davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Dinah Musindarwezo

Musindarwezo Dinah ni umunyarwandakazi wamenyekanye muguharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore. Ni umuyobozi wa politiki n’itumanaho muri Womankind Worldwide, kandi yahoze ari Umuyobozi mukuru w’Umuryango nyafurika ushinzwe iterambere n’itumanaho (FEMNET). Musindarwezo Dinah yashyizwe mu bantu bagera ku 100, bakomeye muri politiki y’uburinganire yabagore n'abagbo ku isi muri politiki mu mwaka wo muri 2018.
Musindarwezo Dinah yize amasomo aho afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya gatatu mu bijyanye n'uburinganire n'iterambere yakuye muri kaminuza nkuru ry’Ubushakashatsi ( ya IDS ) muri kaminuza ya Sussex, yo mu Bwongereza, ndetse afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabili cya kaminuza, mu masomo yu bushakashatsi bw’iterambere yakuye muri kaminuza ya Makerere, muri Uganda . Dinah akorera mu itsinda ry’abajyanama b’umuryango w’abibumbye ry’Abagore bo mu Burasirazuba ndetse n'amajyepfo ya Afurika, akaba ari umwe mu bagize inama y’ikigega cya Amplify Change Fund, ingingo ya 19 Ibiro by’akarere ka Afurika y'Iburasirazuba n'ihembe rya Afurika hamwe n'Ikigo gishinzwe umuco n’ubuzima kavukire ( TICAH ) .
Musindarwezo mu mwaka wa 2010, yakoraga nk'inzobere mu buringanire bw'umugabo n'umugore muri Noruveje . Muri 2012 yabaye umuyobozi mukuru wa FEMNET, ufite icyicaro muri Kenya . Nk'umuyobozi mukuru wa FEMNET, yagaragaje uburakari muri kamena 2017 mugikorwa cya perezida wa Tanzaniya John Magufuli cyo gukumira abanyeshuri batwite akababuza kwiga.
Muri Gashyantare 2018, yahamagaye inama y'iminsi ibiri i Addis Abeba kugira ngo abaharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore bo muri Afurika bahabwe ingamba mbere y'inama yari yateguwe na Komisiyo y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye. Musindarwezo yeguye kuri FEMNET muri 2018. Yabaye umuyobozi wa politiki n’itumanaho muri Womankind Worldwide, umuryango ukorera mu Bwongereza ushyigikira imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore muri Afurika no muri Aziya. Agezeyo, yerekanye ingaruka zishingiye ku gitsina ziterwa n'umwenda w’ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bifitiye imiryango mpuzamahanga, ndetse no ku buryo buhoro buhoro imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta yajya mu biganiro byo gutera inkunga iterambere ry'umugore . Muri Mata 2020, yahamagariye Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika kuganira ku gutinda kwishyura imyenda ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango, kugira ngo ibihugu by’Afurika byibande ku kurwanya icyorezo cya COVID-19 .
International UFO Museum and Research Center

The International UFO Museum and Research Center is located in Roswell, New Mexico, United States, in the downtown district, and is focused largely on the 1947 Roswell Crash and later supposed UFO incidents in the United States and elsewhere. It was founded in 1991 as a 501c3 nonprofit educational organization and is located in a former movie theater from the 1930s. The museum contains an extensive library and exhibits all focused on the history of UFO encounters. Additionally it has an extensive library collection of UFO material and meeting room. It functions as the centerpiece of the annual UFOfest held in Roswell each year.
The catalyst for the museum was the 1947 Roswell UFO incident, in which a rancher, W. W. "Mack" Brazel, discovered metal debris outside of Roswell, near a giant trench that spanned hundreds of feet. The International UFO Museum and Research Center shares theories about the Roswell incident and other extraterrestrial life.
The Museum was founded by Glenn Dennis and opened in September 1991.
The museum also has a gift store with UFO-inspired souvenirs.
33°23′37″N 104°31′23″W﻿ / ﻿33.39361°N 104.52306°W﻿ / 33.39361; -104.52306
List of British monarchs

There have been 13 British monarchs since the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707. England and Scotland had been in personal union since 24 March 1603; while the style, "King of Great Britain" first arose at that time, legislatively the title came into force in 1707.
On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merged, creating first the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland upon the secession of southern Ireland in the 1920s.
Queen Anne became monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the political union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland on 1 May 1707. She had ruled England, Scotland, and the Kingdom of Ireland since 8 March 1702. She continued as queen of Great Britain and Ireland until her death. Her total reign lasted 12 years and 147 days. Although Anne's great-grandfather, James VI and I (r. 1603–1625), the monarch of the Union of the Crowns, proclaimed himself "King of Great Britain", and used it on coinage, stamps and elsewhere, the Parliament of England had refused to use that style in statutory law or address.
All of Anne's children died young, so during her reign, Parliament settled the rules of succession in the Act of Settlement 1701, by defining Sophia of Hanover (granddaughter of James VI and I) and her non-Catholic descendants as the future royal heirs. The Crown passed from Queen Anne to Sophia's son, King George I, as Sophia had already died. Queen Anne and King George I were second cousins, as both were great-grandchildren of James VI and I. For a family tree that shows George I's relationship to Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree.
Craigweil House

Craigweil House was a coastal mansion at Aldwick near Bognor Regis in southern England. King George V stayed there for three months in 1929.
Craigweil House was built for Barbara Kemp, Countess of Newburgh, who died in 1797. She called it 'The Pavilion’. In 1828, The Pavilion belonged to the Reverend Henry Raikes, and later to Sir Alexander Dixie, a captain in the Royal Navy who served with distinction at the Battle of Trafalgar. From 1850 it was occupied by Colonel Austen, at which time it was still known as The Pavilion. It was purchased by Dr Alonzo Stocker, the proprietor of mental illness institutions in London, and used as a seaside retreat for his patients from the 1870s until 1910, whilst he and his family lived in the house's lodge.
Craigweil House was sold to industrialist and Member of Parliament Sir Arthur du Cros in 1915. In 1919 he enlarged it. Du Cros offered the use of the house to King George V to convalesce from a lung condition, as the house was located just yards from the sea. The king stayed at the house from 9 February until 15 May 1929. On 10 May the king held a Privy Council meeting at the house in which he dissolved parliament and knighted Henry Segrave, the holder of land speed and water speed records.
The house burned down and its ruins were demolished in 1938. The organ from the house was presented to All Saints Church, Patcham, in Brighton, in February 1938 "as a memorial to our late beloved King George V to whom its music afforded so much solace and pleasure". It is still played in the church today. The organ was restored by Messrs Morgan and Smith of Hove.
The Craigweil housing estate was built in the grounds over 30 acres (12 ha).
50°46′35″N 0°42′35″W﻿ / ﻿50.776518°N 0.709637°W﻿ / 50.776518; -0.709637
ندیم بیگ (ہدایت کار)

ندیم بیگ ایک پاکستانی ہدایت کار، پروڈیوسر اور مصنف ہیں۔ آپ نے مشہور فلمیں جوانی پھر نہیں آنی، پنجاب نہیں جاؤنگی اور جوانی پھر نہیں آنی 2 کو ہدایت کیا۔
ندیم بیگ نے اپنے فنی سفر کا آغاز بطور ٹیلی ویژن ہدایت کار کیا۔ انھوں نے کئی ڈراما سیریلز کو ہدایت کیا۔ جن میں لیڈیز پارک، عمر دادی اور گھروالے، عینی کی آئے گی بارات، پیارے افضل اور دل لگی قابل ذکر ہیں۔ آپ ٹکے کی آئے گی بارات اور اظر کی آئے گی بارات کے شریک مصنف بھی تھے۔
آپ نے فلمی سفر کا آغاز مزاحیہ فلم جوانی پھر نہیں آنی (2015ء) کی ہدایت سے کیا۔ یہ فلم باکس آفس پر کامیاب رہی اور 49 کروڑ سے زائد کی کمائی کی۔ یہ فلم تیسری سب سے زیادہ کمائی کرنے والی پاکستانی فلم ہے۔ ان کی اگلمی فلم رومانوی مزاحیہ فلم پنجاب نہیں جاؤں گی تھی۔ یہ فلم 1 ستمبر، 2017ء کو جاری ہوئی۔ اس فلم نے 51 کروڑ سے زائد کی کمائی کی۔ یہ فلم دوسری سب سے زیادہ کمائی کرنے والی پاکستانی فلم ہے۔
حال ہی میں انہو نے فلم جوانی پھر نہیں آنی کا تسلسل جوانی پھر نہیں آنی 2 ہدایت کیا۔ یہ فلم 2018ء میں عید الاضحی کے موقع پر جاری ہوئی۔ یہ فلم سب سے زیادہ کمائی کرنے والی پاکستانی فلم ہے۔
پاکستانی ثقافت

