davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Apurinãs

Os Apurinã, que se autodenominam Pupỹkary (seres humanos), variação Popũkare (as vogais y e u na variação da escrita devem ser lidas como ü; o sinal gráfico ~ antes da consoante K altera o som para G), ou Kãkyte (gente), são um povo indígena brasileiro.
Os Apurinã habitam, em sua maioria, o vale do rio Purus, Amazonas. No ano de 1991, sua população estimada era de 2800 pessoas. Em 2003, de acordo com a FUNASA, tal grupo contava com 4087 indivíduos. Muitos Apurinã moram fora das terras indígenas reconhecidas oficialmente, e muitas terras Apurinã não foram ainda reconhecidas. Por esses motivos, a população deve ser ainda maior.
A sua língua pertence à família Maipure do tronco Aruaque (Arawak ou Aruak). A língua mais próxima seria a dos Machineri na região do alto rio Purus.
Os Apurinã vivem em diversas terras indígenas, sendo duas com os Paumari do Lago Paricá e Paumari do Lago Marahã, e uma com os índios Torá, na terra de mesmo nome.
O território habitado pelos Apurinã, no século XIX, era o médio rio Purus – do rio Sepatini ou do rio Paciá ao Laco. Mas os Apurinã são um povo tradicionalmente migrante e, hoje, seu território se estende ao baixo rio Purus, até Rondônia. Há áreas Apurinã nos municípios Boca do Acre, Pauini, Lábrea, Tapauá, Manacapuru, Beruri, Manaquiri, Manicoré (este último na Terra Indígena Torá), todas no estado do Amazonas, além de índios Apurinã morando em várias cidades do país, e uma aldeia na Terra Indígena Roosevelt, dos índios Cinta-Larga, com quem alguns são casados.
Os Apurinã da região de Pauini são divididos em dois clãs: Xoaporuneru e Metumanetu. O pertencimento a um destes grupos é determinado pela linhagem paterna. Para cada um dos clãs há proibições naquilo que se pode e não se pode comer: os Xoaporuneru não podem consumir certos tipos de inambu (inambu relógio e inambu macucau), e aos Metumanetu é proibido comer porquinho do mato.
O casamento correto é entre Xoaporuneru e Metumanetu, pois o casamento entre membros de um mesmo clã é o mesmo que casar entre irmãos. Esse é o termo, aliás, que dois membros da mesma metade podem usar ao dirigir-se um ao outro (nutaru, irmão; nutaro, irmã), assim como Xoaporuneru e Metumanetu chamam-se, por vezes, nukero (cunhada) ou nemunaparu (cunhado). Os nomes das pessoas indicam a qual das "nações" ela pertence.
List of indigenous peoples of Brazil

This is a list of the Brazil's Indigenous or Native peoples.
This is a sortable listing of peoples, associated languages, Indigenous locations, and population estimates with dates. A particular group listing may include more than one area because the group is distributed in more than one area.
The Indigenous peoples in Brazil (Portuguese: povos indígenas no Brasil) comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups, who have inhabited the country prior to the European. The word índios ("Indians"), was by then established to designate the people of the Americas and is still used today in the Portuguese language to designate these peoples, while the people of Asiatic India are called indianos.
At the time of first European contact, some of the Indigenous peoples were traditionally semi-nomadic tribes who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, agriculture, and arboriculture. Many of the estimated 2,000 nations and tribes which existed in the 16th century died out as a consequence of the European settlement. Most of the Indigenous population died due to European diseases and warfare, declining from an estimated pre-Columbian high of millions to some 300,000 in 1997, grouped into some 200 tribes. A few tribes were assimilated into the Brazilian population.
In 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, an increase from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now surpassed New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted peoples.
Seven Terras Indígenas (TI) (Reservations) are exclusively reserved for isolated people:
In this table, (†) means a language is presumed extinct, and (*) means it is possibly extinct, but lacks conclusive supporting evidence.
List of extinct Indigenous peoples of Brazil

At the time of the discovery of Brazil by the Europeans, a total of 2,000 Indigenous nations, divided into several thousand tribes, existed in Brazil. The total number of Native tribes which inhabited present day Brazil at the time of first contact is disputed and difficult to ascertain. The names of large number of tribes who were exterminated as a result of intertribal warfare are not recorded anywhere and so is the case of several smaller tribes who were wiped out by the colonizers. Curt Nimuendajú gives a list of 1,400 nations in his monumental work Mapa etno-histórico do Brasil e regiões adjacentes, but he ignored many smaller (extinct) tribes in Eastern Brazil, and was at the time of writing unaware of some other tribes which were uncontacted at that time. Currently only 200 nations (790 tribes) are alive, with no survivors being reported for the remaining nations. However, this doesn't mean their bloodlines are extinct; only their cultures. Brazilian Pardo and Mestizo population have mostly unknown indigenous backgrounds, some or several of them likely stemming from extinct cultures. The Bandeirantes hunted and enslaved indigenous peoples in the then unexplored interior of Brazil from the 16th to the early 19th century. The indigenous peoples were eventually acculturated and integrated into European civilization.
Most of the recorded extinctions of the Brazilian tribes were caused by warfare with the neo-Brazilians and from the epidemics which were sometimes deliberately spread by the colonizers. Intertribal warfare between various native Brazilian tribes also caused a significant number of extinctions. For example, the Matses, one of the tribes in the Vale do Javari region exterminated at least 4 smaller tribes during the 20th century.
Out of the more than 1,800 extinct nations and thousands of tribes, names are available for only a few of them.
According to Darcy Ribeiro, a total of 87 tribes became extinct during the 1900-57 period. Another 38 became Assimilated (detribalized and merged in to the general population).
Recorded extinctions of Brazilian tribes during the 1900–1957 time period:
*Ribeiro grouped several nations into one in certain cases. For example, the Arara are actually 4 different tribes, which may or may not be linguistically and ethnically related. In such cases, the names of the known individual nations are given in Square Brackets. In some cases, the tribes which were classified as extinct later re-emerged and exerted their identity. Examples are Krenak and Apiacá In certain other cases, tribes which became extinct in Brasil existed as a living nation elsewhere, such as the Oyanpik
May al-Ibrashy

