davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Sweetener (canción)

«Sweetener» (estilizada en minúsculas) es una canción de la cantante estadounidense Ariana Grande de su cuarto álbum de estudio del mismo nombre, lanzado en 2018. La canción fue escrita por Grande y su productor Pharrell Williams.
Fue escrita por Ariana Grande y Pharrell Williams, quienes también se encargaron de la producción. Las voces de Grande fueron grabadas por Sam Holland y Noah Passovoy en MXM Studios en Los Ángeles, California, con Jeremy Lertola brindando asistencia como ingeniero de grabación.​ Phill Tan mezcló la pista y Josh Cadwin fue el ingeniero de audio,​ con Andrew Coleman y Mark Larson como ingeniero de grabación. Randy Merrill luego masterizó la canción en Sterling Sound en la ciudad de Nueva York, Nueva York.​
La canción apareció por primera vez en el video musical de Grande «No Tears Left to Cry», junto con otras canciones.​​​​ Grande publicó una foto de ella misma escuchando la canción en su historia de Instagram.​ El 21 de julio de 2018, un paparazzo filtró un fragmento de Grande tocando la canción en su automóvil, más tarde ese día Grande confirmó el fragmento en su Twitter.​​
La canción debutó el 1 de septiembre de 2018 en el número 55 en su posición más alta, siendo el segundo no single con mayor puntuación de Grande en los EE. UU.​ Después de que «Breathin» fuera lanzado como el tercer sencillo de Sweetener, se convirtió en el no-sencillo de Grande con mayor puntuación en los Estados Unidos, luego superado por «Needy».
Grande debutó la canción en vivo en The Sweetener Sessions en 2018. La canción se interpretó más tarde durante el Sweetener World Tour en 2019.
Créditos y personal adaptados de las notas de álbum de Sweetener.​
Grabación
Personal
R.E.M. (canción)

«R.E.M.» (a veces estilizada en minúsculas) es una canción de la cantante estadounidense Ariana Grande de su cuarto álbum de estudio Sweetener, lanzado en 2018. Fue escrita y producida por Pharrell Williams. El título de la canción inspiró el nombre de la marca de maquillaje de Grande, R.E.M. Beauty.​
«R.E.M.» es una canción de R&B que contiene un ritmo doo-wop.​ Tiene una duración de cuatro minutos y seis segundos.​ La canción «Wake Up» fue originalmente grabada como demo por Beyoncé.​​ Grande mantuvo el coro, pero cambió la letra de la canción.​ Ella hizo una vista previa de «R.E.M.» antes del lanzamiento de Sweetener.​​​
El título de la canción se refiere al sueño de movimientos oculares rápidos y trata sobre «una relación que se desdibuja entre el mundo de los sueños y la realidad». Grande ha dicho «R.E.M.» trata sobre «soñar con alguien en tu vida», y es una de sus canciones favoritas en Sweetener.​ La voz de Grande abarca 2 octavas, desde Eb3 hasta Eb5.​
En 2018, Mallorie List de Complex se clasificó como «R.E.M.» número dos en su lista de «Las mejores canciones de Ariana Grande».​ Christopher Rosa de Glamour calificó la letra de la canción como «un poco genérica».​ Dennis Hinzmann, de Out, dijo que la pista «se siente como un retroceso y una nueva elección al mismo tiempo».​
Grande estrenó por primera vez un fragmento de 20 segundos de la canción en el canal de Youtube de la revista Elle, durante su juego «Song Association» el 12 de julio de 2018.​ Grande también interpretó un fragmento de la canción en The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon el 16 de agosto de 2018.​ La canción se estrenó oficialmente en vivo el 20 de agosto de 2018 en The Sweetener Sessions.
También interpretó la canción en vivo en BBC Radio 1 en septiembre de 2018,​ y en el especial de una hora, Ariana Grande at the BBC, que se grabó el 7 de septiembre de 2018 y se emitió el 1 de noviembre.​
Esta canción es también una de las canciones de la lista de canciones de su Sweetener World Tour.​
Ministerio de Salud (Perú)

El Ministerio de Salud del Perú o Minsa es el sector del Poder Ejecutivo encargado del área de salud.
Al conmemorarse el 50.º aniversario del fallecimiento del mártir de la medicina peruana Daniel Alcides Carrión, el 5 de octubre de 1935, fue promulgado el D. L. 8124, creando el Ministerio de Salud Pública, Trabajo y Previsión Social. En el cual se integraron la antigua Dirección de Salubridad Pública, las secciones de Trabajo y Previsión Social, así como la de Asuntos Indígenas del Ministerio de Fomento. Confiriéndosele además las atribuciones del Departamento de Beneficencia del Ministerio de Justicia.
En 1942, adopta el nombre de Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia y en 1968, la denominación que mantiene hasta la actualidad.
El primer titular de Salud fue el doctor Armando Montes de Peralta.
El Ministerio de Salud tiene la misión de proteger la dignidad personal y social de la población, promoviendo la salud, previniendo las enfermedades y garantizando la atención integral de salud de todos los habitantes del país. Proponiendo y conduciendo los lineamientos de políticas sanitarias en concertación con todos los sectores públicos y los sectores sociales.
Canderel

Canderel is a brand of artificial sweetener made mainly from aspartame. Canderel is marketed by The Merisant Company, a global corporation with headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, also Switzerland, Mexico, United Kingdom, and Australia.
Canderel was first marketed in France in 1979. The name "Canderel" is a combination of candi (or sugar cane) and airelles – the French word for bilberries.
Canderel is said to be interchangeable with sugar in a 1 to 10 mass ratio.
Equal (sweetener)

