davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Myna

The mynas (/ˈmaɪnə/; also spelled mynah) are a group of birds in the starling family (Sturnidae). This is a group of passerine birds which are native to Iran and Southern Asia, especially Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Several species have been introduced to areas like North America, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and New Zealand, especially the common myna, which is often regarded as an invasive species. It is often known as "Selarang" and "Teck Meng" in Malay and Chinese respectively in Singapore, due to their high population there.
Mynas are not a natural group; instead, the term myna is used for any starling in the Indian subcontinent, regardless of their relationships. This range was colonized twice during the evolution of starlings, first by rather ancestral starlings related to the coleto and Aplonis lineages, and millions of years later by birds related to the common starling and wattled starling's ancestors. These two groups of mynas can be distinguished in the more terrestrial adaptions of the latter, which usually also have less glossy plumage, except on the heads, and longer tails. The Bali myna, which is critically endangered and nearly extinct in the wild, is highly distinctive.
Some mynas are considered talking birds, for their ability to reproduce sounds, including human speech, when in captivity.
Myna is derived from the Hindi/Urdu (मैना / مینا) mainā which itself is derived from Sanskrit madanā.
Mynas are medium-sized passerines with strong feet. Their flight is strong and direct, and they are gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit.
Plumage is typically dark, often brown, although some species have yellow head ornaments. Most species nest in holes.
Some species have become well known for their imitative skills; the common hill myna is one of these.
The following are species of mynas. The coleto and the two Saroglossa starlings are included because of their position in the taxonomic list.
The following species are often included in the Acridotheres mynas:
Javan myna

The Javan myna (Acridotheres javanicus), also known as the white-vented myna, is a species of myna. It is a member of the starling family. It is native to Bali and Java. It has been introduced to other Asian countries, and as far away as Puerto Rico.
The Javan myna is sometimes included in the great myna (Acridotheres grandis) or the jungle myna (A. fuscus). The International Ornithologists' Union recommends not using the name "white-vented myna" to avoid confusion with the Pale-bellied Myna A. cinereus.
The Javan myna is mainly black. The wings are brownish-black, and the primaries have white bases, displayed in flight as a striking white wing bar, along with a white tail bar. The undertail-coverts are white. There is a short crest on the forehead. Its beak, legs and feet are yellow. The eyes are lemon-yellow. The immature is browner. Its length is 21–23 cm (8.3–9.1 in). Its weight is about 100 g (3.5 oz).
The Javan myna is native to Bali and Java, and has been introduced to southeastern Thailand, southern Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, the Lesser Sundas, Taiwan, Puerto Rico, Japan and Nepal. It is found in cities and cultivated areas.
Javan mynas are bold and not very afraid of humans. Javan mynas are kept in cages in Malaysia and Indonesia.
The Javan myna is omnivorous and eats seeds, fruit, nectar, insects and human waste.
Javan mynas are found in pairs and associate in larger groups. Its voice is similar to that of the common myna. It builds its nest in holes. The eggs are bluish-glaucous.
The birds scavenge in groups, minimum two but usually three or more, with all except one feeding and one usually at a vantage point keeping a look out. If the bird that is keeping watch sees anything that might pose a threat, it alarms the group members with a high pitch tweet and they all flee the area swiftly. If one of them is separated, they would tend to tweet to attract other mynas of their kind to come over.
The juvenile, or fledgling, period of a Javan myna lasts about 25 days. Juveniles tend to be browner, with a very short brown frontal crest. Juvenile Javan mynas will no longer be fed in the nest and will learn to beg for food from its parents. This is to teach the juvenile to feed itself. When begging, juveniles stand at the same spot every now and then with its wings hanging down, fluttering lightly occasionally beside its body. All juveniles need to be taught by the adults on how to forage for food, to avoid potential predators before they can live independent lives.
The eggs of a Javan myna are blue in colour and takes 13-14 days to hatch.
Lists of endemic birds

This is a master list pertaining to lists of endemic birds. As applied to birds, the term "endemic" refers to any species found only within a defined geographical area. There is no upper limit for the area; it would not be incorrect to refer to all bird species as endemic to Earth. In practice, the largest areas for which the term is in common use are countries and geographical regions. An Endemic Bird Area (EBA), a term devised by BirdLife International, is a geographical (rather than political) region of the world that contains two or more restricted-range (of no more than 50,000 km) species, while a "secondary area" contains one restricted-range species.
Orange-spotted bulbul

The orange-spotted bulbul (Pycnonotus bimaculatus) is a species of songbird in the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is endemic to Java, Bali and Sumatra.
It favors forest edges and open meadows in montane forests.
The orange-spotted bulbul was originally described in the genus Turdus by Thomas Horsfield in 1821. Until 2016, the Aceh bulbul (Pycnonotus snouckaerti) was considered as a subspecies of the orange-spotted bulbul until split by the IOC. Most other authorities have not yet recognized this split.
Two subspecies are recognized:
Up to 20 cm long. It is a dark-colored and active bulbul with a rounded tail.
It is a noisy bird, giving out a variety of harsh and loud calls and songs.
It is a frugivore.
It breeds throughout the year. Nesting occurs year-round, peaking in May. Nests are robust and cup-shaped.
Nusa Penida