May al-Ibrashy is an Egyptian architectural engineer, the co-founder and principal of Megawra and chair of Megawra-Built environment collective (BEC). Al-Ibrashy works on community engagement projects through heritage conservation, rehabilitation, preservation, and re-signification centered in Cairo's marginalized communities.
Al-Ibrashy was born in Cairo in 1970. She obtained a degree in architectural engineering from Ain Shams University in Cairo. She continued her education to complete a master's in the history of Islamic Art, architecture, and archaeology from the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) followed by a PhD in archaeology, also at SOAS. Her thesis, The Southern Cemetery of Cairo from the 14th century to the present: an urban history of a living cemetery, focused on themes which have subsequently formed the basis of her career.
Al-Ibrashy began her career working as an architect and a professor prior to co-founding Megawra, an Egyptian non-governmental organization architectural practice in 2011. Alongside her work for Megawra, she continues to work as a lecturer in Architecture at the American University in Cairo and at Cairo University, as well as a Professor of Practice in Islamic Architecture at SOAS. In 2012, Megawra partnered with the Built Environment Collective (BEC), an engineering and design consultancy. The combined group, Megawra-BEC, works as an architectural firm and non-governmental organization with a focus on sustainable and socially-responsible heritage restoration across Cairo. In the same year, al-Ibrashy began the Athar Lina (Heritage is Ours!) initiative, in partnership with the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities. al-Ibrashy's fieldwork engages with the communities in the Al-Khalifa district in Sayeda Zeinab, Al Hattaba district, and Al-Imam Al-Shafii district through participatory conservation initiatives, with the aim of encouraging the marginalized communities’ sense of ownership of their historic environments. A specific focus of al-Ibrashy's work is with children and young people in Cairo’s economically-deprived neighborhoods, and she has worked in the Northern Cemetery in Cairo. Al-Ibrashy has lectured widely, both in Egypt and abroad.
Krenak languages

The Aimoré, Botocudoan or Borum languages, now sometimes known as Krenakan after the last one remaining, are a branch of the Macro-Jê languages – spoken mainly in Brazil – including moribund Krenak and extinct languages such as Guerén and Nakrehé. Loukotka (1968) considered them dialects of a single language, but more recent treatments (Campbell 1997, Campbell 2012) describe at least some of them as separate languages.
A fair amount of lexical data was collected before the majority of languages became extinct.
Loukotka (1968) illustrates the following:
and mentions sources of data for:
reported in 1913 to still be spoken. Miñan-yirugn and some of the other might still have been spoken in Loukotka's time.
Other varieties sometimes reported in the literature, but of which nothing is known, include Ankwet (Anquet) and Xónvúgn (Chonvugn).
Mason (1950) lists:
Below is a full list of Botocudo (Aimoré; Batachoa) varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
Several lexical loans from one of the Língua Geral varieties have been found identified. Examples include tuŋ ‘flea’ and krai ‘non-Indigenous person, foreigner’.
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Botocudo languages.
Tizuka Yamasaki

Tizuka Yamasaki (born May 12, 1949) is a Brazilian film director.
Born in Porto Alegre, at the age of 2, Tizuka moved back with her Japanese immigrants parents to the city of Atibaia, in the state of São Paulo. In her teenage years, Yamasaki moved to São Paulo city for an undergraduate course in architecture, though she changed her mind before her admission and moved to Brasília to study cinema instead. Yamasaki finished college in Rio de Janeiro, where she started her professional career.
Yamasaki was one of the first women filmmakers in Brazil who achieved a successful and longstanding career. She and her peers learned filmmaking by working on the sets of well-established Cinema Novo directors. Yamasaki worked as director assistant with Nelson Pereira dos Santos and Glauber Rocha. Yamasaki challenged the norms of Cinema Novo by increasing both the representation of women and the awareness of issues affecting women in Brazilian society. Her film style focuses on historical subjects and she uses the genre of melodrama to reconstruct Brazilian politics, history and culture.
Yamasaki established herself as one of the most important film directors of the 1980s. Her films discussed sexuality and traditional gender roles more openly within Brazilian cultural identity. Yamasaki initiated a “cinema of emotion” to comment on Brazil's past and rework female figures’ experiences in Brazil's history.
She's also a director of telenovelas and TV series. Yamasaki began her work with auteur-style films, then transitioned to work in television. Yamaski continued to reference auteur cinema within her TV series productions. Yamasaki's work challenged glamorous Brazilian television by focusing on natural and realistic images.
During her career, especially during the final years of the dictatorship, Yamasaki has suffered censorship and funding issues with her films. In response to these challenges, Yamasaki established her own production company in 1976, Centro de Produção e Comunicação (Production and Communication Center). This enabled her to bypass government regulations and become eligible for production funding from Embrafilme.
Tizuka gained some critical acclaim with her 1980 film Gaijin, Os Caminhos da Liberdade (aka Gaijin, a Brazilian Odyssey), a story about Japanese immigration to Brazil. She has, however, been criticized for directing overly commercial movies with the children TV show hostess Xuxa. In 2003, she completed Gaijin 2 as a sequel to her debut film.
Цагаан ахууна

