davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Cultural Landscape (Japan)

A Cultural Landscape (文化的景観, bunkateki keikan) is a government-designated landscape in Japan, which has evolved together with the way of life and geocultural features of a region, and which is indispensable for understanding the lifestyle of the Japanese people. Cultural Landscapes are recognized by the government of under article 2, paragraph 1, item 5 of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950). Cultural Landscapes of especially high value may be further designated as Important Cultural Landscapes (重要文化的景観, Jūyō bunkateki keikan); as of May 31, 2017 there are fifty-one such landscapes.
Local governments that are in charge of designated Cultural Landscapes can obtain financial assistance from the Agency for Cultural Affairs for surveys and other research, the preparation of preservation plans, maintenance, repair, landscaping, restoration, disaster prevention, and promotional and educational activities.
Research into cultural landscapes began before the Second World War with increasing concern about their disappearance. Historical research into shōen and rural engineering, the scientific investigation of geographic features, and studies for urban and countryside planning have since increased. The movement to protect cultural landscapes has also been influenced by the Law Concerning Special Measures for the Preservation of Historical Natural Features in Ancient Cities (1966), the international trend for recognising "cultural landscapes" under the World Heritage Convention, the designation in 1980 of Mount Hakusan, Mount Ōdaigahara & Mount Ōmine, Shiga Highland and Yakushima as UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves, the designation of Monuments of Japan, and initiatives such as the 100 selected terraced rice fields of Japan. From 2000 to 2003 a study was made to define the concept of "cultural landscape" and identify their distribution, with 2,311 areas identified in the first phase and 502 selected for the second, 180 being of particular importance.
Important Cultural Landscapes are designated based on their type as:
An overview of what is included in the table and the manner of sorting is as follows: the columns (with the exceptions of Remarks and Pictures) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols.
Nakagoshi, Nobukazu (2011). "How to Conserve Japanese Cultural Landscapes: The Registration System for Cultural Landscapes". In Sun-kee Hong (ed.). Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures. Springer. pp. 249–276. ISBN 978-4-431-87798-1.
Kireji

Kireji (切れ字, lit. "cutting word") are a special category of words used in certain types of Japanese traditional poetry. It is regarded as a requirement in traditional haiku, as well as in the hokku, or opening verse, of both classical renga and its derivative renku (haikai no renga). There is no exact equivalent of kireji in English, and its function can be difficult to define. It is said to supply structural support to the verse. When placed at the end of a verse, it provides a dignified ending, concluding the verse with a heightened sense of closure. Used in the middle of a verse, it briefly cuts the stream of thought, indicating that the verse consists of two thoughts half independent of each other. In such a position, it indicates a pause, both rhythmically and grammatically, and may lend an emotional flavour to the phrase preceding it.
Classical renga developed a tradition of 18 kireji, which were adopted by haikai, thence used for both renku and haiku, the most common of which are listed below:
Hokku and haiku consist of 17 Japanese syllables, or on (a phonetic unit identical to the mora), in three metrical phrases of 5, 7, and 5 on respectively. A kireji is typically positioned at the end of one of these three phrases. When it is placed at the end of the final phrase (i.e. the end of the verse), the kireji draws the reader back to the beginning, initiating a circular pattern. A large number of hokku, including many of those by Bashō, end with either -keri, an exclamatory auxiliary verb, or the exclamatory particle kana, both of which initiate such a circular pattern. Placed elsewhere in the verse, a kireji performs the paradoxical function of both cutting and joining; it not only cuts the ku into two parts, but also establishes a correspondence between the two images it separates, implying that the latter represents the poetic essence (本意, hon'i) of the former, creating two centres and often generating an implicit comparison, equation, or contrast between the two separate elements.
The hokku author must compose a syntactically complete verse capable (alone among the verses of a linked poem) of standing alone, probably because the hokku, as the first verse of the renku or renga, sets the stage for the rest of the poem, and therefore should not leave itself open to overt modification in the next verse. The conventional way of making sure that a hokku has such linguistic integrity is to include a kireji.
Kireji have no direct equivalent in English. Mid-verse kireji have been described as sounded rather than written punctuation. In English-language haiku and hokku, as well as in translations of such verses into this language, kireji may be represented by punctuation (typically by a dash or an ellipsis), an exclamatory particle (such as 'how...'), or simply left unmarked.
The examples below are laid out as follows:
Japanese Gardens (Hayward, California)

The Hayward Japanese Gardens are the oldest traditional-style Japanese gardens in California. The gardens are maintained by the recreation and park district of Hayward.
The site formerly housed the Hayward High School agricultural studies program, from 1913 to 1962. The land was designated as a future park site in 1962, with HARD beginning the acquisition process in 1972. The park's current area was fully acquired by 1976, and the park was dedicated in 1980.
The garden was designed by Kimio Kimura. It follows Japanese garden design principles, using California native stone and plants. The garden contains over 70 plant species including mondo grasses, Japanese black pine, cedar, juniper, and rhododendron. No stains were used on the wood constructions. Nails and fasteners are recessed, and all wood was notched, and aged, to simulate the appearance of a traditional Japanese garden.
The Japanese Gardens are open to the public daily except Christmas. The site hosts weddings.
Japanese Garden, Chandigarh

The Japanese Garden is a park located in Sector 31 in the Union Territory of Chandigarh. Built in 2014 on 13 acres of land by the Indian Government, it was inaugurated by Shivraj Patil on 7 November 2014. It consists of water bodies, pagoda towers, waterfalls, a meditation centre, a Buddha idol, and golden bamboos. This is the first ever garden in Chandigarh created with a Japanese touch. It has been developed at a cost of ₹6 crore.
The Japanese Garden was developed in two phases. Phase-1 was inaugurated on 7 November 2014 and Phase-2 was opened to the public on 4 June 2016. Both the phases of the park are connected by a tunnel decorated by beautiful Japanese paintings on both sides. The garden is designed using Japanese architecture and each of the elements in the garden is given a unique Japanese touch.
30°42′16″N 76°46′55″E﻿ / ﻿30.7045301°N 76.7820573°E﻿ / 30.7045301; 76.7820573
Japanese Garden, Monaco

The Japanese Garden is a municipal park on the Avenue Princesse Grace, in the Larvotto ward of Monaco. It is next to the Grimaldi Forum convention centre. The garden is 0.7 hectares in size, and features a stylised mountain, hill, waterfall, beach, brook, and a Zen garden for meditation. It is open daily from 9:00 to sunset.
The garden was designed by Yasuo Beppu, the winner of the Flower Exhibition of Osaka 1990, as a miniature representation of Shintoist philosophy.
Anderson Japanese Gardens

