davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
云南普达措国家公园

27°49′30″N 99°59′43″E﻿ / ﻿27.82500°N 99.99528°E﻿ / 27.82500; 99.99528
云南普达措国家公园是一座位于中国云南省迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉市境内的国家公园。该国家公园拥有湖泊湿地、森林草甸、河谷溪流、珍稀动植物等丰富的生态资源，原始生态环境保存完好。
普达措国家公园是中国云南省林业厅确立的第一个国家公园。国家发展改革委于2016年追认了其地位。
“普达措”之名来源于藏语，系“碧塔海”的梵文音译，意为“舟湖”。关于普达措的最早文字记载是1604至1674年间以藏传佛教噶玛巴活佛第十世法王为主题创作的《曲英多杰传记》第五十页。该书描述了建塘附近的普达湖与湖心小岛，并记载了当地的草甸地貌和植物分布。
1982年，碧塔海周围14,181公顷土地被划为省级自然保护区，纳帕海附近2,400公顷被划为省级自然保护点。1998年，迪庆州人民政府宣布禁伐天然林，以加强生态保护。2004年，迪庆藏族自治州与云南省人民政府研究室合作，组织开展了碧塔海—属都湖高原湖泊、高山草甸保护管理模式的研究。2006年2月，云南省人民政府召开滇西北旅游现场办公会，决定建设香格里拉国家公园系列景区。同年，云南省林业厅自行批准建立了普达措国家公园，这是中华人民共和国首个以“国家公园”名义设立的自然保护地。其后，迪庆藏族自治州成立了普达措国家公园管理局。2006年8月1日，普达措国家公园开始对外开放试营业。随后，云南省开始建立“云南省国家公园体系”，并得到了国家林业局的批复。云南省自此开始在“条件成熟的自然保护区”试点建设国家公园。当年9月，云南省正式在省林业厅下设置“国家公园管理办公室”，这是中华人民共和国首个省级国家公园专门管理机构。
2007年6月21日，普达措国家公园正式揭牌。2008年，北京奥运会火炬接力香格里拉站的传递在普达措进行。2012年11月，普达措国家公园被国家旅游局列入国家5A级旅游景区。
2015年1月20日，国家发展和改革委员会、中央机构编制委员会办公室等13个部门联合印发《建立国家公园体制试点方案》，提出在北京、吉林、云南等9个省份开展国家公园体制试点。2016年，中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会将云南普达措国家公园列为国家公园体制试点，试点区域包括建塘镇、洛吉乡、格咱乡境内的碧塔海自然保护区、属都湖、弥里塘、洛茸村、尼汝村、南宝古冰川遗迹等，试点面积为602.1平方公里。公园覆盖3个乡镇、5个行政村中的43个自然村，区内人口6600余人。
2018年8月29日，香格里拉普达措国家公园管理局（碧塔海省级自然保护区管护局）正式成立，为一个机构两块牌子，由迪庆州人民政府领导、云南省国家公园管理办公室业务指导与监督。改变了原普达措国家公园管理局与原碧塔海省级自然保护区管理所两机构分治的局面。2018年10月，香格里拉普达措国家公园管理局上收云南省人民政府管理。
普达措国家公园位于世界自然遗产三江并流中心地带，距香格里拉市区22公里，总面积约601.1平方公里。公园处于滇西北亚高山寒温性针叶林植被带，最高点在弥里塘北部山顶，海拔4159.1米；最低点在碧塔海东部金子沟，海拔3200米，相对高差959米。
普达措国家公园的植被以长苞冷杉为主，也分布有大量的杜鹃、忍冬、云杉、红桦等植被。在碧塔海四周以及湖中的岛上也生长有云杉、高山栎、白桦等植物。从草甸和水生植物上看，主要为蒿草草甸，水生植被主要为香满群落、光叶眼子和菜群落。在普达措国家公园的森林中栖息有麝、熊、豹、金猫等动物。据香格里拉高山植物园园长方震东表示，受1990年代开始实施的天然林保护工程及当地藏民族保护自然的传统习俗影响，香格里拉地区的森林草甸的原真性保存较好，未如低海拔地区一般受到农耕或人工种植的影响。
普达措国家公园管理局指，截至2018年，普达措国家公园共接待访客1173.7万人次，实现旅游收入23.883亿元。普达措国家公园行政管理权限归属普达措国家公园管理局，景区经营权限则属迪庆州旅游集团有限公司普达措旅业分公司。
普达措国家公园分为属都湖、碧塔海两大景区。属都湖又称属都岗湖，属都湖四面树木环绕，海拔3705米，积水面积15平方公里，是香格里拉县最大的淡水湖泊之一。碧塔海为断层构造湖，湖面呈海螺形状，长3000米，宽700米，海拔3504米，水深40米，面积60公顷。藏语中“碧塔”意为株树成毡的地方，碧塔海的水由雪山的融雪和溪流汇聚而成。晚上杜鹃花的花瓣落下，被湖中的鱼误食，由于杜鹃花里含有微量的神经毒素，鱼吃多了就会浮在水面上，这就是当地著名奇观的杜鹃醉鱼。
普达措国家公园设立初期，学者田世政、杨桂华曾批评云南省地方自行主导的国家公园管理模式存在缺陷。并指在2007年普达措国家公园边沿地区的一起重大火灾中，各管理部门间相互推诿卸责，体现了公园缺乏完善的管理体制和统一的管理机构。
在国家发改委主导的国家公园试点评审阶段，专家组曾批评普达措景区的运营模式是“公司主导、旅游本质”，批评该区域旅游开发过度，并一度反对将其列入国家公园试点。2016年国家发改委批复设立国家公园后，公园管理局将2006年以前在景区内开业的牵马、烧烤等业者引导退出公园经营，并给予补偿，累计补偿金额达1.5亿元。2017年，中央环境保护督察组对普达措国家公园碧塔海核心区及缓冲区内开展旅游活动、实验区旅游活动过度的问题提出批评。其后，管理部门移除了碧塔海周边的游船、餐厅和涉水服务设施。澎湃新闻认为，普达措国家公园囿于历史原因而形成的管理权、经营权分离的体制，将影响该公园搬迁腾退后的生态反哺工作。
云南旅游股份

