davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Hryshko National Botanical Garden

The M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Garden (Ukrainian: Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка, Natsionalnyi botanichnyi sad im. M.M.Hryshka) is located in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine.
The M. M. Hryshko National Botanical Garden is a botanical garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is named after the Soviet botanist Mykola Hryshko who was born in Poltava. Founded in 1936, the garden covers 1.3 km (120 hectares) and contains 13,000 types of trees, shrubs, flowers and other plants from all over the world. It has many coniferous trees and honey locusts, and flowers such as peonies, roses, magnolias, and bushes including lilacs. The garden has hothouses, conservatories, greenhouses and rosaries. It is the most popular amongst the residents, where one can see exotic plants, and attend flower exhibitions. The blooming lilacs at the end of spring are popular in the central garden.
The Vydubychi Monastery and Trinity Monastery of St. Jonas are located on the grounds of the botanical gardens.
The territory of the garden is divided into floristic complexes, such as Ukrainian Carpathians, Plains of Ukraine, Crimea, Caucasus, Central Asia, Altai and Western Siberia, Far East. In every zone, plants typical for a particular region can be found. The geography and landscape of each territory were recreated as well. Also, the garden has a large collection of unique and rare tropical and subtropical plants that are represented in the greenhouse. The Botanical garden can impress with more than 350 species of orchids.
In 2012, with the assistance of the Korean government, a Korean traditional garden based on Changdeok was created in the National Botanical Garden to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Korea.
Media related to National M. M. Hryshko botanical garden at Wikimedia Commons
Pinus bungeana

Pinus bungeana (Chinese: 白皮松; pinyin: báipísōng; Japanese: シロマツ; Korean: 백송; RR: baeksong), also known by the common names Bunge's pine, lacebark pine and white-barked pine, is a pine tree native to northeastern and central China. It is a slow-growing tree that can grow to heights of 15–25 metres (49–82 ft) is frost hardy down to below −26 °C (−15 °F). Its smooth, grey-green bark gradually sheds in round scales to reveal patches of pale yellow, which turn olive-brown, red and purple on exposure to light.
The lacebark pine's trunk can grow either monopodial, as a single growth upwards, or sympodial, forked. Its crown is loosely shaped like a pyramid or umbrella. It has 5–10 centimetres (2.0–3.9 in) long needles in groups of three. Each needles' cross-sections are shaped like a triangular semicircle. The lacebark pine produces cones that turn yellowish brown as they mature and are roughly egg-shaped and 5–7 centimetres (2.0–2.8 in) long. They contain seeds that are grey-brown, slightly egg-shaped, and 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long.
P. bungeana is synonymous with the name Pinus excorticata, attributed to Lindley and Gordon in William Dallimore's Handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. Its name is derived from the surname "Bunge", as one of its early identifications was by botanist Alexander von Bunge in 1831 near Beijing.
P. bungeana is closely related to Pinus gerardiana, another pine species with flaking bark, but P. bungeana has stiffer needles and smaller cones.
Pinus bungeana is native to temperate forests in the mountains of China, but it is also widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, especially for its metallic bark. It grows in the provinces of Shanxi, west Henan, south Gansu, south Hebei, north Sichuan, Shaanxi, west Shandong, and Hubei. It occurs in the wild on limestone rocks and south-facing slopes at relatively high elevations of 500–2,150 metres (1,640–7,050 ft), but has also been planted at lower elevations. In the northern portion of its range, it also occurs in acidic soil. As a light-demanding species, it usually grows in sites less suitable for other tree species.
It was introduced to England in 1843.
Pollination of the lacebark pine occurs in the months of April and May, while seeds mature in October and November of the second year.
In China and Korea, the lacebark pine is traditionally planted near temples and cemeteries. It is also grown as an ornamental tree in classical gardens seeking to imitate Chinese gardens, in which it symbolizes longevity. It can also be seen in botanic gardens and often grows with multiple stems.
The wood of the lacebark pine is not commercially used as timber, but it is used locally by populations in northeast China for construction, furniture, and transport structures like pallets. The lacebark pine has edible seeds used in traditional Chinese medicine to provide relief for respiratory ailments.
In 2009, P. bungeana was named the city tree of Baoji, China.
Pinus densiflora

Pinus densiflora, also called the Japanese red pine, the Japanese pine, or Korean red pine, is a species of pine tree native to East Asia and Siberia. In China, the plant is known as 赤松 (pinyin: chì sōng, literally "red pine").
P. densiflora has a home range that includes Japan, the Korean Peninsula, northeastern China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and northeastern Jiangsu) and the extreme southeast of Russia (in Siberia, southern Primorsky Krai).
The leaves are needle-like, 8–12 centimetres (3–4+1⁄2 inches) long, with two per fascicle. The short leaves are 5–6 cm. There are stomatal lines on both sides of the leaf, two vascular bundles, about three to nine resin canals, and fine serrations on the edge of the leaf. Branchlets with more or less white powder. Male cones are light reddish yellow, clustered in the lower part of new branches, female cones are light reddish purple, solitary or clustered in two to three clusters. The cones are dark brown yellow or light brown yellow when mature, they dehiscent at maturity, seed scales usually thin, seed winged. The bark is orange-red, cracked into irregular scale-like pieces. Heartwood reddish brown, sapwood light reddish yellow. The height of the tree is 20–35 metres (66–115 feet). The crown can reach 30 metres (98 feet).
"The distribution of P. densiflora in China has the following pattern of variation: the more northward it is distributed, the needles are relatively shorter, the white powder on the branchlets is sometimes less obvious or partly obvious, and the color of the cones is lighter. It is light brown yellow".
The cones are 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) long. It is closely related to Scots pine, differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid-green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine. This pine has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The plant prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly acidic soil.
Strong wind resistance, P. densiflora is an excellent tree species for afforestation in stony mountains, barren soil and sandy land. The timber can be used for construction, electric poles, sleepers, ore pillars, furniture, and wood fiber industrial raw materials. The trunk is rich in resin, from which rosin and turpentine can be extracted. Essential oil can be extracted from the leaves. In northeast China, matsutake relies on P. densiflora for growth. "Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve/Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve" takes Matsutake, P. densiflora and ecosystem as the main protection objects. P. densiflora wood has natural anti-corrosion and anti-mildew properties, and natural preservatives and natural wood anti-mold agents can be extracted. P. densiflora has non-stinging needles and soft branches, making it easy to shape as a penjing.
Koelreuteria paniculata

Koelreuteria paniculata is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to China. Naturalized in Korea and Japan since at least the 1200s, it was introduced in Europe in 1747, and to America in 1763, and has become a popular landscape tree worldwide. Common names include goldenrain tree, pride of India, China tree, and the varnish tree.
It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 7 m (23 ft) tall, with a broad, dome-shaped crown. The leaves are pinnate, 15–40 cm (6–16 in) long, rarely to 50 cm (20 in), with 7–15 leaflets 3–8 cm long, with a deeply serrated margin; the larger leaflets at the midpoint of the leaf are sometimes themselves pinnate but the leaves are not consistently fully bipinnate as in the related Koelreuteria bipinnata.
The flowers are yellow, with four petals, growing in large terminal panicles 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long. The fruit is a three-part inflated bladderlike pod, 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, that is green, then ripening from orange to pink in autumn. It contains several dark brown to black seeds 5–8 mm diameter.
First published in 1772, in the 1771 edition of Novi commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae, attributed to Erik Laxmann.
Several varieties have been described:
But none of them are accepted.
K. paniculata has been cultivated since ancient times. In the Zhou dynasty it was one of the five official memorial trees (alongside P. tabuliformis, P. orientalis, S. japonicum and certain Poplars), being planted next to the tombs of scholars.
It is popularly grown as an ornamental tree in temperate regions all across the world because of the aesthetic appeal of its flowers, leaves and seed pods. Several cultivars have been selected for garden planting, including 'Fastigiata' with a narrow crown, and 'September Gold', flowering in late summer.
In the UK the cultivar ‘Coral Sun’ has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In some areas, notably the eastern United States and particularly in Florida, it is considered an invasive species.
Abies koreana