Nusa Penida (Balinese: ᬦᬸᬲᬧᭂᬦᬶᬤ, romanized: nusa pĕnida) is an island located near the southeastern Indonesian island of Bali, which forms a district of the same name in Klungkung Regency. The Badung Strait separates the island and Bali. The interior of Nusa Penida is hilly with a maximum altitude of 524 metres, and the climate is drier than Bali. Like Bali, it is a major tourist destination.
In addition to Nusa Penida, the administrative district of Nusa Penida includes the nearby islands of Nusa Lembongan and Nusa Ceningan, plus eleven even smaller islands. The district had a population of 45,110 at the 2010 census, covering 202.84 km, and the official estimate as of 2024 was 65,820.
The people of Nusa Penida speak a unique dialect of Balinese called Nusa Penida Balinese (basa Nosa), which cannot be understood by speakers from mainland Bali. It is reportedly close to the language of the Bali Aga, Bali's aboriginal population.
Nusa Penida, together with neighbouring Lembongan and Ceningan Islands, forms a bird sanctuary. The island communities have used traditional Balinese village regulations to create the sanctuary. The idea of a sanctuary came from the Friends of the National Parks Foundation (FNPF).
In 2006 all 35 villages (now 41 villages) agreed to make bird protection part of their traditional regulations (Balinese: ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄ᬳᬯᬶᬕ᭄, romanized: awig-awig). Since then, the FNPF has rehabilitated and released various Indonesian birds, most notably the critically endangered Bali starling which is endemic to Bali but whose numbers in the wild had declined to less than 10 in 2005. After a two-year program by FNPF in which 64 cage-bred birds were rehabilitated and released onto Nusa Penida, their number had increased to over 100 in 2009. Other released birds include the Java sparrow, Mitchell's lorikeet, and sulphur-crested cockatoo.
Points of interest on Nusa Penida include:
Nusa Penida covers a wide area of diving locations, including Penida Bay, Batu Lumbung (Manta Point), Batu Meling, Batu Abah, Toya Pakeh, and Malibu Point. The flow through the Lombok Strait is, overall, south-tending, although the strength and direction of the tidal streams are influenced by the monsoon seasons.
During the southeast monsoons, the tidal flow tends south; during the northeast monsoons, the tidal flow tends north. In the area of the strait north of Nusa Penida, the pattern is relatively simple, with a flow, at peak tide, of about three-and-one-half knots. Tidal streams in Badung Strait are semi-diurnal, but the character of the stream is very complicated because its direction runs obliquely to the general south-to-north direction of Lombok Strait, and the channel has a curved shape.
Based on a survey in 2009, there were about 1,419 hectares of coral sites with 66 percent covering the sites in 3 metres depth and 74 percent covered the sites in 10 metres depth.
In December 2024, a colony of Galaxea astreata, one of the largest coral colonies in the world, was discovered, covering an area of approximately 4000 m with dimensions 34 m (width), 32 m (length) and 5.5 m (height).
List of endemic birds of Indonesia

Indonesia has more endemic birds than any other country. Indonesia's size, tropical climate, and archipelagic geography, support the world's second highest level of biodiversity (after Brazil).
Most endemic birds are in the Wallacea region of eastern Indonesia. Sulawesi supports twelve endemic bird genera. Of all Indonesian endemic birds, about sixty-one species are threatened: thirty-seven species are listed as vulnerable, twenty-three are endangered and eleven species are listed as critical on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
Bali Bird Park

Bali Bird Park (Indonesian: Taman Burung Bali) is a tourist attraction in Bali, Indonesia. It is located at the Gianyar Regency and has an area of 2 hectares (20,000 m). The park houses more than 1,300 birds representing more than 250 species in an enclosed aviary.
Bali Bird Park aims to be a “Centre of Excellence” for the breeding of Birds of Paradise and Bali Starling. There are a lot of birds breeding in the park all the year round.
The park has been landscaped to create natural habitats. Incorporating a diverse botanical collection, it features 52 different species of palms, rare jungle fruit trees, cycads, bamboos and cactus. Three lakes in the park host various waterfowl species. There are 60 bird enclosures with habitats to house the collection.
Bali Bird Park is located inside the town of Batubulan, Gianyar on the road to Ubud. Approximately 45 minutes from Ngurah Rai Airport.
Chañaral Island

Isla Chañaral (sometimes referred to as Isla Chanaral or Chanaral Island) is located 6 km off-shore from the northern Central Chilean coast, some 100 km north of the city of La Serena.
Isla Chañaral is the biggest of the reserve's islands. Access to the island restricted by permit only. The island consists of two plateau levels. The main plateau between 50 and 70 meters above sea level is divided into a western and an eastern part by a second high plateau (>100 m). The vegetation of the plateaus differs considerably. While the main plateau is dominated by shrub and cacti the high plateau has a barren appearance with only few small cactus aggregations.
Together with Isla Choros and Isla Damas, the island forms the Humboldt Penguin National Reserve, which is administered by the Chilean Forestry Corporation. All three islands support populations of Humboldt penguins, but are also habitat for several other rare and endangered animal species such as the Peruvian diving petrel or the South American marine otter. The reserve has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of Humboldt penguins and Peruvian diving-petrels.
In recent years the reserve has experienced a strong increase in tourist activities, mainly due to being an important feeding ground in the summer months of different marine mammal species like fin whales, blue whales, humpback whales, and bottlenose dolphins that reside in the waters of the reserve. The local fishermen formed an association in cooperation with the National Tourism Service Sernatur to conduct whale watching activities in a sustainable manner, implementing responsible whale watching guidelines.
29°02′S 71°35′W﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 71.583°W﻿ / -29.033; -71.583
Zerreitug

Luis Rodolfo Gutiérrez Schwerter (Santiago de Chile, 6 de enero de 1944), más conocido por su seudónimo Zerreitug (su apellido al revés), es un artista autodidacta, único chileno que construye dioramas históricos.​​
Comenzó de niño a dibujar y modelar figuras en plasticina que representaban personajes de películas de la época. Estudió contabilidad, pero nunca ejerció, ya que decidió ser pionero en la creación de dioramas, técnica que mezcla el arte de la maqueta, la pintura y el tallado, para dar vida a escenas de la historia.​
A los 20 años comenzó a tallar en madera y al vender su primera figura (un soldado griego) y tener que firmarla, decidió hacerlo con su apellido, muy común, escrito al revés: Zerreitug, cuya forma deriva ode un "argot codificado" similar al Back slang inglés.​
En los últimos años de sus estudios se ganaba la vida con las tallas que empezó a vender en la Región de Valparaíso, y luego en Santiago. Conoció por primera vez el minucioso arte de los dioramas en Nueva York al visitar el Museo de Historia Natural; también le dejó una profunda huella el museo de la Estatua de la Libertad y en especial sus muñecos de cera que daban cuenta de la historia del monumento y su país.​
Hacia 1980, tras volver a Chile, presentó un proyecto para llevar este tipo de creaciones a la Casa Colorada. El alcalde de Santiago de la época, Patricio Guzmán, le dio un espacio en la comuna, y al año siguiente se inauguraron los primeros dioramas vinculados a la historia de Chile.​
La demanda creció rápidamente: en 1983, en el contexto de la apertura en Concepción de la Galería de la Historia, en el parque Ecuador, el artista debió entregar 14 dioramas. Ese mismo año, en una alianza entre las municipalidades de Concepción y Santiago, expuso sus trabajos en el barrio Lastarria, en la plaza Mulato Gil de Castro. En 1984, en el Instituto Cultural de Providencia, se celebró una muestra con alrededor de 50 de sus obras. Casi una década después, a raíz de la creación de la Corporación Cultural Metro Arte, vendría su consolidación.​
Zerreitug ha creado más de 100 dioramas, de los cuales 24 son exhibidos en el metro de Santiago,​ que se pueden visitar al interior de algunas de las estaciones más concurridas de este transporte subterráneo (entre otras Baquedano, Puente Cal y Canto, Universidad de Chile, Plaza de Puente Alto, Los Dominicos y Plaza de Maipú). Todos ellos están relacionados, de una y otra forma, con las estaciones que los albergan.
Durante las protestas de 2019, en las que varias de las estaciones del Metro de Santiago fueron dañadas y saqueadas, al menos dos de sus dioramas fueron afectados seriamente y algunas de sus piezas fueron robadas.​
También es posible apreciar sus trabajos, entre otros espacios, en el Museo del Ahorro ubicado en la casa matriz del BancoEstado y en el Museo Interactivo Mirador (MIM), ambos en Santiago; así como en la Galería de la Historia de Concepción, el Museo de la Historia de Penco y en la Municipalidad de Rancagua.​​
Cerro Blanco (estación)

Cerro Blanco es una estación ferroviaria que forma parte de la Línea 2 del Metro de Santiago de Chile. Se encuentra subterránea, entre las estaciones Cementerios y Patronato. Se ubica en la intersección de la Avenida Recoleta con Santos Dumont, en la comuna de Recoleta.
Posee un flujo medio de pasajeros, por estar cerca de varias reparticiones públicas, estudiantiles y comerciales. Con más de 145 metros de largo, fue inaugurada como la estación terminal norte de la Línea 2 (hasta la apertura de la estación Einstein) el 8 de septiembre de 2004, como parte del primer plan de extensiones del Metro con vistas a la implementación del Transantiago. La estación posee una afluencia diaria promedio de 14 179 pasajeros.​
En el entorno inmediato de la estación se ubica la Ilustre Municipalidad de Recoleta, la iglesia y convento de la Recoleta Dominica, que le da el nombre a la avenida y a la comuna. También se encuentran en los alrededores la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Chile, la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile y la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas de la Universidad de Chile, el Colegio Academia de Humanidades y los hospitales Instituto Psiquiátrico, Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Hospital San José y Roberto del Río además del Instituto del Cáncer.
En el interior de la estación se encuentra presente uno de los dioramas realizados por el artista Zerreitug.
Esta obra, titulada Piedras Tacitas, visualiza uno de los rituales de la antigua Cultura Aconcagua, más específicamente una fiesta que se realizaba de forma anual en una zona cercana al Cerro Blanco. Algunas de las piedras presentes en la escena fueron extraídas directamente desde dicho cerro.​
Actualmente se encuentra en restauración luego de que la estación sufriera leves daños como consecuencia del Estallido social de octubre de 2019.​
La estación se encuentra en los faldeos del cerro Blanco. Este cerro fue utilizado por mucho tiempo como cantera, de la que fueron obtenidas las rocas para construir, por ejemplo, el Puente Cal y Canto y la iglesia Santo Domingo.
La estación posee 3 paraderos de la Red Metropolitana de Movilidad en sus alrededores (sin la existencia del paradero 3), los cuales corresponden a:
Iván Navarro (artista)

