davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Pushkar Fair

The Pushkar Fair, also called the Pushkar Camel Fair or locally as Kartik Mela or Pushkar ka Mela is an annual multi-day livestock fair and cultural fête held in the town of Pushkar near Ajmer city in Ajmer district in (Rajasthan, India). The fair starts with the Hindu calendar month of Kartik and ends on the Kartik Purnima, which typically overlaps with late October and early November in the Gregorian calendar. In 1998, over 1 million visitors came to Pushkar throughout the year. The Pushkar fair alone attracts over 200,000 visitors.
The Pushkar fair is one of India's largest camel, horse and cattle fairs. Apart from the trading of livestock, it is an important pilgrimage season for Hindus to the Pushkar lake. Pushkar fair has also become a significant tourist attraction for domestic and international travellers, given the cooler season, the abundance of colourful cultural themes. Cultural events and competitions include dances, tug of war between women teams as well as men teams, the "matka phod", "longest moustache" competition, "bridal competition", camel races and others.
Thousands of people go to the banks of the Pushkar Lake where the fair takes place. Men trade their livestock, which includes camels, horses, cows, sheep and goats. Rural families shop at the handicraft stalls full of bracelets, clothes, textiles and fabrics. A camel race starts off the festival, with music, songs and exhibitions to follow. Between these events, the most waited for is the test of how the camel is able to bring the items. In order to demonstrate, the men go up on the group of camels one after another.
Pushkar is in centre-east part of Rajasthan, on the western side of Aravalli mountains. The nearest airport from Pushkar is Kishangarh Airport in Ajmer, about 40 km (25 mi) northeast. Jaipur is well connected with all the major cities in India. Pushkar is about 10 km (6.2 mi) from Ajmer, connected via Pushkar road (Highway 58) which goes over the Aravalli Range mountains. Ajmer is also the nearest major railway Station. Pushkar Railway Station is connected to Ajmer Railway Station.
Around 500,000-600,000 people visit Pushkar during the main Pushkar festival.
पुष्कर पशु मेला भारत का सबसे बड़ा मेला है। (स्रोत देनिक भास्कर)
Antahpragnya

Antahpragnya is an Indian rural technology festival organized by the Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT) in Basara, Nirmal District of Telangana. The festival's name, derived from Sanskrit roots "antah" (deep) and "pragnya" (wisdom), means "inner wisdom" The festival is intended for students, researchers, and professionals to demonstrate technical skills, creativity, and problem-solving abilities through projects, competitions, working models, and other activities to provide advances in artificial intelligence, smart robotics, automation, sustainable energy, and the creation of intelligent systems.
Antahpragnya has gained considerable fame due to its the combination of technical exhibitions, workshops, cultural activities, and entrepreneurial events.
According to The Hindu, students at Antahpragnya 2020 showcased innovative working models during the three-day event, which was described as India’s largest campus-based technical festival. The event was inaugurated by Nirmal District Collector M. Prashanthi, who emphasized the need for smart villages and encouraged students to develop innovations with humanitarian applications.
One of the featured events at Antahpragnya 2020 was a "Campus Farming" competition involving around 250 engineering students. The university allocated 1.5 acres of land for the contest, where participants cultivated spinach using farming tools developed by fellow RGUKT students. Competitors came from various engineering disciplines, including mechanical, civil, metallurgy, chemical, electrical, electronics, and computer science. According to The New Indian Express, the competition was judged by 150 local farmers.
In addition to the campus farming initiative, Antahpragnya 2020 included more than 200 events, such as robo racing, robo soccer, virtual reality gaming, workshops on artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, and a National Science Fair. The programme also included an "Ideal Village" project focused on applying technology to rural development. According to Business Standard, the three-day event attracted nearly 50,000 attendees and presented over 300 prototype working models created by approximately 4,000 RGUKT-Basar students.
List of American Civil War battles

Battles of the American Civil War were fought between April 12, 1861, and May 12–13, 1865 in 19 states, mostly Confederate (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia), the District of Columbia, and six territories (Arizona Territory (also Confederate Arizona), Colorado Territory, Dakota Territory, Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), New Mexico Territory, and Washington Territory), as well as naval engagements. Virginia in particular was the site of many major and decisive battles. These battles would change the standing and historical memory of the United States.
For lists of battles organized by campaign and theater, see:
Some battles have more than one name. For instance, the battles known in the North as Battle of Antietam and Second Battle of Bull Run were referred to as the Battle of Sharpsburg and the Battle of Manassas, respectively, by the South. This was because the North tended to name battles after landmarks (often rivers or bodies of water), whereas the South named battles after nearby towns.
The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. In 1993, the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) reported to Congress and the ABPP on their extensive analysis of significant battles and battlefields. Of the estimated 8,000 occasions in which hostilities occurred in the American Civil War, this table and related articles describe the 384 battles that were classified in CWSAC's Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields. In addition to the status of battlefield land preservation (not included in this table) CWSAC rated the military significance of the battles into four classes, as follows:
Other non-Indian wars battles and skirmishes not rated by CWSAC.
Other battles and skirmishes, not rated by CWSAC, of the American Indian Wars between either USA or CSA forces and the Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Comanche, Dakota, Kiowa, Navajo, and Shoshone which occurred during the American Civil War – including: the Apache Wars, Colorado War, Dakota War of 1862, Navajo Wars, and Texas–Indian wars.
This is a chronological summary and record of every engagement between the troops of the Union and of the Confederacy, showing the total losses and casualties in each engagement. It was collated and compiled from the Official Records of the War Department.
This summary has been divided by year:
Mor Kreizdouar

