davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Maria Theresa a Austriei (1801–1855)

Maria Theresa a Austriei (21 martie 1801 – 12 ianuarie 1855) a fost arhiducesă de Austria și prințesă de Toscana. În 1817 s-a căsătorit cu Carol Albert de Sardinia și mai târziu a devenit regină a Sardiniei. A fost fiica lui Ferdinand al III-lea, Mare Duce de Toscana și a Luisei de Neapole și Sicilia. A fost numită după bunica sa, împărăteasa Maria Tereza a Austriei.
Maria Theresia Franziska Josepha Johanna Benedikta a fost membră a ramurii toscane a Casei de Habsburg-Lorena și, prin naștere, arhiducesă de Austria și prințesă de Boemia, Ungaria și Toscana. S-a născut la Viena în timpul exilului părinților ei, după invazia Toscanei de către Napoleon. Tatăl ei a fost Ferdinand al III-lea, Mare Duce de Toscana iar mama Prințesa Luisa de Neapole și Sicilia, care a murit la naștere la un an după nașterea Mariei Theresa.
După restaurarea din 1814, Ferdinand al III-lea a fost numit elector de Salzburg, iar familia s-a mutat la Würzburg.
Maria Theresa s-a căsătorit civil la Florența la 30 septembrie 1817 cu Carol Albert de Sardinia (1798-1849) și religios la 2 octombrie. Numele ei în italiană a devenit Maria Teresa Francesca Giuseppa Giovanna Benedicta.
În martie 1820 s-a născut primul lor copil și a fost urmat de încă doi copii dintre care cel mai mic a murit în copilărie.
În 1824 Carol Albert a fost recunoscut ca moștenitor al tronului de Victor Emmanuel I al Sardiniei. El și Maria Theresa au devenit rege și regină în 1831, când succesorul lui Carol Felix al Sardiniei a murit fără să aibă moștenitori.
După decesul soțului ei în 1849 la Oporto, regina mamă Maria Theresa și-a încetat aparițiile publice și în cele din urmă s-a întors în Italia în 1851, unde a murit patru ani mai târziu, la Torino. A fost înmormântată la biserica Superga din Torino.
A avut o mare influență asupra fiului ei cel mare, Victor Emmanuel al II-lea al Italiei.
Cupa Campionilor Europeni 1989-1990

Cupa Campionilor Europeni în sezonul 1989-1990 a fost câștigată de AC Milan, care a învins în finală formația Benfica.
Malmö FF s-a calificat cu scorul general de 2–1.
KV Mechelen s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–0.
Milan s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–0.
Real Madrid s-a calificat cu scorul general de 9–0.
Bayern München s-a calificat cu scorul general de 3–1.
Nëntori Tirana s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–1.
Steaua București s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–0.
PSV Eindhoven s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–0.
Sparta Praga s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–2.
ȚSKA Sofia s-a calificat cu scorul general de 6–2.
Marseille s-a calificat cu scorul general de 4–1.
AEK Atena s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–4.
Budapesta Honvéd 2–2 Vojvodina . Budapesta Honvéd s-a calificat cu scorul general de datorită golului marcat în deplasare.
Benfica s-a calificat cu scorul general de 6–1.
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk s-a calificat cu scorul general de 3–1.
Swarovski Tirol s-a calificat cu scorul general de 9–2.
This game was Sparta forced to play at least 300 km from Praga due to a UEFA ban resulting from the incidents in the 13 septembrie 1989 game in the previous round of the European Cup between Sparta and Fenerbahce.
KV Mechelen s-a calificat cu scorul general de 4–1.
Milan s-a calificat cu scorul general de 2–1.
Bayern München s-a calificat cu scorul general de 6–1.
PSV Eindhoven s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–2.
ȚSKA Sofia s-a calificat cu scorul general de 5–2.
Marseille s-a calificat cu scorul general de 3–1.
Benfica s-a calificat cu scorul general de 9–0.
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk s-a calificat cu scorul general de 4–2.
Milan s-a calificat cu scorul general de 2–0.
Bayern München s-a calificat cu scorul general de 3–1.
Marseille s-a calificat cu scorul general de 4–1.
Benfica s-a calificat cu scorul general de 4–0.
Marseille 2–2 Benfica . Benfica s-a calificat cu scorul general de datorită golului marcat în deplasare.
Milan 2–2 Bayern München . Milan s-a calificat cu scorul general de datorită golului marcat în deplasare.
Golgheterii sezonului de Cupa Campionilor Europeni 1989–90 sunt:
List of presidents of Romania

The president of Romania serves as the head of state of Romania. The office was created by the communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu in 1974 and has developed into its modern form after the Romanian Revolution and the adoption of the 1991 constitution. The current acting president is Ilie Bolojan, who has been serving since 12 February 2025 following the resignation of Klaus Iohannis ahead of his impeachment vote.
Notes:
Emil Constantinescu was the candidate of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR) in both 1992 and 1996; Traian Băsescu was the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party (PD) whose candidacy was supported as part of the larger right-leaning Justice and Truth Alliance (DA) in 2004, alongside the National Liberal Party. In 2009, his re-election was supported only by the Democratic Liberal Party (PDL) along with a certain faction of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚCD).
1989

1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1989th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 989th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 20th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1980s decade.
1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin Wall in November, the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia and the overthrow of the communist dictatorship in Romania in December; the movement ended in December 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Revolutions against communist governments in Eastern Europe mainly succeeded, but the year also saw the suppression by the Chinese government of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests in Beijing.
It was the year of the first Brazilian direct presidential election in 29 years, since the end of the military government in 1985 that ruled the country for more than twenty years, and marked the redemocratization process's final point.
F. W. de Klerk was elected as State President of South Africa, and his regime gradually dismantled the apartheid system over the next five years, culminating with the 1994 election that brought jailed African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela to power.
The first commercial Internet service providers surfaced in this year, as well as the first written proposal for the World Wide Web and New Zealand, Japan and Australia's first Internet connections. The first babies born after preimplantation genetic diagnosis were conceived in late 1989.
Nyaata fedhi

nyataa fedhii salqunamti dabaluubadhaadhef hormoonii testosterone dabaluu danda’a.
Kaarootii
Kaarotiinis vitaaminootan kan badhaadhedha. Vitaaminoonni kaarotii keessaa kunis jabeenya nafsaalaa keessatti ga’ee isaanii taphatu. Dabalees yaa’insa dhiigaa naannoo saniis ni ariifachiisu.
Avokaadoo
Avokaadon vitaaminoota akka ‘B’, ‘C’ fi ‘K’ kan of keessaa qabuudha. Vitamiiniin ‘K’ kun dhiigni iddoo isaa sirritti yeroo yeroon akka tamsa’u godha. Avokaadon pirotinas waan of keessaa qabuuf dandeettii fedhii kakaasuu gonfatee jira.
Wanti hubatamuu qabu garuu nyaata kana hunda yeruma tokko bakka tokkotti walitti finnee yoo nyaanne gaafasuma fedhii horanna akkasumas sa’aatin raawwii keenyaa nuuf dheerata jechuu miti. Nyaatawwan kunniin fayyaa keenyaf murteessaa waan ta’aniif fedhii walqunnamtii saalaa akka horannu taasisuu danda’u jechuuf malee fedhii du’ee jiru har’uma kana hirriibaa dammaqsu jechuu miti
Alkoolii
raawwatu garuu dhiibbaa uumuu danda'a. Qorattoonni akka jedhanitti hamma danda'an caalaa dhugun fedhii saalqunnamtii ni xiqqeessa.
Foolii alkoolii, machiifi sababoota kaaniin dhugaatiin alkoolii saalqunnamtiifi jireenya dhirsaafi niitii gidduutti dhiibbaa akka geessisutu amanama.
Fuduraaleeno?
Qoranoon akka agarsiisutti namoonni qaama salaa dhiiraa isaanii hin dhaabannetin rakkatan nyaatawwan kemikaalota filaavoynoyid of keessaa qaban akka sooratan gorfamu
Fakkeenyaaf gosa goraa biluberii jedhamu, burtukaanaa fi loomiinis eeramu. Dhiirota rakkoo akkanaa qabanif fuduraalee garaa garaa soorachuun rakkoo isaanii %14'n hir'isa.
Guduunfa
Dabalataanis, kuduraalee, fuduraalee, zayitii ejersaa, looziifi kaan dhiirota rakkoo walfakkaataa qabanif furmaata jedhameera
Biqiltuu Faaggee

Biqiltuun faaggee(Afaan ingiliziin: Vascular plant ykn tracheophytes ) biqiltoota tishuu faaggee addaa qaban keessaa isa kamiyyuu dha. Gosoonni tishuu faaggee lamaan qabu isaanis bishaalbuu(xylem) fi qaasamsoora(phloem), bishaan, albuudaa fi bu'aa jaariftinaa guutummaa biqiltuu keessatti sochoosuuf itti gaafatamummaa qabu. Biqiltuu miti-faaggee irraa faallaa ta’eedha.Biqiltuun faaggee baay’ee guddachuu danda’a. Tishuun faaggee keessa jiru bishaan gara olka’iinsa guddaatti geessuuf mala kan ta’u yoo ta’u, biqiltuun faaggee tokko ifa aduu caalatti argachuuf gara oliitti akka guddatu taasisa.Keessa biqiltuu faaggee keessaa caasaan isaa kan biqiltuu miti faaggee irraa baay’ee adda. Biqiltoota miti-faaggee keessatti lubbiyyoo adda addaa gidduutti garaagarummaan xiqqaadha ykn hin jiru. Biqiltoota faaggee keessatti immoo, gummeewwan faaggee adda ta’an qoqqoodinsa fi gosa biqiltuun faaggee keessa jiru irratti hundaa’uun haala adda ta’een qindaa’u.
Bishaalbuun irra caalaa pirootiinii caasaa liginiinii fi lubbiyyoo du’e irraa kan ijaarame yoo ta’u, bishaanii fi albuuda hiddaa irraa gara baalaatti geejjiba. Biqiltuun faaggee bishaan fi albuuda kan geejjiban dhiibbaa fuula bishaanii hedduu irratti uumuudhaani. Hidda keessatti bishaan gara tishuuwwanitti xuuxama. Bishaan gara bishaalbuu keessa yaa’a, akkasumas dhiibbaadhaan olka’aa uuma. Baala irratti bishaan itti fayyadamuun booda karaa istoomaa hurkee ba’a. qaawni xixiqqoo kun kan hurkuu yoo ta’u, kunis utubaa bishaanii bishaalbuu keessa jiru irratti gara oliitti harkisa. Gochaalee walitti maxxaniisaa fi walitti hidhamiinsaatiin bishaan akka dhugaatiin dhuyuma(istiroo) keessaa darbuuttii bishaalbuu keessaa gara oliitti socho’a.Jaariftinni keessatti baala raawwatamaa. Biqiltuun faaggee akkuma biqiltoota gadii fi saaphaphuu adeemsa walfakkaatu fayyadamuun anniisaa aduu keessaa baasuun, hidhoo gilukoosii keessatti kuufata. Sukkaarri kun bifa biraatti kan fooyya’u yoo ta’u, gara kutaalee biqiltuu Jaariftina gochuu hin dandeenyetti geejjibsiifamuu qaba, kan akka jirmaa fi hiddaa. Qaasamsoorri kun dhimma kanaaf addatti kan qophaa’edha. Qaasamsoorri fallaa bishaalbuu lubbiyyoo gartokkoon lubbuu qaban irraa kan hojjetame yoo ta’u, kunis geejjibni sukkaara karaa pirootiinota geejjibaa sabagoota lubbiyyoo keessatti argamaniin akka mijeessuuf gargaaru. Qaasamsoorri bishalbuu wajjinis kan walqabatu yoo ta’u, bishaan itti dabaluun sukkaara sana callabeessuu fi geejibuuf gargaaru. Bu'aan sassaabamu, kun dhangala’aa ykn shirooppii jedhamuun beekama, kan akka shirooppii Meeppii.
Oromoo Booranaa

Oromoo Booranaa (Booraan jedhamu) ummata Oromoo kan horsiisee buluun jiraatuu yoo ta'u Kibba Oromiyaa fi Kaaba Keeniyaa keessa jiraatu. Boranni qoqqooddama Oromoo keessaa isa tokko yoo ta'u kan biraan Oromoo Baarentuu ti.
Oromoon kaaba Keeniyaa jiraatann kan isaan achi seenan kibba Itoophiyaa irraa ka'anii yoo ta'u kunis jaarraa 10ffaa keessa yeroo baballina Oromootti ture. Achii booda Oromoon gosa loon horsiisu fi gaala horsiisutti addaan qoqqooddame; gosti kunis Gabraa, Sakuyyee, fi Rendille.
Booranni afaan Booranaa dubbata, kunis Afaan Oromoo kibbaa jalatti ramadama. Afaan Oromoo afaan Kuush damee Afiroo-Eshiyaatiik jalatti ramadama. Walumaagalatti, baayinni ummata Boorana naannoo miliyoona 7 ta'a.
Oroomoon Boornaa dhahaa mataa isaani naannoo DHKD 300 akka ummatan yaaddama.
It is believed that the Borana developed their own calendar around 300 BC. The Borana calendar is a lunar-stellar calendrical system, relying on astronomical observations of the moon in conjunction with seven particular stars or constellations. Borana Months (Stars/Lunar Phases) are Bittottessa (iangulum), Camsa (Pleiades), Bufa (Aldebarran), Waxabajjii (Belletrix), Obora Gudda (Central Orion-Saiph), Obora Dikka (Sirius), Birra (full moon), Cikawa (gibbous moon), Sadasaa (quarter moon), Abrasa (large crescent), Ammaji (medium crescent), and Gurrandala (small crescent).
Booranni akka kanatti addaan qoodama:
Template:Wikinews
Kaarboohayidireeti

