Cucumber

cucumber (Cucumis sativus) bụ osisi vaịn a na-akụ n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ezinụlọ Cucurbitaceae nke na-amị mkpụrụ cylindrical na spherical, nke a na-eji dị ka akwụkwọ nri. A na-ewere ya dị ka osisi na-eto eto kwa afọ, e nwere ụdị cucumber atọ - ịkpụ, ịkpụ, na enweghị mkpụrụ - nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ụdị. Cucumber sitere na Eshia site na India, Nepal, Bangladesh, China (Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi), na Northern Thailand, mana ugbu a ọ na-eto n'ọtụtụ Kọntinent, a na-akụkwa ọtụtụ ụdị cucumber dị iche iche maka azụmahịa ma na-ere ahịa n'ahịa ụwa. Na North America, okwu cucumber ọhịa na-ezo aka na osisi dị na ụdị Echinocystis na Mara, ọ bụ ezie na ha abụọ enweghị njikọ chiri anya.
Kukumba bụ osisi vaịn na-akpụ akpụ nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ala wee tolite trellises ma ọ bụ okpokolo agba ndị ọzọ na-akwado ya, na-eji mkpịsị dị gịrịgịrị na-agbagharị gburugburu na-ekekọta ihe nkwado. Osisi ahụ nwekwara ike gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ime ala na-enweghị ala, nke ọ ga-esi na ya gbasaa n'ala n'ọnọdụ nke ihe nkwado. Osisi vaịn ahụ nwere akwụkwọ buru ibu nke na-etolite n'elu mkpụrụ osisi..
Mkpụrụ kukumba nwere mmiri 95% (lee okpokoro oriri na ọṅụṅụ). N'okwu botanical, a na-ekewa kukumba dị ka pepo, ụdị beri botanical nke nwere mpụta siri ike na enweghị nkewa dị n'ime. Otú ọ dị, dị ka tomato na skwọsh, a na-aghọtakarị ya, kwadebere ya ma na-eri ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri..
Mkpụrụ kukumba nwere mmiri 95% (lee okpokoro oriri na ọṅụṅụ). N'okwu botanical, a na-ekewa kukumba dị ka pepo, ụdị beri botanical nke nwere mpụta siri ike na enweghị nkewa dị n'ime. Otú ọ dị, dị ka tomato na skwọsh, a na-aghọtakarị ya, kwadebere ya ma na-eri ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri.
Ọtụtụ kukumba cultivar bụ mkpụrụ na-achọ pollination. Maka nke a, a na-ebufe ọtụtụ puku ụlọ aṅụ mmanụ aṅụ kwa afọ gaa n'ubi kukumba tupu oge ntoju. A pụkwara imetọ kukumba site na bumblebees na ọtụtụ ụdị aṅụ ndị ọzọ. Ọtụtụ cucumbers nke chọrọ pollination adịghị ekwekọ n'onwe ya, yabụ na-achọ pollen nke osisi ọzọ iji mepụta mkpụrụ na mkpụrụ osisi. Ụfọdụ cultivars na-adakọbara onwe ya dị adị nke metụtara mkpụrụ osisi 'Lemon kukumba'.'.
Ugbo kukumba ole na ole bụ parthenocarpic, ifuru ya na-emepụta mkpụrụ na-enweghị mkpụrụ na-enweghị pollination, nke na-emebi àgwà iri nri nke ahịhịa ndị a. Na United States, a na-akụkarị ihe ndị a na greenhouses, ebe a na-ewepụ aṅụ. Na Europe, a na-akụ ha n'èzí na mpaghara ụfọdụ, ebe a na-ewepụkwa aṅụ
Ụdị ọdịnala na-ebu ụzọ na-amịpụta okooko osisi nwoke, mgbe ahụ nke nwanyị, n'ihe dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata. Ụdị ngwakọta ọhụrụ nke gynoecious na-emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okooko osisi nwanyị niile. Ha nwere ike ịnwe ụdị pollenizer a kụrụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụlọ aṅụ kwa mpaghara na-abawanye, mana mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-eme ka okooko osisi nwoke ọbụna na osisi ndị a, nke nwere ike zuo ezu maka pollination.
N'afọ 2009, otu ndị nchọpụta mba ụwa kwupụtara na ha emeela usoro nke cucumber genome.
Phytochemicals na cucumbers nwere ike igbochi ndị na-eri ahịhịa, dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ, nematodes ma ọ bụ Anụ ọhịa. Dị ka usoro nchebe nwere ike, cucumbers na-emepụta cucurbitacin C, nke na-akpata ụtọ dị ilu na ụdị cucumber ụfọdụ. Usoro a nwere ike ịdị n'okpuru nyocha mbụ iji chọpụta ma cucumbers nwere ike igbochi ndị na-eri ahịhịa na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji ihe Nchebe kemịkal, ọkachasị na akwụkwọ, cotyledons, pedicel, carpopodium, na mkpụrụ osisi.