Equal is an American brand of artificial sweetener containing aspartame, acesulfame potassium, dextrose and maltodextrin. It is marketed as a tabletop sweetener by Merisant, a global corporation which also previously owned the well-known NutraSweet brand when it was a subsidiary of Monsanto and which has headquarters in Chicago, Illinois, Switzerland, Mexico, and Singapore. In French Canada, Equal is known as "Égal".
In the early 1980s, Equal and its European counterpart, Canderel, were the first aspartame-based sweeteners to be sold to the public. Originally, the product was to be named Equa. The Chicago advertising agency for G. D. Searle, Tatham, Laird & Kudner, recommended adding an "L" to the end of the name, to imply its taste is equal to sugar.
Equal is sold variously as a bottled powder ("Equal Spoonful"), in blue individual-serving packets, and as a dissolving tablet for use in beverages such as tea and coffee.
An Equal packet contains dextrose, aspartame (1.7%), acesulfame potassium (1.2%), starch, silicon dioxide (an anti-caking agent), maltodextrin, and unspecified flavouring.
Equal tablets are not an identical formulation, and their primary ingredient is lactose.
Aspartame-based products have gained regulatory approvals permitting sale in more than 100 countries. Merisant's NutraSweet company states that aspartame is now used in more than 5,000 products and consumed by some 250 million people worldwide. Companies using aspartame include The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo.
In 2006–2007, Merisant and McNeil Nutritionals were involved in a protracted legal battle over marketing for Splenda. (Main article: Sucralose.) On January 9, 2009, Merisant filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
in 1997 it also began to be marketed as a table sweetener in the United States. NutraSweet in now owned by an investment company out of Boston by the name J.W. Childs and has no affiliation to Merisant.
The 4-Hour Body

The 4-Hour Body: An Uncommon Guide to Rapid Fat-Loss, Incredible Sex, and Becoming Superhuman is a nonfiction book by American writer Timothy Ferriss. It was published by Crown Publishing Group in 2010.
It focuses on diet, with chapters on exercise, sleep, and sexual performance. It debuted at number one on the New York Times Bestseller List and spent three weeks in the top three. The book elicited some controversy for its claims.
The book advocates what Ferriss calls a "Slow-carb Diet", which imposes three cardinal strictures: eat a very simple set of meals repeatedly; focus on "slow carbs"; and allow one "cheat day" a week when all foods are allowed. The diet prohibits starches and all things sweet (including fruit and all artificial sweeteners), with strong preferences for lean protein and a few specific vegetables.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans do not specifically address the "Slow-carb Diet".
A review of The 4-Hour Body in WebMD was skeptical of the diet, quoting Barry Sears (creator of the Zone diet): "Skip the 4-hour body and opt for a 24-hour-365-day-a-year body, because you need a plan that makes sense that you can live with." In the same article, Michael Aziz (creator of the Perfect 10 Diet) claims the cheat day is "dangerous". On the other hand, the review praises the avoidance of "white" carbohydrates and the recommendation to eat the same few meals repeatedly.
The Harvard Business Review quoted Dr. Tieraona Low Dog: "many people will lose weight if they follow it, though I don't think that the diet is capable of all the claims in the book." Low Dog also warns about "the very limited number of vegetables to choose from," though in fact apart from starchy vegetables such as potatoes the Slow-carb Diet allows free choice in vegetables.
U.S. News quoted Scott Kahan (codirector of the George Washington University Weight Management Program) describing it "as another cockamamie fad diet" and expressing doubts about its sustainability.
The New York Times review stated "it's among the craziest, most breathless things I've ever read, and I've read Klaus Kinski, Dan Brown and Snooki."
As part of the press for the book, Ferriss appeared as a guest on The Dr. Oz Show and ABC's The View.
Ferris describes a detailed marketing plan for promoting the book, including trailers, aggressively seeking out fitness and exercise bloggers and influencers, and prizes for readers who bought The 4-Hour Body package deals.
The 4-Hour Body debuted at number one on the New York Times Bestseller List and spent three weeks in the top three. It peaked at number four on both the Wall Street Journal and USA Today's lists, and was one of Amazon.com's top 5 bestselling books for December 2010 and January 2011.
Pepsi Raw

