Services (MINITRAP) in 1997 and to the new name of Ministry of Public Services, Transport and Communication in 1999. The Ministry gained its current name Ministry of Infrastructure in 2002.
The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Infrastructure. Since it gained its current incarnation, Ministers have included:
The Ministry's mission statement, as stated on its website, is "to ensure the sustainable development of infrastructure and contribute to economic growth with a view to enhancing the quality of life of the population." Its remit includes overseeing maintenance and development of infrastructure in Rwanda including transport, energy, habitat and urbanism, meteorology, and water and sanitation.
Rwanda Space Agency

The Rwanda Space Agency (RSA) is Rwanda's agency for aerospace research and economic development. Its responsibilities include advising the government of Rwanda on space policies, to implement those policies, to promote Rwanda's aerospace industry, and to conduct aerospace research. It was established in 2021.
In 2017, the Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) and Rwanda's Ministry of Defense created a Space Working Group. This coordinated and promoted the various aerospace projects around the country culminating in the launch of Rwanda's first satellite, RWASAT-1, in 2019 through the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA).
Since the RSA was established, Rwanda has rapidly grown its ambitions. In October of 2021, the RSA requested orbital slots for almost 330,000 satellites. In 2022, its CEO, Col. Francis Ngabo, signed the Artemis Accords on the norms for space exploration and use of astronomical objects.
Much of the RSA's activity involves earth observation. This includes greenhouse gas monitoring, disaster management, and economic and social development.
Rwanda's first satellite, RWASAT-1, monitored soil moisture levels and provided data for crop yield estimates as a part of the RSA's economic development initiative. Its second, nicknamed Icyerekezo, helped provide satellite internet service to the remote Nkombo Island on Lake Kivu.
In 2022, the RSA took charge of the Rwanda Climate Observatory. It now monitors the emissions of six greenhouse gases.
2018 East Africa floods

The 2018 East Africa Floods were a natural disaster in Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Somalia, Djibouti, and Burundi affecting millions of people. They began when excessive rains began falling in March 2018 following a year of severe drought, leading to massive flooding, landslides, and the failure and overflow of several dams. Record rainfall was recorded in several areas, surpassing various records set during the 1950s and during the 1997–98 El Niño event. Nearly 500 people have lost their lives while hundreds of thousands of others have been displaced.
Flooding in Rwanda's hill country has caused major landslides that have killed at least 200 people. Over 10,000 houses have been destroyed.
In May the Kigali-Gatuna highway, a major road connecting Rwanda to its neighbors, was washed out for nearly a week, cutting off vital trade for the landlocked country. Damages to the roads alone across Rwanda have so far totaled $28 Million.
The year 2018 Long rainy season (March-May) was considered one of the wettest periods that led to massive economic and social losses at least according to post event analysis. During this period at least 186 people in Kenya were killed by the floods due to mudslides, building collapses, drowning, and capsizing. An additional 283,290 people were displaced. The floods were a contributing factor to the Patel Dam failure on 9 May, 2018 in Solai, Kenya, which led to 48 of the fatalities in Kenya. Four additional dams near Lake Baringo burst on May 26, killing another 5 people and displacing another 10,000.
Repairs to road damages in Kenya are currently estimated to cost $187 Million.
Initial bouts of flooding throughout April and early May killed 5 people, displaced 215,000 people, and affected over 630,000 people in Somalia. Most flooding has occurred along the Jubba and Shabelle rivers, an example of the Somali Flash Flood effect.
More floods were experienced between May 17 and 21 as Somalia was hit by Cyclone Sagar, the westernmost landfalling cyclone on record in the North Indian Ocean. 31 people were killed, most of them in Somaliland where 80% of the livestock were also killed.
In March, floods in Bujumbura triggered landslides that killed 6 people and affected 12,000 others. Continued flooding throughout April caused a dyke along the Mutumbizi River to fail and ultimately left 1 person dead and 2,573 people homeless. Heavy rainfall throughout May around Gatumba led to massive flooding that affected an additional 12,956 people.
Djibouti experienced its worst flooding when hit by Cyclone Sagar, which made landfall on May 19. 20,000 people have been affected and 2 have died.
In Ethiopia 98,000 individuals have been displaced, including 26,000 in Dolo Odo alone. Over 165,000 people have been affected across the country.
In Uganda, massive flooding in Kampala has exacerbated several public health crises as latrines have flooded in poor areas and standing flood waters have led to greater breeding of mosquitos. This has multiplied a local cholera outbreak that began in February 2018 and has killed 45 people and affected 2000 others.
Provinces of Rwanda

The provinces of Rwanda (Kinyarwanda: intara) are divided into districts (akarere) and municipalities (umujyi). Prior to January 1, 2006, Rwanda was composed of 12 provinces. The Rwandan government decided to establish new provinces in an attempt to address issues that arose from the genocide against the Tutsis. The new provinces were to be "ethnically-diverse administrative areas".
Until 2002, the provinces were called prefectures (perefegitura).
As of January 1, 2006 the five provinces of Rwanda are:
Prior to 2006 the provinces were:
Districts of Rwanda