雲南旅遊股份有限公司，簡稱雲南旅遊股份，以及雲南旅遊（英語：Yunnan Tourism Co., Ltd.，深交所：002059）是一家中国的旅游公司。
於2000年由云南世博集团有限公司（云南世博旅游控股集团有限公司前身）、云南红塔集团有限公司、云南铜业（集团）有限公司等設立旅遊事業控股公司，前身為「昆明世博园股份有限公司」。
業務在國內經營为景区景点投资、经营及管理，园林园艺产品展示，旅游房地产投资，生物产品开发及利用，旅游商贸等。董事長為王冲，總經理為葛宝荣。
總部位於云南省昆明市世博路10号云南旅游股份有限公司办公楼。
股份在2006年7月26日於深交所中小板上市。招股價為3.6元人民幣，發行新股為21,500万股，集資額為7.74億元人民幣。
沙溪镇 (剑川县)

沙溪镇，是中华人民共和国云南省大理白族自治州剑川县下辖的一个镇。位于县境西南部，距县城32公里，总面积288平方公里。沙溪镇历史悠久，沙溪寺登街是茶马古道的一个重要节点，被称为“茶马古道上唯一幸存的古集市”；境内的石钟山石窟开凿于南诏、大理国时期，有极高的艺术、历史价值。2001年10月，沙溪寺登街被世界纪念性建筑基金会列入“值得关注的101个世界濒危建筑遗产名录”，从2002年开始实施的“沙溪复兴工程”，以“修旧如旧、最少干预、最大保留”的理念对寺登街进行保护与开发，获得了联合国教科文组织等机构的肯定。沙溪镇是白族聚居镇，白族占总人口的84%，民族文化浓厚。
沙溪镇有中国历史文化名镇、云南旅游名镇、全国最美小镇等称号，石宝山·沙溪古镇旅游区、沙溪旅游度假区是国家4A级旅游景区，旅游业发展较好。
沙溪镇下辖以下地区：
寺登村、​东南村、​华龙村、​北龙村、​四联村、​甸头村、​沙坪村、​石龙村、​长乐村、​鳌凤村、​灯塔村、​溪南村、​红星村和​联合村。
云南高原鳅

云南高原鳅（学名：Triplophysa yunnanensis）为輻鰭魚綱鲤形目鳅科高原鳅属的鱼类。在中国，分布于雲南省南盘江上游等。该物种的模式产地在宜乡九乡。体长可达6.3公分。
其种加词 yunnanensis 意为“云南的”。
云贵高原

云贵高原位于中国西南部，云南省哀牢山以东和中国东南丘陵以西，包括云南省东部，贵州省全境，广西西北部和渝、川、湘、鄂边境，其相關延伸部份更包括老撾北部（如豐沙里省）、緬甸東北部的撣邦高原和泰國北部（如清邁和清萊）。海拔在1000米至2000米之间，地势西北高东南低，崎岖不平，高原中多山间盆地（当地人称“坝子”），是長江、西江和元江大水系的分水嶺。
云贵高原是典型的喀斯特地貌，石灰岩广布，到处都有溶洞、钟乳石、石笋、石柱、地下暗河、峰林等。
云贵高原由於地勢較高，平均氣溫也比較起相同緯度的地区為低，但也因為云贵高原緯度低的關係，故冬季時也不比中國溫帶地區那麼寒冷，在夏天也不會有酷熱難當的天氣，（以雲南省昆明市為例，全年平均最低大約只有2度，相比起中國的上海反更顯得和暖，但在夏天平均最高溫度卻只有不足25度）所以云贵高原有「四季如春」的美名。
雲貴高原自然景觀垂直分佈明顯，其中2,800米以上的山地、山原，屬亞高山暗針葉林、高山櫟林棕壤帶，是森林分佈的主要地帶。
雲貴高原水力資源豐富，蘊藏多種礦產資源，生產各種經濟作物，並有多種珍稀藥材在此生長。
南极座

南极座（拉丁语：Octans，八分儀），本作八分儀座，是一個由法國天文學家拉卡伊（Nicolas Louis de Lacaille）所命名的南天星座，象徵航海儀器八分儀。此星座缺乏亮星，並不明顯，南極座引人注目的地方是這個天區包含了南天極。
南极座σ是最接近南天極而肉眼可見的星，但這顆星太暗淡所以不足以用作導航的極星。但是，南十字座的長軸指向南極，可作為天空中找尋南天極的參考。
南极座是一個繞著南天極轉動的拱極星座，所以於南半球任何月份的晚上皆可見到。若以南極座最亮的三顆星的赤經計算，它們中天位置最高的月份是十一月，所以這月份是觀看南極座的最佳時間。
南极座是1752年，法国天文学家尼古拉-路易·德·拉卡伊命名的14个南天星座之一。这是他创造的14个星座中，唯一一个代表着启蒙时代的仪器的星座。
南极座第一次出现在拉卡伊的星表Coelum Australe Stelliferum（拉丁语：南半球星空）中，该星表发表于他死后的1763年。南极座没有和其有关的真实神话故事，这其中和星座内缺乏亮星和发现时间不长有关系，但是主要的原因还是因为南极座极高的赤纬。
南极座的亮星很少，只有一个恒星视星等大于4等。该恒星为南极座ν，视星等为3.73等，是一颗K1 III型恒星，距离地球63.3±0.8光年。
南极座β则是南极座第二亮的恒星，视星等为4.13等。
南极座σ（Polaris Australis，拉丁文"南極星"）是距离南天极最近的可见恒星，视星等为5.42。南极座σ距离南天极仅1度，但是由于其亮度很低，并没有什么航海导航作用。
NGC 2573是一个位于南极座暗弱的棒旋星系，这也是距离南天极最近的NGC天体。NGC 7095和NGC 7098是两个位于南极座的棒旋星系，分别距离地球1.115亿光年和0.95亿光年。
聖地

聖地，指被視為「神聖之地」，往往是有重大作用和歷史意義之地。儒家士人中，專指和孔子等儒家聖賢有特別關係的地方，如出生地、活動地。
聖地一詞後來被各種文化、宗教、信仰等所借用，指稱與諸神仙、聖人有密切關係的所在。在中國歷史，人們也把祭祖的神龕、宗廟等視為神聖的地方，有人也稱這種地方為聖地。
在宗教方面，聖地指對宗教有重大影響或與宗教創始人有極大關係的地方。各世界宗教的聖地，皆吸引不少信徒前往參觀與朝聖。圍繞聖地建立的永久定居社區稱為聖城。
Ailao Mountains