Цагаан ахууна Lagopus lagopus , урьд Цагаан ятуу гэгдэж байсан, нь Гургуулынхан овгийн дундаж хэмжээний шувуу юм. Тэд Шотланд, Скандинав, Сибирь, Монгол, Канадын хойд хэсгийн тундрт нутаглана.
Зуны улиралд эрэгчин нь бидэртэй бор, хүзүү, цээжрүү улаавтар туяатай байх ба сүүл нь хар, далавч нь цагаан байна. Өвөл болоход эр, эм хоёул сүүлнээс бусад бүх хэсэг нь цагаан өд сөдөөр солигддог. Цэвдгийн ахуунаас ялгаатай нь биеэр арай том ба нам дор газар амьдардаг.
Нийт 10-20 дэд зүйл байдгаас :
Түвшинширээ сум

Түвшинширээ нь Сүхбаатар аймгийн сум юм.
1720-иод онд Халхын Сэцэн хан аймгийн Эрх гүн Хардэл бэйсийн хошуу, 1921 оноос Сэцэн хан аймгийн Эрх гүн Хардэлийн, 1923 оноос Өлзийт, Малгар, Оорцог уулын хошууны нутаг байлаа. 1923-1925 онд Хан хэнтий уулын аймгийн Хардэл жанжин гүний хошуунд харьяалагдах Өлзийт сум, дарьгангын баруун гар тэмээчин сүрэг буюу Уулбаянмөнх уулын отгоос Түвшинширээ сум байгуулагдсан байна.
432,7 мянган га нутаг дэвсгэртэй. Намхан толгод, гүвээ голлосон нутаг бэлчээртэй. Тус суманд Ширээт, Өлзийт, Халх хошуу, Малгар, Дэлгэрхаан, Үнэгт, Оорцог, Зараа, Суман, Цант, Төрөнгийн хад, Арингийн чулуу зэрэг ноёлог хадан цохио, уултай. Их бага булаг, Алтанбулаг, Хулгар, Хавцал, Адгийн булаг зэрэг гол горхитой. Замт, Өргөө тойром, Сангийн далай, Хөвөнт, Шүүт гэсэн нуур цөөрөм, Билгэх, Тоглох, Өгөөмөр гээд говь цайдам бүхий нутагтай.
Түвшинширээ сумын төв нь Сэргэлэн. Аймгийн төвөөс 136 км, Улаанбаатараас 478 км, Өндөрхаанаас 175 км, Сайншандаас 210 км хол зайтай.
Сумын нутагт тал хээрийн ургамал зонхилон ургана. Цагаан зээр, үнэг хярс, чоно, дорго, мануул, тарвага зэрэг ан амьтан, тогоруу, тоодог, ногтруу, элээ, ятуу зэрэг шувуудтай. Дэлгэрхаан ууланд аргаль, хар сүүлт нутагшсан.
Бумбатын нүүрсний уурхай, Төгөл, Хөх-Өндөрийн алт, Хар нүүрстийн ураны ордоос гадна хүрэн нүүрс, гянт болд, занар, ховор металийн нөөцтэй.
755 єрх, 3402 хүн амтай. 95,7 мянган толгой малтай. Түвшинширээ сум нь уран сийлбэрч, хуурч, дууч, удамт бөх, хурдан мориороо алдартай. Тус сумынхан уран Д. Яримпил, уран сийлбэрч Хасын Монхоорой, хуурч Д.Гомбожав, Я.Дамдинсүрэн, Урлагийн гавьяат зүтгэлтэн зохиолч Орлой Мажигийн Маам, хүний гавьяат эмч Д.Сүхээ, Д.Чулуун, улсын алдарт уяач Ж.Шануу зэрэг хөдөлмөр, бүтээлийн алдартнуудаараа бахархдаг.
Цэвдгийн ахууна

Цэвдгийн ахууна, Lagopus muta, урьд Цэвдгийн цагаан ятуу гэгдэж байсан, нь дундаж хэмжээний Tetraonidae овгийн шувуу юм. Хойд Америк, Еврази, Гренландын хадтай, уулархаг газар, тундрт амьдарна. Мөн Пиренейн уулс, Альпийн нуруу, Уралын нуруу, Алтайн нуруу, Япон улс зэрэг өргөн тархжээ.
Энэ шувуу нь 31-35 см урт, улирлаас хамааран өд сөд нь гуужин солигддог. Өвөл болоход цагаан, зуны улиралд бор өнгөтэй. Эрэгчин нь сааралдуу ар нуруу, далавч болон өвөр хэсэг нь цагаан юм. Цагаан ахуунаас амьдралын зуршлаар буюу илүү өндөрлөг газарт нутаглах, мөн үл ялиг жижиг биеэр ялгарна.
Цэвдгийн ахууна голдуу хус, уд модны навч, холтос, бургасны гөлөг зэргээр хооллоно. Мөн янз бүрийн ургамлын үр, навч, цэцэг, жимс иддэг. Дэгдээхэйгээ өсгөж бойжуулахдаа шавьж хорхой барьдаг байна. Цэвдгийн ахууны гол дайсан нь Цармын бүргэд ажээ.
Үүрэг нуур

