davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Бек, Александр Альфредович

Алекса́ндр Альфре́дович Бек (21 декабря 1902 [3 января 1903], Саратов — 2 ноября 1972, Москва) — русский советский писатель, военный корреспондент.
Родился в семье генерала медицинской службы, главного врача военного госпиталя Альфреда Владимировича Бека. Окончил 2-е Саратовское реальное училище.
В 1919 году вступил в Красную Армию. В Гражданскую войну служил на Восточном фронте под Уральском и был ранен. Привлёк к себе внимание главного редактора дивизионной газеты, по его заказу написал несколько репортажей, с чего и началась его литературная деятельность. После этого стал первым редактором газеты «Красное Черноморье».
Стал писать очерки и рецензии для газет «Комсомольская правда», «Известия». С 1931 года сотрудничал в редакциях «История фабрик и заводов» и «Люди двух пятилеток», в созданном по инициативе М. Горького «Кабинете мемуаров».
В Великую Отечественную войну вступил в Московское народное ополчение, в Краснопресненскую стрелковую дивизию. Участвовал в боевых действиях под Вязьмой в качестве военного корреспондента. Дошёл до Берлина, где встретил День Победы.
В 1956 году был членом редколлегии альманаха «Литературная Москва».
В свои последние годы жил в Москве, в доме ЖСК «Московский писатель» по адресу улица Черняховского, дом 4. Анджей Дравич писал в своих мемуарах «Поцелуй на морозе», что Бек «изображал юродивого, это помогало пережить страшное время, но понимал всё».
Похоронен в Москве, на Головинском кладбище.
Первая повесть Бека «Курако» написана в 1935 году по впечатлениям от поездки на новостройку в город Новокузнецк.
Самая известная повесть Бека «Волоколамское шоссе» была написана в 1942—1943 годах. Она стала любимым произведением Фиделя Кастро и Че Гевары. Главным героем повести стал Герой Советского Союза командир батальона старший лейтенант (впоследствии гвардии полковник, командир дивизии) Бауыржан Момыш-Улы. Продолжением этой повести стали написанные в 1960 году повести «Несколько дней» и «Резерв генерала Панфилова».
После войны Бек написал серию очерков о Маньчжурии, Харбине и Порт-Артуре. Ряд его произведений посвящён металлургам (сборник «Доменщики», повести «Новый профиль», роман «Молодые люди»).
Прототипом главного героя написанного в 1956 году романа «Талант (Жизнь Бережкова)» стал крупнейший конструктор авиационных двигателей А. А. Микулин.
В центре написанного в 1965 году романа «Новое назначение» И. Ф. Тевосян, занимавший при И. В. Сталине должность министра металлургической промышленности и чёрной металлургии. В романе не звучали диссидентские взгляды, однако он был снят из номера после того, как был объявлен к публикации в журнале «Новый мир». Определённую роль в запрещении романа сыграла вдова Тевосяна О. А. Хвалебнова, решившая, что «Новое назначение» раскрывает лишние подробности частной жизни её покойного супруга. Роман был впервые опубликован в ФРГ в 1972 году, а в СССР — только в 1986 году.
Неоконченный роман «На другой день» (1967—1970 годов), впервые опубликованный в 1989 году (журнал «Дружба народов», 1989 год, № 8—9), посвящён молодости И. В. Сталина.
Классицизм (русская литература)

В России классици́зм был известен с начала XVIII до начала XIX века и всё это время был господствующим направлением и методом в литературе. Одной из важных черт этого литературного течения являлось обращение к образам античной литературы и искусства как к идеальному эстетическому эталону. Важнейшими представителями являлись А. Д. Кантемир, М. В. Ломоносов, Д. И. Фонвизин и Г. Р. Державин.
Первым классицистическим писателем в России был Антиох Кантемир. Он первым написал произведения классицистического жанра (а именно сатиры, эпиграммы и другие).
1 период: литература петровского времени; она носит переходный характер; основная особенность — интенсивный процесс «обмирщения» (то есть замена литературы религиозной литературой светской — 1689—1725 года) — предпосылки возникновения классицизма.
2 период: 1730—1742 года — эти годы характеризуются формированием классицизма, созданием новой жанровой системы, углубленной разработкой русского языка.
3 период: 1743—1755 года — дальнейшая эволюция классицизма, расцвет сатиры, появление предпосылок к зарождению сентиментализма.
4 период: последняя четверть века — начало кризиса классицизма, оформление сентиментализма, усиление реалистических тенденций (1. Направление, развитие, склонность, стремление; 2. Замысел, идея изложения, изображения).
Следующий виток развития классицизм получил в России при Тредиаковском, Ломоносове, Сумарокове. Ими была создана русская силлабо-тоническая система стихосложения и введены многие западные жанры (такие как мадригал, сонет и т. п.) Силлабо-тоническая система стихосложения — система государственного стихосложения. Включает два ритмообразующих фактора — слог и ударение — и подразумевает закономерное чередование фрагментов текста с равным количеством слогов, среди которых ударные слоги определенным закономерным образом чередуются с безударными. Именно в рамках этой системы написана большая часть русских стихов.
Державин развивает традиции русского классицизма вслед за Ломоносовым, Сумароковым и Тредиаковским. Для него предназначение поэта — прославление великих поступков и порицание дурных. В оде «Фелица» он прославляет просвещённую монархию, которую олицетворяет правление Екатерины II. Умная, справедливая императрица противопоставляется алчным и корыстным придворным вельможам.
Главным объектом поэтики Державина является человек как неповторимая индивидуальность во всём богатстве личных вкусов и пристрастий. Многие его оды имеют философский характер, в них обсуждается место и предназначение человека на земле, проблемы жизни и смерти (ода «Бог»).
Державин создаёт ряд образцов лирических стихотворений, в которых философская напряженность его од сочетается с эмоциональным отношением к описываемым событиям. В стихотворении «Снегирь» (1800) Державин оплакивает кончину Суворова.
В начале XIX века классицизм со свойственной ему тяжеловесностью стал отмирать, а на смену ему пришло новое направление — сентиментализм.
Городок в табакерке

«Городо́к в табаке́рке» — сказка русского писателя Владимира Одоевского, в которой в сказочной форме рассказывается об устройстве музыкальной шкатулки («табакерки»). Впервые опубликована отдельным изданием в 1834 году, затем вошла в сборник «Сказки дедушки Иринея», вышедший в 1841 году (первое издание сборника, предпринятое в 1838 году, не поступало в продажу, поскольку из-за большого числа типографских ошибок тираж был уничтожен автором).
Отец показывает маленькому сыну Мише свою музыкальную шкатулку с черепаховой крышкой, на которой изображены деревья и домики. Он говорит, что это городок Динь-динь, в котором живут колокольчики. В шкатулке играет музыка, и на картинке день сменяется ночью. Миша хочет попасть в этот городок, но отец говорит, что Мише городок «не по росту». Открыв крышку, отец показывает Мише колокольчики, молоточки, валик и пружинку. Миша спрашивает, как всё это работает, но отец предлагает ему подумать самому, но только не трогать пружину. Он выходит из комнаты, оставляя Мишу одного.
Вдруг Миша видит, как из шкатулки выходит и машет ему рукой мальчик-колокольчик. Миша вдруг понимает, что стал таким маленьким, что может войти в шкатулку. Вместе с мальчиком-колокольчиком он входит внутрь и видит множество сводов: колокольчик объясняет ему, что дальние своды кажутся меньше из-за закона перспективы. Далее колокольчик показывает Мише другие колокольчики разных размеров, которые всё время звенят, потому что по ним бьют злые дядьки-молоточки. В свою очередь, те это делают, потому что у них есть надзиратель-валик, который лежит в халате на диване и всё время поворачивается с боку на бок. Наконец, Миша видит в золотом шатре Царевну-пружинку, которая и толкает валик, чтобы тот дергал молоточки, которые бьют по колокольчикам и создают музыку. Чтобы проверить, правду ли говорит пружинка, Миша прижимает её, и та лопается и весь механизм выходит из строя.
В это время Миша просыпается и видит отца и мать — те говорят, что он заснул под музыку шкатулки. Миша рассказывает родителям свой сон, и отец говорит, что ещё лучше он поймёт работу устройства, когда будет учиться механике.
Виссарион Белинский в одобрительном отзыве на сборник «Сказки дедушки Иринея» назвал «лучшими пьесами» в нём сказки «Червяк» и «Городок в табакерке». Кратко изложив сюжет последней, критик добавляет:
Финский литературовед Бен Хеллман отмечает, что, как и в чуть более ранней детской повести «Чёрная курица, или Подземные жители», сюжет сказки Одоевского «основывается на сосуществовании двух миров в детском сознании». При этом, хотя сказку «признали полезным введением к изучению законов механики», никто не обратил внимание на её аллегорическое звучание. В табакерке Миша «фактически обнаруживает иерархичное миниатюрное общество»:
Исследователь заключает, что «результаты аллегорической попытки революции катастрофичны», что «приводит читателя к неутешительному выводу: бесполезно посягать на существующий крайне несправедливый порядок вещей».
В 1976 году по мотивам сказки был снят рисованный мультфильм «Шкатулка с секретом» — музыкальная фантазия Валерия Угарова в эстетике британского мультфильма «Жёлтая подводная лодка» (1968).
Mikhail Bulgakov Museum

Mikhail Bulgakov Museum (officially known as Literature-Memorial Museum to Mikhail Bulgakov, commonly called the Bulgakov House or Lystovnychyi House) is a museum in Kyiv, Ukraine, dedicated to Kyiv-born Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov.
Commenced in February 1989, and opened on May 15, 1991, for the 100th anniversary of the writer's birth, the museum is located at No.13 on the Andriivskyi Descent and contains an exposition of nearly 2500 pieces that include Bulgakov's belongings, books, postcards, and photos — conveying the life and creativity of the writer and his surroundings. The atmosphere of the house reflects the writer's life — as a secondary school pupil, student of medicine, family doctor, and writer — when Bulgakov wrote The White Guard, The Master and Margarita, and Theatre Love Story.
The building was erected in 1888 and designed by architect N. Gardenin, and thoroughly renovated before the opening of the museum. A memorial plaque with Bulgakov's portrait hangs on the front of the building. The White Guard novel makes vivid references to the Andriyivskyy Descent, and the current plaque of the address at No.13 displays the street name the writer used in his book (No.13 Andreevsky spusk). Inna Konchakovskaia (1902–85), daughter of the owner (who was a hero of that Bulgakov novel) and niece of composer Witold Maliszewski, preserved this unique house in Kyiv in the hard Soviet times.
The museum staff conducts considerable studies and research, publishes unreleased material, and holds book-club meetings.
In June 2014, the museum posted the following announcement: "All persons supportive of the military occupation of Ukraine are discouraged from visiting the museum — The Mikhail Bulgakov Museum Administration."
Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, there were calls in Ukraine to close down the museum, since Bulgakov allegedly opposed Ukrainian statehood and can not be considered a Ukrainian writer. Oleksandr Tkachenko, the then culture minister, as well as Liudmyla Gubianuri, the museum director, opposed the calls.
https://bulgakovmuseum.com/ https://bulgakovmuseum.com/history
Russian Association of Proletarian Writers

The Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, also known under its transliterated abbreviation RAPP (Russian: Российская ассоциация пролетарских писателей, РАПП) was an official creative union in the Soviet Union established in January 1925.
Among its stated purposes was "to scourge and chastise in the name of the Party", i.e., effectively encouraging censorship of literature on ideological grounds. It became notorious for its enthusiastic attacks on writers who failed to fit the RAPP's definition of the "true Soviet writer", which have eventually earned criticism from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party. Among its first targets were Yevgeny Zamyatin and Boris Pilnyak and both pro and anti-Bolshevik writers were targeted, notably including Mikhail Bulgakov, Maxim Gorki, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and Alexey Tolstoy.
The administration of RAPP consisted of a number of Soviet writers and literary critics. Among them were Leopold Averbakh (founder and general secretary), Vladimir Kirshon, Dmitry Furmanov, Alexander Fadeyev, Alexei Selivanovskiy, Vladimir Stavsky, Yuri Libedinskiy, Fyodor Panferov, Vladimir Yermilov, and others.
In April 1932, RAPP, together with other creative unions such as Proletkult and the Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians, was disbanded and the Union of Soviet Writers was established instead.
Union of Russian Writers

The Union of Russian Writers (Russian: Союз российских писателей, romanized: Soyuz rossiyskikh pisateley) is a non-governmental organization uniting Russian and writers (novelists, poets, essayists, etc.). It was established in 1991, when on the basis of the Union of Soviet Writers three independent associations were formed: the Writers' Union of Russia (the "patriotic" orientation), the Writers' Union of Moscow, and the Union of Russian Writers ("democratic" union). The Union of Russian Writers includes more than 3,500 writers from Russia and former USSR, in 58 regional organizations.
Portrait of a German Officer

Portrait of a German Officer is an early 20th century portrait by American modernist painter Marsden Hartley. Done in oil on canvas, the portrait depicts the abstract figure of an Imperial German officer as being composed entirely of military decorations and badges of rank. The painting is currently on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Portrait of a German Officer was painted by American painter Marsden Hartley in late 1914 while he was living in the German imperial capital of Berlin. While in Germany, Hartley was greatly affected by the pageantry and discipline of the German army, with this interest eventually manifesting itself in some of his works. Portrait of a German Officer was intended to honor Karl von Freyburg, a German lieutenant who had died during the first few months of the First World War. It has been posited that Hartley's correspondence with Freyburg indicates that the former was romantically interested in the German officer.
Hartley's painting is highly sequential, symbolic, and heavily influenced by cubism and the school of German expressionism. The black, white, and red flag of the German Empire is placed in a prominent position in the bottom central portion of the image, while the Iron Cross (a decoration which Freyburg was awarded) is prominently featured in the top-center. The blue and white checkered flag of Freyburg's home state of Bavaria is also shown, as is an officer's white-striped epaulet. Hartly also included more personal details in the portrait; the number 24 represents Freyburg's age when he died, Freyburg's initials (K.v.F) are seen in gold-on-red, Freyburg's regimental number (4) can be seen in center of the portrait, and a spur (representing Freyburg's service as a cavalry officer) can be seen in the bottom right of the image. Hartfield also represented Germany's enemies during the war through his inclusion of the English Cross of St. George and the Belgian Tricolor, both seen at the bottom of the portrait.
20th-century art

Twentieth-century art—and what it became as modern art—began with modernism in the late nineteenth century.
Nineteenth-century movements of Post-Impressionism (Les Nabis), Art Nouveau and Symbolism led to the first twentieth-century art movements of Fauvism in France and Die Brücke ("The Bridge") in Germany. Fauvism in Paris introduced heightened non-representational colour into figurative painting. Die Brücke strove for emotional Expressionism. Another German group was Der Blaue Reiter ("The Blue Rider"), led by Kandinsky in Munich, who associated the blue rider image with a spiritual non-figurative mystical art of the future. Kandinsky, Kupka, R. Delaunay and Picabia were pioneers of abstract (or non-representational) art. Cubism, generated by Picasso, Braque, Metzinger, Gleizes and others rejected the plastic norms of the Renaissance by introducing multiple perspectives into a two-dimensional image. Futurism incorporated the depiction of movement and machine age imagery. Dadaism, with its most notable exponents, Marcel Duchamp, who rejected conventional art styles altogether by exhibiting found objects, notably a urinal, and too Francis Picabia, with his Portraits Mécaniques.
Parallel movements in Russia were Suprematism, where Kasimir Malevich also created non-representational work, notably a black canvas. The Jack of Diamonds group with Mikhail Larionov was expressionist in nature.
Dadaism preceded Surrealism, where the theories of Freudian psychology led to the depiction of the dream and the unconscious in art in work by Salvador Dalí. Kandinsky's introduction of non-representational art preceded the 1950s American Abstract Expressionist school, including Jackson Pollock, who dripped paint onto the canvas, and Mark Rothko, who created large areas of flat colour. Detachment from the world of imagery was reversed in the 1960s by the Pop Art movement, notably Andy Warhol, where brash commercial imagery became a Fine Art staple. The majority of his art served as a critique of American consumer culture and its obsession with celebrity and wealth. Warhol also minimised the role of the artist, often employing assistants to make his work and using mechanical means of production, such as silkscreen printing. Another pop artist, Keith Haring, used cartoons and graffiti as a means of political activism, fighting against the stigma surrounding gay men and drug addicts during the 1980 AIDS epidemic. This marked a change from Modernism to Post-Modernism. Photorealism evolved from Pop Art and as a counter to Abstract Expressionists.
Subsequent initiatives towards the end of the century involved a paring down of the material of art through Minimalism, and a shift toward non-visual components with Conceptual art, where the idea, not necessarily the made object, was seen as the art. The last decade of the century saw a fusion of earlier ideas in work by Jeff Koons, who made large sculptures from kitsch subjects, and in the UK, the Young British Artists, where Conceptual Art, Dada and Pop Art ideas led to Damien Hirst's exhibition of a shark in formaldehyde in a vitrine.
Dedication (publishing)

A dedication or book dedication is the expression of friendly connection or thanks by the author towards another person. The dedication has its own place on the dedication page and is part of the front matter.
Evidence of dedications is provided back into Classical antiquity. Besides the wish to express their gratitude towards a certain person, the authors often had also other reasons to dedicate their work to a particular person. Well into the 18th century, it was not usual for publishers to remunerate the authors; authors tended to be paid or remunerated as one element of a patron-client relationship, in which the author-client paid tribute, in the dedication, to his or her patron. A typical writer dedicated "their book to a high standing personality – to Fürsts or bishops – or to a city and tried to gain some money through this practice".
In many cases the petitioner was lucky and received a gift from the patron. In some cases, the writer groveled before the patron and a formal dedication "contained often a very elaborate and submissive affection". In some cases not only the authors tried to get some money, but also the printers tried through dedications to cover a part of their costs.
A book dedication can provide a fascinating glimpse into the life and times of the author. For example, Lord Byron (1788–1824) engaged in a famous feud with Robert Southey, who was then England's Poet Laureate. Byron wrote a mocking 17-verse dedication to his epic poem Don Juan in which he savagely pilloried Southey as a dull, reactionary "warbler" who had abandoned his political principles for favor and financial reward.
Book dedications can reflect the tastes and mores of society. Whereas many Elizabethan dedications were erudite and witty, some modern authors have abandoned literary pretense, sometimes using profanity to shock or amuse their audiences.
Book dedications have also been used to make political statements, such as the condemnation of war and inequality. Author Toni Morrison dedicated Beloved, her 1987 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel about a fugitive slave who killed her own daughter, to "Sixty Million and more."
In newer books, the dedication is located on a "dedication page" on its own, usually on the recto page after the main title page inside the front matter. It can occupy one or multiple lines depending on its importance. It can also be "in a longer version as a dedication letter or dedication preface at the book's beginning".
Today, book dedications tend to be short, often thanking partners, family, friends or muses, in the form of a personal note. They are basically a means to express gratitude. Sometimes a book is dedicated to the memory of a loved one, or to a cause.
The dedication is not to be confounded with the handwritten dedication of a single copy: the presentation copy.
The Master and Margarita (miniseries)

The Master and Margarita (Russian: Мастер и Маргарита, romanized: Master i Margarita) is a Russian television mini-series produced by Russian television channel Telekanal Rossiya. based on the novel of the same name, written by Soviet writer Mikhail Bulgakov between 1928 and 1940. Vladimir Bortko directed this adaptation and was also its screenwriter. The series tagline is "Manuscripts do not burn!".
This was Bortko's second attempt to make a screen adaptation of Bulgakov's masterpiece. In 2000 he had already been solicited by the Kino-Most film studio, associated with competing channel NTV; but at the last moment Kino-Most did not reach an agreement with Sergei Shilovsky, grandson of Mikhail Bulgakov's third wife Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, the self-declared owner of the copyrights. In 2005, Telekanal Rossiiya reached an agreement with Shilovsky.
This TV-epopee of more than eight hours was heavily criticized, or at least regarded with much skepticism. The first broadcast on December 19, 2005, was preceded by months of controversy in the media. Opponents feared that filming the work for television would sacrifice the layered narrative of the novel and the complexity of the socio-political and metaphysical themes to the popular demands of the broadcast medium. Director Bortko followed the dialogues of the novel carefully, and the series became the most successful series ever on Russian television. Most of the criticism stopped after the first appearance on screen. On December 25, 2005, 40 million Russians watched the seventh episode.
Despite the fact that the city of Moscow plays an important role in the novel, director Vladimir Bortko opted to shoot the 1930s scenes in Saint Petersburg. “Saint Petersburg today is much more like Moscow in the Stalin period than Moscow today,” he said. The biblical scenes were shot in Bulgaria and in Crimea.
Unlike previous screen adaptations, director Vladimir Bortko followed the novel meticulously. The setting of a TV-series appeared to be an ideal format to elaborate the complicated, multidimensional work with many different characters. “Bulgakov wrote the novel almost like a screenplay”, Bortko said.
The film is an adaptation of the novel The Master and Margarita written by the Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov. Three story lines are interwoven.
Despite the length of the TV series, several scenes and characters from the novel were not included in this adaptation.
Igor Kornelyuk 01. Titles - 2:04 02. Invisible and Free - 4:57 03. The Execution - 5:20 04. Do you like My flowers? - 2:40 05. Sabbath - 6:55 06. Waltz - 3:48 07. Garden of Gethsemane - 3:31 08. Woland's theme - 3:40 09. Love Leaped Out in Front of Us - 4:47 10. Azazello's Cream - 1:47 11. Even the Moon Gives Him No Peace - 4:01 12. The Great Ball at Satan's - 12:02 13. More About Love - 6:58 14. Maestro! Hack Out a March! - 1:47
Total time: 61:29 min.
Behemoth (Master and Margarita)

Behemoth the Cat (Russian: кот Бегемот) is a character from the novel The Master and Margarita by the Russian writer Mikhail Bulgakov. He is an enormous (said to be as large as a hog) demonic black cat who speaks, walks on two legs, and can even transform to human shape for brief periods. He has a penchant for chess, vodka, pistols, and obnoxious sarcasm. He is evidently the least-respected member of Woland's entourage; Margarita boldly takes to slapping Behemoth on the head after one of his many ill-timed jokes, without fear of retribution. He is known for his jokes, which he never stops telling. Russian word begemot means hippopotamus, however his name refers to the legendary Biblical monster.
Behemoth is part of Woland's entourage, depicted as a huge black cat. In the Bible, Behemoth is an example of an incomprehensible godly creation and one of the traditional names for a demon, Satan's sidekick. The character is a werecat, who can be "an enormous black cat with cavalry moustache, that walks on two legs" or a "fat shorty in a torn cap" with a catlike face. As a human, he starts a row at the Performance Committee, sets Torgsin and Griboyedov's House on fire, and beats up Varenukha at a public toilet, but most of the time he appears as cat and shocks people with his human-like behavior.
Bulgakov's Behemoth comically combines philosophical ponderings and manners with roguishness and aggressiveness. He first appears in the scene where Ivan Bezdomny chases Woland and escapes by hopping onto a tram; he then appears in front of a severely hungover Stepan Likhodeyev drinking vodka and chasing it with pickled mushroom; he then, together with Azazello, beats up Varenukha.
Behemoth is close with Korovyev, another member of Woland's entourage. In Chapter 28, "The Last Adventures of Koroviev and Behemoth," the gruesome twosome wreaks havoc around town, sowing confusion at Smolensky marketplace and starting a fire at Griboedov's, a restaurant and meeting house for Russia's literary elite.
Leonid Bichevin

Leonid Aleksandrovich Bichevin (Russian: Леони́д Алекса́ндрович Биче́вин; born 24 December 1984) is a Russian film and theater actor.
Leonid Bichevin was born in Klimovsk, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Russia). In his youth he was engaged in music, and played in a band on the guitar. In addition, since his childhood he had a horse and he was fond of horse riding. After the ninth grade of school, he decided to devote himself to breeding and raising rare breeds of horses. For this, he entered the agricultural school in Kolomna.
However, after studying there for a while he became interested in becoming an actor.
Enrolled in the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute, he graduated in 2006 from the course of Yuri Shlykov. Graduation theatrical performances: "Straw Hat" by E. Labish; "West Side Story" by A. Lorents; "The Theatrical Novel" by M. Bulgakov.
In 2006, right after receiving the diploma, he was admitted to the troupe of the Vakhtangov State Academic Theatre.
He collaborated with the Vilnius Theater Angelica Holina and played in the production of "Carmen" J. Bizet (director A. Kholin, the role - Don Jose).
He is best known for his roles in films Cargo 200 and Morphine by Alexei Balabanov. Bichevin has been the member of the Vakhtangov Theatre since 2006, and has participated in plays such as Cyrano de Bergerac, The Dog in the Manger, Troilus and Cressida, Amphitryon and Measure for Measure.
He dated his classmate at the theater institute, actress Agniya Kuznetsova. On 29 July 2011, Leonid Bichevin married actress Mariya Berdinskikh. They had a son Ivan in September 2014. At the end of 2019 they had a second son Stepan.
Parque nacional natural Tinigua

El Parque Nacional Natural Tinigua es uno de los 56 Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia (agosto de 2010) ubicado entre la serranía de la Macarena y estribaciones de la cordillera Oriental, en el departamento del Meta.​
Se ubica en inmediaciones a la serranía de la Macarena y el piedemonte de la Cordillera Oriental, en el departamento del Meta, Colombia. El territorio ocupa la jurisdicción de los municipios de La Uribe y La Macarena (Meta), entre los ríos Duda y Guayabero.
El parque tiene variedad de ecosistemas que oscila entre el bosque andino bajo y la planicie amazónica.
Los ríos que recorren o hacen límite con el área protegida son: río Duda, río Guayabero y el río Guaduas. Existen además el Raudal Angostura I, el Caño Perdido y la quebrada Lagartija.​
La topografía es de tipo ondulado con alturas que oscilan entre los 200 y 500 m s. n. m. Se caracteriza por poseer bosques altos, con doseles de 30 y 40 m.​
En el parque habitan varias especies de mamíferos como el jaguar (Panthera onca), la nutria (Lontra longicaudis), el león de montaña (Puma concolor), venados sabaneros,y venados soches. Ocho especies de primates como el mono churuco (Lagothrix lagotricha), el mono araña (Ateles belzebuth),el mono ardilla (Saimiri sciureus) también se encuentran: el perezoso de tres dedos (Bradypus variegatus), la danta (Tapirus terrestris), el saíno (Tayassu tajacu). Aves como el ave paujil (Crax alector, Mitu salvini, Crax tomentosa), las guacamayas roja (Ara macao), verde (Ara militaris) y amarilla (Ara ararauna) entre otras.​
La vegetación del Parque corresponde a bosque maduro, bosque de dosel abierto, bosque inundable, y bosque secundario. Entre las especies sobresalientes están el cedro macho, el laurel y el cedro cebollo o cedro amargo.​
Entre los parajes sobresale Caño Cristales y los raudales I y II del río Guayabero con sus petroglifos y pictografías.
Deforestación para cultivos ilícitos y ganadería.​​​
La tierra del olvido (canción)

La tierra del olvido es una canción escrita por el cantante colombiano Carlos Vives y el músico Iván Benavides perteneciente al álbum homónimo, del cual fue el primer sencillo. Es una de las canciones más representativas del artista.
La tierra del olvido es una canción de amor, pero su título recuerda a la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y a toda Colombia.
En julio de 2015, 20 años después del lanzamiento del sencillo original, se dio a conocer una nueva versión de la conocida canción del artista, incluida en el álbum Más Corazón Profundo: en vivo desde la bahía de Santa Marta.​ La nueva versión cuenta con la participación de varios artistas, todos ellos colombianos entre los que están:​
La nueva versión cuenta con un vídeo donde se muestran varios lugares del país natal del artista, se muestran paisajes de la isla de Providencia, Bogotá, el parque nacional natural Tayrona, la amazonía colombiana, el Volcán-Nevado del Ruiz, los Llanos orientales, el Valle del Cauca, Santa Rosalía (Vichada), Medellín, La Sabana de Bogotá, Cartagena de Indias, Santa Marta, el Caño Cristales, Pereira, el Lago Calima, el Cañón del Chicamocha, entre otros.
Escudo del Meta

El Escudo del Meta es el principal emblema y uno de los símbolos oficiales del departamento colombiano del Meta. El sello fue creado por Baronio Rojas y aceptado oficialmente por la Intendencia Nacional del Meta por medio del decreto 164 de 1956. Con motivo del ascenso de la intendencia a departamento, fue dictado el decreto 389 de 5 de diciembre de 1960 por el cual se adoptó como insignia oficial del departamento.​ fue adoptado el 2 de julio de 1970,costa 17 franjas,de color verde y 8 de color blanco
El escudo consta de un campo donde se representa un paisaje típico del llano, en el cual se encuentra un sol poniente y un río que se dirige al horizonte. Simboliza la belleza de la tierra llanera.​
Arriba del paisaje se ubica un monograma compuesto por las letras “DM” que significan “Departamento del Meta”, y una cabeza de ganado en representación de la principal actividad económica de la región.​ En la parte inferior se encuentra una cadena rota de color negro, que simboliza la lucha del pueblo llanero en la gesta libertadora.​
Como soportes del escudo se ubican dos centauros a ambos lados del mismo, el de la derecha lleva en su mano un asta con la bandera del departamento y el de la izquierda un asta con la bandera nacional. Dichos seres mitológicos representan a los valientes lanceros llaneros que participaron en las batallas de la guerra de independencia de Colombia.​
Canaguaro (Meta)

Canaguaro es un corregimiento del municipio de Granada, en el departamento del Meta, Colombia. Está localizado en la región central del país, aproximadamente a 90 km de Villavicencio, capital del Meta, y aproximadamente a 200 km de Bogotá, la capital de la República de Colombia.
La altitud del municipio es de 1151 metros sobre el nivel del mar, con una latitud de 3.43903° norte y una longitud de -73.757° oeste, y una temperatura que oscila alrededor de los 28 °C.
Canaguaro, está llena de lugares turísticos, por su belleza natural, con sus hermosos paisajes a la llanura, y una exquisita gastronomía.
Kyau & Albert

Kyau & Albert es el nombre artístico del dúo de DJs y productores alemanes de música trance llamados Ralph Kyau y Steven Moebius Albert. Eran previamente conocidos como Kyau vs. Albert pero cambiaron su nombre a Kyau & Albert en el 2006.
Ralph Kyau tuvo sus primeras experiencias con la producción de música electrónica en 1990 y se hizo de reputación como DJ así como por sus presentaciones en vivo en varios raves en Alemania, antes de lanzar su primera grabación, "Modulation Experiments", al final de 1993.
Junto con DJ Shandy, fundó el sello discográfico Harmony Recordings 1993 y firmaron a Mirco de Govia como su primer acto. Al mismo tiempo, Steven Moebius Albert comenzaba a producir sus propias pistas y en el verano de 1994, Ralph y Steven se conocieron por primera vez.
Produjeron sus primeras canciones juntos para una presentación en vivo y al darse cuenta de que concepciones comunes acerca de la música, decidieron producir en conjunto. El resultado de esto fue su primer sencillo, "Let me in", lanzado en 1996. Desde ese punto, fueron conocidos como Kyau vs Albert. Los estudios de ambos productores fueron unidos y fundaron la discográfica "Euphonic" en 1997, firmando a Sonorous (Rough Mullar) así como a Ronski Speed. Con el apoyo de productores exitosos, Kyau & Albert comenzaron a crecer en popularidad.
En el 2000, Kyau vs Albert fueron reconocidos por la WEA (parte de Warner Music) y fueron firmados en un contrato a largo plazo, con el apoyo de DJs tales como Paul van Dyk, KayCee, DJ Tiësto y muchos otros.
El dúo apareció en la encuesta anual de los 100 mejores DJ de DJ Magazine durante cuatro años consecutivos (2006-2010).​
Los años maravillosos (serie de televisión colombiana)

Los años maravillosos es una serie de televisión colombiana, creada por BE-TV para Caracol Televisión en el año 2011 y transmitida en el año 2014. Es la adaptación de la serie de televisión estadounidense The Wonder Years, original de Carol Black y Neal Marlens, de la cadena ABC.​​​ Está protagonizada por Sebastián Gutiérrez.​​​
Los años maravillosos es una serie narrada por su protagonista, Kevin González, cuando ya es un hombre mayor. Cuenta sus experiencias de los 12 a los 14 años y tiene el encanto de ver el mundo desde una perspectiva inocente y tierna.
Sus conflictos son comunes a los de cualquier niño del planeta, despertando una profunda identificación, al recrear momentos que todos hemos vivido en el proceso de la niñez a la vida adulta. Muestra la nostalgia de una etapa encantadora de la vida de las personas y aunque son conflictos que a los 12 años representan tragedias, con la perspectiva de los años, se vuelven cómicos.
El hogar de la Familia González, representante de la clase media colombiana, es el escenario de la vida de Kevin, que vive sus experiencias en compañía de su mejor amigo, Federico Sarmiento, y de la niña que ocupa su corazón, Catalina Mendoza.
En capítulos independientes, la serie abarca todos los temas concernientes al proceso de crecer y madurar, el amor, la familia, la amistad, el estudio y todas las expectativas naturales en un preadolescente, dentro de un contexto de análisis social, que evoca hechos que conmovieron a Colombia en la década de los 80.
La música de los años 1980 juega un papel importante en la serie, pues es fiel testimonio de las temáticas de esta década. Entre los géneros musicales que podemos encontrar en la serie, están:
Para esta serie el tema musical intro que se dio a conocer fue:Toda la vida de Emmanuel, también otros temas como:
Academia Costa del Este

La Sociedad Deportiva Costa del Este, actualmente conocida como Academia Costa del Este, es un equipo de fútbol de la ciudad de Capira, en la provincia de Panamá Oeste, Panamá. Refundado varias veces. Actualmente militan en la Liga Prom de Panamá, en la Conferencia Oeste.
Fue fundado en el año 2005 bajo el nombre de Chorrillito Fútbol Club por el barrio que representaba en el Distrito de Arraiján, pero para el año 2011 el club se renombra a Sociedad Deportiva Panamá Oeste.
En el año 2007, el Chorrillito FC es ascendido a la Liga Nacional de Ascenso, la cual fue conocida hasta 2020 como la Segunda División de Panamá luego de derrotar al conjunto de Five Star 4:2, en la Final de la Copa Rommel Fernández (Tercera división del país). En su primera temporada en la Segunda División de Panamá en el año 2008, Chorrillito consiguió llegar tanto a la final de los torneos Clausura y Apertura, pero perdió en ambos casos en contra de AD Orión y Río Abajo FC, respectivamente.
Para el 2021 cambió su sede al Distrito de Capira, en la Provincia de Panamá Oeste, por requisitos de la Liga Panameña de Fútbol de representar un área que no contara con equipo en alguna división profesional de fútbol del país. Logró coronarse campeón del Torneo Clausura 2021 Liga Prom, venciendo en la final de Conferencia 2-1 al SD Atlético Nacional, posteriormente empataría 1-1 en final y venciendo por la tanda de penales 3-1 al CD Plaza Amador II. Luego en la disputa de la Superfinal por el ascenso caería derrotado 4-1 por el Alianza FC II.
En el segundo semestre del 2023 el club fue adquirido por los accionistas de la Academia Costa del Este FC, cambiando sus colores al verde oscuro y pantalones negros. Desde el 2024 será renombrado a Academia Costa del Este.
Proveedor:
Saguinus ursula

El tamarino (Saguinus ursula) es un especie de primate platirrino del género Saguinus, la cual habita al oeste de la región Nordeste de Brasil.
Este tamarino es endémico de un área situada al este del río Tocantins en el estado de Maranhão, en la región donde contactan transicionalmente la selva amazónica, la Caatinga y el Cerrado.​
Saguinus ursula tiene el rostro de color negro, el que es más brillante hacia los lados. Las orejas también son negras, siendo tan largas como anchas —cerca de 28 x 30 mm—, y no poseen pilosidad, al igual que las manos y dedos. El pelaje del cuerpo se ve desaliñado y denso; es negro monocromático; sólo desde el centro del dorso hasta la base de la cola y en los omóplatos los pelos son de "color agutí", es decir, cada pelo —con una longitud de entre 26 y 28 mmson— es de color negro en la base y en el ápice, pero presenta en el sector medio una franja de 5 a 5,5 mm de ancho de color dorado anteado brillante. En la región inter-escapular posee largos pelos, con longitudes de entre 23 y 26 mm.​
El cuello, la garganta, el pecho y las patas delanteras están cubiertos con una densa capa de pelo negruzco. El pelo abdominal y el del interior de las patas es negruzco o marrón-negruzco. La cola es negra y densamente peluda.​
Saguinus ursula fue descrita originalmente en el año 1807 por el zoólogo alemán Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg.​ Posteriormente fue sinonimizada primero con la especie Saguinus midas y ya en el siglo XXI con Saguinus niger. En el año 2013, S. ursula fue finalmente revalidada sobre la base de diferencias en la coloración del pelaje y divergencias morfológicas, los que fueron corroborados por datos moleculares.​​
Esta especie está estrechamente relacionada con Saguinus midas, que habita en las Guayanas y en la región que media entre estas y el bajo Amazonas, y con Saguinus niger cuya área de distribución se encuentra entre el río Xingú y el río Tocantins (hasta la orilla occidental).​ Las tres integran el grupo de especies Grupo midas, dentro del género Saguinus.​​​
Saguinus ursula y S. niger evolucionaron en especiación alopátrica, ya que el curso del río Tocantins provocó un aislamiento geográfico de las poblaciones de ambas especies entre sí, constituyéndose de este modo en una efectiva barrera para el flujo de genes.​​
Metà

Metà es el segundo álbum de estudio del dueto italiano Sonohra.
Este álbum fue realizado en los estudios Abbey Road, célebres por haber sido utilizados por The Beatles. Antes de su lanzamiento, en diciembre de 2009 fue lanzado el primer sencillo de este álbum, Seguimi O Uccidimi. Participaron con la canción Baby en el Festival de la Canción de San Remo.
Wikimedia Meta-Wiki

Wikimedia Meta-Wiki (llamada Meta-Wiki o simplemente Meta) es un sitio web dedicado a coordinar los proyectos de la Fundación Wikimedia, como Wikipedia. Tiene el formato wiki.
Durante la primera fase de existencia de Wikipedia, las discusiones sobre el proyecto de Wikipedia y en especial, sobre las políticas a seguir, tenían lugar frecuentemente en la propia Wikipedia, aunque dicha metadiscusión no era de contenido enciclopédico.
Además, algunos usuarios querían un foro donde no tuvieran que estar limitados por la política del punto de vista neutral de Wikipedia, de forma que pudieran escribir ensayos expresando sus propias opiniones sobre los asuntos que cubría la enciclopedia.
En respuesta a estas preocupaciones, los escritores de Wikipedia crearon la Wikimedia Meta-Wiki en noviembre de 2001.
La Meta-Wiki sirve actualmente como una de las tres mayores vías de discusión para los Wikipedistas, junto con las listas de correo y las páginas de discusión de artículos concretos (que están reservados a la discusión de ese artículo en particular).
Originariamente enfocada hacia la versión en lengua inglesa de la Wikipedia, Meta-Wiki se ha convertido desde su actualización a la fase III del programa de Wikipedia, en un foro de discusión multilingüe utilizado por todas las comunidades lingüísticas de los proyectos Wikimedia.
Caño Cristales

The Caño Cristales (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɲo kɾisˈtales]; English: "Crystal Channel") is a river located in the Serranía de la Macarena, an isolated mountain range in Meta Department, Colombia. It is a tributary of the Guayabero River, itself a part of the Orinoco basin. Caño Cristales was found in 1969 by a group of cattle farmers. The river is commonly called the "River of Five Colors" or the "Liquid Rainbow," and is noted for its striking colors. The bed of the river from the end of July through November is variously colored yellow, green, blue, black, and especially red, the last caused by Rhyncholacis clavigera (syn. Macarenia clavigera) plants on the riverbed. In recent years, the river has become a tourist destination; there were more than 16,000 visitors in 2016.
The quartzite rocks of the Serrania de la Macarena tableland formed approximately 1.2 billion years ago. They are a western extension of the Guiana Shield.
Caño Cristales is a fast-flowing river with many rapids and waterfalls. Small circular pits known as giant's kettles can be found in many parts of the riverbed, which have been formed by pebbles or chunks of harder rocks. Once one of these harder rock fragments falls into one of the cavities, it is rotated by the water current and begins to carve at the cavity wall, increasing the dimensions of the pit.
The Serranía de la Macarena is located on the border of three large ecosystems, each of them with high diversity of flora and fauna: the Andes, the Llanos, and the Amazon rainforest. The representative biome of the Serrania de la Macarena is the hydrophytic rainforest: hot, warm, and cold. The tableland is home to about 420 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians, 43 species of reptiles, and eight primates. Caño Cristales is home to several species of fish (despite sometimes claimed to contain no fish), freshwater turtles and other aquatic animals.
Caño Cristales river has a wide variety of aquatic plants. The water of the river is extremely clear due to the lack of nutrients and small particles. Almost unique is the bright red – pink coloration of the riverbed after the rainy period from the end of June till November. This color is caused by great quantities of plant species Rhyncholacis clavigera (often known by its former name, Macarenia clavigera). This plant is only found in Caño Cristales and a few others rivers in the region, such as the Caño Siete Machos. These plants, which are green when young, then turn yellowish and finally various shade of red, adhere tightly to rocks in places where the river has faster current.
2°15′51″N 73°47′40″W﻿ / ﻿2.26417°N 73.79444°W﻿ / 2.26417; -73.79444
Meta River

The Meta River is a major left tributary of the Orinoco River in eastern Colombia and southern Venezuela, South America. The Meta originates in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes and flows through the Meta Department, Colombia as the confluence of the Humea, Guatiquía and Guayuriba rivers. It flows east-northeastward across the Llanos Orientales ("Eastern Plains") of Colombia following the direction of the Meta Fault. The Meta forms the northern boundary of Vichada Department, first with Casanare Department, then with Arauca Department, and finally with Venezuela, down to Puerto Carreño where it flows into the Orinoco.
The Meta River is 1,100 km (680 mi) long and its drainage basin is 103,000 km (40,000 sq mi). The Meta divides the Colombian Llanos in two different parts: the western portion on the left bank is more humid, receives the relatively nutrient-rich sediments from the Andean mountain range and therefore soils and tributaries are also nutrient-rich, while the eastern portion, high plain or altillanura, drains not to the Meta river but to the Orinoco, has a longer dry season and soils and surface waters are oligotrophic (nutrient poor).
The major tributaries of the Meta are the Cravo Sur, the Casanare, the Cusiana, the Upía and the Manacacías rivers.
In 1531, while exploring the Orinoco river, Diego de Ordáz became the first European to discover the estuarine delta of the Meta. Following indications of a gold country at the headwaters of the river - the "Meta Province" - he and his companions navigated the Meta upstream for 50 days until, due to the seasonally low water level, they could make no further progress and had to turn back without having achieved anything. The first Europeans to reach the headwaters of the Meta at the foot of the Eastern Cordillera were the participants of an expedition led by the conquistador Georg Hohermuth von Speyer in 1536.
An 1856 watercolor by Manuel María Paz, of three indigenous people with a boat at Orocué, near the Old Macuco Mission, is an early depiction of life on the river.
Living along the Meta are various indigenous groups. In the upper part of the river, close to the foothills of the Eastern Ranges and farther downstream, the Guayupe, Achagua, Sáliva and Guahibo people are living.
Starting at Puerto López the Meta becomes navigable, and thus is an important component of the trade across the Colombian and Venezuelan Llanos.
Death from laughter

Death from laughter is an extremely rare form of death, usually resulting from either cardiac arrest or asphyxiation, that has itself been caused by a fit of laughter. Though uncommon, death by laughter has been recorded from the times of ancient Greece to modern times.
Usually, the phrase "dying from laughter" is used as a hyperbole.
Laughter is normally harmless. Typically, laughter is controlled by two systems in the brain: an involuntary system that involves the amygdala and a voluntary system that involves the premotor opercular areas. However, death may result from several pathologies that deviate from benign laughter. Infarction of the pons and the medulla oblongata in the brain may cause the pseudobulbar affect. Asphyxiation caused by laughter leads the body to shut down from the lack of oxygen.
Laughter can cause atonia and collapse ("agelastic syncope"), which in turn can cause trauma. See also laughter-induced syncope, cataplexy, and Bezold–Jarisch reflex. Gelastic seizures can be due to focal lesions to the hypothalamus. Depending upon the size of the lesion, the emotional lability may be a sign of an acute condition, and not itself the cause of the fatality. Gelastic syncope has also been associated with the cerebellum.