davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Demographics of Mongolia

This article on the demographics of Mongolia include population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations, and other aspects of the population. All data are from the National Statistics Office of Mongolia, unless otherwise mentioned.
Life in sparsely populated Mongolia has become more urbanized. Nearly half of the people live in the capital, Ulaanbaatar, and in other provincial centers. Semi nomadic life still predominates in the countryside, but settled agricultural communities are becoming more common. Mongolia's population growth rate is estimated at 1.6% (2020 census). About two-thirds of the total population is under age 30, 36% of whom are under 14.
Key: For population growth 1979–2008
- city proper, Nalaikh, Baganuur, Bagakhangai not included in this figure, they are separated in the table.
From List of cities in Mongolia
Source: UN World Population Prospects
The demonym for the people of Mongolia is Mongolian. The name Mongol usually accounts for people of the Mongol ethnic group, thus excluding Turkic groups such as Kazakhs and Tuvans.
Ethnic Mongols account for about 96% of the population and consist of Khalkh and other subgroups, all distinguished primarily by dialects of the Mongolian language. The Khalkhs make up 86% of the ethnic Mongol population. The remaining 14% include Oirats, Buryats and others. Ethnic distinctions among the Mongol subgroups are relatively minor. Language or tribal differences are not a political or social issue.
Turkic speaking Kazakhs form the largest ethnic minority and constitute c. 3.9% of Mongolia's population. Khotons and Chantuu are Mongolized people with Turkic origin and speak Mongolian.
In around 1860, part of the Middle jüz Kazakhs who sought refuge from the Qing Empire massacres in Xinjiang came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii Province. There are smaller numbers of Russian, Chinese, Korean and American people working in Mongolia since 1990. 3,000 Westerners live in Mongolia, accounting for 0.1% of its total population.
English is the most widely used foreign language followed by Russian. Lately, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean and German are gaining popularity.
Various forms of Shamanism have been widely practiced throughout the history of what is now Mongolia, as such beliefs were common among nomadic people in Asian history. Such beliefs gradually gave way to Tibetan Buddhism, but shamanism has left a mark on Mongolian religious culture, and continues to be practiced.
Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism was the predominant religion. However, it was suppressed under the communist regime until 1990, with only one showcase monastery allowed to remain. Since 1990, as liberalization began, Buddhism has encountered a resurgence.
Mongolian calendar

The term Mongolian calendar (Mongolian: цаглабар, romanized: tsaglabar or цаг тооны бичиг, tsag toony bichig) refers to a number of different calendars, the oldest of which was a solar calendar. The beginning of the year was autumn and the year was divided into 4 seasons. The Bilgiin Toolol based on solar-lunar calendar of the ancient nomads such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei and Rouran in the Mongolian plateau, was divided the year into four seasons, with autumn as the beginning of the year. This calculation was changed in 1211 by Genghis Khan, and the new year was celebrated in the spring.
In 1282, Kublai Khan revised the Chinese calendar for all lands under Yuan Mongol rule.
The traditional Mongol calendar is a lunisolar calendar based on Tegus Buyantu zurkhai system developed in 1747 by monk Ishbaljir (Сүмбэ хамбо Ишбалжир, Sümbe khambo Ishbaljir; 1704–1788). The Mongol year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average year is equal to the solar year.
The Mongol traditional new year celebration is Tsagaan Sar which is celebrated at the second new moon following the winter solstice. In 2022, the second new moon was on 1 February in Mongolia.
in modern, Mongolia officially uses the Gregorian calendar, and the traditional Mongolian calendar is used only by Mongolian nomads in their daily lives, but also as a traditional ritual throughout the country such as traditional celebrations and events based on Mongol calendar.
The European system of chronology is called Аргын тоолол (Argyn toolol, chronology of method) and the Mongol system of chronology is called Билгийн тоолол (Bilgiin toolol, chronology of wisdom).
The twelve months of the year are referred to by their number, such as first month, second month, and so on.
In colloquial usage, the first 5 days of the week are referred to as first day, second day, etc. Saturday is referred to as Хагас сайн өдөр (Khagas sain ödör, "half-good day"), and Sunday is referred to as Бүтэн сайн өдөр (Büten sain ödör, "full good day"); a result of 5 full working days and Saturday as a half working day during the communist era.
The names of Tibetan origin are used in more formal settings, and almost exclusively in written documents, while the Sanskrit names are practically absent in modern usage.
ARCH Motorcycle

ARCH Motorcycle Company, LLC is an American custom production motorcycle manufacturer founded by Keanu Reeves and Gard Hollinger in 2011.
In 2007, Keanu Reeves employed Gard Hollinger to customize his Harley-Davidson Dyna Wide Glide, but after five years of design and testing, Reeves' bike only retained the Harley-Davidson engine. Reeves liked the finished product's handling and character so much that he suggested he and Hollinger start a motorcycle company to mass-produce the bike. Initially, Hollinger refused as he already owned his own motorcycle customization business and was not looking to take the significant step of producing an entire motorcycle and its constituent parts from scratch. According to the pair, Hollinger was eventually convinced by Reeves' persistence, enthusiasm and argument that they could produce something great to leave behind as a legacy.
The custom Harley-Davidson served as the prototype ARCH motorcycle which eventually evolved into the company's first production model; the KRGT-1. The KRGT-1 launched in September 2014 and was designed and built using the lessons learned from the initial customization of Reeves' Harley-Davidson and Hollinger's extensive experience in commercial motorcycle customization. According to Reeves—the Porsche 911 served as an inspiration for the KRGT-1 as the 911 is "a vehicle suited for daily use as well as for outright speed" and is "as user-friendly as possible" and "always look beautiful and perform just as brilliantly" all of which was a requirement for the KRGT-1.
As of April 2023, ARCH is producing two models; the KRGT-1 and 1s. ARCH also revealed the Method143 in November 2017 at EICMA, but that has yet to enter production. Each model is customized to every customers individual specifications and measurements.
ARCH motorcycles are described as "American performance cruisers"—according to Reeves and Hollinger; a bike created in the typical American motorcycle style with the comfort and range of a cruiser but closer in performance and handling to a sports bike.
The 1s and Method143 take on a sportier and more aggressive riding position and design than the KRGT-1. The Method143 is described as a "concept", as such it has an unusual, striking and futuristic appearance, much like concept automobiles.
Khentii Province

Khentii (Mongolian: Хэнтий) is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia, located in the east of the country. Its capital is Chinggis City. The aimag is named after the Khentii Mountains. It is best known as the birthplace, and likely final resting place, of Temüjin, otherwise known as Genghis Khan.
The aimag borders with Russia (Zabaykalsky Krai) in the north. The neighbouring aimags are Selenge in the northwest, Töv in the west, Govisümber in the southwest, Dornogovi in the south, Sükhbaatar in the southeast, and Dornod in the east. The border to Töv is divided by the city of Baganuur, an administrative exclave of Ulaanbaatar.
The northwest of the aimag is covered by the eastern part of the Khentii Mountains; towards the southeast, the landscape changes into the eastern Mongolian steppe plains. The mountain Burkhan Khaldun in the Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area is considered sacred and assumed to be the birthplace of Genghis Khan.
The Kherlen River originates South of the Burkhan Khaldun; the river then crosses the south of the aimag in the eastern direction after a detour through Töv. A little further east is the spring of the Onon River. The Onon-Balj National Park is located in the northeast of the aimag.
In 2018, the province contributed to 1.26% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.
Dundgobi Province

Dundgovi or Dundgobi (Mongolian: Дундговь, Middle Gobi) is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. It is located in the south of the country, approximately 245 kilometers (152 mi) south of Ulaanbaatar. Its capital is Mandalgovi. Dundgovi is the second least populated Province.
Dundgovi province is situated in the south of the country about 240 kilometres or 150 miles from capital city Ulaanbaatar. It consists largely of semi-arid steppe and low hills. Temperatures in the summer may top 32 °C or 90 °F, while winter temperatures may dip below −30 °C or −22 °F. Precipitation is scarce, and air humidity is low.
Seasonal climatic problems include spring sandstorms and winter zud.
There is no commercial air transport to the Dundgobi province. Public transportation includes bus but many of the more rural sums are not on the mass transport lines. Much travel is done via mikrs (micro-bus or Russian furgon) or by private jeeps. The capital, Mandalgovi, is connected to Ulaanbaatar by a 300 km (190 mi) paved road completed in 2013.
Many locals own 250 cc motorcycles, which they use as their main mode of transportation.
The province's main industry is animal husbandry and livestock products (such as wool, cashmere). The Dundgobi province is also noted among Mongolian locals for its airag (fermented horse milk), a traditional Mongolian alcoholic drink. In 2018, the province contributed to 1.00% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.
Sum centre is aimag capital Mandalgovi (Mongolian: Мандалговь)
Babies (film)

Babies, also known as Baby(ies) and Bébé(s), is a 2010 French documentary film by Thomas Balmès that follows four newborns through their first year after birth. Two of the babies featured in the film are from rural areas: Ponijao from Opuwo, Namibia, and Bayarjargal (Bayar) from Bayanchandmani, Mongolia, and two are from urban areas: Mari from Tokyo, Japan, and Hattie from San Francisco, U.S. The film was released in the United States by Focus Features on 7 May 2010.
The documentary opens showing how Ponijao comes into the world in a modest hut as her mother rubs some red pigment all over her pregnancy-swollen belly. Hattie, on the other hand, arrives in a Western birthing center surrounded by medical equipment and technicians. Another scene shows Bayar being born and tightly swaddled in a hospital, before heading off with his parents and a sibling on a motorcycle to the rural area where the family lives. Other highlights include Mari's tantrum when she is frustrated with a toy, Hattie getting bored during an organized play session, Bayar taking a bath while a goat comes to drink from the same water, and Ponijao fighting with a sibling when they are playing on the ground.
The documentary shows the contrasts of the four cultures without using any form of narration, leaving it to the viewers to interpret the film.
Babies received generally positive reviews. 69% of ninety-one reviews on the site Rotten Tomatoes favored the film. The site's consensus is that "Babies is a joyous celebration of humankind that's loaded with adorable images, but it lacks insight and depth." The film received a score of sixty-three on Metacritic. Owen Gleiberman, a reviewer for Entertainment Weekly, called Babies a crowd-pleaser and gave it a "B". Katey Rich of Cinema Blend called the film "brilliantly simple".
The film had its widest US release in 543 theaters, grossing $7,320,323 at the box office. It grossed $2,898,983 at the foreign box office; a worldwide gross of $10,219,306.
List of historical films set in Near Eastern and Western civilization

The historical drama or period drama is a film genre in which stories are based upon historical events and famous people. Some historical dramas are docudramas, which attempt to accurately portray a historical event or biography to the degree the available historical research will allow. Other historical dramas are fictionalized tales that are based on an actual person and their deeds, such as Braveheart, which is loosely based on the 13th-century knight William Wallace's fight for Scotland's independence.
Due to the sheer volume of films included in this genre and the interest in continuity, this list is primarily focused on films about the history of Near Eastern and Western civilization.
Please also refer to the List of historical films set in Asia for films about the history of East Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia.
समलिंगी विवाह