Үүрэг нуур нь баруун Монгол дахь Алтайн нурууны салбар Цагаан шивээт, Түргэний уулсын хоорондох битүү хотгорт тогтсон гадагш урсгалгүй нуур юм. Их нууруудын хотгорын баруун хойд, Увс нуурын ай савын баруун хэсэгт оршино.
Нуурын эрэг хөвөө нэлэнхүйдээ бага зэрэг налуу, усанд түрж орсон булан, тохой, хошуу, хойг огт байхгүй, эргийн шугам бага хэрчигдсэн байна. Үүрэг нуур руу Цагаан шувуут гол, Цагдуул гол, Хариг гол зэрэг хэд хэдэн гол горхи цутгах боловч олонх нь түр зуурын урсгалтай юм. Байнгын урсацтай нилээд том гол нь нуурын баруун хойноос цутгах Харигийн гол юм. Харигийн голын цутгалан хавьд намагжиж илдэв төрлийн бут бургас ургажээ. Үүрэг нуур гадагш урсгалгүйн сацуу ууршилт их болохоор нуурын ус давстай байдаг.
Нуурыг эргэн тойрон хүрээлж орших уулын налуу бэл хормойгоор усны мандлаас 15-42 метр өндөрт татралтын 4-6 далан зээг байгаа ба хойд, урд захад 15-20 метр өндөр, үндсэн эрэг 1-2 км урт үргэлжилнэ.
Үүрэг нуурын хотгор говь цөлийн байдалтай тул усны гадаргаас уурших ууршилт их. Жилийн дундаж ууршилт нь 800-900 мм. Усны энэ зарлагыг дээрх гол горхийн урсцаас гадна хур бороо, ул хөрсний ус нөхөж өгнө. Усны ерөнхий эрдэсжилт 4.17 г/л байна.
Нуурын хамгийн гүн нь 42 м хүрнэ. Үүрэг нуурын хотгор говь цөлийн байдалтай тул усны гадаргаас уурших ууршилт их (жилийн дундаж ууршилт нь 800-900 мм). Усны энэ зарлагыг дээрх гол горхийн урсцаас гадна хур бороо, ул хөрсний ус нөхөж өгнө. Усны ерөнхий эрдэсжилт 4.17 г/л байна.
Ханхөхий, Тогтохын шил, Хархираа Түргэний уулс, Улиастын шилийн ой хөвч, өндөр уул, асга хадаар аргаль, угалз, буга, согоо, ирвэс, шилүүс, янгир, суусар, гахай, нохой зээх, бор гөрөөс, чоно, үнэг, хэрэм, хур, сойр, ятуу, хөтүү, чандага, жирх, хярс, мануул, дорго, өмхий хүрэн, үен, туулай, тарвага, зурам, солонго, алаг даага, сохор номин, шар сүүлт, хулан жороо, бозлог зэрэг ан амьтад, мэргэчид оршино.
Нууруудад хун, галуу, нугас, хотон, ангир зэрэг усны шувууд, хад уул, тал нутгаар хойлог, тоодог, тогоруу, ногтруу, хөхөө, бүргэд, тас, ёл, тоншуул, хэрээ, шаазгай, харцага, болжмор, ууль, сар, шар шувуу, элээ, цахлай, өрөвтас, өвөөлж, Ховд, Бөхмөрөн голд алтан гургалдай зэрэг нүүдлийн болон суурин шувууд элбэг бий. Томоохон голуудад, зарим нууруудад агнуурын загас, баруун монголын хадран, алтан сугас буюу нохой шар загас элбэгтэй.
Daurian partridge

The Daurian partridge (Perdix dauurica), also known as steppe partridge, Asian grey partridge or bearded partridge, is a gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes (gallinaceous birds). Its name derives from the Dauria region of Russia, which forms part of their distribution.
It is a rotund bird measuring roughly 28–30 cm (11–12 in) long. In the fall, males weigh about 200–340 grams (7.1–12.0 oz) and 290–330 grams (10–12 oz) for females. Both sexes have a sandy-orange face and long feathers under the beak, forming a 'beard'. The rest of the head and underparts are pale slate-grey with a buff line on the chest and black belly patch. The female has a smaller belly patch and is slightly duller than the male. Their song sounds like a higher-pitched, sped-up version of the grey partridge's; a shrill, grating kieerr-ik!
There are multiple subspecies, differing mainly in the plumage becoming darker and more rufous further east.
This partridge breeds generally on open grassland or steppe including farmland across much of temperate East Asia from Kyrgyzstan and extending eastward to China and Mongolia. It is a non-migratory terrestrial species, which forms flocks outside the breeding season in Autumn and Winter. In parts of its range, it overlaps with the very similar and closely related grey partridge, with which it forms a superspecies. They inhabit open country, ideally with some adjacent bushes or open woodland.
Daurian partridges forage and move most actively during morning/evening hours and rest at mid-day, depending on weather.
Females usually lay around the second to third week of May. The nest is lined with grasses and twigs on the ground under a bush or in tall grass, and the typical clutch size is somewhere around 13–20 olive-brown eggs. Chicks are a pale yellow-brown dappled with shades of dark brown and rufous.
This is a seed-eating species, but the chicks in particular consume insects as an essential protein supply. They are capable of flying short distances around 2 weeks of age. When disturbed, it springs upward with whirring wings in a rapid, explosive manner, then it flies off to nearby cover, all while sounding off an alarmed staccato hek-hek-hek!
The daurian partridge has two recognized subspecies:
The Daurian partridge is not globally threatened, but may be over-hunted in parts of its range.
Partridge