Iván Navarro Carvacho (Santiago, Chile; 30 de febrero de 1972)​ es un artista chileno que trabaja con luz, espejos y tubos de vidrio brillante para crear esculturas e instalaciones social y políticamente relevantes.​ A 2019, vive y trabaja en Brooklyn, Nueva York.​​
Navarro nació y se crio en Santiago, Chile.​ La política y el gobierno de su tierra natal han tenido un profundo impacto en su trabajo, tanto en la elección de los medios como en el significado y el proceso de pensamiento que retrata en sus esculturas de neón y muebles de imitación. Como creció durante la dictadura del general Augusto Pinochet, Navarro estaba acostumbrado a que le cortaran la electricidad para mantener a los ciudadanos en casa y aislados; "Todas las piezas que he hecho hacen referencia al control de la actividad, y la electricidad era una forma de controlar a las personas".​
Su padre fue Secretario Nacional de Extensión y Comunicaciones de la Universidad Técnica del Estado, actual Universidad de Santiago de Chile.​
Navarro inicialmente tenía la intención de estudiar escenografía teatral en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC), pero no fue aceptado por esa facultad, por lo que estudió arte en su lugar.​ Continuó participando informalmente en diseño e iluminación para teatro,​ y se le otorgó un título de Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA).​
Un ejemplo de cómo el trabajo de Navarro está impregnado de la historia de su tierra natal y al mismo tiempo habla de los debates políticos actuales es su You Sit, You Die, que consiste en un sillón construido con tubos fluorescentes blancos. “'Esta es mi versión de la silla eléctrica', explica el artista. La electricidad fue una de las herramientas de tortura preferidas por el gobierno chileno, pero la pieza también tiene circulación local. En el asiento de papel, ha escrito los nombres de todas las personas ejecutadas en Florida en una silla eléctrica, para dar testimonio del historial del estado sobre la pena capital".​
Navarro también trabaja con luz y espejos infinitos, en los que el espectador se pierde en un espacio aparentemente infinito/eterno, mientras se vislumbran frases o estructuras de neón que sugieren lo que hay más allá. Estas obras parecidas a un abismo pueden relacionarse con el miedo de Navarro a ser secuestrado cuando era niño.​ Mientras navega por su pasado, el artista admite fácilmente: "Hay una cierta cantidad de miedo en mis piezas".​ En 'Criminal Ladder' (2005), Navarro creó una escalera de 30 pies de altura hecha con tubos de luz fluorescente. En los tubos ha escrito los nombres de personas que cometieron abusos contra los derechos humanos durante el periodo de Pinochet en el poder.​​
Navarro está representado por Galeria Daniel Templon, Galería Luciana Brito y Hyundai Gallery.​
Eduardo Yáñez Zavala

Eduardo Yáñez Zavala (Santiago, 15 de abril de 1903-ibídem, 5 de julio de 1983) fue un militar, político y jinete chileno.
Estudió en la Escuela Militar y después de una destacada carrera, fue general de brigada en 1953 y luego general de división. Ocupó cargos políticos, como ministro del Trabajo y de Obras Públicas durante el segundo gobierno del presidente Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, y fue el embajador de Chile en Países Bajos.​
Fue un destacado equitador en las décadas de 1930 y 1940, cuando era conocido como «El Maestro». Obtuvo cinco veces el Gran Premio de Equitación de Madison Square Garden en Nueva York, Estados Unidos.
Fue reconocido internacionalmente como gran deportista, respetado juez internacional y ejemplar dirigente. Se desempeñó como maestro en la Escuela de Caballería de Quillota. Fue instructor del Instituto Ecuestre de Adiestramiento de Alemania. Presidió las federaciones ecuestre y de pentatlón en Chile.
Perteneció a una generación destacada de equitadores chilenos como Óscar Cristi, Ricardo Echeverría, Alberto Larraguibel, César Mendoza y Hernán Vigil.
Fue condecorado por el rey de Suecia.
El 2 de octubre de 1981, reunido en la ciudad alemana de Baden-Baden, el Comité Olímpico Internacional lo distinguió como el «mejor jinete del mundo», equivalente al «mejor equitador de la historia»,​ el principal premio que ha recibido un deportista chileno.​​
En la ciudad de Valdivia (Chile), una población lleva su nombre desde el año 1986.
Manuel Sáenz Díez y García Pinillos

Manuel Sáenz Díez y García Pinillos (Madrid, 10 de febrero de 1824 - Leganés, 16 de agosto de 1893) fue un científico español.
Licenciado en medicina y cirugía y doctor en ciencias físicas y matemáticas. Catedrático de química orgánica de la Universidad de Madrid. En 1882 la Dirección General de Aduanas le encargó a él y a Magí Bonet y Bonfill un procedimiento que sirviera para reconocer en las aduanas la presencia de fucsina en los vinos, un colorante que contenía impurezas de arsénico y era tóxico.​ Fue vocal del Real Consejo de Agricultura, Industria y Comercio.
Elegido miembro de la Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales en 1880. Tomó posesión en 1883 con el discurso La Química en los tiempos modernos.​
Caminos de Santiago de Compostela en Francia (Patrimonio de la Humanidad)

Con la denominación Caminos de Santiago de Compostela en Francia (del francés: Chemins de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle en France) se engloban toda una serie de monumentos relacionados con el Camino de Santiago a su paso por Francia que forman parte del Patrimonio de la Humanidad desde que fueran así declarados por la Unesco en 1998. En Francia existen 4 caminos o rutas principales de peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela:
Los tres últimos caminos confluyen en un paraje denominado Gibraltar, que está situado cerca de la localidad vasco-francesa de Ostabat. De ahí las tres rutas siguen juntas hasta San Juan de Pie de Puerto, última etapa del Camino de Santiago en Francia y último pueblo antes de cruzar los Pirineos y entrar en España. Esta localidad vasco-francesa suele considerarse como el punto de partida del Camino Francés, ya formando parte del Camino de Santiago en España.
Además de estas 4 vías principales existen muchas otras ramas menores. Entre ellas destacan:
La declaración de la Unesco protege, con indicación individualizada, además de siete tramos del camino como tales, 26 iglesias, 12 catedrales, 11 abadías, 6 puentes, 5 basílicas, 5 hospitales, 2 colegiatas y un campanario, una puerta y un dolmen.
Los siguientes sitios y monumentos fueron incluidos en el listado de bienes catalogados como Patrimonio de la Humanidad dentro de la denominación Caminos de Santiago en Francia. La mayor parte de ellos son monumentos situados a lo largo de las varias rutas de peregrinación a Santiago de Compostela que atravesaban Francia. También se protegen unos pequeños tramos de las rutas, más concretamente del Camino de Puy.
Algunos de estos bienes, señalados con (*) y sombreados en rosa, ya habían sido incluidos con anterioridad en el Patrimonio de la Humanidad.
MetroArte

La Corporación Cultural MetroArte es una fundación establecida por Metro S.A. en 1992 para la realización de actividades y obras de carácter artístico o cultural dentro de las estaciones del Metro de Santiago, en Chile.
Fue creada en 1992 por el Departamento de Asuntos Corporativos de la empresa estatal. Dentro de las diversas actividades que organiza MetroArte se encuentran el concurso literario Santiago en 100 palabras, realizado anualmente desde 2001 y que en sus últimas ediciones ha contado con la participación de entre 30 y 50 mil cuentos.
Dentro de las principales realizaciones está el Proyecto MetroArte, que consiste en la instalación de obras artísticas en las estaciones del Metro, con el apoyo de empresas privadas, corporaciones y el Estado, permitiendo acogerse a la Ley de Donaciones Culturales. 25 obras están instaladas actualmente en el Metro de Santiago, siendo el mural Interior urbano el primero en ser instalado en la estación Universidad de Chile durante 1993.
Asimismo, la Fundación administra el Centro Cultural Pablo Neruda localizado en la estación Quinta Normal, la Multisala Cultural en Baquedano y la galería de arte abierto en Puente Cal y Canto.
Desde 1986,​ el artista Zerreitug ha contribuido con dioramas que retratan distintas escenas de la historia de Chile. Algunas de ellas, sin embargo, no tienen necesariamente relación con la historia del país, sino que representan a personajes que llevan el nombre de alguna estación, como se da en el caso de Hernando de Magallanes y Vespucio Norte por ejemplo.
A pesar de que las primeras obras de Zerreitug en las estaciones no fueron parte del proyecto de MetroArte, en el día de hoy todos sus trabajos son considerados parte del programa.
De forma exclusiva en la estación Ñuñoa, se encuentra una galería permanente denominada Suizspacio. Se trata de un lugar considerado como de intercambio cultural entre Chile y Suiza, al contar con exhibiciones relacionadas con el país europeo. De hecho, se eligió esta estación debido a que en las cercanías de la estación se encuentran dos edificios relevantes con la comunidad suiza en el país: el Club Suizo y el Colegio Suizo de Santiago, los cuales fueron inauguradas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX.​
Es una iniciativa que fue iniciada por la embajada helvética en Chile en colaboración con el Metro de Santiago y fue inaugurada en septiembre de 2019 en su primera etapa hasta culminar con la inauguración de la galería misma el 4 de junio de 2021 con su primera exposición.
Bear Story

Bear Story (Spanish: Historia de un oso) is a 2014 Chilean animated short film, directed by Gabriel Osorio Vargas. The screenplay was co-written with Daniel Castro, and the film was produced by Pato Escala Pierart. The story is inspired by the director's grandfather, Leopoldo Osorio, who was imprisoned for two years after the Chilean coup d'état and then forced into exile for the duration of the dictatorship. The film was a critical success, winning the Oscar for Best Animated Short Film at the 88th Academy Awards. It is the first Chilean film to win an Academy Award and also the first Latin American animation to win or be nominated for an Oscar.
A bear works on a mechanical diorama that depicts a bear family - himself, a female bear, and a child bear. He carries the figures of the mother and child and looks into an empty child's room before having tea in his kitchen. As he checks the time, the bear puts the two figures into the diorama and cycles out to the village square. He sets up his diorama and announces his business by ringing a bell. A bear child notices him and, after receiving a coin from his father, runs to see the diorama.
The diorama shows the bear's life, starting with himself, his wife, and his child living happily together in an apartment. When a circus arrives, militant-looking figures wielding batons violently subdue and capture animal residents. The bear protects his family but is beaten and taken away. In the circus, he is forced to ride a small bicycle and is kept locked and chained in a cage. As other tricks are added to his act, such as juggling and riding a unicycle, he is required to perform a daredevil jump. Still thinking of his family, the bear performs the jump so well he flies out of the circus tent, escaping captivity and returning home. Weeping at the sight of his wrecked home, the bear's wife and child appear and hug him.
The diorama ends, and the child gives the bear a coin, receiving a pinwheel from him before rushing off to return to their parent. The bear watches them go, glancing at the photograph of his family that he keeps in his pocket watch. He then rings his bell again.
Bear Story's success inspired many animators in Chile, such as Fernanda Frick (Here's the Plan), who had worked on the film, and Hugo Covarrubias (Bestia, also Oscar-nominated) to create their own independent animated shorts.
Roberto Bolaño bibliography

The following bibliography of Roberto Bolaño provides a chronological list of the published works of Chilean writer Roberto Bolaño (1953–2003). It includes his fiction (novels, short stories, poems) and non-fiction (essays, speeches, interviews), both published during his lifetime and posthumously.
Note: Titles appearing in brackets have not yet been translated into English and are only literal indications of the original Spanish titles.
Note: Four essays collected within short-story books are listed here tagged with "[essay]".
Yves (singer)