समलिंगी विवाह दोन समान लिंगाच्या व्यक्तींदरम्यान कायदेशीर रित्या करण्यात येणारा विवाह आहे. उदा. दोन पुरषांमधील विवाह किंवा दोन स्त्रियांमधील विवाह.
जगातील अनेक देशांमध्ये समलैंगिक समागम करणे हा कायदेशीर गुन्हा नाही; तरी बहुतांश देशांमध्ये समलिंगी विवाहास कायद्याने काही अधिकृत दर्जा दिलेला नाही. समलिंगी विवाहाला सर्वप्रथम २००१ साली नेदरलँड्स देशामध्ये मान्यता दिली गेली. त्यानंतर बेल्जियम, कॅनडा, नॉर्वे, दक्षिण आफ्रिका, स्पेन, स्वीडन, आइसलँड, पोर्तुगाल व आर्जेन्टिना ह्या ९ अधिक देशांनी, तसेच अमेरिकेच्या कनेटिकट, आयोवा, मेन, मॅसेच्युसेट्स व व्हरमाँट ह्या राज्यांनी समलिंगी विवाहांना मान्यता दिलेली आहे.
भारतीय घटनेच्या कलम ३७७ मधील काही कलमांनुसार काही विशिष्ट 'अनैसर्गिक समागम संबंध' - जरी ते प्रौढ व्यक्तींमध्ये 'परस्परसंमतीने आणि खासगीपणे' होत असतील तरीही - गुन्हा म्हणून गणला जात होते. ह्या कलमांनुसार समलैंगिक संबंध (इतकेच नव्हे तर स्त्री-पुरुषांमधील समागमाचे काही प्रकारही) बेकायदेशीर होते. मात्र जुलै २००९ मध्ये दिल्ली उच्च न्यायालयाने एक निर्णयाद्वारे हे कलम 'घटनात्मक व्यक्तिगत स्वातंत्र्याच्या आड येणारे' म्हणून अवैध घोषित केले.
वहीदा रेहमान

वहीदा रहमान यांचा जन्म तामिळनाडूतील चेंगलपेट गावात 3 फेब्रुवारी १९३८ला झाला. हे गाव आता मद्रास शहराचे उपनगर आहे. त्यांनी आपली कारकीर्द तांमीळ व तेलुगू चित्रपटांपासून सुरू केली असली, तरी त्यांच्या हिंदी चित्रपटांतील अभिनयामुळे त्या लोकप्रिय झाल्या. .
Telugu wedding ceremony

The Telugu Hindu wedding ceremony (Telugu: తెలుగు వివాహ వేడుక, Telugu Vivāha Vēḍuka) is the traditional wedding ceremony of the Telugu people in India. In the 19th century, the ceremony could last up to sixteen days (Padahaaru Rojula Panduga). In modern times, it can last two or more days, depending on the family's financial and social status. The pelli or wedding is considered the strongest of social bonds, and is said to spiritually merge two souls opening the doors to gruhastaashramam (household life).
Telugu marriage is sanctified by seven pledges made by the bride and groom and begins when the bride and groom have completed seven revolutions around a sacred fire. Symbolic gestures and rituals surround the ceremony and ensure that the bride and groom are united in the presence of panchabhutaalu —five essential elements for life, namely: bhumi (earth), akaasham (sky), agni (fire), neeru (water) and vaayuvu (air). The ceremony is held under a Kaḷyāṇa Maṇḍapaṃ or wedding pavilion decorated with fresh flowers. The Nādasvaram (also called the Shehnai in North India) is an Indian musical instrument that traditionally accompanies most Telugu weddings.
Each element in the ceremony is connected and is given special importance. Historically, the groom would ride an elephant to the bride's home where the wedding is supposed to take place. This practice is called Gajaarohana. Today this tradition is declining. Some marriage ceremonies are held in a temple in the presence of god, but most are conducted outside because of the number of people in attendance. After every ceremony, they serve food to all the guests, which is also the main part of the culture of offering food to anyone who comes on an auspicious day. It is also a tradition to eat ice cream or sweets after dinner because it is considered auspicious. All the rituals conducted throughout the Telugu wedding ceremony hold religious significance.
The decorations mostly consist of rich colourful flowers and mango leaves. Families renovate their houses and invite all the guests going to each of their houses by the use of kumkuma (colourful, decorative powder).
The rich and varied cultural heritage of Telugu speaking people is reflected in the ceremonies conducted there. Almost all festivals are celebrated with religious observances, holding supreme importance in their lives.
The rituals conducted by the Telugu speaking people during the ceremonious occasion of the wedding are different from those conducted in neighboring southern states of India. In Andhra Pradesh, the Telugu people follow their own traditions while conducting a wedding. The bride's maternal uncle and her brother play a prominent role at the time of her marriage. Unlike other South Indian weddings, the muhūrtaṃ in Telugu weddings do not take place in the morning, but close to midnight. Telugu Brahmins' wedding customs differ from the wedding customs of the other Telugu communities. In addition to the rituals mentioned below, their weddings start with rituals common in South Indian Brahmin weddings like Punyahavachanam, Niśchitārtham, Matrukapujanam, etc.
Mons pubis

In human anatomy, and in mammals in general, the mons pubis or pubic mound (also known simply as the mons /mɒnz/, and known specifically in females as the mons Venus or mons veneris) is a rounded mass of fatty tissue found over the pubic symphysis of the pubic bones.
For females, the mons pubis forms the anterior and superior portion of the vulva. It divides into the labia majora (literally "larger lips"), on either side of the furrow known as the pudendal cleft that surrounds the rest of the vulvar parts: labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, vaginal opening, and vulval vestibule.
Although present in both men and women, the mons pubis tends to be larger in women. Its fatty tissue is sensitive to estrogen, causing a distinct mound to form with the onset of female puberty. This pushes the forward portion of the labia majora out and away from the pubic bone. The mound also becomes covered with pubic hair. It often becomes less prominent with the decrease in bodily estrogen experienced during menopause.
The term mons pubis is derived from Latin for "pubic mound". The more specifically female mons Venus or mons veneris is derived from Latin for "mound of Venus".
Although not part of external genitalia itself, the pubic mound can be regarded as an erogenous zone and is highly eroticized in many cultures. Throughout history, the complete or partial removal of pubic hair has been common in many societies, and more recently it has become widespread in the Western world. The removal of all pubic hair has become common practice in the past decade primarily due to societal pressures and personal preferences. There are several popular removal methods including shaving and waxing, such as a Brazilian wax.
In some circumstances, the mons veneris is subjected to aesthetic ideals beyond hair removal. Correspondingly, plastic surgery is offered, which alters the shape of the mons to a desired ideal. Desired ideals may be influenced by personal preferences, current cultural norms, or societal pressures.
Permanent forms of decoration to enhance the aesthetic appeal of this area are hanabira (the application of cosmetic scars) or piercings such as the Christina piercing or the Nefertiti piercing. Vajazzling refers to the non-permanent decoration of the mons pubis with crystal ornaments. Traditional ink tattoos are also common in this area as well as temporary henna designs or mehndi.
Although it is usually illegal to expose the mons pubis in public, there are some garments that expose it. For example, in 1985, four weeks before his death, Rudi Gernreich unveiled the pubikini, a topless bathing suit that exposed the wearer's mons pubis and pubic hair. It was a thin, V-shaped, thong-style bottom that in the front featured a tiny strip of fabric. The pubikini was described as a pièce de résistance totally freeing the human body.
Bangles (film)