Pepsi Raw was a cola soft drink created by PepsiCo and Britvic exclusively introduced in the United Kingdom in 2008 as a "Sparkling Cola Drink with Natural Plant Extracts". Pepsi Raw contained naturally sourced ingredients that were free from artificial flavouring, colourings, preservatives and sweeteners. Advertising for Pepsi Raw presented the product as a natural alternative to other colas. Pepsi Raw was also marketed in Norway and Australia.
In the United States and Mexico a similar product was being marketed under the name Pepsi Natural.
In September 2010, it was announced that Pepsi Raw was to be withdrawn from the UK market.
In 2021, Suntory, the Japanese distributor of Pepsi, released its version of Pepsi Raw named Pepsi Nama; later in 2023, PepsiCo China released Pepsi Raw Zero Sugar.
Nutritional information per 300ml bottle:
Nutritional Information per 100ml:
Pepsi Raw was sold in the United Kingdom across the following outlets: ASDA, Sainsbury's, Somerfield, Morrison's, Tesco, All Bar One, Selfridges, Harvey Nichols, Waitrose, Boots, WHSmith and Superdrug.
It was sold individually in 300ml glass bottles, 150 ml cans and 250ml cans. It was also available in four-bottle and four-can multipacks.
Pepsi Natural was sold in the United States at these outlets: Target (Minnesota, California and Pennsylvania), Costco, Ralphs, Albertsons and Woodmans.
Pepsi Natural was marketed in parts of the US in an 8 fl oz (237 ml) and a 12 fl oz (355 ml) glass bottle.
Currently, Pepsi Natural is not sold in the US. This was due to it not selling as well as Pepsi had hoped and so it was discontinued. Currently, there are no plans to reintroduce the product.
In July 2010 Pepsi Raw was introduced in Norway. It was sold individually in 1.5l, 0.5l and 0.3l bottles. As of May 2011 Pepsi Raw is no longer available in Norway.
As of February 2011 Pepsi Raw is now available in Australia in 250mL cans, being sold exclusively at 7-11. The product is imported from the UK.
To help promote Pepsi Raw, an experiential marketing campaign dubbed "Natural Born Cola" was launched. Promotional workers traveled to grocery retail, shopping malls, train stations, offices and via roaming hit squads in key cities nationwide. During the 6 week campaign 1,295,500 bottles of Pepsi Raw were distributed with 82% of consumers saying they liked the taste and a further 75% claiming they would go on to buy it.
Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola

Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola, Caffeine Free Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero Sugar Caffeine Free are caffeine-free variants of Coca-Cola. It was introduced to compete against Pepsi Free, which is now called Caffeine-Free Pepsi.
The diet variant, Caffeine-Free Diet Coke, was the first variant of Diet Coke and was introduced in 1983.
Internationally, the drink is currently available in Canada, Spain, and the United Kingdom. It has been previously sold in Australia, Benelux territories, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, New Zealand and Portugal.
Caffeine Free Coca-Cola was introduced in the United States in 1984, upon the success of its diet counterpart. In April 1985, Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola was switched to the unpopular New Coke formula and did not switch back to the classic formula until 1989.
Since 2020, Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola has been difficult to find in stores, both in cans and 2-liter bottles. The explanation given by various non-official sources is that it is due to a shortage of aluminum cans caused by the 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis. Because of the shortage of cans, less popular products are in short supply. However, there is no current shortage of aluminum cans.
The drink has also been sold internationally and is currently sold in France (1986–present), Italy (1997–present), South Africa, Portugal (1983–present), and Spain (1983-present). It was previously sold in Canada (1980's), Belgium (1984-2000's), the Netherlands (1984–1985), Germany (1985-2000's), Austria (1986–1990), United Kingdom (1991–1994), the United Arab Emirates (circa 2002), and Jordan (circa 2004).
In 2013, Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola Zero was introduced in the United States. It was sold in other territories such as France prior to its North American release.
In 2024, Caffeine Free is sold in Israel and United Kingdom
Sprite Zero Sugar

Sprite Zero Sugar (also known as Diet Sprite or Sprite No Sugar, and known as simply Sprite in the Netherlands and Ireland) is a colorless, lemon-lime soft drink produced by The Coca-Cola Company. It is a sugar-free variant of Sprite, and is one of the drinks in Coca-Cola's "Zero Sugar" lineup.
Sprite Zero Sugar originally began production as "Sugar Free Sprite" in 1974, and was renamed to "Diet Sprite" in 1983. In other countries, it was known as "Sprite Light". The brand "Sprite Zero" was first used in Greece in 2002. Beginning in 2002, the name was changed almost worldwide to Sprite Zero, matching The Coca-Cola Company's launch of Fanta Zero and Coca-Cola Zero. In 2019, the drink was re-branded as "Sprite Zero Sugar" in order to align with the Coca-Cola Company's 2017 re-brand of Coca-Cola Zero as "Coca-Cola Zero Sugar" and its 2019 extension of that branding to its zero-calorie varieties of Coca-Cola Vanilla and Coca-Cola Cherry.
The following ingredients are listed here: carbonated water, citric acid, natural flavors, potassium citrate, and potassium benzoate, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium. (Aspartame contains phenylalanine.)
Comparing Sprite Zero Sugar to other popular lemon-lime sodas:
Whiskey sour

A whiskey sour is a mixed drink or shot containing whiskey, lemon juice, and simple syrup, and traditionally garnished with a cherry or sometimes a lemon wedge. It is a blend of sour, bitter, and sweet flavors.
Sometimes, an egg white is included, which is sometimes called a Boston sour. When the whiskey used is a Scotch, it is called a Scotch sour. With a few bar spoons of full-bodied red wine floated on top, it is usually referred to as a New York sour. It is shaken and served either straight up or over ice.
The International Bartenders Association recipe includes a garnish of half an orange slice and a maraschino cherry.
A variant of the whiskey sour is the Ward 8, which often is based on bourbon or rye whiskey, and includes both lemon juice and orange juice, and grenadine syrup as the sweetener. The egg white sometimes employed in other whiskey sours is not usually included.
The oldest historical mention of a whiskey sour was published in the Wisconsin newspaper Waukesha Plain Dealer, in 1870.
In 1962, the Universidad del Cuyo published a story, citing the Peruvian newspaper El Comercio de Iquique, which indicated that Elliott Stubb created the "whisky sour" in Iquique in 1872, using Limón de Pica for the citrus. (El Comercio de Iquique was published by Modesto Molina between 1874 and 1879.)
Diet food

