davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
வெள்ளையாணி தேவி கோவில்

வெள்ளையாணி தேவி கோவில் என்பது கேரளா, திருவனந்தபுரத்திலுள்ள மிகவும் புகழ்பெற்ற கோவிலாகும். வெள்ளையாணி சந்திப்பிலிருந்து 1.5 கி.மீ.வில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இந்த கோயில் திருவாங்கூர் தேவஸ்தான வாரியத்தின் மேலாண்மையின் கீழ் உள்ளது கோவில் அமைப்பு பாரம்பரிய கலை வேலைகளுடன் ஒரு வெண்கலக் கூரை உள்ளது இவைகள் திராவிட கட்டிடக்கலையை கொண்டுள்ளதுகோவிலின் கிழக்கு மற்றும் வடக்கு கோபுரங்கள் தெய்வங்களின் சிலைகளால் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
இந்த கோவில் பத்திரகாளி தேவியை முதன்மை தெய்வமாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது.வேதங்களின் படி சிவனின் கோபத்தின் ஒரு வடிவமே காளிதேவியாகும். காளி தேவி வடக்கு நோக்கி அமைந்துள்ளது (வடக்கே நடை). சிலை உள்ளூர் மலையாள வார்த்தையில் 'திருமுடி' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. வெள்ளையாணி கோவிலில் உள்ள தேவியின் சிலை கேரள காளி கோயில்களின் சிலைகளில் மிகப்பெரியது. சிலை உயரமும் அகலமும் நான்கரை அடி. தூய தங்கம் மற்றும் விலைமதிப்பற்ற கற்கள் சிலையின் முன் தோற்றத்தை அலங்கரிக்கபட்டிருக்கிறது.
பிற தெய்வங்களான சிவன், விநாயகர் மற்றும் நாகராசரும் வழிபடப்படுகிறது. இந்த கோவிலில் ஒரு சிறிய துணை கோவிலும் உள்ளது, அங்கு மற்றொரு தெய்வம் மாடன் தம்புரான் உள்ளது.
தினமும் மாலை 5.30 மணிக்கு கோயில் திறந்து இரவு 8.00 மணிக்கு மூடப்படும். ஞாயிறு, செவ்வாய் மற்றும் வெள்ளிக்கிழமைகளில், கோயில் மதியம் 12:30 மணி முதல் பிற்பகல் 2:00 மணி வரை திறந்திருக்கும், இதன் போது தேவிக்கு சிறப்பு பூஜைகள் செய்யப்படுகிறது.அனைத்து மலையாள மாதங்களின் முதல் நாளில், கோயில் காலை 5.30 மணிக்கு திறந்து காலை 8.00 மணிக்கு மூடப்படும்.
சென்னை முத்துக்குமாரசுவாமி கோவில்

சென்னை முத்துக்குமாரசுவாமி கோவில் (Kandaswami Temple) அல்லது கந்தகோட்டம் (Kandakottam) என்பது சென்னையில் பாரிமுனை அருகிலுள்ளது. இது வள்ளலார் பாடிய தலமாகும். இது 1000 வருடங்களுக்கு மேல் பழமையான கோவில் என்று கூறப்படுகிறது.
திருபோரூர் திருகோயிலின் வரலாற்றினை முதன் முதலாக அக் கோயிலின் குருக்களான சோமாசி குருக்கள் என்பவர் தம் மனைவிக்கு எடுத்துக் கூறினார். அதை உடனிருந்து கேட்டிருந்த சபாபதி குருக்கள் அந்த வரலாற்றினைப் பத்து விருத்தங்களாக எழுதி அவற்றை தமது பேரனான சோமாஸ்கந்த குருக்களிடம் கொடுத்தார். சோமாஸ்கந்த குருக்கள் அவ்வரலாற்றினை நன்கு கற்று தமக்கு ஏற்பட்ட ஐயப்பாடுகளுக்கு வேதகிரி குருக்கள் என்பவர் முலம் விளக்கம் பெற்றார். சோமாஸ்கந்த குருக்கள் தம்முடைய மாணாக்கரான குளத்தூர் கோயில் கிருஷ்ணப்ப செட்டியாரை அழைத்து அவருக்கு ஆகமங்கள், புராணங்கள், சமயனுல்கள், சாத்திரங்கள் முதலியவற்றை கற்பித்து பின்பு தம் பாட்டனார் தமக்கு தந்த கந்த பெருமான் வரலாற்றைப் பற்றிய பத்து விருத்தப்பாக்கலையும் அவரிடம் தந்தார். அப்பாடல்களில் அமைந்துள்ள வரலாறுகள் எல்லோருக்கும் விளங்கும்படி வரகவி - கோயில் கிருஷ்ணப்ப செட்டியார் 206 விருத்தப்பாக்களில் சென்னை கந்தப்பெருமான் திருகோயிலின் தலபுராணத்தைப் பாடினார். கந்தகோட்டம் முருகன் கோவில் 1000 வருடங்களுக்கு பழமையான முருகன் கோவில் தான் இந்த கந்தகோட்டம் முருகன் கோவில். தமிழ்நாட்டில் தொண்டை மண்டலத்தில் கந்தகோட்டம் முருகன் கோவில் மிகவும் முக்கியமானது இந்த கந்தகோட்டம் முருகன்.
கோவில் அமைவிடம் https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kandhakottam+Temple/@13.0859894,80.2769728,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a526f55ae087f47:0x92eea08e9b07a5e5!8m2!3d13.0859842!4d80.2791615?hl=en-US கோவில் வலைத்தளம் http://www.kandhakottam.tnhrce.in/ பரணிடப்பட்டது 2017-09-20 at the வந்தவழி இயந்திரம்
சந்திரசேகர் கோவில், கபிலாஷ்

மகாதேவர் சந்திரசேகர் கோவில் (Mahadev Chandrashekhar Temple) என்றும் கபிலாஷ் கோவில்என்றும் அழைக்கப்படும் இக்கோவில் இந்தியாவின் ஒடிசாவில் உள்ள தேன்கனல் நகரின் வடகிழக்கு பகுதியில் மாவட்ட தலைமையகத்திலிருந்து 26 கிமீ தொலைவில் அமைந்துள்ளது.
கடல் மட்டத்தில் இருந்து சுமார் 2239 அடி உயரத்தில் கோவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. கோவிலின் பிரதான கோபுரம் 60 அடி உயரம் கொண்டது. கோவிலுக்கு இரண்டு வழிகள் உள்ளன. ஒன்று 1352 படிகள் ஏறுவது, மற்றொன்று பாரபங்கி வழியாக அல்லது முறுக்கு வழியில் பயணிப்பது. கோயில் கல்வெட்டில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளபடி, கீழைக் கங்க மன்னர் முதலாம் நரசிங்க தேவன் பொ.ச. 1246 இல் சந்திரசேகரருக்கு கோயிலைக் கட்டினார். கோயிலின் இடதுபுறத்தில் பயமரத்த குண்டமும், வலதுபுறத்தில் மரிச்சி குண்டமும் உள்ளன. இக்கோயிலில் மரத்தாலான ஜெகமோகனம் உள்ளது. பிள்ளையார், முருகன், கங்காதேவி முதலியோர் கோயிலில் காணப்படுகின்றனர். ஜெகநாதர் முக்கிய மூர்த்தியாக கோவிலில் நிறுவப்பட்டுள்ளார். விசுவநாதர் கோயிலும் கபிலாஷில் அமைந்துள்ளது. சில அறிஞர்களின் கூற்றுப்படி, இந்த கோவில் சந்திரசேகர் கோயிலை விட பழமையானது. எனவே இது புத்த லிங்கம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. கபிலாஷ் பிதா மற்றும் அதன் முக்கியத்துவம் பற்றி பல புராணக்கதைகள் உள்ளன. பாரம்பரியம் இதை கபிலரின் ஆசிரமம் என்று விவரிக்கிறது. சில அறிஞர்கள் இது சிவபெருமானின் இரண்டாவது கைலாசம் என்கின்றனர். பாகவதத்துக்கு விளக்கம் எழுதிய சிறீதர் சுவாமிகள் அங்கேயே தங்கினார். வளாகத்தில் சில மடங்களும் உள்ளன.
2015 நவம்பரில் கோவிலின் நுழைவாயிலுக்கு அருகில் இருந்த பிள்ளையார், துர்க்கை, பைரவி என மூன்று பழமையான கற்சிலைகள் திருடப்பட்டன.
சட்டைமுனி

சட்டைமுனி என்பவர் பதினெண் சித்தர்களில் ஒருவராகக் கணிக்கப்பட்டவர். இவர் ஆவணி மாதம் மிருகசீரிடம் மூன்றாம் பாதத்தில் பிறந்தார் என்று கூறும் போகர் இவரைத் தமது சீடராக அறிமுகப்படுத்தி இவரது வரலாற்றையும் தெரிவிக்கிறார்.
சட்டைமுனியின் பெற்றோர் விவசாயக் கூலிகளாகத் தங்கள் வாழ்க்கையை நடத்தி வந்தனர். சட்டைமுனி கோவில்களில் தட்டையேந்தி யாசகம் பெற்று தாய்தந்தையர்க்கு உதவி வந்தார். ஒருநாள் கோவில் வாசலில் வடநாட்டிலிருந்து வந்த சங்கு பூண்ட ஒரு சித்தரைக் கண்டு அவரிடம் ஏதோ ஓர் அபூர்வ சக்தி இருப்பதை உணர்ந்து சட்டைமுனி அவருடனே கிளம்பிவிட்டார். போகருடைய சீடராக வாழ்ந்த காலத்தில் கொங்கணர், கருவூரார் முதலான பல சித்தர்களின் தொடர்பு அவருக்கு ஏற்பட்டது.
சட்டைமுனி ஊர் ஊராகச் சுற்றி வரும் காலத்தில் தூரத்திலிருந்து தெரியும் திருவரங்கர் கோவில் கலசங்களை கண்டு பேரானந்தம் கொண்டார்.
இக்கோவில் நடைசாத்துவதற்குள் அரங்கனை தரிசித்து விட வேண்டுமென ஆவலாக நடந்தார். ஆயினும் பூசை முடிந்து கோவில் கதவுகள் அடைக்கப்பட்டு விட்டன. ஏமாற்றத்துடன் சட்டைமுனி, கோவில் வாசலில் நின்று அரங்கா! அரங்கா! அரங்கா! என்று கத்தினார். உடனே கதவுகள் தாமாகத் திறந்தன. அரங்கனின் தரிசனம் சட்டைமுனிக்குக் கிடைத்தது. அரங்கனின் ஆபரணங்கள் ஒவ்வொன்றாக கழன்று சட்டைமுனியின் மேல் வந்து சேர்ந்தன. சட்டைமுனி “அரங்கா!” என்று கதறிய சப்தம் கேட்டு திரண்டு வந்த ஊர்மக்கள் வியந்து நின்றனர். அனைவரும் பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருக்கும்போதே இறைவனுடன் ஒன்றாய்க் கலந்தார் சட்டைமுனி. சித்தரின் சமாதி இன்றும் திருவரங்கத்தில் இருப்பதாய் கூறப்படுகிறது
ஆய்க்குடி

ஆய்க்குடி (ஒலிப்பு) (Ayakudi) என்பது இந்தியாவில், தமிழ்நாடு மாநிலத்தில், தென்காசி மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள கடையநல்லூர் வட்டத்திற்கு உட்பட்ட முதல் நிலை பேரூராட்சி ஆகும்.
பொதிகை மலையடிவாரத்தில், தென்காசி - சுரண்டை செல்லும் பாதையில் அமைந்த ஆய்க்குடி ஊரைச் சுற்றி தென்னந்தோப்புகளும், வெற்றிலை கொடிக்கால்களும் நிறைந்து காணப்படுகிறது. இங்கு புகழ்பெற்ற கம்பிளி மகாலிங்கம் கோவில் மற்றும் பாலசுப்பிரமணியம் சுவாமி கோவில்கள் உள்ளன. கம்பிளி மகாலிங்கம் கோவிலில் பங்குனி உத்திர திருவிழா ஆண்டுதோறும் விமரிசையாக கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. அருகமைந்த தொடருந்து நிலையம், தென்காசி ஆகும்.
திருநெல்வேலியிருந்து 60 கிமீ தொலைவில் அமைந்த ஆய்க்குடிக்கு வடக்கில் அனுமான் ஆறும் கிளாங்காடு, கிழக்கில் சுரண்டையும், தெற்கில் தென்காசியும், மேற்கில் செங்கோட்டையும் உள்ளது.
8.5 சகிமீ பரப்பும், 15 வார்டுகளும், 64 தெருக்களும் கொண்ட இப்பேரூராட்சி கடையநல்லூர் (சட்டமன்றத் தொகுதி)க்கும், தென்காசி மக்களவைத் தொகுதிக்கும் உட்பட்டது.
2011-ஆம் ஆண்டு மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பின்படி ஆய்க்குடி பேரூராட்சி 4,088 வீடுகளும், 15,129 மக்கள்தொகையும் கொண்டது.
பொதியமலைச் சாரலில் உள்ள ஆய்க்குடியைத் தலைநகராகக் கொண்டு ஆட்சி செய்த இவரை வேள் ஆய் என்றும் ஆய் ஆண்டிரன் என்றும் குறிப்பிடுவர். இவர் பெயரை ஆய்க்குடி என அழைக்கப்பட்டது. பிற்காலச் சோழர்களின் படையெடுப்பினால், இந்தியாவில் தமிழ்நாட்டின் கன்னியாகுமரி மாவட்டத்தையும், கேரள மாநிலத்தின் கொல்லம், திருவனந்தபுரம் ஆகிய மாவட்டங்களையும் உள்ளடக்கியிருந்தது. ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட காலம் வரை ஆய்க்குடி கேரளா ஒரு பகுதியாக உள்ளது மற்றும் இன்று வரைக்கும் ஆய்க்குடி பாலசுப்பிரமணியம் கோவில் கன்னியாகுமரி மாவட்டம் இந்து சமய அறநிலையத்துறை உள்ளது.
குறிப்பு: புறநானூறு 132 ,134
கடையேழு வள்ளல்களில் ஒருவரான ஆய் ஆண்டிரன் ஆய்க்குடியில் வாழ்ந்த, ஆண்ட குறுநில மன்னன் ஆய் ஆண்டிரன் ஆண்ட பகுதி என்பதால் ஆய்க்குடி எனும் பெயர் அமைந்ததாக இலக்கியங்களால் அறிகிறோம். சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் நற்றிணை (167) குறுத்தொகை (84) அக நானூறு (69,152,198) புறநானூறு (127,136,240-41) ஆகிய நூல்களில் ஆய் ஆண்டிரன், ஆய்க்குடி என்னும் பெயர்கள் இடம் பெற்றுள்ளன.
நாகம் நல்கி மகாலிங்க, ஆலமர் செல்வதற்கு கொடுத்தவன் ஆய் என்று சிறு பாணாற்றுப் படை (96-99) கூறுகின்றது. இவை அனைத்தும் ஆய்க்குடி என்று பெயர் வந்ததற்கும் ஒரு சாட்சி சான்றாக திகழ்கின்றது என்பது உண்மை.
புறநானூறு 132, 144 போன்ற பகுதிகளில் உறையூர் ஏணிச்சேரி முடமோசியார் என்னும் புலவர் வேள் ஆய் அண்டிரன் மீது பாடிய பாடலில்
நரந்தை நறும்புல் மேய்ந்த கவரி குவளைப் பைஞ்சுனை பருகி அயல தகரத் தண்ணிழல் பிணையொடு வதியும் வடதிசை யதுவே வான் தோய் இமயம் தென் திசை ஆஅய்குடி இன்றாயின் பிறழ்வது மன்னோ இம் மலர்தலை உலகம்”.
இந்த உலகம் நிலையாக நிற்க வட திசையில் உள்ள இமயமும், தென் திசையில் உள்ள பொதியமும் (ஆய்க்குடி)தான் காரணம். வட திசை இமய மலையில் கவரி மான்கள் நரந்தைப் புல்லையும் நறுமணம் உடைய மற்ற புல்லையும் மேய்ந்து விட்டு பெண் மான்களுடன் தகர மர நிழலில் தூங்கும்.
முன்னொரு காலத்தில் ஆய்க்குடியில் இயற்கை வளம், நாகரிகம், பண்பாடு மற்றும் ஆன்மீக போன்றவை இமயமலைக்கு இணையாக உள்ளது என்பதை புறநானூறு நூல்கள் விளக்குகிறது.
Hare Krishna Golden Temple

Hare Krishna Golden Temple is located at Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India. It is the first Golden Temple to be constructed in Telangana. It was inaugurated in 2018 by Vice President of India Sri Venkaiah Naidu.
Hare Krishna Hill is the hillock on which this temple is situated. HKM Hyderabad is a charitable society with the objective of propagating Krishna consciousness all over the world.
According to tradition, about 7000 years ago Lord Swayambhu Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy and Lord Shiva manifested themselves at what is now called Road No. 12 Banjara Hills.
The Hare Krishna Golden Temple is the 1st Golden Temple in Telangana and has a 50 foot Golden Dhwaja Stambh (flagstaff), 4600 square foot Maha Mandapam and five golden stairs Rajagopuram. Within the temple are the murtis (sacred images) of Lord Narasamhadev and his consort, Lakshmi. The Temple has Harinam Japa Mantapa located right after the Dhvaja Stambha. Visitors to the temple can choose to either go through the Harinam Mantapa or directly proceed for darshan of Lord Shri Lakshmi Narasimha. The Japa Mantapa has 108 steps and on every step the devotees stand and chant the Hare Krishna maha-mantra. There is a rare Shaligram shila kept in the Garbhalayam of the presiding deity Swayambhu Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy. This Saligrama Shila was found in Gandaki River (Near Muktinath Temple, Nepal).
Hare Krishna Golden Temple has two shrines:
The temple is open to the public from 7.15 am to 12.15 pm during the morning session and from 5.15 pm to 8.15 pm during the evening session. The day begins with a Grand Aarti ceremony called mangala-aarti followed by worship of Tulasi Devi, Sri Narasimha Arati. During every aarti session the devotees sing and dance to the rhythm of Hare Krishna (mantra).
Hare Krishna Golden Temple timings:
Morning
Evening
Weekends
HKM Golden temple celebrates festivals that are related to avatars of Lord Vishnu or with Vedic culture. Main festivals that are celebrated within the temple are:
Hare Krishna Golden Temple also known as HKM Hyderabad provides free food to those in need through various food distribution programmes such as Akshaya Patra. and other programmes including Bhojanamrita Saddimoota and Annapoorana schemes. The visitors to the temple are provided free lunch from 12.30 PM through Nitya Annadana Seva .
Temple tank

Temple tanks are wells or reservoirs built as part of the temple complex near Indian temples. They are called pushkarini, kalyani, kunda, sarovara, tirtha, talab, pukhuri, ambalakkuḷam, etc. in different languages and regions of India. Some tanks are said to cure various diseases and maladies when bathed in. It is possible that these are cultural remnants of structures such as the Great Bath of Mohenjo-daro or Dholavira, which was part of the Indus Valley civilization. Some are stepwells with many steps at the sides.
Since ancient times, the design of water storage has been important in India's temple architecture, especially in western India where dry and monsoon seasons alternate. Temple tank design became an art form in itself. An example of the art of tank design is the large, geometrically spectacular Stepped Tank at the Royal Center at the ruins of Vijayanagara, the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, surrounding the modern town of Hampi. It is lined with green diorite and has no drain. It was filled by aqueduct.
The tanks are used for ritual cleansing and during rites of consecration. The water in the tank is deemed to be sacred water from the Ganges River.
In India, a stepwell is a deep masonry well with steps going down to the water level in the well. It is called a vav in west India and a baoli in north India. Some were built by kings and were richly ornamented. They often were built by nobility, some being for secular use from which anyone could obtain water.
Haridra Nadhi, tank of the Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi, is one of the largest temple tanks in India. It is located in Mannargudi, Thiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu.
The area of the temple tank is 23 acres (93,000 m). It is also called Daughter of Kaveri river.
Kalyani, also called pushkarani, are ancient Hindu stepped bathing wells.
These wells were typically built near Hindu temples to accommodate bathing and cleansing activities before prayer. They are also used for immersion of Ganesha idols during Ganesha Chaturthi.
In Sikhism, temple tanks are called sarovar (Punjabi: ਸਰੋਵਰ sarōvara).
Sri Lakshmi Narayani Golden Temple

Sri Lakshmi Narayani Golden Temple complex inside the Thirupuram spiritual park is situated at the foot of a small range of green hills at Thirumalaikodi (or simply Malaikodi) Vellore in Tamil Nadu, India. It is 120 km from Tirupati, 145 km from Chennai, 160 km from Pondicherry and 200 km from Bengaluru. The Maha Kumbhabhishekam or consecration of the temple and its chief deity, Sri Lakshmi Narayani or Maha Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth, power and prosperity, was held on 24 August 2007, and devotees from all religions and backgrounds are welcome to visit.
The salient feature of 'Thirupuram' is the Lakshmi Narayani temple whose Vimanam and Ardha Mandapam is covered with pure gold, housing the deity Sri Lakshmi Narayani (female consort/wife of Vishnu Narayana). The temple is located on 40 hectares (100 acres) of land and has been constructed by the Vellore-based charitable trust, Sri Narayani Peedam, headed by its spiritual leader Sri Sakthi Amma also known as 'Narayani Amma'.
The temple with its gold covering, has intricate work done by artisans specialising in temple art using gold. Every single detail was manually created, including converting the gold bars into gold foils and then mounting the foils on copper. Gold foil from 9 layers to 10 layers has been mounted on the etched copper plates. Every single detail in the temple art has significance from the Vedas.
Sripuram's design features a star-shaped path (Sri chakra), positioned in the middle of the lush green landscape, with a length of over 1.8 km. As one walks along this 'starpath' to reach the temple in the middle, one can also read various spiritual messages—such as the gift of the human birth itself, and the value of spirituality—along the way.
The Sri Narayani Hospital & Research Centre is a general hospital located near the Thirupuram temple complex and is also run by the 'Sri Narayani Peedam' Charitable Trust.
Priestly turban

The priestly turban or mitre (Hebrew: מִצְנֶפֶת, romanized: miṣnep̄eṯ) was the head covering worn by the High Priest of Israel when he served in the Tabernacle and the Temple in Jerusalem.
The Hebrew term for the priestly turban has been translated as "mitre" (KJV) or "headdress". It was most likely a turban, as the word comes from the root "to wrap".
The turban worn by the High Priest was much larger than the head coverings of the priests. It was wound so that it formed a broad, flat-topped turban, resembling the blossom of a flower. The head covering of the priests was different, being wound so that it formed a cone-shaped turban, called a mīgbāʿā (מִגְבָּעָה). It was made of fine linen in Exodus 28:39, and like all the holy garments, it was made by "gifted artisans ... filled with the spirit of wisdom" according to Exodus 28:3. Rashi writes that the High Priests' turban was identical to the turbans of the other priests.
The priestly golden head plate (Hebrew: צִיץ, romanized: ṣīṣ, lit. 'blossom, flower') was attached to the turban using two sets of blue cords: one going over the top of the head and the other around the sides of the head at the level of the ears according to Exodus 39:31.
According to the Talmud, the wearing of the turban atoned for the sin of arrogance on the part of the Israelites according to Zevachim 88b.
Priestly golden head plate

The priestly golden head plate, crown or frontlet (Hebrew: צִיץ, romanized: ṣīṣ) was the golden plate or tiara worn by the Jewish High Priest on his mitre or turban whenever he would minister in the Tabernacle or the Temple in Jerusalem.
The root tzitz (צִיץ) means “to blossom” or “a flower” and as such is employed by the picturesque metaphors in Isaiah 27:6, 28:1, 40:7-8, floral descriptions of Solomon’s temple (1 Kings 6:18-35) and the blooming of Aaron’s rod (Num. 17:23). This latter instance is particularly interesting, because just as a tzitz appeared on the Aaron’s rod so is the Aaronide high-priest supposed to wear a tzitz on his forehead. In addition to this, once in the Hebrew Bible, in Ezekiel 8:3, the word appears in the construction tzitzit rosh meaning “a mop of hair” and probably deriving from the metaphor of hair as the plants grown from skin. This is furthermore supported by a handful of rabbinic descriptions which compare the priestly tzitz to a flower in Shabbat 63b and Sukkah 5a.
The Greek Septuagint renders the word in Exodus 28:36 and elsewhere petalos (πέταλος), "blossom," from which the English "petal" derives.
The commandment regarding the crown is found in Exodus 28:36–38:
The Tzitz was a small rectangular plate of solid gold, engraved in Hebrew letters with "HOLINESS TO THE LORD," and having holes drilled in each of the four corners through which blue cords were threaded (Exodus 39:31) which held the tiara onto the High Priest's priestly turban. Traditionally, it is understood that one set of cords went around the High Priest's head at the base of the tiara, and the other went over the forehead, all meeting at the back of the head to hold the tiara in place.
Exodus 39:30 refers to the tziytz as the "holy crown".
According to the Talmud, the wearing of the golden frontlet atoned for the sin of arrogance on the part of the Children of Israel (B.Zevachim 88b) and she also symbolizes that the high priest bears the lack of all the offerings and gifts of the sons of Israel. And it must be constantly on his head for the good pleasure of God towards them (Exodus 28:38).
The Talmud in Shabbat 63b describes the tziytz as encircling the High Priest's forehead “from one ear to the other.” Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook suggested that this emphasis on the High Priest's ears — organs for listening — indicates that he needed to be particularly "receptive to the inner voice of elevated thought."
Janaki Mandir

Janaki Mandir (Nepali: जानकी मन्दिर) is a Hindu temple in Janakpurdham, Nepal, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Sita. It is an example of Koiri Hindu architecture. Fully built in bright white and constructed in an area of 1,480 square metres (15,930 sq. feet), it is a three-storied structure made entirely of stone and marble. It is a major destination for the tourism in Mithila.
The walls of the temple have Madhubani paintings. All its 60 rooms are decorated with the flag of Nepal, coloured glass, engravings, and paintings, with lattice windows and turrets.
The Sita Swayamvara (groom choosing ceremony) of Janaki (Sita) and Rama as described in the Ramayana is believed to have occurred here at the wedding mandapa attached to this temple. The site was designated as a UNESCO tentative site in 2008.
The mandir is also popularly known as the Nau Lakha Mandir (meaning "nine lakhs"). The cost for the construction of the temple was about the same amount of gold coins: nine lakhs or nine hundred thousand gold coins, hence the name. Queen Vrisha Bhanu of Orchha State (also known as Urchha, Ondchha and Tikamgarh) built the temple in 1910 AD. This temple lies at Janakpur, Nepal.
In 1657, a golden statue of the Goddess Sita was found at the very spot, and Sita is said to have lived there. The legend said it that it was built on the holy site where Sannyasi Shurkishordas had found the images of Goddess Sita. In fact, Shurkishordas was the founder of modern Janakpur and the great saint and poet who preached about the Sita Upasana (also called Sita Upanishad) philosophy. Legend has claimed it that King Janak (Seeradhwaj) performed the worship of Shiva-Dhanus on this site.
As of 26 April 2015, the temple is reported to have partly collapsed from the earthquake in April 2015.
Every year, thousands of pilgrims from Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, and other countries visit Ram Janaki Temple to worship Lord Ram and Sita. Many worshippers visit the temple during the festivals of Ram Nawami, Vivaha Panchami, Dashain and Tihar.
Haramaya University

Haramaya University (HU) (Amharic: ሐረማያ ዩኒቨርሲቲ; Oromo: Univarsiitii Haramayaa) is a public research university in Haramaya, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. It is approximately 510 kilometres (320 mi) east of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Science and Higher Education admits qualified students to Haramaya University based on their score on the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination (EHEEE).
Haramaya University as "Haramaya University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences" was established in 1954 and it was part of Addis Ababa University until 1985 when it upgraded full-fledged university of agriculture. The university converted to multi-disciplinary university in 1996. The university named as "Haramaya University" in 2006.
On 27 May 1985, marking the historic visit of President Mengistu Haile Mariam to campus, the college transformed into University of Agriculture. By 1995/1996, the university underwent new transformation phase involving fields of Teacher Education and Health. In September 2002, two more facilities were opened: Faculty of Law and Faculty of Business and Economics.
The college offered BSc and MSc degrees and PhD in animal and range sciences; plant science; rural development and agricultural extension; natural resources and environmental sciences; and agricultural economics and agri-business. 20 MSc and 12 PhD programs can be obtained from these disciplines. The university gives two and half year BSc programs for mid-career professionals who hold diploma in agriculture and forestry. The university operates its research and extensive activities under umbrella term of Ethiopian Institution of Agricultural Research.
Haramaya

Haramaya (Oromo: Haramayaa or Haroomaayaa) is a town in Oromia Region, Ethiopia located in the Haro Maya district, East Hararghe Zone. The town has a latitude and longitude of 9°24′N 42°01′E﻿ / ﻿9.400°N 42.017°E﻿ / 9.400; 42.017 with an elevation of 2047 meters above sea level.
Haramaya is 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Harar, on the road to Dire Dawa. It is located on Lake Haramaya a seasonal freshwater lake which supports a population of flamingo, as well as other birds.
Haramaya is the home to Haramaya University, which was during the naftenya era named as Alemaya University and reverted to original native name. The university was originally established as an agricultural technical college, with assistance from Oklahoma State University. Although classes started 5 November 1956, the university was formally inaugurated by Emperor Haile Selassie 16 January 1958. By 1967 Haramaya had telephone service.
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Haramaya has an estimated total population of 15,317 of whom 7,796 are men and 7,521 are women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 8,560 of whom 4,228 were males and 4,332 were females. It is the largest of three towns in Haro Maya District.
Outline of Ethiopia

Ethiopia is a landlocked sovereign country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea to the north, Sudan to the west, South Sudan to the south-west, Kenya to the south, Somalia to the east and Djibouti to the north-east. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world and Africa's second-most populous nation. Ethiopia has yielded some of humanity's oldest traces, making the area important in the history of human evolution. Recent studies claim that the vicinity of present-day Addis Ababa was the point from which human beings migrated around the world. Ethiopian dynastic history traditionally began with the reign of Emperor Menelik I in 1000 BC. The roots of the Ethiopian state are similarly deep, dating with unbroken continuity to at least the Aksumite Empire (which adopted the name "Ethiopia" in the 4th century) and its predecessor state, D`mt (with early 1st millennium BC roots). After a period of decentralized power in the 18th and early 19th centuries known as the Zemene Mesafint ("Era of the Judges/Princes"), the country was reunited in 1855 by Kassa Hailu, who became Emperor Tewodros II, beginning Ethiopia's modern history. Ethiopia's borders underwent significant territorial expansion to its modern borders for the rest of the century, especially by Emperor Menelik II and Ras Gobena, culminating in its victory over the Italians at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 with the military leadership of Ras Makonnen, and ensuring its sovereignty and freedom from colonization. It was occupied by Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy from 1936 to 1941, ending with its liberation by British Empire and Ethiopian Patriot forces. Its eastern border also changed in 1950 from the former 1908 Convention Line to the subsequent provisional administrative line.
Geography of Ethiopia
Environment of Ethiopia
Regions of Ethiopia
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Minya University

Minia University is a public university in Minia, Egypt. It was established in 1976 by virtue of Republican Decree No. (93), separating it from Assiut University. The campus is north of Minia. Its emblem is Nefertiti Bust.
The image of Queen Nefertiti was chosen within an open book as a logo for the university. The Nefertiti bust is also the slogan of Minya governorate due to its historical and ideological role that it played in the history of ancient Egypt. The head of Nefertiti was found in the Tel Amarna region, to the south of Minya Governorate.
The university has 17 faculties:
In 2018, the university, in conjunction with the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, spearheaded a week-long sports event for people with disabilities. It was the first of its kind in Egypt's history.
Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination

The Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination (EGSECE) is a nationwide exam in Ethiopia that is given to students after final year of secondary school education. Students take EGSECE usually that would eligible to continue eleventh grade or college in preparatory schools. Since 2001, the Ethiopian Secondary Education Certificate is awarded to students who pass the exam.
The Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate Examination is conducted annually for evaluation of competency in 10th grade and awards Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate for student who pass the exam. The award was started in 2001. Previously, the Ethiopian School Leaving Certificate (ESLC) awarded until 2003 before replaced by the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination (EHEEE). Students should submit three items before the exam as follows:
1) Transcript with internal scores from the high school.
2) Ethiopian General Secondary Education Certificate (EGSEC, done after grade 10)
3) Ethiopian University Entrance Examination (EUEE) results or Ethiopian Secondary School Leaving Examination
The second phase of secondary education leads to two field branch that students choose one of them: natural and social science branch. Fields in the Natural Science includes Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, while Geography, Social Studies, history in the Social Science. The other general subjects are mandatory to both streams such as English, Physical Education and national and foreign language subjects. And it's scored out of 600 for both natural and social stream
Since 2021, the grade 12 leaving examination has experienced serious catastrophe where many students unprecedentedly scored poor result. In 2022, 896,520 students that consist of 3.3% portion scored 50% and above, which is minimum requirement to enter higher education. The percentile of students who pass the exam reduced to 3.2% in 2023 with 845,099 students.
Arba Minch University

Arba Minch University (Amharic: አርባ ምንጭ ዩኒቨርሲቲ) is a residential national university in Arba Minch, South Ethiopia Regional State, Ethiopia. It is approximately 435 kilometres (270 mi) south of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Ministry of Education admits qualified students to Arba Minch University based on their score on the Ethiopian Higher Education Entrance Examination.
The nucleus of the university has its origins in the Arba Minch Water Technology Institute (established in September 1986). In 1993, the institute was transferred from the Water Resource Commission to the Ministry of Education.
On 20 September 2004, Arba Minch University was established by government proclamation (Council of Ministers 111/2004). The University originally consisted of Water Technology Institute, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, and Faculty of business and Economics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Faculty of Civil Engineering and School of Graduate Studies.
The university runs 74 undergraduate programs, 115 graduate programs, and 27 PhD programs. AMU consists of three institutes, six colleges, and four schools which are situated across the university's six campuses: Main Campus, Abaya Campus, Chamo Campus, Kulfo Campus, and Nech Sar Campus, and Sawla Campus.
National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency

The Ethiopian National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency (Amharic: የሀገር አቀፍ የትምህርት ምዘናና ፈተናዎች ኤጀንሲ; NEAEA) is a government agency responsible for conducting and inspection of national learning process of grade 4th and 8th since 2000, and grade 8th and 12th since 2010. It was established by Council of Ministers under Proclamation No.260/2012. Its office is located in King George VI Street, in Arada district of Addis Ababa.
National Educational Assessment and Examination Agency (NEAEA) is responsible for conduct national exams in Ethiopia for grade 10th and 12th. The Council of Ministers established NEAEA under Proclamation No.260/2012. The Regulation, unless the context otherwise requires:
1. "national examination" means a nationwide exam which is administered on the basis of the national education and training policy and curricula
2/ "exam adminisiration" includes the process of registration of examinees, preparation. printing, conducting and correction of exam, consolidation of exam results and declaring and cetiying same
3/ "region" moans any state referred to in Article 47(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and includes the Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa city administrations;
4/ "Ministry" means the Ministry of Education
5/ any expression in the masculine gender includes the feminine.
In March 2022, Amhara Regional Government Education Bureau sent a team to the agency to request an explanation from the Ministry of Education about grading "errors" in the national examination. 20,000 complaints have been filed against the result of the grade 12 leaving examination, in which the government selects students to join 43 universities across the country. The agency claimed 559 students were affected due to what is called "grading problem", and still not fixed. The region said in North Wollo Zone, 679 students out of 42 schools were affected by these irregularities and failed to university entrance exam.
Wollega University

Wollega University (WU), also known as Nekemte University, is a public university in Nekemte, a town in the Western Oromia Region of Ethiopia.
WU started out with 1600 students. According to the UCBP, it currently has 4,048 pupils. Wollega is found in western part of Oromia. The institution features 32 departments, with additional facilities planned. Wollega University also provides medical laboratory science training. After renovations, the institution is expected to accommodate 12,000 students.
At present, Wollega University runs 82 undergraduate, 45 graduate programs and 5 PhD programs in the three campuses.
Currently Wollega University has three campuses: Wollega University Nekemte Campus (Main Campus) located in East Wollega Zone, Gimbi Campus (College of Social Sciences, Natural & Environmental Sciences) located in West Wollega Zone, and Shambu Campus (College of Agricultural Sciences) located in Horo Guduru Welega Zone. From these respective campuses on 29 may 2013, 2492 students with various field of studies both in 1st and 2nd degree have graduated.
Science, Technology and Arts Research (STAR) Journal https://journals.wgu.edu.et/ (Online)) is an international, open access, online, print, peer-reviewed, and quarterly publishing journal in all fields of science, technology, and arts-based on its originality, importance, interdisciplinary interest, timeliness, accessibility, elegance, and surprising conclusions. STAR Journal is an official international journal of Wollega University.
Adama Science and Technology University

Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU) is a public university first established in 1993 as Nazareth Technical College (NTC) and one of the two Science And Technology Universities of Ethiopia. It is located in Adama, a city in the Oromia Region, Ethiopia.
ASTU-EDC, or the Entrepreneurship Development Center of Adama Science and Technology University, is a center that supports entrepreneurship and innovation in Ethiopia. It offers business incubation and technology transfer services to students, innovators, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in various fields of science and technology. The center's mission is to foster a culture of entrepreneurship in the university and the community and to help create and grow businesses that can address the social and economic challenges of the country. ASTU-EDC was established in 2012 as part of the Ethiopian Entrepreneurship Development Program, a national initiative funded by the Ministry of Education and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Since then, ASTU-EDC has served more than 3,000 individuals through its training and incubation programs. It has helped four teams win the National Business Competitions: Halib Toothpaste, Green Ethiopia, BamGo, and SOZO Team. The center was led by Mr. Solomon Dufera Tolcha. source: the former Adama University
මැද පෙරදිග

මැද පෙරදිග යනු අරාබි අර්ධද්වීපය, ලෙවන්ට්, තුර්කිය, ඊජිප්තුව, ඉරානය සහ ඉරාකය ආවරණය වන භූ දේශපාලන කලාපයකි. මෙම පදය 20 වැනි සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ සිට ආසන්න පෙරදිග යන පදය (ඈත පෙරදිගට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධව) වෙනුවට ආදේශකයක් ලෙස පුළුල් ලෙස ව්‍යාප්ත විය. "මැදපෙරදිග" යන යෙදුම එහි වෙනස්වන අර්ථ දැක්වීම් සම්බන්ධයෙන් යම් ව්‍යාකූලත්වයකට තුඩු දී ඇත, සහ යුරෝ කේන්ද්‍රීය ලෙස සැලකීම. මෙම කලාපයට බටහිර ආසියාවේ සමීපව සම්බන්ධ වූ නිර්වචනයට ඇතුළත් වන භූමි ප්‍රදේශවලින් අතිමහත් බහුතරයක් ඇතුළත් වේ, නමුත් දකුණු කොකේසස් නොමැතිව, ඊට අමතරව ඊජිප්තුව (සීනායි පමණක් නොව) සහ තුර්කිය (නැගෙනහිර ත්‍රේස් ඇතුළුව) ඇතුළත් වේ.
බොහෝ මැද පෙරදිග රටවල් (18 න් 13) අරාබි ලෝකයේ කොටසකි. කලාපයේ වඩාත්ම ජනාකීර්ණ රටවල් වන්නේ ඊජිප්තුව, තුර්කිය සහ ඉරානය වන අතර සෞදි අරාබිය ප්‍රදේශය අනුව විශාලතම මැද පෙරදිග රට වේ. මැදපෙරදිග ඉතිහාසය පුරාණ කාලය දක්වා දිවෙන අතර, කලාපයේ භූ දේශපාලනික වැදගත්කම සහස්‍ර ගණනාවක් තිස්සේ හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. යුදෙව් ආගම, ක්‍රිස්තියානි ධර්මය සහ ඉස්ලාම් ඇතුළු ප්‍රධාන ආගම් කිහිපයක් මැද පෙරදිගින් ආරම්භ වී ඇත. අරාබිවරුන් කලාපයේ ප්‍රධාන ජනවාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම සමන්විත වන අතර, පසුව ටර්ක්ස්, පර්සියානුවන්, කුර්දි, අසේරිස්, කොප්ට්ස්, යුදෙව්වන්, ඇසිරියානුවන්, ඉරාක ටර්ක්මන්, යසිඩිස් සහ ග්‍රීක සයිප්‍රස්වරු වෙති.
මැද පෙරදිග සාමාන්‍යයෙන් උණුසුම්, ශුෂ්ක දේශගුණයක් ඇත, විශේෂයෙන් අරාබි සහ ඊජිප්තු ප්‍රදේශවල. ඊජිප්තුවේ නයිල් ඩෙල්ටාව, මෙසපොතේමියාවේ ටයිග්‍රිස් සහ යුප්‍රටීස් ජල පෝෂක ප්‍රදේශ සහ ලෙවන්ට්හි වැඩි ප්‍රදේශයක් පුරා විහිදෙන ජෝර්දාන් ගංගා ද්‍රෝණිය වැනි සීමිත ප්‍රදේශවල කෘෂිකර්මාන්තයට ආධාර කිරීම සඳහා ප්‍රධාන ගංගා කිහිපයක් වාරිමාර්ග සපයයි. මෙම ප්‍රදේශ සාමූහිකව සාරවත් අඩ සඳ ලෙස හඳුන්වන අතර, ඉතිහාසඥයින් විසින් ශිෂ්ටාචාරයේ තොටිල්ල ලෙස දිගු කලක් තිස්සේ හැඳින්වූ දෙයෙහි හරය (දැන් ලෝකයේ විවිධ ප්‍රදේශවලට අදාළ ලේබලය) ඇතුළත් වේ. අනෙක් අතට, ලෙවන්ටයින් වෙරළ සහ තුර්කියේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවල වියළි ගිම්හාන සහ සිසිල්, තෙත් ශීත සහිත මධ්‍යධරණී මුහුදට ආවේණික සාපේක්ෂ සෞම්‍ය දේශගුණයක් ඇත. පර්සියානු ගල්ෆ් කලාපයට මායිම්ව ඇති රටවල් බොහොමයක විශාල ඛනිජ තෙල් සංචිත ඇති අතර, විශේෂයෙන් අරාබි අර්ධද්වීපයේ රජවරුන් ඛනිජ තෙල් අපනයනයෙන් ආර්ථික වශයෙන් ප්‍රතිලාභ ලබයි. ශුෂ්ක දේශගුණය සහ පොසිල ඉන්ධන කර්මාන්තය මත දැඩි ලෙස රඳා පැවතීම නිසා මැදපෙරදිග දේශගුණික විපර්යාස සඳහා දැඩි දායකත්වයක් සපයන අතර එමඟින් දැඩි ලෙස අහිතකර ලෙස බලපානු ඇතැයි අපේක්ෂා කරන කලාපයකි.
මාග්‍රෙබ් සහ සුඩාන ප්‍රාන්ත ඇතුළත් පුළුල් මැද පෙරදිග සහ උතුරු අප්‍රිකාව (MENA) හෝ ඊට අමතරව නැගෙනහිර අප්‍රිකාව, මොරිටේනියාව, ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානය, පාකිස්ථානය යන කොටස් ද ඇතුළත් "මහා මැද පෙරදිග" ඇතුළු කලාපයේ අනෙකුත් සංකල්ප පවතී. සහ සමහර විට දකුණු කොකේසස් සහ මධ්‍යම ආසියාව.
මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය

මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය නම් ලද්දේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, කොළඹ නගරය අනුව යමිනි . මෙම කොට්ඨාශය තුන්-මන්ත්‍රී ආසනයක් විය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ වූ කොට්ඨාශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවට කොළඹ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය තුල ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස මැද කොළඹ දිගටම පවතියි.
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
24 මැයි 1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
5 අප්‍රේල් 1956 සහ 10 අප්‍රේල් 1956දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු තෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
19 මාර්තු 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සතරවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
20 ජූලි 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු පස්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
22 මාර්තු 1965 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු හයවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
27 මැයි 1970 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සත්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
21 ජූලි 1977 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු අටවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
ඛණ්ඩාංක: 6°55′55″N 79°50′52″E﻿ / ﻿6.93194°N 79.84778°E﻿ / 6.93194; 79.84778
මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය

මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය නම් ලද්දේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, කොළඹ නගරය අනුව යමිනි . මෙම කොට්ඨාසය තුන්-මන්ත්‍රී ආසනයක් විය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස වූ කොට්ඨාස 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාස 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය වෙනුවට කොළඹ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය තුළ ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාසයක් ලෙස මැද කොළඹ දිගටම පවතියි.
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
24 මැයි 1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
5 අප්‍රේල් 1956 සහ 10 අප්‍රේල් 1956දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු තෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
19 මාර්තු 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සතරවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
20 ජූලි 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු පස්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
22 මාර්තු 1965 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු හයවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
27 මැයි 1970 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සත්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
21 ජූලි 1977 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු අටවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාසය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
ඛණ්ඩාංක: 6°55′55″N 79°50′52″E﻿ / ﻿6.93194°N 79.84778°E﻿ / 6.93194; 79.84778
උතුරු මැද පළාත, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

අනුරාධපුර හා පොලොන්නරු දිස්ත්‍රික්ක දෙකෙන් සමන්විත මෙම පලාත ඓතිහාසික වශයෙන් වැදගත්කමක් උසුලයි. රජරට වශයෙන්ද හදුන්වනුයේ මෙම ප්‍රදේශයයි.
මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය

මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය නම් ලද්දේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, කොළඹ නගරය අනුව යමිනි . මෙම බලප්‍රදේශය තුන්-මන්ත්‍රී ආසනයක් විය. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි . එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ වූ බලප්‍රදේශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී මැද කොළඹ මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය වෙනුවට කොළඹ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය තුළ ඡන්ද බලප්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස මැද කොළඹ දිගටම පවතියි.
23 අගෝස්තු 1947 සිට 20 සැප්තැම්බර් 1947 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු පළමුවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
24 මැයි 1952 සහ 30 මැයි1952 දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු දෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
5 අප්‍රේල් 1956 සහ 10 අප්‍රේල් 1956දක්වා කාලය අතරතුරදී පැවැත්වුණු තෙවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
19 මාර්තු 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සතරවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
20 ජූලි 1960 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු පස්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
22 මාර්තු 1965 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු හයවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
27 මැයි 1970 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු සත්වන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
21 ජූලි 1977 දිනදී පැවැත්වුණු අටවන පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයෙහි මෙම මැතිවරණ බලප්‍රදේශය සඳහා ප්‍රතිඵල:
ඛණ්ඩාංක: 6°55′55″N 79°50′52″E﻿ / ﻿6.93194°N 79.84778°E﻿ / 6.93194; 79.84778
Shanthi (elephant)

Shanthi (1975 – June 26, 2020) was an Asian elephant gifted to the US by Sri Lanka in 1976. She is considered to be the most studied Asian elephant ever.
Shanthi was born in Sri Lanka around 1975 and lived at the Pinnawela Elephant Orphanage until 1976.
In 1976, Shanthi was flown from Sri Lanka to the US. The orphaned calf was a state gift from William Gopallawa and the children of Sri Lanka to the children of the United States. At an April 2 1977 ceremony at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., she was symbolically handed over by Punitha Gunaratne, the daughter of a Sri Lankan Embassy official, to Amy Carter, the daughter of President Jimmy Carter.
Shanthi was the mother of Kumari, a female who was born in 1993 but died in 1995 of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus. She also gave birth in 2001 to Kandula, a male who is currently a resident of the Oklahoma City Zoo.
Shanthi was euthanized on June 26, 2020 at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., after decades of increasingly debilitating osteoarthritis.
“After decades of managing and treating Shanthi’s osteoarthritis, animal care staff recently noted that her physical condition had irreversibly declined,” the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute said in a statement. “They elected to humanely euthanize her June 26. Shanthi was estimated to be around 45 years old.”
The Zoo also reported in a press release that keepers and care staff had used several innovative treatments over the years to help mitigate the impacts of Shanthi’s degenerative condition. She was the first of her kind to receive therapies including injections of a protein serum to slow disease progression.
Human-elephant conflict in Sri Lanka

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a large threat to both species in certain rural areas of Sri Lanka. About 250 elephants and 80 people die each year, and property is also destroyed. Most elephant calves are killed by the hunting method known as "Hakka Pattas" (හක්කා පටාස්/ஹக்கா படாஸ்) In 2020, the Department of Wildlife Conservation (Sri Lanka) estimated that there were 7,000 elephants in the country. The department's official records show that more than 361 elephants were killed in 2019. Sri Lanka has the highest number of elephant kills of any country in the world.
The Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) is a subspecies of the Asian elephant, native to Sri Lanka. It has been listed as an endangered species since 1986. This subspecies is smaller than the African elephant, but typically larger than the Asian elephant: it can grow to 2 to 3.5 meters in height and 4 to 6 metres in length. It is tallest at the arch of the back. It weighs between 3,000 and 5,000 kilograms. Only the males have tusks, and these are smaller than those of the African elephant.
Fragmentation and loss of the natural habitat of elephants are considered to be the main causes of HEC in Sri Lanka. The Department of Wildlife Conservation (Sri Lanka) observes that human-elephant conflict is a serious problem, particularly in unprotected areas of the North-western and Mahaweli regions in the country.
Several studies have shown that poaching has helped reduce elephant populations by up to 75 percent over the last century. But the main causes of the reduction are the increased use of the land for agriculture and the expansion of human settlements.
Deforestation in Sri Lanka is a major problem. Forest coverage has decreased to 16%, from 70% in the 1920s. Between 2000–2019, total forest coverage in Sri Lanka fell by 10%. Most elephants lived in dry zone areas of the country.
In 2009, authorities rolled out a plan to create an elephant reserve connecting three national parks in southern Sri Lanka. The area of land marked for this purpose comprises 23,746 hectares, excluding the area of land comprising 866 hectares marked for the Mattala Airport. As of 2021, the Southern elephant reserve project has been postponed due to numerous projects such as Mattala airport, the Hambantota harbour and the Hambantota cricket stadium. Over the past 10 years, 15,000 acres of forest lands were cleared to build for commercial purposes.
Cantón Píllaro

El Cantón Píllaro es una municipalidad de la provincia de Tungurahua. Su cabecera cantonal es la ciudad de Santiago de Píllaro. Su población es de 42.497 habitantes,​ tiene una superficie de 443 km².​ Su alcalde actual para el período 2023-2027 es Israel Chicaiza
Píllaro tiene nueve parroquias: