Sinulog

The Sinulog Festival (also known as Sinug and Sulog) is an annual Filipino cultural and religious festival held on the third Sunday of January in Cebu, with the center of the activities being in Cebu City; and is the core of Santo Niño Christian celebrations in the country.
The festival is widely regarded as one of the largest cultural and religious celebrations in the Philippines, with the 2025 event attracting over four million attendees. Aside from the religious aspect of the festival, Sinulog is also famous for its street parties, usually happening the night before and on the night of the main festival. The event is sometimes referred to as the "Grandest Festival in the Philippines" by participants and locals.
Other places in the Philippines also celebrate their own version of the festival in honor of the Santo Niño, both within the province of Cebu, such as Carmen, and outside, including Tondo, Kabankalan, General Santos, Maasin, Cagayan de Oro, Butuan, Pagadian, Balingasag, and Don Carlos.
The word Sinulog comes from the Cebuano adverb sulog, roughly meaning water current, an analogy to the forward–backward dance movements, performed to the sound of drums. This is a ritual prayer dance honoring the Señor Santo Niño, or Child Jesus.
According to historical accounts, Cebuanos performed similar dances in honor of animist idols long before the introduction of Christianity to the Philippines, which reached Cebu with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan at the head of a Spanish expedition on April 7, 1521. The original image of the Santo Niño was reportedly left by the Magellan expedition and rediscovered when the Spanish returned in 1565, during the expedition led by Miguel López de Legazpi, which played a significant role in the subsequent Spanish colonial period in the Philippines.
Sinulog is observed as a celebration of the Filipino people's embrace of Christianity, marking a significant moment in the country's religious and cultural history, particularly in Cebu. The first of these conversions happened in 1521 on the island of Cebu, when Indianized-Sanskritized ruler Rajah Humabon and his queen Amihan (Humamay) were baptized along with their subjects, becoming Carlos and Juana of Cebu.
On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan arrived and planted the Christian cross on the shores of Cebu, claiming the territory for Spain. He presented the image of the Child Jesus to the Rajah Humabon. Hara Humamay (or Amihan in some versions) was later named Queen Juana after Juana, mother of Charles I of Spain, and she, along with the rulers of the island and some 800 natives, were converted to the Christian faith.
Some Sinulog dances interpret the historical events surrounding the arrival of the Spaniards and the presentation of the Santo Niño to Queen Juana, though other performances may emphasize different aspects of the festival's history and significance. A popular theme among Sinulog dances is Queen Juana holding the Santo Niño in her arms and using it to bless her people, who were often afflicted with sickness believed to be caused by demons and other evil spirits.
The expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi bombarded the native settlement when they arrived on April 28, 1565. Inside a burning hut, one of Legazpi's men, Juan Camus, discovered the image of the Santo Niño inside a wooden box beside other idols. When Legazpi arrived, he found that the natives performed dances, which were later associated with the honoring of the Santo Niño. The Augustinian friars who accompanied López de Legazpi in his expedition built a church on the site where it was found, called San Agustin Church, later renamed to Basilica Minore del Santo Niño.
Since the 16th century, there has been great devotion to the Santo Niño in Philippine popular piety, particularly in the Visayas. Pilgrims from different parts of Cebu and the rest of the country make a yearly journey to the church to take part in the procession and festival. Starting in 1980, the Cebu City government organized the Sinulog Festival and eventually gave incentives also to tribal dance groups. The first Sinulog parade was held on January 20, 1980, organized by Dávid Odilao, then regional director of the Ministry of Youth and Sports Development, with the Sinulog conceptualized to be a "true Cebuano festival", comparable to the Dinagyang of Iloilo and the Ati-atihan of Aklan, both of which also celebrate the feast of Santo Niño. The idea caught on, and under the direction of then-Cebu City mayor Florentino Solon, the project was led by the Cebu City Historical Committee.
In the 2000s and early 2010s, law and order during the Sinulog celebration was an issue. Large street parties were celebrated throughout the city, notably along General Maxilom Avenue (also known as Mango Avenue) and the Baseline area along Juana Osmeña Street. Rowdy partygoers often caused trouble, and many were later found sleeping along the city's streets due to intoxication. In 2016, street parties along the Sinulog carousel route were banned in an effort to control most of these disturbances.
The Devotee City, a temporary settlement consisting of reused shipping containers, was launched in 1996 to accommodate devotees traveling from far-flung areas who had no other place to stay in the city. It has usually been located in the open space surrounding the Compania Maritima building, only a few meters away from the Magellan's Cross and the Basilica del Santo Niño.
The festival was cancelled in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and again in 2022 due to the devastation caused by Typhoon Rai to Cebu. Since 2023, the grand parade has been moved to South Road Properties from the Cebu City Sports Center, its longtime home.
Cebuanos also celebrate Sinulog worldwide in Filipino communities, such as the "Winter Sinulog", held in January in cold countries, and "Summer Sinulog", held in August in Philadelphia, US.
The Cebu City Historical Committee, which is responsible for the conceptualization of Sinulog as a provincial event, decided to adopt a logo to identify it as an institutionalized yearly event. They turned to the coat of arms of the Santo Niño, which consists of a two-headed hawk, the mark of the ruling House of Habsburg in Europe. At the time when Spain sent expeditions to the Philippines, it was under the Habsburg dynasty. The emblem represented the twin purpose of the Habsburg dynasty as "Champion of Catholicism and Defender of the Faith". The committee chose to use an indigenous warrior's shield, symbolizing Filipino resistance to colonization, with the Santo Niño's coat of arms printed on its face, representing the country's acceptance of Christianity.