The Ailao Mountains are located in Yunnan, China. They extend northward from the Yun range, and are located at the intersection of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the Tibetan Plateau, and the Hengduan Mountains. The Ailao Mountain Nature Reserve, located in the Ailao Mountains, is the best-preserved example of subtropical evergreen broad-leafed forest extant in China.
It is also the watershed of the Bianjiang River and the Amo River, and it is situated between Chuxiong City and Yuxi City to the east and Pu'er City to the west. It is mainly composed of sand shale, limestone, and various metamorphic rocks. The Ailao Mountains trend northwest-southeast, from Chuxiong City in the north, to Luchun County in the south, coming to a total length of about 500 kilometers. The main peak is named Ailao Mountain, and is located in the west of Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County, with an altitude of 3,166 meters.
In May 1988, China established the Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve in the Xujiaba area of the northern section of the Ailao Mountain Range, which is home to nearly 1,500 species of plants and more than 800 species of wild animals.
In November 2021, four geological surveyors went missing in the Ailao Mountains and died from hypothermia-induced cardiogenic shock.
Mountain ranges of China
23°50′N 101°34′E﻿ / ﻿23.833°N 101.567°E﻿ / 23.833; 101.567
Primula vialii

Primula vialii, Vial's primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, originating from wet meadows, or near water in high valleys of SW Sichuan and northern Yunnan in southern China.
Growing to 40 cm (16 in), it is a herbaceous perennial with erect stalks of flowers growing from basal rosettes of leaves. The flowers initially appear as narrow green spikes turning red and opening pink or violet blossoms from the base upwards, thus giving a striking bicoloured appearance.
The Latin specific epithet vialii honours Paul Vial (1855-1917).
This plant is cultivated as a garden ornamental, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
There is a white flowered cultivar 'Alison Holland', which was discovered by 85-year old amateur gardener John Holland in his wild upland garden in northern England.
Daphne holosericea

Daphne holosericea is a shrub, of the family Thymelaeaceae. It is native to China, specifically Sichuan, Southeast Xizang, and West Yunnan.
The shrub is evergreen, and grows from 0.3 to 1.0 meters tall. Its slender branches are grayish green and its leaves are clustered by the branches. It is often found around other shrubs and herbs in dry valleys at an altitude of 3000 to 3600 meters.
Điện Biên province

Điện Biên (chữ Hán: 奠邊) is a province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. It is bordered by Lai Châu to the northeast, Sơn La to the southeast, Pu'er City, Yunnan, China, to the northwest, and Phongsaly province in Laos to the west. The province covers an area of about 9,540 km (3,683 sq mi) and as of 2024 it had a population of 657,400 people.
The name "Điện Biên" means "stable frontier" (referring to Điện Biên's location on the border between Lan Xang and Vietnam). Điện Biên has various ancient monuments including the caves Thẩm Khương, as well as Thẩn Búa in Tuần Giáo. The original settlers were the Ai Lao or Tai people who are a direct ancestor of Lao people in Laos today. The names of some villages and towns still use words of Tai origin, such as Mường (city) and Tham (cave).
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Lự in Mường Thanh were the most developed in the area and controlled Sìn Hồ, Mường Lay, and Tuần Giáo.
In the 11th and 12th centuries, Tai people (not to be confused with the Thai people of Thailand) from Mường Ôm and Mường Ai occupied Mường Lò in Nghĩa Lộ and Mường Thanh in Điện Biên. They eventually gained control of the whole area between Mường Lò and Mường Thanh (Điện Biên).
Chua ta cave: Located at an altitude of nearly 1,000m above sea level, in a limestone mountain range with a geological tectonic process of millions of years, Tham Khen cave in Muong Dun commune, Tua Chua district has also been recognized by the Ministry of Culture. Sports and Tourism ranked national relics and scenic spots according to decision No. 3086/QD-BVHTTDL dated October 27, 2020. In addition to being unique like other caves, Chua Ta cave also has two typical types of ecosystems: Limestone mountain ecosystem and cave ecosystem. This place converges the diverse properties of nature.
Điện Biên province has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa).
Điện Biên is subdivided into 10 district-level sub-divisions:
They are further subdivided into five commune-level towns (or townlets), 116 rural communes, and nine wards.
Điện Biên has great tourism potential, especially in cultural and historical attractions. Key sites include the Điện Biên Phủ Campaign headquarters in Mường Phăng, French strongholds like Him Lam and Độc Lập, hills A1, C1, E1, and the De Castries bunker. Bản Phủ Citadel and the temple of Hoàng Công Chất are also popular.
Notable monuments include the Điện Biên Phủ Victory Monument (inaugurated in 2004) and the Victory Museum (opened in 2014). The province also offers natural attractions like Mường Nhé primeval forest, caves (Pa Thơm, Thẩm Púa), hot springs (Hua Pe, U Va), and lakes (Pá Khoang, Pe Luông). In the first half of 2018, Điện Biên welcomed around 490,000 tourists, including 94,000 international visitors, generating nearly 644 billion VND in revenue.
Trigoides

The genus Trigoides is known from fossils from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte. It is proposed to be a type of ctenophore. A phylogenetic study of Cambrian stem-group ctenophores recovered Trigoides in Scleroctenophora, along with Galeactena, Maotianoascus, Thaumactena, Batofasciculus and Gemmactena.
List of life zones by region