The Anderson Japanese Gardens is a 12-acre (4.9 ha) Japanese garden located in Rockford, Illinois.
The gardens were established in 1978 by John R. Anderson and landscape architect Hoichi Kurisu on the site of Anderson's home. They were inspired by Anderson's trips to Japan, and particularly his visit to the Portland Japanese Garden in Washington Park, Portland, Oregon, which were also designed by Kurisu.
In 1992, John Anderson was recognized for his outstanding work in promoting international friendship and mutual understanding between the United States and Japan with a commemorative silver cup from the Japanese government. Educational programs at the Anderson Gardens cover the language, arts, and culture of Japan, and the Gardens host formal tea ceremonies, ikebana and calligraphy demonstrations, bonsai displays, and feature programs for students and adults. Anderson Japanese Gardens hosts an annual Opening Day Celebration and Japanese Summer Festival, featuring celebrations of Japanese culture. In 1998, Mr. and Mrs. Anderson donated the gardens to a nonprofit organization.
In 2004, the gardens were named finest Japanese garden in North America by the Journal of Japanese Gardening. In 2011, Tuesday Evening in the Gardens kicked off featuring singer/songwriters and local food vendors.
The gardens are in a 13th-century "pond strolling" garden with several waterfalls and ponds, streams, rock formations, winding paths, and a sukiya style tea house and guest house (built by Masahiro Hamada). The "Garden of Reflection" is a contemporary Japanese-inspired garden, with bronze angel sculptures by Carl Milles. Plantings include Japanese maples, cloud pines, azaleas, magnolias, and rhododendrons.
The gardens are home to many species of colorful fish, minks, and ducks. In the "Garden of Reflection" beetle traps hang over the water to encourage these fish to surface for food. Professional photography is only permitted after hours with management approval, but amateur photography is encouraged. There are also many forbidden paths that lead up to the Anderson home.
Brookside Gardens

The Brookside Gardens are public gardens located within Wheaton Regional Park, at 1800 Glenallan Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland. The gardens are open daily without charge. However, certain annual events there are held that may charge a fee. The gardens hosts a "Garden of Lights" exhibit that features a light display during the holiday season.
The garden grounds were originally part of a landscaping and garden center on a small farm owned by Stadler Nurseries. Brookside was the first botanical gardens in the State of Maryland.
Brookside Gardens opened to the public on July 13, 1969, with a conservatory and 25 acres (10 ha) developed as gardens. The landscaping and conservatory were designed by Hans Hanses and Carl Schoening, respectively. More gardens have been added and refined to showcase local species over the current 54 acres (22 ha). Hans remarked "the main idea for the garden was to supply the average homeowner with ideas for his own use. Everything you see here is not exotic, but something which grows well in the metropolitan area and which one can buy in any garden center.".
A donation from Elizabeth Turner made possible the construction of a Visitors Center, opening in June 1998, with classroom and meeting space.
39°3′33″N 77°2′6″W﻿ / ﻿39.05917°N 77.03500°W﻿ / 39.05917; -77.03500
Satoshi Mizukami

Satoshi Mizukami (水上 悟志, Mizukami Satoshi, born February 20, 1980) is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known as the creator of Lucifer and the Biscuit Hammer, Sengoku Youko, Spirit Circle, and the anime television series Planet With. His former assistants include Kenta Ishizaka, Akira Sagami, and Seto Ichiri.
Mizukami was born in Osaka on February 20, 1980. He decided to become a manga artist at a young age and began drawing manga while in middle school. During this time, he was influenced by the anime Mashin Hero Wataru, the manga Ghost Sweeper Mikami, and light novels such as Slayers. Later influences include Gainax works, particularly FLCL. Mizukami graduated from the Osaka Technical School of Integrative Design's Department of Manga. In 2004, during the serialization of Angel Onayami Sōdanjo, he moved to the Kanto region and established a workplace in Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture where he currently resides. Mizukami often depicts himself as a frog or wearing a frog mask.
Spirit Circle

Spirit Circle (Japanese: スピリットサークル, Hepburn: Supiritto Sākuru) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Satoshi Mizukami. It was serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha's seinen manga magazine Young King OURs from May 2012 to March 2016, with its chapters collected in six tankōbon volumes. The manga received a digital simultaneous publication release in English by Crunchyroll Manga, while Seven Seas Entertainment later licensed the series for a print release.
By 2022, Spirit Circle had sold 250,000 physical copies.
Fuuta Okeya is a high school student who can see ghosts and has a strange mark on his cheek that he hides. When Kouko Ishigami, a new student, arrives in his class with a scar on her forehead and accompanied by a ghost named East, Fuuta's tranquillity ends. After a failed attempt by Fuuta to make friends with Kouko and after she sees his mark, Kouko declares him to be her enemy, attacking him with a mysterious spiritual circle made of flames. The hostilities between the two date back to their reincarnation, and Fuuta will have to discover his past and his links with Kouko, East, and Rune, the spirit of a girl who suddenly appears.
Written and illustrated by Satoshi Mizukami, Spirit Circle was serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha's seinen manga magazine Young King OURs from May 30, 2012, to March 30, 2016. Shōnen Gahōsha collected its chapters in six tankōbon volumes, released from December 10, 2012, to June 10, 2016.
The manga was first licensed for a simultaneous publication in English by Crunchyroll Manga in 2014. In January 2017, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they had licensed the manga for English release in North America. Manga Planet added the series to its digital service in May 2020.
Spirit Circle was nominated for the 48th Seiun Award in the comic category in 2017.
By 2022, the manga had sold 250,000 physical copies.
Richard Oh

