davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
塔西佗陷阱

塔西佗陷阱（英語：Tacitus Trap），或称塔斯佗陷阱，是一个政治学理论，得名于古罗马历史学家塔西佗，意指倘若公权力失去其公信力，无论如何发言或是处事，社会均将给予其负面评价。这一术语最早见于中国美学家潘知常在2007年出版的《谁劫持了我们的美感——潘知常揭秘四大奇书》一书中，后成为中国学界和媒体的高频词汇。
古罗马历史学家塔西陀将惩恶扬善作为写作历史的目的，认为应当“只应当提到那些特别高尚的和特别恶劣的建议”，“保存人们所建立的功业，并且使邪恶的言行对后世的责难有所畏惧”，留有《历史》等不多的著作，但影响深远。公元69年，加尔巴在混乱中接替去世的尼禄成为羅馬皇帝，其中的争权夺势引起人民的反感，加尔巴之处死克洛狄乌斯·玛凯尔（英语：Clodius Macer）和丰提乌斯·卡皮托（英语：Fonteius Capito）不得人心。对此，古罗马历史学家塔西陀所著之《历史》评论道：“一旦统治者变得不受欢迎，他的所有行为，无论是好的还是坏的，都会引起人们对他的厌恶。”
中国大陆美学家潘知常在谈论《三国演义》中的乱世成因时，指出：专制社会乃一无限制政府，其欲望是无法克制、只能不断去满足的。皇帝越是去横征暴敛，国库越空虚，均为贪腐所侵蚀；国库越空虚，则加剧皇帝之横征暴敛，社会不得不崩溃。专制社会下的中国政府，不贪污、不腐败就无以发财，升官为发财，争权亦为夺利，从皇帝到官员皆是如此，贪腐不可抑制。潘知常形容专制政府到此时即进入“塔西佗陷阱”，最终导致乱世的出现。
中国大陆作家谌旭彬则援引《论语》中子贡“纣之不善，不如是之甚也。是以君子恶居下流，天下之恶皆归焉”之言，认为“子贡陷阱”则是更合适的称呼，并称慈禧太后、孔祥熙等人都曾落入此陷阱中。
在报道评论中国的公共事件时，媒体常会引述塔西佗陷阱，如2012年，新华社就2011年大连市反对PX项目游行、2012年什邡市反对钼铜项目事件和2012年启东市反对排污项目事件等公众事件中公众倾向听信网络谣言而非官方声明发表评论时，引述塔西佗陷阱和孔子对人民信任的强调，指出人民的信任之重要性；2014年，《中国环境报》评论文章就指出，PX项目在中国已经成为塔西佗陷阱；2019年3月，BBC中文网在报道2019年成都校园食品安全事件时，引述北京外国语大学國際新聞與傳播系退休教授展江的话，认为当地政府陷入了塔西佗陷阱；人民日报海外网在评论雷洋事件时认为警方陷入了塔西佗陷阱。
2013年，香港特别行政区立法会主席曾鈺成接受香港電台访问时，形容财政司司长陳茂波不受信任之局面为“塔斯佗陷阱”。香港商业电台、《苹果日报》、联合早报网等媒体解读这一陷阱为“民无信不立”。
2014年，中共中央总书记習近平在河南省蘭考中共縣委的一次会议发言中引用了“塔西佗陷阱”这一术语，他在会上还指出：“如果群众观点丢掉了，群众立场站歪了，群众路线走偏了，群众眼里就没有你。”自此，塔西佗陷阱成为新闻媒体和学界的高频词汇：据南京大学新闻传播学院米斯茹博士统计，截至2017年11月5日，百度搜索引擎显示的相关结果已经达到328,000个，百度新闻高级搜索显示有284篇新闻之标题含有此术语，中国知网中不少学术论文亦以此为标题。
人民网等官方媒体总结称，中共十八大以来，习近平在不同场合提及中国面临“三个陷阱定律”，即塔西佗陷阱、修昔底德陷阱和中等收入陷阱。2016年，盧永雄在《巴士的報》撰文谈论习近平的“三个陷阱定律”，其中质疑香港特区政府正滑向塔西佗陷阱，并引述蔡英文在台湾的抗议潮认为普选不能解决这一问题；馮睎乾在香港《苹果日报》撰文考证和描述习近平所讲的塔西佗陷阱，认为梁振英政府早已跌入这一陷阱。
2017年12月，中共中央机关报《人民日报》以“廓清‘塔西佗陷阱’的迷雾”为题目对塔西佗陷阱进行了整版报道，发表《用中国话语解释公信力问题》、《以人民为中心赢得信赖》、《不是必然规律、容易产生误导——“陷阱”一词需慎用》等三篇文章，探讨塔西佗陷阱的使用。
2019年9月，《成報》刊文批判行会成员羅范椒芬在公开场合引说未经证实的传言的行为，文章认为罗太抹黑反修例运动示威者的行为无助于解决纷争，反而会加剧政府陷入塔西佗陷阱，令人觉得政府无论说什么、做什么都是在说假话、做假事。
2012年，中国大陆学者杨妍在《中国行政管理》中以温州动车事故为例，探讨政府应当如何对微博传播中的“塔西佗陷阱”。其中认为：政府应对突发事件应当开诚布公，更加公开透明，不应当简单地辟谣或者回避；应当构建政府和个人之间的信任，避免突发事件话语权演变为一方利益诉求对另一方权力的压制；应当变革传统行政范式和观念，加强政府事务的解释力，政府媒体和主流媒体应当第一时间传递真相，以正视听；应当利用微博改进工作，及时辟谣；应当选择合适的新闻发言人。
2014年，中国大陆学者王君君在《广州大学学报》社会科学版中认为：Facebook、Twitter和新浪微博等网络自媒体加速了信息流的传播，突破了传统政府到大众媒介再到公众的传播途径，导致政府对舆论主导权的丧失。网络社会的发展势不可挡，政府希望透过网络实现良政，另一方面，多元话语势必夹杂和主流话语不和的内容，使得政府极力想掩盖或屏蔽。面对当今的治理格局，政府已经不能以家長式領導手段所控制，否则只会陷入塔西佗陷阱。政府应当致力于树立法律的权威，加强执法力度；应当放下权力身架，融入公共话语中，知民情、理民意；应当主动进行信息公开，把握话语流向；政府应当与网络社会合作共治。
2014年，中国大陆学者李春雷和刘冰莹在《现代传播》中发文，文中对2012年什邡市反对钼铜项目事件进行实证调查，并基于此提出应对塔西佗陷阱的方式。文章援引学界分析认为中国社会存在四种群体，即特殊获益者群体、普通获益者群体、利益相对受损群体和社会底层群体，并以什邡市居民绝大多数且无显著差异地对当地政府缺乏信任表明社会困难群体对政府存在塔西佗陷阱式的反应，这一反应带有以下特点：社会转型带来这一群体风险感知的加剧，网络媒体加速了恐惧的累计，暴力机关介入引发了对政府合法性的怀疑。面对群众事件，政府不应当以政府公文、宣传标语树立高大全的形象，而应当展示具体问题的细节，展现负责任政府的形象；传统媒体应当在公众舆论中倡导思辨逻辑，不断反思事件使民众充分表达民意；传媒应当不断给予社会困难群体心理疏导和舆论引导，也应当关注民众是否能对类似事件有渠道，能够顺畅表达其意见。
2016年，中国青年报评论认为，习近平提出的“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”五大发展理念中的共享理念即针对塔西佗陷阱，该理念提出“发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享”。在习近平考察兰考县一个月后，中共中央国务院出台了《中共中央国务院关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定》，明确了“到2020年，稳定实现农村贫困人口不愁吃、不愁穿，义务教育、基本医疗和住房安全有保障”。
2017年，塔西佗陷阱提出者潘知常教授在谈论塔西佗陷阱时指出，政府对于公共事件处理不慎即有可能掉入塔西佗陷阱，故而政府应当正视这一陷阱，重视其公信力之塑造；具体而言，应当及时应对新情况、积极使用新媒體以把握话语权，决策应当反映民意、吸收民智、顺应民心，处事应当解决突出问题、不做表面文章，回应质疑时应当不推诿或逃避、勇于改正、及时回应。
Zhejiang Golden Bulls

The Zhejiang Golden Bulls are a Chinese professional basketball team based in Yiwu, Zhejiang, China. It competes in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA), in the Southern Division. Its corporate sponsor is Zhejiang Chouzhou Commercial Bank.
The team continued to be informally referred to as the Horses for quite some time, even after changing its nickname to Cyclones in 2001, largely because of the corporate sponsor during that era, Wanma (万马), whose name literally translates into English as ten thousand horses. The club plays most of its home games at the Yiwu Gymnasium but occasionally hosts contests at other locations in Zhejiang Province.
During the 2020–21 Chinese Basketball Association season, under head coach Liu Weiwei the Golden Bulls reached the semifinals for the first time in history. Two years later, in 2022–23, the Golden Bulls reached the CBA Finals for the first time and lost to the Liaoning Flying Leopards.
The Golden Bulls competed in the 2023 FIBA Intercontinental Cup Singapore as the representative team from Asia, as they were selected by the CBA. They finished in third place, becoming the first Chinese team to finish on the podium in the tournament.
Chinese Basketball Association (CBA)
FIBA Intercontinental Cup
This is a list of the team's leading current Chinese and International players as well as notable former Chinese and International players.
Shicheng, Zhejiang

Shicheng (Chinese: 狮城; pinyin: Shī Chéng; lit. 'Lion City') is an ancient underwater city situated under Qiandao Lake in Chun'an County, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, and was previously the county seat of the defunct Sui'an County (Chinese: 遂安县). The city was flooded for the purpose of industrialization by the Chinese government in the year 1959 when a decision was made to construct a hydroelectric dam for the province of Zhejiang, forming Qiandao Lake. Evidence suggests that the lost city was inhabited for centuries, but it is now primarily used as an underwater tourist attraction by tourists and diving experts.
Shicheng's name means 'Lion City', in reference to the nearby Wu Shi Mountain (Five Lion Mountain).
Shicheng was deliberately flooded to create space for a hydroelectric dam on government orders. Approximately 300,000 people were relocated as a result of the project. The former residents were connected with the Lion City by ancestry and culture. Shī Chéng is believed to be the most significant Chinese city still in a good state of preservation. Many of its homes, temple structures and paved roads were preserved by being 131 feet underwater. In this way it is protected from wind, rain and sun damage. The city has five entrance gates rather than the traditional four. The stone architecture dates to the Ming and Qing dynasties. Shī Chéng's streets contain 265 archways with surviving stonework dating to 1777, and the city walls date to the 16th century.
The Chinese government planned an expedition to explore the remains of the lost metropolis in 2001, when the city was rediscovered. In 2011, pictures and graphics were published by the magazine Chinese National Geography, which sparked interest among the general public and researchers to explore the site.
Diving to Shicheng has been restricted to divers with experience of diving during the night and in deep water.
Zhejiang cuisine

Zhejiang cuisine, alternatively known as Zhe cuisine, is one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of Chinese cuisine. Zhejiang cuisine contains four different styles, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, and Wenzhou (also known as Ou cuisine). It derives from the traditional ways of cooking in Zhejiang Province, which is located south of Shanghai and centred around Hangzhou, a historical Chinese capital. In general, Zhejiang cuisine is not greasy but has a fresh and soft flavour with a mellow fragrance.
Zhejiang cuisine consists of at least three styles, each originating from a major city in the province:
Some sources also include the Wenzhou style Ou cuisine) as a separate subdivision due to its proximity to Fujian Province. Wenzhou style is characterised as the greatest source of seafood as well as poultry and livestock.
Ningbo cuisine is regarded as rather salty. Ningbo confectioneries were celebrated all over China during the Qing dynasty.
Liaodi Pagoda

The Liaodi Pagoda (Chinese: 料敌塔; pinyin: Liàodí Tǎ) of Kaiyuan Monastery, Dingzhou, Hebei Province, China is the tallest existing pre-modern Chinese pagoda and tallest brick pagoda in the world, built in the 11th century during the Song dynasty (960–1279). The pagoda stands at a height of 84 meters (276 ft), resting on a large platform with an octagonal base. Upon completion in 1055, the Liaodi Pagoda surpassed the height of China's previously tallest pagoda still standing, the central pagoda of the Three Pagodas, which stands at 69.13 m (230 ft). The tallest pagoda in pre-modern Chinese history was a 100-meter (330 ft)-tall wooden pagoda tower in Chang'an built in 611 by Emperor Yang of Sui, yet this structure no longer stands. It is considered one of the Four Treasures of Hebei.
Construction on this stone and brick pagoda began in the year 1001 AD during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of Song, and was completed in 1055 AD during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Song. Emperor Zhenzong intended to have Buddhist scriptures gathered by the Chinese monk Huineng from India stored at the pagoda's site. Due to its location at a strategic military location, the height of the pagoda made it useful as a watchtower, which could be used to spot enemy movements coming from the northern Liao dynasty headed by the Song's Khitan rivals. Initially, the pagoda was called the Kaiyuan Pagoda, but as a result of its military use it became known as the 'Liaodi' pagoda, literally meaning 'foreseeing the enemy's intentions.'
Another pagoda of similar height and design is the Chongwen Pagoda of Shaanxi Province. Completed in 1605 during the Ming dynasty, the Chongwen Pagoda stands at a height of 79 m (259 ft), making it the second tallest pagoda built in pre-modern China.
Each floor of the Liaodi Pagoda features gradually-tiered stone eaves, doors and windows (with false windows on four sides of the octagonal structure) while the first floor has an encircling balcony. A split section of the pagoda's walls are open so that the tower's interior may be viewed, along with the actual thickness of the walls. At the top of its steeple, the pagoda features a crowning spire made of bronze and iron. In the interior, a large staircase with landings for each floor winds from the bottom all the way up to the top floor. Brick brackets are used to support the landings on each floor, while from the eighth story up there are no brackets supporting the vaulted ceiling. Within the pagoda is a large pillar in the shape of another pagoda, as seen from the inside and as viewed from the cut section. The painted murals and stone steles with Chinese calligraphy in the pagoda are dated to the Song period when the pagoda was built.
38°30′37″N 114°59′48″E﻿ / ﻿38.51028°N 114.99667°E﻿ / 38.51028; 114.99667
Golden Spire

The Golden Spire apple was first discovered in Lancashire, England in about 1850. It was later grown in Gloucestershire where it was known as Tom Matthews and grown for cider production, although it had previously been used for both cider and eating. It can also be used for juicing and cooking.
The fruit is of a golden yellow colour and the flesh is cream coloured, with a good sharp taste and can be identified for its long and mis-shapened appearance. The tree flowers early season and is self-fertile, making it easy to grow and produce an annual moderate to large sized crop.
Escalator over the Hill

Escalator over the Hill (or EOTH) is mostly referred to as a jazz opera, but it was released as a "chronotransduction", with "words by Paul Haines, adaptation and music by Carla Bley, production and coordination by Michael Mantler", performed by the Jazz Composer's Orchestra.
Escalator over the Hill is more than an hour and a half long and was recorded over three years (1968 to 1971). It was originally released as a triple LP box which also contained a booklet with lyrics, photos and profiles of the musicians. Side six of the original LPs ended in a locked groove, the final track "...And It's Again" continuing infinitely on manual record players. (For the CD reissue, the hum is allowed to play for 17 minutes before slowly fading out.)
In 1997, a live version of Escalator over the Hill, re-orchestrated by Jeff Friedman, was performed for the first time in Cologne, Germany. In 1998, "Escalator" toured Europe. Another live performance took place in May 2006 in Essen, Germany.
The musicians involved in the original recording play in various combinations, covering a wide range of musical genres, from Kurt Weill's theater music, to free jazz, rock and Indian music. Writer Stuart Broomer considers this to be a summing up "much of the creative energy that was loose between 1968 and 1972".
Viva acts as narrator. Jack Bruce also appears on bass and vocals. Among the vocalists is a young (and still relatively unknown) Linda Ronstadt, in addition to Jeanne Lee, Paul Jones, Carla Bley, Don Preston, Sheila Jordan, and Bley's and Mantler's then-4-year-old daughter Karen Mantler.
Jonathon Cott's Rolling Stone article stated: "Like an electric transformer, Escalator Over the Hill synthesizes and draws on an enormous range of musical materials – raga, jazz, rock, ring modulated piano sounds, all brought together through Carla Bley's extraordinary formal sense and ability to unify individual but diverse musical sections by means of the editing of the record medium... The opera is an international musical encounter of the first order."
Marcello Carlin, writing for Stylus Magazine, considers the album to be "the greatest record ever made." He said: "No protest, no social commentary. No expression of love, of grief, of hope, of despair. It is literally whatever you want to make of it. It is devoid of every quality which you might assume would qualify it to be the greatest of all records. And yet it is that tabula rasa in its heart, the blank space which may well exist at the very heart of all music, revealing the hard truth that we have to fill in the blanks, we have to interpret what is being played and sung, and our interpretation is the only one which can possibly be valid, as we cannot discern any perspective other than our own."
Side one
Side two
Side three
Side four
Side five
Side six
Greenland Hangzhou Center

The Greenland Hangzhou Century Center (also known as the Hangzhou Arch) is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in the Xiaoshan District of Hangzhou, China. Built between 2017 and 2023, the complex consists of two cojoined twin towers standing at 304 m (997 ft) (South Tower) and 303 m (994 ft) tall (North Tower), with 64 floors each. They are the current the tallest buildings in Hangzhou.
The project is located in the proximity of the Hangzhou Olympic Sports Expo Center. It is bounded by Hangzhou International Expo Center to the east, Benjing Avenue to the south, Comprehensive Training Hall to the west, and Qijia River to the north. The project started pile foundation construction on October 13, 2017 and was originally planned to be completed and delivered before the 2022 Asian Games. It was finally completed in 2023.
Standing 310 meters high, it is the tallest twin-tower building in the Yangtze River Delta and the tallest building in Hangzhou. Together with the five high-rise buildings on the two subway-covered properties in the area, it forms a "Big Dipper" posture, and echoes the "Sun and Moon Shining Together" building complex in Qianjiang New City on the opposite bank of the Yangtze River, together forming a new landmark of Hangzhou in the Qiantang River era.
The iconic wing-shaped shape of the twin towers is derived from the first letter H of the pinyin of Hangzhou, which symbolizes the city's soaring, harmony and beauty. The land area is 77,572 m (835,000 sq ft), and the total construction area is 530,892 m (5,710,000 sq ft). The roof of the twin towers is 282 meters high and the crown is 310 meters high. It integrates corporate headquarters, comprehensive business, super five-star hotel, boutique shopping mall and other functions.
The Center, featuring offices, a hotel, and residences, is a key component of Qianjing Century City, a recently developed nine-square-mile mixed-use area that includes sports facilities. Dressed in a transparent glass veil, the supertall tower seamlessly transitions from a unitized glass curtain wall at the base to a fully enclosed facade as it rises, symbolizing a curtain opening to the urban landscape. The public skybridge and over 6,000 color-changing LEDs in the tower's glazing system enhance its outward-facing role.
Hangzhou Watch Company