The climate and ecology of different locations on the globe naturally separate into life zones, depending on elevation, latitude, and location. The generally strong dependency on elevation is known as altitudinal zonation: the average temperature of a location decreases as the elevation increases.
The general effect of elevation depends on atmospheric physics. However, the specific climate and ecology of any particular location depends on specific features of that location. This article provides a list of life zones by region, in order to illustrate the features of life zones for regions around the globe.
Classic Version - Regions of the Amazonic Side
Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (3°7′0″S 37°35′0″E﻿ / ﻿3.11667°S 37.58333°E﻿ / -3.11667; 37.58333﻿ (Kilimanjaro)) & Mount Kenya, Kenya, (0°9′0″S 37°18′0″E﻿ / ﻿0.15000°S 37.30000°E﻿ / -0.15000; 37.30000﻿ (Mount Kenya))
In the altitudes between 3,400 and 4,500 m (11,200 and 14,800 ft) some of the most extreme examples of adaptations can be found. At altitudes below 3,400 m (11,200 ft) the daily temperature fluctuations are less extreme, the average daily temperature steadily increases, and the growth forms and ecology of the Dendroseneico reflect the increased influence of biotic factors (such as competition for light) over abiotic factors (such as nightly frost).
The Jade Dragon Snow Mountains contain the glacier nearest of the Equator in the Northern Hemisphere. The landmarks 4,506 m and 4,680 m at the end of the glacier can be reached through the cable car from Ganhaizi (Tibetan for dry lake, a grassland with conifers at 3,400 m). The mountain desert begins around 4,000 m. The Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan (UNESCO World Heritage Site) encompasses the watershed areas of the Yangtze (Jinsha), Mekong (Lan Cang) and Salween (Nujiang) rivers and is the joint of the Palearctic realm and the Indomalayan realm.
South China Karst

The South China Karst (simplified Chinese: 中国南方喀斯特; traditional Chinese: 中國南方喀斯特; pinyin: Zhōngguó Nánfāng Kāsītè), a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2007, spans the provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan. It is noted for its karst features and landscapes as well as rich biodiversity. The site comprises seven clusters Phase I: Libo Karst, Shilin Karst, and Wulong Karst inscribed in 2007, and Phase II: Guilin Karst, Shibing Karst, Jinfoshan Karst, and Huanjiang Karst inscribed in 2014. UNESCO describes the South China Karst as "unrivalled in terms of the diversity of its karst features and landscapes".
The huge karst area of South China is about 550,000 km in extent. The karst terrain displays a geomorphic transition as the terrain gradually descends about 2000 meters over 700 kilometers from the western Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (averaging 2100 meters elevation) to the eastern Guangxi Basin (averaging 110 meters elevation). The region is recognized as the world’s type area for karst landform development in the humid tropics and subtropics.
The World Heritage Property of South China Karst is a serial property that includes seven karst clusters in four Provinces: Shilin Karst, Libo Karst, Wulong Karst, Guilin Karst, Shibing Karst, Jinfoshan Karst, and Huanjiang Karst. The total area is 97,125 hectares, with a buffer zone of 176,228 hectares.
The South China Karst World Heritage property protects a diversity of spectacular and iconic continental karst landscapes, including tower karst (fenglin), pinnacle karst (shilin) and cone karst (fengcong), as well as other karst phenomena such as Tiankeng karst (giant dolines), table mountains and gorges. The property also includes many large cave systems with rich speleothem deposits. The karst features and geomorphological diversity of the South China Karst are widely recognized as among the best in the world. The region can be considered the global type-site for three karst landform styles: fenglin (tower karst), fengcong (cone karst), and shilin (stone forest or pinnacle karst).The landscape also retains most of its natural vegetation, which results in seasonal variations and adds to the outstanding aesthetic value of the area.
The property contains the most spectacular, scientifically significant and representative series of karst landforms and landscapes of South China from interior high plateau to lowland plains and constitutes the world’s premier example of humid tropical to subtropical karst: one of our planet’s great landscapes.
Cang Mountain

Cangshan or Cang Mountain (simplified Chinese: 苍山; traditional Chinese: 蒼山; pinyin: Cāngshān), also known as Mount Diancang (simplified Chinese: 点苍山; traditional Chinese: 點蒼山; pinyin: Diǎncāngshān), is a mountain range immediately west of Dali City in Yunnan province of Southwest China.
The highest summit, Malong, is 4,122 m, but the range includes another 18 peaks that are over 3,500 m elevation.
The mountain range is noted for its rich, diverse flora, first scientifically documented by Pierre Jean Marie Delavay in 1882.
In 1991 construction began on a paved walkway running north and south from the top chairlift station near ancient Dali. This walkway passes several waterfalls and overlooks lake Erhai and the ancient city itself. This walkway is named "Jade-Cloud Road" after the cloud formations that appear over the Cang Mountain peaks. Construction was completed in 1992 and in 2004 a new project was launched to widen the road and increase its length.
At the Dali Town chairlift station on the mountainside is a temple complex as well as a small travellers' inn. A second chairlift was completed in 2012 which takes visitors to just below the summit of the Cang Mountain Range. Pathways from the summit chairlift station allow visitors to walk to the peak and also to visit the TV and radio relay station that is situated on top of the ridge.
The foot of the mountain is the location of the annual Third Month Fair.
Yunnan cuisine

Yunnan cuisine, alternatively known as Dian cuisine, is an amalgam of the cuisines of the Han Chinese and other ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province in southwestern China. As the province with the largest number of ethnic minority groups, Yunnan cuisine is vastly varied, and it is difficult to make generalisations. Many Yunnan dishes are quite spicy, and mushrooms are featured prominently. Flowers, ferns, algae and insects may also be eaten. The cuisine of Yunnan is often compared to the cuisine of Southeast Asia as the province borders the region and many of the ethnic minorities or related cultural groups also have a presence in Southeast Asia.
Three of the province's most famous products are the renowned Pu'er tea, which was traditionally grown in Ning'er; Xuanwei ham, which is often used to flavour stewed and braised foods in Chinese cuisine and for making the stocks and broths of many Chinese soups; and guoqiao (crossing the bridge), a rice noodle soup with chicken, pig's kidney and liver, fish and pickled pork.
Yunnan cuisine is unique in China for its cheeses like Rubing and Rushan cheese made by the Bai people. Other influences include Mongolian influence during the Yuan dynasty (i.e. Central Asian settlement in Yunnan), and the proximity and influence of India and Tibet on Yunnan. Yunnan cuisine is gaining popularity in the west. Likening the food vlogger Dianxi Xiaoge to the Chinese documentary television series A Bite of China, Xinhua said Dianxi Xiaoge could be called A Bite of Yunnan in introducing Yunnan cuisine to the world.
Yunnan is located in the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau, with an extended range of mountains, plains, and lakes, forming a colorful scenery and three-dimensional climate of tropical, subtropical, temperate, and cold zones. This kind of diverse physiognomy and environment are beneficial to the growth of a variety of plants and animals. Yunnan is known as the "fungus kingdom," "plant kingdom," and "animal kingdom." It is one of the regions with the most abundant edible wild fungus resources in China. There are more than 250 kinds of edible native fungus, among which common ones are bovine liver fungus, Qingtou fungus, chicken fir fungus, dried fungus, bamboo sun fungus, matsutake fungus and so on.
The cooking technique is an essential factor in cooking dishes. Many dishes are unique in their varied use of cooking utensils, fire, flavors, and colors. Yunnan is known for its diversity and ethnic minorities. The ancient cooking methods of 25 ethnic minorities found in Yunnan are merging with the cooking techniques of the Han nationality, which makes Yunnan cuisine uniquely flavorsome and colorful. In the province, the Han peoples' techniques of steaming, frying, sautéeing (with starch extract), braising, quick-boiling, boiling, and stewing are melding with the methods of minority techniques of baking, grinding with mortar and pestle, heat-contact, curing, cooking on stone, preserving with salt and other cooking methods.
For example:
Vavilov center

