davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Black Narcissus (novel)

Black Narcissus is the third novel by English writer Rumer Godden and was published in 1939. It was adapted into a 1947 film Black Narcissus.
A group of English nuns travel to Mopu (near Darjeeling) to set up a convent school. They are situated in a palace at the top of an isolated mountain above a valley in the Himalayas. The palace has ancient and erotic artwork on the walls and was once a harem. Although the sisters' intentions are noble, they understand little of the area's people and culture.
Mr. Dean, a local agent, predicts the failure of their mission. Sister Clodagh, the Sister Superior of the group, is ambitious but questions her capabilities. She presses on, sometimes clashing with Mr. Dean. Sister Ruth becomes increasingly emotionally unwell.
The sisters often clash with Angu Ayah, the building's caretaker, as well as the local population. A young local girl called Kanchi becomes involved with "the Young General" who has begun to attend classes at the convent. He wishes to understand Western culture better and improve his English. As each sister begins to suffer emotionally due to her situation, Sister Ruth becomes jealous of Sister Clodagh and obsessed with Mr. Dean.
In her autobiography, A Time to Dance, a Time to Weep, Godden, who grew up in India, describes an event that became an inspiration for Black Narcissus. While exploring the Indian countryside with friends one day, they came across a gravestone, covered with brush. When they cleared it away, all that was on the stone was the name "Sister Ruth".
A 1939 book review by Kirkus Reviews called the book "Not a book for headline reviews and big sales, but a book whose popularity will spread by word of mouth publicity, a book that discerning readers will make their own. It is a strange and fascinating book." and summarized: "The sort of book that should be read to be sold; definitely a booksellers' find type of book. Don't miss it". Reviewing Godden's India books in 2013 for The Guardian, Rosie Thomas wrote, "For all its convent setting, the novel thrums with sex, portrayed with a subtlety that seems only to intensify its power. The story is simple, but the narrative takes an unshakeable hold, building to a climax involving sexual obsession, insanity and tragic death, which, despite the gothic elements, is handled with masterful restraint."
Bāṇabhaṭṭa

Bāṇabhaṭṭa (Sanskrit: बाणभट्ट) was a 7th-century Sanskrit prose writer and poet from India. He was the Asthana Kavi in the court of the Emperor Harsha, during his reign at Kanyakubja. Bāna's principal works include a biography of Harsha, the Harshacharita (The Life of Harsha), and one of the world's earliest novels, Kadambari. Bāṇa died before finishing the novel and it was completed by his son Bhūṣaṇabhaṭṭa. Both these works are noted texts of Sanskrit literature. The other works attributed to him are the Caṇḍikāśataka and a drama, the Pārvatīpariṇaya. Banabhatta gets an applause as "Banochhistam Jagatsarvam" meaning Bana has described everything in this world and nothing is left.
A detailed account regarding his ancestry and early life can be reconstructed from the introductory verses attached to the Kadambari and the first two ucchāvasas of the Harṣacarita, while the circumstances behind the composition of the Harṣacarita are described in the third ucchāvasa of the text. Harsacarita is considered as the first Indian work which may be regarded as a historical biography. It gives a vivid picture of life in the Indian countryside.
Bāna was born to Chitrabhānu and Rājadevi in the village of Pritikuta in a Kanyakubja Brahmin family. His mother died early leaving him in the loving care of his father. His father married again and had two more sons. After the death of his father when he was 14, Bāṇa led a colourful and wandering life with his half-brothers for a period but later came back to his native village. Here, on a summer day, on receiving a letter from Krishna, a cousin of Emperor Harsha, he met the emperor while he was camping near the town of Manitara. After receiving Bāna with mock signs of anger, the emperor showed him much favor.
Rural transport problem

The rural transport problem refers to difficulties experienced in providing transport links to rural communities. Low rural population density makes viable public transport difficult, though people in rural areas usually have a greater need for transport than urban dwellers. High levels of car ownership can diminish the problem, but certain rural groups (the young, old or poor) always require public transport. Increasing car ownership may put pressure on existing rural public transport, prompting a diminished service, which in turn encourages even higher car ownership, creating a vicious circle of public transport decline.
Transport plays a key role in responding to the problem of rural social exclusion. The often large distances between services and population centres in rural areas mean it is difficult for people without access to private transport. In particular, in rural areas around the world, an increasing number of ageing car drivers are having to make the transition to non-driver. Alternative transport will play a key role in keeping these people engaged in mainstream society.
Around the world, collaborative structures such as partnerships are often used to govern rural transport and accessibility issues. Partnerships in transport are useful because:
Rural Community Transportation

Rural Community Transportation, Inc. (RCT) is a nonprofit, public transportation system headquartered in Lyndonville, Vermont. RCT serves the Northeast Kingdom (Caledonia, Essex and Orleans counties) and Lamoille county. It provides regular bus and shuttle routes for commuters and shoppers as well as on-demand rides. RCT is heavily supported by volunteer drivers and a number of community partners.
Current routes can be found in the RCT Passenger Guide.
This information is current as of July 2021.
Indian Summer (painting)

Indian Summer (Polish: Babie lato) is an 1875 oil painting by Polish Realist painter Józef Chełmoński. It is considered one of the artist's most acclaimed works and is currently displayed at the National Museum in Warsaw, Poland.
The painting depicts a young barefoot peasant woman lying in the middle of a pasture and lifting her right hand in which she holds threads of gossamer. She wears a white skirt and shirt. A yellow headscarf lying under her head serves as a contrast and brightens the central part of the composition. The horizon line is placed near the middle of the painting. The sunlight, dry grass and a cloudy sky evoke an aura of a calm September afternoon. On the left, the background portrays a herd of cattle and figures of peasants seen from the distance as well as a black dog sitting and looking in their direction. The painting is dominated by soft shades of brown and grey colours, which emphasizes the atmosphere of Indian summer.
The artist painted Indian Summer in 1875 in Warsaw after his recent journey to Ukraine. Chełmoński became fascinated with the observation of rural life and its daily rhythms, which are dictated by nature. When he first exhibited his work at the Zachęta National Gallery of Art, it caused controversy. Some of the viewers and the critics were appalled by the fact that he portrayed a dirty and barefoot peasant woman wearing simple clothes. The scene depicted in the painting was perceived as too realistic. It started to receive proper recognition only after several years.
The painting is an example of a naturalistic brand of Polish Realism. It rejects the consolidated conventions of representation, the academy and its norms and focuses on capturing authenticity based on empirical observation. Indian Summer was meant by Chełmoński to represent the power of the countryside and the vitality of its inhabitants. In 1894, the painting was purchased by art collector Ignacy Korwin-Milewski and in 1929 it was acquired the National Museum in Warsaw. Today, it remains one of the most popular and most frequently reproduced works of art in Poland. The painting is alluded to in the 2023 adaptation of The Peasants, with the costume and pose of the lead female character Jagna (Kamila Urzędowska) during the relevant scene being analogous to that of the original painting's peasant woman.
Agathariruppu

