davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Утро в сосновом лесу

«Утро в сосновом лесу» — картина русских живописцев-реалистов Ивана Шишкина и Константина Савицкого, подписанная и датированная 1889 годом; одно из наиболее популярных полотен Шишкина, один из самых известных пейзажей в истории русского искусства. Является частью собраний Третьяковской галереи в Москве (инв. 841), выставляется в 25-м зале в историческом здании галереи на Лаврушинском переулке, 10. Техника исполнения произведения — масляная живопись на холсте, размер полотна — 139 × 219 см.
По устоявшейся версии, замысел композиции был предложен Шишкину Савицким, который в итоге стал соавтором полотна и по ранее нарисованным Шишкиным эскизам он написал медведей, таким образом введя в пейзажное полотно — элемент анималистической сюжетности, способствовавший дальнейшей популярности картины. Вскоре после создания картина была приобретена у авторов промышленником и меценатом Павлом Третьяковым за четыре тысячи рублей, из которых четвертая доля досталась Савицкому; вслед за тем коллекционер распорядился замазать подпись Савицкого на полотне (по другой версии, это было сделано самим Савицким), из-за чего в последующей библиографии картина связывается единолично с Шишкиным.
Предположительно, замысел картины был подсказан Шишкину Савицким, который позже выступил в роли соавтора и изобразил фигуры медвежат (по эскизам Шишкина). Эти медведи с некоторыми различиями в позах и количестве (сначала их было двое) фигурируют в подготовительных рисунках и эскизах (например, в Государственном Русском музее хранятся семь вариантов карандашных набросков Шишкина). Животные получились у Савицкого столь удачно, что он даже расписался на картине вместе с Шишкиным. Сам Савицкий сообщил родным: «Картина продана за 4 тысячи, и я участник в 4-ю долю».
Приобретя картину, Третьяков снял подпись Савицкого, оставив авторство за Шишкиным. По словам коллекционера, в картине всё, «начиная от замысла и кончая исполнением, всё говорит о манере живописи, о творческом методе, свойственных именно Шишкину».
В описи галереи изначально (при жизни художников Шишкина и Савицкого) картина значилась под названием «Медвежье семейство в лесу» (и без указания фамилии Савицкого).
Русский прозаик и публицист В. М. Михеев в 1894 году писал так:
Репродукции «Утра в сосновом лесу» широко тиражировались в СССР. Впрочем, это началось ещё до революции, в частности уже с XIX века репродукция воспроизводится на обёртке шоколадных конфет «Мишка косолапый», созданной художником Мануилом Андреевым. Благодаря этому картина хорошо известна, нередко — под названием «Три медведя» (хотя животных на картине четверо). Из-за такой конфетно-обёрточной растиражированности картина стала восприниматься на советском и постсоветском культурном пространстве как элемент китча. Картина упоминалась в фильме «Карнавальная ночь» под названием «Медведи на отдыхе», когда речь шла о новогодней декорации театра.
Русский памятник (Лихтенштейн)

Русский памятник — небольшой памятный знак в селе Хинтер-Шелленберг у границы Лихтенштейна и Австрии. Памятник был построен на средства жителей общины Шелленберг и открыт 3 мая 1980 года в присутствии генерал-майора Хольмстона-Смысловского.
Монумент расположен около таверны Wirtschaft Zum Löwen и в 100 метрах от границы с Австрией. В деревню Хинтершелленберг ежедневно из Вадуца ходит автобус № 50. Отмечен на карте туристических услуг Лихтенштейна, распространяемой в Вадуце.
Камень содержит следующий текст:
Русский памятник (София)

Русский памятник в Софии — первый памятник русско-турецкой войны 1877—1878 годов, воздвигнутый в столице Болгарии. Он находится на пути, по которому Осман-паша бежал из Софии в Перник 22 декабря 1877 года. Ныне это место находится почти в центре Софии.
Памятник построен на средства, собранные русским народом и открыт 29 июня 1882 года.
Авторы проекта неизвестны, но есть предположения, что это архитекторы Вокар, который проектировал подобные монументы в городах Добрич, Плевен, Разград, Велико Тырново, Свиштов или знаменитый русский архитектор Владимир Иосифович Шервуд, автор памятника-часовни «Гренадерам — героям Плевны» в Москве.
В 1944 году памятник пострадал в ходе англо-американской бомбардировки Софии, но был быстро восстановлен.
В 2015 году памятник и площадь полностью снова отремонтированы.
Памятник построен в форме обелиска — четырёхстенной пирамиды с усечённым верхом, стоящей на постаменте из трёх плит. На восточной стороне обелиска расположены мраморные барельефы русского державного герба и ордена «Святого Георгия». Ниже помещена надпись
На западной стороне плита с надписью
В конце XIX — начале XX веков монумент оказался в эпицентре градостроительных изменений этой части Софии. Сегодня он находится на пересечении важного транспортного перекрестка бульваров ген. М. Д. Скобелева и ген. Э. И. Тотлебена. Поблизости расположены Македонская площадь и Центр неотложной медицины имени Н.И. Пирогова.
Памятник бойцам Русской освободительной армии (Прага)