پاکستان کا معاشرہ اور ثقافت بنیادی طور پر پاکستان کی وسطی تہذیب سرائیکی، مغرب میں بلوچ اور پشتون اور قدیم داردی قبائل جیسے پنجابییوں، کشمیریوں، مشرق میں سندھی ، جنوب میں مکرانی اور دیگر متعدد نسلی گروہوں پر مشتمل ہے جبکہ شمال میں وخی، بلتی اور شینا اقلیتیں۔ اسی طرح پاکستانی ثقافت ترک عوام، فارس، عرب اور دیگر جنوب ایشیائی، وسطی ایشیاء اور مشرق وسطی کے عوام کے طور پر اس کے ہمسایہ ممالک، کے نسلی گروہوں نے بہت زیادہ متاثر کیا ہے۔
پاکستان میں بینکاری

پاکستان میں بینکاری سب سے پہلے باضابطہ طور پر جنوبی ایشیاء میں برطانوی نو آبادیاتی نظام کے دور میں شروع ہوئی۔ 1947ء میں برطانوی راج سے آزادی کے بعد اور دنیا میں ایک نئے ملک کے طور پر پاکستان میں بینکاری کے دائرہ کار میں اضافہ اور مسلسل توسیع ہو رہی ہے۔ پاکستان کا سب سے پرانا ملک بینک دولت پاکستان ہے جو قوم کا مرکزی بینک بھی ہے۔
پاکستانی سنیما

پاکستان کی فلمی صنعت، جو موشن پکچرز پر مشتمل ہے، نے ملک کی آزادی کے بعد سے پاکستانی معاشرے اور ثقافت پر بڑا اثر ڈالا ہے۔ پاکستانی سنیما مختلف ذیلی صنعتوں پر مشتمل ہے، جن میں لالی وڈ بھی شامل ہے، جو اردو اور پنجابی میں موشن پکچرز بناتی ہے۔ لالی وڈ ملک کی سب سے بڑی فلم انڈسٹریز میں سے ایک ہے۔
پاکستانی سنیما میں مختلف پاکستانی زبانوں میں بنائی گئی فلمیں شامل ہیں، جو خود ملک کی لسانی تنوع کی عکاسی کرتی ہیں۔ ملک میں سب سے بڑی زبان پر مبنی فلم انڈسٹریز میں پنجابی، اردو، پشتو، سندھی اور بلوچی سنیما شامل ہیں۔
پاکستانی سنیما نے ملک کی ثقافت میں اہم کردار ادا کیا ہے۔ حالیہ برسوں میں، یہ زوال کے بعد دوبارہ ترقی کرنے لگا ہے، جو پاکستان میں ناظرین اور بیرون ملک مقیم پاکستانیوں کی ضروریات کو پورا کر رہا ہے۔ پاکستان میں کئی فلم انڈسٹریز قائم ہیں، جو عموماً علاقائی اور مخصوص نوعیت کی ہوتی ہیں۔
2022 میں، "جوائے لینڈ" پہلی پاکستانی فلم بنی جسے کانز فلم فیسٹیول میں دکھایا گیا۔ اسے 95ویں اکیڈمی ایوارڈز میں بہترین بین الاقوامی فیچر فلم کے لیے پاکستان کی طرف سے نامزد کیا گیا اور یہ ایوارڈ کے لیے شارٹ لسٹ بھی ہوئی۔
1948 سے اب تک پاکستان میں 14,000 سے زیادہ اردو فیچر فلمیں بنائی جا چکی ہیں، جبکہ پنجابی میں 10,000 سے زیادہ، پشتو میں 8,000 سے زیادہ، سندھی میں 4,000 سے زیادہ اور بلوچی میں 1,000 فلمیں بنائی گئی ہیں۔ پاکستان میں بننے والی پہلی فلم "حسن کا ڈاکو" تھی، جو 1929 میں عبد الرشید کاردار نے لاہور میں بنائی تھی۔ پہلی پاکستانی فلم "تیری یاد" تھی، جسے 1948 میں داؤد چاند نے بنایا تھا۔
1947 سے 2007 کے درمیان، پاکستانی سنیما کا مرکز زیادہ تر لاہور رہا، جو ملک کی سب سے بڑی فلمی صنعت (جسے لالی وڈ کہا جاتا ہے) کا گھر تھا۔ اس دور میں پاکستانی فلموں نے بڑی تعداد میں ناظرین کو اپنی طرف متوجہ کیا اور ان کی ایک مضبوط مداح فالوونگ تھی۔ یہ فلمیں مرکزی دھارے کی ثقافت کا حصہ تھیں اور عوام میں وسیع پیمانے پر دستیاب اور نقل کی جاتی تھیں۔ 1970 کی دہائی کے اوائل میں، پاکستان دنیا کا چوتھا سب سے بڑا فیچر فلم پروڈیوسر تھا۔
تاہم، مارشل لا، سنسرشپ قوانین کی مضبوطی اور معیار کی کمی کی وجہ سے 1977 سے 2007 کے درمیان اس صنعت کی پیداوار اور اثرات میں کمی آئی۔ 1980 اور 1990 کی دہائیوں میں، فلم انڈسٹری نے کئی اتار چڑھاؤ دیکھے، جو ریاستی فنڈنگ اور مراعات پر انحصار کی عکاسی کرتے تھے۔ 2000 تک، لاہور میں فلمی صنعت کا زوال ہو چکا تھا اور پاکستانی اداکاروں، اداکاراؤں، پروڈیوسروں اور فلم سازوں کا لاہور سے کراچی کی طرف بتدریج منتقلی دیکھنے میں آئی۔
2007 تک، پاکستان کی زوال پزیر فلم انڈسٹری کے زخم بھرنے لگے اور کراچی نے خود کو پاکستانی سنیما کے نئے مرکز کے طور پر مستحکم کر لیا۔ آنے والے سالوں میں، پروڈیوسروں کی ایک نئی نسل نے انڈسٹری میں قدم رکھا، جو نئی کہانیوں، مختصر فلموں اور نئی ٹیکنالوجی جیسے ترقیات لے کر آئی۔ اس سے پاکستانی سنیما کی ایک متبادل شکل کی مقبولیت میں اضافہ ہوا۔ اس تبدیلی کو بہت سے لوگوں نے "پاکستانی سنیما کی بحالی" کا سبب قرار دیا ہے۔ 1970 کی دہائی کے وسط میں شروع ہونے والے بحران کے باوجود، پاکستانی فلموں نے اپنی منفرد شناخت کو برقرار رکھا ہے اور کراچی کی طرف منتقلی کے بعد، انھوں نے اپنی فین فالوونگ دوبارہ حاصل کر لی ہے۔
پاکستانی کامکس

پاکستانی کامکس (انگریزی: Pakistani comics) کامکس یا گرافک ناولز ہیں جو پاکستان سے شائع ہوتے ہیں۔ یہ طویل عرصے پہلے سے ہی شروع ہو چکا ہے اور پاکستانی فنکاروں نے کامکس انڈسٹری میں بااثر کام کیا ہے۔
آزادی کے بعد، کامکس کو صرف سیاست اور سماجی مسائل کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا تھا۔ کوئی پیشہ ور مزاح نگار نہیں تھا لیکن کارٹونسٹ اسے اخباری مضامین کے لیے بنانے لگے۔
اکیسویں صدی میں فنکاروں نے کامک بکس تخلیق کرنا شروع کر دیں۔ کچھ نئے کردار اور سپر ہیروز پیدا ہوئے۔
پاکستانی قابل ذکر مزاحیہ کتاب کے مصور اور پبلشرز:
پختہ کار، ازبکستان

پختہ کار، ازبکستان (انگریزی: Pakhtakor, Uzbekistan) ازبکستان کا ایک آباد مقام جو جیزخ صوبہ میں واقع ہے۔
پختہ کار، ازبکستان کی مجموعی آبادی 15,366 افراد پر مشتمل ہے۔
مقام شناخت کار

مقام شناخت کار (Location identifier) ایک ہوائی اڈے، جہازرانی معاونت یا موسم اسٹیشن کے لیے نام کی ایک علامتی نمائندگی ہے جسے ہوائی ٹریفک کنٹرول، ٹیلی کمیونیکیشن، کمپیوٹر پروگرامنگ، موسم کی رپورٹ اور متعلقہ خدمات میں انسانی سہولیات کے لیے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔
Odebrecht–Car Wash leniency agreement

The Odebrecht–Car Wash leniency agreement, also known in Brazil as the "end of the world plea deal" (delações do fim do mundo), was the leniency agreement signed between Odebrecht S.A. and the Public Prosecutor's Office (PGR) in December 2016, as part of Operation Car Wash. The agreement provided for the deposition of 78 of the contractor's executives, including the former president Marcelo Odebrecht, and his father, Emílio Odebrecht, which generated 83 investigations at the Supreme Federal Court (STF).
In March 2017, Attorney General Rodrigo Janot asked the Supreme Tribunal to withdraw the secrecy of the depositions. The following month, on 11 April, STF Minister Edson Fachin accepted the request of the A-G and withdrew the secrecy of investigations. On 12 April, federal judge Sergio Moro followed the same line as the Supreme Tribunal and withdrew the secrecy of denunciations involving people without foro privilegiado status from the jurisdiction of judges of first instance. Moro said in his order, "The judiciary should not be the guardian of shadowy secrets. Moreover, publicity prevents unlawful, regrettable leaks, which are difficult to control".
According to the lead prosecutor of Operation Car Wash, Deltan Dallagnol, the leniency agreement provided the "greatest refund in world history". Odebrecht and Braskem pleaded guilty and would pay fines of 3.5 billion dollars, the equivalent of 12 billion reals, 80 per cent of which would go to Brazil.
In 2018, the STF took from Lava Jato the so-called End of the World denunciation in which 415 politicians from 26 parties were mentioned, but merely one was convicted. It generated 270 investigations, but only five of them became criminal proceedings.
The signing of the plea bargain agreement resulted in several Operation Car Wash offshoots outside Brazil, especially in the Americas.
Suzuki Eeco

The Suzuki Eeco (previously known as Suzuki Versa) is a microvan produced by Suzuki through its Indian subsidiary Maruti Suzuki since 2010. It is a stripped down version of the discontinued Versa which itself was the Indian version of the Suzuki Every Plus / Landy, which is an extended version of the tenth generation Carry van. It is also the entry-level replacement for the Omni, discontinued in 2019 after Suzuki was unable to redesign the Omni to meet India's safety standards.
Since 2022, the Eeco has been exported to markets such as the Middle East.
Originally, the van was launched as Versa in 2001 and based on the Every Plus / Carry 1.3. The van was powered by the same 1298cc G13BB engine that also seen in the original model or the familiar Esteem. The engine puts out 83 PS (61 kW; 82 hp) and paired with a 5-speed manual transmission. It was offered in there trim levels; STD, DX and DX2. The van was later discontinued in late 2009.
Maruti Suzuki relaunched the Versa as Eeco in January 2010. The van was revised with downgrading some Versa's features and visual such as the dual blower air conditioning and colored bumpers, although the headlights were updated with more modern style. The G13BB engine was also downsized by reducing the displacement to 1196cc (G12B), the engine produced 73 PS (54 kW; 72 hp). The 5-speed gearbox was also carried over from Versa. Unlike the Versa, factory fitted CNG was available for this engine, marketed as Intelligent Gas Port Injection (i-GPI) and later as S-CNG.
In March 2019, the Eeco received major safety features such as driver side airbag, ABS, seat belt reminder system, speed alert and reverse parking sensors as standard across the range.
In November 2022, the Eeco received few upgrades such as a new engine, which is a 1.2-litre K12N Dualjet petrol engine, which produces 81 PS (60 kW; 80 hp), an increase of 8 PS (6 kW; 8 hp), and a claimed 25–29% higher fuel efficiency. It also received a digital speedometer from the S-Presso, engine immobiliser, new steering wheel design and steering column, rotary dials for the AC knob, cabin air-filter for the AC, illuminated hazard switch, and dual airbags. The Eeco also started being exported to the Middle East.
The Eeco for India with no airbags nor ABS received 0 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for toddlers from Global NCAP in 2016 (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).
In South Africa the Eeco is sold as standard with ABS and dual SRS airbags.
Chana Star

The Chana Star or Changan Star, more recently the Kaicene Star, (Chinese: 长安之星) is a series of trucks and microvans built and sold by Changan Automobile under the Chana brand since 1999. The Changan Star series was later repositioned under the Kaicene sub-brand of Changan Automobile.
The Star started off as rebadged tenth generation Suzuki Carry trucks and Suzuki Every vans, with multiple bodystyles spawned by Changan Automobile available. The model was later extended into a product series with several models.
The Chana Star was launched in 1999 based on the Suzuki Every Plus and Ford Pronto vans. A few models were available, including a single cab pickup, double cab pickup, standard van, and an extended version van featuring hinged doors instead of sliding doors.
The successor, Chan Star 2, was launched in 2007. However, the Chana Star 2 has not replaced the Chana Star, which, after a subtle facelift restyling, remains on the market positioned just below the Chana Star 2 as of early 2014 with a starting price lowered to 25,000 Yuan.
The Chana Star 2 is the second generation of the Chana Star microvan. The Star 2 was built by the Hebei subsidiary: Changan Automobile. Deliveries of the second generation microvans started in 2007, with a list price of 38,800 Yuan.
The Chana Star 2 features a longer wheelbase than the Chana Star, and also features a more powerful 1.0 liter engine. Power windows and electric sliding doors, front fog lamps, remote key and alloy wheels are all available on higher trim levels. The price of the Chana Star 2 ranges from 31,900 yuan to 46,800 yuan in China.
In 2013, a total of 24,800 units of the Chana Star 2 were sold in China.
In 2012, the Changan M201 replaced the Chana Star 2 microvan, the third-generation of the Chana Star microvan, called the Xin Chana Star in China.
The Chana Star 5 was sold in China as the Xin Chana Star (新长安之星) . Prices of the Chana Star 5 range from 25,000 yuan to 50,900 yuan in China.
The Star 3 is produced by Changan Automobile in Hebei. Launched in 2015, the Star 3 is the direct successor of the original Chana Star. The Star 3 is powered by a 1.0 or 1.2-litre petrol/gasoline engine. The third generation Chana Star offers up to 7 seats. The price of the Chana Star 3 ranges from 29,900 yuan to 39,900 yuan in China.
Suzuki Mehran

The Suzuki Mehran is a rebadged version of the second-generation Suzuki Alto CA/CC71, manufactured by Pak Suzuki Motors. It was introduced as the successor to the classic Suzuki FX, a rebadged First Generation Suzuki Alto (SS80S). Upon its introduction to the Pakistani market in 1989, the Suzuki Mehran had a retail price of PKR.90,000. In November 2016, the Suzuki Mehran sold for around 650,000 Pakistani rupee ($3892).
In 2013, a Euro-II model was introduced, the only notable difference was the use of an electronic fuel injection system that replaced the already long-outdated carburettor that came installed in models up until 2012. The car was badged with a "euro-II" mark on the rear and sold at a higher price.
In 2015, press reports indicated the car sold for US$6,500-7700, despite lacking essential and basic safety features such as airbags, ABS, rear window defogger, side air conditioner vents, seat belt reminder and even rear seat belts. Front row seat belts first came preinstalled during the mid-2000s. Besides the suspension system that was based on a low-cost, obsolete leaf spring rigid axle, the car had remained almost exactly the same over its 32-year production span, with absolutely no significant changes made to the interior or exterior, other than the gradual reduction in build quality over the years. The vehicle during the last two decades towards its end of production was reminiscent of a bygone era, having an outdated and obsolete look. Towards the end of production, local parts content had increased to 72 percent.
Maintenance on the Mehran was relatively cheaper, this is what allowed it to have a higher resale value than most other vehicles in the market. Despite being obsolete, the car still had a high demand. In September 2018 (the highest selling year for the model), Pak Suzuki accounted for having sold 47,199 units in the country. From June 1999 to 2018, just under 600,000 Mehrans were sold in Pakistan. The lowest number sold was in 2001, with 5,169 units sold. As compared to other locally assembled cars. By February 2019, Pak Suzuki had taken up the prices to their highest extent, with the basic variant "VX" having a retail price of PKR.825,000 with a choice of three colors – White, Silky Silver, and the darker Graphite Grey.
Pak Suzuki finally ended production for the Mehran in March 2019, when it was discontinued in favor of the Eighth generation Alto (HA36S) which was introduced later that year.
Istobal

Istobal is a Spanish company specialised in the design, manufacturing and selling of car wash equipment. Headquartered in L'Alcúdia (Valencia), the company has 9 subsidiaries and assembly plants in Spain, France, the US and Brasil. Istobal markets its products in over 60 countries through its extensive distributors network and its own subsidiaries. The company has more than 600 employees, most of them based in L'Alcudia (Valencia).
Istobal was founded by D. Ismael Tomás Alacreu in March, 1950. The company started out as a small vehicle repair shop, and it was in this workshop that the founder designed the first lubricating machine. The machine was an enormous success and, on the strength of this, Ismael Tomás decided on a new business strategy, leaving behind the vehicle repair world, he entered into the development and manufacturing of lubricating equipment.
Istobal started exporting its products for lubrication and car lifts in the 60s. In the 70s, Istobal developed its first automatic car wash machine.
Istobal's line of products includes rollovers, wash tunnels, jet washes, rollovers for commercials, equipment to wash trains and trams, accessories, chemicals and water treatment solutions.
1. ABC (31-10-2013 / 15:42 h EFE). “http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=1524801." 2. Las provincias (17.07.12 - 00:28 - S. PARRILLA | L'ALCÚDIA.) “http://www.lasprovincias.es/v/20120717/ribera-costera/empresa-istobal-alcudia-ejemplo-20120717.html." 3. Expansión (23.01.2012 Valencia A.C.A.) “http://www.expansion.com/2012/01/20/valencia/1327089013.html." Istobal has the regulation certificate ISO9001 // ISO14001
Mitter curtain

Mitter curtains are cloth-like or ribbon-styled materials that are used in many car washes worldwide. The term mitter is the generic word for a device that moves side-to-side, front-to-back or carousel styles as vehicles pass through the car wash. It's not known when mitters were first used in the car wash business; various sources, however, date first use to the late 1960s, 1970s or early 1980s. The baskets holding the curtains are usually stainless steel. Although mitter curtains are primarily used in car washes in North America, they also appear in Europe, Australia and Asia.
In many car washes, the mitter curtains are operated in place of top brushes (in some countries, the opposite happens). Some car washes carry both mitter curtains and top brushes, while others carry multiple mitters. The curtains are often preceded by rinse arches and followed with a foam applicator and car wash brushes.
Between 72 and 168 cars per hour travel through car washes with mitter curtains. The mitter curtains are cleaned daily with water and cleaning soaps. Some companies have mitter curtains that are less likely to become soaked with dirt and need cleaning. Although sometimes used in bay car washes, mitter curtains are more often used in tunnel car washes. Furthermore, some car wash networks operate mitters for drying alongside those for washing and cleaning.
Solar power in Pakistan

Solar power in Pakistan is growing at the "most extreme" rate in the world, with solar installations providing an estimated one-third of the country's entire generating capacity added in 2024 alone. Solar power became part of the energy mix in 2013, following government policies aimed at supporting renewable energy development. Benefiting from nine and a half hours of sunlight daily, the country now has seven large-scale solar projects that contribute 530 MW to the national grid, along with a growing number of harder to measure off-grid projects. Rising electricity costs and grid reliability concerns have driven industries, businesses, and urban homeowners to increasingly turn to solar solutions, including rooftop photovoltaic installations.
The country has solar plants in Pakistani Kashmir, Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan. Initiatives are under development by the International Renewable Energy Agency, the Japan International Cooperation Agency, Chinese companies, and Pakistani private sector energy companies. The Quaid-e-Azam Solar Power Park (QASP) was built in the Cholistan Desert, Punjab, in 2015 and has a 400 MW capacity. As electricity prices doubled from 2021 to 2024, and Chinese solar panel manufacturers with manufacturing overcapacity cut prices, Pakistanis have taken to installing solar panels around the country, importing $1.4 billion of panels from China in the first half of 2024.
Solar irradiance in Pakistan is 5.3 kWh/m/day.
Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, the Federal Minister of Water & Power of Pakistan, announced on 2 July 2009 that 7,000 villages would be electrified using solar energy by 2014. Senior adviser Sardar Zulfiqar Khosa stated that the Punjab government would begin new projects aimed at power production through coal, solar energy and wind power; this would generate additional resources.
The Government of Pakistan allowed the provincial government of Sindh to conduct feasibility research. The government planned to install a desalination plant powered by solar energy.
On 21 May 2022, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif announced the removal of 17 per cent general sales tax on solar panels.
The World Bank reports that Pakistan possesses a solar power potential of 40 GW and has set a goal to achieve 20% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. To promote the use of solar energy, Pakistan has introduced incentives, including net metering and feed-in tariffs. Net metering allows small systems to have a payback period of just 2-4 years.
The Sindh and Punjab provincial governments announced policies in 2024 to provide free or subsidized solar panels to low income residents to reduce their electricity costs.
Narellan Town Centre

Narellan Town Centre is a sub-regional shopping centre located in the suburb, Narellan, in the local government area of Camden Council and is part of the Macarthur region. The centre currently features over 220 stores including Big W, Kmart, Target, Woolworths, Coles, H&M, JB Hi-Fi and United Cinemas.
The centre first opened in 1995 by Arnold Vitocco and Tony Perich, after being offered two hectare block of land in the middle of Narellan. It was originally anchored by a Woolworths supermarket with little over 20 speciality stores.
The first expansion in started 1999, adding Big W and 50 stores, and a further 20 stores in 2001.
In 2010, the centre had included cinema, food court and Coles supermarket, extending to 35,000 square metres.
In 2016, about 30 stores were opened in September, followed by a few restaurants in December.
In 2017, a $200 million redevelopment of the centre added a 38 metre pedestrian bridge over Camden Valley Way, connecting the old South area and the new North area, expanding the centre from 36,000 square metres to 72,000 square metres (total gross area of 132,810 square metres). The new Northern area added over 100 stores, 1500 new parking spaces, civic plazas and entertainment precincts, indoor/outdoor restaurants and casual dining precincts, banking precinct, as well as refurbishing the Coles supermarket, making it one of the largest Coles supermarket in Australia.
Narellan Town Centre is the largest shopping centres in the South West Growth Area featuring 220 stores including Big W, Kmart, Target, Woolworths, Coles, H&M, JB Hi-Fi and United Cinemas. The centre includes an entertainment precinct, indoor/outdoor restaurants and casual dining precinct, banking precinct, civic plaza cinema, and a car-washing service.
Since the 2017 redevelopment, the centre has two sections with a 38 metre pedestrian bridge, fully enclosed with retail stores across the bridge, over Camden Valley Way connecting the old South side and the new North side. The bridge also acts as entrance points for the Southern Carpark and Northern Carpark below on Camden Valley Way.
The new north side features the history of Narellan and Camden in its civic plaza. These include quotes from the website of local historian, Dr Ian Willis, dioramas of Pansy the Camden tram, and a stylised art piece of the critically endangered Elderslie Banksia.
Sooty (2011 TV series)

Sooty is a British children's slapstick television series that aired on CITV and the Mini CITV block from September 2011 to October 2018. It was later rerun on ITVBe's "Little Be" strand. It was the fifth such incarnation of the series to feature the titular character Sooty, following the previous series which ended in 2004. It is also the first since presenter Richard Cadell bought the licensing rights to the brand in 2008. This programme focuses on the storyline of the titular character, two of his puppet friends, and the presenter starting a new life running a holiday park known as Slater’s Holiday Park based at a British coastal resort.
This series focuses on the storyline of Richard, the presenter starting a brand new job at "Slater's Holiday Park" set in a British coastal resort, along with Sooty (the titular character), Sweep and Soo.
The series is filmed at Brean Leisure Park in Somerset, an amusement park that was co-owned by Cadell until 2014.
The series pilot, "The Big Day Out", was released in August 28, 2009. It concerns Richard, Sooty, Sweep, and Soo going on a trip to Brean, Somerset, but in true Sooty Show style – nothing goes to plan. It features Mark Roper, Brenda Longman, and Wink Taylor. Longman also reprised her role as "Mo" from the Sooty & Co. TV series.
On 15 April 2018, the official Sooty Twitter account announced that a third series had been greenlit. The series was filmed in June 2018 over a two-week period and began airing in September of the same year. This series airs on ITVBe's LittleBe programming strand instead of on CITV.
On 21 February 2022, a special episode was produced to promote the upcoming "Sooty Land" theme park area at Crealy Theme Park & Resort, which opened on 28 May 2022.
In October 2014, BBC Worldwide was appointed the licensor for the series in Australia and New Zealand. In March 2025, United States streaming platform BRAVE+ made all episodes of the series available to stream on their service.
Region 2 DVDs have been released in the United Kingdom by Abbey Home Media.
A movie based on the series is due to be released in the future. The logline is, "Soo has been kidnapped by an evil showbiz impresario who will pull every trick in the book to turn her into a global superstar and Sooty and Sweep need her back." Brenda Longman announced in a Q&A with fans, that it is in pre–production, but she is not sure of a release date.
Carly

Carly is a given name, a feminine form of Carl. It is also a pet form of given names such as Carla and Caroline. Variant different spellings include Carley, Carlie, Carlee, Carleigh and Carli, as well as Karly, Karli, Karley, Karlee, Karlie and Karleigh.
The name became popular in large part, if not primarily, because of the success of Carly Simon's music in the 1970s – its first appearance in the top 1000 US baby names was in 1973, soon after her first success. It was most popular in the UK, Canada and Australia in the 1980s and in the United States during the 1990s. Over 2,000 American baby girls were named Carly each year between 1991 and 1998.
Carly and its variants may refer to:
በርሊን

በርሊን የጀርመን ዋና ከተማ ነው።
የሚኖርበት የህዝብ ቁጥር የአካባቢውን ኗሪ ሲጨምር 3 933 300 ሆኖ ሲገመት የራሱ የከተማው ኗሪ ቁጥር ደግሞ 3,274,500 ሆኖ ይገመታል። ከተማው 52°32′ ሰሜን ኬክሮስ እና 13°25′ ምሥራቅ ኬንትሮስ ላይ ተቀምጦ ይገኛል። በርሊን በ1155 ዓ.ም. አካባቢ ተመሠረተ።
በርሊን (/ bɜːrˈlɪn/ bur-LIN፣ ጀርመንኛ: [bɛʁˈliːn] (የድምጽ ተናጋሪ አዶ ማዳመጥ)) በሁለቱም አካባቢ እና በሕዝብ ብዛት የጀርመን ዋና ከተማ እና ትልቁ ከተማ ናት። በከተማዋ ገደብ ውስጥ ባለው የህዝብ ቁጥር መሰረት 3.7 ሚሊዮን ነዋሪዎቿ የአውሮፓ ህብረት በጣም በህዝብ ብዛት የምትገኝ ከተማ አድርጓታል። ከጀርመን አስራ ስድስት ክፍለ ሀገራት አንዱ የሆነው በርሊን በብራንደንበርግ ግዛት የተከበበ እና ከፖትስዳም የብራንደንበርግ ዋና ከተማ ጋር ትገኛለች። ወደ 4.5 ሚሊዮን የሚጠጋ ህዝብ ያለው የበርሊን ከተማ አካባቢ በጀርመን ከሩር ቀጥሎ ሁለተኛው ከፍተኛ የህዝብ ብዛት ያለው የከተማ አካባቢ ነው። የበርሊን-ብራንደንበርግ ዋና ከተማ ከስድስት ሚሊዮን በላይ ነዋሪዎች ያሉት ሲሆን ከራይን-ሩር እና ራይን-ሜይን ክልሎች ቀጥሎ በጀርመን ሦስተኛው ትልቁ የሜትሮፖሊታን ክልል ነው።
በርሊን በስፓንዳው ምዕራባዊ አውራጃ ወደሚገኘው ወደ ሃቭል (የኤልቤ ገባር) የሚፈሰውን የስፕሬይ ዳርቻን ትዘረጋለች። ከከተማዋ ዋና ዋና መልክዓ ምድራዊ ገጽታዎች መካከል በምእራብ እና በደቡብ ምስራቅ አውራጃዎች ውስጥ በስፕሪ ፣ ሃቭል እና ዳህሜ የተቋቋሙት ብዙ ሀይቆች ይገኛሉ ፣ ከእነዚህም ውስጥ ትልቁ ሙግገልሴ ሀይቅ ነው። በርሊን በአውሮፓ ሜዳ ውስጥ በመሆኗ በአየር ሁኔታው ​​​​ወቅታዊ የአየር ጠባይ ተጽዕኖ ያሳድራል። ከከተማዋ አንድ ሶስተኛው አካባቢ ደኖች፣ መናፈሻዎች፣ የአትክልት ስፍራዎች፣ ወንዞች፣ ቦዮች እና ሀይቆች ያቀፈ ነው። ከተማዋ በመካከለኛው ጀርመን ዘዬ አካባቢ ትገኛለች፣ የበርሊን ቀበሌኛ የሉሳቲያን-አዲስ ማርሺያን ዘዬዎች ተለዋጭ ነው።
በመጀመሪያ በ 13 ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን የተመዘገበው እና ሁለት አስፈላጊ ታሪካዊ የንግድ መስመሮችን ሲያቋርጥ በርሊን የብራንደንበርግ ማርግራቪየት (1417-1701) ፣ የፕራሻ መንግሥት (1701-1918) ፣ የጀርመን ኢምፓየር (1871-1918) ዋና ከተማ ሆነች። ፣ ዌይማር ሪፐብሊክ (1919-1933) እና ናዚ ጀርመን (1933-1945)። በርሊን በ1920ዎቹ በዓለም ላይ ሦስተኛዋ ትልቁ ማዘጋጃ ቤት ነበረች። ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በኋላ እና ከዚያ በኋላ በአሸናፊዎቹ አገሮች ከተያዙ በኋላ ከተማይቱ ተከፋፈለች; ምዕራብ በርሊን በበርሊን ግንብ (ከኦገስት 1961 እስከ ህዳር 1989) እና የምስራቅ ጀርመን ግዛት የተከበበች የምዕራብ ጀርመን እውነተኛ መገኛ ሆነች። ምስራቅ በርሊን የምስራቅ ጀርመን ዋና ከተማ ስትሆን ቦን የምዕራብ ጀርመን ዋና ከተማ ሆነች። እ.ኤ.አ. በ1990 ከጀርመን ውህደት በኋላ በርሊን እንደገና የመላው ጀርመን ዋና ከተማ ሆነች።
በርሊን የዓለም የባህል፣ የፖለቲካ፣ የመገናኛ ብዙኃን እና የሳይንስ ከተማ ነች። ኢኮኖሚው በከፍተኛ የቴክኖሎጂ ኩባንያዎች እና በአገልግሎት ዘርፍ ላይ የተመሰረተ ነው, ይህም የተለያዩ የፈጠራ ኢንዱስትሪዎችን, የምርምር ተቋማትን, የሚዲያ ኮርፖሬሽኖችን እና የስብሰባ ቦታዎችን ያካትታል. በርሊን የአየር እና የባቡር ትራፊክ አህጉራዊ ማዕከል ሆኖ ያገለግላል እና በጣም የተወሳሰበ የህዝብ ማመላለሻ አውታር አለው. ሜትሮፖሊስ ታዋቂ የቱሪስት መዳረሻ ነው። ጉልህ ከሆኑ ኢንዱስትሪዎች በተጨማሪ የአይቲ፣ የፋርማሲዩቲካልስ፣ የባዮሜዲካል ምህንድስና፣ ንጹህ ቴክኖሎጂ፣ ባዮቴክኖሎጂ፣ ኮንስትራክሽን እና ኤሌክትሮኒክስ ያካትታሉ።
በርሊን እንደ ሃምቦልት ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ ቴክኒካል ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ የፍሪ ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ የስነ ጥበባት ዩኒቨርሲቲ፣ ESMT በርሊን፣ የሄርቲ ትምህርት ቤት እና ባርድ ኮሌጅ በርሊን ያሉ በዓለም ታዋቂ የሆኑ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች መኖሪያ ነች። የእሱ የእንስሳት የአትክልት ስፍራ በአውሮፓ ውስጥ በብዛት የሚጎበኘው መካነ አራዊት እና በዓለም ዙሪያ በጣም ታዋቂ ከሆኑት አንዱ ነው። ባቤልስበርግ በዓለም የመጀመሪያው መጠነ ሰፊ የፊልም ስቱዲዮ ኮምፕሌክስ በመሆኑ፣ በርሊን ለአለም አቀፍ የፊልም ፕሮዳክሽን ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ ተወዳጅ ቦታ ነች። ከተማዋ በፌስቲቫሎቿ፣ በተለያዩ ስነ-ህንፃዎች፣ የምሽት ህይወት፣ በዘመናዊ ጥበቦች እና በጣም ከፍተኛ የኑሮ ጥራት ትታወቃለች። ከ 2000 ዎቹ ጀምሮ በርሊን ዓለም አቀፋዊ የስራ ፈጣሪነት ትዕይንት ብቅ ብቅ ብሏል ።
በርሊን ሦስት የዓለም ቅርስ ቦታዎች ይዟል: ሙዚየም ደሴት; የፖትስዳም እና የበርሊን ቤተመንግስቶች እና መናፈሻዎች; እና የበርሊን Modernism Housing Estates. ሌሎች ምልክቶች የብራንደንበርግ በር ፣ የሪችስታግ ህንፃ ፣ ፖትስዳመር ፕላትዝ ፣ የተገደሉት የአውሮፓ አይሁዶች መታሰቢያ ፣ የበርሊን ግንብ መታሰቢያ ፣ የምስራቅ ጎን ጋለሪ ፣ የበርሊን ድል አምድ ፣ የበርሊን ካቴድራል እና የበርሊን ቴሌቪዥን ታወር ፣ በ ውስጥ ረጅሙ መዋቅር ጀርመን. በርሊን ብዙ ሙዚየሞች፣ ጋለሪዎች፣ ቤተ መጻሕፍት፣ ኦርኬስትራዎች፣ እና የስፖርት ዝግጅቶች አሏት። እነዚህም የድሮው ብሔራዊ ጋለሪ፣ ቦዴ ሙዚየም፣ የጴርጋሞን ሙዚየም፣ የጀርመን ታሪካዊ ሙዚየም፣ የአይሁድ ሙዚየም በርሊን፣ የጀርመን ሲኒማ ሙዚየም፣ የተፈጥሮ ታሪክ ሙዚየም፣ ሁምቦልት ፎረም፣ የበርሊን ግዛት ቤተመጻሕፍት፣ የበርሊን ግዛት ኦፔራ፣ የበርሊን ፊሊሃርሞኒክ እና በርሊን ያካትታሉ። ማራቶን።
ጀርመን

ጀርመን ወይንም በይፋ ስሙ የጀርመን ፌዴራላዊ ሪፐብሊክ በመካከለኛው አውሮፓ ምዕራባዊ ክልል ውስጥ ያለ አገር ነው። በአውሮፓ ውስጥ ከሩሲያ በመቀጠል ሁለተኛዋ በሕዝብ ብዛት የምትገኝ ሀገር ናት፣ እና በሕዝብ ብዛት የአውሮፓ ህብረት አባል ሀገር ናት። ጀርመን በባልቲክ እና በሰሜን ባህሮች መካከል በሰሜን እና በአልፕስ ተራሮች መካከል ትገኛለች። በውስጡ 16 የተዋቀሩ ግዛቶች በሰሜን ከዴንማርክ፣ በምስራቅ በፖላንድ እና በቼክ ሪፐብሊክ፣ በደቡብ ኦስትሪያ እና ስዊዘርላንድ፣ በምዕራብ ፈረንሳይ፣ ሉክሰምበርግ፣ ቤልጂየም እና ኔዘርላንድስ ይዋሰናል። የአገሪቱ ዋና ከተማ እና በሕዝብ ብዛት ያለው ከተማ በርሊን ሲሆን ዋና የፋይናንስ ማእከል ፍራንክፈርት ነው። ትልቁ የከተማ አካባቢ ሩር ነው።
የተለያዩ የጀርመን ጎሳዎች ከጥንት ጊዜ ጀምሮ በዘመናዊው ጀርመን ሰሜናዊ ክፍል ኖረዋል። ጀርመንያ የሚባል ክልል ከ100 ዓ.ም በፊት ተመዝግቧል። በ962 የጀርመን መንግሥት የቅዱስ ሮማን ኢምፓየርን በብዛት አቋቋመ። በ16ኛው መቶ ክፍለ ዘመን ሰሜናዊ ጀርመን ክልሎች የፕሮቴስታንት ተሐድሶ ማዕከል ሆኑ። በ1806 የናፖሊዮን ጦርነት እና የቅድስት ሮማ ግዛት መፍረስን ተከትሎ የጀርመን ኮንፌዴሬሽን በ1815 ተመሠረተ።
ጀርመንን ወደ ዘመናዊው ሀገር-ግዛት መቀላቀል የጀመረው እ.ኤ.አ. ነሐሴ 18 ቀን 1866 በፕሩሺያ የሚመራውን የሰሜን ጀርመን ኮንፌዴሬሽን በማቋቋም በሰሜን ጀርመን ኮንፌዴሬሽን ስምምነት በ1871 ወደ ጀርመን ግዛት ተለወጠ። ከአንደኛው የዓለም ጦርነት እና ከ1918-1919 የጀርመን አብዮት በኋላ ኢምፓየር በተራው ወደ ከፊል ፕሬዚዳንታዊ ዌይማር ሪፐብሊክ ተቀየረ። እ.ኤ.አ. በ1933 የናዚ ሥልጣን መያዙ ፍፁም አምባገነን መንግሥት፣ ሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት እና እልቂት እንዲመሰረት አድርጓል። ሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በአውሮፓ ካበቃ በኋላ በ1949 ዓ.ም ጀርመን በአጠቃላይ ሉዓላዊ ግዛታቸው የተገደበ በሁለት የተለያዩ ፖሊሲዎች የተዋቀረች ሲሆን በአጠቃላይ ምዕራብ ጀርመን በመባል የሚታወቀው የጀርመን ፌዴራላዊ ሪፐብሊክ እና የጀርመን ዲሞክራቲክ ሪፐብሊክ , ምስራቅ ጀርመን በመባል ይታወቃል, በርሊን የ de jure Four Power ሁኔታዋን ቀጠለች. የጀርመን ፌዴራላዊ ሪፐብሊክ የአውሮፓ ኢኮኖሚ ማህበረሰብ እና የአውሮፓ ህብረት መስራች አባል ሲሆን የጀርመን ዲሞክራቲክ ሪፐብሊክ የኮሚኒስት ምስራቅ ብሎክ ግዛት እና የዋርሶ ስምምነት አባል ነበረች. በምስራቅ ጀርመን የኮሚኒስት መሪ መንግስት ከወደቀ በኋላ፣ የጀርመን ውህደት የቀድሞ የምስራቅ ጀርመን ግዛቶች በጥቅምት 3 1990 የጀርመን ፌዴራላዊ ሪፐብሊክን ተቀላቅለዋል።
ጀርመን ጠንካራ ኢኮኖሚ ያላት ታላቅ ሃይል ተብላ ትጠራለች; በአውሮፓ ትልቁ ኢኮኖሚ አለው፣ በአለም ሶስተኛው ትልቁ ኢኮኖሚ በስም GDP እና አምስተኛው በፒፒፒ ነው። በኢንዱስትሪ፣ በሳይንስና በቴክኖሎጂ ዘርፎች አለም አቀፋዊ ሃይል እንደመሆኗ መጠን ከአለም ሶስተኛዋ ትልቁ ላኪ እና አስመጪ ናት። ያደገች አገር እንደመሆኗ መጠን የማህበራዊ ዋስትና፣ ሁለንተናዊ የጤና አጠባበቅ ሥርዓት እና ከትምህርት ነፃ የዩኒቨርሲቲ ትምህርት ይሰጣል። ጀርመን የተባበሩት መንግስታት፣ የአውሮፓ ህብረት፣ የኔቶ፣ የአውሮፓ ምክር ቤት፣ G7፣ G20 እና OECD አባል ነች። በዩኔስኮ የዓለም ቅርስ ቦታዎች ሶስተኛውን ትልቁን ይይዛል።
ጀርመን አንድ ይፋዊ ቋንቋ ብቻ አለው እርሱም ጀርመንኛ ሲሆን ከዚህ ውስጥ ብዙ ልዩ ልዩ የጀርመንኛ ቀበሌኞች በአገሩ ይገኛሉ። ለአንዳንድ ሰዎች ጀርመን «የገጣሚዎችና የአሳቢዎች አገር» በመባል ታውቋል። በዓመታት ላይ በሥነ ጽሑፍ፣ በሥነ ጥበብ፣ በፍልስፍና፣ በሙዚቃ፣ በሲኒማ፣ እና በሳይንስ ዘርፎች በርካታ አስተዋጽኦች በማቅረባቸው ጀርመናውያን በዓለም ዝነኛነት አገኝተዋል፤ እንዲሁም መኪና የሚባለውን ፈጠራ በማስለማት ፈር ቀዳጅ ሆኑ። ጀርመን ደግም ስለ ቋሊማና ቢራዎች ልዩነት ብዛት የገነነ ሆኗል። እግር ኳስ በጀርመን ከሁሉ የተወደደው እስፖርት ነው።
የራይን ወንዝ አቅራቢያ በጥንት ከሁሉ በፊት የተሰፈረው ሲሆን እዚያ አንዳንድ ጥንታዊ የሮሜ መንግሥት ድልድይ፣ አምባ፣ ወይም ፍርስራሽ ሊታይ ይችላል። የጀርመን ሕዝብ በብዛት ክርስቲያኖች ናቸው፤ በስደትም ወደ አገራቸው ለደረሱት ሰዎች በጠቅላላው ሰላምታ ሰጪዎች ናቸው። የበርሊን ግድግዳ በፈረሰበትና «የቅዝቃዛ ጦርነት» በጨረሰበት ወቅት የጀርመን ዳግመኛ መወሐድ ተከሠተ። በዚያ ሰዓት የቀድሞ አገራት ምሥራቅ ጀርመንና ምዕራብ ጀርመን አብረው የአሁኑን ጀርመን መንግሥት ፈጠሩ።
ብዙ የጀርመን ሰዎች በዓለም ዙሪያ ስመ ጥሩ ናቸው። ይህም ደራሲዎች ያኮብ ግሪምና ወንድሙ ቭልሄልም ግሪም፣ ባለቅኔው ዮሐን ቩልፍጋንግ ቮን ጌጠ፣ የፕሮቴስታንት ንቅናቄ መሪ ማርቲን ሉጠር፣ ፈላስፋዎች ካንት፣ ኒሺና ሄገል፣ ሳይንቲስቱ አልቤርት አይንስታይን፣ ፈጠራ አፍላቂዎች ዳይምለር፣ ዲዝልና ካርል ቤንዝ፣ የሙዚቃ ቃኚዎች ዮሐን ሴባስትያን ባክ፣ ሉድቪግ ቫን ቤትሆቨን፣ ብራምዝ፣ ስትራውስ፣ ቫግነርና ብዙ ሌሎች ይከትታል።
እጅግ ቁም ነገር የሆነ ጠቃሚ ፈጠራ ማሳተሚያ፤ ዮሐንስ ጉተንቤርግ በሚባል ሰው በ1431 ዓ.ም. ተጀመረ። ስለዚህ ተጓዦች ከውጭ አገር ሲመልሱ በአውሮፓ ያለው ሰው ሁሉ እርግጡን በቶሎ ያውቀው ነበር። አሁን ጀርመን «ዶይቸ ቨለ» በሚባል ራዲዮን ጣቢያ ላይ ዜና በእንግሊዝኛ ያሠራጫል። የጀርመን ሕዝብ ባማካኝ ከአውሮፓ ሁሉ ቴሌቪዥንን የሚወድዱ ሲሆኑ ፺ ከመቶ ሰዎች ወይም ሳተላይት ወይም ገመድ ቴሌቪዥን አላቸው።
የሳውዲው ልዑል

አንድ የናጠጠ የሳውዲ ልኡል ልጅ ለከፍተኛ ትምህርት ጀርመን ሄዶ አንድ አመት ከተማረ በኌላ አንድ ደብዳቤ ላባቱ ይጽፋል ..ደብዳቤው የሚከተለው ነው .." አባቴ ሆይ በርሊን ውብ ከተማ ናት ..ግን አስተማሪዎቼ በሙሉ የሚመላለሱት በባቡር ነው እናም እኔ ብቻ በወርቅ የተንቆጠቆጠ መኪና ስነዳ ትንሽ ቅር ይለኛል :: " ብሎ ደብዳቤውን ላከ :: ከሁለት ሳምንት በኌላ የአባቱ ደብዳቤ ከ 10 ሚሊዮን ቼክ ጋር መጣለት :: ድብዳቤው እንዲህ ይላል "" ውድ ልጃችን እባክህ አታሰድበን ...የራስህን ባቡር ግዛ አሉት ይባላል።
List of Olympic torch relays

The Olympic torch relay is the ceremonial relaying of the Olympic flame from Olympia, Greece, to the site of an Olympic Games. It was introduced at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as a way for Adolf Hitler to highlight the Nazi claim of Aryan connections of Germany to Greece. It has taken place prior to every Games since.
Although in the past some Olympic organizing committees organized torch relays which encompassed multiple countries, the International Olympic Committee now restricts international relays due to the protests during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, in which the relay was met with protests at several international sites on its way to Beijing.
Tadese Takele

Tadese Takele Bikila (born 3 August 2002) is an Ethiopian athlete.
He won the Ethiopian Olympic Trial in June 2021 in the 3000m steeplechase, running a personal best of 8:09.37 to beat Abrham Sime and Hailemariyam Amare. Later that month he finished second behind Soufiane El Bakkali in steeplechase in the Diamond League meeting in Florence, running 8:10.56. Competing at the Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase he finished ninth in heat three. At the 2023 Berlin Marathon he finished 3rd with a time of 2:03:24, all-time world best for U23 athletes.
On March 2nd, 2025, at the 2025 Tokyo Marathon, he finished 1st with a time of 2:03:23. This was the fifth-fastest time ever recorded in the Tokyo Marathon.
Ethiopia at the Olympics

Ethiopia first participated at the Olympic Games in 1956, and has sent athletes to compete in Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976, 1984 and 1988 Games. Ethiopia also participated in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 2006 Games in Turin.
Ethiopian athletes have won a total of 58 medals, all at the Summer Olympics and all in athletics.
Ethiopia's participation in the Olympics is organized by the Ethiopian Olympic Committee, founded in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1954.
Sorted by number of golds won, followed by number of silver medals and bronze medals.
Ethiopia at the 2024 Summer Olympics

Ethiopia competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. Since the nation's official debut in 1956, Ethiopian athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games, except for three occasions: Montreal 1976 as part of the Congolese-led boycott, Los Angeles 1984 as part of the Soviet boycott, and Seoul 1988 as part of its allegiance in solidarity with North Korea.
The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
Ethiopian track and field athletes achieved the entry standards for Paris 2024, either by passing the direct qualifying mark (or time for track and road races) or by world ranking, in the following events (a maximum of 3 athletes each):
Ethiopia sent one swimmer to compete at the 2024 Paris Olympics.
Qualifiers for the latter rounds (Q) of all events were decided on a time only basis, therefore positions shown are overall results versus competitors in all heats.
2009 in sports

2009 in sports describes the world events in sport.
Major championships
Women's major championships
Senior major championships
Steeplechases
Flat races
The following is a list of major noteworthy MMA events by month.
January
1/14 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku no Ran 2009
1/17 – UFC 93: Franklin vs. Henderson
1/24 – Affliction: Day of Reckoning (Last Affliction event)
1/25 – WEC 38: Varner vs. Cerrone
1/31 – UFC 94: St-Pierre vs. Penn 2
February
2/7 – UFC Fight Night: Lauzon vs. Stephens
2/21 – UFC 95: Sanchez vs. Stevenson
March
3/1 – WEC 39: Brown vs. Garcia
3/7 – UFC 96: Jackson vs. Jardine
3/8 – DREAM.7
3/20 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 7
April
4/1 – UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Kampmann
4/3 – Bellator I (Bellator FC's first event; Start of Bellator season 1)
4/5 – WEC 40: Torres vs. Mizugaki
4/5 – DREAM.8
4/10 – Bellator II
4/11 – Strikeforce: Shamrock vs. Diaz
4/17 – Bellator III
4/17 – Bellator IV
4/18 – UFC 97: Redemption
May
5/1 – Bellator V
5/2 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 8
5/8 – Bellator VI
5/15 – ShoMMA 1: Evangelista vs. Aina
5/15 – Bellator VII
5/15 – MFC 21: Hard Knocks
5/23 – UFC 98: Evans vs. Machida
5/26 – DREAM.9
5/29 – Bellator IX
June
6/5 – Bellator X
6/6 – Strikeforce: Lawler vs. Shields
6/7 – WEC 41: Brown vs. Faber II
6/12 – Bellator XI
6/13 – UFC 99: The Comeback
6/19 – ShoMMA 2: Villasenor vs. Cyborg
6/19 – Bellator XII (End of Bellator season 1)
6/20 – The Ultimate Fighter: United States vs. United Kingdom Finale
July
7/11 – UFC 100 (This event holds the highest PPV buyrate for a MMA event with 1.6 million buys)
7/20 – DREAM.10
8/2 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 9
8/8 – UFC 101: Declaration
8/9 – WEC 42: Torres vs. Bowles
8/15 – Strikeforce: Carano vs. Cyborg
8/29 – UFC 102: Couture vs. Nogueira
September
9/16 – UFC Fight Night: Diaz vs. Guillard
9/19 – UFC 103: Franklin vs. Belfort
9/23 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 10
9/25 – ShoMMA 3: Kennedy vs. Cummings
October
10/6 – DREAM.11
10/10 – WEC 43: Cerrone vs. Henderson
10/24 – UFC 104: Machida vs. Shogun
10/25 – DREAM.12
November
11/6 – ShoMMA 4: Gurgel vs. Evangelista
11/7 – Strikeforce: Fedor vs. Rogers
11/7 – World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 11
11/14 – UFC 105: Couture vs. Vera
11/18 – WEC 44: Brown vs. Aldo
11/20 – ShoMMA 5: Woodley vs. Bears
11/21 – UFC 106: Ortiz vs. Griffin 2
December
12/5 – The Ultimate Fighter: Heavyweights Finale
12/12 – UFC 107: Penn vs. Sanchez
12/19 – WEC 45: Cerrone vs. Ratcliff
12/19 – Strikeforce: Evolution
12/31 – Dynamite!! 2009 (Event featured 12 DREAM/SRC MMA bouts and 6 K-1 kickboxing bouts)
Витоша (природен парк)

„Витоша“ е първият природен парк в България и на Балканския полуостров.
Разполага се на територия от 270 кв. км в едноименната планина Витоша. Обявен е за защитена територия, с Постановление № ІІІа 15422 от 27.10.1934 г. на министъра на народното стопанство.
Парк „Витоша“ се простира върху площ от над 270 кв. км. На северозапад Владайската седловина и Владайска река я отделят от планината Люлин; на североизток е Софийска котловина; на изток река Искър я отделя от Лозенска планина; а на югоизток дълбоката долина на река Ведена я отделя от планината Плана. Бука-Преслапската седловина на юг я отделя от планината Верила, като границата между тях продължава по долината на реката Добри дол до водослива ѝ с река Клисурата (Суха). По-нататък границата следи река Клисурата (отделя я от Голо бърдо) до село Боснек, а след това поречието на Струма и язовир „Студена“. На запад Витоша стига до Пернишката котловина.
С постановление на Министерски Съвет № 15422 от 27 октомври 1934 г., бр. 178/1934 на Държавен вестник заедно със самия парк е създаден резерват „Бистришко бранище“, който се намира на територията на парка. Този резерват по-късно получава статут на биосферен резерват и е сред от 16-те резервата от мрежата на биосферните резервати в България. По-късно е създаден и вторият резерват в парка „Торфено бранище“.
Управлението се осъществява от Дирекция на Природен парк „Витоша“, поделение на Изпълнителна агенция по горите към Министерство на земеделието и храните.
В административно-териториално отношение, площта на парка попада в три области, четири общини и 16 землища, както следва:
В границите на парка, съществуват два резервата:
Растителният свят в парка е изключително богат и разнообразен:
Животинският свят също е изключително разнообразен:
В парка се срещат 13 вида прилепи – малък подковонос, голям подковонос, пещерен дългокрил и други.
Витоша (район)

„Витоша“ е един от 24-те административни района на Столична община. Той се намира в подножието на планината Витоша и обхваща кварталите Бояна, Симеоново, Драгалевци, Киноцентър, Бъкстон, Манастирски ливади (западна част), Княжево (вкл. местност Карпузица, която е неразделна част от кв. Княжево) и селата Владая и Мърчаево.
Към 15 юни 2023 г. в района живеят 54 717 души по настоящ адрес и 56 606 души по постоянен адрес.
Намира се в южната част на София в подножието на планината Витоша – първият Народен парк на Балканския полуостров.
Територията на района включва още селата Владая и Мърчаево, както и големи части от землището на София в планината Витоша, които не са включени в определен квартал.
Общият брой на населението на район „Витоша“ е заедно с кварталите, в състава му, които спадат към тези с т.нар. главен специалист. Те са със специален статут, имат допълнителна администрация и тяхното население се брои отделно. Това са „Драгалевци“ (9389 жители) и „Симеоново“ (7231 жители). Владая (3656 жители) и Мърчаево (1144 жители) имат отделни кметства, заради статута си на села, заради това тяхното население също е вписано отделно, но тук е включено към общия брой.
Численост и дял на етническите групи според преброяването на населението през 2011 г.: