davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
اتکل سمیلنی

اُتکَل سمیلنی ((اڈیا: ଉତ୍କଳ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ)‏)ایک ہندوستانی سماجی اور ثقافتی تنظیم ہے۔ اس کی بنیاد اوڈیشا میں 1903ء میں مدھو سودن داس نے رکھی تھی اور موجودہ دور میں بھی جاری ہے۔
اتکل سمیلنی کی بنیاد مدھو سودن داس نے رکھی تھی۔ اس کا پہلا اجلاس 1903ء میں ہوا تھا اور اس میں 62 "مستقل ارکان" شامل تھے۔ تنظیم کا پہلا مقصد ریاست اوڈیشا کے اتحاد کے لیے مہم چلانا تھا۔
1920ء میں چکردھرپور میں ایک کانفرنس منعقد ہوئی اور تنظیم نے عدم تعاون کی تحریک میں شامل ہونے کا فیصلہ کیا جس کی حال ہی میں انڈین نیشنل کانگریس نے توثیق کی تھی۔ اس نے 2002ء میں ایک نئے صدر، بسنت کمار پنِگراہی کو منتخب کیا۔
2010ء میں اتکل سمیلنی نے درخواست کی کہ بھارتی حکومت اڈیہ کو "کلاسیکی زبان کا درجہ" دے اور ان لوگوں کے مفادات کے تحفظ کے لیے مناسب اقدامات کرے جو اڈیہ بولتے ہیں؛ لیکن اپنی ریاست سے باہر رہتے ہیں۔ اتکل سمیلنی ریاست اڑیسہ کو اس کی جدید دور کی حیثیت اوڈیشا میں تبدیل کرنے میں ایک کلیدی حیثیت رکھتی تھی اور اس نے 2010ء میں آندھرا پردیش کے پولاورم پروجیکٹ کی مخالفت کی تھی۔
نریندر مودی کے وزیر اعظمی اسفار کی فہرست

نریندر مودی بھارت کے پندرہویں اور حالیہ وزیر اعظم ہیں جنھوں نے سنہ 2014ء کے عمومی انتخابات کے بعد قلمدان وزارت سنبھالا۔ ذیل میں نریندر مودی کے وزیر اعظمی اسفار کی فہرست درج ہے جو انھوں نے منصب وزارت سنبھالنے کے بعد کیے۔
دسمبر 2015ء تک نریندر مودی 33 غیر ملکی اسفار کر چکے ہیں، جن میں ریاستہائے متحدہ اور یورپ و ایشیا کے ممالک شامل ہیں۔ ریاستہائے متحدہ کے اسفار اقوام متحدہ کی جنرل اسمبلی کے اجلاسوں میں شرکت کے لیے ہوئے، جبکہ کچھ غیر ملکی اسفار ایشیائی ممالک کے ریاستی اسفار رہے ہیں۔
ذیل میں نریندر مودی کے ان اسفار کی فہرست ہے جو 2014ء میں کیے گئے:
مودی نے سنہ 2015ء میں درج ذیل اسفار کیے۔
نریندر مودی کے آئندہ اسفار:
نوبل انعام یافتہ مسیحی شخصیات کی فہرست

مندرجہ ذیل جدول 1901ء اور 2000ء کے درمیان میں نوبل انعام یافتہ شخصیات کے مسیحی عقیدے کو ظاہر کرتا ہے۔
زمر:مسیحیوں کی فہرستیں
بھارت کی قومی علامات

بھارت کے کئی قومی علامات ہیں جس میں تاریخی دستاویز، پرچم، قومی نشان، قومی ترانہ، یادگار ستون اور کئی قومی ہیرو شامل ہیں۔ تمام نشانات متعدد اوقات میں متعین کیے گئے ہیں۔ قومی پرچم کا ڈیزائن آزادی سے فوراً پیشتر 22 جولائی 1947ء کو مجلس قانون ساز کے رکن کے ذریعے پسند کیا گیا تھا۔و1و ان کے علاوہ کچھ قدیم علامات بھی ہیں جیسے قومی جانور، پرندہ، پھول، پھل اور درخت وغیرہ۔و2و
کامیڈی نائٹ ود کپل

کامیڈی نائٹس ود کپل ایک ہندوستانی ہندی زبان کا اسکیچ کامیڈی ٹاک شو ہے جس کی میزبانی کپیل شرما کرتا ہے، جس کا پریمیئر کلرز ٹی وی پر 22 جون 2013 کو ہوا اور 24 جنوری 2016 کو ختم ہوا۔ بہت سے اقساط میں مشہور شخصیات مہمان شامل ہیں جو عام طور پر کامیڈی پر مبنی ٹاک شو کی شکل میں اپنی تازہ ترین فلموں کی تشہیر کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔ستمبر 2013 میں، یہ شو ہندوستان کا سب سے زیادہ درجہ بندی والا اسکرپٹ والا ٹی وی شو بن گیا۔ CNN-IBN انڈین آف دی ایئر ایوارڈز میں، شرما کو 2013 کے لیے انٹرٹینر آف دی ایئر کا ایوارڈ دیا گیا
25 ستمبر 2013 کو، گورگاؤں کے فلم سٹی میں شو کے سیٹ پر آگ لگ گئی جس سے پورا سیٹ گر گیا اور ₹ 20 کروڑ کا نقصان ہوا۔ آگ لگنے کے بعد، لوناولا میں بگ باس کے سیٹ پر دو اقساط کی شوٹنگ کی گئی۔
تین سال تک کامیاب چلانے کے بعد، کپل شرما نے چینل کلرز کے ساتھ اختلافات کے بعد شو کو ختم کرنے کا فیصلہ کیا۔ آخری قسط 24 جنوری 2016 کو نشر ہوئی اگست 2016 میں، کلرز نے اپنے اتوار کی دوپہر کے اوقات میں شو کی پرانی اقساط کو دوبارہ نشر کرنا شروع کیا جس کی وجہ کپل کے ساتھ سخت مقابلے کے علاوہ ہدف کی درجہ بندی کے کم پوائنٹس تھے۔
اس شو کو کنڑ زبان میں ماجا ٹاکیز کے طور پر ڈھالا گیا ہے اور اس کی میزبانی سروجن لوکیش نے کی ہے۔ یہ شو کلرز کنڑ پر نشر کیا جاتا ہے جو کلرز ٹی وی کی ملکیت والا کنڑ چینل ہے۔
سانچہ:Colors Programmes
پیر ویر چکر

پیر ویر چکر (انگریزی: Param Vir Chakra) ہندوستان کا سب سے اعلیٰ فوجی اعزازات ہے، جس کو جنگ کے وقت بہادری کی نمایاں کارکردگی کا مظاہرہ کرنے کے لیے نوازا جاتا ہے۔
عظیم ترین بھارتی

