davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of political parties in Colombia

This article lists political parties in Colombia.
Colombia had historically maintained a two-party system, which means that there were two dominant political parties, resulting in considerable difficulty for anybody to achieve major electoral success under the banner of any other party. Dissidents from the two main parties also had chances to win elections. Nowadays it is a multi-party system, with every party that gets more than 3% of the valid votes for each of the two chambers in the congress (as well as some special cases like parties of minority groups) getting legal recognition.
In the Parliamentary election of 2022, the following parties got the minimum required number of votes for legal recognition (3% of valid votes).
The following parties obtained representation in the congress despite not surpassing the required percentage, thanks to being in representation of ethnic minorities.
Government of Colombia

The Government of Colombia is a republic with separation of powers into executive, judicial and legislative branches. Its legislature has a congress, its judiciary has a supreme court, and its executive branch has a president.
The citizens of Colombia cast votes concerning their government, and they employ a public sector office for an inspector general to oversee the public interface of the government. This safeguards the public, and guarantees the human rights spelled out in the Constitution of 1991, which provides the framework for a welfare state and a unitary republic.
Colombia has "control institutions" that mix government and public officials, who work alongside one another. For example, the public's inspector general works closely with the government's controller general, whose job it is to ensure governmental fiscal responsibility. An independent Ombudsman deals with maladministration complaints and functions.
The executive branch of power in Colombia is headed by the President of the Republic. He is supported by the Vice President of Colombia, the Council of Ministers and Government entities of Colombia| Administrative Departments of Colombia. The government is in charge of creating and developing policies concerning Colombia, while the governors of the Departments of Colombia are elected by popular vote to represent the president and the executive branch of government. Mayors are subordinated to the governors, who are the maximum representatives of the executive branch of government at a municipal level. Mayors are also elected in regional elections, along with the department governors.
In 2015, Colombia's Congress limited presidency to single term, preventing the president from seeking re-election.
In Colombia, reelections are not allowed, but they are given the four full years. In those four years, the president is head of the state and head of the government. The president is also commander-in-chief of armed forces and supreme administrative authority.
The legislative branch is the branch that makes laws. Representatives are elected by the people and support their thoughts in government. The legislative branch is divided into two branches: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 114 members whereas the House of Representatives consists of 199 members. Despite being broken up into two branches, they must work together to make sure that they take control of their responsibilities.
The judiciary of Colombia (Spanish: Rama Judicial de Colombia) is a branch of the State of Colombia that interprets and applies the laws of Colombia, to ensure equal justice under law, and to provide a mechanism for dispute resolution. The judiciary comprises a hierarchical system of courts presided over by judges, magistrates and other adjudicators.
Colombia is a centralized state, thus there is only one jurisdiction (with the exception of special indigenous jurisdictions), which is functionally divided by subject matter into an ordinary, penal, administrative, disciplinary, constitutional and special jurisdictions (military, peace, and indigenous matters).
List of vice presidents of Colombia

There have been 32 vice presidents of Colombia since the position was first created in 1819. The position has been created interspersed in the different constitutions of the country.
The vice president is the first person in the line of presidential succession and assumes the presidency if the president dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office. A single vice president has ascended to the presidency in this way: only one through the death of the president (Miguel Antonio Caro) Vice presidents have wielded the latter power to varying degrees over the years.
Under the Colombian Constitution of 1991, the Vice President of Colombia is the first in the Presidential line of Succession of the Republic of Colombia. In absence of both the president and the vice president, Article 203 of the Constitution of 1991 establishes that the presidential office will be assumed by a minister in the order of precedence established by law. The assuming minister has to be a member of the same party or movement the original president belonged to, and will exercise the presidency until the Congress, within the 30 days following the presidential vacancy, elects a new vice president who will assume the presidency.
Ombudsman's Office of Colombia

The Ombudsman's Office of Colombia (Spanish: Defensoría del Pueblo) is the national government agency that is charged with overseeing the protection of civil and human rights within the legal framework of the Republic of Colombia. The ombudsman, or People's Defender (Spanish: Defensor del Pueblo), is an official appointed by the President, and elected by the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, to head this agency.
The Ombudsman’s Office is funded through the Inspector General’s Office, but it operates independently in administration and budget. In addition to its complaint-handling role, the Ombudsman is the national human rights institution, accredited with A status by the ICC.
Elections in Colombia

Elections in Colombia are regulated and controlled by the National Electoral Council which provides information on elections and election results in for the politics of Colombia.
Colombia elects on national level a head of state — the president — and a legislature. The president is elected for a four-year term by the people. The Congress' (Congreso) has two chambers. The House of Representatives (Cámara de Representantes) has 162 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation. The Senate of the Republic (Senado de la República) has 102 members, elected for a four-year term by proportional representation.
Colombia used to have a two-party system, in which it could be difficult for third parties to find success. Politicians from the two main parties tended to win elections when not confronted by strong challengers from their own party (in which cases their traditional opponents tend to win).
Since the implementation of the 1991 constitution however, there has been a proliferation of 3rd parties which have won most recent elections.
Electoral fraud, bribery, and other scandals that occur at both municipal and national levels are part of Colombia's corruption problem.
Duque won the nomination, and following his victory, he selected the runner-up, Ramírez, to be the alliance's vice presidential nominee.
Argumentum a fortiori

Argumentum a fortiori (literally "argument from the stronger [reason]") (UK: /ˈɑː fɔːrtiˈoʊri/, US: /ˈeɪ fɔːrʃiˈɔːraɪ/) is a form of argumentation that draws upon existing confidence in a proposition to argue in favor of a second proposition that is held to be implicit in, and even more certain than, the first.
In Garner's Modern American Usage, Garner says writers sometimes use a fortiori as an adjective as in "a usage to be resisted". He provides this example: "Clearly, if laws depend so heavily on public acquiescence, the case of conventions is an a fortiori [read even more compelling] one."
A fortiori arguments are regularly used in Jewish law under the name kal va-chomer, literally "mild and severe", the mild case being the one we know about, while trying to infer about the more severe case.
In ancient Indian logic (nyaya), the instrument of argumentation known as kaimutika or kaimutya nyaya is found to have a resemblance with a fortiori argument. Kaimutika has been derived from the words kim uta meaning "what is to be said of".
In Islamic jurisprudence, a fortiori arguments are proved utilising the methods used in qiyas (reasoning by analogy).
Consider the case where there is a single necessary and sufficient condition required to satisfy some axiom. Given some theorem with an additional restriction imposed upon this axiom, an "a fortiori" proof will always hold. To demonstrate this, consider the following case:
Because bijections are a special case of onto functions, it automatically follows that if (1) holds, then (2) will also hold. Therefore, any proof of (1) also suffices as a proof of (2). Thus, (2) is an "a fortiori" argument.
In logic, a maiore ad minus describes a simple and obvious inference from a claim about a stronger entity, greater quantity, or general class to one about a weaker entity, smaller quantity, or specific member of that class:
The reverse, less known and less frequently applicable argument is a minore ad maius, which denotes an inference from smaller to bigger.
"Argumentum a maiori ad minus" (from the greater to the smaller) – works in two ways:
An a fortiori argument is sometimes considered in terms of analogical reasoning – especially in its legal applications. Reasoning a fortiori posits not merely that a case regulated by precedential or statutory law and an unregulated case should be treated alike since these cases sufficiently resemble each other, but that the unregulated case deserves to be treated in the same way as the regulated case in a higher degree. The unregulated case is here more similar (analogues) to the regulated case than this case is similar (analogues) to itself.
Umutesi Marie Béatrice