A Vavilov center or center of origin is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov. Vavilov posited that the center of origin for a species or genus is the same as its center of diversity, the geographic area where it has the highest genetic diversity, but this equivalence has been disputed by later scholars.
Locating the origin of crop plants is basic to plant breeding. This allows one to locate wild relatives, related species, and new genes (especially dominant genes, which may provide resistance to diseases). Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is important in order to avoid genetic erosion, the loss of germplasm due to the loss of ecotypes and landraces, loss of habitat (such as rainforests), and increased urbanization. Germplasm preservation is accomplished through gene banks (largely seed collections but now frozen stem sections) and preservation of natural habitats (especially in centers of origin).
A Vavilov Center (of Diversity) is a region of the world first indicated by Nikolai Vavilov to be an original center for the domestication of plants. For crop plants, Nikolai Vavilov identified differing numbers of centers: three in 1924, five in 1926, six in 1929, seven in 1931, eight in 1935 and reduced to seven again in 1940.
Vavilov argued that plants were not domesticated somewhere in the world at random, but that there were regions where domestication started. The center of origin is also considered the center of diversity.
Vavilov centers are regions where a high diversity of crop wild relatives can be found, representing the natural relatives of domesticated crop plants.
Mount Laojun (Yunnan)

Laojun Mountain (Chinese: 老君山; pinyin: Lǎojūn Shān) is a mountain in the northwest part of Yunnan Province, China. It is part of the Laojun Mountain region, which includes an area of 1,085 square kilometres (419 sq mi) with elevations ranging from 2,100 to 4,513 metres (6,890 to 14,806 ft). The region includes four counties: Yulong, Jianchuan, Lanping, and Weixi. The western part of the region adjoins the Lancang River, while the eastern part is contiguous with the Jinsha River. The region was included in the Three Parallel Rivers UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, and the Laojun Mountain National Park was announced in January 2009.
Laojun Mountain region is a biodiversity hotspot. Laojun Mountain has over 170 species of macrofungi (mushrooms), about 10% of all rhododendrons in the world, and it is one of the few remaining places where the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) can be found. In 2015, TNC established a conservancy program on the mountain, in Liju village, concerning the animal. It offers business opportunities and training to local residents, to provide alternatives to poaching and logging, in order to protect the monkeys.
Javier del Granado

Don Francisco Javier del Granado y Granado (27 de fevereiro de 1913 — 15 de maio de 1996) foi um poeta laureado e filho predileto da Bolívia.
Nascido em uma família aristocrata de rica linhagem literária, ele passou a maior parte de sua juventude na fazenda colonial da família perto de Arani, no departamento de Cochabamba, Colpa-Ciaco, um patrimônio do século XVI e que outrora serviu de convento. Suas obras foram em muito influenciadas pelo seu contato com a natureza e a vida tranqüila no interior, combinando ambientação épica e crônica histórica com temas rurais e indígenas e o uso, além do espanhol, de idiomas indígenas, principalmente o Quechua (a língua dos incas). Seu vasto trabalho literário, de inspiração nativa, com cultivo de formas métricas tradicionais, como o soneto e a balada, já foi comparado à obra do notável acadêmico das letras mexicano, Alfonso Reyes.
O poeta-mestre boliviano alcançou amplo reconhecimento, e recebeu grande número de prêmios nacionais e internacionais no decorrer de uma carreira que ultrapassou meio século. Seu falecimento foi marcado por três dias de luto nacional, e seu cortejo fúnebre foi uma solenidade de estado. Em sua memória, a Bolívia consagrou duas avenidas e uma praça, ergueu um monumento, além de lançar um selo comemorativo em sua homenagem.
Entre suas obras se destacam:
Casa da Fazenda Canela

A Casa da Fazenda Canela, também chamada de Casa do Canela, é uma construção tombada pelo FUNDAC (Fundação Cultural do Piauí), localizada na cidade de Oeiras, no estado do Piauí.
A casa foi construída em meados de 1880 para ser residência de Luiz, apelidado de Luiz Canela de Ferro por causa de sua profissão de entregador, na qual sempre transportava as malas postais nas costas e fazia todos os trajetos a pé.
No século XX, a propriedade foi vendida para o Sr. Antonio Nogueira Tapety, aonde estabeleceu a sede de uma de suas fazendas de gado. Posteriormente, foi herdada pelo poeta Nogueira Tapety, responsável por dedicar vários de seus sonetos como “Sonho Panteísta" ao casarão e á cidade de Oeiras. O poeta faleceu na fazenda em janeiro de 1918.
Na frente da antiga residência, existe uma praça chamada de Praça do Canela, local que anteriormente se chamava Largo da Forca, por ser o lugar onde eram condenados os criminosos da cidade. A casa foi reformada no final do século XIX e na década de 1960. Apesar de não ter uso fixo, atualmente a Casa da Fazenda Canela está aberta para visitação.
Colubandê