Richard Oh (lair ing Tebingtinggi, Sumatera Lor, 30 Oktober 1959; umur 65 taun) yaiku tokoh sastra lan sastrawan saka Indonésia. Dhèwèké bebarengan karo Takeshi Ichiki ngrintis ngadegaké Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa, sawijiné pangaji ing babagan kasusastran kanggoné para sastrawan Indonésia kang duwèni prèstasi. Richard nganggit pakaryané awujud novèl. Jenengé uga kondhang ing babagan pafileman Indonésia. Dhèwèké ngarahaké salah siji film yaiku The Lost Suitcase ing taun 2006.
Richard Oh lair ing Tebingtinggi, provinsi Sumatera Lor, tanggal 30 Oktober 1959. Awit ésih nom, dhèwèké wis cedhak karo donyanè kasusastran, nalika sekolah ing desané. Rikala semana, Richard seneng maca buku-buku sastra lan komik gadhah bapakné. Amarga gedhené penggayuhé, pungkasané ndadèkké Richard pindhah ing Jakarta. Awit saka kuwi, dhèwèké nepang marang donyané kasusastran lumantar pakaryané Joseph Conrad, kang nemu kaéndahane basa lan sastra Inggris, lan péngin mumpuni ing babagan iku. Ing umuré 17 taun, Richard mèlu adon-adon panulisan carita cekak kang dianakaké déning kalawarta Asiaweek. Sanadyan ora mimpang, carita cekaké kasil nampa bebungah.
Kanggo nyembadani gegayuhané kuwi, Richard sinau panulisan kreatif ing Universitas Wisconsin, Madison, lan UC Berkeley, Amérikah Sarékat. Bab iki, tamtu waé agawé keluargané kaget, amarga lumrahé wong péngin sekolah menyang Amérikah Sarékat njupuk jurusan manajemen, marketing, utawa keuangan. Sadurungé dhèwèké ngalami depresi, rumangsa ora populèr, banjur dadi muyab. Richard Oh uga naté ngangsu kawruh marang Lorrie Moore, panganggit buku kang lumebu nominasi National Book Award. Kepèpèt déning kulawarga kang ngukur kasuksèsan saka bandha donya, samulihé saka Amérikah Sarékat, Richard nyambut gawé ing perusahaan pariwara, kangmangka péngin ésih banget nulis.
Tragèdhi Mèi 1998 dadi titik balik ing kauripan Richard Oh kanggo bali penggayuh sadurungé: nulis. Kadadéan kang diwernani anané pangobongan lan rudapeksa tumrap warga ètnis Tionghoa ndadèkaké rasa kang mataun-taun kapendhem banjur "mbledhos". Dumadakan Richard bisa kanthi lanyah nulis novèl. Dhèwèké nulis bab salah sijiné golongan wong turunan lan pribumi makarya bebarengan nanging tansah disujani déning pamarintah. Sabanjuré, novèl kapindho ditulis ing kaanan angèl, jalaran kagiyatane ngemunah toko bukuné.
Prihatin tumrap kaanan buku-buku sastra Indonésia kang kurang payu, dhèwèké ngadegaké perusahaan penerbit Metafora, Jurnal Prosa, Jakarta Review Book kanggo nggramang kaum ekspatriat kang kurang paham kahanané kasusastran Indonésia. Lan minangka ngangkat mulyané kasusastran Indonésia, Richard ngrintis Kusala Sastra Khatulistiwa (sadurungé dijenengi Khatulistiwa Literary Award) bareng karo Takeshi Ichiki ing taun 2001, kanthi bebungah Rp. 30.000.000, lan wiwit taun 2002 diunggahké dadi Rp 50.000.000.
Lurik Ngayogyakarta

Lurik menika nama kain ingkang asalipun saking daerah Jawa, mliginipun ing Yogyakarta. Tembung lurik piyambak saking basa Jawa, lorèk, ingkang tegesipun garis-garis. Lorèk menika nglambangaken sipat prasaja. Sayektosipun kain lurik naming nggadhahi setunggal motif – garis-garis, saé sacara vertikal menapa déné horizontal, werninipun macem-macem nanging wonten ugi ingkang polosan kemawon. Wonten ing Solo lan Yogyakarta dipunsebat amanan wareg.
Tenun lurik kinten-kinten sampun wonten wiwit 3.000 taun kepengker. Kain tenun lurik sampun misuwur ing kalangan masarakat jaman Kraton Majapait. Babagan menika saged dipuntingali wonteng ing cariyos Ringgit Beber ingkang nyariosaken satunggiling satriya ingkang nglamar putri raja nganggé alat tenun gendong mingka susuk tukonipun.
Kain lurik nggadhahi tigang corak baken, inggih menika lajur (garis-garis panjang setunggal arah kaliyan seratipun kain), pakan malang (nggadhahi garis langkung wiyar), lan cacahan (corak alit-alit).
Kala semanten, kain corak lurik menika awujud selendang kanggé kemben utawi nggendong. Corakipun naming samadya, awujud garis-garis werni pethak lan cemeng utawi campuran kekalihipun. Tiyang nenun lurik menika digambaraken wonten ing relief Candi Barabudhur. Salajengipun kain lurik dipundadosaken bahan surjan lan beskap kanggé tiyang kakung, menawi tiyang estri kain lurik menika dados bahan damel sinjang, kebaya, kemben, selendang, lan stagen. Langkung-langkung kathah tiyang ingkang ndadosaken lurik menika rasukan padintenan.
Werni kain lurik umumipun peteng, kados ta cemeng, ijem sepuh, coklat sepuh, kuning sepuh, biru sepuh, abrit sepuh, lan sapiturutipun.
Kain lurik menika ageng sanget filosofinipun lan boten saged dipunuwalaken saking kapitadosan lan kawontenanipun wonten ing rupi-rupi upacanten adat. Lurik nggadhahi corak ingkang dipunanggep sakral lan dados sumbering wejangan, pitedah, saha pangajeng-ajeng. Salah satunggiling conto inggih menika lurik gedog madu – biyasanipun dipunginakaken ing upacanten adat mitoni utawi siraman. Corak lasem biyasanipun dipunginakaken kanggé busananipun penganten rikala semanten.
Sakmenika lurik sampun dipunproduksi nganggé alat tenun (ATBM). Alat menika langkung moderen lan saged ngasilaken kain lurik ingkang langkung panjang lan wiyar saha langkung cepet. Langkung malih, sakmenika lurik kajawi dados motif rasukan, sampun ugi dipunginakaken kanggé pelengkap busana, interior, dompet, tas, sandal, topi, sarung bantal, taplak meja, lan sapanunggalanipun.
Salah setunggal sentra kain lurik ingkang misuwur inggih menika wonten ing Klathèn, Jawa Tengah, naminipun lurik Prasojo Klaten. Corakipun estu-estu mirunggan. Ewadéné ing Yogyakarta sentra kain lurikipun inggih menika Tenun Sutera Alam Tugu Mas. Kain lurik ing mriki kadamel saking benang sutera.
Nata de coco