Ul lodenn eus ar Meurvor Atlantel eo bet ar Mor Kreizdouar, met kazi kaeet eo bet gant an douaroù. En Norzh eo klozet gant Europa, er Su gant Afrika hag er Reter gant Azia. N'eo digor nemet eus tu ar c'hornaoueg gant strizh-mor Jibraltar na ra nemet 14,4 km. Gant ar vorourien e vez graet ar Mor Kreizdouar Euroafrikan pe Mor Kreizdouar Europa anezhañ evit ober ar c'hemm etrezañ hag ar morioù kreizdouar all.
Un hent bras-kenañ evit an treuzdougerezh dre vor eo bet er Ragistor hag en Henamzer pa zeuas da vezañ anat d'ar pobloù o doa ezhomm d'ober kenwerzh ha da sevel liammoù politikel ha sevenadurel, en o zouez pobl Egiptiz kozh, pobl ar C'hresianed, pobl ar Romaned ha pobloù ar Reter, Semited (an Arabed, ar Fenikianed hag ar Yuzevien en o zouez) ha Persed. Unan eus mammennoù pennañ sevenadur ar C'hornôg eo bet ar pezh a zo c'hoarvezet a-gozh war aodoù ar Mor Kreizdouar.
Kreizdouar (kreiz + douar) a zeu eus troidigezh rik an anv-gwan latin mediterraneus, hemañ o treiñ an henc'hresianeg mesogeios (μεσογεῖος). Bez' ez eus (bet) anvioù all :
Mor Egea

Mor Egea, Enezvor, Mor Enezek) zo ur mor enklozet etre daou gevandir, Europa hag Azia, hag ar Mor Kreizdouar. En-dro dezhañ emañ :
Da C'hres eo an enezegoù strewet e Mor Egea, war-bouez div enezenn abaoe 1923.
Gres eo an douaroù hag a zo er Su, er C'hornôg hag en Norzh p'emañ aodoù kornôgel Turkia er Reter. Koulskoude, an harz politikel etre Gres ha Turkia zo etre an inizi hag aod Turkia war-bouez div anezho.
Er Biz emañ strizh-mor Çanakkale (an Dardanelloù), a gas da vor Marmara ha pelloc'h d'ar Mor Du dre strizh-mor ar Bosfor. Eus Kornôg da Reter ez eus etre 300 ha 400 km hag eus Norzh d'ar Su war-dro 600 km. Ur mor don eo pa n'eus ket gwall galz a blateiz kevandirel : 2 500 m eo an donder e Norzh Enez Karpathos.
Niverus eo an inizi.
Gwechall ne veze ket kaoz eus mor Egea, un anv diazezet war ur vojenn gozh.
Hervez ar vojenn en doa goulennet Egeos, roue Aten, digant e vab Theseüs, ma vije lakaet gouelioù gwenn ouzh e lestr ma teuje en-dro goude bezañ trec'h war an Minotaor. E barr al levenez edo an dud e bourzh al lestr goude trec'h an haroz yaouank ha n'o doa ket soñj eus an dra-se ken. Setu perak en em daolas ar roue kozh er mor, gant ar glac'har, diwar tornaod ar c'hab Sounion pa welas ar gouelioù du.
Abaoe ouzhpenn 4 000 bloaz e oa ur mor gresian pa voe kemmet an traoù gant feur-emglev Lausanne e 1922. Roet e voe an aod reter da Durkia, ar pezh a redias an dud da zivroañ, dre ma oa gant ar C'hresianed e oa ar muiañ niver en darn vrasañ eus an inizi.
Seul aesoc'h e oa d'an Henc'hresianed merdeiñ eno ma oa meneziek an aodoù, niverus an inizi, tostik an eil enezenn diouzh eben ha ma ne veze kollet gwel eus an douar hogos gwech ebet. Aesoc'h a se ivez gwareziñ al listri diouzh ar gwallamzer pe an enebourien.
Bez' ez eo ar mor-se unan eus kavelloù ar vorveli kentañ anavezet en istor, hini Aten er V kantved kent JK, war-lerc'h da Hellaziz bout trec'h war an Impalaeriezh ar Bersed (gwelet : Brezelioù medek).
Pa voe aloubet Hellaz gant Roma (war-dro 167 kent JK) e voe aodoù ar mor er memes bro : an Impalaeriezh roman, hag en Impalaeriezh Bizantion goude, betek donedigezh an Durked.
Rannet e voe an aodoù etre Hellaziz, Turked hag ar Stadoù latin (Venezia dreist-holl) ken na voe kemeret Enez Rodez gant an Durked e 1522, hag aloubet Kreta er XVII kantved (Kandia e 1669, Spinalonga e 1718).
E 1830 e voe diframmet he dizalc'hted gant Gres digant an Impalaeriezh otoman. Klasket he deus Gres bodañ en-dro dezhi an holl zouaroù poblet gant Hellaziz.
Mor Du

Ur mor kreizkevandirel eo ar Mor Du gant riezoù Europa hag Azia tro-war-dro: Ukraina ha Rusia en norzh, Jorjia er reter, Turkia er su, Bulgaria ha Roumania er c'hornôg. Mor Azov zo ur mor bihan en hanternoz enklozet gant ledenez Krimea. Gorread an daou vor a zo 461 000 km², ennañ 38 000 km² evit mor Azov. Daou strizh-mor (ar Bosfor hag an Dardanelloù) hag ur morig etrezo, Mor Marmara, a lez un hent betek Mor Egaios p'emañ strizh-mor Kertch etre ar mor Du ha mor Azov. Meur a stêr a ya ennañ ken n'eo ket gwall sall dourioù ar mor. Ar stêrioù pennañ eo ar Boug, an Dniepr, an Dniestr, an Danav, ar Stêr Ruz (Kizil Irmak), ar Rioni hag ar Sakarya.
Kavet e vez an anv Mor Du en XIII kantved (Μαύρη Θάλασσα) pa veze graet anezhi ar Pontos (Πόντος), da lavarout eo ar Mor hervez Strabo. Koulskoude ec'h implije ar C'hresianed hag ar Romaned Εύξεινος Πόντος Euxeinos Pontos, ar Mor degemerus. Un dro-zic'harvaat eo pa oa bet roet an anv kontrol Pontos Axeinos, ar mor dizegemerus (Pindaros, e deroù ar V kantved kt JK). Hervez Strabo e kave diaes ar C'hresianed bevañ war ribloù ar mor-se pa oa meuriadoù "gouez" tro-war-dro. Lod eus ar ouizieien a gred e teu ar ger Akeina eus ar ger persek, al liv du e dalvoudegezh. Evel-se e vije kozh-tre al lavar memes tra, pa weler e oa un doare evit envel ar roudoù-avel dre livioù e c'heller kompren e talveze ar Mor Du evit mor an Hanternoz, pa dalveze ruz evit ar Su (sellit ouzh anv ar Mor ruz). Bremañ e reer gant an anv-gwan "du" e kazi pep yezh: turkeg Kara Deniz, rusianeg Чёрное море, bulgareg Черно море, Cherno more, jorjieg შავი ზღვა, shavi zghva, ukraineg Chorne More, roumaneg Marea Neagră, lazeg Ucha Zuğa, oubic'heg ʃʷaʤa.
Mor Baltel

Ar Mor Baltel, pe ar Mor Baltek, a zo ur mor eus Europa, digor war Mor an Hanternoz ha, drezañ, war ar Meurvor Atlantel, dre strizhioù-mor Kattegat ha Skagerrak. En-dro d’ar Mor Baltel e kaver ar broioù-mañ (en ul loc’hañ eus ledenez Skandinavia): Sveden, Finland, Rusia (rannvro Sant Petersbourg), Estonia, Latvia, Lituania, Rusia (rannvro Kaliningrad), Polonia, Alamagn, Danmark.
En em astenn a ra ar mor war ur gorread a 432 800 km², ha div ledennad dour vras a sank en douaroù, en hanternoz : pleg-mor Finland, etre ar vro-mañ hag Estonia, ha pleg-mor Botnia, etre aod reter Sveden hag aod kornôg Finland. N’eo ket don ar Mor Baltel, ma vez keñveriet gant morioù all (57 metr donder well-wazh, 459 m en e zonañ en hanternoz enez Gotland). Abalamour da se ha peogwir eo strizh an tremen war-zu Mor an Hanternoz, e chom an hevelep dour eno e-pad pell, ar pezh ne ra nemet gwashaat ar c’hudennoù saotradur. E-keñver douarouriezh n’eo ket gwall gozh ar Mor Baltel : stummet e oa bet er c’hwec’hvet milved a-raok J.K.
N’eo ket gwall sall dour ar Mor Baltel, e-skoaz morioù all. Meur a abeg a zo d’an dra-se : abalamour d’an hin n’a ket an dour da ziaezhennañ buan, kalz stêrioù a ziskarg o dour dous er mor ha, gant ar strizh m’eo an tremen war-zu Mor an Hanternoz, ne vez ket mesket dour disall a-walc’h ar Mor Baltel gant dour salloc’h ar Meurvor Atlantel. Ar sallder izel eus an dour mor eno a zispleg perak e vez spesadoù plant ha loened disheñvel a-walc’h diouzh ar re a gaver e morioù all. Displegañ a ra ivez perak e vez skornet ul lodenn vat eus ar Mor Baltel e-pad ar goañv. War-dro an hanter eus gorread ar mor, well-wazh, a vez goloet gant skorn e-pad ar goañv. Al lodennoù norshañ (Pleg-mor Botnia, Pleg-mor Finland) eo a vez skornet dreist-holl, met goañvezhioù zo ez eus bet gwelet skorn betek war aodoù reter Danmark.
Cheñch a ra anv ar mor-mañ hervez ar yezhoù :
Kalz inizi a zo er Mor Baltel. E-touez ar re vrasañ anezho e c’heller menegiñ ar re-mañ :
Setu amañ ar c’hêrioù pennañ a gaver en arvor, renket adalek an hini vrasañ :
Porzhioù bras all :
Kornog (kelaouenn)

Kornog a oa ur gelaouenn embannet gant Unvaniez ar Seiz Breur, etre 1928 ha 1930. O vezañ ma voe darempredoù ha mignoniezh etre arzourien ar Seiz Breur ha skrivagnerien Gwalarn e voe embannet ar gelaouenn diwar un emglev gant merourien Gwalarn.
Diwar atiz Reun Kreston, rener anezhi asambles gant Paul Ladmirault, eo bet savet ar gelaouenn arz evit kas an arz breizhek modern war-raok, pe, evel ma lavare ar Seiz Breur o-unan, evit "adkrouiñ hon arz broadel". "Kornog Occident" e oa an titl leun ha "Revue illustrée des arts bretons - Dastumadenn skeudennek arzou Breiz" an istitl.
E-barzh e kaved pennadoù, divyezhek alies, diwar-benn arzoù a bep seurt ha keleier eus an arz, e Breizh hag e broioù all.
Enni e kaved koadengravadurioù eus sent Breizh ivez, fardet gant Jeanne Malivel, Reun Kreston, Langleiz, Jorj Robin.
Kornog (sonerien)

Ur strollad sonerezh eo Kornog a sone muzik Breizh, ar broioù keltiek ha lec’h all ivez. Krouet eo bet e 1980.
E 1980 e rae Jamie Mc Menemy (bet kaner ha soner bouzouki er strollad Battlefield Band) anaoudegezh gant ar violoñser Christian Le Maïtre hag ar soner gitar Soïg Sibéril. Dindan an anv Kornog e teuas buan da vezañ ur pevarbenveg pa zeuas ganto ar soner fleüt a-dreuz eus Aodoù-an-Arvor, Jean-Michel Veillon. Adalek neuze e vo arouezius son Kornog : ur son nerzhus-tre, ar violoñs hag ar fleüt, gant kenweadurioù kensonel ha mentadurel trivlius gwiadet asambles gant son ar bouzouki hag ar gitar, hag ouzhpenn istorioù dispar Jamie hag e aozadurioù dibar gwerzioù Bro-Skos. Er c'hontrol eus an darn vrasañ eus strolladoù breizhat ar bloavezhioù 80 e voe divizet gant Kornog chom hep mont da son er festoù-noz met son er sonadegoù hepken.
Hag evel-se e voe foetet gant ar strollad dre hentoù Bro-C'hall hag Europa ar c'hornog. E-pad o zroiad kentañ er Stadoù-Unanet e vo ken souezhet ha ken entanet an Amerikaned gante ma vo graet un enrolladur "live" e Minneapolis. War-lerc'h e vo teir zroiad all er Stadoù-unanet hag un trede CD ( Ar seizh avel ).
Siwazh e vo lakaet ar strollad en arvar abalamour d'an diouer a verañ efedus. E 1986, e kuitaas Soïg Siberil ar strollad. Gilles Le Bigot a gemera e blas. Ur bedervet pladenn a voe enrollet neuze. Met goude un droiad e Bro-Yougoslavia, Bro-C'hres ha Bro-Italia hag un toullad sonadegoù gant ar Chieftains e Breizh e voe disrannet ar strollad. Gant J-M Veillon ha Gilles Le Bigot e vo krouet Barzaz. Mont a reas Christian Le Maître a ya gant ar strollad Storvan, ha war-lerc'h e kemeras perzh e meur a droiad, er CELTIC FIDDLE FESTIVAL gant K. Burke ha J.Cunningham, da skouer.
Klenkañ a reas Jamie Mc Menemy e vouzouki er c'hrignol... n’eo ket evit pell peogwir e vez klevet adarre e meur a enrolladur adalek 1993 : E Koad Nizan, Swing & Tears, La Ballade du Nord-Ouest... ha gant ar strolladoù Taxi Mauve hag Orion.
E 1999, ez eo bet adsavet ar strollad, ar wech-mañ gant ar soner gitar dispar Nicolas Kemener hag a zo ivez kaner ha soner fleüt.
E penn-kentañ ar bloaz 2001 ez eus bet lakaet ur bladenn nevez da zont er-maez.
Tre-lech