UMUTESI Marie Béatrice (yavutse 1959) ni umwanditsi w'umunyarwanda wandika mu gifaransa . Yavukiye i Byumba mu ntara ya amajyaruguru ubu ni mukarere ka Rulindo yize ibijyanye sociology, akora mu iterambere ry'icyaro. Mbere ya Genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda yafatwaga nk'umuntu ushyira mu gaciro, yaje guhungira muri Kivu y'amajyaruguru muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, yahavuye muri 1996 ajya i Burayi, Umutesi yageze mu Bubiligi muri 1998. Yanditse inkuru yibyamubayeho muri Fuir ou mourir au Zaire. Le vécu d'une réfugiée Rwandaise (umutwe w'icyongereza: Surviving the Slaughter:The Ordeal of a Rwandan Refugee in Zaire ).
Yize amashuri y'ibijyanye na ni imyitwari n'imibanire ya muntu (sociology)
Umwugaga w' ubwanditsi yatangiye nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe abatsutsi 1994 mu Rwanda aho inkuru ze zibanda ku nkuru z'ubuzima bwe n'ibijyanye n'ubuhungiro bwe mu karere ki ibiyaga bigari.
Niyongabo Yves Montand

Yves Montand Niyongabo ni umuyobozi wa firime mu Rwanda.
Yves yavukiye kandi akurira mu Burundi . Nyuma yaje kwimukira mu Rwanda aho yaretse gukora filimi. Yakoze nk'umuhuzabikorwa wa firime Munyurangabo muri 2017. Muri 2010 Yves yatoranijwe mu mahugurwa ya firime yateguwe na CPH: Dox muri Danimarike .
Mihigo Kizito

Kizito Mihigo yavutse 25 Nyakanga 1981 - 17 Gashyantare 2020 Kizito yari umuntu uharanira inyungu witangiye ubuzima bwe gukiza roho bagenzi be barokotse itsembabwoko no kubaka ubumwe n'ubwiyunge mu Rwanda . Dukurikije amagambo ya Kisito, yasohotse kuri Kizitomihigo.com, yagize ati : Intego y'ibikorwa byanjye ni uguhumuriza no gushimangira imitima yakomeretse, kuririmba amahoro n'imbabazi . Ibikorwa bye bihebuje mu gukiza no kubaka amahoro byatangiye mu mwaka wa 2010 ubwo yashingaga Fondasiyo y’amahoro ya Kizito Mihigo , umuryango udaharanira inyungu witangiye umurimo we .
Muri Mata 2014, nyuma yo gusohora indirimbo ikomeye yamaganaga inkuru ku mugaragaro ya jenoside yo mu Rwanda, Mihigo yarafashwe ashinjwa umugambi wo kwirukana guverinoma. Muri Gashyantare 2015 , yakatiwe 10 imyaka y'igifungo nyuma yo guhamwa n'icyaha cyo gucura umugambi wa guverinoma ya Perezida Paul Kagame . N'ubwo yari yarekuwe muri gereza ya Mageragere ku bw'ubuntu bwa perezida muri Nzeri 2018, Mihigo yongeye gufatwa ku ya 13 Gashyantare 2020 , apfa afunzwe ku ya 17 Gashyantare , mu bihe biteye amakenga .
Kizito Mihigo yavutse ku ya 25 Nyakanga 1981 i Kibeho, mu karere ka Nyuguru, mu cyahoze ari Intara ya Gikongoro ubu ni Intara y'Amajyepfo mu Rwanda . Yabaye umwana wa gatatu mu bana batandatu bavutse kuri Augustin Buguzi na Placidie Ilibagiza. Afite imyaka 9, yatangiye guhimba indirimbo. Nyuma yimyaka itanu, ubwo yigaga mumashuri yisumbuye kuri Petit Seminaire de Butare, yabaye umuhanga mu bya liturujiya uzwi cyane akaba n'uwahimbye kiliziya gatolika mu Rwanda .
Muri 1994, Mihigo yari impfubyi muri jenoside yo mu Rwanda. Yahungiye mu Burundi ahahurira n'abagize umuryango we barokotse, maze agerageza kunanirwa kwinjira mu gisirikare cyo mu Rwanda Patriotique (RPA) kugira ngo ahorere umuryango we. Muri Nyakanga 1994, Mihigo yasubiye mu Rwanda. Amashuri yisumbuye, yiyandikishije mu iseminari kugira ngo abe umupadiri, kandi binyuze mu muziki no mu kwizera kwa gikristo, yashoboye kubabarira abishe se.
Mu 2001, yitabiriye amarushanwa yo guhimbaza indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu cy'u Rwanda nyuma aza guhabwa buruse ya perezida yo kwiga muri Conservatoire de Paris ku nkunga y'amafaranga Perezida w'u Rwanda Paul Kagame . I Paris, Mihigo yize amasomo y'ingingo noguhimba iyobowe na Françoise Levechin-Gangloff . Yatangiye umwuga we wa muzika mpuzamahanga mu Bubiligi .
Nayituriki Helene

Nayituriki Helene ni umunyarwandakazi, akaba uwihayimana wo mw'idini gaturika mu Rwanda. Umubikira [soeur] Nayituliki yashyizwe mu cyiciro cy'Intwari kubera ibikorwa bye byiza aho yashoboye guhisha abaturage barenga ijana mugihe cya Jenoside ya korewe abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994. Akaba yaritangiye uburezi mu Rwanda.
Nayituriki Helene
Nayituriki Helene
Kiliziya ya Orthodox i Rwamagana

Kiliziya Gatolika ya orotodogisi, ni torero rya kabiri rinini rya gikirisitu, rifite abayoboke bagera kuri miliyoni 220 ku isi. Mu rwego rwo kwagura iri dini kuwa 27 Ukwakira 2022,hatashye urusengero rushya rwubatse mu Karere ka Rwamagana.
Kiliziya ya Orthodox, yemerewe bwa mbere gukorera ku butaka bw’u Rwanda mu 2013. Yatangiriye mu karere ka Kirehe ahitwa mu Kaziba. Kugeza ubu ifite abayoboke babarirwa hagati y’ibihumbi birindwi n’umunani.
Musenyeri wa Kiliziya ya Orthodox mu Rwanda, mu Burundi no mu Burasirazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demukarasi ya Congo, Innocentios Byakatonda avuga ko Kiriziya y'aba Orthodox ifite imishinga iteganya gufatanyamo na Leta y'u Rwanda, bahereye ku kigo nderabuzima bagiye kubaka mu karere ka Rwamagana.
Doris Uwicyeza Picard