عظیم ترین بھارتی (انگریزی: The Greatest Indian) ایک رائے شماری تھی جسے ریلائنس موبائل کے مالی تعاون سے آوٹ لک جریدے نے سی این این نیوز 18 اور دی ہسٹری چینل کے اشتراک سے منعقد کیا تھا۔ یہ رائے شماری جون تا اگست 2012ء جاری رہی جس میں بھیم راو امبیڈکر فاتح قرار پائے۔ نتائج کا اعلان 11 اگست کو ہوا تھا۔
دیگر مسابقوں یا رائے شماریوں کی طرح عظیم ترین بھارتی میں تاریخ کی تمام شخصیات کو شامل نہیں کیا گیا تھا۔ اس کی دو وجوہات بتائی گئیں۔ پہلی یہ کہ ما قبل آزادی کی تاریخ میں موہن داس گاندھی کی قدآور شخصیت آتی ہے اور کسی کے لیے بھی انھیں نظر انداز کر کے کسی دوسری شخصیت کو ووٹ دینا تقریباً ناممکن ہوگا۔ ناظمین اور دانشوروں نے فیصلہ کیا کہ اگر گاندھی کو بھی اس فہرست میں شامل کیا جائے تو کوئی مسابقہ ہو گا ہی نہیں۔ گاندھی ہی فاتح ہوں گے۔ دوسری وجہ یہ تھی کہ مسابقہ میں جدید بھارت پر توجہ دی گئی۔
28 رکنی حکم کی ایک ٹیم بنائی گئی جس میں قلم کار، مصنف، کھیل، تجارت، مرد اور خواتین کو شامل کیا تھا جو اپنے میدان میں مہارت رکھتے تھے۔ ان میں اہم نام سابق ایڈیٹر ان چیف دی ہندو این رام، سابق ایڈیٹر ان چیف ونود مہتا، سابق اٹارنی جنرل آف انڈیا سولی سورابجی، شرمیلا ٹیگور، ہرشا بھوگلے، چیتن بھگت، رامچند گوہا، ششی تھرور، نندن نیلیکنی، راجمکار ہیرانی، شبانہ اعظمی اور ارون جیٹلی جیسی شخصیات شامل تھیں۔ انھوں نے 50 امیدواروں کی ایک فہرست تیار کی جسے 4 جون 2012ء کو سی این این آئی بی این کے ایڈیٹر ان چیف راجدیپ سردیسائی عوام کے سامنے رکھا۔ بہترین 10 شخصیات کے انتخاب کے لیے سہ رخی طریقہ اپنایا گیا۔ 1۔ حکم کو مساوی نمبر دینے کا اختیار دیا گیا۔ 2۔ آن لائن پول کرایا گیا اور نیلسن کمپنی نے مارکیٹ میں سروے کیا۔ کل 7,129,050 لوگوں نے آن لائن پول میں حصہ لیا۔ ووٹنگ کی تاریخ 4 جون تا 25 جون تھی اور 3 جولائی کو بہترین 10 شخصیات کا اعلان کر دیا گیا۔ دوسرے مرحلہ کی ووٹنگ 1 جولائی تا 1 اگست ہوئی اور ووٹ دینے والے www.thegreatestindian.in پر یا ایک نمبر پر کال کر کے ووٹ دیتے تھے۔ سروے میں کل 20,000,000 لوگوں نے حصہ لیا۔ 11 اگست کو نتیجہ کا اعلان کیا گیا۔ اس موقع پر ایک خصوصی فائنل کا اہتمام کیا گیا جسے امیتابھ بچن نے پیش کیا جو 14 اور 15 اگست کو پیش کیا گیا۔
10 بہترین امیدوار مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
50 بہترین امیدواروں میں 15 بھارت رتن یافتگان ہیں جن میں 6 خواتین بھی ہیں۔ اس فہرست میں سب سے عمر دراز امیدوار روی شنکر (92 سال) تھے۔ ان کے بعد ایم ایس سوامی ناتھن (87) اور اٹل بہاری واجپائی (88) تھے۔ سب سے کم عمر والوں میں سچن تندولکر (39) تھے۔
بھیم راو امبیڈکر فاتح قرار دیے گئے، رامچندر گوہا اور ایس آنند نے ان کی تعریف و توصیف میں مضامین بھی لکھے تھے۔ref>"Outlook, 20 اگست 2012: A Case For Bhim Rajya"۔ 2014-05-24 کو اصل سے آرکائیو کیا گیا۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 2013-03-03</ref>
List of awards and honours received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born in Rameswaram in Southern India, Kalam spent four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation and Indian Space Research Organisation and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998.
He was elected as the president of India in 2002 and was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency.
Kalam was a recipient of several awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
Bibliography of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was an Indian aerospace scientist and statesman who served as president of India from 2002 to 2007. Born in Rameswaram in Southern India, Kalam spent four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the Defence Research and Development Organisation and Indian Space Research Organisation and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military missile development efforts. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998.
He was elected as the president of India in 2002 and was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.
Kalam has authored more than 25 books. His books have garnered interest in various countries.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Technological University, Thiruvananthapuram

APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU) is a state public technological university headquartered at Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
KTU is an All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and University Grants Commission (UGC) approved university that offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral degrees in engineering, technology, and management-related streams. Named after the Indian aerospace scientist and statesman A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in 2015, it is both an affiliation and teaching university, with more than 170 affiliated colleges and over 160,000 students enrolled, having jurisdiction over the 14 districts of Kerala.
It is a relatively new and reformed technological university, with its first batch enrolled in the academic year 2015-16.
KTU was established by the Government of Kerala through an Ordinance on 21 May 2014. Kuncheria P. Isaac, a former Member Secretary of the All India Council for Technical Education, was appointed as the first Vice-Chancellor of the university on 1 September 2014, and M. Abdul Rahman, former All India Council for Technical Education Director, was appointed as the first Pro-Vice-Chancellor. Classes for the first batch under KTU began on 1 August 2015.
The language of instruction is English, Malayalam. KTU offers the following academic degrees in undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral levels.
Media related to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University at Wikimedia Commons
Xinjiang Military District

The Xinjiang Military District (新疆军区) is a special military area of the PLA at the Theater Deputy-grade.(副战区级). It is one of three districts (Tibet and Beijing being the other two) that are directly under the Central Military Commission and its Joint Army Staff rather than under their Theater Command (in this case, the Western Theater Command.)
The district includes all of Xinjiang, plus the Ngari district of Tibet. It has also direct military jurisdiction over the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC).
The Xinjiang Military District of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) was founded in December 1949 as a subordinate military area to the Northwest Military Region and was elevated to a major military region in May 1955, operating directly under the Central Military Commission's authority.
In 1979, it was rebranded as the Urumqi Military Region; in June 1985, it amalgamated with the Lanzhou Military Region and concurrently established the Xinjiang Military Region, which operated at the corps level under the auspices of the Lanzhou Military Region; in April 1992, it was elevated to full military status following the dissolution of the corps-level structure; in October 1998, it was promoted to the status of vice-great-military region.
The current Xinjiang Military District was created in 2016 from the former Lanzhou Military Region as part of the 2015 reforms. While it is officially under the jurisdiction of the Western Theater.
The XMD covers the contested area of Aksai Chin, and it is a sensitive hotspot in China's borders. In 2020, it was the XMD that got involved in skirmishes and a protracted stand-off with India.
Recently (as of 2024) there have been efforts to create a "six-in-one" border defense system, in which the PLA, the police, the militia, party officials, government officials, and civilians would cooperate in patrolling the enormously long and harsh border of both the Xinjiang and Tibet MDs, with an emphasis on local nomadic tribes that know the terrain and are highly mobile by definition.
The XMD is divided into the northern district and the southern Xinjiang subdistrict (Nanjiang), which is a Corps-graded (正军级) unit responsible for the volatile Sino-Indian border.
These two main sub-areas are then divided into the following command sectors, generally comprising a prefecture:
As of 2022, the People's Liberation Army Ground Force units garrisoning the District are as follows (including their main garrison location). Xinjiang is one of the few military regions in which full divisions are still retained as an organizational level post the 2015 reforms (which reduced most divisions into combined arms brigades). Due to the very long border it patrols, there are also fifteen Border Defense regiments assigned as well as the main maneuver force.
The Border Defense regiments cover some of the most challenging terrain in the world, and it is occasionally reported that some units still use horses for patrolling.
List of Indian flags