Abies koreana (Korean: 구상나무, Gusang namu), the Korean fir, is a species of fir native to the higher mountains of South Korea, including Jeju Island. It grows at altitudes of 1,000–1,900 metres (3,300–6,200 ft) in temperate rainforest with high rainfall and cool, humid summers, and heavy winter snowfall.
It is a small to medium-sized evergreen coniferous tree growing to 10–18 m (33–59 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in), smaller and sometimes shrubby at the tree line. The bark is smooth with resin blisters and grey-brown in colour. The leaves are needle-like, flattened, 1–2 centimetres (0.4–0.8 in) long and 2–2.5 millimetres (0.08–0.10 in) wide by 0.5 mm (0.02 in) thick, glossy dark green above, and with two broad, vividly white bands of stomata below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they lie mostly either side of and above the shoot, with fewer below the shoot. The shoots are green-grey at first, maturing pinkish-grey, with scattered fine pubescence. The cones are 4–7 cm (1.6–2.8 in) long and 1.5–2 cm (0.6–0.8 in) broad, dark purple-blue before maturity; the scale bracts are long, green or yellow, and emerge between the scales in the closed cone. The winged seeds are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 5–6 months after pollination.
Korean fir is a very popular ornamental plant in parks and gardens in temperate climates, grown for its foliage but also for the abundant cone production even on young trees only 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
Biggest group of wild Korean fir grows in Hallasan Mountain in Jeju Island, South Korea.
Korean fir is also used as Christmas tree.
Celtis sinensis

Celtis sinensis (English: Japanese hackberry, Chinese hackberry; Chinese: 朴树; Japanese: 榎) is a species of flowering plant in the hemp family, Cannabaceae, that is native to slopes in East Asia.
It is a tree that grows to 20 m tall, with deciduous leaves and gray bark. The fruit is a globose drupe, 5–7(–8) mm in diameter. Flowering occurs in March–April, and fruiting in September–October, in the Northern hemisphere.
Native to slopes at altitudes of 100–1500 m in Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guizhou, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shandong, Zhejiang, Sichuan, as well as Korea (팽나무), Japan and Taiwan. Leaves and bark are used in Korean medicine to treat menstruation and lung abscess. It is a naturalized non-invasive species in North America. It is a declared noxious weed in many parts of eastern Australia, where its seeds are spread by birds, fruit bats and water in riparian zones, roadsides, urban bushland, open woodlands, rainforest margins, waste areas, disturbed sites, parks and gardens, in sub-tropical and warm temperate regions.
As an ornamental plant, it is used in classical East Asian garden design.
Tree onion

The tree onion (Allium × proliferum) is a perennial plant similar to the common onion (A. cepa), but with a cluster of bulblets where a normal onion would have flowers. Tree onions are also known as topsetting onions, walking onions, or Egyptian onions. Genomic evidence has suggested that they may be a diploid hybrid of the shallot and the Welsh onion (A. fistulosum). Other sources treat the tree onion as A. cepa var. proliferum or A. cepa Proliferum Group.
Tree onion bulblets will sprout and grow while still on the original stalk. The bulblets are usually marble-sized, between 0.5 cm to 3 cm in diameter. They may bend down under the weight of the new growth and take root some distance from the parent plant, giving rise to the name "walking onion". It has been postulated that the name "Egyptian onion" derived from Romani people bringing tree onions to Europe from the Indian subcontinent. The phenomenon of forming bulblets (bulbils) instead of flowers is also seen in top-setting garlic and other alliums, which sometimes may also be referred to as top onions or tree onions.
Also known as turfed stone leek, it may be cultivated commercially and for foliage. It is described as a shallot which can be grown in tropical conditions.
Many tree onions are very strong flavoured, although some cultivars are relatively mild and sweet. The underground bulbs are particularly tough-skinned and pungent, and can be quite elongate, like leeks, or in some types may form bulbs up to 5 cm across. Young plants may be used as scallions in the spring, and the bulblets may be used in cooking similarly to regular onions, or preserved by pickling.
The plant is known as wakegi (ワケギ) "split scallion" in Japan. Considered a specialty of the Hiroshima Prefecture, it is used in local cooking similar to other scallions.
In Korea, Allium × proliferum along with A. fistulosum is called pa (파, "scallion"), while common onions are called yangpa (양파, "Western scallion"). While A. × proliferum is called jjokpa (쪽파, "separated scallion"), A. fistulosum is called either daepa (대파, "big scallion") or silpa (실파, "thread scallion") depending on the size. Unlike daepa and silpa, which are usually used as a spice, herb, or garnish, jjokpa is often used as the main ingredient of various scallion dishes in Korean cuisine. Common dishes made with jjokpa include pajeon (scallion pancakes) and pa-kimchi (scallion kimchi).
Needle valve

A needle valve is a type of valve with a small port and a threaded, needle-shaped plunger. It allows precise regulation of flow, although it is generally only capable of relatively low flow rates.
An instrument needle valve uses a tapered pin to gradually open a space for fine control of flow. The flow can be controlled and regulated with the use of a spindle. A needle valve has a relatively small orifice with a long, tapered seat, and a needle-shaped plunger on the end of a screw, which exactly fits the seat.
As the screw is turned and the plunger retracted, flow between the seat and the plunger is possible; however, until the plunger is completely retracted, the fluid flow is significantly impeded. Since it takes many turns of the fine-threaded screw to retract the plunger, precise regulation of the flow rate is easily possible.
The virtue of the needle valve is from the vernier effect of the ratio between the needle's length and its diameter, or the difference in diameter between needle and seat. A long travel axially (the control input) makes for a very small and precise change radially (affecting the resultant flow).
Needle valves may also be used in vacuum systems, when a precise control of gas flow is required, at low pressure, such as when filling gas-filled vacuum tubes, gas lasers and similar devices.
Needle valves are usually used in flow-metering applications, especially when a constant, calibrated, low flow rate must be maintained for some time, such as the idle fuel flow in a carburettor.
Needle valves are also commonly used to provide shut off for the pressure gauge or on applicators to shut off the supply of NH3 to the knives in anhydrous ammonia (NH3) applications.
Since flow rates are low and many turns of the valve stem are required to completely open or close, needle valves are not used for simple shutoff applications.
Since the orifice is small and the force advantage of the fine-threaded stem is high, needle valves are usually easy to shut off completely, with merely "finger-tight" pressure. The spindle and/or seat of a needle valve, especially one made from brass, are easily damaged by excessive turning force when shutting off the flow.
Small, simple needle valves are often used as bleed valves in water-heating applications.
Unlike a ball valve or valves with a rising stem, it is not easy to tell from examining the handle position whether the valve is open or closed.
Panniculitis

Panniculitis is a group of diseases whose hallmark is inflammation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (the fatty layer under the skin – panniculus adiposus). Symptoms include tender skin nodules, and systemic signs such as weight loss and fatigue.
Restated, an inflammatory disorder primarily localized in the subcutaneous fat is termed a "panniculitis", a group of disorders that may be challenging both for the clinician and the dermatopathologist. The general term for inflammation of any adipose tissue is steatitis.
Panniculitis can also be classified based on the presence or absence of systemic symptoms. Panniculitis without systemic disease can be a result of trauma or cold. Panniculitis with systemic disease can be caused by:
This is not a complete list of possible causes.
Lipoatrophy or lipodystrophy (the loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue) can occur in any of these conditions.
It can occur in any fatty tissue (cutaneous or visceral) and is often diagnosed on the basis of a deep skin biopsy, and can be further classified by histological characteristics based on the location of the inflammatory cells (within fatty lobules or in the septa which separate them) and on the presence or absence of vasculitis.
There are thus four main histological subtypes:
Erythema induratum, or "Bazin disease", is a panniculitis on the back of the calves. It was formerly thought to be a reaction to the tuberculum bacillus. It is now considered a panniculitis that is not associated with a single defined pathogen.
Nodular vasculitis is a skin condition characterized by small, tender, reddened nodules on the legs, mostly on the calves and shins. Microscopically there are epithelioid granulomas and vasculitis in the subcutaneous tissue, making it a form of panniculitis. Most of these cases are now thought to be manifestation of tuberculosis and indeed they respond well to anti-tuberculous treatment.
Non-vasculitis forms of panniculitis that may occur include:
Lipodermatosclerosis is a form of panniculitis associated with chronic venous insufficiency that presents with brown indurations on the front of the shins. It may be associated with pain and other signs of chronic venous insufficiency. The exact cause is unknown.
Other forms include:
Erythema nodosum is a form of panniculitis characterised by tender red nodules, 1–10 cm, associated with systemic symptoms including fever, malaise, and joint pain. Nodules may become bluish-purple, yellowing, and green, and subside over a period of 2–6 weeks without ulcerating or scarring. Erythema nodosum is associated with infections, including Hepatitis C, EBV and tuberculosis, Crohn's disease and sarcoidosis, pregnancy, medications including sulfonamides, and some cancers, including Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and pancreatic cancer.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency panniculitis is a panniculitis associated with a deficiency of the α1-antitrypsin enzyme inhibitor.
தேங்காய் சட்னி