Diet food (or dietetic food) refers to any food or beverage whose recipe is altered to reduce fat, carbohydrates, and/or sugar in order to make it part of a weight loss program or diet. Such foods are usually intended to assist in weight loss or a change in body type, although bodybuilding supplements are designed to increase weight.
In addition to diet other words or phrases are used to identify and describe these foods including light, zero calorie, low calorie, low fat, no fat and sugar free. In some areas use of these terms may be regulated by law. For example, in the U.S. a product labeled as "low fat" must not contain more than 3 grams of fat per serving; and to be labeled "fat free" it must contain less than 0.5 grams of fat per serving.
The process of making a diet version of a food usually requires finding an adequate low-food-energy substitute for some high-food-energy ingredient. This can be as simple as replacing some or all of the food's sugar with a sugar substitute as is common with diet soft drinks such as Coca-Cola (for example Diet Coke). In some snacks, the food may be baked instead of fried thus reducing the food energy. In other cases, low-fat ingredients may be used as replacements.
In whole grain foods, the high fiber content effectively displaces some of the starch component of the flour. Since certain kinds of fibers have no food energy, this results in a moderate energy reduction. Another process relies on the intentional addition of other reduced-food-energy ingredients, such as resistant starch or dietary fiber, to replace part of the flour and achieve a more significant energy reduction.
The low-fat foods are those that have 30% of their calories or less from fats. So, if a food contains fewer than 3 gram of fat per 100 calories, it is a low fat food. Examples of cereals, grain, and pasta products are corn or whole wheat tortillas, oatmeal, baked crackers, whole grain versions of noodles, and pita bread. Examples of protein sources are beans, lentils, tofu, egg white, tuna, and peas. On the other hand, polyunsaturated fatty acids such as omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids can be beneficial to the body. Nutritious foods are avocado, almond, salmon, cashews, seeds, and walnuts.
In diet foods which replace the sugar with lower-food-energy substitutes, there is some controversy based around the possibility that the sugar substitutes used to replace sugar are themselves harmful. Artificial sweeteners have been the subject of intense scrutiny for decades, but according to the National Cancer Institute and other health agencies, there is no sound scientific evidence that any of the artificial sweeteners approved for use in the U.S. cause cancer or other serious health problems. Numerous research studies confirm that artificial sweeteners are generally safe in limited quantities, even for pregnant women.
In many low-fat and fat-free foods the fat is replaced with sugar, flour, or other full-food-energy ingredients, and the reduction in food energy value is small, if any.
Game viewer vehicle

A game viewer vehicle, game viewing vehicle or safari vehicle is an off-road vehicle that is converted or modified to carry many people, seated in positions in which they can view game in game reserves. These vehicles are usually open and do not have roofs, to improve visibility and keep obstructions out of the way. These vehicles are usually four wheel drive and have a load area on the back, which when converted will house the seats.
There are many companies that make these modifications, they are either bought vehicles that have been taken to a conversion company or they are bought by the company, converted, then sold. Some vehicle manufacturers sell these vehicles ready-made.
These vehicles are usually only seen in countries where there are game reserves, usually in East and Southern Africa. Common variations of vehicles converted for game viewers are the Land Rover Defender, Toyota LandCruiser 70 Series and other common off-road vehicles. These are the ideal vehicles as they are made to carry 9 passengers besides the ranger. This allows interaction and personalized attention during a game drive. The larger game lodges in the public game reserves like the Kruger National Park and Pilanesberg National Park in South Africa operate modified trucks which can seat 25 passengers.
Safari companies began introducing electric safari vehicles some time in the mid 2010s. There is some discrepancy on which company and country first introduced an EV for safaris, but many high-end lodges have switched to exclusively using solar-powered vehicles, including boats. In addition to Land Rover and Toyota, Rivian manufactures EV for safaris. The lack of engine noise increases stealth and reduces local noise and air pollution.
List of universities and colleges in Kenya

This is a list of universities and colleges in Kenya. Kenya has a number of universities and other institutions of higher learning. There are 30 public universities, 30 chartered private universities and 30 universities with Letter of Interim Authority (LIA).
These universities are established through institutional Acts of Parliament under the Universities Act, 2012 which provides for the development of university education, the establishment, accreditation and governance of universities. According to a 2004 report on reforming higher education in Kenya, the rapid expansion of university education in the country was a spontaneous response to the increasing demand for higher education necessitated by the increasing flow of students from schools.
From July 2014, all government and private institutions offering technical and vocational education and training were put under TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training). This act normalized this sector as it had become tainted by unaccredited institutions offering substandard education as revealed by The Standard and The Star. As of October 10, 2016 there were 540 institutions accredited by the Authority.
Angama Mara

Angama Mara is a safari lodge in the Maasai Mara in Kenya. In the Kiswahili language, "angama" means "suspended in mid-air"; the name refers to the lodge's location 300 metres (980 ft) above the floor of the Maasai Mara.
The lodge was developed by Steve and Nicky Fitzgerald and opened in June 2015. It is located on the site where several scenes of Sydney Pollack's Out of Africa (1985) were filmed. It was chosen for the film as the landscape reflected what the Ngong Hills just outside Nairobi would have looked like in Karen Blixen's time, before the area became urbanised. Guests can see Denys Finch Hatton's "burial site" from the movie and also experience an Out of Africa picnic in the same location where the film's original poster was photographed.
Angama Mara comprises two separate camps of 15 tents each. Each camp has its own guest area, kitchen and staff.
In 2020, Angama Safari Camp opened. It is a light footprint, sole-use camp comprising four guest tents, sleeping a maximum of eight people.
Angama Mara has a private entrance to the 512 square kilometres (198 sq mi) Mara Triangle where all game drives take place. The Mara Triangle has abundant year-round wildlife, including the Big Five. It is also where the Great Migration enters and exits the Maasai Mara National Reserve and crosses the Mara River.
Guests contribute a small nightly donation to the Angama Foundation which has been set up as a separate non-profit entity. These funds are used for various initiatives in the fields of education, healthcare and conservation.
The Angama Foundation works closely with neighbouring schools and several conservation organisations including the Mara Conservancy, the Mara Elephant Project and the Anne K. Taylor Fund. It has also built a clinic on the property of Angama Mara for guests, staff and the neighbouring communities.
The Angama Foundation was the creator of The Greatest Maasai Mara Photographer of the Year competition.
In 2018, Angama Mara was listed in Condé Nast Traveler as the #1 resort in Africa. It has also received other accolades including being featured in the Travel + Leisure World's Best Awards in 2020 and Fodor's Finest Hotels in 2020.
African Patrol

African Patrol is a 39-episode syndicated adventure television series created, directed and produced by George Breakston in conjunction with Jack J. Gross and Philip N. Krasne. It was filmed on location in Kenya for a period of 15 months beginning in January 1957.
The series relates the adventures of the African Patrol, a unit of police officers based in Nairobi. Paul Derek is an inspector in the unit whose members are specially trained to investigate crime. Their telephone number is 1356.
Many independent American television production companies shot their series outside the United States in the 1950s. Not only did this give audiences a chance to see new locations not shot in a studio but costs were much cheaper, especially as these runaway productions did not have to pay residuals or pay American film union wages.
In the 1950s a genre of American television series set in Africa were so popular and prolific they were nicknamed the "Straw Hut Circuit". Unlike most series that were filmed in the United States and used stock footage of African fauna taken on safari, African Patrol was filmed on location in Kenya.
Producer and director George Breakston moved to Kenya in the early 1950s filming several safari adventure feature films such as The Scarlet Spear, Golden Ivory, Escape in the Sun and The Woman and the Hunter. Many of these featured John Bentley. Breakston also filmed another series in Kenya The Adventures of a Jungle Boy (1957) also in collaboration with American television producers Jack J. Gross and Philip N. Krasne.
Mehta Group

The Mehta Group of Companies, commonly referred to as the Mehta Group, is an Indian conglomerate based in Mumbai and headquartered in Gandhinagar, with subsidiaries in the United States, Canada, Kenya and Uganda. The group employs in excess of 55,000 people worldwide, and has an asset base in excess of US$2.1 billion, as of December 2024. The group's businesses include investments in sugar, cement, packaging, floriculture, engineering, electrical cable, consulting, management, insurance, International Trade and International Finance.
The group, founded by Nanji Kalidas Mehta (1887–1969), who was born in India in the late 19th century. In 1900, at the age of 13 years, he migrated to Uganda and started a series of businesses that included a tea plantation, a cotton ginnery, a sugarcane plantation and a sugar factory.
During the 1930s, having established himself in Uganda, Mehta began operations in India. He set up a textile mill and ginning factory in Porbandar, Gujarat, and a trading company in Bombay. Later, a cement plant (Saurashtra Cement Limited) was established in 1956.
In 1972, Idi Amin, then leader of Uganda, expelled all Asians from the country; all of the group's Ugandan possession were surrendered, many to the government-controlled Uganda Development Corporation. The group concentrated on their non-African businesses; setting up a consultancy in India and a plastics plant in Canada becoming a truly International conglomerate during the 1970s. In 1979, Amin was removed from power and the group was invited back into Uganda to repossess their assets.
During the 1980s the Agrima Consultancy wing of the group expanded to Ethiopia, Cameroon, Sudan, Burundi, Nigeria, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. The group rehabilitated all their Ugandan businesses during this period. A second cement plant was started in India; the Gujarat Sidhee Cement Limited.
During the 1990s the group entered the financial area by establishing Transafrica Assurance Company Limited. During this period, the cement factories in India were expanded and modernized.
The companies of the Mehta Group include, but are not limited to the following:
Manda Airport

Manda Airport (IATA: LAU, ICAO: HKLU), also called Lamu Airport, is an airport in Kenya.
Manda Airport is located on Manda Island in the Lamu Archipelago of Lamu County on the western shore of the Indian Ocean, on the Kenyan coast.
Its location is approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi), by air, southeast of Nairobi International Airport, the country's largest civilian airport. The geographic coordinates of this airport are 2° 14' 46.00"S, 40° 54' 36.00"E (Latitude: -2.246110; Longitude: 40.910000).
Manda Airport is a small civilian airport on Manda Island, serving the Lamu Archipelago in Kenya. Situated at 6 metres (20 ft) above sea level, the airport has two runways. The first runway (15/33) is paved with asphalt and measures 6,330 feet (1,930 m) in length and 100 feet (30 m) in width. The second runway (08/26) is unpaved and is 3,054 feet (931 m) long and 46 feet (14 m) wide.
On 14 October 2003 at about 9.00 am local time, a Cessna 208 Caravan I owned and operated by Airkenya Express, with one pilot and no passengers, took off from Wilson Airport in Nairobi, headed for Manda Airport in Lamu, approximately 450 kilometres (280 mi), by air, to the southeast. Soon after becoming airborne, the aircraft lost height, crash-landed in Nairobi National Park and overturned. The pilot sustained minor injuries. The aircraft was written off.
The airport is near the Camp Simba US naval base. Al-Shabaab militants attacked the base in January 2020. The airport was temporarily closed.
2°14′46″S 40°54′36″E﻿ / ﻿2.246110°S 40.910000°E﻿ / -2.246110; 40.910000
Ngare Ndare Forest

Ngare Ndare Forest is a nature preserve in Meru County in Kenya's Eastern Province. It links Lewa Wildlife Conservancy with Mount Kenya forest preserve.
Ngare Ndare Forest is a natural forest in the foothills north of Mount Kenya. The Ngare Ndare River flows through the forest and the preserve protects water resources for the region as well as an elephant corridor between Mount Kenya forest preserve and Lewa Wildlife Conservancy. A tunnel forms part of the elephant corridor. Wildlife includes a range of large animals plus colobus monkeys and more than 200 bird species. Together with Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, it is recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The preserve is an ecotourism destination, offering swimming in natural pools fed by waterfalls, and wildlife observation from a 450-metre (1,480 ft) bridge in the tree canopy, the longest in East Africa. Tourists can camp on or below a wildlife observation platform mounted in a tree 7 metres (23 ft) off the ground. The preserve is administered by Ngare Ndare Forest Trust, formed in 2004, which organises tree planting, maintains the fence which was installed in the 1990s to minimise human–wildlife conflicts, and assists local communities with biogas cooking stoves, development funds from tourism, and employment.
Ngare Ndare means "water for the goats" in Maasai, but is often translated "waterfall of the gods".
In the 1970s Ngare Ndare Farm was one of the properties of William Powys, a farmer and artist, and the American artist Robert Kuhn also painted there.
0°08′49″N 37°21′51″E﻿ / ﻿0.14705°N 37.36429°E﻿ / 0.14705; 37.36429
Giraffe Centre

The Giraffe Centre is located in Lang'ata, approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the centre of Nairobi, Kenya. It was established in order to protect the vulnerable giraffe, that is found only in the grasslands of East Africa.
In 1979, the Giraffe Center, a nature sanctuary for visiting and including wildlife conservation education for urban school children, was started by Jock Leslie Melville, the Kenyan grandson of a Scottish Earl, when he and his wife Betty captured two baby giraffe to start a programme of breeding giraffe on their Langata property, site of the present Centre. Since then the programme has had huge success, resulting in the introduction of several breeding pairs of Rothschild Giraffe into Kenyan national parks.
By 1983 enough money had been raised to establish the Giraffe Visitor Center as a tourist destination just outside Nairobi.
The main attraction for both school children and visitors is feeding giraffes from a raised observation platform. The Giraffe Center is also home to several warthogs which freely roam the area along with the giraffes.
Somali ostrich

The Somali ostrich (Struthio molybdophanes), also known as the blue-necked ostrich, is a large flightless bird native to the Horn of Africa. It is one of two living species of ostriches, the other being the common ostrich. It was also previously considered a subspecies of the common ostrich, but was identified as a distinct species in 2014.
Struthio molybdophanes was first described in the Norddeutsche allgemeine Zeitung Sunday Supplement of 16 September 1883 by Anton Reichenow, who noted the ostrich's distribution as extending over the plains of Somali- and western Galla-Land on the east coast of Africa from 10 degrees north to the Equator. Molecular evidence indicates that the East African Rift has served as a geographic barrier to isolate the taxon from the nominate subspecies, the North African ostrich S. c. camelus, while ecological and behavioural differences have kept it genetically distinct from the neighbouring Masai ostrich S. c. massaicus. An examination of the mitochondrial DNA of Struthio taxa, including the extinct Arabian ostrich S. c. syriacus, has found that the Somali ostrich is phylogenetically the most distinct, appearing to have diverged from their common ancestor some 3.6 to 4.1 million years ago.
Though generally similar to other ostriches, the skin of the neck and thighs of the Somali ostrich is blue (rather than pinkish), becoming bright blue on the male during the mating season. The neck lacks a typical broad white ring, and the tail feathers are white. The males are larger than the females. The Somali ostrich is similar in size to other ostriches so far as is known, perhaps averaging marginally smaller in body mass than some subspecies of common ostrich (at least the nominate race, S. c. camelus). Reportedly Somali ostriches in captivity weigh about 105 kg (231 lb) but this may not be an accurate weight for wild birds as captive animals have feeding accesses not available to wild ostriches. It is thus one of the two largest extant bird species.
The Somali ostrich is mostly found in the Horn of Africa, especially in north-eastern Ethiopia, southern Djibouti, most of Kenya, and across most of Somalia.
The Somali ostrich is differentiated ecologically from the common ostrich, with which there is some range overlap, by preferring bushier, more thickly vegetated areas, where it feeds largely by browsing, whereas the common ostrich is mainly a grazer on open savanna. There are also reports of interbreeding difficulties between the two taxa.
A report to the IUCN in 2006 suggests that the Somali ostrich was common in the central and southern regions of Somalia in the 1970s and 1980s. However, following the political disintegration of that country and the lack of any effective wildlife conservation, its range and numbers there have since been shrinking as a result of uncontrolled hunting for meat, medicinal products and eggs, with the bird facing eradication in the Horn of Africa. In Kenya it is farmed for meat, feathers and eggs.
Российская Федерация (монеты)

«Российская Федерация» — серия памятных монет из недрагоценных металлов, выпускаемых ЦБ РФ, посвящённых субъектам Российской Федерации; монеты предназначены для обращения и являются законными платёжными средствами на всей территории России. Монеты серии «Российская Федерация» обязательно доставляются в отделение банка соответствующего субъекта, которому посвящена монета.
Все монеты предназначены для постоянного обращения. Номинал каждой монеты 10 рублей. Монеты имеют диаметр 27,00 мм, толщину 2,10 мм и массу 8,40 г. До 2016 года монеты изготавливались из биметалла — в основе дизайна был светлый диск из мельхиора, заключённый в кольцо из латуни, с 2017 года диск стал из стали с никелевым гальванопокрытием, кольцо — из стали с латунным гальванопокрытием. Качество чеканки — анциркулейтед. Чеканятся монеты на обоих монетных дворах — Московском и Санкт-Петербургском. Преимущественно один двор чеканит один вид монеты, но с 2008 по 2009 год один вид монет чеканился сразу на двух монетных дворах.
Серия началась с выпуска в 2005 году монеты, посвящённой Ленинградской области. Тираж большинства монет составляет 10 млн штук. Исключением являются монеты 2010 года, посвящённые Чеченской Республике и Ямало-Ненецкому автономному округу (по 0,1 млн), Пермскому краю (0,2 млн) и Ненецкому автономному округу (1,95 млн), ставшие нумизматической редкостью. Монета Бурятии 2011 года имеет тираж 9,3 млн, монеты 2020 года — 5 миллионов, с 2022 — 1 миллион штук.
Существует монета, посвящённая ныне упраздненному субъекту Российской Федерации — Читинской области. Монета была отчеканена до упразднения субъекта, в 2006 году.
По состоянию на 2024 год в данной серии было выпущено 53 разновидности монет:
С учётом того, что в России 89 субъектов, а 40 субъектам страны монеты ещё не посвящены (Читинская область упразднена), при текущих темпах в 1—2 монеты в год, выпуск серии может растянуться на неопределённо долгое время (в общей сложности еще на 30—35 лет). К тому же соответствующая монета не может быть выпущена, пока герб субъекта не будет соответствовать правилам, предъявляемым Геральдическим советом при Президенте РФ (таковых субъектов на 2021 год — 24, но из них три монеты были выпущены).
Планируется выпуск одной монеты: Смоленская область.
Планируется выпуск одной монеты: Чувашская Республика.
Монеты серии стали предметом коллекционирования. Их рыночная стоимость определяется многими факторами, в частности годом выпуска, тиражом и состоянием. Поскольку большинство монет из серии «Российская Федерация» выпускалось и выпускается достаточно крупными тиражами, стоимость их в состоянии XF-UNC колеблется в районе 50—200 рублей, в зависимости от года. Однако монеты, выпущенные ограниченным тиражом, имеют значительно более высокую стоимость. К таковым относятся монеты, посвящённые Чеченской Республике, Ямало-Ненецкому автономному округу (по 100 тыс. штук), Пермскому краю (200 тыс. штук) и Ненецкому автономному округу (1,95 млн штук), выпущенные в 2010 году, цена которых достигает нескольких тысяч рублей.
Вице-президент Российской Федерации

Вице-президент Российской Федерации (до 25 декабря 1991 года — вице-президент РСФСР) — одно из высших должностных лиц в Российской Федерации с 24 апреля 1991 года по 25 декабря 1993 года. Избирался как единая кандидатура с президентом на 5-летний срок. Вице-президентом мог быть избран гражданин России не моложе 35 и не старше 65 лет, обладающий избирательным правом. Он не мог являться народным депутатом и занимать другие должности в государственных и общественных органах, предпринимательских структурах.
Вице-президент России осуществлял по поручению президента отдельные его полномочия. В случае отстранения президента от должности или его смерти, отставки либо неспособности осуществлять полномочия и обязанности президента, таковые переходили к вице-президенту. В случае невозможности исполнения полномочий Президента Российской Федерации вице-президентом Российской Федерации они последовательно переходили к председателю Совета Министров — Правительства Российской Федерации, к председателю Верховного Совета Российской Федерации.
Должность была упразднена 25 декабря 1993 года в связи со вступлением в силу Конституции Российской Федерации, в которой не предусмотрена должность вице-президента Российской Федерации. После этого должность премьер-министра России стала второй по величине государственной должностью, и в случае недееспособности, смерти или отставки президента Председатель Правительства принимает на себя президентские полномочия в качестве исполняющего обязанности президента.
Фашистская символика

Фашистская символика — символика политических движений, придерживающихся идеологии фашизма.
Существовало и существует много различных фашистских движений, особенно в период между двумя мировыми войнами, поэтому известно множество различных символов фашистского движения, которые использовали национальную символику, исторические символы нации как символ своего движения.
Использование символов, созданных фашистскими и тоталитарными правительствами, было отмечено в качестве одного из ключевых аспектов в собственной пропаганде.
Символ итальянского фашизма — фасция, древний символ римской власти. До фашистов, в Италии его уже использовали различные националистические организации.
Германские национал-социалисты позаимствовали от итальянских фашистов римский салют, ритуалы, зрелища. Нацисты использовали свастику как символ «арийской расы», чтобы показать своё превосходство. В нацистской Германии в основном использовался вариант свастики: вписанный в повёрнутый на 45° квадрат, с лучами, загнутыми под прямым углом по часовой стрелке. Преимущественно изображался чёрным цветом либо в белом круге на красном фоне, либо на произвольном фоне (камуфляже) обычно с контрастным кантом. Именно такой знак находился на государственном флаге нацистской Германии, а также на эмблемах гражданских и военных служб страны.
Голубая свастика без наклона использовалась в Финляндии, как в сухопутных войсках, так и в авиации (в том числе, и после 1945 года). Аналогичный знак красного цвета (изначально обратной направленности) использовался как опознавательный знак ВВС и в ряде государственных символов довоенной Латвии. Некоторые части зарождающейся Красной армии в 1917—1919 годах также использовали виды свастики на своих флагах, нашивках и наградах, до принятия и оставления единым знаком красной звезды. В ноябре 1919 года командующим Юго-Восточным фронтом Красной армии В. И. Шориным был издан приказ № 213, в котором утверждался отличительный нарукавный знак калмыцких формирований с использованием свастики. Свастика в приказе обозначается словом «люнгтн», то есть буддийская «Лунгта», означающая — «вихрь», «жизненная энергия».
В целом, несмотря на то, что свастика была популярным символом в искусстве ещё до его использования нацистской Германией и имеет длительное наследие во многих других культурах, в настоящее время из-за ассоциации с нацизмом использование свастики зачастую считается синонимом подражания нацистам. Некоторые другие символы, например, руны, после Второй мировой войны также несут отрицательный характер.
Head of Tatarstan

The Head of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russian: Глава Республики Татарстан; Tatar: Татарстан Республикасы Рәисе, romanized: Tatarstan Respublikası Räise), formerly known as the President of the Republic of Tatarstan (1991–2023, Tatar: Татарстан Президенты, romanized: Tatarstan Prezidenty), is the head of the republic and the highest-ranking official of Tatarstan, a federal subject of Russia. The office was established in 1991.
In 2017, following the expiration of the 1994 agreement between Moscow and Kazan which granted Tatarstan substantial autonomy, the title of president was expected to be replaced with head, as it was done with other republics in Russia. The government of Tatarstan however resisted attempts to have the title abolished and the federal government declined to press the issue.
However, shortly after legislative elections in September 2021, deputies in the State Duma prepared a bill to unify the titles of the leaders of all of Russia's regions to head. The bill, seen as directly aimed at Tatarstan, would reserve the title of president exclusively for the president of Russia. In response, lawmakers in Tatarstan's State Council voted against it. The bill was approved in its first reading in November. On 15 December, it was approved by the Federation Council and subsequently signed by president Vladimir Putin on 21 December.
The law went into effect on 1 June 2022. Tatarstan's presidential secretary said that the title would remain during a transitional period throughout 2022 where the constitution was to be amended. The renaming of the post was expected to be completed by 2023. The loss of the title was perceived by many in Tatarstan as a further erosion of their autonomy within Russia.
In December 2022, regional lawmakers voted to change the title of the head of the republic from president to rais (an Arabic title for "leader"). The title of president was seen as the last remaining symbol of federalism following the centralization reforms under Vladimir Putin. Incumbent president Rustam Minnikhanov however would have retained the title of president until his term expired in 2025 under transitional agreements. On 26 January 2023 Minnikhanov signed the amendments into law; however, the proposed transitional period was abandoned, forcing the title change to occur by 6 February.
The latest election for the office was held on 13 September 2020.
Mintimer Shaimiev

Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev (born 20 January 1937) is a Russian former politician who served as the president of Tatarstan from 1991 to 2010. He was re-elected president in 1996, 2001, and 2005.
Shaimiev was born in the village of Anyakovo, in Aktanyshsky District of the Tatar ASSR. He graduated from the Kazan Agricultural Institute in 1959, and worked as an agricultural engineer. He joined the Communist Party in 1963. In 1967 he was an instructor and deputy head of the agricultural department at Tatarstan's regional party organization. In 1969 Shaimiev was appointed Minister for Amelioration and Water Economy of his republic and in 1983 he became the first deputy chair of the Tatar Council of Ministers. In September 1989 Shaimiev became first secretary of Tatarstan's Communist Party organization. In the same year he was elected to the Congress of Peoples's Deputies. In April 1990 he was elected speaker of Tatarstan's Supreme Soviet. On 31 August 1990, the Supreme Soviet proclaimed the sovereignty of Tatarstan.
On 12 June 1991, Shaimiev was elected President of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and as President issued a declaration during the attempted coup of August 1991 in Moscow supporting the position of the Emergency Committee. In March 1992 he held a referendum on Tatarstan's sovereignty during which 62 percent of the voters cast their ballots in favor of sovereignty. That year, his first state visit outside the country was to Kazakhstan, where he was received by President Nursultan Nazarbayev with honors.
Saying that he wanted to make way for a new generation of leadership—in accordance with a call from President Dmitry Medvedev—Shaimiev told Medvedev in January 2010 that he did not want to be nominated for another term as President of Tatarstan. He said that Rustam Minnikhanov, the Prime Minister of Tatarstan, was his preferred successor. Medvedev then nominated Minnikhanov to succeed Shaimiev on January 27, 2010.
In 2001, he and Moscow's Mayor Yuri Luzhkov founded the United Russia party. He became State Counselor of Republic of Tatarstan shortly after resignation. Also he works as chairman of "Yanarysh" Foundation.
In 2017, he was named UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador for Intercultural dialogue.