Cucumber (nke nwere akpụkpọ) bụ 95% mmiri, 4% carbohydrates, 1% protein, ma nwee abụba na-enweghị isi. + 1⁄2-ounce) na-enye 65 kilojoules (16 kilocalories) nke Ike nri. Ọ nwere obere micronutrients: ọ bụ naanị maka vitamin K, na 14% nke Uru Kwa Ụbọchị (tebụl).
Dabere na ụdị dị iche iche, cucumbers nwere ike ịnwe ísì na ụtọ melon, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ sitere na aldehydes na-enweghị ntụpọ, dị ka (E,Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, na <i id="mwpQ">cis</i>- na <i id="mwpg">trans</i>- isomers nke 2-nonenal. Nri dịtụ ilu nke mkpo cucumber sitere na cucurbitacins.
N'ịkọwa n'ozuzu, a na-ekewa cucumbers n'ime ìgwè atọ: ịkpụ, ịkpụ, na enweghị mkpụrụ / enweghị mkpụrụ.
A na-akpọ cucumbers ndị a zụlitere iji rie ihe ọhụrụ cucumbers. Ụdị ndị isi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-etolite n'Osisi vaịn nwere nnukwu akwụkwọ nke na-enye ndò.
Slicers a zụlitere maka ahịa North America na-adịkarị ogologo, na-akwọ mụrụmụrụ, na-acha otu, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ siri ike. N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị dị na mba ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akpọkarị cucumbers Europe, dị obere ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị, nke na-enwekarị mkpụrụ ole na ole, n'ihi ya, a na-erekarị ha na akpụkpọ plastik maka nchebe. A pụkwara ịkpọ ụdị a cucumber telegraph, ọkachasị na Australasia.
Iji saline, shuga, vinegar, na ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche na-atọ ụtọ site na cucumbers na nri ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ịkpụ cucumber ọ bụla, a na-eji cucumbers a zụlitere n'ụzọ pụrụ iche emepụta cucumber azụmahịa maka ịdị n'otu nke ogologo na dayameta na enweghị oghere n'anụ ahụ. Cucumbers ndị e mere maka ịta nri, ndị a na-akpọ picklers, na-eto ruo ihe dị ka 7 ruo 10 in) n'ogologo na 2.5 cm (1 in) n"obosara. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-akpụ akpụ, ndị na-eme ihe na-adịkarị mkpụmkpụ, sie ike, na-adịkarịghị mma, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ nwere obere ogwu ọcha ma ọ bụ oji. Agba nwere ike ịdịgasị iche site na odo odo ruo na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.
Gherkins, nke a na-akpọkwa cornichons, ma ọ bụ baby pickles, bụ obere cucumbers, nke a bụ 2.5 ruo 12.5 sentimita (1 ruo 5 sentimita) n'ogologo, nke a kewakwara akpụkpọ ahụ, nke a-ejikarị eme ihe maka pickling. Okwu gherkin sitere na oge Dutch gurken ma ọ bụ augurken ('obere cucumber pickled'). A na-ejikwa okwu ahụ mee ihe na aha maka Cucumis anguria, West Indian gherkin, ụdị yiri ya.
Burpless cucumbers na-atọ ụtọ ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị gịrịgịrị karịa ụdị cucumber ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu na ọ dị mfe ịgbari ma nwee ụtọ dị mma. Ha nwere ike itolite ruo sentimita 60 (2 , ha fọrọ nke nta ka ha ghara inwe mkpụrụ, ma nwee akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro. A na-ahụkarị cucumbers parthenocarpic ndị a n'Ahịa nri, a na-ekpuchi ha na plastik. A na-ere ha dị ka ndị na-enweghị ntụpọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-adịghị enwe mkpụrụ, ebe a na-ekwu na mkpụrụ na akpụkpọ anụ nke ụdị cucumbers ndị ọzọ na-enye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ gas.
N'afọ 2022, mmepụta ụwa nke cucumbers na gherkins bụ nde tọn 95, nke China duziri na 82% nke ngụkọta.
A zụlitere ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 3,000, a zụliere cucumbers "Cucumis sativus" na India site na ọhịa "C. sativus var. hardwickii". ebe a hụla ọtụtụ ụdị, tinyere onye ikwu ya kacha biri ndụ, Cucumis hystrix. Ụdị atọ dị iche iche nke cucumber bụ Eurasian cucumbers (cucumbers na-eri nri na-enweghị isi na nke na-eto eto), cucumbers nke East Asia (cucumber na-egbu egbu) na cucumbers Xishuangbanna. Dabere na modeling nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ụdị C. sativus nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia kewara site na ụdị India n'ihe dị ka afọ 2500 gara aga. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ Ndị Gris ma ọ bụ Ndị Rom webatara ya na Europe. Ihe ndekọ nke ịkọ cucumber pụtara na France na narị afọ nke 9, England na narị afọ ya nke 14, na North America site n'etiti narị afọ nke 16.
