Ubunyobwa

Ubunyobwa ni ikiribwa kiza gitanga intungamubiri ku bantu no ku butaka. Kuba ubunyobwa burimo ibitera imbaraga ku gipimo cyo hejuru, bukagira poroteyine, vitamini, imyunyungugu, budasiga ibinure bibi mu mubiri, bugira igipimo cy’umunyu gito, ibyo byose hamwe bituma ubunyobwa buba igihingwa gifite agaciro kanini mu rwego rw’imirire.
Ubunyobwa buhingwa mu bice bya za Toropike no munsi yazo ku isi yose, mu butaka bw’urusenyi. Ubunyobwa buribwa nk’amavuta asigwa ku migati, barabuhekenya cyangwa bakabukuramo amavuta, butekwa mu isosi no mu mboga cyangwa se bagakoramo ibindi biribwa bahekenya birimo umunyu cyangwa isukari.
Igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kigira imigozi irandaranda, nay o ikazana uruyange kuri buri gapfundo. Utwo turabo turibangurira ubwatwo maze tukazana imishoro yinjira mu butaka. Ku dutwe tw’iyo mishoro ni ho hiremaho ubunyobwa munsi y’ubutaka. Ubutaka bwo hejuru bugomba kuba burimo ibumba rike (mu nsi ya 20%) kandi bworoshye kugira ngo imishoro yinjire mu butaka ku buryo bworoshye.
Ubunyobwa ni igihingwa kititaweho cyane mu bushakashatsi, bityo amoko yabwo akunda guhingwa azwi n’abahinzi kuva nta bushakashatsi bwigeze bukorwa ku bunyobwa. Amoko ahingwa atandukanira ku ibara no ku ngano yabwo.
Amoko y’ubunyobwa aboneka mu Rwanda yaturutse mu Bugande na Zambiya dusangamo:
Ubu bwoko bw’ubunyobwa bukomoka muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya) muri Leta zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Mbere na mbere bwazanywe muri Zambiya bwitwa Msekera Groundnut Variety 4 (MGV-4), buzwi muri Malawi ku izina rya CG-7 bukitwa Serenut IR mu Bugande. Bwerera iminsi 120 -140 kandi biroroshye kubusarura kuko barandura igiti cyose. Intete z’ubu bunyobwa ziratukura, zirangana, ziraringaniye, zigizwe na 48-50% by’amavuta.
Ubwoko bw’ubunyobwa bwa MGV-5 buje vuba bukomotse muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya) yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, bugira imbuto zibyibushye z’ibara ryiza rijya kuba iroza bukaba bugira umusaruro mwinshi. Bugira umwihariko wo kugira amavuta menshi agera kuri 48% bityo bikaba byiza kubukoramo amavuta. Bukunda guhingwa mu bice by’ibibaya bya Zambiya,
bwerera iminsi 120 bukagira umusaruro ugera kuri Toni 2/ha ku bahinzi bato bato.
Ubu bwoko nabwo bukomoka muri Leta ya Virginia ( Soma Virijiniya)yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bwera neza mu bice by’iburasirazuba bya Zambiya, bukerera iminsi 120. Bugira ibara ry’iroze ryijimye, burasa bwose, ingano yabwo iri mu rugero, bugira igipimo cy’amavuta cya 47%. Bwera hafi Toni 2/ha kandi biba byiza kubugurisha bugakorwamo ibindi biribwa.
Impamvu umurima ugomba gutegurwa zishingiye kuri ibi bikurikira:
Itariki yo gutera: guhera hagati mu kwezi k’Ukwakira kugeza hagati mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo.
Guhungira imbuto: imbuto z’ubunyobwa zishobora guhura n’indwara ituma ziborera mu butaka. Ni yo mpamvu rero ari ngombwa ko zitunganywa hakoreshejwe umuti wa Mencozeb na Thiram. Uko iyo miti ikoreshwa biba bisobanuye ku buryo bwumvikana ku gapapuro kometse ku muti.
Intera: basiga ntera ya cm 50 hagati y’imirongo na cm 5-10 hagati y’imyobo ku mirongo. Imbuto ziterwa mu myobo ya cm 5-7.5 z’ubunjyakuzimu zigatwikirizwa agataka gake.
Ubunyobwa ni ikinyamisogwe gikurura Azote mu kirere gikoresheje uduheri tuba ku mizi yabwo. Kubera iyo mpamvu ntabwo ubunyobwa bwakira neza ifumbire nyinshi irimo Azote. Azote nyinshi ituma ubunyobwa bukururumba bukaba nk’igihuru ariko ntibushore indabo ngo buzane ubunyobwa.
Nyamara ariko iyo ubunyobwa bukimera butangiye gukura, buba bukeneye Azote kuko buba bugishakisha uko bukurura Azote yo mu kirere. Ingamba nziza zafasha umuhinzi gucunga neza Azote ni ugukoresha ifumbire y’ibanze ku rugero rwa Kg 15-20/Ha z’ifumbire irimo Azote ( Ire), no kongerera ubunyobwwa ubushobozi bwo gukurura Azote mu kirere. Ibyo bikorwa umuhinzi avanga imbuto y’ubunyobwa n’imiyege yitwa Rhizobium ( soma Rizobiyumu). Ifumbire y’ibanze irimo Azote ikoreshwa hamwe n’ifumbire irimo imyunyungugu ya Potasiyumu na Fosifore mbere yo gutera. Ifumbire y’imborera ku rugero rwa Toni 15 kuri Hegitari irahagije ngo izanire ubunyobwa intungagihingwa bukeneye.
Kubagara: ibyatsi bibi byimeza bicuranwa n’ibihingwa ubuhehere, intungagihingwa, urumuri n’umwanya wo kwisanzuriramo. Ni ngombwa kurandura ibyatsi byose bibi byimeza mu murima.
Iyo ubunyobwa bumaze kumera, umuhinzi akabona ko budafite uduheri duhagije ku mizi bityo ntibunakurure Azote ihagije mu kirere, ni ngombwa kongeramo ifumbire ikungahaye kuri Azote ku rugero rwa kg 30-40/Ha mu minsi iri hagati ya 30 na 45 nyuma y’itera. Iyo fumbire ifasha igihingwa gukura neza ikoreshwa igihe ubutaka buhehereye, hanyuma igakurikirwa no kurandura ibyatsi cyangwa kumenera ubutaka. Ishwagara na yo ni ingenzi ku buhinzi bw’ubunyobwa mu butaka busharira. Umuhinzi akoresha ishwagara iseye neza ku rugero rwa kg 250/Ha ishyirwa ku muzenguruko w’ingemwe z’ubunyobwa mu minsi 20-25 nyuma yo gutera. Ishwagara irenzwaho agataka gake kugira ngo igume mu bujyakuzimu bwa cm 3.
Guhinduranya ibihingwa: Ni byiza guhinduranya ubunyobwa n’ibindi bihingwa bitari mu bwoko bw’ibinyamisogwe mu rwego rwo kurinda no kurwanya indwara.
Ubunyobwa bufatwa n’indwara ziterwa n’udukoko tunyunyuza amatembabuzi nk’inda, uduhunduguru tunyunyuza amababi, ibinyugunyugu birya amababi, udukoko turya amababi n’utundi mu gihe bukimera no mu gihe burimo bukura. Mu gihe bumaze gukura kandi ubunyobwa bushobora gufatwa n’ibyonnyi nk’ibishorobwa bipfumura ibishinshwa by’ubunyobwa bugikura bikabwangiza bikomeye.
1.Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ( Cercospora arachidicola) ni indwara iterwa n’uduhumyo tuzana ibibara ku mababi y’ubunyobwa. Amoko yose y’ubunyobwa yibasirwa n’iyi ndwara kandi igabanya cyane umusaruro w’ubunyobwa, cyane by’umwihariko mu turere tw’amajyepfo ashyira uburasirazuba, Uburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ashyira uburengerezubwa bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa bishobora kugabanya umusaruro w’ubunyobwa ku rugero ruva kuri 1% kugeza kuri 50% by’umusaruro wari utegerejwe bitewe n’uko igihingwa cyafashwe n’umuti wakoreshejwe mu kurwanya iyo ndwara.
Indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina (Cercospora arachidicola)yinduza ibiti by’ubunyobwa gusa, igatera ibibara by’ikigina bias n’ibikomere ku gihimba, ku mababi ndetse no ku nkondo z’amababi. Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’ibibara by’ikigina bikora uruziga bigaragara ku mababi ya mbere y’igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuva ku minsi 30 kugeza ku minsi 50 nyuma yo gutera. Iyi ndwara ishobora gutuma indabo z’ubunyobwa zihunguka imburagihe ndetse ikagabanya n’umusaruro. Ibindi bimenyetso by’iyi ndwara harimo urubobi ry’ikijuju ruzamukamo utwoya ruza kuri bya bikomere mu bihe by’ubukonje.
Ibimenyetso by’indwara y’ibibara by’ikigina ku mababi y’ubunyobwa
Indwara y’ibidomo by’ikigina ishobora kwirindwa cyangwa kuvurwa hakoreshejwe ibi bikurikira:
2. ozete ( Groundnut rosette virus-GRV) ni indwara iterwa na virusi iboneka mu bihugu byo munsi y’ubutayu
Sahara. Ikwirakwzwa n’udukoko, iva mu bihingwa ijya mu bindi. Udukoko dukwirakwiza iyo virusi ni nk’Inda z’ibihingwa (Aphis craccivora).
Indwara ya Rozete yagaragaye bwa mbere muri Afurikaa mu mwaka w’1907 ikaba yarangije bikomeye igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa kuri uyu mugabane. Mu mwaka wa 1939, byagaragaye ko yangije ibihingwa kugera kuri 80 - 90% muri Congo Mbiligi byateje igihombo gikomeye ku musaruro. Iyi virusi ikwirakwira byihuse mu bihingwa Ubunyobwa bwanduye indwara ya Rozete.
Utu dukoko dutera uburozi bukaze mu gihingwa iyo tukinyunyuza maze twaba twinshi bugatuma kigwingira cyangwa cyuma burundu. Iyo utu dukoko tunyunyuza igihingwa turema ibintu bimeze nk’ubuki byinshi bisa nabi bituma igihingwa kibora. Ibi bituma igihingwa kitabasha kwiremera imbaraga ziva mu rumuri zigifasha mu mikurire yacyo bityo amababi agasa nabi ku buryo atahabwa amatungo. Ibimenyetso bigaragara ku gihingwa cyanduye iyi ndwara ni uguhinduka umuhondo, kuraba no kuma burundu. Muri rusange ubunyobwa burangirika bikomeye byaba biturutse ku kuribwa n’udukoko ubwatwo cyangwa se ari virusi zitera indwara zinjizwa mu gihingwa n’utwo dukoko (Rossette & Peanut strip virus.) Ifoto igaragaza inda zangiza ubunyobwa.
Kurinda ubunyobwa iyi ndwara
Ibyana n’ibikuru bishwanyaguza ubuso bw’amababi bikanyunyuza amatembabuzi maze bigatuma mu nsi y’amababi hazaho ibibara by’umweru no kwangirika kw’amababi akimera. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije butera igihingwa kugwingira.
Ku gice cyo hejuru cy’amababi hagaragaraho ibisa n’ubushye hafi y’uruteranyirizo. Uko udukoko tugenda turya igihingwa ni ko igice cyangiriste kigenda kiyongera kugeza ubwo ikibabi cyose gihindutse ikijuju, kikihinahina ndetse kikanuma. Iyo ubu burwayi bukabije igihingwa cyafashwe gisa n’icyatwitswe n’umuriro. Iyo iyi ndwara itinze utu dukoko duhuriza amababi hamwe tukayarya tukaguma mu gice gihinahinnye.
Uburyo yangizaIbyana bya Nkongwa bitungwa n’amababi, bigakunda cyane indabo n’imimero. Iyo biriye imimero hagenda hagaragara imyobo n’ amababi abumbuye ariweho.
Ibishorobwa bikuze bigira uburebure buri hagati ya mm 18-20 na mm 7-9 z’ubugari. Amagi yabyo aba ari umweru, ajya kugira ishusho y’umwiburungushure. Ibyana byabyo bisa n’umweru ubengerana, bikagira mm 5 z’uburebure. Ibi bikoko bipfupfunuka mu butaka mu minsi 3-4 nyuma y’uko imvura itangiye kugwa. Ni ngombwa gushyiraho imitego y’amatara mu gihe imvura itangiye kugwa no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa buri munsi. Bikorwa bacukura icyobo cya cm 100 X 100 X 20, ni ukuvuga ibyobo 10 / ha, gufata no kubara umubare w’ibishorobwa kuri buri cyobo. Byaba ibikuze cyangwa ibyana ibishorobwa byose birangiza. Ibyana bitungwa n’imizi kandi bikangiza ibishishwa by’ubunyobwa. Birya imizi mizima bigatuma icika intege, igihingwa kikaraba, kikuma ibice ibice.
Gufata no gutwika ibishorobwa bikuze bikuwe mu biti byiberamo mu nkengero z’umurima. Mu bice ibi bishorobwa by’umweru byanze gushiramo, bisaba guhinga bageza hasi cyane nyuma y’isarura bityo bishobora kugabanya ubwinshi bwabyo kuko inyoni zibitoratora no gutwika ibikonoshwa byabyo.
Kurwanya ibishorobwa by’umweru bikuze batera umuti ku biti bibamo nka Neem ( Soma Nimu) n’ibindi. Gukoresha umuti wa Carbaryl 50 WP ku rugero rwa g 2 kuri litiro y’amazi. Cyangwa Chlorpyriphos 20 EC ku rugero rwa ml 2/litiro y’amazi bigakorwa vuba igihe cy’imvura gitangiye, bigakorwa iminsi 3-4 mu masaha ya nimugoroba. Iyi miti yica ibishorobwa bikuze kandi bikagabanya kumunga imizi. Gutera imiti bigomba gusubirwamo nk’inshuro 3 -4 kugeza hagati mu kwezi kwa
Amafoto yerekana uko imiswa yangiza ubunyobwa
Imiswa ni udusimba tw’umweru tubengerana. Imiswa yinjira mu gice cyose cy’imizi igacukura imizi n’igihimba; bigatuma igihingwa cyuma. Imiswa icukura igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa ikinjira ikangiza imbuto. Imiswa imunga agace koroshye ku gishishwa ariko ubusanzwe ntimunga imbuto z’imbere. Ibishishwa byamunzwe bibasha kwanduzwa n’imiyege yitwa Aspergillus ituma igihingwa cyangirika.
Magurijana ni kimwe mu byonnyi byangiza igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa. Magurijana isa n’ikigina kijya kuba umukara, ikihinahina iyo hari ikiyikomye. Magurijana zifata imbuto z’ubunyobwa guhera zigiterwa kugeza mu minsi 20 nyuma y’itera. Zirya imimero ikizamuka zikimukira no mu mizi. Igishishwa cy’ubunyobwa kenshi kirangirika kikaba inzira y’udukoko dutera indwara twinjira mu bunyobwa. N’ibihingwa birokotse utu dukoko bikura nabi.
Magurijana zinafata n’ubunyobwa bumaze gukura butangiye gushora, igihe igishishwa kicyorohereye. Ibishishwa bitarakomera biratobagurika bikangirika cyangwa bigaterwa na mikorobe zituma bibora nk’imiyege ya Aspergillus flavus. Magurijana kandi zishobora no konona uruyange.
Ubusanzwe igihingwa cy’ubunyobwa ni cyo kimenyesha igihe kigomba gusarurwa. Ubunyobwa busarurwa igihe byibura 75% by’ibishishwa bifunitse ubunyobwa byamaze kwera neza; icyo gihe amababi aba yarabaye umuhondo kandi yaratangiye kuma ku mitwe. Bibera mu gihe kimwe no kumagara k’ubutaka ku buryo ibiti by’ibihingwa biraba n’ubunyobwa buri mu bishishwa bugatangira kujegera no guhindura isura ko bweze.
Ujya gusarura ubunyobwa yoroshya ubutaka bukikije igitsinzi cy’ubunyobwa akoresheje igitiyo cyangwa majagu. Ubutaka bumaze koroha usarura arandura ubunyobwa agakunguta itaka riba rifashe ku mizi, hagasigara ibishishwa birimo ubunyobwa. Umuntu usarura ubunyobwa agenzura neza ko nta busigaye mu butaka.
Nyuma y’isarura, ubunyobwa bukiri mu bishishwa bwanikwa ku zuba, nyuma bakabuhura, bakabugosora. Nyuma yabyo barabutoranya (mu kubutoranya batandukanya ubunyobwa bwiza butamanyutse, ubw’ibisate n’ubwangiritse cyane) bakabuhunika. Ubunyobwa butekwa mu isosi, mu mboga cyangwa bakabukaranga bakabuhekenya. Ubunyobwa kandi bashobora kubutunganya mu nganda bagakuramo ibindi biribwa bitandukanye nk’amavuta yo guteka, amavuta yo gusiga ku migati, n’ibindi.