davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
বাংলাদেশ চা গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট

বাংলাদেশ চা গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট বাংলাদেশ চা বোর্ডের অধীনস্থ একটি স্বায়ত্তশাসিত প্রতিষ্ঠান।
পাকিস্তান চা বোর্ড, ১৯৫২ সালে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানে একটি চা গবেষণা স্টেশন প্রতিষ্ঠা করে। বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার পর ১৯৭৩ সালে বাংলাদেশ সরকার স্টেশনটিকে একটি গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠানে উন্নীত করে। ভারতের আসামের পরেই উপমহাদেশের সবচেয়ে পুরাতন চা গবেষণা কেন্দ্র রয়েছে শ্রীমঙ্গলে। যা দেখতে প্রচুর পর্যটক আসে।
বাংলাদেশ চা গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউটটি বাংলাদেশ ন্যাশনাল এগ্রিকালচারাল রিসার্চ সিস্টেম (নার্স)-এর অন্তর্ভুক্ত ১০টি জাতীয় প্রতিষ্ঠানের মধ্যে অন্যতম। এ প্রতিষ্ঠানের সারাদেশে ৪টি উপকেন্দ্র রয়েছে। উপকেন্দ্রগুলোর
বিটিআরআই-এর ৮টি গবেষণা বিভাগ রয়েছে। গবেষণা বিভাগগুলো হচ্ছেঃ- ১. মৃত্তিকা রসায়ন, ২. উদ্ভিদ বিজ্ঞান, ৩. কৃষিতত্ত্ব, ৪. কীটতত্ত্ব, ৫. উদ্ভিদ রোগতত্ত্ব, ৬. প্রাণ রসায়ন, ৭. প্রকৌশল, ৮. পরিসংখ্যান ও অর্থনীতি। এ প্রতিষ্ঠানটি বিশ্বের অন্যান্য চা গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠানের সমতুল্য।
বিটিআরআই-এর চা বিজ্ঞানীদের উদ্‌ভাবিত প্রযুক্তি ও বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা-জ্ঞান ও অভিজ্ঞতা চা শিল্পের অগ্রগতি ও উন্নয়নে অবদান রেখে যাচ্ছে। চা বিজ্ঞানীরা এ পর্যন্ত বিটি-১ থেকে বিটি-১৬ পর্যন্ত ১৬টি উচ্চ ফলনশীল ও আকর্ষনীয় গুণগতমান সম্পন্ন ক্লোন উদ্‌ভাবন করেছেন। চা বিজ্ঞানীরা সর্বশেষ অধিক ফলনশীল উন্নতজাতের ক্লোন 'বিটি-১৬' আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে বিমুক্ত করেছেন। এছাড়া চা বিজ্ঞানীরা নিরলস গবেষণা চালিয়ে উদ্ভাবন করেছেন কয়েকটি জেনারেটিভ ক্লোন সমন্বয়ে ৪টি বাইক্লোনাল বীজজাত বিটিএস-১, বিটিএস-২, বিটিএস-৩, বিটিএস-৪সহ একটি পার্লক্লোনাল বীজজাত।
সিলেট অঞ্চলের বিখ্যাত সাতকড়া আচার কিংবা মাছ-মাংসের সঙ্গে এ অঞ্চলে খুবই জনপ্রিয়। সুস্বাদু এ লেবুজাতীয় ফল দিয়ে এবার তৈরি হচ্ছে চা। এরইমধ্যে গবেষকরা সিলেটের এ জনপ্রিয় ফলকে দেশব্যাপী জনপ্রিয় করে তুলতে তৈরি করেছেন ‘সাতকড়া চা’। চায়ের রং হবে অনেকটা কমলা। চা পাতার সঙ্গে সাতকড়ার সংমিশ্রণে তৈরি এ চা। বাংলাদেশ চা গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট (বিটিআরআই) শ্রীমঙ্গলের জেনারেল ম্যানেজার খোন্দকার শাহজাহান নিজেই উদ্ভাবন করেছেন নতুন এ চা। তিনি সাতকড়ার চা ছাড়াও ‘সিলভার চা’ তৈরি করেছেন। তিনি বলেন,
সাতকড়া চায়ের লেভেলও তৈরি হয়ে গেছে। এর ব্র্যান্ডিং নাম হবে সাতকড়া চা, বাংলাদেশের চা। এরই মধ্যে তিনি সিলভার চা ছাড়াও অর্থডক্স (আদি চা) তৈরি করেছেন। যে চা অর্ধশত বছর আগে তৈরি করা হতো। এ চায়ের বৈশিষ্ট্য হল- লিকার হালকা, ফ্লেভার বেশি। এছাড়াও ডায়বেটিক চা তৈরিরও চেষ্টা চালিয়ে যাচ্ছেন তিনি।
রাষ্ট্রীয় প্রযুক্তি প্রতিষ্ঠান, দুর্গাপুর

পূর্বে রিজিওনাল ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং কলেজ, দুর্গাপুর [(বাংলা: আঞ্চলিক প্রকৌশল মহাবিদ্যালয়, দুর্গাপুর (আরইসি দুর্গাপুর বা আরইসিডিজিপি নামেও পরিচিত)] নামে পরিচিত ন্যাশনাল ইনস্টিটিউট অব টেকনোলজি দুর্গাপুর বা রাষ্ট্রীয় প্রযুক্তি প্রতিষ্ঠান, দুর্গাপুর (এটি এনআইটি দুর্গাপুর বা এনআইটিডিজিপি নামেও পরিচিত) পশ্চিমবঙ্গের দুর্গাপুর শহরে একটি সরকারি প্রযুক্তি শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠান। এটি ১৯৬০ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত ভারতের অন্যতম প্রাচীন প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়। প্রযুক্তি প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ১৮৭ একর (০.৭৫ বর্গ কিমি) জুড়ে বিস্তৃত একটি বিদ্যায়তনে অবস্থিত।
এনআইটি দুর্গাপুর রাষ্ট্রীয় প্রযুক্তি প্রতিষ্ঠান আইন, ২০০৭ এর অধীনে ভারত সরকার কর্তৃক জাতীয় গুরুত্বের একটি প্রতিষ্ঠান হিসাবে স্বীকৃত এবং এটি জাতীয় প্রযুক্তি প্রতিষ্ঠান (এনআইটি) ব্যবস্থার অন্যতম একটি প্রতিষ্ঠান। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টি বিজ্ঞান, প্রযুক্তি, প্রকৌশল, পরিচালনা ও স্থাপত্য বিষয়ে একচেটিয়া ভাবে মনোনিবেশ করেছে।
প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ন্যাশনাল ইনস্টিটিউশনাল র‍্যাঙ্কিং ফ্রেমওয়ার্ক ২০২০ অনুসারে ভারতের এনআইটি-সমূহের মধ্যে ৯তম, ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিংয়ের ক্ষেত্রে ৪৭তম এবং সার্বিকভাবে ৯৬তম স্থান অর্জন করেছে। এই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়টির যুক্তরাষ্ট্র ও যুক্তরাজ্যসহ ভারত ও বিদেশী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ও গবেষণা কেন্দ্রসমূহের সাথে একাডেমিক ও গবেষণা সহযোগিতা রয়েছে এবং এটি বিশ্বব্যাঙ্কের অর্থায়িত কারিগরি শিক্ষার গুণগত মান উন্নয়ন কর্মসূচির (টিইকিউআইপি) অংশ।
বাংলাদেশ প্রাণিসম্পদ গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট

বাংলাদেশ প্রাণিসম্পদ গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট মৎস্য ও প্রাণিসম্পদ মন্ত্রণালয় এর অধীনে একটি জাতীয় গবেষণা প্রতিষ্ঠান। প্রতিষ্ঠানটি ঢাকার সাভারে অবস্থিত।
১৯৮৪ সালে রাষ্ট্রপতির ২৮ নং অধ্যাদেশ জারির মাধ্যমে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয় বাংলাদেশ প্রাণিসম্পদ গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট। প্রতিষ্ঠানটি এর কার্যক্রম শুরু করে ১৯৮৬ সালে।
বিএলআরআই এর প্রধান কার্যালয়ে ১০টি গবেষণা বিভাগ ও ১টি সেবা ও সহায়তা বিভাগ রয়েছে। গবেষণা বিভাগগুলো হলো:
মূল কাজ বা দায়িত্ব পালন ছাড়াও বাংলাদেশ প্রাণিসম্পদ গবেষণা ইনস্টিটিউট জরুরি প্রয়োজনে সেবা প্রদান করে থাকে যা আপদকালিন সেবা নামে পরিচিত। সেবাগুলো হল:
মাহবানু টাটা

মাহবানু টাটা (২৬শে এপ্রিল ১৯৪২ - ৭ই আগস্ট ২০২৩) ছিলেন ভারতীয় বংশোদ্ভূত একজন ইরানি পরিসংখ্যানবিদ। ইরানে তাঁকে পরিসংখ্যানের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা হিসেবে ব্যাপকভাবে বিবেচনা করা হত।
মাহবানু টাটা একজন জরথুষ্ট্রীয় (পারসি) ছিলেন এবং তিনি বোম্বের অধিবাসী ছিলেন। তিনি ১৯৬৪ সালে স্থানীয় প্রভিডেন্স কলেজ থেকে স্নাতক হন। তিনি পড়াশোনা চালিয়ে যান এবং ১৯৬৭ সালে পারডু বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে পরিসংখ্যানে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন। শিক্ষাজীবন শেষ করার পর, তিনি শিক্ষাক্ষেত্রে কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন এবং অবশেষে ইরানের বেশ কয়েকটি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পরিসংখ্যানের অধ্যাপক হয়েছিলেন।
মিশিগান স্টেট ইউনিভার্সিটিতে পাঁচ বছর শিক্ষকতা করার পর মাহবানু ইরানে আসেন এবং শরীফ ইউনিভার্সিটি অফ টেকনোলজিতে পরিসংখ্যানের অধ্যাপক হিসেবে দু বছর কাজ করেন। এরপর, পরবর্তী ১৬ বছর ধরে, তিনি ইনস্টিটিউট অফ এডুকেশন, স্ট্যাটিকস অ্যাণ্ড ইনফর্মেটিকস, দ্য হায়ার স্কুল অফ কম্পিউটার প্ল্যানিং অ্যাণ্ড অ্যাপ্লিকেশন, ইরান আজাদ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় এবং আল্লামেহ তাবাতাবাই বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পরিসংখ্যানকে একটি বিষয় হিসেবে প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন।
১৯৮৯ সালে, তিনি কেরমানে চলে আসেন, কেরমানের শহীদ বাহনার বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের গণিত ও কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞান বিভাগের পরিসংখ্যান বিভাগে কাজ করার জন্য। তিনি বেশ কিছু বছর ধরে এই বিভাগের দেখাশোনা করেছেন।
মাহবানু বেশ কিছু সংস্থার সদস্য ছিলেন, তার মধ্যে আছে ইন্টারন্যাশানাল ইনস্টিটিউট অফ স্ট্যাটিসটিকস, ইরানিয়ান সোসাইটি অফ ম্যাথমেটিশিয়ানস, ইরানিয়ান সোসাইটি অফ স্ট্যাটিস্টিক্স এবং বিভিন্ন বৈজ্ঞানিক সংস্থা। ইরানের পরিসংখ্যানগত দক্ষতায় তাঁর অবদানের জন্য তাঁকে "ইরানের পরিসংখ্যানের জননী" হিসেবে অভিহিত করা হয়েছিল।
মাহবানু টাটা ২০২৩ সালের ৭ই আগস্ট ৮১ বছর বয়সে মারা যান।
টেমপ্লেট:Mathematics in Iran
সংখ্যা (সাময়িকী)

সংখ্যা: দ্য ইন্ডিয়ান জার্নাল অফ স্ট্যাটিস্টিকস ইন্ডিয়ান স্ট্যাটিস্টিক্যাল ইনস্টিটিউট দ্বারা প্রকাশিত পরিসংখ্যান বিষয়ক একটি ত্রৈমাসিক পর্যালোচনামূলক বৈজ্ঞানিক গবেষণা সাময়িকী। ১৯৩৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে আইএসআই-এর প্রতিষ্ঠাতা পরিচালক প্রশান্ত চন্দ্র মহলানবীশ কার্ল পিয়ারসনের বায়মেট্রিকার রূপরেখা নিয়ে এই সাময়িকীটি প্রকাশনা শুরু করেন। মহলানবীশ ছিলেন এই সাময়িকীর প্রধান প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সম্পাদক।
বছরে যে ছারতি সংখ্যা প্রকাশিত হতো, তার মধ্যে প্রথম দুটি সিরিজ এ হিসেবে প্রকাশিত হতো, যেখানে তাত্ত্বিক পরিসংখ্যান, সম্ভাবনা তত্ত্ব এবং স্টোকাস্টিক প্রক্রিয়া সম্পর্কে লেখা প্রকাশিত হতো। সিরিজ বি হিসেবে প্রকাশিত পরবর্তী দুটি সংখ্যায় ব্যাবহারিক পরিসংখ্যান, অর্থাৎ ব্যাবহারিক সম্ভাবনা তত্ত্ব, প্রয়োগকৃত স্টোকাস্টিক প্রক্রিয়া, একনোমেট্রিক্স এবং পরিসংখ্যানগত কম্পিউটিং সম্পর্কে লেখা থাকত। কারেন্ট ইনডেক্স অফ স্ট্যাটিস্টিকস দ্বারা সংখ্যা সাময়িকীটি Core journal হিসেবে বিবেচিত হয়েছে।
সাংখ্য সর্বপ্রথম ১৯৩৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দের জুনে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল। ১৯৬১ খ্রিস্টাব্দে জার্নালটি দুটি সিরিজে বিভক্ত হয়: সিরিজ এ যা গাণিতিক পরিসংখ্যান এবং সিরিজ বি পরিসংখ্যান পদ্ধতি এবং প্রয়োগগুলির উপর দৃষ্টি নিবদ্ধ করে। ১৯৭৪ খ্রিস্টাব্দে তৃতীয় সিরিজটি যুক্ত হয়, যা নমুনা জরিপ এবং বিকল্প সংখ্যায় পরিমাণগত অর্থনীতি সম্পর্কে লেখা প্রকাশ করতো। ১৯৭৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে, পরিমাণগত অর্থনীতির অংশটি সিরিজ ডি হিসেবে প্রকাশ পায়। ১৯৮১ খ্রিস্টাব্দে, সিরিজ বি - ডি সংযুক্ত হয়ে জার্নালটি দুটি সিরিজে ফিরে আসে। ২০০৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে, সিরিজ এ এবং বি একটি একক জার্নালে পুনরায় সংযুক্ত করা হয়েছিল, তবে ২০০৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে সেটি আবার বিভক্ত হয়ে যায়। আইএসআই ২০১০ খ্রিস্টাব্দে স্প্রিংজারের মাধ্যমে সিরিজ এ এবং বি প্রকাশনা শুরু করে।
বাঙালিদের তালিকা

এই নিবন্ধটি ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশের বিখ্যাত এবং উল্লেখযোগ্য বাঙালির তালিকা সরবরাহ করে, প্রধানত যা আজকের ভারত ও বাংলাদেশ এবং বাঙালি বংশধরের লোক বা যারা তাদের প্রাথমিক ভাষা হিসাবে বাংলা ভাষায় কথা বলে।
কালানুক্রমিকভাবে
নীলেশ কুলকার্নি

নীলেশ মোরেশ্বর কুলকার্নি (উচ্চারণ; মারাঠি: निलेश कुलकर्णी; জন্ম: ৩ এপ্রিল, ১৯৭৩) মহারাষ্ট্রের দোম্বিওয়ালি এলাকায় জন্মগ্রহণকারী সাবেক ভারতীয় আন্তর্জাতিক ক্রিকেটার। ভারতীয় ক্রিকেট দলের অন্যতম সদস্য ছিলেন দীর্ঘ ছয় ফুট চার ইঞ্চি উচ্চতার অধিকারী নীলেশ কুলকার্নি।
দলে তিনি মূলতঃ বামহাতে স্লো বোলিং করতেন। এছাড়াও নীচেরসারিতে বামহাতে ব্যাটিংয়ে পারদর্শিতা দেখিয়েছেন তিনি।
ঘরোয়া প্রথম-শ্রেণীর ক্রিকেটে মুম্বইয়ের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করেন তিনি ও তিনশতাধিক উইকেট পান। ২০০৪ সালে অন্ধ্রপ্রদেশের বিপক্ষে নিজস্ব সেরা বোলিং পরিসংখ্যান ৭/৬০ লাভ করেন। ২০০৭ ও ২০০৮ মৌসুমে যুক্তরাজ্যের সারে চ্যাম্পিয়নশীপে ওল্ড হাম্পটনিয়ান্স সিসির পক্ষে খেলেন।
১৯৯৭-৯৮ মৌসুমে কলম্বোয় স্বাগতিক শ্রীলঙ্কার বিপক্ষে তার টেস্ট অভিষেক হয়। উদ্বোধনী ব্যাটসম্যান মারভান আতাপাত্তুকে প্রথম বলেই আউট করে চমক দেখান। এরফলে একমাত্র ভারতীয় ও বিশ্বের দ্বাদশ বোলার হিসেবে টেস্ট ক্রিকেটের ইতিহাসে এ কীর্তিগাঁথা রচনা করেন তিনি। ৩ আগস্ট, ১৯৯৭ তারিখে আর. প্রেমাদাসা স্টেডিয়ামে এ কৃতিত্বে নয়ন মঙ্গিয়া তাকে সহায়তা করেন কট বিহাইন্ডের মাধ্যমে।
২৮ জুলাই, ২০১০ তারিখে প্রথম-শ্রেণীর খেলোয়াড়ী জীবন থেকে নীলেশ কুলকার্নি তার অবসর গ্রহণের কথা ঘোষণা করেন। মুম্বইভিত্তিক ক্রীড়া ব্যবস্থাপনাবিষয়ক প্রতিষ্ঠান ইন্টারন্যাশনাল স্পোর্টস ম্যানেজম্যান্ট ইনস্টিটিউটের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা পরিচালক তিনি। এছাড়াও, দিল্লিভিত্তিক ন্যাশনাল স্পোর্টস এডুকেশন বোর্ড কমিটির সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করছেন। মহারাষ্ট্রের ইন্টারন্যাশনাল স্পোর্টস ইউনিভার্সিটির পরামর্শকসহ এফআইসিসি স্পোর্টস এন্ড ইয়ুথ অ্যাফেয়ার্স কমিটি ও সিআইআইস স্পোর্টসকম ইন্ডাস্ট্রি কনফেডারেশনের সদস্য তিনি।
বিদ্যুৎ বরণ চৌধুরী

বিদ্যুৎ বরণ চৌধুরী ( বি বি চৌধুরী ) হলেন একজন বরিষ্ঠ কম্পিউটার বিজ্ঞানী এবং ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গের টেকনো ইন্ডিয়া ইউনিভার্সিটির প্রো-ভাইস-চ্যান্সেলর (একাডেমিক)। তিনি ভারতীয় পরিসংখ্যান ইনস্টিটিউটের (আইএসআই) সাথেও যুক্ত, সেখানে তিনি প্রায় তিন দশক ধরে অধ্যাপক ছিলেন। তিনি আইএসআই- এর কম্পিউটার ভিশন এবং প্যাটার্ন পরিচিতি বিভাগের (এটি ১৯৯৪ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছিল) প্রতিষ্ঠাতা প্রধান ছিলেন। অধিকন্তু, তিনি ছিলেন একজন জগদীশ চন্দ্র বোস ফেলো এবং আইএসআই- এর ইন্ডিয়ান ন্যাশনাল একাডেমি অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং (আইএনএই) - এর বিশিষ্ট অধ্যাপক।
তিনি সোসাইটি ফর ন্যাচারাল ল্যাঙ্গুয়েজ টেকনোলজি রিসার্চের (এসএনএলটিআর) সহ-সভাপতি ছিলেন।
প্রাথমিক গবেষণার ক্ষেত্রে তাঁর অবদান ছিল কম্পিউটার ভিশন, ইমেজ প্রসেসিং এবং প্যাটার্ন পরিচিতি। তিনি "ভারতীয় ভাষার লিপি ওসিআর " এর পথপ্রদর্শক।
বিদ্যুৎ বরণ চৌধুরী ভারতের কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে বিএসসি (অনার্স) (১৯৬৯), বি টেক (১৯৭২) এবং এম টেক ডিগ্রি (১৯৭৪) অর্জন করেন। তিনি ১৯৮০ সালে কানপুরের ইণ্ডিয়ান ইনস্টিটিউট অফ টেকনোলজি থেকে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রি লাভ করেন। তিনি ১৯৮১ - ১৯৮২ সালে যুক্তরাজ্যের কুইন্স ইউনিভার্সিটি থেকে লেভারহুম ওভারসিজ ফেলোশিপের মাধ্যমে তাঁর পোস্ট-ডক্টরেটের কাজ করেছেন।
"প্যাটার্ন পরিচিতি, বিশেষ করে ভারতীয় ভাষার লিপি ওসিআর, নথি প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এবং প্রাকৃতিক ভাষা প্রক্রিয়াকরণে অবদানের জন্য" বিদ্যুৎ বরণ চৌধুরীকে ইনস্টিটিউট অব ইলেকট্রিক্যাল অ্যান্ড ইলেকট্রনিক্স ইঞ্জিনিয়ার্স (আইইইই-) এর আজীবন ফেলো নির্বাচিত করা হয়েছে। "ভারতীয় ভাষায় অক্ষর শনাক্তকরণ এবং বাক সংশ্লেষণে অবদানের জন্য" তিনি ইন্টারন্যাশনাল অ্যাসোসিয়েশন ফর প্যাটার্ন রিকগনিশন (আইএপিআর) এর ফেলো হয়েছেন। এছাড়াও তিনি দ্য ওয়ার্ল্ড একাডেমি অফ সায়েন্স (টিডব্লিউএএস), ইন্ডিয়ান ন্যাশনাল সায়েন্স একাডেমী (আইএনএসএ), ইন্ডিয়ান ন্যাশনাল একাডেমি অফ ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং (আইএনএই), ন্যাশনাল একাডেমি অফ সায়েন্সেস (এনএএসআই) এবং ইলেকট্রনিক্স অ্যান্ড টেলিকমিউনিকেশন ইঞ্জিনিয়ারিং ইনস্টিটিউট (আইইটিই) এর ফেলো। ২০১১ সালে, তিনি ইলেকট্রনিক্স এবং তথ্য প্রযুক্তি ক্ষেত্রে অবদানের জন্য ওম প্রকাশ ভাসিন পুরস্কার পান।
তাঁর কিছু কাজের বিষয়ে তাঁর সাক্ষাৎকার ভারতীয় সংবাদপত্রেও প্রকাশিত হয়েছে।
স্ট্যানফোর্ড ইউনিভার্সিটি দ্বারা পরিচালিত একটি সমীক্ষা অনুসারে তিনি বিশ্বের শীর্ষ ২% বিজ্ঞানী এবং শীর্ষ ১০ ভারতীয় এআই বিজ্ঞানীদের মধ্যে রয়েছেন।
Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute

The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute is an institute under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the mandate for developing new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments as well as to analyze data in agriculture. The institute is affiliated with and is located in the campus of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, a deemed university, at Pusa in New Delhi. The institute includes sections that specialize in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding, bioinformatics, sampling, experimental design, modelling and forecasting.
In 1930 the, then, Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, started a statistical unit to assist the State Departments of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in planning their experiments, analysis of experimental data, interpretation of results and rendering advice on the formulation of the technical programmes of the Council. This unit was established on the recommendation of Leslie Coleman.
This unit was headed from 1940 by the statistician Dr. P.V.Sukhatme who had studied with Jerzy Neyman in London. The early research was on reliable methods for collecting yield statistics of principal food crops.
Further research in sampling and statistics was initiated and this became a Statistical Branch in 1945. The branch soon acquired international recognition as a centre for research and training in the field of Agricultural Statistics. In 1949 it was named as Statistical Wing of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). In 1952, at the recommendations of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) experts Dr Frank Yates and Dr D. J. Finney it was expanded and in 1955 it moved to the Pusa campus. On 2 July 1959 it was renamed as the Institute of Agricultural Research Statistics (IARS).
In 1964, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed with the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi and courses in M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees were offered.
In 1964, it was one of the few institutes with a computer, an IBM 1620 Model-II Electronic Computer. In 1970, it became a full institute under the ICAR and the name was changed to Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute (IASRI) on 1 January 1978.
In 1977, a third generation computer Burroughs B-4700 system was installed in a new building. In 1991–95, the old computers were replaced by new networked PC systems.
NAMI (automotive institute)

The Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute, abbreviated as NAMI is a Russian automotive technology development company.
The research and development automobile and engine institute was established on 14 March 1920, based on the Scientific Automobile Laboratory (Russian: Научная автомобильная лаборатория (abbr. НАЛ)). The laboratory was part of the Scientific and Technical department of VSNKh, which was established on 16 October 1918. Starting in 1924, the institute allowed purchases of foreign automobiles and automobile accessories. In 1927 the institute developed its first automobile, the NAMI 1, which also became the first car of the USSR.
During the 1930s, the institute became the main department for development in the Soviet automotive industry. They later developed and produced the first Soviet trolleybuses, and created tractor and lorry models and. They also developed half-tracks and armored vehicles for the Red Army.
From 1931 to 1946 the institute was named the Automobile and Tractor Research Institution (NATI, Russian: Научно-исследовательский тракторный институт (abbr. НАТИ))
NAMI was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1940.
Early in 1946, NATI underwent a split, and the tractor division was transferred to be under the supervision of the Ministry of Agricultural Machinery. The automobile branch was kept under the supervision of the Ministry of Automobile Industry and was renamed the Scientific and Research Automobile and Engine Institute (NAMI, Russian: Научно-исследовательский автомобильный и автомоторный институт (НАМИ)). The tractor division later served as a basis for the Union Tractor Research Institution (NATI).
Experimental and prototype engines were developed at the institute, some of which served as the basis for later mass production. In the 1960s, NATI developed some front-wheel drive and automatic transmissions, but these concepts didn't make it to production until much later, as they were deemed too expensive and complex for the state of the industry at that time. For example, they developed the GAZ-21 automatic transmission, for which the service infrastructure was virtually non-existent.
In 2014 the NAMI purchased the Yo-Mobile project for 1 Euro.
In 2021, NAMI was involved in the design process the Aurus Senat car line, and developed a hydrogen powered model. A laboratory model was presented at its plant in Tatarstan in central Russia.
In May 2022, NAMI acquired Renault's controlling stake (about 68%) in the Russian car manufacturer AvtoVAZ.
In the 1960s the testing facility of NAMI (Russian: Научный испытательный центр автомобильной и мотоциклетной техники, НИЦИАМТ) was opened.
The 1920s and 1930s was the only period when NAMI was involved in vehicle production. Since then NAMI has only developed prototypes and concept cars.
Jagdish Chandra Mahindra

Jagdish Chandra Mahindra (1892–1951) was an Indian industrialist and co-founder of Mahindra & Mahindra in 1945, with Kailash Chandra Mahindra and Malik Ghulam Mohammed. He is the grandfather of Anand Mahindra, the present chairman of Mahindra Group.
Born in Ludhiana, Punjab Province, he was the eldest of nine children. The loss of his father at an early age placed the responsibility for the family on his shoulders. He believed strongly in the power of education and ensured that all his brothers and sisters studied hard. He sent his brother Kailash Chandra Mahindra to the University of Cambridge.
Mahindra received his degree from Victoria Jubilee Technological Institute (VJTI) and University of Bombay, one of India's premier engineering and technical institutes.
Mahindra started out his career with Tata Steel, and was the senior sales manager from 1929 to 1940. When the steel industry became critical during World War II, the Government of India appointed him as the first steel controller of India.
J. C. Mahindra and K. C. Mahindra joined forces with Ghulam Mohammed and started Mahindra & Mohammed as a steel company in Bombay. Two years later, India gained its independence, Ghulam Mohammed left the company to become Pakistan’s first finance minister, and the Mahindra brothers started to manufacture Willys jeeps in Bombay. Soon, the company’s name was changed to Mahindra & Mahindra.
Mahindra died of a heart attack in 1951.
Statistical Research Group

The Statistical Research Group (SRG) was a research group at Columbia University focused on military problems during World War II. Abraham Wald, Allen Wallis, Herbert Solomon, Frederick Mosteller, George Stigler, Leonard Jimmie Savage and Milton Friedman were all part of the group in which 18 researchers participated.
Wallis, Stigler and Friedman met as graduate students at the University of Chicago. Despite their shared alma mater there is no evidence that Stigler and Friedman had grown close before serving on the SRG staff together in New York City.
The SRG was disbanded at the end of World War II.
Statistical analysis was widely used by Federal agencies after the New Deal. The statistical publications of the United States became more sophisticated between 1930 and 1940. During the mobilization to war (1940-1941) and continuing on during the war, statistics continued to gain in importance with applications in operations research and management information systems (MIS). The Statistical Control System in the Air Force developed under Colonel C.B. Thornton, was an example of a wartime MIS. Its mission was to provide "a continuous flow of detailed information on the status of many parts of the Air Force, including personnel, supply, operations, and basic data upon which to base attrition rates, sortie rates, crew rotation rates, maintenance needs, supply rates, etc."
The Statistical Research Group (SRG) at Columbia University was supported by the Applied Mathematics Panel (AMP) or the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), part of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD).
While teaching at Stanford during the war years, Allen Wallis wrote to a friend at the Census Bureau:
Friedman wrote an appendix called "A Cautionary Tale about Multiple Regressions" that was published in Alternative Approaches to Analyzing Economic Data in which he says that, as a researcher at SRG, he constructed two new alloys to be used in aircraft engines. His work was based on a regression model that made use of data on existing alloys. Using this model he predicted that it would take several hundred hours for the new alloys to rupture at high temperatures.
Statistical Methods for Research Workers

Statistical Methods for Research Workers is a classic book on statistics, written by the statistician R. A. Fisher. It is considered by some to be one of the 20th century's most influential books on statistical methods, together with his The Design of Experiments (1935). It was originally published in 1925, by Oliver & Boyd (Edinburgh); the final and posthumous 14th edition was published in 1970.
According to Denis Conniffe:
In the second edition of 1928 a chapter 9 was added: The Principles of Statistical Estimation.
Federal Statistical Research Data Centers

Federal Statistical Research Data Centers are partnerships between U.S. federal government statistical agencies and leading research institutions to provide secure facilities located throughout the United States that provide access to restricted-use microdata for statistical purposes to authorized individuals. There are 29 FSRDCs across the country, primarily located at academic institutions and federal reserve banks.
The first Census Research Data Center (RDC) was in Suitland, Maryland at Census Bureau Headquarters, established at the same time as the Center for Economic Studies in 1982. The first remote RDC was established in Boston in 1994.
In 1998, the Census Bureau partnered with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to create the Census Research Data Center program. Under this program, proposed new RDC core locations are evaluated for their potential contribution to scientific research. Approved location are provided initial financial support by the NSF. This program expansion was documented in 1998 Federal Register notice, Vol. 68 No. 14.
In 2016, the Census Research Data Center program was rebranded as the Federal Statistical Research Data Center (FSRDC) program. The FSRDCs include data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), from the Census Bureau, and data the Census Bureau collects on behalf of other agencies.
There are 29 FSRDCs around the United States:
Indian Education Service

The Indian Education Service or Indian Educational Service (IES) formed part of the British Raj between 1896 and 1924, when overseas recruitment ceased. It was an administrative organisation running educational establishments in British India, largely staffed by Europeans, that was crucial to Macaulay's model of colonial education . It replaced a previous system of provincial administrations by a uniform all-India service.
The IES was formed based on the recommendations of the 1886 Public Service Commission, as part of the Superior Education Service, which comprised also the Provincial Education Service. In practice the IES was mostly British, and the Provincial Education Service was staffed by Indians, with substantial differentials of pay between the services. As a delayed consequence of the Islington Commission of 1912 on public services in India, the existing distinction between the IES and Provincial Education Service officials began to be dismantled in the early 1920s.
There have been multiple proposals to revive the IES even in independent India. Most recently, the Bharatiya Janata Party central government proposed to revive the IES, as per comments in 2016 on its upcoming draft of National Education Policy 2020. The National Education Policy was adopted in 2020.
Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay

Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (born 1968) is an Indian scientist specializing in computational biology. A professor at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, she is a Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize winner in Engineering Science for 2010, IInfosys Prize 2017 laureate in the Engineering and Computer Science category and TWAS Prize winner for Engineering Sciences in 2018. Her research is mainly in the areas of evolutionary computation, pattern recognition, machine learning and bioinformatics. Since 1 August 2015, she has been the Director of the Indian Statistical Institute, and she would oversee the functioning of all five centres of Indian Statistical Institute located at Kolkata, Bangalore, Delhi, Chennai, and Tezpur besides several other Statistical Quality Control & Operation Research Units spread across India. She is the first woman Director of the Indian Statistical Institute. Currently she is on the Prime Ministers' Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council. In 2022 she was given the Padma Shri award for Science and Engineering by the Government of India.
Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay obtained a bachelor of science in physics from Presidency College, Kolkata before obtaining another bachelor's degree (of technology) in Computer Science in 1992 from Rajabazar Science College Campus of University of Calcutta. She then obtained a master's degree in computer science from the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur before pursuing a Ph. D. at the Indian Statistical Institute, obtaining it in 1998.
Bikas Chakrabarti

Bikas Kanta Chakrabarti (born 14 December 1952 in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) is an Indian physicist. At present he is INSA Scientist (Physics) at the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics & Visiting Professor (Economics) at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
Chakrabarti received his Ph.D. degree from Calcutta University in 1979. Following post-doctoral work at the University of Oxford and the University of Cologne, he joined the faculty of Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP) in 1983. He is S. S. Bhatnagar Prize awardee (1997) and former J. C. Bose National Fellow (2011-2020). He is a former director of SINP. At present he is INSA Scientist at SINP (2021-) and also Honorary Visiting Professor of economics (2007-) at the Indian Statistical Institute. Emeritus Professor of SINP and of S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. Much of Chakrabarti's research has centered around statistical condensed matter physics (including Quantum annealing; see also Timeline of quantum computing) and applications to social sciences (see e.g., Econophysics).
Quantum Annealing (QA):
Econophysics:
Miscellaneous:
B. V. Rajarama Bhat

B. V. Rajarama Bhat is an Indian mathematician specialising in operator theory. He is a Professor of Mathematics in Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore.
Professor Bhat obtained his MSc and PhD degrees from the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.
He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in 2007, the highest science award in India, in the mathematical sciences category.
B. V. Rajarama Bhat at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Arup Bose

Arup Bose (born 1 April 1959) is an Indian statistician. He is a Professor of Theoretical Statistics and Mathematics, in Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata.
Arup Bose obtained his B.Stat, M.Stat and Ph.D (Statistics) degrees from the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata where G. Jogesh Babu was his PhD supervisor. He then joined Purdue University, USA, as an Assistant Professor. After four years at Purdue, he returned to India in 1991 and joined the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata as an Associate Professor and was promoted to full Professorship in 1995. Most notable areas of his research include, sequential analysis, statistical estimation in diffusion processes, the law of large numbers and central limit theorems, resampling methods, censored data problems, M-estimation, U-statistics, time series, asymptotic properties of estimators and so on.
He is a member of Bernoulli Society for Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Netherlands, life member of Calcutta Statistical Association and a life member of Indian Mathematical Society.
He was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in 2004, the highest science award in India, in the mathematical sciences category.
He was an invited speaker in International Congress of Mathematicians 2010, Hyderabad on the topic of "Probability and Statistics."
Nicolae Andruță Ceaușescu

Nicolae Andruță Ceaușescu (n. 1924, Scornicești – d. 14 decembrie 2000, București) a fost un general român de Securitate, comandantul Școlii de ofițeri de la Băneasa. A fost fratele lui Nicolae Ceaușescu.
A fost înaintat la gradul de general-locotenent (cu 2 stele) începând cu data de 30 decembrie 1982.
La data de 18 ianuarie 1990, generalul-locotenent Nicolae Andruță Ceaușescu a fost trecut în rezervă. Ulterior, a fost acuzat de instigare la genocid împotriva manifestanților de la Intercontinental; a fost condamnat la 15 ani de închisoare.
A decedat la vârsta de 76 de ani și a fost înmormântat la Cimitirul Ghencea Militar din București.
Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu

Autobiografia lui Nicolae Ceaușescu este un film documentar cu caracter biografic de Andrei Ujică din 2010, ce narează viața fostului președinte al României și aspecte ale vieții sale de familie, folosind documente de arhivă, unele cunoscute iar altele inedite. Este filmul cu care regizorul încheie trilogia dedicată sfârșitului comunismului în România (Videogramele unei revoluții, Cantitate necunoscută).
Arhivele televiziunii și a Arhivei Națională de Filme, care împreună cu câteva secvențe filmate cu cameră video pentru amatori, au fost folosite pentru film totalizează mii de ore, din care regizorul spune că a vizionat ca. 250. Multe secvențe din film, descris ca o „psihodramă socială grotescă”, sunt fără sunet. Regizorul a lucrat timp de 4 ani la realizarea filmului.
Enigma nopții

Enigma nopții reprezintă cel de-al doilea album al formației t-Short. Înregistrările pentru acesta au fost focute între mai 1997 și mai 1998, lună în care a avut loc și lansarea oficială, sub egida propriei lor case de producție, „Short Music Productions”. Reprezintă primul album al formației care a beneficiat și de varianta pe CD. Carcasele, atât pentru caseta audio cât și pentru CD, au fost din carton, continuând tradiția începută cu un an înainte. Piesa „Spune-mi” a beneficiat de un videoclip, filmat special pentru postul de televiziune Atomic TV, cu ocazia lansării acestuia, iar melodia „Te rog, nu pleca!” a participat la Festivalul de la Mamaia, ediția 1998.
La acest album, formația t-Short a colaborat cu Daniel Alexandrescu de la K1, cu Drew Klein (care și-a compus versurile pe loc, în timpul înregistrărilor) și cu formația 3rei Sud Est.
Piesa „Iubește-mă!” a apărut și pe compilația „Romanian Dance Revolution”, în noiembrie 1997.
— apărut doar pe CD
Emilian Dobrescu

Emilian Dobrescu (n. 22 mai 1933, București, România) este un economist, membru titular (1990) al Academiei Române. În perioada 8 ianuarie 1979 - 30 martie 1979 a fost ministrul secretar de stat, consilier al președintelui Republicii Socialiste România. Emilian Dobrescu a fost membru al Partidului Comunist Român și deputat în Marea Adunare Națională în sesiunile din perioada 1975–1989. Emilian Dobrescu a fost membru de partid din 1956.
Emilian Dobrescu este specialist în compunerea de studii de șah. A văzut problemele de șah ca o aplicare a principiului lui Pareto (Chess Study as a Multi-Criteria System, EG No.123, Vol. VIII, London 1997). Emilian Dobrescu este primul român care a primit (1989) de la FIDE titlul de mare maestru internațional pentru compunerea de studii de șah după ce, în 1980, primise titlul de mare maestru.
Listă de cărți despre Revoluția Română din 1989

Această pagină cuprinde o listă de cărți despre Revoluția Română din 1989. Pentru ca o carte să fie inclusă în această listă este nevoie ca cel puțin un capitol al cărții să se refere la Revoluția Română din 1989. Cărțile care au doar referiri scurte la Revoluția din 1989 sau lucrările generale despre istoria României (unde doar 1-2 pagini sunt consacrate revoluției) nu sunt incluse în această listă.
Stelian Tănase,"Miracolol revolutiei"
Partidul Noua Generație-Creștin Democrat

Partidul Noua Generație-Creștin Democrat (fost Partidul Noua Generație, prescurtat PNG-CD) a fost un partid politic de dreapta, creștin, naționalist, european, din familia europeană a partidelor populare, creștin-democrate, conservatoare. În centrul doctrinei sale se află concepția creștină despre om, valorile și principiile creștin-democrației europene (libertatea, responsabilitatea, egalitatea, dreptatea, solidaritatea, subsidiaritatea, securitatea socială, dezvoltarea durabilă). Conform doctrinei, obiectivul strategic al PNG-CD este renașterea morală, spirituală și creștină a națiunii române.
Partidul Noua Generație a fost înființat la 20 martie 1999 de către un grup de 17 tineri licențiați în științe politice și juridice, al căror demers a vizat crearea unui partid care să reprezinte interesele tinerei generații. Partidul era condus la acel moment de fostul țărănist Viorel Lis. Ca însemn electoral, partidul avea o inimă. Lis a renunțat la partid în noiembrie 2000. De două ori în istoria sa partidul lui Lis a apelat la metoda anunțului la mica publicitate pentru a căuta candidați la alegerile locale, și în 2000 și în 2003. La 10 ianuarie 2004, președinția partidului a fost preluată de la Ioan Olteanu de George Becali, finanțator al clubului de fotbal FC Steaua București. Începând din aprilie 2006, formațiunea condusă de George Becali și-a schimbat denumirea în Partidul Noua Generație-Creștin Democrat.
Dacă la alegerile legislative din 2004, scorul electoral a fost de 2,4%, doi ani și jumătate, la alegerile parlamentare din 30 noiembrie 2008, partidul a obținut 2,27% din voturile exprimate pentru membrii Camerei Deputaților și 2,53% din voturile exprimate pentru membrii Senatului.
Calea ferată forestieră Roznov–Tazlău

Calea ferată forestieră Roznov–Tazlău a fost o cale ferată forestieră cu ecartament îngust (CFF) ce lega localitățile Roznov și Tazlău, alimentând fabrica de procesare a lemnului din Roznov. Din calea ferată principală se desprindeau două derivații, una pe valea Tazlăului Mare, spre Geamăna și una pe valea Calului.
După ce în anii 1970 datorită problemelor de mentenanță asociate cu terenul deluros din preajma Roznovului, tronsonul Roznov–Tazlău a fost închis, în anul 1995 au fost închise și cele două tronsoane rămase, linia fiind dezafectată.
În anul 1899 pădurea din Tazlău a fost luată pentru exploatare în arendă, iar în 1909 s-a construit pe plan local o fabrică de cherestea. Tracțiunea lemnului prin pădure se făcea cu boii, iar transportul lemnului la gara Rozonov se făcea cu căruțele cu cai. În timp, tot pe plan local s-a făcut o cale ferată forestieră pe care circula o ”mașină”, care tracta vagoanele la pădure pentru a fi umplute cu bușteni.
Pe măsură ce industri lemnului s-a dezvoltat, în anii 1950 în Roznov a fost construită o fabrică de procesare a lemnului, unde se aflau gatere. Pentru transportul lemnului tăiat în munți, s-a construit o rețea feroviară forestieră în jurul orașului.
Astfel, după 1945 a fost dată în folosință sectorul de cale ferată forestieră Roznov–valea Calu, tronsonul Roznov–Tazlău via Borlești (construit după 1948 și finalizat în 1952), fiind ulterior extins spre Geamăna. De asemenea, a fost dată în folosință o derivație care lega Tazlăul cu Frumoasa.
Sistemul de cale forestieră apărut în zonă, avea conexiune la rețeaua CFR la capătul său din aval (Roznov).
În condițiile regimului politic existent, la construcția căilor ferate forestiere din acele timpuri, s-a folosit pe scară largă munca patriotică.
În anii 1970 tronsonul Roznov–Borlești–Tazlău a fost închis, datorită problemelor de mentenanță asociate cu terenul deluros din preajma Roznovului. Au fost menținute în funcțiune numai porțiunile de pe valea Calu și cea de la Tazlău (aceasta din urmă conectată fiind, la sistemul rutier).
Resturi scurte și trunchiate de cale ferată a căror dezvoltare a continuat spre pădure au început astfel să deservească unități mici de procesare și puncte de schimb, cum s-a întâmplat și cu calea ferată forestieră de la Tazlău (materialul lemnos fiind transportat apoi pe șosea către fabrica de la Roznov), sau cu căile ferate forestiere de la Oituz, Covasna, de la Râșca, Suceava și de la Scutaru, Bacău. Astfel:
Calea ferată de la Tazlău a fost închisă în 1995 și dezafectată ulterior.
Locomotiva fabricată la Reghin în 1986 de aici, a ajuns la Stainz, unde deservește activitatea turistică din zonă.
Radu Băldescu

Radu Băldescu (n. 16 octombrie 1888, comuna Mihăileștii de Sus, județul Olt – d. 2 decembrie 1953, Jilava) a fost un politician și general român care a luptat alături de trupele naziste germane.
A absolvit Școala de Ofițeri de infanterie în 1911. A fost înaintat la gradul de colonel la 16 octombrie 1935 și la gradul de general de brigadă la 10 mai 1941.
A fost comandantul Diviziei 18 Infanterie. și apoi al Corpului 6 Armată. A fost fiu și frate de preot. În casa tatălui său se pare (și necesită cercetare) că au fost cantonați ofițeri de rang înalt germani în toamna anului 1916, de la care (preotul cunoștea limba germană) s-au aflat informații utile care au fost transmise spre trupele românești, aflate în retragere. A fost un dușman pe față al comuniștilor, chiar înfruntându-i și ironizându-i pe cei din armată fără nici o teamă.
Generalul de divizie Radu Băldescu a fost trecut în cadrul disponibil la 9 august 1946, în baza legii nr. 433 din 1946, și apoi, din oficiu, în poziția de rezervă la 9 august 1947.
Nu a fost niciodată judecat, dar a fost anchetat în 1948 și în 1950-51, când a fost degradat. A fost arestat de Securitate pe data de 9 iunie 1951. Se pare că a decedat la Jilava pe data de 2 decembrie 1953, când era anchetat de Securitate.
Cristian Troncotă

Cristian Troncotă (n. 12 ianuarie 1954, București) este istoric și scriitor român, fost decan la Facultatea de Informații din cadrul Academiei Naționale de Informații iar in prezent este profesor universitar titular la Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu.
Cristian Troncotă s-a născut la data de 12 ianuarie 1954, în municipiul București. În tinerețe a jucat fotbal la echipele de pitici și juniori ai Rapidului. A absolvit cursurile Facultății de Istorie - Filosofie din cadrul Universității București (1980). Intre 1984-1989 a fost ofiter (locotenent major) de securitate, cercetator in Compartimentul Arhiva, iar între 1990-1994, în cadrul Arhivei Serviciului Român de Informații.
A obținut în anul 1997 titlul științific de doctor în istorie militară la Academia de Înalte Studii Militare din București, cu teza Rolul Serviciului Special de Informații în fundamentarea politicii si artei militare românesti în perioada 1937-1945, elaborată sub coordonarea științifică a generalului de brigadă (r) prof. univ. dr. Nicolae Ciobanu.
A lucrat apoi ca lector (1994-1999), conferențiar (1999-2001) și profesor universitar (din 2001-2009) la Academia Națională de Informații, care pregătește ofițerii SRI. A predat cursurile de Știință militară informații și Istoria serviciilor de informații.
A fost secretar științific al Senatului Academiei Naționale de Informații (1997-2003) și apoi decan al Facultății de Informații din cadrul ANI (2003-2008). Din anul 2007 este conducător de doctorat în Știință militară informații si securitate nationala la Academia Națională de Informații si decan al Scolii Doctorale (2008-2009).ÎIn anul 2009 este trecut in rezerva cu gradul de general de brigadă și în retragere din 2019. Începând cu 1 octombrie 2013 a fost profesor universitar titular la Facultatea de Științe Socio-Umane a Universității „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu și din 2019 profesor cu contract la plata cu ora la aceeași universitate sibiană. Predă cursuri pe teme legate de istoria serviciilor de informații și studiile de securitate.
Cristian Troncotă este membru în comitetul de conducere și coordonare a activității Comisiei române pentru studiul celui de-al doilea război mondial (1995-2000), membru al Comisiei Române de Istorie Militară (din 1999), membru al Societății de Științe Istorice din România (din 2001).
Ioan Mircea Pașcu

Ioan Mircea Pașcu, (n. 17 februarie 1949, Satu Mare) este om politic român, membru al Partidului Social Democrat, vicepreședinte al Parlamentului European, profesor titular al cursurilor Mari teme ale politicii mondiale, Politica externă a României, Relațiile Externe ale Uniunii Europene ținute la Departamentul de Relații Internaționale și Integrare Europeană din SNSPA.
Căsătorit, tată a trei fete, Pașcu este unul din fondatorii Școlii Naționale de Studii Politice și Administrative, al cărei Departament de Relații Internaționale l-a condus între anii 1990 și 1996.
În 2002 președintele Ion Iliescu i-a conferit Ordinul Național „Steaua României” în grad de cavaler.
Pozițiile cheie din care a contribuit decisiv la succesul procesului de reformă instituțională necesar integrării României în structurile Euro-Atlantice îl recomandă drept una din vocile cele mai autorizate în domeniul politicii externe, de securitate și apărare din România.
Absolvent, în anul 1971, al Academiei de Studii Economice, Facultatea de Comerț Exterior, obține în 1980 titlul de Doctor al Institutului de Studii Politice.
Ioan Mircea Pașcu a fost trimis la Moscova, în 7 februarie 1991, de către președintele Ion Iliescu, pentru a negocia „o reînnoire rapidă a sistemului tratatelor dintre URSS și țările Europei Răsăritene”. Tratatul de cooperare cu URSS nu a mai fost ratificat de Parlamentul României.
Interviuri
Răscoala dacilor din anul morții lui Trăian

Răscoala dacilor în anul morții lui Traian a fost un eveniment semnificativ în istoria Daciei antice, având loc în anul 117 d.Hr. în timpul domniei împăratului roman Traian. Evenimentul a marcat o revoltă majoră a populației locale, cunoscută sub numele de dacii liberi, împotriva stăpânirii romane.
Context istoric
În anul 106 d.Hr., împăratul Traian a finalizat cucerirea Daciei, aducând regiunea sub controlul direct al Imperiului Roman. După această campanie militară, o parte semnificativă din populația dacă a fost supusă stăpânirii romane, fiind organizată administrativ într-o nouă provincie romană, Dacia.
În anii următori, administrația romană a impus politici de romanizare și de supunere a populației autohtone. Aceste politici au inclus construcția de orașe, drumuri și fortificații romane, precum și introducerea culturii și religiei romane în regiune.
Răscoala din 117 d.Hr.
Revoltă a avut loc în anul 117 d.Hr., anul morții împăratului Traian. Diverse surse antice menționează că principalele motive ale răscoalei au fost nemulțumirile legate de impozitele mari impuse de administrația romană, tratamentul nedrept aplicat de autorități și restricțiile culturale și religioase impuse de romani.
Desfășurarea răscoalei
Revoltă a fost condusă de lideri locali și a implicat atacuri asupra orașelor și fortificațiilor romane din Dacia. Luptele au fost intensificate, iar autoritățile romane au reușit să reprime răscoala în următorii ani sub domnia succesorului lui Traian, împăratul Hadrian.
Consecințe
Răscoala dacilor în anul morții lui Traian a avut consecințe semnificative pentru administrația romană în Dacia. A condus la o intensificare a măsurilor de securitate și control asupra provinciei și la o accentuare a politicii de romanizare. De asemenea, a arătat vulnerabilitatea imperiului roman în fața rezistenței locale și a sporit tensiunile între populația autohtonă și autoritățile romane.
Sofia a Prusiei

Prințesa Sofia a Prusiei (Sophie Dorothea Ulrike Alice; 14 iunie 1870 – 13 ianuarie 1932), a fost soția regelui Constantin I al Greciei.
Sofia s-a născut la Potsdam, Prusia în 1870. Tatăl ei era Prințul moștenitor Frederic al Prusiei iar mama Prințesa Victoria a Regatului Unit, primul copil al reginei Victoria. În copilărie, familia i-a spus "Sossy". Sofia a fost sora lui Wilhelm al II-lea al Germaniei, bunica paternă a reginei Sofia a Spaniei și a lui Constantin al II-lea al Greciei.
La 27 octombrie 1889 Sofia s-a căsătorit cu prințul moștenitor (mai târziu rege) Constantin al Greciei la Atena, Grecia. Ei erau verișori de gradul trei prin Paul I al Rusiei. În 1890 când Sofia a anunțat intenția ei de a renunța la luteranism pentru ortodoxism, soția fratelui ei Wilhelm al II-lea, Dona i-a spus că dacă va face acest lucru, nu numai că Wilhelm în calitate de șef al bisericii protestante prusace găsește acest lucru inacceptabil dar va fi interzisă în Germania iar sufletul ei va ajunge în iad.
Sofia și Constantin au avut șase copii:
Sofia a părăsit Grecia la 11 iunie 1917 împreună cu soțul ei (care a abdicat din cauza sentimentelor sale pro-germane) și au plecat în exil în Elveția însă au fost rechemați să preia tronul Greciei la scurt timp după moartea celui de-al doilea fiu al lor, Alexandru, care a murit de infecție provocată de o mușcătură de maimuță. Soțul ei a fost nevoit să abdice a doua oară după înfrângerea în războiul cu Turcia din 1922 și a murit la începutul anului următor.
În timpul Primului Război Mondial regina Sofia era văzută în Grecia ca o persoană cu vederi pro-germane puternice deoarece fratele ei era kaiserul Wilhelm al II-lea al Germaniei însă, ca și mama ei, Sofia avea profunde sentimente pro-britanice. În ultimii ani ai vieții sale, regina Sofia a fost diagnosticată cu cancer și a murit la Frankfurt, Germania, în 1932.
Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale

Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale (în engleză Congressional Space Medal of Honor) a fost autorizată de Congresul SUA în 1969 pentru a evidenția "orice astronaut care, în exercitarea atribuțiilor sale, s-a remarcat prin merite excepționale și prin contribuții la bunăstarea națiunii și a omenirii". Ea este cea mai mare decorație acordată de NASA, fiind decernată de președintele SUA în numele Congresului la recomandările administratorului National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Această medalie este o decorație diferită de Medalia de Onoare a Congresului, care este o decorație militară pentru vitejie deosebită și cavalerism în luptă.
Deși Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale este o decorație civilă a guvernului Statelor Unite, ea este autorizată ca o decorație militară pentru a fi purtată pe uniformele militare americane ca urmare a prestigiului decorației. În astfel de cazuri, Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale este purtată ca o baretă după toate decorațiile Forțelor Armate ale SUA.
Pentru a fi decorat cu Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale, un astronaut trebuie să realizeze fapte extraordinare în timp ce participă la un zbor spațial sub autoritatea NASA. De obicei, Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale este acordată pentru descoperiri științifice sau acțiuni cu beneficii extraordinare pentru omenire. Decorația poate fi, de asemenea, acordată pentru vitejie extremă în timpul unei situații de urgență în spațiu sau pentru prevenirea unui dezastru spațial major. Medalia de Onoare a Congresului pentru activități spațiale poate fi, de asemenea, acordată post-mortem acelor astronauți care au murit în timpul unei misiuni spațiale americane; și până în 2004, toți cei 17 astronauți uciși în misiuni americane au primit medalia.
Pană în 2014, 28 de astronauți au fost decorați cu această medalie. Șaptesprezece au fost decorați post-mortem: 14 au murit în dezastrul navetei spațiale Challenger (1986) sau în dezastrul navetei spațiale Columbia (2003), iar alți trei au murit în incendiul astronavei Apollo 1 (1967). Un asterisc indică o decorație acordată post-mortem.