davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Tsuchiura Castle

Tsuchiura Castle (土浦城, Tsuchiura-jō) is a flatland-style Japanese castle located in Tsuchiura, southern Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. At the end of the Edo period, Tsuchiura Castle was home to the Tsuchiya clan, daimyō of Tsuchiura Domain. The castle was also known as "Ki-jō" (亀城, Turtle Castle).
The early history of Tsuchiura Castle is not clear, and per folklore the original castle was founded in the Heian period by Taira no Masakado. During the Sengoku period, the area around Tsuchiura was controlled by the Oda clan, who were later destroyed by the Yūki clan. After the Battle of Sekigahara, and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, the Yūki were relocated to Fukui Domain in Echizen Province and a portion of their vacated domain was given to Matsudaira Nobukazu as a reward for his rear-guard action in the Battle of Sekigahara. His son, Matsudaira Nobuyoshi, laid out the foundations of the castle town and built a number of gates on the Mito Kaidō highway linking Edo with Mito.
During the early Edo period, the castle passed through a number of hands until it came under the control of the Tsuchiya clan in 1669. The Tsuchiya ruled until the Meiji restoration, except for one hiatus of five years.
After the Meiji Restoration, per government order, the fortifications of the castle were dismantled and most of its moats were filled in. The central bailey with the ex-daimyo palace was used as a government office until it burned down in 1884. A new office building was completed; however, in 1899 the central bailey and second bailey were donated to the city and became Kijo Park. Only one yagura remains from the Edo period, the Taiko Yagura Mon, which was built in 1656. The remaining two yagura are both reconstructions from the 1990s, one of which, the East Yagura, is used as the Tsuchiura City Museum [ja].
Niihari, Ibaraki

Niihari (新治村, Niihari-mura) was a village located in Niihari District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
As of May 1, 2005, the village had an estimated population of 9,404 and a population density of 293.96 persons per km. The total area was 31.99 km.
On February 20, 2006, Niihari was merged into the expanded city of Tsuchiura.
Flags of Japanese prefectures

Each modern Japanese prefecture has a unique flag, most often a bicolour, geometric, highly stylised design, and often incorporating the characters of the Japanese writing system and resembling minimalistic company logos. The heraldic badges worn by warriors in medieval Japan (mon) were forerunners of the modern emblems used in the prefectural flags.
A distinct feature of these flags is that they use a palette of colours not usually found in flags, including orange, purple, aquamarine and brown.
Some prefectures also have alternative official flags called "symbol flags" (シンボル旗). They may be used on less formal occasions. Famous symbol flags include the one used in Tokyo.
List of Japanese prefectures by area

This is the list of Japanese prefectures by area.
Figures here are according to the official estimates of Japan. Ranks are given by estimated areas. Undetermined areas here account for domestic boundary regions either in uncertainty or disputed among Japanese prefectures.
Native registered (本籍, honseki) population for January 1, 1883 was calculated based on information of family registries (戸籍, koseki). Areas were calculated based on maps drawn by Inō Tadataka. Ranks are given by estimated areas.
List of Japanese prefectures by GDP

This is a list of Japanese prefectures by GDP. Prefectural statistics are estimates of economic activity at the prefecture level calculated in accordance with Japan's national accounts.
The article lists the GDP of Japanese prefectures in main fiscal years, where all figures are obtained from the Statistics Bureau of Japan (日本統計局). Calculating GDP of Japanese prefectures is based on Japanese yen (JP¥), for easy comparison, all the GDP figures are converted into United States dollar (US$) or Renminbi (CN¥) according to current annual average exchange rates.
Note that due to heavy changes in yen/yuan/dollar rates, nominal GDP may not reflect relative economic strength in foreign currency terms, meaning that comparisons between years and prefectures are most meaningful in the native currency, the yen.
In 2011, the yen/dollar rate is 79.8 (average), valuing Japan's nominal 2011 GDP figure of 468.1 trillion yen, at US $5.87 trillion or 37.9 trillion yuan (at 6.4588/dollar). That is less than the revised 2011 figure for China of 47.16 trillion yuan. Using May 2013 exchange rates, the yen/dollar rate is 100, valuing Japan's 2011 nominal GDP at US $4.68 trillion or 28.688 trillion yuan (at 6.13/dollar).
Core cities of Japan

A core city (中核市, Chūkakushi) is a class or category of Japanese cities. It is a local administrative division created by the national government. Core cities are delegated many functions normally carried out by prefectural governments, but not as many as designated cities. To become a candidate for core city status, a city must have a population greater than 300,000 and an area greater than 100 square kilometers, although special exceptions may be made by order of the cabinet for cities with populations under 300,000 but over 200,000. After the abolition of special city status on April 1, 2015, any city with a population above 200,000 may apply for core city status.
Application for designation is made by a city with the approval of both the city and prefectural assemblies.
The term "core city" was created by the first clause of Article 252, Section 22 of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan.
As of 1 April 2021, 62 cities have been designated core cities:
The following cities have populations greater than 200,000 but have not yet been nominated. (Special cities and cities planning to apply for core city status are not shown.)
Japan Transport Safety Board

The Japan Transport Safety Board (運輸安全委員会, Un'yu Anzen Iinkai, JTSB) is Japan's authority for establishing transportation safety (excluding related United States Forces Japan). It is a division of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT).
The agency formed on October 1, 2008 as a merger between the Japan Marine Accident Inquiry Agency (JMAIA) and the Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission (ARAIC).
As of 2020 the chairperson is Nobuo Takeda (武田 展雄, Takeda Nobuo).
The headquarters is currently in the Yotsuya Tower [ja] (四谷タワー) in Yotsuya, Shinjuku, Tokyo.
The headquarters was previously in the 2nd Building of the Central Common Government Office [ja] in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo.
In March 2012, the JTSB adopted a logo. The sphere represents the desire to carry out investigations of accidents and to maintain independence and fairness. The lines around the sphere represent the air, land, and sea. The blue-green color of the sphere represents safety.
Other than that, responsible for investigating other non-United States Forces Japan accidents.
No Geography

No Geography is the ninth studio album by English electronic music duo the Chemical Brothers, released on 12 April 2019 by Virgin EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Astralwerks in the United States. The album features vocals by Aurora and Japanese rapper Nene. The album won the Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.
The album's name was announced in November 2018. The album takes its name from a line in the poem Geography by the New York poet Michael Brownstein, whose reading of it is sampled on the title track.
The album's cover is an image taken from the booklet of the 1977 album Consequences by Godley & Creme. The artwork is that of a motorway or autobahn from the point of view of the rear of an early British Chieftain main battle tank turret; looking out over the gun, behind the commander of the tank, toward the empty highway ahead. The 'cloud face' on the cover of 'Consequences' is visible in the sky.
The first single, "Free Yourself", was released on 28 September 2018, with "MAH" (Mad as Hell) following on 7 January 2019. Music videos were filmed for both songs. On 1 February they released the third single, "Got to Keep On", accompanied by a music video directed by Michel Gondry. It since served as a theme tune for the BBC's television coverage of Glastonbury. On 8 March, the Chemical Brothers released the fourth single, "We've Got to Try", accompanied by a music video.
To support the album, the duo embarked on North American tour dates in May 2019, followed by European and Australian concerts later in 2019.
On the review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, No Geography gained an average score of 79, indicating "generally positive reviews", based on 20 reviews. Thomas Smith of NME said the album is "another leap forward" for the Chemical Brothers. Luke Pearson of Exclaim! expressed a lack of enthusiasm for the album's second half, yet ultimately left a positive review, stating "even b-tier work from the Chemical Brothers is worthy of interest". Pitchfork stated the album blended "psychedelic sensory overload with riotous club bangers" and said "the shape-shifting electronic duo’s ninth album is their most entertaining in years."
Adapted from No Geography liner notes:
Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na za Mataifa

Mahakama ya Afrika ya Haki za Binadamu na za Mataifa (kwa Kiingereza: African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights) ni mahakama ya kibara iliyoanzishwa na nchi za Afrika ili kulinda haki za binadamu na za mataifa barani humo.
Uamuzi huo ulichukuliwa na OAU huko Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, mnamo Juni 1998 ukapata nguvu ya kisheria tarehe 25 Januari 2004 baada ya nchi 15 kuupitisha kwa saini (kwa sasa zimekuwa 30).
Mahakama inaundwa na mahakimu 11, wote raia wa nchi za Umoja wa Afrika. Wale wa kwanza walianza kazi yao mwaka 2006 huko Addis Ababa, Ethiopia lakini mnamo Agosti 2007 mahakama ilihamia Arusha, Tanzania.
Green banana

Green bananas are unripe bananas used in cuisines worldwide. They have a firmer texture and a starchy, mildly astringent taste compared to their ripe counterparts.
In East Africa, a starchy triploid banana cultivar originating from the African Great Lakes, known as "matoke," is harvested while still green and used in various dishes.
In certain Caribbean countries like Jamaica, Saint Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago, green bananas are called green figs. The term "green fig" is employed to distinguish unripe or green bananas from their ripe, yellow counterparts. In these regions, green figs are often featured in various dishes and are typically prepared differently than ripe bananas.
Guineos (pronounced [ɡiˈneos]) usually refers to an unripe banana. The term guineo is sometimes used in reference to its ripened counterpart: the yellow (ripened) banana. The word guineo comes from Guinea, a country in West Africa, as it is one of the places from which bananas originate. Some make a distinction between the two and refer to green bananas as guineos verdes (green bananas) and yellow bananas as guineos (ripe bananas).
Guineos are not to be confused with plantains, which are far starchier than the guineo and cannot be used in the same ways.
Guineos are used widely in Latin American cooking as they are versatile, inexpensive, and filling.
Bananas, whether green or ripe, are called guineos in El Salvador and Honduras. Guineos are a popular fruit in the country and are used for the popular dessert 'chocobanano', which is a frozen guineo covered in chocolate, sprinkles, or other toppings.
In Puerto Rico, green bananas are used in dishes such as viandas con ajilimójili, pasteles, sopa de mondongo and sancocho. There are also many other dishes on the island which use green bananas. Green banana flour is widely available throughout Puerto Rico, used for making pancakes, crêpes, waffles, cookies, cakes, tortillas, bread, and other pastries.
Blue Java banana