Памятник и мемориальная доска Русской освободительной армии (чеш. Pomník Ruské osvobozenecké armádě v Řeporyjích) — в Ржепорие на западе Праги, открыты 30 апреля 2020 года в 75-ю годовщину Пражского восстания и освобождения Чехословакии от немецкой оккупации.
Инициатором выступил староста района Ржепорие Павел Новотны. Автор памятника, который не пожелал называть своего имени, по всей видимости, один из наиболее известных современных скандальных чешских скульпторов Давид Черни.
Мемориальный комплекс состоит из мемориальной доски из нержавеющей стали в северной части Ржепоройской площади и трёхметровой металлической мачты, на вершине которой находится небольшая скульптура советского танка, накрытая немецкой военной каской. На мемориальной доске указано, что в мае 1945 года командование 1-й дивизии РОА во главе с генерал-майором Сергеем Буняченко приняло решение прийти на помощь пражанам, восставшим против немецкой оккупации, и что в боях за освобождение Праги погибли 300 солдат РОА. При этом упомянута неоднозначная оценка исторической роли РОА. На мемориальной доске приведена цитата из книги Александра Солженицына «Архипелаг ГУЛАГ».
Мемориал, посвящён участию РОА в Пражском восстании и освобождении Чехословакии от немецко-фашистских захватчиков. В на­ча­ле пражского восстания од­на из групп пов­стан­цев, ока­зав­шись в кри­ти­че­ском по­ло­же­нии, об­ра­ти­лась за по­мо­щью к «вла­сов­цам». 5 мая 1945 года части 1-й дивизии РОА завязали бои с немецкими частями на подступах к Праге. 6 мая части РОА форсировали Влтаву, вошли в город и освободили 80 % площади Праги. Од­на­ко 7 мая Че­хословацкий национальный со­вет, который возглавлял восстание, под дав­ле­ни­ем ком­му­ни­стов от­ка­зал­ся от со­труд­ни­че­ст­ва с частями РОА, и к ут­ру 8 мая они по­ки­ну­ли Пра­гу, при этом часть бой­цов РОА, про­дол­жи­ла борь­бу против немцев вме­сте с пов­стан­ца­ми.
В 2019 году историк и депутат от Гражданской демократической партии Павел Жачек выступил с инициативой установки в Ржепорие памятника бойцам Русской освободительной армии (РОА, «власовцы»). Глава (староста) района от Гражданской демократической партии, журналист Павел Новотны (Pavel Novotný) вынес инициативу на рассмотрение муниципального совета. 10 декабря 2019 года муниципальный совет единогласно одобрил эту инициативу.
МИД России протестовал против установки памятника и мемориальной доски в честь солдат Русской освободительной армии, участвовавших в боях за освобождение чешской столицы (но воевавших до этого на стороне германских нацистов).
Староста района Павел Новотны пояснил
Once upon a time

"Once upon a time" is a stock phrase used to introduce a narrative of past events, typically in fairy tales and folk tales. It has been used in some form since at least 1380 in storytelling in the English language and has started many narratives since 1600. These stories sometimes end with "and they all lived happily ever after", or, originally, "happily until their deaths".
The phrase is common in fairy tales for younger children. It was used in the original translations of the stories of Charles Perrault as a translation for the French "il était une fois", of Hans Christian Andersen as a translation for the Danish "der var engang" (literally "there was once"), the Brothers Grimm as a translation for the German "es war einmal" (literally "it was once") and Joseph Jacobs in English translations and fairy tales.
In More English Fairy Tales, Joseph Jacobs notes that:
The phrase is also used in retellings of myths, fables and folklore.
The "story-starting phrase" is a common feature of many languages.
Once Upon a Dog

Once Upon, a Dog (Once Upon a Time, There Lived a Dog, Russian: "Жил-был пёс" (Zhil-byl Pyos)) is a Soviet animated short film adapted from the Ukrainian folk tale, Sirko.
The cartoon won the first place at the 1983 International Film Festival in Odense and a special prize at the 1983 festival in Annecy.
The day comes when an old watchdog becomes useless but the masters, being kind, decide not to drive him away. However, they become exasperated when the Dog is indifferent during a burglary. The Dog is kicked out and sprints to the forest, where he is left to fend for himself, alone, homesick and hungry. Too slow and unaccustomed to hunting prey, the Dog despairs and contemplates hanging himself from a tree. Tragedy is averted when he encounters an old wolf whom the Dog used to chase. The Wolf commiserates with the Dog, and the two hatch a plan. The next day, the Wolf stages a kidnapping of the baby belonging to the Dog's former masters. The Dog "rescues" the unharmed child and is welcomed back to the khutor (the farmstead). Winter comes and one evening the Dog hears the howl of the Wolf. The Dog remembers to repay the Wolf's kindness. He helps the Wolf enter the house where there is a wedding in progress and fetches him different kinds of food from the table. Becoming tipsy from the effects of a large meal, alcohol and a warm house, the Wolf starts to howl his "song." The wolf howls and is discovered, but the quick-thinking Dog saves him by 'chasing' him from the house. The Wolf thanks the Dog and the aging friends bid farewell.
The story reveals the problem of becoming old and useless. It appeals to everyone's ability for mutual readiness to help, despite past history.
The cartoon repeatedly features the Ukrainian folk songs "Oi tam na hori" ("Oh, there at the mountain", performed by an ensemble from Solonytsia, Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast), "Ta kosyv batko, kosyv ya" ("My father mowed, I mowed", performed by an ensemble from Iskivtsi, Lubny Raion, Poltava Oblast), and "Oi do boru stezhechka" ("Oh, there is a path to the pine barren", performed by the folk ensemble of Kyiv Conservatory). The Dog was voiced by Georgi Burkov and the Wolf by Armen Dzhigarkhanyan. Animators – Anatoly Abarenov, Natalia Bogomolova, Sergey Dezhkin, operator – Mikhail Druyan, sound producer – Andrey Filchikov.
A steel monument to the Wolf was placed in 2005 in Tomsk and a copy was made in 2007 in Angarsk. The monument is unofficially called "Monument to Happiness".
Be-Be-Bears