Cilbishoonnii mirroowwan jirtii kanneen wahiyyoota akka kaarboonii(cilaayyaa), haaydiroojiinii(bishooftoo)fi oksijiinii(hadhituu) of kessaa qabaniidha.Dhangaalee nyaataa kessaa isa tokko yoo ta'u aniisaa maddisiisuuf gargaara. irra caalaa isaa biqiltoota magariisa irraa arganna. biqillotnii kuniinis kaarboohayidireetii bifa istaarchii kuusaanii qabuu. isaatrichiin karboohayidireetiin kuufame kun adeemsaa jaariftinaa ykn footoseenteesiisiitiin uumamuu. gama biraan ammoo kaarboohyidireetii sucrose(sukkaara nyaataa) irraa argachuun ni danda'ama. kaarboohayidireettin aanissaa 16KJ ta'uu maddisisuu danda'a. kaarboohaaydritoonii caasaalee lubbiyyoo hedduu kan hojjetuudha. fakkenyaaf seeluloosiin cicha lubbiyyoo biqiltootaa fi saaphaphuu hojjechhuf, kaayitiiniin cichaa lubbiyyoo faangasii hojjachuun. Monoomariin(Ruqqeenxee) kaarboohaayidireetiin sukaarlameefi sukkaaredduu uumuuf hidha gilaayikoosidii uuma.
Annisaa keennuuf Qaama ijaaruuf walqunnamtii lubbiyyoo ala ta’e
Kaarboohayidireetonni polihaayidirooksii aldehaydii, keetoonota, alkoolii, asiidota, babbaafama isaanii salphaa fi poliimaroota(ruqeedduu) isaanii walitti hidhamiinsa gosa aseetaalii qabani dha. Akka sadarkaa poliimaarizeeshinii isaaniitti ramadamuu danda’u, akkasumas jalqaba irratti gareewwan gurguddoo sadiitti qoodamuu danda’u, isaanis sukkaartokkee, oliigoosaakaayidii fi poolisaakaayidii dha.
Sukkaar-tokkeewwan bifa kaarboohayidireetii salphaa yoo ta’an, yeroo baay’ee sukkaara tokkicha jedhamuun waamamu. Isaanis ijaarsa kaarboohayidireetii walxaxaa ta’anii waan ta’aniif gara kompaawundoota salphaa ta’anitti daran haayidiroolaayizii ta’uu hin danda’an. Molekuloonni kun foormulaa bu'uuraa (CH2O)n kan qaban yoo ta'u, "n" atoomota kaarboonii sadii hanga torbaa fi isaa ol gidduutti garaagarummaa qabaachuu danda'a.
tiraayoosii garee sukkaara sukkartokkee keessaa kamiyyuu yoo ta’u, molakiyuulonni isaanii atoomota kaarboonii sadii of keessaa qaban.
teetiroosiin garee sukkaara sukkartokkee keessaa kamiyyuu yoo ta’u, molakiyuulonni isaanii atoomota kaarboonii afuur of keessaa qaban.
peetosisiin garee sukkaara sukkartokkee keessaa kamiyyuu yoo ta’u, molakiyuulonni isaanii atoomota kaarboonii shan of keessaa qaban.
heeksoosii garee sukkaara sukkartokkee keessaa kamiyyuu yoo ta’u, molakiyuulonni isaanii atoomota kaarboonii jaha of keessaa qaban. Fknf:- gulukoosii, furuktoosii, galaaktoosii.
unkeen waligalaa sukkartokkee C6H12O6
Gulukoosii:- Madda anniisaa jalqabaa lubbiyyoo. Yeroo baayyee fuduraalee, damma keessatti kan argamu yoo ta'u, bu'aa meetaabolii(nadheefaa) kaarboohayidireetii ti.
Fructose: Fuduraalee, damma, fi mi’eessitoota adda addaa keessatti argama. Sukkaara uumamaan argamu keessaa isa mi'aawaa dha.
Galaktoosii: Yeroo baayyee gilukoosii waliin akka laktoosii aannaniifi oomishaalee aannani keessatti argamu.
yemmuu sukaar-tokkeen lama waliitti dabalaman kan uumamuu sukkaar-lamee jedhama.
Falchi waligalaa sukkar-lamee C12H22O11
Fknf
Maaykoopilaankitoonii

Maaykoplaankitoonii ykn marqoololokoo miseensota burkuteesitoota pilaankitoonii sirnakoo galaanaa fi bishaan qulqulluu ti . Isaanis fangasii fi damma filaamentoos bilisaan jiraatan kanneen paartiikilii pilaankitoonikii ykn faayitoopilaankitoonii wajjin walqabatan irraa ijaaramaniiru. Baakteeriyaapilaankitoonii wajjin walfakkaatuun fangasiin bishaanii kun albuuda heterotrophic fi marsaa soorataa keessatti gahee guddaa qabu . Maaykoplaankitoon hanga mm 20 daayameetira fi dheerinni mm 50 ol ta’uu danda’a.
Haroo Limmuu

Aanaan Haroo Limmuu aanoolee Godina Wallagga Bahaa keessatti argaman keessaa ishee tokko dha. Aanaan Haroo Limmuu maqaa kana kan moggafatte yeroo jalqabaa aanaa Limmuu jalatti hundooftee bulaa turtee haala kana irraa ka'uun yeroo amma kana immoo bara 1998 of danda'uu dhaan maqaa kana argatteetti cittee jirti. Aanaan Haroo Limmuu Godina Wallagga Bahaa irraa kallatti dhihaatti argamti. A/H/L/ kallatti bahaan aanaa Limmuu, kallattii lixaan naannoo Beneshanguul Gumuz, kibbaan aanaa Eebantuun dangeffamtee argamti. Aanaattiin horsiisa beeyladootaa fi akkasumaas kunuunsa bineensota bosonaan ni beekanti. Kana qofa osoo hin taane haalli qillensa ishee jireenyaaf mijataa, namoonni gurguddoo, gootonni kanneen akka Abdiisaa faa achuma kessatti argamu. Aanaan Haroo Limmuu dhadhaa fi damma qulqulluu sadarkaa isaa eeggate oomishuu keessatti bakka guddaa qabdi. Lafa bal'aa qilleensi isaa badda daree oomisha midhaan dheedhii kanneen akka boqqolloo,qamadii fi akurii fi baaqelaafaa oomishuuf mijataa ta'e heddumminaan qabdi. Tulluun guddaan albuuda gati jabeeeyyii qaban kanneen akka Gaddibeenii fi saallan achi keessatti argama.
Surrii

Yaadsammuun(qalbii) qaama damma nama tokkoo yoo ta'u, "yaada", "hubachuu", yaadannoo uumuu, miira hubachuu, hayyamuu fi fuuldura ilaaluun kan amala qabudha. Falaasama tokko tokko keessatti qalbiin sammuu irraa adda . Qalbiin akkuma sammuu, wantoo irraa kan hojjetame osoo hin taane, addunyaa yaada keessa babal’ata. Kanaafuu, qalbiin tuuta "yaada" kan hin mul'anne fi hin qabamne jechuun ni danda'ama.
Walitti dhufeenyi qalbii fi sammuu gidduu jiru falaasama keessatti barootaaf qoratamaa kan ture yoo ta’u, ammas falmisiisaa ta’ee jira. Walumaagalatti, ejjennoowwan falaasama gosa 3 qabu, isaanis garlamummaa, wanneetummaa fi yaaddoyyummaa jedhamu.
Ija saayinsiitiin yoo ilaalamu qalbiifi sammuu walitti hidhamiinsa qabu jedhamee yoo amanamu, kanaaf ragaan guddaan jijjiirama qalbii(yaada) miidhaa kutaalee sammuu qabatamaa ta’an irratti uumamuudha. Qabxiin wabii biraa jijjiirama qorichi tokko tokko sammuu keessatti fiduudha.
Ethiopian wine