The Blue Java (also known as the blue banana, Ice Cream banana, Vanilla Banana, Hawaiian banana, Ney Mannan, Krie, or Cenizo) is a hardy, cold-tolerant banana cultivar known for its sweet aromatic fruit, which is said to have an ice cream-like consistency and flavor reminiscent of vanilla. It is native to Southeast Asia and is a hybrid of two species of banana native to Southeast Asia—Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata.
The Blue Java banana is a triploid (ABB) hybrid of the seeded banana Musa balbisiana and Musa acuminata.
Its accepted name is Musa acuminata × balbisiana (ABB Group) 'Blue Java'.
Synonyms include:
In Hawaii it is known as the 'Ice Cream banana' and in Fiji as the 'Hawaiian banana'. It is also called 'Krie' in the Philippines, 'Kepok Awu' in Indonesia and 'Cenizo' in Central America.
Blue Java banana trees can grow to a height of 4.5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft). They are cold-tolerant and wind-resistant because of their strong pseudostems and root systems. The leaves are silvery green in color.
The fruit bunches are small, bearing seven to nine hands. The fruit are 18 to 23 centimetres (7 to 9 in) in length and exhibit a characteristic silvery green color when unripe where the silveriness is caused by heavy coat of wax. The fruit turn a pale yellow when ripe, with white creamy flesh. They bloom around 15 to 24 months after planting and can be harvested after 115 to 150 days. The bananas have bumps called "knuckles" due to their passing resemblance to human knuckles.
Blue Java bananas are popular bananas that can be eaten fresh or cooked. They are known for their fragrant flavor which has a vanilla-like custard taste.
They are also popular as ornamentals and shade plants for their unusual blue coloration, large size, and tolerance to temperate climates.
Thai banana

Thai banana (also called pisang awak) is a banana cultivar originating from Thailand, belonging to the triploid ABB banana cultivar group. This banana cultivar is one of the most important banana fruits in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Thai bananas contain many nutrients and are often eaten when ripe or prepared into many other dishes. Almost all parts of the Thai banana tree are used by humans.
Thai banana (or 'pisang awak') is also known in Australia as 'Ducasse' and 'Kayinja' in Uganda. The Malaysian name "pisang awak" is more commonly used among research institutions. In Thailand, it is known as kluai nam wa (กล้วยน้ำว้า, pronounced [klûaj nám wáː]). The term nam wa has crossed over into the Khmer language where Thai banana is known in Cambodia as chek nam va (ចេកណាំវ៉ា), but is known in the Khmer-speaking Thai province of Surin as chek sâ (ចេកស) or white banana. This banana variety has multiple romanizations including 'Namwah Tall' (with a superfluous 'h'). In Vietnam, it is called as chuối sứ or chuối xiêm ("Siamese banana", means 'Thailand banana'). In Philippines, it is commonly called lagkitan in the Southern Tagalog region or botolan in the Palawan region.
As a stout mutation, 'Dwarf Pisang Awak' is known in America as Musa 'Dwarf Namwah' as popularized by Agri-Starts Inc; and in Thai language as kluai nam wa khom (กล้วยน้ำว้าค่อม).
Thai banana plant grows up to 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) in height. It is known to produce seed with the availability of fertile pollen.
Thai banana is originated from Thailand, a cross between Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana. Most sources affirm that Thai banana belongs to the triploid ABB genome group. But there is source still thought that this cultivar belongs to the tetraploid AABB genome group? Its official designation is Musa (ABB Group) 'Pisang Awak'. Synonyms include: Musa paradisiaca var. awak.
In Uganda, 'Thai banana' also known as 'pisang awak' (known locally as kayinja) is grown for making banana beer.
In Cambodia, 'Thai banana' as well as 'pisang awak' (known locally as chek nam va) is favored over varieties for its multiple uses while other varieties are valued for the fruit. The banana blossoms (at the stage of male flower production) and pseudostem, although astringent, are eaten as a vegetable. The folded leaves are used as a container for making steamed curries, including fish amok and ansom chek in which the fragrance of the banana leaves is transferred to the food being cooked.
In Vietnam, Thai bananas are eaten both when ripe, raw and when the fruit is still green. In the Southwest region, almost all parts of the Thai banana tree are used by people to serve their daily lives. "Grilled sticky bananas" is prepared from Thai banana, is one of 9 dishes mentioned by CNN in list of "The World's Best Desserts".
Winter Banana

'Winter Banana' is an apple cultivar with high-quality fruit used for fresh eating. The fruit is large, with smooth yellow skin that shows bruises more than red apples do. The flesh is rather coarse textured, moderately soft, sweet and aromatic. Sugar 12.5%, acid 7g/litre, vitamin C 12mg/100g. Pectine 0.52-0.73%. Typical size height 78 mm, width 74 mm, stalk 16 mm.
Counties of Kenya

The counties of Kenya (Swahili: Kaunti za Kenya) are geographical units created by the 2010 Constitution of Kenya as the new units of devolved government. They replaced the previous provincial system. The establishment and executive powers of the counties is provided in Chapter Eleven of the Constitution on devolved government, the Constitution's Fourth Schedule and any other legislation passed by the Senate of Kenya concerning counties. The counties are also single-member constituencies which elect members of the Senate, and special woman members to the National Assembly.
As of 2022, there were 47 counties whose size and boundaries were based on 1992 districts. Following the re-organization of Kenya's national administration, counties were integrated into a new national administration with the national government posting a county commissioner to each county to serve as a collaborative link with national government.
County governments were established in all 47 counties after the general elections in March 2013. The counties' names are set out in the First Schedule of the Constitution.
Under the new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 counties for administrative purposes. They are grouped below according to the former province they were separated from, with their areas and populations as of the 2009 and the 2019 census:
County governments are responsible for county legislation (outlined in article 185 of the Constitution of Kenya), executive functions (outlined in article 183), functions outlined in the fourth schedule of the constitution of Kenya, functions transferred from the national government through article 187 of the constitution of Kenya, functions agreed upon with other counties under article 189(2) of the constitution of Kenya, and establishment and staffing of a public service (under article 235 of the Constitution of Kenya). The functions of governments assigned to counties by the fourth schedule of the Constitution of Kenya are:
Counties are mandated by the 2010 constitution of Kenya to enact legislation and laws that ensures management and controls of fire fighting.
The county governor and the deputy county governor are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county, respectively. The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission shall not conduct a separate election for the deputy governor but shall declare the running mate of the person who is elected county governor to have been elected as the deputy governor. Each county will be run by an executive committee, consisting of:
Uniquely among democracies, Kenyan law requires governors to have a recognised university degree.
The counties each have an assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies known as wards. There may also be a number of nominated members as is necessary to ensure that neither male nor female members constitute more than two-thirds of the assembly. There will also be six nominated members to represent marginalised groups (persons with disabilities, and the youth) and a county assembly speaker who will be an ex officio member of the assembly.
Languages of Kenya