Ha Soo-young (Korean: 하수영; born May 24, 1997), known professionally as Yves (이브), is a South Korean singer and songwriter. She rose to prominence as a member of the South Korean girl group Loona and its sub-unit Loona yyxy. She made her solo debut on May 29, 2024, with the extended play (EP) Loop; later that year, she released her second EP, I Did.
Ha Soo-young was born on May 24, 1997, in Busan, South Korea, where she lived until elementary school, when she moved to Yangsan.
Yves has wanted to be a singer since kindergarten. Her dream of becoming a singer developed further when she saw the South Korean girl group Wonder Girls perform their debut song "Irony" in 2007. She attended the Dance Up Academy in Busan and the Dream Vocal & Dance Academy in Seoul.
On November 14, 2017, Yves was revealed as the ninth member of the Korean idol girl group Loona. As part of the group's pre-debut release strategy, on November 28, she released her self-titled single album containing two tracks, the single "New" and "D-1". In December 2017, Yves participated on the song "The Carol 2.0" with Loona members ViVi and Choerry. She also featured on the second track "Girl's Talk" on other Loona member Chuu's self-titled single album.
Yves was introduced as part of Loona's third sub-unit Loona yyxy. The sub-unit includes members Chuu, Go Won and HyeJu, and their EP, Beauty & the Beat, was released on May 30, 2018 and reached number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart. She officially debuted with the whole group on August 20 with the EP [+ +], which peaked at number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart.
In May 2020, Yves became the new MC of the variety show Fact iN Star alongside Yoo Jae-hwan.
On November 28, 2022, it was reported that Yves and all Loona members, except for HyunJin and ViVi, have filed a lawsuit to suspend their contracts with Blockberry Creative, citing a loss of trust in the company. Blockberry Creative has denied these allegations. On January 13, 2023, it was revealed that Yves, along with HaSeul, Go Won, Olivia Hye, and YeoJin, lost the trial against Blockberry Creative regarding the termination of their exclusive contracts. However, on June 16, The Seoul High Court's 5th Civil Cases Division ruled in favor of Yves, HaSeul, Go Won, Olivia Hye, and YeoJin, allowing them to suspend their exclusive contracts with Blockberry Creative.
On March 14, 2024, Yves had signed an exclusive contract with Paix Per Mil. On May 14, she sang "Breath", one of the original soundtrack for Missing Crown Prince. On May 29, she made her solo debut with the release of her debut EP Loop. On August 29, she released the single "Tik Tok". On October 31, it was announced that Yves would be releasing her second EP I Did on November 14. A deluxe version of her second EP titled I Did: Bloom (Deluxe) was released on January 17, 2025. On April 1, Yves released DIM ∞, an EP containing previously released "Dim" along with four new versions of the song after it topped TikTok's US 'Viral 50' chart.
All songwriting credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.
List of clock towers

This is a list of clock towers by location, including only clock towers based on the following definition:
A clock tower is a tower specifically built with one or more (often four) clock faces. Clock towers can be either freestanding or part of a church or municipal building such as a town hall.
The mechanism inside the tower is known as a turret clock which often marks the hour (and sometimes segments of an hour) by sounding large bells or chimes, sometimes playing simple musical phrases or tunes.
In 2013, a research made by newspaper La Tercera revealed that only 5 out of 25 clock towers are functioning in Santiago, mostly because of financial issues and lack of interest by the owners.
|Lee market clock tower |Karachi,Sindh |1927 |- |Poonabhai Mamaiya clock Tower |[[Karachi,Sindh]
Hopwood Clock Tower, Palmerston North
Plaza Colón (San Juan)

Plaza Colón (Spanish for Columbus square or plaza), formerly called Santiago Square, is a plaza or public town square located in Old San Juan where the easternmost city walls and main city gate (Puerta de Santiago) used to be located. The square today is a popular meeting place and is often used as a starting point for sightseeing in Old San Juan as it is located close to the main cruise ship docks, numerous restaurants, cafés and gift shops, and important landmarks such as San Cristóbal Castle, Tapia Theater, the Old Casino and the Puerto Rico Capitol.
The area was originally considered an important transportation and social center in San Juan. The Tapia Theater was built around this time and inaugurated in 1832. The Christopher Columbus statue was first erected in the area in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the European "discovery" of Puerto Rico. The statue of Juan Ponce de Leon that used to be located in the center of the square was moved to Plaza San Jose (next to San Jose Church). Before its construction in 1897, the plaza used to be the eastern end of the defensive wall system that surrounded San Juan. It used to be the location of one of the main city gates, Santiago Gate (Spanish: Puerta de Santiago). This section of the wall was torn down in the May of 1897 as it was deemed unnecessary and it was considered an obstacle to San Juan's economic growth as the walled district was isolated from the rest of the modern city. The statue of Columbus atop its column at the center of the square caused people to start referring to the plaza as Plaza Colón rather than Plaza Santiago. The square today is paved with marble tiles and lightened by adorned lamp posts which were installed during the revitalization of the area in the latter half of the 20th century.
18°27′58″N 66°06′44″W﻿ / ﻿18.4662°N 66.1121°W﻿ / 18.4662; -66.1121
PS Speicher