Dr. Doris Uwicyeza Picard ni umuhuzabikorwa w’Itsinda rishinzwe ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’Amasezerano y’Ubufatanye mu Iterambere ry’Ubukungu no kwita ku Bimukira (MEDP).Yabaye Umujyanama mu bya Tekiniki muri Minisiteri y’Ubutabera.
Uwicyeza Picard ni intiti mu by'amategeko n’umushakashatsi mpuzamahanga aho ubushakashatsi bwe bukubiyemo amategeko mpuzamahanga rusange, amategeko y’imiryango mpuzamahanga, imiti y’abandi bantu mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, kubungabunga amahoro, uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amategeko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha.Yabaye umujyanama mukuru muri tekinike muri Minisiteri y'Ubutabera ya Guverinoma y'u Rwanda.
Abana b'Inyange

ishuri ryisumbuye ry'Inyange riri mucyahoze ari kivumu muri perefegitura ya kibuye ubu akaba ari mu
karere ka ngororero, iri shuri ryaranzwe kandi rimenyekana cyane mugihe abacengezi bateraga u Rwanda
mu mwaka wi 1997 ubwo abana bahigaga banze kwitandukanya mu moko bashaka kwica abatusi maze
bakabwira abacengezi ko bose ari abanyarwanda. bikabaviramo no kwicwa bamwe .
mu mwaka wi 1997 nibwo abacengezi binjiye muri iryo shuri maze basaba abana kwitandukana bagira bati
abatusi ukwabo na abahutu ukwabo maze abana nabo basubiza bagira bati twe turi abanyarwanda
hari hashize imaka itatu (3) Genocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda irangiye bivuzengo ibikomere ndetse
n'ingaruka byari bikiri mu banyarwanda gusa uburere ni Indangagaciro abarezi babo ndetse numuryango FPR INKOTANYI
bari bamaze kubatoze byatumye abana bafata umwanzuro wo kutitandukanya bemera kwitwa abnyarwanda bose
bimika ndi Umunyarwanda bemera gushyira hamwe no gutabarana batitaye kungaruka zari bukurikire.
amakuru avugako harimo umwana wari ufite papa we umubyara wari ufungiye ibyaha bya Genocide yakorewe abatutsi
maze ubwo abacengezi binjiraga umwana amenyamo umwe maze amusaba imbabazi ngo abababarire ntibicwe maze
umucengezi nawe amusaba kumutandukanyiriza abatutsi umwana nawe aratsemmba avuga ko bose ari abanyarwanda
abana b'Inyangye baje kwigira inama yo gusohoka biruka batabaza mu rwego rwo kugirango bamenyeshe nabandi
ko batewe maze bahunge nuko abacengezi babateramo gerenade ihitana bagera kuri batandatu (6) abandi barakomereka
bikabije
kugeza ubu mu Rwanda hari ubyiciro bigera kuri bitatu by'Intwari aribwo
IMANZI
IMENA
INGENZI
Akaba ari bamwe mubagize ubutwari bwo kurinda u Rwanda n'ubunyarwanda birengagije inyungu zabo bwite
Imena nicyo kiciro abana binyange babarizwamo kugeza ubu kubera ubutwari bagaragaje no gushyigikira
ubunyarwanda batitaye kunyungu zabo bwite kugeza ubwo bibaviriyemo kwitwa Intwari z'igihugu.
Kwiyegereza Abana Bafite Ubumuga

Abana bafite ubumuga bamenyekanye cyane mu Rwanda, ariko urugero rwabo rwose rugaragaza ko nta bikorwa byo kwigisha cyangwa kugira icyo babasaba bahita bafasha. Ihuriro ry’Imiryango y’Abafite Ubumuga mu Rwanda (NUDOR) riravuga ko ubumuga bwabo bwose bufite umubano mwiza muri iki gihe. Ku rwego rwo gutanga uburezi buhamye, amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye bakoreshwa mu gushaka inyungu zituma abana bafite ubumuga bagera ku bwana bwabo.
[1](https://www.kigalitoday.com/uburezi/amashuri/article/abana-9-mu-bana-10-bafite-ubumuga-ntibiga)
Umubano w'abana bafite ubumuga n'ubushukanyi bwabo buri muri iki kigo Ubumwe Community Center, mu karere ka Rubavu mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, ni igicuruzwa cya mahirwe
cyashyizweho. Emmanuela Tuyishime, w'imyaka 24, afite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi n’ukuboko, akaba yarabonye icyo kigo nk'umusaruro w'ibikorwa byiza.
Mu gukora amafoto, umwuga wo kudoda, no mu kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga, Emmanuela avuga ko byandinze ubushukanyi bw’abasore bari hanze. Akomeza avuga ko kubana ubumuga ntibiga, kandi ashaka kubashukisha, kubabwira inzu kugira ngo ashobore kubohoka. Uwimana Pascal, w’imyaka 46, se w'abana batatu, ni umwe mu bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi yari arashyiraho. Afite abana baba batatu bafite ubumuga butandukanye, aho kuba bamwe mu bakozi b'iki kigo.
Pascal aragira ati: "Iyo ufite urugingo rwatakaye, urundi rugomba gukora cyane. Hari ijisho rivuyemo, irindi rigomba gukora cyane. Ubuze akaboko, akandi kagomba gukora cyane kugira ngo gahe abandi icyitegererezo."
Iki kigo, cyashinzwe mu 2008, kibarura abakabakaba 1000, barimo abo gifasha mu kubigisha imyuga n'abo kigoboka mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi. N'ubwo bigoye, aba bakozi b'iki kigo bafite ubushobozi bwo kwiga ibintu bimwe na bimwe kandi bakabifata, bitewe n'ubwitwa 'autism'. Ubwo nasanze, bafitanye urugero mu kwiga umuziki.
Mu bihe byose, abana bafite ubumuga bavuga ko ubumuga bw'ingingo bushobora kuba imbogamizi ku muntu ubufite ariko ko atari impamvu yo kumva ko ubuzima buhagaze. Ikigo Ubumwe Community Center cyashinzwe mu 2008 n’abategamiye kuri leta, cyarabonewe mu gukomeza kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga. Kugira ngo umwana wawe afite umurimo mwiza muri iki kigo, baza kubaha ikigo cyashinzwe mu mwanya wawe, cyo kubafasha mu kubona insimburangingo, kubavuza, no kubigisha imyuga.
Mu bihe byose, UNICEF yashatse ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, buri mwana yabyaye mu
Umwanditsi: Jean Claude Mwambutsa Igikorwa: BBC Gahuzamiryango i Rubavu Itariki: 19 Ukw'icumi 2023 Link: [Byandinze ubushukanyi bw'abasore bari aha hanze' – ubana ubumuga wize kudoda](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874)
Kwigisha Abana Bafite Ubumuga