Agathariruppu is a village in Ramanathapuram district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Agathariruppu falls under Abiramam town panchayat and Kamuthi Taluk.
People from Agathariruppu are mostly settled outside for jobs and education. Overall resident population is less than 500.
Mariyamman Mulaipaari Festival celebrated annually, during this festival, the people settled in Chennai, Madurai and Ramanathapuram join.
People from Agathariruppu go for temple trip to M.Pudupatti/ Keela rajakula Raman rajapalayam near Sivakasi in Bullock cart, once in every four years (usually in May month), along with other people who belongs to Aarukarai Yadava community.
They travel for nearly 80 km in three days to worship Sri Ericheeswara Ponnirulappan Swami and Swami Koodamudaya Ayyanar and Kaali Amman
Mote sucio

Mote sucio o motesucio es una comida tradicional de la cocina ecuatoriana elaborado con mote y mapahuira o manteca negra, que es los restos de manteca de la preparación de fritada. Es un plato típico de las provincias de Azuay y Cañar.​​
Es un plato emblemático de la provincia del Azuay junto con el mote pillo y el mote pata.​
Su nombre viene de la apariencia que le da al mote la manteca con los restos de la fritada.
En una sartén se coloca el mote y la mapahuira. Se agrega ajo, sal, pimienta, comino y cebolla verde picada. En ocasiones se agrega trozos de fritada.​​
Este plato es utilizado como guarnición en el almuerzo, sobre todo con carne asada de chancho.
Corviche

El corviche es un bocado cuyo origen se sitúa en la Provincia de Manabí, de la costa ecuatoriana, consiste en una masa elaborada con plátanos verdes, especias, maní y relleno de carne de pescado de mar. El corviche se sirve durante el desayuno, almuerzo, merienda o días festivos. Su forma de cocción puede ser frita u hornada y mayormente en Ecuador.​
Este bocadillo es tradicional en la gastronomía de la costa del Ecuador. Su textura es crujiente por fuera y blanda en el centro, y en su interior se mezclan el maní y el pescado.​
Para preparar el corviche se necesitan estos ingredientes: plátano verde, achiote, maní, sal, condimentos al gusto, carne de pescado albacora, cebolla perla y cilantro.​
Se lo suele acompañar con salsa de cebolla, tomate y jugo, aunque hay quieren prefieren consumirlo con café.
También se lo conoce como Corvique y es un producto apetecido por los ecuatorianos.
Fritada (Guam)

En Guam, la fritada es un estofado hecho con vísceras de cerdo, vaca o ciervo, cocinado con la sangre del propio animal. La lengua chamorra, oficial en este territorio de los Estados Unidos, tiene una gran influencia del idioma español, y aunque «fritada» tiene su origen en la frit, tanto aquí como en el plato mexicano conocido como fritada de cabrito, el término se usa para una preparación culinaria diferente.​
En el siglo XVI, la carne de animales terrestres no formaba parte de la dieta de los chamorros, quienes consumían exclusivamente pescado. Sin embargo, en el XVIII, los españoles introdujeron cerdos, ganado vacuno y ciervos en las Islas Marianas, lo que llevó a los chamorros a incorporar carne en su alimentación. Este plato y su nombre podrían haber sido introducidos por los españoles, posiblemente basado en la fritada de cabrito de la cocina mexicana, que a su vez podría derivar de la chanfaina de la región de Extremadura en España, tradicionalmente preparada con cordero. En Portugal, existe un plato similar llamado chanfana, elaborado con carne de cabra o macho cabrío. En las Filipinas, también colonizadas por los españoles en esa época, existe una preparación similar conocida como dinuguan, cuyo nombre proviene de la palabra local dugo, que significa sangre.​
Este tipo de preparación, que aprovecha al máximo el animal, está relacionado con la falta de medios de conservación de alimentos cuando se sacrificaba un animal, así como con la necesidad de alimentar a un gran número de personas. Tradicionalmente, el sacrificio de una res o una cacería era una actividad comunitaria: los hombres mataban al animal, recogían la sangre, lo despellejaban y separaban las diferentes partes de la carne, mientras que las mujeres limpiaban la carne y las vísceras y preparaban el plato, junto con los acompañamientos (incluyendo el pan). Sin embargo, los hombres también participaban en la cocina. Este método es similar al practicado en la cocina de Kazajistán, donde la carne (a veces de animales grandes como el caballo o el camello) es la base de la dieta.​
El intestino se abría y se frotaba con aceite de coco (u otro aceite), luego se escaldaba en agua con vinagre y sal. El páncreas, el hígado y el corazón se lavaban bien y se cortaban en trozos pequeños, al igual que las tripas. Estos trozos se cocinaban en vinagre, sal y pimienta hasta que el vinagre se evaporaba. Después se añadía la sangre, removiendo constantemente, hasta que esta se oscurecía y se combinaba con las vísceras formando una mezcla sólida (la carne propiamente dicha no se utilizaba en este plato). Finalmente, se añadía agua, se dejaba hervir por un minuto y se servía con arroz.​
Fritada serrana

La fritada serrana es una preparación culinaria tradicional de Alcoutim (Sierra de Caldeirão, Algarve, Portugal) que consiste en carne y vísceras de carne de cerdo fritas en «manteca blanca».​
Según un libro publicado por la Cámara Municipal de Alcoutim, la carne de elección es el lomo y las vísceras utilizadas incluyen los riñones y los miolos, estos se añaden al plato después de cocinar la carne, cortados, pero con cuidado para no deshacerse; en ese momento, se puede espolvorear con comino. La receta también indica que la delicia puede ser conservada si toda la carne se cubre con manteca.
Sin embargo, no se indica cómo se sirve este plato, pero en otra receta de fritada de cerdo se sugiere acompañarlo con papas fritas y migas de frijol negro (frijol negro cocido y sofrito con cebolla, ajo, grelos y pan de maíz desmenuzado).​
Fritada de tordos

La fritada de tordos o fritada dos passarinheiros (‘zorzales’) es un plato tradicional de la gastronomía de Portugal. El tordo o zorzal es un ave común de la península ibérica, considerada carne de caza y un ingrediente de excelencia para el arroz de tordos y las fritadas. Los tordos se limpian, se abren por la mitad, se sazonan con sal gruesa y se dejan reposar. Se fríen en aceite de oliva, se retiran y, en el mismo aceite, se hace un sofrito con cebolla y jamón; se añade laurel, canela, pimienta y guindilla, y se agregan los tordos fritos para terminar de cocinarse. Dependiendo de la receta se cubre con agua o con vino blanco y trozos de limón que se usan para marinar los pájaros.​ ​
Carne de conejo

La carne de conejo es un producto cárnico procedente del conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus), que se puede obtener mediante la cría o, históricamente, mediante la caza. Se considera una carne blanca.​ Aunque no es tan popular como la carne de res, de cerdo o de pollo, tiene cierta tradición en Europa entre otros, especialmente en las áreas rurales.
Algunos platos a base de carne de conejo son el hasenpfeffer en Alemania, los andrajos y el conill amb xocolata en España, el cacciatore en Italia, la cabidela en Portugal, el rabbit pie en Reino Unido, el ostropel en Rumanía o el stuffat tal-fenek, plato nacional de Malta. En cambio, en otros lugares del mundo el conejo es considerado una mascota y su consumo se observa como tabú.
La producción industrial de carne de conejo se da principalmente en Italia, Francia, Venezuela, Corea del Norte, Egipto, España, Estados Unidos y China, siendo este último el mayor productor mundial (690,000 toneladas, 40%) desde 2010.​
A nivel culinario, se puede preparar asada, al horno, a la plancha, salteada, guisada, confitada, frita, entre otras formas de preparación. Se considera una carne seca debido a su bajo contenido graso. También es baja en colesterol, y a diferencia de otras carnes, es de fácil digestión.​
Algunos platos tradicionales del mundo a base de conejo
Berenjena frita

La berenjena frita denominada también Bathenjan Makli en árabe es un plato muy típico de las cocinas del Oriente Medio en el que el principal ingrediente es la berenjena. En España este plato se suele tomar como una tapa (en los países del mediterráneo oriental se toma como meze) o -especialmente en Cataluña- como acompañamiento a la carne. En Andalucía se suele acompañar con miel de caña y en la Provincia de Córdoba también con salmorejo
Se suele elaborar con salsa de tahini, lechuga, perejil y tomates, a veces se decora con un poco de sumac y se sirve sobre un pan pita o sobre una rodaja de pan, previamente asado o al grill. Existen variantes que incluyen pimiento, o un ajo picado en una vinagreta de zumo de limón. Las berenjenas fritas por regla general se hacen rodajas y se dejan reposar en agua con sal durante una hora posteriormente se secan y se fríen en aceite de oliva o vegetal.
Thai fried rice

Thai fried rice (Thai: ข้าวผัด, RTGS: khao phat, pronounced [kʰâ(ː)w pʰàt]) is a variety of fried rice typical of central Thai cuisine. In Thai, khao means "rice" and phat means "of or relating to being stir-fried."
This dish differs from Chinese fried rice in that it is prepared with Thai jasmine rice instead of regular long-grain rice. It normally contains meat (chicken, shrimp, and crab are all common), egg, onions, garlic and sometimes tomatoes. The seasonings, which may include soy sauce, sugar, salt, possibly some chili sauce, and the ubiquitous nampla (fish sauce), are stir-fried together with the other ingredients. The dish is then plated and served with accompaniments like cucumber slices, tomato slices, lime and sprigs of green onion and coriander, and phrik nampla, a spicy sauce made of sliced Thai chilies, chopped garlic cloves, fish sauce, lime juice and sugar.
Thai fried rice has many variants denoted by main ingredient or region. Examples include:
Shanghai fried noodles

Shanghai fried noodles (Chinese: 上海粗炒; pinyin: Shànghǎi cūchǎo) is a dish made from Shanghai-style noodles, which can be found in most Chinese food markets. The more commonly known Japanese udon can be used as a substitute. The noodles are typically stir-fried with beef cutlets, bok choy, and onion, or with pork and Chinese yellow chives. The dish is a staple of Shanghai cuisine, and is usually served at dumpling houses. In recent years Shanghai fried noodles have become known to western chefs, including celebrity chef Emeril Lagasse.
Nacional (cocoa bean)