A partridge is a medium-sized galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa. Several species have been introduced to the Americas. They are sometimes grouped in the Perdicinae subfamily of the Phasianidae (pheasants, quail, etc.). However, molecular research suggests that partridges are not a distinct taxon within the family Phasianidae, but that some species are closer to the pheasants, while others are closer to the junglefowl.
Partridges are medium-sized game birds, generally intermediate in size between the larger pheasants, smaller quail; they're ground-dwelling birds that feature variable plumage colouration across species, with most tending to grey and brown.
Partridges are native to Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Some species are found nesting on steppes or agricultural land, while other species prefer more forested areas. They nest on the ground and have a diet consisting of seeds and insects.
Species such as the grey partridge and the red-legged partridge are popular as game birds, and are often reared in captivity and released for the purpose of hunting. For the same reason, they have been introduced into large areas of North America.
According to Greek legend, the first partridge appeared when Daedalus threw his apprentice, Talos, off the sacred hill of Athena in a fit of jealous rage. Supposedly mindful of his fall, the bird does not build its nest in the trees, nor take lofty flights and avoids high places.
As described by medieval scholar Madeleine Pelner Cosman, medical practitioners in the Middle Ages recommended partridge as a food of love: They suggested that "Partridge was superior in arousing dulled passions and increasing the powers of engendering. Gentle to the human stomach, partridge stimulated bodily fluids, raised the spirits, and firmed the muscles."
Probably the most famous reference to the partridge is in the Christmas carol, "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The first gift listed is "a partridge in a pear tree", and these words end each verse. Since partridges are unlikely to be seen in pear trees (they are ground-nesting birds) it has been suggested that the text "a pear tree" is a corruption of the French "une perdrix" (a partridge).
The partridge has also been used as a symbol that represents Kurdish nationalism. It is called Kew. Sherko Kurmanj discusses the paradox of symbols in Iraq as an attempt to make a distinction between the Kurds and the Arabs. He says that while Iraqis generally regards the palm tree, falcon, and sword as their national symbols, the Kurds consider the oak, partridge, and dagger as theirs.
Mountain bamboo partridge

The mountain bamboo partridge (Bambusicola fytchii) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in Bangladesh, Tibet, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
The binomial commemorates Major-General Albert Fytche.
Their plumage is a mix of browns, cream and grey. They have distinctive black and white eye stripes and their breast and abdomen is pale with brown speckles.
Mountain bamboo partridges live close to water in bamboo scrub forest, tall grassland and degraded forest areas with bamboo groves. They remain under shrub cover for much of the day, moving into the open in the early morning and late evening to feed. They will only fly when threatened, returning to cover quickly.
Breeding occurs in the summer months between March and September. The nest is a simple scraped out dip in the ground lined with grass. The female incubates the eggs for 18 to 19 days. The male meanwhile stays close to the nest and feeds the female and, once hatched, the chicks.
The diet of the mountain bamboo partridge is primarily tender, young bamboo shoots and the fresh, young foliage, but also includes a wide variety of seeds, berries, shoots and invertebrates.
The mountain bamboo partridge is fairly common throughout its range. However, population numbers do appear to be declining. Areas of the bamboo partridges' habitat is cleared for agriculture but they have been seen living on the cultivated land. There is some evidence of hunting in parts of their range.
Chinese bamboo partridge

The Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracicus) is a small Galliform bird. It is one of three species in the genus Bambusicola, along with the mountain bamboo partridge of the Himalayas, and the Taiwan bamboo partridge of Taiwan. Chinese bamboo partridge is a monotypic species.
The Chinese bamboo partridge is a small bird, intermediate in size between the Coturnix and Perdix species, reaching a size of 31cm, with males being slightly larger than females. The breast and back are mottled in black, chestnut, and cream colours, with black spots on the flanks and above. The partridge's face and throat have rich fulvous and rufous tints. The breast is yellow-ochre, with pale greyish blue and taupe above the eye and down to the neck. Like the long-billed partridge, bamboo partridge exhibit well-developed flight feathers. Their tails are broad and squared. The wings are long and narrow. The birds are capable of sustained flight and move from the sub-canopy of steep hillside forest to the forest floor several times throughout the day.
Like many Galliform bird species, the birds prefer hiding to flight, but will readily flush if approached, startling pursuers with loud wingbeats. Within the forest, bamboo partridge are known to fly uphill, weaving through timber. This is an unusual behaviour, recorded only in the unrelated koklass. Like the related Coturnix species, francolins and junglefowl, males broadcast loud, multi-syllabic calls throughout the day and throughout the year. These vocalisations serve as challenges to other birds as well as location calls and anti-predator alarms. The loud contact call, often rendered as ki-ko-kuai or kojukei (the latter rendition being adopted as its Japanese name) is repeated several times before slowing to a stop. This call is heard far more than the bird is usually seen, and though the species is common throughout its limited range, it is elusive and secretive.
The bird is native to eastern mainland China, and has been introduced successfully to Japan, Hawaii and Argentina. It is found in warm forests and grasslands and is not entirely dependent on bamboo, despite its name. The Taiwan bamboo partridge was formerly considered a subspecies.
The bird was intentionally introduced first to Japan in 1919, then with varying success to Hawaii, where it is listed as an introduced bird not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. An introduced population also exists on remote Iwo Jima. Despite its success elsewhere, Chinese bamboo partridge has been extirpated from Hong Kong, and a reintroduction program in 1961 failed to produce a viable breeding population.
Chinese bamboo partridges have been part of Chinese aviculture for centuries. In captivity, these tiny birds are pugnacious and care should be taken as to what other terrestrial species should be kept in mixed-species aviaries. They are compatible with crestless firebacks and eared pheasants but not with junglefowl or francolin.
The Great Speckled Bird (song)