Umubano w'abana bafite ubumuga n'ubushukanyi bwabo buri muri iki kigo Ubumwe Community Center, mu karere ka Rubavu mu burengerazuba bw'u Rwanda, ni igicuruzwa cya mahirwe cyashyizweho. Emmanuela Tuyishime, w'imyaka 24, afite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi n’ukuboko, akaba yarabonye icyo kigo nk'umusaruro w'ibikorwa byiza.
Mu gukora amafoto, umwuga wo kudoda, no mu kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga, Emmanuela avuga ko byandinze ubushukanyi bw’abasore bari hanze. Akomeza avuga ko kubana ubumuga ntibiga, kandi ashaka kubashukisha, kubabwira inzu kugira ngo ashobore kubohoka. Uwimana Pascal, w’imyaka 46, se w'abana batatu, ni umwe mu bafite ubumuga bw’amaguru yombi yari arashyiraho. Afite abana baba batatu bafite ubumuga butandukanye, aho kuba bamwe mu bakozi b'iki kigo.
Pascal aragira ati: "Iyo ufite urugingo rwatakaye, urundi rugomba gukora cyane. Hari ijisho rivuyemo, irindi rigomba gukora cyane. Ubuze akaboko, akandi kagomba gukora cyane kugira ngo
gahe abandi icyitegererezo."
Iki kigo, cyashinzwe mu 2008, kibarura abakabakaba 1000, barimo abo gifasha mu kubigisha imyuga n'abo kigoboka mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi. N'ubwo bigoye, aba bakozi b'iki kigo bafite ubushobozi bwo kwiga ibintu bimwe na bimwe kandi bakabifata, bitewe n'ubwitwa 'autism'. Ubwo nasanze, bafitanye urugero mu kwiga umuziki.iki kigo kikaba kitwa(HVP GATAGARA).
Mu bihe byose, abana bafite ubumuga bavuga ko ubumuga bw'ingingo bushobora kuba imbogamizi ku muntu ubufite ariko ko atari impamvu yo kumva ko ubuzima buhagaze. Ikigo Ubumwe Community Center cyashinzwe mu 2008 n’abategamiye kuri leta, cyarabonewe mu gukomeza kwigisha abana bafite ubumuga. Kugira ngo umwana wawe afite umurimo mwiza muri iki kigo, baza kubaha ikigo cyashinzwe mu mwanya wawe, cyo kubafasha mu kubona insimburangingo, kubavuza, no kubigisha imyuga.
Ubumuga mu bana ni ikimenyetso cy'umuryango mwiza n'umwambaro w'imikorere y'abana. Iki kigo cyakira abana bafite ubumuga mu myaka ishize, kibasaba ubushobozi bwo kwiga, gusoma, no kubandanya ibintu byinshi by'ibanze. Ni igicuruzwa cy'umwaka w'umwana kandi cyakozwe na leta mu mwaka w'2008. Buri umwe mu kigo cyashyizweho ku rwego rwo guhindura ubumuga mu gihe cy’uburyo bwo kwiga n'uburyo bw'ibintu.
Mu bihe byose, UNICEF yashatse ibikorwa byiza kugira ngo abana bose bajye mu ishuri, buri mwana yabyaye mu muryango, no kuba n'ubumuga, bigerweho uburenganzira bwe bwose.
Umwanditsi: Jean Claude Mwambutsa Igikorwa: BBC Gahuzamiryango i Rubavu Itariki: 19 Ukw'icumi 2023 Link: [Byandinze ubushukanyi bw'abasore bari aha hanze' – ubana ubumuga wize kudoda](https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru-64908874)
Paul kagame at ruhunda

written by Jean De La Croix Tabaro June 13, 20163:19 pm
An eckocenter built to benefit Ruhunda community in Rwamagana district Nyagahinga village,Gishali sector.
President Paul Kagame has today officially launched a health center and an Ekocenter that are all powered by solar energy.
Coca Cola a global beverages company funded the facilities built to benefit Ruhunda communities in Gishari, Rwamagana district.
The Ekocenter comprises of a kiosk with Coca Cola products including; clean drinking water, 3G internet all operated by a solar power plant.
The solar power also operates Ruhunda health center enabling clinical services like prenatal testing. Coca Cola supported this department with echography and other equipment.
“This shows that we already have much of the knowledge and systems needed, to bring improved health, well-being, and financial inclusion, wherever it is needed,” commended president Kagame.
According to Kagame, such a gesture by Coca Cola is among private sector’s contribution to global development goals.
“These global goals cannot be achieved with public funds alone. After all, merely eliminating poverty is too small an ambition. Instead, the urgent focus is to lay the foundation, for sustainable and equitable prosperity, in every corner of the globe,”Kagame said.
Coca Cola has 100 Ekocenters across the world, including; 41 and 35 in Kenya and Rwanda respectively .
Muhtar Kent CEO Coca Cola Company said in 2013 he met President Kagame in the United States and discussed about how Coca Cola could venture in Rwanda.
“We talked about this vision and I promised to visit Rwanda to make it happen. I am really proud that I managed to make it two years later,” said Kent adding that Rwanda deserves such a venture.
“I never saw the power of partnership like what I saw hear in Rwanda.”
Rwanda’s ambition to narrow inequality, good governance which leads to prosperity is among the factors that motivated Coca Cola to build Ekocenters across Rwanda.
Kent was accompanied to Rwanda by Reverend Jessie Jackson Sr. a renowned American civil rights activist and politician who was most known in 1984 and 1988 when he was candidate for presidential nomination for the Democratic Party.
Jackson also shares with Coca Cola’s boss a point of view that Rwanda owes its progress to a strong leadership; “When president Kagame arrived here we all applauded, when he enters a UN hall, they always applaud. In US, everyone applauds him when he enters a conference hall. Strong leadership speaks by itself.”
Odette Uwamariya, governor of eastern province said 23,000 residents of Gishari sector will benefit from Ruhunda Ekocenters.
Pointing to the example of Coca Cola, Kagame welcomed investors willing to support Rwanda’s progress through whatever channel.
https://www.ktpress.rw/2016/06/coca-cola-launches-ekocenter-in-rwamagana/
UNIFY CHAMPIONS SCHOOL

