davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe

En México, Estados Unidos, América, Filipinas y en muchos otros lugares del mundo, el 12 de diciembre de todos los años se celebra el día de la Virgen de Guadalupe, en honor de la imagen que tiene la tradición católica más importante y con mayor culto en México. Se atribuye en esa fecha su aparición a San Juan Diego en el cerro del Tepeyac el 12 de diciembre de 1531, sitio que es visitado en su recinto de la Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en la Ciudad de México y en los templos e iglesias dedicadas a su culto a lo largo del país por millones de peregrinos y fieles. Representa una de las celebraciones religiosas tradicionales más significantes del calendario litúrgico de la región.
Se tiene por costumbre que tales peregrinaciones no sólo incluyan fieles y organizadores, sino danzantes diversos (la Danza de Matachines y los concheros), quienes lideran las procesiones hasta llegar a la Basílica.
Dentro de la tradición mexicana está que los niños y niñas que nacen en este día se le pone por nombre Guadalupe, en honor a la Virgen.
En España, se celebra la Fiesta de la Hispanidad (que coincide con la Fiesta Nacional de España y con la Fiesta del Pilar) el 12 de octubre, con grandes actos en Guadalupe (Cáceres, Extremadura) en honor a la Virgen de Guadalupe, ya que ostenta el título de Reina de la Hispanidad desde 1928 (año de su coronación canónica por el primado de España y del rey Alfonso XIII), al ser la advocación mariana primigenia que extendería su devoción en América. También, el 8 de septiembre al ser la Patrona de Extremadura (España). Aunque el 6 se septiembre es el Día de la Guadalupe extremeña (raíz devocional de todas las Guadalupes).
En 1931 se conmemoraron cuatrocientos años de la patrona de México, para lo cual una inmensa cantidad de personas acudieron a las ceremonias y festejos. Incluso militares estuvieron presentes, lo que causó un gran escándalo e indignación, debido a que la Guerra Cristera se encontraba fresca.
Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español
Mosaico del triunfo de Baco (Zaragoza)

El Triunfo de Baco es un mosaico romano de finales del siglo II o del III d. C.​ encontrado en Zaragoza en 1908.​ Representa el triunfo del dios Baco, motivo que fue muy popular entre los mosaicos hispanos y africanos y que muestran un sentido religioso y escatológico.
El fragmento pertenece a una composición geométrica más amplia, con representaciones figurativas de las cuatro estaciones. El protagonista es Baco, versión latina del Dioniso griego, dios del vino y de los ritos religiosos mistéricos, considerado así mismo como protector de la agricultura. Puede verse al dios Baco en el centro del carro triunfal o biga tirado por tigresas, con el tirso en su mano derecha y las riendas en la izquierda. Junto a él y a su derecha está la figura de un sátiro que quizás aluda a Ampelo, joven amado por Dioniso-Baco quien le transformó en constelación cuando murió. A la izquierda de Baco se muestra una Victoria alada y coronada.
Guiando a las fieras que tiran del carro se ve al dios Pan (dios de los pastores y rebaños), vestido con básara (un tipo de túnica de oriente con mangas) y cubierto con nebris (piel de cervato). Delante de este dios puede adivinarse una ménade de la que solo se conserva una pequeña porción del manto. Detrás de las tigresas ve otra ménade coronada de hiedra, que vuelve su cabeza hacia el dios.
El mosaico destaca por su carácter pictórico y volumétrico, que se aprecia en los cuerpos de los felinos de tiro, y en las anatomías humanas. Es notable también el variado cromatismo, que le equiparan con los que se producían en la península itálica. Muestra el periodo de pleno apogeo del mosaico polícromo en Caesaraugusta, que fue introducido en la segunda mitad del siglo II. Pertenecería a un salón de gran aparato; en él se encontró también el llamado Grupo de Ena, por haber sido encontrado (junto con el mosaico) en la propiedad de Mariano Ena, localizada entre las calles del Coso Alto y Alfonso I.
El mosaico del triunfo de se conserva en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Madrid.
Mosaico de los peces de La Pineda

El Mosaico de los peces de La Pineda es un mosaico romano que data de principios del siglo III d. C., y que fue hallado entre las ruinas de una antigua villa romana situada a las afueras de Tarraco, capital de la Hispania Tarraconensis o Hispania Citerior Tarraconensis, una de las provincias bajo la administración del Imperio romano en la península ibérica.
En algunos sitios se indica que el mosaico de los peces fue hallado en el año 1955, en La Pineda, localidad perteneciente al término municipal de Vila-seca, Tarragona, en Cataluña, (España) por el religioso, historiador y arqueólogo catalán Joan Serra i Vilaró, (Cardona, 24 de marzo de 1879 - Tarragona 27 de octubre de 1969), de manera fortuita cuando llevaba a cabo la búsqueda de una cisterna romana. Sin embargo en ese momento (1950) se encontraron únicamente restos de mosaicos sin teselas.
Es en una meticulosa exploración realizada posteriormente, a finales de 1955 y principios de 1956, por los catedráticos Isidro Valentines y José Sánchez Real, y financiada por la Fundación William L. Bryan, en la que, utilizando fotografías aéreas de la zona, se localizan primero los restos de una villa romana y posteriormente el Mosaico de los Peces. Una vez localizado el lugar y levantados los planos, los restos permanecieron enterrados hasta que finalmente fue extraído en el año 1960 y transportado a su ubicación actual en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Tarragona.
El mosaico formaba parte del suelo de una villa romana, siendo de estilo africano, en contraposición a los mosaicos helenísticos que abogaban por una líneas geométricas en sus motivos.
La pieza se expone en el Museo Arqueológico Nacional de Tarragona desde el año 1960, con el número de inventario 45456.
Arte folclórico

El arte folclórico es aquel creado de un modo tradicional por campesinos, marineros, artesanos o comerciantes que no cuentan con una preparación formal. También es el arte producido por miembros de un grupo social o étnico que han preservado su cultura. Para que un objeto o hecho sea considerado folclórico debe ser anónimo, es decir, que nadie sabe quién lo hizo pero todos sienten que pertenece a ese pueblo o cultura.​
Es, en su mayoría, funcional, hecho a mano para uso personal, limitado o colectivo. Las pinturas son generalmente parte decorativa de baúles, relojes y muros interiores o exteriores. La escultura se fabrica de madera, piedra o metal y su uso final recae en juguetes, cubiertos, candelabros u objetos religiosos.
En cuanto a arquitectura se encuentran tanto edificios públicos como residenciales, ejemplos de ello son las iglesias de madera construidas en Europa Oriental y las clásicas cabañas estadounidenses. También existen muestras de arte folclórico en técnicas de grabado, tallado, cerámica y textiles.​​​
Fernando Félix Pegüero García

Fernando Félix Pegüero García (n. Santa María Atzompa, 1988) es un alfarero reconocido en México, perteneciente a la familia Blanco.
Empezó a crear barro en 1993, cuando tenía cinco años de edad. Aprendió de su madre, y se ha especializado en hacer piezas relacionadas al día de la muerte.​​
Ha participado en la mayoría de los eventos de arte folclórico como en el 2009 en el Museo Estatal de Arte Popular de Oaxaca (MEAPO). En el 2010 ganó dos premios por su trabajo. Uno fue en primer lugar en la categoría de miniaturas por Amigos del Arte Folclórico de Oaxaca, con su obra llamada La boda de la Catrina y del Vaquero. Este premio le permitió ir al Taller de Arte Plásticas Rufino Tamayo en la ciudad de Oaxaca, para estudiar cerámica, escultura y pintura.
Otro reconocimiento fue el del Premio Nacional de Cerámica en Tlaquepaque, Jalisco. También quedó en el segundo lugar en el concurso del quinto Estado Natal en Oaxaca. Fernando se ha involucrado en la Universidad del Estado de Oaxaca.​​
Libertino (personaje tipo)

Libertino y libertinaje, en arte y literatura, definen la «conducta desenfrenada en las obras o en las palabras», y por lo general asociada a los placeres y los caprichos.​ Como personaje tipo ha sido frecuente en la narrativa, la dramaturgia y la filosofía, dando cuerpo a diversos modelos de depravación, promiscuidad y hedonismo, o al cortesano y el filósofo escéptico o pirrónico del siglo xviii. Algunos contextos llegan a relacionar al libertino con el nihilista más descreído.​ En castellano, libertino proviene del latín libertīnus que significa «hijo del liberto»; es decir, el hijo de un esclavo romano que había comprado la libertad a su patrón.​
En el contexto histórico de este personaje tipo en la literatura y el idioma inglés, el término se aplicaba a un hombre habituado a conductas inmorales, en particular uno dedicado a andar detrás de las mujeres. A menudo, era pródigo​ y derrochaba su fortuna (generalmente heredada) en el juego, el vino, las mujeres y las canciones, contrayendo cuantiosas deudas.
Desde el punto de vista social, se considera libertinaje, cuando una persona deja por completo de lado los prejuicios (constructos de la sociedad y la cultura) y ejerce una libertad total; independientemente de lo que dicte la ley y las instituciones en esa sociedad.
En la literatura, además de los varios modelos de Don Juan,​ el libertino se ha relacionado con parte de la obra de escritores como Cagliostro, Giacomo Casanova, Lord Byron y el Marqués de Sade.
Otros personajes asociados a la figura del libertino podrían ser: El estudiante de Salamanca, de José de Espronceda (1840); Dorimant, el héroe de Hombre a la moda de George Etherege, basado en el histórico conde de Rochester; Tom Rakewell, protagonista de la serie de pinturas y grabados de William Hogarth; El progreso del libertino de Ígor Stravinski; el vizconde de Valmont de Las amistades peligrosas (1782), obra de Choderlos de Laclos; así como otros personajes de Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, o el Rodolphe Boulanger de Madame Bovary.
En la cultura anglosajona se relaciona con el rake-hell, el que aviva los fuegos del infierno, en la raíz etimológica del nórdico antiguo reikall ("vagabundo"), adaptado en Inglés medio como rakel.
Durante el período de la Restauración inglesa (1660-1688), se usaba el término libertino (rake) para describir al aristócrata desenfadado e ingenioso, sexualmente irresistible y tipificado por los cortesanos del rey Carlos II; ejemplarizado en John Wilmot o Charles Sackville, que inspirarían personajes de la comedia de la Restauración de los años 1660 y 1670. Después del reinado de Carlos II, y especialmente después de la Revolución gloriosa de 1688, el libertino se convirtió en el blanco de los cuentos moralizadores en los que su destino típico era la prisión por deudas, una enfermedad venérea, o, en el caso representado por William Hogarth en su serie El progreso del libertino, la locura y en internamiento en el manicomio de Bedlam.
¡Ay, Carmela! (obra de teatro)

¡Ay, Carmela! es una obra de teatro de José Sanchis Sinisterra escrita en 1986, estrenada en 1987 y Premio Max al Mejor Autor Teatral en Castellano en 1999.​
La obra fue estrenada el 5 de noviembre de 1987 en el Teatro Principal de Zaragoza bajo la dirección de José Luis Gómez, quien también interpretó el papel de Paulino. Verónica Forqué encarnó a Carmela.​ Un año después, los personajes principales eran interpretados por Manuel Galiana y Kiti Mánver, con dirección de José Luis Gómez.
En 2007, se repuso en el Teatro Fígaro de Madrid, con dirección de Miguel Narros, Forqué repitiendo personaje y Santiago Ramos interpretando a Paulino.​
Por otro lado, en 2013 José Bornás dirigió su propia adaptación de la obra, protagonizada por Elisa Matilla como Carmela y por Eduardo Velasco en el papel de Paulino. Más adelante este último fue substituido por Daniel Albaladejo y finalmente por Jacobo Dicenta.
En el año 2015 fue representada en el Pueblo Viejo de Belchite, lugar donde discurre la trama de la obra de teatro. Asistiendo el propio Sanchis Sinisterra.
En el año 2019 Cristina Medina, en el papel de Carmela, y Santiago Molero, en el de Paulino, organizaron una gira por diversos teatros de España.​​
Ha sido subtitulada en ocasiones como Elegía de una Guerra Civil, en dos actos y un epílogo, y en otras como Carmela y Paulino, variedades a lo fino.
Carlos Saura dirigió en 1990 la versión cinematográfica, con Carmen Maura y Andrés Pajares en los papeles de Carmela y Paulino, y Gabino Diego, entre otros intérpretes de esta versión que añade personajes.
En el 2000 se hizo una versión televisada por Estudio 1 dirigida por Manuel Iborra y protagonizada por Juan Diego y de nuevo por Verónica Forqué.
Tania Sarabia y Basilio Álvarez son los protagonistas de la versión venezolana, dirigida por Armando Álvarez en una producción del Grupo Teatral SKENA, estrenada en Caracas, en el Teatro Trasnocho en 2006. La segunda temporada se estrenó en el teatro Premium en el 2011.
En Buenos Aires fue interpretada en 1989 por los prestigiosos actores argentinos Virginia Lago y Jorge Rivera López dirigidos por Dervy Vilas en los teatros Margarita Xirgu del Casal de Catalunya, El Vitral y gira por el interior del país.​ En esta versión sólo hay dos personajes.
En Bruselas se representó en marzo de 2015 en el Théatre Le Public la versión en francés interpretada por los actores Guy Pion y Béatrix Ferauge bajo la dirección de Carlo Boso.​
Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish Church (Pagsanjan)

