davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Catherine FitzGerald

Catherine Celinda Leopoldine FitzGerald, formerly Catherine Lambton, Viscountess Lambton, (born 18 May 1971) is an Irish landscape designer and gardener. She and her husband, Dominic West, also operate her ancestral home, Glin Castle, as a small hotel and event venue.
Catherine FitzGerald was born on 18 May 1971. She is a member of the FitzGerald dynasty, an Anglo-Norman aristocratic dynasty that originated in the Welsh Marches, England and Normandy. Her father, Desmond FitzGerald, 29th Knight of Glin, was the last Knight of Glin, as the title could only descend in the male line. She has two sisters, Honor and Nesta. Her godfather was Christopher Gibbs.
FitzGerald grew up at her family's ancestral home, Glin Castle, in Glin, County Limerick. She attended St Mary's Calne and Trinity College Dublin.
FitzGerald works as a landscape designer and gardener in Ireland and the United Kingdom; she shares a studio with landscape architect Mark Lutyens in London. She has worked as a freelance writer on landscaping and gardening for House & Garden, The Garden, Interiors Magazine, and The Telegraph.
FitzGerald has worked on the gardens at her family's home, Glin Castle, and has also worked on landscaping projects at Hillsborough Castle, Lansdowne Crescent, Clarendon Park, Holland Park Avenue, Glenarm Castle, and St Olav's Church.
FitzGerald married Edward Lambton, Viscount Lambton, the future 7th Earl of Durham, on 19 October 1995. They divorced in 2002. She married Dominic West, whom she had dated while at Trinity College, on 26 June 2010 in a Catholic ceremony at the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Limerick. She and West have four children: Dora, Senan (who made his screen debut alongside his father in The Crown), Francis, and Christabel.
FitzGerald and West own a town house in Shepherd's Bush, London, a home in the Cotswolds, and share ownership of Glin Castle with her sister.
In 2011, FitzGerald’s father died. As her father had no male heirs, the hereditary knighthood of Glin became extinct. FitzGerald, along with her mother and sisters, decided to sell the estate through an auction at Christie’s. The castle, which had operated in the hospitality trade, did not sell, so FitzGerald and West, along with FitzGerald's sisters, bought it to keep it in the family. They split their time between Glin Castle and their home in London.
FitzGerald and West first operated the castle as a bed and breakfast and now run it as a hotel and event venue.
Cozy Morley

Thomas Francis "Cozy" Morley (c. 1926 – August 23, 2013) was an American singer-songwriter, entertainer, comedian and club owner, best known for his rendition of "On the Way to Cape May", which became his signature song.
Raised in South Philadelphia, Morley attended Southeast Catholic High School. He started with the banjo and added the clarinet and saxophone to his repertoire. Morley credited the broad diversity of his neighborhood for the breadth of cultural references in his humor, though in his later years he recognized that some of the jokes he had told were no longer "politically correct".
The nickname "Cozy" came because he looked like he could be the younger brother of an entertainer named Cozy Dolan. He was described by The New York Times as having been a "South Jersey Shore institution" starting from the time when he was first discovered in 1949 and brought to the attention of Ed Suez, who owned a club in North Wildwood, New Jersey and hired him as an opening act; building on his success as a performer, Morley bought the club from Suez in 1958 for $10,000. Though he didn't create the song, Morley helped popularize the song "On the Way to Cape May," a song that became Morely's signature song, chronicling the places encountered along the route.
A statue of Morley stands at the former site of Club Avalon in North Wildwood, which he owned and operated until 1989, when the city condemned the building. He attracted crowds as large as 1,200 to his club. The city's mayor called him "Mr. North Wildwood". After his club closed, Morley performed frequently in Atlantic City.
In the late 1990s, Morley competed in an annual Tramcar Race as a fundraiser on the Wildwood / North Wildwood boardwalk against entertainer Al Alberts.
He wrote a song called "It's New Jersey", which he unsuccessfully promoted for acceptance as the official state song. In 2003, New Jersey State Senators James Cafiero and Stephen M. Sweeney, both from South Jersey, introduced legislation that would make Morley's song "It's New Jersey" one of six official state songs.
A longtime resident of Haddon Township, New Jersey, Morley also owned homes in North Wildwood and in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Morley died on August 23, 2013, at a hospital in Camden. The cause of death was complications related to diabetes.
Morley was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame in 2015.
Hans Zomer

Hans Zomer (born 1968) is CEO of Global Action Plan Ireland, an environmental organisation focused on behaviour change. Before that, he was the spokesperson for President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins.
Previously he served as Director of Dóchas, the Irish national platform of Development NGOs.
Hans became the first Director of Dóchas in 2002, and has chaired the network's major public campaigns, including the Make Poverty History Irish Campaign, and the "Act Now on 2015" campaign.
Prior to his appointment, he worked for Concern Worldwide, one of the largest Irish NGOs, and as a Development Consultant in Pakistan and as Coordinator for EIRENE-Tchad, an organisation running human rights and rural development programmes in Chad.
He has wide-ranging experience in NGO networking and advocacy work, having worked for several Brussels-based NGO networks, such as the EU-NGO Liaison Committee (CONCORD’s predecessor) and APRODEV. He is a political scientist by training, having studied in Amsterdam and Copenhagen, and speaks 5 European languages. He is married with three children.
Emer Higgins

Emer Higgins (born 1986) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Mid-West constituency since the 2020 general election.
Higgins attended Holy Family Community School in Rathcoole, Dublin.
Higgins attended University College Dublin and was a member of its students' union. She graduated with an Honours Degree in Economics and Sociology, and is now a member of its Governing Authority.
Higgins worked for a period of five years as an assistant to Frances Fitzgerald from 2009 to 2013.
Higgins was co-opted as a member of South Dublin County Council in 2011 and continued as a councillor until her election as a TD in 2020. She also continued to work as chief of staff of global operations for PayPal from 2013 to 2020.
Higgins served as Leader of the Fine Gael group on South Dublin County Council and as Chair of the Land use, Planning and Transport SPC Strategic Policy Committee.
In 2019, Higgins ran as the Fine Gael candidate at the 2019 Dublin Mid-West by-election where she was beaten by the Sinn Féin candidate Mark Ward.
In November 2019, Higgins apologised for an incident in 2014, in which she delivered a letter to her constituents where she expressed "delight" over cancelled plans for accommodation for Irish Travellers in Newcastle, South Dublin.
At the 2020 general election, Higgins was one of two Fine Gael candidates in Dublin Mid-West and was elected to one of four seats in the constituency. Following Higgins's election to the Dáil, Shirley O'Hara was co-opted to her seat on South Dublin County Council.
In May 2022, Higgins was criticised on social media for her "months-long campaign" and work with Simon Coveney to rename An Post's Passport Express service as Post Passport, as it was not quick enough. Critics described her video announcing the change as "tone deaf" and asked whether there were not more important issues for elected representatives to deal with.
On 10 April 2024, Higgins was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment with responsibility for Business, Employment and Retail.
On 30 June 2024, Higgins announced that she would be asking Dublin City Council to pause the Dublin City Centre Transport Plan. The move followed public criticism of the plan by Ibec and the Dublin City Traders Alliance but faced criticism from Minister for Transport Eamon Ryan and from several Dublin City councillors as well as advocacy groups I BIKE Dublin and the Dublin Commuter Coalition. Her intervention was described by some councillors as "inappropriate", an "outrageous overreach" and an instance "of big business dictating to the city", and by Ivana Bacik, the leader of the Labour Party as "a really inappropriate intervention by a junior minister seeking it seems to derail the traffic plan agreed for Dublin City Council by councillors”.
On 29 January 2025, Higgins was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Public Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and Reform with special responsibility for Public Procurement, Digitalisation and eGovernment.
Kathleen O'Meara (politician)

Kathleen O'Meara (born 24 January 1960) is an Irish former Labour Party politician. She was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1997 to 2007. On both occasions she was elected by the Agricultural Panel.
During the mid-1980s, O'Meara worked for the Labour Party. In 1988, she began working as an RTÉ journalist.
At the 1997 general election, O'Meara was an unsuccessful candidate in the Tipperary North constituency. At the 1999 local elections, she was elected to Nenagh Town Council. She was a candidate again for Dáil Éireann at the 2002 general election, increasing her share of the vote from 10.3% to 13.5%, but again failing to be elected.
During her second term in the Seanad (2002–2007) O'Meara came to national prominence as a health campaigner. She drove the Nenagh Hospital Action Group, one of many groups formed to oppose Government health policy, contained in the Hanly report, to remove emergency services from smaller general hospitals. She was the Labour Party's front-bench spokesperson on Childcare from 2003 to 2007. She was the whip of the Labour group in Seanad Éireann. She was an unsuccessful candidate at the 2007 general election for Tipperary North, getting 10.3% of the vote. She did not contest the Seanad elections in 2007.
Following the 2007 election, O'Meara set up Alchemy Communications, a consultancy, with two other experienced public relations and communications consultants. Since September 2008, she is head of Advocacy and Communications for the Irish Cancer Society.
In 2011, O'Meara unsuccessfully sought the Labour Party nomination for the 2011 presidential election. The nomination went to party president and former TD, Michael D. Higgins.
O'Meara was born a triplet, and the identical twin of journalist Aileen O'Meara. She is a graduate of NUI Galway. She is married and has two children with her husband Kevin.
Marriage proposal

A marriage proposal is a custom or ritual, common in Western cultures, in which one member of a couple asks the other for their hand in marriage. If accepted, it marks the initiation of engagement, a mutual promise of later marriage.
In Western cultures, a proposal is traditionally made by a man to a woman, while genuflecting in front of her. The ritual often involves the formal asking of the question "Will you marry me, ...?" and the presentation of an engagement ring (often in a small velvet box), which he may place on her finger if she accepts.
Before proposing, a man traditionally asks permission from the father of the woman he hopes to marry. If this is done at all in the modern day, it is usually understood as a formality.
The vast majority of proposals in the United States and Australia are made by men. In patriarchal societies proposals by women may not be taken seriously or treated as "real" proposals.
Proposals by women are increasingly accepted in Western culture, with most Americans and Australians approving of women proposing marriage to men. Jewelry companies have begun to advertise engagement rings for women proposing to men. Folk traditions in countries including Scotland, Ireland, England, and Finland allow women to propose on leap days, sometimes with any man rejecting such a proposal being expected to pay a forfeit to his suitor, usually through a gift of clothing. Reasons some women state for rejecting gender equality for marriage proposal include fear of rejection and preferring benevolent sexism. Some women lead the marriage proposal in private, while publicly showcasing gender essential marriage proposal conventions.
Queen Victoria had to propose to Prince Albert due to royal tradition in Britain that no one can propose to a reigning monarch.
Same-gender couples, to whom gendered proposal traditions do not apply, usually keep some elements of customary ritual while altering others. In some cases, there may be multiple proposals, and each partner may propose to the other.
The proposal itself is often supposed to be a surprise, although in practice this is rarely actually the case. Surveys have found that most proposals are not surprises, and most wedding engagements begin with a conversation in which the parties mutually agree to wed.
Not all engagements begin with a proposal of marriage. Historically, many marriages have been arranged by parents or matchmakers, and these customs are still sometimes practiced in the modern day. Even when the decision to marry is made by the couple, it may not be communicated between them directly; for instance, in the traditional Japanese custom of Omiai, the formal decision to pursue marriage or to turn it down (Kotowari) is communicated between the couple's respective matchmakers.
Couples in many Christian denominations have the option of receiving the Rite of Betrothal (also known as 'blessing an engaged couple' or 'declaration of intention'), which often includes prayer, Bible readings, blessing of engagement rings, and a blessing of the couple.
Sabina Higgins

Sabina Higgins (née Coyne; born 15 September 1941) is an Irish actress, political activist and the wife of the current president of Ireland, Michael D. Higgins.
Sabina Coyne grew up on a small farm in Cloonrane, Milltown near the Galway-Mayo border. She attended national school in Ballindine, County Mayo. Her mother would tell stories from Charles Dickens while milking the cows, an influence on her later decision to take up acting, in which she trained using Stanislavski's system. She was a bridesmaid at the wedding of singer Luke Kelly to Deirdre O'Connell.
In 1966, she played the part of Julia Grenan in Insurrection.
Friends have spoken of her affection for the President and noted that she "has always been out campaigning with him, and she has a public presence." The Irish Times said she was "a subtle, careful and essential background presence during the presidential campaign". In 2010, before Higgins received the presidential nomination, the couple gave a radio interview together in which Higgins said she was "his rock". Presenter Miriam O'Callaghan said they had held hands all the way through.
She publicly expressed opposition to the Iraq War. In January 2014, she visited the jailed anti-war activist Margaretta D'Arcy in Limerick Prison.
During the centenary of the Easter Rising, she gave a key speech in Glasnevin Cemetery at the graveside of Constance Markievicz. In it she warned Irish people against "empires of greed" and "a new form of capitalism [which is] even more powerful and less visible and less accountable" than that of 1916.
On 27 July 2022, a letter by Higgins to the editorial office of The Irish Times was published, in which she called on Ukraine to "agree to a ceasefire and negotiations" with the Russian Federation during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. In it, she expressed her indignation at the publication's editorial, which she said "did not encourage any negotiations before a ceasefire that could lead to a peaceful settlement between the Russians, Ukrainian forces and separatists." After the letter received criticism, Higgins defended her comments, stating that she "strongly condemned the illegal Russian invasion of Ukraine".
She met Michael D. Higgins in 1969 at a party in the family home of journalist Mary Kenny. He proposed over Christmas 1973 and they married on 8 July 1974 at Haddington Road Church in Dublin. They celebrated 50 years of marriage in 2024. They have four children: Alice-Mary, twins John and Michael Jr., and Daniel. In November 2023 she was diagnosed with breast cancer and started treatment straight away.
濱海灣 (新加坡)

濱海灣（英語：Marina Bay）是一片坐落於中心城區東部，緊鄰新加坡南部新加坡中區的海灣。圍繞於此區域周邊的是一座與中央商務區相鄰，占地360公頃的擴建地。
市區重建局的濱海灣總體計劃旨在促進一個包括商業、住宅、酒店及娛樂的混合區。
新加坡政府更花費了3500萬美元，完成了一條圍繞於濱海灣周圍，長3.5公里的濱海步道（Waterfront Promenade）。這還包括了一間新的環境友好遊客中心，以及一座連接海灣舫（Bayfront）至青年奧林匹克公園所在地濱海中心的雙螺旋橋（The Helix）。濱海灣中央岬（The Promontory @ Marina Bay，正式名稱為Central Promontory Site）將被作為臨時活動空間，或是舉辦像是劇院或嘉年華等活動的公共空間。
濱海灣花園地鐵站

濱海灣花園地鐵站（英語：Gardens by the Bay MRT Station，代號TE22），是新加坡地鐵湯申－東海岸線上的一個車站，位于新加坡本岛滨海南规划区。此站因设于滨海湾花园附近而得名。
它位於濱海灣花園及濱海堤壩附近。 於2022年11月13日啟用。
2012年8月29日，本站由新加坡交通部部長呂德耀宣佈建設。
新加坡旅游业

旅游业是新加坡的一个主要的經濟來源，其對新加坡的经济有巨大的貢獻。新加坡在2015年吸引了15,231,469名海外游客，其數量相當於新加坡总人口的三倍以上。 新加坡的旅遊環境對遊客十分友好，島上擁有許多供遊客參觀的自然與文化遺產。由於英語是新加坡四大官方語言(英語、漢語、馬來語、淡米尔語)中最重要的通用語之一，旅客在與當地人交談的時候(例如購物時)，一般沒有太大的溝通障礙。當地的交通網(包括众所周知的地铁系统的隧道)涵蓋全國絕大部份地區，使遊客出行更加方便。
乌节路地区主要有多层购物中心和酒店，被視為新加坡旅遊業的中心。其他受欢迎的旅游景点包括新加坡动物园、 河川生态园和夜间野生动物园，這些景點可以提供訪客在夜间在與野生動物在沒有明顯隔閡下探索模擬亚洲、非洲和美洲的野生動物栖息地的條件。新加坡动物园擁有"开放型动物园"的概念，即動物是被人工河而非鐵欄與訪客進行安全性的隔離。設於動物園旁的河川生态园則设有位於世界各地的10个不同的生态系统大型模擬展示，其中包括尼罗河、长江流域、密西西比河、亚马逊河以及苔原，園內收有約300种动物，包括许多濒临灭绝的物种。裕廊飛禽公園是另一个以鳥類為主題的动物园，園內擁有很多品种的鸟类，其中包括著名的火烈鸟。
于2011年吸引了1900萬名訪客的旅游岛圣淘沙位于新加坡南部，設有大约20至30個景點，其中包括在第二次世界大战用於抵抗日本皇軍進攻的西樂索砲台。有二戰年代的槍支在西樂索砲台展出。
此外，该岛還建造了摩天塔，让访客观看整个新加坡本島以及圣淘沙景觀。新加坡最新的旅游景点也包括两座综合度假村，濱海灣金沙和聖淘沙名勝世界，一座環球影城主题公园和滨海湾花园。
根据新加坡旅游局的统计数据，新加坡在2014年吸引了15,095,152名访客(不包括通过新柔长堤或第二通道访问了新加坡的马来西亚旅客)。这相较2013年下降了3％，主要因为访新中国旅客的减少。
来访者天數是创纪录的56亿日，增长了3%，平均为3.7天。21%的游客选择在一天内遊覽新加坡，而79%的旅客的旅游行程则为一整天或更多。77.5%的游客乘坐飛機抵达新加坡，10.2%通过水路，12.3%则通过陸路。22.9%的游客为25至34岁，21.3%为35至44岁，16.9%则为45至54岁。
超过半数（53%）的访客来自五个最大的市场，其中包括印尼(3,025,178人)，中国(1,722,380人)、马来西亚(1,233,035人)、澳大利亚(1,074,878人)和印度(943,636人)。其他主要市场包括日本(824,741人)、菲律宾(676,481人)、韩国(536,975人)、泰国(506,509人)和美国(484,912人)。
资料来源：新加坡旅游局
资料来源：新加坡旅游局
1964年1月，新加坡旅游局（当时称为"新加坡旅游促进局"）成立，旨在将当时为马来西亚最大城市的新加坡推广为游客的旅游目的地，并发展和监管旅游业务。 新加坡政府的目标是通过发展旅游业务来创造更多的就业机会、收入，并促进新加坡内部的贸易活动。 在20世纪60年代到70年代，旅游局开展了多个广告宣传活动，旨在吸引来自不同国家的游客，并出版月度通讯，推广新加坡的多个旅游景点。 1964年，新加坡旅游局的标志鱼尾狮（Merlion）诞生，并被用于宣传材料中。 鱼尾狮最终成为新加坡的著名象征，并于1972年在鱼尾狮公园竖立了一尊鱼尾狮雕像。 1977年，新加坡迎来了150万游客的历史新高，预计旅游收入达6.28亿新元，而1970年的游客数量为52.2万，旅游支出为2.69亿新元。
在20世纪80年代到90年代，旅游局旨在通过对历史地区（如牛车水）基础设施的更新和新场馆的开发（用于举办音乐会和会议）来向游客推广新加坡的文化。 2005年，新加坡政府宣布在滨海南和圣淘沙发展两个综合度假区。 同年，还宣布了建设滨海湾花园的计划。 这些度假区的规划旨在推动旅游业发展，因为新加坡的旅游业面临着来自其他地区，尤其是附近的曼谷和香港等地的激烈竞争。随后，香港也考虑在新加坡推出综合度假区计划后，对赌博业进行合法化。 滨海湾金沙酒店于2010年6月23日正式开业， 而滨海湾花园则于2012年6月29日开放。 圣淘沙名胜世界则于2012年12月7日正式开幕。
新加坡有两所赌场，政府为了避免它们伤害本国，订立了规矩阻碍国民进去赌博，却让赌场招募外国人进去。赌场会用中介公司去找中国带达官贵人，又用旅游个公司招马来西亚的平民百姓。
新加坡有不少售卖各种不同商品与服务的购物區，包括滨海湾、武吉士街、牛車水、芽笼、甘榜格南、阿拉伯街、小印度、桥北路和乌节路等。新加坡希望成為东南亚的商业中心，其位于乌节路购物区聚集了很多酒店和多层购物中心，是新加坡除市中心以外的主要旅游中心。当地民众也经常到乌节路购物。
圣淘沙是一个位于新加坡南部相对较大的岛屿。该岛的旅游景点包括一个海滨度假酒店、西樂索砲台、其历史博物馆、水下世界水族馆和摩天塔。新加坡还设有两个赌场(综合度假胜地)，濱海灣金沙和聖淘沙名勝世界。
新加坡有很多公园和以其自然热带环境為主題的项目。
新加坡旅游局為吸引旅客经常举办各种各样的活动，包括妆艺大游行、新加坡艺术节和新加坡花园节。新加坡也会在每年七月于博览中心舉行新加坡美食节，以展示新加坡多样的饮食文化；其他年度活动还包括圣诞节亮灯仪式和新加坡珠宝节。
新加坡地铁车站列表

新加坡地铁是服务新加坡的城市轨道交通系统，截至2018年3月，路网全长为199.6公里。新加坡地铁最早通车的路线是南北线大巴窑站至杨厝港站的一段，于1987年11月7日通车，使它成为东南亚第2座城市轨道交通系统（晚于1984年通车的馬尼拉轻轨）。新加坡地铁目前共有6条路线，设有122个车站（不计算重复换乘站），由SMRT地铁和新捷运经营。
下面的列表列出了新加坡地铁所有车站，目前新加坡地铁共有127个车站。
面出薰

面出 薰（日语：面出 薫，1950年6月12日—），著名日本照明設計師，日本建築学会、日本設計委員會、北美照明工程學會（IES）、國際照明設計師協會等会会員，曾獲日本、美國等國之設計獎項。現為武藏野美術大學客席教授，東京大學、東京藝術大學兼任講師。
東京藝術大學美術學部設計科畢業、美術研究科碩士畢業。面出於1990年獨立門戶創立Lighting Planners Associates，及後成立民眾參與型的照明文化研究會「照明偵探團」並擔任團長一職，舉辦各種照明相關文化活動。
登加

登加（英語：Tengah，馬來語：Tengah，坦米爾語：தெங்கா）是一个位于新加坡西部的規劃區和未来的新市镇。它的界线在蔡厝港以西南、裕廊东和裕廊西以北和武吉巴督以西。
登加前身是一个军事禁制区，而基於在2018年的公告，它现在被预留作未来公共房屋用途。它亦因而成為继1990年代榜鹅市鎮以來首個建屋發展局規劃的新市镇。
在登加的军事训练区非军事化之后，登加市鎮首期部分单位将在2018年中落成。登加被划分为田园区（Plantation District）、绿苑区（Garden District）、园林区（Park District）、碧兰区（Brickland District）及山景区（Forest Hill District）五个分区。
登加的西南方将成为裕廊创新区的一部分。裕廊创新区是相比裕廊工业区更新颖的工业区。
登加在昔日新加坡尚未城市化時，称为「奉教」、一个當時位于现今裕廊西以北些许的华人村落，自1884年圣公会建立裕廊圣约翰堂于此后便开始有华人在这一带聚居，到1960年代改称做「丰加」。一个位于裕廊西的同名地方（英语：Hong Kah）沿用此称呼。南区将重置登加的污染排放。
目前并不确知从何时起「登加」一词被普遍使用以描述该地区。登加新镇北面是登加河，乃克兰芝河之支流。在马来语里，「登加」一词可指「中心」、「中央」或「中間」，登加河恰好是三条支流中间一支。
在1980年代，根據當時新加坡政府的安排，原本居於丰加的村民被重新安置到鄰近政府興建的新鎮，即現今武吉巴督、蔡厝港及裕廊一帶。學校亦被遷移至他處，如原本在丰加路的一座寺廟附近辦学的醒南小学。在裕廊一帶用作安置村民的市鎮被命名為「丰加」，估計极大可能是因为村民来自丰加。當全村完成清拆後，泛岛高速公路（简称：PIE）和克兰芝高速公路（简称：KJE）工程隨即在登加展開，並兴建了裕廊西二道，促成了裕廊西市镇和蔡厝港市鎮的兴起。丰加西部地区（裕廊路第22乡道以西）在1996年首先对外封閉，并被军方用于训練用途，而丰加东部地区（裕廊路第22乡道以东）也在2005年对外封閉。
登加市镇佔地7平方公里（即700公顷），约与碧山的面积相仿，并被规划为新加坡首个森林市镇和首个无车市镇。在市镇建成后，将共有42000个组屋和私人住宅单位落成，其中3万个是组屋单位，其余12000个则是私人住宅单位。配合新加坡政府减少车辆的目标，登加市镇的路面上设有脚踏车道和行人道，而公路则建于地下。新加坡政府也会开发自动化交通系统，衔接住宅区和裕廊创新区。登加的市镇中心在园林区；田园区着重社区耕种，设有一个田园绿化带；绿苑区将成为西部的休闲区，红砖区则是文化遗产区，而山景区将被森林走廊环绕。登加市镇的主题是「绿色」，而此主题将贯穿全市镇，市镇建设也将与周围的森林环境和丰富的生物多样性融为一体，并擁有无车穿行的市镇中心。
2018年5月13日，新加坡国家发展部长兼财政部第二部长黄循财在《屋事》（Housing Matters）博客中发表的文章称：「居民能享有一个绿意盎然、车辆少，以及便于人们步行的市镇。」建屋发展局将于2018年11月推出登加市镇首1500个组屋单位供新加坡民众申请认购。
新加坡市區重建局于2018年5月25日，倡议更改市区规划蓝图来配合登加市镇的发展，如无异议所倡议的更改将正式划入2014年市区规划蓝图。
在2022年，一个新的综合交通枢纽将在登加地区落成；而在2026年，裕廊区域线也将会覆蓋登加地区，新建的地铁站如下：
直至2015年11月10日，前丰加村的大部分地段皆作為新加坡武裝部隊（简称：SAF）的軍事訓練用地。
滨海湾地铁站 (新加坡)

濱海灣地鐵站（英語：Marina Bay MRT Station，代號NS27/CC33/TE20）是新加坡地鐵南北線與新加坡地鐵湯申－東海岸線的地鐵站，也是新加坡地鐵環線上的一个终点站，位于新加坡本岛市中心规划区与海峡景规划区交界处。
站址所在地為填海地，附近少有發展項目，且與站名標示的「濱海灣」實際上有段距離。本站目前作為當地居民往來島嶼其他地區，以與一座聯絡附近遊樂區的巴士系統連接，未來本站將作為服務濱海灣新市鎮通勤族、商業人士及新市鎮居民、甚至觀光客的車站。此車站由建築師Aedas負責設計。
湯東線站台在2022年開放。
巴淡

巴淡（印尼語：Batam），或譯峇淡，巴丹、巴潭、巴旦，是印尼廖内群島省最大的城市。該城市行政區域涵盖巴淡島（Batam），倫龐島（Rempang），加朗島（Galang）三个主要島屿（統稱為 Barelang），和布蘭島（Bulang）及几个小岛。巴淡島是城市和工業的核心區域，而倫龐島和加朗岛都保持着鄉村特色，并由 Barelang 橋與巴淡島相連。Barelang 橋的名字是由巴淡島以及倫龐島和加朗島的印尼名縮寫爾命名。巴淡（Batam）是工業繁榮的城市，是新興的交通樞紐，是印尼-馬來西亞-新加坡增長三角自由貿易區的一部分，位於新加坡南海岸以外20公里（12英里）处，并且是印尼-馬來西亞-泰國增長三角區的一部分。
根據印尼統計局的2020年人口普查，巴淡人口為1,196,396 人，是印尼蘇門答臘地區的第三大城市，僅次於棉兰和巨港。 巴淡島是印尼最接近新加坡的地區，最短距离为5.8公里。在2010年的全國人口普查中，巴淡是印尼十年前發展最快的直轄市，人口年增長率為11％。 但在2017年，該島遭受嚴重失業，約30萬工人被解雇。
巴淡島相對地接近新加坡，與新加坡僅有20公里的距離，並為新加坡海峽的最南點。因如此短暫的距離，坐船將近1小時就能到達新加坡。並且只要待在巴淡島一定能夠看得到新加坡的影子。
巴淡島人口約100萬，本來整個島嶼只住著原住民。現時印尼—馬來人佔85%，華人佔14%。
市內使用印尼語和各地的印尼方言，而本地華人則使用潮州話，福建閩南話以及廣東話。
巴淡島於1960年代被印尼政府開發為特別發展區，後列入星馬印三國經濟開發區(新柔廖區，Sijori Growth Triangle)內，進一步開放為自由貿易區，當地政府提供25年的碼頭用地，希望找國際碼頭海運業者經營，令當地經濟和人口高速增長。
另外，巴淡島在地理上接近新加坡，但印尼人工便宜，勞力成本比新加坡低，讓很多新加坡企業到巴淡島設立廠房。包括由新加坡政府開發經營的巴淡民都工業區(Batamindo)，建於巴淡島的中部，其他有規劃的工業區包括Kara Prima Nusa工業村。
飛行跑道資料：
目前主要在巴淡島國際機場升降的航空公司包括：
巴淡島位於新加坡以南約20公里，往新加坡船程僅為1小時。印尼政府在巴淡島設置海岸關卡，為由主要從新加坡過來的旅客提供出入境服務。
1990年代末，印尼巴淡島發展觀光旅遊，旅遊區集中在巴淡島的北部。巴淡島本以自然原始森林景觀著名，亦因為有眾多著名大型酒店錄續興建，遊覽巴淡島的形式多以消閒渡假區為主，舒暢的水療旅程亦為眾多享受型旅客慕名而來的原因。
至2021年，巴淡島已經開發了很多地區使得越來越多來自不同國家以及地區的旅客都來到巴淡島旅遊。
林蔭公路

林蔭公路、林蔭道、公園大道或園林大道（英語：parkway）是經過景觀美化造景的大道。用于指稱公园中的道路或与公园相连的道路，禁行卡车和其他重型车辆。不過多年来有多種不同類型的道路被稱為園林大道。因此本詞可用于描述窄至2条车道的城市街道，其中間安全區或兩側路肩有造景以美化景觀。本詞也用于指稱风景优美的公路與限制通行的快速道路。许多最初命名時因為景觀或休閒功能而命名為公園大道的道路，後來演变成主要的城市和通勤路线。
美国最初的園林大道，是由景观设计师弗雷德里克·劳·奥姆斯特德（Frederick Law Olmsted）和卡尔弗特·沃克斯（Calvert Vaux）在19世纪后期設計，將道路分為行人、自行车、骑马者、马车等專用車道，如布魯克林區的東大道（Eastern Parkway； 據信這是世界第一條園林大道）和海洋大道（Ocean parkway）。這兩位設計師提出將市區與郊區公園連接的道路時，將其定義為「園林大道（parkway）」。
在纽约州布法罗市，兩位設計師則設計了在道路中間的安全島與兩側路肩景觀美化的大路，建立了美国第一个連接公园和園林大道的系统。 Bidwell Parkway和Chapin Parkway是200英尺宽的市區街道，但每个方向只有一条车道，設置了宽阔的景观中間安全區，提供了一条宜人的阴影路线通往公園，也作為附近社區的迷你公园之用。
其他的園林大道，例如加利福尼亚州旧金山的普雷西迪奧公園大道（Park Presidio Boulevard）則設計為提供更大的交通流量。
在20世纪初期，该词的含义已扩展到包括为汽车的休闲行駛而设计的，具有景觀設計的快速道路。这些道路最初設計於景觀路線，禁止低速或商用車輛的行駛，但是這些道路的成功带来了更多的发展，扩大了城市的边界，結果這些道路不再僅為休閒用途，成為主要的通勤路线，雖然仍保留著“ parkway”的名称。
在1930年代，作为新政的一部分，美国联邦政府建造了国家公园大道，供作休闲驾驶與方便通往历史古迹和古道。这些分行的四车道大路限速较低，由美國国家公园管理局（National Park Service）维护。例如平民保育团（CCC)在北卡罗来纳州和弗吉尼亚州的阿巴拉契亚山脉建造的蓝岭公园大道。
加拿大有许多道路名稱使用了公園大道，包括穿过国家公园的主要路线，风景秀丽的大道，主要的城市道路，甚至是准許商业車輛行駛的一般高速公路。
首都地区的公園大道有些被称为「车道」（drive或driveway）。
在加拿大，该术语也可用于行人和自行车騎士使用的多用途道路和绿道。
彼得伯勒的“公园大道”为大部分交通和当地交通提供服務。大多数是双行车道，其中许多路口都已编号。由五个主要大道形成了一条外环道，而三條大道為居民提供服务。
在普利茅斯，A38被称为“大路”（The Parkway)，将地方政府辖区的乡村地带一分为二，剛好是地理中心；它有两个路口进入市区。
澳大利亚首都特区使用“公园大道”指稱標準接近其他地区稱為“高速公路、快速公路”的道路。一般而言，其各行驶方向上有多条车道，設有交流道、具有速限、雙向行駛（或在中间設有護欄）。
维多利亚州使用的“公园大道”一词，有时指穿过公园地區之的较小的地區道路。这些道路不是高速路线，但車輛的行駛仍有某些限制。
新加坡使用“公园大道”一词来代替“ 高速公路 ”。因此，公園大道也是具有速限和交流道的双向公路。目前，东岸大道（East Coast Parkway）是新加坡唯一使用此詞的高速公路。
在俄罗斯，长，宽（多车道）和景觀美化的公路，被称为prospekts。
觀音堂佛祖廟

觀音堂佛祖廟（Kwan Im Thong Hood Cho Temple），俗称四马路观音堂，位於新加坡小坡四馬路（现滑鐵盧街 Waterloo Street），門牌178號。先天道「南山上人」在1884年在此地弘法行醫。清朝光緒十年（1884年）蒲月（農曆五月）由一家叫“陈两成”的商号献地，众信徒捐款建廟；並在1893年歲桐月（農曆三月）重修，1982年再次重建。观音堂现由十人信托局管理。
觀音廟香火旺盛，廟堂内几乎每天都有大量人潮。周末、公共假期、和每月的农历初一十五都是庙堂的旺日。庙宇一年当中最重要的日子有四个：既农历年除夕，二月十九的观音诞、六月十九观音修道日及九月十九的观音成道日。
庙宇附近还设有其他宗教场所，例如克里斯南印度庙、奎因街的圣伯多禄圣保禄堂、马海阿贝犹太庙和Malabar Jama-ath清真寺。
自清光緒十年，先天道「南山上人」就在现庙址弘法行醫。觀音廟自光緒十年蒲月以来一直存在于“陳兩成”商号捐獻的现今位置上，并于光緒十九年桐月重建。庙宇原来的建筑是中国寺庙建筑和传统工艺的典范。原建筑的入口设计为通过门廊和带屏风的前厅穿过一个大型遮蔽庭院进入庙宇。在第二次世界大战期间，该地区的所有其他建筑物都遭到严重破坏，觀音廟却在日本飛機的空襲中只被爆炸威力震动了一下，幸免于难。庙宇当时为病人、伤员和无家可归者提供庇护。
1938年3月，华侨银行第一任主席徐垂青在觀音廟成立首个信托局，将现代管理方式引进观音堂，并担任首任主席。
1982年，由于前来参拜的信徒众多，寺庙需要增加客容量，因此耗资500多万元进行了大规模扩建。所有的神灵都被供奉在大殿的一个坛上，观世音菩萨身后摆放释迦牟尼佛像。其他神像的相对位置保持不变。新建筑总面积达1500平方米，相比原建筑大了约一倍，庙宇内部建有两个不同高度的独立屋顶的大空间。入口为一个大型中央山门，山门两侧设有两个较小的门口，门口装潢色彩丰富，使用了金黄色、红色、蓝色和绿色。在所有屋顶椽子的末端，绿色的地面上印有黄色的佛教卍字。屋顶的装饰比较拘束，屋脊的线条简单，带有寓意吉祥的装饰。寺庙大厅内的地砖原料由原先的陶瓷改为花岗岩。
在2006年举办的首届新加坡双年展期间，觀音廟被用作展示多位艺术作品的场所。展示的作品包括徐冰设计的地毯、蔡佳葳的莲花咒语、杉本博司的1001尊佛像和阿根廷艺术家Santiago Cucullu用新加坡四种官方语言书写的“请爱我”的标志。
观音庙然是该地区的主要寺庙之一，成千上万的信经常徒前往寺庙祈求观音保佑。民间相传观音庙为新加坡最为灵验的寺庙之一，信徒们相信他们到寺里参拜后就会得到保佑，使其成为新加坡香火最旺盛的寺庙之一。不少香客每年会在正月的初一十五来观音庙参拜。每逢大年除夕，寺庙都会通宵开放，街上常常挤满信众并肩排队进入寺庙大殿向观音菩萨上香，抢插新年的头香，希望新的一年能有一个好的开始。这座寺庙以其被认为非常准确的卜卦服务而闻名。
信徒到观音堂莫拜供奉的香烛禁止在大殿内燃烧，以免烟灰沾染大殿的天花板，庙宇为此在殿门口设香炉供香客使用；信徒也只能使用小香，不能用大香。庙宇在山门处摆有小香，香客自取，要捐献香油钱也随各人心意。此外，堂内不设焚烧金银纸的器具，香客也不允许在那里焚烧金银纸。
觀音廟和临近的克里斯南印度庙有一种名为“交叉参拜”的习俗，觀音廟的信徒向来常常参拜克里斯南印度庙，反之亦然。两座寺庙都隶属于多神教：印度教和中国民间信仰，这一现象经常被视为新加坡多元宗教社会的缩影。1980年代后期，一位卖海南鸡饭的小贩向这间印度庙捐赠了一个价值约1000新元的大香炉，用来焚烧华人香客所上的香。印度庙的管理人员也在庙内增加了一尊观音像，并在寺庙大院内指定了一个区域供华人信徒烧香。
庙内供奉的神明包括：
中间：观世音菩萨（十八手观音/准提圣像）、龙女、善财童子
后面：释迦摩尼佛
左边：达摩祖师、太岁星君、齐天大圣
右边：华佗
二楼（不对外开放）：无生老母/瑶池金母
自1997年以来，庙宇以其频繁的慈善作业为著。它在四美设立了助学基金、一间洗肾中心、并且不分种族为人民提供医疗服务。此外，它还启动了一项全国健康检查计划，并于2000年通过捐赠150万新元在新加坡国立大学设立了一项计算机博士课程。观音庙还曾向新加坡国家肾脏基金会捐款，同时也经常赞助新加坡艺术界所举办的各类活动。
平日：上午6時至晚上6時15分；
每逢農曆初一及十五日：上午5時至晚上6時45分。
星期一至日，早上七点至傍晚五点半
初一十五，观音诞，公共假日暂停求签
新加坡地鐵東西線/滨海市区线，武吉士地鐵站出口C，步行约5分钟即可到达。
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亚略巴古

亚略巴古（希腊语：Άρειος Πάγος，拉丁語：Areios Pagos，英語：Areopagus，或译：阿雷奥帕古斯）意為“阿瑞斯的岩石”，又称战神山议事会、亚略巴古法院、阿雷奥帕谷斯仲裁会议。位于雅典卫城的西北角，是古典时期作为雅典刑事和民事案件的高等上诉法院。
相傳阿瑞斯因为杀死波塞冬的儿子哈利罗提奥斯（英语：Alirrothios），在此接受希腊众神的审判（原因论神话的典型例子）。
其名字的由来并不清楚。在希腊语中，pagos指大块岩石。Areios可能来自于阿瑞斯或厄里倪厄斯，因为在山下有一座供奉厄里倪厄斯的神庙，凶手常会来此庙寻求保佑，避免面对自己行为的后果。后来，罗马人称这座岩石小山为“玛尔斯山” ，以罗马战神玛尔斯命名。靠近亚略巴古还兴建了供奉大法官狄尼修的天主教堂圣狄尼修圣殿主教座堂。
在公元前5世纪以前，亚略巴古是这个城市的元老委员会，类似于罗马元老院，其成员仅限于高级公职人员，即执政官。公元前594年，亚略巴古同意将权力交给梭伦进行民主改革，梭伦进行重组后又将权力交还给这个机构。
公元前462年，艾斐烈特进行改革，剥夺了亚略巴古除了审判谋杀之外的所有职能。
在埃斯库罗斯的剧本《俄瑞斯忒亚》（或《复仇三女神》，公元前458年）中，俄瑞斯忒斯為父報仇杀死他的母亲克吕泰涅斯特拉及其情夫埃癸斯托斯後，民眾法庭在亚略巴古审判此案。
芙里尼是公元前4世纪希腊的交际花，以美貌而著称，曾因被控亵渎厄琉息斯秘仪而在亚略巴古受审。传说她褪去了衣裳，以其身体的美丽体现神性，法官立即判其无罪。
公元前4世纪，亚略巴古又增加了新的功能：调查贪污，但是定罪的权力仍然归雅典集会。
亚略巴古在罗马帝国时期继续行使功能。据说使徒保罗就是在这里发表著名的演讲，论到献给未识之神的雅典祭坛的潜在意义：“你们所不认识而敬拜的，我现在传给你们。创造宇宙和其中万物的神，既是天地的主，就不住人手所造的殿，也不用人手服事，好像缺少什么，自己倒将生命、气息、万物赐给万人。祂从一本造出万族的人，住在全地面上，并且豫先定准他们的时期，和居住的疆界，要叫他们寻求神，或者可以揣摩而得，其实祂离我们各人不远；因我们生活、行动、存留都在于祂，就如你们中间有些作诗的说，原来我们也是祂的族类。”（使徒行传 17:23–28）
“亚略巴古”一词也可以指现代希腊的最高上诉法院。
Template:雅典地标
37°58′20″N 23°43′25″E﻿ / ﻿37.97222°N 23.72361°E﻿ / 37.97222; 23.72361
尼比鲁碰撞

尼比鲁碰撞，是一个假设的末世论灾难，因地球和一个大型行星类天体发生碰撞或接近碰撞而产生，一些组织相信灾难会发生于21世纪初。相信这一末日事件的人通常把这个天体称为尼比鲁或行星X。这个概念最早由ZetaTalk网站创始人南希·里德尔提出。此說法與2012年瑪雅預言、太阳風暴、地球磁极反转、网络机器人工程的预言等謠言結合，而成為2012年人類滅亡說。
尼比鲁是出现在苏美尔人神话中的神，在科幻小說與網路謠言中與迪亞馬特都被當成星球。
撒迦利亞·西琴在1976年出版他研究美索不達米亞的科普書籍，稱為《第十二个天体》。撒迦利亞認為有塊古版塊，上面标的是十二个天体，宣稱除了古蘇美人就能观测到的日、月、水、金、火、木、土以及地球本身之外，还早发现有天王星、海王星的存在，余下的一颗则是连现代人类都没能发现的星球尼比鲁。書中宣稱蘇美人發現尼比鲁曾撞上身為地球前身的迪亞馬特，使後者分裂成两半。分裂后较大的一块及迪亞馬特的主要卫星在撞击后跑到金星与火星之间，形成现在的地球；而另一块则分裂成无数块，成为火星与木星之间的小行星带。此碰撞也產生原稱為金固的月球。後來，尼比鲁星球上的外星人阿努納奇來地球掏金，被蘇美人奉為神明。
後來，一個自稱能與外星人溝通的人——Nancy Lieder，在她的網站上說：「网罟座ζ星系中的一顆行星上的居民警告她說地球處於Planet X星球的襲擊的危險之中。」指尼比魯將要復歸，這一災難的最初預測時間為2003年5月，但是當時什麼也沒發生，隨後災難時間改成了2012年12月，與2012年人類滅亡說聯係起來。
網路謠言宣稱，1983年NASA发射紅外線天文衛星，在獵戶座方向找到这颗当时估计拥有木星那么大的尼比鲁，但NASA卻封鎖消息。
謠言也指2008年7月15日，英国威爾特郡埃夫伯里庄园（Avebury Manor, Wiltshire）突然出现了一个绘有太阳系九大行星轨道的大型麦田圈。隔了一个星期，也就是在2008年7月23日，这个麦田圈的太阳系轨道图突然在一夜之间被修改了，旁边又多了一个新的大彗星麦田圈图案。这颗行星就是外星人暗示尼比鲁將會到來，影響地球的運作。
謠言也說2008年開始人們就可以觀察到尼比鲁，2011年5月起各地都可以用肉眼看到。但至今沒任何人見到，謠言不攻自破。
網路謠言說尼比鲁會造成地球磁極轉向，並使幾天或者幾小時內地殼將會改變內核反方向180度旋轉。但地球反向旋轉是不可能發生的，過去不曾發生，將來也不會。許多報道災難內容的網站將地球旋轉轉向和磁場轉向相互關聯起來。磁場轉向事件平均每40萬年會發生一次。目前知道的是磁場轉向不會對地球上的生命帶來危害。不管怎樣，磁場轉向的事件在未來幾千年中不太可能發生。這些現象與太陽系運行到銀河系中心位置沒有什麼關聯。
尼比鲁碰撞的信徒由說法初次提出後已經為該假想行星提出了很多名字。實際上，所有這些真實的、假設的或虛構的太陽系物體，與Sitchin描述的尼比鲁或Lieder描述的假想行星並不相似。
最后的审判

最後的審判（希伯来语：יום הדין；阿拉伯语：يوم القيامة；英语：Last Judgment），或者稱為大審判、末日審判，是一種宗教思想，在世界末日之時神会出現，將死者復生并對他們進行裁決，分為永生者和打入地獄者。這種觀點最初起源於瑣羅亞斯德教的教義：创世的阿胡拉·玛兹达将会在末日时审判世界。此概念后来深深影响了犹太教，后来更为后起之基督教及伊斯兰教所继承。
Last Judgment 參啟示錄20:11-15 以下為經文內容: 我又看見一個白色的大寶座與坐在上面的；從他面前天地都逃避，再無可見之處了。我又看見死了的人，無論大小，都站在寶座前。案卷展開了，並且另有一卷展開，就是生命冊。死了的人都憑著這些案卷所記載的，照他們所行的受審判。於是海交出其中的死人；死亡和陰間也交出其中的死人；他們都照各人所行的受審判。死亡和陰間也被扔在火湖裡；這火湖就是第二次的死。若有人名字沒記在生命冊上，他就被扔在火湖裡。[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
对古埃及人来说，心脏记录了一个人一生中的所有善行和恶行。一个人死后，在审判厅（Hall of Judgement）中会对他进行一场审判仪式，而他的心脏将被作为审判的主要依据。死者被狼头死神阿努比斯（Anubis）引入这个大厅，心脏被放在天平上，与玛特（Maat）神的真实之羽作重量方面的对比。接著阿努比斯调整天平的铅垂，图特（Thoth）神记录下裁决的结果（而根據三一律，所稱量得出的結果只有三種：“真實之羽的重量 = 死者心臟的重量”或“死者心臟的重量 < 真實之羽的重量”或“死者心臟的重量 > 真實之羽的重量”）。经过裁决，如果在“真實之羽的重量 ≥ 死者心臟的重量”的情況下，死者就會受到庇护——死者會被阿努比斯引到欧西里斯（Osiris）的面前，從而得到永生；如果死者心臟的重量 > 真實之羽的重量（因為罪惡作祟的緣故），死者就會受到制裁——死者的心脏会被一只长着鳄鱼头、狮子的上身和河马后腿的恶魔吞噬者阿米特（Amit）所吞食。
我嘱告你们和我自己要敬畏安拉，为那众生将长时间肃立见主之日（复生日）做准备，至尊主说：“信士们啊！你们应当敬畏安拉，每个人都要考虑自己为明天准备了什么。要敬畏安拉！安拉彻知你们的一切行为。”（《古兰经》59：18）
世界末日和后世复生是极其严重的大事，在天经和圣训中对此有大篇幅的预警，名称繁多描述各异，都形容其恐怖至极，令信士听后胆战心惊。所以，你们要虔诚敬意地为此多做准备：“那些因担心去见主而该施舍之物的人，是争先行善而获胜之人。”（《古兰经》23：60－61）
伪信者和不信者否定后世，他们的下场必然是受辱和遭殃：“那些否定会见安拉的人确实亏本了！等到那一时刻突然降临时，他们才会说：‘哎呀！可惜我们对此麻痹大意了。’他们背负着自己的罪孽，多么可恶的重负啊！”（《古兰经》6：31）
东方出现马赫迪（救世者）。他在天房前得到人民的宣誓效忠，使人间久违的公正和正义充满大地，他在世期间全世界一直享受主的福佑和慈悯。圣使说：“我的人民末期，将出现马赫迪，安拉给他降下及时雨，大地物产丰富，财富分配公平，牲畜繁多，人民强盛，他将生活七八年。”（艾卜赛义德·呼德瑞传述《哈克目圣训录》）
伪基督麦西哈丹扎里出现。他妖言惑众并能显示许多奇异现象，是人们叛主和迷误的罪魁祸首，他是个独眼龙，眉间写着“叛主”一词。圣使在描述其异象时曾说：“……然后他来蛊惑一群民众，人们都相信并响应他，他便呼风唤雨命地产物，牲畜丰产，膘肥体壮奶足；然后他去蛊惑另一群民众，遭拒绝后愤然离去，那些不听他话的人却变得一贫如洗。他在经过一处废墟时对它说：‘现出你的宝藏来！’于是宝藏就像蜂群围着蜂王一样随他而去；他唤来一个朝气蓬勃的青年，一剑将他劈成两半，然后召唤一声，那青年便又满面笑容地应声而来。就在他胡作非为之际，玛利亚之子耶稣奉安拉之命而来。……”（南瓦斯·本塞目安传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
先知对伪基督的危害性做了详细的描述，并对人们进行了严厉的警告，他要求我们在礼拜时求主护佑免遭此魔头的伤害，他说：“你们在拜中念完作证词后，求主保佑免遭四项灾难之害，说：‘主啊！求您保佑我免遭火狱之灾、免遭坟墓之灾、免遭生死痛苦之灾、免遭伪基督之灾。’”（艾卜胡莱赖传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
又说：“谁背诵了《山洞章》中的前十节经文，谁就能免遭伪基督之害。”（艾卜代尔达尔传述《穆斯林圣训录》）
玛利亚之子降生。他奉命从天上灵魂与肉体一同降生，在世间主持公道、灭猪、打碎十字架、杀死伪基督，凡是信奉天经的人都追随他，全都皈依伊斯兰，安拉将给所有的时间和食物降福。
耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲出世。这是一群人数众多势力强大的民众，无人能够打败他们，他们的面孔像盾牌，宽脸塌鼻，他们每经过一地，水源必被吸干，建筑被毁殆尽。最后，女先知祈求安拉消灭耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲，于是安拉用缠绕其脖子的寄生虫消灭他们，然后又派飞鸟将其衔到至尊主意欲之地。
东方沉陷，西方沉陷。大面积地陷是主对人类的警告和惩罚，人类对此惊恐万分，纷纷向主讨饶。
阿拉伯半岛沉陷。圣伴侯载法·本吴塞德·给法瑞说：“先知看到我们讨论问题，便问：‘你们在讨论什么？’我们说在讨论世界末日，先知说：‘世界末日不发生，除非先看见十大征兆。’他提到了烟雾、伪基督、怪兽、太阳从西方升起、玛丽亚之子降生、耶尔朱哲和迈尔朱哲、东方沉陷、西方沉陷、阿拉伯半岛沉陷，最后是也门喷出烈火，将人们赶到一个集合的地方。”（《穆斯林圣训录》）
非太阳光芒从東方升起。淡忘信仰的人们以为这是忏悔的最佳时机，其实此时忏悔已经来不及了，圣使说：“末日不发生，直到太阳从東边升起，当世人目睹火燒烈焰在太阳下从升起时全都皈依了，而此时的忏悔却于事无补，正所谓：‘以前不信或虽信而未做好事之人，此时其信仰已无济于事。（6：158）’”（艾卜胡莱赖传述《两大圣训录》）
怪兽出现。至尊主说：“当对他们的预言发生时，我从地上生出一种怪兽对他们讲话，因为世人已不信我的启示。”（《古兰经》27章82节）那是一个会说话的怪兽，在世界末日前夕前来谴责世人，它擦亮信士的脸以标上信主的标志，在不信者的鼻子上印上不信主的标志。
《穆斯林聖訓實錄》41:6985：「復生日不會來臨，直到穆斯林殺戮猶太人。當穆斯林追殺猶太人，他們藏於石頭和樹木後時，石頭和樹木就會喊：『穆斯林！安拉的僕民！我後面的就是猶太人，快來殺他！』但厄爾蓋德樹不會這樣，因為它是猶太人的樹。」
Iruttu Kadai

Iruttu Kadai (transl. Dark shop) is an Indian sweets and snacks shop located in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu. It is known for "Iruttu Kadai Halwa", a type of Indian sweet halwa made of wheat, sugar and ghee. The store has become a landmark for the city of Tirunelveli over the decades.
The halwa shop was established in 1900 and has remained unexpanded ever since. Nevertheless, the store has become a landmark for the city of Tirunelveli.
Arvind Swamy in the Tamil movie Singapore Saloon talks about the story of Iruttu Kadai shop to RJ Balaji and its history.
Landmarkism

Landmarkism, sometimes called Baptist bride theology, is a Baptist ecclesiology that emerged in the mid-19th century in the American South. It upholds the perpetuity theory of Baptist origins, which asserts an unbroken continuity and exclusive legitimacy of the Baptist movement since the apostolic period. Landmarkists hold a firm belief in the exclusive validity of Baptist churches and view non-Baptist liturgical forms and practices as invalid. This perspective caused significant controversy and division within the Baptist community, leading to intense debates and numerous schisms.
The movement began in the American South in 1851, shaped by James R. Graves of Tennessee, and Ben M. Bogard of Arkansas. The movement was a reaction to religious progressivism earlier in the century. At the time it arose, its proponents claimed Landmarkism was a return to what Baptists had previously believed, while scholars since then have claimed it was "a major departure."
In 1859, the Southern Baptist Convention approved several resolutions disapproving of Landmarkism, which led to adherents gradually withdrawing from the Southern Baptist Convention "to form their own churches and associations and create an independent Landmark Baptist tradition."
The main baptist groups adhering to Landmark principles and doctrines in the present day are the churches of the American Baptist Association (founded by Bogard), Baptist Missionary Association of America, and the Interstate & Foreign Landmark Missionary Baptist Association.
Through his Tennessee Baptist newspaper, James R. Graves popularized Landmarkism, building for it a virtual hegemony among Baptists west of the Appalachians. He and Amos C. Dayton, who was also influential, were members of the First Baptist Church of Nashville, Tennessee. He was especially popular in the states of the lower Mississippi River Valley and Texas. In 1851, Graves called a meeting of like-minded Baptists at the Cotton Grove Baptist Church near Jackson, Tennessee, to address five questions:
The majority of the gathered Baptists resolved these questions by non-recognition of non-Baptist congregations, and then published their findings as the "Cotton Grove Resolutions". The "Cotton Grove Resolutions" essentially comprise the organizational document of the Landmark Baptist movement.
James M. Pendleton was a Baptist pastor from Kentucky whose article An Old Landmark Re-Set, a treatise against pulpit affiliation with non-Baptist ministers, gave the movement its name. His Church Manual was also influential in perpetuating Landmark Baptist ecclesiology. Although Pendleton was the only native Southerner in the Landmark Triumvirate, he was in favor of emancipation and opposed secession. As a result, his influence among Southern Baptists declined precipitously in the days leading up to the American Civil War and he took a pastorate in Pennsylvania during the war.
Amos C. Dayton's major contribution to Landmarkism was the novel Theodosia Ernest (1857), which expressed religious issues and was first published in The Tennessee Baptist.
Landmark Inn

The Landmark Inn is an historic hotel on Front Street in downtown Marquette, Michigan. The hotel originally opened in 1930 as the Hotel Northland. As it originally did, the hotel operates as a full-service hotel with 66 rooms, many of which overlook the shores of Lake Superior.
Building plans and concept work on the hotel started in June 1916 and were overseen by Samuel Shackford Otis. Construction on Hotel Northland began with foundation pouring in 1920 but was quickly halted due to lack of funding. After George Shiras III and the stockholders of the Kambawgam Hotel Co. had raised the $35,000 (equivalent to $489,000 in 2023) necessary to build the hotel, construction resumed 12 years later on April 1, 1929. Hotel Northland officially opened to guests on January 2, 1930.
It operated as a full-service hotel with 100 rooms until the 1970s, when it started falling apart. The hotel finally closed in 1982. Through the 1970s, the hotel fell into a severe state of disrepair. The deterioration of the building and a series of rapid name changes (including "Heritage House" in the mid-1970s and "Old Marquette Inn" in 1978) ultimately lead to its closure in 1982, after which it was considered abandoned.
In 1995, the hotel property was purchased by Christine and Bruce Pesola for $103,000 (equivalent to $188,000 in 2023) and in that same year, a complete renovation of the building began. After renovation efforts were finished in 1997, the newly restored hotel was reopened as the Landmark Inn.
In 1997 it was the first Michigan Hotel to be awarded membership in the Historic Hotels of America.
This boutique hotel amalgamates modern comfort with “old-world elegance “ in downtown Marquette. It offers Lake Superior views within a short walk to bars, restaurants. entertainment and museums. There are rooms named after the celebrities and historical figures who were guests. In 2002, The Rolling Stones gathered there before the funeral of their road manager.
Throughout its history, the hotel has hosted many celebrities and historical figures : Amelia Earhart in 1932, Abbott & Costello in 1942, comedian Bill Cosby, band leader Duke Ellington (see Mather Inn), Michigan governor John Engler, astronaut Jerry M. Linenger, Amelia Earhardt and Maya Angelou. The hotel also hosted the cast and crew of the film Anatomy of a Murder during filming in 1959.
The hotel is reported to be haunted.
The hotel has been owned by Graves Hospitality Management since 2015. The Landmark Inn operates 66 rooms, many of which are now named in coordination to the celebrities and historical figures that have stayed in each respective room. For a number of years, the Landmark Inn was a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation; the hotel left the program in 2016. Winter evenings are described as "cozy" by the fireplace " with a "an oversized live fir tree in its Grand Lobby and candlelit New Year’s Eve dinners."
Lista dos 100 maiores discos da música brasileira pela Rolling Stone Brasil

A lista dos 100 maiores discos da música brasileira foi eleita por uma votação realizada pela revista Rolling Stone Brasil e publicada em outubro de 2007.
A escolha dos "100 maiores" foi baseada na soma de votos de 60 estudiosos, produtores e jornalistas da cena musical brasileira. Cada um dos eleitores escolheu 20 álbuns, sem ordem de preferência, que segundo a Rolling Stone, deveria se basear por critérios como "valor artístico intrínseco e importância histórica, ou seja, quanto o álbum influenciou outros artistas."
Destaca-se dentre o Top 10 três álbuns lançados em 1972, incluindo o mais votado Acabou Chorare, do grupo Novos Baianos. Dos 25 melhores discos, 14 foram lançados na década de 1970. Os artistas que emplacaram mais de um álbum na lista são:
Lista dos 100 maiores artistas da música brasileira pela Rolling Stone Brasil

A lista dos 100 Maiores artistas da música brasileira foi eleita por uma votação realizada pela revista Rolling Stone Brasil. A escolha dos nomes foi feita por quase 70 jornalistas convidados e faz parte do material de aniversário de dois anos da publicação no país, publicada em outubro de 2008.
De acordo com a assessoria de imprensa da "Rolling Stone", a revista solicitou aos jornalistas indicação de 25 nomes, sendo que os cinco primeiros deveriam estar em ordem decrescente. A revista informou que ia considerar "artista" qualquer "intérprete", "compositor", "letrista", "músico" ou "arranjador" ligado à música brasileira. Para a seleção dos "maiores", seriam considerados aqueles de maior relevância dentro de uma "escala evolutiva" da nossa música.
Esta lista não deve ser confundida com lista de 100 maiores vozes da música brasileira, pois nem todos os artistas nela presente são cantores ou vocalistas.
Os estados da federação com artistas contemplados são:
2025 na música brasileira

A seguir estão listados eventos notáveis e lançamentos ocorridos em 2025 na música no Brasil.
Turnês ou concertos internacionais que aconteceram no Brasil em 2025.
Álbuns e canções de artistas brasileiros foram lançados em 2025
Morte de profissionais brasileiros relacionados ao mundo musical que ocorreram em 2025.
Festival de Música Popular Brasileira

O Festival de Música Popular Brasileira foi um concurso anual de canções originais e inéditas criado em 1965 com base no Festival de Sanremo, sendo realizado ininterruptamente até 1969.
Após o sucesso dos primeiros programas de TV voltados para a música, em especial Brasil 60, exibido na TV Excelsior e produzido por Manoel Carlos, Solano Ribeiro achou que era o momento de criar um festival brasileiro de música semelhante ao Festival de Sanremo.
Nos Festivais da Record consolidaram dois importantes gêneros musicais brasileiros na década de 1960: as canções de protesto e o tropicalismo.
"O festival da virada"
obs.: Era proibido o uso de guitarras elétricas.
Classificação:
Jurados: Maysa, Severino Filho, Gabriel Migliori, Hervê Cordovil, Moraes Sarmento, Aracy de Almeida e Paulo Bomfim como Presidente do Juri desempatou a votação do 1º Lugar dando o prêmio a Paulinho da Viola.
Festivais de Música Brasileira

Os Festivais de Música Brasileira foram uma série de concursos de canções originais e inéditas transmitidos por algumas emissoras de televisão brasileira (TV Excelsior, TV Record, TV Rio, Rede Globo) entre os anos de 1965 a 1985. Esses festivais consolidaram a música popular brasileira, além de revelar e consolidar grandes compositores e intérpretes da música brasileira (Elis Regina, Chico Buarque, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Gal Costa, Geraldo Vandré, Nara Leão, Edu Lobo, Jair Rodrigues, Tom Jobim, Oswaldo Montenegro, Jessé , Guilherme Arantes, Amelinha, Vanusa, Maria Alcina entre outros).
Nessa época (décadas de 1960 e 1970) o Brasil vivia sob o regime político ditatorial militar, que por meio de seu autoritarismo e repressão, mantinha o controle em vários aspectos da vida social brasileira, principalmente na área da cultura (música, teatro, cinema e literatura). Apesar de toda vigilância, repressão e perseguição dos agentes do DOPS em todas as áreas ligadas à cultura, surgiram várias formas de protestos contra o regime militar. Na música, em especial, surgiram canções de cunho social e de protestos, que chegaram a uma grande parcela da população devido principalmente à participação desses músicos e canções nos grandes festivais realizados pelas emissoras de televisão. Esses festivais eram realizados principalmente na cidade de São Paulo, sendo transmitidos a várias regiões do país, atingindo elevada audiência. Devido a grande participação do público, que torcia de forma apaixonada por suas canções e intérpretes favoritos, esses festivais – assim como os compositores e intérpretes que deles participavam – passaram a ser sistematicamente vigiados pelos agentes DOPS, como passíveis de subversão contra a moral e o sistema nacional.
O Festival de Música Popular Brasileira foi o primeiro festival de canções originais de grande relevância. Teve cinco edições, sendo a primeira, em 1965, produzida pela TV Excelsior e com a final no Rio de Janeiro e as demais, pela TV Record, com a final em São Paulo. O formato adotado era de três eliminatórias com 12 canções cada, avançando quatro de cada para a final.
O Festival Internacional da Canção teve sete edições e foi realizado no Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, sendo a primeira, em 1966, produzida pela TV Rio e as demais, pela TV Globo. Consistia em duas fases: a nacional (que concedia o Prêmio Galo de Ouro) e a internacional.
"Dona" (Sá e Guarabyra) – intérpretes: Sá e Guarabyra 'Princesa" (Flávio Venturini e Ronaldo Bastos) – intérprete: Flávio Venturini
Cantautor

Cantautor é um neologismo proveniente da união das palavras cantor e autor. O termo é utilizado no português europeu para designar os artistas musicais que escrevem, compõem e cantam seu próprio material, incluindo letra e melodia. Eles geralmente fornecem o acompanhamento musical de todas suas composições, tipicamente com o uso de um violão ou piano. Vários músicos renomados também escrevem apenas a letra ou a melodia (como Elton John) de suas próprias canções, mas são chamados apenas de cantores.
Geralmente o termo cantautor indica artistas de caráter popular e é comum que as letras das canções dos cantautores tratem de temas sociais, políticos ou cotidianos.
No Brasil, o termo não é difundido e não pode ser encontrado no vocabulário do site da Academia Brasileira de Letras, sendo utilizado em seu lugar o termo "cantor-compositor".
A tradição dos cantautores é forte em países como Itália (terra de Fabrizio De André, Lucio Dalla, Mango), França (Georges Brassens, Léo Ferré), Estados Unidos (Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Bob Dylan e Bruce Springsteen), Canadá (Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell, Lara Fabian), Brasil (Marina Sena, Roberto Carlos, Erasmo Carlos, Caetano Veloso, Chico Buarque, Tom Jobim, Cartola e Nelson Ned), Portugal (José Afonso, José Mário Branco, Sérgio Godinho, Fausto Bordalo Dias, António Manuel Ribeiro, B Fachada), entre outros.
Bienal de Música Brasileira Contemporânea

A Bienal Brasileira de Música Contemporânea é um festival de música organizado pela Funarte, realizado desde 1975 no Rio de Janeiro, que reúne compositores e instrumentistas brasileiros ou residentes no país para execução de composições escritas para variadas formações musicais.
A iniciativa para realização da Bienal Brasileira de Música Contemporânea surgiu a partir dos I e II Festivais de Música da Guanabara, em 1969 e 1970, respectivamente, organizados pelo compositor Edino Krieger. Ele teve o apoio de Myrian Dauelsberg, então diretora da Sala Cecília Meireles, para realizar a primeira Bienal, ocorrida de 8 a 12 de outubro de 1975. As três primeiras Bienais foram organizadas pela Sala Cecília Meireles e a partir da quarta edição, elas foram encampadas pela Funarte, quando Edino Krieger dirigia a área musical dessa Fundação.
A Bienal ocorre sempre em anos ímpares no Rio de Janeiro e é precedida de convite a compositores brasileiros no país e no exterior, e a estrangeiros aqui residentes, para que proponham a apresentação de suas obras de criação recente. As propostas eram avaliadas por comissões de seleção constituídas por músicos de renome escolhidos pela Funarte.
Música contemporânea

Música contemporânea é a música dos séculos XX e XXI, posterior ao movimento impressionista e aos vários nacionalismos.
Não há uma tendência uniforme na música contemporânea. Pode-se, contudo, mencionar duas vertentes: a da música de vanguarda - que compreende sobretudo o experimentalismo - e as tendências neoclássicas e neo-românticas (chamadas "conservadoras"), dentre as quais se destacam compositores como Arvo Pärt e Krzysztof Penderecki, que representam uma reação ao experimentalismo e o retorno à linguagem tonal.
Embora na questão ainda haja grande preconceito, como ocorre quando do nascimento de novas tendências artísticas, também podem-se destacar a música eletrônica, criada na Alemanha da década de 1950 e responsável pela geração de novíssimos e curiosos sons, surgidos eletronicamente ou manipulados através de outros instrumentos ou objetos, que são incorporados à música e explorados em larga escala. A música contemporânea valorizava especialmente a inovação e a criatividade.
Considera-se que o período contemporâneo, na música, inicia-se com o impressionismo (1910 – 1920), dominado por compositores franceses.
Entre os vários tipos de música contemporânea, destacam-se a música eletrônica (aquela que é criada ou modificada através do uso de equipamentos e instrumentos eletrónicos, tais como sintetizadores, gravadores digitais, computadores ou softwares de composição); e a música aleatória, que, como o nome diz, fica sob a responsabilidade do músico executante, o qual, em alguns casos, só precisa obedecer à ideia mais geral que inspirará a música, um sentimento ou um acontecimento histórico, o que requer, porém, imensa habilidade musical, imaginação e criatividade.
Entre os mais importantes compositores da música contemporânea, incluem-se:
Karlheinz Stockhausen, considerado um dos maiores compositores do final do século XX, suas obras revolucionam a percepção de ritmo, melodia e harmonia. De suas obras mais ousadas, destacam-se o Quarteto de cordas com helicópteros, (em alemão, Helikopter-Streichquartett), que é realmente tocado por um quarteto de cordas e quatro helicópteros, sendo o resultado de um trabalho de mais de dez anos; e a ópera Licht, baseada em textos sânscritos e budistas e que tem suas partes distribuídas nos dias da semana.
Fartein Valen, homem de múltiplos talentos, falava 12 línguas e rodeou-se de um mundo tonal silencioso e misterioso, incompreensível para os seus contemporâneos.