The Nacional is a rare variety of cocoa bean found in areas of South America such as Ecuador and Peru. The Ecuadorian cacao variety called Nacional traces its genetic lineage as far back as 3,500 years.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Nacional was considered by many European chocolatiers to be the most coveted source of cacao in the world because of its floral aroma and complex flavor profile. After an outbreak of disease in 1916 and germplasm from foreign cacao varieties was subsequently introduced, some experts in the 21st century had formerly considered the Nacional bean to be extinct. Pure genotypes of the bean are rare because most Nacional varieties have been interbred with other cocoa bean varieties.
Nacional is a rare variety of cocoa bean found in areas of South America such as Ecuador and Peru.
The Ecuadorian cacao variety called Nacional traces its genetic lineage as far back as 3,500 years, to the earliest-known cacao trees domesticated by humanity. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Nacional was considered by many European chocolatiers to be the most coveted source of cacao in the world because of its floral aroma and complex flavor profile. This was the golden era of Ecuadorian cacao, but it came to an abrupt end in 1916, when an outbreak of witches’ broom disease devastated the Nacional variety throughout the country. After the disease hit, germplasm from foreign cacao varieties was subsequently introduced into the country starting in the 1930s, which resulted in the widespread hybridization of Ecuadorian cacao. By the beginning of the 21st century, most people believed that the pure Nacional genotype no longer existed.
Pure genotypes of the bean are rare because most Nacional varieties have been interbred with other cocoa bean varieties. In 2009, Ecuador's agricultural research institute Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) collected DNA samples from cacao trees throughout Ecuador, only 6 trees (out of 11,000 samples tested) were confirmed to be 100% genetically pure Nacional cacao. That is only 0.05% of the cacao trees that INIAP analyzed in their field research. In 2013, groves of 100-120 year old cocoa trees were discovered by To'ak Chocolate in the valley of Piedra de Plata located in the mountains of the Arriba cacao-growing region of Ecuador in the province of Manabi. With the help of the Heirloom Cacao Preservation fund (HCP), along with Freddy Amores, the director of INIAP, and Dr. Lyndel Meinhardt with the USDA-ARS, To'ak ran DNA tests on a small sample size of these trees. Of the sixteen old arbor trees tested, nine of them proved to be genetically pure Nacional variety. DNA analysis confirmed that the beans were comprised purely of the Nacional genotype bringing the number of DNA-verified pure Nacional trees in Ecuador to fifteen.
Shoepeg corn

Shoepeg corn is a cultivar of white sweetcorn valued for its sweetness. It is characterized by small, narrow kernels tightly and unevenly packed on the cob. The corn has a sweet, mild flavor. The most common variety of shoepeg corn available today is Country Gentleman.
Shoepeg corn is popular in some regions of the United States, particularly in the South. An early promoter of canned shoepeg corn was Malcolm Mitchell of Maryland — Mitchell's Shoe Peg Sweet Corn is a brand still available today. The brand was owned by F.O. Mitchell & Bro., Inc., which was founded in 1903 by brothers Frederick O. Mitchell and Parker Mitchell Sr. The brand was sold to Hanover Brands, Hanover, PA in the late 1980s. Although its original center of production was turned into the Aberdeen Proving Ground soon after the U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in April 1917.
The name "shoepeg corn" derives from a shoemaking term used during the 19th century. Shoepeg corn kernels resemble the wooden pegs used to attach soles to the upper part of shoes.
Shoepeg corn is a common ingredient in salads and corn dishes throughout the Southern United States, but is relatively unknown in other areas of the country. It is on rare occasions available fresh in some areas, but it is most often canned. Shoepeg corn is also the best variety of corn for Sockeye salmon bait.
Notes
Purple corn

Purple corn (Spanish: maíz morado) or purple maize is group of flint maize varieties (Zea mays indurata) originating in South America, descended from a common ancestral variety termed "kʼculli" in Quechua. It is most commonly grown in the Andes of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador.
Common in Peru, purple corn is used in chicha morada, a drink made by boiling ground purple corn kernels with pineapple, cinnamon, clove, and sugar, and in mazamorra, a type of pudding". In Bolivia, purple corn "Kuli" is used in Api, a smoothie served hot.
The pigment giving purple corn its vivid color derives from an exceptional content of a class of polyphenols called anthocyanins. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, also called chrysanthemin, is the major anthocyanin in purple corn kernels, comprising about 73% of all anthocyanins present. Other anthocyanins identified are pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-β-D-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside), pelargonidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside) and peonidin 3-O-β-D-(6-malonyl-glucoside). Similar results for anthocyanin content were found from a variety of purple corn grown in China.
Evaluating growing conditions for anthocyanin and total polyphenol content, one research group found that field location was an important determinant, whereas seedling density and soil potassium content were not.
For ease of extractions, scientists have explored components of the purple corn plant for yield, such as kernels, cob and husk, possibly allowing use of a plentiful, non-edible residual biomass in cobs or husks. Husks of the purple corn plant contain about ten times higher content of anthocyanins than do kernels.
Chunchullo

Chunchullo is beef small intestine, which may be grilled or fried. It is consumed in many Latin American countries.
In some countries, chunchullo is grilled over wood or charcoal. In Colombia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Peru, Chile and Ecuador, however, it is usually roasted. Despite its long cooking requirement, it is usually the first dish served in a Paraguayan, Uruguayan, or Argentinian asado.
They are presented in the form of a braid.
Known as chinchulín and typically roasted. The large intestine, in Argentina, is called tripa gorda ('big tripe') or torch and cooked similarly, except that they are usually washed inside and filled with the same filling for sausages.
Known as chunchules.
Depending on the region it can be called chunchullo, chunchulla, chunchulo, chinchurria or chunchurria. Usually eaten fresh.
In the cold regions of Ecuador it is known as tripa mishqui. It is roasted and sometimes eaten with boiled potatoes or mote, while in the hotter regions, it goes by the name of tripita. It is grilled and popularly known as street food.
In Venezuela it is known as chinchurria and is roasted.
In Peru this meal is known by a Creole term: choncholi . Prepared steamed and then roasted on a grill, it is a food native to the people of Angola, who were brought to the south of Peru to work the cotton and sugar fields in the province of Ica, south of Lima. It was a food typical of the black population of Peru but now, like kebabs, it is consumed at every social level.
In southern Mexico, the first portion of the small intestine of the cow (the first 3 to 4 metres [10 to 13 ft]) is known as tripa de leche ('tripe of milk'). This is washed thoroughly with tap water, braided and boiled in a pressure cooker for about one hour, because it is very hard. Later, it is fried with garlic and onions and served on fresh tortillas, whole or chopped into cubes, served with hot salsa.
Cassoeula

Cassoeula or cazzoeula (Western Lombard: [kaˈ(t)søːla, kaˈtsøːra]), sometimes Italianized as cassola, cazzuola or cazzola (the word for 'trowel', etymologically unrelated), or bottaggio (probably derived from the French word potage), is a typical winter dish popular in western Lombardy, Italy, chiefly made from pork and Savoy cabbage. The dish has a strong, decisive flavour, and was a favourite of conductor Arturo Toscanini. One writer describes it as a "noble, ancient Milanese dish", and writes of the inexpressible "pleasure that it furnishes the soul as well as the palate, especially on a wintry day".
One account of the origins of the dish associates it with the January 17 celebration of St Anthony the Abbot, which coincided with the end of the pig-slaughtering season. The parts of the pig used for the dish were those ready for consumption immediately after slaughter, whereas the better cuts of meat would be hung to improve the flavour.
Another legend traces the origins of the dish to the 16th century, when Spain ruled Milan; it tells how an army officer taught the recipe to his lover, who cooked for a noble Milanese family, and the dish was well-received and became popular.
The Spanish period origin is put under discussion by the existence in the 12th century of a dish called mangiacaxöla in the Lombard comune (municipality) of Busto Arsizio, which leads to think the recipe is way older.
The meat used in the dish includes mainly pork meat (usually least valuable parts like ribs, rind, head, trotters, ears, nose and tail), Verzino sausage, and sometimes other meats like chicken and goose. These are cooked in a casserole (hence its name) with ingredients such as onion, carrot, celery and black pepper for about two and a half hours, after which Savoy cabbage is added and cooking continues for a further half-hour.
Usually, cassoeula is served with polenta and/or a strong red wine. It is tradition for this dish to be eaten starting after the first frost of the season, to let the cabbage be softer and tastier.
Many variations of this dish exist across the territory, but all of them share the use of cabbage. For example, in the province of Como the head is used, but not the trotters, in the province of Pavia only the ribs are used, and in the province of Novara, Piedmont, goose is added.
Pork tenderloin sandwich

The pork tenderloin sandwich, also known as a breaded pork tenderloin sandwich (BPT), contains a breaded and fried cutlet similar to Wiener schnitzel and is popular in the Midwest region of the United States, especially in the states of Indiana, Illinois, Nebraska, Missouri, and Iowa. The sandwich is claimed to have originated at Nick's Kitchen restaurant in Huntington, Indiana, near Fort Wayne.
The primary differences between a pork tenderloin sandwich and a Wiener schnitzel are that the pork tenderloin sandwich is made exclusively using pork loin and it is deep fried instead of pan fried. The pork tenderloin sandwich is also usually served on a bun. There is a grilled variant of the pork tenderloin that omits the breading and grills the tenderloin instead of deep frying it.
A pork tenderloin sandwich is traditionally prepared from a thinly sliced piece of pork loin, hammered thin with a meat mallet. The meat is then dipped in flour, eggs, and breadcrumbs or crushed saltine crackers before being deep fried in oil. After cooking, the prepared pork loin is then served on a hamburger bun, with the meat overhanging the bun considerably. The sandwich can be served with condiments such as mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and pickles.
The sandwich is usually served with a side of french fries, though onion rings are often provided instead.
A variant of the fried tenderloin sandwich is made with a grilled prepared pork loin. Recipes for this variant appear from New England to South Carolina. The meat is seasoned, brined or marinated and cooked on a grill. After cooking, the meat is placed on a kaiser roll or hamburger bun and topped with condiments.
Eagle Broadcasting Corporation

Ang Eagle Broadcasting Corporation ay isang network ng telebisyon at radyo sa Pilipinas na may punong tanggapan at studio na matatagpuan sa New Era, Lungsod ng Quezon. Ang network ay ipinangalan sa pambansang ibon, ang Philippine Eagle.
Noong 26 Abril 1968, inilunsad ng Eagle Broadcasting Corporation ang DZEC, isang balita sa AM Radio Station, serbisyo publiko at pag-broadcast ng relihiyon. Ito ay katulad ng DZRH sapagkat binabanggit kung minsan ang dalas nito & mayroon itong mga istasyon ng relay sa Lucena, Dagupan, Cebu at Davao. Noong 1987, inilunsad nito ang DWDM 95.5, isang FM Radio Station na tumugtog ng musikang oldies. Huminto ito sa paghahatid mula pa noong simula ng 2007 tila upang mai-upgrade ang mga pasilidad ng transmiter. Bandang Mayo 2007 ay bumalik ito sandali sa mga airwaves sa isang mas mababang bandwidth at limitadong mga oras ng pag-broadcast, sa araw lamang. Tumagal ito hanggang Hunyo. Bumalik ito sa airwaves noong Abril 2011 at inilunsad bilang Pinas FM 95.5 isang buwan mamaya.
Noong 23 Abril 2000, ang Eagle Broadcasting Corporation ay naglunsad ng isang multimedia exhibit na tinawag na "Destination: PLANET 25", para sa isang istasyon na dating pagmamay-ari ng ACWS-United Broadcasting Network sa ilalim ng pangalang UltraVision 25 at kalaunan ay nakuha ng EBC at pinalitan ang pangalan ng NET 25. May kakayahang 120 kilowatts ng lakas ng transmiter (para sa kabuuang 7,896 kilowatts ERP), ipinagmamalaki ng NET 25 ang unang trilon TV tower ng Pilipinas na umakyat sa 907 talampakan sa ibabaw ng dagat. Ang isang state-of-the-art na JAMPRO 48-panel antena at dalawang 60 kW na Acrodyne transmitter ay nakumpleto ang package ng tower. Ang NET 25 ay mayroon ding mga studio at mga suite sa pag-edit para sa mga in-house at post-Production. Ngayon ang Net-25 ay pinalabas sa buong bansa sa 26 libreng mga istasyon ng TV sa manila at sa buong Pilipinas pati na rin ang mga kaakibat ng cable.
Kamakailan ay inilunsad ito noong nakaraang 7 Agosto 2011. Bilang bahagi ng muling paglulunsad, inilunsad din nito ang Eagle Bayan Careavan. Ang mga tampok na livestreaming ng Net 25 (at ang istasyon ng radyo na DZEC) ay bumalik noong 2 Enero 2014 pagkatapos ng isang 5-taong pagtigil.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas

Ang Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas (Ingles: Philippine Air Force) ay ang hukbong himpapawid ng Pilipinas. Ito ay ang larangan ng himpapawid ng Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas.
Integridad, Serbisyo, Pakikipag-tulungan, Kahusayan, Propesyonalismo
Galing sa:
Mayroong siyam na pangunahing base pamhimpapawid ang hukbong himpapawid na nakapuwesto sa bawat bahagi ng kapuluan.
Pampamantasang Asosyasyong Atletiko ng Pilipinas

Ang University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), na itinatag noong 1938 ay isang samahang pampalaksan ng walong pamantasan sa Pilipinas. Taun-taon ang mga koponan mula sa walong kasaping-pamantasang ito naglalaban-laban sa 14 na palakasan. Ngayong taong 2006, idinagdag ang Beach Volleyball bilang demonstration sport.
Itinatag ang UAAP ng apat na pamantasan: Far Eastern University, National University, ang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, at ang Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas. Sa kasalukuyan, may walong kasapaing-pamantasan, lahat nga mga ito ay nasa Kalakhang Maynila. Ang sumusunod ay ang listahan ng mga pamantasang ito kalakip ang katawagan sa kanilang mga koponan.
Karamihan sa mga palakasang ito ay may Men's at Women's Divisions, maliban sa baseball, na panlalaki lamang, at softball, na pambababe lamang. Halos karamihan rin sa mga ito ang may Junior division, kung saan ang mga associated high schools (mataas na paaralan) ng mga pamantasan ang lumalahok.
Sa ngayon, apat lamang sa walong kasaping pamantasan ang lumalahok sa lahat ng palakasan. Ito ay ang Pamantasang Ateneo de Manila, Pamantasang De La Salle-Maynila, ang Unibersidad ng Pilipinas, at ang Unibersidad ng Santo Tomas.
Beginning Season 78, the league has shifted its sports schedule start from September to December because of the change in the academic calendars of most of its member universities.
Sa loob ng 69-taong kasaysyan ng liga, likas lamang na magkaroon ng tungggalian sa ngalan ng kapurian at dangal ng sariling pamantasan. Ang mga sumusunod ay ang mga natatanging rivalries:
Note: The telecast for RPN and PTV were produced by "Silverstar Sports", a production company founded by Louis Kierulf.
Talaan ng mga kampeon ng Philippine Basketball Association

Ang Philippine Basketball Association ay nagpapamigay ng isang tropeong kampeonato sa mga nanalong koponan sa dulo ng bawat kumperensiya (paligsahan).
**Ang 2004 PBA Fiesta Conference ay isang kumperensiyang transitional, at hindi kasama sa panahong 2003 o 2004–05.
Bold denotes active franchise
Crocodylus mindorensis

Ang Crocodylus mindorensis ay isang buwaya na matatagpuan lamang sa Pilipinas. Sa Ingles, tinatawag din itong Philippine crocodile (buwaya ng Pilipinas), Mindoro crocodile (buwaya ng Mindoro) at Philippine freshwater crocodile (buwayang tubig-tabang ng Pilipinas). Sa Pilipinas, mahigpit na ipinagbabawal ang pagpatay ng buwaya, ngunit ang malubhang nakababahala ang kalagayan nito dahil sa pagsasamantala at mapanganib na pangingisda gaya ng dynamite fishing.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Agham ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Begonia noraaunorae

Ang Begonia noraaunorae ay isang endemikong species ng Begonia na matatagpuan sa Surigao del Sur, isla ng Mindanao, sa Pilipinas. Ang species na ito ay inihambing sa B. negrosensis Elmer, kung saan ito ay hawig sa mga tangkay nitong glabrous o walang buhok , mga dahon na hugis obovate o oblong at may kalat-kalat na mga buhok, ang lamina na may makintab na ibabaw at mapusyaw na berde abaxially o ilalim, ang staminate na bulaklak na may 2 tepal, ang pistillate na bulaklak na mayroong 5 tepal, at ang mga berdeng obaryo. Gayunpaman, ang species na ito ay naiiba sa B. negrosensis sa pamamagitan ng mas malalaking dahon nito na may mga nakakalat na mapusyaw na berdeng patse, mas maiikling tangkay, mas malaki, may ngipin na lamina, hugis ng mga tepal ng staminate na bulaklak, at mas mahabang obaryo na walang mga napapailalim na mga bracteole. Ang species ay ipinangalan sa Filipinang aktres at Pambansang Alagad ng Sining na si Nora Aunor. Ang species ay inuri sa ilalim ng pamantayan ng IUCN Red List bilang Vulnerable.
Ang species na ito ay namumulaklak at namumunga sa mga buwan ng Abril hanggang Hunyo.
Ang species na ito ay pinangalanan upang parangalan si Nora Aunor para sa kanyang mga tagumpay sa industriya ng entertainment. Ipinanganak bilang Nora Cabaltera Villamayor, siya ay isang film producer, TV host, aktor, mang-aawit, pilantropo, at may-gawad ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining para sa Pelikula at Arte sa Brodkast (ang pinakamataas na pambansang pagkilala na ibinibigay sa isang Pilipinong artista).
Ang Begonia noraaunorae ay matatagpuan sa mga batong apog sa mga semi-shaded na broadleaf na kagubatan. Ang species ay endemiko sa lalawigan ng Surigao del Sur, Caraga Region, sa Silangang bahagi ng Mindanao, sa Pilipinas. Ito ay tumutubo sa taas na 30 metro sa ibabaw ng antas ng dagat sa bayan ng Cortes, Surigao del Sur.
Ang species ay kilala sa lokal na pangalan na amampang o bilang amamampang, isang Bisaya at Subanen na termino na nangangahulugang lumalaki sa isang bangin. Ayon sa lokal na kaalaman, ang mga dahon ng species ay ginagamit upang gamutin ang ubo. Bukod pa rito, ang mga batang dahon ay nakakain, at ginagamit bilang pampalasa sa pagluluto ng paksiw.
Ang populasyon ng species na ito ay natagpuan malapit sa highway, at ang koleksyon nito para sa pagkonsumo ay naglalagay nito sa mga aktibidad na antropogeniko. Ito ay kilala lamang mula sa uring lokalidad, na may kabuuang maliliit at matatandang populasyon sa 4 na mga site na wala pang 1000 na indibidwal. Kaya ito ay tinasa bilang Vulnerable ayon sa pamantayan ng IUCN Red List.
Mamamalaka

Ang mamamalaka ay tumutukoy sa ilang partikular na espesye ng diurnal (gising sa araw) na lawin. Minsa'y inilalagay ang mga ito sa Circinae na sub-pamilya ng mga Limbas sa pamilyang Accipitridae. Sila'y katangi-tangi dahil sa kanilang mahabang pakpak, mahaba't makitid na buntot, ang kanilang mabagal at mababang paglipad sa taas ng kadamuhan, at dahil sa kanilang kakaibang hugis ng bungo.
Ang mga mamamalaka ay karaniwang nangangaso sa pamamagitan ng paglipad nang mababa sa bukas na kalupaan, kung saan niya nahuhuli ng maliliit na mamalya, reptilya, o ibon. May dalawang espesye ng mamamalaka na madalas matagpuan sa Pilipinas: ang Circus spilonotus (pied harrier sa ingles) at Circus melanoleucos (eastern marsh harrier sa Ingles).
Ang mga mamamalaka ay pinaniniwalang nag-evolve nung lumawak ng mga damuhan at nung nagsilitawan ang C4 grasses mga 6 hanggang 8 milyong taon na ang nakalilipas, noong Late Miocene at Pliocene.
Ang saring Circus ay ipinasok ng French naturalist na si Bernard Germain de Lacépède noong 1799. Kinalauna'y pinangalanan espesyeng pantukoy (type species) bilang western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus). Karamihan sa mga harrier ay inilalagay sa sari na ito.
Ang salitang Circus ay nagmula salitang Sinaunang Griyego na kirkos, na tumutukoy sa isang ibong mandaragit na kilala sa kaniyang paikot na paglipad (kirkos, "bilog") - marahil ang hen harrier (Circus cyaneus).
Ang pangalang harrier sa ingles ay ipinapalagay na hinango mula sa Harrier (aso), o sa pamamagitan ng isang pagbabago ng salitang harrower, o di kaya'y direkta mula sa harry.
Tradisyonal na inasama ang sub-pamilya na Circinae ang genera na Polyboroides at Geranospiza na kinabibilangan ng tatlong species - ang Madagascar harrier-hawk, (Polyboroides radiatus), ang African harrier-hawk, (Polyboroides typus) at ang crane hawk, (Geranospiza caerulescens). Gayunpaman, maaaring hindi ito isang balidong sub-pamilya dahil ang saring monophyletic na Circus ay nakapugad sa loob ng mga grupong Accipiter habang ang iba pang dalawang genera ay paraphyletic at bahagi ng mas malaking clado na Buteonine.
Maraming mga species sa genus Circus ay may kakaunting pagkakaiba-iba sa kanilang mitochondrial DNA, marahil dahil sa matinding pagbaba ng kanilang populasyon. Madalas pagbabago-bago ang kanilang dami sa isang lugar, batay sa dami ng kanilang mahuhuling pagkain.
Ang mamamalaka ay kilala sa pangalang "harrier" sa wikang ingles, at ang dalawang espesye na madalas matagpuan sa Pilipinas ay may magkaibang pangalan sa wikang Agta: "buko" ang kanilang pangalan para sa Circus spilonotus, at "tagaw" naman ang tawag nila sa Circus melanoleucos.
Kulo-kulo

Ang kulo-kulo (Gallicolumba platenae) (Ingles: Mindoro bleeding heart) o la-do, manatad, manuk-manuk, punay, at puñalada sa mga katutubong Mangyan ay isang uri ng kalapating mababa ang lipad na matatagpuan lamang sa isla ng Mindoro sa Pilipinas. Ayon sa International Union for Conservation of Nature o IUCN, ang kulo-kulo ay lubhang nanganganib nang maubos. Sadyang napakailap ng nasabing kalapati kaya di-matantiya ang nalalabing dami nito, ngunit sa pagkakatala nito bilang "critically endangered" o lubhang nanganganib nang maubos, nangangahulugang kakaunti na lamang sa 500 ang natitirang bilang nito.
Mula 1980, naitala lamang sa aapat na lugar sa Mindoro ang nasabing ibon. Ito ay sa Puerto Galera, MUFRC Experimental Forest, Bundok Siburan at sa Liwasang Pambansa ng Bundok Iglit-Baco. Ngunit mayroon ding mga di-kumpirmadong ulat kung saan ito'y nakita sa walo pang lugar na patunay na kalat pa ang natitirang populasyon nito.
Ang kalapating ito ay naninirahan sa mga tuyo at mabababang pangunahin at pangalawang klaseng kagubatan na natatakpan ng suson hanggang sa mga bundok na di-lalagpas ang taas sa 750m at bahagya lamang ang mga libis. Hindi alam kung ito'y lumilipat o umaalis sa kanilang tinitirhan kapag nagbabago ang panahon o upang manginain.
Karaniwang kinakain ng mga kulo-kulo ang mga nahuhulog na tuyong buto ng mga prutas, ratiles at bulati. Nakikita rin itong nanginginain sa mabababang sanga ng mga puno at sa mga puno ng balete. Naitala na tuwing buwan ng Mayo ito nagkikipagkastahan.
Dryococelus australis

Ang Dryococelus australis o mas kilala bilang patpat na insekto ng pulo ng Lord Howe and inakalang ektinkt na noong 1930 pero nadiskubre ito muli noong 2001. Ang pangyayaring ito ay kilala bilang epektong Lazarus. Ektinkt na ito sa kanyang pinakamalaking habitat, ang Pulo ng Lord Howe at tinatawag itong "ang pinakabihirang kulisap sa mundo" dahil ang populasyong nadiskubre ay mas kaunti pa sa 30 indibidwal na nabubuhay sa maliit na pulo ng Ball's Pyramid.
Ang mga matatandang Dryococelus australis ay umaabot sa 15 cm sa haba at tumitimbang sa 25 g. Ang babae ay mas malaki sa lalaki. Dahil sa kanilang laki ay tinatawag na naglalakad na sausage o kaya panlupang ulang. Sila ay may parihabang hugis at matitibay na mga paa. Ang mga lalaki ay may makapal na mga hita. Di tulad ng ibang phasmid, wala silang mga pakpak ngunit kayang tumakbo ng mabilis.
Ang ugali ng patpat na insekto ay kakaiba para sa isang uri ng insekto. Ang mga lalake and babae ay nagbubuo ng isang uri ng pagsasama. Ang mga lalake ay sumusunod sa mga babae at ang kanilang mga gawain ay depende sa ginagawa ng mga babae. Natutulog sila ng magkatabi kapag gabi na at kung saan ang mga paa ng lalake ay nakaayakap sa babae.
Ang mga babae ay nangingitlog habang nakabitin sa mga sanga. Napipissa ang mga itlog pagkaraan ng siyam na buwan. Ang mga nimpa ay matingkad na luntian at aktibo kapag umaga. Habang tumatanda sila ay nagiging itim ang kanilang kulay at nagiging nokturnal.
Ang mga patpat na insektong ito ay dati-rating pangkaraniwan sa Pulo ng Lord Howe, kung saan gingagamit silang pain sa pangingisda. Naging ekstinkt sila noong napunta ang itim na daga sa pulo noong 1918 dahil sa pagdaong ng, Makambo, isang barkong pansustento. Ang huling insekto ay nakita sa isla noong 1920, pagkatapos noon ay inakalang ekstinkt na ito.
Noong dekada 1960, isang koponan ng mga climber ang bumisita sa Ball's Pyramid, isang mabatong sea stack 23 km timog-silangan ng Pulo ng Lord Howe. Ang Ball’s Pyramid ay ang pinakamataas at nakabukod na sea stack sa mundo. Ang maliit na pulo ay walang mga puno at napatarik, meron itong taluktok na 562 m mula sa iababaw ng dagat. Nakakita ang mga climbers ng isang patay na Dryococelus australis. Marami pang nakitang mga patay na mga specimen ngunit walang nakitang buhay.
Noong 2001, isang koponan ng mga entomolohista at konserbasyonista ang dumaong sa Ball's Pyramid upang alamin ang mga flora at fauna. Kinagulat nila ang pagkadiskubre ng populasyon ng mga patpat na insekto sa iisang palumpong ng Melaleuca. Ang populasyon ay mayroon lamang 20-30 na indibidwal.
Noong 2003, isang koponang pananaliksik na mula sa New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service ay bumalik sa Ball's Pyramid at kumulekta ng dalawang pares na nagpaparami. Ang isa ay mapunta sa isang pribadong nagpaparami sa Sydney at ang isa naman sa Melbourne Zoo. Matagumpay ang pagpaparami sa pagkakahuli. Ang pinakahangarin ng proyekto ay ang pag-pasok ng isang malaking populasyon sa Pulo ng Lord Howe pagkatapos mapuksa ang mapanlusob na mga daga. Noong 2006, ang mga nahuling populasyon ay nasa 50 na indibidwal at libo-libong itlong na inaantay na mapisa.
Balud (ibon)

Ang balud o pink-bellied imperial pigeon ( Ducula poliocephala ), ay matatagpuan sa Pilipinas . Ito ay isang malaking ibong kumakain ng prutas na umaabot sa mga sukat na hanggang 42cm ang haba.
Ang malaking bahagi ng balud ay kulay madilim na berde, maliban sa ulo na maputlang kulay-abo na ulo; tiyan na kulay-rosas, at buntot na may muwestra na kayumanggi, itim, at kulay-abo. Pula ang mga mata at ang ceres ng tuka nito. Ang balud ay naobserbahan nang makipaghalongpugad sa iba pang uri ng mga malalaking kalapati.
Sa pagsasalarawan ng Ebird, ang balud ay isang malaking kalapating matatagpuan sa bandang mga burol at sa tabing ng mga puno bandang ibaba ng kagubatang bulubundukin, na may puting ulo, dibdib at bandang itaas ng likod na madilim na maasul-abo na dibdib at itaas, pakpak na berden, mamuti-muting kulay-rosas tiyan, at kulay kalawang sa bandang ilalim ng tuntungan ng buntot. May malaking pulang singsing ito sa paligid ng mata. Medyo kahawig nito ang Mindoro imperial pigeon, ngunit ang bulad ay may maitim na leeg at dibdib. Ang huni ay isang malalim, madagundong, at pataas na "doo-dup! doo-dup!” na maririnig kahit sa malayo." Pinaniniwalaang malalakas na lumipad ang mga ibong ito at may kakayahang lumipad sa pagitan ng mga magkakalapit na isla.
Ang likas na tiraha nito ay tropikal at halomigmig na Maulang gubat at sa mga bulubunduking gubat hanggang sa taas ana 1,500m. Ayon sa IUCN Red List at sa Red Book ng BirdLife International, ang balud ay inuri bilang near-threatened. Gayunpaman, inuri ng Philippine Red List ang ibong ito bilang Critically Endangered. Ito ay dahil sa pagkawala ng tirahan nito, sa paghuli nito para sa kalakal bilang alagang hayop, at sa pangangaso dito bilang pagkain. Bagama't ito ay pangkaraniwan sa loob ng Pilipinas, ang espesye na ito ay kakaunti at malamang ay may kaliitang populasyon, na pinaghihinalaang nasa may kabilisan ang pagbaba dahil sa pangangaso at ang pagkasira ng tirahan nito sa kagubatan sa mababang bulubundukin. Ang ibong ito ay napakabihira sa Luzon, ngunit mas madalas makita sa Negros Island, Mindoro, Samar at Mindanao. Ito ay naubos sa Cebu .