Be-Be-Bears (Russian title: Ми-ми-мишки, Mi-Mi-Mishki) is a Russian animated series created by the animation studio "Parovoz [ru]". It has been broadcast since March 21, 2015.
In the Russian version it is about the adventures of Kesha the brown bear, Tuchka ("little cloud") the polar bear, and their friends the little she-fox Foxy (Лисичка) and Chick the chicken, as well as some other characters.
In 2018 Netflix bought from "Parovoz" the distribution rights for the first season. Starting on August 29, 2018 on Netflix, on May 31, 2020 it was removed after airing one season (26 episodes). In the English dubbing the bears' names are Bucky and Bjorn.
An interactive game "Be-be-bears was launched in 2016, for Android and iOS.
Chuk and Gek

Chuk and Gek (Russian: Чук и Гек) is a 1939 Russian short-story written by Soviet children's writer Arkady Gaidar. It was adapted as a film in 1953, directed by Ivan Lukinsky, and again in 2022.
Arkady Gaidar started working upon the story in December 1938. It was first serialized by Pionerskaya Pravda in January 1939, then, under the title "Telegramma" (The Telegram) appeared in the No. 2, February 1939, issue of Krasnaya Nov magazine. Later that year it came out as a separate book (Detgiz Publishers, illustrations by A Yermolayev), with considerable changes made by the author and under the new title "Chuk i Gek". In 1940 the story was included into Gaidar's Detgiz compilation Rasskazy (Short Stories).
In Soviet Moscow, brothers Chuk and Gek Seriogins live with their mother while their father is away in Siberian taiga for geological research. As the New Year closes in, Mr. Seriogin, longing to see his wife and children, sends a telegram asking them to come over. After making a very long and eventful train journey and a two-day journey through taiga on a horse sled, they arrive to find that their father and his team of geological researchers are not at the base.
The guard returns from hunting and announces that the geological research team is gone for a ten-day trip to Alkarash Gorge and he himself will be absent for two days. While the three can stay in the guard's hut, he has no keys to the main houses or the storage. Chuk, Gek and their mother must now survive the next ten days in this wilderness all by themselves, with only the meagre supply that they have brought with them. All ends well, as the team returns and the family is reunited. They celebrate the New Year together before the mother and the children have to return to Moscow. ЖцРь
Roundabout dog

A roundabout dog (Swedish: rondellhund) is a form of street installation that began in Sweden during the autumn of 2006 and continued for the rest of the year. There have been sporadic subsequent recurrences. The phenomenon consists of anonymous people placing homemade dog sculptures, typically made of wood (or sometimes plastic, metal or textile) in roundabouts. Occurrences were reported all over Sweden, and the phenomenon also spread to other countries, including Spain after it was mentioned on television. A Swedish tabloid paper placed one at Piccadilly Circus.
The roundabout dogs started appearing in Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden after a sculptured dog that was part of the official roundabout installation Cirkulation II (English: Circulation II) by sculptor Stina Opitz had been vandalised and later removed. The original dog had been made of concrete, and Opitz was planning to make a new version of it after the vandalism, when someone placed a homemade wooden dog on the roundabout. The dog was given a concrete dogbone by another anonymous artist. Soon after the media reported these developments, roundabout dogs started appearing in various places around the country.
In some smaller towns where there were no roundabouts, dog sculptures were placed in ordinary intersections with traffic islands.
In July 2007, artist Lars Vilks incited controversy by creating drawings for an art exhibition, which depicted Muhammed as a roundabout dog. The publication of these images in Swedish newspapers led to Vilks being subjected to threats of violence and put under police protection until his death in October 2021.
In 2009, similar dogs appeared on some of the roundabouts in Hemel Hempstead in England.
Shep (American dog)

Shep was the name given to a herding dog that appeared at the Great Northern Railway station one day in 1936 in Fort Benton, Montana, and watched as his deceased master's casket was loaded onto the train and left. The dog remained at the station, waiting for his master to return for the next five and a half years, until he was killed by an incoming train in 1942.
The dog once belonged to an unknown sheep herder near Fort Benton, Montana. When his owner became ill in August 1936, he went into St. Clare Hospital at Fort Benton for treatment, and brought his herding dog with him. A few days later he died, and his relatives back east sent for his body. The dog followed his casket to the railroad station and watched while it was being loaded on a train heading to the eastern USA. He would greet every train that arrived each day after that, expecting his master to return.
It took station employees some time to realize that the body in the casket was probably the dog's master, and it was showing up for each incoming train to see if his master would be getting off. The dog was later given the name Shep and the station employees took care of him and he lived in and around the station, becoming well known to everyone who passed through.
A few years into his time at the station, Shep and his story was featured in Ripley's Believe It or Not!.
Shep kept this daily vigil for almost six years until he was run over by a train on January 12, 1942. It is believed that his front paws were on one of the rails and he simply did not hear the train until it was too late, and he slipped off the rail. The train's engineer could not stop the train in time.
A few days later, Shep's funeral was attended by nearly everyone in Fort Benton. "Eulogy on the Dog", though written for another dog, was read at the funeral. Boy Scout Troop 47, who were the pallbearers and honor guard for Shep, helped carry his coffin to the dog's grave on a lonely bluff, a hillside overlooking the town. The Great Northern Railroad put up a simple obelisk, with a painted wooden cutout of Shep next to it. Just beneath, white stones spelled out SHEP. Lights illuminated the display at night.
The passenger line eventually stopped coming through Fort Benton, and the grave fell into disrepair. In 1988, the grave was repaired and refurbished. The Shep cutout is now painted steel, and lights are back up. The grave site is currently maintained by the Kiwanis Key Club and Fort Benton Community Improvement Society, and a small parking area and walking trail have been added behind the monument for easier access to the grave site.
Shep's collar and bowl are on display at the Museum of the Upper Missouri, Fort Benton, Montana.
Shep's story is retold as historical fiction in Shep: Forever Faithful (2005) by Stewart H. Beveridge and Lee Nelson.
The folk song "Ol Shep", sung by Ramblin' Jack Elliott, is related but tells a different story.
A bronze sculpture of Shep, with his front paws on a rail, was unveiled in Fort Benton in 1994. The sculpture was made by Bob Scriver as stated on the sign of the sculpture.
Standing Twelve Heavenly Generals (Tokyo National Museum)

Standing Twelve Heavenly Generals (十二神将立像) is a set of five anonymous wooden sculptures from the 13th century depicting the Twelve Heavenly Generals, now part of the collection of the Tokyo National Museum. Together with the other seven figures of the set (owned by the Seikadō Bunko Art Museum), they are designated Important Cultural Properties.
The Twelve Heavenly Generals, also known as Twelve Divine Generals or Juni Shinsho, are the protective deities, or yaksha, of Bhaisajyaguru (Tathagata), the buddha of healing and medicine in Mahāyāna Buddhism. They are also considered to protect its believers. Each sculpture has his own symbol, following the Chinese zodiac signs. The ones at the Tokyo National Museum are the Dragon, Sheep, Snake, Dog and Monkey Generals.
The Heavenly Generals, always shown with a fierce look, wearing armor and carrying weapons, were often the subject of sculptures during the Heian and Kamakura periods. In fact, five different sets of Heavenly Generals have been designated as National Treasures. In the group of figures at the Seikadō Bunko and Tokyo National Museums, the uniqueness of each one of the figures has been praised, with "varied postures, hairstyles, hand-held symbols and armor shapes". According to the National Institutes for Cultural Heritage,
Dated from the Kamakura period (1185-1333), it is believed that these sculptures were enshrined in the Jōruri-ji temple of the school of Pure Land Buddhism in Kizugawa, Kyoto Prefecture. It is also suspected that the sculptures were a votive offering made by a nobleman, and that the sculptors might belong to the famous Kei school of Buddhist sculpture that emerged in the early Kamakura period, and produced renowned artists such as Unkei, Kōkei, and Kaikei.
They are now part of the collection of the Tokyo National Museum in Tokyo, where they are kept and exhibited occasionally. The last time they were on display was from January 2 to April 17, 2016, in Room 11 of the Honkan (Japanese Gallery) (only three of the figures, the Snake, Dog and Monkey Generals).
The remaining seven sculptures from the set of twelve are owned by the Seikadō Bunko Art Museum in Setagaya, Tokyo. They are also designated Important Cultural Properties.
Andalusian patio

Andalusian patios are central open spaces in the courtyard houses of the south of Spain. The stone patios are an architectural evolution of the Roman atrium.
It has long been customary to decorate houses and palaces with large open spaces and gardens dominated by fragrant flowers, fountains, canals, wells, ponds, frescoes with mythological scenes, and marble medallions (on walls), forming ornate but harmonious shapes with the intention to represent the Garden of the Paradise as imagined by the Classical and Muslim architects.
There are countless examples throughout the region of Andalusia, notably in the historical quarter of Córdoba where "Fiesta of the patios" is celebrated. These patio houses are communal, family or multifamily dwellings or sets of individual houses with the shared patio. As a characteristic cultural space boasts an abundant array of plants, and during the fiesta inhabitants can share food and wine, and freely welcome all visitors to admire their beauty and the skill involved in their creation. The patios also host traditional singing, flamenco guitar playing and dancing.
As trends evolved, the addition of windows, fences (in wrought iron or wood), balconies and other viewpoints into the garden from inside the house became commonplace. Some of these were designed to give a view of the patio while obscuring the viewer from outside observers.
Vulcan Gas Company

The Vulcan Gas Company is a live music and entertainment venue in Austin, Texas. Located at 418 E 6th Street, it opened in 2014 and adopted the name of a previous venue that operated in the 1960s. The two are otherwise unrelated. The club features stand-up comedy and EDM shows. The club is owned by Nick Franceschini. The venue is 9,500 sq feet, spans over 2 floors (658 person standing room capacity) and features a green room, catering room, 7 men's & 7 women's bathrooms, 2 large bars, and an outdoor terrace. The outdoor patio features a mural of comedians drawn by a local Austin artist.
Vulcan Gas Company was home to the Kill Tony podcast on Monday nights until 2023 when the podcast moved to Joe Rogan’s Comedy Mothership in Austin, Texas. The podcast spotlights stand-up comedy. Joe Rogan has hosted multiple shows per month at the club alongside other local Austin stand-up comics. Big Laugh Comedy produces several stand-up comedy shows per week including hosting headliners and stand-up comedy showcases for local and touring comics. Several stand-up comedians including Rocky Dale Davis, Matt Rife, and Willie Barcena, have filmed their stand up specials at Vulcan Gas Company.
Naked Pumpkin Run

The Naked Pumpkin Run is an annual event in certain United States municipalities where otherwise naked participants run a course through a town, their heads adorned with carved pumpkins. Runs have been held in Boulder, Colorado, Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, and Arcata, California.
The event can be traced to an unsuccessful 1974 Guinness World Record attempt by University of Colorado at Boulder students.
12 out of 150 participants were arrested and charged with indecent exposure at the event in 2008. In 2009, local police threatened participants with charges of indecent exposure and registration as a sex offender if they were arrested during the run. The few people who subsequently participated in the run wore enough clothing to avoid being arrested.
Runners in Hamilton, Ontario had their first Naked Pumpkin run on October 30, 2015.
Window sill

A windowsill (also written window sill or window-sill, and less frequently in British English, cill) is the horizontal structure or surface at the bottom of a window. Window sills serve to structurally support and hold the window in place.
The exterior portion of a window sill provides a mechanism for shedding rainwater away from the wall at the window opening. Therefore, window sills are usually inclined slightly downward away from the window and wall, and often extend past the exterior face of the wall, so the water will drip off rather than run down the wall.
Some windowsills are made of natural stone, cast stone, concrete, tile, or other non-porous materials to further increase their water resistance.
Windows may not have a structural sill or the sill may not be sufficiently weather resistant. In these cases, a strip of waterproof and weather resistant material (steel, vinyl, PVC) called a sill pan may be used to protect the wall and shed the water. Like the sill, a sill pan will usually be inclined and protrude from the wall.
A window sill in the most general sense is a horizontal structural element below a window opening or window unit in masonry construction or framed construction and is regarded as part of the window frame. The bottom of a window frame sits on top of the window sill of the wall opening.
A window sill may span the entire width of a wall from inside to outside, as is often the case in basic masonry construction, making it visible on both the interior and exterior of the building. In such a case, the exterior window sill and interior window sill would be two sides of the same structural element.
Conversely, a window sill may only extend from the internal wall structure to the outside and not be visible from the building's interior. In that case, the window likely has a shelf-like piece of interior trim work—often made of wood, tile, or stone—which is distinct from the exterior window sill. The technical term used by carpenters, window manufacturers, and other professionals for this piece of trim work is window stool, but it is also referred to as a window sill. In residential buildings, some people use this latter kind of interior window sill or stool to store houseplants, books, or other small personal items.
Witch window

In American vernacular architecture, a witch window (also known as a Vermont window, among other names) is a window (usually a double-hung sash window, occasionally a single-sided casement window) placed in the gable-end wall of a house and rotated approximately 1/8 of a turn (45 degrees) from the vertical, leaving it diagonal, with its long edge parallel to the roof slope. This technique allows a builder to fit a full-sized window into the long, narrow wall space between two adjacent roof lines, where a window would not otherwise fit.
Witch windows are found almost exclusively in or near the U.S. state of Vermont, generally in the central and northern parts of the state. They are principally installed in farmhouses from the 19th century, and can be found less frequently in new construction.
The name "witch window" appears to come from a folk belief that witches cannot fly their broomsticks through the tilted windows, although it seems unlikely that the tale was taken seriously. The windows are also known as "coffin windows"; it is unclear if they were used for removing a coffin from the second floor (avoiding a narrow staircase), or if the odd placement on the wall were reminiscent of a coffin. Either explanation seems far-fetched. The windows are also known as "Vermont windows" for their distribution and as "sideways" or "lazy windows" for their orientation.
Dormer windows are unusual in Vermont, particularly in older construction; windows are mostly placed in walls. When a house is expanded, for example with a kitchen wing or an attached shed, there may be very little wall space available in the gable end in which to put a window, which may be the only window available for an upper floor room (if there is no dormer—adding a dormer to an existing roof is problematic, as it involves puncturing the roof membrane).
The solution is to rotate the window until its long edge is parallel to the nearby roof line, to better maximize the space available for a window. Thus, not only is the window area (and thus incoming light and ventilation) maximized, but building or buying a custom window is avoided.
An alternative explanation for the orientation of the window is that getting at least one corner of a window up as far as possible in the interior of the house allows hot air (which rises to the top of the room) to escape on summer afternoons. However, this reasoning seems suspect, as Vermont is not as hot as many other locations, where the windows are not ubiquitous. If heat escape were the goal, diagonal windows could be placed in other walls as well.
The slanted orientation of the window can complicate the placement of the siding (such as clapboards) on the wall in which the window is hung, because if the siding is horizontal, it will meet the window frame at an acute angle, complicating both the cutting of the siding and the waterproofing of the frame-siding joint. One solution is to orient all of the siding on the wall so that it is parallel with the window frame.
Mullion

A mullion is a vertical element that forms a division between units of a window or screen, or is used decoratively. It is also often used as a division between double doors. When dividing adjacent window units its primary purpose is a rigid support to the glazing of the window. Its secondary purpose is to provide structural support to an arch or lintel above the window opening. Horizontal elements separating the head of a door from a window above are called transoms.
Stone mullions were used in Armenian, Saxon and Islamic architecture prior to the 10th century. They became a common and fashionable architectural feature across Europe in Romanesque architecture, with paired windows divided by a mullion, set beneath a single arch. The same structural form was used for open arcades as well as windows, and is found in galleries and cloisters.
In Gothic architecture, windows became larger and arrangements of multiple mullions and openings were used, both for structure and ornament. This is particularly the case in Gothic cathedrals and churches where stained glass was set in lead and ferramenta between the stone mullions. Mullioned windows of a simpler form continued to be used into the Renaissance and various Revival styles. Italian windows with a single mullion, dividing the window into two equal elements are said to be biforate, or to parallel the Italian bifore windows.
Mullions may be made of any material, but wood and aluminium are most common, although glass is also used between windows. I. M. Pei used all-glass mullions in his design of JFK Airport's Terminal 6 (National Airlines Sundrome), unprecedented at the time.
Mullions are vertical elements and are often confused with transoms, which lie horizontally. In US parlance, the word is also confused with the "muntin" ("glazing bar" in the UK) which is the precise word for the very small strips of wood or metal that divide a sash into smaller glass "panes" or "lights".
A mullion acts as a structural member, in most applications the mullion transfers wind loads and weight of the glazing and upper levels into the structure below. In a curtain wall screen, however, the mullions only support the weight of the transoms, glass and any opening vents. Also in the case of a curtain wall screen the weight of glazing can be supported from above (providing the structure can take the required loads) this puts the mullions under tension rather than compression.
When a very large glazed area was desired before the middle of the nineteenth century, such as in the large windows seen in Gothic churches or Elizabethan palaces, the openings necessarily required division into a framework of mullions and transoms, often of stone. It was further necessary for each glazed panel, sash or casement to be further subdivided by muntins or lead cames because large panes of glass were reserved primarily for use as mirrors, being far too costly to use for glazing windows or doors.
In traditional designs today, mullions and transoms are normally used in combination with divided-light windows and doors when glazing porches or other large areas.
3 July Affair

The 3 July Affair in 1946 was a political upheaval in the then newly formed Republic of Indonesia. The Prime Minister, Sutan Sjahrir, was kidnapped by factions within the military opposing the Republic’s negotiations with the Dutch during the Indonesian National Revolution. It ended with the release of Sjahrir and a re-structure of both the Republican government and the army.
Following Allied occupation of Jakarta, Indonesian Republicans moved their capital to the city of Yogyakarta exposing armed units in the city to civilian political intrigue. President Sukarno’s decision to commence negotiations with the Dutch was opposed by various Indonesian factions, which formed into the ‘’ Persatoean Perdjoangan’’ (“Union of Struggle”) group led by communist, Tan Malaka. Persatoean Perdjoangan’s opposition to negotiation with the Dutch received sympathy from many sections of the armed forces, including its commander Sudirman and Major-General Sudarsono.
On 27 June, Indonesian Army units under Sudarsono released Malaka and followers from prison in Surakarta. The Prime Minister, Sutan Sjahrir who was leading the negotiations with the Dutch, was arrested the same night in Surakarta and taken to the Sultan's Palace with other figures. Meanwhile, Sudarsono's troops occupied the city of Yogyakarta. Indonesian president, Sukarno declared martial law and demanded Sjahrir's release. Troops loyal to Sukarno advanced on Surakarta from Surabaya; and the loyal Siliwangi division sent troops to Yogyakarta. Adam Malik and other young radicals were arrested.
On 2 July, Sudarsono and Muhammad Yamin visited Sukarno and demanded that Sjahrir be replaced by communist leader Malaka. Sjahrir, supposedly still a captive, surprised everyone by walking into the room, and Sukarno ordered the arrest of Sudarsono and Yamin. On 3 July army units released Malik from jail and demanded that Sudirman be put in charge of security. The government was re-organised by Sjahrir to include Muhammad Natsir, Amir Sjarifuddin, the Sultan of Yogya, Agus Salim, and Djuanda, and the army’s Division III was restructured.
Timeline of the far future

While the future cannot be predicted with certainty, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline. These fields include astrophysics, which studies how planets and stars form, interact and die; particle physics, which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales; evolutionary biology, which studies how life evolves over time; plate tectonics, which shows how continents shift over millennia; and sociology, which examines how human societies and cultures evolve.
These timelines begin at the start of the 4th millennium in 3001 CE, and continue until the furthest and most remote reaches of future time. They include alternative future events that address unresolved scientific questions, such as whether humans will become extinct, whether the Earth survives when the Sun expands to become a red giant and whether proton decay will be the eventual end of all matter in the universe.
Keys
All projections of the future of Earth, the Solar System and the universe must account for the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy, or a loss of the energy available to do work, must rise over time. Stars will eventually exhaust their supply of hydrogen fuel via fusion and burn out. The Sun will likely expand sufficiently to overwhelm most of the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth) but not the giant planets, including Jupiter and Saturn. Afterwards, the Sun will be reduced to the size of a white dwarf, and the outer planets and their moons will continue to orbit this diminutive solar remnant. This future situation may be similar to the white dwarf star MOA-2010-BLG-477L and the Jupiter-sized exoplanet orbiting it.
Long after the death of the Solar System, physicists expect that matter itself will eventually disintegrate under the influence of radioactive decay, as even the most stable materials break apart into subatomic particles. Current data suggests that the universe has a flat geometry (or very close to flat) and will therefore not collapse in on itself after a finite time. This infinite future could allow for the occurrence of massively improbable events, such as the formation of Boltzmann brains.
Keys
To date, five spacecraft (Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons) are on trajectories that will take them out of the Solar System and into interstellar space. Barring an extremely unlikely collision with some object, all five should persist indefinitely.
Ambo (magaala)