Nata de coco, also marketed as coconut gel, is a chewy, translucent, jelly-like food produced by the fermentation of coconut water, which gels through the production of microbial cellulose by Komagataeibacter xylinus.
Originating in Ramon, Isabela, nata de coco was invented in 1949 by Teódula Kalaw África as an alternative to the traditional Filipino nata de piña made from pineapples. It is most commonly sweetened as a candy or dessert, and can accompany a variety of foods, including pickles, drinks, ice cream, puddings, and fruit cocktails.
Nata de coco means "cream of coconut" in Spanish.
Nata de coco was invented in 1949 by Teódula Kalaw África, a Filipino chemist working for the National Coconut Corporation (now the Philippine Coconut Authority). It was originally conceived as an alternative to nata de piña, another gel-like Filipino dessert produced since the 18th century. This was because though the demand was high, nata de piña was seasonal, as it relied on pineapple harvests from the declining piña fibre industry.
Commercial production of nata de coco began in 1954, when the agency, renamed the Philippine Coconut Administration, opened a branch in Alaminos, Laguna and introduced the technology to local farmers. Nata de coco production was later optimized in the mid-1970s through the efforts of a team of microbiologists led by Priscilla C. Sánchez. In the 20th century, the demand for coconuts increased. Products from coconuts became a major export product of the Philippines, including nata de coco.
Nata de coco is mainly made from coconut water and so has a modest nutritional profile. One cup of it (118 grams) contains 109 calories, 1 gram of protein, and 7 grams of carbohydrates. It is often characterized as healthy since it contains dietary fiber to aid digestion while carrying fewer calories compared to other desserts, gram for gram.
Commercially made nata de coco is made by small farms in the Philippines, especially in Laguna and Quezon, as well as Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia, especially in Yogyakarta. It is commonly sold in jars.
The coconut water dessert is primarily produced in this manner:
Nata de coco can be consumed on its own, but it may be used as an ingredient as well for fruit salads, halo-halo, coconut cakes, ice creams, soft drinks, bubble tea, and yogurts.
Fine dining

Fine dining is a restaurant experience that is typically more sophisticated, special, and expensive than at a typical restaurant. The décor of such restaurants features higher-quality materials, with establishments having certain rules of dining which visitors are generally expected to follow, sometimes including a dress code.
Fine dining establishments are sometimes called white-tablecloth restaurants, because they traditionally featured table service by servers, at tables covered by white tablecloths. The tablecloths came to symbolize the experience. The use of white tablecloths eventually became less fashionable, but the service and upscale ambiance remained.
The precursor to fine dining started around the 1780s when health-conscious bouillon shops evolved into grand "Parisian restaurants like Trois Frères and La Grande Taverne de Londres". In France, César Ritz, a Swiss developer, partnered with prominent French chef Auguste Escoffier at the Grand Hotel of Monte Carlo. This became the first restaurant to offer "luxury accommodations and gourmet dining all under one roof". In France, fine dining became yet another way of aping the aristocracy.
Other luxury hotels soon developed across Europe.
The first fine dining restaurants in the United States operated in New York City, such as Delmonico's in the 19th century. The restaurant contained a 1,000-bottle wine cellar and remains in the same location.
Kazuhisa Uekusa

Kazuhisa Uekusa (Japanese: 植草和久; born 15 November 1987), known by the stage names of Wes-P (Japanese: ウエスP) or Mr Uekusa, is a Japanese entertainer who has gone viral on Twitter and TikTok. He is known for performing risque prop comic versions of the tablecloth trick.
Uekusa is from Ageo, Saitama Prefecture in Japan. He first gained prominence in 2017 after a gag video he posted to Twitter went viral. That year, he reached the semi-finals of Georgia's Got Talent. In 2018, Uekusa performed on ¡Tú sí que vales! [es]. Later that year, he reached the semi-finals of Britain’s Got Talent and made it to the finale of France's Got Talent.
In 2019, Uekusa performed on Spain's Got Talent. He also performed on Asia's Got Talent as part of the superhero-themed comedy troupe "Bad X Ten".
In 2022, Uekusa made an appearance on Bulgaria's Got Talent. He also joined the "Yoshimoto Comedy Squad", a Japanese YouTube collective that focuses on non-verbal, improvisational comedy. On December 15, 2022, he made an appearance on The Late Late Show with James Corden as a year-end surprise for host James Corden, who had previously called Uekusa his favorite guest who had never actually been on the show; many of his video stunts had been featured in previous segments featuring compilations of viral videos.
In March 2023, Uekusa was portrayed by Bowen Yang in a skit on Saturday Night Live.
Still Life with Checked Tablecloth

Still Life with Checked Tablecloth (originally titled Le compotier) is an early 20th century painting by Spanish Cubist artist Juan Gris. Done in oil and graphite on canvas, the painting depicts a table set with grapes, a bottle of red wine, beer, a newspaper and guitar. In addition, the composite image formed from these various objects can be seen as Gris' take on a bull's head. The work is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Formerly in the collection of Léonce Rosenberg, Paris (no. 5114), the work was reproduced in Bulletin de "L'Effort Moderne" no. 16, in June 1925, titled Le compotier. The painting later formed part of the collection of Gottlieb Reber. It was reproduced in the French literary journal Cahiers d'art, Paris, in 1927, no. 4-5 (p. 172) titled Le compotier. Subsequently, the work was published in Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler's, Juan Gris, His Life and Work, London, 1947 (illustrated pl. 21), and is reproduced on page 195D of the Douglas Cooper, Juan Gris, Catalogue raisonné de l’oeuvre peint, vol. I, Paris, 1977, no. 127, p. 194. The works was first exhibited at the Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Internationale Kunst Ausstellung, June – September 1926, no. 374.
Kahnweiler wrote of work from this period: "Apparently Gris' ideal of architectural grandeur can only be realised with a static subject. But during the summer of 1915 he produced a series of pictures which are full of movement." Still Life with Checked Tablecloth was painted in Paris by Gris during the month of March, shortly after spending several months in the South of France following the onset of World War I. In a letter to Kahnweiler dated on 26 March 1915, Gris wrote of his evolution as a painter: "I think I have really made progress recently and that my pictures begin to have a unity which they have lacked till now. They are no longer those inventories of objects which used to depress me so much."
Author and critic James Thrall Soby wrote of Nature morte à la nappe à carreaux in the catalogue for a 1958 exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, in which the painting was reproduced but not included in the exhibition:
In 2014 Still Life with Checked Tablecloth was sold at Christie's London for £34.8 million ($57.1 million), attaining a world record price for a work by Juan Gris at a public auction. This surpassed previous records of $20.8 million for his 1915 work, Livre, pipe et verres, and $28.6 million for the 1913 painting, Violon et guitare. Still Life with Checked Tablecloth was purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Art with funds donated by Leonard Lauder.
Placemat