The Hangzhou Watch Company is a watchmaking company in Hangzhou, China. Founded in 1972, its production range includes watches, watch movements and components.
The Hangzhou Watch Factory was established in the city of Hangzhou in 1972 with export rights granted from the outset. Initial production was the Standard watch, designated ZHZ with 19 jewels and branded Xihu (West Lake) after the famous landmark near the city. Xihu watches were at one time awarded the top national award for quality.
As resources permitted, the factory introduced a new woman-sized watch with an in-house designed small calibre. These watches were also branded Xihu, and that name was also engraved on the movement. In the 1980s, the factory introduced an automatic Xihu watch. This was a man-sized watch, but the movement was based on the small Xihu calibre with an enlarged dial plate and a very simple auto-winding module with a large rotor.
The changing demands of the market required a higher grade of automatic movement, the 2 Series (2xxx), which was developed based on the older Seiko calibre 7009 design, but with some detail differences such as a smaller balance wheel. Almost no parts are interchangeable between Seiko and Hangzhou calibres. Besides the basic date and day/date versions, there are also skeleton, triple-date, dual-time and jump-hour versions. The 2000 calibres have been used by many international brands, including Orion (Russia) and Stuhrling (with calibres designated 'Lexus').
The Hangzhou Watch Company is now partnered with PTS Resources, Hong Kong. This has enhanced the company through investment in new PTS calibre designs and has expanded Hangzhou's customer base.
The watches manufactured by the Hangzhou Watch Company are branded Farrere.
(movements have 4 digit/letter model numbers starting with the "Series" number)
Xihu, Farrere
Counting the cost

Counting the Cost is a passage in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 14:25–33) which includes a pair of parables told by Jesus. The first title comes from the phrase "count the cost", which occurs in the King James Version of the passage, as well as some other versions.
The two parables are as follows:
Joel B. Green suggests that it is unclear what kind of tower is being referred to in the first parable, but notes that the message is that a "thoroughgoing fidelity to God's salvific aim" is required, "manifest in one's identity as a disciple of Jesus." This involves putting family and possessions second, as in Matthew 8:18–22 and Luke 9:57–62.
This verse is of great importance to Anabaptist groups such as the Hutterites and Bruderhof who interpret it as a call to live without private property or possessions. To them, "to forsake all that he has" is an instruction to give up everything in the service of Jesus.
Eric Franklin argues that the requirement to "hate" in Luke (verse 26) is "Semitic exaggeration", and Joseph Benson envisages that hatred "signifies only an inferior degree of love".
Cornelius a Lapide, in his great commentary, comments on verse 33, writing that, "this is the post-parable, and sums up the teaching of the parable itself. "He who refuseth to give up all, in order that he may live a life of evangelical perfection, cannot be My disciple as the Apostles were." And again, It would he better for him who is unwilling to give up all, when persecution or necessity demand it and will not submit to the loss of possessions, family, and even life itself for the gospel's sake, not to take My yoke upon him, rather than having begun to lead a Christian life, to fall away and apostatise from the faith. For such a one adds the sin of apostasy to that of unbelief, according to the Scripture: "For it had been better for them not to have known the way of righteousness, than, after they have known it, to turn from the holy commandment delivered unto them." 2 Peter 2:21."
உப்புமா

உப்புமா அல்லது உப்மா என்பது தென்னிந்தியாவைப் பூர்விகமாகக் கொண்ட இந்தியாவின் பிரபலமான சிற்றுண்டியாகும். உப்பும் மாவும் சேர்ந்த கலவையே உப்புமா ஆகும். மிகக்குறைவான செய்பொருட்களைக் கொண்ட உப்புமா சுலபமாக தயாரிக்கப்படுவதாலும், சிறந்த சுவையுடையதாக இருப்பதாலும் பெரும்பான்மையான மக்களால் விரும்பப்படுகிறது.
உப்புமா பெரும்பாலும் ரவை கொண்டு செய்யப்படுகிறது. அரிசி உப்புமா, அரிசி ரவை உப்புமா, கோதுமை ரவை உப்புமா, சேமியா உப்புமா, ஜவ்வரிசி உப்புமா, பிரட் உப்புமா, ஓட்ஸ் உப்புமா, இட்லியை உதிர்த்து செய்யப்படும் இட்லி உப்புமா எனப் பலவகை உப்புமாக்கள் உள்ளன. உப்புமா சர்க்கரையுடனோ அல்லது சட்னியுடனோ சேர்த்து உண்ணப்படுகிறது.
இந்தியாவின் விடுதலை நாள்

இந்திய விடுதலை நாள் ஒவ்வொரு ஆண்டும் ஆகஸ்ட் 15 ஆம் தேதி கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது. 1947 ஆகஸ்ட் 15ல் பிரித்தானிய ஆட்சியிலிருந்து விடுதலை அடைந்து தனி விடுதலை நாடானதை குறிக்கும் இந்த நாள் அரசு விடுமுறையாகும். இந்த நாளில் நாடு முழுவதும் தேசியக்கொடி ஏற்றப்பட்டு மரியாதை செலுத்தப்படும்.
இந்த நாளில் இந்தியப் பிரதமர் தில்லி செங்கோட்டையில் தேசியக்கொடி ஏற்றி நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு உரையாற்றுவார். அப்போது சுதந்திர போராட்ட தியாகிகள் நினைவுகூரப்பட்டு மரியாதை செலுத்தப்படுவர். பிரதமர் சென்ற ஆண்டு நாடு அடைந்த வளர்ச்சியையும், வரும் ஆண்டிற்கான குறிக்கோள்களையும் நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு அறிவிப்பார்.
ஒவ்வொரு மாநிலத் தலைநகரத்திலும் மாநில முதலமைச்சர் தேசியக் கொடியை ஏற்றி வைத்து நாட்டு மக்களுக்கு உரையாற்றுவதுடன் நலத்திட்ட உதவிகளையும் வழங்குவர். இதுபோல் மாவட்ட அளவில் மாவட்ட ஆட்சித் தலைவர்களும், அரசு அலுவலகங்களில் அதன் உயரதிகாரிகளும், பள்ளி, கல்லூரிகளில் தலைமை ஆசிரியர்/முதல்வர் அல்லது சிறப்பு விருந்தினராக அழைக்கப் பெற்றவர்கள் கொடியேற்றி வைத்து சிறப்புரையாற்றுவர்.
கோவா விடுதலை இயக்கம்

கோவா விடுதலை இயக்கம் (Goa liberation movement) 1947ஆம் ஆண்டு இந்திய விடுதலையின்போது இந்தியாவின் மேற்கு கடலோரத்தில் போர்த்துகேய பேரரசிற்குட்பட்ட கோவா பகுதியை 1510 முதல் 450 ஆண்டுகள் போர்த்துகேய காலணி அரசு ஆண்டு கொண்டு வந்தது. போர்த்துகேயர்களிடமிருந்து கோவா பகுதியை விடுவித்து, இந்தியர்களின் தன்னாட்சியை நிறுவிட கோவாவிற்கும் உள்ளேயும், வெளியேயும், 1940 முதல் 1961 முடிய விடுதலை இயக்கப் போராட்டங்கள் நடைபெற்றது. விடுதலைப் போராட்டத்தின் விளைவாக 1961-இல் கோவா விடுதலை பெற்று, இந்தியாவின் ஒரு பகுதியாக இணைக்கப்பட்ட்டது.
கோவா விடுதலை போராட்ட வீரர்கள்:
கோவா விடுதலை நாள்

கோவா விடுதலை நாள் (Goa Liberation Day) )ஒவ்வோர் ஆண்டும் திசம்பர் 19 ஆம் நாள் அனுசரிக்கப்படுகிறது. இந்திய ஆயுதப்படைகள் கோவாவை போர்த்துகீசிய ஆட்சியில் இருந்து விடுவித்ததை நினைவூட்டும் வகையில் கோவா விடுதலை நாள் இந்தியாவில் கொண்டாடப்படுகிறது.
450 ஆண்டு கால போர்த்துக்கீசிய ஆட்சியிலிருந்து கோவா மாநிலம் 1961 ஆம் ஆண்டு திசம்பர் 19 அன்று விடுதலையடைந்தது.
இத்தினத்தைக் கொண்டாடும் வகையில் மாநிலமெங்கும் பல்வேறு நிகழ்ச்சிகள் ஏற்பாடு செய்யப்பட்டு நடைபெறுகின்றன.
சூன் 19

சூன் 19 (June 19) கிரிகோரியன் ஆண்டின் 170 ஆம் நாளாகும். நெட்டாண்டுகளில் 171 ஆம் நாள். ஆண்டு முடிவிற்கு மேலும் 195 நாட்கள் உள்ளன.
Sago pudding

Sago pudding is a sweet pudding made by combining sago pearls with either water or milk and adding sugar and sometimes additional flavourings. It is made in many cultures with varying styles, and may be produced in a variety of ways. Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia and Malaysia, produces the majority of sago.
In Malaysia, sago gula melaka is a sago pudding made by boiling pearl sago in water and serving it with syrup of palm sugar (gula melaka) and coconut milk.
In Myanmar, thagu byin (Burmese: သာဂူပြင်) is a sago pudding made with sago, coconut milk and condensed milk.
Sago pudding is also a popular delicacy in New Guinea.
In the UK, "sago pudding" is generally made by boiling pearl sago and sugar in milk until the sago pearls become clear, and thickening it with eggs or cornflour. Depending on the proportions used it can range from a runny consistency to fairly thick, and can be similar to tapioca pudding or rice pudding. In the UK "sago pudding" is often referred to as "frog spawn" as it is made using pearl sago. Tapioca pudding is similar in that it too can be made using pearl tapioca – it can also be called "frog spawn" but is generally made using flake tapioca in the north which results in a finer, more grainy, consistency.
Circus peanut

Circus peanuts are American peanut-shaped marshmallow candy. They date to the 19th century, when they were one of a large variety of unwrapped "penny candy" sold in such retail outlets as five-and-dime stores.
As of the 2010s, the most familiar variety of mass-produced circus peanuts is orange-colored and flavored with an artificial banana flavor. These are typically made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, pectin, soy protein, food coloring and artificial flavor. Confectioners originally distributed an orange-flavored variety that was only available seasonally due to a lack of packaging capable of preserving the candy. In the spring, five-and-dimes sold circus peanuts as penny candy. In the 1940s, circus peanuts became one of the many candies to become available year-round owing to the industrial proliferation of cellophane packaging.
Over the years, confectioners have also offered circus peanuts colored yellow, pink, and white, including a variety of flavors, though orange is still the most predominant color and banana the most common flavor. The leading producers of circus peanuts are Melster Candies, Spangler Candy Company and Brach's, although the products are essentially identical. The Publix supermarket chain at one time sold generic circus peanuts under its own label, manufactured by Farley and Sathers.
Circus peanuts led to the creation of Lucky Charms in 1964 when a General Mills employee chopped pieces of the candy into a bowl of Cheerios.
Steamed cheeseburger

A steamed cheeseburger, also referred to as a steamer or cheeseburg, is a hamburger topped with cheese that is cooked via steaming and originally only served by restaurants in central Connecticut in the United States. Despite it now being available elsewhere, it is still difficult to find outside that area.
What makes the steamed cheeseburger different from typical cheeseburgers is the way it is prepared. Instead of being fried in a pan or grilled on a grill, it is steamed in a stainless-steel cabinet containing trays that hold either a hamburger patty or a chunk of cheese. This method of cooking makes the fats in the meat melt away; they are then drained from the tray once the patty is fully cooked. The end result is a moist, juicy burger which is then served by scooping the meat onto a bun, and then pouring the melted cheese over the meat. Various customary toppings can then be added to the burger.
The steamer is a custom-built stainless-steel steaming box that steams the burgers and cheese in the same chamber.
The steamed cheeseburger is believed to have been invented at a restaurant called Jack's Lunch in Middletown, Connecticut, in either the 1920s or 1930s. Jack's Lunch was located at 434 Main Street and operated by Jack Fitzgerald for 44 years. The steamed cheeseburgers at Jack's Lunch were "cooked in a tall copper box filled with simmering water for 18 tin trays of square ground-beef patties." Cheddar cheese was an option at an additional 5 cents. One theory as to what sparked the idea for the steamed cheeseburger is that, back in the 1920s, steaming was being touted as a healthy alternative to frying, in that steamed food was easier to digest than fried food.
Ted's Restaurant in Meriden is the most famous eatery that serves steamed cheeseburgers, but they are also available at establishments in the adjacent towns of Wallingford, Middletown, Portland, and Cromwell; further east in East Hampton; and further south in North Haven. Ted's also operates a food truck called the Steam Machine, which sells steamed cheeseburgers further north at UConn Huskies football games, at Pratt & Whitney Stadium at Rentschler Field in East Hartford, Bushnell Park in downtown Hartford, and the Xfinity Theatre amphitheatre in Hartford. Ted's also has a concession stand behind section 101 inside the XL Center arena in Hartford.
During the 2018 Minor League Baseball season, the Hartford Yard Goats played one home game as the "Hartford Steamed Cheeseburgers". Special one-off uniforms resembling the food item were worn by the players and made-to-order steamed cheeseburgers from Ted's Restaurant were available for fans to purchase.
Kukamua Kifaru

Kukamua Kifaru (kwa Kiingereza: Milking the Rhino) ni filamu ya makala iliyotolewa 2009, ikitayarishwa na Kartemquin Films, ambayo inachunguza uhusiano kati ya wanyamapori wa Afrika, wanakijiji wanaoishi miongoni mwa wanyamapori hawo na wahifadhi ambao wanatazamia kuweka utalii ili kupata fedha za kigeni. Wamasai wa Kenya na Waovahimba Namibia wameishi karne nyingi kama wafugaji wa ng'ombe. Japo ardhi yao kugeuzwa kama mapori ya akiba, yamegeuka kuwa kivutio cha utalii.
Mto Katonga

Mto Katonga unapatikana nchini Uganda, ukiunganisha ziwa Nyanza na ziwa Dweru.
Siku hizi maji yake yanaelekea mashariki na kuchangia ziwa Nyanza
00°12′N 30°50′E﻿ / ﻿0.200°N 30.833°E﻿ / 0.200; 30.833
Fungo (familia)

Fungo, paka-zabadi au paka wa zabadi ni wanyama mbua wa ukubwa mdogo hadi wastani katika familia Viverridae. Spishi nyingine huitwa kanu, oyani na binturongi, lakini fungo-miti wa Afrika hana mnasaba sana na fungo na yumo katika familia yake binafsi Nandiniidae. Fungo wanatokea Afrika, Asia na Rasi ya Iberia katika maeneo kama savana, milima na misitu, hususa misitu ya mvua. Hawa ni miongoni mwa wanyama wa asili wa oda Carnivora. Mifupa yao ni takriban sawa na ile ya visukuku vya Eocene hapo ilikuwa miaka milioni 50. Wanafanana na paka wenye pua ndefu na mkia mrefu. Wana kucha zinazoweza kurudiwa ndani, mfupa katika mboo wao na tezi za harufu kando ya mkundu. Ukubwa wao unatofautiana kutoka ule wa oyani (mwili wa sm 30 na uzito wa g 650) hadi fungo wa Afrika (sm 84 na kg 18), lakini binturongi anaweza kuwa kg 25.
Fungo hukiakia usiku na kwa hivyo wana uwezo mzuri sana wa kusikia na kuona, lakini spishi nyingi huonekana mchana pia. Kinyume na uainisho wao katika oda Carnivora wanyama hawa hula vitu vyingi na fungo-miti ni walamimea takriban kabisa. Kwa hivyo chonge zao (meno yaliyochongoka ambayo yatumika kwa kunyafua nyama) zimevia. Kinyaa cha tezi za harufu kinaitwa zabadi na hutumika kwa kuchanganya katika manukato. Angalau zabadi inatengenezwa kwa jinsi ya kikemia sikuhizi, inavunwa kutoka wanyama hata sasa. Katika Afrika fungo hutumika, hususa huko Uhabeshi.
Fatou Jeng

Fatou Jeng ni mwanaharakati wa hali ya hewa wa vijana nchini Gambia, amelenga elimu, uhifadhi na upandaji miti . Anatambulika kimataifa kama mratibu wa hatua za hali ya hewa ya vijana nchini, pamoja na kuandaa Kongamano la Kitaifa la Vijana kuhusu Tabianchi, mratibu wa nchi na mjumbe wa bodi ya kimataifa ya Plant-for-the-Planet, na shirika la Friday for Future. Pia amehudumu kama msimamizi, mzungumzaji, na mtu wa rasilimali kwa programu kadhaa za kitaifa na kimataifa juu ya tabia nchi ikiwa ni pamoja na COP23 na COP24, Mkutano wa Global Landscapes wa 2018 wa Bonn, shirika la Action for Climate Empowerment 2018, na zaidi.
Jeng pia alianzisha shirika la vijana linaloongoza na lisilo la faida la Clean Earth Gambia. Lengo la shirika hilo ni kujenga uelewa kuhusu masuala ya mazingira, muhimu zaidi mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa. Pamoja na kufanya kazi ya kufundisha na kutoa mafunzo kwa zaidi ya watoto 500 wa shule kuhusu mabadiliko ya hali ya hewa pamoja na masuala ya mazingira kwa jamii za wenyeji.
Mnamo 2019, kwa UNFCC YOUNGO ya kwanza kabisa, ujumbe wa vijana kwenye Majadiliano ya Hali ya Hewa, alikuwa mmoja wa watu thelathini waliochaguliwa. Katika mkataba wa Umoja wa Mataifa alikuwa msukumo wa uwasilishaji wa sera kuhusu jinsia na mabadiliko ya tabia nchi pamoja na kiongozi wa uendeshaji wa sera kwa Wanawake na Jinsia. Pia mnamo 2019, alisaidia kuwezesha ushiriki wa vijana wakati wa wiki ya hali ya hewa ya Afrika.
Alikuwa kijana bora kwa QTV Youth Dialogue Gambia Mwezi Juni 2019 kwa utetezi wake wa tabianchi, na kuelezewa na Whatson Gambia kama mmoja wa vijana 30 wa Gambia wenye ushawishi mkubwa.
Mnamo 2021, Alitambuliwa kama mmoja wa Viongozi 100 wa Juu wa Uhifadhi wa Vijana wa Kiafrika na Muungano wa Afrika wa YMCAs, shirika la African Wildlife Fund, na mkusanyiko wa mashirika mengi ya kimataifa yasiyo ya faida.
Jeng alikuwa mwanafunzi katika Chuo Kikuu cha Gambia, na alikuwa rais wa kwanza mwanamke wa umoja wa wanafunzi wa chuo hicho. Na kwa sasa anasoma katika Chuo Kikuu cha Sussex ambapo anafuata shahada yake ya uzamili katika mazingira, maendeleo, na sera.
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Aberdare

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Aberdare ni hifadhi ya taifa la Kenya na iko kati ya kusini-magharibi kwa Mlima Kenya (Kaunti ya Nyandarua na Kaunti ya Nyeri) takriban kilomita 100 kaskazini kwa Nairobi.
Ilianzishwa rasmi mnamo Mei 1950 kama hifadhi ya misitu ya nchi, na kwa sasa ina eneo la km2 766 chini ya Huduma ya Wanyamapori ya Kenya, KWS Kenya, ili kuhakikisha mfumo wake wa ekolojia unasimamiwa ipasavyo.
Hifadhi hiyo ina hewa safi iliyo tulivu na yenye mazingira murua na mvua kubwa inayonyesha mara kwa mara ndani ya mwaka mzima.
Kwa kuwa mwinuko wa mbuga hiyo ni kati ya mita 2100 hadi 4300 juu ya usawa wa bahari, Hifadhi hiyo ina sifa ya aina nyingi za mandhari - kutoka vilele vya milima hadi mabonde yenye umbo la V yenye vijito, mito na maporomoko ya maji.
Wanyama wanaoishi katika mbuga hiyo ni: chui, tembo wa Kiafrika, fisi, nguruwe mkubwa wa msitu, bushbuck, swala wa milimani, mende wa kawaida, nyati wa Afrika, swala wa suni, bweha mwenye mistari, eland, duiker, anubis boon, guerets na tumbili mwenye koo nyeupe. Mara kwa mara, unaweza kuona paka dhahabu na swala wa bongo, swala wa msituni anayeishi katika msitu wa mianzi.
Hifadhi ya Kitaifa ya Aberdare pia ina idadi kubwa ya vifaru weusi, zaidi ya aina 250 za ndege, wakiwa ni pamoja na wale walio hatarini kutoweka: Aberdar cisticola, Kenyan francolin, spar hawk, African goshawk, tai, sunbirds na plovers.
Baadhi ya Wakikuyu wanaamini bado kwamba Safu ya Aberdare ni mojawapo ya nyumba za mungu wao, Ngai.
Wageni kwenye bustani wanaweza kupata aina mbalimbali za malazi ili kukidhi matakwa yao, kuanzia jumba la miti (Treetops) hadi nyumba ya kulala wageni yenye umbo la Safina ya Nuhu (Safina). Hifadhi hiyo pia ina viwanja viwili vya ndege vya Mweiga na Nyeri. Hifadhi hiyo inafunguliwa kila siku kutoka 6:00 asubuhi hadi 7:00 jioni. Kutembea ni marufuku.
List of mass panic cases

In sociology and psychology, mass hysteria is a phenomenon that transmits collective illusions of threats, whether real or imaginary, through a population and society as a result of rumors and fear. In medicine, the term is used to describe the spontaneous manifestation—or production of chemicals in the body—of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person.
A common type of mass hysteria occurs when a group of people believes that they have a similar disease or ailment, sometimes referred to as mass sociogenic illness or epidemic hysteria.
Purity Kagwiria

Purity Kagwiria (born 1982) is a Kenyan feminist activist and executive director of Akili Dada.
Kagwiria was born in 1982 in Meru County, Kenya. She is passionate about mobilizing resources for the activism of young women, documenting oral herstories, photography, art, reading and cooking.
Kagwiria has a degree in Gender and Development from the University of Nairobi. She has a diploma in journalism from the Kenya Institute of Mass Communication. She gained her Masters in 2018 at the Africa Leadership University School of Business.
Kagwiria has been advocating for the rights of women since the year 2004. She is an active member of the feminist and women's rights movement. She is an Advisory Committee Member of FRIDA, The Young Feminist Fund. She is also a 2013 HOW FUND fellow which is a participating supporter of the East African Girl's Leadership Summit. Purity has advocated for the empowerment of young women to reduce the cases of gender-based violence.
Kagwiria interned at the Coalition On Violence Against Women, COVAW, where she worked with the then Executive Director Anne Gathumbi who helped her gain exposure on gender issues. At COVAW, she collected over 10,000 signatures to postulate the Government of Kenya to sign the Maputo Protocol which was ratified in 2010. Based on this experience, she was able to lay foundation for her activism.
Kagwiria has worked with Pencils for Africa as an executive Board Member. She has also worked with Girl Smart Africa. Purity worked for the African Youth Trust between 2009-2011 as the Project Officer. She worked to build the capacity of women and other stakeholders on Human Rights Law and the dispensation of the 2010 constitution.
Kagwiria is the Executive Director of Akili Dada, an international award-winning leadership incubator nurturing a generation of girls and young women from underserved backgrounds whose commitment will transform their communities. Akili Dada was founded in 2005 to address the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles. Akili Dada partners with MATCH International Women's Fund, Ford Foundation, Forum SYD, Hivos People Unlimited, Global Fund for Women, Segal Family Foundation, Women and Girls Lead Global, The Global Fund for Children, Millicom Foundation, JJP Family Foundation, Oracle, Mize Family Foundation, Global Fund for Women, American Jewish World Service, Present Purpose, One World Children's Fund, and pencils for Africa among others.
Kagwiria was an international guest speaker at the Northern California Grantmakers in 2014. She was among the 18 phenomenal African feminists to know and celebrate. She was listed among the 8 Most Influential African Feminists
Susan Buxton Wood

Susan Wood (1918-2006), British philanthropist and writer who helped create the African Medical Research Foundation (Amref) in Kenya and founded an enterprise to employ poor single mothers. She lived much of her life in Kenya.
Susan Buxton was born in an African mud hut. At the time, her English missionary parents were living in the Ituri Rainforest in an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the age of two, she was carried in a litter on a six-month journey to the Nile and on to England where she spent her childhood. During training as a World War II nurse, she met the physician Michael Wood and they married in 1943, eventually having four children together.
The young family moved to Kenya in 1947 seeking to make a difference there. Michael Wood set up a medical practice in Nairobi but demands for his surgical skills came from far beyond the city causing him to charter private flights to reach patients in remote locations. Soon he learned to fly and bought his own plane. To expand the reach of medical care, Susan and Michael Wood worked together to recruit more doctors and create the Flying Doctors Service, which evolved into the African Medical Research Foundation, and still later to Amref Health Africa. Michael Wood remained Director General of Amref for 29 years and Susan's work there continued even after her husband's death in 1987.
In the 1960s, Susan and Michael Wood started a coffee plantation on the estate of the late Karen Blixen (made famous in the award-winning movie Out of Africa) about 30 minutes from the center of Nairobi. In 1975, Susan set up a new business in a back garden called Kazuri beads; Kazuri is a Swahili word meaning small and beautiful.
In 2006, when Susan Wood died, the enterprise employed 200 women, mostly single mothers crafting handmade, hand-painted ceramic jewelry. As of 2020, more than 300 people worked for Kazuri and their products were being sold worldwide.
The Wood family lived and farmed for a time on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro, in Tanzania. There, according to Hughes, "Sue enjoyed being a farmer. In 1975 the farm was taken over by the Tanzanian government, and the Woods, sadly but without complaint, moved to Karen [in Kenya]."
Susan Wood died in 2006 at her Nairobi-area home at the age of 87, survived by four children, eight grandchildren and eight great-grandchildren. Hughes recorded her thoughts about life in Africa, "She always saw herself as an African and had a deep understanding of the struggles they faced. She said: 'I love the people, and I love Africa because everything is unexpected, nothing goes quite straightforwardly.'"
In 1990, Susan Wood was honored by the British government as a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE).
Throughout her life, Wood wrote about African life and issues and authored several books and volumes of poetry.
Linda Jackson (designer)

Linda Jackson AO (born 15 September 1950) is an Australian fashion designer, fashion retailer and artist.
Jackson was born in Melbourne bay side suburb of Beaumaris. Her parents were ballroom dancers and encouraged her creative instincts. She studied fashion and design at the Emily McPherson College (now part of RMIT), and photography in Melbourne. In 1966 she left to travel in Asia and Europe. She regarded these travels as her "university of life". She travelled through Papua New Guinea, Asia and onto Europe and England. Jackson returned to Sydney in 1972 after working as a dressmaker in London. She visited workshops and collecting the fashions of Parisian couturiers, studying how to cut on the bias, drape and other intricacies of hand-made clothing such as hand-rolled silk hems. Her favourites were Vionnet and Paul Poiret. Jackson favoured quality fabrics such as tafetta, crepe de chine, chiffon and silk georgette.
After meeting designer Jenny Kee in 1973 at an exhibition opening at the Bonython Gallery in Sydney, they established a business partnership and opened Flamingo Park Frock Salon, a boutique in The Strand Arcade, Sydney in 1973. She remained partners with Kee until 1982 when Jackson created the Bush Couture and Bush Kids labels.
This period also saw Jackson collaborate with artists Bruce Gould, Deborah Leser, David McDiarmid and Peter Tully, who hand-painted fabrics for Jackson's dresses and provided jewellery to complement her outfits.
In 1989, Jackson was back in the spotlight, designing an accessory range for Oroton which incorporated the Australian designs she had so favoured while designing for Flamingo Park: the desert pea, waratah, gum leaves, scribbly gum and birds in the bush. In the foreword to her book Linda Jackson: The Art of Fashion, June McCallum, then editor-in-chief of Vogue, summed up Jackson's clothes as 'wonderfully witty, beautiful pieces that are imaginative, inventive and exciting to wear."
In the 1990s, Jackson relocated to Arnhem Land living and working with Aboriginal communities. She spent time in Queensland with the artists of the Mossman Gorge, creating hand-painted silk scarves. Jackson also exhibited regularly as a painter and photographer.
In 2019, the Powerhouse Museum staged an extensive survey of the work of Jackson and former collaborator Jenny Kee. The work included in the exhibition was drawn from the collection of the Powerhouse Museum, as well as works from the personal collections of both Jackson and Kee. Jackson said of their creative partnership:
Jackson was influenced in the late 1960s and 1970s by designer Peter Tully, artist activist David McDiarmid and fashion designer Clarence Chai. Later she was influenced by her experience of the Australian outback and the work of indigenous Australian artists, traditional textiles of Papua New Guinea and the traditional beading of Kenya.
Elephants' graveyard

An elephants' graveyard (also called elephant graveyard, elephant's graveyard, or elephants' cemetery) is a place where, according to legend, old elephants instinctively direct themselves when they reach a certain age. According to this legend, these elephants would then die there alone, far from the group. However, there is no evidence in support of the existence of the elephants' graveyard.
Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of this myth. One theory involves people finding groups of elephant skeletons together, or observing old elephants and skeletons in the same habitat. Others suggest the term may spring from group die-offs, such as one excavated in Saxony-Anhalt, which had 27 Palaeoloxodon antiquus skeletons. In that particular case, the tusks of the skeletons were missing, which indicated either hunters killed a group of elephants in one spot, or else opportunistic scavengers removed the tusks from a natural die-off.
Other theories focus on elephant behavior during lean times, suggesting starving or elderly elephants who have worn their teeth down to a point that they can no longer chew tougher foods gather in places where finding food is easier, and subsequently die there. Prolific elephant hunter Walter "Karamojo" Bell discounted the idea of the elephant's graveyard, stating that bones and "tusks were still lying about in the bush where they had lain for years".
The idea of an elephant graveyard first appeared in popular culture with Sir Rider Haggard's The Ivory Child (1916), the twelfth of the eighteen Allan Quatermain adventures.
The idea of a graveyard for elephants was popularized in films such as Trader Horn and MGM's Tarzan films, in which groups of greedy explorers attempt to locate the elephants' graveyard, on the fictional Mutia Escarpment, in search of its riches of ivory.
Disney's 1994 animated musical film The Lion King has a reference to this motif, as well as its musical adaptation, video game adaptation, and the 2019 remake of the film.
Additionally the term "elephants' graveyard" has been deliberately used in a symbolic fashion to refer to specific paleontological sites, such as the elephant-fossil deposit that René Jeannel, professor at the French National Museum of Natural History, discovered during a Kenya & Ethiopia expedition in 1932.
Pencil case

A pencil case or pencil box is a container used to store pencils. A pencil case can also contain a variety of other stationery such as sharpeners, pens, glue sticks, erasers, scissors, and rulers.
Pencil cases can be made from a variety of materials such as wood or metal. Some pencil cases have a hard and rigid shell encasing the pens inside, while others use a softer material such as plastic, leather or cotton. Soft versions are typically fastened with a zipper.
Early pencil cases were round or cylindrical in shape. Some early pencil cases were decorated with jasper (one from 1860) or platinum (from 1874).
John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center

The John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (colloquially, the Volpe Center) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is a center of transportation and logistics in the Research and Innovative Technology Administration of the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT).
The center's work includes projects that cut across traditional transportation modes and technical disciplines, including the Federal Aviation Administration's Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) and Safety Performance Analysis System (SPAS), the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration's SafeStat Online, the Maritime Safety and Security Information System (MSSIS), and SeaVision.
The Center helps federal, state, and local governments, industry, and academia in various areas, including human factors research, system design, implementation and assessment, global tracking, strategic investment and resource allocation, environmental preservation, and organizational effectiveness.
Volpe differs from most federal organizations in that it receives no direct appropriation from Congress. Instead, its roughly $200 million annual budget is funded by fees for its work.
The center is named for John Volpe, a former Massachusetts governor and U.S. Secretary of Transportation.
Volpe is located on the campus of NASA's former Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, across the Charles River from Boston, across the street from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and next to the Kendall/MIT MBTA Red Line subway stop.
In January 2017, MIT signed an agreement with the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) to redevelop the John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, with the state aim of turning the 14-acre parcel into a more vibrant mixed-use site.
In October 2017, the Cambridge City Council approved MIT’s rezoning petition for the site and a team of architects and landscape planners have been working to imagine a new home for the Volpe Center.
42°21′50.67″N 71°5′8.16″W﻿ / ﻿42.3640750°N 71.0856000°W﻿ / 42.3640750; -71.0856000