davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Charak Puja

Charak Puja or Pachamara Mela (also known as Chadak, Nil Puja or Hajrha Puja) is part of the Hindu folk festival of Gajan, held in honor of the deity Shiva or Dharmathakur. The Gajan festival includes numerous forms of austerities like walking on hot coals or piercing the body with metal rods; Charak refers to the practice of hook-swinging which generally is the last penance performed during the festival.
Gajan and Charak Puja is primarily practiced in the Indian state of West Bengal and in Bangladesh, but hook-swinging is traditionally practiced in other parts of India as well like kavadi in Tamil nadu.
The preparation usually starts a month in advance. The people responsible for the arrangement of the festival go from village to village to procure the necessary components like paddy, oil, sugar, salt, honey, money and other items needed for the ritual. At midnight of Songkranti, the worshippers gather to worship Shiva and Ma Durga for success. Afterwards a puja, the prasad (Items blessed by the deity) are distributed.
Rarely, it’s also known as "Hajrha Puja". Women fast before this festival and male devotees swing from a pole with hooks being attached to the pole with ropes thrust through their backs.
In Bangladesh, it frequently takes place in Moulvibazar, Thakurgaon district, and Galachipa Upazila of the Patuakhali District. Goalkhali, Gabua, Haridebpur, Lalua, Lohalia, and other villages are well known for "Charak Puja". Though the aristocracy and frequency of the festival is being deemed now, it is still being performed regularly by people with an uncommon amount of devotion. For them it’s a part of their life. The Most popular festival "Charak Puja" is found at places like Dholar Haat, Akcha, Gorea, Khochabari(Singia), Hothath para at Thakurgaon Sadar, same places of Tripura Dhalai District like Kamalpur and Kulai.
In Maharashtra Bagad (Marathi language: बगाड) in Andhra pradesh Sirimanu festival is a religious festive tradition, where a ceremonial pole from an auspicious tree is venerated. In some villages, jatras in honour of local deities in Maharashtra & Andhra Pradesh are performed. Bagad is a similar concept to Charak Puja, Gajan (festival) or Indian parallel of Mexican Danza de los Voladores.
French bagpipes

French bagpipes cover a wide range and variety of styles of bagpipes and piping, from the Celtic piping and Music of Brittany to the Northern Occitan's cabrette.
The Center-France bagpipes (called in French cornemuse du centre or musette du centre) are of many different types, some mouth blown, some bellows blown; some names for these instruments include chevrette (which means "little goat," referring to the use of a goatskin for its bag), chabrette, chabretta, chabreta, cabreta, bodega, and boha. It can be found in the Bourbonnais, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France.
A distinguishing factor of most French bagpipes is the placement of the tenor drone alongside the chanter rather than in the same stock as the bass drone.
In the northern regions of Occitania: Auvergne, is found the (generally) bellows blown cabreta, and in Limousin the mouth blown chabreta. The cabrette is much played in areas of Paris where Auvergnats tended to settle; this bagpipe is in most cases played without a drone, and together with an accordion. The chabrette, while having a similar name, is a quite different pipe, with a triple-bored bass drone played across the player's arm rather than over the shoulder. The form of the chabrette chanter appears similar to early oboes, including a swallow-tail key for the lowest note which is placed under a fontenelle.
The Occitan names also refer to the goat. In the Occitan region of Languedoc, and especially in the Montanha negre (Black Mountain) area, the bodega is played. This is a very large mouth blown pipe made from the skin of an entire goat. In Gascony, a small mouth blown bagpipe called boha (from bohar meaning "to blow") is used.
There are a number of piping schools. One of the most important is the Conservatoire Occitan, located in the city of Toulouse (Occitania), but there are also important schools in Limoges, Aurillac, Belin, Mazamet, and other towns. There is also a school of cabrette playing in Paris, with around 50 pupils. Although Central French pipes are generally used to play traditional music, some Occitan pop groups use them as well. Such groups include La Talvera, Familha Artus, and Tenareze.
List of bagpipes

The ancient name of bagpipes in Greece is Askavlos (Askos Ασκός means wine skin, Avlos Αυλός is the pipe)
Gaida (pronounced guy'-da) also known as meshnica (Macedonian: мешница) is the Macedonian name of the bagpipe (Macedonian: гајда). It's a folk musical wind instrument composed of a bag (Macedonian: мев), with three or four tubes for blowing and playing. The Macedonian bagpipe can be two-voiced or three-voiced, depending on the number of drone elements. The most common are the two-voiced bagpipes. The three-voiced bagpipes have an additional small drone pipe called slagarche (pronounced slagar'-che) (Macedonian: слагарче). They can be found in certain parts of Macedonia, most of them in Ovče Pole (Macedonian: Овчеполието). On the territory of Macedonia, there are two variants of the placement of the elements:
All bags for these types a bagpipes are made usually from the entire skin of a goat or sheep. The use of donkeyskin has also been reported in the past.
Gaita is a generic term for "bagpipe" in Castilian (Spanish), Portuguese, Basque, Asturian-Leonese, Galician, Catalan and Aragonese, for distinct bagpipes used across the northern regions of Spain and Portugal and in the Balearic Islands. In the south of Spain and Portugal, the term is applied to a number of other woodwind instruments, a trait that the moroccan ghaita also shares, since it originated in the southern Iberian Peninsula. The gaita finds near-cognates in Eastern European and Balkan countries where it is called gaida and gajdy. Just like the term "Northumbrian smallpipes" or "Great Highland bagpipes", each region attributes its toponym to the respective gaita name. Most of them have a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by overblowing. Folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years, and pipe bands have been formed in some traditions.
Brittany Ashworth

Brittany Francine Ashworth is an English actress. She began her career in the film Mrs Ratcliffe's Revolution and the ITV drama Mobile (both 2007). She has since starred in the films The Crucifixion and Hostile (both 2017), as well as The Ledge (2022). She also had a recurring role in the BBC and HBO series Industry (2022).
Ashworth is from Lancashire. She took classes at David Johnson's Oldham Theatre Workshop. She studied English Literature at the University of Oxford.
Ashworth starred in Mrs Ratcliffe's Revolution and Mobile prior to university. Later, Ashworth played Sister Vaduva in the 2017 film The Crucifixion opposite Sophie Cookson, before playing the lead role of Juliet in the apocalyptic thriller film Hostile [fr]. She played Fran Adams in the 2018 British comedy film, Accident Man, and was cast in Guy Ritchie's 2019 film The Gentlemen. In 2022, Ashworth starred as mountain climber Kelly, in the direct-to-video film thriller The Ledge.
Brittany Andrews

Brittany Andrews is an American exotic dancer, pornographic actress, film producer and club DJ. In 2008, Andrews was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame.
Andrews worked in a Milwaukee beauty supply company before starting her career as an exotic dancer. After doing photo shoots for men's magazines, she began her career in adult films after meeting Jenna Jameson in 1995, during a photo shoot for Hustler magazine in Jamaica. Andrews retired from porn in 2008. She returned to the business in 2010 to star in the adult film Sex and the City: A XXX Parody.
In December 2003, Andrews was appointed to the Women in Adult (WIA) board of directors as the Talent Liaison. She has promoted using a condom for hardcore sex scenes. Andrews has said that she is very politically active in the adult business and that her least enjoyable aspect of the business is standing by and watching the exploitation of women being coerced into performing without condoms.
Andrews has hosted programs on Playboy TV, including as co-producer on Talking Blue. She started her own mainstream film production company Discipline Filmworks in March 2008. In 2010, she produced and appeared in the short film Crumble. The film had its world premiere at the 2010 New York International Independent Film and Video Festival, where it won a number of awards including Audience Award for Short Film, Best Actor in a Short Film (for Steven Bauer) and Best Actress in a Short Film (Oksana Lada). She has also acted as executive producer for the film Trick of the Witch.
Bagad Kemper

Bagad Kemper (using the Breton name for the town of Quimper) is one of the oldest bagad, Breton pipe bands. Formed in 1949, its first president was none other than Loeïz Ropars, renovator of the Fest Noz (dance party) and kan ha diskan singer (Breton traditional vocal dancing). This ensemble holds the record for the most national Championship title wins.
Over time, this bagad has gradually reoriented itself toward collaborations with musicians from other traditions, like the Galician Susana Seivane and Carlos Núñez or South-African Johnny Clegg. Bagad Kemper were also a main feature of the very successful Heritage des Celtes (Heritage of the Celts) series of concerts, which brought together musicians from all horizons of the Celtic world. They celebrated their 60th anniversary with Breizh Balkanik, a show blending Balkan and Breton music worlds, with the Breton singer Erik Marchand. Except Dan Ar Braz, the bagad also accompanied on stage the band Red Cardell.
Bagad Lann Bihoue

The Bagad de Lann-Bihoué is a bagad, a Breton pipe band. It is the bagad of the French Navy. It represents the French Navy and France in multiple national and international events. It has performed regularly in front of Heads of State. It is a source of cultural influence in Brittany, as in the rest of France.
It was created in 1952 on the naval air base Lann-Bihoué near Lorient (Morbihan). Having almost been disbanded twice in 1969 and in 2000, it secured its existence in 2001 by becoming a professional band. It has recorded about fifteen albums during its over 60 years of existence and has participated in several songs or albums from other artists.
30 sonneurs sign a one-year contract renewable three times. They write and arrange the bagad directory themselves, reflecting their personality and their knowledge of their terroir or of a particular music style.
Suéter

El suéter (en inglés: sweater pronunciado /ˈswɛtɚ/) es una prenda de vestir de punto, generalmente con mangas, que llega aproximadamente hasta la cintura.​ Prenda interior de punto, frecuentemente de lana, algodón o telas sintéticas, la cual cubre el tronco y extremidades superiores.​ Una prenda similar es el abrigo o buzo, de malla fina. A diferencia de un cárdigan, un suéter no tiene una abertura en la parte delantera.
Zamarra

Zamarra es un municipio y localidad española de la provincia de Salamanca, en la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León. Se integra dentro de la comarca de Ciudad Rodrigo y la subcomarca de Los Agadones. Pertenece al partido judicial de Ciudad Rodrigo.​
Su término municipal está formado por las localidades de Zamarra y Villarejo, ocupa una superficie total de 47,88 km² y cuenta con una población de 71 habitantes (INE 2024).
La fundación de Zamarra y de Villarejo se remonta a la repoblación efectuada por los reyes de León en la Edad Media, quedando encuadrada en el Campo de Agadones de la diócesis de Ciudad Rodrigo tras la creación de la misma por parte del rey Fernando II de León en el siglo XII.​ Con la creación de las actuales provincias en 1833, el municipio de Zamarra quedó encuadrado en la provincia de Salamanca, dentro de la Región Leonesa.​
Cuenta con una población de 71 habitantes (INE 2024).
Zamarra (prenda)

Una zamarra o zamarro​​ (del vasco zamarra) es una prenda de vestir hecha de piel con su lana o pelo, normalmente de carnero, utilizada para protegerse del clima frío o de la lluvia.​​
En algunas regiones de España se suele usar como sinónimo de camiseta o chaqueta.
Tradicionalmente solía usarse sin mangas, aunque hoy día se pueden encontrar con ellas, tanto largas como cortas; es abierta por delante y se cierra por medio de botones, cremallera o cualquier otro sistema similar.
Ancestralmente usada por pastores y labriegos para protegerse del frío, hoy día también se usa como complemento estético.
Esta prenda se puede clasificar según:
Zamarre

Zamarre es un despoblado que actualmente forma parte del concejo de Délica,​ que está situado en el municipio de Amurrio, en la provincia de Álava, País Vasco (España).
A lo largo de los siglos ha sido conocido también con los nombres de Zamarra,​ Zamarro​ y Zemarro.​
Documentado desde 1553,​ se dice que estaba situado a medio camino entre Délica y Paul.​
Así se describe a Zamarro en el tomo XVI del Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de Ultramar, obra impulsada por Pascual Madoz a mediados del siglo XIX:​
Andean world

The Andean world (Spanish: mundo andino), Andean cultural area (Spanish: área cultural andina) or Andean America (Spanish: andinoamérica) is a cultural area in existence since pre-Columbian times located in the central region of the Andes mountain range, where the most complex societies of South America developed, the Andean civilizations. Its approximate "area of influence" extends from the center-south of Chile and Mendoza in Argentina, to the south, up to the south of Colombia, as well as the societies inheriting them. To the north, it overlaps with what is traditionally known as the Intermediate Area.
The concept of the Andean area was discussed in the mid-20th century. Bennet and Bird established an area of co-tradition in the Andean region primarily focused on the Central Andes and the existence of an "Intermediate" area located north of the Cajamarca basin in Peru. This approach, valid for Peruvian archaeology, does not encompass all the complex societies that emerged in the Andes before the Spanish conquest.
In this regard, the macro-Andean approach postulated by Luis Lumbreras in 1981 emerged, which established what is now known as the Andean cultural area. This cultural area is the consequence of an interdependence relationship caused by an agricultural-based lifestyle; therefore, it is not applicable to pre-agricultural stages nor will it be for social levels based, for example, on industry.
A factor that unites all the peoples of this area, according to Lumbreras, is that their relationship with the environment is resolved through a constant cycle of sea - mountain range - tropical forest, which shapes an integrative economic rationality transverse to the geographic axis of the Andes.
However, there are differences and varying degrees of complexity in the social and political development of the cultures within the Andean area, expressed in sub-areas.
The boundaries of these cultural subareas do not coincide with the borders of modern Andean republics.
Anaku (dress)

Anaku (Aqsu, Aksu) was a skirt-type garment of indigenous women in the Inca Empire. It was a long drape dress straight in shape, falling to ankle length.
Anaku was a typical dress of Andean women. It was a long rectangular piece of woven cloth wool fibers, a simple draping garment. The traditional wearing style of Otavalo women was different, as they were wearing it with a blouse. An ankle-length anaku (as an underskirt) was wrapped over with another anku.
The full-body Anaku evolved to half-body Anaku in certain areas. Initially, the anaku was larger, that changed with generations; the length of the garment became shorter and changed to half of the ancestral version. It is still a costume that Otavalo people wore. Anku was tied around the waist with a sash called ''chumbi'' or ''chumpi'' or ''Chumpia''. There was a similar type but ankle-length garment ''aksu'' that was worn in Southern parts. Anaku as a wrap skirt still worn around Northern Ecuador.
Cayos Francisquí

The Cayos Francisquí also known as Cayos Franciskí (Franciskí Keys), is the name of a group of Caribbean cays that form part of the Los Roques Archipelago National Park in northern Venezuela. Administratively, as part of the Los Roques Archipelago, they belong to the Francisco de Miranda Island Territory.
They are located in the Venezuelan Caribbean, north of Caracas, west of the Cayo Nordisquí and northeast of Gran Roque Island, at the northern end of the Los Roques Archipelago National Park.
These are three nearby keys of coral origin:
Due to their proximity to Gran Roque they have become a popular tourist destination, being one of the major attractions of the archipelago with its white sand beaches and a natural swimming pool. Diving, snorkeling and kitesurfing are practiced.
වැසි වනාන්තර වල ශාක සහ සත්ත්ව සංහතිය

ලොව පුරා ශාක හා සත්ත්ව ප්‍රජාවන්ගෙන් භාගයකට වඩා වැඩි කොටසක් වැසි වනාන්තර වල දක්න‍ට ඇත. වැසි වනාන්තර මගින් ක්ෂීරපායීන්, උරගයින්, පක්ෂීන් සහ අපෘෂ්ඨ වංශිකයින් වැනි වඩාත් පුළුල් සත්ත්ව ප්‍රජාවක් සදහා වාසස්ථාන සපයයි. ක්ෂිරපායින් සදහා ප්‍රිමාටාවන් සහ වෙනත් පවුල අයත්වේ. උරගයින් සඳහා සර්පයින්, ඉබ්බන්, කටුස්සන් අයත් වන අතර පක්ෂීන් සදහා Vangidae සහ Cuculidae යන පවුල් වල ජීවින් අයත්වේ. වැසිවනාන්තර වල අපෘෂ්ඨ වංශිකයින්ගේ පවුල් වලට අයත් ජීවින් දුසිම් ගණන් ජීවත් වේ. දිලීර වර්ගද වැසි වනාන්තර වල බහුලවම දක්න‍‍ට ලැබෙන අතර ඒවාට ශාක හා සතුන් මරනයෙන් පසු ඒවායෙහි කාබනික දේහ මත වර්ධනය විය හැකිය. මෙලෙස වනාන්තර වල භූමියෙහි ඇති සියළුම කාබනික අපද්‍රව්‍ය නිසා ඒවායේ පස කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය වලින් සරුවන අතර ඒවා ශාක සහ සත්ත්ව ජීවිත සඳහා ඉතාමත් සරු ප්‍රභවයක් සපයයි. මෙලෙස ඇති වන හියුමස් තට්ටුව නිසා මෙකි වැසි වනාන්තර ඉහළ වශයෙන් සක්‍රීයව පවතින ජෛව පද්ධතියක් බවට පත්ව ඇත. මෙකී හේතුන් නිසා පෘතුවිය මතු පිට ඇති ජීවි විශේෂ අතරින් 2/3 කට වඩා වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයකට වැසි වනාන්තර නිජබිම් වී ඇත. මෙම ප්‍රමාණය ශාක හා සත්ත්ව මිලියන 5 කට වඩා අධිකය.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest#Flora_and_Fauna
සියවස් ලැයිස්තුව

මෙහි පහත ලැයිස්තුගත කොට ඇති පිටු තුල, විශේෂයෙන්ම සියවස් සහ සහස්‍රවර්ෂ වල ප්‍රවණතා සහ සිද්ධි පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු අඩංගු වෙයි.
දිය වලසා

thumb|242x242පික්|දිය වලසා ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික් අනිවික්ෂය කින් බැලු විට
දිය වලසා ගැඹුරු අභ්‍යවකාශයේ විනාශකාරී පරිසරයක වුවත් තම ජීවිතය බේරාගත හැකි එකම සතයි මුළු ලෝකයේ ම ඉන්නේ. ඒ තමයි දිය වලසා. මන්දගාමී කීඩෑවා යන අරුතින් ඌව ටාඩිග්රේඩ් කියලයි නිල වශයෙන් හදුන්වන්නේ.
ඌ දිග ප්‍රමාණයෙන් මිලිමීටරයකින් පංගුවක් තරම් වුවත් පොකුණු ජලාශ ආදියෙහි ඉතා අලස ජීවිතයක් ගත කරලත් ඌ කෙසේවත් විනාශ කළ නොහැකි සතෙක් හැබැයි මෙයාව බලන්න පුලුවන් ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොන අනිවික්ෂයෙන් විතරයි .
දිවි රැක ගැනීමේ පුදුමාකාර ශක්තියක් ඌට තියෙනවා. උගේ පරිසරය නිරපේක්ෂ උෂ්ණත්වයට, එනම් සෙල්සියස් අංශක 275 ක් දක්වා අඩු කළත්, උෂ්ණත්වය සෙල්සියස් අංශක 151 ටත් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයකට වැඩි කළත් නැත්නම් එහි ජලය නොමැති ව අවුරුදු 10 – 15 ක තරම් කාලයක් තැබුවත් මොන පීඩනයකට තැබුවත් මේ සතා නම් විනාශ කරන්න බෑ.
“දිය වලසුන් කිහිපදෙනෙකුව දින අටක් වාතය නැති තැනක තබා ඊට පස්සේ කාමර උෂ්ණත්වය යටතේ දින තුනක් හීලියම් වායුව තිබෙන ස්ථානයකට මාරු කළා. පසුව පැය කිහිපයකට උෂ්ණත්වය සෙල්සියස් අංශක ඍණ 272ක් යටතේ තබා අවසානයේදී සාමාන්‍ය උෂ්ණත්වය ඇති තැනකට ගෙනා විට දිය වලසුන්ට නැවතත් පණ ආවා” කියා එන්සයික්ලෝපීඩියා බ්‍රිටැනිකා විශ්වකෝෂයේ සඳහන් වුණා. මනුෂ්‍යයෙකු මිය යන මට්ටමේ X-කිරණවල බලය සිය ගුණයකින් වැඩි කර දිය වලසුන්ව ඊට නිරාවරණය කළත් උන් මිය යන්නේ නැහැ. ඒ වගේම වාතය නැති අභ්‍යවකාශයේ වුණත් මේ සතාට ජීවත් වෙන්න පුළුවන් කියා විශ්වාස කරනවා.
කටුක අවස්ථාවකදී වුණත් මේ සතාගේ දිවි රැකෙන්නේ උගේ ශරීරයේ ක්‍රියාවලිය සියයට 0.01ක් දක්වා පහත වැටෙන නිසයි. එතකොට උන් ඉන්නේ හරියට මැරුණා වගෙයි. උන් කරන්නේ මේ අවස්ථාවේදී උගේ කකුල් අකුළලා ශරීරය ඇතුළට ගැනීමයි. ඒ වගේම ශරීරය තුළ තිබෙන දියර රසායනික ද්‍රව්‍යයක් බවට හරවාගන්නවා. ඊට පස්සේ ඉටි වර්ගයකින් ශරීරය සම්පූර්ණයෙන් ආවරණය කරගෙන පුංචි ඉටි බෝලයක් වගේ වෙනවා. කෙසේවෙතත් උන්ට ජීවත් විය හැකි තත්වයක් ආ විට විනාඩි කිහිපයකින් හෝ පැය කිහිපයකින් උන් නැවතත් සාමාන්‍ය තත්වයටම පැමිණෙනවා. එක් අවස්ථාවකදී අවුරුදු 100ක විතර කාලයක් පුරා එලෙස සිටි දිය වලසුන්ට නැවතත් සුදුසු තත්වයක් ආ විගස පණ ආවා.
පතනශීල වනාන්තර

වසරේ උනුසුම් ගිම්හාන සෘතුවක් පැවතීමත් ශීත සෘතුවක් පැවතීමත් යන දේශගුන තත්වයන්ට අනුරූප වූ පතනශීල වනාන්තර දක්නට ලැබේ. වාර්ෂික ව පත්‍ර හැලීම මෙම වනාන්තරවල විශේෂ ලක්ෂනයකි. ඕක්, මල්බෙරි, චෙස්නට්, පයින්, යුකැලිප්ටස්, ඩග්ලස්ෆර් මෙම වනාන්තරවල විශේෂිත ශාක වර්ගයන් ය. වෘකයා, වලසා, ගෝනා, මුවා, ඇන්ටිලොප් වැනි වන ජීවීන් මෙහි දක්නට ඇත.
•වර්ෂාපතනය
පතනශීලී වනාන්තරවල වර්ෂාපතනය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පහත ලක්ෂණ වලින් යුක්ත වේ:
* ඍතුමය වර්ෂාපතනය: පතනශීලී වනාන්තර සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පැහැදිලි ඍතු දෙකක් සහිත ප්‍රදේශවල පිහිටා ඇත: ගිම්හානය සහ ශීත කාලය. ගිම්හාන කාලයේදී වර්ෂාපතනය බහුල වන අතර ශීත කාලයේදී වියළි කාලගුණයක් පවතී.
* මධ්‍යස්ථ වර්ෂාපතනය: පතනශීලී වනාන්තරවල වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මධ්‍යස්ථ මට්ටමක පවතී. නිවර්තන වැසි වනාන්තර තරම් වර්ෂාපතනයක් නොලැබෙන නමුත් වියළි කලාපවලට වඩා වැඩි වර්ෂාපතනයක් ලැබේ.
* වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය: පතනශීලී වනාන්තර වල වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් 700 - 2000 mm අතර පරාසයක පවතී.
* හිම පතනය: සමහර පතනශීලී වනාන්තර වල ශීත කාලයේදී හිම පතනයක් සිදුවිය හැක.
* කලාපීය වෙනස්කම්: පතනශීලී වනාන්තර පිහිටා ඇති ස්ථානය අනුව වර්ෂාපතනයේ ප්‍රමාණය වෙනස් විය හැකිය.
පතනශීලී වනාන්තර ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් සෞම්‍ය කලාපයේ දක්නට ලැබේ. විශේෂයෙන්ම සෘතුමය වෙනස්වීම් සහිත ප්‍රදේශවල ඒවා බහුලව දක්නට ලැබෙන අතර, ශීත ඍතුවේදී පත්‍ර හැලීම සහ ගිම්හානයේදී නැවත පත්‍ර වැඩීම විශේෂ ලක්ෂණයකි.
පතනශීලී වනාන්තර ව්‍යාප්ත ප්‍රදේශ කිහිපයක් පහත දැක්වේ:
* උතුරු ඇමරිකාව: නැගෙනහිර එක්සත් ජනපදය, කැනඩාව සහ අප්පලාචියන් කඳුකරය වැනි ප්‍රදේශවල මෙම වනාන්තර බහුලව දක්නට ලැබේ.
* යුරෝපය: බටහිර සහ මධ්‍යම යුරෝපය, විශේෂයෙන්ම ප්‍රංශය, ජර්මනිය සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය වැනි රටවල පතනශීලී වනාන්තර බහුලව ඇත.
* ආසියාව: නැගෙනහිර ආසියාවේ, විශේෂයෙන්ම චීනය, ජපානය සහ කොරියාව වැනි රටවල පතනශීලී වනාන්තර ව්‍යාප්තව පවතී.
* ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව: ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ගිනිකොණදිග ප්‍රදේශවල සහ ටස්මේනියාවේ පතනශීලී වනාන්තර ඇත.
* ශ්‍රී ලංකාව: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වියළි කලාපයේ පතනශීලී වනාන්තර දක්නට ලැබේ.
මෙම වනාන්තරවල ඕක්, මේපල්, බීච්, අළු සහ චෙස්නට් වැනි විවිධ ගස් වර්ග දක්නට ලැබේ. මෙම ගස්වල පළල් පත්‍ර ඇති අතර, ශීත ඍතුවේදී ඒවා හැලී යයි.
පතනශීලී වනාන්තරවල විවිධ සතුන් සහ ශාක විශේෂ වාසය කරන අතර, ඒවා පෘථිවියේ ජෛව විවිධත්වයට වැදගත් දායකත්වයක් සපයයි.
Sri Lankan sloth bear

The Sri Lankan sloth bear (Melursus ursinus inornatus) is a subspecies of the sloth bear which is found mainly in lowland dry forests in the island of Sri Lanka.
Being omnivorous, it feeds on nuts, berries, and roots, as well as carrion and meat. One of its main staples is insects, which it removes from rotting stumps and trees with its long, hairless snout. Otherwise, it rarely kills animals.
The Sri Lankan sloth bear is highly threatened, with a population less than 1000 (the wild population may be as few as 500) in many isolated populations with population decrease. Destruction of dry-zone natural forest is its main threat because unlike other large Sri Lankan animals, the Sri Lankan sloth bear is highly dependent on natural forests for its food source. An increase in sloth bear-human interaction has also caused many conflicts. These conflicts include death and injury to humans, livestock loss, damage to property, and retaliatory killing of wildlife causing humans to fear this species.
In its native habitat of Sri Lanka, this bear is called the walaha in Sinhalese and karadi in Tamil. Both terms simply translate to "bear" in English.
Elephant execution in the United States

An elephant execution, sometimes called elephant lynching, is a pseudo-legal or performative public spectacle where a captive elephant is killed in order to punish it for being a "bad elephant" (behaviors that had, threatened, injured, or killed humans). Documenting the execution or the body with film or still photos was not uncommon. Elephant execution is distinct from both animal euthanasia (in which the animal is put down because it is ill, has behavioral problems, or simply cannot be maintained) and from killing an elephant that is in the midst of an ongoing attack or "rampage".
Elephant executions occurred most frequently in the United States during the carnival-circus era of roughly 1850 to 1950; at least 36 elephants were executed between the 1880s and the 1920s. During this era, elephant behavior was often explained anthropomorphically, and thus granted a moral dimension wherein their actions were "good" or "bad."
American animal trainers had little understanding of or experience with elephant musth, a period of late adolescence when juvenile bull elephants begin to transition hormonally and behaviorally to adulthood. The consequences of this ignorance were reliably disastrous: for example, in Mississippi in March 1869 during a phase now recognized as musth, a bull elephant named Hercules became enraged, broke his chains, charged a freight train, and succeeded in derailing the locomotive (at the expense of one of his tusks). The locomotive then crashed into the lion cage, killing the female and releasing the male. (The fate of Hercules himself is unclear.)
In the mind of the animal trainer or carnival owner of the era, a bull elephant was "an unruly brute…who required frequent punishment, without which he would become completely uncontrollable and destroy what showmen built." Non-compliance with human commands was viewed as an elephant "trying to avoid work."
Execution of elephants was thus viewed as appropriate retribution for "criminal" behavior, especially when an elephant had harmed or killed trainers or bystanders. There was a clear-cut parallel between elephant executions and the lynching of minorities, which was both recognized at the time and remains a subject of scholarship.
Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary

Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary is located in Ballari district in Karnataka. This is Asia's first sloth bear sanctuary. It is spread over 82.72 km (31.94 sq mi). The sanctuary was created exclusively for the conservation of the sloth bear. It is about 50 km from Ballari and about 15 km from the World Heritage Site Hampi. The area between Daroji in Sandur taluka and Ramasagar of Hospet Taluk is host to numerous sloth bears.
In October 1994, the Government of Karnataka, declared 5587.30 hectares of the Bilikallu Forest Reserve as Daroji Bear Sanctuary. 15 years later, in October 2009, the government added 2685.50 hectares of the Bukkasagara Forest Reserve to the sanctuary. This resulted in the overall area to increase from 5587.3 hectares to 8272.8 hectares.
The sanctuary is open between 14:00 and 18:00 every day. There is a watchtower within the sanctuary, opposite Karadikallu Gudda, that provides a vantage point to view the bears descending from the adjacent hillocks during evening hours.
Kishkindha, the historical kingdom of Sugriva described in the Ramayana, is believed to be located on the bank of the Tungabhadra river. In the war against Ravana, Kishkinda, the monkey kingdom of Sugriva, was Rama’s ally. When Rama’s army crossed Hampi en route to Lanka, they met Jambavantha, a bear who joined the army.
The flora of this sanctuary is primarily dry deciduous scrub and Southern thorn forests. At the time of declaration of the sanctuary, it was a large area of barren hillocks, but persistent efforts from Karnataka Forest Department have transformed the area into lush green forest, filled with local flora.
The sanctuary's flagship species is the Indian sloth bear (Melursus ursinus). It has a very stable population of sloth bears and they reside in the numerous caves found in the hillocks within the sanctuary. leopards, monitor lizards, mongoose, pangolins, star tortoises etc. are some of the other animals that abound in the sanctuary.
The bears are threatened due to illegal mining in fragmented areas of the adjoining forests. The forest department and NGOs have also rescued many domestic bears from Daroji and surrounding areas. The age old practice of capturing a bear cub (claws are pulled out and male cubs are castrated) and domestication by Kalandars has reduced to a great extent, due to laws declaring them illegal. The domesticated bears were taken from home to home across villages and made to dance according to the direction of the Kalandars.
"An assessment of Floristic Diversity of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka, India". http://jresearchbiology.com/documents/RA0330.pdf
"Butterfly fauna of Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Hospet, Bellary District, Karnataka". https://web.archive.org/web/20160225062532/http://jresearchbiology.redolences.com/documents/RA0331.pdf
Dornálaíocht

Saghas spóirt is ea dornálaíocht, a imrítear go gairmiúil agus sna Cluichí Oilimpeacha. Troideann dhá dhornálaí leis an meáchan céanna i gcoinne a chéile. Bíonn siad ag iarraidh an dornálaí eile a bhuail leis an dorn, ach iadsan féin a chosaint ag an am céanna.
I ndornálaíocht na mban, ní mhaireann na 10 mbabhta ach dhá nóiméad an ceann i gcomparáid leis na fir ina mbíonn 12 bhabhta a mhaireann trí nóiméad.
Her Sport Awards

Tugann na gradaim Her Sport Awards ómós do lúthchleasaithe as Éirinn a bhfuil éacht bainte amach acu. Áirítear leithéidí na gCluichí Oilimpeacha agus na gCluichí Parailimpeacha. Bronnadh an gradam seo ar leithéidí Sanita Puspure, Katie Taylor, Ciara Mageean agus Foireann Haca na hÉireann sna blianta atá caite.
An 34ú Dáil

Toghadh an 34ú Dáil ar an 29 Samhain 2024 le linn Olltoghchán na hÉireann 2024. Chas an Dáil den chéad uair ar an 18 Nollaig 2024. Tar éis an toghcháin cuireadh tús le cainteanna maidir le comhrialtas Fiann Fáil-Fine Gael a fhoirmiú, aon uair amháin eile.
Ar an 18 Nollaig 2024 tháinig an 34ú Dáil Éireann le chéile den chéad uair. Bhí 14 suíochán breise le líonadh in 2024, a fhágann go raibh 174 suíochán ann in iomlán.
Bhuaigh an dá mhórpháirtí traidisiúnta, Fianna Fáil agus Fine Gael, 48 suíochán agus 38 suíochán faoi seach. D'fhág an 86 suíochán a bhí ag Fianna Fáil agus Fine Gael i bhfoisceacht dhá shuíochán de mhóramh Dála, 88.
Bhí trí ghrúpa teicniúil aitheanta ag an gCeann Comhairle sa 34ú Dáil de réir mar a leanas.
Rinne Micheál Martin rogha a tharraing conspóid nuair nár thug sé post mar aire rialtais d’oiread agus bean amháin sa bhreis. Ní raibh ach triúr banairí sa Rialtas an 34ú Dáil (Norma Foley ó Fhianna Fáil, agus Helen McEntee agus Jennifer Carroll MacNeill ó Fhine Gael). Ní raibh Mary Butler (an príomhaoire) nó Niamh Smyth ainmnithe mar airí rialtais ag Micheál Martin.
Chuaigh rannpháirtíocht na mban sa rialtas ag an leibhéal is sinsearaí ar gcúl – bhí ceathrar banairí sa Rialtas an 33ú Dáil.
B'é an Teachta Dála Dara Calleary an t-aon duine den chúigear déag airí sinsearacha nua gurb as cúige Chonnacht nó cúige Uladh dóibh.
I mí Eanáir, d'iarr roinnt Teachtaí Dála Neamhspleácha ón nGrúpa Réigiúnach cearta labhartha freasúra a bheith acu i nDáil Éireann in ainneoin Teachtaí Dála eile ón ngrúpa sin a bheith sa rialtas ag an am céanna. An craiceann is a luach a bhí na Neamhspleáigh a éileamh, dar le Sinn Féin ag an am.
Tharla ruaille buaille sa Dáil agus cuireadh an Dáil ar atráth cheithre uaire agus cuireadh bac ar thoghadh an Taoisigh agus an rialtais. Bhí an freasúra ag cur in aghaidh léiriú an Cheann Comhairle ar Bhuan-Orduithe na Dála (go dtí gur athraigh sí é). Sheas fhreasúra seasamh le chéile ; ní raibh comhtharraingt dá leithéid eatarthu le feiceáil roimh an olltoghchán.
Tar éis an chlampair sa Dáil ar an 22 Eanáir, rialaigh an Ceann Comhairle, Verona Murphy, nach mbeadh sciar d’am cainte an fhreasúra ag an ngrúpa Teachtaí neamhspleácha a bhí páirteach i mbunú an rialtais. Bhí an socrú sin ag teacht salach go hiomlán ar chinneadh a d’fhógair sí roimhe sin gur Tadhg an dá Thaobhachas a bheadh i gceist le cead cainte a bheith ag baill an ghrúpa nach bhfuil post sa rialtas nua acu.
Ar an 25 Márta 2025, bhí cúrsaí ina gcíor thuathail uair amháin eile sa Dáil. Faoi dheireadh vótáil an Dáil glacadh le moladh an Rialtais cearta labhartha a thabhairt do Theachtaí Dála Neamhspleácha ón nGrúpa Réigiúnach a thacaíonn leis an Rialtas. Dúirt an Taoiseach nach raibh san aighneas ach an ruidín soip i gcomórtas leis an gcogadh trádála domhanda a bhí ar na bacáin.
Idi Amin

Uachtarán Uganda ab ea Idi Amin Dada a rugadh idir 1923–28. Fuair sé bás ar an 16 Lúnasa 2003. Bhí Uganda faoi smacht an deachtóra chruálaigh Idi Amin sna seachtóidí. Maraíodh 300,000 duine le linn dheachtóireacht Idi Amin.
Tugadh "Rí Deireanach na hAlban" air.
Bhí Milton Obote i gcumhacht ó 1966 go dtí 25 Eanáir 1971. Tharla coup d'état agus ghabh an ginearál Idi Amin an chumhacht le lámh láidir
Maraíodh níos mó ná 300,000 duine le linn a réimis.
Le linn réimeas Idi Amin, díbríodh muintir na hÁise ón tír i 1972. Ar an 7 Lúnasa 1998, thug Idi Amin 90 lá do mhuintir na hÁise imeacht. Bhí siad ina gcónaí sa tír le fada an lá. Mar sin ruaigeadh an pobal Indiach as an tír. Thosaigh cogadh cathartha, an "Bush War" sa bhliain 1979. Theitth Amin agus bhí Paulo Muwanga i gcumhacht ó 1980 go dtí 1985.
Kellie Harrington

Is dornálaí í Kellie Harrington, as Rae Portland i mBaile Átha Cliath. Rugadh í ar 11 Nollaig 1989. Bhuaigh sí bonn óir sna Cluichí Oilimpeacha i dTóiceo sa bhliain 2021 sa rannóg éadrom-mheáchan (rannóg 60kg na mban) agus arís i bPáras in 2024, an chéad lúthchleasaí ban as Éirinn a bhuaigh bonn ag níos mó ná Cluichí Oilimpeacha amháin..
In ionad Theagmháil na nÓg a rinne Kellie an Teastas Sóisearach. Ina dhiaidh sin, rinne sí cúrsa Spóirt agus Fóillíochta i gColáiste Íde i bhFionnghlas.
Bhuail Kellie Seesondee Sudaporn Seesondee na Téalainne i New Delhi in 2018 chun craobh an domhain a thabhairt léi.
Bhí an bonn cré-umha ar a laghad saothraithe ag Kellie tar éis di an ceann is fearr a fháil ar Imane Khelif na hAilgéire.
Támáilte go maith a thosaigh Kellie sa gcomhrac leathcheannais inar chloígh sí an Téalannach, Sudaporn Seesondee, ach de réir a chéile ghlac sí ceannas ar an troid agus í deas cruinn lena dorn.
Ar an 8 Iúil 2021, fuair Kellie an ceann is fearr ar an mBrasaíleach Beatriz Ferreira sa gcomhrac ceannais 60kg in Airéine Ryōgoku Kokugikan. Chaill sí an chéad bhabhta, 3-2, ach rinne sí teacht aniar chun an dá cheann eile a bhuachan.
Bhí Kellie ar an tríú dornálaí as Éirinn a thug bonn óir abhaile ó na Cluichí Oilimpeacha (in éineacht le Michael Carruth, 1992, agus Katie Taylor, 2012).
Bhuaigh Harrington bonn óir ag Cluichí Oilimpeacha 2024 ar an 6 Lúnasa 2024. Fuair sí an ceann is fearr ar Yang Wenlu na Síne i mbabhta ceannais rannóg 60kg na mban ar chúirt Philippe‑Chatrier i staid Roland Garros. Bhí smacht ag Harrington ar chúrsaí ó thús na troda.
Tá Harrington i gcaidreamh le Mandy Loughlin ó 2009 tar éis casadh léi tríd an dornálaíocht. Pósadh iad i mBaile Átha Cliath ar 8 Aibreán 2022.
Sa Deireadh Fómhair 2022, d’eisigh Harrington a dírbheathaisnéis, "Kellie" a scríobhadh i gcomhar le Roddy Doyle.
Ar 2 Aibreán 2023, d’fhógair Harrington go raibh sí ag tarraingt siar óna meáin shóisialta tar éis frithfhreagairt mar thoradh ar thvuít ó GB News a bhain le hinimirce, a roinn sí agus a scriosadh díreach ina dhiaidh.
Pete Taylor (boxing coach)

Pete Taylor is a boxing coach, former boxer and trainer. His daughter is Katie Taylor.
Taylor is originally from Leeds, England, but he moved with his parents to Bray, County Wicklow to work in the amusement arcades in the town. He met Bridget Cranley in the town, they married and had four children: Lee, Sarah, Peter and Katie. Peter is a lecturer in mathematics.
In 1986 he was a champion light heavyweight boxer in Ireland.
He begain training Katie as a boxer in St Fergal's Boxing Club in Bray and was in her corner when she won gold at the 2012 Olympics in London. He ceased training her before the 2016 Olympics, citing "personal reasons".
He also ran a cafe in Bray called "KO Fit Food".
Pete founded a boxing club in Bray. The club was given €300,000 state funds in Katies' honour.
In 2017 he trained Seán Turner, David Oliver Joyce and Gary Cully, all signed to MTK Global. He has said that the boxers approached him individually and he has no connections to MTK himself.
On 5 June 2018 Pete Taylor survived being shot at his boxing club in Bray. Two other men were shot, one fatally.
Katie Taylor issued a statement issuing condolences to the family of Bobby Messet and relief that her father had survived. She mentioned that she was estranged from her father and nothing to do with the club since 2015. She also criticised the media for the use of her name and image in stories relating to the shooting and asked the media to leave her and her family alone.
List of European Boxing Union champions

The following is a list of European Boxing Union champions. The European Boxing Union (EBU) is a professional boxing governing body that sanctions championship bouts in Europe.
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TJ Doheny

Terence John Doheny (born 2 November 1986) is an Irish professional boxer who held the IBF super-bantamweight title from 2018 to 2019. Nicknamed "Power", Doheny is known for his exceptional punching power, possessing a knockout ratio of 76.92%.
As of August 2024, Doheny is ranked as the world's seventh best active super bantamweight by The Ring.
TJ turned professional in 2012 and compiled a record of 19-0 with 14 wins by knockout before challenging and beating Japanese fighter Ryosuke Iwasa to win the IBF super bantamweight championship.
He would defend the title once before losing in a very close unification fight to WBA champion Daniel Roman.
Doheny challenged Naoya Inoue for his undisputed super bantamweight title at Ariake Arena in Tokyo, Japan on September 3, 2024. Doheny was stopped in the 7th round with a body shot. This was the first knockout loss of Doheny's career.
On 12 December 2024, it was announced that Doheny would challenge WBA featherweight champion Nick Ball at M&S Bank Arena in Liverpool, England, on 15 March 2025. Doheny lost the fight by technical stoppage when his corner stopped it at the end of the tenth round.
Championship belt

A championship belt is a large, extravagantly designed belt used primarily in combat sports as an award, similarly to trophies in other sports. There are several companies in the business of constructing championship belts.
The first belt given as a prize for accomplishments within the ring was presented in 1810 by King George III to bare-knuckle boxer Tom Cribb, after he defeated Tom Molineaux, an American who was possibly a former slave. Championship belts are used as awards in multiple combat sports, including professional boxing, professional wrestling, and mixed martial arts, as well as non-combat sports such as golf and esports.
RTÉ Sports Person of the Year

The RTÉ Sports Person of the Year Award is the titular award of the RTÉ Sports Awards ceremony, which takes place each December. The winner is the Irish sportsperson (from the island of Ireland) judged to have achieved the most that year. The winner was originally chosen by a special panel of RTÉ journalists and editorial staff, but was selected by a public vote from a predetermined shortlist in 2016.
The first Irish sports award ceremony took place in 1985, and was closely modelled on the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.
Four people have won the award multiple times: athlete Sonia O'Sullivan won the award five times, including a record three successive awards, and golfer Pádraig Harrington and boxer Katie Taylor, with three wins, and golfer Rory McIlroy, who won it twice. The oldest recipient of the award is Christy O'Connor Jnr, who won in 1989 aged 41. Rory McIlroy, who first won in 2011, aged 22, is the youngest winner. Ten sporting disciplines have been represented; golf has the highest representation, with eight recipients.
Eamonn Darcy, Ronan Rafferty and Des Smyth, who won the Alfred Dunhill Cup in 1988, are the only non-individual winners of the award. Counting them separately, there have been thirty-four winners of the award (from 1985 to 2024). Seven of these have been Northern Irish. The most recent award was made in 2024 to double Olympic champion rower Paul O'Donovan.
This table lists those who have won more than once (ordered by the most wins, with the earliest win acting as a tie-breaker).
Accurate up-to and including the 2022 award.
This table lists the total number of awards won by the winner's sport (ordered by number of wins, with the earliest win acting as a tie-breaker). The 3 winners in 1988 (all golfers) are counted separately.
Accurate up-to and including the 2024 award.
This table lists the total number of awards won by the winner's gender. There have not yet been any mixed-gender winners (unlike figure-skating couple Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean in the British equivalent). The 3 (male) winners in 1988 are counted separately.
Accurate up-to and including the 2023 award.
So far (as of the 2022 awards) all winners have been able-bodied athletes, but para athletes among the nominees have included Jason Smyth (para athletics) in 2012 to 2014, 2017 to 2019, and 2021, and Katie George Dunlevy and Eve McCrystal (para cycling) in 2016 and 2017.
The winner is in bold.
The winner is in bold.
রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর (তথ্যচিত্র)

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর বিশিষ্ট বাঙালি সাহিত্যিক রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের জীবন ও কর্মের উপর নির্মিত একটি তথ্যচিত্র। ১৯৬১ সালে রবীন্দ্র জন্মশতবার্ষিকী উপলক্ষ্যে বিশিষ্ট চলচ্চিত্রকার সত্যজিৎ রায় এই তথ্যচিত্রটি নির্মাণ করেন। সত্যজিৎই এই ছবিতে ভাষ্যপাঠ করেছিলেন। সত্যজিৎ রায়ের অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট অনুযায়ীঃ
রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের শেষ জীবন

রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের শেষ জীবন (১৯৩২–১৯৪১) কবির দীর্ঘ অসুস্থতার সময়। এই সময় রবীন্দ্রনাথ তার রচনায় মূলত মৃত্যুর প্রকৃতি অনুধাবনে মনোনিবেশ করেছেন।
বিভিন্ন রাষ্ট্র পরিভ্রমণ করে মানবজাতির মধ্যে বিভাজন সৃষ্টির হীনতা সম্পর্কে রবীন্দ্রনাথের নিজের মত সুদৃঢ় হয়। ১৯৩২ সালের মে মাসে তিনি ইরাকের একটি বেদুইন শিবিরে গিয়েছিলেন। সেখানে এক উপজাতীয় নেতা তাকে বলেন, "আমাদের মহানবী বলেছেন, তিনিই সত্যকারের মুসলমান, যাঁর বাক্য বা কর্মের দ্বারা তাঁর ভ্রাতৃপ্রতিম মানুষগুলির ন্যূনতম ক্ষতিসাধনও হয় না।" কবি তার ডায়েরিতে লিখেছেন, "চমকে উঠলুম। বুঝলুম তার কথাগুলিই মানবতার মূল কথা।"
জীবনের শেষ দশ বছরে রবীন্দ্রনাথ পনেরোটি বই লিখেছিলেন। পুনশ্চ (১৯৩২), শেষ সপ্তক (১৯৩৫) ও পত্রপুট (১৯৩৬) নামে গদ্যকবিতা-সংকলনগুলি এই সময়েই প্রকাশিত হয়। জীবনের এই পর্বে রবীন্দ্রনাথ গদ্যগীতিকা ও নৃত্যনাট্য নিয়ে নতুন পরীক্ষানিরীক্ষা করেন। চিত্রাঙ্গদা (১৯৩৬), শ্যামা (১৯৩৯) ও চণ্ডালিকা (১৯৩৮) নামে প্রসিদ্ধ নৃত্যনাট্যত্রয়ীও এই সময়ই লিখিত হয়। এছাড়া তিনি দুই বোন (১৯৩৩), মালঞ্চ (১৯৩৪) ও চার অধ্যায় (১৯৩৪) নামে তিনটি উপন্যাসও রচনা করেন। জীবনের শেষ পর্বে কবি বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ে আগ্রহী হয়ে ওঠেন। ১৯৩৭ সালে প্রকাশিত হয় তার বিজ্ঞান বিষয়ক প্রবন্ধ সংকলন বিশ্বপরিচয়। এই গ্রন্থে তিনি জীববিদ্যা, পদার্থবিদ্যা ও জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান সংক্রান্ত নানা তথ্যমূলক প্রবন্ধ রচনা করেন। তার এই সময়কার কবিতাগুলিতেও বৈজ্ঞানিক সূত্রগুলির উপর আধারিত প্রকৃতিবাদের সুর ধ্বনিত হয়। সে (১৯৩৭), তিনসঙ্গী (১৯৪০) ও গল্পসল্প (১৯৪১) গল্পগ্রন্থগুলিতেও বিজ্ঞান ও বিজ্ঞানী চরিত্রের নানা সমাবেশ লক্ষিত হয়।
ঋজু শালপ্রাংশু দেহের অধিকারী রবীন্দ্রনাথ সারাজীবন সুস্বাস্থ্য ভোগ করলেও জীবনের শেষ চার বছর দীর্ঘস্থায়ী পীড়ায় কষ্ট পেয়েছিলেন। তার মূল সমস্যা ছিল অর্শ। এই চার বছরে দুবার দীর্ঘসময় অত্যন্ত অসুস্থ অবস্থায় শয্যাশায়ী থাকতে হয় তাকে। ১৯৩৭ সালে একবার জ্ঞান হারিয়ে ফেলেছিলেন কবি ; এই সময় কোমায় চলে গিয়ে মৃত্যুকে প্রত্যক্ষ করেন অত্যন্ত কাছ থেকে। আর তখন থেকেই তার এই দীর্ঘকালীন অসুস্থতার সূত্রপাত। ১৯৪০ সালের শেষ দিকে আবার একই ভাবে অসুস্থ হয়ে পড়েন তিনি। এবার আর সেরে ওঠেননি। এই সময়কালের মধ্যেই জীবনের শ্রেষ্ঠ কিছু কবিতা রচনা করেন রবীন্দ্রনাথ। এই কবিতাগুলির মধ্যেই প্রকাশিত হয়েছে মৃত্যুকে ঘিরে লেখা রবীন্দ্রনাথের কিছু অবিস্মরণীয় পঙক্তিমালা। দীর্ঘ রোগভোগের পর, শল্য চিকিৎসার জটিলতার কারণে, ১৯৪১ সালের ৭ অগস্ট (২২ শ্রাবণ, ১৩৪৮ বঙ্গাব্দ) বেলা ১২ টার কিছু পর কলকাতার জোড়াসাঁকোয় অবস্থিত বাসভবনে প্রয়াত হন রবীন্দ্রনাথ। মৃত্যুকালে তাঁর বয়স হয়েছিল ৮০ বছর ৩ মাস। উল্লেখ্য, জোড়াসাঁকোর এই বাড়িতেই,৬ দ্বারকানাথ ঠাকুর লেন কবির জন্ম ও বেড়ে ওঠা। আজও বাংলাভাষী জগতে রবীন্দ্রনাথের মৃত্যুবার্ষিকী পরম শ্রদ্ধা ও ভাবগাম্ভীর্যের সঙ্গে পালিত হয়ে থাকে।
প্রভাত সংগীত (রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের কাব্যগ্রন্থ)

প্রভাত সংগীত হলো রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুর কর্তৃক বাংলা ভাষায় রচিত একটি কাব্যগ্রন্থ। বইটি ১৮৮৩ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে সর্বপ্রথম প্রকাশিত হয়। রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের পূর্ববর্তী কাব্যগ্রন্থের নাম ছিল সন্ধ্যা সঙ্গীত (১৮৮২)। কাব্যগ্রন্থটিকে রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের কবি জীবনের দ্বিতীয় ধাপের সমাপ্তি হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়।
প্রভাত সংগীত গ্রন্থে রবীন্দ্রনাথ প্রকৃতি ও বিশ্বের আনন্দময়তার জয়গান গেয়েছেন। এছাড়াও তিনি তার "জীবন-স্মৃতি" গ্রন্থে শৈশবের স্মৃতিমন্থন করেন। রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের ব্যাখ্যায়:
এই কাব্যগ্রন্থে ১৮টি কবিতা রয়েছে। যথা:
রবীন্দ্র সরণি, কলকাতা

রবীন্দ্র সরণি হলো ভারতের মহানগরী কলকাতায় অবস্থিত একটি রাস্তা। এটি ছিল অতীতে বৃহত্তর পিলগ্রিম পাথের অংশ যা ব্যবহার করে তীর্থযাত্রীরা কালীঘাটে পৌঁছাতো। কলকাতার চেয়েও প্রাচীন এই সড়কটিকে পরবর্তীতে চিৎপুর রোড নাম দেওয়া হয় এবং ভারতের স্বাধীনতার পর এর একাংশের নাম দেশটির জাতীয় কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের নামে রাখা হয়। রাস্তাটি এর মহানগরীর চেয়েও পুরোনো।
এই রাস্তায় আছে একাধিক ঐতিহাসিক ভবন ও নিদর্শন। কলকাতার যুদ্ধে বাংলার নবাব সিরাজদ্দৌলা এই রাস্তার মাধ্যমে কলকাতায় প্রবেশ করে। এখানে রামমোহন রায় প্রতিষ্ঠা করে ব্রাহ্মসভা এবং এই রাস্তার ধারে অবস্থিত ঘড়িওয়ালা বাড়িতে কলকাতার সর্বপ্রথম মঞ্চনাটকের সূচনা হয় ও কলিকাতা ন্যাশনাল থিয়েট্রিক্যাল সোসাইটি নীলদর্পণ মঞ্চস্থ করে। রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের জন্মস্থান জোড়াসাঁকো ঠাকুরবাড়ি ও আকবরের সমাধিসৌধের আদলে নির্মিত নাখোদা মসজিদ এই রাস্তার নিকটে অবস্থিত।
রাস্তাটির দক্ষিণে বিপিনবিহারী গাঙ্গুলি স্ট্রিট ও বেন্টিঙ্ক স্ট্রিটের সংযোগস্থলে অবস্থিত মার্কেন্টাইল বিল্ডিং রয়েছে যা লালবাজারের নিকটে অবস্থিত। এটি মহাত্মা গান্ধী রোড অতিক্রম করে উত্তরের দিকে গেছে এবং বাগবাজার খালের আগে শেষ হয়েছে।
ব্রিটিশ ইস্ট ইন্ডিয়া কোম্পানির মানচিত্রে বেঙ্গল প্রেসিডেন্সির চব্বিশ পরগণার হালিশহর থেকে চৌরঙ্গীর জঙ্গল পর্যন্ত সড়কটিকে "পিলগ্রিম পাথ" (আক্ষ. 'তীর্থযাত্রী পথ') হিসেবে উল্লেখ করা হয়েছিল যেহেতু তীর্থযাত্রীরা এই রাস্তা ব্যবহার করে কালীঘাটে পৌঁছাতো। সড়কটি ছিল কোম্পানির সদ্যপ্রতিষ্ঠিত কলকাতা শহরের প্রাণকেন্দ্র। ১৭৫৬ সালে কলকাতার যুদ্ধে সুবাহ বাংলার নবাব সিরাজদ্দৌলা এই পথ ধরে শহরে প্রবেশ করে। আনুমানিক ১৭৯২ সালে আপজনের প্রস্তুতকৃত মানচিত্রে একে "রোড টু চিৎপুর" (আক্ষ. 'চিৎপুরে যাওয়ার সড়ক') উল্লেখ করা হয়েছিল। পরবর্তীতে সড়কটিকে আপার ও লোয়ার দুই অংশে বিভক্ত করে দেওয়া হয়। সড়কটির দক্ষিণের অংশটি পরে বেন্টিঙ্ক স্ট্রিট নামে পৃথক করে দেওয়া হয়েছিল। ১৯৪৭ সালে ভারতের স্বাধীনতার পর এটির একাংশের নাম পরিবর্তন করে দেশটির জাতীয় কবি রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের নামে "রবীন্দ্র সরণি" করা হয়।
রবীন্দ্র সরণিতে ও এর আশেপাশে একাধিক ঐতিহাসিক নিদর্শন রয়েছে। সরণির বায়ে নন্দরাম সেন স্ট্রিটের প্রবেশপথে রয়েছে আটচালা মন্দির যার স্থাপত্যরীতি অষ্টাদশ শতাব্দীর। সরণির পশ্চিমে রয়েছে গোবিন্দরামের মন্দির। ১৮২৮ সালে রামমোহন রায় এখানে ব্রাহ্মসভা প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন যা আদি ব্রাহ্মসমাজে পরিণত হয়। এর ২৭৯ নং বাড়িতে তথা ঘড়িওয়ালা বাড়িতে কলিকাতা ন্যাশনাল থিয়েট্রিক্যাল সোসাইটি গড়ে তোলার মাধ্যমে কলকাতায় মঞ্চনাটকের সূচনা করা হয় এবং এই বাড়িতেই ১৮৭২ সালে নীলদর্পণ মঞ্চস্থ করা হয়। আকবরের সমাধিসৌধের আদলে নির্মিত নাখোদা মসজিদ ও রবীন্দ্রনাথ ঠাকুরের জন্মস্থান জোড়াসাঁকো ঠাকুরবাড়ি এই রাস্তার নিকটে অবস্থিত। আদতে এই রাস্তাটি কলকাতার আগে তৈরি হয়েছে।