"The Great Speckled Bird" is a hymn from the southern United States whose lyrics were written by the Reverend Guy Smith, and transcribed by singer Charlie Swain. It is an allegory referencing fundamentalist self-perception during the Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy. The song is in the form of AA, with each section being eight bars in a two-beat meter (either 2/4 or 2/2), with these sixteen bars forming the musical background for each verse. It is based on Jeremiah 12:9, "Mine heritage is unto me as a speckled bird, the birds round about are against her; come ye, assemble all the beasts of the field, come to devour." It was recorded in 1936 by Roy Acuff. It was also later recorded by Johnny Cash and Kitty Wells (both in 1959), Pearly Brown (1961), Hank Locklin (1962), Marty Robbins (1966), Lucinda Williams (1978), Marion Williams, and Jerry Lee Lewis. George Jones & The Smoky Mountain Boys also recorded it in the early 1970s (although that recording was not released until 2017).
The tune is the same apparently traditional melody used in the songs "Thrills That I Can't Forget," recorded by Welby Toomey and Edgar Boaz for Gennett in 1925, and the song "I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes," originally recorded by the Carter Family for Victor in 1929. The same melody was later used in the 1952 country hit "The Wild Side of Life," sung by Hank Thompson, and the even more successful "answer song" performed by Kitty Wells called "It Wasn't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels" in the same year. A notable instrumental version is found on the Grammy Award-Nominated album 20th Century Gospel by Nokie Edwards and The Light Crust Doughboys on Greenhaw Records.
The connection between these songs is noted in the David Allan Coe song "If That Ain't Country" that ends with the lyrics "I'm thinking tonight of my blue eyes/ Concerning a great speckled bird/ I didn't know God made honky-tonk angels/ and went back to the wild side of life."
The song is also referenced, and portions of the melody-line are used, in "When the Silver Eagle Meets the Great Speckled Bird" by Porter Wagoner.
Billy Joe Shaver mentions the song in his hymn "Jesus Christ, What a Man."
"Something to Love", by Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit references the song when speaking of learning music: "They taught me how to make the chords and sing the words. I'm still singing like that great speckled bird."
Both the song "The Great Speckled Bird" and the passage from Jeremiah may be a poetic description of mobbing behavior.
The Great Speckled Bird (newspaper)

The Great Speckled Bird was a counterculture underground newspaper based in Atlanta from 1968 to 1976 and 1988 through 1990. Commonly known as The Bird, it was founded by New Left activists from Emory University and members of the Southern Student Organizing Committee, an offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society. Founding editors included Tom and Stephanie Coffin, Howard Romaine and Gene Guerrero Jr. The first issue appeared March 8, 1968, and within 6 months it was publishing weekly. By 1970 it was the third largest weekly newspaper in Georgia with a paid circulation of 22,000 copies. The paper subscribed to Liberation News Service, a leftist news collective. The office of The Great Speckled Bird at the north end of Piedmont Park (240 Westminster Drive) was firebombed and destroyed on May 6, 1972. In a letter to the editor of the New York Review of Books, Jack Newfield et al. noted that the bombing occurred after the paper published an exposé of the mayor of Atlanta.
Writing in the Atlanta Magazine, Justin Heckert described The Bird's approach as one that treated objectivity as "a myth perpetuated by the capitalist press." According to a statement in The Bird, "These are our opinions and we are entitled to them, they are not written anywhere else. So, don't expect us to tell both sides of the story. The big newspapers, magazines, TV, and radio do that all day long. Here you will hear our side of things." The Bird chose to report on issues not covered in mainstream newspapers. The paper focused on the war in Vietnam, black power, women's liberation, gay activism, red-baiting, Atlanta politics, labor, and environmental issues. The Bird's Women's Caucus challenged the paper's advertising norms and pushed the collective to share tasks more equitably. The Bird included comics by Ron Ausburn and contributions on art and culture by Miller Francis.
The newspaper, affectionally known as "The Bird," was originally named after the country-gospel song of the same name. In 2011 Georgia State University made a digital archive of the Bird available online.
Great Speckled Bird (band)

Great Speckled Bird was a country rock group formed in 1969 by the Canadian musical duo Ian & Sylvia. Ian Tyson sang, played guitar and composed. Sylvia Tyson sang, composed and occasionally played piano. The other founding members were Amos Garrett on guitar and occasional vocals, Ben Keith on steel guitar, Ken Kalmusky on bass and Ricky Marcus on drums. They were named after the song, "The Great Speckled Bird", as recorded by Roy Acuff (1936).
The group was featured in the film Festival Express, a documentary about the music festival of the same name that took place in 1970. The shows were scheduled, and the performers traveled by train, across Canada. In the film, Great Speckled Bird performs "C.C. Rider", along with Delaney Bramlett and members of the Grateful Dead. A performance of the Dylan/Manuel song "Tears of Rage", without the aforementioned accompaniment, is included in the extra features of the DVD release.
In 1970, the group became the house band for the television show Nashville North, produced by the CTV network and filmed at the CFTO-TV studios in Toronto, which, after one season, became the Ian Tyson Show. The show ran until 1975.
The group backed Ian & Sylvia until the duo parted ways in 1975. They also backed Ian Tyson as a solo artist, for his 1973 debut solo album and his live performances, until 1976.
Nutcracker (bird)