This is a list of flags used in India by various organizations.
The former IAF rank flags were modeled on those of the Royal Air Force, with different colours.
At present there are no officially recognised flags for individual states and union territories of India. No legal prohibitions to prevent states adopting distinctive flags exist in either the Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act, 1950 or the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971. In a 1994 case before the Supreme Court of India, S. R. Bommai v. Union of India, the Supreme Court declared that there is no prohibition in the Constitution of India for a state to have its own flag. However, a state flag should not dishonour the national flag. The Flag code of India also permits other flags to be flown with the Flag of India, but not on the same flag pole or in a superior position to the national flag.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir had an officially recognised state flag between 1952 and 2019 under the special status granted to the state by Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
Flags have been proposed for Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, but neither were officially adopted.
When a distinctive banner is required to represent a state or union territory, the emblem of the state or union territory is usually displayed on a white or blue field.
| || 1947–present || National flag of India || A horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle, and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra. |}
Speeches about Indian independence

Although the militant factions of the Independence movement were advocating a complete break from British rule for almost a century, the first call for a non-violent movement led by Mahatma Gandhi was articulated in the aftermath of the failed Cripps' mission in April, 1942. Below is an excerpt of Gandhi's speech advocating complete independence from British rule.
On 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee met in Bombay and passed the Quit India Resolution. The outcome was a mass uprising all over India with mass boycotts and civil disobedience, called the Quit India Movement
On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of free India, addressed the Constituent Assembly. In his famous speech, Tryst with Destiny, he declared the end of the colonial era and called on citizens to recognize the promise and opportunity of the moment:
His speech went on to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts in the Independence Movement and called upon his countrymen to work together to
The declaration ends with an exhortation to work together in the common weal and cautions against narrow sectarian or religious divisiveness:
Indian National Conference

Indian National Union refers to a series of conference sessions generally considered to be the predecessor of Indian National Congress. Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose were its main organisers is miss sai . Two sessions of the conference were held in 1883 and 1885, and these sessions drew representatives from all major towns.
The first Indian National Union session was held in Kolkata at Albert Hall from 28 to 30 December 1883. It was prompted by Introduction of the Criminal Procedure Amendment Bill (1883-1884) or Ilbert Bill. Anandamohan Bose depicted this conference as the first stage towards the formation of a National Indian Parliament. The conference demanded introduction of representative assemblies for the advancement of the people of India.
The second Indian National Union was also held in Kolkata from 25 to 27 December 1885. Along with the Indian Association, the National Mohammadan Association and the British Indian Association were also conveners of this meeting. On its last day, the second National Conference sent a message of goodwill to the Indian National Congress.
As both of them have similarity with each other, the National Conference merged with the Indian National Congress in December 1886.
American Indian Chicago Conference

The American Indian Chicago Conference (AICC) was an influential, week-long conclave of 460 American Indians from 90 tribes from June 13 to June 20, 1961. One convener of the event, University of Chicago anthropologist Sol Tax, the founder of "action anthropology," described the purpose of the event as helping "all Indians of the whole nation to express their own views" and to create if possible a shared declaration. Among the key organizers were Lacy W. Maynor (Lumbee) and William C. Rickard (Tuscarora), the son of Clinton Rickard, founder of the Indian Defense League.
The Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, Wenner-Gren Foundation, and the University of Chicago provided some financial support for the meeting.
After exchanging opinions that ranged over many aspects of Indian affairs, the conference created a Declaration of Indian Purpose, the first major, collective statement on tribal self-determination.
Representatives from the conference formally presented the declaration to President John F. Kennedy in a ceremony at the White House on August 5, 1962. The spirit of self-determination expressed in the document was a cornerstone of Native activism in the years that followed, including the Red Power movement and the expansion of Native American gaming.
After the White House gathering, the Indians met with Vice President Lyndon Johnson, Senator Sam J. Ervin, Jr., and Congressman Ben Reifel, himself of Lakota Indian ancestry and a founder of NCAI, in order to discuss a legislative program suggested by the Declaration of Indian Purpose.
Indian Public Schools' Conference

Indian Public Schools Conference was established in 1939. The Indian Public Schools are an independent and private institutions of secondary education. Top notch boarding and day-cum boarding and the Sainik and Military Schools form part of this school conference. Therefore, these schools are considered private schools. These 77 schools have an independent board of governors. Their aim is to facilitate all around development of students through emphasis on both academics and extra-curricular activities.
The award carries cash prize of Rs. 51, 000/-, Silver plaque and a shawl. But the honour extended surpasses all the material accolades. The award is sponsored by J K White Cement Works and L K Singhania Education Centre, Gotan (http://www.lksec.org/).
List of current Indian opposition leaders

The official opposition in India includes the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha, the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha and the current opposition leaders in the legislative assemblies and legislative councils of the Indian states and union territories.
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the Parliament of India:
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the legislative assemblies of the Indian states and union territories:
This is the list of current opposition leaders in the legislative councils of the Indian states:
Kanu Gandhi (scientist)

Kanu Gandhi (1928 – 7 November 2016) was an Indian scientist and son of Ramdas Gandhi, thus a grandson of Mahatma Gandhi.
He studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, graduating with a master's degree in civil engineering in 1963. Later he worked for NASA and United States Department of Defense on aircraft design. He moved back to India with his wife in 2014. Gandhi died in a private hospital in Surat.
In 1963, Gandhi graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a master's degree in civil engineering. Later he worked for NASA and United States Department of Defense on aircraft design. His wife Shivalaxmi was a professor and researcher in Boston Biomedical Research Institute. They had no children. In 2014 they moved back to India. He died in a private hospital in Surat.
Youth in Indian politics