Colubandê é um bairro localizado na zona sul de São Gonçalo, município do Leste Metropolitano, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no Brasil. Segundo o censo demográfico de 2010, o bairro do Colubandê reúne cerca de 30 781 habitantes.
No bairro, encontra-se um importante exemplar da antiga arquitetura rural brasileira, considerada a fazenda mais antiga conservada em área urbana do estado do Rio de Janeiro: a Fazenda Colubandê, que abrigou, por alguns anos, o Comando de Policiamento Ambiental e a Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O CEASA de São Gonçalo também está localizado no bairro, abastecendo vários bairros dos municípios do Eixo Leste Metropolitano do Rio de Janeiro.
Na área da saúde, o bairro abriga o Hospital Alberto Torres, uma Unidade de Pronto Atendimento 24 horas (UPA 24), e um posto de saúde municipal. Atualmente, encontra-se em fase de construção o Hospital da Mãe.
Na área da educação, o Colubandê é atendido por diversas instituições de ensino, como: Escola Attila Moledo, Sobral Pinto, Ceros, Sefoc, Odete São Paio, Educandário Nelson Costa, Rodolpho Siqueira, Zerbine 412, uma escola técnica especializada em alimentos (NATA) e a Fundação de Apoio à Escola Técnica.
A história do bairro remonta a 1618, quando foi construída a Fazenda Colubandê, que lhe dá nome. A fazenda fez parte da sesmaria doada ao colonizador Gonçalo Gonçalves, e sua casa grande foi construída no século XVII por Catarina Siqueira, na época proprietária do antigo Engenho Nossa Senhora de Mont'Serrat, que passou a se chamar Engenho Colubandê. A fazenda foi vendida ainda quando em construção para o judeu convertido ao cristianismo Benamyn Benevitis, que adotara o nome de Ramires Duarte Leão. O novo proprietário não utilizava o cultivo de um único produto na fazenda, como era de costume na época. Com a diversidade de sua produção, o engenho tornou-se um dos mais produtivos do país.
Ramires Leão por sua vida trouxe muitos judeus perseguidos de outros países para localidades próximas ao engenho. Após a sua morte, sua esposa Ana do Vale tornou-se proprietária. Seus herdeiros, acabaram sendo perseguidos pela Inquisição, tendo sido presos pelo Santo Ofício. No ano de 1713, a fazenda foi confiscada pela Igreja e entregue aos jesuítas.
Em 2014, foi inaugurado, no bairro, o Fórum Juíza Patrícia Acioli.
Recentemente, no Colubandê, foi inaugurada a nova unidade do Corpo de Bombeiros Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para atender São Gonçalo, Niterói e alguns bairros da Região dos Lagos.
Fazenda Carreiras

A Fazenda Carreiras está localizada em Carreiras, zona rural de Ouro Branco, Minas Gerais, sendo conhecida também como Fazenda Tiradentes. Fundada em 1694, ela é marcada por histórias e acontecimentos do período colonial.
A fazenda foi construída no caminho do ouro, ligando as minas de ouro de Minas Gerais ao Rio de Janeiro, sendo um local de movimentação importante, onde o ouro era levado para a corte, enquanto produtos para consumo eram trazidos para a população mineira.
A arquitetura da Fazenda Tiradentes é uma representação do estilo colonial brasileiro, com paredes de pau-a-pique e alicerce de pedra, telhados com telhas curvas, pisos e janelas em tábuas.
A Fazenda leva o nome de Tiradentes devido ao envolvimento do personagem na Inconfidência Mineira e a possível estadia dele (Joaquim José da Silva Xavier) para passar uma noite na estalagem Varginha, próxima à Fazenda Carreiras. O relato surgiu de Dom Pedro II, que mencionara Carreiras em seu diário:
Viajantes estrangeiros que atravessaram a região no século XIX, como o médico Johann Emanuel Pohl, relataram:
Outro estrangeiro, Hermann Buhrmeister, que visitou Ouro Branco por volta de 1850, afirmou:
No século XX, ocorreu uma grande mudança no empreendimento econômico da cidade de Ouro Branco, com a implantação de uma mineradora que afetou a Fazenda (sua importância). A mineradora Açominas (atual Gerdau) atraiu um grande número de pessoas em busca de emprego, levando à chegada de cerca de duzentos mil habitantes no município, incluindo arquitetos e engenheiros.
A partir dessa implementação, foram feitos planejamentos urbanos em Ouro Branco, nos quais a empresa se comprometeu a preservar o patrimônio cultural da cidade. Houve uma revitalização realizada por um grupo de arquitetos e profissionais, mantendo a originalidade e os aspectos culturais da Fazenda.
A Fazenda Carreiras foi vendida à prefeitura em 1992, sendo tombada pela lei municipal em 1997. Em 1999, o IEPHA/MG também protegeu a Fazenda por meio do tombamento estadual.
Em 2024, a Fazenda foi observada como um importante local cultural e histórico. Ela serve de museu e centro cultural, onde os visitantes podem aprender sobre a história da mineração, a vida colonial, a Inconfidência Mineira e a importância da cidade e região na formação do Brasil.
Casa-grande

The casa-grande (Portuguese for "big house") was the Brazilian equivalent of a plantation house. These casas-grandes were predominantly located in the northeast of Brazil (areas such as present day Bahia and Pernambuco). Additionally, sugar cane was grown in the interior, in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
The casa-grande was made up of three main components: the Big House, the senzala (slave quarters), and the engenho (sugar cane mill). The Lord of sugar plantation was called the senhor de engenho ("Lord of the sugar plantation"). His word was final, and he had control over the land, the slaves, and the women who made up the plantation community.
The larger casas-grandes were self-sustaining, since they were isolated from the more developed coastal regions. Essential structures that were built included the school, the nursery, the infirmary, the family chapel, the lords’s harem, the bank, and the cemetery. In the early days it was necessary to maintain an army on the plantation. Those armies were sometimes very large, having up to one hundred members drawn from Indigenous or multi-racial residents.
These plantations constituted a largely self-contained economic, social, political, and cultural system.
Gilberto Freyre wrote in his book Casa-Grande & Senzala, "Once the Jesuit was overthrown the senhor de engenho dominated colonial life almost without interference. He was the true master of Brazil, more powerful than viceroys or bishops." He added, "The truth is that around these senhores de engenho was created the most stable type of civilization in Hispanic America; and that type of civilization is exemplified by the heavy-set, horizontal architecture of the Big House."
These land owners were usually very powerful Portuguese men, and they did their best to keep their blood pure. This of course meant heavy inbreeding to keep the aristocracy. Freyre also says in his book that their motto was " A white woman to marry, a mulatto to take to bed, a Negress to do the work."
These sugar cane plantations were somewhat similar to the larger Southern plantations in the U.S., being an agricultural industry run on slave labor, which became very powerful in both Brazil and the United States.
Presidential Palace, São Tomé

The Presidential Palace of São Tomé e Príncipe (Portuguese: Palácio Presidencial de São Tomé e Príncipe, also known as Palácio do Povo) is the official residence of the president of São Tomé and Príncipe and located in the capital, São Tomé. The 19th-century Portuguese colonial style structure formerly served as the residence of the governor of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, until 1975 when the country achieved independence.
The Presidential Palace is a large, L-shaped mansion surrounded by a large garden. The palace is two stories and has a rose-pink façade with simple neoclassical elements. It is surrounded by pink concrete columns and a high iron fence with a closely guarded entrance. It is located next to Praça do Povo (Square of the People) between Avenida da Independência and Avenida 12 de Julho with its principal façade facing Rua de St. António do Príncipe. It is in close proximity to Our Lady of Grace Cathedral and a block from Ana Chaves Bay.
The exact date of construction of the Presidential Palace is unknown. It is built on the site where Álvaro Caminha, an early administrator of Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe, ordered the construction of the Torre do Capitão (Captain's Tower) between 1492 and 1493. The tower fell into ruin, and Cunha Matos described a government building on the former tower site in 1835; he describes the palace as spacious but poorly furnished. A building appears in a drawing on the site in 1844 that corresponds to Cunha Matos' description, but of a different design than the current Presidential Palace. The current structure appears in a photograph dated 1885. João Sousa Morais and Joana Bastos Malheiro, researchers on the architectural history of São Tomé e Príncipe, propose that the structure was built in the intervening period.
The building was known from its construction as the Palácio do Governo de São Tomé (Palace of the Governor of São Tomé), or more simply as the Palácio do Governo and was one of the few buildings in the colony in workable condition at the end of the 18th century. It was built as a mansion in a simple classical style typical of the Portuguese overseas territories, with two stories and a rose-pink façade.
The structure was upgraded during the Portuguese Estado Novo in the final stage of the colonial period. The Portuguese Town Planning Committee for the Overseas Territories (Gabinete de Urbanização do Ultramar, GUU) carried out urban survey and constructed monuments, buildings, and housing to promote the Portuguese state across all overseas colonies. One project of the GUU was the upgrade of the Palácio do Governo. Eurico Pinto Lopes, a Portuguese architect, supervised the renovation of the palace in 1954. The addition of neoclassical building elements, which included window ornamentation, columns along the spans of the building, and a main staircase at the entrance, were used "to give monumentality to the building."
The Presidential Palace is not open to the public, and photography of the building is not permitted.
Samadhi of Ranjit Singh

The Samadhi of Sher-e-Punjab Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: رݨجیت سنگھ دی سمادھی (Shahmukhi), ਰਣਜੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਸਮਾਧੀ (Gurmukhi); Urdu: رنجیت سنگھ کی سمادھی) is a 19th-century building in Lahore, Pakistan that houses the funerary urns of the Sikh Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780 – 1839). It is located adjacent the Lahore Fort and Badshahi Mosque, as well as the Gurdwara Dera Sahib, which marks the spot where the fifth guru of Sikhism, Guru Arjan, died. Its construction was started by his son and successor, Maharaja Kharak Singh, after the ruler's death in 1839, and completed nine years later. It overlooks the Hazuri Bagh, built by Ranjit Singh, to its south.
Construction of the mausoleum began in August 1839 but its completion was delayed due to infighting within the Sikh Empire between different factions. Construction of the building was started by his son, Kharak Singh on the spot where he was cremated, and was completed by his youngest son, Duleep Singh in 1848. The new British-rulers of Punjab, having annexed the Sikh Empire in 1849, undertook repairs of the mausoleum, which was completed in 1851.
The funerary urns were removed from the marble pavilion and were replaced by a simple slab around 1999. This was done as part of the preparations for the Khalsa Tricentenary and the visit of Sikh dignitaries from India. It has been kept well by Pakistani government. The Samadhi was damaged by an earthquake in 2005 but was repaired soon.
The building combines elements of Sikh, Hindu, and Islamic architecture. Portions of the building are believed to have been plundered from the adjacent Lahore Fort.
The building has gilded fluted domes and cupolas, and an ornate balustrade around the upper portion of the building. The front of the doorway has images of Ganesh, Devi and Brahma that are cut from red sandstone. The dome is decorated with Nāga (serpent) hood designs - the product of Hindu craftsmen that worked on the project. The wooden panels on the ceiling are decorated with stained glass work, while the walls are richly decorated with floral designs. The ceilings are decorated with glass mosaic work.
Ranjit Singh's ashes are contained in a marble urn in the shape of a lotus, sheltered under a marble pavilion inlaid with pietra dura, in the centre of the tomb. Surrounding him, in smaller urns, are the ashes of four Hindu sati queens and seven concubines.
Two small monuments to the west of the main building commemorate Maharaja Ranjit Singh's son Maharaja Kharak Singh and grandson Nau Nihal Singh, along with their wives. The building is located adjacent to Gurdwara Dera Sahib, the place of Guru Arjun's martyrdom.
31°35′21″N 74°18′41″E﻿ / ﻿31.5893°N 74.3113°E﻿ / 31.5893; 74.3113
Batesville Casket Company

Batesville Casket Company manufactures caskets and cremation urns. The company was a subsidiary of Hillenbrand, Inc. until its divestiture in 2023 and is headquartered in Batesville, Indiana.
The company operates three manufacturing plants in Batesville, Indiana, Chihuahua, Mexico, and Manchester, Tennessee, and a woodworking factory in Vicksburg, Mississippi, that supplies wood to the factory in Chihuahua.
The company was established in 1884, when John A. Hillenbrand began producing handmade wooden caskets. These caskets had ornate carvings made by casket and furniture companies. In 1906, Hillenbrand purchased the failing Batesville Coffin Company, and renamed it to Batesville Casket Company.
The company's successful business strategy was noted by George Stalk, a Boston Consulting Group writer, in 2004:
Stepping stones

Stepping stones or stepstones are sets of stones arranged to form an improvised causeway that allows a pedestrian to cross a natural watercourse such as a creek, a small river; or a water feature in a garden where water is allowed to flow between stone steps. Unlike bridges, stepstone crossings typically have no spans, although wood planks or stone slabs can be placed over between the stones (which serve as the piers) to improvise as low-water bridges. Although their historical origin is unknown, stepping stones, along with log bridges, are likely to have been among the earliest means of crossing inland bodies of water devised by humans.
In traditional Japanese gardens, the term iso-watari refers to stepping stone pathways that lead across shallow parts of a pond, which work like a bridge-like slower crossing. Using iso-watari for crossing ponds, or shallow parts of streams, one can view the aquatic animals and plants around or in the pond, like carp, turtles, and waterfowl.
Today, stepping stones are commonly used by mountaineers and hikers as a makeshift way of crossing uncharted or unanticipated streams and torrents. They may occur alongside a ford.
The Drukken Steps in the Eglinton Woods of North Ayrshire in Scotland were a favourite haunt of poet Robert Burns and his companion Richard Brown, while the two were living in Irvine from 1781 to 1782.
The name "Drukken" steps derives from a person's gait as they stepped from stone to stone whilst crossing the Red Burn. Seven or more stones were originally set in the Red Burn which was much wider than in 2009.
Burns himself used the Scots spelling "Drucken" rather than "Drukken". The ruins of the Drukken Steps are in the Eglinton Country Park.
A deadly version of stepping stones involving glass tiles is featured in the 2021 South Korean series Squid Game as the fifth game played in the series.
Driveway

A driveway (also called drive in UK English) is a private road for local access to one or a small group of structures owned and maintained by an individual or group.
Driveways rarely have traffic lights, but some may if they handle heavy traffic, especially those leading to commercial businesses or parks.
Driveways may be designed and decorated in ways that public roads cannot because of their lighter traffic and the willingness of owners to invest in their construction. Driveways are not resurfaced, cleared of snow, or maintained by governments. They are generally designed to conform to the architecture, standards, and landscaping of connected houses or other buildings.
Some materials used for driveways include concrete, decorative brick, cobblestone, block paving, asphalt, gravel, resin-bound paving, and decomposed granite. These materials may be surrounded with grass or other ground-cover plants.
Driveways are commonly used as paths to private garages, carports, or houses. On large estates, a driveway may be the road that leads to the house from the public road, possibly with a gate in between. Some driveways may be designed to serve different homeowners. A driveway may also refer to a small apron of pavement in front of a garage with a curb cut in the sidewalk, sometimes too short to accommodate a car.
Often, either by choice or to conform with local regulations, cars are parked in driveways to leave streets clear for traffic. Moreover, some jurisdictions prohibit parking or leaving standing any motor vehicle upon any residential lawn area (the property from the front of a residential house, condominium, or cooperative to the street line other than a driveway, walkway, concrete, or blacktopped surface parking space). Other examples include the city of Berkeley, California that forbids "any person to park or leave standing, or cause to be parked or left standing any vehicle upon any public street in the City for seventy-two or more consecutive hours." Other areas may prohibit leaving vehicles on residential streets during certain times (for instance, to accommodate regular street cleaning), necessitating the use of driveways.
Residential driveways may serve as the place for conducting garage sales, automobile washing and repair, and recreation, notably (in North America) for basketball practice. Australia hosts the longest driveway on earth that covers a distance of 130 kilometers to a sheep cattle station. This driveway showcases the county’s interior by crossing through harsh and remote terrains.
Andrew and James Dall Houses

The Andrew and James Dall Houses are a pair of historic residences in the Central neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Erected in the late nineteenth century, they were home to two of the city's leading builders, and they have together been named a historic site.
A native of Scotland, Andrew Dall, Sr., immigrated to the United States in 1852 with his family. Two of his sons, James (older) and Andrew Jr. (younger), established a prosperous construction business in Cleveland: they began as builders and contractors, and they later expanded into the role of craftsmen with their stonemasonry work. The brothers arranged for the construction of their homes in the 1870s: Andrew's house was started in 1875 and finished two years later, and the construction of James' house lasted from 1878 to 1881. During the time that the houses were under construction, the Dalls completed numerous prominent projects, including Adelbert Hall, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and multiple mansions in the Millionaires' Row on Euclid Avenue.
Architecturally, the two houses are typical of high-style residences of the period. Located on adjacent lots, they are brick buildings with foundations of sandstone and miscellaneous stone elements. Andrew's house was built in the Italianate style, while James' house features elements of the Eastlake mode of the Queen Anne style. A cobblestone driveway for carriages is located beside the houses.
In 1984, the houses were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places. Unlike many other Register-listed Cleveland residences from the period, they did not qualify for inclusion because of their architecture: they gained this designation because of their place as the homes of some of the most prominent builders in the city's history.
In 2020, the houses were extensively rehabilitated through an effort undertaken by surviving members of the family, the Cleveland Restoration Society, and the Building and Housing Department of the City of Cleveland, with support from a Federal grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior.
Media related to Andrew and James Dall Houses at Wikimedia Commons
Casa-Grande & Senzala

Casa-Grande e Senzala (English: The Masters and the Slaves) is a book published in 1933 by Gilberto Freyre, about the formation of Brazilian society. The casa-grande ("big house") refers to the slave owner's residence on a sugarcane plantation, where whole towns were owned and managed by one man. The Senzala [es; fr; pt] ("slave quarters") refers to the dwellings of the black working class, where they originally worked as slaves, and later as servants.
The book deals with race/class separation and miscegenation and is generally considered a classic of modern cultural anthropology. In Freyre's opinion, the hierarchy imposed by those in the Casa-Grande was an expression of a patriarchal society. In this book the author refutes the idea that Brazilians were an "inferior race" because of race-mixing. He points to the positive elements that permeated Brazilian culture because of miscegenation (especially among the Portuguese, Indians, and Africans). Portugal, like Brazil, is described as being culturally and racially influenced by "an energetic infusion of Moorish and Negro blood, the effects of which persist to this day in the Portuguese people and the Portuguese character". The book has been criticized in recent years by a few academics for downplaying the brutality of colonialism in Brazil and instead celebrating the hybridity which is indirectly a product of violence against Black and Indigenous people in the country.