The PS Speicher is a transport museum in Einbeck, Germany. It features the world's largest collection of German motorcycles, as well as vintage cars, and shows the development of individual transport.
In 1898, a granary was built in Einbeck from brick stone material. In the second half of the 20th century, it was taken out of usage as more modern granaries were constructed in the region. For several years, it was then used for different purposes. In 2012, a major restoration was initiated. It is now a cultural heritage building. PS Speicher opened by mid 2014 after being declared open by Stephan Weil in an opening ceremony.
PS Speicher comprises six floors, each of which covers a certain time period. While the highest floor depicts the beginning of individual motorisation with the first motorcycles and cars, the lowest floor addresses current research and possible developments of individual transport technology. All stages in between these two are covered in the remaining four floors. Vehicles are presented in full size dioramas within scenes of historic events. In addition, an exhibition of historic supermini cars refers to Wirtschaftswunder time.
The exhibition as well as audio tours are bilingual, German and English.
The theme park has an overall size of 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft). It includes the 4,000 square metres (43,000 sq ft) exhibition building with children's playground, ticket pavilion, a six degrees of freedom driving simulator with Porsche chassis that is unique in Germany, a restaurant and the museum shop which sells a wide range of reproduction posters, models, gifts and souvenirs.
It displays a range of more than 300 German classic motorcycles and antique cars. Exhibits range from one of the earliest motorcycles to the fastest motorcycles that were built to stock. Not all of the museums vehicles are on display at a time.
Notable exhibits include a Hildebrand & Wolfmüller motorcycle, first generation scooters and IFA F9 or Panhard cars.
List of model car brands

This page lists model car brand names past and present. The list is inclusive with slush mold, tinplate, pressed steel, diecast zamac, white metal, plastic and resin models and toys from all over the world. A few are even made of crystal, glass, wood, coal or other materials. Some of the brands here are more toy-like and others are purely for adult collectors. Some are from design model organizations and were never intended for sale. The price of some when new was less than 50 cents, while others cost hundreds or thousands of dollars. Some are kits, some are kits that are specially handbuilt, but many are factory preassembled. Some are promotional in approach while others are solidly set in the retail realm. Some are stationary and do not roll while others roll or have friction or pull-back motors. At a different end of the spectrum, many are remote control. Models of all different sizes are represented, but the typical range is between 1:18 (about 11 inches) to 1:87 (about an inch and a half).
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Santiago Light Rail

The Santiago Light Rail is a planned light rail system within the City of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic, and the Cibao International Airport. This will be the second urban rail transit system in the Dominican Republic (Santo Domingo Metro being the first).
The construction of the light rail line crossing Santiago was approved by the Santiago municipal government. It is intended to help the city's traffic problems. To be constructed by the Spanish railway company FEVE, the line will be relatively short and will take 14 months to construct, according to city officials. The Dominican central government will not provide construction funds. It will end at the Cibao Airport; its total length will be22 kilometres (14 mi). Construction was originally scheduled to begin in mid-2008. As of today the project is on hold due to insufficient studies about the benefits of this system. It is reported that as soon as studies are complete, work will commence.
The train stations have not been officially announced, though it is reported that there will be twelve, including the Héroes de la Restauración monument in the city centre, Avenida de la Independencia, Avenida de la Circunvalacion, and a terminus at the Airport.
Santiago de Cuba Province

Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. The largest city Santiago de Cuba is the main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano, Contramaestre, San Luis and Songo-La Maya.
Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the forested and mountainous province.
Prior to 1976, Cuba was divided into six historical provinces. One of these was Oriente province, which was, prior to 1905, known as Santiago de Cuba province. The present day province comprises the south-central region of Oriente.
The province is rich in material resources such as iron and nickel. The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao, and coffee dotting the landscape. Industry is growing around the capital, as is tourism. The natural environment of the province attracts tourists from elsewhere in Cuba and from overseas.
In 2004, the province of Santiago De Cuba had a population of 1,043,202. With a total area of 6,156.44 km (2,377.01 sq mi), the province had a population density of 169.4/km (439/sq mi).
Santiago de Cuba Province is twinned with:
Lidlidda Protected Landscape

The Lidlidda Protected Landscape, also known as the Lidlidda–Banayoyo Protected Landscape, is a protected area of natural springs and surrounding mountain forests in Ilocos Sur on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is an important watershed providing the agricultural and household water requirements of the communities in the municipalities of Lidlidda and Banayoyo. It was established in 1936 as the Lidlidda Watershed Forest Reserve through Proclamation No. 79 signed by President Manuel Luis Quezon with an initial area of 1,228 hectares (3,030 acres). In 2000, under the National Integrated Protected Areas System, it was redesignated as a protected landscape area covering its present size of 1,157.44 hectares (2,860.1 acres).
The Lidlidda protected landscape area includes parts of the upland municipalities of Lidlidda and Banayoyo, as well as a small portion of the municipality of San Emilio in Ilocos Sur. It contains several natural springs, waterfalls, rivers, creeks and streams including the Lidlidda and Candon rivers, as well as the Danglas, Cabunao and Laolaoed creeks. It has a mountainous topography of 30%-50% steep slopes with the highest elevation at 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level. Its soil composition is classified as brown sandy loam. The park also includes the 40-hectare (99-acre) conservation area known as Paraesus Verde (Green Paradise) managed by the local government unit of Lidlidda in Poblacion Norte.
Among the tree species found in the area are teak, molave, raintree, tibig, akleng parang and narra.
The park is accessible via the Santiago–Banayoyo–Lidlidda–San Emilio–Quirino National Road from the main highway of the Manila North Road in Santiago just north of Candon. It can also be accessed from the city of Vigan in the north via the Santa Maria–Burgos Road.
Pastaza Province