Our Lady of Guadalupe Parish Church, designated as the Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe, of the Diocese of San Pablo, is the only Roman Catholic church in Pagsanjan, Laguna, Philippines. It the oldest church in the country under the patronage of Our Lady of Guadalupe, whose image was a gift from Mexico.
A former visita of Lumban, the parish church of Pagsanjan was founded on November 12, 1687, by Franciscan missionary Father Agustin de la Magdalena as its first pastor (parish priest). The first church was originally made of light materials like bamboo, nipa and wood in 1688 by natives of Pagsanjan under forced labor. A larger and more solid church constructed from adobe with a red-tiled roof was built in 1690 with the help of Chinese Miguel Guan Co and chief alguacil alferez Alonzo Garcia to replace the original church.
Further renovations were conducted from 1847 to 1852 under Father Joaquin de Coria, who engineered the stone belfry and Romanesque dome. In 1872, the church added a transept under the direction of Father Serafin Linares and Father Cipriano Bac.
The church was heavily damaged by American and Filipino military bombers on March 15, 1945, during World War II. A replica of the church was constructed over its ruins, without the original dome, with the help of Manila Pagsanjenos under the leadership of Engr. German Yia and Dr. Rosendo Llamas. Serious restoration efforts after the war took place in 1965 under Lipa Archbishop Alejandro Olalia. On April 6, 1969, Bishop Pedro Bantigue blessed the rebuilt church and consecrated the main altar. Due to the devotion of the people of Pagsanjan and nearby towns, the Diocese of San Pablo declared Pagsanjan Church as the Diocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe in 2012. Under the term of Monsignor Castillo from 2013 to the present, further renovations were carried out, including the church patio and construction of the choir loft and church gate.
The facade of Pagsanjan church is a three-level early Renaissance styled facade with a semicircular arched main entrance, choir loft window and a three-story bell tower. A side chapel near the altar houses an image of San Juan Diego, a replica of the tilma of the Our Lady of Guadalupe and a stone relic from Tepeyac Hill, Mexico City in 1531, the site of the apparition of the Virgin of Guadalupe. The chapel is also a mini-museum containing liturgical vestments of Pagsanjeño priests.
Within the church of Pagsanjan, two images of the town patroness, Our Lady of Guadalupe, can be found. The original image of Our Lady of Guadalupe was donated by Father Agustin when the parish was first established. The image was given to him as a gift from rich and pious Mexican families; it was installed at the main altar on December 12, 1688. However, the original image was destroyed during the American and Filipino military bombings of 1945. In 1958, Mexican Catholics contributed a life-sized image of Our Lady of Guadalupe sculpted by Ramon Barretto of Toluca, which can be seen in the church today. The image of Our Lady of Guadalupe placed on the main altar was sculpted by Maximo Vicente of Manila.
Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City

Colonia Villa de Guadalupe (also known as La Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo) is a former separate town, now a neighborhood in northern Mexico City which, in 1531, was the site of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the most renowned Marian apparition in the Americas. She is venerated in the Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine, located in the villa (town).
The word Guadalupe comes from Spain, where it was originally the name of a river.
La Villa de Guadalupe is located in Mexico City (formerly called the Mexican Federal District) within the borough of Gustavo A. Madero. The town was founded in 1563 and chartered as the city of "Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in 1828. The city was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican–American War was signed here in 1848.
19°29′08″N 99°07′00″W﻿ / ﻿19.485633°N 99.116796°W﻿ / 19.485633; -99.116796
Codex Tudela

The Codex Tudela is a 16th-century pictorial Aztec codex. It is based on the same prototype as the Codex Magliabechiano, the Codex Ixtlilxochitl, and other documents of the Magliabechiano Group.
Little is known about the codex's history. The Spanish government bought the manuscript when it was rediscovered in 1940, and it is now held by the Museo de América in Madrid. Sr José Tudela de la Orden, after whom it was named, worked at the Museo de America and made the codex known to scholars. In Spanish it is sometimes called the Códice del Museo de América.
The Tudela Codex is a document written in mid 16th century in Mexico during the early colonial stage over European laid paper. It has three parts, Libro Indígena, Libro Pintado Europeo and Libro Escrito Europeo. The first part occupies pages 11 to 125 and was painted by the Indian scribes in a Pre-Hispanic style near 1540, containing iconography and hieroglyphic writing information regarding Mexican or Aztec religion; types of calendar, rituals regarding disease and death, gods of the drunk, etc. The codex is a religious document that details deities, religious rites, religious ceremonies, cosmological beliefs, calendars and rituals regarding topics such as disease and death.
<Facsimilefinder. (2017). Tudela Codex « Facsimile edition. Retrieved from https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/tudela-codex-facsimile>
ኣጥቋር

ኣጥቋር ወይም አንፋር (Buddleja polystachya) ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የሚገኝ ተክል ነው።
በፍቼ ወረዳ እንዲሁም በደባርቅ ወረዳ እንደ ተዘገበ፣ አንፋር ቅጠል ተደቅቆ ለፎረፎር ወይንም ለቁስል ይለጠፋል።
ቁልቋል

ቁልቋል (Euphorbia abyssinica) የተክል አይነት ነው።
የአሸዋ ቁልቋል የሚባል ወይም ብዙ ጊዜ ዝም ብሎ «ቁልቋል» ግን ሌላ አይነት ዝርያ ነው።
በአንዳንድ ቦታ ባሕላዊ መድኃኒት፣ የቁልቋል ላፒስ ለኪንታሮት ወይም ለቁስል መቀባቱ ይታወቃል። እንዲሁም በአንዳንድ ቦታ ላፒሱ ለወፍ በሽታ ወይም ከጤፍ ጋር ተጋግሮ ለአባለዘር በሽታ፣ ወይም ለከብቶች ውሻ በሽታ ለማከም ይበላል።
ዶግ

ዶግ (Ferula communis) ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የሚገኝ ተክል ነው።
በዘጌ በባሕላዊ መድኃኒት ጥናት እንደ ተዘገበ፣ የተፈላ የዶግ ሥር ጥል በማር ለጉንፋን ያከማል።
ጅማ

ጅማ (ኦሮምኛ፦ Jimma) በምዕራብ ኢትዮጵያ ከሚገኙት ከተሞች በስፋት ትልቋ ከተማ ናት። አሁን በኦሮሚያ ክልል የጅማ ዞን መቀመጫ ከተማ ስትሆን በ 7°40′N ላቲትዩድ እና 36°50′E ሎንግቲዩድ ላይ ትገኛለች። የቀድሞው ከፋ ክፍለ ሃገር ዋና ከተማ ሆና አገልግላለች።
በ1998 ዓም የብሔራዊ የስታትስቲክ ባለስልጣን ግምታዊ መረጃ መሠረት የ159,009 ሕዝብ መኖሪያ ናት። ከዚህም መካከል 80,897 ወንዶችና 78,112 ሴቶች ናቸው። ሄርበርት ሉዊስ በ1950ዎቹ የምእራብና ደቡብ ኢትዮጵያ አንጋፋ ገበያ ሲል የሚጠራት ጅማ በአንድ የበጋ ገበያ ቀን እስከ ሰላሳ ሺህ ሰው ይገበያይባት እንደነበር ይናገራል።
በጅማ የቀድሞ የጅማ ነግስታት የገነቧቸው አንዳንድ ቅሪቶች እንደ የአባ ጅፋር ቤተ መንግስት ያሉ ዛሬም ይታያሉ። በከተማዋ አንድ ሙዚየም፣ አንድ ዩኒቨርስቲ፣ የተለያዩ ኮሌጅች፣ የኢንዱስትሪ ፓርክ፣ የተለያዩ ገበያ ማዕከሎችና አንድ ኤርፖርት ይገኙባታል።
የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ በረራ ቁጥር 302

የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ በረራ ቁጥር 302 ከአዲስ አበባ ቦሌ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ ተነስቶ በናይሮቢ ኬንያ ወደሚገኘው ጆሞ ኬንያታ ዓለም አቀፍ አየር ማረፊያ ለመብረር የተዘጋጀ በረራ ነበር። አውሮፕላኑ መጋቢት 1 2011 (ማርች 10 2019 እ.አ.አ) ቢሾፍቱ አቅራቢያ የተከሰከሰ ሲሆን ሲጓዙ የነበረ 157 ተሳፋሪዎች ሁሉ ሕይወታቸውን አጡ። አውሮፕላኑ ላይ 149 መንገደኞችና 8 የበረራ ሠራተኞች እየተጓዙ ነበር።
አደጋው የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ ከተመዘገቡት አደጋዎች በጣም አደገኛው ነው። 1989 (1996 እ.አ.አ) ኮሞሮስ ደሴቶች አቅራቢያ የተከሰከሰውንም የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ በረራ ቁጥር 961 በለጠ።
የኢትዮጵያ አየር መንገድ በረራ ቁጥር 302 ከአዲስ አበባ ተነስቶ ወደ ናይሮቢ ለመብረር የተዘጋጀ በረራ ነበር። ቦይንግ 737 ማክስ 8 የነበረው አውሮፕላን 149 መንገደኞችንና 8 የበረራ ሠራተኞችን አሳፍሮ ነበር። አብራሪው ችግር እያጋጠመው መሆኑን እና ወደ አዲስ አበባ መመለስ መፈለጉን አሳውቆ ፈቃድ ተሰጥቷል። ልክ ከዚህ በኋላ የበረራ 6 ደቂቃ እንኳን ሳይሞላ አውሮፕላኑ ከአየር አሳሽ ጠፋ። አውሮፕላኑ የተከሰከሰው ቢሾፍቱ (ደብረ ዘይት) አቅራቢያ ነው። በአደጋው የተረፈ አልነበረም።
ጉኑኖ

ጉኑኖ በኢትዮጵያ ወላይታ ውስጥ ያለ ከተማ ነው። ከተማው በወላይታ ዞን የዳሞት ሶሬ ወረዳ የአስተዳደር ዋና ከተማ ሆኖ ያገለግላል። ጉኑኖ የኢትዮጵያ ርዕሰ መዲና ከሆነችው ከአዲስ አበባ በ345 ኪሎ ሜትር እና ከወላይታ ዞን ዋና ከተማ ሶዶ 17 ኪሎ ሜትር ርቀት ላይ ይገኛል። በጉኑኖ አቅራቢያ የሚገኙት ሌሎች ወረዳዎች; በደቡብ በሶዶ ዙሪያ፣ በሰሜን ምዕራብ በቦሎሶ ቦምቤ፣ በምዕራብ በኪንዶ ኮይሻ፣ እና በምስራቅ በቦሎሶ ሶሬ። የጉኑኖ ከተማ በካርታ ላይ የሚገኘው 6°55'21"ሰሜን 37°38'57"ምስራቅ ነው።
በ2020 ኢትዮጵያ ማዕከላዊ ስታቲስቲክስ ኤጀንሲ ባደረገው ትምቢያ መሰረት የጉኑኖ አጠቃላይ ህዝብ ብዛት 15,700 ነው። ከዚህ ውስጥ 7,963 ወንዶች ሲሆኑ 7,737 ደሞ ሴቶች ናቸው። በዚህ ከተማ ውስጥ ያሉ የሴቶች የመራቢያ ዕድሜ ቡድን ወደ 23.3% ወይም በቁጥር 6,360 ገደማ ነው። በከተማው ውስጥ አንድ ጤና ጣቢያ እና ሶስት የግል ክሊኒኮች ብቻ አሉ።
ግንቦት ፲፫

ግንቦት ፲፫ ቀን፣ በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር የዓመቱ ፪፻፶፫ኛው ዕለት ሲሆን፤ የፀደይ (በልግ)ወቅት ፵፰ኛው ቀን ነው። ከዚህ ዕለት በኋላ እስከ ዓመቱ መጨረሻ ድረስ በዘመነ ሉቃስ ፻፲፫ ዕለታት ሲቀሩ በዘመነ ዮሐንስ፣ ዘመነ ማቴዎስ እና ዘመነ ማርቆስ ደግሞ ፻፲፪ ቀናት ይቀራሉ።
ጥር ፴

ጥር ፴ ቀን በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር የዓመቱ ፻፶ኛው ቀን እና የበጋ ፴፭ኛው ዕለት ነው። ከዚህ ቀን በኋላ እስከ ዓመት መባቻ ድረስ በዘመነ ሉቃስ ፪፻፲፮ ቀናት ሲቀሩ በዘመነ ዮሐንስ፤ ዘመነ ማቴዎስ እና ዘመነ ማርቆስ ደግሞ ፪፻፲፭ ቀናት ይቀራሉ።
ብርቱካን (ፍሬ)

ብርቱካን (ወይም ኦሬንጅ) ማለት የዛፍ አይነትም ሆነ በተለይ የዚሁ ዛፍ ፍሬ ማለት ነው። የሌሎች አትክልት ክልስ ሆኖ ከጥንት እንደ ለማ ይታሥባል። እርዝማኔው እስከ 10 ሜትር ድረስ ቢደርስም ዛፉ ትንሽ ይባላል፤ ቡቃያው እሾህ አለበትና ቅጠሎቹ ከ4 እስከ 10 ሳንቲሜትር ድረስ የሚዘረጉ እንደ ጥድም ወገን መቸም የማይረግፉ ናቸው። የፍሬው መጀመርያ ትውልድ በደቡብ-ምሥራቃዊ እስያ በህንደኬ፣ በቬትናም ወይም በደቡብ ቻይና ተገኘ።
የብርቱካን እርሻ በብዙ አገሮች ምጣኔ ሀብት በጣም ታላቅ የንግድ ሥራ ነው። እዚህ ማለት በአሜሪካ፣ በሜዲቴራኔያን አገሮች፣ በሮማንያ፣ በደቡብ አፍሪካ፣ በቻይና፣ በአውስትራልያም ይከትታል።
ብርቱካን በዓለሙ ውስጥ ሙቅ አየር በሚገኝበት በሰፊ ይበቅላል፤ የብርቱካንም ጣዕም ከጣፋጭ እስከ ኮምጣጣ ድረስ ይለያል። ፍሬው በተለመደ ይላጣል ጥሬም ሆኖ ይበላል፤ አለዚያ ለጭማቂው ይጨመቃል። ወፍራምና መራራ ልጣጩ በተለመደ ወደ ቆሻሻ ይጣላል፤ ነገር ግን በክብደትና በሙቀት አማካኝነት ውሃውን በማስወግድ፣ ለመኖ ሊጠቅም ይችላል። ባንዳንድ የምግብ አሠራር ዘዴ ደግሞ፣ እንደ ጣዕም ወይም እንደ መከሸን ይጨመራል። የልጣጩ አፍአዊው ቆዳ በልዩ መሣርያ በቀጭን ይፋቃልና ይሄ ጣዕሙ ለወጥ የሚወደድ ቅመም ያስገኛል። ከልጣጩ በታች ያለው ነጭና ሥሥ ሽፋን ስለማይረባ ይጣላል። ደግሞ የብርቱካን ዘይት አስታጋሽ መዓዛ ስላለው በሕክምና ይጠቅማል።
ከብርቱካን የተሠራ ሌላ ውጤት እንደሚከተለው ነው፦
እንዲያውም ብርቱካን፣ ሎሚ፣ መንደሪን ወዘተ. ሁሉ የአንድ ወገን ናቸው ሁላቸው እርስ በርስ ማራባት ይችላሉ ማለት ነው። በተግባር እነኚህ አይነቶች እንጆሪ ይባላሉ ምክንያቱም ብዙ ዘር እያላቸው ሥጋቸውም ወፍራምና ለስላሳ ሆኖ ከአንድ ዕንቁላል ብቻ ያፈራሉ።
በምድር ላይ ጥቂት አይነቶች ይታረሳሉ። ለምሳሌ ጣፋጭ ብርቱካን የምትባል መጀመርያ በእስፓንያ አገር በቀለች፤ ይቺ ከሁሉ የምትወደድ አይነት ሆናለች። ጣፋጭ ብርቱካን እንደ አየሩ ሁኔታ በልዩ ልዩ መጠኖችና ቀለሞች ትገኛለች፤ አብዛኛው 12 ክፍሎች ውስጥ አሉባቸው።
የሴቪል ብርቱካን በሰፊ የምትታወቅ አሁንም በሜዲቴራኔያን አቅራቢያ በኩል የምትበቀል እጅግ ኮምጣጣ ብርቱካን ናት። ቆዳዋ ወፍራምና ስርጉዳት ያለው ነውና ማርማላታም ሆነ የብርቱካን አረቄ ለመስራት በጣም ትከብራለች። "ይብራ በብርቱካን ወጥ" ሲበሉ ብርቱካን የዚች አይነት ናት።
ባጋጣሚ በብራሲል አገር ውስጥ በ1812 ዓ.ም. በአንድ ገዳም በነበረ የብርቱካን እርሻ ከሆነ ድንገተኛ ለውጥ የተነሣ፤ "የእምብርት ብርቱካን" የሚባል አይነት መጀመርያ ተገኘ። ከዚያ በ1862 ዓ.ም. ነጠላ ቁራጭ ወደ ካሊፎርንያ ተዛዉሮ አዲስ የዓለም አቀፍ ብርቱካን ገበያ የዛኔ ተፈጠረ። ድንገተኛ ለውጡ "መንታ ፍሬ" ያደርጋልና ታናሹ መንታ በታላቁ ውስጥ ተሠውሮ ይገኛል። የእምብርት ብርቱካን ዘር ስለሌለው በእፃዊ ተዋልዶ ይባዛል፤ የፍሬውም መጠን ከጣፋጭ በርቱካን ይበልጣል።
ቫሌንሲያ ወይም ሙርሲያ ብርቱካን በተለይ ለጭማቂ የሚመች ጣፋጭ አይነት ነው። መንደሪን ትመስለዋለች፣ ነገር ግን ይልቁን ትንሽና ጣፋጭ ናት፤ በመጨራሻም፣ "ድፍን ቀይ እምብርት" የተባለው የዚህ አይነት ከነመንታው ለውጥ እንደ እምብርት በርቱካን ነው።
በድሮ ጊዜ ፖርቱጋል የምትባል አገር ለምሥራቅ አገሮች የጣፋጭ ብርቱካን ዋና አስገቢ ነበረች። ስለዚህ በብዙ ቋንቋዎች የፍሬው ስም ከዚያው መነሻ ተወስዷል። ለምሳሌ፦
ተብሎ ይሰየማል። ባብዛኛው ቋንቋዎች ግን ያለባቸው ቃል ከሳንስክሪት «ናራንጋ» የወጣ ነው፤ በሌሎችም «የቻይና ቱፋህ» (አፕል) ወይም «የወርቅ ቱፋህ» የሚተረጎሙ ቃሎች ለብርቱካን ለማለት የጠቅማቸዋል።
List of national museums

A national museum can be a museum maintained and funded by a national government. In many countries it denotes a museum run by the central government, while other museums are run by regional or local governments. In the United States, most national museums are privately funded and operated, but have been designated by Congress as national institutions that are important to the country. In other countries a much greater number of museums are run by the central government.
The following is an incomplete list of national museums:
The Albanian government operates several national museums, including:
The Argentinian Ministry of Culture operates several national museums, including:
The Australian Government operates several national museums through its various departments, including:
In addition, a number of states in Australia also operate "national museums". These include:
The Federal Public Service for Science Policy Programming in Belgium operates several museum associations:
The government of Brunei operates several museums including:
The following are national museums of Canada, established by the federal government of Canada and operated through an autonomous Crown corporation:
Former national museums that were later shut down includes:
In addition to institutions established or operated by the Government of Canada, several provinces and territories have established their own provincial and territorial museums.
National-level museums in India come directly under the administrative control of Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
Museums listed below are operated by Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology and other ministries.
The National Museum of the Philippines (NMP), a government organization, operates several national museums, including:
The National Museum Complex in Manila which consists of the central museums of the NMP namely the:
The NMP also operates the following satellite museums:
Source:
Sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport
Sponsored by Ministry of Defence
Sponsored by the Home Office
Demographics of Addis Ababa

Addis Ababa’s population grew from 15,000 in 1888 to 3.6 million in 2023. Among the largest ethnic groups, Amhara: 47%, Oromo: 19.5%, Gurage: 16.3% and Tigrayan: 6.2%. In 1950, the population of Addis Ababa was 392,000. Nowadays, rural flight has been major factor of Addis Ababa population growth; between 1967 and 1975, rural migration was at its peak. In July 2004, the population was 2.8 million. Records of its population vary, with majority authorized record of population estimated no less than 3.5 million. According to Central Statistical Agency projection in 2007, Addis Ababa population was 2.7 million.
As of 2011, Addis Ababa literacy rate has been improved to 93.8%, followed by Dire Dawa and Harar. About 20–22% of 15–24 year old completed secondary education compared to 4–9% in other cities other than Harar and Dire Dawa. The Addis Ababa University has 48,673 students and 6,043 staff.
St. Mary's University (Addis Ababa)

St. Mary's University is an private higher education institution located in the capital Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. After fifteen years of service as a college first and a university college since 2008, it earned university status from the Ethiopian Ministry of Education in September 2013.
The university has four campuses in Addis Ababa, 13 Distance Education Regional Centers, and 160 Coordination Offices throughout the country. It has 200 full-time academic staff and 1000 employees. It caters to the needs of six thousand undergraduate students, twenty thousand students enrolled in distance education programs, and two thousand students in graduate programs.
Eight graduate programs are run in partnership with Indira Gandhi National Open University. These programs include Business Administration, Public Administration, Library and Information Science, Sociology, Economics, Commerce, Rural Development and Political Science in the distance mode of learning.
In the conventional mode of learning, St. Mary's is accredited for ten graduate programs: MBA, HRM, Project Management, Accounting and Finance, Marketing management, Development Economics, Computer Science, Agribusiness, Agricultural Economics and Rural Development. The university has a testing center that provides standardized tests, job placement tests, and international tests such as the IBT- TOEFL and GRE.
St. Mary's has opened a K-12 school that is widening its reach in the realms of general education.
For research, St. Mary's organises conferences and workshops, and publishes research journals, proceedings and bulletins. Among such efforts is the annual international research conference on private higher education and held since 2003.
St. Mary's is a founding member of Ethiopian Private Higher Education Institutions Association, a member of the Association of African Universities, African Quality Assurance Network (AfriQan), and an associate member of the International Network for Quality Assurance Agencies in Higher Education and International Council for Distance Education.
Ethiopia University List 2020
9°0′47″N 38°44′50″E﻿ / ﻿9.01306°N 38.74722°E﻿ / 9.01306; 38.74722
Dembel City Center

Dembel City Center, also known as Dembel Mall is a shopping center in Addis Ababa. Located in the center of the city less than 3 mi (4.8 km) from Bole International Airport, it was one of the first Western-style shopping malls in Ethiopia. Built in 2002, the twelve-floor structure has 123 spaces for shops and offices. It currently has about 105 shops, restaurants and galleries.
Dembel City Center is part of a modern development of the city center along Bole Road, also known as Airport Road or Africa Avenue. Bole Road, like many streets in Addis Ababa, is experiencing a construction boom spurred by the growing Ethiopian economy. However, recent construction to revamp this major avenue has disrupted access to many shopping centers, including Dembel City Center, requiring some businesses to move to new locations.
Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science

The Ethiopia Museum of Art and Science is a 15,000 m (160,000 sq ft) lying science museum in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed along with other high-ranking officials on 4 October 2022. Part of Chinese aided Addis Ababa Riverside Development Project Phase II, the museum contains exhibition hall dedicated to scientific and developmental research. The museum lies on 6.78 hectares (16.8 acres) with 9-metre (30 ft) circular shape dubbed "ring of wisdom" to denote "human ability and skillfulness to create objects". In addition, the second room is dedicated to a three-dimensional theatre movie called Dome Theatre. The museum also contains several building complexes and interactive display screens, cybersecurity, finance, geographical information system (GIS), service industries, data analysis, manufacturing, and robotics.
During the inauguration, Abiy Ahmed highlighted the importance of the science museum for state-sponsored digital transformation in the country and promised that it would give opportunities for young people workshops.
The science museum was inaugurated by Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed and other high ranking government officials on 4 October 2022 in the hub of Addis Ababa. Part of Chinese aided Addis Ababa Riverside Green Development Project Phase II, the museum contains a science and technology exhibition hall dedicated for scientific and developmental research. Lying on 6.78 hectares (16.8 acres) resting, the 15,000 m (160,000 sq ft) 9-metre (30 ft) high museum exhibition area designed by circular shape dubbed "ring of wisdom" denoting "humanity's endless ability and capacity to continuously create".
The second portion of the museum is the Dome Theatre, a 450 m (4,800 sq ft) three-dimensional cinema 24-metre (79 ft) high and able to accommodate up to 200 people at once. The inauguration was coincided with Pan-African Conference on Artificial Intelligence 2022, acclaimed as progress towards envisioning the future of technology in Africa's digital transformation.
In the museum, there are several building complexes and interactive display screens in local solutions in healthcare, finance, cybersecurity, geographic information system (GIS), service industries, data analysis, manufacturing, and robotics. Abiy Ahmed highlighted the importance of the advance of science and technology, citing Ethiopia's Digital Economy Strategy, which operated two years prior. Abiy emphasized the necessity of Artificial Intelligence Institute as part of government institutions undertaking digital transformation in the country. Furthermore, Abiy promised that the museum would provide workshop opportunities for young people. The construction totally costed 1.1 billion birr.
Samara University (Ethiopia)

Samara University (SU) is a public higher education institution located in Semera, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Officially accredited by the Ministry of Education (MOE), Samara University is a coeducational higher education institution. Samara University offers courses and programs leading to officially recognized higher education degrees such as bachelor's degrees in several areas of study. Since its inception in 2008, Samara University is making great leaps towards producing competent and dynamic graduates who fulfill the needs and aspirations of the people. SU also provides several academic and non-academic facilities and services to students including a library, as well as administrative services.
11°47′53″N 40°59′56″E﻿ / ﻿11.798°N 40.999°E﻿ / 11.798; 40.999
Ethiopian Civil Service University

The Ethiopian Civil Service University (ECSU) is a public university in Ethiopia. Its purpose is capacity building in the public sector. It is located in the capital city of Addis Ababa and was founded in 1995.
The Ethiopian Civil Service University (ECSU) was founded in 1995 in order to improve the country's Civil Service sector. It was reestablished as autonomous institution in February 1996 by the Council of Minister Regulation No. 3/1996. Since the establishment, the University evolved capacity building merely through education and training.
As of 2019, ECSU graduated more than 1,531 students with Bachelor, Masters and Doctoral Degrees.
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University

Addis Ababa Science and Technology University (Amharic: አዲስ አበባ ሳይንስና ቴክኖሎጂ ዩኒቨርስቲ), or AASTU, is a higher education institute in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The main campus is located in the Akaky Kaliti subcity, Kilinto area around Tulu dimtu.
The concept of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University had a direct and reasonable connection with the Five-Year Growth and Transformation Plan (2010–2015) of the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. As it was stated in the plan, the establishment of well institutionalized and strong science and technology universities and institutes of technology will serve as a cornerstone to build an economically developed and industrialized state of Ethiopia. As a result, AASTU was founded in 2011 under the Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011 by admitting the first batch (2000 students) in November 2011.
Currently, the university has enrolled more than 8000 undergraduate (under regular and continuing education program) and close to 700 postgraduate students under its nine applied sciences, technology, engineering and ICT focused schools. AASTU is a university in the making, and much of its short-term plans aim at establishing academic infrastructures and facilities, staff recruitment and manpower development. So far, the university managed to recruit 472 academic staff and 391 administrative staff.
8°53′14″N 38°48′35″E﻿ / ﻿8.8872°N 38.8096°E﻿ / 8.8872; 38.8096
Atún encebollado

El atún encebollado (denominado también localmente como atún encebollao) es un guiso de atún tradicional de la provincia de Cádiz.​ Plato marinero de simple preparación en el que participan sólo dos ingredientes: la cebolla en gran cantidad y el atún cortado en tacos. Suele apreciarse mejor la elaboración de este plato si el atún es procedente de la ventresca o el morrillo (partes diferentes del despiece del atún).​ Se suele aromatizar el guiso con hojas de laurel y vino de Jerez. Se sirve este plato bien caliente.
Causa vinceña

La causa vinceña, también llamada causa de Vinzos o causa chimbotana, es un plato típico peruano de la provincia del Santa, al oeste de la región Áncash. Se elabora con pescado salado, yuca, cebolla y ajíes, envolviéndose en hojas de plátano. Fue declarado como plato típico de la provincia del Santa en 2015 por la Municipalidad Provincial del Santa.​
El Concejo de la Municipalidad Provincial del Santa, mediante ordenanza municipal, aprobó institucionalizar como “Día de la Causa de Pescado” el cuarto domingo de junio. Reconoció, que si bien es cierto, este alimento nació en Vinzos, acotó, que en la actualidad se prepara en los distritos de Santa, Coishco, Samanco y Nepeña.​
En tiempos pre incas, el pescado se salaba en el norte del país. Se extraía del mar y se le untaban varias capas de sal, para así conservarlo en buen estado, para almacenarlo o trasladarlo a otros lugares, lo que suponía varios días de transporte.​
Por esta razón, por lo general siempre había pescado salado en las mesas de las familias norteñas del país. La yuca también es propia de la zona, así como la hoja del plátano. La necesidad y el toque del sabor de los lugareños hicieron que se juntaran estos tres insumos básicos para, junto a un encebollado, elaborar uno de los platos considerados como exquisitos de la provincia ancashina del Santa: la causa de pescado o causa de Vinzos.​
Uno de los lugares más representativos de este potaje es Vinzos, centro poblado del distrito de Chimbote, en el que, desde 1876, se detenía el tren que iba de Chimbote a Huallanca. Los viajantes disponían de poco tiempo para abastecerse de alimentos, así que compraban la causa, que se entregaba envuelta en hojas de plátano.​
Para preparar la causa de pescado, primero se deben cocinar la yuca y el pescado, por separado, y para sacarle un mejor sabor al ají amarillo, se sugiere molerlo en batán.​ Gastón Acurio, especialista y referente en gastronomía peruana publicó en Facebook y YouTube su experiencia en la preparación de la causa de Vinzos.​​
La primera es que se logrará un mejor sabor si se cocina con leña. Y la segunda, que se debe envolver o servir la causa en hoja de plátano.​
Si bien el pescado y el encebollado son obligados en su presentación, la causa puede presentar algunas variantes, eso depende de los lugares donde se sirva. No siempre será con yuca, también se puede acompañar de papa o camote. En otros, el encebollado incluirá tomate.​
Así también este platillo, se encuentra a la venta en el Vivero Forestal de Chimbote, en los estadios y en cualquier festividad de la provincia.​
Nanbanzuke

Nanbanzuke or nanban-zuke (Japanese: 南蛮漬け, literally "southern barbarian pickle (marinade)") is a Japanese fish dish. To prepare it, the small fish (often Japanese jack mackerel or wakasagi smelt) (Sprat) or diced fish (salmon, trout, sea bass, ocean perch, cod, haddock, Pollack, Hake, Plaice, and Monkfish) is lightly dusted with potato starch or cornstarch and then deep fried until golden brown. It is then served in a hot broth (Nanbanzu 南蛮酢, or Tosazu 土佐酢) made of grain vinegar, dashi, mirin, and shō-yu (Japanese soy sauce), with finely-sliced onion, finely julienne carrots, finely-shredded green peppers, and red chilli peppers. It bears a close resemblance to escabeche and is believed to have been brought to Japan by the Portuguese in the 16th century.
Amaretto sour

An amaretto sour is a cocktail using amaretto liqueur. It is a type of sour, a mixed drink made with a base spirit, citrus juice, and a sweetener. The drink is the most popular cocktail use for amaretto.
As described in Sardi's Bar Guide (1988), an amaretto sour can be made with one part amaretto liqueur to two parts sour mix. The drink is mixed, served over ice, and garnished with a cherry and an orange or lemon wedge.
Modern recipes may include two parts amaretto, one part lemon juice, and one egg white. The drink is shaken for five seconds without ice (a "dry shake"), shaken with ice for 15 seconds, and strained into a chilled old fashioned glass filled with ice. Cocktail cherries and Angostura bitters are added as a garnish.
The cocktail was introduced to the public in 1974, devised by the importer of Amaretto di Saronno as a simple mix of two parts amaretto liqueur to one part lemon juice. It became a popular cocktail in the 1980s; most bartenders at the time substituted commercial sour mix for the lemon juice. The drink was popular as a one-dimensional easy-drinking cocktail, flavored mostly by the base spirit used.
Most recipes seen on modern cocktail menus include whipped egg white, bourbon, and lemon juice, to improve on its flavor. Imbibe attributes this change to bartender Jeffrey Morgenthaler, who published a new version of the drink in 2012 using cask-strength bourbon, rich simple syrup, and egg white.
Backhendl

Backhendl or Wiener Backhendl (English: Viennese fried chicken), has been a specialty of Viennese cuisine since the 18th century. It consists of prepared and spiced portions of chicken, which are breaded and crispy deep fried. Often served with a lemon wedge on the side.
Originally, the preparation of this dish had been a breaded and baked chicken, since only the Viennese upper class would have had access to fried foods.
Crushed red pepper

Crushed red pepper or red pepper flakes is a condiment or spice consisting of dried and crushed (as opposed to ground) red chili peppers. This condiment is most often produced from cayenne-type peppers, although commercial producers may use a variety of different cultivars, usually within the 30,000–50,000 Scoville unit range. Often there is a high ratio of seeds, which are often erroneously believed to contain the most heat. Crushed red pepper is used by food manufacturers in pickling blends, chowders, spaghetti sauce, pizza sauce, soups and sausage.
Crushed red pepper in Turkey, served as a common condiment with very few seeds, is known as pul biber. One specially prepared variety of it is the urfa pul biber (isot).
Crushed red pepper, known for its spicy heat, comes from a range of capsicum peppers. Red pepper chilis originally start off green before ripening into an orange-red to deep dark red color and are best grown in the summer months—between 70–84 °F (21–29 °C) and sunny weather. One or multiple red chili peppers—up to four cultivars—can be used to create crushed red pepper. Jalapeños, serranos and Anaheim chilis are some of the most commonly used chilies to make crushed red pepper. Crushed red pepper is frequently found in a variety of dishes including Mexican, Chinese, Indian, Southeast Asian, Caribbean, and Italian.
Over time, crushed red pepper loses its spiciness level and typically lasts up to 12 to 18 months. Today, China and Turkey are among the top countries to produce crushed red pepper.
Red chili peppers, which are a part of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family, were first found in Central and South America and have been harvested for use since about 7,500 BCE. Spanish explorers were introduced to the pepper while on a search for black pepper. Once brought back to Europe, the red peppers were traded in Asian countries and were enjoyed primarily by Indian cooks. The village of Bukovo, North Macedonia, is often credited with the creation of crushed red pepper. The name of the village—or a derivative of it—is now used as a name for crushed red pepper in general in many Southeast European languages: буковска пипер/буковец, bukovska piper/bukovec (Macedonian), bukovka (Serbo-Croatian and Slovene) and μπούκοβο, boukovo, búkovo (Greek).
Southern Italians popularized crushed red pepper beginning in the 19th century and heavily used them in the U.S. when they migrated over. Crushed red pepper was served with dishes at some of the oldest Italian restaurants in the U.S. Crushed red pepper shakers have become a standard on tables at Mediterranean restaurants—and especially pizzerias—around the world.
Chip (snack)

A chip (American English and Australian English) or crisp (British English and Irish English) is a snack food in the form of a crisp, flat or slightly bowl shaped, bite-sized unit. Some chips can be made into dishes and served as an appetizer, side, hors d'oeuvre, etc. Some types of chip are often served in the combination plate, chips and dip. Other chips are sweet or strongly flavored or fragile. Tortilla chips can be used for chips and salsa, nachoes, bean dip, guacamole, or a layered dip containing multiple of these.
Bistek

Bistek (from Spanish: bistec, "beefsteak"), also known as bistek tagalog or karne frita, is a Filipino dish consisting of thinly-sliced beefsteak braised in soy sauce, calamansi juice, garlic, ground black pepper, and onions cut into rings. It is a common staple in the Tagalog and Western Visayan regions of the Philippines. It is eaten over white rice.
Bistek tagalog is made of strips of beef sirloin or tenderloin, usually flattened with a meat tenderizing tool, it is marinated then braised in soy sauce, calamansi juice (or some other citrus fruit like lime or lemon), smashed whole garlic cloves, ground black pepper, bay leaves, caramelized red onion rings, and (optionally) muscovado or brown sugar. In some recipes, fresh white onion rings are used instead to preserve its crunchiness.
In the Western Visayas, bistek tagalog is known as karne frita (also spelled carne frita, literally "fried meat" in Spanish), not to be confused with the breaded cutlet (milanesa), which is also called carne frita in the Philippines. It is cooked identically to the Tagalog version, but differs in that it is always cooked with sugar.
A modern version of bistek is bistek na baboy ("pork bistek"; bistig babi in Kapampangan), in which pork—pork chops or pork belly slices—is used instead of beef. Other modern versions can also use slices of chicken or filleted fish.
Vegan versions can also substitute beef with tofu.
Bistec encebollado is a similar dish found throughout other Spanish-speaking countries. It differs from bistek tagalog in that it does not use soy sauce or citrus juices, but uses vinegar and various local herbs and ingredients instead. Other similar dishes include the bistec de Palomilla of Cuba, bistec a caballo of Colombia, and the bistec ranchero of Mexico.
In the Marianas Islands, Bistek is prepared similarly to Filipino Bistek, but is often made with vinegar instead of citrus juice. Achiote is also added and is typically served with peas.
巨野县

巨野县是山东省菏泽市下辖的一个县，位于山东省的西南部。古系沼泽之地，因古有大野泽而得名。县人民政府驻鳳凰街道。
巨野县设置于西汉初，至今有两千余年历史。
夏商时期，巨野地属徐州北境；西周至春秋为鲁国西境，是鲁哀公西狩获麟之地；战国时属宋，后改属齐国；秦属砀郡；汉至三国时期属山阳郡；晋至南北朝为高平郡；隋朝时期，巨野分属郓州、曹州和金乡县；唐至五代属河南道郓州；宋归属济州；元明时属济宁府、兖州府；清雍正十三年改属曹州府；中华民国1928年为山东省直属县；1953年归属菏泽专区；1958年改属济宁专区；1959年改归菏泽专区，2001年菏泽地区改为菏泽市，巨野县属菏泽市管辖。
近代在此麒麟镇磨盘张庄发生了著名的“巨野教案”。
巨野经纬度范围：东经115°47'-116°13'，北纬35°05'-35°30'。巨野属于黄河沖積平原。
巨野县下辖2个街道办事处、15个镇：
凤凰街道、​永丰街道、​龙固镇、​大义镇、​柳林镇、​章缝镇、​大谢集镇、​独山镇、​麒麟镇、​核桃园镇、​田庄镇、​太平镇、​万丰镇、​陶庙镇、​董官屯镇、​田桥镇和​营里镇。
根据(山东省)菏泽市第七次全国人口普查公报显示：巨野县常住人口为923923人，男性人口占比50.47%，女性人口占比49.53%，年龄结构中0-14岁占比26.46%，15-59岁占比55.57%，60岁以上占比17.98%，65岁以上占比14.22%。
巨野县煤炭资源丰富，以巨野命名的“巨野煤田”，是目前华东地区储量最大、煤层最厚、煤质最优的唯一一个正在开发建设的大型整装煤田。巨野境内的龙固矿井和万福矿井，是巨野煤田七对矿井中最具开发价值的两对矿井。
巨野素有“棉花之都”之称，棉花是巨野的传统产业和支柱产业。
知名企业有花冠酒业等。
境内有 327国道、日东高速、德上高速、 济广高速。新石铁路通过巨野，有巨野站办理客运业务。水上交通有洙水河航道。
巨野县第一中学，巨野县第二中学（2017年8月“巨野二中”并入巨野县高级中学）巨野县第十二中学（2020年后改为“巨野县文苑中学”）巨野县高级中学。巨野县高级中学前身为巨野县师范学校，巨野县师范学校是一所中专学校。
巨野有“戏曲之乡”、“农民绘画之乡”、“武术之乡”、“麒麟诞生之地”、之称。 美食以罐子汤为首，源于山东省菏泽市巨野县大谢集镇，以大谢集镇老地方罐子汤最为正宗。已经在中国国家工商局注册“谢集正宗罐子汤”商标。是当地群众最为喜爱的汤类之一，先后被载入鲁西南名吃、山东名吃，2004年又被命名为中华名吃。
巨野教案遗址

巨野教案遗址，位于山东省菏泽市巨野县夏官屯乡磨盘张庄，是中华人民共和国山东省文物保护单位之一。
1897年发生曹州教案（巨野教案）后，德国政府获得清朝政府22萬兩的赔偿，用以重建了教堂及附属物。1966年文革衝擊下全部拆除，仅存水井1眼。1977年12月23日，重新授予山东省文物保护单位。
張鈞甯

張鈞甯（1982年9月4日—），臺灣女演員，出生於西德慕尼黑，2002年以電視劇《流星花園2》開始演藝生涯，在2006年《白色巨塔》播出後漸漸開始受到矚目，並於2007年憑藉電影《情非得已之生存之道》入圍第44屆金馬獎最佳女配角。她在演藝生涯期間同時兼顧著學業，最終於2010年畢業於國立中央大學產業經濟研究所法律組碩士班。
2010年代起，張鈞甯開始進軍中國大陸，演藝事業跨足兩岸，其中又以《武媚娘傳奇》、《如懿傳》和《緝魂》的表現獲得兩岸觀眾的關注。
在德國慕尼黑出生，四歲時舉家遷回臺灣。而張家是臺灣臺中大雅的望族；祖父張瑞楨曾擁有「宮原眼科」古蹟（原台中市衛生院）的房產；父親是國立臺灣大學社會學系、國家發展研究所合聘教授張志銘；母親是兒童文學作家鄭如晴（亦於國立臺灣藝術大學擔任講師，講授「小說賞析與創作」、「兒童文學」）。張父申請到德國慕尼黑大學研究所後，便帶著張母至德國留學，張母在德國生下兩姊妹，回國後隔幾年夫妻離婚。姐姐現在為某知名創意公司的創意總監。張鈞甯畢業於景美女中、國立臺北大學法律學系財經法學組；成為演員後，仍然繼續其學業。2010年6月，取得國立中央大學產經所法律組碩士學位。2018年獲第十八屆國立臺北大學傑出校友。
被發掘的過程是個意外。有天在街上接受工讀生的邀請填寫問卷，沒想到幾個月後，這位工讀生成為藝人經紀的助理，一時想到了充滿學生氣息的張鈞甯，就這樣進入了演藝圈，初期以拍攝音樂錄影帶及廣告為主。2003年，張在電視劇《心動列車》首次演出。2006年，因主演電視劇《白色巨塔》中的個性獨立的女醫師而受到矚目。
其名的「甯」，正確為異體字「𡩋」（宀+心+冉），發音同「寧」（níng），因一般電腦輸入不易，張鈞甯本人認可用「甯」代替。依據教育部重編國語辭典修訂本，只有表示姓氏時，「甯」發「佞」音（nìng），其他發音同「寧」。由於現「𡩋」字僅存在《小學》典籍中，十分罕見，瀏覽器需支持Unicode擴展B區字型才能顯示。
為精品品牌CHANEL的形象大使。
2021年9月，有人在新浪微博挖出張鈞甯的碩士畢業論文題為《我國演藝人員經濟管理之法治問題》，且將台灣劃為國家，末尾日期格式出現「中華民國」字樣。在中国大陆反对台独的輿論影響下，張鈞甯在主演電視劇 《女心理師》中的戲份被刪除，名字被除。隨著事件發酵，張鈞甯工作室於9月6日發表聲明，稱張鈞甯「一直堅定認同自己的中國人身份」，批評部分網民惡意造謠，利用地域製造矛盾，表示將追究相關人士的法律責任。隨後，張鈞甯本人轉發工作室聲明，再度重申自己「不是台獨」，又指「五千年中華文明讓我們學會的是堂堂正正頂天立地的中華兒女之道」。《环球时报》则公开质疑此事件为民进党网军为挑拨两岸情绪而在微博上制造，而制造此新闻的目的在于使得台湾民众增强对大陆的仇视心理。