The production of wine in Ethiopia can be traced to the early centuries of the first millennium A.D. The historian Richard Pankhurst observed that early references to Axumite wine can be found in one of the stele erected by the 4th century ruler Ezana. Aksumite viticulture is also attested to by carvings on the base of the great 3rd century obelisk at Axum. The traditional honey wine tej has also long been widely popular.
Contemporary viticulture in Ethiopia dates to 1956, to the establishment of the Awash Winery by entrepreneur Mulugeta Tesfakiros and Ras Mesfin Sileshi. As of 2014 the Awash winery had an annual output of 10 million bottles, most of which is consumed locally. In 2014 the French beverage corporation Castel began producing wines of a number of varieties on a 120-hectare estate near Ziway in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. As of 2013 annual production was 3 million bottles, approximately half of which was exported, mainly to China.
Climatic and geographic conditions in the central portion of its Great Rift Valley make Ethiopia well suited to viticulture. Annual rainfall measures about 650 mm, temperatures average 25 degrees Celsius per year and the region enjoys sandy soils, which are ideal conditions for wine production. Furthermore, due to Ethiopia's proximity to the equator, it is possible to make two harvests per year. The western slopes of the Ethiopian Highlands also enjoy an inland Mediterranean climate, also conducive to wine-growing.
Bittering agent

A bittering agent is a flavoring agent added to a food or beverage to impart a bitter taste, possibly in addition to other effects. While many substances are bitter to a greater or lesser degree, a few substances are used specifically for their bitterness, especially to balance other flavors, such as sweetness. Notable beverage examples include caffeine, found naturally in tea and coffee and added to many soft drinks, hops in beer, and quinine in tonic water.
Food examples include bitter melon, which may be mixed into a stir fry or soup for its bitter flavor.
Potent bittering agents may also be added to dangerous products as aversive agents to make them foul tasting, so as to prevent accidental poisoning. Examples including anti-freeze, household cleaning products and pesticides such as slug pellets. In general, dangerous products with bright colours, which may be appealing to children, often contain agents such as denatonium. However, the efficacy of using bittering agents for this purpose is not conclusive.
Prior to the introduction of hops, many other bitter herbs and flowers were used as bittering agents in beer, in a mixture called gruit, which could include dandelion, burdock root, marigold, horehound (the German name for horehound means "mountain hops"), ground ivy, and heather. Also bog myrtle.
More recently, some Chinese and Okinawan beer uses bitter melon as a bittering agent.
Various other substances are used, including:
Other prominent uses of bittering agents include:
Cereal coffee

A cereal coffee (also known as grain coffee, roasted grain drink or roasted grain beverage) is a hot drink made from one or more cereal grains roasted and commercially processed into crystal or powder form to be reconstituted later in hot water. The product is often marketed as a caffeine-free alternative to coffee and tea, or in other cases where those drinks are scarce or expensive.
Several well-known cereal coffee brands are Nestlé Caro, Postum, and Inka. Other brands can be found at health food stores and at some grocery stores. Some common ingredients include toasted barley, malted barley, rye, chicory, molasses, brown rice, chickpeas, sorghum, and beet root.
Grain coffee came to Poland from Prussia (at the end of the 18th century), but since then little has changed in the production of this drink. Just like in the past, it is made from roasted rye grains, wheat (including spelt from organic farming) or barley, and sometimes also from dandelion root, sugar beet or chicory. In some regions, coffee substitutes are prepared from fenugreek or lupine seeds. Less popular additions are figs or acorns. The first grain coffee factory in Poland was established on the initiative of Ferdynand Bohm in 1818 in Włocławek. It produced coffee from roasted grain with the addition of chicory. This plant was first imported from the Netherlands, but soon afterwards its own cultivation began on the outskirts of Włocławek. Initially, grain coffee was drunk only in Greater Poland and Silesia by the poorest social classes. Over time, especially during both world wars, it appeared on all tables.
In Czech Republic, a Kávoviny Melta brand has been roasting grain coffee since 1896.
Such roasted grain mixes are also used as a base to make podpiwek, a type of non-alcoholic beverage.
Cereal coffee is popular in East Asian cuisines—Korea, Japan, and China each having one or more versions (usually roasted grains simply steeped in hot water).
Grain-like seeds and pseudocereals are used to make similar drinks.
Grain teas can also be blended with green tea or other tea drinks.
Traditionally known as "Kafir coffee" in Ethiopia, cereal coffee made from roasted sorghum offers a bright, citrusy taste with a subtly astringent finish.
Lekach

Lekach is a honey-sweetened cake made by Jews, especially for the Jewish holiday of Rosh Hashanah. Known in Hebrew as ugat dvash (עוּגַת דְּבַשׁ‎, lit. 'honey cake'), the word lekach (לעקעך‎) is Yiddish. Lekach is one of the symbolically significant foods traditionally eaten by Ashkenazi Jews at Rosh Hashanah in hopes of ensuring a sweet New Year. It is also customary to ask for and receive Lekach on Erev Yom Kippur.
Various sorts of cakes sweetened with honey have been known since ancient times, in Egypt, Rome, and the Middle East. Arabs brought these traditions to Sicily and Moorish Spain. In the 11th century, a type of strongly spiced thick cake made from breadcrumbs and honey, resembling panforte, became popular in Italy. Italian Jews brought some of these styles to Western and Central Europe. The earliest known record in a Jewish source of a cake called lekach, from the Middle High German lecke, 'to lick', was in the Medieval ages in Sefer ha-Rokeach by Eleazar ben Judah of Worms, Germany.
Many Ashkenazi versions by the 13th century were influenced by or based on Lebkuchen or Honigkuchen (honey cake) recipes found in Germany. Such heavily spiced cakes, analogous to the English gingerbread, became popular all over medieval Europe in communities of all religions, especially during important feasts and holidays. Lekach has changed drastically over the centuries, such that its current forms bear little resemblance to its ancestors. There are now many variations, ranging from dark and heavy to lighter more delicate versions, though in general it is never frosted. Lekach was brought to the Land of Israel by Ashkenazi immigrants.
A very traditional honey cake from the Jewish community of Austria contains an equal weight of white rye flour and dark honey, strong Austrian coffee instead of water, cloves, cinnamon, allspice, and golden raisins in the loaf, with slivered almonds on top of the loaf. It also has a fair number of eggs, vegetable oil (usually corn oil), salt, and baking powder.
Recipes vary widely. Lekach is usually a dense, loaf-shaped cake, but some versions are similar to sponge cake or pound cake, with the addition of honey and spices, sometimes with coffee or tea for coloring. Other versions are more like gingerbread, pain d'épices, or lebkuchen.
Famines in Ethiopia

Famines in Ethiopia have occurred periodically throughout the history of the country.
The economy was based on subsistence agriculture, with an aristocracy that consumed the surplus. Due to a number of causes, the peasants have lacked incentives to either improve production or to store their excess crops; as a result, they lived from harvest to harvest. Despite the extensive modernization and land reform in the country during the last 120 years, especially under Emperor Haile Selassie, as of 2016, about 80% of the population are poor farmers who still live from harvest to harvest and are vulnerable to crop failures.
Honey, Honey

"Honey, Honey" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as the second single from their second studio album, Waterloo, after the success of the title track at the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest.
"Honey, Honey" was written by Björn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson and Stig Anderson, with shared vocals by Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Ulvaeus. Along with the English version, ABBA also recorded "Honey, Honey" in Swedish on January 30, 1974, at Metronome Studio, Stockholm.
This was the last official recording by the group in their own language, and was released as the B-side of the Swedish "Waterloo" single. In its English format, "Honey, Honey" was released with "King Kong Song" as the B-side.
"Honey, Honey" was released in several European countries, the United States, Australia & New Zealand, but not in the UK. ABBA's British record label, Epic Records, decided to release a remixed version of "Ring Ring" instead of "Honey, Honey". However, this single only reached No.32, and a cover version of "Honey, Honey" recorded by the act Sweet Dreams, featuring vocalist Polly Brown, hit the UK top 10.
"Honey, Honey" spent 4 months in the top 5 in West Germany and also reached the top 5 in Austria, Spain and Switzerland. In the United States, "Honey, Honey" was moderately successful compared to the group's later singles. It reached No.27 on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Adult Contemporary charts; the 1st ABBA single to reach the AC chart.
Cash Box called it "a sweet pop rocker, featuring tight harmonies and excellent production." Record World said that "the Scandinavian rockers take on a gentle, caloric, self-penned side."
ABBA
Moshi (wingu)

[[Picha:
Moshi kwa lugha ya kawaida ni wingu linalotokea pale ambako moto inawaka. Ni mchanganyiko wa vipande vidogo vya mata mango, matone ya kiowevu -hasa maji- na gesi mbalimbali pamoja na hewa. Mchanganyiko wa aina hii huitwa pia erosoli.
Mara nyingi moshi ni tokeo lisilotakiwa la moto lakini wakati mwingine inasababishwa kwa kusudi kwa matumizi ya kijeshi (wingo la kuficha jeshi), mawasiliano (alama za moshi), kidini (moshi ya uvumba), kuua wadudu (ufukizaji dhidi ya wadudu, panya n.k.), upishi (kuhifadhi samaki au nyama kwa kuikausha katika moshi inapopokea pia ladha inayotafutwa).
Moshi ya moto ni hatari ya afya. Wakati wa kuwaka moto ndani ya nyumba watu wanaweza kufa kutokana na gesi sumu katika moshi; hali halisi watu wengi wanakufa kutokana na moshi sumu kuliko na kuangamwa na moto yenyewe. Kuvuta moshi ndani ya mapafu kwa njia ya kupumua husababisha matatizo ya kiafya kuanzia mwako wa njia za pumzi hadi kansa na hii ni hatari ya kuvuta tumbako (kama sigara).
Sehemu za moshi na tabia yake hutegemea na fueli inayochomwa na mazingira ya moto.
Kama moto inaweza kutumia oksijeni nyingi inawaka kwa halijoto ya juu na hapo kiasi cha moshi kinapungua. Hapa vipande vidogo vya mata mango ni hasa majivu pamoja na mvuke wa maji. Moshi yenye mvuke wa maji huwa na rangi nyeupe-kijivu
Kama moto inapata oksijeni kidogo kiwango cha moshi huongezeka pamoja na gesi za sumu ndani yake kama vile monoksidi ya kaboni na mengine.
Pale ambako mafuta na plastiki vinachomwa rangi ya moshi huelekea kuwa nyeusi hasa kutokana masizi. Mafuta huchomwa sana ndani ya injini za mwako ndani kama injini za magari au majenereta na katika vituo vya umeme. Hapo ni muhimu kupunguza kiasi cha mosha kwa kutumia filta na mitambo ya kusafisha moshi
Kwacoco

Kwacoco, wakati mwingine huitwa kwa-coco, ni mlo wa Kikameruni unaojumuisha cocoyam safi (zao la mizizi kutoka Amerika ya Kati na Kusini) iliyofungwa na kupikwa kwa majani ya ndizi. Inatumiwa na makabila tofauti kutoka Kameruni, haswa Wakwe, ambao chakula chao cha kitamaduni huwa kwacoco inayotolewa na banga, ambayo ni supu iliyotengenezwa kutoka kwa msingi wa kunde la kokwa, na samaki wa kuvuta moshi. Wakati fulani inajulikana kama biblia ya kwacoco wakati kokoamu inapochanganywa na viungo vingine kama vile mchicha, samaki wa kuvuta sigara, mafuta nyekundu na viungo, na pia inaweza kuliwa pamoja na kitoweo na supu nyingine nyingi.
Kiko (kifaa)

Kiko (pia: toza au mtemba) ni chombo kinachomwezesha mtu kuvuta moshi wa tumbaku, bangi au bidhaa nyingine za uraibu zinazovutwa kama sigara. Kiko huwa na digali au mrija uliounganika na kijibakuli.
Kiko huwa na sehemu tofautitofauti za kuwezesha mtumiaji kuvuta tumbaku na pia kuisafisha. Viko vingi huwatoanishwa ncha ya kibakuli na ncha ya kuvyozia ili kuwezesha usafishaji kwa urahisi. Ncha ya kibakuli ndiyo sehemu yenye kibakuli kinachowekwa chembechembe za tumbaku au bangi na kuashwa. Ncha ya kufyonzia ndiyo huwekwa mdomoni.
Tumbaku au bangi huwekwa na kuchomwa kwenye kibakuli, naye mraibu anaivuta moshi kupitia mdomo ulio kwenye ncha ya mrija.
Sigara

Sigara ni kitu cha kuvuta moshi kinachojenga uraibu. Kinatengenezwa kwa tumbaku na kusokotwa kwa karatasi maalumu, chenye umbo refu na la mviringo.
Sigara zinasababisha madhara makubwa katika mwili wa binadamu: mara nyingi hudhuru mapafu na mfumo mzima wa upumuaji.
Sigara za kisasa za viwandani zimechujwa, na pia zinajumuisha tumbaku iliyoandaliwa.
Source: World Health Organization estimates, 2000
List of smoked foods

This is a list of smoked foods. Smoking is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood. Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. Meats and fish are the most common smoked foods, though cheeses, vegetables, and ingredients used to make beverages such as whisky, smoked beer, and lapsang souchong tea are also smoked. Smoked beverages are also included in this list.
Smoked cheese is any cheese that has been specially treated by smoke-curing. It typically has a yellowish-brown outer pellicle which is a result of this curing process.
Smoked fish is fish that has been cured by smoking. This was originally done as a preservative.
Smoked meat is a method of preparing red meat (and fish) which originates in prehistory. Its purpose is to preserve these protein-rich foods, which would otherwise spoil quickly, for long periods. There are two mechanisms for this preservation: dehydration and the antibacterial properties of absorbed smoke. In modern days, the enhanced flavor of smoked foods makes them a delicacy in many cultures.
Sausage is a food usually made from ground meat with a skin around it. Typically, a sausage is formed in a casing traditionally made from intestine, but sometimes synthetic. Sausage making is a traditional food preservation technique. Sausages may be preserved by curing, drying, or smoking. Many types and varieties of sausages are smoked to help preserve them and to add flavor.
African longfin eel

The African longfin eel (Anguilla mossambica), also known simply as the longfin eel, is an eel in the family Anguillidae. It was described by Wilhelm Peters in 1852, originally under the genus Muraena. It is a tropical eel known from freshwaters in southern Kenya, Cape Agulhas, Madagascar, and New Caledonia. The eels spend most of their lives in freshwaters far inland, but migrate to the Western Indian Ocean to breed. Males can reach a maximum total length of 150 centimetres; females can reach a maximum standard length of 120 centimetres and a maximum weight of 5,000 grams. The eels can live for about 20 years. Juveniles and adults are known to feed off of carcasses, crabs, and bony fish.
The African longfin eel is raised in commercial fisheries as well as aquafarms, and is also considered a game fish. It has fatty flesh which is prized in a smoked or jellied dish.
ቦሌ

ከቦሌ አውሮፕላን ማረፊያ ቀርብ ብሎ፣ ከአዲስ አበባ በስተደቡብ ምስራቅ የሚገኙ ዋሻዎች ይገኛሉ። አንዳንዶቹ እህል ማከማቻ፣ መድረክና አንስተኛ ጉሽጉሽ አሏቸው። ከትልቁ አቃቂ ወንዝ በስተቀኝ ይገኛሉ። ።
አባ ሳሙኤል ቤተክርስቲያን

አባ ሳሙኤል ወደ አለቱ ውስጥ የተፈለፈለ ቤተክርስቲያን ሲሆን ከአባ ሳሙኤል ሐይቅ በስተደቡብ ይገኛል። በ1955 ዓ.ም. ዋሻውን ጎብኝቶ የነበረው ሮጀር ሳተር ትልቅ ሃውልት እንደነበርው ሳይመዘግብ አላለፍም። ሆኖም ግን ይህ ሃውልት በአሁኑ ወቅት ብዙ ጉዳት ደርሶበታል። ታሪክ አጥኝው ሪቻርድ ፓንክኸርስት የአንበሳ፣ ዝሆን እና ሁለት ቀጭኔዎች፣ ምናልባትም ሁለት ጠመንጃ የተሸከሙ ሰዎች የሚመስሉ ምስሎች በዋሻው ውስጥ እንደነበሩ በ1966 ያካሄደው ጥናት ይዘግባል። ግድግዳው ላይ ያሉ ሊጠፉ ይደርሱ ጽሑፎች ግን ምንነታቸው በውል እንደማይለይ ሳይጠቅስ አላለፈም። ይሁንና ሁሉም መረጃዎች ከየትኛው ዘመን እንዲመነጩ አይታወቅም። ኢንተርኔት</ref>።
የኢትዮጵያ ካርታ 1459

ይህ ካርታ የቬኒስ፣ ጣሊያን መነክሴ የነበረው ፍራ ማውሮ በ1459 አዘጋጅቶት ከነበረው የፍራ ማውሮ ዓለም ካርታ የተወሰደ ነው። ካርታው ደቡብን ወደላይ ሰሜንን ወደታች ዘቅዝቆ ስለሆነ የሳለው ለመረዳት አስቸጋሪ ሊሆን ይችላል። ሞቃዲሾንና የሶማሊያን ጠረፍ በመመልከት የአፍሪቃ ቀንድን በውል ማስተዋል ችላል። ካርታው ላይ diab የተሰኘው ሶማሊያ ሊሆን እንዲችል ሞቃዲሾን ማስተዋል ይረዳል።
ስለካርታው ትችትና ቁምነገር፡-
በዚህ በጥንት ዘመን እኒህን በጣም ትክክል መረጃወችን የያዘው የጣሊያኑ ካርታ ይህን መረጃ ያገኘው ወደ ጣሊያኑ ፍሎረንስ ከተላከው የኢትዮጵያ ሚሲዮን (1441) እንደሆነ ግምት አለ።
የኢትዮጵያ ካርታ 1459 በዝርዝር

ይህ ካርታ የቬኒስ፣ ጣሊያን መነክሴ የነበረው ፍራ ማውሮ በ1459 አዘጋጅቶት ከነበረው የፍራ ማውሮ ዓለም ካርታ የተወሰደ ነው። ካርታው ደቡብን ወደላይ ሰሜንን ወደታች ዘቅዝቆ ስለሆነ የሳለው ለመረዳት አስቸጋሪ ሊሆን ይችላል። ሞቃዲሾንና የሶማሊያን ጠረፍ በመመልከት የአፍሪቃ ቀንድን በውል ማስተዋል ችላል። ካርታው ላይ diab የተሰኘው ሶማሊያ ሊሆን እንዲችል ሞቃዲሾን ማስተዋል ይረዳል። ከዚህ አነስ ብሎ የቀረበውን የፍራማውሮ ካርታ (ከጥቂት የእንግሊዝኛ ትርጉሙ ጋር ለማየት) እዚህ ቀርቧል፡ የኢትዮጵያ ካርታ 1459
ስለካርታው ትችትና ቁምነገር፡-
በዚህ በጥንት ዘመን እኒህን በጣም ትክክል መረጃወችን የያዘው የጣሊያኑ ካርታ ይህን መረጃ ያገኘው ወደ ጣሊያኑ ፍሎረንስ ከተላከው የኢትዮጵያ ሚሲዮን (1441) እንደሆነ ግምት አለ።
አማራ (ክልል)

አማራ ክልል በአራት አውራጃ ጎጃም ክፍለ ሀገር፣ ጎንደር ክፍለ ሀገር፣ ወሎ ክፍለ ሀገር እና ሸዋ ክፍለ ሀገር ነው። በአማራ ክልል በክልሉ የሚገኙ 13 ዞኖች ናቸው። እነሱም፦
ክልሉ በእነዚህ ዞኖችና ከስሩ በአሉት ወረዳዎች(166) እና ከተማ አስተዳደሮች(38) የተዋቀረ ክልል ነው።
ክልሉ የትልልቅ ወንዞች ባለቤት ሲሆን በአጠቃላይ በሦስት ዋና ዋና ተፋሰሶች ተከፋፍሎ ሊታይ የሚችል ነው። እነርሱም የዓባይ፣ የርብ፣የብር ወንዝ ፣የአንገረብ ፣የጭዬ፣የየጀማ፣የተከዜ እና የአዋሽ ተፋሰስ ናቸው። ወደነዚህ ተፋሰሶች የሚገቡና ዓመቱን በሙሉ የማይደርቁ ቁጥራቸው በርካታ የሆኑ ትልልቅ ወንዞች ያሉ ሲሆን በክልሉ በጥቅም ላይ ያልዋለ ሰፊ የውሐ ሀብት መኖሩን ያመለክታሉ። ከነዚህ በተጨማሪ እንደ ጣና፣አርዲቦ፣ሀይቅ፣ዘንገና እና የመሳሰሉ ሐይቆችም በክልሉ ውስጥ ይገኛሉ። በአጠቃላይ በክልሉ ውስጥ ባሉ ትልልቅ ወንዞችና መጋቢ ወንዞች የመስኖ ልማት ለማካሄድ የሚያስችል ከፍተኛ የውሐ ሐብት ክምችት እንዳለ መገንዘብ ይቻላል። ይሁን እንጅ እስከ አሁን ጥቅም ላይ የዋለው በጣም አነስተኛ ነው።
በአመዛኙ አብዛኛው የክልሉ ምጣኔ ሀብት በግብርና እና ከብት እርባታ ላይ የተመሠረተ ነው። በአጠቃላይ ክልሉ ከፍተኛ የሆነ የሕዝብ ቁጥር፣ ለእርሻና ለእንስሳት እርባታ ተስማሚ የሆነ መሬት፣ የአየር ንብረት እና የውሐ ሀብቶች ያሉት በመሆኑ በተለይም የሰብል እና የእንስሳት ሀብት ልማት ለማካሄድ የማይናቅ አቅም አለው። በዝናብም ሆነ የመስኖ እርሻ ልማት በማስፋፋት በክልሉ በገበያ የሚውሉ የተለያዩ የአገዳ፣ የጥራጥሬ፣ የቅባት፣ የአትክልትና ፍራፍሬ ሰብሎችን ማምረት ይቻላል። ሩዝ፣ ግብጦ፣ ዘንጋዳ፣ ማሾ፣ ደልጎም፣ አደንጓሬ፣ ቦለቄ፣ ጤፍ፣ ገብስ፣ በቆሎ፣ ማሽላ፣ ዳጉሣ፣ ስንዴ፣ አተር፣ ባቄላ፣ ሽምብራ፣ ጓያ፣ ምስር፣ ሰሊጥ፣ ጥጥ፣ ተልባ፣ ሱፍ፣ ኑግ፣ አኩሪ አተር ወዘተ የመሳሰሉት በክልሉ ውስጥ ከሚመረቱ ሰብሎች መካከል ዋና ዋናዎቹ ናቸው። በእንስሳት ሀብት ረገድም በወተት ምርታማነታቸው የታወቁ የፎገራ ዝርያዎችና በፀጉር ምርት የታወቁት የመንዝ በግ ዝርያዎች በክልሉ ይገኛሉ።
በቱሪዝም የሥራ መስክ ሊበለጽጉ ፣በሰፊው አገልግሎት ሊሰጡ የሚችሉ እና በዓለም የቅርስ መዝገብ የሰፈሩት የጣና ደሴት ጥንታዊ ቤተ ክርስቲያናት እና ገዳማት ፣የጐንደር ቤተ መንስግት ህንፃዎች ፣ የላሊበላ ውቅር አብያተ ክርስቲያናት፣በሸዋ ግዛት አንኮበር ወረዳ የሚገኘው የዳግማዊ ሚኒሊክ ቤተመንግሥት ፣ጥንታዊቷ የመርጡ ለማርያም ገዳም ፣የሾንኬ ጥንታዊ መንደር እና መስጊድ፣ የጥሩሲና መስጊድ፣የምስራቅ አፍሪካ የውሀ ማማ ተብሎ የሚጠራው ጮቄ ተራራ ፣ጭስ አባይ ፏፏቴ ፣ይስር ፋፋቴ ፣የሰሜን ተራሮች ብሔራዊ ፓርክ እንዲሁም ልዩ ልዩ የቱሪዝም መስሕቦች አሉት፣ ይሁን እንጅ ክልሉ ሰፊ የሆነ የቱሪዝም እምቅ ሀብት ያለው ቢሆንም በሚፈለገው መጠን በጥቅም ላይ ውሏል ማለት አያስደፍርም። በዚህ ረገድ፤አካባቢዉ የብዙ ታሪካዊ ገዳማትና የታሪካዊ ቅርሶችም ባለሀብት ነው።
በአማራ ብሔራዊ ክልላዊ መንግሥት የኮሚዩኒኬሽን ጉዳዮች ጽ/ቤት ድረ-ገጽ፤ «የክልሉ አጠቃላይ ገጽታ» በ21 Dec 2012 እ.ኤ.አ. የተቃኘ
አዋሽ ወንዝ

አዋሽ ወንዝ በኢትዮጵያ ድንበር ውስጥ መንጭቶ ከኢትዮጵያ የማይወጣ የሀገሪቱ ዋና ወንዝ ነው። ወንዙ በደቡብ ብሔሮች ብሔረሰቦችና ሕዝቦች ክልል፣ ኦሮሚያ ክልል፣ በአማራ ክልል እና በደቡባዊ የአፋር ክልል ያልፋል።
አዋሽ ብቸኛው ሃገር አቋራጭ ያልሆነው ወንዝ ነው። የአዋሽ ተፋሰስ የሰው ልጅ መገኛ በመሆን ይታወቃል የተለያዩ አጽሞች ተገግተውበታል ለምሳሌ፦ ሰላምLucy፣ አርዲ። እና የ አዋሽ ተፋሰስ በ አንትሮፖሎጊስቶችanthropologist ከፍተጋ ተኩረት ይሰጠዋል ሚክንያቱም ከ 4 ሚልሊየን አመት በፊት የነበሩ የ እንሰሳት እና የ ሰዎች አጽም ስለተገኘበት ነው። እናም 3 መስፈርቶችን በሙማላቱ በ 1980 በ UNESCO ተመዝግቦአል እነዝሂም፡ መስፈርት 2፣ መስፈርት 3 እና መስፈርት 4 ናቸው። በአዋሽ መልካሳ የሚገኙ ሶስት ግድቦች የሚገኙ ሲሆን ሁለቱ ግድቦች ለእርሻና ለመስኖ ስራዎች እየዋሉ ሲሆን ሶስተኛው ግድብ ላይ የኤሌክትሪክ ሀይል እያመነጨ ይገኛል
አምቢሳ

አምቢሳ ዋሻዎች ከአዲስ አበባ በስተ ደቡብ ምስራቅ የሚገኙ በጥንቱ የሸዋ ግዛት ከአለት ተፈልፍልፍለው የተሰሩ የዲያቆናትና ቀሳውስት መኖሪያ ናቸው።
List of rivers of Ethiopia

This is a list of streams and rivers in Ethiopia, arranged geographically by drainage basin. There is an alphabetic list at the end of this article.
Abay River - Adabay River - Akaki River - Akobo River - Ala River - Alero River - Angereb River - Ataba River - Ataye River - Atbarah River - Awash River - Awetu River - Ayesha River-Dhadheba River-Lugita River
Balagas River - Baro River - Bashilo River - Beles River - Bilate River - Birbir River - Blue Nile - Borkana River
Cheleleka River
Dabus River - Dawa River - Dechatu River - Dembi River - Denchya River - Didessa River - Dinder River - Doha River - Dukem River
Erer River
Fafen River
Galetti River - Ganale Dorya River - Gebba River - Gebele River - Germama River - Gestro River - Gidabo River - Gibe River - Gilgel Gibe River - Gilo River - Gojeb River - Golima River - Gololcha River - Greater Angereb River - Guder River - Gumara River
Hanger River - Hawadi River
Jamma River - Jerer River - Jikawo River - Jubba River
Kabenna River - Karsa River - Katar River - Keleta River - Kibish River - Kulfo River
Lagabora River - Lesser Abay - Lesser Angereb - Logiya River
Mago River - Magech River - Mareb River - Meki River - Mena River - Mille River - Modjo River - Mofar River - Muger River - Mui River
Neri River
Omo River
Pibor River
Qechene River
Rahad River - Reb River - Robe River
Sagan River - Shebelle River - Shinfa River - Sor River
Tekezé River Tella River Usno River - Ubbi Ubbi River
Wabe River - Walaqa River - Wajja River - Wanchet River - Wari River - Weito River - Weyib River - Welmel River
Yabus River
Zarima River
Sodere

Sodere (Oromo: Sodaree) a spa town in central Ethiopia. Located approximately 25 kilometres south of Adama and 120 kilometres southeast of Addis Ababa in the East Shewa Zone of the Oromia Region, this town has a latitude and longitude of 8°24′N 39°23′E﻿ / ﻿8.400°N 39.383°E﻿ / 8.400; 39.383 with an elevation of 1466 metres above sea level. It is one of five settlements in Nannawa Adama.
Sodere lies alongside the Awash River and features lush, shady vegetation. Vervet monkeys and Warthogs live on the resort grounds. Crocodiles and, less frequently, hippos may be seen in the nearby Awash River.
The hot springs resort, popular for its therapeutic effects, is located outside the town. An Olympic size swimming pool, reportedly empty during the week, is a popular draw for weekenders from Addis Ababa. Other features include a full-service restaurant, and a hotel and conference center.
The resort was developed by the Ethiopian government, and was in operation by 1963. During the mid-1990s, Sodere was the site of peace talks between several factions vying for control of Somalia. The journalist Abdullahi Dool commented that "Any serious Somali who reads the outcome of this last meeting at the Ethiopian resort or the previous ones, would just laugh at the names and clan organizations these people are said to 'represent'."
Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Sodere has an estimated total population of 1,867 of whom 992 are men and 875 were women. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 1,042 of whom 538 were men and 504 women.
Dikika

The Dikika is an area of the Afar Region of Ethiopia. A hominin fossil named Selam, a specimen of the Australopithecus afarensis species, was found in this area. Papers also propose the earliest evidence of stone tool use at this site in the form of cut marks on animal bone. However there has been argument about this proposal. Dikika is located in Mille woreda.
Dikika is also given to name a basal member of the Hadar formation, a series of sedimentary rocks deposited approximately 3.4 million years ago, which have been exposed by the erosive action of the Awash River. Although sometimes called "Lucy's Child" Dikika was in fact older than Lucy or Dinkʼinesh at 3.4 million years.
11°05′00″N 40°35′00″E﻿ / ﻿11.0833°N 40.5833°E﻿ / 11.0833; 40.5833
Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve

Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve (Amharic: ማይል ሰርዶ የዱር አራዊት ጥበቃ) is a protected area in Ethiopia. It is located in Afar Region of Ethiopia. The reserve protects a portion of the Awash River and the surrounding desert.
Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve covers an area of 6503 km. It is located in the Afar Depression, a desert region lying between the Red Sea and the Ethiopian Highlands. It is part of the Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion.
The reserve includes the lower reach of the Awash River, which originates in the Ethiopian Highlands and flows through the African Rift Valley to empty into saline lakes, including Lake Abbe, which lie immediately southeast of the reserve along the Ethiopia-Djibouti border.
Two other protected areas, Yangudi Rassa National Park and Awash West Controlled Hunting Area, adjoin Mille-Serdo reserve on the southwest.
The reserve was created to protect the critically endangered Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis). The species used to range more widely across the Horn of Africa. The wild population has declined precipitously since the early 1970s, and the remaining population, estimated at 70 to 600 individuals, is limited to a portion of the Afar Depression in Ethiopia and Eritrea.
The reserve was designated in 1973, and is also known as the Mille-Serdo Wild Ass Reserve. The local people are Afar pastoralists.
Chelbi Wildlife Reserve

Chelbi Wildlife Reserve or Stephanie Wildlife Reserve is a protected area in Ethiopia's Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region.
The reserve covers an area of 4212 km surrounding Lake Chew Bahir, aka Lake Chelbi, and portions of the Woito and Segen River watersheds, which empty into the lake.
The reserve was established in 1973, and is also known as Chalbi, Chew Bahir, or Stephanie Wildlife Reserve. It is bounded on the south by the Kenyan border, on the east by Borana National Park, and on the west by the Murle (or Murulle) Controlled Hunting Area.
The reserve is in the Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion, and protects a population of Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi).
South African National Parks

South African National Parks (SANParks) is the body responsible for managing South Africa's national parks. SANParks was formed in 1926, and currently manages 19 parks consisting of 3,751,113 hectares (37,511.13 km), over 3% of the total area of South Africa.
Many parks offer a variety of accommodations. The best known park is Kruger National Park, which is also the oldest (proclaimed in 1898), and the largest, at nearly 2,000,000 hectares (20,000 km). Kruger National Park and Table Mountain National Park are two of South Africa's most visited tourist attractions.
Though not designated as National Parks, other protected areas exist, such as game and nature reserves.
The following are designated as National Parks of South Africa:
List of African animals extinct in the Holocene

This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present.
Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.
Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Awash International Bank

Awash International Bank (Amharic: አዋሽ ኢንተርናሽናል ባንክ) is a commercial bank in Ethiopia that was established in 1994 by 486 founding shareholders with a paid-up capital of birr 24.2 million and started banking operations on 13 February 1995. As of end of June 2020 the number of shareholders and its paid-up capital increased to over 4,369 and Birr 5.87 billion, respectively. Likewise, as of end June 2020, bank's total assets reached Birr 95.6 billion with over 700 branches found across the country, Awash Bank continues to be leading private commercial bank in Ethiopia.
Awash International Bank was founded on 10 November 1994 and started operation on 13 February 1995 with 486 shareholders and paid-up capital of 24.2 million birr. It is named after Awash River. In 2013/14 fiscal year, the bank gained roughly more than 1.37 billion birr, accounting 40% of the whole private banks.
On 24 November 2014, Awash partnered with Misys FusionBanking Essence, a financial software company, to boost its continual growth and the branching process.
Federico Carlos Sainz de Robles y Rodríguez

Federico Carlos Sainz de Robles y Rodríguez (Madrid, 1 de diciembre de 1927-Madrid, 5 de noviembre de 2005) fue un jurista, narrador y crítico español, hijo del escritor Federico Carlos Sainz de Robles.
Estudió en el Colegio del Pilar. Tras licenciarse y doctorarse en derecho por la Universidad de Madrid, ingresó en la carrera judicial por oposición en 1952, siendo destinado al Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Arenys de Mar. En 1956, ingresó en el cuerpo de secretarios de la Administración de Justicia y en 1962 fue nombrado magistrado de la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo de la Audiencia Territorial de Valladolid. En 1974 solicitó la excedencia para trabajar como abogado en Valladolid y tres años después se reincorporó a la carrera judicial y fue destinado a la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo de la Audiencia Provincial de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.
Ascendió a la categoría de magistrado del Tribunal Supremo en 1979 y el 24 de octubre de 1980 fue designado por los vocales del primer Consejo General del Poder Judicial para ocupar la presidencia del mismo y del propio Tribunal Supremo, cesando de ambos cargos el 29 de octubre de 1985 al concluir el período de su mandato.
A partir de 1986 ejerció como magistrado en la Sala Tercera del Supremo y el 6 de mayo de ese mismo año decidió abandonar de nuevo la carrera judicial para presentarse como candidato por Madrid a las elecciones generales del 22 de junio por el Partido Reformista Democrático, que lideraba Roca Junyent, pero no resultó elegido. Desde entonces ejerció como abogado y en 1989 fue nombrado presidente de la comisión creada por la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid para redactar un código de conducta para la profesión periodística.
Casado con Celia Santa Cecilia y con cinco hijos, fue enterrado en la Sacramental de San Justo.