The nutcrackers (Nucifraga) are a genus of four species of passerine bird, in the family Corvidae, related to the jays and crows.
The genus Nucifraga was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760 with the northern nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) as the type species. The genus name is a Neo-Latin translation of an old German name Nussbrecher, "nut-breaker".
Following reappraisal of species limits in the genus in Asia, the genus is now treated as containing four species: This follows the split of Southern and Kashmir nutcrackers from a former broad view (e.g. Voous, 1977) of all Eurasian nutcrackers as being a single species.
The most vital food resources for these species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (Pinus sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern or high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus) with large seeds: P. albicaulis, P. armandii, P. cembra, P. flexilis, P. koraiensis, P. parviflora, P. peuce, P. pumila, P. sibirica and P. wallichiana, and also the pinyon and lacebark pines. In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce (Picea sp.) and hazel (Corylus sp.) nuts form a vital part of the diet too. Their bills are specialized tools for extracting seeds from pine cones.
Surplus seed is always stored for later use, and it is this genus that is responsible for the re-establishment of their favoured pines over large areas either burnt in forest fires or cleared by man. One nutcracker can store as many as 98,000 pine nuts in a single season, and remembering the location of 75% to over 90% of their stash, even when buried in snow more than a metre deep. The memory is also retained for 7–8 months, enabling them to feed their young on seed stored the previous autumn. Nutcrackers will cache seeds as far as 32 kilometres (20 mi) away from parent plants, about eight times further than related dispersers like jays and crows, and are thus important in re-establishing forests and responding to climate change.
Various insects are also taken, including bee and wasp larvae, and birds' eggs and nestlings, and carrion if it is found.
Nesting is always early in this genus, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn. The nest is usually built high in a conifer. There are normally 2–4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days. Both genders feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn food storage techniques.
None of the species are migratory, but they will leave their usual ranges if a cone crop failure causes a food shortage.
Canyon wren

The canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus) is a small North American songbird of the wren family Troglodytidae. It is resident throughout its range and is generally found in arid, rocky cliffs, outcrops, and canyons. It is a small bird that is hard to see on its rocky habitat; however, it can be heard throughout the canyons by its distinctive, loud song. It is currently in a monotypic taxon and is the only species in the genus Catherpes.
The taxonomy of the species has been altered and debated for many years, with from three to eleven subspecies being proposed at various times. Generally, three subspecies are recognized. Originally in the genus Thryothorus, it was moved into the genus Salpinctes along with the rock wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), where some researchers still place it; however, generally, now, the species is in the only species in the genus Catherpes.
The three generally recognized subspecies are:
These subspecies are distinguished by the bill of C. m. albifrons which is generally longer than that of C. m. mexicanus, and its plumage paler, with upperparts more grayish brown, with narrower black bars on tail. In C. m. conspersus the plumage is paler and it is smaller than C. m. mexicanus.
Resident, although individuals may make short seasonal movements. It ranges from southern British Columbia in the Okanagan Valley and western and southern Idaho and southern Montana south through central Wyoming, Colorado throughout much of Mexico south to western Chiapas. It occurs east to southwest Oklahoma and in the Edwards Plateau of west-central Texas. Disjunct populations occur in the Black Hills of southwest South Dakota, northeast Wyoming and southeast Montana. During the winter season the distribution is generally the same; however, concentrations may occur in the Chihuahuan Desert of southwest Texas.
Similar to the rock wren in habitat, the canyon wren prefers steeper rocky environments, particularly in arid landscapes and deep canyons and terrain (sometimes including buildings, woodpiles, and rock fences). This species regularly uses riparian areas for foraging and has bred away from rocky substrate.
The canyon wren feeds on small insects and spiders. Since they live on large rocks, they use their long beaks to scope out small crevices. They also get their source of liquid from the insects they consume.
It feeds on insects and spiders by probing into crevices with its long bill. Its coloration is rustier than that of the rock wren, with a contrasting white throat and breast. The canyon wren is more often heard than seen, and its falling series of whistles is one of the more familiar bird calls of the canyons of the western United States.
It builds a cup nest out of twigs and other vegetation in a rock crevice. It lays 4 to 6 eggs, white with reddish brown and gray speckles.
Abd al Kuri

Abd al Kuri (Arabic: عبد الكوري) is a rocky island in the Guardafui Channel. As a part of the Socotra Archipelago Governorate of Yemen, it lies about 65 miles (105 km) southwest of the main island of Socotra. Its terrain primarily consists of granite and diorite covered with limestone.
As of 2022, the island's population is unknown, due to reports of United Arab Emirates occupying forces overseeing the expulsion of the island's communities, by gunpoint, in order to establish a UAE military base and airstrip on the landmass.
The terrain of Abd al-Kuri is semi-arid, with little vegetation; annual monsoons, originating from the Indian Subcontinent, deliver vital precipitation each year. Two ranges of large hills, separating near the island's centre, run nearly the entire east-west length of the island. The northern coast consists mostly of sandy beaches with a few rocky outcrops and cliffs, while the southern coast consists of high, steep cliffs. The island's highest point, Mount Ṣāliḥ, reaches an altitude of over 700 metres (2,300 feet). The total area of Abd al-Kuri is 133 km (51 sq mi). Most of its inhabitants subsist on fishing. Kilmia is the main village.
Abd al-Kuri has a number of endemic plant species, including the subshrub species Ruellia kuriensis and Convolvulus kossmatii.
The island is home to an endemic bird, the Abd al-Kuri sparrow (Passer hemileucus), which has an estimated population of fewer than 1,000 individuals. The island has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA), by BirdLife International, for the presence of the endemic sparrow as well as for breeding colonies of the red-billed tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus), sooty gull (Ichthyaetus hemprichii) and Persian shearwater (Puffinus persicus).
Two species of lizards native to Abd al-Kuri, the Socotran wall lizard (Mesalina kuri) and the Abd al-Kuri rock gecko (Pristurus abdelkuri), are named after the island. Additional reptiles present include the Abd al-Kuri skink (Trachylepis cristinae), the sharpnose leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus oxyrhinus) and the Socotra leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus forbesii).
Thomas Fellowes was sent on HMS Briton in 1872 to Abd al Kuri, alongside Socotra, by British authorities to see if it would be a suitable place to settle liberated slaves. Fellowes decided against it, citing the poor living conditions on both islands.
In late june of 2022, the Yemen Press Agency reported on the expulsion and forced evictions at gun point of residents from their villages on the island of Abd Al kuri in the socotra archipelago. The sources added that the recent displacement came after construction work began to build a military base, which is speculated to host joint UAE and Israeli forces stationed in the archipelago.
In the first half of 2024, an airstrip appeared on satellite imagery of the island and an array of stones that can be seen from a satellite stating "I love UAE." The UAE is currently completing the construction and declined to comment on the subject or claim responsibility.
Caramoan National Park

The Caramoan National Park is a 347-hectare (860-acre) national park and protected area in Camarines Sur, Philippines. It was established in 1938. The park has caves, limestone formations, white sandy beaches, an islet lake and a subterranean river, make it popular with tourists. It is accessible by public transport from the municipality of Caramoan, and local people have established trails in the park for visitors.
The national park is located in the Caramoan Peninsula, a hilly peninsula in north-east Camarines Sur, Bicol Region, Philippines with deep gorges and a rough, rocky terrain. It is also an Important Bird Area with habitat for the green racket-tail (Prioniturus luconensis).
13°47′N 123°45′E﻿ / ﻿13.783°N 123.750°E﻿ / 13.783; 123.750
Long Tailed Winter Bird

"Long Tailed Winter Bird" is a song by English musician Paul McCartney, released by Capitol Records. The song is featured on McCartney's 2020 album McCartney III and was released on 18 December 2020.
McCartney stated that the song began "as a piece of film music which I extended. The title came about because it was extended into a full length song, we just called it ‘Long Tailed Winter Bird’" and further noted that "there is actually in my bird book I saw a long tailed duck, a long tailed winter duck I think". The piece of film music in question was "Winter Bird" (also included on McCartney III), which McCartney noted he liked so much that after recording it he "then thought ‘OK let’s keep going’ and I started jamming on the same ideas but I lengthened it and then I started putting it on a guitar and drums and bass." Audio engineer Steve Orchard noted it was the first full song recorded during the album's sessions, stating there were "a couple of versions of the outro music that sort of morphed into this groove that Paul’s playing - the main acoustic riff in that... that was the beginning of the whole record, it kind of took us off on this route.”
In his review of McCartney III in Rolling Stone, critic Rob Sheffield referred to the song as "marvelous", citing its "frenzied folk guitar" as a highlight. The Independent reviewer Helen Brown also praised the song, calling it an "exhilarating blast of swamp blues" and noted that its "finger-hammering fretwork and slam-strumming of the hypnotic, interwoven guitar patterns is so wild and vigorous that you'd never guess the man making it was well into the pandemic’s “vulnerable” demographic". NME reviewer Mark Beaumont echoed Brown's assessment of the song as "swamp blues" while adding that the song helped "to shroud [McCartney III] in a rootsy, pastoral intimacy fitting for the times".
Writing for Uncut, John Robinson positively compared the track to works by The Byrds and Crowded House. Less impressed, Pitchfork reviewer Stuart Berman wrote that the song is "ultimately all warm-up with little payoff... always teasing that it's about to grow into something more peculiar and powerful, yet never quite getting there."
Along with every other song on McCartney III, partial sheet music was made available for "Long Tailed Winter Bird" prior to the album's release as part of a promotional campaign called "12 Days of Paul", leading to a number of cover versions. One of these, by The Umoza Music Project, was released as the b-side to their 2022 single "Home", which features McCartney on bass.
As part of the remix album McCartney III Imagined (2021), "Long Tailed Winter Bird" received a remix by Damon Albarn. Another remix made by Idris Elba was added as a bonus track to physical copies of the album. Elba's remix features additional lyrics performed by himself and McCartney.
Speckled tanager

The speckled tanager (Ixothraupis guttata) is a medium-sized passerine bird. It is a resident breeder in Costa Rica, Panama, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname and the north of Brazil. There are also sight records from French Guiana.
It is probably a close relative of the spotted tanager (I. punctata) which replaces it to the south. These two species are generally presumably to be fully allopatric, but may actually be parapatric: in 1998 a speckled tanager was found in the Serranía de los Churumbelos (Colombia), just about 160 km (99 mi) north of where spotted tanagers are known to occur.
Adult speckled tanagers are 13.2 cm (5.2 in) long and weigh 18 g (0.63 oz). The upperparts are green with black spotting, and the face is yellow with a black line from the eye to the gape. The wings and tail are black edged with green, and the underparts are white spotted with black. The sexes are similar. The speckled tanager's flight call is a weak metallic chirping tsip.
The Trinidadian subspecies I. g. trinitatis has brighter and more extensive yellow on the head, and the black spotting is more conspicuous.
Ixothraupis guttata is more of a subtropical species than its relative and occurs in humid montane and secondary forest, with generally not very tall trees and a dense understory. Speckled tanagers are social birds which eat mainly fruit and some insects. They are often seen with bay-headed tanagers and honeycreepers.
The small cup nest is built in a tree and the normal clutch is two brown-blotched white eggs. The female incubates the eggs for 13 days to hatching, with another 15 days before the chicks fledge.