The five provinces of Rwanda are divided into 30 districts (Kinyarwanda: uturere, sing. akarere). Each district is in turn divided into sectors (Kinyarwanda: imirenge, sing. umurenge), which are in turn divided into cells (Kinyarwanda: utugali, sing. akagali), which are in turn divided into villages (Kinyarwanda: imidugudu, sing. umudugudu).
Prior to 2002, Rwanda was composed of prefectures, subprefectures (which were sometimes called "districts") and 154 communes (Kinyarwanda: imijyi, sing. umujyi). In 2002, communes were replaced by two kinds of divisions called districts and municipalities (Kinyarwanda: akarere and umujyi). In 2006, the number of districts was reduced from 106 to 30.
The districts are listed below, by province.
List of United States cities by population

This is a list of the most populous municipal corporations of the United States. As defined by the United States Census Bureau, an incorporated place includes cities, towns, villages, boroughs, and municipalities. A few exceptional census-designated places (CDPs) are also included in the Census Bureau's listing of incorporated places. Consolidated city-counties represent a distinct type of government that includes the entire population of a county, or county equivalent. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include multiple incorporated places. This list presents only the portion of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place.
This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits; the populations of other municipalities considered suburbs of a central city are listed separately, and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included. Therefore, a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. urban areas or metropolitan areas.
This table lists the 336 incorporated places in the United States, excluding the U.S. territories, with a population of at least 100,000 as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau. Five states have no cities with populations exceeding 100,000. They are: Delaware, Maine, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wyoming.
The table displays:
The total 2020 enumerated population of all cities over 100,000 is 96,598,047, representing 29.14% of the United States population (excluding territories) and covering a total land area of 29,588 square miles (76,630 km). The mean city population is 301,765, and the mean density is 4,151 inhabitants per square mile (1,603/km).
The following table lists the five municipalities (municipios) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau.
If Puerto Rico were included with the broader U.S. list, San Juan would be the 58th largest city in the country.
The table below contains the following information:
As of 2023, four U.S. territories — American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands — have no cities with at least 100,000 people.
The following table lists U.S. census-designated places (CDPs) with populations of at least 100,000 according to the 2020 census. A CDP is a concentration of population identified by the United States Census Bureau for statistical purposes. CDPs are delineated for each decennial census as the statistical counterparts of incorporated places such as cities, towns and villages. CDPs are populated areas that lack separate municipal government, but which otherwise physically resemble incorporated places. Unlike the incorporated cities in the main list, the US Census Bureau does not release annual population estimates for CDPs.
The table below contains the following information:
The following table lists U.S. cities that, in past censuses, have had populations of at least 100,000 but have since decreased beneath this threshold or have been consolidated with or annexed into a neighboring city.
List of rivers by age

This is a selected list of the oldest rivers on Earth for which there is knowledge about their existence in past times.
Generally, the age is estimated based primarily upon the age of any mountains it dissects; the age of the sea or ocean to which it eventually outflows can be irrelevant; for example, several rivers of the east side of the Appalachian Mountains are thought to be older than the Atlantic Ocean into which they flow. If a river fully dissects a mountain range, then this generally indicates that the river existed at least at the time that the mountain range rose.
Manitoba Campaign to Ban Landmines

The Manitoba Campaign to Ban Landmines (MBCBL) was Canada's only provincial campaign to ban landmines. It was a registered non-profit organization in the province of Manitoba. The MBCBL was a member of the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize co-laureate International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), Mines Action Canada, and the Cluster Munition Coalition.
The MBCBL was launched on 1 March 2002 at a ceremony at the Manitoba Legislature in Winnipeg. Premier Gary Doer and Deputy Premier Jean Friesen attended the ceremony and were joined by students from a number of Winnipeg area schools.
The main goals of the MBCBL were to raise awareness in Manitoba of the global landmine crisis and to encourage Manitobans to take action to help solve that problem. Much of the MBCBL's outreach work was focused on engaging with schools throughout Manitoba.
In early 2005, the MBCBL launched a fundraising campaign for the One Love Project in Rwanda which raised nearly $40,000. The One Love Project builds and repairs prostheses and orthoses for landmine survivors and other disabled people. Its orthopedic workshop is based in Kigali, and its mobile clinic travels to all of Rwanda's twelve provinces. In 2007, the One Love Project began to expand its operations into neighbouring Burundi. In 2008, the MBCBL added the National Committee for Demining and Rehabilitation (NCDR) in Jordan to its fundraising efforts.
In 2014, the MBCBL underwent a change in focus and was rebranded as Manitobans Against Indiscriminate Weapons (MBAIW). The new non-profit organization continues to focus on the landmine issue but has added cluster munitions and other indiscriminate weapons to its mandate.