Pastaza (Spanish pronunciation: [pasˈtasa]) is a province in the Oriente of Ecuador located in the eastern jungle. The capital is Puyo, founded on May 12, 1899, with a population of 33,325. The city is now accessible by paved roads, a recent development; the main road from Baños follows the Pastaza river into the province.
The Pastaza River surges into the province from the west and as the landscape flattens, meanders on to the Napo, a tributary of the Amazon. Natural resources of Pastaza are bananas, grapefruit, tobacco, cocoa and coffee. Tea has successfully been cultivated by a few British companies, and in the mid-1980s one of the companies was honored by a visit from Princess Margaret from the royal family of Britain.
The landscape is mostly mountainous in the western part of the province and becomes relatively flat toward the east as it nears the Peruvian border with rivers and plains characterizing most of the province. The highest elevation is 1,820 meters (5,970 ft). The climate is warm and humid due to the almost 7 meters of annual rainfall (22 feet) in the parts closest to the western mountains, but with significant amounts of rainfall throughout the province. The median temperature is 18 to 24 Celsius. It is rumored that there is much gold in the rivers of Pastaza; however, to date no significant discoveries of gold have been reported.
Snakes and other venomous creatures, such as tarantulas and scorpions, are common in the province. Travellers are advised to be cautious in any trekking through the jungles, parks and trails. Some of the snakes blend extremely well even in trees, so walking sticks and/or machetes are a good precaution for hiking.
The flora of the region is spectacular. A few local parks have been developed with myriad natural orchids from the area and admittance to these parks is relatively inexpensive. Rainy day gear is advised since the rains are present almost year-round, many times in the late afternoon, but occasional all day as well. The rain is quite warm compared to those in North America.
Pastaza is the largest province in Ecuador and the richest in biodiversity. To the north of Pastaza are the provinces Napo and Orellana, to the south is Morona Santiago, to the east is the country of Peru, and to the west are the provinces Tungurahua and Morona Santiago. The total population is about 83,930 inhabitants.
Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
The province is divided into four cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2001 census, its area in square kilometres (km), and the name of the canton seat or capital.
Anies Baswedan

H. Anies Rasyid Baswedan, S.E., M.P.P., Ph.D. (pangucapan bahaso Indonesia: [ˈanɪs baˈswɛdan], lahia di Kuningan, Jawa Barat, 7 Mei 1969; umua 55 taun) adolah akademisi, aktivis, jo politikus Indonesia nan manjabat sabagai Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta periode 2017 - 2022, sabagai saurang politikus independen.
Satalah mangenyam pandidikan di bidang ilmu politik jo pamarintahan, Anies Baswedan bakarier sabagai akademisi. Inyo manjabat sabagai Rektor Universitas Paramadina salamo salapan taun, jo manggagas garakan Indonesia Mengajar. Inyo kamudian ikuik sato dalam konvensi calon presiden nan diselenggarakan dek Partai Demokrat pado taun 2013. Pado bulan Oktober 2014, inyo ditunjuak dek Presiden Joko Widodo manjadi Mantari Pendidikan jo Kabudayaan pado Kabinet Kerja, tapi dicopot duo taun kamudian.
Anies Baswedan jo Sandiaga Uno diusuang dek Gerindra jo PKS mamanangkan pamiliahan umum gubernur DKI Jakarta taun 2017 mangalahan Basuki Tjahaja Purnama. Babarapo pangamat meanilai baso kampanye ko sarat jo politisasi isu SARA. Sabagai gubernur, Anies maubah sistem sewa rumah susun, mambatalan babarapo proyek reklamasi di Taluak Jakarta, mambantuak Tim Gubernur Untuak Pacapatan Pambangunan (TGUPP), mamfokuskan pambangunan sumua resapan untuak mananggulangi banjir Jakarta, jo mambangun Stadion Internasional Jakarta. Malanjuikan janji kampanyenyo, inyo maimplementasikan program pambantuakan wirausahawan baru malalui OK Oce.
Pado bulan September 2022, Anies Baswedan manyatokan baso dirinyo siap mancalonkan diri manjadi Presiden Indonesia pado pamiliahan presiden taun 2024. Inyo dideklarasian sabagai bakal calon Presiden dek Partai NasDem pado bulan Oktober 2022, babarapo bulan sabalun tahapan pamiliahan presiden sacaro rasmi dimulai.
Jalan Tol Jakarta–Cikampek

Jalan tol Jakarta–Cikampek atau Jalan Tol Japek adolah jalan tol babaya dari Cawang manuju Cikampek. Pintu-pintu tol pado jalan tol iko batampek di Halim, Pondok Gede Barat, Pondok Gede Timur, Cikunir, Bekasi Barat, Bekasi Timur, Tambun, Cibitung, Cikarang Barat, Cibatu, Cikarang Timur, Karawang Barat, Karawang Timur, Dawuan, Kalihurip, Cikampek Utama, dan Cikampek jo malalui Kota Jakarta Timur, Kota Bekasi, Kabupaten Bekasi, Kabupaten Karawang, dan Kabupaten Purwakarta. Jalan tol iko balatak lain satu tingkek di bawah jo Jalan tol layang Jakarta-Cikampek di rueh Cikunir-Karawang Barat nan mampunyoi panjang 36,84 kilometer. Panjang kasadonyo dari jalan tol iko adolah 73 kilometer. Jalan tol Jakarta-Cikampek patamo kali dicubo pado 21 September 1988 basarato pangasahan jalan tol iko dek Soeharto pado 19 November 1988.
Jalan tol Jakarta-Cikampek mampunyoi rest area untuak ka arah Timue jo Barat. Baikuik 9 rest area di Jalan tol Jakarta-Cikampek: