davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Chabela Ramírez

Isabel "Chabela" Ramírez (Montevideo, 1958) es una música y activista afrouruguaya, figura del candombe y el carnaval uruguayo.​
Nacida en el barrio Palermo. Aprendió a bailar candombre de niña y "(...) en la década de los 70 ya cantaba y tocaba el piano, proyectándose casi de inmediato por la belleza de su voz y carisma en carnaval. En el correr de los 80 empezó a definir un enfoque politizado con respecto al candombe".​
A lo largo de su trayectoria, participó en varias comparsas como Concierto Lubolo, Sinfonía de Ansina, Estrellas Negras y en varios grupos musicales como Vivir, Repique y Vendaval.​ Aunque es crítica del espectáculo de las Llamadas, actualmente desfila año a año con Valores de Ansina, comparsa liderada por sus hijos, "(...) porque una cosa que les enseñé es que para luchar, hay que luchar por dentro".​
Cuando tenía 15 años, Ramírez comenzó a militar en ACSUN (Asociación Cultural y Social Uruguay Negro). En la década de los '80, continuó su activismo en el grupo Amandla, fundado por Agapito "Pocho" Carrizo, con quien también hizo el programa radial Candombe Uno desde 1985 a 1993. Luego participó activamente en Mundo Afro, agrupación de la que se retiraría definitivamente en febrero de 2017.​ Entre 1996 y 1997, Ramírez fue la responsable del espacio Mujeres Bailando, grupo de danza coordinado con la escuela de tambores de Mundo Afro. Según Ramírez,
En la actualidad es presidenta de la Casa de la Cultura Afrouruguaya.​
En 1995 funda el coro de mujeres Afrogama que continúa dirigiendo y con el que desarrolla una nutrida actividad de promoción de la identidad afro y de género a través de lo coral, la danza y las vestimentas.​
En 2017 editó su primer disco "De tambores y de amores", en el que interpreta canciones compuestas por ella y otros músicos como Rodolfo Morandi y Eduardo da Luz, quien también participa como cantante.​​
Para el crítico musical Guilherme de Alencar Pinto, en el disco
Morenada (Uruguay)

Morenada fue una comparsa de candombe afrouruguaya fundada en 1953 en el conventillo Mediomundo del Barrio Sur de Montevideo. Con cinco décadas de actividad, se destacó dentro del estilo de candombe de "Cuareim".
Morenada fue fundada y dirigida por los hermanos Juan Ángel, Raúl y Wellington Silva. Entre sus integrantes destacados se encuentran las vedettes Martha Gularte y Rosa Luna, la cantante Lágrima Ríos y el pintor Carlos Páez Vilaró.​​​
En sus presentaciones en el Concurso Oficial obtuvo once primeros premios en los años 1955, 1959, 1963, 1964, 1967, 1969, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987; ocho segundos premios en 1953, 1954, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1968, 1984 y 1989; y tres terceros premios en 1957, 1980, 1988. (Orbán: 127)
Se presentaron en escenarios internacionales como la inauguración del Mundial de Fútbol de 1974 y el Festival de Música y Danza Latinoamericana en Perú.​
Morenada tuvo su última participación en Llamadas en el año 2004. Su legado continuó a través de la comparsa Cuareim 1080, fundada en 1999 por Waldemar Silva y su esposa Margarita Barrios.​
Candombe beat

El candombe beat es un género musical nacido en Uruguay. Proviene de una fusión del candombe con la música beat. Surgió a fines de la década de 1960 y logró su máxima expresión en la década de 1970.​ En este contexto, los jóvenes que deseaban transgredir la sociedad conservadora estaban «deslumbrados» por el fenómeno de The Beatles. Antes de que Santana empezara con su rock latino,​ fueron pioneros al introducir tumbadoras y tambores afrouruguayos dentro del estilo beat.​
Las bandas El Kinto, y posteriormente Totem, fueron pioneras en este género. Fue cultivado tempranamente por músicos como Eduardo Mateo, Rubén Rada, Walter Cambón, Hugo Fattoruso, Osvaldo Fattoruso y Urbano Moraes.​ El nombre «candombe beat» fue acuñado por los integrantes de El Kinto. Algunas de las primeras canciones gestadas por esta banda en este género fueron: Muy lejos te vas (Rubén Rada), Suena blanca espuma (Walter Cambón), Yo volveré por ti (Urbano Moraes), Bien de Bien (Rubén Rada y Eduardo Mateo), Todo el día y Candombe (ambas con música de Eduardo Mateo y letra de Horacio Buscaglia) y Don Pascual (Mario «Chichito» Cabral).
Otros músicos uruguayos que estuvieron en el origen del candombe beat fueron: Manolo Guardia, Chichito Cabral, Eduardo Useta, "Pelín" Capobianco, Heber Escayola, Caio Vila, y "Mingo" Medina.
Antes de que los integrantes de El Kinto desarrollaran el género, particularmente en Orfeo Negro, ya había habido acercamientos del candombe con otros géneros. Tradicionalmente el candombe era asociado a un fenómeno racial, situación que se debió transgredir para llevarlo a otras esferas. En este sentido, se pueden datar diversos antecedentes. En 1964, Georges Roos (tío de Jaime) se embarcó en un proyecto con la idea de que el candombe tenía la potencialidad de ser un género musical internacional. Uno de los proyectos fue grabar un disco con el pianista Manolo Guardia. Así surgió el LP titulado Candombe, editado en 1965 en Argentina por el sello Producciones Fermata.​ Asimismo, también se grabó en Montevideo, bajo el sello Chic, un disco titulado Candombe por el Grupo del Plata. Aquí se mezclaba el candombe con el jazz, la música bailable cubana, la bossa nova e incipientes rasgos de la música pop.​ Aunque estas iniciativas tuvieron muy poca difusión en las radios, sí tuvieron influencias en algunos músicos, particularmente en los del grupo de Orfeo Negro.​
Otros muchos artistas uruguayos han seguido promoviendo y publicando trabajos con este estilo, entre ellos están Jorge Galemire, Jorge Schellemberg, Pablo Sciuto, Pippo Spera, Fernando Cabrera, entre otros.
Los orígenes, desarrollo, protagonistas y su impacto musical y cultural del candombe beat en Uruguay, fueron estudiados y plasmado en el libro "Candombe Beat: Origen y Creadores de un Sonido con Identidad". Nelson Caula. Ediciones B Uruguay S.A. (2018).
Torrón, Andrés (2014). 111 discos uruguayos. Montevideo: Aguaclara. ISBN 978-9974-8349-3-4.
Caula, Nelson (2018). Candombe Beat: Origen y Creadores de un Sonido con Identidad. Ediciones B Uruguay.
Día Nacional del Candombe

El Día Nacional del Candombe, la Cultura Afrouruguaya y la Equidad Racial se celebra en Uruguay cada 3 de diciembre, a partir de 2006.​ La fecha recuerda el 3 de diciembre de 1978 cuando, de manera espontánea, los tambores de candombe en llamada sonaron por última vez en el célebre Conventillo Mediomundo en Montevideo, condenado a la demolición por la dictadura cívico-militar que gobernaba el país.
Según dice la exposición de la Ley 18059 que instituyó esta celebración, «lo sucedido aquel día fue un acto espontáneo con mucho de homenaje de despedida a una de las cunas inspiradoras del candombe, de compromiso con su legado, y también con mucho de rechazo y resistencia a una arbitrariedad cargada del racismo de quienes sostenían que los negros y sus tambores empobrecían la ciudad, y no podían vivir en el centro de Montevideo perjudicando su particular atractivo turístico e inmobiliario». Contó con el decisivo respaldo del legislador afrouruguayo Edgardo Ortuño.​
Milonga-candombe

El género Milonga-candombe es una conjunción de estos dos géneros musicales anteriores ─la milonga y el candombe─ ideada por el compositor Sebastián Piana a mediados del siglo XX; con más precisión en el año 1940.
Guarda, como de su enunciado se deduce, características de ambos géneros: a) en lo melódico: las de las escalas, gammas, tonos y modos en los cuales, con sentido general, se exponen las melodías.
b) Sobre las relaciones interválicas: los intervalos característicos especiales que diferencian a las melodías de los dos géneros anteriores están presentes y combinadas en este nuevo, y se diferencian de melodías de otros géneros adyacentes, (V.G. del Tango).
c) Y del mismo modo sucede con la textura fraseológica, a través de su periodología y sus fórmulas cadenciales.
d) También así con la textura rítmica: las leyes rítmicas fundamentales que pertenecen a la Milonga y al Candombe se combinan en esta conjunción de ambos, particularmente en el comienzo de la frase (generalmente anacrúsico, o tético.)
e) Se da la misma identificación con la Milonga y el Candombe en el aspecto del sonido por simultaneidad, ya sea este contrapuntístico o acórdico-armónico, conservando de esos dos géneros las características de los enlaces armónicos y de las cadencias-tipo que significan a ambos.
f) Y del mismo modo sucede con los datos de procedencia, de noción de cultura de dicha procedencia, de la tipología del lenguaje hablado y musical, y de la correspondencia de datos históricos especiales y generales. Y por la correspondencia con radios de contemporaneidades históricas de otros países, como la República Oriental del Uruguay, y de otros estilos y expresiones.
g) Por ello existe dependencia de la Milonga-Candombe como género sobre corrientes históricas a ella contemporáneas; es una consecuencia de ellas, y no un simple 'invento' o copia que hiciera Sebastián Piana, sino que su logro fue el producto de sus experiencias y estudios largos y profundos en la materia.
Según cuenta el Dr. León Benarós en su libro Sebastián Piana y la milonga Porteña estos fueron dichos de Piana (según cita textual del libro): "Año 1940. La dirección de la Radio Belgrano (de Buenos Aires) le encargó a Homero Manzi que hiciese las glosas, entre otras, de una rumba donde en su letra figuraba: 'Tumba y retumba la tumba...tumba y retumba la rumba...' y seguía toda así en forma onomatopéyica. La misma me llamó la atención y le dije a Manzi que hiciese una letra para milonga con las mismas características. A los pocos días estaban hechos los versos de la primera parte, pues yo anticiparía la música de la segunda. De esa manera, dimos cima a un nuevo género de milonga: la milonga-candombe, de carácter rítmico-carnavalero, siendo la primera de este tipo. La llamamos 'Pena mulata', estrenada y grabada por la orquesta de Carlos Di Sarli. Tuvo una gran repercusión popular. Todas las composiciones de esa serie fueron realizadas en la misma casa, de la calle Salguero al 2800."​ ​
Candombe drums

The tambores de candombe or tamboriles are drums used in the playing of Candombe music of Uruguay. They are single skin headed and there are three sizes: piano (bass range), repique (tenor range), and the chico (alto range). The drums are made of wood and have a curved barrel shape with its base very narrow.
Candombe is performed by a group of drummers called a cuerda. The barrel-shaped drums, or tamboriles, have specific names according to their size and function: chico (small, high timbre, marks the tempo) repique (medium, syncopation and improvisation) piano (large, low timbre, melody). An even larger drum, called bajo or bombo (very large, very low timbre, accent on the fourth beat), was once common but is now declining in use. A cuerda at a minimum needs three drummers, one on each part. A full cuerda will have 50-100 drummers, commonly with rows of seven or five drummers, mixing the three types of drums. A typical row of five can be piano-chico-repique-chico-piano, with the row behind having repique-chico-piano-chico-repique and so on to the last row.
Tamboriles are made of wood with animal skins that are rope-tuned or fire-tuned minutes before the performance. They are worn at the waist with the aid of a shoulder strap called a talig or talí and played with one stick and one hand.
A key rhythmic figure in candombe is the clave (in 3-2 form). It is played on the side of the drum, a procedure known as "hacer madera" (literally, "making wood").
Among the most important and traditional Montevidean rhythms are: Cuareim, Ansina y Cordon. There are several master drummers who have kept Candombe alive uninterrupted for two hundred years. Some of highlights are: in Ansina school: Wáshington Ocampo, Héctor Suárez, Pedro "Perico" Gularte, Eduardo "Cacho" Giménez, Julio Giménez, Raúl "Pocho" Magariños, Rubén Quirós, Alfredo Ferreira, "Tito" Gradín, Raúl "Maga" Magariños, Luis "Mocambo" Quirós, Fernando "Hurón" Silva, Eduardo "Malumba" Gimenez, Alvaro Salas, Daniel Gradín, Sergio Ortuño y José Luis Giménez.
List of styles of music: G–M

G H I J K L M
Gaa-Gal – Gam-Gan – Gar-Gav – Ge-Gn – Go-Gr – Gu-Gy
Ha – He-Ho – Hu-Hy
Ja-Je – Ji-Ju
Ka – Ke-Kh – Ki-Kp – Kr-Kw
La – Le-Lo – Lu
M-Mam – Man-Map – Mar-Maz – Mb-Me – Mia-Mil – Min – Mo – Mu
Uruguayan tango

Uruguayan tango is a rhythm that has its roots in the poor areas of Montevideo around 1880. Then it was extended to other areas and countries. As Borges said: "...tango is African-Montevidean [Uruguayan], tango has black curls in its roots..." He quoted Rossi, that sustained that "...tango, that argentine people call argentine tango, is the son of the Montevidean milonga and the grandson of the habanera. It was born in the San Felipe Academy [Montevideo], a Montevidean warehouse used for public dances, among gangsters and black people; then it emigrated to underworld areas of Buenos Aires and fooled around in Palermo's rooms..." This also implies that different forms of dance were originated in the neighborhoods of Montevideo, Uruguay in the last part of the 19th century and in the early 20th century that was particular from that area and different from Buenos Aires. It consists of a variety of styles that developed in different regions of Argentina and Uruguay.
The dance is often accompanied by several musical forms such as:
One of the most famous and well-known tango songs is La Cumparsita, written by Gerardo Matos Rodríguez in Montevideo in 1919. An annual week-long festival to mark the anniversary of La Cumparsita has taken place in Montevideo since 2007. The Tango Museum of Montevideo currently stands where La Cumparsita was first played, in Palacio Salvo.
Famous Uruguayan tango musicians include:
Borges, chapter "ascendencias del tango" pag 37
Idia Renaissance

Idia Renaissance bụ otu nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke dị na Edo Steeti, Naịjirịa. Òtù ahụ na-ahazi ọrụ gbasara ịzụ ahịa mmadụ, gụnyere ịnabata ndị na-ahụ maka ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Onye tọrọ ntọala Idia Renaissance bụ Oriakụ Ekimwona Eki Igbinedion, nwunye Chief Lucky Igbinedion, onye bụbu gọvanọ Edo Steeti. N'afọ 2021, Idia Renaissance sonyere Kọmishọna Ukwu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Ndị Gbara Ọsọ Ndụ (UNHCR) iji mee ka a mara banyere ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ nwanyị.
E hiwere Idia Renaissance na July 1, 1999 na Benin City, isi obodo Edo State, Nigeria, dị ka ihe mgbochi iji dozie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ maka mmegbu mmekọahụ.
Òtù ahụ na òtù / ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-emekọ ihe iji mezuo ebumnuche ya:
Bukonla Adebakin

Bukonla Adebakin bụ onye isi azụmahịa na ọkà okwu na Naijiria. Ọ bụ Group Chief Operations Officer nke RED for Africa. Ọ bụkwa onye ndu otu maka The Future Project nke na-ahazi The Future Awards Africa .
Adebakin bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Science and Technology Education na Mahadum nke Lagos, Nigeria .
Sokari Ekine

Sokari Ekine bụ onye na-akwado Naijiria, blọgụ na onye edemede. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dika onye nta akụkọ na Pambazuka News ma dekwara maka Feminist Africa na New Internationalist . Ekine debere blọgụ n'etiti 2004 na 2014 nke o kpuchiri ọtụtụ isiokwu gụnyere ikike LGBTI, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Odela ma ọ bụ dezie akwụkwọ anọ, ma kuziere ụmụ akwụkwọ Bekee na Haiti .
Ekine edezila akwụkwọ Blood and Oil: Testimonies of Violence from Women of the Niger Delta (2001), SMS Uprising: Mobile Phone Activism in Africa (2010), African Awakenings with Firoze Manji (2011), na Queer African Reader na Hakima Abbas (2013).
A mụrụ Ekine na Nigeria site na nna Nigeria na nne Britain. O tolitere na Naijiria mana ọ kwagara England ịga mahadum. O nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na teknụzụ ọhụrụ yana nzere Master of Arts na ikike na agụmakwụkwọ sitere na Institute of Education na Mahadum London .
Ekine biri na United States ọtụtụ afọ tupu ọ laghachi UK, bụ ebe ọ chọtara ọrụ dịka onye nkụzi i agụmakwụkwọ n'ihu. Ọrụ izizi ya n'ịntanetị bụ n'afọ 1995 mgbe o hibere ndepụta email Black Sisters Network. A gwọchara Ekine maka ọrịa kansa na 2000, ihe kpatara ya na onye ibe ya kwaga Spain na 2004.
Ekine dere kolụm kwa izu maka akụkọ Pambazuka afọ itoolu wee jee ozi dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ịntanetị ha na 2007. Ọ malitere ide blọgụ, Black Looks, na 2004, nke ọ gara n'ihu ruo afọ iri. Isiokwu ndị a na-edekarị bụ ikike LGBTI n'Africa, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ịlụ agha, ikike mmadụ, nka, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na Niger Delta, Haiti, ime ihe. na ikike ala. Ọ malitere Black Looks 2 na 2014, blọgụ ọhụrụ lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ foto ya.
Ekine bụ onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi na-elekọta mmadụ, na-etinye aka na mkpọsa ihe karịrị afọ 20.
Ekine edekwala akwụkwọ maka Feminist Africa na New Internationalist . Odela maka mgba ụmụnwaanyị na-alụ megide ndị agha steeti na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na ndị agha mebikwara na mpaghara Niger Delta mebiri emebi. Ekine gara Haiti dịka onye nchịkọta akụkọ ntanetị nke Pambazuka News na 2007 iji zute ndị na-ahazi ụmụ nwanyị maka Fanmi Lavalas .
N'afọ 2003, e nyere ya mmekorita International Reporting Project site na Mahadum Johns Hopkins ma nye ya ọrụ ide banyere nlekọta ahụike na mba ahụ. O mechara rụọ ọrụ na Port-au-Prince na- akụzi Bekee na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị maka ọgbakọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Growing Haiti .
Ekine bụ onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa maka ụmụ nwanyị Niger Delta maka ikpe ziri ezi.
Na 2016, Ekine malitere ịrụ ọrụ na akụkọ foto nke isiokwu ya bụ Ọchịchọ Mmụọ: Nguzogide, Echiche na Ncheta Dị Nsọ na Haitian Vodoun .
Site n'ihe e depụtara na Mwelite SMS: Ọrụ ekwentị mkpanaaka na Africa :
Enitan Bababunmi

Enitan Abisogun Bababunmi (amụrụ na 8 Septemba 1940 - 29 Mee 2017) bụ onye agụmakwụkwọ Naijiria na Prọfesọ nke Biochemistry onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke atọ nke Mahadum Lagos State n'etiti afọ 1993 na 1996.
'afọ 2002, Gọọmentị United States nyere Enitan ikike ikike mgbe o mepụtara usoro nke ga-egbochi nkwarụ muscle atrophy na ndị Ọrịa AIDS na ọrịa kansa.
nwụrụ na 29 Mee 2017, mgbe ọ dị afọ 76.
Templeeti:Lagos State University Vice-chancellors
Ibiyinka Alao

Ibiyinka Olufemi Alao (amụrụ na 17 Ọktoba 1975) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-ewu ụlọ, onye edemede, onye nduzi ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri egwu. O lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ya na mmiri nke ụdị nka niile na ịkọ akụkọ, na-eji eserese dị ka omume nke egwu oyi na nkwupụta onwe onye. Tinyere John Lennon, onye na-agụ egwu Alicia Keys na ndị na-ese ihe abụọ ndị ọzọ, a maara ya n'etiti ndị nka ise na-agbasa ozi udo gburugburu ụwa site na Global Citizen.
Alao gara Nigerian Navy Secondary School (NNSS) na Navy Town, Lagos. O nwetara asambodo A-Levels na Physics na Kwara State Polytechnic ma gụọ Osisentọala na Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo dị na Ile-Ife . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ na injinia obodo na State Ministry of Works and Housing Development.
N'afọ 2005, onye isi ala na onye isi ndị agha kpọrọ ya "Ambassador of Art" nke Naịjirịa. Alao meriri n'ọkwa mbụ na United Nations International Art Contest nke gụnyere ndị sonyere na ya site na mba 61. Na Mee 18, 2016 Ibi's Fireflies akwụkwọ akụkọ gbakwasara ụkwụ na otu n'ime ihe osise ya "Eternity in our Hearts" meriri nnukwu ihe nrite nke asọmpi 2016/2017 Scholastic "Kids are Authors". Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Willow Lane Elementary School na Macungie Pennsylvania na ụlọ akwụkwọ Al Khair na London gosipụtara Ibi's Fireflies. O meriri n'ọkwa nke mbụ n'ime ihe karịrị 900 ntinye site n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na United States.
Site na 2018 ruo 2020, Ibiyinka rụrụ ọrụ na eserese ọhụrụ nke ndị ọkachamara na-ewere dị ka Opus nke onye na-ese ihe. Ebighị Ebi bụ otu n'ime ihe osise kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa, na-atụle 100 ft (30.50 mita) n'obosara X 12 ft (3.70 mita) n'ogologo. Ihe atụ nke ọhụụ onye na-ese ihe na njikọta ya na egwu ọhụrụ nke o dere, e kpughere ya na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi akụrụ ọkpụ na ihe omume egwuregwu ihe nkiri na Ọktoba, 2020.
Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka nke Pittsburgh kwadoro Ibiyinka dị ka 2020 inaugural Tough Art at Home Artist in Residence. Ha mepụtara vidiyo site na ụlọ ọrụ ya nke Ibi na-akọ akụkọ ma na-akụziri ụmụaka otu esi eji ìhè ese ihe site na iji Chiaroscuro
Mahadum Bucknell kwadoro Ibiyinka maka ebe obibi nka / sayensị n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2021 na ego lekwasịrị anya na nchọpụta Firefly site na National Science Foundation.
N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Curator Magazine nke a na-akpọ Our Beautiful Common Humanity, Ibiyinka tụlere mkpa ọ dị ime ka onye ọ bụla nwee ike ịnweta nka, na-ekwu na ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nka, ọkachasị na mba ọdịda anyanwụ ka na-ekwenye n'ụzọ isi gosipụta nka n'emeghị ka ọ bụrụ naanị ndị isi, si otú a tụfuo ezi ihe ọ pụtara. Nke a bụ nkọwa sitere na ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ:
Mahmood Ali-Balogun

Mahmood Ali-Balogun bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Naijiria, onye ọrụ omenala na onye isi njikwa Brickwall Communications Limited . Ọ duziri ihe nkiri nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite ' Tango With Me '. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Audio Visual Rights Society (AVRS) nke Nigeria (2).
Amụrụ Mahmood Ali-Balogun n'abalị iri na iteghete nke ọnwa Julaị , 1959 ma tolite na ugwu Nigeria. Ọ bụ Alumnus nke University of Ife, akpọrọ ugbu a Obafemi Awolowo University ebe ọ gụrụ Dramatic Arts nke ọkachamara kpọmkwem ya bụ na mmepụta fim na telivishọn . Ọrụ Mahmood etolitela kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ site na ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, ruo onye ntụzi aka, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye ana ajụta ese ihe gbasara ihe nkiri na onye nnọchi anya na ụlọ ọrụ na-eme fim. .
Bisi Adegbuyi

Barrister Bisi Adegbuyi (amụrụ na 11 Mee 1961) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye nchịkwa ọha na eze, onye bụbu onye isi post na Naijiria. 'afọ 2014, ọ nọchitere anya steeti Ogun na National Confab [1] ma bụrụkwa onye guzobere Grassroots Addressing and Identity Network (GAIN). nọchiri . Richard Balami dị ka Postmaster General nke Nigerian Postal Service n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016 site n'aka onye isi ala Muhammadu Buhari [1] ma wepụ ya na Disemba 2019. [2]
Elizabeth Adekogbe

Chief Elizabeth Adekogbe (1919 - 1968) bụ onye obodo Naijiria, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị,onye ndú oke ụmụ nwanyị na onye ọchịchị omenala . Ọ bụbu onye isi ndi otu Women's Movement of Nigeria nke dị na Ibadan . N'afọ 1954, otu ahụ gbanwere aha ya zawa Council of Women of Nigeria, bụ nke sonyere Women's Improvement League n'afọ 1959 were bụrụ National Council of Women Societies, bụ ndị otu mgbagha na ndị otu na-edu ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa.
A mụrụ Adekogbe n’ezinụlọ nke Ijebu-Ife n’afọ 1919. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Agnes Catholic Training School nakwazị Yaba College of Technology . N’oge na-adịghị anya ọ banyere ọrụ obodo were bụrụ osote onye isi ndị na-enyocha ọnụahịa n’oge World War II.
E hiwere otu Women's Movement na Ibadan n’afọ 1952. Ebumnuche otu a bụ ịdịnotu ụwa niile, ịnabata ụmụ nwanyị na Native Authority councils, nhọpụta nke ndị otu nọ na Western House of Assembly, ị debanye aha ọtụtụ ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, mbelata ego isi nwanyị a na-akwụ na njikwa ike nnwekọta ndị ahịa Sịrịa na Lebanọn. Nzukọ a na-esonye na Action Group mgbe ụfọdụ. Kosiladị, naanị ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ole na ole ma ọ bụ efu na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị ndị ga-azọ ọkwa ọchịchị na ntụliaka gọọmentị etiti oge ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị tụnyere nnukwu òkè na ntuli aka n'oge ahụ. Otu ndị inyom dị iche iche a yiri naanị ihe e ji nweta vootu .
N’afọ 1953, e nwere nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị n’Abeokuta . Nzukọ ahụ nwere nzukọ ndị isi ndị inyom niile dị na Naijiria. Otu onye ndu ọgbakọ ahụ, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, bụ onye nwere ihu ọma n'ebe National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), kpọrọ ọgbakọ ahụ: Federation of Nigerian Women Society. Kosiladị, e nwere ọgụ echiche dị n’etiti ụmụ nwaanyị abụọ a ma ama n’ọgbakọ ahụ: Adekogbe na Kuti. E meriri Adekogbe, ọ hapụ ọgbakọ ahụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwadoro njikọ ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị nke Action Group.
Dika onye isi ndi Yoruba ndi nke ya, o jidere aha Iyalaje nke Ikija.
Di ya bụ L.A.G Adekogbe bụ onye ọrụ bekee.
Michael Mbabuike

Michael Chikelu Mbabuike (August 1943 - December 2006) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri, prọfesọ, na ọkà mmụta asụsụ. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Ọmụmụ Afrịka na Ngalaba Ụmụ mmadụ na Hostos Ụlọ akwụkwọ kọleji nke Mahadum City nke New York, ọ bụbu onye isi oche Faculty Senate n'ebe ahụ.
Onye Igbo, Mbabuike nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na nsọpụrụ na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka campus. Ọ natara nzere masta ya na nzere doctorate na akwụkwọ na Paris"Sorbonne, Paris, France. Ọ bịara na United States na ngwụcha afọ 1970. Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ prọfesọ ọ bụ onye nduzi na Center for Igbo Studies na Hostos Community College. Ọ bụ onye isi otu New York African Studies Association (NYASA) ugboro abụọ.
Ozioma Akagha

Ozioma Akagha bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke bi na United States. Ọ na-ekwupụta Alyx Vance na egwuregwu vidio Half-Life: Alyx (2020) na Julianna na egwuregwu vidio Deathloop (2021). Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ Harper Omereoha na ihe ngosi telivishọn Delilah .
Akagha gara Mahadum Southern Methodist dị na Dallas, Texas, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri.[1] Na mmalite 2010s, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri na California. N'afọ 2010, ọ gbara Tiger Lily na Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts mmepụta nke Peter Pan.[2] Na 2011, ọ mere ihe n'akụkụ Brendan Cataldo na egwuregwu Leo Cortez, na-eme ihe, na Alisal Center for the Fine Arts.[3] N'afọ 2012, Akagha malitere igwu egwu na fim dị mkpirikpi dị iche iche ma mee ka ndị ọbịa pụta na usoro telivishọn. Ọ pụtara na mmemme otu oge na usoro Men at Work, Nashville na 2 Broke Girls.[4]
Akagha malitere ime olu na egwuregwu vidiyo gburugburu 2016, buru ụzọ kwupụta agwa "plastic" na nsọtụ egwuregwu Mirror: Catalyst.[4] Na 2017, ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri maka Wolfenstein II: New Colossus, nke o nyere olu maka agwa Barbara Casey, Zena Woodard na Angela Cummings.[4][5]
Na 2018, ọ malitere ịpụta na usoro ihe onyonyo Marvel's Runaways telivishọn dị ka Tamar, ọrụ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro, na-akwado.[4][6] O nyere olu maka dike bumblebee na usoro ihe nkiri Teen Titans Go!. Bumblebee pụtara na mbụ na oge nke ise nke ihe nkiri ahụ na ihe omume "Forest Pirates", nke ewepụtara na 2019.[4]
Akagha kwuputara onye isi agwa, Alyx Vance, na egwuregwu eziokwu mebere Half-Life: Alyx. Ebu ụzọ webatara agwa a na egwuregwu Half-Life 2 na 2004, nke Merle Dandridge na-egwuri egwu na mbụ. Ahọpụtara onye na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ maka Alyx Vance akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi afọ nwata agwa na "ọdịiche oge" n'etiti nke a na egwuregwu gara aga. Akagha malitere ịdekọ maka ọrụ ahụ na Septemba 2019, ewepụtara egwuregwu ahụ na 2020.[7][8]
N'ime egwuregwu vidiyo 2021 Deathloop, Akagha kwuputara Julianna, [1] otu n'ime isi agwa abụọ na onye na-emegide egwuregwu ahụ.[2] Ọ gbakwara Harper Omereoha na usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri OWN, Delilah, nke malitere ịgbasa na 2021.[4] [5]
Na ihe omume nke isii nke Marvel's animated anthology, Gịnị Ọ bụrụ...?, Akagha rụrụ akụkụ nke nwa-nwanyị Wakandan Shuri. Ihe omume a akpọrọ "Gịnị ma ọ bụrụ na ... Killmonger zọpụtara Tony Stark?", ekesara na 2021.[5][4] Ọ kwupụtakwara ọrụ Flora Flamingo na-eme ugboro ugboro na ihe nkiri ụmụaka 2021, Do, Re & Mi.[4][10]
N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara Akagha maka ihe nrite Golden Joystick Awards n'ụdị nke onye na-eme ihe kacha mma maka ikwupụta agwa Julianna Blake na Deathloop.[11] Maka otu ọrụ ahụ, ahọpụtara ya maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma na The Game Awards 2021, [12] yana maka onyinye nturu ugo White Way maka ime ihe kacha mma na egwuregwu na New York Game Awards 2022.[13]
Marianne Koch

Marianne Koch ( [maˈʁi̯anə ˈkɔx] i; amụrụ n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1931) bụ onye Germany na-eme ihe nkiri n'afọ ndị 1950 na 1960, nke a maara nke ọma maka mpụta ya na Spaghetti Westerns na ihe nkiri njem nke afọ ndị 1960. O mechara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn na dịka dọkịta.
N'agbata 1950 na 1971, Koch pụtara na ihe karịrị ihe nkiri 65. O nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri German nke 1950s na 1960s. Na 1954 American thriller Night People, ọ pụtara na nkwado n'akụkụ Gregory Peck. Koch nwekwara ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri Hollywood Four Girls in Town na Interlude, nke e wepụtara na 1957. Ọ ka bụ ma eleghị anya ka a maara ya nke ọma n'ụwa niile maka mmepụta Sergio Leone nke 1964 A Fistful of Dollars, nke gosipụtara ya na Clint Eastwood dị ka onye nkịtị nke ndị omempụ obi ọjọọ na-emekpa ahụ, nkewa n'etiti di ya na nwa ya na ndị ọjọọ.
Na Germany, ọ ga-abụ na a maara ya nke ọma maka ọtụtụ afọ ọ na-ekere òkè dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-ewu ewu na TV bụ Was bin ich?Ọ̀ bụ bin ich?, ihe ngosi German nke ihe ngosi TV America What's My Line?Gịnị bụ akara m?, nke malitere na 1950s ruo 1988 ma nweta ọkwa ruru 75% na elu ya.
'afọ 1971, ọ maliteghachiri ọmụmụ ọgwụ ọ kwụsịrị na mbido afọ 1950 iji ghọọ onye na-eme ihe nkiri. N'afọ 1974, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta ya ma rụọ ọrụ ahụike ruo n'afọ 1997 dị ka ọkachamara maka ọgwụ ime ụlọ na Munich. N'afọ 1974, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ na-eme ihe ngosi okwu nke Germany 3 nach 9 (Three After Nine), nke e nyere ya Grimme-Preis, otu n'etiti ihe nrite kachasị mma nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Germany. Ọ kwadokwara ihe ngosi telivishọn ndị ọzọ, na 2014, ka nwere mmemme ndụmọdụ ahụike na redio.
Koch bụ nwa nwanyị nke Marie Aumüller na Rudolf Schindler.
N'afọ 1953, Koch lụrụ dọkịta Gerhard Freund (1922-2008), onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ. Alụmdi nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị na 1973 mgbe Freund malitere mmekọrịta ya na Miss World 1956, Petra Schürmann, onye o mechara lụọ. Koch mechara malite mmekọrịta na onye edemede Peter Hamm, nke dịruru site n'etiti afọ 1970 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2019. [1]
Anuang'a Fernando

Anuang'a Fernando, onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-agba egwu Kenya, mụrụ na Ọktoba 12, 1972. N'ịbụ onye tolitere na Kitengela na Magadi, ọ malitere mmasị na egwu Maasai na omenala. Ọ raara onwe ya nye na nchekwa na mmepe nke egwu ọdịnala Maasai na njikọta nke egwu Maasai na ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ.
Ọ malitere na egwuregwu ịgba egwu na 1990 dịka akụkụ nke otu egwu egwu Kenya a ma ama, Rarewatts. Ha nwetara amara n'oge asọmpi ịgba egwu ụgbọ ala meriri na Nairobi na KICC, ebe ha pụtara dịka ndị mmeri nke abụọ. A bịara mara Rarewatts nke ọma na Kenya maka ngwakọta pụrụ iche nke ịgba egwu Maasai ọdịnala na mmegharị klọb ọgbara ọhụrụ. Iji nwetakwuo nkà ya, Anuang'a sonye na klas ịgba egwu nke oge a na nkwalite nke ndị na-agụ egwú French Angelin Preljocaj na Carolyn Carlson mere.
Na Maachị 2007, Anuang'a hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwu nke ya na Kenya akpọrọ Maasai Vocals. N'ịbụ ndị nwere ụmụ nwoke Maasai nwere nkà asaa, ndị otu ahụ chọrọ igosi omenala Maasai site na ịgba egwu na egwu. Maasai Vocals nwere ihe ùgwù nke isonye na Ememme Pan-African nke emere na Algeria, n'okpuru nduzi nke Kamel Ouali . Anuang'a na otu Maasai Vocals weputara ihe ngosi ha "Voices & Feeling" na Ravenna Festival na Festival Oriente Occidente na Italy.
Na Julaị 2008, Anuang'a na Jaya Pachauri rụkọrọ ọrụ ka ha dekọọ ihe nkiri egwu "Fusion Indo-Maasai". Omume a jikọtara egwu Kathak India na egwu Maasai, na-egosipụta nzukọ nke ọdịbendị dị iche iche na ọkwa ọgbara ọhụrụ. Na Nọvemba 2008 ihe ngosi ya A njem n'ime ọdịnihu solo version e mepụtara Ballet Preljocaj na rụrụ na Pavillon Noir .
N'afọ 2010, imepụta egwu egwu akpọrọ Traditional Future ka ebichara egwu na Lamu na Akili studio nke onye na-agụ egwu Britain bụ Wayne Mcgregor. Onye mmebe ejiji nke France bụ Pierre Cardin mere ihe ngosi a ma mee ya na Theatre Claude Lévi-Strauss - musée du quai Branly na Ụlọ ihe nkiri de la ville, Espace Cardin na Paris.
Mark Sealy

Mark Sealy OBE (amụrụ 1960) bụ onye nlekọta Britain na onye ọkọ akụkọ ọdịnala nwere mmasị pụrụ iche na mmekọrịta foto na mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ikike mmadụ. Na 1991 ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke Autograph ABP, Association of Black Photographers, nke dabeere na 2007 na Rivington Place, bụ ebe e wuru ihe ngosi nka ụwa na Shoreditch, London. Ọ chịkọtala ọtụtụ nnukwu ihe ngosi mba ụwa ma bụrụkwa onye nkuzi.
Amụrụ na 1960 na Hackney, London (nke nna sitere na Barbados na nne Bekee), wee zụlite na Newcastle, Mark Sealy gụrụ akwụkwọ na Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ rụrụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba na Fleet Street. .
Dị ka onye isi nke Autograph ABP ( Association of Black Photographers ) kemgbe 1991, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka ịmalite na ịnye ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, ọrụ obibi na mbipụta, yana inye ndị na-ese foto na ndị na-ese ihe nkiri. Ọrụ enyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya (2013-14) bụ Mkparịta ụka a na-agwụbeghị, site n'aka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-emeri John Akomfrah, ihe nkiri na ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke omenala omenala Stuart Hall .
Sealy abụrụla onye nkuzi ọbịa na Royal College of Art na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na England na ná mba ọzọ, wee sonye na ọtụtụ ọgbakọ mba na mba, gụnyere na "Ahụhụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na arụmụka Curatorial International nke 1980s. na 1990s" panel na Shades of Black ogbako, Duke University ( Durham, North Carolina ), na April 2001, 2011 symposium na "post-racial imaginaries" ẹkenịmde na University of Westminster site journal darkmatter, "Mweghachi oge ahụ: Legacies nke 1982 Blk Art Group " (nke Sonia Boyce na Keith Piper kwadoro) na 2012 na Wolverhampton Polytechnic, ma na-ekpe ikpe ndị juri maka ihe nrite ndị a ma ama dị ka asọmpi Foto World Press .
Na 2007, Royal Photographic Society nyere Sealy the Hood Medal maka ọrụ ịse foto. N’afọ 2019, e nyere ya onyinye nturu ugo maka ọrụ pụtara ìhè maka ịse foto (na nkwanye ugwu), Royal Photographic Society.
A họpụtara Sealy onye otu Order of the British Empire (MBE) na 2013 New Year Honors maka ọrụ ịse foto na Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) na 2022 New Year Honors maka ọrụ. na nka.
ihe mere eme na arụmụka Curatorial International nke 1980s. na 1990s" panel na Shades of Black ogbako, Duke University ( Durham, North Carolina ), na April 2001, 2011
Ike

Pouvoirs (aha zuru ezu: Pouvoirs, revue d'études constitutionnelles et politiques) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ike iwu nke France nke e guzobere na 1977. Lord Norton akọwaala ya dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ French na-eduga na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị".
Pouvoirs (aha zuru ezu: Pouvoirs, revue d'études constitutionnelles et politiques) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ike iwu nke France nke e guzobere na 1977. Lord Norton akọwaala ya dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ French na-eduga na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị".
Pouvoirs (aha zuru ezu: Pouvoirs, revue d'études constitutionnelles et politiques) bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ike iwu nke France nke e guzobere na 1977. Lord Norton akọwaala ya dị ka "akwụkwọ akụkọ French na-eduga na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị". Re
Chika Ike

Chika 'Nancy' Ike (amụrụ ya n'ọnwa iri n'otu n'afọ 1985) Ọ bụ onye egwuregwu onyo-onyoo nke mba Naijiria Nigerian actress, television personality, producer, businesswoman, philanthropist nakwa mo
Amụrụ ya na Onitsha, Anambra, O bidoro ihe onyo-onyoo n'Egwuregwu ndi Ụkachukwu na-afọ 16. Ike bidoro ọrụ dika Model n'afọ 16 mgbe ọgachara secondary school. Na 2005 omere ihe onyo-onyoo ya nke akpọrọ "Sweet Love". Ọgara n'ihu mee ihe onyo-onyoo ndi ọzọ dika: "Nikita" in Bless the Child, To Love a Stranger na Paradise nakwa ọtụtụ ndi ọzọ. Na 2007, Ike mere Mirror of Beauty, nke bụrụ box office hit in. Eziri Mirror of Beauty Odeon na Cineworld, di na UK, aghọpụtakwara ya dika otu n'ime ihe onyo-onyoo eziri na mba Ụwa na Cannes film festival.
Na 2014, O bidoro mewa "Reality television series African Diva Reality TV Show, Nke Ọ bụ onye mmepụta ya pụrụ iche. Eziri ya mbụ na African magic channel di na DSTV ezikwara nke abụọ ya na AIT.
Ike bidoro ọrụ onyo-onyoo ya na 2005 ebe o mere Sweet Love. Onwetara ọrụ ya nke mbụ pụtara ihe n'otu afọ a n'ihe onyo-onyoo nke akpọrọ "Bless the Child " site oge a, omeela ọtụtụ ihe onyo-onyoo di iche iche Paradise, Mirror of Beauty, To Love a Stranger, Girls Cot Reloaded, Happy Ending, Yes We Will, Anointed Queen na The Prince and the Princess.
Na 2007, eziri Mirror of Beauty na Cineworld nakwa Odeon cinemas di na U.K na 2008 aghọpụtara ya makwa zie ya Cannes film festival.
O mepụtara Ụlọ-ọrụ n'emepụta ihe onyo-onyoo nke ya ọkpọrọ "Chika Ike Production", na 2014, mepụtakwa ihe onyo-onyoo ya nke mbụ "Miss Teacher " na reality TV game show African Diva Reality TV Show nke ọ bụ onye mmepụta ya nakwa otu onye ọka-ikpe ya. Eziri nke mbụ ya na DStv na nke abụọ ya AIT. Na 2015, ya na Rok Studios mepụtara "Happy Ending na Stuck on You".
Na 2004, Ike gara University of Lagos (Unilag) mee diploma program afọ abụọ na human kinetics na health education. O mechara ya na 2006 nweta asambodo. Ọgara n'ihu nweta degree na 'Human kinetics' na Health Education na Unilag. Na 2014, Ọgụchara na New York Film Academy di na Los Angeles, California ebe ọ gụrụ film making.
Ike rụrụ "Help the Child Foundation" nke ebumnuche ya bụ inyere ụmụ ogbenye aka. Na-afọ 2012 omeere ụmụ 3000 mmemme, nye ha nri, akpa-akwụkwọ, ihe ndi eji ede ihe nakwa ngwa egwuregwu. Afọ niile, Ọ na-eme emume enyemaka nyere ụmụ aka n'enweghi enyemaka, nye agụm akwụkwọ n'efu nakwa ngwa agụm akwụkwọ.
N'afọ 2011, Ike mepụtara ngalaba eyimeyi ya nke ọkpọrọ "Fancy Nancy" na Abuja, Nigeria.
Ike nwere nkwuwaokwu maka abusive relationships, ọ bụrụla onye domestic violence metụrụla. Na-afọ 2013, okwupụtara na di ya n'eti ya ihe na-alum di na nwanyi ha.Ọ gbara alukwaghim na-afọ 2013.
Ike enwetala ọtụtụ ihe inwe na nghọpụta maka ọrụ ya nke tinyere Africa Movie Academy Awards. Best Upcoming Actress, 2008 Africa Movie Academy Awards., Best Actress in a Supporting Role, 2009.
Emeka Ike

To see Emeka Ike (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụo na abụo nke ọnwa Maachị n'afọ 1967) bụ onye omee nke Naịjirịa. Ọ bụ onye ọbịa pụrụ iche na Monrovia n'oge mmemme inyefe ụlọ obibi ọhụrụ nke Center for Democratic Change CDC, na Liberia .
Armorial of Germany

This is a list of coats of arms of Germany.
The origins of the coats of arms of German federal states covers the historical context for the current arms of the German länder.
After the end of the Third Reich, Germany had lost significant parts of its territory and was divided into four occupation zones. Several former states were split between two or more of these zones. The historical state of Prussia, which spread over more than half the territory of Germany, was officially abolished by the Allies; and several new states were formed from its former lands while other parts were annexed by Poland or the USSR.
Some of these states were direct successors of former states, although the former borders changed; others were new constructions. In some cases parts of former states were declared states; in other cases, parts of different states formed a new state. Only the historic city-states of Hamburg and Bremen survived the end of the Third Reich without significant changes of their territory.
The Federal Republic was joined by the Saarland in 1957 and by five states of the former German Democratic Republic in 1990. Each of these states adopted new arms upon joining the federation, by combining the centuries-old coats of the former states (or ruling houses) from whose territories they were formed.
Coats of arms of German colonies were prepared but never formally granted.
In 1914, the diplomat Wilhelm Solf proposed that Germany's colonies be assigned flags and arms, like the flags and arms used by the British colonies. Solf believed that these would serve to advertise Germany's power, and would encourage German pride amongst the colonials. Kaiser Wilhelm was enthusiastic about the idea, and drafts were prepared for his inspection by Solf in conjunction with the Heraldry Office and the Duke of Mecklenburg. However, World War I broke out before the project was finalised, and the arms were never actually taken into use. This was in part because giving the colonies their own insignia in times of war could have let them have symbols to rally around in rebellion. Following the defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies and the prepared arms were therefore never granted.
The arms all followed a similar style. In chief was placed the Imperial Eagle, bearing a shield with the arms of the House of Hohenzollern. In the main part of the shield was a colony specific symbol, such as an elephant for the colony of Kamerun. Above the shield was placed the German State Crown (which was merely symbolic, and did not physically exist). Early drafts included a scroll displaying the name of the colony or protectorate in German, but given the unheraldic nature of such a name scroll, it is unlikely this would have been part of the final blazon.
Nigeria, We Hail Thee

Nigeria, We Hail Thee is the national anthem of Nigeria. Dating to 1959, the lyrics were written by Lillian Jean Williams and the music was composed by Frances Benda. It was first used upon independence in 1960, until it was replaced by "Arise, O Compatriots" in 1978. "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" was officially readopted on 29 May 2024.
"Nigeria, We Hail Thee" was adopted as Nigeria's national anthem on 1 October 1960.
A competition was held to select the music and lyrics of the anthem. The winning lyrics were written by Lillian Jean Williams, a British expatriate who lived in Nigeria when it achieved independence. Williams worked for the Federal Ministry of Labour and Welfare and donated her prize money to the Nigerian Red Cross.
Frances Benda composed the music for "Nigeria, We Hail Thee." In 2024, Tolu Ogunlesi identified that Benda was a pen name for Mrs Charles Kernot, a private music teacher and professional pianist at the Carol Hill School of Classical Ballet in London. Her composition was chosen by judges including Professor Fela Sowande, O. Omideyi, Thomas King Ekundayo Phillips, Wilberforce Echezona, M.C. Majekodunmi and H Lawson.
The song was used as the national anthem until it was replaced by "Arise, O Compatriots" in 1978.
On 23 May 2024, the National Assembly passed a bill to relinquish "Arise, O Compatriots" and readopt "Nigeria, We Hail Thee". The bill was signed into law by President Bola Tinubu on 29 May 2024.
Nigerian pledge of allegiance is recited immediately after the playing of the Nigerian national anthem. It was written by Felicia Adebola Adeyoyin in 1976.
When "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" was first adopted in 1960, the new national anthem faced criticism for a number of reasons. The Daily Service, a newspaper run by the Yoruba organisation Egbé Ọmọ Odùduwà, started a campaign against the national anthem, which led to a committee being established to collect signatures as a petition.
Following its readoption in 2024, the song was again criticised for the lack of consultation in passing the law designating it as the national anthem and for what was perceived to be misplaced priorities by the administration of President Bola Tinubu. Former education minister Oby Ezekwesili criticised the anthem's suitability, given the presence of "pejorative" words like "native land" and "tribes", and that she would continue to sing Arise, O Compatriots as the national anthem. A video of political activist Aisha Yesufu circulated online where she refused to recite "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" as the new national anthem.
Mohammed Tahir Monguno, chair of the parliamentary committee that pushed through the anthem's readoption, said that the change was "apt, timely and important", while Tinubu said the anthem symbolised Nigeria's diversity.
Arise, O Compatriots

Arise, O Compatriots is a Nigerian patriotic song that was used as the national anthem of Nigeria from 1 October 1978 until 2024, when Nigeria, We Hail Thee was reinstated. On 29 May 2024, "Arise, O Compatriots" was officially relinquished followed by the readoption of the first national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee" used from 1960 until 1978.
The anthem was adopted in 1978 by the military government and replaced the previous national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee".
The lyrics are a combination of words and phrases taken from five of the best entries in a national contest. The words were put to music by the Nigerian Police Band under the directorship of Benedict P. Odiase (1934–2013). The Nigerian national anthem lyrics were created by five people: P. O. Aderibigbe, John A. Ilechukwu, Dr. Sota Omoigui, Eme Etim Akpan and B.A. Ogunnaike.
On 29 May 2024, "Arise, O Compatriots" was officially relinquished following a bill passed by the National Assembly and subsequently signed into law by president Bola Tinubu. It was replaced by "Nigeria, We Hail Thee", Nigeria’s first national anthem.
Although the anthem has two verses, usually only the first is sung. On some occasions, the second verse is recited as "The National Prayer".
The Nigerian pledge of allegiance is recited immediately after the playing of the Nigerian national anthem. It was written by Felicia Adebola Adeyoyin in 1976.
Seal of the president of Nigeria

The seal of the president of the Federal Republic of Nigeria is the official symbol of the Nigerian president. It was first used in 1979 by President Shehu Shagari in the ill-fated second republic, and jettisoned by the successive military regimes from 1983 to 1999. The presidential seal returned to usage in the wake of the fourth republic in 1999, and it has remained in use since.
List of governors and governors-general of Nigeria

The governor-general of Nigeria was the representative of the monarch of the United Kingdom in Colonial Nigeria from 1954 to 1960, and after Nigerian independence in 1960, the representative of the Nigerian head of state.
The office was created on 1 October 1954, when the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria was created as an autonomous federation within the British Empire. After independence in 1960, the governor-general became the representative of the Nigerian monarch, and the office continued to exist till 1963, when Nigeria abolished its monarchy, and became a republic.
This article contains a list of governors and governors-general of the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, and later of the Federation of Nigeria; both as a British overseas possession and an independent monarchy.
Following is a list of people who have served as governor-general of Nigeria.
National Party of Nigeria

The National Party of Nigeria (NPN) was the dominant political party in Nigeria during the Second Republic (1979–1983).
The party's beginning could be traced to private and sometimes secret meetings among key Northern Nigerian leaders after the proscription of political parties in 1966 by the military regimes of Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi and General Yakubu Gowon. A few members of the proscribed parties based in the Northern section of Nigeria began to organize to form a northern party to prepare for a return to democracy. The group also approached southern Nigerians about the prospect of a truly national party. A constitutional assembly organized in 1977 to prepare a constitution for a new democratic government, proved to be the best avenue for members of the burgeoning group to meet and discuss plans for their regions and nation. On September 20, 1978, the National Party of Nigeria was formed, composed of members of the constituent assembly and was headed by Makaman Bida, an old Northern People's Congress (NPC) member. At formation, the party was able to draw beyond it core base of former NPC members and attracted some First republic politicians such as Joseph Tarka, former leader of the United Middle Belt Congress, K.O. Mbadiwe, one time minister and Remi Fani-Kayode, a former NNDP member. In October 1978, the party adopted zoning to elect party officials. The party then elected a new chairman, Augustus Akinloye, a Yoruba man and former Nigerian National Democratic Party government minister over contenders such as Fani Kayode, Adeyinka Adebayo and Adeleke Adedoyin. The election of a southern Nigerian paved the way for the presidential candidate to go to the core base of the party: the Hausa-Fulani states.
The NPN presented candidates for two major elections, the 1979 elections and the 1983 elections. The party won 36 Senate seats out of 95 Senate seats and 168 seats out of 449 seats of the House of Representatives. On August 16, 1979, the party's candidate in the presidential election, Shehu Shagari, was declared the winner. The party entered into a shaky alliance with the Nigerian Peoples Party to earn majority votes in the National Assembly, the alliance later hit the rocks in 1981. To gain support among Igbo people, the party allowed the return of Odumegwu Ojukwu, the Biafra leader.
Moshood Abiola, a former member of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), was not successful to hold chairmanship or presidential ticket of the NPN and later stood as the candidate of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in the cancelled 1993 presidential election. Adamu Ciroma, a former secretary of the NPN, later became a senior member of the People's Democratic Party.
One of the campaign promise was implementation of Green Revolution as an agricultural policy.