Tre-lech (skrivet ivez Trelech) zo ur gêriadenn diwar ar maez e Sir Gaerfyrddin, hanter-hent etre Caerfyrddin hag Aberteifi tostik da Sir Benfro. Hervez niveradeg 2011 e oa 745 den dindan Kuzul Kumuniezh Tre-lech a'r Betws ha 59% anezho gouest da gaozeal kembraeg.
Un ostaleri zo, anvet "Tafarn Beca", met stal ebet ken.
Garçon, un bock !...

« Garçon, un bock !... » ("Paotr, ur bok !...") zo un danevell c'hallek gant Guy de Maupassant, embannet e 1884.
Kentañ ma voe embannet a voe e Gil Blas ar 1añ a viz Genver 1884, sinet Maufrigneuse, hag adembannet e voe en dastumad Miss Harriet. Dediet eo d'ar barzh José-Maria de Heredia.
Kontañ a ra istor un den hag a dremen e amzer en ostaleri a-hed an deiz, oc'h evañ bier.
Ty Elise

Ty Elise zo un ostaleri lec'hiet e Plouie, brudet-bras e-metoù ar re a blij Breizh hag ar brezhoneg dezho. Dalc'het eo an ostaleri gant ur C'hembread anvet Byn Walters zo bet ouzhpenn tregont vloaz e Breizh bremañ. D'an 19 a viz C'hwevrer 2010 eo bet distrujet razh gant an tan. Addigoret eo bet d'ar c'hentañ a viz Meurzh 2013.
Tudjentil Breizh

Tudjentil Breizh (Association de la Noblesse Bretonne, ANB e galleg) a zo ur gevredigezh hervez lezenn 1901 bet diazezet e Roazhon e dibenn 2004 gant seizh den stag ouzh an noblañs a Vreizh, Jakez de Poulpiquet.
Daou bal a zo d'ar gevredigezh :
Ezel eo eus Kevre Breizh hag eus ar stroll Anna Vreizh 2014.
Yehoshoua

Yehoshoua, pe Jozue (Iosue e latin) pe Josue hervez troidigezh Gwilh ar C'hoad, en hebraeg יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Yĕhōshúaʕ,"Salviñ a ra Doue"), pe יהושוע בן נון (Yehoshoua mab Noun), a zo hervez ar Bibl skoazeller ha warlerc'hiad Moshe. Tudenn bennañ Levr Yehoshoua (Ys) eo.
Bleinañ a reas Israel en tu-hont d'ar Jordan ha da aloubiñ Kenaan. Istor an aloubadeg-se a ra danvez Levr Yehoshoua.
Eñ eo an hini a vodas ar bobl en he fezh e Shec'hem evit emouestlañ da servijañ YHVH ha doue all ebet.
Fish and chips

Fish and chips ("pesked ha fritez"), skrivet ivez fish 'n' chips e saozneg, zo ur meuz a vez debret kalz e kêrioù bras Breizh-Veur. Ennañ e kaver un tamm pesk fritet, servijet gant avaloù-douar fritet ha chaous da zibab. Gant pesked gwenn e vez fardet, moru, azened, plais pe levneged.
Un doare "meuz buan" eo (fast food), a c'haller debriñ war-sav er straedoù. E Breizh-Veur e vez debret dreist-holl, met kavet e vez ivez en Aostralia, Zeland Nevez, Iwerzhon, Stadoù Unanet Amerika, hag a-wechoù en arvor broioù all evel an Izelvroioù. Gwechall e oa ar boaz, e Breizh-Veur, da servijañ fish and chips en un tamm paper kazetenn, met bremañ e c'hall bezañ e doareoù all ivez.
Kadmos

Kadmos (Κάδμος e gresianeg, latinekaet e Cadmus) a oa roue Tebez (Thebai), dimezet gant an doueez Harmonia. Ganti en deus bet meur a vugel, en o zouez Semele, Ino hag Agaue.
Kadmos, mab Agenor, roue Sidon, en dije diazezet keoded Tebez gant e gompagnuned. Kaset e oa bet ar paotr yaouank gant e dad da gerc'hat e c'hoar Europa, bet skrapet gant an doue Zeus, a oa deuet dindan neuz un tarv. Goude treuziñ meur a vro setu eñ erru e Delfi. Eno e roas urzh ar Pythia da baouez gant e glask ha da heuliañ ur vuoc'h, ur c'hresk loar ganti ouzh he c'hostez, a zegouezhfe gantañ hag a gasfe anezhañ betek al lec'h ma ranke sevel ur geoded nevez. Roet e oa ar vuoc'h da Gadmos gant Pelagon, roue Fokis, hag e kasas anezhañ betek Boiotia.
Kadmos en doa kavet al lec'h ma felle dezhañ diazezañ ar geoded nevez. Kas a reas e gavandidi davit dour evit lidañ un aberzh da Athena met lazhet e voent gant un aerouant dour a ziwalle mammenn Kastalia. Ha Kadmos ha lazhañ an euzhvil. War ali Athena e lakaas dent an aerouant en douar evel pa vijent had ha diwan a reas tud diouzh al leur, gwisket ganto o harnez, armoù hag all, ur ouenn a vrezelourien, ar Sparted "aotokton". Pemp anezhe a oa bet hendadoù noblañs kentañ ar geoded. Ares a oa tad an aerouant dour diskaret gant Kadmos, hag abalamour da se e oa sañset bezañ hendad ar Sparted ha tiegezhioù bras noblañs Tebez. Lakaet e voe Kadmos e pinijenn e-pad eizh vloaz gant Ares, ouzh e servijañ. E fin ar prantad-se e oa roet dezhañ da wreg Harmonia, merc'h Ares hag Afrodite, gant Zeus, evit skoulmañ ar peoc'h. Dont a reas Kadmos da vezañ kentañ roue ar geoded.
Les Holden

Leslie Hubert Holden, MC, AFC, ganet d'ar 6 a viz Meurzh 1895 hag aet da Anaon d'an 18 a viz Gwengolo 1932, a oa un As aostralian eus ar C'hentañ Brezel-bed ha goude-se e oa deuet da vezañ blenier kirri-nij kenwerzh. E Aostralia ar Su, e oa emezelet er varc'hegiezh skañv e Mae 1915, da servijañ en Ejipt ha Bro-C'hall. E miz Kerzu 1916 e oa bet a youl-vat en Australian Flying Corps ha bet en doa ur breved sturier.
Evel ezel eus ar Skouadrenn niverenn 2 eus ar RAAF war Talbenn ar C'hornôg, e oa bet lesanvet "Lucky Les" ha "the homing pigeon" goude un heuliad gwallzarvoudoù ma tistroe d'an nijva gant ur c'harr-nij toullet-didoullet gant ar bolodoù. Enoret e voe gant ar Military Cross, ha deuet e oa a-benn da dizhout pemp trec'h en aer o nijal un Airco DH.5 ha kirri-nij Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5.
Kevrennad

E bevoniezh eo ar gevrennad ur rannad eus ur skourrad. Klotañ a ra gant al latin Classis. E rummatadur reizhiadek ar bevien emañ ar gevrennad etre ar skourrad hag an urzhiad. An trede derez eo ar gevrennad e rummatadur klasel ar bevien (da lâret eo an hini na ra ket gant naoutur ar pellder genetek).
Renkoù anavezet all eus rummatadur reizhiadek ar bevien zo ar riezad, ar renad, ar skourrad, an urzhiad, ar c'herentiad, ar genad.
E diwezh an anvioù kevrennadoù e kaver al lostgerioù -opsida evit ar plant, -phyceae evit ar bezhin ha -mycetes evit ar foue. Evit pezh a sell renad al loened e vez graet gant lostgerioù dindan renk an uskerentiad hepken (ICZN mellad 27.2).
Skouerioù:
Evit kerentiadoù ’zo e vez implijet renkadoù ouzhpenn. Ne vezont ket implijet stank. Setu-int amañ da-heul, en urzh o renk.
Chorda filum

Ur spesad bezhin gell e familh ar Chordaceae eo ar stlañvac'h, anvet ivez filid , pe korre, pe c'hoazh Chorda filum hervez e anv skiantel.
An tallusoù a ya d'ober funioù gludek e stumm kranennoù war-dro 5 pe 6 mm o zreuzkiz ha 6 pe 8 metr o hirder.
War c'hrouan e morioù bas gwalarn Europa.
Laminaria digitata

Ur spesad bezhin gell eo al Laminaria digitata, anvet tali moan pe jelmestr e brezhoneg.
Meneget eo ar bezhin-se en Inventaire de Roscoff, savet gant J. Feldman e 1964, gant an anv :
Meur a anv a vez implijet.
E Kernev-Izel e kaver : bol, baol, paol (b).
E Bro-Leon e reer anezhe : bezhin bleuñv, bezhin sklej, bezhin stonn, bezhin warle, cholgorn, foetoù-traezh, gwaskle, goazle, gwrac’hle, warle, grac'hle, (Bro-Bagan, Gorre-Leon) ; kaol (–enn) (Kerlouan, Gorre-Leon) ; korle, melkern, salkorn, tali du (Goueled-Leon) ; tali gwrac'hle, tali warle, tali laezh, tali moan (Goueled-Leon) ; tali moan Ebrel.
E Bro-Dreger e vezont anvet felest(r) ha jelmestr (treid moan).
Hervez renabl Rosko e kaver anezhañ e meur a lec’h disheñvel. E lec’hioù maenek goudoret pe gant nebeut a gas. Gwelet e vez en daere pa ziskenn kalz ar mor da goulz an nevez-bras.
Gouennadur : Padus. Frouezhus int a-hed ar bloaz.
Dastumet e vez kalz ar bezhin-mañ gant bezhinaerien Bro-Leon. Gwelet e vez an dalienn a-wechoù klañvet gant Laminariocolax tomentosoides isspesad deformans (gwechall Streblonema deformans).
Skoulm-teod

Ur skoulm-teod (hervez ar bomm kembraek cwlwm tafod), pe gweg-teod, zo ur regennad gerioù aozet evit bezañ diaes da gompren pe da zistripañ.
Lod a seblant aes da zistripañ, met diaesoc'h pa vez ret lavarout hag adlavarout buanoc'h-buan.
Tennañ a ra un tamm d'ar skoulm-teod italianek Se l'arcivescovo di Costantinopoli si disarcivescoviscostantinopolizzasse, vi disarcivescoviscostantinopolizzereste voi come si è disarcivescoviscostantinopolizzato l'Arcivescovo di Costantinopoli?, ha re all damheñvel zo en okitaneg ivez.
Darn zo diwar-benn kleier ar vro:
Re all zo c'hoazh:
Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Jr. eo 26vet prezidant Stadoù-Unanet Amerika. Den Stad, sportour, skrivagner ha dastumer eo bet. Aet e oa da Brezidant goude marv ar Prezidant a-raok, William McKinley, bet lazhet, dre ma oa besprezidant dezhañ. Eontr Franklin Delano Roosevelt eo.
A-raok bezañ Prezidant e oa bet penn polis New York, penn ar Rough Riders e-pad ar brezel 1898 ha gouarnour New York.
Meur a lesanv en deus bet a-hed e vuhez evel "Colonel Roosevelt" pe "The Colonel", "Teddy" a oa chomet an hini brudetañ e-touez ar bobl. Roosevelt ne oa ket sot gant al lesanv-se. An dud a oa o labourat gantañ a rae gant al lesanvioù "Colonel" pe "Theodore".
Pa oa kroget ar C'hentañ Brezel-bed e 1914, Roosevelt a roas un harp a-grenn d'ar Gevredidi. Goulenn a rae groñs ma vefe savet ur politikerezh reut a-enep Alamagn, dreist-holl a-fed ar brezel-spluj.
Oyster pail

An oyster pail (also known as a paper pail, Chinese food box or Chinese takeout container) is a folded, waxed or plastic coated, paperboard container originally designed to hold oysters. It commonly comes with a handle made of solid wire. It is often used by American Chinese cuisine restaurants in the United States to package take-out food. It can also be found in other countries, such as Poland, but is rarely seen in China and other Asian countries with high numbers of ethnic Chinese.
The container is inexpensive, durable and fairly leak-proof when kept upright. The top usually has a locking paperboard tab that is self-closing. The simple origami-like folded construction allows for some escape of steam from hot food. It is common to eat directly out of the container with chopsticks. The containers are primarily used with American Chinese cuisine, though they have begun to spread in some European and Latin American countries.
Oyster pails that can be used safely in microwave ovens (without the metal handle, which can cause arcing) are available. They often have no handle, or a plastic handle.
The containers may also be used for storing or transporting non-food items, such as soap bath beads or small parts. Takeout containers have also been offered as novelty packaging for small gifts.
Early patents date to 1890, 1894, and 1908. The paperboard oyster pail was invented at a time when fresh oysters were more popular and plentiful and less expensive than they are today. Since shucking oysters (removing the raw meat from the shell) takes some skill and can be difficult and dangerous, it was common to have the oyster seller open the oysters so they could be taken home for use in recipes. The oyster pail provided an inexpensive and sanitary way to do this. In the early 20th century oyster pails were used to hold honey. In the mid-20th century, overfishing (and the subsequent rise in price) of oysters left manufacturers with a significant number of unsold oyster pails.
In the United States after World War II, there was a huge increase in sales of takeout foods that could be purchased from restaurants. Chinese food was a popular choice, since it was tasty, unusual, fairly inexpensive, and traveled well. The oyster pail was quickly adopted for "Chinese takeout". The paperboard pails were to some extent self-insulating, and could be used for a wide variety of foods including cooked rice, moist dishes such as egg foo young and sauced dishes, though they were unsuitable for hot highly liquid dishes such as soups.
The containers are also used by restaurants offering classic American takeout food, such as French fries or fried clams, but the containers have become strongly associated with Chinese takeout. In 2011, the Smithsonian National Museum of American History displayed Chinese takeout containers in its exhibit Sweet & Sour: A Look at the History of Chinese Food in the United States.
Rocky Mountain oysters

Rocky Mountain oysters or mountain oysters, or meat balls, also known as prairie oysters in Canada (French: animelles), is a dish made of bull testicles. The organs are often deep-fried after being skinned, coated in flour, pepper and salt, and sometimes pounded flat. The dish is most often served as an appetizer.
The dish is served in parts of Canada, where cattle ranching is prevalent and castration of young male animals is common. "Prairie oysters" is the preferred name in Canada where they are served in a demi-glace. In Oklahoma and the Texas Panhandle, they are often called calf fries. In Spain, Argentina and many parts of Mexico, they are referred to as criadillas, and they are colloquially referred to as huevos de toro (literally, "bull’s eggs"; besides its literal meaning, huevos is a Spanish slang term for testicles) in Central and South America. Rocky Mountain oysters are sometimes confused because of their appearance with cattle fries or animelles (cattle testicles), which are served in a similar manner. A few other terms, such as "cowboy caviar", "Montana tendergroins", "dusted nuts", "swinging beef", or simply "mountain oysters" may be used.
The dish, purportedly cowboy fare, is most commonly found served at festivals, amongst ranching families, or at certain specialty eating establishments and bars. They are, however, also readily available at some public venues (e.g., at Coors Field during Colorado Rockies baseball games). Eagle, Idaho, claims to have the "World's Largest Rocky Mountain Oyster Feed" during its Eagle Fun Days (now held the second weekend in July). Clinton, Montana; Deerfield, Michigan; Huntley, Illinois; Sesser, Illinois; Olean, Missouri; Severance, Colorado; and Tiro, Ohio also hold testicle festivals. Virginia City, Nevada holds a Rocky Mountain Oyster Fry in conjunction with St. Patrick's Day each year. Rocky Mountain oysters are sometimes served as a prank to those unaware of the origin of these "oysters". They are also considered to be an aphrodisiac by many people.
The primary goal of testicle removal is not culinary. Castration in veterinary practice and animal husbandry is common and serves a variety of purposes, including the control of breeding, the growth of skeletal muscle suitable for beef, and temperament alteration.
Testicles from other animals can also be used in similar dishes. The most common is lamb fries (not to be confused with lamb's fry which is another term for liver of lamb) made with testicles from castrated sheep. In some cases, pig testicles are used as well to make "pig fries".
Another dish found on occasion is turkey fries made from turkey testes. These are sometimes known as "short fries" as well.
Union Oyster House

Union Oyster House is a restaurant at 41–43 Union Street in Downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Open to diners since 1826, it is among the oldest operating restaurants in the United States and the oldest known to have been continuously operating. The building was listed as a National Historic Landmark on May 27, 2003.
The building itself was built before 1714, most likely in 1704. Before it became a restaurant, Hopestill Capen's dress goods business occupied the property. In 1771, printer Isaiah Thomas published his newspaper, The Massachusetts Spy, on the second floor. The restaurant originally opened as the Atwood & Bacon Oyster House on August 3, 1826.
The Union Oyster House has had several famous people in history as regular diners, including the Kennedy family, John F. Kerry, and Daniel Webster. Webster was known for regularly consuming at least six plates of oysters. Perhaps most surprisingly, in 1796 Louis Philippe, King of the French from 1830 to 1848, lived in exile on the second floor. He earned his living by teaching French to young women. Labor economist and president of Haverford College John Royston Coleman worked here incognito as a "salad-and-sandwich man" for a time in the 1970s and documented the experience in his book The Blue Collar Journal.
The menu is traditional New England fare, including seafoods such as oysters, clams, and lobsters, as well as poultry, baked beans, steak and chops.
Acme Oyster House

Rawbar Inc., doing business as Acme Oyster House, is a chain of seafood restaurants in the United States, headquartered in Metairie, Louisiana, with the original in the French Quarter of New Orleans. The company's food is served cajun and creole style and it has locations in Florida, Alabama, and formerly Texas.
Its dishes include oysters, po boys, jambalaya, etouffee, and gumbo.
In 2005 the French Quarter restaurant did not book reservations. Clea Simon of the Boston Globe wrote that the French Quarter facility "looks more like a bar than a restaurant".
Acme was founded in 1910 as the Acme Café.
In 2005 it had plans to open a location in the Biloxi Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Biloxi, Mississippi.
In 2010 the company began pursuing opening a location in Houston. The location in Montrose, Houston opened in April 2021, and closed in December 2023. It was in the former Tower Theatre, which was established in 1936 and later housed a theatre, a nightclub, a movie rental business, a Tex-Mex restaurant before becoming an Acme location. This was the first Acme location that has stopped operations.
Acme appeared in Man v. Food (season 1). Adam Richman’s challenge was to join the 15 Dozen Club. They also appeared on Food Paradise (season 2).
29°57′15″N 90°04′08″W﻿ / ﻿29.95429°N 90.06894°W﻿ / 29.95429; -90.06894
French Beach, Karachi

French Beach of Karachi is located halfway between Hawkes Bay and Paradise Point, is a small fishing village frequented by Karachi's elite class and known to the locals as Haji Ismill Goth.
French Beach, located approximately 70 kilometers from Karachi, is accessible by road and is a popular destination for both residents and tourists. The journey can take about 2-3 hours, depending on traffic and road conditions. Travelers can drive or hire a private vehicle to reach the beach.
Driving Directions
To drive to French Beach from Karachi, travelers should take the Super Highway and exit at the Thatta turnoff. Following this route provides a scenic drive through rural landscapes and small villages, offering insights into the local culture.
Car Rental
Alternatively, visitors can hire a car through a rental service or their hotel in Karachi. Options include hiring a vehicle with a driver or self-driving if in possession of a valid driving license.
Activities at French Beach
French Beach is known for its array of recreational activities. Visitors can engage in various water sports and beach activities such as:
It is advisable for visitors to book a beach hut in advance to ensure accommodation during their visit
Southern France

Southern France, also known as the south of France or colloquially in French as le Midi, is a geographical area consisting of the regions of France that border the Atlantic Ocean south of the Marais Poitevin, Spain, the Mediterranean Sea and Italy. It includes southern Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the west, Occitania in the centre, the southern parts of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the northeast, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the southeast, as well as the island of Corsica in the southeast. Southern France is generally considered part of southern Europe because of its association with the Mediterranean Sea.
The colloquial French name for the region, le Midi, is derived from an Old French compound composed of mi ("middle") and di ("day"), meaning literally "midday". Thus, the term is comparable in both origin and meaning to Mezzogiorno, which to indicates southern Italy, and Romanian Miazăzi which is a synonym for south.
The area corresponds in large part to Occitania in southern Europe, the historical and cultural region in which Occitan (French: langue d'oc), as distinct from the langues d'oïl of northern France, was the predominant language. Despite being part of Occitania, the regions of Auvergne and Limousin are not normally considered part of southern France. The largest cities of southern France are Marseille, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Nice and Montpellier. The Pyrenees and French Alps are also located in the area, in respectively its southwestern and eastern parts. Corsica, which is south of Continental France and just north of Sardinia, Italy, may also be included.
Notable touristic landmarks include the Roman-era Pont du Gard and the Arena of Nîmes; the Verdon Gorge, in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence; the Canal du Midi, linking Toulouse by to the Mediterranean Sea; and the natural regions of Larzac, Luberon and Camargue. The French Riviera is in southern France's southeastern quadrant. Several towns in southern France are renowned for their architecture and surroundings, such as Roussillon, Ménerbes, Cordes-sur-Ciel, Gordes, Rocamadour, Rennes-le-Château, Les Baux-de-Provence, Lourmarin, Gassin, Saint-Paul-de-Vence, L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue, Seillans, Crillon-le-Brave and Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.
Southern France has a cuisine that is different from those of northern France and other Mediterranean countries. The major difference from the rest of France is in the use of olive oil, instead of butter. Local agriculture supplies the olives for consumption as well as cooking, the ducks and geese to make foie gras, haricot beans that are used in cassoulet, the sheep whose milk produces Roquefort cheese, tomatoes and melons. To accompany the richer food, the area also supplies much stronger wines, from Bordeaux, Cahors, Madiran, and Languedoc, all of which are washed down with brandy from Armagnac.
The following films are set in southern France:
Lobster Thermidor

Lobster Thermidor is a French dish of lobster meat cooked in a rich wine sauce, stuffed into a lobster shell and browned. The sauce is often a mixture of egg yolks and brandy (such as Cognac), served with an oven-browned cheese crust, typically Gruyère. The sauce originally contained mustard, typically powdered.
In January 1891, the play Thermidor by Victorien Sardou opened in the Comédie-Française theatre, named for month 11 in the new calendar of the French Revolution. It told the story of a young French clerk, Charles-Hippolyte Labussière, an employee of Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety who saved over 1,200 lives during the Reign of Terror by destroying documents condemning them to the guillotine. Four of those saved were actors of the Comédie-Française, thus inspiring a dish reminiscent of a play about a hero.
The recipe was possibly created at Café de Paris by Leopold Mourier, a former assistant to Auguste Escoffier. Another legend suggests it was created in 1894 at Chez Marie. Yet another source says it was created at Maison Maire, whose owner Mlle. Paillard sold the restaurant to Mourier. Maison Maire was a Parisian restaurant near the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin. According to that account, Paillard created the name of the recipe due to the play's notoriety. The play was highly controversial and was closed by the authorities, re-opening in March 1896.
The lobster Thermidor at Maison Maire was served like homard Américain, which was made with tomatoes, cayenne, and brandy, but with the addition of English mustard. An early London recipe for Homard à l'Américaine referred to à la Thermidor as a version with the addition of English mustard, while an early American recipe for lobster Thermidor left out the tomatoes, cayenne, and mustard and added cream sauce thickened with Béarnaise sauce and a sprinkling of grated cheese. It can be served with Newberg sauce but is differentiated from lobster Newberg by the addition of tomatoes.
Bisque (food)

Bisque (French pronunciation: [bisk] ) is a smooth, creamy, highly seasoned soup of French origin, classically based on a strained broth (coulis) of crustaceans. It can be made from lobster, langoustine, crab, shrimp, or crawfish. The French bisque is one of the most popular seafood soups around the world. Although originally applied to seafood soups, the use of the word has expanded to mean any thick soup, such as bisque of tomato or bisque of mushroom.
The French-language name bisque may derive from Biscay, as in the Bay of Biscay.
Bisque is a method of extracting flavor from crustaceans not perfect enough to send to market. In authentic recipes, the shells are ground to a fine paste and added (sometimes with rice) to thicken the soup. Julia Child remarked: "Do not wash anything off until the soup is done because you will be using the same utensils repeatedly and you don't want any marvelous tidbits of flavor losing themselves down the drain."
Kumamoto oyster

Magallana sikamea, also known as the Kumamoto oyster or colloquially the Kumie or Kumo, is a species of edible true oyster native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean. It has been introduced to many other locations to be farmed commercially for food.
The Kumamoto oyster was described in 1928 by I. Amemiya. It was originally classified as a variation of the Pacific oyster, M. gigas. It has also been placed in the genus Crassostrea before species residing in the Pacific were moved to Magallana.
Kumamoto oysters resemble most other oysters and are closely related to the Pacific oyster. It can be distinguished by its deeper left valve which has at least three radial ridges. Its right valve is flat but has grooves. From a lateral view, the shell appears triangular. It is fairly small in comparison to other species, reaching a maximum length of 6 cm (2.4 in). The oyster is also a slow grower, taking three years to reach market size. The adductor muscle scar is a dark purple color.
M. sikamea is known to hybridize with M. gigas in captivity. Only combinations of M. gigas sperm and M. sikamea eggs will result in a successful reproduction, however. It can be misidentified as the Pacific oyster, Eastern oyster, or Suminoe oyster.
While Kumamoto oysters are native to Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and southern China, it was introduced to the West Coast of North America for commercial use in 1947. It has not been established outside of its native range, and natural reproduction has not occurred due to its water temperature requirements, which are from 24–28 °C (75–82 °F). The oyster has been cultured in Puget Sound, Yaquina Bay, Humboldt Bay, Tomales Bay, Morro Bay, and San Quintín Bay.
It was discovered to inhabit Seto Inland Sea in 2011, possibly due to human or natural causes. In China, it is found on "rocky shores and hard structures in the low-to-mid intertidal zone". Its Japanese population is declining due to pollution.
M. sikamea is mainly cultured in hatcheries on the West Coast of North America. Subsequent attempts to start farming in Atlantic France, Brazil, and Tasmania (in the Bay of Biscay, Bay of All Saints, and Pittwater, respectively), have not been successful. Although it is less farmed than the Pacific oyster, it has been considered to have a fruity, melon-like flavor and moderate amount of meat in spite of its size. They also have a light brininess.
The species is mostly overlooked in Japan, where it stems from, due to its size. Kumamoto oysters were first introduced to the U.S. after World War II, when there was an increase in demand for oysters. Japan was asked to export 80,000 cases of oyster seeds, but did not have enough of the Pacific oyster to complete the order. Because of this, Kumamoto oysters were also shipped, resulting in an "accidental" introduction to North America in 1946.
James Beard Foundation Award: 2020s

The James Beard Foundation Awards are annual awards presented by the James Beard Foundation to recognize culinary professionals in the United States. The awards recognize chefs, restaurateurs, authors and journalists each year, and are generally scheduled around James Beard's May birthday.
The foundation also awards annually since 1998 the designation of America's Classic for local independently-owned restaurants that reflect the character of the community.
The 2020 chef and restaurant awards were canceled, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The book and media awards were announced online on May 27, 2020. A virtual event was broadcast from Chicago on September 25, 2020.
The 2020 James Beard Foundation Book Awards were as follows:
The 2020 James Beard Foundation Broadcast Media Awards were as follows:
The 2020 James Beard Foundation Journalism Awards were as follows:
In August 2020, the James Beard Foundation announced that the 2020 awards presentation would be cancelled because of COVID and they will “forgo its traditional Awards presentation in 2021, including the Restaurant and Chef Awards, Media Awards, and Restaurant Design Awards. We will not be accepting recommendations or submissions. We will be working with the Awards Committee and Subcommittees to overhaul the policies and procedures for the Awards.”
The 2022 James Beard Awards were presented on June 13, 2022, at The Lyric Opera of Chicago and hosted by Kwame Onwuachi. The media awards ceremony was on June 11, 2022 at Columbia College Chicago and was hosted by Lisa Ling while the Leadership Awards ceremony was held on June 12, 2022 at The Dalcy in Chicago and hosted by Terry Bryant.
The James Beard Foundation Restaurant and Chef Awards in 2022 were as follows:
The 2022 James Beard Foundation Book Awards were as follows:
The 2022 James Beard Foundation Broadcast Media Awards were as follows:
The 2023 James Beard Awards were presented on June 5, 2023, at The Lyric Opera of Chicago and hosted by Eric Adjepong, Esther Choi, Gail Simmons and Andrew Zimmern. The media awards ceremony was on June 3, 2024 at Columbia College Chicago and was hosted by Pati Jinich while the Leadership Awards ceremony was held on June 4, 2023 at The Dalcy in Chicago and hosted by Dr Jessica B. Harris.
Source:
The James Beard Foundation Restaurant and Chef Awards in 2023 were as follows:
The 2024 James Beard Awards were presented on June 10, 2024, at The Lyric Opera of Chicago and hosted by Nyesha Arrington, Richard Blais, Amanda Freitag and Marcus Samuelsson. The media awards ceremony was on June 8, 2024 at Columbia College Chicago and was hosted by Michelle Miller while the Leadership Awards ceremony was held on June 9, 2024 at The Dalcy in Chicago and hosted by Karen Washington.