davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
దార్ లియోన్

మాల్కం డగ్లస్ లియోన్ (1898, ఏప్రిల్ 22 - 1964, ఫిబ్రవరి 17) ఇంగ్లీష్ ఫస్ట్-క్లాస్ మాజీ క్రికెటర్. ఇతనిని డార్ లియాన్ అని కూడా పిలుస్తారు. 1920ల వరకు సోమర్‌సెట్ కౌంటీ క్రికెట్ క్లబ్‌కు ఆడాడు. డ్రైవింగ్‌కు పేరుగాంచిన రైట్ హ్యాండ్ టాప్ ఆర్డర్ బ్యాట్స్‌మన్, అప్పుడప్పుడు కౌంటీకి కెప్టెన్‌గా, వికెట్‌ను కాపాడుకున్నాడు.
రాజకీయ నాయకుడు, న్యాయవాది, తరువాత వివిధ బ్రిటిష్ కాలనీలలో మేజిస్ట్రేట్, కలోనియల్ అడ్మినిస్ట్రేటర్, న్యాయమూర్తి అయ్యాడు. 1948 నుండి 1957 వరకు సీషెల్స్ ప్రధాన న్యాయమూర్తిగా ఉన్నాడు.
1898 ఏప్రిల్ 22న సర్రేలోని కేటర్‌హామ్‌లో జన్మించిన లియాన్ రగ్బీ స్కూల్‌లో చదువుకున్నాడు. అతను పాఠశాల క్రికెట్‌లో చాలా విజయాలను పొందాడు, మూడు సంవత్సరాలు పాఠశాల XIలో ఆడాడు. అతని చివరి సంవత్సరంలో జట్టుకు కెప్టెన్‌గా ఉన్నాడు. మొదటి ప్రపంచ యుద్ధం (1914-1918) మధ్యలో తన పాఠశాల విద్యను ముగించాడు. బ్రిటీష్ సైన్యంలో సేవ కోసం పిలవబడ్డాడు. మొదట్లో రాయల్ ఫీల్డ్ ఆర్టిలరీ ర్యాంక్‌లో పనిచేశాడు, కానీ 1917 ఫిబ్రవరి 20న సెకండ్ లెఫ్టినెంట్ హోదాతో అధికారిగా నియమించబడ్డాడు. యుద్ధ సమయంలో చర్యలో గాయపడ్డాడు.
1919లో డీమోబిలైజేషన్ తర్వాత, లియోన్ కేంబ్రిడ్జ్‌లోని ట్రినిటీ కాలేజీలో తన చదువును కొనసాగించాలని ఎంచుకున్నాడు. మొదటి సంవత్సరంలో, యూనివర్శిటీ తరపున లార్డ్స్‌లో మార్లెబోన్ క్రికెట్ క్లబ్ కి వ్యతిరేకంగా ఒక ఫస్ట్-క్లాస్ మ్యాచ్ మాత్రమే ఆడాడు. 'బ్లూ' పొందడంలో విఫలమయ్యాడు. అయితే ఫస్ట్-క్లాస్ అరంగేట్రం దీని కంటే ముందే జరిగింది, 1920 మే చివరిలో కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ యూనివర్శిటీ క్రికెట్ క్లబ్‌తో జరిగిన మ్యాచ్‌లో సోమర్‌సెట్‌కు ఆడాడు. తరువాతి మ్యాచ్‌లో, వోర్సెస్టర్‌షైర్‌తో జరిగిన కౌంటీ ఛాంపియన్‌షిప్ టైలో, లియోన్ తన తొలి ఫస్ట్-క్లాస్ సెంచరీని 135 నిమిషాల్లో 115 కొట్టాడు.
తన రెండవ సంవత్సరంలో, ఆక్స్‌ఫర్డ్ యూనివర్శిటీ క్రికెట్ క్లబ్‌తో జరిగిన యూనివర్శిటీ మ్యాచ్‌లో బలమైన కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ జట్టు కోసం వికెట్ కీపింగ్ చేయడానికి ముందు కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ యూనివర్శిటీ తరపున ఏడు ఫస్ట్-క్లాస్ మ్యాచ్‌లలో పాల్గొన్న లియాన్ తన 'బ్లూ'ను పొందాడు. మునుపటి సంవత్సరం నుండి రివర్సల్‌లో, తన సోమర్‌సెట్ జట్టు సభ్యులతో కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం తరపున కూడా ఆడాడు. ఆ తర్వాత సంవత్సరం ఆక్స్‌ఫర్డ్‌పై విజయం సాధించిన కేంబ్రిడ్జ్ జట్టు కోసం మరోసారి వికెట్ కాపాడుకున్నాడు. కేంబ్రిడ్జ్‌లో ఉన్నప్పుడు అతను ఫుట్‌లైట్స్ సభ్యుడు, 1921 నుండి 1923 వరకు అధ్యక్షుడిగా కూడా ఉన్నాడు.
లియోన్ తమ్ముడు, బెవర్లీ హామిల్టన్ లియోన్, బెవ్ అని పిలుస్తారు, ఇతను ఆక్స్‌ఫర్డ్ విశ్వవిద్యాలయం మరియు గ్లౌసెస్టర్‌షైర్ కోసం ఆడాడు. 1922 వర్సిటీ మ్యాచ్‌లో సోదరులు ప్రత్యర్థి పక్షాల్లో ఉన్నారు. 1930లో, టౌంటన్‌లో సోమర్‌సెట్, గ్లౌసెస్టర్‌షైర్ మధ్య జరిగిన మ్యాచ్‌లో, టామ్ గొడ్దార్డ్ చేతిలో రెండుసార్లు డ్రాప్ అయిన తర్వాత దార్ 210 పరుగులు చేశాడు, అయితే బెవ్ తనదైన సెంచరీతో బదులిచ్చి తన జట్టును ఎనిమిది వికెట్ల తేడాతో విజయతీరాలకు చేర్చాడు.
1928, మే 9న, లియోన్ హెలెన్ అలిస్ ఎర్లే (నీ ఇలియట్)ని వివాహం చేసుకున్నాడు, ఆ సంవత్సరం ప్రారంభంలో లియోన్ సోమర్సెట్ క్రికెట్ సహోద్యోగి గై ఎర్లే విడాకులు తీసుకున్నాడు, ఆమె రెండవ భార్య. హెలెన్ లియోన్ 1899లో జన్మించి 1967లో మరణించాడు. వారికి ఎలిజబెత్ హెలెన్ లియోన్ అనే ఒక కుమార్తె ఉంది.
హ్యాపీ అస్మారా

హెప్పీ రిస్మాండా హేంద్రనాటా (జావనీస్: హ్యాపీ అస్మారా) ఒక ఇండోనేషియా గాయని, పాటల రచయిత, రింగిన్రెజో, కేడిరికి చెందిన వ్యాపారవేత్త, జూలై 10, 1999 న జన్మించారు. జావానీస్ సంగీతంలో తనను తాను ఆధారం చేసుకుని, జావా ప్రాంతంలో, ముఖ్యంగా తూర్పు జావాలో విపరీతమైన ప్రజాదరణ పొందిన "తక్ ఇఖ్లాస్నో" పేరుతో ఆమె స్వంత నిర్మాణంలో రెండవ సింగిల్ విడుదలైన తరువాత ఆమె పేరు విస్తృత ప్రజా దృష్టిని ఆకర్షించింది."తక్ ఇక్లాస్నో" విడుదలైన సంవత్సరంలో, హ్యాపీ అస్మారా రికార్డ్ లేబుల్ ద్వారా రీసైకిల్ చేయబడిన సింగిల్ "దలన్ లియాన్" ను విడుదల చేసింది, ఇది కూడా గొప్ప ప్రజాదరణ పొందింది, కనీసం ఆమె కెరీర్లో మార్పుగా మారింది. జనాదరణ పొందిన సంస్కృతిలో " తక్ ఇఖ్లాస్నో ", "డలన్ లియాన్ " గొప్ప గుర్తింపుకు ఆరంభాలుగా పరిగణించబడుతున్నాయి.
హ్యాపీ అస్మారా కేదిరిలోని రింగిన్రెజోలో జన్మించి రింగిన్రెజో జిల్లా ప్రాంతంలో పెరిగాడు. జావానీస్-మినాహాసన్ తండ్రి హెండ్రో సిస్వాంటోరో, జావానీస్ తల్లి డ్వీ యుస్లియాంటి నుండి నలుగురు సంతానంలో ఆమె పెద్దది. హ్యాపీ అస్మారాకు ముగ్గురు తోబుట్టువులు ఉన్నారు; పెద్దవాడు రియాంగ్ కాహ్యా ఫోర్టునా, చిన్నవాడు అలెక్సియో బెర్ట్రాండ్ అల్వారో, ఆమె రెండవ తమ్ముడు ఆటిజం ఉన్న వ్యక్తి, టెటనస్తో మరణించాడు. హ్యాపీ చివరి పేరు ఆమె తల్లిదండ్రులు ఇచ్చిన పోషకమైన పేరు, ఇది ఆమె తండ్రి మొదటి పేరు నుండి స్వీకరించబడింది.
హ్యాపీ అస్మారా తన జూనియర్ హైస్కూల్ విద్యను ఎస్ఎంపి నెగెరి 2 క్రాస్ నుండి పూర్తి చేసింది, తరువాత ఆమె కొనసాగించింది, తూర్పు జావాలోని కేదిరి రీజెన్సీలోని ఎస్ఎంఎ నెగేరి 1 కందాట్ నుండి తన సీనియర్ హైస్కూల్ విద్యను పూర్తి చేసింది. హ్యాపీ అస్మారా కేదిరి నగరంలోని ఓపెన్ యూనివర్శిటీ (యుపిబిజెజె-యుటి) మలాంగ్ నుండి ప్రాథమిక పాఠశాల ఉపాధ్యాయ విద్య (పిజిఎస్డి) లో బ్యాచిలర్ ఆఫ్ ఎడ్యుకేషన్ (ఎస్.పి.డి. ) డిగ్రీని అభ్యసించింది, కాని ఆమె బిజీ కెరీర్ కారణంగా ఆమె చివరికి నిర్దిష్ట సమయం వరకు ఆపాలని నిర్ణయించుకుంది.
Chennai Super Kings Cricket

Chennai Super Kings Cricket Limited is a public limited company that administers cricket franchises. The company was incorporated on 19 December 2014. The name itself was derived from its first and flagship franchise Chennai Super Kings (CSK), which plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL).
As of 2023, the major share holders include India Cements Shareholders Trust (30%), Saradha Logistics (6.9%) and Life Insurance Corporation of India (6%). The company took over the ownership of CSK in 2014. It also owns the teams Joburg Super Kings in SA20 and Texas Super Kings in Major League Cricket.
In 2008, Indian Premier League, a franchise based T20 tournament was launched by Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Chennai Super Kings (CSK) was acquired by India Cements, a company owned by N.Srinivasan, then president of BCCI. The BCCI had an existing clause in its regulations which prohibited administrators of BCCI from holding commercial interests in the matches conducted by the board. This was modified to enable the ownership of franchises in the IPL by members linked to the BCCI. In 2014, the Supreme Court of India admitted a petition which challenged the amendment and cited conflict of interest. Chennai Super Kings Cricket Limited was incorporated on 19 December 2014. To avoid complications arising out of the conflict of interest case, the ownership of CSK was transferred to the new company. The amendment to the BCCI clause was later voided by the Supreme Court of India in 2016.
Chennai Super Kings Cricket Limited is incorporated as a public limited company. The name itself was derived from its first and flagship franchise CSK. As of 2023, the major share holders include India Cements Shareholders Trust (30%), Saradha Logistics (6.9%) and Life Insurance Corporation of India (6%). The company took over the ownership of CSK in 2014.
As of 2024, the company owns the following franchises:
2025 Chennai Super Kings season

The 2025 season is the 16th season for the Indian Premier League franchise Chennai Super Kings (CSK). CSK is one of the ten teams which is competing in the 2025 Indian Premier League. The team finished in fifth place in the previous season.
The 2025 season would be the 18th edition of the Indian Premier League organized by the Board of Control for Cricket in India. In July 2024, the IPL Governing Council announced that a mega auction would be conducted ahead of the 2025 season. In September 2024, it was announced that the bowling coach of the Chennai Super Kings (CSK), Dwayne Bravo would join Kolkata Knight Riders in a mentorship role.
The franchises were allowed to retain a maximum of six players from their squad. Any Indian capped player who wasn't named in the starting XI in international cricket (Test, ODI, T20I) in the preceding five calendar years or did not have a central contract with the Board of Control for Cricket in India was considered as an uncapped player for the auction. The retention cap included a maximum of five capped players (Indian and overseas players) and two uncapped players. The franchises submitted their retention lists before 31 October 2024. Chennai Super Kings (CSK) retained five players including captain Ruturaj Gaikwad, former captains M S Dhoni, and Ravindra Jadeja. The team also retained Shivam Dube and Matheesha Pathirana while releasing the others.
The auction was scheduled on 24 and 25 November 2024 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The auction purse for each franchise was set at ₹120 crore (US$14 million), and the franchises were deducted a specific amount from the auction purse for every retained player. CSK had a purse of ₹55 crore (US$6.4 million) before the auction after mandatory deductions against the retained players. Franchises who did not retain the maximum number of players, were allowed Right-to-Match (RTM) cards at the auction. CSK had one RTM card available to be used against a capped or uncapped player.
A total of 1,574 players registered for the auction, of which 574 players were shortlisted to feature in the auction. CSK bought 20 players in the auction which included ten capped players and six overseas players. The franchise used its RTM card to buy back Rachin Ravindra for ₹4 crore (US$470,000). The Super Kings spent ₹10 crore (US$1.2 million) to buy Afghan spinner Noor Ahmad and ₹9.75 crore (US$1.1 million) on Indian all rounder Ravichandran Ashwin, who had previously played for the team till 2015. The team also bought back Mukesh Choudhary, Devon Conway, Sam Curran, and Shaik Rasheed, who had played for the franchise in the earlier seasons.
List of Chennai Super Kings records

Chennai Super Kings (CSK) are an Indian franchise cricket team based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu which plays in the Indian Premier League (IPL). Founded in 2008 this team led by Dhoni. The team plays its home matches at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai.
After serving a two-year suspension from the IPL starting July 2015 2013 IPL betting case (along with Rajasthan Royals), the Super Kings returned to the league in 2018, winning the championship in the comeback season. The team is captained by Ruturaj Gaikwad and coached by Stephen Fleming.
The brand value of the Super Kings in 2018 was estimated at $95 million, making them one of the most valuable franchises in the IPL. in January 2022 CSK became the first sports Unicorn in India.
In general the top five are listed in each category (except when there is a tie for the last place among the five, when all the tied record holders are noted).
List of Indian Premier League seasons and results

The Indian Premier League (IPL) is a domestic, annual Twenty20 cricket tournament played in India, organized by the IPL Governing Council, under the aegis of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). It is the most watched Twenty20 tournament and the second-best-paying cricket league globally.
IPL was established in 2008 and currently consists of ten teams in ten cities across India. The inaugural IPL season was won by Rajasthan Royals. As of 2024, there have been seventeen seasons of the IPL tournament.
Up until 2021, the IPL tournament involved each team playing every other team twice in a home-and-away, double round-robin format. From 2022, the ten teams were divided into two groups of five. A random draw was used to determine the groups and who plays whom across the groups once and twice. In the group stage, each team plays 14 games facing the other four teams in their group two times each (one home and one away game), four teams in the other group once, and the remaining team two times. At the conclusion of the double round-robin league, on the basis of aggregate points, the top four teams qualify for the playoffs. In this stage, the top two teams compete with each other (in a match titled "Qualifier 1"), as do the remaining two teams (in a match titled "Eliminator"). While the winner of Qualifier 1 directly qualifies for the final match, the losing team gets another chance to qualify for the final match by playing the winning team of the Eliminator match; this match is titled Qualifier 2. The winner of this subsequent Qualifier 2 match moves onto the final match. The team that wins the final match is crowned the Indian Premier League champion.
Altogether, thirteen teams have played in the past ten seasons of the IPL tournament. Of these, three teams are no longer a part of the tournament. In 2011, BCCI terminated the franchise of Kochi Tuskers Kerala for contractual breach. Similarly, BCCI terminated the franchise of Deccan Chargers in 2012 for backing off from its commitments. In 2013, Pune Warriors India exited IPL after it had a franchise valuation disagreement with BCCI. Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals were suspended in 2016 & 2017 following a betting controversy. However, in July 2017, BCCI announced that both Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals would be allowed back into the IPL competition from the 2018 season.
Chennai Super Kings and Mumbai Indians have won five titles each while Kolkata Knight Riders have won three titles. Gujarat Titans, Sunrisers Hyderabad, Rajasthan Royals, and former team Deccan Chargers have won a title each.
*No longer exists.
Tiger reserves of India

The tiger reserves in India were set up as a part of Project Tiger initiated in 1973 and are administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority of Government of India. As of March 2025, there are 58 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves. As of 2023, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.
As per the section 38 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, the state governments are responsible preparing a Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals.
In 2006, it was estimated that there were 1,411 tigers living in the wild, the lowest ever recorded. The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated the total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per Ministry of Environment and Forests, the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate.
In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,967 wild tigers in existence in India. The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022. As India is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of tigers in India played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to World Wildlife Fund and Global Tiger Forum.
Tiger reserves were set up as a part of Project Tiger initiated in 1973 and are administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority of Government of India. Tiger reserves consist of a core area which includes part(s) of protected areas such as a national park or a wildlife sanctuary and a buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Project tiger is aimed at performing the necessary activities to ensure viability of tiger population in the core area and to promote a balance between the existence of people and animals in the buffer zones.
In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 km (3,519 sq mi) had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 km (9,500 sq mi). More than 1100 tigers were estimated to inhabit the reserves by 1984. By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of 33,000 km (13,000 sq mi). As of March 2025, there are 58 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves.
Maneless lion

The term "maneless lion" or "scanty mane lion" often refers to a male lion without a mane, or with a weak one.
The purpose of the mane is thought to signal the fitness of males to females. Experts disagree as to whether or not the mane defends the male lion's throat in confrontations.
Although lions are known for their mane, not all males have one. This might be because of a polymorphism within males.
The Asiatic lion is often considered to have a weak mane compared to its cousins in Africa, due to the hot climate in Asia, but this does not always apply. The manes of most lions in ancient Greece and Asia Minor were also less developed and did not extend to below the belly, sides or ulnas. Lions that occurred in Mesopotamia had hair on the underbelly, unlike modern lions in the wilderness of India, and also, a relief from Nineveh in the Mesopotamian Plain shows a lion with underbelly hair. Lions with such smaller manes were also known in the Syrian region, Arabian Peninsula and Egypt, while in Gir Forest of India, cases of maneless lions are rarely reported.
In Iran there are often pictures of stone reliefs with Asiatic lions without a mane.
Lions with such smaller manes were also known in the Syrian region and Arabian peninsula.
In sub-Saharan Africa, lions with weak manes were reported in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda.
Tsavo is a region of Kenya located at the crossing of the Uganda Railway over the Tsavo River, close to where it meets the Athi-Galana-Sabaki River. Tsavo male lions generally do not have a mane, though colouration and thickness vary. There are several hypotheses as to the reasons. One is that mane development is closely tied to climate because its presence significantly reduces heat loss. An alternative explanation is that manelessness is an adaptation to the thorny vegetation of the Tsavo area in which a mane might hinder hunting. Tsavo males may have heightened levels of testosterone, which could also explain their reputation for aggression.
West African lions are often seen with weak manes or none.
Lions in Ancient Egyptian art are usually depicted without a mane, but with a ruff around the neck. The reason for this is not known.
Paleolithic European cave paintings depict all cave lions (which are a distinct species most closely related to the modern lion) without manes, even if they display clear male characteristics such as the presence of a scrotum, suggesting that manes were absent in this species.
Gujarat Lions

Gujarat Lions was a franchise cricket team based in the city of Rajkot, that represented the Indian state of Gujarat in the Indian Premier League (IPL). The team played in the IPL, along with Rising Pune Supergiant for two season between 2016 and 2017 as one of the replacements for Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals who were both suspended for two seasons due to illegal betting by their respective owners. The franchise was owned by Intex Technologies.
The team played five of their home matches at Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Rajkot and two of their home matches at Green Park Stadium, Kanpur in the IPL 2016. In IPL 2016, the team won 9 matches, and topped the points table.
In 2017, the team won four matches out of fourteen, and did not qualify for the playoffs.
The team did not receive an extension to play in further seasons of the tournament, and has been defunct since 2017. In 2022, another Gujarati team, the Gujarat Titans, entered the IPL.
The team logo featured a lion. The team song is called "Game mari che" (The Game is ours, in Gujarati).
Circle of Courage

The Circle of Courage is a model of youth development based on the principles of belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity. The model integrates child development practices of tribal peoples and the findings of modern youth development research.
The Circle of Courage model portrays four growth needs of all children: Belonging, Mastery, Independence, and Generosity. This philosophy emerged from collaboration of Martin Brokenleg, a professor of Native American Studies, and Larry Brendtro, a professor in children's behavior disorders. They studied how traditional indigenous cultures reared children without resorting to coercive discipline. The Circle of Courage is illustrated as a medicine wheel with four directions.
In 1990, the Circle of Courage was outlined in the Solution Tree publication, Reclaiming Youth at Risk, by Larry Brendtro, Martin Brokenleg, and Steve Van Bockern who were then colleagues at Augustana College.
The model was adopted to youth services in South Africa during the administration of Nelson Mandela under the leadership of Minister Geraldine Moloketi and Lesley du Toit. This led in 2005 to the Response Ability Pathways (RAP) curriculum which provides training on applying the Circle of Courage to all who work with youth.
The Circle of Courage provides the philosophical foundation for the work of Reclaiming Youth International (RYI), a 501(c)(3) non-profit company dedicated to helping adults better serve children and youth who are in emotional pain from conflict in the family, school, community, peer groups or with self.
Arthur Ashe Courage Award

The Arthur Ashe Courage Award (sometimes called the Arthur Ashe Award for Courage or Arthur Ashe Courage and Humanitarian Award) is presented as part of the ESPY Awards. It is named for the American tennis player Arthur Ashe. Although it is a sport-oriented award, it is not limited to sports-related people or actions, as it is presented annually to individuals whose contributions "transcend sports". According to ESPN, the organization responsible for giving out the award, "recipients reflect the spirit of Arthur Ashe, possessing strength in the face of adversity, courage in the face of peril and the willingness to stand up for their beliefs no matter what the cost". The award was presented as part of the ESPY Awards ceremony at the Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles from 2008 to 2019. The 2020 ESPYs ceremony was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the Ashe Award being one of the few awards presented, and the 2021 ceremony was held in New York City.
The inaugural award, made at the 1993 ESPY Awards, was presented to the American college basketball player, coach, and broadcaster Jim Valvano. In 1993, ESPN partnered with Valvano to create the V Foundation which presents the annual Jimmy V Award to "a deserving member of the sporting world who has overcome great obstacles through perseverance and determination." Suffering from cancer, Valvano gave the inaugural Arthur Ashe Courage Award acceptance speech which "brought a howling, teary-eyed Madison Square Garden to its feet". Valvano died two months after receiving the award. Although the award is usually given to individuals, it has been presented to multiple recipients on seven occasions: former athletes on United Airlines Flight 93 (2002), Pat and Kevin Tillman (2003), Emmanuel Ofosu Yeboah and Jim MacLaren (2005), Roia Ahmad and Shamila Kohestani (2006), Trevor Ringland and David Cullen (2007), and Tommie Smith, John Carlos (2008), and survivors of the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal (2018). The accolade has been presented posthumously on five occasions.
The award has not been without controversy: in June 2015, ESPN's announcement of Caitlyn Jenner as the recipient of that year's Arthur Ashe Courage Award led to significant criticism among online commenters and some members of the media, with Bob Costas calling the decision to give Jenner the award a "crass exploitation play". Many critics of the Jenner award considered Lauren Hill, who played college basketball despite suffering from a brain tumor that would claim her life only a few months later, a more worthy recipient. Others cited Noah Galloway, an Iraq War double amputee who competes in extreme sports and was also a finalist in the 20th season of Dancing with the Stars in 2015, as a worthy candidate.
Ingabire Beatha

Ingabire Beatha yavutse 27 ukuboza 1995, umaze kuba ubukombe mu bari n’abategarugori muri uyu mukino wo gusiganwa ku igare, aho akinira ikipe Les Amis Sportifs yi Rwamagana aherutse kwegukana shampiyona y’igihugu yo gusiganwa ku magare haba ku gusiganwa ku muntu ku giti cye ndetse no gusiganwa mu muhanda. akaba yarababajwe cyane n'urupfu rw'umutoza we Rugambwa Jean Baptiste.
Car free Day

Car free Day ni umusi uba kabiri mukwezi mu Rwanda ni umunsi udasanzwe wahariwe abanamaguru bkora siporo mu Rwanda
uyumnsi ni umunsi udasanzwe uba kabiri mukwezi mu Rwanda mumujyi wa Kigali uba kucyumweru cyambere ni cya gatatu icyogihe imodoka amamoto nibindi binabiziga byose birahagarikwa kugirango abari muri siporo yo kwiruka namaguru badahura n'inkomyi iyo ariyo yose
Kigali car Free Day ni siporo yiabirwa ningeri zose abana, abakuru,, urubyiruko, abasaza,ndetse nabakecuru
ikirenze kuri ibyo nuko abanyamahanga bababasuyebu Rwanda nabo badahezwa muri iryo siganwa ramaguru namagare umukuru wigihugu cy'URwanda na madamu nabo ntago bajya basiba kwitabira iyi siporo.
Agace ka mbere katarangwamo imodoka muri Kigali

Kanama 2015, Umujyi wa Kigali mu Rwanda nibwo hashyizwemo Agace ka mbere katarangwamo imodoka bita Car free zone.
Ni agace kava kuri KN 4 Ave gafite ahanini amabanki, butike zo mumujyi rwagati, amaduka yo mu nzu hamwe na bureaux. Umuhanda ukora kuri KN 78 Mutagatifu (Umuhanda wa Ecole Belge) na KN 84 Mutagatifu (munsi yumuhanda utagira imodoka) nawo wagize ingaruka kuri politiki yo guhagarika imodoka. Abantu barashobora kuboneka bagenda "hagati yumuhanda" inzira yose.
Umwanya wabaye ahantu hatoranijwe kubategura ibirori nko guhurira hamwe, ibitaramo by'imyidagaduro, imurikagurisha ryubuhanzi n’amavuriro yimyororokere nibindi.
Mu Ihuriro ry’Ubukungu ku Isi (WEF) ryakiriwe muri uyu mujyi muri Gicurasi, amasosiyete menshi yakoresheje umwanya wo kwakira ibirori bitandukanye kugira ngo ashimishe intumwa za WEF gusa, ndetse n’abaturage baho.
Kigali n'umujyi ukura vuba utuwe na miliyoni 1.1. Abategura umujyi bashizeho ingamba zo gushyiraho imihanda mishya inyuze mu nkengero kugira ngo bakureho ibinyabiziga bitwara abagenzi ariko kandi bituma umujyi urinda umutekano w’abanyamaguru.
Denis Rukundo

Denis Rukundo (yavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1996) ni umukinnyi ukina umupira w'amaguru ukomoka mu Rwanda ukina nk'umukinnyi wo hagati wa Police FC ndetse n’ikipe y'igihugu y'umupira w'amaguru y'u Rwanda .
Rukundo yatangiye umwuga mu gihugu cya Uganda hamwe na Maroons FC na KCCA FC, mbere yo kuva muri Ugandaajya muri APR FC muri 2017. Ku ya 20 Kanama 2019, yasubiye muri Uganda asinyana amasezerano na Police FC .
Rukundo yavukiye muri Uganda kuri se w'u Rwanda na nyina wa Uganda. Yahamagariwe guhagararira ikipe y'igihugu y'u Rwanda mu mukino wa gicuti muri Kamena 2021. Yatangiye gukinira u Rwanda mu mukino wa gicuti yatsinze Repubulika ya Centarafurike 2-0 ku ya 3 Kamena 2021.
Impuruza ku modoka, inkwi n’inganda zangiza ikirere mu Rwanda

Abashakashatsi mu by’ubumenyi bw’ikirere bakomeje gutanga impuruza ko ingamba zigamije kukirinda guhumana zakazwa, cyane cyane imodoka zisohora imyuka icyangiza, ikoreshwa ry’inkwi n’amakara mu gucana cyo kimwe n’imyotsi ituruka mu nganda bigakumirwa.
Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryasohoye amabwiriza y’ubuziranenge avuguruye agamije kurokora miliyoni z’abantu bahitanwa n’indwara ziterwa n’ihumana ry’ikirere.
Amabwiriza mashya yatangajwe mu mpera za Nzeri 2021, yaherukaga kuvugururwa mu 2005.
OMS yatangaje ko aya mavugurura yitezweho kugabanya impfu z’abantu barenga miliyoni zirindwi bahitanwa n’indwara zikomoka ku ihumana ry’ikirere buri mwaka.
Amabwiriza mashya ashyiraho cyangwa avugurura ingano y’imyuka ndetse n’utuvungukira duto duhumanya ikirere mu gihe cy’amasaha 24 ndetse no ku mwaka. Urugero ni utuvungukira duto cyane tuzwi nka particles (PM2.5) dusanzwe dutera indwara nyinshi harimo asima [Asthma] na kanseri y’ibihaha.
Ubusanzwe amabwiriza y’ubuziranenge ya 2005 yategekaga ingano y’utu tuvungukira ingana na mikorogarama (microgram) 10 kuri metero kibe mu gihe cy’umwaka, ubu yagabanutseho mikorogarama eshanu kuri metero kibe mu cyegeranyo cyo muri Nzeri 2021.
Iyi raporo yerekana kandi ko mu gihe ibihugu byakubahiriza aya mabwiriza mashya cyane cyane ku tuvungukira (PM2.5), byagabanya hafi 80% by’impfu zaterwaga natwo.
Amabwiriza mashya asaba inzego za Leta n’iz’abikorera gufatanya bakarinda ubuzima bw’abaturage babo bagabanya ibintu byose bihumanya ikirere.
Muri Kamena 2016 ni bwo hasohotse itegeko riha uburenganzira Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe kubungabunga Ibidukikije (REMA) kubungabunga imyuka yanduza ikirere no gushyiraho ingamba zo kwirinda.
U Rwanda ruza mu bihugu bya mbere muri Afurika byapimye imyuka yanduza ikirere, rushyiraho amategeko y’ubuziranenge n’amabwiriza y’ibipimo. Ni rwo rwabaye urwa mbere muri Afurika mu gushyikiriza Loni intego zo kubungabunga ikirere, aho rwiyemeje kugabanya imyuka igihumanya ku kigero cya 38% mu 2030.
Zimwe mu ngamba rwihaye muri icyo cyerekezo harimo kunoza uburyo bwo gutunganya ingufu, gukoresha inganda neza, gucunga imyanda, ubwikorezi ndetse n’ubuhinzi; bizatuma imyuka ihumanya ikirere igabanukaho toni miliyoni 4,6.
Ku wa 7 Nzeri 2021 ubwo u Rwanda rwizihizaga Umunsi mpuzamahanga w’Ikirere cyiza cy’Ubururu, rwagaragaje bimwe mu byashyizweho birimo gushyira mu bikorwa politiki y’ikirere ihuriweho n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere; ikoreshwa ry’ibinyabiziga bikoresha amashanyarazi, siporo yo ku cyumweru ikorwa imodoka zakumiriwe mu mihanda (Car Free Day), gusuzuma imyotsi iva mu binyabiziga bikoresha lisansi na mazutu, gushyiraho uduce twihariye tutageramo imodoka (Car Free Zone) ndetse n’ingamba zo kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’inkwi n’amakara bihumanya ikirere.
Isoko rya Biryogo

Isoko rya Biryogo Ucyumva Biryogo wumva agace karangwamo ubuzima buhendutse kubahatemberera iri soko ryubazwe Muri 1999 Ryubakwa Mu Kagali ka Biryogo Mu Murenge wa Nyarugenge Mu Karere Ka Nyarugenge, ryacururizwaga ibiguzi bitadukanda harimo ibiribwa,bamashuka,couvre-rit,rideau,tapis,imisego.essui main inkweto ndetse N'inkweto.
Inkomoko y’izina rya Biryogo, atubwira ko amateka avuga ko ryazanywe n’abazungu baje kuhatura bwa mbere, bakajya baza kuhashakira ibyo kurya dore ko ngo hari n’abatetsi b’abahanga. Ati “Barazaga babazanya ahantu bakura ibiryo, hanyuma bakavuga mu rurimi rw’Icyongereza ngo (Biryo Go.) berekana aho wakura ibiryo kuko ntakinyarwanda bari bazi bagahitamo kuvanga indimi, nuko izina rihita rifata gutyo”
Umuntu uvuye mu bice by’icyaro bitandukanye akerekeza mu mujyi wa Kigali, iyo awuvuyemo atageze i Nyamirambo usanga bamukiniraho ko nta mujyi yagezemo. Ikindi kandi uvuze ko uzi i Kigali ariko utazi i Nyamirambo abantu bashobora kuguseka kuko bamwe ntibabura no kuhita umurwa mukuru wa Kigali.
Hotel Rwanda

Iyi ni film yitwa<hotel Rwanda>
Paul Rusesabagina ni umunyarwanda uvugwa muri Filimi yitwa Hôtel Rwanda aho bavuga ko yagiriye neza impunzi zari zarahungiye muri Hotel yari akuriye yitwa Mille Collines mu gihe cya Jenoside y’Abatutsi muri Mata 1994.
Amakuru dukesha urubuga rwa RNA aravuga ko uyu mugabo wakinnye muri iriya film afite
izina rya Rusesabagina Paul aho yabashije gukiza abantu batagira ingano muri Hôtel des Milles Collines, nkuko bigaragara muri iyo film, azaba ari mu Rwanda kuwa 05/06/2010, akazaba ari ku munsi mpuzamahanga w’ibidukikije.
Tubamenyeshe ko Don Cheadle yavuze hirya no hino ibijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije, akanasaba abayobozi b’ibihugu gusinya amasezerano ajyanye no kurwanya ibyuka buhumanya ikirere, aha hakaba ariho Umuryango w’abibumbye wahereye umuha uriya mwanya w’icyubahiro.
Nta gushidikanya ko filimi “Hotel Rwanda” yamenyekanishije jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 kurusha uko ibindi bitangazamakuru byo ku isi yose byabikoze. Iyo filimi yakozwe na Hollywood igakinwa n’abakinnyi bakomeye kandi b’ibirangirire, yazengurutse isi, imenyekanisha jenoside.
Mu by’ukuri ni imfashanyigisho iboneye yo kwifashisha mu gutanga amasomo kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi isi yose irebereye. Twari twishimiye ko Abanyaburayi, Abanyamerika, Abanyaziya n’Abanyafurika bo mu byiciro binyuranye bose bashaka kumenya jenoside, kwitandukanya n’abakoze icyo cyaha cyibasiye inyokomuntu no kumenya ukuntu batereranywe n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga. Twizeraga ko ibi bizatuma ntibizongere ukundi batahwemye gusubiramo nyuma ya jenoside y’Abayahudi, iba ukuri koko.
Iyo filimi ivuga muri make ku mpamvu zateye jenoside, ari ukuvangura no guhindura Abatutsi ba nyirabayazana b’ibibi byose, ibi akaba ari na byo byorohereje Abahutu b’intagondwa gukora jenoside.
Iyo filimi kandi igaragaza ko habayeho Abahutu b’intwari bitandukanyije n’ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, bakarokora bamwe mu benegihugu b’Abatutsi. Umwe muri abo bantu bavugwa akaba yaba ari Paul Rusesabagina, ugaragazwa nk’intwari muri iyo filimi.
Atangira ingendo ze, Paul Rusesabagina yubahirizaga intego ya filimi, ari yo kumenyekanisha jenoside y’Abatutsi no gutandukanya abajenosideri b’Abahutu n’abandi Banyarwanda ndetse no kwemera intwari, nk’uko Rusesabagina yerekanwa muri iyo filimi. Nyamara, uko yumvaga agenda atumbagira mu ikuzo, Paul Rusesabagina yatangiye gufata undi murongo no kwigisha ibindi bintu bitandukanye n’ubworoherane n’ubwiyunge. Ubwo atangira gukwirakwiza inyigisho zipfobya/zihakana iyo jenoside yakagombye gusobanura.
Uko twagiye dukurikirana ibiganiro bye, twasanze agenda ateshuka cyane ku ntego nkuru ya filimi, ibyo bikaba bishobora gushegesha imitima ya benshi, cyane cyane mu rubyiruko rwari rwaramaze kwishyiramo ko ku isi habonetse intwari nyakuri. Dore zimwe mu ngingo dushaka kugaragaza amazi atari yarenga inkombe.
Serena Hotel

Serena Hotel n'imwe muri hateri nziza dusanga muri muri Rwamagana aho dusanga iri mizambere zakira ibyamamare by'inshi byasuye akarere ka Rwamagana. Iyi rero bikaba bivugwako yaje gutangira mumyaka yambere ikaba ifite amateka menshi mu Rwanda ndetse no muri East Africa muri rusange.
Akarere ka Rwamagana kagaragaza ko bimwe mu byateje imbere iyi Hotel ari Zimwe mu inama zabereyeyo.
Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Serena Hotel muri Afurika, Mahmud Janmohamed, yerekana iki gihembo baherewe mu gihugu cya Seychelles kuri uyu wa kabiri tariki ya 23 Kamena 2015, yatangaje ko bagikesha imikorere myiza ya buri mukozi wa Serena, bakaba bagiye no kongera ubushobozi, bwaba ubwa Hotel n’ubw’abakozi, kugira ngo Serena ikomeze ibe ku isonga mu kunoza serivise itanga.
Hotel la palisse nyamata

Hotel la palisse nyamata ni Hoteri iherereye mu Kagari ka Nyamata mu mujyi w' u Murenge wa Nyamata, akarere ka Bugesera mu ntara y'Uburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda.
Hoteri itanga serivisi ku bakiriya bifuza kurara, kwakira ubukwe, pisine, masage, ifunguro na resitora, siporo gym, n'ibyumba by'inama.
Chez Lando

Chez Lando ni hoteri na resitora biherereye mu murwa mukuru w'igihugu cyu Rwanda, Kigali . Iyi hoteri yashinzwe mu myaka wo muri 1980 n’umucuruzi ukomeye w’abanyarwanda n’umunyapolitiki witwa Lando Ndasingwa, n’umugore we w’umunyakanada Hélène, bombi bishwe muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda muri 1994. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Ndasingwa, hoteri yigaruriwe na mushiki we Anne-Marie Kantengwa, wari umunyeshuri mu 2013 muri gahunda y'amahoro ya IEEW binyuze muri gahunda y'ubucuruzi mu Rwanda . hotel chez lando yatangiye mugihe cyo hambere
Ibisi bya Huye

Ibisi bya Huye, kuri ubu biherereye mu karere ka Huye mu ntara y’Amajyepfo, ni umusozi muremure ufite ubutumburuke bugera kuri metero 2400. Ni ahantu hateye amabengeza dore ko ugeze mu bushorishori bw’uyu musozi asanganirwa n’akayaga gahuhera ndetse n’isura nziza y’indi misozi migufi kuri uyu. Kuwuzamuka bisaba iminota iri hagati ya 50 na 60 n’amaguru. Uyu musozi wambaye ishyamba ririmo ibiti bitandukanye ibyinshi bya kimeza, ibiti byambika uyu musozi ubwiza ndetse n’amahumbezi adasanzwe.
DJ Sonia

Sonia Kayitesi, commonly known as Dj Sonia born (1998-10-31) October 31, 1998 (age 26) in Huye District, Rwanda to Pio Nkubito and Mathlide Mukarutesi is a Rwandan female disc jockey, business woman, event planner, model and fashionista.
She joined deejaying Career since 2019. She is best known for her work in Music of Rwanda through, World Cup Qualifiers events. She contributed to a Rwandan ceremony of giving a name to a newborn baby gorilla, popular known as Kwita Izina.
Sonia has played in many different concerts, including Silent Disco, Decent Entertainment, Giants of Africa, the Hill Festival, and played in different hotels and most games, including the Women's Afrobasket Rwanda 2023, the FIBA World Cup, and many other places. DJ Sonia who is one of the many female DJs in mixing music in Kigali, was invited to a concert where she met Darassa who is one of the biggest names in Tanzanian music and Masauti who is one of the popular artists in Nairobi. She is currently one of the music mixers for the Rwandan national media, Radio Rwanda, Rwanda TV, and its second branch, which is KC2.
She performed as the Dj when Nigerian singers both Davido and Tiwa Savage went to Rwanda.
Serena Hotels

Tourism Promotion Services, doing business as Serena Hotels, is a hotel chain that operates hotels in East Africa, Southern Africa, and South Asia.
The company is listed on the Nairobi Stock Exchange (NSE), where it trades under the symbol TPS. The largest shareholder (64,58 %) is the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED), with a further 2,42 % owned by the Aga Khan University Foundation.
As of 2024, Serena comprises a collection of 35 hotels, luxury resorts, and safari lodges which are located in East Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, and Mozambique) and Central and South Asia (Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan).
On 1 February 2025, after nearly two decades of operating, Serena Hotels handed over their Kabul Hotel to the Taliban government-owned Hotel State Owned Corporation.
Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare

The Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare (GSOB) Indatwa n’inkesha, also known as the Indatwa n'Inkesha School, is a historic secondary school in Huye District in Butare (formerly Astrida), Rwanda. As well as being the oldest secondary school in the country, it is regarded as one of the most prestigious and successful public schools in Rwanda.
The school, originally known as the Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida, was established by the Brothers of Charity in 1929. It was intended to educate students who would form an élite to serve as chiefs and medical, agricultural, and veterinary assistants in the Belgian mandatory administration in Ruanda-Urundi. It took students, often the children of chiefs and other dignitaries, from both modern-day Rwanda and Burundi. Between 1932 and 1957, the Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida admitted 964 students from Rwanda including 739 ethnic Tutsi and 177 ethnic Hutu. At the time, the only comparable educational institution in the mandate was the Nyakibanda Major Seminary (Grand Séminaire de Nyakibanda) which also educated some students not destined for the priesthood after its foundation in 1936.
After independence, the school was renamed the Groupe Scolaire de Butare. This school is regarded as one of the most selective schools in Rwanda. In 2004 President of Rwanda Paul Kagame visited the school to celebrate its 75th anniversary and thank the Brothers of Charity. In 2012 the school celebrated its 83rd anniversary.
Waswahili

Waswahili ni jina la kutaja wakazi wa miji ya pwani ya Bahari Hindi katika Afrika ya Mashariki, hasa Tanzania na Kenya, ambao ni wasemaji asili wa lugha ya Kiswahili kama lugha ya kwanza.
Neno "Swahili" linatokana na Kiarabu "سواحل" (sawahil) yaani pwani, kwa hiyo maana yake ni "watu wa pwani". Lakini wanaisimu wengine wanafikiri kwamba asili ya neno hili ni "siwa hili".
Siyo makabila yote ya pwani ya Afrika ya Mashariki ambao ni Waswahili, k.m. Wamijikenda.
Kimbari ni Wabantu wakichanganyikiwa kiasi na watu wengine, hasa Waarabu, zamani pia Waajemi.
Kiutamaduni ni Waislamu wanaofuata madhhab ya Hanafi.
Pia ni kawaida kuwaita Waswahili wasemaji wa Kiswahili hata kama ni wa makabila mengine.
"Mswahili" ni pia namna ya kumtaja mtu mjanja kwa lugha ya mzaha.
Eneo bunge la Saku

Eneo bunge la Saku ni mojawapo ya Majimbo 290 ya uchaguzi nchini Kenya. Jimbo hili linapatikana katika Kaunti ya Marsabit, Mashariki mwa nchi. Eneo lote la jimbo hili liko chini ya Baraza la Utawala wa Mitaa la Marsabit County.
Jimbo hili liliazishwa wakati wa uchaguzi Mkuu wa 1988.
Mission to Rescue

Mission to Rescue; ni filamu ya mapigano iliyoandaliwa nchini kenya mwaka 2021, chini ya muongozaji Gilbert Lukalika.Filamu hii ilichaguliwa kuwa filamu bora ya kimataifa katika maazimisho ya 94th ya chuo cha tuzo.Filamu hii imejikita kwenye uhalisia wa tukio lililotokea mwaka 2011 ambapo wanamgambo wa Al-shabaab walivamia watalii kutoka Ufaransa wakiwa nchini Kenya.
Mauaji ya Eric Garner

Mnamo Julai 17, 2014, Eric Garner aliuawa katika mtaa wa New York City wa Staten Island baada ya Daniel Pantaleo, afisa wa Idara ya Polisi ya Jiji la New York (NYPD), kumweka katika kizuizi kisichoruhusiwa alipokuwa akimkamata. Picha za video za tukio hilo zilizua usikivu mkubwa wa kitaifa na kuibua maswali kuhusu matumizi ya nguvu kwa watekelezaji sheria.
Maafisa wa NYPD walimwendea Garner mnamo Julai 17 kwa tuhuma za kuuza sigara moja kutoka kwa pakiti bila stempu za ushuru. Baada ya Garner kuwaambia polisi kwamba alikuwa amechoka kunyanyaswa na kwamba hakuwa akiuza sigara, maafisa hao walijaribu kumkamata Garner.
Papirosa

A papirosa (Russian: папироса, plural: papirosy) is an implement for tobacco smoking, a variant of cigarettes. It consists of a hollow cardboard tube extended by a thin paper tube filled with tobacco. The cardboard tube acts as a cigarette holder and is called in Russian: мундштук, from German Mund+Stück, literally, "mouthpiece" It is a type of filterless cigarette.
Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary claims that the word is borrowed from Polish papieros for "cigarette", where it is a portmanteau word "papier-" ("paper") + "-ros", the tail of "cigarros".
The inner end of the mouthpiece is cut into dents which are bent to keep tobacco from travelling into the mouth. Modern papirosy can also contain a filter inside the mouthpiece.
The two paper tubes: the mouthpiece and the tube for tobacco are called together "(papirosa) sleeve" (Russian: Гильза папиросы). Papirosa sleeves may be sold separately to be filled by tobacco of choice using a special device, cigarette stuffer [de] (Russian: набивочная машинка); the latter may also be used for stuffing any kind of cigarette tubes.
While smoking, the mouthpiece is usually compressed to create two separate perpendicular flat surfaces, with one of them going into the mouth.
Papirosy was a unique Russian form of cigarettes invented in the 19th century. By 1914, 49,5% of all tobacco products produced in Russia was papirosy.
A popular cheap brand in the Soviet Union was Belomorkanal. These are still manufactured in some post-Soviet states.
It is claimed that Joseph Stalin's favorite tobacco to stuff his pipe was from Herzegovina Flor [ru] papirosy. It is possible that this is just a legend: the pipe requires a large cut of tobacco, otherwise it burns quickly. Film chronicles show that Stalin smoked cigarettes in a usual way.
Other popular types include Kazbek [ru].
List of military clothing camouflage patterns

This is a list of military clothing camouflage patterns used for battledress. Military camouflage is the use of camouflage by armed forces to protect personnel and equipment from observation by enemy forces. Textile patterns for uniforms have multiple functions, including camouflage, identifying friend from foe, and esprit de corps.
The list is organized by pattern; only patterned textiles are shown. It includes current and past issue patterns, with dates; users may include a wide range of military bodies.
Media related to Military camouflage patterns at Wikimedia Commons
Boxed warning

In the United States, a boxed warning (sometimes "black box warning", colloquially) is a type of warning that appears near the beginning of the package insert for certain prescription drugs, so called because the U.S. Food and Drug Administration specifies that it is formatted with a "box" or border around the text to emphasize its importance. The FDA can require a pharmaceutical company to place a boxed warning. It is the strongest warning that the FDA requires, and signifies that medical studies indicate that the drug carries a significant risk of preventable, serious or even life-threatening adverse effects.
Economists and physicians have thoroughly studied the effects of FDA boxed warnings on prescription patterns. It is not necessarily true that a physician and patient will have a conversation about a drug's boxed warning after it is issued. For instance, an FDA-mandated boxed warning decreased rosiglitazone use by 70%, but that still meant 3.8 million people were given the drug. Later research indicated that after receiving an FDA advisory, there was a decrease in rosiglitazone use, due to a combined effect of media exposure, advisory, and scientific publications, whereas pioglitazone (with a similar advisory but less media exposure) did not similarly decrease in use.
Boxed warnings on drugs have received increased media attention in the United States since 2004. Among some of the more widely covered stories:
In China, a warning text (警示语) may be added to a package insert, either voluntarily by the manufacturer or at the request of NMPA (formerly CFDA, the Chinese counterpart of FDA). Although no formatting requirement is found in law, the typical formatting is similar to the American counterpart with boxed text at the top of the insert. The CFDA/NMPA has used its power to mandate a warning on fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, aciclovir, and pioglitazone.
Health Canada terms its version of boxed warnings "serious warnings and precautions box". The formatting is similar to the US counterpart; an example for Paxlovid can be seen on Pfizer's website.
Military Ordinariate of Kenya

The Military Ordinariate of Kenya is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or military ordinariate of the Catholic Church. Immediately exempt to the Holy See, it provides pastoral care to Catholics serving in the Kenyan Armed Forces and their families.
When Kenya became independent in 1963, the Government of the Republic of Kenya adopted the British tradition of having Chaplaincy in the Kenya Defence Forces which is composed of the Kenya Army, the Kenya Air Force and the Kenya Navy. The chaplaincy was entrusted with the responsibility of religious administration of the Kenya Defence Forces Personnel, their families and dependents.
The Military Ordinariate of Kenya was established as a Military Vicariate on 20 January 1964 and Maurice Michael Cardinal Otunga was appointed the first Military Vicar on the same date. On 24 July 1981, Pope John Paul II established the Military Vicariate in Kenya officially. On 21 July 1986, Maurice Michael Cardinal Otunga became the first Ordinary of the Military Ordinariate of Kenya.
Although the Military Vicariate existed since 20 January 1964, it was not registered with Government of Kenya till 15 December 1986 after its elevation to a Military Ordinariate on 21 July 1986. Maurice Michael Cardinal Otunga served the Military Ordinariate as an Ordinary up to 29 August 1997. Col (Rtd) Bishop Alfred Kipkoech Arap Rotich was appointed as the Military Ordinariate of Kenya Bishop on 29 August 1997 and served up to 30 December 2016. Col Dr (Msgr) Benjamin K Maswili was appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the Military Ordinariate of Kenya on 30 December 2016.
The Military Ordinariate has grown over the years from Vicariate to Ordinariate. The number of Chaplains and Catechist has increased and thus spiritual and Pastoral care growth.
Bomas of Kenya

Bomas of Kenya is a tourist village in Langata, Nairobi. Bomas interpreted to mean (homesteads) displays traditional villages belonging to the several Kenyan tribes. Bomas of Kenya is home to one of the largest auditoriums in Africa. It is located approximately 10km from the Central Business District. It is also a famous tourist attraction in Kenya.
The word Bomas comes from a Swahili word “Boma” meaning coal house a subsidiary company of Kenya Tourist Development Corporation as a tourist attraction. It also wanted to preserve, maintain and promote rich and diverse cultural values of various tribal groups of Kenya. Mario Masso is its leader.
1°20′13″S 36°46′09″E﻿ / ﻿1.33694°S 36.76917°E﻿ / -1.33694; 36.76917