Many initiatives were taken in many schools to develop the interest among students to enter Indian politics. The field of politics in India is usually perceived as something that is not suited to the educated masses and this perception is being changed by many school students who take up the idea of politics as their career and help promoting the cause.
In 2004, 57% of the Indian population was aged 30 years or younger; however, only 35 out of 543 Lok Sabha members (6%) were aged under 30 . Nevertheless, the World Values Survey showed that the proportion of people aged 18–24 who identified themselves as "very" or "rather" interested in politics was around 50%, an increase of 15% since 1990. All major political parties have youth and student wings, such as Indian Youth Congress, Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad, and Democratic Youth Federation of India. A campaign by Young India Foundation has been raising awareness on the importance of youth rights and the essential representation they need in a country with over 670 million people below the age of 25. YIF is also leading in the Age of Candidacy campaign which is working on decreasing the age of candidacy in India from 25 to something lower.
As per a report by the Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), of the approximately ₹4,000–5,000 crore total advertisement and publicity spend in 2014 Indian Parliament elections, the digital platforms can expect to garner at least ₹400–500 crore. The target audience are predictably the youth, many of them first-time voters.
Michirones

Michirones sau Michirones a la murciana este un fel de mâncare tipic regiunii spaniole Murcia și a sudului extrem al provinciei Alicante.
Michirones este o mâncare pe bază de bob uscat la care se adaugă os de jamon, cârnați tip chorizo și dafin. În mod tradițional se prepară și se servește în oale de lut. Michirones este un preparat tradițional și foarte des întâlnit în regiunea Murciei mai ales cu prilejul sărbătorilor de primăvară, cu ocazia zilelor de naștere și a botezurilor.
În funcție de bucătar, gospodină sau localitate ingredientele pot diferi puțin dar pentru prepararea michirones-ului se folosesc:
Bobul trebuie să stea la înmuiat timp de 48 de ore, iar apa trebuie schimbată după 24 de ore. Se introduc boabele de bob într-o oală, tradițional de lut, se umple cu apa până la bordură și se fierb la foc mediu până ce boabele se frăgezesc. Pentru a fierbe mai repede se poate folosi și oala sub presiune. În timpul fierberii pentru ca bobul să capete gust se adaugă osul de la jamon, ardeii iuți și dafinul. După ce bobul s-a frăgezit adăugăm și celelalte ingrediente: chorizo tăiat felii, șunca, usturoiul, boiaua, sarea, etc.
Michirones se servește în castron de lut, cald alături de pâine făcută în casă și vin de casă. Preparatul nu trebui să fie nici prea sărac dar nici acoperit de zeama în care a fiert.
Oală de noapte

Oala de noapte, denumită și țucal, este un vas întrebuințat, în special noaptea, pentru necesitățile fiziologice.
Folosirea oalelor de noapte este documentată în Grecia antică cel puțin din sec. VI î.e.n., fiind cunoscute sub diferite nume: ἀμίς (amis), οὐράνη (ouranē) și οὐρητρίς (ourētris, din οὖρον - ouron, "urină", σκωραμίς / (skōramis), χερνίβιον (chernibion).
În secolul al II-lea, împăratul roman Marc Aureliu era vestit, printre altele, prin faptul că folosea oale de noapte din pietre prețioase, mai ales din onix.
În secolul al XVI-lea, în inventarele caselor princiare apar unele obiecte de uz intim, ca oala de noapte și scuipătoarea, care, pentru execuția lor adeseori artistică, sunt păstrate și azi în muzee.
În secolul al XVII-lea, oalele de noapte au continuat să fie folosite la scară largă, fiind confecționate în funcție de statutul social al utilizatorului – cardinalul Mazarin, de exemplu, comunica cu Dumnezeu de deasupra unei oale din sticlă, cu velur și o bandă de aur căptușită cu mătase. Alți aristocrați foloseau o cutie de lemn cu capac în care se afla o oală de noapte, faimosul „tron” de pe care Ludovic al XIV-lea al Franței rezolva probleme de stat.
La mijlocul secolului al XlX-lea, în Anglia, cei mai mulți oameni au continuat să utilizeze oalele de noapte, pe care le țineau într-un dulap din dormitor. Vizitatorii străini erau adesea îngroziți de obiceiul englezesc de a ține în dulapuri și bufete din sufragerie oalele de noapte, pe care bărbații le scoteau și le foloseau imediat ce femeile se retrăgeau. Unele camere erau dotate și cu „scaunul pentru necesități” aflat într-un colț.
Thomas Morus scria în Utopia că locuitorii insulei detestă aurul în așa măsură, că-l folosesc la fabricarea țucalelor:
Voltaire a decedat pe 30 mai 1778. Cei care au fost de față spun că, înainte de a muri, Voltaire „își mușca degetele și își vâra mâinile în oala de noapte, luând și mâncând tot ce se afla acolo“.
Resemnându-se să fie doar un pion provizoriu pe tabla de șah a micului stat european, născut, prin viclenie, în ciuda interdicției Marilor Puteri, pe harta fluidă a Europei, Alexandru Ioan Cuza a întins mâna după halatul de mătase roșie, a împins sub pat eleganta oală de noapte din porțelan și a semnat abdicarea pe un colț de secrétaire, lăsând locul liber pentru Carol de Hohenzollern.
Conform mărturiilor personajelor-cheie de la Târgoviște, ale ofițerilor care-i păzeau pe soții Ceaușescu, aceștia erau doi bătrânei decuplați complet de putere. Doi prizonieri care nu aveau nici măcar dreptul de a merge la toaletă, fiind obligați să-și facă nevoile într-o oală de noapte improvizată, în camera care le era și dormitor.
Prepeleac

Prepeleacul sau copacul cu oale se regăsește și astăzi în unele sate din România. Oalele familiei, de diferite culori și din diferite materiale, sunt puse pe ramurile unui copac sau par (stâlp) din lemn. Scopul principal este acela de a le usca, dar și de a le expune la soare pentru a le feri de mucegaiuri și bacterii.
Obiceiul poate fi observat și astăzi în satele maramureșene și, conform tradiției, cu cât numărul vaselor este mai mare, cu atât familia este mai înstărită. Tot în zona Maramureșului, conform tradiției, dacă în vârful copacului este o oală de culoare roșie, atunci înseamnă că familia respectivă are o fată de măritat.
În zona Horezului, în acest pom uscat, prepeleacul, se puneau vase de lut. Acestea erau schimbate odată cu începerea postului sau chiar sparte și distruse, iar prepeleacul pe care erau ținute era și el schimbat și înnoit.
Buridava

Buridava, conform scrierilor geografului grec Ptolemeu, este capitala tribului geto-dac al burilor, localizată în orașul Ocnele Mari, județul Vâlcea. În traducere liberă înseamnă cetatea sau orașul burilor.
Alături de cetățile de la Grădiștea și Tetoiu, au făcut parte dintr-un sistem defensiv ingenios în partea de sud-est a reședinței regilor daci din Sarmizegetusa munților Orăștiei.
Însă importanța Buridavei era și apărarea neprețuitei bogății a locului, sarea.
Se știa de mai mult timp de Buridava romană care se găsea pe teritoriul localității Stolniceni, la aceea dată localitate componentă a orașului Ocnele Mari, fără a se bănui că Buridava dacică se afla la circa 5 km. Se știa că dava romană era de o dată mai recentă ca urmare a alungării populației dacice din vatra străbună în timpul ocupației romane.
Întâmplarea face ca prin anul 1960 un profesor din Ocnele Mari, Gheorghe Moșteanu, care avea o grădină într-un loc numit Cosota, să găsească săpând, cioburi de oale de lut. Observând ceva mai deosebit la ele, le-a dus la fostul muzeu raional Vâlcea. Conducerea muzeului le-a dat spre studiu profesorului Dumitru Berciu, care a stabilit originea lor dacică și a hotărât deschiderea unui șantier arheologic. Cu acest prilej a fost descoperită o necropolă din care au fost scoase la lumină o serie de obiecte din lut cum sunt cești, farfurii și vase. Într-un mormânt a fost găsite chiar și cercuri din banda de fier, posibile cercuri de butoi.
Dar ce este mai important, este că pe unele cioburi de ceramică au fost găsite inscripții ca REB, MARK și BUR, acesta din urmă pare să ateste ca provin de la populația burilor, locuitorii cetății. Pe o vază de lut s-a găsit inscripția BASILEO THIAMARCOS EPOIEI, numele regelui local.
Săcel, Maramureș

Săcel (în maghiară Izaszacsal) este satul de reședință al comunei cu același nume din județul Maramureș, Transilvania, România.
Prima atestare documentară: 1453 (Zachal, Keneziatus Kis Zachal, Kis Zachal).
Etimologia numelui localității: din subst. sat + suf. dim. -uc > sătuc + suf. dim. -el > sătucel > sătcel (prin sincopare) > săcel.
Săcel este ultima localitate de pe Valea Izei în amonte, și de aici se face trecerea spre Valea Vișeului peste pasul din Dealul Moiseiului (spre Nord-Est) și spre Transilvania (mai precis Năsăud, spre Sud) prin pasul Dealul Ștefăniței, care desparte Munții Rodnei (la Est) de Munții Țibleșului (la Vest).
La recensământul din 2002, din cei 3779 locuitori, 3765 erau români, 8 romi și 6 maghiari.
Confesional, 3697 erau ortodocși, 34 adventiști de ziua a șaptea, 23 greco-catolici, 13 baptiști și 2 penticostali.
Ceramica de Săcel este unul din cele mai marcante, și în același timp mai arhaice tipuri de ceramică tradițională din spațiul românesc.
Este singurul centru din țară în care vasele roșii nesmălțuite se lustruiesc cu piatra, având corespondență numai în ceramica neagră din nordul Moldovei.
Ceramica de Săcel este arsă din lutul roșu, de foarte bună calitate, scos de la o mare adâncime, din puțuri de 10–15 m adâncime.
Forma vaselor, elementele decorative și tehnicile de lucru sînt similare ceramicii dacice. Însă cuptorul în care ceramica se arde, datînd din anii 1700, se leagă de tipul cuptoarelor romane.
Ceramica de Săcel s-a produs într-o multitudine de forme: ulcioare, oale pentru lapte, ulcele pentru moși, strecurători, tigăițe cu trei picioare, oale la găluște, blide, fidea. Acestea erau lustruite cu piatra efectul decorativ fiind dat de vărgile în zigzag și liniile vălurite, de culoare brună obținută prin pisarea unui anume fel de piatră, și pictate cu pensula.
Acest tip de ceramică se făcea pînă pe la jumătatea secolului XX în mai multe centre de pe Valea Izei, iar Săcelul avea nu mai puțin de 9 olari. Acum mai este o singură familie care continuă această tradiție.
În anii 1970 pătrunderea produselor industriale părea să dea o lovitură finală și acestui ultim punct de rezistență. Producerea oalelor de lut fiind anevoioasă și costisitoare a fost abandonata, dar dupa câțiva ani reluată la insistențele specialiștilor etnografi, dar și stimulată de interesul în creștere al vizitatorilor pentru obiectele tradiționale.
Lutul roșu de foarte bună calitate, care să asigure închiderea porilor fără smălțuire este tot mai greu de găsit și la adâncime tot mai mare. Acest lucru micșorează și mai mult producerea acestui tip de ceramică, și așa limitată de posibilitățile unui singur olar de o trece prin toate etapele.
Chiar dacă multe din vasele de Săcel produse acum ajung în posesia turiștilor sau colecționarilor, ele sunt încă mult folosite de țăranii maramureșeni deoarece își păstrează calitățile care le-au făcut cunoscute: robustețea și rezistența la căldură, putând fi puse direct pe plita sobei sau, cum este tigăița cu trei picioare, chiar pe jar.
Vița de Vie (formație)

Vița de Vie este o formație rock (ocazional influențe rap, hardcore, jazz, și reggae) din România, formată în 1996. Primul lor album, "Rahova", a fost realizat în 1997.
Înființată în 1996, formația înregistrează primul demo în studioul lui Adrian Ordean, ocazie cu care grupul a fost botezat "Vița de Vie" de către acesta, după ce au fost confundați cu Sarmalele Reci. În 1997 este lansat albumul de debut, „Rahova”, sub egida casei de discuri Zone Records. În 1998 formația, aflată încă la început de drum, ia parte la Turneul Hollywood Rock Tour alături de deja consacratele Holograf și Timpuri Noi.
În 1999 Vița de Vie dă marea lovitură pe piața muzicală românească prin lansarea albumului „Fenomental”, pe casetă audio și al videoclipului piesei „Basul și cu toba mare”.
. Albumul este reeditat un an mai târziu în format CD, conținând și videoclipul. Tot în 2000 este lansat videoclipul „Vino la mine”, iar Vița de Vie primește premiul Otto pentru cea mai bună formație, acordat de revista Bravo. Împreună cu Timpuri Noi este lansat albumul „Lucky Nights Live”.
Albumul „Exxtra” este lansat în 2001, alături de videoclipurile „Sunetul mai tare” și „Liber”. Albumul cuprinde colaborări cu Șuie Paparude (pentru piesa „Zboară”), Paraziții (pentru „Beat mort”), Ganja și K-Gula (pentru „O noapte”). Piesele au influențe rap, în special la nivelul limbajului, pe coperta CD-ului fiind scris avertismentul «ATENȚIE - Conține cuvinte tari».
În 2002 formația primește premiul UPFR pentru «Cel mai bun album alternativ», respectiv albumul „Exxtra”. Este lansat albumul „Doi” și videoclipul „Visare”, iar în 2003 apar videoclipurile „Varză” și „Totata”. În 2004 formația lansează albumul „9704” cuprinzând cele mai bune piese de pe primele 4 albume și o piesă nouă intitulată „Îmi pasă”, pentru care înregistrează și un videoclip. Vița de Vie primește premiul «MTV Best Live», performanță repetată și un an mai târziu, în 2005.
În august 2005 trupa a concertat pro bono (gratuit) la festivalul FânFest, Roșia Montană în cadrul campaniei „Salvați Roșia Montană”.
Vița de Vie se implică în campania socială „Deschide-ți inima” împotriva discriminării persoanelor afectate de virusul HIV, în 2006, iar în 2007 are loc lansarea albumului „Egon” și campania „Îmi pasă” pentru Asociația UpDown. Este înființată casa de discuri VdV Music.
Albumul „Fetish”, distribuit în colaborare cu Gazeta Sporturilor, a beneficiat de un concert de lansare pe 25 martie 2010.
În 7 aprilie 2012, Sorin Dănescu, clăparul și co-fondatorul trupei, părăsește trupa, la nici două săptămâni de la concertul aniversar susținut la Opera Națională.
Interviuri
Bucătăria moldovenească

Bucătăria moldovenească este denumirea sub care este cunoscută de străini totalitatea tradițiilor, obiceiurilor și gusturilor gastronomice din Republica Moldova. Ad litteram, ca sens primar, sintagma „bucătăria moldovenească” ar putea defini și ansamblul de tradiții culinare din spațiul regiunii geografico-istorice Moldova. Totuși, acestea nu sunt individualizate și diferențiate suficient de mult față de bucătăria românească per ansamblu.
Prima carte de bucate în limba română "200 rețete cercate de bucate, prăjituri și alte trebi gospodărești" a fost tipărită de Costache Negruzzi și Mihail Kogălniceanu în 1841 în Iași, Principatul Moldovei.
Bucătăria moldovenească este compusă în principal din alimente tradiționale europene, cum ar fi carne de vită, carne de porc, cartofi, varză și diferite cereale.
Cel mai cunoscut fel de mâncare din bucătăria moldovenească, precum și cea românească per ansamblu, este mămăliga. Aceasta este o fiertură de făină de porumb, servită adesea ca un acompaniament pentru tocănițe și preparate din carne sau cu brânză de vaci, smântână și șorici de porc. Vinurile locale nu lipsesc de pe cele mai multe mese.
Tradițională pentru bucătăria basarabeană sunt feluri de mâncare care combină diverse legume, cum ar fi roșii, ardei gras, vinete, varză, fasole, ceapă, usturoi, praz și altele. Legumele sunt folosite în salate și sosuri, ele sunt coapte, aburite, murate, sărate sau marinate.
Produsele din carne dețin un loc special, mai ales ca primul curs și aperitivă. Supa din carne de pui, cunoscută sub numele de borș (ciorbă) este foarte populară. Friptura de porc la grătar și chiftelele din carne de vită și miel sunt comune. Carnea de pește este de multe ori marinată și apoi pusă la grătar.
Feluri de mâncare de sărbătoare tradiționale includ sarmale umplute cu carne tocată, pilaf (un fel de mâncare de orez), jeleu, fidea, carne de pui, altele. Masa de sărbătoare este, de obicei, decorată cu elemente de patiserie, cum ar fi produse de patiserie prăjituri, role, chifle și o varietate de umpluturi (brânză, fructe, legume, nuci, etc).
În anumite regiuni, bucătăria diferitelor minorități este predominantă. În zonele de est, ucrainenii mănâncă borș; în sud, bulgarii servesc mangea tradițională (sos cu carne de pui), în timp ce găgăuzii pregătesc sharpa, o supă de carne de oaie foarte condimentată; în comunitățile rusești se gătesc pelmeni. De asemenea, populari sunt colțunașii umpluți cu brânză proaspătă, carne, sau cartofi.
O selecție bogată de legume, carne, pește și produse lactate, duce la o gamă largă de gustări în bucătăria moldovenească. Cele mai populare sunt:
Gustările sunt umplute cu ulei vegetal, oțet, smântână, maioneză, sosuri de mușchi, skardol, marinare. Plantele condimentate - leuștean, tarhon, pătrunjel, mărar, țelină, mentă, precum si usturoiul - sunt folosite pentru a da gustarii o aroma savuroasă.
Dintre aperitivele reci, ouăle umplute cu ciuperci și ficat de pui, piftie, carne și pește sunt de asemenea comune.
În 2014, Poșta Moldovei a lansat ștampile de circulație cu desene naționale.
Arabia (brand)

Arabia was a Finnish ceramics company, founded in 1873 by Rörstrand, now owned by Fiskars. Arabia has specialized in faience and porcelain kitchenware and tableware.
The original Arabia porcelain factory was located in Toukola (Helsinki). It later housed the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture.
Ulla Procopé, Esteri Tomula, Birger Kaipiainen and Kaj Franck were among the best-known artists and designers for the company.
In 1990 the company was acquired by Hackman and was incorporated into the Hackman trademark. In 2016 the Arabia factory in Finland closed. All Arabia products are now made in Thailand and Romania.
Founded as a subsidiary of the Swedish porcelain producer Rörstrand on November 25, 1873, the Arabia brand has gone through numerous ownership changes since its founding.
Carl-Gustaf Herlitz, formerly an employee of Rörstrand, was recruited in 1881 to serve as the technical director. The limited company Arabia Aktiefabrik was founded in 1885, to which Herlitz was appointed managing director in 1893. A couple of years later in the 1890s, Thure Öberg was poached from Röstrand and become the company's first artist. Öberg worked in Arabia until his death in 1935.
In 1916, the company was transferred to Finnish ownership, and Herlitz's son Carl-Gustaf Herlitz took over the position of CEO until 1947. Over the course of his tenure, the company expanded and became the largest in the Nordic region. From 1947 to 1990, Arabia was owned by Wärtsilä Oy, and in 1990 was sold to Hackman. Today, the Arabia brand is owned by the Iittala Group, which broke away from Hackman, and in 2007 was taken over by Fiskars.
Kurt Ekholm was appointed artistic director of Arabia's art department in 1932, pioneering innovative tableware design. For a time, the company employed over 1,500 employees, and was the largest porcelain factory in Europe. They also produced toilet seats in Helsinki's Arabianranta and Ekenäs between 1874 and 1992. On March 18, 2016, production of the ceramics factory in Fishers was stopped and moved abroad.
Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine

Bosnian cuisine (Bosnian: bosanska kuhinja) is the traditional cuisine of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is influenced by Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and Balkan cuisines.
Bosnian cuisine is a mixture of the local regions such as the Balkan countries, Greece, Italy and Turkey, with many recipes coming from the Ottoman era. It uses some spices, but usually in moderate quantities. Most dishes are light, as they are cooked in lots of water; the sauces are often natural, consisting of little more than the natural juices of the vegetables in the dish. Typical ingredients include tomatoes, potatoes, onions, garlic, bell peppers, cucumbers, carrots, cabbage, mushrooms, spinach, zucchini, dried and fresh beans, plums, milk, paprika and cream called pavlaka and kajmak. Typical meat dishes include primarily beef and lamb due to the Islamic faith of the Bosnian Muslims, although the Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Serbs can consume pork. Some local specialties are ćevapi, burek (börek), 'zeljanica' spinach pie spanakopita, 'sirnica' cheese pie, 'paprike' stuffed peppers, sarma, 'pilav' tagliatelle, grah [butter bean soup], cured meats and cheeses (charcuterie) gulaš (goulash), ajvar and a whole range of sweets inspired by the Middle East like baklava. Food is prioritised for being organic and of good quality. Bosnians enjoy many natural fruit juices but often use cordials from various fruits and herbs. The best local wines come from Herzegovina where the climate is suitable for growing grapes. Plum or apple brandy rakija, is produced in Bosnia.
Wines are produced mainly in Herzegovina, in the regions of Mostar, Čitluk, Ljubuški, Stolac, Domanovići, and Međugorje.
Pastry brush

A pastry brush, also known as a basting brush, is a cooking utensil used to spread butter, oil or glaze on food. Traditional pastry brushes are made with natural bristles or a plastic or nylon fiber similar to a paint brush, while modern kitchen brushes may have silicone bristles. In baking breads and pastries, a pastry brush is used to spread a glaze or egg wash on the crust or surface of the food.
In roasting meats, a pastry brush may be used to sop up juices or drippings from under pan and spread them on the surface of the meat to crisp the skin.
পলাশ সরকার

পলাশ সরকার (জন্ম: ২৮ সেপ্টেম্বর ১৯৬৯) একজন ভারতীয় গণিতবিদ এবং ভারতীয় পরিসংখ্যান ইনস্টিটিউটের ফলিত পরিসংখ্যান ইউনিটের অধ্যাপক। তার প্রধান গবেষণার আগ্রহ হলো ক্রিপ্টোলজি। তিনি ভারতে ক্রিপ্টোলজির উপর গবেষণা শুরু করা প্রথম শিক্ষাবিদদের মধ্যে একজন এবং তারপর থেকে দেশে এই ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেছেন।
তার একাডেমিক নেতৃত্ব ক্রিপ্টোলজিতে অনেক ডক্টরাল এবং পোস্ট-ডক্টরাল ছাত্রকে অনুপ্রাণিত করেছে এবং তত্ত্বাবধান করেছে যারা আন্তর্জাতিকভাবে খ্যাতিমান ক্রিপ্টোলজিস্ট, অধ্যাপক হয়ে উঠেছে এবং ভারতের শীর্ষস্থানীয় একাডেমিক ইনস্টিটিউটে শিক্ষাবিদ হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছে। তার বেশ কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ক্রিপ্টোগ্রাফিক কার্যকারিতার জন্য অত্যাধুনিক সমাধান প্রদান করেছে। তিনি ২০১১ সালে বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তিতে শান্তি স্বরূপ ভাটনগর পুরস্কারে ভূষিত হন, যা গাণিতিক বিজ্ঞান বিভাগে গবেষণায় ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ পুরস্কার।
পলাশ সরকার ১৯৬৯ সালের ২৮ সেপ্টেম্বর ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গের কলকাতায় জন্মগ্রহণ করেন। স্থানীয় বিদ্যালয়ে শিক্ষা সমাপ্তের পর তিনি যাদবপুর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে ভর্তি হন এবং এখান থেকে ১৯৯১ সালে ইলেকট্রনিক্স এবং টেলিকম্যুনিকেশন ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ে স্নাতক ডিগ্রি লাভ করেন। এরপর তিনি ভারতীয় পরিসংখ্যান ইনস্টিটিউটে গমন করেন ও সেখান থেকে ১৯৯৩ সালে কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান টেকনোলজিতে স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। পরবর্তীতে, ১৯৯৯ সালে তিনি এই একই প্রতিষ্ঠান হতে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি অর্জনের পর সরকার কানাডার ওয়াটারলু ইউনিভার্সিটির সেন্টার ফর এপ্লাইড ক্রিপ্টোগ্রাফিক রিসার্চ-এ (সিএসিআর) ২০০০ সাল হতে একবছরের জন্য পোস্টডক্টোরাল ফেলো হিসাবে কাজ করেন।
পলাশ সরকার তার কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন ১৯৯৩ সালে, কলকাতার সফটওয়্যার কোম্পানি সিএমসি লিমিটেডে অ্যাসোসিয়েট ইনফরমেশন টেকনোলজি ইঞ্জিনিয়ার হিসাবে। পরের বছর, ১৯৯৪ সালে, তিনি কলকাতাস্থ ভারতীয় পরিসংখ্যান ইনস্টিটিউটে একটি প্রকল্পের অধীনে কম্পিউটার প্রোগ্রামার হিসাবে যোগদান করেন এবং ১৯৯৫ সাল হতে ২০০০ সাল পর্যন্ত ইনস্টিটিউটে কম্পিউটার প্রোগ্রামার হিসাবে কাজ করেন। পোস্টডক্টোরাল সমাপ্ত করে কানাডা হতে প্রত্যাবর্তনের পর, ২০০১ সালে, তিনি ভারতীয় পরিসংখ্যান ইনস্টিটিউটে সহযোগী অধ্যাপক হিসাবে যোগ দেন এবং ২০০৫ পর্যন্ত উক্ত পদে ও এরপর ২০০৫ থেকে ২০১১ পর্যন্ত একই প্রতিষ্ঠানে অধ্যাপক পদে কর্মরত থেকে ২০১১ সাল থেকে সেখানেই তিনি উচ্চতর প্রশাসনিক ধাপের অধ্যাপক হিসাবে অদ্যাবধি কর্মরত আছেন।
পলাস সরকার ২০০৫ সালে বি এম বিড়লা পদকে ভূষিত হন। ২০১১ সালে ভারত সরকার তাকে গাণিতিক বিজ্ঞান গবেষণায় অনন্য অবদান রাখার জন্য ভারতের সর্বোচ্চ বিজ্ঞান পুরস্কার শান্তি স্বরূপ ভাটনগর পুরস্কারে ভূষিত করেন। এছাড়াও তিনি ইউনিভার্সিটি অভ কেন্টের স্কুল অভ কম্পিউটিং-এর ইনস্টিটিউট অভ সাইবার সিকিউরিটি ফর সোসাইটি (আইসিএসএস) -এ অনারারী প্রফেসর হিসাবে যুক্ত রয়েছেন।
কলকাতা মহানগর এলাকা

কলকাতা মহানগর অঞ্চল বা কলকাতা মেট্রোপলিটান অঞ্চল (কেএমএ) বা বৃহত্তর কলকাতা পশ্চিমবঙ্গের রাজধানী কলকাতা মহানগরের একটি সংযুক্ত নগরাঞ্চল। দিল্লি ও মুম্বইয়ের পর এটি ভারতের তৃতীয় সবথেকে জনবহুল মহানগর এলাকা। এলাকাটি কলকাতা মেট্রোপলিটান ডেভেলপমেন্ট অথরিটি (কেএমডিএ) দ্বারা পরিচালিত। চারটি পৌরসংস্থা ও ৩৯ টি পৌরসভা এই এলাকার অন্তর্গত।
২০১১ সালে জনগণনার তথ্য অনুসারে কলকাতা মহানগর অঞ্চলের মোট জনসংখ্যা ১,৪১,১২,৫৩৬ জন অর্থাৎ ১ কোটি ৪০ লক্ষের কিছু বেশি। কেএমডিএ-এর রিপোর্ট অনুযায়ী অঞ্চলটির মোট আয়তন ১,৮৮৬.৬৭ বর্গকিলোমিটার (৭২৮.৪৫ বর্গমাইল), সুতরাং এই অঞ্চলটির জনঘনত্ব ৭,৪৮০ প্রতি বর্গকিলোমিটার (১৯,৪০০ প্রতি বর্গমাইল)
কলকাতা ও কলকাতা শহরতলির রেল স্টেশনের তালিকা

ভারতীয় রেলের পূর্ব রেল ও দক্ষিণ পূর্ব রেল কলকাতা ও কলকাতা শহরতলীর রেলওয়ে স্টেশন পরিচালনা করে। ১৮৫৪ সালে এই পরিষেবা চালু হয়। হাওড়া, শিয়ালদহ, শালিমার, কলকাতা (চিৎপুর), নবদ্বীপ ধাম, বর্ধমান, জলপাইগুড়ি, আসানসোল ইত্যাদি নানা উল্লেখ্য প্রধান স্টেশন এবং একাধিক স্থানীয় স্টেশনের মাধ্যমে এই পরিষেবা চালু রয়েছে।
উহান ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান

উহান ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান (চীনা: 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所; ফিনিন: Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ) হলো চীনা বিজ্ঞান একাডেমির ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান বিভাগ কর্তৃক পরিচালিত একটি প্রতিষ্ঠান যেখানে বিভিন্ন প্রকারের ভাইরাস সম্পর্কিত গবেষণা করা হয়। প্রতিষ্ঠানটি চীনের হুপেই প্রদেশের প্রাদেশিক রাজধানী এবং চীনের ৭ম বৃহত্তম উহান নগরীর চিয়াংশিয়া পৌর জেলায় অবস্থিত।
এটি চীনের একমাত্র প্রতিষ্ঠান যেখানে শুধুমাত্র ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান নিয়ে মৌলিক গবেষণা চালানো হয়। সাধারণ ভাইরাস নিয়ে মৌলিক গবেষণার পাশাপাশি এটি আরো সম্ভাব্য ভাইরাসঘটিত রোগ নিয়ে গবেষণা করে থাকে।
১৯৫৬ সালে চীনা বিজ্ঞান একাডেমির অধীনে উহান অনুজীববিজ্ঞান পরীক্ষাগার নামে প্রতিষ্ঠানটি প্রথম গঠন করা হয়। ১৯৬২ সালে এর নাম পরিবর্তন করে দক্ষিণ চীন অনুজীববিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান রাখা হয় এবং ১৯৬২ সালে উহান অনুজীববিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান নামকরণ করা হয়। ১৯৭০ সালে হুপেই বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি কমিশন উক্ত বিভাগের কর্তৃত্ব গ্রহণ করার পর এটি হুপেই প্রদেশের অনুজীববিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান নামে পরিচিতি পায়। ১৯৭৮ সালের জুনে এটি পুনরায় চীনা বিজ্ঞান একাডেমির অধীনে আসার পর নাম পরিবর্তন করে উহান ভাইরাসবিজ্ঞান গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান রাখা হয়।
বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন প্রতিষ্ঠান

বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন প্রতিষ্ঠান (সংক্ষেপে: স্পারসো) বাংলাদেশ সরকারের প্রতিরক্ষা মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীন একটি সরকারি স্বায়ত্তশাসিত গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান। এটি ঢাকা শহরের আগারগাঁওয়ে অবস্থিত। ১৯৮০ সালে এটি প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। বাংলাদেশের ঘূর্ণিঝড় ও অন্যান্য প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগের পূর্বাভাস প্রদানে এ কেন্দ্র গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখে। সংস্থাটি ল্যান্ডস্যাট ও NOAA নামক কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহ ব্যবহার করে ভূমি জরিপে নিয়োজিত। বাংলাদেশের উপগ্রহ চিত্রগুলো স্পারসোর তত্ত্বাবধানে থাকে।
১৯৬৮ সালে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের পরমাণু শক্তি কেন্দ্রে অটোমেটিক পিকচার ট্রান্সমিশন (এপিটি) গ্রাউন্ড স্টেশন প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে বাংলাদেশে মহাকাশ প্রযুক্তির ব্যবহার শুরু করে। বাংলাদেশ স্বাধীন হওয়ার পর সরকার দেশের প্রাকৃতিক সম্পদ জরিপ, পরিবেশ, দুর্যোগ পর্যবেক্ষণ ও ব্যবস্থাপনায় এ প্রযুক্তি ব্যবহারের জন্য বাংলাদেশ ইআরটিএস প্রোগ্রাম নামে একটি প্রকল্প গ্রহণ করে। এ প্রকল্পের সফলতার পর ১৯৭৫ সালে বাংলাদেশ ল্যান্ডসেট প্রোগ্রাম (বিএলপি) পঞ্চবার্ষিকী পরিকল্পনায় অন্তর্ভুক্ত হয়। ১৯৮০ সালে বাংলাদেশ পরমাণু শক্তি কমিশনের মহাকাশ এবং বায়ুমণ্ডল গবেষণা কেন্দ্র (এসএআরসি) এবং বিএলপি একত্রিত করে বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন প্রতিষ্ঠান গঠন করা হয়। মহাকাশ বিজ্ঞান ও দূর অনুধাবন প্রযুক্তির সর্বোত্তম ব্যবহার এবং এই প্রযুক্তির উপর গবেষণা, এর যথাযথ প্রয়োগ ও সম্প্রসারণের পদক্ষেপ হিসাবে বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় সংসদ কর্তৃক ১৯৯১ সালের ২৯ নং আইন দ্বারা বাংলাদেশ মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন প্রতিষ্ঠান (স্পারসো) পুনঃগঠিত হয়।
প্রতিষ্ঠানের কার্যাবলী নিম্নরূপ:
স্পারসোর নিন্মলিখিত বিভাগ ও শাখা রয়েছে:
বঙ্গবন্ধু-১ বাংলাদেশের প্রথম কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহ প্রকল্প। এর ভর ১,৩০০ কেজি (২,৯০০ পাউন্ড) এবং ক্ষমতা ১,৬০০ ওয়াট। এটি ডাক ও টেলিযোগাযোগ মন্ত্রণালয়ের অধীন বাংলাদেশ টেলিযোগাযোগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ কমিশন কর্তৃক বাস্তবায়িত হয়েছে। যার উৎক্ষেপনের খরচ ৩ হাজার ২৪৩ কোটি টাকা। এর মধ্যে বাংলাদেশ সরকার ১ হাজার ৫৫৫ কোটি টাকা নিজেদের তহবিল থেকে এবং বাকি ১ হাজার ৬৮৮ কোটি টাকা বিদেশি সংস্থার কাছ থেকে ঋণ হিসাবে নেওয়া হয়।এক্সিম ব্যাংক যুক্তরাষ্ট্র, এইচএসবিসি ফ্রান্স, জাপান ব্যাংক অব ইন্টারন্যাশনাল, সিডব্লিউজি গালফ ইন্টারন্যাশনাল অব ইউকে এবং চায়ন গ্রেটওয়াল ইন্ড্রাস্ট্রি করপোরেশন এ প্রকল্পে ঋণ দিয়েছে। ডিপিপিতে এ প্রকল্পের মেয়াদ ছিল জুন ২০১৬। এর জন্য কাজ করেছে মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন কেন্দ্র (স্পারসো) ও বাংলাদেশ টেলিযোগাযোগ নিয়ন্ত্রণ কমিশন।