தேங்காய் சட்னி (Coconut chutney) தென்னிந்திய சட்னி வகைகளில் ஒன்று. இது தென்னிந்திய மாநிலங்களில் பொதுவாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படும் தொடுகறி அல்லது மைய உணவுகளில் இணை பதார்த்தமாக உள்ளது. இவை பொட்டுக்கடலை, பச்சை மிளகாய் அல்லது வர மிளகாய், புளி போன்ற மற்ற பொருட்களுடன் துருவிய அல்லது நறுக்கிய தேங்காய் சேர்த்து அரைத்து தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. இட்லி, தோசை வகைகள், பொங்கல், உப்மா, இடியாப்பம், ஆப்பம், பணியாரம், மற்றும் வடை, போண்டா, பஜ்ஜி, சம்சா ஆகியவற்றுடன் தேங்காய் சட்னி பரிமாறப்படுகிறது. தேங்காய்ச் சட்னி என்பது தமிழக துணை உணவு வகைகளில் ஒன்றாகும். நீராவியினால் வேகவைத்துத் தயாரிக்கப்படும் உணவுப் பொருளான இட்லியை உட்கொள்வதற்குத் தேவையான துணை உணவு வகைகளில் ஒன்று சட்னியாகும். தேங்காய்த் துருவலை முக்கிய பொருளாகச் சேர்த்துச் செய்யப்படும் சட்னி தேங்காய்ச் சட்னி எனப்படுகிறது.
தேங்காய்ப்பூத் துருவலுடன் மிளகாய் (பச்சைமிளகாய் அல்லது காய்ந்த மிளகாய்) கடலைவகைகள் (பொட்டுக்கடலை அல்லது நிலக்கடலை), பருப்பு வகைகள், பூண்டு, உப்பு, இவைகளை தேவையான அளவில் சேர்த்து அம்மியிலோ, ஆட்டுரலிலோ கூழ் பதத்திற்கு அரைத்து, பின் வாணலியில் போதுமான எண்ணெயில், கடுகு, கறிவேப்பிலை இவைகளைத் தாளித்து கூழ் பதத்தில் அரைத்த கலவையைக் கலந்து தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது.
சட்னி

சட்னி என்பது உணவுகளுடன் தொட்டு சாப்பிடுவதற்காக தயாரிக்கப்படும் இணை பதார்த்தமாகும். இவை சில காய்கறிகள் அல்லது வெங்காயம், தக்காளி, மிளகாய், கொத்தமல்லி, கறிவேப்பிலை, உப்பு போன்றவற்றுடன் நறுமணப் பொருட்களுடன் அரைத்து, பின்னர் எண்ணெயில் தாளித்து, பலவிதவிதமான சட்னி வகைகள் தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. இதனை இட்லி, தோசை & வகைகள், பொங்கல், உப்மா, இடியாப்பம், ஆப்பம், பணியாரம், வடை, போண்டா, பஜ்ஜி, சம்சா போன்ற பல விதமான நாம் அன்றாடம் சாப்பிடும் உணவு பதார்த்தங்கள் மற்றும் பலகாரங்கள் உடன் கலந்து உட்கொள்ளப்படுவதாகும்.
சட்னி என்ற வார்த்தை இந்தி சொல்லான चटनी (சட்னி) என்பதிலிருந்து உருவானது. चाटना என்பதன் பொருள் 'நக்குவது' அல்லது 'பசியுடன் சாப்பிடுவது' என்பதிலிருந்து பெறப்பட்டது. இந்தியாவில், சட்னி என்பது பொதுவாக புதிதாக தயாரிக்கப்பட்டவைகளையும் மற்றும் ஊறுகாய் தயாரிப்புகளையும் குறிக்கிறது. இருப்பினும், பல இந்திய மொழிகள் இந்த வார்த்தையை புதிய தயாரிப்புகளுக்கு மட்டுமே பயன்படுத்துகின்றன.
தமிழ்நாட்டில், தொகையல் அல்லது துவையல் (தமிழ்) என்பது சட்னியைப் போன்ற ஆனால் பசை போன்ற நிலைத்தன்மையுடன் கூடிய தயாரிப்புகளை குறிக்கின்றது. ஆந்திரப் பிரதேசத்தில் இது பச்சடி என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. கேரளாவில் "சம்மந்தி" என்றும் தெலங்காணாவில் "தொக்கு" அல்லது "பச்சடி" என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. "தேங்காய் சட்னி," தேங்காய் சார்ந்த சட்னி, 'சட்னி' பொதுவாக கூற்படுவதோடு பொதுவாகத் தயாரிக்கப்படுவதாகவும் உள்ளது.
பலவிதமான் சட்னிகள் உண்டு. நன்மை பயக்கும் என நம்பப்படும் மருத்துவ தாவரங்களும் சில சமயங்களில் சட்னிகளாக தயாரிக்கப்படுகின்றன. உதாரணமாக பிறண்டை துவயல் அல்லது பீர்கங்காய் துவயல் அல்லது பீரகயா தொக்கு. பாகற்காய் கூட சட்னி தயாரிக்கப் பயன்படுத்தலாம். இது ஒரு சுவையாக இருக்கும். எப்போதாவது, சுவையிலும் நிறத்திலும் மாறுபட்ட சட்னிகளை ஒன்றாக பரிமாறலாம்—பச்சை புதினா மற்றும் மிளகாய் சட்னியுடன் மாறுபட்ட இனிப்பு பழுப்பு புளி மற்றும் பேரீச்சம்பழ சட்னி ஆகியவை விருப்பமான கலவையாக இருக்கலாம்.
மேலும் சில :
ஒவ்வொரு சட்னியின் செயல்முறை அதன் மூலப்பொருளை கொண்டுள்ளது. (எ.கா.) தேங்காய் சட்னி என்பது தேங்காய் வைத்து செய்ய வேண்டும்.
தேவையான பொருட்கள்:
தேங்காய், தண்ணீர், தேவையான அளவுக்கு உப்பு, கடுகு, மிளகாய், கறிவேப்பிலை.
தேங்காயை உடைத்து துருவி, பின்பு மிளகாய் சேர்த்து ஆட்டுக்கல்லில்(மிக்சியில்) போட்டு நன்றாக அரைக்க வேண்டும். தேவையான் தண்ணீர் மற்றும் உப்பைச் சேர்த்து நன்றாக அரைக்க வேண்டும். சிறிது நேரத்திற்கு பிறகு தேங்காய் சட்னி உருவாகிவிடும். இதன் பின்னர், கடுகு மற்றும் கறிவேப்பிலையைச் சிறிது எண்ணெய் விட்டுத் தாளித்து சட்னியுடன் கலக்க வேண்டும். இதனை மொரு மொருவான தோசையுடன் சாப்பிட்டால் ருசியாக இருக்கும்.
தக்காளிச் சட்னி

தக்காளிச் சட்னி என்பது சிற்றுண்டியுடன் தொட்டுச் சாப்பிடும் ஒரு வகை உணவுப் பொருள் ஆகும். இந்த உணவுப் பொருள் தக்காளியைப் பிரதானமாகப் பயன்படுத்திச் செய்யப்படுகிறது. இது இட்லி, தோசை, பூரி, சப்பாத்தி போன்றவற்றிற்குத் துணை உணவாக அல்லது தொடுகறியாகப் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
மேற்கண்ட அனைத்தையும் நன்றாக வதக்கி தேவையான உப்புடன் அரைத்துத் தாளிக்க வேண்டும்.
அப்பம்

அப்பம் அல்லது "ஆப்பம்" என்று அழைக்கப்படும் இப்பண்டம் இந்தியா மற்றும் இலங்கையில் பிரபலமான ஒரு தோசை வகையை சார்ந்த தென்னிந்தியா உணவாகும். இது அரிசி மாவில், தேங்காய் பால் கலந்து செய்யப்படுகின்றது. ஆப்பம் மொத்தம் நான்கு வகையில் தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. அவை வெள்ளையாப்பம் (சாதா ஆப்பம்), பாலாப்பம், முட்டையாப்பம், அப்பம் (தென்னிந்தியாவில் கிறுத்துவர் வழிபாட்டில் சிறியளவில் செய்யபடுவது) என நான்கு வகைகளில் தயாரிக்கபடுகிறது.
ஆப்பம் சுடுவதற்கான பாத்திரம் ஆப்பச்சட்டி அல்லது ஆப்பக்கல் எனப்படுகிறது. ஆப்பம் அது சுடப்படும் சட்டி போன்ற வடிவத்தில் வருகிறது. உட்குழிவாக அமையும் ஆப்பத்தின் நடுவில் முட்டையை உடைத்துப் போட்டுச் சுடும்போது முட்டை ஆப்பமும் சிறிதளவு தேங்காய்ப் பால் விட்டுச் சுடும்போது பால் ஆப்பமும் கிடைக்கின்றன. மேலும் ஆப்பத்திற்கு தேங்காய் பால் சரியான இணை பதார்த்தமாக இருந்தாலும் வரமிளகாய் தேங்காய் சட்னி ஒரு காரமான இணை பதார்த்தமாக சேர்த்து கொள்ளப்படுகிறது.
தேங்காய்ப்பூ

தேங்காயை உடைத்து அதனகத்தே வெள்ளைநிறத்தில் காணப்படும் பருப்பை 'திருவலை' (துருவுபலகை) எனும் கருவியினால் துருவி பெறப்படும் துகள்களே தேங்காய்ப்பூ எனப்படும். ஒரு நடுத்தர அளவுத் தேங்காயில் இருந்து மூன்று தொடக்கம் நான்கு கிண்ணம் அளவு தேங்காய்த் துருவல் பெற முடியும்.
தேங்காய்ப்பூ பல்வேறு உணவுப் பொருட்களில் ஒரு சேர்மானமாகப் பயன்படுகிறது. தேங்காய் சட்னி போன்ற இணை உணவுப் பொருட்களில் இது ஒரு முதன்மைச் சேர்மானம். சில கறி உணவுகளில் இது சுவையூட்டுவதற்காகப் பயன்படுகிறது. சில கறிகளுக்கு தேங்காய்ப்பூவை நேரடியாகவே அரைத்துச் சேர்ப்பதுண்டு. சில கறிகளுக்குத் தேங்காய்ப் பால் சேர்ப்பது உண்டு. தேங்காய்ப் பால், தேங்காய்க் குழைவு (cream)என்பன தயாரிப்பதற்கு ஒரு இடைப் பொருளாகத் தேங்காய்த் துருவல் பயன்படுகின்றது. தேங்காய்த் துருவலை நீருடன் சேர்த்துப் பிழிந்து இவற்றைத் தயாரிக்கின்றனர். சம அளவில் தேங்காய்ப்பூவும் நீரும் சேர்த்துப் பிழியும்போது தேங்காய்ப் பாலும், முக்கால் பங்கு தேங்காய்ப்பூவும் கால் பங்கு நீரும் கலந்து பிழியும்போது குழைவும் கிடைக்கின்றன. தேங்காய்ப்பூ, தேங்காய்ப் பால் என்பன கறிகளுக்குத் தடிப்புத் தன்மையைக் கொடுக்கின்றன.
தேங்காய்ப்பூ தொழிற்சாலைகளில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் இனிப்பு வகைகள், விசுக்கோத்து போன்ற பொருட்களிலும் ஒரு சேர்மானப் பொருளாகப் பயன்படுவது உண்டு. பீடா போன்றவற்றில் அழகூட்டுவதற்காகத் நிறமூட்டப்பட்ட காய்ந்த தேங்காய்ப்பூ பயன்படுகின்றது.
பால் பிழிந்தபின் எஞ்சும் சாறற்ற பூவைக் காயவைத்து நிறமூட்டி நிறக்கோலங்கள் இடுவதற்குப் பயன்படுத்துவதும் உண்டு இது தேங்காய்ப்பூக் கோலம் என அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.
முழுத் தேங்காய் ஆறு மாதம் வரையில் கெட்டுப் போகாமல் இருக்கும். உடைத்தத் தேங்காப்பூவை அறை வெப்பநிலையில் நீண்ட காலம் வைத்திருக்க முடியாது. இது விரைவில் பழுதடையக் கூடியது. இதனால், வீடுகளிலும், உணவகங்களிலும் தேங்காய்களைத் தேவைப்படும்போது துருவி உடனேயே பயன்படுத்துவர். குளிர்பதனப் பெட்டியில் இறுக மூடி வைப்பதன் மூலம் ஒரு கிழமை வரை இது கெடாமல் பாதுகாக்க முடியும். எனினும், உறை பெட்டியில் (freezer) வைத்துப் பாதுகாத்தால் ஆறு மாதங்கள் வரை தேங்காய்ப் பூவையும் பழுதடையாமல் வைத்திருக்கலாம். இதனால், தற்காலத்தில் துருவிய தேங்காய்ப்பூவும் சில கடைகளில் விற்பனைக்கு உண்டு. இதைவிட தேங்காய்ப்பூவைக் காயவைத்தும் நீண்ட நாட்களுக்கு வைத்திருக்க முடியும்.
தேங்காய் துருவுவதற்குப் பல வகையான கருவிகள் பயன்படுகின்றன. இவற்றுள் சிறிய அளவில் தேங்காய் துருவுவதற்கு உகந்த எளிமையான கருவிகள் முதல் பெருமளவில் தேங்காய் துருவுவதற்குரிய மின்சாரத்தால் இயங்கும் இயந்திரங்கள் வரை உள்ளன.
நிலக்கடலை

நிலக்கடலை (peanut) (வட்டார வழக்குகளில், வேர்க்கடலை, கச்சான், மலாட்டை மற்றும் கலக்கா ஆகிய பெயராலும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது) என்பது பலரால் விரும்பி உண்ணப்படும் கொட்டைகளைத் தரும் பருப்பு வகை தாவரம் ஆகும். இதை சுருக்கமாக கடலை என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. இது நடு தென் அமெரிக்காவுக்கு பூர்வீகமானது. சீனா, இந்தியா, நைஜீரியா ஆகிய நாடுகள் இதை அதிகம் உற்பத்தி செய்கின்றன.
இதன் தரப்படுதப் பட்ட பெயர்களாக வேர்க்கடலை, நிலக்கடலை ,மணிலாக்கடலை, கடலைக்காய் (கலக்கா), மணிலாக்கொட்டை (மலாட்டை) எனப் பலவாறாக வழங்கப்படுகிறது. இதற்க்கு கச்சான் என்ற பெயர் இலங்கை,தமிழரிடம் பரவலாக காணப்படுகிறது.
நிலக்கடலையை அவித்தோ அல்லது வறுத்தோ உண்ணப்படுகிறது. வெல்லப்பாகுடன் கலந்து கடலை மிட்டாயாக உண்ணப்படுகிறது. பொடித்து இனிப்புருண்டைகளாக தயாரிக்கப்படுகிறது. கடலை காந்தியடிகளுக்குப் பிடித்த உணவாகும்.
பூஞ்சணங்கள், நச்சுக் கிருமிகளால் ஏற்படும் நோய்கள் [(உ-ம்) இலைப்புள்ளி நோய்] நிலக்கடலையின் மகசூலைக் குறைக்கக்கூடிய பல்வேறு காரணிகளுள் முக்கியப் பங்கு வகிக்கின்றன.
நிலக்கடலையில் மாங்கனீசு சத்து அதிகமாக உள்ளது.நாம் உண்ணும் உணவில் உள்ள கால்சியம் சத்துகள் நமது உடலுக்கு கிடைக்கவும் இது பயன்படுகிறது.நிலக்கடலையில் உள்ள ரெஸ்வரெட்ரால் என்ற சத்து இதய வால்வுகளை பாதுக்காக்கிறது.நிலக்கடலையில் பாலிபீனால்ஸ் என்ற ஆண்டி ஆக்சிடண்ட் நோயிலிருந்து பாதுக்காப்பதோடு இளமையையும் பராமரிக்கவும் செய்கிறது.நிலக்கடலையில் உள்ள தாமிரம் மற்றும் துத்தநாக சத்தானது தீமை செயும் கொழுப்பை குறைத்து நன்மை செய்யும் கொழுப்பை அதிகரிக்கிறது.நிலக்கடலையில் உள்ள ஒமேகா -3 சத்தானாது உடலின் நோய் எதிர்ப்பு சக்தியை அதிகரிக்கிறது. சிததா மருத்துவ முறையில் இது பித்தத்தை அதிகரிக்கும் குணம் உள்ளது, எனவே அதை சமன் செய்வதறக்காக வெல்லத்துடன் சேர்த்து உண்ணவேண்டும். கடலைமிட்டாய் மிகச்சிறந்த உணவு.
எ. சித்தூர் வில்வநாதேசுவரர் கோயில்

வில்வநாதேசுவரர் கோயில் என்பது திருமுதுகுன்றம் (எ) விருத்தாசலம் – சேலம் சாலையில் 12 கி.மீ. வடமேற்குத் திசையில் வில்வாரண்யம் என்று பஞ்சபாண்டவர்களால் பூஜிக்கப்பட்ட நல்லூருக்கு தென்கிழக்கே 3 கல் தொலைவில் சித்தர் ஒருவர் வாழ்ந்த இடமாக கருதப்படும் சித்தூர் கிராமத்தில், ஊரின் சனிமூலையில் ஒரு லிங்கம் கண்டெடுக்கப்பட்டு சுமார் 300 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்பு கட்டப்பட்ட பழமைவாய்ந்த கோவில் இதுவாகும்.
இங்கு வில்வநாத ஈஸ்வரர், நல்லநாயகி என இறைவனும் இறைவியும் அருள்பாலிக்கின்றனர். சித்தர் ஒருவர் இங்கு ஈஸ்வரனை வழிபட்டு வந்து ஐக்கியமானதால் சித்து + ஊர் = சித்தூர் என பெயர் பெற்றது. இக்கோவில் சுமார் 300 ஆண்டுகள் பழமைவாய்ந்ததாகும். மேலும் சித்தர் ஒருவர் சன்னாசியாக இருந்து இவ்விடத்தில் சமாதி அடைந்ததாகவும் இவ்வூரில் வாழ்ந்த பெரியவர் சன்னாசியப்பர் அருளால் நினைத்த மாத்திரத்தில் விபூதி,சாப்பாடு வரவழைத்து கொடுத்ததாக முன்னோர்களின் செவிவழிச்செய்தியாகும். சித்தூர் கிராமத்தின் தென் திசையில் அமைந்திருக்கும் சக்தி வாய்ந்த செல்லியம்மன்(எ) பிடாரி கோவில் சிறப்புடைய தலம் ஆகும். இங்கு மூலவர் மகிஷாசுரமர்த்தினி அமைந்துள்ள நிலையை வனதுர்க்கை என்று சிவச்சாரியார்கள் கூறுகின்றனர். எல்லோர்க்கும் எல்லாம் நல்கும் அம்பாள் இப்பகுதி மக்களுக்கு மட்டுமல்லாது சேலம் மாவட்ட மக்களுக்கும் குலதெய்வமாக அருள்பாலித்து வருகிறாள். இக்கோவில் சுமார் 300 ஆண்டுகள் பழமைவாய்ந்ததோடு ஏவல்,பில்லி,சூணியம் மாந்திரீகம் கற்றவர்கள் ஒரு இரவு கூட இவ்வூரில் தங்கமுடியாது என்பது முன்னோரின் செவிவழிச்செய்தியாகும்.
Coconut chutney

Coconut chutney is a south Indian chutney, a side-dish or a condiment, common in the Indian subcontinent. The condiment is made with coconut pulp ground with other ingredients such as green chillies, tamarind, salt, coriander and water. Coconut chutney is made with both red chillies or green chillies. It is served with dosas, idli, bajji, bonda, and vada. In Karnataka, coconut chutney is also served with rice dishes such as pulao, puliyogare, tomato baath, and vangi baath.
List of chutneys

This is a list of notable chutney varieties. Chutney is a sauce and condiment in Indian cuisine, the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent and South Asian cuisine. It is made from a highly variable mixture of spices, vegetables, or fruit. Chutney originated in India, and is similar in preparation and usage to a pickle. In contemporary times, chutneys and pickles are a mass-produced food product.
Red ant chutney

Red ant chutney, also called Kai Chutney, Hao Rit, Chapura, Chapda Chutney or Chhapra Chutney, is a traditional condiment from tribal communities in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal, India. It is made from red weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) and their eggs, providing a distinct taste along with reported nutritional and medicinal qualities. On January 2, 2024, it was awarded a geographical indication (GI) tag, recognizing its distinct regional origin.
Red ant chutney is prepared by collecting red weaver ants and their eggs, commonly found in the forests of eastern India. After being cleaned, the ants are ground into a paste with salt, garlic, ginger, and chilies. This mixture is occasionally sun-dried for preservation and later used as a flavoring for curries and other dishes.
The chutney holds economic and cultural value for many tribal families who gather and sell red ants as a livelihood. It is a source of protein, calcium, vitamin B-12, iron, and other nutrients, and is traditionally believed to support brain and nervous system health. The chutney has been part of the diet of tribal communities in eastern and northeastern India for centuries.
Chef Gordon Ramsay has included red ant chutney on his menu. In 2010, during his documentary on Indian cuisine, Gordon Ramsay referred to Chapda chutney (Red Ant Chutney) as the world's best chutney and acknowledged the health benefits of the dishes he sampled, including red ant chutney.
నెలపొడుపు

అమావాస్య తరువాత చంద్రుని నుంచి వెలువడే మొదటి రోజు చంద్రకాంతిని నెలపొడుపు లేక నెల పొడుపు అంటారు.
ప్రతి నెలలో ఒకసారి నెలపొడుపు వస్తుంది. ఈ నెలపొడుపును హిందూ, ముస్లింలు చాలా పవిత్రంగా భావిస్తారు.
తెలుగు వారి మాదిరిగానే ముస్లింలు 'చాంద్రమాన కేలండర్' ను అనుసరిస్తారు. చాంద్రమానాన్ని అనుసరించే ఇస్లామీయ కేలండర్ తొమ్మిదవ నెల 'రంజాన్', దీనిని ముస్లింలు అత్యంత పవిత్రమైనదిగా భావిస్తారు. దానికి ప్రధానమైన కారణం ' దివ్య ఖురాన్' గ్రంథం ఈ మాసంలో అవిర్భవించడమే! క్రమశిక్షణ, దాతృత్వం, ధార్మిక చింతనల కలయికే ' రంజాన్ మాసం '. ముస్లింలకు అత్యంత పవిత్రమైన ఈ రంజాన్ మాసం ప్రారంభంలో నెల ప్రారంభ సూచిక అయిన నెలపొడుపును చూసి ఉపవాసాలు ప్రారంభిస్తారు.
పవిత్ర ఖురాన్ ఆవిర్భవించిన రంజాన్ మాసంను ఉపవాసంలతో దిగ్విజయంగా పూర్తి చేసాము అనేందుకు గుర్తుగా మరుసటి నెల ప్రారంభ సూచిక అయిన నెలపొడుపును చూసి రంజాన్ పండుగను జరుపుకుంటారు.
నెలపొడుపును చూసిన వెంటనే తనకు ఇష్టమైన వారిని లేదా ఇష్టమైన వాటిని చూస్తారు. ఉదాహరణకు కొంతమంది నెలపొడుపును చూసిన తరువాత వెంటనే తన దగ్గర ఉన్న దేవుని చిత్రాన్ని లేదా ధనలక్ష్మీ ప్రతిరూపంగా భావించే డబ్బుని చూస్తారు, ఈ విధంగా చేయటం వలన ఆ నెలంతా ఆర్థిక ఇబ్బందులు కలగవని నమ్ముతారు.
రంజాను
రంజాన్ (నెల)

రంజాన్ నెల ఇస్లామీయ కేలండర్ లో 9వ నెల.
రమజాన్‌ మాసం ఖుర్‌ఆన్‌ అవతరించిన మాసం. నిగ్రహం, భక్తి, ధర్మనిష్ట, పాపభీతి, పరామర్శించడం, దయ, కరుణ, ప్రేమానురాగాలు, ఉపకారం, మేలు కోరడం, మానవ సేవ, దైవమార్గంలో స్థిరంగా ఉండటం, ఐక్యత, ఉత్సాహం అల్లాహ్, మహాప్రవక్త(స) గారితో అత్యంత సాన్నిహిత్యాన్ని పెంపొందించుకునే మాసం.ఈ మాసంలో ఉపవాసాలు విధిగా చేయబడ్డాయి. బదర్‌ యుద్ధం ఈ నెలలోనే జరిగింది. షబె ఖదర్‌ను ఉంచబడిరది. మక్కా విజయ సంఘటన కూడా ఈ నెలలోనే జరిగింది. ఈ నెలలోని ప్రతి పది రోజులకు ఒక ప్రత్యేక ప్రాముఖ్యత ఇవ్వబడిరది. ఇంకా ఈ నెలలో జకాత్‌, దానధర్మాలు, ఫిత్రాలతో ధాతృత్వం వెల్లివిరుస్తోంది. కావున పవిత్ర రమజాన్‌ నెల ప్రార్థనల ఔన్నత్యాన్ని ఎంతో పెంచబడినది. రమజాన్‌ రాకపూర్వమే ప్రతి ముస్లిం అంతః, భాహ్యపరంగా సంసిద్ధులౌతారు. అంతః, బాహ్య పరమైన పరిశుభ్రతను చేసుకోవడం కోసం, భక్తి, ధర్మనిష్ట, నిగ్రహం సాధించడం కోసం అత్యంత కార్యసాధనంగా సహాయ పడేదే ‘ఉపవాసం’. అందుకోసమే మహాప్రవక్త(స) గారు రమజాన్‌నెల తర్వాత అత్యధికంగా ఉపవాసాలు షాబాన్‌ మాసంలోనే ఉన్నారు. ఇదే రమజాన్‌ నెలను స్వాగతించడానికి మంచి అనువు.
ఈ నెలలోని రాత్రుల్లో తరావీహ్ నమాజును చదవడం నఫిల్‌గా భావిస్తారు. ఎవరైనా ఈ నెలలో ఒక గొప్ప పుణ్యకార్యం చేస్తే అది రమజానేతర నెలలో ఫరజ్‌ చేసినంత పుణ్యంగా భావించబడిరది. ఈ నెలలో ఎవరైనా ఒక ఫర్జ్‌ కార్యాన్ని నిర్వహిస్తే రమజానేతర నెలలో డెబ్బై ఫర్జ్‌ కార్యాలను నిర్వహించినంత పుణ్యం లభిస్తుంది. ఈనెల సహనం, ఓపిక గల నెల. సహనం ప్రతిఫలం స్వర్గం, ఈనెల సమాజంలోని పేద, అవసరాలు గల వారికి ఆర్థికంగా ఆదుకొనే నెల. ఈ ప్రార్థనలన్నిటినీ ప్రతి ముస్లిం విధిగా పాటించాల్సి ఉంటుంది.
2021 ఇజ్రాయెల్-పాలస్తీనా యుద్ధం

ఇజ్రాయెలీ-పాలస్తీనా వివాదం 10 మే 2021న ప్రారంభమైంది.మే 21న కాల్పుల విరమణ ఒప్పందం అమలులోకి వచ్చే వరకు కొనసాగింది.
2021ఏప్రిల్ మధ్యలో పవిత్ర ముస్లిం నెల రంజాన్ ప్రారంభమైనప్పటి నుంచీ రాత్రి పూట పోలీసులకు, పాలస్తీనియన్లకు మధ్య పలుమార్లు ఘర్షణలు చోటు చేసుకుంది.ముస్లింల ప‌విత్ర రంజాన్ మాసం ఏప్రిల్ 12వ తేదీన ప్రారంభం అయింది. కోవిడ్ సంద‌ర్భంగా అల్ అక్సా మ‌సీదు వ‌ద్ద ఆంక్ష‌లు విధించారు. కేవ‌లం 10 వేల మంది మాత్ర‌మే ప్రార్థ‌న చేసుకునేందుకు ఇజ్రాయిల్ అనుమ‌తి ఇచ్చింది.అయితే ఇదే ప్రాంతంలో యూదుల‌కు చెందిన ఫ‌స్ట్‌, సెకండ్ టెంపుల్స్ ఉన్నాయి. దీన్నే టెంపుల్ మౌంట్ అని కూడా అంటారు. రంజాన్ ప్రార్థ‌న‌ల‌కు వ‌చ్చిన వేలాది మంది ముస్లింల‌ను అల్ అక్సా మ‌సీదు నుంచి త‌రిమేశారు. పాల‌స్తీనా కుటుంబాల‌ను త‌ర‌లించేందుకు చేస్తున్న ప్ర‌య‌త్నాల వ‌ల్ల ఈ ఉద్రిక్త‌త‌లు ఉత్ప‌న్నం అయిన‌ట్లు తెలుస్తోంది. యూద సెట్ల‌ర్ గ్రూపు ఒక‌టి కొంత భూభాగం కోసం పాల‌స్తీనా వాసుల‌తో త‌గాదాకు దిగారు. సుప్రీంకోర్టుకు కూడా వెళ్లారు. దీంతో ఆ స‌మ‌స్య ముదిరడం వ‌ల్లే రెండు వ‌ర్గాల మ‌ధ్య గొడ‌వ ప్రారంభం అయిన‌ట్లు భావిస్తున్నారు. ఈ కేసులో ఇజ్రాయిల్ కోర్టు తీసుకున్న నిర్ణ‌యాన్ని ఈయూ,యూఎన్‌, బ్రిట‌న్ ఖండించాయి.ఏప్రిల్ 15న యూదు వ్యక్తిని ఒక పాలస్తీనా యువకుడు చెంపదెబ్బ కొట్టిన టిక్ టాక్ వీడియో వైరల్ అయ్యింది. దీనితో మరింత యుద్ద వాతావరణం నెలకొంది.తూర్పు జెరూసలెంలో కొన్ని పాలస్తీనియన్ కుటుంబాలను తరిమికొడతామని బెదిరించడం కూడా వారికి ఆగ్రహం తెప్పించింది. ఇది కూడా ఉద్రిక్తతలు మరింత పెరగడానికి కారణమైంది.ఏప్రిల్ 23న, దక్షిణ ఇజ్రాయెల్‌పై సరిహద్దు సైనిక బృందాలు 36 రాకెట్లను ప్రయోగించిన తర్వాత, IDF గాజా స్ట్రిప్‌లోని హమాస్ లక్ష్యాలపై క్షిపణులను ప్రయోగించింది. తూర్పు జెరూసలేంలో వందలాది మంది పాలస్తీనియన్లు ఇజ్రాయెల్ పోలీసులతో ఘర్షణకు దిగడంతో రాకెట్ కాల్పులు జరిగాయి. ఏప్రిల్ 25న ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి ప్రతినిధి టోర్ వెన్నెస్‌ల్యాండ్ హింసను ఖండించారు. జెరూసలేం అంతటా రెచ్చగొట్టే చర్యలు నిలిపివేయాలి.ఇజ్రాయెల్ వైపు విచక్షణారహితంగా రాకెట్లను ప్రయోగించడం సరి కాదని తక్షణమే నిలిపివేయాలి వ్యాఖ్యానించారు. ఏప్రిల్ 26న, గాజా స్ట్రిప్ నుండి ఇజ్రాయెల్‌లోకి 40కి పైగా రాకెట్లు ప్రయోగించబడ్డాయి.
గాజా లోనే ఎత్తైన భవనాల పై 232 సార్లు బాంబు దాడులు జరిగింది.కాల్పుల విరమణ తర్వాత మే 23 UNOCHA అంచనా ప్రకారం 1,042 గృహాలు ధ్వంసమయ్యాయి.53 పాఠశాలలు దెబ్బతిన్నాయి. 6ఆసుపత్రులు,11 క్లినిక్‌లు దెబ్బతిన్నాయి. మెట్రో రైల్ భూగర్భ సొరంగం వ్యవస్థ(97 కి.మీ.) నాశనం అయింది.మే 18న ఇజ్రాయెల్ వైమానిక దాడులు గాజాలోని 100,000 పుస్తకాల స్టాక్‌ను కలిగి ఉన్న భవనాలను నేలమట్టం చేసింది.
ఇజ్రాయెల్, హమస్ మధ్య తాత్కాలిక కాల్పుల విరమణ ఒప్పందం కుదిరింది. దీంతో ఇరుదేశాల మధ్య యుద్ధ వాతావరణం తొలగిపోయి శాంతి నెలకొన్నట్లేనని భావిస్తున్నారు.కాగా, ఇప్పటి వరకు జరిగిన ఘర్షణలో 232 మంది పాలస్తీనియన్లు, 12 మంది ఇజ్రాయెల్ ప్రజలు మరణించారు. ఇజ్రాయెల్ చేస్తున్న దాడుల కారణంగా గత 11 రోజులుగా గాజా ప్రజలు ప్రణాలు అరచేతిలో పెట్టుకొని భయం గుప్పిట్లో జీవించారు.ఇరు దేశాలు కాల్పుల విరమణ ఒప్పందానికి ఒప్పుకున్నాయని అధికారిక వర్గాలు సైతం వెల్లడించినట్లు సమాచారం.
Ramadan in Turkey

Turkey celebrates the holy month of Ramadan with a spirit of celebration and social cohesion. Ramadan in Turkey is considered an important and distinctive period, as Muslims adhere to the daytime fast and participate in many religious and social activities and traditions. Muslims in Turkey call the month of Ramadan the “Sultan of the Months.”
Suhoor and Iftar with Adhan is a popular tradition in Turkey. Muslims wake up at suhoor to eat a light meal before the dawn prayer, and at iftar they gather to prepare and eat iftar and break the fast together with dates or olives and, then begin the main course.
Muslims in Turkey organize communal dinners in mosques during Ramadan. Turkey is famous for decorating minarets during the holy month of Ramadan, as they gather to eat and drink after the Maghrib prayer. A variety of meals are offered to the participants in the shared dinner, and this enhances the spirit of community and bonding among individuals.
Quran memorization and recitation competitions are held in Turkey during Ramadan. Children and adults participate in these to demonstrate their skills in reciting the Quran, and prizes are awarded to the winners.
Offering charitable Ramadan banquets is an important part of Ramadan traditions in Turkey. Charitable institutions and organizations organize group iftar meals where food is distributed to the needy.
Ramadan in Turkey witnesses social visits between family, friends, and neighbors. Greetings are exchanged, gifts are given, and social gatherings and special banquets are held twhich foster a spirit of intimacy and love in this blessed month.
Ramadan in Turkey is also famous for the foods that characterize this holy month. Among thefoods consumed during the month of Ramadan are: [1]
Media related to Ramadan in Turkey at Wikimedia Commons
Ramadan in Russia

Ramadan is an important month in the Islamic world, and Muslims around the world celebrate it in a variety of ways. In Russia, Muslims experience this holy month amidst unique challenges and opportunities. Ramadan in Russia is characterized by a rich history and continuous evolution of the Russian-Islamic experience.
Muslims in Russia observe Ramadan in accordance with their own culture and traditions. In Russian cities such as Moscow, Kazan, and Grozny, groups put up Ramadan decorations and host special events.
One unique challenge for some Russian Muslims is that when the month falls between May and July, extended daylight hours - in St Petersburg, sometimes up to 22 hours of sunlight - extend the Ramadan fast dramatically.
In Tatarstan, pancakes are eaten to celebrate Eid al-Fitr.
Russia witnesses religious and cultural coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims during Ramadan. The Russian government has provided designated places for breaking the fast in public places. Interfaith events are organized to promote mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence.
Eid al-Fitr, the end of Ramadan, is a public holiday in Russia's Muslim-majority republics, such as Tatarstan.
A variety of religious and social events are organized in mosques during Ramadan, including group iftars and donations to the poor and needy.
In 2024, 180,000 attendees celebrated Eid al-Fitr at Cathedral Mosque in Moscow.
Media related to Ramadan in Russia at Wikimedia Commons
Zakaria Street

Zakaria Street is a street that joins Rabindra Sarani with Chittaranjan Avenue (Central Avenue) in Central Kolkata. Nakhoda Mosque is situated in this street. It is the biggest ramadan market in Kolkata. Mohammad Ali Park is located very close to this street. This street is very popular to food bloggers.
During the colonial period, the British authority divided the city of Kolkata into two parts. There was a part of the British whose name was White Town. Zakaria Street was then part of Black Town. Zakaria Street was developed as a residential area in the past. In the nineteenth century, Haji Nur Muhammad Zakaria, a Muslim businessman from the Kutchi Memon community, lived on Armanitola Street. This street is named after him. Later, especially after the riots of 1910, some Muslim families left the area. In 1911, as part of the development work of Calcutta Improvement Trust on the street, it demolished several slums owned by some Muslims, leading to frequent inter-communal territorial fights between the prosperous Marwaris and working class Muslims of this area. Then several Marwari families started to dominate in this area. Frequent riots drove many Marwaris away from the street in the 1950s.
There are about 100 temporary stalls on this street during the month of Ramadan. There are also at least thirty restaurants open throughout the year. A variety of food is sold in front of the Nakhoda Mosque on the street. This place is usually famous for sahri and iftar food during Ramadan season. A variety of kebabs are available on this street. Haleem is available at Sufia and Aminia Restaurant on Zakaria Street. Chicken Changeji, a North Indian dish, is sold on many more restaurants, including Dilli 6 on this street. Halwa and Lachcha Sewai are also available here. Royal India Hotel sells mutton chap and biryani here. This street is popular for Bakarkhani.
Soda gembira

Soda gembira (lit. 'happy soda') is an Indonesian drink. It is made up of carbonated water or strawberry Fanta, condensed milk, syrup and ice.
Soda gembira is a popular beverage in Indonesia. It is usually served during iftar in Ramadan, the other is called Soda Susu, the only difference is, soda susu is using soda water instead of strawberry fanta and at wedding receptions, alongside foods including bakso, nasi goreng, rendang, and soto.
Soda Gembira is a typical Indonesian drink. It is famous for its combination of sweet and refreshing flavors. This drink is made from a combination of red syrup, which is usually cocopandan flavored, sweetened condensed milk, and carbonated soda, such as Sprite or Fanta. The red syrup provides a bright color and distinctive sweet taste, while the sweetened condensed milk adds a creamy texture. The soda provides a refreshing carbonated sensation, making it an ideal drink for hot weather or special occasions.
The origins of Soda Gembira do not have a specific history. However, Dutch colonial influence likely played a role in the use of sweetened condensed milk, which was starting to become popular in Indonesia at that time. On the other hand, the use of sweet syrup was already part of the local beverage tradition in Indonesia, while the introduction of soda drinks to Indonesia in the mid-20th century paved the way for the creation of this drink. The combination of local ingredients, such as cocopandan syrup with carbonated soda, created a new, unique taste that was loved by many people. Soda Gembira is often served in food stalls, especially in Padang restaurants or other traditional eateries. This drink is not only popular because of its pleasant taste but also because of its attractive appearance with a striking red color that symbolizes joy. In some variations, this drink can be served with ice cubes or additions such as basil and nata de coco to enrich the texture.
In addition to being a favorite choice in restaurants and food stalls, Soda Gembira also often appears at various family events or celebrations as a dessert drink. With a strong sweet taste and refreshing carbonated sensation, Soda Gembira is a symbol of a relaxed and happy atmosphere, in accordance with its name, which reflects joy and pleasure.
中国南方与北方

中國南方與中國北方是指中國內部的兩大塊地理區域，常以淮河或長江爲界，将中国分为南部和北部。进入20世纪后，中国地理学中，通常以秦岭-淮河线为自然地理分界线。
北方的地域范围大致包括华北地区、东北地区、西北地区。北方平原交通便利，風俗文化比較統一，冬季氣候寒冷而不適於稻米栽種（雖說今日已由現代科技克服），人口多居住在內陸。南方則由為河谷所切割的青翠山脈所組成，溫暖而多雨，為稻作文化區，聚落多鄰近河岸與沿海。秦岭-淮河线是江河冬季结冰分界线，也是亚热带与暖温带的地理分界线。一月0℃等温线通过秦岭和淮河，此线以南属亚热带，以北属温带。其中，長江是世界第三大河，大河在歷史上都長期很大程度地連結人口、文化、貿易、軍事的往來，特別是中国這種在地理上與文化上非常豐富的國家，雖然長江流域與黃河流域的天然阻礙，造成交流上的困難與衝突，不過也正因為這種現象，江南與沿海和長江以北的人群，形成了內部顯著的經濟、文化、習俗、語言的區別。
對於「南方人」或「北方人」等定義上，比地理上的「南方」與「北方」概念更加複雜。往往根據文化、生活習俗等差异加以區別。
中國人通常認為的「南方人」，以华南地区（海南、两广、福建），西南地区（川渝、贵州、云南和陕南），华中地区（湖广和豫南）以及华东地区（苏南、浙江、江西和皖南）汉人等為參考代表，中國南方的代表性地方漢文化有：吳越文化、闽都文化、闽南文化、广府文化、客家文化、巴蜀文化。
中國人通常認為的「北方人」，是以西北地区（陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏和新疆）、华北地区（京津冀、山西和内蒙古）、中原地区（山东、豫北、苏北和皖北）以及東北三省為參考代表的汉族，有時亦包括部分一同生活受到漢化的其它民族，如大部分的滿族、回族，以及部分蒙古族、俄羅斯族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族、藏族等族群。中國北方的代表性漢文化有：中原文化、東北文化。尤其是東北的民俗及曲艺常于全国各大媒体上出現，如中央臺的春晚中小品、相声。
中國南北方的自然地理分界线在进入20世纪后，才在现代地理学上确立。通常以秦嶺與淮河為界，即秦岭-淮河线。河南南陽附近的地區是一塊模糊的區域，該處位於秦嶺未至而淮河不至達的間隙中。秦嶺淮河分界的中國南北方，客觀上氣候造成了在歷史和文化方面確有重要的分界意義，但能否作為分界的唯一標準還有待商榷。
除了南北方，中國亦有以台灣海峽劃分的兩岸、沿海與內陸，以及差異更大的黑河-腾冲线劃分的東西部，多種劃分。
在文化上的劃分則與地理不同，对东北人来说，山海关以南（关内）即为南方；對於廣東人來說，嶺南以北的上海與浙江人有時也被稱作北方人；对湖南、浙江、江苏南部和上海人来说，长江以北即为北方。依前述，劃分華北、華南的界線並不依循省界。它切過陝西、河南、安徽與江蘇，並造出如陕西南部（汉中、安康）、河南南部（南阳、信陽）、皖北、苏北等區域。然而人们还是习惯的把陕西和河南看作北方省份，安徽和江苏看作南方省份。而山東等地方瀕臨沿海，造成當地人文與北方的內陸習俗有明顯不同，从此區域方言来看，同樣地還有山西屬於北方，他們語言上卻和諸多南方省份一樣，屬於官話之外的漢語方言系統，或是口音有著較大差異。四川雖然屬於南方，語言上卻屬於官話系統，但四川人都認為自己是南方人，或是西南人。
中国历史上，曾经多次出现南北政权对峙的状态，这些南北分隔的時期包括：
历史上的中国统一：
北方的中原一帶被認為是華夏部落的誕生地，也是自先秦以来大部分政權的建立地。三國時期出現了最早以南方為行政中心的帝国政權，此時就有了以長江為界分南北的看法，如称居長江以南之人为南人。特別是隨著漠北民族的南侵，此情況發生了巨大的改變，其中以西晉時期的永嘉之禍影響最大，此事件導致黃河流域的大家族遷移到南方一帶，這些家族中最大的為王、謝、袁、蕭等門閥世族，史稱衣冠南渡，此次遷移給中國的將來帶來了巨大的影響，北方人带到南方先进的生产技术，之後，漢地的經濟、文化中心從中原一帶遷到了江東，江東因為其影響，漸漸的而成為了江南(原本的江南指的是江東以及湖廣)，而長江被稱為漢族的第二條母親河，南北方的定義也因为南北朝得到强化，對中國歷史影響深遠。
蒙古人所創建的元朝將汉族分割為漢人和南人（北方金人统治下较早投降的辽金汉人为漢人，南方南宋漢人因抵抗到最后被列为南人）兩個階級。北方人（汉人）的地位較南方人（南人）為高，其实兩者分別為元朝所屬次低與最低的階級。
時至今日，中國南方與中國北方更多的是中國人之间自我辨別和认知的一種方式，明朝後中國政權的長期大一統，使南北双方在文化上的对已被中國民族主義及對省、縣、鄉的地域性总称所取代，南北之间的生活习俗差异也随着国内经济文化交流的迅速增加和大量的通婚融合而得以大大缩小。然而，南北双方在文化意识与自我认同上的差异有其历史渊源，如南北法兰西人，南北意大利人，南北德意志人一样在某些特定条件下也有激化凸显的可能。
在邓小平於1980年代的改革開放中，華南一開始發展得遠較華北迅速，致使若干中國學者擔心經濟上斷裂性的差距，加上南北之間文化的巨大差異，是否會導致南北政治緊張的局面，但如此局面未曾發生部分導因於上述的經濟差距，使得現代中國人文化上反而終於發生在中國沿海與內陸產生隔閡，引入海外經貿精神的外放性海洋性格的人、與講究保守與集體思路的內陸性格的人群，這倆者之間的差異反而較南北方更大，而不同於南北分裂的方向。
当前中国南北差距明显拉大。2012-2019年北方经济占全国比重从42.9%快速下降至35.4%（直观可视为南部经济规模变为北部的双倍），南北经济总量差距从14个百分点迅速扩大至29个百分点，人均GDP差距从0.97迅速增至1.30。
以2020年中国城市GDP三十强排序及城市内QS世界大学排名在前一千名以内的大学列表如下。现今全国前十的城市，北方仅有北京一座，而在1985年，全国经济前十的城市南北各占一半。
其余大学世界排名前一千的城市尚有：
2020年南方前十城市（不含香港）合计共21.32兆元，占比全国总量五分之一，最低的宁波为1.24兆元；而北方前十城市合计12.41兆元，最低的大连为7,030亿，北方十城约为南方十城的六成。
毫無疑問，中國北方地區和南方地區之間的區分的主要影響因素是兩地，這些氣候塑造了當地的自然和人文景觀。中國南方地區靠近熱帶，會經歷東亞季風等強季風以及部分溫帶地區至部分亞熱帶地區。自然景觀例如華南-越南亞熱帶常綠森林。另一方面，中國北方地區的條件和氣候不同，冬季寒冷乾燥，而中國南方地區夏季炎熱潮濕。
冬季，中國南北氣溫差別極大，0℃等溫線大致沿秦嶺—淮河一線分佈；漠河鎮與海口市的1月平均氣溫相差接近50℃。夏季，除青藏高原等地區外，各地7月平均氣溫大多在20℃以上。
中國各地降水量總趨勢亦是從東南沿海向西北內陸遞減，東南沿海的年降水量多在1600毫米以上，西北有大片地區年降水量在50毫米以下。800毫米等降水量線基本沿秦嶺根據年降水量的多少，中國可以劃分為濕潤地區、半濕潤地區、半乾旱地區和乾旱地區。