Bangles is a 2013 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film written by Shyam Menon and directed by debutant Dr. Suvid Wilson who also composed the songs, starring Ajmal Ameer, Poonam Kaur and Archana Kavi. The film was produced by Dipti B Unni under the banner of Citadel Cinemas. The cinematography was handled by Dileep Raman and editing by Don Max.
The film is about a murderer, who leaves a few pieces of bangles at the crime spot. It was released on 18 October.
Dallah (coffee pot)

A dallah (Arabic: دَلَّة) is a traditional Arabic coffee pot used for centuries to brew and serve Qahwa (gahwa), an Arabic coffee, a spicy, bitter coffee traditionally served during feasts like Eid al-Fitr made through a multi-step ritual.
It is commonly used in the coffee tradition of the Arabian Peninsula and of the Bedouins. Old Bedouins used the ritual of coffee preparation, serving and drinking as a sign of hospitality, generosity and wealth. In much of the Middle East, it is still connected to socializing with friends, family and business partners, so it is typically present in the main rites of passage, such as births, marriages and funerals and some business meetings.
Dallah has a distinctive form, featuring a bulbous body that tapers to a "waistline" in the middle and flares out at the top, covered by a spire-shaped lid topped with a tall finial and held by a sinuous handle. The most distinctive feature is a long spout with a crescent-shaped beak. This beak may be covered with a metal flap to keep the coffee warmer, but traditionally it is open to view the coffee as it is poured out.
A dallah can be made of brass, steel, silver and even 24K gold for special occasions or use by royalty.
The origins of the dallah are unclear. Among the earliest references to a dallah as a coffee boiler in the modern shape date to the mid-17th century.
The dallah plays such an important role in the identity of Gulf Cooperation Council countries that it is featured in public artworks and on monetary coins. It is also depicted in the watermark form as a security feature on several Saudi Arabian monetary banknotes.
Dallah is typically richly ornamented, usually engraved with geometric patterns, stylized plants and flowers, love scenes from Arabic poetry or other decorations, including semi-precious gemstones and ivory. Modern dallah is more typically practical vessels, and even automatic dallah and thermos dallah are available to the modern coffee drinker.
In its most basic form, Gulf or Arabic coffee has simple ingredients and preparation: water, lightly roasted coffee, and ground cardamom are boiled in a dallah for 10 to 20 minutes and served unfiltered in demitasse cups. Other traditional and regional recipes include saffron or other spices.
Kan-ha-diskan

Un doare da ganañ tonioù da zañsal eo ar pezh a vez graet "kan ha diskan" anezhañ, hag a vez klevet er festoù-noz. Kaset e vez en-dro gant daou ganer, pe vuioc'h. Pa vez ouzhpenn daou e kan unan hag e tiskan ar re all.
Gwechall ne oa ket bras brud ar ganerien, pa ne ganent nemet en o farrez, pe en o c'hanton. Abaoe ar bloavezhioù 1970 eo kemmet kalz an traoù. N'eo ket festoù-noz en atantoù goude al labourioù bras a vez ken, met festoù-noz e-kreiz ar bouk, hag e kêr bremañ.
E-touez ar ganerien vrudet, a wechall pe a vremañ:
Lomig Doniou

Lomig Doniou (1904, Plounevez-Kintin -17 a viz Gouhere 1986 e Rostrenenn) a oa tavarnour, hag unan eus pennoù Kelc'h Keltiek Rostrenenn ha kaner festoù-noz goude an Eil Brezel-bed.
Derc'hel a rae tavarn "Au Lion d'Or" e kêr Rostrenenn.
Izabel Portugal (Dugez Bourgogn)

Izabel Portugal (1397–1471), a oa infantez Portugal ha Dugez Bourgogn goude dimeziñ da Fulup III Bourgogn, ha bout e drede gwreg.
Merc'h e oa da João Iañ, roue Portugal, ha da Philippa of Lancaster.
Da 32 vloaz, diwezhat a-walc'h eta hervez boazioù an amzer, e timezas Izabel, en 1430, da Fulup III Bourgogn, e L’Écluse, ha festoù a voe e kêr Brugge. Tri mab o doe, met an daou gentañ a varvas en bugelig; ne chomas bev nemet unan: Charlez an Her a renas war-lerc'h e dad.
Anv-tiegezh