A placemat or table mat is a covering or pad designating an individual place setting, unlike the larger tablecloth that covers the entire surface. Placemats are made from many different materials, depending on their purpose: to protect, decorate, entertain or advertise. Materials and production methods range from mass-produced and commercial, to local and traditional.
Their primary function is to protect the dinner table from water marks, food stains or heat damage. They also serve as decoration, especially placemats made from lace or silk. In restaurants, they can be used to advertise menu items, specials, local businesses or games for children. If the mat is cotton, it can absorb water and other liquids, such as spilt drinks.
Linet Masai

Linet Masai Chepkwemoi (alizaliwa mnamo 5 Desemba 1989 sehemu ya Kapsokwony, Wilaya ya Mlima Elgon) ni mkimbiaji wa masafa marefu kutoka Kenya na mshindi wa mbio za mita 10,000 katika mashindano ya dunia ya IAAF ya mwaka wa 2009 yaliyofanyika katika mji mkuu wa Berlin, Ujerumani.
Masai anatoka katika kijiji cha Bugaa, kilomita nne ukielekea katika mji wa Kapsokwonyi Wazazi wake ni John Barasa Masai na Leonida Cherop na ni mzaliwa wa nne wa jumla ya watoto kumi Alisomea shule ya Msingi ya Kapsagom na kisha skuli ya sekondari ya Askofu Okiring ambapo alihitimu mwaka wa 2005. Alianza kukimbia mwaka wa 2005, wakati kaka yake mkubwa, Musa Ndiema Masai, alishinda mbio za mita 5000 na 10000 katika mashindano ya vijana ya Kiafrika, akitumai angeweza kuiga mafanikio ya kakake. Ndugu zake wachanga, Dennis [8] Ndiema [9] na Magdaline pia ni wakimbiaji. Baba yao, John Barasa Masai, pia alikuwa mkimbiaji [11] huku Ben Jipcho akiwa mjomba wao wa mbali. Yeye hufanyia mazoezi katika kambi ya PACE Sports Management Training katika eneo la Kaptagat.
Alishinda mbio za wanawake wachanga katika mashindano ya IAAF World Cross Country ya mwaka wa 2007 iliyofanyika katika mji mkuu wa Mombasa, nchini Kenya. Alimaliza katika nafasi ya nne katika majaribio ya Kenya ya mashindano ya Mabingwa wa Dunia ya mwaka wa 2007 katika mbio za mita 5000 na kukosa tiketi ya kushiriki katika mji mkuu wa Osaka. Hata hivyo, alishiriki katika mashindano ya IAAF World Athletics Final mwaka wa 2007, na kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne mara mbili (mbio za mita 3000 na 5000).
Mafanikio yake yalianza mwaka wa 2008. Katika msimu wa SPRING alishinda medali ya shaba katika mashindano ya World Cross Country ya mwaka wa 2008. Katika majira ya jua alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki na kumaliza katika nafasi ya nne katika mbio za mita 10,000 katika rekodi mpya ya vijana ya ulimwengu ya dakika 30:26.50. Rekodi ya zamani (30:31.55) ilikuwa inashikiliwa na Huina Xing wa Uchina na uliwekwa mwaka wa 2003. Pia ilikuwa rekodi mpya ya Kenya, rekodi ya hapo awali (30:30.26) ilikuwa inashikiliwa na Edith Masai na uliwekwa mwaka wa 2005. Rekodi ya Masai ya kitaifa ilisimama kwa muda usiozidi mwaka, kwani mnamo juni mwaka wa 2009 Florence Kiplagat alikimbia kwa muda wa dakika 30:11.53 mjini Utrecht, Uholanzi.
Mnamo 15 Agosti 2009, Masai alimshinda Meselech Melkamu wa Ethiopia NARROWLY katika fainali za mita 10,000 katika mashindano ya dunia ya IAAF ya mwaka wa 2009 iliyofanyika katika mji mkuu wa Berlin nchini Ujerumani. Bingwa wa wakati huo wa mbio za mita 10000 katika Michezo ya Olimpiki na Mashindano ya Dunia, Tirunesh Dibaba, alikuwa hakuweza kushiriki kutokana na jeraha. Alianza kuifanyia mazoezi mashinano ya Dunia ya Cross Country ya mwaka wa 2010 kwa kufanikiwa kupata ushindi katika mashindano ya Cross Internacional Valle de Llodio na Cross Internacional de Soria, kwa kuwashinda wakimbiaji wenzake kwa umbali mkubwa katika mashindano yote mawili. Masai alishinda tuzo la mwanaspoti wa kike bora wa Kenya wa mwaka wa 2009 [15] Pia alituzwa tuzo la Race Results Weekly la mkimbiaji wa kike wa mwaka, mwaka wa 2009
The White Masai

The White Masai (kwa Kijerumani: Die weiße Massai) ni filamu ya mwaka 2005 iliyoongozwa na Hermine Huntgeburth na kuigiza kama Nina Hoss na Jacky Ido. Screenplay hiyo inamhusu Carola, mwanamke anayependana nchini Kenya na Maasai Lemalian. Filamu hiyo inatokana na riwaya ya tawasifu ya jina moja na mwandishi mzaliwa wa Ujerumani Corinne Hofmann. Katika toleo la filamu, majina yamebadilishwa kutoka kwa wale walio katika riwaya.
Carola (Hoss), mwanamke wa Kijerumani anayeishi Uswisi, yuko likizo na mpenzi wake nchini Kenya. Anampenda shujaa wa Kimasai Lemalian (Ido), ambaye anatembelea akiwa amevalia mavazi ya eneo lake. Akiwa uwanja wa ndege akiwa njiani kurejea nyumbani anaamua kukaa. Inabainika kuwa Lemalian amekwenda kijijini kwake katika Wilaya ya Samburu. Carola anasafiri kwenda eneo hilo, na kukaa nyumbani kwa mwanamke mwingine wa Ulaya. Lemalian anasikia kuhusu kukaa kwake na kuja kukutana naye. Hatimaye wanaanza kuishi pamoja..
Mandhari ya filamu hiyo imekuwa na utata. Hatimaye, filamu inahusu mgongano wa tamaduni na mtazamo wa ulimwengu. Watu wawili wanaoamini kuwa mtazamo wao wa kidunia ni bora na hivyo ni sahihi (hivyo Carola analaani tohara ya mwanamke kwa sababu haiendani na mtazamo wake wa kitamaduni wakati Lemalian hawezi kuelewa jinsi anavyoweza kuzungumza na wanaume bila kuwa mwaminifu kwake), na ni kutokuwa na uwezo wao wa kuelewa mwingine unaoleta taabu, kutengana, na talaka yao.
Trader Horn (filamu ya 1931)

Trader Horn ni filamu ya matukio ya Marekani ya mwaka 1931 iliyoongozwa na W.S. van Dyke na mwigizaji Harry Carey aliyezaliwa mwaka 1878 na Edwina Booth. Ni filamu ya kwanza isiyo ya maandishi na ilitayarishwa Afrika. Na filamu hii inatokana na kitabu cha jina moja na mfanyabiashara na mzinduzi Alfred Aloysius Horn na inasimulia matukio kwenye safari barani Afrika.
Majibizano ya filamu hii yaliandikwa na Cyril Hume, John Thomas Neville na Dale Van Every aliandika marekebisho. Trader Horn iliteuliwa kupokea tuzo ya picha bora mnamo mwaka 1931. Edwina Booth, kiongozi wa kike aliyeugua alipokuwa akiigiza filamu barani Afrika, ambapo baadaye alimshtaki Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Rasi Hoorn

Rasi Hoorn (kwa Kihispania Cabo de Hornos, kwa Kiingereza Cape Horn) ni rasi katika Chile kwenye sehemu ya kusini kabisa ya Amerika Kusini. Ni mahali ambako maji ya Pasifiki na maji ya Atlantiki hukutana.
Jina linatokana na mji wa Hoorn katika Uholanzi, kwa sababu walikuwa mabaharia kutoka mji ule waliochora rasi hii kwenye ramani mara ya kwanza na kuiteulia jina.
Rasi Hoorn ni ncha ya kusini ya funguvisiwa la Tierra de Fuegos (kwa Kiingereza fireland) ambavyo ni kundi la visiwa linalozunguka sehemu ya kusini ya Amerika Kusini bara.
Kabla ya kujengwa kwa Mfereji wa Panama njia ya rasi Hoorn ilikuwa njia muhimu kwa meli kati ya bahari mbili. Mizigo mingi iliyoelekea Kalifornia, Chile au Peru ilipita huko au kwenye mlangobahari wa Magellan uliopo takriban kilomita 120 upande wa kaskazini.
Rasi Hoorn ilitazamwa kuwa hatari kutokana na baridi, dhoruba kali, ukungu wa mara kwa mara, mkondo wa bahari na kutokea kwa siwa barafu kutoka Antaktiki. Zaidi ya meli na jahazi kubwa 800 ziliharibika huko kwa kuzama au kugonga miamba, na watu zaidi ya 10,000 walikufa katika ajali hizo. Ndiyo sababu ikaitwa "makaburi ya mabaharia".
Leo hii usafiri wa mizigo unapita katika mfereji wa Panama.
Martin Horn (mwanariadha)

Martin Horn (alizaliwa 23 Septemba 1969) ni mwanariadha mlemavu kutoka Ujerumani anayeshindana hasa katika matukio ya mbio za mbio za T44.
Martin alishiriki katika Michezo ya Olimpiki ya Walemavu ya Majira ya joto mwaka 1996 katika mbio za mita 100, 200 na kuruka kwa muda mrefu lakini ilikuwa katika Michezo ya Walemavu ya Majira ya joto mwaka 2000 alishinda medali yake pekee. Huko alishindana katika mbio za mita 100 na alikuwa sehemu ya timu zote za 4 × 400 m na nafasi ya tatu katika timu za 4 × 100 m.
Anawakilisha klabu ya michezo ya LAZ Zweibrücken.
Wakhazari

Wakhazari (kwa Kiing. Khazars) walikuwa kabila la wafugaji wa Kituruki lililofika katika maeneo ya Urusi ya kusini, upande wa kaskazini mwa Milima ya Kaukazi kati ya Bahari Nyeusi na Ziwa la Kaspi mnamo karne ya 6 BK.
Hapa walianza kutawala milki kubwa iliyounganisha makabila na mataifa mbalimbali. Ilhali walidhibiti sehemu ya barabara ya hariri walishiriki katika biashara ya kimataifa kati ya Ulaya, Urusi, Mashariki ya Kati na China wakatajirika. Kwa takriban karne tatu (650–965 hivi) Wakhazari walitawala milki yao wakipakana na Bizanti kwenye kusini-magharibi, Urusi kwenye magharibi na kaskazini, Ukhalifa wa Waarabu kwenye kusini na makabila ya porini kwenye mashariki.
Mnamo mwaka 1000 milki yao iliporomoka kutokana na mashambulio kutoka Milki ya Urusi. Hakuna uhakika kuhusu mwisho wao lakini inawezekana maeneo madogo yaliendelea kuwa chini ya utawala wa Kikhazari hadi karne ya 12.
Milki ya Khazaria ilishirikiana mwanzoni na Bizanti dhidi ya Milki ya Wasasani ya Iran na baadaye dhidi ya Waarabu na wahamiaji wa pori.
Mnamo mwaka 800 wafalme wa Khazaria waligeukia Uyahudi; wataalamu kadhaa wanaamini kwamba waliona wanadharauliwa na Wakristo na pia Waislamu wakiendelea kufuata dini zao za jadi, na kuwa Uyahudi unatambuliwa na pande zote mbili kwa namna fulani na hivyo waliweza kutunza uhuru wao bila kujiunga kabisa na upande mmoja. Inajulikana kwamba wafalme na wakubwa walikuwa Wayahudi lakini hakuna uhakika kiasi gani cha wakazi wa milki walijiunga pia na Uyahudi.
Haijulikani Wakhazari walienda wapi au waliingia katika makabila gani baada ya mwisho wa milki yao. Maana hawako tena na kuna nadharia mbalimbali kwamba waliendelea kwa majina tofauti katika kundi hilo au lingine lakini hakuna uhakika.
Ufahamu wa mazingira

Uelewa wa mazingira (kwa Kiingereza: en:ambient awareness) ni neno linalotumiwa na wanasayansi ya kijamii kuelezea aina mpya ya ufahamu wa kijamii wa pembeni. Ufahamu huu huenezwa kutokana na kuwasiliana mara kwa mara na marafiki na wafanyakazi wenzake kupitia majukwaa ya mitandao ya kijamii kwenye Mtandao. Baadhi ya mifano ya tovuti za mitandao ya kijamii ni Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Blogger, n.k. Neno hili kimsingi hufafanua aina ya maarifa ya kila mahali mtu anayopitia kwa kuwa mtumiaji wa kawaida wa vyombo hivi vya habari vinavyoruhusu muunganisho wa mara kwa mara na duara la kijamii la mtu.
Kulingana na Clive Thompson wa The New York Times, ufahamu kuhusu mazingira ni "sawa na kuwa karibu na mtu fulani na kupata hisia kupitia mambo madogo; lugha ya mwili, mihemo, maoni yasiyofaa..." Msomi Andreas Kaplan anafafanua ufahamu kuhusu mazingira kama " ufahamu unaoundwa kupitia mapokezi ya mara kwa mara na mara kwa mara, na/au kubadilishana vipande vya habari kupitia mitandao ya kijamii”.Kwa hivyo, marafiki wawili wanaofuata mara kwa mara taarifa za kidijitali za wenzao wanaweza tayari kufahamu maisha ya kila mmoja wao bila kuwapo kimwili ili kufanya mazungumzo.
Kuzungumza kijamii, ufahamu wa mazingira na mitandao ya kijamii ni bidhaa za vizazi vipya vinavyozaliwa au kukua katika enzi ya kidijitali, kuanzia mwaka wa 1998 hadi nyakati za sasa. Mitandao ya kijamii ni ya kibinafsi (unachofanya kwa sasa, jinsi unavyohisi, picha ya mahali ulipo) ikiunganishwa na mawasiliano ya kijamii. Mitandao ya kijamii ni kazi ya kimiani kwa ufahamu wa mazingira. Bila mitandao ya kijamii hali ya ufahamu wa mazingira haiwezi kuwepo.
Kipengele muhimu cha mitandao ya kijamii ni kwamba imeundwa na wale wanaoitumia pia. Mara nyingi, wale wanaoshiriki katika jambo hili ni vijana, umri wa chuo kikuu, au wataalamu wa vijana wazima. Kulingana na Dk. Mimi Ito, mwanaanthropolojia wa kitamaduni na Profesa katika Makazi katika Chuo Kikuu cha California huko Irvine, kifaa cha rununu ndicho kifaa kikuu zaidi cha wakala kinachotumiwa kuunda na kusambaza Mitandao ya Kijamii. Inasemekana anasema kwamba "vijana hunasa na kutoa vyombo vyao vya habari, na kukaa katika mawasiliano ya mara kwa mara kati yao..." kwa kutumia vifaa vya rununu. Kwa kawaida wanapofanya hivi wanatumia aina nyingine za midia kama vile muziki au maudhui ya video kupitia iPod zao au vifaa vingine sawia. Ipasavyo, hii imesababisha wanasayansi wa kijamii kuamini kwamba kujifunza na kufanya kazi nyingi kutakuwa na sura mpya kadiri bidhaa za kizazi cha kidijitali zinavyoingia kazini na kuanza kuunganisha njia zao za kujifunza katika mifano ya kawaida ya biashara iliyopo leo. Maprofesa Kaplan na Haenlein wanaona ufahamu wa mazingira kama mojawapo ya sababu kuu za mafanikio ya tovuti za blogu ndogo kama Twitter.
Anthology

Anthology ilikuwa kompilesheni ya vibao vikali vya Motown vya pop na R&B vya mwimbaji Michael Jackson ikiwa na vibao adimu vya kundi zima la The Jackson 5, ikiwa sambamba kabisa na maujanja ambayo hayakutolewa mwaka wa 1973. Kiasili albamu ilitolewa nchini Marekani mnamo tar. 14 Novemba 1986 na kutolewa upya tena kunako tar. 8 Novemba ya mwaka wa 1995.
Diski 1
Diski 1
Diski 2
Wahinda

Wahinda ni ukoo au tabaka (kuliko kuwa kabila) katika Afrika Mashariki, hasa Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda na Burundi, waliposhika mara nyingi nafasi za uongozi juu ya makabila mbalimbali
Wahinda walitokea kaskazini, ilivyoonyesha sura yao kama watu warefu weupe.
Wahinda waliamini ngoma ni takatifu, hivyo haikutakiwa kuonekana na mmojawao isipokuwa sultani.
Sam Magara, kiongozi wa kijeshi wa Uganda, alikuwa Muhinda wa kabila la Wahima.
Bayray McNwizu

Eberechukwu Nwizu anajulikana vyema kama Bhaira Mcwizu au Bayray McNwizu ni mwigizaji wa Nigeria. Alipata umaarufu baada ya kushinda onyesho la tatu la ''Amstel Malta Box Office (AMBO) reality show''. Mnamo 2009, alipokea uteuzi wa Tuzo za Africa Movie Academy Awards .
Ngoma (muziki)

Ngoma inaweza kumaanisha muziki unaochezwa na ala ya muziki inayoitwa ngoma pia.
Ngoma ni muziki na lugha ya pekee inayotumika kwa kuelezea utamaduni na historia ya nchi fulani, tunatumia lugha ya ngoma katika kuelezea hali mbalimbali za maisha yetu, kama vile huzuni, furaha, mapenzi, faraja, vitisho, shukurani na ushindi.
Tangu zamani Waafrika walikuwa na lugha hii ya ngoma ambayo ilirithishwa kwa mapokeo.
Ngoma pia ilitumika na jamii mbalimbali kama njia ya kuita watu kwenye kusanyiko muhimu, kama vile vita, mikutano n.k. na ilipigwa kwa milio tofauti kulingana na tukio.
Wanyamwanga

Wanyamwanga ni kabila la watu wa Tanzania wanaoishi katika Mkoa wa Songwe, Wilaya ya Momba, na Mkoa wa Rukwa, Wilaya ya Sumbawanga Vijijini.
Lugha yao ni Kinyamwanga, jamii ya Kifipa.
Kabila hilo ni zao la makabila zaidi ya manne likiwemo kabila la Wawemba wanaopatikana kaskazini mwa Zambia, Wamambwe katika eneo la Chisitu, Kapele, Namchinka, Kasama na Mambwe.
Pia ni kabila la asili lililoanzisha mji wa Tunduma. Ukiwa unaelekea mkoani Rukwa kutokea Tunduma vijiji vya jamii ya Wanyamwanga ni Ndarambo, Msungo almaarufu kijiji cha wachawi, Mpui ya Unyamwanga, Rwasho ulipokatiza mto Momba ambao ndio uliobeba jina la wilaya mpya, Tunko, Mkutano ambapo ndipo mpaka wa mkoa wa Rukwa na wilaya ya Momba, kisha Laela, Mnadani na Mpui ya unyamwanga.
Upande wa kaskazini ni bonde la Msangano, delta ya mto Nkana, Kamsamba na vijiji vyake.
Jamii ya Wanyamwanga ni watu wakarimu sana, ambao ukifika kwao wajisikia uko nyumbani. Huheshimu familia na hali za kibinadamu. Ni kabila la ufugaji na kilimo kwa pamoja.
Chifu wa kabila hilo anaitwa mwene Siyame: cheo chake ni Chikanamlilo, na waziri mkuu ni Simwanza ambaye hutumika katika matambiko na kuita mvua.
Wito

Wito (pia: mwito; kutoka kitenzi "kuita"; kwa Kiingereza: call) ni agizo au kaulimbiu inayotolewa na mtu au chombo kuhamasisha au kudai watu kuhusu jambo fulani. Kwa mfano, "Ninapiga wito kwa rafiki yangu."
Katika dini mbalimbali ni kama sauti kutoka kwa Mwenyezi Mungu inayomuelekeza mtu fulani afanye nini katika maisha yake, kwa mfano kutoa unabii.
Wito wa Kazi au Nia: "Wito" pia linaweza kumaanisha wito wa kufanya kitu fulani au kutekeleza jukumu fulani. Kwa mfano, "Nina wito wa kuwa mwalimu" inamaanisha kwamba mtu ana nia au kujisikia kuwa mwalimu.
Wito wa Dini au Kiroho: Katika muktadha wa dini au kiroho, wito unaweza kumaanisha wito wa kumtumikia Mungu au kutimiza madhumuni ya kiroho maishani.
Wito wa Kuhamasisha Hatua: Mara nyingine, "wito" unaweza kutumika kumaanisha mwito wa kuchukua hatua fulani au kubadili hali fulani. Kwa mfano, "wito wa kutunza mazingira" unaweza kuwa mwito wa kuchukua hatua za kulinda mazingira.
Wito wa Dharura:"Wito" unaweza pia kutumika kumaanisha simu au sauti inayotolewa kwa dharura, kama vile "wito wa simu" au "wito wa tahadhari."
Wito wa Kitamaduni: Katika lugha na tamaduni nyingine, wito unaweza kuwa na maana ya wito wa kushiriki katika shughuli fulani za kitamaduni au kijamii.
Shomoro

Shomoro ni ndege wadogo wa jenasi Passer katika familia ya Passeridae ambao wana rangi ya nyeusi, nyeupe, majivu na kahawia. Ndege hawa huitwa korobindo pia, lakini jina hili litumike afadhali kwa kuita ndege wa jenasi Petronia. Shomoro wenye kichwa kijivu huitwa jurawa. Ndege hawa wana domo fupi na nene lifaalo kula mbegu, lakini hula wadudu wadogo pia hasa wanapokuwa vifaranga. Kwa asili shomoro wanatokea Ulaya, Afrika na Asia, lakini watu wamewaletea Australia na Marekani.
Muş

Muş (Kiarmenia: Մուշ, Muš, Mush au Moush) ni jina la kuita mji mkuu wa Jimbo la Muş huko nchini Uturuki. Idadi ya wakazi kimanispaa ya mjini hapa inataja kuwa ni 64,088 (kwa sensa walioifanya kunako mwaka wa 1997).
Mji huu unatazamika kama mmoja kati ya miji ya mwanzoni kabisa ya kituo cha ustarabu wa Kiarmenia na kujengwa makanisa ya kale ya Kiarmenia hadi kunako miaka ya 1960. Pia, kuna misikiti kutoka katika zama za Waseljuk, misikiti hiyo ni pamoja na Alaeddin Pasa, Haci Seref na Ulu Mosques. Mus ilikuwa chini ya utawala wa ustarabu wa falme za Waurartu, Wamedia, Waajemi, Waarmenia, na Wabyzanti.
2006 Horn of Africa food crisis

In 2006, an acute shortage of food affected the countries in the Horn of Africa (Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia), as well as northeastern Kenya. The United Nations's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated on January 6, 2006, that more than 11 million people in these countries may be affected by an impending widespread famine, largely attributed to a severe drought, and exacerbated by military conflicts in the region.
Drought is a predictable event in the Horn of Africa, and when combined with other factors it causes conflict and terrible human misery. Previous droughts in 1983–85, 1991–92 and 1998–99 swiftly reversed gradual increase in livestock and caused losses in the cattle population of up to 62%. These conditions of drought, together with other factors including high cereal prices, overpopulation in the region, abandoning traditional rangeland management methods and conflict, are leading to conditions of famine. In the present 2006 drought, claims about factors transforming drought into famine include a ban on livestock imports to markets in the Persian Gulf States, which has reduced the income of livestock-dependent farmers, further increasing food insecurity.
The population in East Africa had increased rapidly in the decades before the food crisis. From 67 million in 1950 to 306 million in 2006.
Djibouti was a severely drought affected; the FAO estimated that about one third of the population (400 000 people) needed food aid.
The FAO estimated that more than one million people in the Somali Region of Ethiopia were facing severe food shortages. Although crops are currently being harvested, shortages are still expected to occur in the country's south-east.
Crop failure, drought and depleted livestock herds led to famine conditions in the Cushitic-inhabited northern and eastern pastoral districts of Mandera, Wajir, and Marsabit. As of January 6, 2006, approximately 30 deaths were reported. Some 2.5 million people (10% of the population) required food aid over the next six months, which led the Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki to declare a national disaster.
Somalia was the least affected out of the four countries. About two million people in the country's southern pastoral regions required humanitarian assistance. The prolonged absence of a strong central government and poor transportation infrastructure also posed problems for the distribution of food aid.
In February 2006, UNICEF warned that 1.5 million children under the age of five were being threatened by the drought and called for $16 million USD to help fund its relief efforts in the region.