Kenya is a multilingual country. The two official languages of Kenya, Swahili and English, are widely spoken as lingua francas; however, including second-language speakers, Swahili is more widely spoken than English. Swahili is a Bantu language native to East Africa and English is inherited from British colonial rule.
According to Ethnologue, there are a total of 68 languages spoken in Kenya. This variety is a reflection of the country's diverse population that includes most major ethnoracial and linguistic groups found in Africa (see Languages of Africa).
Languages spoken locally belong to three broad language families: Niger-Congo (Bantu branch), Nilo-Saharan (Nilotic branch) and Afroasiatic (Cushitic). They are spoken by the country's Bantu, Nilotic and Cushitic populations respectively. The Arab ethnic minority speak languages belonging to the Semitic branch of the latter Afroasiatic family, with the Hindustani and British residents speaking languages from the separate Indo-European family.
Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. Today, English is the official language in Kenya, while Swahili enjoys the status of the national language.
British English is primarily used in Kenya. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages such as Kiswahili, Kikuyu and Nilotic languages such as Dholuo. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages.
The 2019 census reports the largest communities of native speakers in Kenya as follows:
Languages spoken by the country's ethnic minorities include:
Good agricultural practice

Good agricultural practice (GAP) is a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures (and attendant documentation) that must be implemented to create food for consumers or further processing that is safe and wholesome, using sustainable methods. While there are numerous competing definitions of what methods constitute good agricultural practice, there are several broadly accepted schemes that producers can adhere too.
Introduction of GAP is particularly desirable when there is chronic overuse and misuse of agricultural pesticides. Governments seek to reduce the use of pesticides by promoting alternative methods of pest management, while at the same time ensuring a steady production of safe and wholesome food.
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) uses good agricultural practice as a collection of principles applying to on-farm production and post-production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food and non-food agricultural products, while taking into account economical, social and environmental sustainability.
GAPs require maintaining a common database on integrated production techniques for each of the major agro-ecological area (see ecoregion). They collect, analyze and disseminate information of good practices in relevant geographical contexts.
The United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service operates an audit/certification program to verify that farms use good agricultural practice or good handling practice. It is a voluntary program typically used by growers and packers to satisfy contractual requirements with retail and food service buyers. The program was implemented in 2002 after the New Jersey Department of Agriculture petitioned USDA-AMS to implement an audit-based program to verify conformance to the 1998 Food & Drug Administration publication entitled, "Guide to Minimize Microbial Food Safety Hazards for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables."
The program has been updated several times since 2002, and includes additional certification programs such as commodity specific audit programs for mushrooms, tomatoes, leafy greens, and cantaloupes. In 2009, USDA-AMS participated in the GAPs Harmonization Initiative which "harmonized" 14 of the major North American GAP audit standards, which in 2011 resulted in the release and implementation of the Produce GAPs Harmonized Food Safety Standard.
Following the principles established by the United Nations and several of its members, Korea has established a GAP program that has been in effect since 2006.
Crop demand is expected to double as the world's population reaches 9.1 billion by 2050. Increasing the quantity and quality of food in response to growing demand will require increased agricultural production. Good agricultural practices, often combined with effective input use, are among the best ways to increase smallholder productivity. Many agribusinesses are building sustainable supply chains to increase production and improve quality.
Chengalikodan Nendran Banana

Changalikodan Nendran Banana or famously known as Changalikodan is a banana variety originated and cultivated in Chengazhikodu village of Thrissur District in Kerala state of India. Changalikodan, now are cultivated on the banks of the Bharathapuzha river. It is grown in Erumapetty, Wadakkancherry, Mundoor, Kaiparambu, Desamangalam and Thayyur of Thrissur District. It is the Kaazhchakula to the presiding deity of the Guruvayur Temple Sree Krishna Temple. The average bunch bears 20 to 25 fruits per hand. Changalikodan got Geographical indication registration from the Geographical Indications Registry, Chennai. The Chengalikodan Banana Growers’ Association, Erumapetty, was given the registration.
The Changalikodan is planted in the month of October and are grown organically which gives its unusual yellow colour and texture. More use of the organic fertilizers can affect the appearance of banana bunches. Individual attention, special care and monitoring of every stage are needed for this banana variety. Green leaf manure, ash and cow dung are used to supplement the growth. Traditional farmers cover the banana bunches with old banana leaves so that it can get the colour.
Marimonda

La marimonda es un personaje corpóreo icono del carnaval de Barranquilla utilizado como un disfraz. Es una parodia de los hombres ricos, que explotaban a las clases bajas. Este disfraz se remonta a los años de la esclavitud, cuando los negros oprimidos hacían máscaras con orejas grandes, nariz larga y ojos redondos para burlarse de los tiranos.
La marimonda es una figura representativa, tanto del carnaval de Barranquilla, como de Colombia.​
A finales de 1800 en Colombia, tanto los esclavos como la clase obrera eran explotados por los elitistas; una forma en la que hicieron burla y de liberarse de ese sometimiento era imitándolos y volviéndolos una forma caricaturesca. Una persona se puso un pantalón y una chaqueta al revés, un par de medias a manera de guantes e hizo una careta con saco de harina. Luego, con las fundas de una vieja almohada, elaboró anillos que los rellenó con esponja para simular unos grandes ojos, una boca, una larga nariz y unas inmensas orejas parecidas a las de un elefante. Como buen crítico, este nativo no podía dejar de expresar su rechazo al Gobierno que no le favorecía, así que elaboró una larga corbata para demostrar su antipatía a aquellos funcionarios que solo van a cobrar su sueldo sin elaborar ningún tipo de trabajo “entre el torito bravo, las negritas pulois y maria moñito se destacan en el disfraz de la marimonda este personaje simpático es 100% barranquillero” y nace a finales de 1800 por la clase obrera que era esclavizada. bueno una cosa es que el carnaval es de Santa Marta la capital del departamento del magdalena
El personaje de la marimonda sufrió críticas de muchas personas, definiéndolo como clasista y vulgar. También clasificado como un resentimiento social, ya que el personaje hace sátira sobre la clase dirigente, por lo que en sus inicios muchas personas fueron detenidas, argumentando una falta de respeto hacia la autoridad, unos años después, un hombre llamado César Morales Mejía, en los años 1980, decidió revivirlo y poco a poco fue aceptado en la ciudad de Barranquilla.
Vestido con un traje colorido y extravagante. Mezcla de un elefante y un primate, con una corbata, nariz larga y grande, grandes orejas y boca grande. La máscara del disfraz va acompañada de un pito de caucho llamado "pea pea", el cual emite un sonido destemplado que sirve para expresar derroche y la alegría de quién está disfrazado de marimonda.
Uno de los aspectos más famosos de las marimondas son sus bailes, los bailes recurrentes de las marimondas son los de Michael Jackson y los llamados "pase de conejito" y "pase del remo".
Hay un cerro en la ciudad de Riohacha con el nombre del personaje.
Ateles

Los monos araña, maquisapas, marimondas, marimonos, koatás o atelos, es el nombre común de cualquiera de los primates del género Ateles, perteneciente a la familia Atelidae. El nombre Ateles proviene del griego ἀτελής (atelḗs, “incompleto, imperfecto”), de ἀ- (a-, “sin”) y τέλος (télos, “final”), que junto significa "desarrollo imperfecto de estructura",​ lo cual hace referencia a la ausencia de un pulgar oponible funcional, ya que en su lugar solo cuenta con un apéndice vestigial.​ Miden entre 60 y 90 cm de longitud. Son gregarios en grupos de 6 a 30 individuos y muy arborícolas. Su cola prensil les ayuda a moverse ágilmente entre los árboles. Se alimentan de frutos e insectos. Habitan en bosques tropicales, desde México hasta Brasil.​
La variedad morfológica en lo referente al color del pelaje ha dificultado la clasificación de las diferentes especies del género, haciendo más creíble la clasificación basada en ADN mitocondrial y nuclear.​ La revisión de Kellogg y Goldman de 1944,​ reconoce 4 especies: Ateles belzebuth, Ateles fusciceps, Ateles geoffroyi y Ateles paniscus. Otro punto de vista defendido entre otros por Hershkovitz, considera que Ateles incluye a una sola especie, Ateles paniscus con diversas subespecies. En 2005 Groves, basado en estudios de ADN, incluye 7 especies dentro del género, Ateles belzebuth, Ateles paniscus, Ateles chamek, Ateles marginatus, Ateles fusciceps, Ateles geoffroyi y Ateles hybridus.​
Viven desde el sur de Ecuador, la selva amazónica en Perú, hasta el río Tapajós en la Amazonia brasileña. Son primordialmente arbóreos, cumplen la mayor parte de sus actividades en las densas cubiertas de los bosques y selvas lluviosas y tupidos donde habita.
Según la especie, su cuerpo mide de 65 a 90 cm de longitud, y la cola prensil de 60 a 92 cm. Son de apariencia más esbelta que los otros monos de la familia Atelidae y pesan entre 7 y 10 kg. Tienen cuatro dedos y carecen de pulgar. El cuerpo es alargado y los miembros largos; el color de las diferentes especies varía de castaño claro a negro. Las hembras tienen como particular característica un clítoris alargado que supera en ocasiones el tamaño del pene del macho.​
Viven en grupos territoriales de 6 a 30 individuos, que comparten un área de 90 a 250 hectáreas y buscan comida en los árboles durante el día, a una altura promedio de 15 m, en subgrupos de 2 a 8 individuos. Se alimentan de frutos, semillas, hojas, cortezas y madera. Como caso raro entre primates, las hembras tienden a dispersarse en la pubertad para unirse a grupos diferentes, mientras los machos permanecen en su grupo original. Las hembras escogen una pareja del grupo. Ambos huelen los genitales de la pareja antes de la cópula. La gestación dura de 226 a 232 días tras los cuales nace una cría, que durante los primeros 4 meses de vida permanece al lado de la madre y luego vuelve con cierta frecuencia a su lado, adquiriendo independencia poco a poco. Una nueva cría se concibe cada 3 años. La madurez sexual llega a los 4 o 5 años. Pueden vivir hasta 20 años.
Parque nacional natural Las Orquídeas

El Parque Nacional Natural de Las Orquídeas se encuentra ubicado al occidente de la Cordillera Occidental en la Región Andina de los Andes en Colombia. El ecosistema principal del parque es el bosque húmedo.
Su superficie hace parte del departamento de Antioquia. El área del parque está repartido entre los municipios de Frontino, Urrao y Abriaquí, comprendiendo las cuencas hidrográficas de los ríos Quiparadó, Murrí, Venado y Chaqueradó.
Actualmente en el Parque no se realizan actividades recreativas ni aquellas relacionadas con ecoturismo. Las únicas actividades permitidas en el parque en este momento son las relacionadas con Investigación y Conservación.
En diciembre de 2012, investigadores liderados por la Universidad Nacional de Colombia descubrieron una nueva especie de la orquídea epífita denominada Cyrtochilum betancurii que habita los bosques nublados entre 1600 y 1800 metros de altitud. Este descubrimiento evidencia la adecuada vocación del parque en sus actividades investigativas.
Una de las particularidades del parque la constituye su riqueza hídrica, la cual está conformada por numerosos ríos, entre los que cuentan los ríos Chaquenodá, Jengamecodá, Calles y Venados, entre otros. Adicionalmente, el parque produce y regula gran cantidad de agua como aporte al río Atrato mediante los ríos Murrí y Sucio.
El parque cuenta en su interior con comunidades campesinas antioqueñas y comunidades indígenas de las que forman parte los embera-katíos, ubicadas en los resguardos del valle del río Pérdidas y Chaquenodá.
Los variados paisajes del parque nacional natural Orquídeas presentan numerosos atractivos naturales, entre los que sobresalen:
El parque cuenta con unas 32 000 hectáreas de extensión. Su clima varía según la altitud, que va desde los 350 a los 3400 m s. n. m. Por lo tanto, la temperatura puede oscilar entre 4 y 26 °C .
Los variados paisajes del parque nacional natural Las Orquídeas poseen diversas formaciones vegetales que encierran variedad de ecosistemas, abundante variedad de orquídeas y otras especies asociadas. En esta área protegida están representados principalmente los siguientes ecosistemas: bosque andino, bosque subandino, selva húmeda tropical y un pequeño relicto de páramo en el sector de Morro Pelado. En cuanto a la flora del parque, se han informado gran variedad de especies de plantas representativas de los ecosistemas de selva húmeda tropical, bosque andino y bosque subandino. Los diferentes pisos altitudinales hacen posible la presencia en el área del Parque de diversas especies de flora como el roble (Quercus Humboldtil), el almanegra, el cedro y la zamia (Zamia Wallisi), y variadas especies de orquídeas, entre otras especies de flora.
Dentro de su fauna se destacan especies como el mono aullador (Alouatta caraya), cotorra cariamarilla (Pyrilia pyrilia), tití (Saguinus geoffroyi), marimonda chocoana (Ateles geoffroyi), nutria, guagua, oso de anteojos, tigre mariposo (Panthera onca), aves dispersoras de semillas como la pava negra (Aburria aburri), águila crestada (Oroaetus isidori), loro cabeciamarilla, bangsia de tatama, y carriquí, entre otros.
Farallones de Cali

Los farallones de Cali son unas formaciones rocosas de 4100 m s. n. m. en la cordillera occidental de Colombia. En los bosques circundantes nacen varios ríos que, además de suministrar agua, sirven para generar electricidad en la ciudad de Cali y otras poblaciones del Valle del Cauca.
En la región se encuentra el parque nacional natural Farallones de Cali que se extiende por 206.503,8 ha, ocupando parte de los municipios de Cali, Jamundí, Dagua y Buenaventura, en el departamento del Valle del Cauca.​ La temperatura va desde los 25 °C en el piedemonte tropical hasta 5 °C en los páramos.
Actualmente en la zona habita un grupo de indígenas Cholos del grupo Chocó (Emberás), que ocupa las partes bajas de los ríos que desembocan en el Pacífico.
Las rocas que conforman toda la Cordillera Occidental colombiana se encontraban en el lecho marino aproximadamente 200 millones de años. Estas rocas estaban conformadas por sedimentos que venían desde los ríos de la antigua costa de América del Sur y de los volcanes submarinos existentes. Debido al plegamiento de las placas tectónicas Suramericana y de Nazca se originó un fuerte vulcanismo que levantó dichas rocas desde el fondo marino hasta el lugar que se encuentran hoy.​
Debido a la altura de los farallones y la cercanía del Océano Pacífico, que condiciona en gran parte el clima del occidente colombiano, se pueden encontrar diversos ecosistemas como la selva húmeda, bosque tropical, bosque de niebla y páramo. Estos páramos son distintos a los otros Páramos de los Andes, debido a que esta zona ha estado geológicamente aislada de las demás.​
En sus diferentes regiones se encuentran varias especies de mamíferos entre los que se destacan los osos de anteojos y hormigueros, ardillas, zorros, pumas, marsupiales y murciélagos.
En la pendiente occidental, entre los 200 y los 1.000 m s. n. m., se encuentra la selva húmeda con árboles de hasta de 40 m de altura. Debajo de estos árboles crecen hierbas de gran porte, lianas y bejucos leñosos, y plantas epífitas. Algunas especies características son cargadera, guabo dormilón, cacao silvestre y el sirpo. Entre las palmas de este bosque se destacan el taparín, barrigona o pambil y cumbi.
En el piso térmico templado, entre los 1.000 y los 2.000 m s. n. m., los bosques son similares a los de piso cálido. Las especies arbóreas más representativas son: roble, sapote de monte, media cara, encenillo, azuceno, yarumo blanco, carbón y balso.
El bioma de piso térmico frío, entre 2.400 y 3.600 m s. n. m., posee un estrato de plantas epífitas abundante. Por encima de los 3.600 m s. n. m. se inicia el páramo que, en este caso, resulta muy característico por la ausencia de frailejones. Entre los endemismos propios de los Farallones figura una violeta silvestre.​
Centro de Educación Ambiental muy cercano al pueblo Pance. Para ingresar se necesita de un permiso de la Corporación Autónoma Regional del Valle del Cauca - CVC. La zona de parqueo es muy limitada. Cuenta con los servicios básicos, incluyendo una radio estación en la casa del guardabosques. Desde el Topacio se pueden visitar dos cascadas.
Gaita colombiana

La gaita del laboreo colombiana o kuisi es un instrumento musical aerófono de la Costa Caribe colombiana de origen indígena,​​ utilizado en diferentes ritmos musicales englobados en la denominación "música de gaita": gaita instrumental, porro, cumbia, merengue, puya, entre otros.​
Es una especie de flauta construida a partir del corazón del cardón, con una formación de cera de abejas y polvo de carbón en uno de sus extremos en donde se hace una ranura y se inserta un apéndice cilíndrico, generalmente la base de una pluma de pato, a manera de canal y boquilla, respectivamente, con entre 3 y 6 orificios en la parte baja del cuerpo.​
Se le llama gaita por la similitud de su sonido con el de las gaitas de pico de España.
El uso más antiguo de las kuisis se encuentra entre los koguis​ y los arhuacos de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.
Entre las gaitas indígenas se hallan:
A menudo, los gaiteros usan cera para cerrar los orificios y alterar el sonido de la gaita, bloqueando algún tono de la hembra, y el superior o el inferior, de tal forma que solo se usan 4 orificios a la vez.​
Las gaitas son de unos 70 a 80 centímetros de largo, longitud definida tradicionalmente por la longitud del brazo del artesano constructor.​ Las gaitas de los Kogui son de hasta dos pies,​ o 60 centímetros,​ de largo y las hace de carrizo el mismo gaitero (nunca una mujer).​ La longitud se mide como 3 veces la expansión entre el pulgar extendido y el meñique más la extensión entre el pulgar y el índice. Luego los orificios se hacen con una distancia entre ellos medida por el ancho de los dos dedos más la mitad del ancho del pulgar.​ Se hacen de un cactus (Selenicereus grandiflorus) al que se le quitan las espinas.​ Se le saca el centro, humedeciendo primero y luego perforando con una varilla de hierro. El tallo del cactus es más grueso en uno de sus extremos, este irá arriba acoplado con la cabeza de cera de abejas que lleva la pieza de pluma de ave. Aunque el instrumento es levemente cónico por fuera, su perforación es cilíndrica.​
La kuisi bunsi tiene cinco orificios, pero solo se usan cuatro cuando se toca: el tono más bajo es raramente usado, pero cuando se usa, el orificio del tono superior se cierra con cera. El orificio del tono inferior de la kuisi sigi raramente se usa.​​
La cabeza del instrumento, llamada fotuto,​ se hace de cera de abejas con polvo de carbón para evitar que la cera se derrita con la temperatura alta, lo que también le da a la cabeza su característico color negro.​ La pieza bucal, una púa hecha de una pluma de ave grande, se encrusta en la cabeza con un ángulo y distancia del filo de la columna de aire, lo cual varía de instrumento a instrumento.​
Ya que la fabricación no es en serie, el único instrumento que sirve para afinar una kuisi bunsi particular es la kuisi sigi que se construye para acompañarla.​ Sus longitudes corresponden y los dos orificios tónicos de la kuisi sigi concuerda con la posición de los orificios de los inferiores de la kuisi bunsi.​
Sus más afamados ejecutantes, y quienes incluyeron la tambora en el conjunto de gaita, son los Gaiteros de San Jacinto.
Capador

El capador es un instrumento musical de viento viene de tepic y de origen indígena característico de las zonas de Colombia. El nombre genérico de capador se da principalmente en los departamentos de Cundinamarca, Santander, Tolima y Huila. En Boyacá se le conoce como chiflos, castrera o caramillo.
Su nombre se debe a que los veterinarios empíricos que ecorrían las haciendas ganaderas para prestar sus servicios de “castrar” o “capar” animales (extirpación de testículos), anunciaban sus pasos por las veredas con el toque de este tipo de instrumentos rústicos y aflautados.​
El nombre técnico y más generalizado del capador es el de "Siringa", en memoria de la leyenda griega de esta ninfa con el dios Pan de las florestas.
En la enciclopedia de Instrumentos Folclóricos de Colombia publicada por el Patronato Colombiano de Artes y Ciencias, se describe al Capador: "un instrumento proveniente de los indígenas, hecho de caña de carrizo, de cuatro a cinco canutos, atados a la par" (aunque también existan de mayor cantidad de canutos). "Cada uno de estos tenía un punto más alto que el otro, parecido a las flautas de los órganos. Estos cuatro canutos eran diferentes el uno del otro."
Las escalas utilizadas en este instrumento son pentatónicas, y varían según el tamaño de la serie de cañas que se junten en cada instrumento. Se utiliza como instrumento melódico en tonadas populares como: torbellino, bambuco,​ pasillo, y danza criolla.
Mario Escobar Velásquez

Mario Escobar Velásquez (Támesis, 25 de noviembre de 1928- Medellín,17 de abril de 2007) Fue un cuentista y novelista colombiano, ganador del Premio Nacional de Novela Vivencias en 1979 y autor de más de 15 libros, entre los que destaca la novela Cuando pase el ánima sola, ganadora del premio nacional de Novela. Gozó de poca fama en vida, pero tuvo amplio reconocimiento como crítico, profesor de literatura y director de uno de los talleres de escritura creativa más importantes en la historia de Medellín.
Dirigió la revista Lanzadera de Coltejer desde la edición No 90 hasta la No 355. Fue director de los siguientes talleres: Taller de Escritores Universidad de Antioquia, Taller de Escritores el Instituto Politécnico Colombiano y Taller de Escritores en Asmedas.
Obtuvo el Premio Nacional de Literatura Vivencias con la novela Cuando pase el ánima sola y el Premio Internacional de Cuento Fernando González con el cuento “¿Te acuerdas, Margaritón?”. Recibió en el año 2000 el Premio a las Artes y las Letras del Departamento de Antioquia. En junio de 2017 el fondo editorial de la Universidad EAFIT comenzó la reedición de la mayor parte de su obra.​
Caja vallenata

La caja vallenata es un instrumento musical de percusión utilizado en el vallenato. Es un pequeño tambor cónico de un solo parche con anillos de tensión. Se ajusta sobre las piernas para su ejecución, un poco más ancha arriba que abajo. Es uno de los tres instrumentos tradicionales del vallenato junto al acordeón y la guacharaca.
El vaso se hace de un tronco de árbol hueco de 40 cm de alto y 30 cm de diámetro. El árbol debe ser de tronco fibroso, como mucurutú, cañahuate o matarratón. El parche se fabricaba de buche de caimán, luego de piel de marimonda negra y actualmente de cuero de chivo, venado o carnero.
El vallenato tiene cinco ritmos a los que la caja marca un patrón base, golpeando y frotando con las palmas y puntas de las manos:
También se usa en la cumbia vallenata como acompañante del acordeón y la guacharaca.
Colombia Tierra Querida

"Colombia Tierra Querida" (translation "Colombia dear land") is a song written by Lucho Bermúdez in the Colombian cumbia genre. It is also the name of the 1970 album by Bermúdez, released on CBS Records, that introduced the song.
The song was popularized in 1970 with a version of the song recorded by Bermúdez and his orchestra with vocals by Matilde Diaz. Since its release, the song has been covered by many artists and is one of the most widely recognized pieces of Colombian folk music. It has been described as a "second national anthem" by multiple Colombian media.
The song has been listed as one of the greatest Colombian songs of all time by multiple media outlets:
Juan Carlos Coronel covered the song in 1994. In December 2020, Disney announced that its upcoming animated film Encanto, set in Colombia, would feature Coronel's version of the song.
Other artists covering the song include Checo Acosta, Andrés Cabas, Carolina la O, and the Bogotá Philharmonic Orchestra. It was also performed in 2015 on the Colombian version of "The Voice" by Fanny Lu, Cepeda, and Maluma, the official YouTube video of which has received over 7 million views. In 2019, the song was used as the opening of the so-called "Plantón Sinfónico" during the 2019 protests in Colombia.
Maryam Abacha

Maryam Abacha (amụrụ 4 Maachị 1947) bu nwunye Sani Abacha, onye ochichi ndi agha Naijiria site na 1993 rue 1998.
N'afọ 1999, Maryam Abacha kwuru na di ya mere ihe dị mma nye Naijiria; Otu onye ọrụ gọọmentị Naịjirịa kwuru na Maryam Abacha kwuru na iji mee ka gọọmentị kwenye ka ọ gbanarị ya, dịka onye isi ala, Olusegun Obasanjo, bụ onye Sani Abacha tụrụ mkpọrọ. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2000, Maryam Abacha nọgidere na Nigeria wee gaa n'ihu na-ekwupụta ịdị ọcha nke di ya n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ mmebi iwu mmadụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ya. O bi na Kano steeti, Naijiria.
Maryam na Sani Abacha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ na ụmụ nwoke asaa. Nwa nwokekachanụ Maryam Abacha dị ndụ bụ Mohammed Abacha .
Abacha (food)

Abacha bụ ụdị nri sitere na ndị Igbos na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa.
1. Tinye cassava (abacha) n'ime efere mmiri, tinye ya na mmiri maka nkeji iri anọ ma wepụ mmiri.
2. Mgbe ị gburu akwụkwọ urazi, sie azụ̀ ahụ ma sie ponmo. Wụnye mmanụ nkwụ n'ime ite mgbe agwakọtachara potash na mmiri ọkụ.
3. Mgbe e mepụtara ihe na-acha odo odo site na ịgwakọta mmanụ nkwụ na potash, tinye ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ dị ka yabasị a pịrị apị, ose, iru, ugba na àkwá ubi.
4. Na-e rie mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ.
Sari Abacha

Sanni Sari Abacha,bido n'abalị irí abụọ na isii nke (Ọktoba afọ 1978 wee ruo n'abalị atọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013) bụ onye Naijiria n'eme ihe egwuregwu bọọlụ nke na-agba nnọchite na bọọlụ nke a gbara maka Kwara United F.C. A maghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.
Ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ1996 site na Shooting Stars F.C. tupu ọ kwaga na Kwara United F.C . na Jenụwarị afọ 2001. Mgbe ọnwa irí na asaa gasịrị na Kwara United F.C., a kpọfere ya na Enyimba International F.C ma o mesịa kwaga Sharks F.C na Julị afọ 2002. N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2007, ọ laghachiri na otu mbụ ya bụ Kwara United F.C.
Olusegun Obasanjo

Olusegun Obasanjo bula onye president Naigeria, soto Abdulsalami Abubakar. Obu ya bu onye ndi madu mere elect mgbe Abdulsalami mere vote.
Olusegun bu onye Yoruba. A muru ya na 5 Maachị 1937, ebe Abeokuta, Ogun State. O tinyere ishi na Army la 1958 ha me head of state.
N'ọnwa Ọgọst 2021, otu ndị Afrịka họpụtara Olusegun Obasanjo ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya nnọchite anya udo na mpaghara Afrịka.