Danish nationality law

Danish nationality law is governed by the Constitutional Act and the Consolidated Act of Danish Nationality. Danish nationality can be acquired in one of the following ways:
In December 2018, the law on Danish citizenship was changed so that a handshake was mandatory during the ceremony. The regulation was made in an attempt to target members of the Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir from receiving Danish citizenship, since many of them refuse to shake hands with individuals of the opposite sex.
The Folketing decides who is naturalised and passes a law naming those people. The general guidelines as agreed between the political parties are:
Applicants may be exempted from some, or all of these requirements by the Folketing Naturalization Committee. Decisions on exemptions are considered political questions.
According to Statistics Denmark, 3,267 foreigners living in Denmark replaced their foreign citizenship with Danish citizenship in 2012. A total of 71.4% of all those who were naturalized in 2012 were from the non-Western world. Half of all new Danish citizenships in 2012 were given to people from Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkey, Somalia and Iran.
Immigrants who have committed crimes may be denied Danish citizenship. For instance, immigrants who have received a prison sentence of one year or more, or at least three months for crimes against a person cannot receive citizenship. Convictions which have resulted in a fine also carries with it a time period for immigrants, where citizenship applications are rejected up to 4.5 years after the fine. Upon several offences, the period is extended by 3 years.
In April 2021, the Mette Frederiksen Cabinet approved regulation which stops awarding citizenship to foreigners who had received a prison sentence in court which also encompassed suspended prison sentences. Previously, awarding citizenship was possible for foreigners with a prison sentence of less than a year.
In October 2011, the newly elected centre-left coalition government indicated its intention to permit dual citizenship.
On 18 December 2014, Parliament passed a bill to allow Danish citizens to become foreign nationals without losing their Danish citizenship, and to allow foreign nationals to acquire Danish citizenship without renouncing their prior citizenship. A provision in the bill also allows former Danish nationals who lost their citizenship as a result of accepting another to reobtain Danish citizenship. This provision expired in 2020. A separate provision, lasting until 2017, allowed current applicants for Danish citizenship who have been approved under the condition they renounce their prior citizenship to retain their prior nationality as they become Danish citizens. The law came into force on 1 September 2015.
Anyone with Danish (or other) citizenship may be required by a country of which they are also citizens to give up their other (Danish) citizenship, although this cannot be enforced outside the jurisdiction of the country in question. For example Japan does not permit multiple citizenship, while Argentina has no restrictions.
In 1992 Danish voters rejected the Maastricht Treaty. In 1993 Danish voters approved the four opt-outs as stipulated in the Edinburgh agreement including the opt-out for citizenship of the European Union.
Danish citizens residing in Denmark proper are also citizens of the European Union under European Union law and thus enjoy rights of free movement and have the right to vote in elections for the European Parliament. When in a non-EU country where there is no Danish embassy, Danish citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country. Danish citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty.
Greenland joined the European Economic Community along with Denmark proper in 1973 but left in 1985. Although Greenland is not part of the European Union, but remains associated with the EU through its OCT-status. Since Greenlanders hold Danish citizenship they enjoy the same rights as other Danish citizens regarding freedom of movement in the EU. This allows Greenlanders to move and reside freely within the EU.
The Faroe Islands have never been part of the EU or its predecessors, and EU treaties do not apply to the islands. Consequently, Danish citizens residing in the Faroe Islands are not EU citizens within the meaning of the treaties. However, they can choose between a non-EU Danish-Faroese passport (which is green and modelled on pre-EU Danish passport) or a regular Danish EU passport. Some EU member states may treat Danish citizens residing in the Faroe Islands the same as other Danish citizens and thus as EU citizens.
Concerning citizenship of the European Union as established in the Maastricht Treaty, Denmark proper obtained an opt-out in the Edinburgh Agreement, in which EU citizenship does not replace national citizenship and each member state is free to determine its nationals according to its own nationality law. The Amsterdam Treaty extends this to all EU member states, which renders the Danish opt-out de facto meaningless.
Visa requirements for Danish citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Kingdom of Denmark. In May 2018, Danish citizens had visa-free or visa-on-arrival access to 185 countries and territories, ranking the Danish passport 5th in the world according to the Henley visa restrictions index.
The Danish nationality is ranked fourth in The Quality of Nationality Index (QNI). This index differs from the Henley Passport Index, which focuses on external factors including travel freedom. The QNI considers, besides travel freedom, internal factors such as peace & stability, economic strength, and human development as well.
The first prototype Danish citizenship law was passed in 1776 (titled 'Indføds-Retten, according to which all public positions in his Majesty’s Kingdom are exclusively reserved for native-born subjects and those who are respected as equal to them') as an act of Indfødsret (or ius indigenatus), where public positions in the kingdoms were only accessible to native-born subjects or their equals. Prior to this, many foreigners, especially Germans, had reached high-level administrative-positions in the Danish Kingdom and therefore this law helped reduce the influence of foreigners in the Danish government. Based on this law, having 'native-born' status was essentially based on ius soli, however ius sanguinis eventually became the reality as only children born on Danish territory to Danish parents acquired indfødsret at birth, meanwhile children born on the territory of alien parents had to remain in the Danish kingdom in order to meet the acquisition criteria. Immigrants to the Danish Kingdom could only acquire an equal-status to native-born Danes if they were naturalized by the Danish monarch. When Denmark democratized in 1849, the Danish monarch lost their sole-right to grant naturalizations (known as indfødsret ([ius indigenatus]) on immigrants. Doing-so was now done through statute, as per the Danish constitution. During the same period, Indfødsret became more of a citizenship or nationality concept, this is because political rights became associated with this status. The 1776 law remained mostly unchanged except for who could grant naturalizations until it was replaced by the 1898 law, which was Denmark's first proper citizenship law.
The 1898 law, known as The Act on the Acquisition and Loss of Indfødsret, changed the basic acquisition of Danish nationality from ius soli to ius sanguinis principles. Indfødsret and citizenship were two different things at the time based on domicile, therefore the Danish government, wishing to simplify its nationality law, merged the two concepts by making the two terms equivalent in the written law by the 20th century. Since the late 1890s, Danish citizenship law had been based on Nordic cooperation, meaning the Nordic countries had very similar nationality laws.
In 1925, there was a reform of the citizenship law.
In 1950, another reform was made to the Danish citizenship law. Gender equality was introduced to the law. The current Danish nationality laws are based fundamentally on the 1950 law but there have been many amendments over the years, especially since the year 2000.
Denmark's constitution requires that aliens naturalizing to Danish nationality is done through statute, where each applicant's name is mentioned by the legislative power in acts granting citizenship. Historically, the Nordic countries disproved of dual-nationality and thus Danish citizens were not allowed to obtain the nationality of another country without giving-up their Danish nationality, also aliens naturalizing in Denmark had to forfeit all of their prior nationalities. The Nordic countries' citizenship laws have since diverged from one another, especially since the 1997 European Convention on Nationality, with Denmark maintaining a impermissive view on the concept of dual-citizenship although other Nordic countries started to allow it. In December 2014, a majority government in the Danish parliament amended the Citizenship Act, allowing dual-citizenship for persons from 1 September 2015 onwards when the denunciation of the European Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple nationality and Military Obligations Consequent upon Multiple Nationality] 1963 took effect.
In-contrast to neighbouring states, since 2000 Denmark has increased its barriers to naturalization rather than lessen them. This has been attributed to problems regarding globalization and immigration. The Danish nationality rules are stricter regarding general residence requirements, conduct requirements (ex. criminality), and language requirements. Meanwhile, residents of other Nordic countries have relaxed naturalization rules due to regional agreements, thus they can naturalize in Denmark after two years of residence.