davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Lohar (caste)

Lohar is considered to be a caste among Hindus and a clan among Muslims and Sikhs, found in Pakistan, Nepal and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Jharkhand. They form traditionally artisanal castes. Writers of the Raj period often used the term Lohar as a synonym for blacksmith, although there are other traditional smiting communities, such as the Ramgarhia and Sikligar, and numerous non-traditional communities, including the Kayastha, Rajput and Brahmin.
Lohars are one of the most widespread communities in Uttar Pradesh. They are divided along religious lines, with Hindu Lohars known as Vishwakarma, Sharma, Panchal and Karmakar or Kar. Hindu Lohars are further divided into a number of exogamous groupings, the main ones being the Kanaujiya, Purbia, Bahai, Moulia and Magajia.
Most Lohars are still engaged in their traditional occupation of metal fabrication, although the majority of those in western Uttar Pradesh are cultivators. The assimilated Lohar speak Hindi and its various dialects such as Awadhi; other speak the Ho language.
In Bihar, Lohar caste comes under Other Backward Class (OBC) and has been categorized in sub-category of OBC called Extremely Backward Castes (EBC). As per a ruling by Supreme Court of India, Lohar or Lohara community is not the same as ‘Lohra or Lohara’, which belongs to the Schedule Tribe (ST) category in several districts. Citing this difference, Supreme Court quashed a Bihar Government's resolution of including Lohars in ST category. After this verdict, they were subsequently reverted to EBC status.
Lohars in Jharkhand are locally known as Lohar. They speak regional language such as Hindi. They are classified as OBC in Jharkhand.
In Punjab (of Pakistan and India), Lohars are considered synonymous with the Tarkhan (carpenter) caste, often collectively called Lohar-Tarkhans. Muslim Punjabi Lohars in Pakistan generally take the Mughal surname, whereas Sikh and Hindu Punjabi Lohars in India take the name Ramgarhia.
Muslim Lohar are divided in two castes Multani Lohar and Deshwal Lohar.
Multani Lohar, Muslim blacksmith community originally from Multan and widely spread all over the World. Mostly found in the state of Gujarat and Western Uttar Pradesh in India.
Deshwal Lohar, or sometimes pronounced Muslim Barhai are Muslim community, found in North India. They are also known as Saifi. which denotes the Muslim sub-caste of blacksmiths and carpenters. A small number are also found in the Terai region of Nepal.
Imad

Imad (also transliterated as Emad, Imed and Aimad Arabic: عماد) is an Arabic masculine given name and surname and means "support" or "pillar".
The Imad family is named for al-Amadiyyah, near Mosul in northern Iraq and, like the Jumblatt family, is thought to be of Kurdish origin.
Some unconfirmed sources allege that the roots of Family Imad ancestors are associated with those of Imad ad-Din Zengi (1087; † 1146), who was in turn the Atabeg of Mosul from 1127 to his death in 1146.
Imad as a family name also indicates descent from the originally Druze feudal family Al-Imad in the Chouf region of Mount Lebanon.
Smoking in Pakistan

Tobacco smoking in Pakistan is legal, but under certain circumstances is banned. If calculated on per day basis, 177 million cigarettes per day were consumed in FY-14. According to the Pakistan Demographic Health Survey, 46 per cent men and 5.7 per cent women smoke tobacco. The habit is mostly found in the youth of Pakistan and in farmers, and is thought to be responsible for various health problems and deaths in the country. Pakistan has the highest consumption of tobacco in South Asia.
Pakistanis spent Rs. 250 billion on over 64 billion cigarettes in the financial year FY14, disclosed a State Bank report recently issued. The State Bank's Statistical Bulletin reports that Pakistanis smoked 64.48bn cigarettes in the year FY-14. The average price of cigarette is considered Rs5 (conservative estimate) and the total price of 64.48bn cigarettes comes to an estimated Rs258bn. The most popular brand Gold Leaf is available at Rs 500 per pack of 20 cigarettes or Rs 30 per cigarette. The minimum price of cigarettes available in the market is Rs 50 per pack of 20 cigarettes or Rs1.25 per cigarette. Costly imported cigarettes are also available in the market which can go up to Rs 600 plus per pack. The main 3 companies took major part in tobacco industry. There are a number of smuggled cigarettes which find their way from Afghanistan whose landing port is in Karachi, Pakistan.As of 2022 the price of cigerratte is around pkr 6 per cigarette.
Lung cancer in Pakistan is caused directly by tobacco in 90% of cases. It claims lives of 100,000 people every year.
According to the study conducted by Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) on national treasury versus public health (2018–19), it was learned that there are above 23.9 million tobacco users in the country, out of which 125000 are dying every year because of tobacco inducted diseases. and tobacco usage is still increasing day by day and mostly are children.
A high amount of the youth in Karachi is addicted to tobacco smoking. It has become fashion for students to smoke Hookah in Hookah lounges. Recently, In the year 2019, Hookah was banned all over Pakistan and Hookah lounge were closed down by the authorities.
Smoking alternatives such as vape products were introduced in Pakistan in 2013, and have since then grown to a niche market with many local brands opening shops across the country. However, teenagers in Pakistan have a negative attitude towards the usage of e-cigarettes. A fairly recent introduction to smoking alternatives in Pakistan is Nicotine Pouches. Launched by the Pakistan Tobacco Company (PTC), a part of British American Tobacco (BAT), Velo Nicotine Pouches are tobacco free and delivered nicotine through oral absorption that does not involve any combustion. Electrical cigarettes or vapes have been also introduced and sold as anti-smoking campaign by the company Buzz On Club owned by renowned Pakistani social media stars
Mayapuri

Mayapuri is an industrial locality in the West Delhi district of Delhi, India. It used to be a major hub of heavy metal and small-scale industries, but following government sanctions, most of the heavy metal industries moved out. The place is now a combination of light metal factories, scrap markets, and automobile service stations. In 2010, a major radiation accident took place in the scrap yards of Mayapuri.
There are some famous landmarks in the area like the Food Corporation of India, Metal Forging and Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital. The area is connected with Delhi Metro by Mayapuri station. Mayapuri is also one of the major bus terminals for the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC).
In early April 2010, Mayapuri was affected by a serious radiological accident. An AECL Gammacell 220 research irradiator owned by Delhi University since 1968, but unused since 1985, was negligently sold at an auction to a scrap metal dealer in Mayapuri on 26 February 2010. The orphan source arrived at the scrap yard in Mayapuri during March, where it was dismantled by workers unaware of the hazardous nature of the device. The cobalt-60 source was cut into eleven pieces. The smallest of the fragments was taken by Ajay Jain, one of the dealers, who kept it in his wallet; two fragments were moved to a nearby shop; and the remaining eight remained in the scrap yard. Eight people were hospitalized in All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi for radiation injuries, where one later died due to multi-organ failure. Police cordoned off the market and all ten Co sources were recovered by Atomic Energy Regulatory Board in mid-April and transported to Narora Atomic Power Station, where it was claimed that all radioactive material originally contained within the device was accounted for. The material remains in the custody of the Department of Atomic Energy.
The event was rated level 4 out of 7 on the International Nuclear Events Scale. After the incident, AERB organized many awareness drives for Mayapuri scrap dealers broadly on the safety, legal and regulatory aspects while handling and disposal of radioactive materials. A year later, Delhi Police charged six Delhi University chemistry professors for negligent disposal of the radioactive device.
One of the main businesses in Mayapuri is the recycling of metal scraps and sale of salvage vehicle parts. It is, arguably, the biggest market for used automotive and industrial spare parts in India. Many traders from all over India come here to sell or purchase old auto parts. Many small workshops specialised in different metals are active in the Mayapuri area. The safety of the scrap yards became a concern after the radiological accident which occurred in April 2010. The area is not equipped with radiation detectors or portals, despite being standard equipment in scrap yards and recycling facilities in the US and most European countries. The presence of toxic heavy metals and harmful chemicals in the waste generated by these activities threaten the health of several thousands of people living in the area.
Mayapuri is home to the following key landmarks:
Talisman The Adventure

Talisman The Adventure is a 1986 expansion to the Talisman board game, both produced by Games Workshop. The Adventure, which requires the original Second Edition board game, is incompatible with and has no counterpart for the Third Edition, and like Talisman, is currently out of print.
This expansion includes
In the original game, the character who reached the Crown of Command first was the winner. In this supplement, when the player reaches the inner sanctum, the player draws an alternate ending card and encounters one of the following:
If drawing one of the above does not result in the end of the game, the card that was drawn is replaced with a new random ending.
Games Workshop published Talisman in 1983, and followed up with several supplements, including Talisman The Adventure, which was designed by Edward Campbell, Charles Johnson, Alan Merrett, and Aly Morrison, with interior art by Aly Morrison, and cover art by Christos Achilleos.
The supplement comes with small cards illustrating each character, which are then mounted in plastic bases to provide each player with a character token to move around the board. Games Workshop, through its subsidiary Citadel Miniatures, also offered metal miniatures of the characters for sale.
Robert Neville reviewed Talisman The Adventure for White Dwarf #83, and stated that "This is just the thing for those irritatingly smug people who always win at Talisman – just watch their joy turn to misery as their beloved hero disappears down into the darkness. All in all, Talisman The Adventure is a fun package, and will do much to refresh the parts of Talisman that other expansion sets can't reach."
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Pakistan

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
Pakistan ratified the convention on 7 October 2005.
Metal–insulator–metal

Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) diode is a type of nonlinear device very similar to a semiconductor diode and capable of very fast operation. Depending on the geometry and the material used for fabrication, the operation mechanisms are governed either by quantum tunnelling or thermal activation.
In 1948, Torrey et al. stated that "It should be possible to make metal–insulator–metal rectifiers with much smaller spreading resistances than metal–semiconductor rectifiers have, consequently giving greater rectification efficiency at high frequencies." But due to fabrication difficulties, two decades passed before the first device could be successfully created. Some of the first MIM diodes to be fabricated came from Bell Labs in the late 1960s and early 1970s Brinkman et al. demonstrated the first zero-bias MIM tunneling diode with significant responsivity. When they are using tunneling transport, the MIM diode can be very fast. As soon as 1974, this diode was reportedly used as a mixer at 88 THz in a setup of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Thanks to recent researches the zero-bias responsivity of the MIM diode (15 A/W) is now very close to the one of Schottky diode (19.4 A/W).
Today MIM diode is the cornerstone of the ongoing nantenna developments. They are also used as thin-film diode by the flat-panel display manufacturers.
In contrast to MIM diodes, metal–insulator–insulator–metal (MIIM) diodes have two insulator layers.
Kancil

Chevrotains, utawa kancil (Basa Inggris:mouse deer), iku sawijining kéwan ungulata cilik anggota kulawarga Tragulidae, lan siji-sijiné anggota sub kulawarga Tragulina. Kéwan iki kalebu jinis kéwan solitèr utawa urip karo pasangané, lan pakané saka tetuwuhan. Ana sepuluh jinis spésies:
Ana 6 genera chevrotains sing wis cures, kalebu:
The Hypertragulidae were closely related to the Tragulidae.
Cithakan:Artiodactyla
Wayang kancil

Wayang kancil iku kalebu wayang modern kang diciptaaké ing taun 1925 déning Bo Liem. Wayang iki migunakaké carita-carita kéwan. Wayangé digawé saka kulit, lan pisanané ditatah déning Lie Too Hien kang cacahé kurang luwih 100 paraga. Paraga kang kondhang yaiku Si Kancil kang pinter. Lakon kang kondhang yaiku Kancil Nyolong Timun.
Lakoné dijupuk saka Serat Kancil Kridhamartana anggitané Radèn Panji Natarata. Wayang iki banjur diterusaké lan disampurnaaké déning Radèn Mas Sayid ing taun 1943. Gandhèng wayang iki lumrahé ditonton bocah cilik, pagelarané mung udakara 1-3 jam ing wayah awan, soré, utawa wiwitan wengi sadurungé bocah cilik padha turu.
Serat Kancil Kridhamartana kang dadi sumbering lakon wayang kancil kang digawé déning Ki Ledjar Subroto ditegesi manèh miturut kabutuhan jaman. Paraga kancil ditafsiraké manèh kanthi luwih jembar satemah kancil dadi patuladhan kanggo bocah-bocah. Ana ing carita “Kancil”, diwedharaké yen Kancil kuwi kéwan kang pinter; Nanging, kapinteran kancil kanggo ngluwaraké awaké saka ancaman kéwan liya luwih mèmper karo ngapusi utawa mblithuki. Ing crita Kancil Nyolong Timun, Ki Ledjar Subroto nyoba mènèhi pamrayoga yèn Kancil dudu paraga kang nyolong lan cidra. Kancil nyolong amarga alas dirusak déning manungsa, mula kancil kudu nyolong timun kanggo urip. Andharan kasebut nuduhaké bilih paraga Kancil kuwi dudu paraga ingkang duwé watak ala. Pamrayoga iki uga mènèhi panggulawenthahan babagan rusaking lingkungan. Kancil nyolong amarga kagiyatan manungsa kang ngrusak alas. Saliyané iku, carita kasebut uga ngandharaké sikepé warga kang menging nyembelèh kancil. Warga milih nganakake rembugan kanggo ngrampungaké perkara. Kaputusane warga uga nuduhaké yèn nalika ngrampungaké perkara, dhèwèké ngutamakaké pikiran kanthi cara rembugan. Pamrayoga Ki Ledjar Subroto ngenani carita kancil nyolong timun mènèhi wawasan kang nengenake pitutur luhur.
Ki Ledjar Subroto lair surya kaping 20 Mei 1938 ing desa Sapuran, Kawedanan Wanasaba, Jawa Tengah. Ki Ledjar Subroto lair kanthi jejuluk Djariman. Ing taun 1970 Ki Ledjar Subroto lan kulawargané manggon ing Ngayogyakarta. Dhèwèké ngrembakakaké kupiya nyunggung wayang kulit purwa, gaya Surakarta, ing Yogyakarta. Ki Ledjar Subroto uga tau krungu lan maca yèn ing Tanah Jawa wis ana pagelaran wayang kancil. Saka kéné banjur jumedhul gagasan Ki Ledjar Subroto kanggo nggawé Wayang Kancil. Ana warga Walanda jenengé Rien Bartman kang lagi sinau dhalang wayang purwa ing Mangkunegaran, nalika Bartman dolan menyang omahe Ki Ledjar Subroto gaweé wayang purwa, Bartman nonton wayang kancil karya Ki Ledjar Soebroto ing taun 1980-an dhèwèké gawé wayang kancil miturut vèrsiné dhéwé.
Kajawèn

Kajawèn (Jawa: ꦏꦗꦮꦺꦤ꧀) iku kapercayan kang dianut wong Jawa kanthi dhedhasar budaya Jawa. Kaya déné agama kang lumrahé ana, kapercayan iki diugemi ajaran-ajarané. Ana manéka warna aliran kejawèn kang ana. Nanging kang cetha, manawa Kajawèn iku dudu lan ora bisa dipindhaake 'agama', amarga kejawen iku hasile olah-pikir (kaya déné filsafat) wong Jawa, anggoné nganggep, nintingi, mangerteni lan nglakoni jantrane uripé klawan gegandhenganne dadi kawula ing alam lan Gusti Sing Nyiptakne.
Ciri mligi Kajawèn ya iku anané campuran antarané animisme, agama Hindhu, lan Buda. Agama Islam lan Kristen uga katon lumebu ing kéné. Dadi bisa karan yèn kapercayan iki siji wujud sinkretisme.
Sawijining ahli antropologi Amérika Sarékat, Clifford Geertz, naté nulis prakara iki ing buku The Religion of Java. Ing kéné dhèwèké nyebut Kajawèn iku "Agami Jawi".
Sadurungé agama Hindhu-Budhha lumebu ing Jawa, Kajawèn urip dhéwé lan lagi katon lebur nalika akèh pralambang Jawa lumebu ing kitab-kitab kuna.
Sawetara paguyuban kejawèn dumadi kanggo srawung lan tular kawruh ing urusan kebatinan. Ing antarané:
Ndalem Jayadipuran

Ndalem Jayadipuran utawa Ndalem Dipawinatan ya iku wewangunan cagar budaya kang ana ing Dalan Brigjen Katamso No. 139, Kalurahan Keparakan, Kacamatan Mergangsan, Kutha Ngayogyakarta, Provinsi Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta.
Mi mendem

Mie mendem (utawa pad kee Mao , kurang seneng pad ki Mao utawa pad kimao /ˌpæd kiː ˈmaʊ/ ; Thai: ผัดขี้เมา , RTGS: phat khi mao ,[pʰàt kʰîː māw] ; yaiku sajian mi goreng sing digoreng mirip banget karo phat si-io, nanging kanthi rasane rada beda. Ing basa Thai, khi mao tegese tukang mabuk. Biasane digawe nganggo mihub sing amba, kecap, saos iwak, saos tiram, bawang putih, daging, panganan laut, cabai, polong mrica ireng seger lan kemangising ngasilake rasa khas sing khas. " Nasi goreng mabuk " utawa khao phat khi mao minangka panganan sing padha.
Sawetara teori ana ing jeneng sajian iki. Siji negara Asal-usulé saka panggunaan ombenan anggur kanggo nyiyapake sajian iki, nanging alkohol umume ora ditemokake ing resep-resep Thailand kanggo sajian kasebut. Liyane nganggep sing direncanakake dening wong sing mulih mabuk lan nggawe panganan kanggo bahan sing kasedhiya. Variasi tipis liyane nggambarake nggunakake apa sing isih ana ing kulkas kanggo masak olahan kanggo ngombe alkohol.
Katowice

Katowice Pl-Katowice.ogg (pitulung·info) [katɔ'vʲitsɛ], basa Jerman Kattowitz, iku kutha gedhé ing kidulé nagara Polen. Kutha iki kuthapraja Provinsi Śląskie utawa Silesia (województwo śląskie) lan didunungi sakiwa tengené 315.123 wong.
Kutha iki, dumunung mèh 80 km ing sisih lor-kulon saka Kraków ing laladan indhustri Silesia Dhuwur, minangka punjer wewengkon métropolitan Silesia, sing, gumantung saka definisi, nduwèni antara 2,5 nganti 5 yuta jiwa. Ana tambang séla areng lan bijih sing sugih ing laladan iku. Kutha Katowice iki cedhek Kali Kłodnica lan Kali Rawa. Katowice nduwé status kutha wiwit taun 1865.
Antara taun 1954 nganti 1956 kutha Katowice uga diarani Stalinogród. Jeneng Stalinogród iki dianugrahaken saking panguwasa kuminis Polen jaman iku.
Mbiyèn kutha Katowice suwé banget dikuwasani Jerman, iku nganti taun 1918. Ing kutha iku ana papan anggegana ukuran biyasa sing jenengé Muchowiec.
Wangunan-yasan ing kutha iki ya iku kombinasi antara yasan sing nganggo arsitèktur tuwa kaliyan arsitèktur modern.
Katowice ya iku kutha tambang, khususé tambang areng séla lan métalurgi.
http://www.gieksa.pl/ http://www.gieksiarze.pl/
Ernest Townsend

Ernest Townsend (lair ing Derby, Inggris, 1 Januari 1880 – pati ing Derby, Inggris, 22 Januari 1944 ing umur 64 taun) inggih punika satunggaling pelukis potrèt saking Derby, Inggris.
Ernest Townsend ngangsu kawruh wonten ing Sekolah Seni Derby, Heatherleys ing Chelsea lan ing Royal Academy. Ing antawis karyanipun ingkang kawéntar punika potret Winston Churchill nalika taksih dados First Lord of the Admiralty. Lukisan mau sapunika mapan wonten ing National Liberal Club, London. Ernest Townsend ugi dipunparingi tugas kanggé ngrancang empyak (atap) saking pabrik mesin pesawat Rolls-Royce ing Derby supados katingal minangka satunggaling griya padésan manawi dipunpirsani déning pengebom Jerman saking awang-awang.
Ernest Townsend wiyos wonten ing Parliament Street, Derby punika paling enèm saking gangsal sedhèrèk putra saking James Townsend. Bapakipun punika satunggaling coachbuilder (ingkang damel awak kendaraan mawi motor) ing Holmes of Derby (sapunika Sanderson & Holmes). Pakaryan punika pakrayan tigang génerasi ing kulawarga Townsend. Simbah kakung Ernest, William Townsend pindhah dhateng Derby saking Bitton, Gloucestershire ing pungkasan taun 1850-an. Nalika umur 8 taun ingkang ngurus Ernest punika mbakyunipun. Pendidikan wiwitanipun wonten ing Abbey Street School lan nalika umur 14 taun piyambakipun magang ing satunggaling firma arsitek, Wright dan Thorpe (lajeng kawéntar minangka T.H. Thorpe Associates), gladhen ing 23 St James St, Derby. Thomas Harrison Thorpe, kanca yunioripun énggal mangertos kemampuan seni Ernest lan dados kanca raketipun samangké.
Awit saking panjurung kanca-kancanipun, lajeng Ernest Townsend nilaraken arsitèktur lan miwiti program studi ing Sekolah Seni Rupa Heatherly wonten ing London (Heatherly School of Fine Art). Lajeng piyambakipun pindhah kursus 5 taun ing Sekolah Royal Academy. Ernest Townsend mlebet minangka mahasiswa Sekolah Melukis ing Royal Academy dumugi Januari 1907. Ing antawisipun para dosèn ing akademinipun punika John Singer Sargent lan Lawrence Alma-Tadema. Kanca-kancanipun kalebet Aubrey Beardsley, Alfred Munnings, Augustus John, lan Laura Knight. Ernest Townsend mameraken 15 lukisan ing akademi antawisipun taun 1910 dumugi 1937 kados wonten pratélan ing ngandhap. Minangka mahasiswa seni ingkang kurang mampu, Ernest Townsend mapan kaliyan sedhèrèkipun, William Paulson Townsend ingkang sampun dados Guru Besar Desain ing Royal School of Needlework lan kalebet satunggaling panyerat ugi editor saking manéka jurnal seni. Ernest nambah dhananipun kanthi damel karya desain ing majalah-majalah punika mlignipun kanggé Art Worker's Quarterly.
Ing taun 1904 Ernest Townsend pikantuk béasiswa Royal Academy's Landseer kanggé lukisan awak lan taun 1905 pikantuk penghargaan Academy's Creswick kanggé Willows and Weeds, setunggaling lukisan ingkang dipunsumbangaken déning kulawarganipun dhateng Gladri Seni Derby bibar piyambakipun séda.
Pamèran Ernest Townsend ing Royal Academy 1910 - 1937
Teheran

Teheran utawa Tehran (/t[unsupported input]æn, -ˈrɑːn, ˌteɪə-/; Pèrsi: تهران‎‎ Tehrân [tʰehˈɾɒːn] ( rungokaké)), yaiku kutha krajané Iran lan Provinsi Teheran. Kanthi cacah wong 8.400.000 lan cacah 15 yuta ing wewengkon métropolitan kang luwih gedhé ing Teheran Magung. Teheran kuwi kutha kang paling padhet ing Iran lan Asiah pérangan Kulon. Luwih saka setengah indhustri Iran manggon ing kéné. Indhustri mau yaiku prodhuksi mobil, elektronik lan piranti elektrik, gegaman, tekstil, gula, semen lan prodhuk kimia. Teheran uga pusat pangadolan karpet lan mebel misuwur. Sawijining kilang lenga ana cerak Teheran.
Teheran iku kutha kang sarat karo kauripan kang ana ing sikil pagunungan Alborz kanthi jaringan dalan tol kang ora ana tandhingané ing Asia Kulon. Teheran uga wujud hub jaringan sepur Iran. Akèh musiyum gedhé, pusat seni, komplèks pura kang ana ing Teheran. Komunitas masarakat wujud kaum Pèrsi, Azeris, Armenia, Yahudi lan Afghan. Papan ngibadah wujud masjid, gréja lan sinagoga.
Hokuriku Shinkansen

Hokuriku Shinkansen (北陸新幹線, Hokuriku Shinkansen) yaiku jalur sepur Shinkansen kacepetan dhuwur sing dioperasikake bebarengan dening East Japan Railway Company (JR East) lan West Japan Railway Company (JR West), nyambungake Tokyo karo Kanazawa ing wilayah Hokuriku Jepang. Bagean kapisan, antarane Takasaki lan Nagano ing Prefektur Nagano, dibukak tanggal 1 Oktober 1997, asline diarani Nagano Shinkansen (長野新幹線, Nagano Shinkansen) (Takasaki disambungake menyang Tokyo dening Jōetsu Shinkansen). Tanggal 14 Maret 2015, didawake menyang Toyama ing Préfektur Toyama lan Kanazawa ing Préfektur Ishikawa. Konstruksi bagean luwih lanjut menyang Fukui lan Tsuruga ing Prefektur Fukui diwiwiti ing taun 2012, kanthi jadwal dibukak ing mangsa semi 2024. Rute bagean pungkasan menyang Shin-Osaka diputusake tanggal 20 Desember 2016 minangka rute Osaka–Kyoto, kanthi konstruksi samesthine diwiwiti ing 2030 lan njupuk wektu 15 taun.
Wiwit Maret 2015, layanan ing jalur kasebut dipérang dadi papat jinis, kanthi jeneng sepur kaya ing ngisor iki. Sepur lumaku liwat jalur Joetsu lan Tohoku Shinkansen antarane Tokyo lan Takasaki.
Legenda:
Jaran

Jaran (basa krama: kapal; Latin: Equus caballus utawa Equus ferus caballus) iku salah siji saka sepuluh spésies modhèren mamalia saka génus Equus. kéwan iki wis suwé wujud salah siji kéwan ternak sing wigati kanthi ékonomis, lan wis nyekel peran wigati ing pangangkutan wong lan barang suwéné èwonan taun. Jaran bisa ditunggangi déning manungsa kanthi migunakaké sèdhel lan bisa uga kanggo narik, kaya ta kréta, utawa luku. Ing sapérangan laladan, jaran uga digunakaké minangka sumber panganan. Sanajan paternakan jaran diprakirakaké wis diwiwiti taun 4500 SM, bukti-bukti panggunaan jaran kanggo kaperluan manungsa gèk tinemu dumadi wiwit taun 2000 SM.
Jaran sing entheng, contoné jaran Arab, Morgan, Quarter Horse, Paint, lan Thoroughbred boboté bisa tekan watara 590 kg. Jaran sing "abot" utawa jaran beban, contoné Clydesdale, Draft, Percheron, lan Shire boboté bisa nganti 907 kg.
Jaran ana ing siklus kéwan 12 taun sing muncul ing Zodiak Tionghoa sing ana kaitané karo Kalèndher Tionghoa. Miturut carita rakyat Tionghoa, saben kéwan dihubungaké karo ciri-ciri pribaden tinamtu, lan wong-wong sing lair ing taun jaran duwé sipat: cerdas, swatantra lan duwé jiwa mardika. Pirsanana: Jaran (shio)
Beksan Jaran Képang

Beksan Jaran Képang ugi dipunsebut jaran dhor utawi jathilan inggih punika jogèd tradhisional Jawa ingkang nampilaken sekelompok prajurit nalika nunggang turangga. Jogèd punika migunakaken kapal ingkang kadamel saking pring ingkang dipunanyam lan dikethok kados wujud jaran. Anyaman jaran punika lajeng dipunhias kanthi cat lan kain ingkang manéka warni. Jogèd jaran lumping limrahipun namung nampilaken adegan prajurit kanthi jaran, nanging wonten ing pinten-pinten wewengkon nyuguhaken atraksi kesurupan, kekebalan, lan kekiyatan magis, kados ta atraksi mangan beling lan kekebalan badan tumrap pecut. Jaran Képang minangka péranganing pagelaran jogèd réyog. Éwadéné jogèd punika asalipun saking tlatah Jawa,Indonésia, jogèd punika ugi dipunwarisaken déning tiyang Jawa ingkang papan dunungipun wonten ing Sumatera Utara lan ing pinten-pinten tlatah ing njawi rangkah Indonésia kados ta ing Malaysia.
Kuda lumping inggih punika seni jogèd ingkang dipunmainaken kanthi properti awujud jaran tiruan, ingkang kadamel saking anyaman pring utawi kepang. Boten wonten satunggal sajarah ingkang saged ngandharaken asal muasalipun jogèd punika, namung riwayat verbal ingkang dipunturunaken saking satunggal génerasi dhumateng génerasi salajengipun.
Konon, jogèd jaran lumping minangka wujud apresiasi lan panjurung rakyat jelata tumraping wadyabala berkuda Pangeran Diponegoro nalika ngadhepi penjajah Walanda. Wonten ugi versi ingkang nyebutaken, bilih jogèd jaran lumping nggambaraken sawijining kisah perjuangan Raden Patah, ingkang dipunsengkuyung déning Sunan Kalijaga, nglawan penjajah Walanda. Versi sanès nyebataken bilih, jogèd punika nyariosaken babagan latihan perang wadyabala Mataram ingkang dipunpandegani déning Sultan Hamengku Buwono I, Raja Mataram, saperlu ngadhepi wadyabala Walanda.
Medal saking asal usul lan aji historisipun, jogèd jaran lumping merefleksikaken semangat heroisme lan aspek kemiliteran sawijining wadyabala berkuda utawi kavaleri. Bab punika katingal saking obahan-obahan ritmis, dinamis, lan agresif, saking anyaman pring, ingkang niru obahan kados déné jaran ing tengah paprangan.
Asring sanget wonten ing pertunjukkan jogèd jaran lumping, ugi nedahaken atraksi ingkang nontonaken kekiyatan supranatural berbau magis, kados déné atraksi mangan kaca, menyayat lengen kaliyan golok, ngobong badan, mlampah ing sanginggilipun ecahan kaca lan sanès-sanèsipun. Mbok manawi, atraksi punika nggambaraken kekiyatan supranatural ingkang nalika jaman rumiyin ngrembaka ing lingkungan Karajan Jawa, lan minangka aspek non militèr ingkang dipunangge saperlu nglawan wadyabala Walanda.
Jaran nil

Jaran nil (Latin: Hippopotamus amphibius) utawa hippo (Grikenlan: ἱπποπόταμος, hippopotamos, saka ἵππος, hippos, jaran, lan ποταμός, potamos, kali') ya iku mamalia saka kulawarga Hippopotamidae kang ukurané gedhé, hèrbivor, kang asalé saka Afrika sub-Sahara. Jaran nil ya iku kéwan dharat kang gedhené nomer telu sawisé gajah lan warak putih.
Jaran nil duwé awak kang gedhé lan abot. Saliyané iku, kulit jaran nil uga duwé warna klawu kang peteng. Jaran nil nduwé gadhing kang ukurané gedhé. Gadhing iki lumrahé minangka njaga awaké saka predator. Jaran nil duwé ciri awaké kang gedhé, cangkem lan untu kang gedhé, sikil kang cacahé papat kang dhapuré gedhé lan cendhek, lan awaké kang gedhé lan ora ana rambuté. Jaran nil kang wis diwasa boboté kurang luwih 1.5 nganti tekan 3 ton. Sanajan awaké gedhé lan sikilé cendhek, Jaran nil bisa lumayu kanthi rikat. Jaran nil bisa lumayu nganti 30 km/jam, lumayuné Jaran nil ngluwihi lumayuné manungsa lumrahé. Jaran nil duwé watek agresif lan dianggep salah sijiné kéwan kang paling mbebayani ing Afrika.Kéwan kang duwé kekerabatan paling cerak karo jaran nil ya iku golongan Cetacea, kaya ta paus, lumba-lumba lan pesut. Saliyané iku kéwan babi lan kéwan-kwan kang duwé kuku kang cacah ganep uga duwé kakerabatan kang cerak karo Jaran nil.
Jaran nil urip ing Afrika subsahara. Jaran nil lumrahé urip ing sacedhaké banyu tawa kaya ta tlaga lan kali. Kurang luwih ana jaran nil kang cacahé 125 éwu nganti 150 éwu kang urip ing Afrika. Jaran nil kang paling akèh urip ing Zambia lan Tanzania. Jaran nil uga kalebu kéwan kang misuwur ing kebun binatang.Ing Indonésia, Jaran nil uga diingu ing kebon binatang.
Ancaman kang mbebayani tumrap jaran nil ya iku anané perburuan alasan amarga jaran nil kena didol kanthi dijupuk daging lan untu siyungé.
Jaran nil iku kalebu kéwan hèrbivor kang mangan suket utawa tetuwuhan. Nalika awan, Jaran nil manggon ing banyu utawa blethok supaya awaké adhem. Ing banyu, Jaran nil urip sajeroning golongan-golongan lan nguwasani salah sijiné tlatah. Jaran nil uga turu, kawin lan manak ing banyu. Nalika bengi Jaran nil metu saka banyu utawa blethok lan mangan suket. Ing dharat, jaran nil urip kanthi golongan-golongan lan ora duwé wewengkon teritorial.
Jaran (shio)

马
Shio jaran iku salah sijiné saka rolas shio sing ana ing kalèndher Cina/Tionghoa.
Miturut kapracayan wong Tionghoa, wong sing nduwé shio jaran iku wongé pinter, mandhiri lan bébas pikirané.
Daftar wong-wong sing nduwé shio jaran:
Contho taun-taun shio jaran:
Cidomo

A Cidomo is a small horse-drawn carriage used in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Lombok and the Gili Islands of Indonesia.
The name Cidomo is derived from the Sasak word cika or cikar (a traditional handcart), dokar (Balinese for pony cart) and mobil (Indonesian for car) for the wheels used to move it. It is also known as benhur after similarities to the Roman carts in the film Ben-Hur and Lombok "Ferrari".
The carriage is usually brightly colored and often has many tassels and bells and pneumatic tyres. The carriage usually seats up to four people, two people in the front and two in the back. In the Gili Islands is one of the most common forms of transport as motor vehicles are not allowed.
One problem of the cidomo is that they are very slow and are partly responsible for creating traffic congestion in the towns. Dung from the horses is also posing an environmental problem in the towns and cidomo drivers have been urged by the Indonesian government to clean up after themselves or face suspension. Many tourists are against the inhumane way the horses are treated, often having to work long hours on concrete floors, visible signs of dehydration and sometimes suffering beating from the riders.
Perodua

Perusahaan Otomobil Kedua Sendirian Berhad (Eng. transl.: "second automobile enterprise private limited"), usually abbreviated to Perodua (Malay: [pəroˈdua]), is Malaysia's largest car manufacturer, followed by Proton Holdings.
Perodua was established in 1993 and launched its first 5-door hatchback, the Perodua Kancil, in August 1994. Initially, the company mainly produced minicars and superminis and did not have models in the same market segments as Proton. Its targeted market segments later began to overlap with Proton's—especially in the super-compact segment, where the Perodua Myvi has competed with the likes of the Proton Savvy and the Proton Iriz.
Perodua does not design or engineer its main components, such as engines and transmissions, in-house; its cars have historically used Daihatsu component designs. Daihatsu held a 20% stake in Perodua at the company's launch, increasing it to 25% in 2001 and then to 35%. In 2004, Perodua began assembling the Toyota Avanza at its plant in Rawang, for sale in Malaysia.
The company's shareholders include UMW Holdings (38%), Daihatsu Motor Co. (20%), Daihatsu (Malaysia) (5%), MBM Resources (20%), PNB Equity Resource Corporation (10%), Mitsui & Co. (4.2%), and Mitsui & Co. (Asia Pacific) (2.8%).
Domestic Perodua sold more than 207,100 vehicles in 2016, which was its highest yearly sales record to date, and achieved a highest-ever domestic market share of 35.7%.
International In the United Kingdom, Perodua's cars were sold by some Proton dealers, who wished to attract customers seeking a smaller and cheaper alternative to the Proton range. Sales numbers in the UK were small, however, and in 2008, Perodua sold only 624 cars (down from 914 in 2002). Sales were up slightly in 2009 (to 650) and then to 761 in 2010, mainly due to the new Perodua Myvi selling comparatively well.
Currently, Perodua cars are exported to Singapore, Brunei, Mauritius, Fiji, Sri Lanka, and Seychelles. The company also exported the Myvi as the Daihatsu Sirion to Indonesia, which made up 55 percent of their exports in 2020.
In 2021, the company began exploring the idea of exporting used Perodua cars overseas. As of 2024, the company was exporting used cars to a few countries, including Fiji. At the same time, exports of used cars were halted in Sri Lanka.
Corporate
Anniversary
Perodua organised a competition in 1997 to find a new corporate logo, to be launched together with their upcoming model, tentatively known as the X555. The competition was won by Johnson Ng Weng Kuan, an architecture student from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Perodua officially unveiled the new corporate logo on 24 August 1998, when they launched Malaysia's first sport utility vehicle, the Perodua Kembara.
The new logo maintains the 'P' and '2' and the colours of the old, squarish logo, but has been stylised further to become elliptical.
Parangtritis

Parangtritis Beach is a tourist beach on the southern coast of Java, in the Bantul Regency within the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. There is a road to the area which is about 30 km south of the city of Yogyakarta. This beach is located south of Parangkusumo Beach, which is also a mainstay of tourism in Bantul Regency. This beach is often visited by local and foreign tourists.
Quite large crowds of mainly local tourists visit Parangtritis over weekends and at holidays. Larger tourist buses as well as various types of cheaper minibuses ply the route to the beach from Yogyakarta. There are local tourist facilities at Parangtritis including parking arrangements, modest hotels which provide visitors with places to change and shower, and small restaurants. Often small ponies or horse-drawn carts can be hired for rides along the beach. Tourists also visit some of the various caves and springs in the cliffs and hills near Parangtritis, such as the Tapan cave and the Beji spring, which are quite close to the beach.
Parangtritis is sometimes said to be a place to meet the legendary Nyai Loro Kidul (also known as Ratu Kidul) or 'Queen of the South'. Local folklore warns visitors not to wear green clothes or the queen is likely to try to entice the wearer into the ocean to drown. The beach is not really a good swimming beach. Drownings are not uncommon at Parangtritis, partly because many Indonesians have never had the opportunity to learn proper swimming technique at beach and partly because channels, strong rips and sizable waves often occur off the beach.
8°01′S 110°21′E﻿ / ﻿8.017°S 110.350°E﻿ / -8.017; 110.350
Indonesia Hospital

Indonesia Hospital (Arabic: المستشفى الإندونيسي, romanized: al-Mustashfá al-Indūnīsī, Indonesian: Rumah Sakit Indonesia) is a hospital located in Bait Lahia, North Gaza Governorate, Gaza Strip.
The hospital has 100 ward beds, 4 operating theaters, and a 10-bed intensive care unit. The hospital had 400 staff members employed by the Health Minister of the Gaza Strip, and several volunteers from Indonesia.
Construction of the hospital began in 2011 on 16,000 square meters of land donated by the government of Gaza. The project cost IDR 126 billion and was funded by donations from Indonesian people and organizations such as the Indonesian Red Cross Society and Muhammadiyah, collected through the Indonesian humanitarian organization Medical Emergency Rescue Committee (MER-C). Then-Indonesian Vice-president Jusuf Kalla inaugurated the hospital on 9 January 2016.
On 20 November 2023, as part of the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, the IDF completely surrounded and besieged the hospital. That evening, projectiles fired into the second floor killed at least 12 people and destroyed the front entrance. The IDF denied that it was responsible. Israel claims that Hamas fighters were using the hospital for military purposes, although this is disputed. As of December 2023, the occupied building was later turned into an IDF military base.
The Indonesian Foreign Minister Retno Marsudi issued the "harshest of condemnations" after the assault. She declared this during a diplomatic visit to China, who holds the presidency of the UNSC in November 2023, as an effort to push for a ceasefire on moral grounds.
Al Jazeera reported that on Friday, 24 November, Israeli forces attacked the hospital, leaving much of it damaged. A Gaza Health Ministry spokesperson and other reports said the patients and personnel were then evacuated.
In June 2024, the hospital reopened to patients as the only medical facility in northern Gaza.
In February 2025, an aid worker for Doctors Without Borders wrote that Israeli forces who previously occupied the hospital had smashed every medical care machine "to pieces, one by one, to make sure no medical care could be provided anymore".
রং

রং বা বর্ণ (ইংরেজি: Colour) হল মানুষের দৃষ্টি-সংক্রান্ত একটি চিরন্তন ধর্ম। দৃশ্যমান আলোর কম্পাঙ্ক থেকে রং উৎপত্তি লাভ করে। বিভিন্ন কারণে মানুষের কাছে রঙের পার্থক্য হয়ে থাকে। সাধারণত বলা হয়ে থাকে মৌলিক রং তিনটি, যথা - লাল,নীল ও হলুদ। তবে এর মাঝে কিছু পার্থক্যও আছে । কিছু কিছু মুদ্রণের ক্ষেত্রে লাল,নীল ও সবুজ বলা হয়ে থাকে।
তড়িৎ-চুম্বকীয় বিকিরণের সাধারণ ধৰ্মসমূহ হচ্ছে তরঙ্গদৈৰ্ঘ্য, কম্পাংক ও এর দ্বীপন প্ৰাবল্য। যত বিকিরণ তরঙ্গ‌দৈৰ্ঘ্য দৃশ্যমান বৰ্ণালীর সীমার ভিতরে থাকে ততটুকু মানব চক্ষুতে বিভিন্ন রং হিসেবে দেখা যায়। দৃশ্যমান বৰ্ণালীর সীমা প্ৰায় ৩৯০ ন্যানোমিটার থেকে ৭০০ ন্যানোমিটার। একে দৃশ্যমান আলো বলা হয়।
সব আলোর উৎস‍ই সাধারণত একসঙ্গে বিভিন্ন তরঙ্গ‌দৈৰ্ঘ্যের আলো নিৰ্গত করে কোনো একটা উৎসের বৰ্ণালীতে এর পরে নিৰ্গত বিভিন্ন তরঙ্গদৈৰ্ঘ্যের আলোর প্ৰাবল্যের তথ্য দিয়ে।
বর্ণালীর রামধনুর পরিচিত রঙগুলি আইজ্যাক নিউটন ১৬৭১ সালে লাতিন শব্দটির উপস্থিতি বা সংশ্লেষের জন্য ব্যবহার করেছেন যা সেই সমস্ত রঙের অন্তর্ভুক্ত যা কেবলমাত্র একক তরঙ্গ দৈর্ঘ্যের দৃশ্যমান আলো দ্বারা উৎপাদিত হতে পারে( খাঁটি বর্ণালী বা একরঙা বর্ণগুলি)। ডানদিকে টেবিলটি বিভিন্ন খাঁটি বর্ণালী বর্ণের জন্য আনুমানিক কম্পাঙ্ক (টেরেহার্টজে) এবং তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্য (ন্যানোমিটারে) দেখায়। তালিকাভুক্ত তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্যগুলি বায়ু বা ভ্যাকুয়াম হিসাবে পরিমাপ করা হয় (রিফ্রেসিভ সূচক দেখুন)।
রং টেবিলটিকে একটি নির্দিষ্ট তালিকা হিসাবে ব্যাখ্যা করা উচিত নয় — খাঁটি বর্ণালী বর্ণগুলি একটি ধারাবাহিক বর্ণালী গঠন করে এবং ভাষাগতভাবে এটি কীভাবে পৃথক বর্ণগুলিতে বিভক্ত করা হয় তা সংস্কৃতি এবং ঐতিহাসিক আক্রমণের বিষয় (যদিও সর্বত্র লোকেরা বর্ণগুলি বর্ণ হিসাবে দেখানো হয়েছে) একইভাবে )। একটি সাধারণ তালিকা ছয়টি প্রধান ব্যান্ড সনাক্ত করে: লাল, কমলা, হলুদ, সবুজ, নীল এবং বেগুনি। নিউটনের ধারণায় নীল এবং বেগুনি রঙের মধ্যে একটি সপ্তম রঙ, নীল অন্তর্ভুক্ত ছিল। এটা সম্ভব যে নিউটন যা নীল হিসাবে উল্লেখ করেছেন তা আজ সায়ান হিসাবে পরিচিত, এবং সেই নীলটি কেবল সেই সময় নীল রঙের আমদানি করা নীল রঙের নীল ছিল। বর্ণালী বর্ণের তীব্রতা, এটি যে প্রসঙ্গে দেখা হয়েছে তার সাথে তুলনামূলকভাবে তার উপলব্ধিটি যথেষ্ট পরিবর্তন করতে পারে। উদাহরণস্বরূপ, কম-তীব্রতার কমলা-হলুদ হল বাদামী এবং কম-তীব্রতার হলুদ-সবুজ হল জলপাই সবুজ।
সবজে নীল (রং)

সবজে নীল বা নীলচে সবুজ বা পেষ্ট নীল ও সবুজ রঙের মাঝামাঝি একটি রং। এটিকে ইংরেজিতে সায়ান (Cyan) নামে ডাকা হয়। ৪৯০ – ৫২০ ন্যানোমিটার তরঙ্গদৈর্ঘ্যের আলো চোখে পড়লে এই রং প্রত্যক্ষ ও অনুভূত হয়।
রঙিন মুদ্রণে ব্যবহৃত বিভাজক রঙপ্রণালী তথা সিএমওয়াইকে রং মডেলে সবজে নীল একটি মূল রঙ যার সাথে আছে ম্যাজেন্টা, হলুদ ও কালো। কম্পিউটার ও টেলিভিশনের পর্দায় রং গঠনে ব্যবহৃত সংযোজী রংপ্রণালী তথা আরজিবিতে সবুজ ও নীল আলোর সমন্বয়ে সবজে নীল রং তৈরি করা হয়। সবজে নীল লালের পরিপূরক রঙ; অর্থাৎ, সাদা আলো থেকে লাল সরালে সবজে নীল রং পাওয়া যায়। কালো পর্দার ওপর লাল আলো ও সবজে নীল আলো সঠিক অনুপাতে মেশালে সাদা রং উৎপন্ন হবে।
ওয়েব রঙ হিসেবে সবজে নীল অ্যাকুয়ার সমার্থক। সবজে নীল রঙের বিভিন্ন মাত্রা রয়েছে। সবজে নীল শ্রেণীভুক্ত রংগুলির মধ্যে তিলি (Teal টিল), ফিরোজা (Turquoise টারকয়েজ), বৈদ্যুতিক নীল রং, নীলাভ-সবুজ পান্না রং (Aquamarine অ্যাকুয়ামেরিন), ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ্য।
সবজে নীলের ইংরেজি প্রতিশব্দ হল সায়ান। ইংরেজি সায়ান শব্দটি এসেছে প্রাচীন গ্রীক শব্দ κύανος (কিয়ানোস) হতে, যার অর্থ "গাঢ় নীল, গাঢ় নীল এনামেল, ল্যাপিস লাজুলি"। ইংরেজিতে এই রঙটি আগে "সায়ান ব্লু" (Cyan blue) নামে পরিচিত ছিলো, অথবা cyan-blue রূপে এবং ইংরেজি রংনাম হিশেবে সায়ানের প্রথম ব্যবহার হয় ১৮৭৯ সালে। রঙনামটির আরেক সম্ভাব্য উৎস হতে পারে কর্ণফ্লাওয়ার (Centaurea cyanus) হতে বানানো একপ্রকার ডাই।
ডানপাশে দেখানো ওয়েব রঙ সায়ান লাল-সবুজ-নীল রং প্রতিমানে একটি মাধ্যমিক রঙ। এক্স11 রঙসমূহের মধ্যে এটিকে সায়ান ও অ্যাকুয়া দুটোই বলা হয়ে থাকে। আবার এইচটিএমএল রঙতালিকায় এই রঙটিকেই বলে অ্যাকুয়া।
সিএমওয়াইকে রঙপ্রণালীতে ব্যবহৃত সায়ানের চেয়ে ওয়েব সায়ান অনেক বেশি উজ্জ্বল আর ওয়েব রঙগুলোকে হুবহু কাগজে ছাপা সম্ভব নয়। সাধারণ কালি দিয়ে ওয়েব সায়ান ছাপাতে হলে নিচের প্রিন্টারস সায়ানের সাথে খানিকটা সাদা কালি যোগ করতে হয়, ফলে ছাপানোর সময় এটি আর প্রাথমিক বিভাজক রং থাকে না। এটাকে বলে অ্যাকুয়া (1598 সাল থেকে ব্যবহৃত নাম), কারণ সাধারণত পানির সাথে রঙটার সাদৃশ্য দেখা যায়য়, বিশেষত ট্রপিকাল অঞ্চলের সমুদ্রসৈকতে।
চার-রঙা ছাপায় ব্যবহৃত সাধারণ কালিগুলোর একটি সায়ান; অন্য তিনটি ম্যাজেন্টা, হলুদ এবং কালো। এ রঙগুলোকে একত্রে বলা হয় সিএমওয়াইকে (CMYK)।
যদিও সংযোজী মাধ্যমিক এবং বিভাজক প্রাথমিক দুরকমকেই সায়ান বলা হয়, তারা একটি অপরটি হতে যথেষ্ট ভিন্ন হতে পারে। আরজিবি রঙস্থান ও ব্যবহৃত কালির ওপর ভিত্তি করে আরজিবি মাধ্যমিক সায়ানের চেয়ে প্রিন্টারস সায়ান কম বা বেশি স্যাচুরেটেড হতে পারে।
প্রসেস সায়ান আরজিবি রং নয়, আর সিএমওয়াইকে থেকে আরজিবিতে রূপান্তরের কোনো নির্দিষ্ট পদ্ধতিও নেই। প্রিন্টারের কালির মিশ্রণ বহুরকম হতে পারে, ফলে মুদ্রিত রঙের অনেক বৈচিত্র্য থাকা স্বাভাবিক। কারণ বাস্তবের বিভাজক রঙের মিশ্রণ সবসময় একই ফল দেয় না, যেহেতু রঙটির উৎপাদনের কম্পাঙ্ক তার অন্য রঙের সাথে মিশ্রণের ক্ষেত্রে প্রভাব ফেলে। প্রসেস সায়ান (process cyan) রঙের একটি সাধারণ নমুনা ডানের বাক্সে দেখানো হলো।
মেঘের অনেক রং

মেঘের অনেক রং ১৯৭৬ সালে নির্মিত বাংলাদেশী বাংলা ভাষার চলচ্চিত্র। বাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধভিত্তিক চলচ্চিত্রটি পরিচালনা করেছেন হারুনর রশিদ। রত্না কথাচিত্রের ব্যানারে চলচ্চিত্রটি প্রযোজনা করেছেন আনোয়ার আশরাফ ও শাজীদা শামীম। এতে প্রধান চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন মাথিন, ওমর এলাহী, রওশন আরা, আদনান প্রমুখ। মেঘের অনেক রং বাংলাদেশের দ্বিতীয় রঙ্গীন চলচ্চিত্র এবং মুক্তিযুদ্ধভিত্তিক প্রথম রঙিন চলচ্চিত্র।
চলচ্চিত্রটির উপজীব্য বিষয় বাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধ ও সে সময়ে লাঞ্ছিত নারীরা। যুদ্ধে পাক বাহিনীর দ্বারা লাঞ্ছিত এক নারী আত্মহত্যার পথ বেছে নেয়। তার সদ্যবোধ সম্পন্ন ছেলে খুঁজে বেড়ায় তার মাকে। অবশেষে আশ্রয় পায় এক ডাক্তার দম্পতির কাছে।
মেঘের অনেক রং ছবির নির্মাতা হারুনর রশীদ প্রধান নারী চরিত্রে একজন পাহাড়ী মেয়ে সন্ধান করছিলেন। মাথিন তখন রাঙামাটিতে নাটক ও সাংস্কৃতিক কর্মকাণ্ডের সাথে জড়িত ছিলেন। তার মেসো রশীদকে মাথিনের কাজের মহড়ায় নিয়ে আসেন। রশীদ তার কাজ দেখে তাকে এই ছবির জন্য নির্বাচন করেন।
মেঘের অনেক রং চলচ্চিত্রটির সঙ্গীত পরিচালনা করেছেন ফেরদৌসী রহমান।
আবু হেনা রনি

আবু হেনা রনি (জন্ম: ডিসেম্বর ১৪, ১৯৮৭) একজন বাংলাদেশী স্ট্যান্ড-আপ কমেডিয়ান, অভিনেতা, উপস্থাপক ও মডেল। তিনি ২০১১ সালে মীরাক্কেল আক্কেল চ্যালেঞ্জার্স ৬ এ বিজয়ী হন।
রনি নাটোরের সিংড়া উপজেলার চলনবিল অধ্যুষিত ৫ নং চামারী ইউনিয়নের বিলদহর গ্রামে ১৯৮৭ সালের ১৪ ডিসেম্বর জন্ম নেন। তার বাবা আব্দুল লতিফ একজন অবসরপ্রাপ্ত বিদ্যালয় শিক্ষক এবং মা বিনা বেগম একজন গৃহিণী। চার ভাইয়ের মধ্যে রনি দ্বিতীয়।
একান্নবিঘা প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ে তার শিক্ষাজীবন শুরু। এরপর বিজ্ঞান বিভাগের ছাত্র হিসেবে, বিলদহর উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় থেকে মাধ্যমিক (এসএসসি) এবং বরেন্দ্র সরকারি কলেজ হতে উচ্চ-মাধ্যমিক (এইচএসসি) পাশ করেন। পরবর্তীতে রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে নাট্যকলা ও সঙ্গীত বিভাগ থেকে তিনি স্নাতক ও স্নাতকোত্তর সম্পন্ন করেন।
ছেলেবেলা থেকেই কৌতুক উপস্থাপনার মাধ্যমে বন্ধুদের আনন্দ দেয়ার চেষ্টা করতেন রনি। ২০১০ সালে এনটিভিতে প্রচারিত হা-শো অনুষ্ঠানে তিনি প্রথম কৌতুক উপস্থাপনে অংশ নেন। পরবর্তীতে জুলাই ২০১১ সালে, ভারতের জি বাংলায় প্রচারিত কমেডি শো মীরাক্কেলে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। এই অনুষ্ঠানের প্রথম ৪০টি পর্বে অংশ নিয়ে তার ২৫টিতে তিনি একক ও যৌথভাবে প্রথম স্থান অধিকার করেন। ২০১১ সালের শেষে মীরাক্কেল আক্কেল চ্যালেঞ্জার ৬-এর চ্যাম্পিয়ন হন তিনি।
বর্তমানে তিনি নতুন কৌতুক অভিনেতা তৈরির পাশাপাশি বাংলাদেশে কৌতুকে আরও জনপ্রিয় করার লক্ষে ‘বুনো পায়রা’ নামে একটি প্রতিষ্ঠান পরিচালনা করেন। তিনি বাংলাদেশ কমেডি ক্লাবের উদ্যোগে দেশের ৬৪ জেলায় ৬৪টি কমেডি ক্লাব তৈরি করেছেন এবং কোনো কোনো ক্ষেত্রে তা থানা পর্যায়েও পৌছে গেছে। এছাড়া রাজশাহী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়েও একটি কমেডি ক্লাব রয়েছে । এ সকল কমেডি ক্লাবের রক্ষনাবেক্ষন এর দায়িত্ব ক্লাবের সদস্যরাই পালন করে থাকে । তবে কেন্দ্রীয় ভাবে সকল ক্লাবই বুনোপায়রা ও বাংলাদেশ কমেডি ক্লাবের নিকট দায়বদ্ধ ।
কৌতুক অভিনয়ের পাশাপাশি তিনি নিয়মিত বিভিন্ন টিভি চ্যানেলে উপস্থাপনা করছেন। এর মধ্যে গাজী টিভিতে আজকের অনন্যা, এটিএন বাংলায় কমেডি আওয়ার ও সিনে মিউজিক, বাংলাভিশনে ক্ষুদে রসিকরাজ এবং বৈশাখী টিভিতে যাদুর শহর উল্লেখযোগ্য।
রনি কাকতাড়ুয়ার দেশে, চতুষ্কোণ ইত্যাদি টেলিভিশন নাটকে অভিনয় করেছেন।
স্বপ্ন যে তুই চলচ্চিত্রে অভিনয়ের মাধ্যমে তিনি বাংলা চলচ্চিত্রে অভিষেক ঘটান। এরপর অভিনয় করেন তন্ময় তানসেনের পরিচালনায় পদ্ম পাতার জল (২০১৫) চলচ্চিত্রে বিষু চরিত্রে অভিনয় করেছেন।
মীরাক্কেল আক্কেল চ্যালেঞ্জার্সে বিজয়ের পর ২০১৪ সালে একুশে গ্রন্থমেলায় মীরাক্কেল জোকস্ ল্যাও ঠ্যালা শিরোনামে কৌতুক বিষয়ক তার প্রথম বই প্রকাশিত হয়। ২০১৫ সালে আনন্দ টাই মাটি শিরোনমে তার আরেকটি বই প্রকাশিত হয়।