Dị ka Pliny Onye Ochie si kwuo, Eze Ukwu Taịbiriọs na-enwe cucumber na tebụl ya kwa ụbọchị n'oge ọkọchị na oge oyi. Iji nwee ya maka tebụl ya kwa ụbọchị n'afọ, a kọrọ na ndị Rom jiri usoro aka mere iji too (dị ka usoro greenhouse), ebe Mirrorstone na-ezo aka na lapis specularis nke Pliny, nke e kwenyere na ọ bụ akwụkwọ mica: Akụkọ na-ekwu na a na-akụkwa ha na specularia, ụlọ cucumber e ji ákwà mmanụ mee. Pliny kọwara mkpụrụ osisi Italian dị ka obere, ma eleghị anya dị ka gherkin. Ọ kọwakwara nkwadebe nke ọgwụ a maara dị ka elaterium. Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta [onye?] kwenyere na ọ na-ezo aka na Ecballium elaterium, nke a maara n'oge tupu oge Linnean dị ka Cucumis silvestris ma ọ bụ Cucumis asininus ('cucumber ọhịa' ma ọ bụ 'cucumber nwa ehi'), ụdị dị iche na cucumber nkịtị. Pliny dekwara banyere ọtụtụ ụdị cucumber ndị ọzọ, gụnyere cucumber a kụrụ akụ, na ọgwụgwọ sitere na ụdị dị iche iche (9 site na nke a kụrụ; 5 site na "ọbara;" na 26 site na "wild").
Charlemagne nwere cucumbers na-eto n'ogige ya na narị afọ nke 8 / 9. A kọrọ na e webatara ha n'England na mmalite narị afọ nke iri na anọ, furu efu, wee weghachite ha ihe dịka afọ 250 ka e mesịrị. Ndị Spen (site n'aka onye Ịtali Christopher Columbus) wetara cucumbers na Haiti na 1494. N'afọ 1535, Jacques Cartier, onye France na-eme nchọpụta, chọtara "nnukwu cucumbers" na-eto n'ebe bụ Montreal ugbu a.
N'ime narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị Europe na-atụ nta, ndị ahịa, ndị na-achụrụ anụ ọhịa bea, na ndị na-eme nchọpụta gbanwere ngwaahịa nke ọrụ ugbo American Indian. Agbụrụ ndị dị na Great Plains na Rocky Mountains mụtara site n'aka ndị Spain otu esi akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị Europe. Ndị ọrụ ugbo nọ na Great Plains gụnyere Mandan na Abenaki. Ha nwetara cucumbers na watermelons site na ndị Spain, ma tinye ha na ihe ọkụkụ ha na-etolitelarị, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị ọka na agwa, pumpkins, squash, na osisi gourd. Ndị Iroquois nọkwa na-azụlite ha mgbe ndị Europe mbụ letara ha.
N'afọ 1630, Reverend Francis Higginson wepụtara akwụkwọ a na-akpọ New-Englands Plantation nke, na-akọwa ogige dị na Conant's Island na Boston Harbor nke a maara dị ka The Governor's Garden, ọ na-ekwu, sị:
Na New England Prospect (1633, England), William Wood bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara na 1629 na America:
Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asaa, ajọ mbunobi malitere megide akwụkwọ nri na mkpụrụ osisi a na-esighị esi. Ọtụtụ isiokwu dị na akwụkwọ ahụike nke oge a kwuru na ahịhịa ndị a na-esighị esi na-ebute ọrịa n'oge okpomọkụ ma kwesịkwa ịmachibido ụmụaka iwu. Cucumber nọgidere na-enwe aha a ruo oge na-enweghị atụ, "dị mma naanị maka oriri ehi" nke ụfọdụ kwenyere na ọ bụ ya mere o ji nweta aha ahụ, cowcumber.
Dị ka onye edemede Britain nke narị afọ nke iri na asatọ bụ Samuel Johnson si kwuo, a na-ekwukarị n'etiti ndị dọkịta Bekee na cucumber "kwesịrị ịkpụcha ya nke ọma, ma jiri ose na vinegar kpuchie ya, wee tụfuo ya, dị ka ihe efu".
A copper etching made by Maddalena Bouchard between 1772 and 1793 shows this plant to have smaller, almost bean-shaped fruits, and small yellow flowers. The small form of the cucumber is figured in Herbals of the 16th century, however stating that "[i]f hung in a tube while in blossom, the Cucumber will grow to a most surprising length."