Ambo magaalaa Oromiyaa gara dhihaatti aanaa Amboo keessatti argamtu. Magaalaan Amboo naannoo Oromiyaa godina Shawaa Dhihaa kessatti argamti. Magaalaan kun Finfinneerra gara dhihaattii Kiilomeetira 114 fagaattee argaamti. Ol ka’iinsi lafaa naannoo Amboo meetira 2101 yeroo ta’u laatiitiyuudii fi loongitiyuudiin ishii 8059’N 37051’E ta'a.
Ambo waan baayyedhaan beekkamti. Kana keessa tokko hora (mineral water) Ambotti. Warshaan hora kanarraa Bishaan Amboo oomishu magaalaa Amboorraa kiilomeetira 5 fagaatee argama. Kan biraa dhagaa mana ijaarsaaf oolu dhagaan Amboos achumatti argama. Manneen naannoo sana baayyeen kan ijaarraman dhagaa Amboo kanaani.
Ambo bishaan oo’aa(hot spring) lafa keessa burqu qabdi. Bishaan oo’aan kun bashannanaafis ta’ee fayyaa ofii eeguuf tajaajila guddaa kenna. Ambo naanno ishiitii iddoowwan turistii harkisan baayye qabdi. Kana keessa Finca’aa Gudar, Fincaa’aa Hulluuqaa, Haroo Wancii, fi kkf kaasuun ni danda’ama.
Ambo keessa Yuunivarsiitii tokkoo, manneen barnootaa sadarkaa lammaffaa lamaa fi manneen barnoota sadarkaa tokkoffaa baayyetu jira. Manni Barumsaa Sadarkaa 2ffaa Amboo mannen barnoota gurguddo Oromiyaas ta’e biyyattii kessa jiran keessa tokko.
Akka lakkoofsa uummataa bara 2005tti, magaalaan Ambo uummata 49,421 qabdi. Uummanni magaalaa Amboo Oromummaa kan labsanii fi deeggartoota Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo(ABO) akka ta’an dubbatama. Kanaafis akka ragaatti kan kaafamu Mana Barumsa Sadarkaa 2ffaa Amboo keessatti baratoonni yeroo baayyee mormii mootummaarra qaban ibsaa turuu isaaniiti.
Calliyaa

Calliyaan aanaalee 180 naannoo Oromiyaa biyya Itoophiyaa keessaa tokko. Godina Shawaa Dhihaatti kan argamtu yoo taatu, kibbaan Noonnoo fi Daannoo Kibbalixaan laga Gibee kan godina Jimmaa irraa addaan baasu, dhihaan Baakkoo Tibbee akkasumas, kaaba-dhihaan laga Gudar, akkasumas kaabaan aanaa Gindabaratiin, kaaba bahaan Jaldu, bahaan Ambo, kibbabahaan Xuqur Incinnii daangeffamti. Magaalaan guddoo aanaa kanaa Geedoo yootaatu, magaallan akka Baabbichaa, Baallammii fi Ijaajjii ni argamu. Lafti olka'aan aanaa kanaa Tulluu Maraa (3128m) yoo ta'u, laggeen akka Raachoo fi Walshoomoo ni argamu.
Ambo (aanaa)

Aanaan Amboo aanaalee mootummaa naannoo Oromiyaa keessaa isa tokko yoo ta'u Godina Shawaa Dhihaa keessatti argama. Aanaan kun karaa kibba-lixaa aanaa Xuqur Incinniitin, karaa dhihaa aanaa Calliyaatin, karaa kaabaa aanaa Gindabaratiin, karaa kaaba-bahaan aanaa Jalduutin, karaa bahaa aanaa Dandiitin, fi karaa kibba-bahaa godina Shawaa Kibba Lixaatin daangeffamee argama. Teessumni bulchiinsa aanaa kanaa magaalaa Amboo ti; magaalonni aana kana keessa jiran kan biroo Gorosillee fi Meexxi dha. Aanaan Amboo, aanaan Tokkee Kuttaayee fi magaalaan Amboo walitti duraan aanaa Amboo jala turan.
Kana Beektaa

Kana Beektaan barruu baratoonni Oromoo waa'ee hacuuccaa Oromoo ibsuuf dhoksaadhan maxxansiisaa turani. Barruu kana maxxansiisaa kan ture barattoota Yuunivarsiitii Finfinnee mooraa Saayinsii Hawaasaa yoo ta'u kan maxxanfamuu jalqabes bara 1969ti. Kaayyon barruu kanaa Oromoonni baratan aadaa fi afaansaanii hacuuccaa sirni Abashaa irraan ga'aa jiru faccisanii akka eeggatan dadammaksuufi. Barruun kun waggaa tokkoo fi walakkaadhaf dhoksaadhan maxxanfamaa erga turee booda cufame. Barruu maxxansuurratti namoonni yuunivarsiitii ala jiranillee deeggaraa kan turan yoo ta'u kana keessaa tokko Luba Guddinaa Tumsaati. Odoo gargaarsa Luba Guddinaa hinqabaannee barruu kana maxxansuun ulfaata ta'a ture.
Hirmaata Dubbii Afaan Oromoo

Hirmaata Dubbii Afaan Oromoo kitaaba seerluga Afaan Oromoo kan bara 1973 maxxanfamedha. Kitaaba kana kan barreesse Dr Hayilee Fidaati yoo ta'u Paarisitti maxxanfame. Hirmaatni Dubbii Afaan Oromoo kitaaba yeroo jalqabaaf qubee Afaan Oromootin (Laatiniin) maxxanfame yoo ta'u kunis seena hogbarruu Oromoo keessatti kan addaa isa godha.
Hirmaata Dubbii Afaan Oromoo seerluga Afaan Oromoorratti xiyyeeffata. Seensa kitaaba kanaa keessa barreeffama armaan gadiitu jira:
“Afaan Oromoo baláa dha. Afaan sooressaa dha. Garuu sabni Oromoo wal irraa fagaatee iddoo hedduutti hiramee bara baayée gatii dabarseef, kana irrattis caaffata otuu hin qabaatin waan hafeef, har’a Oromoon hundi yoo walii galuu danda’eyyuu, akki dubbii isaa sirriitti tokko miti…. Haráaf dafnee walii galuudhaaf yoo nu rakkiseyyuu, bor sooruma dhuma hin qabne ta’a … Si’as hundi keenya rakkina malee walii galuu dandeenya.”
Gadaa.com waggaa afurtammaffaa kitaabni kun itti maxxanfame barruu Hagayyaa 1, 2013 baasen kabajeera.
Ambo Mineral Water

Ambo Mineral Water is a brand of naturally-carbonated bottled mineral water, sourced from the springs in Ambo Senkele, near the town of Ambo in central Ethiopia. It is a popular drink in Ethiopia, and has been described as the "oldest modern mineral water" and Ethiopia's "oldest mineral water bottler." It has been bottled since 1930. Since 2017, the company Ambo Mineral Water S.C. is owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Africa.
Ambo Mineral Water has been bottled since 1930. The last emperor of Ethiopia used to travel here to drink the water, which has been described as "holy water" by local residents per its prized status for having alleged restorative properties. Local residents have stated that the water can improve digestion, be used as to ease rheumatism and can cure ailments of the stomach. Generations ago, local farmers noticed lost cattle drinking the water.
Ambo Mineral Water has been in business since 1930 and is sourced from a thermal mineral spring that has significant amounts of "natural calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonates and carbon dioxide". The water is naturally carbonated by the carbon dioxide at the source. The water is derived from a volcanic fissure, from which it runs down a stream in a montane environment, and is collected in Ambo Senkele, Ethiopia. Ambo Senkele is approximately 130 kilometers from Addis Ababa.
The company was purchased by SABMiller in 2009. In 2011, SABMiller invested around US$20 million modernizing the bottling plant and operations. After these improvements, the plant produced 40,000 glass bottles hourly. Previous output was approximately 12,000 bottles per hour. In November 2014, Ambo Mineral Water was jointly purchased by SABMiller PLC and SouthWest Development, with plans to join Coca-Cola as SABMiller. During this time, it was announced that Coca-Cola Company and Coca-Cola Sabco were going to form a new company named Coca-Cola Beverages Africa. According to Ambo's web site, it was purchased by CCBA in 2017. In a 2020 interview, the CEO of East African Bottling Share Company (EABSC) said that Ambo Mineral Water and EASBC were "sister companies" under CCBA.
Tours of the bottling factory are offered to the public.
Ambo is exported to Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, England, Sweden, the United States and Toronto, Canada. It is bottled in 330 ML, 500 ML, 750 ML 1000 ML and 2000 ML bottles. The bottling plant operates 24 hours a day. It is sold in Ethiopian shops for around US$0.30 per bottle, and is typically priced higher in Ethiopian restaurants and hotels. At restaurants in New York City, it is sold for around US$6 per bottle.
Ambo Mineral Water began to be packed in plastic bottles relatively recently, and prior to this was packed exclusively in glass bottles. New products introduced circa November 2014 were Ambo flavored water, which was formulated in several flavors, and Ambo Lite, a product with a lower mineral and carbonation content.
Ambo University

Ambo University (Amharic: አምቦ ዩኒቨርሲቲ; Oromo: Yunivarsiitii Amboo) is a national university in Ambo, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is approximately 114 kilometres (71 mi) west of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Education admits qualified students to Ambo University based on their score on the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination (EHEEE). Ambo University was established on 11 May 2011, by government proclamation (Council of Ministers 212/2011).
Ambo University was founded on May 11, 2011, by government proclamation (Council of Ministers 212/2011). It is non-profit public higher education institution. The university is recognized by the Ministry of Education as coeducational Ethiopian higher education institution. Originally, the university's foundation traced back to 1947, becoming one of the oldest higher educational institutions where basic education began in a building constructed by a few French engineers. Languages taught at that period limited to Amharic, Mathematics, French, etc., and there were four Ethiopian and four French teachers.
Ambo envisages surpassing academic, research, and community service qualifications to attain a higher education standard. Ambo currently has 75 graduate programs, 71 undergraduate programs, 10 PhD programs, and 4 specialty programs with nine colleges/institutes/schools, and academic departments. In addition, Ambo expanded its branch to four campuses, such as Main Campus, Hacalu Hundessa, Mamo Mezemer, and Waliso.
8°59′02″N 37°50′35″E﻿ / ﻿8.984°N 37.843°E﻿ / 8.984; 37.843
List of women warriors in folklore

This is a list of women who engaged in war, found throughout mythology and folklore, studied in fields such as literature, sociology, psychology, anthropology, film studies, cultural studies, and women's studies. A mythological figure does not always mean a fictional one, but rather, someone of whom stories have been told that have entered the cultural heritage of a people. Some women warriors are documented in the written or scientific record and as such form part of history (e.g. the Ancient Briton queen Boudica, who led the Iceni into battle against the Romans). However, to be considered a warrior, the woman in question must have belonged to some sort of military, be it recognized, like an organized army, or unrecognized, like revolutionaries.
Four historical women:
Two legendary women:
Similar stories of a female warrior who hunted the now submerged land between the Outer Hebrides and St Kilda are reported from Harris.