Special Olympics nyuma yo gutangiza umushinga wa UNIFY CHAMPIONS SCHOOL ugamije gukura abana bafite ubumuga mu bwiyunge, bahurira mu mikino hamwe n'abadafite ubumuga Ubuyobozi bwayo buratangaza ko iyi gahunda imaze gutenyura abatari bake mu bana bafiite ubumuga mu Rwanda.
Umushinga wa UNIFY CHAMPIONS SCHOOL watewe inkunga na Mohamed ben Zayed Igikomangoma cya Leta zunze ubumwe z'abarabu binyuze muri Special Olympics International Byemezwa na Minisiteri y'uburezi aho Special Olympics ubusanzwe ari umuryango mpuza mahanga ushishikajwe no kuvana abafite ubumuga mu bwigunge hifashishijwe imikino.
Uyu mushinga wa Unify Champions Schools muri Special Olympics watangijwe mu mwaka wa 2021, utangirira mu mashuri 40 yo mumujyi wa Kigali, ubu ukaba umaze kugera mu mashuri 70 yo muntara y'uburasirazuba, ugakomeza no mumashuri 120 yo muntara y'Amajyepfo, n'Amajyaruguru, hanyuma no mu mashuri 140 yo mu burengerazuba, ukaba ari umushinga watewe inkunga na Muhamed Ben Zayid igikomangoma cya Leta zunze ubumwe z'abarabu. hanyuma byemezwa na Minisiteri y'uburezi mu Rwanda.
Jean Bosco avuga ko ubu buryo buzagezwa mumashuri maganane 400 mu Rwanda hose aho bahisemo kunyuza uyumushinga mu mashuri, mu gutegura abana bafite ubumuga kugirango bazavemo ingirakamaro, twifuzako abafite ubumuga nabo bavamo ingirakamoro, kuko akenshi wasangaga bakunda guhora bigunze, bakabura uko bakina na bagenzi babo, akenshi bikanabaviramo guta amashuri, uburyo bwa UNIFY CHAMPIONS SCHOOL, ni ugufasha hose aho, bahisemo kunyuza uyu mushinga mu mashuli, mu gutegura Abana kugira ngo bazavemo ingirakagusabana, abafite ubumuga bagakina n'abadafite ubumuga.abanyeshuri bose Jean Bosco avuga ko ubu buryo buzagezwa mu mashuli maganane mu Rwanda
Nyamata High School

Nyamata High School ni ishuri ry'igenga riherereye mu Rwanda, Akarere ka Bugesera umurenge wa Nyamata mu mugi wako karere , rikaba ari ishuri mpuzamahanga rifite imikoranire n'ibindi bihugu .
Nyamata high school ni shuri rikomeza kwaguka uko bwije nuko bukeye kandi ryitwaye neza mu burezi bw' amashuri abanza aho buri mwaka riza mu mashari atanu ya mbere m'ugihugu mu gutsindisha abana neza mu bizamini bya leta bisoza amashuri abanza , ikindi nuko bafite imyigishirize myiza ugereranije nibindi bigo by'amashuri aho bo badashobora kurenza abana 25 mu ishuri rimwe .
AMAHUGURWA YUBUMWE NUBUDAHERANWA

Umuryango Unity Club Intwararumuri, uri gusoza icyiciro cya kane cy’amahugurwa y’inzego z’amahuriro(clubs) y’ubumwe n’ubudaheranwa mu mashuri Makuruyisumbuye na Kaminuza, mu rwego rwo kwimakaza ubunyarwanda mu rubyirukoIcyo gikorwa cyo gusoza ayo mahugurwa kiri kubera mu Karere ka Musanze tariki 28 na 29 Mata 2024, ni kimwe mu bikorwa by’ingenzi bigize icyiciro cya kane cy’umushinga wo kwimakaza Ubunyarwanda mu rubyiruko rwo mu mashuri makuru na Kaminuza mu mushinga wiswe “Ndi Umunyarwanda Integration Project”.
Ni umushinga waratangiye muri 2019, utangirana n’ibiganiro kuri Ndi Umunyarwanda, aho ushyirwa mu bikorwa na Unity Club ku bufatanye na Minisiteri y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda n’Inshingano Mboneragihugu (MINUBUMWE), Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’Iterambere ry’Ubuhanzi (MoYA), Minisiteri y’Uburezi (MINEDUC), Ishuri rikuru rya Gisirikare rya Nyakinama n’Ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi n’Ubusabane bigamije Amahoro (IRDP).
Icyiciro cya kane cy’uyu mushinga kigamije by’umwihariko kubaka ubushobozi bw’Amahuriro y’Ubumwe n’Ubudaheranwa mu mashuri Makuru na Kaminuza 32, akorera hirya no hino mu Rwanda.
Visi Chaireperson wa kabiri w’Umuryango Unity Club Intwararumuri, Hon Uwacu Julienne, mu gusoza ayo mahugurwa, yagarutse ku mpanuro za Perezida Paul Kagame, aho adahwema kwibutsa urubyiruko ubushobozi rwifitemo mu kubaka Igihugu.
AMASHAKIRO
UNIT CLUB MUMUHANGO WOKWIBUKA

Ku gicamunsi cyo kuri iki cyumweru tariki ya 29/04/2018, Guverineri w’intara y’iburasirazuba, Mufulukye Fred ari kumwe n’abahagarariye inzego z’umutekano ndetse n’ubuyobozi bw’Akarere ka Rwamagana, bifatanyije n’urubyiruko rwibumbiye mu ihuriro rya “Unity Club” mu muhango wo kwibuka ku nshuro ya 24, urubyiruko n’abana bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Uyu muhango watangijwe no kunamira ndetse no gushyira indabo ku mva ishyishyinguyemo imibiri 814 y’abishwe muri Jenoside baruhukiye mu rwibutso rwa Jenoside ruri imbere ya paruwasi gaturika ya Rwamagana, ari naho hatangiriye urugendo rwo kwibuka, abarwitabiriye berekeza kuri AVEGA- Rwamagana, aha akaba ariho hakomereje ibiganiro birimo n’icyatanzwe na Col Albert Rugambwa cyibanze ku mateka y’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu no guhagarika Jenoside.
Mu butumwa bwahawe urubyiruko rwari rwitabiriye uyu muhango ndetse n’abandi baturage muri rusange, Abayobozi bafashe ijambo bose basabye urubyiruko kwanga ikibi no guharanira ikiza. Meya Mbonyumuvunyi Radjab yashimiye urubyiruko rwibumbiye muri “Unity family” rwateguye iyi gahunda yo kwibuka urubyiruko n’abana bishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, abibutsa ko Kwibuka abishwe muri Jenoside ari umwanya wo kongera kwibuka ko urubyiruko arirwo rwahekuye u Rwanda ariko nanone hakaba hari urundi rubyiruko rwari urwa FPR Inkotanyi rwitanze rutizigama, bamwe barahapfira abandi basigarana ubumuga, bagira ngo Jenoside ihagarare. Meya Mbonyumuvunyi yabwiye urubyiruko ko abasore bari bari mu ngabo za FPR batwibutsa gushyira imbere inyungu z’abanyarwanda mbere na mbere, aha akaba yaboneyeho gusaba urubyiruko kwirinda ubugwari bwaranze urubyiruko rwari Interahamwe, ahubwo bagatera ikirenge mu cy'inkotanyi.
Guverineri w'intara y'iburasirazuba, Mufulukye Fred yibukije abitabiriye uyu muhango ko abana n’urubyiruko twibuka none bishwe nta cyaha bakoze; abasaba kujya bagaya ababigizemo uruhare kabone n’ubwo baba ari ababyeyi babo kuko abishwe muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, ubu baba bakorera igihugu mu buryo butandukanye. Guverineri Mufulukye yasabye urubyiruko kujya bazirikana amateka yaranze u Rwanda kugira ngo hatazabaho kwirara bakibagirwa. Mu gusoza, Guverineri Mufulukye yasabye urubyiruko kuwima amatwi no kurwanya bamwe mu babyeyi n’abarezi babo bagifite ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside, Kandi ko kuba Jenoside yarahagaritswe n’abanyarwanda ubwabo, bikwiye kuduha imbaraga ko ntacyo Abanyarwanda batashobora kugeraho. Hamwe n'ibi, Guverineri Mufulukye yasabye urubyiruko guharanira icyiza bakarwanya ikibi kabone n'ubwo byabasaba ubuzima bwabo.
" Unity Club" ni ihuriro ry'urubyiruko rwo mu karere ka Rwamagana rwishyize hamwe mu rwego rwo kwiga amateka nyakuri yaranze u Rwanda, bakanayigisha bagenzi babo ndetse bakagira uruhare mu kubaka igihugu bahereye kuri ayo mateka.
AMASHAKIROhttps://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/rwamagana-guverineri-mufulukye-yifatanyije-nurubyiruko-rwa-unity-club-mu-muhango-wo-kwibuka-urubyiruko-nabana-bishwe-muri-jenoside-yakorewe-abatutsi-mu-1994
Umuryango w’Abibumye

Umuryango w’Abibumye (UN cyangwa UNO mu magambo ahinnye y’icyongereza, ONU mu magambo ahinnye gifaransa; izina mu Cyongereza: United Nations cyangwe Organisation des Nations Unis ) ni wo mugari ku Isi, ukaba warashyizweho muri Kamena 1945, ubu ukaba ugizwe n’ibihugu 192.
Umuryango w’Abibumbye ugamije ibi by’ingenzi bikurikira: kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku isi; gukumira ibikorwa byose bigamije guhungabanya umutekano, mu rwego rw’akarere no ku Isi hose; guteza imbere imibanire myiza y’ibihugu ishingiye ku ihame ry’ubureshye bw’abantu imbere y’amategeko; kugera ku bufatanye mpuzamahanga nyabwo hakemurwa ibibazo bishingiye ku bukungu, imibereho, ubumenyi, uburenganzira bwa muntu, n’ibindi.
U Rwanda, ruzirikana izi ntego zose twavuze haruguru kandi rutanga umusanzu warwo ku gihe, kabone n’ubwo hari byinshi runenga imikorere y’uyu Muryango, cyane cyane Inama Ishinzwe Amahoro ku Isi (Security Council/Conseil de Sécurité). Iyi Nama ni yo ishinzwe ibikorwa bya buri munsi, bijyanye no kubumbatira amahoro n’umutekano ku Isi. Ariko, mu wa 1994, ntabwo yagaragaje ubushake bwo gukumira cyangwa se guhagarika jenoside, bitewe n’inyungu za bimwe mu bihugu n’amashyirahamwe y amahanga anyuranye; cyane cyane bimwe mu bihugu bitanu bifitemo icyicaro gihoraho (Permanent seat/Membre Permanent).
Ubu harasuzumwa uburyo bw’ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya raporo y akanama k’Umuryango w’Abibumbye izwi ku izana rya Raporo Carlson (Perezida w’ako Kanama) hamwe n’iy’akanama k’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (Organization of African Unity- OAU/Organisation de l Unité Africaine-OUA), ku bijyanye n’uruhare rw’amahanga mu kudahagarika no kudakumira jenoside yabaye mu Rwanda mu wa 1994.
Harasuzumwa kandi n’uburyo UN/ONU yavugururwa muri rusange, cyane cyane hagakurwaho veto power/droit de veto kandi umubare w ibihugu bigize iriya Nama ukongerwa (Afurika ikabonamo imyanya ibiri ihoraho). Iki kiganiro cyasobanuye impamvu ari ngombwa ko u Rwanda rwinjira mu miryango mpuzamahanga yo mu rwego rw’akarere, urwa Afurika ndetse no mu rwego rw’isi, cyane cyane muri iki gihe cy’ikomatanyabukungu.
Cyerekanye uburyo iyo miryango yagiye ishyirwaho n’intego igamije mu nzego zinyuranye zirimo urw’ubukungu, umutekano, imibereho myiza n’ibindi.
Cyagaragaje kandi akamaro iyo miryango ifitiye u Rwanda n’ako imwe muri yo yirengagije kugirira u Rwanda mu bihe bikomeye rwahuye na byo.
Urwibutso rwa Gisozi

Urwibutso rwa Gisozi ni Urwibutso rwa jenocide rwa Kigali . Ruruhukiyemo imibiri y'abasaga ibihumbi 250 y'abazize jenocide yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. ruherereye ku musozi wa Gisozi,Urwibutso rwa Kigali ni rumwe mu zubatswe ku ikubitiro nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi kuko mu 1994 aribwo umusozi wa Gisozi watoranyijwe ngo imibiri y’abazize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi iharuhukire. Uru rwibutso ruherereye mu Murenge wa Gisozi, Akarere ka Gasabo. uru rwibutso rwubatse mu rwego rwo gufasha abarokotse jenocide n'abandi bantu bose kuzirikana ku mateka y'icyo gihe,no gukomeza kwigisha isi yose ku ngaruka zayo.
Ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali ruri ku Gisozi bufatanyije n’inshuti zarwo, basabye abanyarwanda kutirara bareka gusura inzibutso za Jenoside, kubera urwitwazo ko baba barazisuye cyangwa ko ntaho babona ho kwibukira ku Gisozi.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga wa Aegis Trust wita ku rwibutso rwo ku Gisozi, watangaje ko ibyumba byo kwigiramo ububi bwa Jenoside, ndetse n’ikibanza cyo kwicaramo, kumva no kureba ibikorwa bijyanye no kwibuka (Amphitheatre), byamaze kubakwa.
“Uru rwibutso ntirugomba guhagararira gusa ku kwerekana amateka, ahubwo twashatse ko ayo mateka [agomba kuba amateka y’isi], yaba umusingi w’ibihe byiza bizaza; niyo mpamvu hubatswe iyi ‘amphitheatre’, kuko iyo hazaga abantu barenze 1,000 baburaga aho bicara, bikaba ngombwa ko basimburana”, nk’uko Umuyobozi wa Aegis Trust, Freddy Mutanguha yabitangaje.
‘Amphitheatre’ yo ku Gisozi (ikibanza kigizwe n’intebe zubatswe n’amabuye) ngo ishobora kwakira abantu bagera kuri 5,000 icyarimwe, bakareba, bakumva inyigisho, imikino n’ibindi bagezwaho n’abantu bari imbere yabo, mu gikono gikozwe mu byuma kihateretse.
Urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo rugiye kubakirwa kandi ikigo mpuzamahanga kibikwamo inyandiko zivuga kuri Jenoside zagiye ziba ku isi; ku buryo ngo abavuye mu bihugu bitandukanye bajya baza kuhigira amasomo yo gukumira Jenoside n’ubundi bugome bukorerwa ikiremwamuntu, nk’uko Mutangana yabisobanuye.
Muri iki gihe abanyarwanda basura urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi ngo baragabanutse basigara batarenga 50% bavuye kuri 70% y’abazaga mu myaka ibiri ishize ; ibyo bigaterwa n’uko benshi ngo biyumvisha ko basuye urwo rwibutso inshuro nyinshi, n’ubwo Mutangana ngo atirengagiza ikibazo cy’amikoro make kuri bamwe.
Abadepite Mutesi Anita na Jean Marie Vianney Gatabazi bo mu ihuriro rigize inshuti z’u rwibutso mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda, bamenyesha ko kwibuka bitazigera bireka gukorwa, bagasaba abanyarwanda kutirara no kutumva ko gusura urwibutso rimwe bihagije.
“Abanyarwanda bagomba guhora baza hano gusura urwibutso, bakumva impamvu Jenoside yabaye kugirango itazongera kubaho; uretse ko hari benshi bataranasobanukirwa uko Jenoside yabaye”, Depite Mutesi.
Nyuma yo kubaka Amphitheatre ku Gisozi, abakozi ba banki za COGEBANKI na ACCESS baje kuhibukira, banatera inkunga izo nyubako zitararangira neza, aho Cogebanki yatanze ibihumbi 20 by’amadolari, Acces itanga ibihumbi 10 by’amadolari, yiyongera ku zindi nkunga izo banki zivuga ko zagiye zifashisha urwibutso rwo ku Gisozi.
Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix

Fondation Kizito Mihigo pour la Paix bakunze kwita Fondation KMP, ni umuryango utari uwa Leta washinzwe mu mwaka wa 2010 n'umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo. Intego yawo ni
uguharanira amahoro n'ubwiyunge nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994
Guhera mu mwaka wa 2011, ku bufatanye na Ambassade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n'umuryango World Vision International, Fondation KMP yatangiye ubukangurambaga mu mashuri yo mu Rwanda no muri za gereza zose zo mu gihugu. Muri Kanama 2011 Kizito Mihigo yahawe igihembo na Madamu Jeannette Kagame kubera ibikorwa by'iyi fondation biharanira amahoro n'ubwiyunge
Muri Werurwe 2013, KMP yahawe igihembo igihembo n'Ikigo cy'igihugu cy'imiyoborere (RGB) nk'umwe mu miryango itari iya Leta ikora ibikorwa bifasha igihugu mu miyoborere myiza
Fondation KMP yahagaritse ibikorwa byayo muri Mata 2014 ubwo umuhanzi Kizito Mihigo yafungwaga na Leta ashinjwa ibyaha byo gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi bwa FPR Inkotanyi, na Perezida wa Repuburika Paul Kagame
Cassanova

Manzi Cassa wa menyekanye nka Daddy Cassanova ni umwe mu bahanzi nyarwanda bashyize itafari rikomeye kumuziki w'u Rwanda mu bihe bya nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994. Uyu muhanzi ubu nago akibarizwa mu Rwanda aho ubu aherereye mu gihugu cya Canada.
uyu muhanzi yatangiye umuziki mu mwaka 1998 ari umubyinnyi mu itsinda rya Cool Family. Ubwo ryatandukanaga muri 2006 yahise atangira kiririmba kugitike nku muhanzi wigenga.
Uyu muhanzi yamenyekanye kundirimbo nka "My Dance Floor" ,"Ihorere" , "Imyaka itatu" yatumye izina rye ritumbagira.
"Ishiraniro" indirimbo ya Phocas Fashaho yasubiyemo yatumye agira igitekerezo cyo kuririmba indirimbo ye bwite.
Antoine Rutayisire

Rutayisire Antoine wavutse 1958, ni Umushumba Mukuru wa paruwasi ya Remera mu itorero ry'Angilikani mu Rwanda, wamenyekanye cyane munyigisho zigiye zitandukanye z'iyobokamana mu Rwanda, Ni umugabo watangiye ivugabutumwa mu 1983 akimara gukizwa, Mu 1990 yaretse akazi ko kuba mwalimu umwanya we awuharira kwigisha ijambo ry'Imana, yahise ajya kuyobora umuryango w'ivugabutumwa rishingiye kuri Bibiliya w'abanyeshuri ba kaminuza, akaba ariwe wabaye umunyamabanga mukuru wawo wa mbere kugeza mu 1994. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 yayoboye umuryango w'ivugabutumwa wa (AEE) mu 2008 ayobora paruwasi ya Biryogo mu itorero ry'Angilikani mu Rwanda, ahava ajya kuyobora paruwasi ya Remera ariyo arimo kugeza ubu.
Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre

The Nyamata Genocide Memorial is a national memorial and World Heritage Site in Rwanda commemorating the 1994 Rwandan genocide against the Tutsi ethnic group. It is based around a former church in the town of Nyamata, roughly 30 km (19 mi) south of the capital of Kigali, where thousands of Tutsi were killed. The remains of 50,000 people are buried there.
The memorial is based around a former church which is about 30 km (19 mi) south of Kigali in Rwanda, which commemorates the 1994 Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda. It is one of six national memorial sites in Rwanda that commemorate the genocide. The others are the Murambi Memorial Centre, Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre, Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre, Kigali Genocide Memorial, and Nyarubuye Memorial. There are over 250 registered memorial sites that commemorate genocide in Rwanda.
The genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda began in April 1994. Many Tutsi people gathered in churches, which were considered safe places. About 10,000 people gathered there and locked themselves in. The attackers made holes in the walls of the church so that grenades could be thrown into the church, after which the rest were shot with guns or killed with machetes.
Most of the remains have been buried but clothing and identity cards are left. The identity cards were what identified people as either Tutsi or Hutu.
People in the surrounding area were also killed after the massacre at the church. The remains of 50,000 people are buried here.
In 2023, the memorials at Nyamata and three other locations were officially made World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.
Salată de boeuf

Salata de boeuf este o mâncare populară în România asemănătoare cu salata Olivier. Este adesea servită ca felul întâi în ocazii festive sau ca "entrée". Salata de boeuf cuprinde morcovi, mazăre, fasole verde, cartofi, carne de vită cu toate fierte, precum castraveți murați și, unde este nevoie, tăiate în cubulețe, fiind legate cu maioneză. Se ornează cu maioneză, măsline negre (opționale), mărar, castraveți si gogoșari murați.
Salata originală a fost pentru prima dată preparată în anul 1860 de bucătarul belgian Lucien Olivier, sub denumirea franceză de salade de gibier, la restaurantul Ermitaj (Эрмитаж), unul dintre cele mai mari restaurante din Moscova. Rețeta originală a fost păstrată secretă și s-a pierdut în anul 1905 când restaurantul Ermitaj și-a închis porțile. Se știe doar că rețeta cuprindea delicatese scumpe, carne de vânat, raci și mazăre. După 1905, numeroși bucătari din tot estul Europei au inventat rețete asemănătoare, dar înlocuind ingredientele originale cu altele mai ieftine, precum carnea de pui sau de vită (în franceză boeuf însemnând „vită”). Aceste variante de salate, cu diverse nume, au devenit un fel de mâncare foarte comun în diferite țări precum Rusia, Ucraina, Polonia sau România, schimbându-și rețeta în funcție de alimentele folosite în gastronomia regională.
Salata de boeuf românească actuală, numită din ce în ce mai frecvent salată „Boeuf”, este formată din mazăre, morcovi, cartofi și carne sau organe (ex. inimă de vită) fierte și apoi tăiate cubulețe, la care se adaugă castraveți murați si/sau gogoșari murati tăiați cubulețe. Această compoziție se înglobează apoi în maioneză și se ornează.
Ciorbă rădăuțeană

Ciorba rădăuțeană reprezintă o ciorbă românească, dreasă cu smântână, ouă și oțet, originară din Rădăuți, județul Suceava, popularizată ulterior pe întreg teritoriul României.
Ciorba rădăuțeană a fost preparată prima dată în Rădăuți, de către Cornelia Dumitrescu. Aceasta a creat o variație pentru ciorba de burtă, cu ingrediente similare și unele mai ușor de găsit (carne de pui) având în vedere dificultatea obținerii ingredientelor în plină perioadă de austeritate a anilor '80 și adaptată preferințelor personale.
Rețeta ciorbei rădăuțene - nume care se dorea a indica originea ciorbei - a fost înregistrată în rețetarul oficial al Oficiului Județean de Turism Suceava în 14 februarie 1982. Cornelia Dumitrescu a devenit Cetățean de onoare al Municipiului Rădăuți.
Ciorba rădăuțeană așa cum indică creatoarea acesteia, are ca principale ingrediente carnea de pui sau curcan, care înlocuiesc ingredientul de bază (burta) din rețeta de ciorbă folosită pentru inspirație. Ciorba se prepară folosind legume și carne de pasăre, din care se separă carnea, care se va reintroduce fâșii și se drege cu un amestec de smântână, faină, ou, oțet, sare și piper negru, la care se adaugă ardei iuți murați pentru o notă picantă.
Samuel Le Torriellec

Samuel Le Torriellec (Chef Samuel), născut în Cherbourg, Franța, pe 24 martie 1974, este un bucătar-șef francez, stabilit în România în 2008.
Între anii 1990 - 1992, a făcut Liceul Hotelier Marland din Granville unde a obținut certificatul în bucătăria profesională - Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle CAP Cuisine.
Între 1992 - 1993, a obținut mențiunea de catering în Liceul Hotelier François Rabelais din Hérouville Saint Clair.
A pornit ca ajutor de bucătar și când a ajuns chef și-a dat seama că mai are de învățat și s-a mai întors o perioadă ca sous-chef într-un alt restaurant, să capete și mai multă experiență.
În Franța a lucrat prima oară în restaurantul La Tour d'Argent din Paris care avea 3 stele Michelin. Samuel a mai lucrat ca chef la restaurantul La Marée (cu o stea Michelin).
În România, s-a remarcat la emisiunea MasterChef România, unde a apărut ca guest star în primul sezon, apoi ca jurat în ultimul sezon. Tot ca guest star a apărut și în emisiunea Chefi la Cuțite.
În perioada 2012-2019, a fost bucătar chef al restaurantului L’Atelier care, împreună cu Hotelul Epoque ce-l găzduiește, a intrat, în anul 2018, în rețeaua Relais & Châteaux, cea mai prestigioasă asociație de ospitalitate din lume.
La restaurantul L’Atelier din cadrul hotelului Epoque, Samuel a pregătit masa pentru diverse celebrități din toată lumea precum Papa Francisc, Simona Halep, Mike Tyson, Adriana Lima sau Marie Fredriksson (Roxette).
De România s-a îndrăgostit încă de când era copil, când tatăl său, fiind cadru militar, l-a plimbat peste tot. A lucrat cu Remus Nica (Managerul Arc Bakery, una dintre cele mai cunoscute brutării artizanale din România) și a ajuns, alături de el, în România. A venit pentru trei zile în România și nu a mai plecat niciodată. Prima dată, cei doi au lucrat împreună în restaurantul Fouquet’s de pe Champs-Elysées, Paris.
Timp de doi ani a fost imaginea brandului OMV-Petrom unde a pregătit meniurile „Hot2Go” și „Fresh2Go” pentru restaurantele VIVA.
Din 2018 colaborează cu Kaufland România și tot din 2018 este chef al restaurantului PopUp Dinner din București.
În 2017, s-a alăturat ca bucătar voluntar gătind pentru comunitatea din comuna Corbi din județul Argeș, în proiectul „Antreprenorești - Adoptă un sat” inițiat de Romanian Business Leaders.
Premii:
Samuel Le Torriellec are o fiică (Margaux), născută în anul 1999.
Matei Cazacu

Matei Cazacu (n. 11 iulie 1946, Sinaia) este un autor, eseist, istoric medievist și scriitor francez originar din România, luptător pentru drepturile omului.
Fiu de preot, Matei Cazacu a studiat istoria la Universitatea din București, studii pe care le-a terminat în 1969. Până la plecarea ilegală din România și stabilirea în Franța (1973), a fost cercetător la Institutul de Istorie „Nicolae Iorga” din București.
A devenit doctor în istorie și civilizație bizantină și postbizantină la Universitatea Paris I Sorbonne Panthéon (1979). Conferențiar la Sorbona și la Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, INALCO, Paris.
Membru al secției române a Ligii pentru Apărarea Drepturilor Omului, al Asociației pentru Apărarea Monumentelor Istorice din România.
Din 1977 a colaborat cu posturile de radio Europa Liberă, BBC, Vocea Americii, Radio France Internationale, Radio Canada etc.
În 2012 era director de cercetare la CNRS (centrul național de cercetări științifice), Paris.
Interviuri
Lester R. Brown

Lester Russell Brown (n. 28 martie 1934, Bridgeton, New Jersey, SUA) este un analist de mediu care a scris mai multe cărți pe tema problemelor globale de mediu. Este fondator și președinte al Institutului de Politică Planetară (Earth Policy Institute), organizație de cercetare non-profit din Washington, D.C..
El a introdus conceptul de Eco-economie, într-o carte publicată în 2001, Eco-Economy: Building an Economy for the Earth.
În data de 11 mai 2010 Lester Brown a fost ales membru de onoare din străinătate al Academiei Române.