davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Candlestick pattern

In financial technical analysis, a candlestick pattern is a movement in prices shown graphically on a candlestick chart that some believe can help to identify repeating patterns of a particular market movement. The recognition of the pattern is subjective and programs that are used for charting have to rely on predefined rules to match the pattern. There are 42 recognized patterns that can be split into simple and complex patterns.
Some of the earliest technical trading analysis was used to track prices of rice in the 18th century. Much of the credit for candlestick charting goes to Munehisa Homma (1724–1803), a rice merchant from Sakata, Japan who traded in the Dojima Rice market in Osaka during the Tokugawa Shogunate. According to Steve Nison, however, candlestick charting came later, probably beginning after 1850.
The most famous candlestick trader is the man who invented them, Munehisa Homma. He was a Japanese rice trader who tracked price action and saw patterns developing. He published his work in The Fountain of Gold — The Three Monkey Record of Money in 1755. In today’s dollars, he made about $10 billion.
A candlestick chart (also called Japanese candlestick chart or K-line) is a style of financial chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency. Stock price prediction based on K-line patterns is the essence of candlestick technical analysis. However, there are some disputes on whether the K-line patterns have predictive power in academia.
Candlesticks are graphical representations of price movements for a given period of time.
They are commonly formed by the opening, high, low, and closing prices of a financial instrument.
If the opening price is above the closing price then a filled (normally red or black) candlestick is drawn.
If the closing price is above the opening price, then normally a green or hollow candlestick (white with black outline) is shown.
The filled or hollow portion of the candle is known as the body or real body, and can be long, normal, or short depending on its proportion to the lines above or below it.
The lines above and below, known as shadows, tails, or wicks, represent the high and low price ranges within a specified time period.
However, not all candlesticks have shadows.
Tofu-dreg project

"Tofu-dreg project" (Chinese: 豆腐渣工程) is a phrase used in the Chinese-speaking world to describe a poorly constructed building, sometimes called just "Tofu buildings". The phrase was coined by Zhu Rongji, the former premier of the People's Republic of China, on a 1998 visit to Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province to describe poorly built levees in the Yangtze River. The phrase is notably used referring to buildings that collapsed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake disaster, and the Bangkok Audit Office skyscraper collapse initiated by aftershocks from the March 2025 Myanmar earthquake over 1000km away, which was constructed with poor construction techniques and materials.
In China, the term tofu dregs (the pieces left over after making tofu) is widely used as a metaphor for shoddy work, hence the implication that a "tofu-dreg project" is a poorly executed project.
According to Chinese architect Li Hu, tofu-dreg projects in China are vastly outnumbered by buildings without construction flaws. Li said that in most cases, ill-constructed buildings do not collapse but merely have a reduced lifespan or leakages.
During the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, many schoolhouses collapsed; resulting in the death of students. These buildings have been used to exemplify tofu-dreg projects. The collapses were linked to allegations of corruption in the construction of Chinese schools.
On May 15, 2008, Geoffrey York of The Globe and Mail reported that the shoddily constructed buildings are commonly called "tofu buildings" because builders cut corners by replacing steel rods with thin iron wires for concrete reinforcement; using inferior grade cement, if any at all; and using fewer bricks than they should. One local was quoted in the article as saying that "the supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards."
The state-controlled media has largely ignored the tofu-dregs schoolhouses, under directives from the propaganda bureau's instructions. Parents, volunteers, and journalists who have questioned authorities have been intimidated or arrested. To quash the issue, riot police officers have broken up protests by parents, cordons have been set up around the schools in question, and reportage simply stopped.
Sate klatak

Sate klatak is a unique goat or mutton satay dish, originally from Pleret District, Bantul Regency in Yogyakarta. In Javanese, the act of roasting satay in an open fire is called "klathak".
This satay is quite different from other variants of satay, in that it uses mainly salt and a pinch of pepper as its main marinating seasoning. The skewers used to grill or roast the satay are made from iron, unlike other satays which use bamboo skewers. The iron skewers act as heat conductors and help the meat cook evenly from the inside.
The satay is usually served with gulai (curry soup). The gulai is richly spiced, sometimes cooked with lamb bone, and boiled using a small fire for approx. 30 minutes.
List of districts of the Special Region of Yogyakarta

The province of Yogyakarta Special Region in Indonesia is divided into 1 city and 4 regencies which in turn are divided administratively into kapanewon or kemantren (districts). A Kapanewon (a subdivision of a regency) is headed by a panewu, while a kemantren (a subdivision of the city), is headed by a mantri pamong praja. These terms replaced the term kecamatan in 2020.
The districts of Yogyakarta Special Region with the regency it falls into are as follows:
Museum Nasional PDRI

Museum Nasional PDRI (atau Museum Bela Negara) adalah museum nasional yang menampilkan kronik dan peninggalan sejarah perjuangan Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia (PDRI), penyelenggara pemerintahan Republik Indonesia ketika ibu kota Indonesia jatuh ke tangan Belanda pada Agresi Militer Belanda Kedua. Museum ini berada di area seluas 20 hektare di salah satu kawasan yang pernah menjadi basis PDRI, yaitu di Jorong Aie Angek, Nagari Koto Tinggi, Kecamatan Gunung Omeh, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat.
Upaya pembangunan museum diawali dengan penyusunan rencana induk hingga seminar nasional baik di Padang maupun di Jakarta. Peletakan batu pertama sebagai tanda dimulainya pembangunan museum ini (awlanya disebut monumen) dilakukan bersamaan dengan peringatan Hari Bela Negara (HBN) pada 19 Desember 2012.
Pekerjaan fisik museum dimulai pada 2013. Waktu itu yang dikerjakan adalah pematangan lahan, membuat auditorium, yaitu bagian pondasi, lantai, dan kolom setinggi 6 meter, membuat pondasi, lantai, kolom lantai untuk museumnya, serta pekerjaan turab. Dari web Layanan Pengadaan Secara Elektronik (LPSE) Pemkab Lima Puluh Kota, diketahui pekerjaan konstruksi dilakukan oleh PT. Delima Agung Utama.
Pada 2014, pembangunan tahap kedua melanjutkan pembangunan auditorium dan museum. Pembangunan museum masih berlanjut pada 2015 berupa melanjutkan membangun bagian auditorium, rangka atap, dan penutup atap.
Terakhir, pada 2018 berdasarkan publikasi laman Lembaga Kebijakan Pengadaan barang/jasa Pemerintah, Direktorat Perencanaan dan evaluasi pengadaan (Sirup LKPP), pembangunan fisik Museum PDRI dilanjutkan.
Pembangunannya diperkirakan membutuhkan biaya sekitar Rp268 miliar, yang akan dianggarkan dari anggaran Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, dibantu oleh Kementerian Sosial, Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Kementerian Pertahanan, serta Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia.
Menurut rencana, kompleks museum akan dilengkapi sejumlah bangunan penunjang, seperti gedung serbaguna, masjid, dan pustaka.
Monumen nasional

Monumen nasional (bahasa Inggris: national monument) adalah monumen yang dibangun untuk memperingati sesuatu yang penting bagi warisan nasional, seperti berdirinya suatu negara, kemerdekaan, perang, atau hidup matinya seorang tokoh sejarah.
Istilah ini juga dapat merujuk pada status monumen tertentu, seperti situs warisan nasional, dengan alasan kepentingan budaya mereka daripada usia.
Status monumen nasional biasanya diberikan kepada simbol kolosal identitas nasional.
Devils Tower National Monument

Devils Tower National Monument atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia "menara setan" adalah sebuah monolit (secara teknis, sebuah intrusi igneous) yang terletak di Hulett, Wyoming dan Sundance, Wyoming di timur Wyoming, sebelah atas Sungai Belle Fourche. Dia menjulang secara dramatis 386 m di atas daerah sekitarnya. Terletak di 44°35′26″LU,104°42′56″BB, puncaknya berada 1.558 m di atas permukaan laut.
Ia merupakan Monumen Nasional Amerika Serikat pertama, diresmikan pada 24 September 1906. 545 ha dimasukkan ke dalam wilayah monumen.
Beberapa tahun belakangan ini sekitar 1% dari 400.000 pengunjung tahunan memanjat Menara Setan. Monolit ini ditampilkan pada film 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
Patung Liberty

Patung Liberty atau Patung Kebebasan (juga disebut bahasa Inggris: Liberty Enlightening the World, bahasa Prancis: La Liberté éclairant le monde, bahasa Indonesia: Kebebasan Menerangi Dunia) adalah patung berukuran raksasa di Pulau Liberty, muara Sungai Hudson, Pelabuhan New York, Amerika Serikat. Patung ini dihadiahkan Prancis untuk Amerika Serikat pada akhir abad ke-19 dan merupakan simbol selamat datang untuk pengunjung, imigran, dan orang Amerika yang kembali.
Patung perunggu yang diresmikan pada 28 Oktober 1886 ini merupakan hadiah seratus tahun kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat dan merupakan ungkapan persahabatan antara kedua negara. Pemahat patung ini adalah Frederic Auguste Bartholdi, dan Gustave Eiffel (desainer Menara Eiffel) yang merancang struktur penyangga dalamnya. Patung Liberty adalah salah satu lambang Amerika yang paling dikenal di seluruh dunia, yang melambangkan kemerdekaan, kebebasan, serta libertas Amerika Serikat.
Pada 1984, Patung Liberty masuk dalam daftar Situs Warisan Dunia UNESCO.
Patung Liberti terletak pada Upper New York Bay di Pulau Liberty, yakni sebelah selatan Pulau Ellis, yang dimana keduanya membentuk kawasan Monumen Nasional Patung Liberty. Kedua pulau tersebut diserahkan oleh New York kepada pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1800. Sebagaimana yang disepakati pada tahun 1834 pada kesepakatan antara New York dan New Jersey, bahwa pulau Liberty tetap menjadi wilayah New York meskipun terletak di sisi New Jersey pada garis negara bagian. Pulau Liberty adalah salah satu pulau yang menjadi bagian dari wilayah Manhattan di New York. Lahan yang dibentuk oleh reklamasi seluas 2,3 hektar pada Pulau Ellis adalah wilayah New Jersey.
Tidak ada biaya yang dikenakan untuk masuk ke monumen nasional, tetapi ada biaya untuk transportasi kapal feri yang harus digunakan semua pengunjung. Kapal Feri yang berangkat dari Jersey City dan Lower Manhattan, juga akan berhenti di Pulau Ellis saat dibuka untuk umum.
Navajo National Monument

Navajo National Monument adalah kawasan yang dilindungi secara federal di negara bagian Arizona, Amerika Serikat, yang diakui sebagai monumen nasional. Kawasan ini dikelola oleh National Park Service.
Navajo National Monument terletak dekat dengan U.S. Route 160, sekitar 80 km di timur laut Tuba City dan 36 km di barat daya Kayenta. Nama monumen ini diambil dari nama suku yang saat ini menghuni wilayah tersebut, yaitu Navajo. Monumen ini melestarikan Betatakin (rumah di tebing), Keet Seel (pot-pot pecah), dan Inscription House untuk generasi mendatang. Ini adalah tempat tinggal yang dibangun oleh suku Pueblo, yang juga dikenal sebagai Anasazi, ratusan tahun yang lalu. Pada abad ke-21, suku Navajo tinggal di dinding-dinding batu dan teras-teras di Tsegi Canyon yang berada di dekat sisa-sisa peradaban yang menghilang pada abad ke-14. Suku-suku asli lainnya seperti Hopi, Zuni, dan Paiute juga memiliki keterkaitan dengan wilayah ini.
Sekitar tahun 1200, wilayah ini dihuni oleh suku Pueblo yang mengolah lahan pertanian serta memperdagangkan kapas, kerang laut, pirus, dan bulu burung beo. Meskipun curah hujan rendah, pada saat itu wilayah ini memiliki cukup air. Namun, sekitar tahun 1300, terjadi periode kekeringan yang memaksa penduduk untuk meninggalkan daerah tersebut. Wilayah ini ditemukan kembali pada akhir abad ke-19 dan mengalami kerusakan serta penjarahan. Undang-undang Antiquities Act tahun 1906 akhirnya memberikan perlindungan yang permanen. Navajo National Monument didirikan pada tahun 1909.
Terdapat beberapa jalur pendakian (trails) yang memungkinkan untuk menjelajahi Navajo National Monument dan Tsegi Canyon:
Lapisan tanah teratas di sini terdiri dari batu pasir Navajo (Navajo sandstone), yang terbentuk dari bukit pasir raksasa. Lapisan ini terbentuk sekitar 180 juta tahun yang lalu di masa yang sangat kering, dan kemudian mengalami perubahan oleh angin. Air yang meresap melalui lapisan ini melarutkan kalsium karbonat, menyebabkan batu pasir terpecah menjadi lapisan-lapisan horizontal dan membentuk alkov-alkov berbentuk lengkung.
Di bawah batu pasir ini terdapat lapisan Formasi Kayenta yang berwarna oranye-kuning hingga ungu. Lapisan ini terbentuk oleh aliran air tawar sekitar 190 juta tahun yang lalu. Di bawahnya lagi terdapat batu pasir Wingate, yang berusia sekitar 210 juta tahun.
36°40′59.84″N 110°32′10.3″W﻿ / ﻿36.6832889°N 110.536194°W﻿ / 36.6832889; -110.536194
Masjid Baiturrahman Banda Aceh

Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Banda Aceh (bahasa Arab: مسجد بيت الرحمن في باندا آتشيه) (bahasa Aceh: Meuseujid Raya Baiturrahman) atau yang lebih dikenal dengan Masjid Raya Baiturrahman (bahasa Arab: مسجد الجامع بيت الرحمن) atau Masjid Kesultanan Aceh (bahasa Arab: مسجد سلطنة آتشيه) adalah sebuah masjid bersejarah yang berada di Kota Banda Aceh, Provinsi Aceh, Indonesia. Masjid ini dibangun pada tahun 1879 dan merupakan simbol agama, budaya, semangat, kekuatan, perjuangan dan nasionalisme rakyat Aceh. Kemudian masjid ini adalah landmark Kota Banda Aceh sejak era Kesultanan Aceh dan selamat dari amukan bencana gempa dan tsunami 26 Desember 2004 .
Awalnya masjid yang asli dibangun pada tahun 1612 di masa pemerintahan Sultan Iskandar Muda. Ada juga yang mengatakan, bahwa masjid yang asli dibangun lebih awal pada tahun 1292 oleh Sultan Alaidin Mahmudsyah. Pada saat itu status masjid ini sebagai masjid kerajaan yang menampilkan atap jerami berlapis-lapis yang merupakan fitur khas arsitektur Aceh.
Kemudian ketika Kolonial Hindia Belanda menyerang Kesultanan Aceh pada tanggal 10 April 1873, masyarakat Aceh menggunakan bangunan masjid yang asli sebagai benteng pertempuran, dan menyerang pasukan Kerajaan Belanda dari dalam masjid. Pasukan Kerajaan Belanda pun membalas dengan menembakkan suar ke atap jerami masjid, yang menyebabkan masjid terbakar. Ibadah salat dan lainnya saat itu direlokasi ke Masjid Baiturrahim Ulee Lheue. Jenderal Van Swieten pun menjanjikan pemimpin lokal bahwa dia akan membangun kembali masjid dan menciptakan tempat yang hangat untuk permintaan maaf.
Lalu pada tanggal 9 Oktober 1879, Kerajaan Belanda membangun kembali masjid ini sebagai pemberian dan untuk mengurangi kemarahan rakyat Aceh. Konstruksi dimulai pada tahun 1879, ketika peletakan batu pertama diletakkan oleh Jendral Van Der Heyden dan Tengku Qadhi Malikul Adil, yang kemudian menjadi Imam pertama masjid, dan diselesaikan pada tanggal 27 Desember 1881 ketika masa pemerintahan Sultan terakhir Aceh, Muhammad Daud Syah. Banyak orang Aceh yang awalnya menolak untuk beribadah di Masjid Baiturrahman yang baru ini karena dibangun oleh orang Belanda, yang awalnya merupakan musuh mereka. Namun sekarang masjid ini telah menjadi kebanggaan masyarakat Banda Aceh.
Pada awalnya, masjid ini hanya memiliki satu kubah dan satu minaret. Kemudian kubah-kubah dan minaret, baru ditambahkan pada tahun 1935, 1957, dan 1982. Penambahan dua kubah dari yang sebelumnya tiga kubah pada tahun 1957 menjadikan jumlah kubah menjadi lima buah yang melambangkan Pancasila di Aceh. Hingga saat ini, Masjid Baiturrahman memiliki 7 kubah dan 8 minaret, termasuk yang tertinggi di Banda Aceh.
Masjid ini masih berdiri tegak di tengah amukan gempa bumi dan tsunami pada tanggal 26 Desember 2004 yang hanya mendapatkan sedikit kerusakan seperti beberapa dinding yang retak. Salah satu minaret 35 meter juga mengalami sedikit keretakan dan menjadi sedikit miring akibat gempa bumi tersebut. Di saat kejadian bencana alam tersebut, masjid ini digunakan sebagai tempat penampungan sementara untuk orang-orang yang terlantar dan baru dibuka kembali untuk ibadah salat setelah 2 minggu kemudian.
Kali Code

Sungai Code (bahasa Jawa: ꦏꦭꦶꦕꦺꦴꦝꦺ, translit. Kali Codhé) adalah sungai yang membelah Kota Yogyakarta menjadi bagian barat dan timur, serta menjadi salah satu landmark kota ini. Sungai Code merupakan penampung utama aliran Sungai Boyong dari bagian hulu, sehingga kerap dianggap sebagai sungai yang sama. Sungai Boyong sendiri bermata air di kaki Gunung Merapi.
Sungai ini menjadi salah satu sungai yang memiliki arti yang sangat penting bagi penduduk provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Dengan mata air yang berada di salah satu gunung yang aktif di dunia, mata airnya dimanfaatkan untuk pengairan persawahan di Sleman dan Bantul serta dipergunakan juga sebagai sumber air minum. Sungai ini bermuara pada Sungai Opak.
Masalah utama yang mengancam sungai ini adalah polusi. Jembatan Kewek dan Sayidan melintasi sungai ini.
Sungai ini mengalir di wilayah selatan tengah pulau Jawa yang beriklim sabana tropis (kode: As menurut klasifikasi iklim Köppen-Geiger). Suhu rata-rata setahun sekitar 24 °C. Bulan panas adalah September, dengan suhu rata-rata 27 °C, dan terdingin April, sekitar 20 °C. Curah hujan rata-rata tahunan adalah 2802 mm. Bulan dengan curah hujan tertinggi adalah Januari, dengan rata-rata 538 mm, dan yang terendah September, rata-rata 8 mm.
Total panjang sungai ini 41 km, dimulai dari Sungai Boyong sepanjang 24 km di hulu dan Sungai Code sepanjang 17 km di hilir.
Sungai yang membelah kota Yogyakarta menjadi dua ini secara historis dijadikan dasar bagi berdirinya Kerajaan Mataram di Yogyakarta.
Karena berhulu pada gunung berapi yang sangat aktif, sungai ini sering mengalami banjir lahar, yang membawa hanyutan lahar dingin yang mengendap di lereng Gunung Merapi, sebagai akibat dari hujan yang terjadi di wilayah gunung tersebut. Banjir lahar yang mengalir melalui Sungai Code menimbulkan dampak besar bagi penduduk di sepanjang bantaran sungai. Banyak rumah yang rusak atau hanyut terkena terjangan banjir lahar dingin tersebut.
Untuk mengantisipasi datangnya banjir lahar, pemerintah kota telah membuat talud di sepanjang pinggiran Sungai Code yang ada di wilayah Kota Yogyakarta, dan secara berkala melakukan pengerukan sungai dengan menggunakan ekskavator. Selain itu di bagian hulu (Sungai Boyong) juga telah dibangun seri bendung sabo untuk menghambat aliran lahar sebelum mencapai kawasan pemukiman padat.
Sejak dahulu telah dibangun pemukiman penduduk miskin di sepanjang sungai ini. Rumah-rumah di pinggir kali ini sering rusak akibat banjir lahar gunung Merapi.
Djanger Bali

Djanger Bali adalah salah satu judul album dari Indonesian All Stars (Jack Lesmana dan kawan-kawan) yang menandai landmark musik jazz modern di Indonesia. Sebuah karya jazz yang memetakan perjalanan musik jazz negeri ini dengan melibatkan banyak sosok pemusik jazz Indonesia dan menjadi tonggak sejarah untuk masa sekarang. Karena di situ ada Jack Lesmana, Bubi Chen, Maryono, Benny Mustapha dan Jopie Chen. Jika membahas peta musik jazz Indonesia, sepertinya lebih lengkap jika kita mengenal album yang langka ini.
Album ini terwujud karena ketertarikan pemusik jazz Amerika yang kerap mengamati aktivitas pemusik jazz Indonesia menjelang akhir era '60-an. Setelah tumbangnya rezim Orde Lama Bung Karno. Peniup klarinet Tony Scott asal New York Amerika Serikat ini pernah wara-wiri di Asia sekitar 6 tahun seperti di Thailand, Taiwan, serta Indonesia. Tony yang lalu sempat bermukim di Jakarta justru banyak menyerap musik tradisi kuno yang dibaurkan dengan elemen jazz.
Selama 6 bulan Tony Scott melakukan pendekatan dengan Indonesian All Stars yang didukung Jack Lesmana (gitar), Bubi Chen (piano, zither), Benny Mustapha Van Diest (drum), Maryono (suling, flute, saxophone), dan Jopie Chen (bass). Pada tahun 1967 mereka bertolak ke Berlin, Jerman, untuk mengadakan sebuah pertunjukan.
Selama 2 hari di Berlin grup jazz kebanggaan Indonesia ini melakukan sesi rekaman untuk MPS/Saba Record yang kemudian menghasilkan album "Djanger Bali". Album yang covernya mengambil nukilan salah satu relief di Candi Borobudur ini mengajukan konsep "East meet West". Beberapa instrumen musik tradisional Indonesia seperti suling bambu, kecapi dan siter (zither) dihadirkan pula di album yang diproduseri oleh Joachim Ernest Berendt.
Direkam di Villingen, Black Forrest pada tanggal 27 dan 28 Oktober 1967, dibantu teknisi rekaman Rolf Donner di Saba Tonstudio. Jack Lesmana sendiri banyak memainkan nada rendah pada gitarnya untuk menyiasiati penggantian bunyi gong. Mereka pun mencoba menafsirkan karya George Gershwin "Summertime" dalam perspektif tradisi karawitan. Tak ada intimidasi dari dua kutub budaya yang berbeda. Sesuatu yang mungkin saat itu termasuk sebuah pencapaian yang cukup luar biasa.
Indonesian Tourism Journalist Association

Indonesian Tourism Journalist Association (ITJA) adalah organisasi perkumpulan wartawan khusus dalam bidang pariwisata. Organisasi ini awalnya dibentuk dari hasil pertemuan para wartawan kepariwisataan yang diprakarsai oleh Jack Febrian Rusdi, hasil pertemuan dari 23 media tersebut menyepakati dibentuk asosiasi wartawan pariwisata, pertemuan ini dihadiri oleh media regional, nasional maupun internasional. Salah satu tujuan asosiasi ini adalah untuk menggenjot kunjungan wisata di Indonesia.
Beberapa tujuan pembentukan organisasi ini, di antaranya:
Telkom Landmark Complex

Telkom Landmark Complex or The Telkom Hub is an office complex of three high-rise building in Jakarta, Indonesia. The oldest of the building is known as Graha Merah Putih. The other two buildings are named as Telkom Landmark Tower and Telkomsel Smart Office.
The complex is built as a digital hub for developing digital entrepreneurs, digital infrastructure and solutions, digital innovation culture, social and technology education centers, digital customer care service as well as a smart mosque. The complex has a wide array of amenities including food and beverage court, auditorium, retail space, a fitness center, and a mosque.
Olier Mordrel

Olier Mordrel, Olivier Marie Joseph Mordrelle e anv gwir (Paris,29 a viz Ebrel 1901 – Triagad, 25 a viz Here 1985) a oa un tisavour hag ur broadelour breton. Da vare an Eil brezel-bed e savas a-du gant an naziegezh hag ar c'henlabour gant Alamagn Adolf Hitler.
E 1919 e kemeras perzh er strollad politikel Breiz Atao ; e 1922 e voe prezidant Unvaniez Yaouankiz Vreiz hag e 1925 en em stalias evel tisavour e Kemper.
En hevelep bloavezh e savas gant Roparz Hemon ur seurt stagadenn, Gwalarn he zitl, d'ar gelaouenn Breiz Atao (niverenn 74, C'hwevrer 1925). D'ar mare-se e voe aozet ar c'hentañ Kuzul etrekeltiek e Dulenn, en Iwerzhon ; eno edo Taldir, Olier Mordrel, Morvan Marchal ha Youenn Drezen.
E 1927 e teuas O. Mordrel da vezañ kenrener ha sekretour ar mennozhioù Strollad Emrenerien Vreiz.
E-touez ar yaouankiz birvidik ha broadelour e voe er bloavezhioù 1930 ; perc'henn e oa d'an ampoent-se war ur stal arzoù kinklañ e Kemper, hag e klaskas un doare breizhat nevez.Ouzhpenn un tisavour hag ur skrivagner e oa un tresour ivez eus O. Mordrel, evit brudañ Breiz Atao dre gartennoù-post evel an hiniLisez Breiz Atao.
E 1931 e voe krouet an eil Strollad Broadel Breizh (1931-1944) (Parti nationaliste breton, PNB) gant Frañsez Debauvais hag Olier Mordrel, hag a voe divodet e 1939 da vare gouarnamant Édouard Daladier en abeg d'un nebeud mennozhioù hag a oa pell diouzh re Vro-C'hall ha re dost eus re Alamagn, prest da zibennañ ar Stad c'hall. E 1933 ez embannas ar PNB e Breiz Atao ur programm gouarnamant anvet SAGA, gant un anv kuzh evit ar strollad politikel keltiek.
E 1934 e savas ar gelaouenn Stur ; skridoùigoù a voe gouestlet d'ar vroadelouriezh keltiek, gant perzhioù enepyuzev. E Stur e voe embannet e 1938 ur farsadenn dindan stumm ul lizher : « Ar re hag a dap poan-gof pa welont ur c'hilhog dibennet a rankfe en em voazañ – Kuzul a-berzh ur c'heneil. ».
E 1936 e savas O. Mordrel Pobloù hag o harzhoù, ur c'hannadig gouestlet d'ar minorelezhioù broadel en Europa, gwelet eus Breizh. Hermann Bickler (1904-1984) a oa karget eus ar pennadoù hag a denne da Elsass. Ar c'hentañ niverenn (miz Genver 1937) eus Peuples et frontières (1937-1939, 25 niverenn) e voe enni ur pennad skrivet gant ar Flandrezat enepyuzevour J. Demeerseman o vurutellañ hag o klask divrudañ kannaded ar greizenn yuzev; hervezañ ne c'helle ket ar Stad alaman kavout un digarez d'ar fed ma vefe atav ken krog ar yuzevien e bed ar sinema.
D'ar 14 a viz Kerzu 1938 e voe kondaonet Mordrel ha Debauvais d'ur bloavezh toull-bac'h, gant goursez evit an abeg a wask d'ar vroad c'hall. Adalek miz Gouere 1938 betek miz Gouere 1939 e voe sekretour meur ha skridaozer Breiz Atao.
Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez

Skrivagner brezhonek ha gallek, kartennour hag emsaver breizhat eo Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez (Michel Bolloré hervez ar stad keodedel), bet ganet e Brest d'an 24 C'hwevrer 1975. Kemeret en deus perzh ivez e krouidigezh an astenn internet .bzh.
Studiet en doe an diorren lec'hel e Skol-Veur Breizh-Izel e Brest. E Kemper emañ o labourat hag o chom.
Diouzh e vicher eo dedennet gant ar gartennoùriezh hag e plij dezhañ sevel kartennoù hag atlasoù a denn da Vreizh ha d'ar pobloù minoraelaet. Pourveziñ a ra kartennoù evit levrioù embannet e Breizh. Asambles gant Divi Kervella en doe savet, skeudennet ha sinaet meur a levr war an tachennoù e vourrent plediñ ganto : kartennouriezh, bannielouriezh hag ardamezouriezh. Krouet en doe e 2005, gant skoazell Divi Kervella, Geobreizh, porched douaroniel Breizh, evit pourveziñ kartennoù brezhonek, kartennoù Breizh istorel, rolloù anvioù douaroniel…
E 1999 en deus krouet al lec’hienn Eurominority.eu ha war-lerc’h en deus renet Atlas ar broadoù hep Stad e Europa, ul levr diwar-benn stad pobloù minorelaet e Europa, ha troet e saozneg hag e galizeg. Stourmañ a ra evit gwir ar pobloù d'en em dermeniñ ha kemeret en doa perzh en intrudu YesBreizh.net a gas war-raok dizalc’hiezh Breizh.
Ur soner gaolviolin anezhañ ez eo dedennet gant ar sonerezh klasel e Breizh hag en deus kensavet ul levr gant Aldo Ripoche. Ul levr flemmus a-enep an adreizh tiriadel en deus skeudennet ha skrivet gant Erwan Chartier-Le Floch.
E 2015 en doe krouet ar gevredigezh Bannieloù Breizh m'emañ prezidant anezhi.
Kemeret en deus Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez perzh er stourmadeg evit ma vo degemeret an astenn Internet .bzh evit Breizh. E 2006 en deus skignet ur goulennadeg war lec’hienn Geobreizh.com evit-se. A-drugarez d’an obererezh-se o deus en em ziazezet meur a strollegezh lec'hel (Rannvro Breizh peurgetket) gant un doare ofisiel. Deuet eo da vezañ besprezidant ar gevredigezh www.bzh he deus bet d’an 13 a viz Mae 2013 an aotre gant an ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) da implijout an astenn nevez.
Resevet en doe Kolier an Erminig digant Skol-Uhel ar Vro e 2016. Video evit ar c'hinnigadur. Roet eo bet ivez dezhañ e 2013 priz al levr Produet e Breizh evit al levr-pladenn Sonerezh klasel Breizh er rummad "Levrioù e brezhoneg". Gounezet eo bet gantañ priz al levr Produet e Breizh evit Atlas Breizh e 2011 e rummad Bam d’ar galon ha priz kentañ eus priz rannvroel ar brezhoneg.
Joseph Chardronnet

Joseph Chardronnet, ganet e Brest er bloaz 1910, ha marvet e Pontmaen (departamant Mezven e Bro-C'hall) d'ar 1añ a viz Kerzu 2001 a oa ur beleg katolik, un istorour hag un emsaver breton. Brudet eo dreist-holl evit bezañ skrivet ul levr Istor Breizh e galleg, adembannet meur a wech.
Klask (kelaouenn)

Klask zo ur gelaouenn e brezhoneg hag e galleg embannet gant Presses Universitaires de Rennes e Roazhon. Enni e kaver studiadennoù diwar-benn an danvezioù a bleder ganto e Kevrenn geltiek Skol-veur Roazhon 2 : yezhoniezh, Istor ha sevenadur Breizh hag ar broioù keltiek.
Peurwerzhet eo Klask 01 ha 02; digavadus eo an niverennoù 04 da 06 ; klask 03 ha 04 a c'heller prenañ c'hoazh.
Setu amañ taolennoù an niverennoù 01 ha 02.
Pêr Trepos

Pêr Drepoz, pe Pêr Trepoz, pe Pierre Trépos hervez ar galleg, a oa ur skolveuriad breizhat, ganet d'an 31 a viz Genver 1913 e Plozeved, er Vro Vigoudenn, ha marvet en Arzh d'an 12 a viz Genver 1966. Anavezet eo evel yezhadurour, ha komper Per-Jakez Heliaz er skingomz vrezhonek. Skolveurieg e oa war ar saozneg ha doktor war al Lizhiri.
Studiañ a reas e liseoù Kemper ha Roazhon, gant ur yalc'had e 1931 ha 1932. Ac'haleno ez eas da Bariz d'ar Sorbonne e-pad daou vloaz. Skolaer e voe goude e Pont-'n-Abad. E 1938 e teuas da Gemper en-dro evit bezañ kelenner war ar saozneg. Prizoniad-brezel en Alamagn eus Gwengolo 1939 betek Meurzh 1943 e renas un obererezh kuzh a-enep an enebour alaman ken e resevas ar groaz-vrezel evit bezañ bet harp d'an Harzerezh.
E 1946 ez eas da gelenner da Roazhon ha gounit a reas kenstrivadeg ar skolveuriekadur e 1947.
E 1956 e c'hounezas an doktorelezh diwar kinnig er skol-veur ar Sorbonne e dezenn "le pluriel breton" (al liester e brezhoneg) ha gant an addezenn " Le vocabulaire de la ferme" (geriaoueg an atant), un testeni dibar war termenoù ar gounezerezh en amzerioù tremenet. Tapout a reas ur meneg "dereat-tre".
Brudet eo bet e-touez ar vrezhonegerien er bloavezioù 1950 ha 1960 pa c'hoarie sketchoù brezhonek fentus gant Per-Jakez Heliaz war wagennoù Radio-Kimerc'h. Eñ a oa Gwilhou vihan o tivizout gant Jakez Kroc'hen (P.-J. Helias).
Marvet eo bet a-daol-trumm e 1966 pa oa o neuial er mor e-tal enez Arzh (Bro-Wened - Mor-Bihan) ha n'en doa ket bet amzer d'echuiñ e yezhadur met embannet eo bet diwar e notennoù gant A. Hamon ha Pêr-Jakez Helias. Peuzechu e oa e yezhadur neuze un oberenn hogos klok eo, pinvidik-tre ha nes-tre d'ar yezh prezeget gant ar vrezhonegerien a-vihanik ha graet evit bezañ implijet gant pep brezhoneger.
Anavezetoc'h eo labour Pêr Trepos war ar yezh eget war al lennegezh.
Unvaniez ar Seiz Breur

Unvaniez ar Seiz-Breur (Unvaniezh ar Seizh breur en doare-skrivañ peurunvan) a zo bet ur strollad arzourion bet krouet gant Jeanne Malivel, James Bouillé, Reun Kreston hag e wreg, Suzanne Kreston. Ur pouez dezho o deus bet e istor an arz e Breizh ken a-fed o barregezhioù ha berzh o oberennoù ken o liammoù gant an politikerezh : sell ouzh an Eil Emsav. Addizoloet eo bet o levezon pa oa bet diskouezet gant pemp mirdi eus Breizh oberennoù ha dielloù dindan an titl :"Ar Seiz breur, 1923-1947, ar c'hrouiñ breizhek etre chom giz kozh ha mont war-raok" er bloaz 2000.
En o mesk e kaver :
Evit ar roll klok, sell ouzh Roll izili ar Seiz Breur
N’eus ket bet obererezhioù savet gant Unvaniezh ar Seiz breur goude an Dieubidigezh, met an digalon a c’hell degas an displegadenn, rak roll an izili a voe toullbac'het e-pad 4 ha 12 miz a zo bet roet evel-mañ : Abeozen
Unan eus an izili koshañ, bet mignonez gant Jeanne Malivel, Janed Koroller-Danio a voe merzheriet en he zi gant paotred an Harzherezh.
Margaret Campbell MacPherson

Margaret Campbell MacPherson, bet ganet e St. John's (Kanada) e 1860 hag aet d'an Anaon e Versailles (Seine-et-Oise d'ar mare-se) e 1931, a oa ul livourez kanadian, poltredourez, gweledvaouerez ha livourez ar bleunioù. Studiañ a reas e Bro-Skos, Suis ha Pariz a-raok divizout chom e Bro C'hall. Tremen a reas un nebeud hañvezhioù e Breizh.
Daniel Giraudon

Daniel Giraudon, ganet d'an 13 Ebrel 1944 e Binig, zo bet kelenner e Skol-veur Breizh-Izel e Brest. Kelenn a rae brezhoneg. Gwerinoniour eo.
E dad-kozh a-berzh tad oa ur mañsoner gall eus an departamant Creuse.
Frañsez-Mari Kadig

An aotrou Frañsez-Mari Kadig (François-Marie Cadic) a oa ur skrivagnour hag en deus labouret àr ar folklor. Ganet a oa d’an 29 a viz Gwengolo 1864 ba Noal-Pondi (Mor-Bihan), ha marv d’ar 27 a viz Gouere 1929 ba Sant-Yann-Brevele.
Ganet a oa ba ur familh labourizion-douar. Eñ en doa ur bochad breudeur ha c’hoarezed. Aet e oa da gloerdi bihan Santez-Anna-Gwened ba 1880, raok mont da gloerdi bras Gwened. Beleget e oa bet ba 1889. Àr-lerc’h bout graet ur lisañs àr an istoer, e ta da vout kelennour ba Institud katolik Pariz. Ba 1897, e kroueas « parrez Bretoned Pariz », lem e vo betek 40 000 a dud, ha ba 1899 e savas ur gazetenn hag a vo graet ar memp anv anezhi. Ba hounnezh e veze roet ur bochad doareoù a dalvoudegezh evit Bretoned Pariz, ha mojennoù dia Vro-Gwened c’hoazh ivez. Skrivet en deus ur bochad levrioù zia-benn Breizh, lem e kannïa kontadennoù ha mojennoù dia’r vro. Sellet a vez evel unan ag an dastumerion wellañ evit kultur dre gomz Breizh-Izel.
Kêr-Is

Kêr-Is, Kêr-Iz, ar Gêr a Iz zo ur gêr vojennel e Kernev hag a vije bet koñfontet gant ar meurvor er V kantved da heul dibalamour ar briñsez Dahud, merc'h ar roue Gradlon.
C'hwec'hvet kan Barzhaz Breizh Théodore Hersart de la Villemarqué eo Liñvadenn Gêr Is.
Hervez ar skrid koshañ (1636) e vije bet kêr Is e pleg-mor Douarnenez ; meur a lec'h all zo bet kinniget abaoe a-feur ma voe brudet ar vojenn, an darn vuiañ anezho er-maez eus Kernev war-bouez Beg ar Raz ha pleg-mor Gwaien – unan anezho eo Ar Yeoded, en abeg d'an anv moarvat, ha da zismantroù un oppidum a zo bet kavet eno.
Is e oa kêr-benn rouantelezh Kernev pa oa Gradlon Meur o ren. Gant ur puñs divent e veze diwallet diouzh an aloubadegoù hag ar reverzhioù bras. Un nor guzh a oa d'ar puñs-se, a veze digoret pe brennet diouzh ma troe an traoù ; gant ar roue e veze an alc'hwez aour-se bepred.
Sant Gwenole, kuzulier Gradlon, en deveze poan o kendrec'hiñ ar roue da lakaat termen da emzalc'h diroll ha dizoue ar briñsez Dahud ; diouganañ a reas e vije liñvet Is en abeg dezhi.
D'un noz end-eeun e teuas Dahud da laerezh alc'hwez ar puñs p'edo he zad o kousket, kement-se evit difinañ war un dirolladeg he devoa kaset en enor d'he c'haredig. Pa voe digoret ar skluz ez eas ar mor tre e kêr.
O tec'hel war varc'h e oa Gradlon, e verc'h gantañ war an talier, pa c'hourc'hemennas Gwenole dezhañ divarc'hañ Dahud abalamour ma oa re garget ar jav : « Diabenn an droukspered hag a zo a-dreñv dit ! » Sentiñ a reas ar roue, ha lonket gant an donn e voe ar briñsez.
Abaoe al liñvadenn e vez klevet kleier-galv Is o vrallañ ha Dahud o c'hlac'hariñ pa vez ar reverzhioù brasañ.
Keltiek eo orin mojenn kêr Is, pa vez kanet e Breizh, e Kembre hag en Iwerzhon, pep hengoun o lec'hiañ Is en e vro. Pa gan Breizhiz a-zivout ur puñs ez eo feunteunioù a liñv kêr er broioù all.
Bepred e vez lakaet bugel ar roue – priñs pe briñsez – da atebek war ar reuz, ha bewech e vez kastizet gant an doue kristen, dre veuziñ pe dre dreiñ d'ur vorganez – ar pezh a zo pagan.
Morvan Marchal

Morvan Marchal (French pronunciation: [mɔʁvɑ̃ maʁʃal]; 31 July 1900, Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine – 13 August 1963, Paris; also known as Maurice Marchal) was an architect and a prominent member of the Breton national movement. He is best known for having designed the national flag of Brittany.
A former pupil of the Saint Martin's day college of Rennes, Marchal went on to study architecture at the Rennes School of Art. In 1918 he joined the Breton Regionalist Union and became involved with its journal Breiz Atao ("Brittany Always!") and the nationalist youth movement Breton Youth.
In 1923 he designed the Breton national flag Gwenn ha du ("Black and White"). An artist, poet and illustrator, he participated in many Breton publications, political and intellectual. He also belonged to "Seiz Breur", a group of Breton artists.
He took part in the creation of the Breton Separatist Party (PAB) at the first congress of Breiz Atao, held in September 1927 at Rosporden. He was a member of the party's management committee. In constant conflict with the pro-Nazi nationalist Olier Mordrel, he finally broke with Breiz Atao.
At the 11 April 1931 congress, the PAB split. Mordrel set up the fascist Breton National Party, and Marchal joined the moderate Breton Federalist League, from which in 1932 he founded the journal Federal Brittany. In 1934, he joined the Breton Federalist Movement, with Y. Gestalen, Francis Bayer of Kern, Goulven Mazéas and Rafig Tullou. In 1938 he signed the manifesto of the Breton federalists, which affirmed:
Marchal turned to philosophical and occult studies, associated with Druidic revivalism. With other members of the Breton Federalist Movement, he founded the neo-Pagan "Kredenn Geltiek Hollvedel" (World Celtic Creed) group, of which he was the first arch-Druid. The group is separate from the Gorsedd of Brittany.
During the war, Marchal was not associated with the pro-Nazi activities of Mordrel and his followers. However his group Kredenn Geltiek Hollvedel published a Druidic journal, Nemeton, one of the goals of which was to denounce Catholic influence in Brittany in the name of a supposed Aryan (Indo-European) cultural fraternity which bound a Nordic "New Europe" to the Celtic fatherland in Germany.
Following the Liberation of France he suffered from the association of Breton nationalism with collaborationism. He left Brittany to live in Paris, where he worked installing gas. He continued to contribute to some journals, such as Marius Lepage's Le Symbolisme. He died in poverty in 1963 in the commonroom of the Lariboisière hospital.
A street of the district of Poultière in the North-East of Vitré has been named after him.
Morvan Marchal was buried in Paris in 1963 and re-buried in the family grave in Châteaugiron, near Rennes in Brittany on 24 January 1997.
The Breton movement. Published by real Brittany 1954
Kredenn Geltiek

Kredenn Geltiek (Celtic Creed) is a neo-Pagan Druidic group founded in Brittany in 1936. It was later known as Kredenn Geltiek Hollvedel (Celtic Creed of the World). It now exists under the name Kevanvod Tud Donn (Parliament of people of Dêua Ana). It publishes the journal Ialon-Kad-Nemeton.
Founded in 1936 by Rafig Tullou, Morvan Marchal, and Francis Bayer du Kern, Kredenn Geltiek Hollvedel grew out of the Breton Federalist Movement as an attempt to reassert ancient Celtic religious beliefs. The group's explicitly anti-Catholic and Modern Druidic ideology wanted to distinguish it from the existing non-religious Gorsedd of Brittany.
Morvan Marchal was the group's first "Arch-Druid." They mixed readings of the Bhagavad Gita and the maxims of Laozi with Celtic traditions to create an Indo-European esotericism as a basis for the re-creation of druidic worship. Esotericist research by Gwilherm Berthou led to claims that ancient Celtic beliefs had been reconstructed.
During World War II, its journal, Kad (combat), devoted to druidic philosophy, changed its title to the less militaristic Nemeton ("Sanctuary"). This later became Ialon-Kad-Nemeton.
From 1937 onward, the group experienced numerous schisms. The most recent was in 1994, when a faction split and moved to Commana.
Xavier Grall

Xavier Grall (1930–1981) was a journalist and poet from Brittany, France, who was a strong advocate of Breton nationalism during the Third Emsav. His work glorifies a mystical Brittany.
Xavier Grall was born in Landivisiau in Finistère, but moved to Paris. He worked as a journalist for Catholic publications, including the journals La Vie catholique, of which he was editor, and Témoignage chrétien. He also wrote for Le Monde and Bretagne.
Grall rediscovered his Breton identity in the 1970s, leaving Paris permanently in 1973, returning to Brittany to live at Bossulan Farm in Nizon, just outside Pont-Aven. Grall's reassertion of Breton identity followed a period of disillusionment with France following the Algerian War. He later wrote that the war undermined his belief in the idea of France:
In response he defined himself as Breton in opposition to French identity:
From this point on his work emphasises a multicultural ideal, building a unique example of Breton literature in French.
With his friends Alain Guel and the protest singer Glenmor, he founded éditions Kelenn, where he published Barde imaginé (1968), Keltia Blues (1971), La Fête de la nuit (1972) and Rires et pleurs de l'Aven (1978). Alain Guel, who followed his early steps in literature, and kept up a voluminous correspondence with him, gave him support and friendship throughout his life.
Reconnecting with his past as a columnist, Grall published Le Cheval couché (the lounging horse), a scathing response to Pierre-Jakez Hélias's popular autobiographical novel Cheval d'orgueil (Horse of Pride), which he called "fossilized folkism". He also vilified earlier Breton poets and singers, notably Theodore Botrel, whom he described as the creator of a "pitiable" image of Brittany born "from the depths of his idiocy". Botrel later expressed regret for having written the book.
Grall continued to work from a distance for Le Monde and La Vie catholique. He published pamphlets and occasional pieces; Le Billet d'Olivier presented his passions and his moods on current topics. He also wrote essays on François Mauriac, James Dean and others.
In the early 1970s, Grall founded the Breton separatist newspaper Le Nation bretonne with Alain Guel and Glenmor, where he published lyrics under the pseudonym of "Saint HERBOTS", among others.
He died in Quimperlé in 1981.
A bronze sculpture to his memory stands on the Promenade Xavier Grall, on the banks of the river Aven in Pont-Aven.
Each year in Carhaix a Festival des Vieilles Charrues bears his name.
A literary prize was created in his name at the Festival de la Parole Poétique (Pays de Quimperlé). Le Prix Xavier-Grall is awarded to a poet for his life's work. Recipients have included:
List of Breton saints

Breton saints refers to both the innumerable people who lived, died, worked in, or came to be particularly venerated in the nine traditional dioceses of Brittany (Cornouaille, Dol, Léon, Nantes, Rennes, Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Malo, Tréguier, Vannes) who were accepted as saintly before the establishment of the Congregation of Rites (now the Congregation for the Causes of Saints), and those saints, blesseds, venerables, and Servants of God who have come to be recognized since that time.
Before the Bretons came, the land now known as Brittany was known as Armorica within the Roman province of Gallia Lugdunensis. The earliest saint associated with this region is Anne, mother of Mary (mother of Jesus), who purportedly appeared to Yves Nicolazic and spoke to him in Breton. Saint Anne is the patroness of Brittany.
After her, the earliest saints in what is now Brittany have dates which are sometimes unclear, but tradition holds they go back to the earliest days of the church. Maximinus, said to have been sent to preach among the Gauls, was made the first Bishop of Rennes. Pope Linus, the second Bishop of Rome, sent Clair and Adeodatus. Clair became the first Bishop of Nantes around AD 280 and died early in the third century; Adeodatus preached primarily in the area of Vannes. Other Armorican saints include Similien, the third Bishop of Nantes, who converted the brother-martyrs Donatian and Rogatian. Palladius may also have had an Armorican connection.
The Bretons, coming from the British Isles, brought Christianity with them. With the coming of the Bretons, the seven ancient dioceses were established by the seven founding saints.
The other two dioceses of Brittany were founded by Clair de Nantes and Maxime de Rennes.
The "modern" in modern saints refers to the process, not the person, and groups those whose status has been recognized by Rome.
Saint Sithney

Saint Sithney (Latin: Sidinius; Breton: Sezni Saint was a sub-Roman Celtic saint active in Cornwall and Brittany. He is invoked against mad dogs.
According to tradition, Sithney (being a form of the Irish Setna) was one of a group of Irish monks who came to western Cornwall. Setna was a native of Munster, the son of Erc and Magna, a sister of St. David. Setna had two brothers, Govan and Multos. He may be the Setna, a deaf and mute boy who kept cows on Slieve-Bloom. Columba of Terryglass, seeing the boy. pitied the child and blessed him. Setna not only recovered hearing and speech, but also acquired the gift of prophecy.
He was a student of Senán mac Geirrcinn, and accompanied the saint to Inis Mor, where Senan established a monastery. From there he went to Ciarán of Saigir and headed the abbey temporarily until Carthage the Elder took over. He used to visit Mo Lua mac Carthach at Clonfert. After Carthage arrived in Saighir, Sithney went to Brittany.
Historian Nicholas Orme suggests that his cult may have originated in Brittany. A Breton folk story, an adaptation of a tale associated with Ciarán of Saigir, states that God asked Sithney to be the patron saint of girls seeking husbands, but Sithney said he would rather be the patron saint of mad dogs and get some rest.
He is the patron saint of Sithney, Cornwall, United Kingdom, and is invoked for help against rabies and mad dogs, and for healing of mad dogs. He was also venerated at Guissény, Brittany, and at a number of other places in Brittany.
The legends of St Sezni were compiled by Albert Le Grand in 1636 and a Breton translation of this was published in 1848 as Buez Sant Sezny. The sources Le Grand used borrowed heavily from the Life of Ciarán of Saigir; the sections regarding Sithney in Brittany are more reliable.
William Worcester recorded in 1478 that the body of the saint lay within the church of Sithney.
Saint Hervé

Saint Hervé (c. 521 – 575 AD), also known as Harvey, Herveus, or Houarniaule, was a sixth-century Breton saint. Along with Saint Ives, he is one of the most popular of the Breton saints. He was born in Guimiliau (Gwimilio).
Hervé was the son of a Welsh bard named Hyvarnion, who had studied under Cadoc. Hyvarnion became a minstrel at the court of Childebert I. His mother was Rivanone, a woman of surpassing beauty who knew the properties of plants and herbs. Hervé was the nephew of the hermit Saint Urfold.
Hervé was born blind. His father died when Hervé was still quite young. He inherited his father's harp. His mother became an anchoress and entrusted the seven-year-old boy to the care of his uncles who placed him with a learned hermit who lived in the forest. At about fourteen years of age, he went to study at the monasastic school at Plouvien, where his maternal uncle, Gourvoyed was abbot. Hervé grew up to become a teacher and minstrel.
With his disciple Guiharan, Hervé lived near Plouvien as a hermit and bard. He had the power to cure animals and was accompanied by a domesticated wolf. His wolf devoured the ox or donkey Hervé used in plowing. Hervé then preached a sermon that was so eloquent that the wolf begged to be allowed to serve in the ox's stead. Hervé's wolf pulled the plow from that day on.
He was joined by disciples and refused any ordination or earthly honour, accepting only to be ordained as an exorcist. He died in 556 AD and was buried at Lanhouarneau.
Saint Hervé is venerated throughout Brittany. His feast day is June the 17th. He is represented accompanied by a tame wolf.
In Lanrivoaré, the hermitage of Saint-Hervé, built according to the model of Irish hermitages, houses the ruins of a chapel, a fountain and a stone cell said to have housed the saint.
For fear of the Normans, his relics were removed to a silver shrine in the chapel of the Château de Brest. Given to the Bishop of Nantes, they were lost during the Revolution.