An anv-tiegezh, pe anv-familh, eo anv an tiegezh, a vez roet peurvuiañ gant un tad, disklêriet ez-ofisiel, d'e vugale, pe a-wechoù gant ar vamm. Eil lodenn an anv personel.
Ouzhpenn an anv-tiegezh e vez roet d'ar vugale un anv-badez.
E anv-tiegezh-eñ a veze roet gant an tad d'e holl vugale, pe da vihanañ d'ar re ne oant ket besterd. Pa ne veze tad ebet evit anavezout ar vugale e veze roet dezho anv-tiegezh ar vamm, deuet dezhi a-berzh he zad. Evit ar vugale dilezet, hep tad na mamm, e veze roet dezho un anv dibabet gant an ensavadurioù: evel-se e voe anvet Nemo tad-kozh Roparz Hemon.
Alies e kemer ar merc'hed anv o gwaz ur wech m'int bet dimezet, met ur c'hiz nevez eo bremañ, deuet diwar levezon ar c'hêrioù, rak ne oa ket ur reolenn e-touez an dud vunut e Breizh betek ar bloavezioù '70 (evel e meur a vro gant un niver bras a gouerien). E pastelloù-bro 'zo e Bro-C'hall (en Norzh, dre vras) hag e broioù e-lec'h ma vez komzet saozneg eo ar c'hustum stagañ anvioù-familh ar priejoù, met ar vugale o deus anv o zad.
Hiziv e c'hall tud ar vugale reiñ anv-tiegezh ar vamm, ouzhpenn hini an tad, d'ar vugale. Yann Penndu hag e bried Anna an Eskob a c'hall bremañ envel o merc'h Nolwenn Penndu-an Eskob.
E meur a vro en Azia hag en Afrika ne vez ket roet anv an tad na d'ar vugale, na d'ar wreg.
En un nebeud broioù n'eus anv-familh ebet (Enez Java, Island ha Tibet).
E familhoù ar roueed ne vez ket graet gant anvioù-familh d'an aliesañ.
Kalz anvioù-tiegezh, en Europa da vihanañ, a deu
Ar Gerveur

Ar Gerveur (henvrezhoneg: Gwedel; Belle-Île-en-Mer e galleg) zo un enezenn hag ur c'hanton kozh e departamant ar Mor-Bihan. Enezenn vrasañ Breizh eo, 90 km² dezhi.
Peder c'humun an enez a glot gant kumunioù kanton ar Gerveur : Bangor, Lokmaria-ar-Gerveur, Porzh-Lae ha Saozon.
War-dro 1687e voe lakaet markiz Vauban e-karg da sevel ar wikadell. Echuet e voe war-dro ar bloaz 1692.
Diskennidi Nicolas Fouquet (1615-1680), markiz ar Gerveur, o deus dalc'het an enezenn betek 1719. E domani ar roue e voe lakaet goude-se.
Dre feur-emglev an 18 Genver 1759 e voe lakaet Proviñs Breizh e-karg an enezenn evit kont ar Roue dre c'houestl.
D'ar 7 Mezheven 1761, goude ur seziz hir, e voe aloubet an enezenn gant Bro-Saoz ; arsailhet e voe gant an amiral Keppel hag ar jeneral Hodgson. Difennet e voe gant kadarnded ar marc'heg De Sainte-Croix, a godianas gant enor.
Goude peoc'h 1763 e tistroas ar Gerveur da Vro-C'hall.
E 1902, Ministrerezh gall ar Justice a stalias e Porzh-Lae un drevadenn-garc'har evit fellerien yaouank, a voe lesanvet "galeoù ar vugale". Ur skol vartolodaj a oa eno : ul lestr-skol teirgwern a oa war ar sec'h e-kreiz porzh ar prizon, hogen ar vugale ned aent ket war vor. Dizale e voe astennet ar vac'h dre brenañ domani Bruté hag e dreiñ d'ur skol labour-douar ha mekanikerezh, evit degemer ha stummañ muioc'h a vugale. E 1934 en em zispac'has ar vugale ouzh doareoù o bac'hadur : gwallgaset e vezent, kannet, gwallet a-wechoù. Hemolc'het e voent ; hogozik an holl a voe tapet gant an diwallerien, ha gant annezidi an enez en eskemm ouzh ur sammad arc'hant evit pep bugel.
Er bed a-bezh e voe brudet "galeoù ar vugale" ar Gerveur, met dalc'het e voe da vont en-dro betek 1977.
Enoret e voe ar vugale-se gant Jacques Prévert en e varzhoneg La chasse à l'enfant (en dastumad Paroles, 1946) ha gant Marcel Carné en e film La fleur de l'âge (1947).
Adalek miz Kerzu 1946 betek miz Genver 1947 e troas ar filmaozour gall Jean Epstein (1897-1953) e film Le Tempestaire eno : e-touez annezidi an enezenn e tutaas-eñ e dudennoù.
Marc Antoine Girard de Saint-Amant, Jacques Prévert, André Gide ; Gustave Flaubert en deus skrivet ul levr anvet Belle-Île.
Gwadeloup : Enez Mari-Galant (2007)
Fraezh

Ar fraezh (pe fraez) eo an anv a vez roet d'an toull-revr, a zo etre an divfeskenn, e penn ar vouzellenn-dev. Etre an divfeskenn emañ, e-barzh ar ritenn, e penn ar youlc'h (rektom). Serret eo dre nerzh kigennoù, stumm ur walenn dezhe: alese e teu ar ger latin anus, a dalv kement ha gwalenn. Dre aze eo e vez kaset ar fank er-maez eus korf an dud hag al loened peurvuiañ, pe e vijent munud evel amprevaned pe e vijent bras evel olifanted.
Implijet e vez ar fraezh e medisinerezh:
Tud zo a implij ar fraezh evit kavout o flijadur reizhel,
Evit gouzout hiroc'h sellit ouzh ar pennadoù a denn d'ar reizh.
Naetadurezh a zo ret evit ar yec'hed. Gwalc'hiñ gant soavon dous ha dour eta. Pa reer gant soavon rust, pe gant doareoù garv, e c'haller tanailhañ pe drailhañ ar c'hroc'hen tener en-dro d'ar fraezh, ha neuze kaout debron pe boan.
Debron o devez ar vugale p'o devez preñved.
Stag eo ar meizad a loustoni ouzh ar ger hag al lec'h.
Charlez

Charlez zo un anv-badez brezhonek, pe gentoc'h brezhonekadur an anv-badez gallek Charles, rak n'eo ket brudet da vezañ roet evel anv da vugale Breizh.
Implijet e vez ar stummoù Charl ha Jarl (stumm tregeriek), diazezet war distagadur an anv. Anaout a reer ar skrivagner Jarl Priel.
Dek roue Charlez (pe Charles) zo bet er vro:
Gwelout ivez : Charlez Bro-C'hall
Emvod ar Gelted en Oriant

Emvod ar Gelted en Oriant, pe Festival Interceltique de Lorient e galleg, berraet e FIL, zo ur sizhunvezh festoù gant sonerezh ha dañs dreist-holl, da hanter Eost, hag a vez aozet e kêr an Oriant abaoe 1971. Bodet e vez bagadoù ha lazoù eus an holl vroioù keltiek, eus Galiza hag Asturiez, hag a-wechoù e vez pedet arzourien eus Aostralia, Kanada, Louiziana... ouzhpenn.
Pedet e oa bet Luz Casal, met n'hallo ket dont.
Aozet e vo ur genstrivadeg danevelloù gant ar FIL . E galleg hepken avat, daoust ma'z eo bet sinet ar Garta Ya d'ar brezhoneg gantañ .
E 1981, oadet a 24 vloaz, e oa bet difennet groñs da Yann-Fañch Kemener kanañ en Emvod ar Gelted en Oriant dre ma oa eñ heñvelrevad. Padet e oa 7 vloaz an difenn tremen.
Arthur Bernède

Arthur Bernède a oa ur romantour-pobl, senarioour, dramaour ha levrigour breizhat, bet ganet e Redon d'ar 5 a viz Genver 1871 ha marvet e Pariz d'an 20 a viz Meurzh 1937.
Strujus hag awenet-mat e ijin dre ma oa bet savet 243 oberenn gantañ pe dindan anvioù-pluenn Jean de la Périgne ha Roland d'Albret, barzhonegoù, c'hoariganoù, danevelloù, kontadennoù, romantoù ha pezhioù-c'hoari en o zouez. Krouet e oa bet gantañ tudennoù meur evel Belphégor (kentañ levrenn e 1927), Judex (1917) ha Mandrin deuet da vezañ kalz brudetoc'h eget o ijiner a-barzh fin ar gont. Betek taolioù-kaer Vidocq, penn ar Surentez (damofisiel adalek 1811), o devoa awenet ar romantour. Darn eus e romantoù a oa bet embannet dre bennadoù gant kazetennoù-pobl evel Le Matin, Le Petit Parisien ha Paris-Soir.
Skrivet en devoa senarioioù evit ar sinema ivez, evel hini Jean Chouan (Luitz-Morat) e 1925.
Aet e oa da Anaon e Pariz d'an 20 a viz Meurzh 1937, paket ma oa bet gant un taol-kalon goude dibunañ ur brezegenn dirak Kevredigezh al Lennegezh. Douaret e oa bet e bered L'Haÿ-les-Roses.
Enoret eo bet Arthur Bernède gant kêr Redon : e anv zo bet roet d'ur straed. Abaoe ar bloavezh 2015 e vez aozet festoù-lid e Redon en enor d'an dudenn Belphégor. E 2017 ez eus bet savet ur c'hoari achap evit kizidikat tud Redon war Belfegor hag oberenn Arzhur Bernède.
Ahez (strollad)

Ahez zo ur strollad kanerezed eus Breizh, ennañ Marine Lavigne, Sterenn Le Guillou ha Sterenn Dirodollou. Asambles gant Alvan emañ war ar renk en Eurovision 2022 evit Frañs.
Lavigne, Dirodollou ha Le Guillou o doa graet anaoudegezh an eil re gant ar re all e Lise Diwan e Karaez e-lec'h m'o doa desket ar c'han ha diskan. Choazet e oa bet an anv Ahez en enor da Garaez (Kêr-Ahez hervez displegadennoù pobl). Komañset o doa da ganañ e festoù-noz adalek 2018 ha krouet o doa ar strollad Eben asambles gant sonerien all e Gouel Etrekeltiek an Oriant.
En hañv 2021 o doa graet anaoudegezh gant Alvan e Roazhon. Gant disoc'h o c'henlabour, ar ganaouenn Fulenn e oant bet war ar renk en abadenn Eurovision France, c'est vous qui décidez ! e 2022 da choaz ar ganaouenn a reprezañto Frañs en Eurovision. Gounezet o doa mouezhioù ar varnerien kenkoulz hag hini ar publik gant 222 boent en holl. An arzourien gentañ o kanañ e brezhoneg en Eurovision a vezo abaoe Dan ar Braz e 1996.
E fin 2022 en doa kenlabouret Ahez gant ar strollad Algaire eus Asturiez gant ar ganaouenn "Llume" e astureg hag ul lodenn ouzhpennet e brezhoneg. Ur c'hlip oa bet savet e miz Genver 2023. E miz Eost e oa an daou strollad asambles war leurenn Gouel etrekeltiek an Oriant 2023.
Evit bezañ kanet e brezhoneg er genstrivadeg Eurovision hag evit kas al liesseurted war-raok e roas Goursez Breiz ur priz da Alvan & Ahez e-pad ar Gorsedd Digor e miz Gouere 2022. Evit bezañ dileuriet Breizh e resev ar strollad ur vedalenn digant Skol-Uhel ar Vro hag Ahez en doa kanet pa oa bet roet kolier Urzh an Erminig e miz Gwengolo 2022.
Resev a ra ar strollad « priz ar publik » e Taolioù-kaer Breizh 2022, priz paeronet gant Rannvro Breizh.
E miz Meurzh 2023 e oa roet dezho ar priz kentañ e rummad Brezhonegerien ar bloaz gant juri ar Prizioù, prizioù dazont ar brezhoneg aozet gant France 3 Breizh hag Ofis publik ar brezhoneg, roet da-geñver un abadenn skinwel enrollet en opera Roazhon.
E miz Du 2024 eo bet enoret an triad gant medalenn kêr Garaez, profet dezho evit bezañ difennerezed ar brezhoneg.
Anv-badez

An anv-badez eo an anv a vez roet d'ur bugel gant e dud, hag a zeu a-raok e anv-familh. Un anv personel eo an anv-badez eta, e-skoaz an anv-familh, a zo hini ar familh, da lavarout eo hini ezhec'h ar familh a dad da vugel, hervez al lezennoù betek-henn.
Anvioù-badez zo evit ar baotred, re all evit ar merc'hed. Ral eo an anvioù a vez roet kenkoulz d'ar baotred evel d'ar merc'hed, dreist-holl e brezhoneg.
E galleg avat e anavezer meur a hini evel Claude, Dominique, Camille. Marie hag Anne a veze roet ivez gwechall d'ar baotred a-wechoù.
An anv-badez a oa mennet da vezañ an anv a vez roet d'un den da goulz e vadeziant. Liammet eo an anv-badez ouzh ar relijion gristen en istor. Anvioù kristen eo an anvioù-badez eta da gentañ, da lavarout eo anvioù tud anavezet evel sent gant an Iliz. Pa vez danvez un tad hag ur vamm o klask un anv d'ar bugel da zont e sellont peurvuiañ da gentañ ouzh anvioù ar sent en un deiziadur, brezhonek pe gallek.
Gant ar Brotestanded, ha n'anavezont ket aotrouniezh an iliz katolik, e vez roet ivez anvioù ha n'int ket re ar sent : anvioù tennet eus ar Bibl e vezont alies.
Ne glot ket ar ger gant doareoù digristenaet a-vremañ pa seller ouzh e ster en un doare strizh, pa ne vez ket badezet an holl vugale evel betek ar bloavezhioù 1960. En abeg da se ez eus bet klasket ober gant gerioù "neptuoc'h", gouez da lod : kentanv, anv-bihan hag, a-wechoù, raganv.
Ne glot ket ar ger anv-badez ivez gant doareoù ar relijionoù all e lec'h ma ne vez ket a vadeziant.
Distaolet e vez ar ger anv-badez eta gant lod tud. Tud all a gav gwelloc'h derc'hel dezhañ, evel ma talc'her da droioù-lavar a orin relijiel, rakkistren pe kristen, biblek pe homerek. Distaolet e vez ar gerioù all ivez gant lod abalamour da berzhioù fall all:
Betek fin ar Grennamzer, an anv hiniennel a oa anv pennañ pep den. Dont a rae d'e heul anvioù resisaat : anvioù roet hervez al lec'h orin, al lec'h annez, hervez anv an tad , anvioù kerentiezh, micher pe lesanvioù. E-pad kantvedoù diwezhañ ar grennamzer en Europa, ha diwezatoc'h e lec'h all (er broioù arabek da skouer) e teuas unan eus an anvioù resisaat-se da vezañ un anv-tiegezh hag e kemeras al lec'h pennañ en identelezh. An anv den n'eo ken un anv-badez. Ne dalvez ket ken da bennger er geriadurioù daoust dezhañ da zont dirak an anv-tiegezh en amzer (anv ar bugaleerezh eo), er skritur ha dre gomz.
Chom a ra kalz roudoù eus roll a-bouez an anv-badez gwechall. P'o devez c'hoant ar Rused da vezañ seven ha doujus-kenañ ez eont d'an dud dre o anv-badez heuliet gant anv an tad, hep ober gant an anv tiegezh (Aleksandr Isaïevitch evit Aleksandr Soljenitsyne). Pa vez savet roll o skolidi gant ar vistri-skol arab e renkont anezhe dre o anvioù-badez lakaet en urzh al lizherenneg. Soñjal a ra dezhe n'eo ket ken pouezus an anv-tiegezh. Daoust ma oa o vevañ en XVIIvet kantved, n'eo anavezet al liver Rembrandt van Rijn nemet gant un anv den hep netra war-lerc'h. Er memes doare e vez anavezet ar bibien, ar rieien, hag an eskibien dre un anv-badez hag un niver urzh pe (hag) ul lesanv.
Levrioù ar vugale

Levrioù ar vugale a oa un dastumad levrioù-bugale embannet gant Al Liamm etre 1954 ha 1977.
Darn eus al levrioù-se zo kontadennoù tennet eus al levr gallek Les Contes de ma Mère l'Oye, gant Charles Perrault, embannet e 1697, pe eus dastumad alamanek kontadennoù Grimm, embannet e 1812, hogen azasaet ha skeudennaouet.
Diouzh a ouzer eo pe gant Pêr ar Bihan pe gant Pêr Denez, pe c'hoazh Roparz Hemon, e oa savet ar skridoù. Ral eo lenn o anvioù war al levrioù avat.
Rummad nevez
Mab

Ar mab a vez graet eus bugel ur vamm, pa vez hañval e reizh ouzh hini e dad, ha pa vez hañval ouzh hini ur vamm e vez lavaret ar verc'h.
Komz a reer
Hervez ar c'hiz kozh e oa d'ar mab henañ da genderc'hel labour e dad, hag alies e veze savet evit seveniñ ar gefridi-se. Komz a reer eus gwir ar mab henañ, a veze roet dezhañ an holl beadra a oa en tiegezh, ha ne chome nemet nebeud, pe netra da reiñ d'ar vugale all. Ar merc'hed, pa vezent dimezet ha pa'z aent d'un tiegezh all, a veze roet dezho un tamm argouroù.
En tiegezhioù niverus e veze ar c'hiz reiñ ur mab d'an iliz, hag unan all d'an arme, evel ma veze paeet an tailhoù.
E meur a sevenadur hag a yezh e vez, pe e veze, anvet ar vibien diwar anv o zad.
Chom a ra un aspadenn eus an doare-envel-se en anvioù-tiegezh en ab.
E Kembre eo bet advevaet an doare-envel kozh, ma c'haller dilezel an anv Jones, da skouer, pe unan all, mar karer, ha dibab an doare gant ab (pe ap).
E Bro-Saoz (evel en Iwerzhon, Skos, SUA, Sveden) ez echu kalzik a anvioù tiegezh gant ar ger son :
Eno ez echu kalz anvioù gant sen:
Eno ez echu anvioù zo gant sen pe son :
E Spagn e echu gant ez an anvioù savet diwar anv an tad, en es e Portugal:
Kavout a reer kalz anvioù-tud gant Mac (="mab"). Da skouer : "Mac Thomáis" (mab Thomas), "Mac Domhnaill" (mab Donald), er yezhoù gouezelek. Pe en ur stumm saoznekaet : "MacDonald", "MacLean".
Bugel-bihan

Ar vugale-vihan eo bugale ar mab pe ar verc'h, hervez sellboent an tad-kozh pe ar vamm-gozh. Ur bugel-bihan a c'hall bezañ ur mab-bihan, pa vez ur paotr, hag ur verc'h-vihan, pa vez ur plac'h.
Ar c'hiz a veze, betek ar bloavezhioù 1960, da reiñ d'ur mab anv-badez e dad-kozh, ha d'ur verc'h anv-badez he mamm-gozh. Un hengoun kozh eo en Europa, pa seller ouzh istor anvioù priñsed evel Ermengarde, Foulk, Jafrez.
N'eo ket ken pouezus al liamm etre ar vugale-vihan hag o zud-kozh, dre ma vevont alies pell an eil re diouzh ar re all.
French football league system

The French football league system, also known as the French football pyramid, is a series of interconnected leagues for club football in France and Monaco, and includes one Spanish side. At the top two levels of the system is the Ligue de Football Professionnel, which consists of two professional national divisions, Ligue 1, Ligue 2. Below that are a number of leagues run by the Fédération Française de Football. At level 3 is the semi-professional Championnat National. Below that is the Championnat National 2 (level 4), which is divided into four parallel regional divisions, followed by the Championnat National 3 (level 5), which is divided into eleven parallel regional divisions. Underneath that are many more regional and departmental leagues and divisions. Clubs finishing the season at or near the top of their division may be eligible for promotion to a higher division. Similarly, clubs finishing at or near the bottom of their division may be relegated to a lower division.
Starting in 2017–18 there were changes at levels 3 and 4 (in name only) and level 5 (significant restructuring and rename).
As of the 2022–23 season, this is the structure of the amateur regional leagues, operating directly below the national leagues.
As of the 2019–20 season, this is the structure of the amateur departmental leagues, operating at various levels below the regional leagues.
There are no district divisions in Corsica. The system in Corsica goes up to Régional 4.
Clubs in the arrondissements of Paris are divided between the three surrounding suburban districts. The District of Hauts-de-Seine includes 6th, 7th, 8th, 14th, 15th, 16th and 17th, the District of Seine-Saint-Denis has the 9th, 10th, 11th, 18th, 19th, 20th and the District of Val-de-Marne includes 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 12th and 13th.
From 2023–24 onwards :
The Great Good Place (book)

The Great Good Place is a book by Ray Oldenburg, published in 1989 and reprinted in 1997 and 1999. The first edition had the subtitle "Cafes, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You through the Day", but reprints changed it to "Cafés, Coffee Shops, Bookstores, Bars, Hair Salons and Other Hangouts at the Heart of a Community."
The book is notable for coining the term "Third place".
Oldenburg asserts that informal gathering places, such as those he refers to as "third places," are crucial for fostering community and civility. These spaces, where conversation takes center stage and gatherings are unplanned, serve as equalizers, transcending distinctions of status, class, and race. Oldenburg argues that the decline of Third Places has contributed to the erosion of community, civility, and increased isolation and division within American society.
Other than the numerous personal benefits third places offer their regulars, Oldenburg advocates for the immense social value they bring and points out their historical role, amongst others:
List of national identity card policies by country

A national identity document is an identity card with a photo, usable as an identity card at least inside the country, and which is issued by an official national authority. Identity cards can be issued voluntarily or may be compulsory to possess as a resident or citizen.
Driving licences and other cards issued by state or regional governments indicating certain permissions are not counted here as national identity cards. So for example, by this criterion, the United States driver's license is excluded, as these are issued by local (state) governments.
Generally, most countries in the world issue identity cards, with less than 10 countries worldwide not issuing them, mostly confined to the anglosphere, microstates and unrecognised states. Many states issue voluntary identity cards to citizens as a convenience. As of 1996, identity cards were compulsory in over 100 countries. In these countries, the meaning of compulsory varies.
In the European Union, an EU/EEA national identity card can be used to travel freely within the EU/EEA in lieu of a passport. Similarly, in South America, citizens may use an identity card to travel between MERCOSUR states. In many other areas of the world, simplified travel arrangements are in place for neighbouring countries, allowing the use of identity cards for travel.
The term "compulsory" may have different meanings and implications in different countries. Possession of a card may only become compulsory at a certain age. There may be a penalty for not carrying a card or identification such as a driving licence. In some cases a person may be detained until identity is proven. This facilitates police identification of fugitives. In some countries, police need a reason to ask for identification, such as suspicion of a crime or security risk, while in others, they can do so without stating a reason. Random checks are rare, except in police states. Normally there is an age limit, such as 18, after which possession is mandatory, even if minors aged 15–17 may need a card in order to prove that they are under 18.
These are countries where official authorities issue identity cards to those who request them, but where it is not illegal to be without an official identity document. For some services, identification is needed, but documents such as passports or identity cards issued by banks or driving licences can be used. In countries where national identity cards are fully voluntary, they are often not so commonly used, because many already have a passport and a driving licence, so a third identity document is often considered superfluous.
These are countries where official authorities do not issue any identity cards. When identification is needed, e.g. passports, driving licences, bank cards etc. can be used, along with manual verification such as utility bills and bank statements. Most countries that are not listed at all in this page have no national ID card.
Media control symbols

In digital electronics, analogue electronics and entertainment, the user interface may include media controls, transport controls or player controls, to enact and change or adjust the process of video playback, audio playback, and alike. These controls are commonly depicted as widely known symbols found in a multitude of products, exemplifying what is known as dominant design.
Media control symbols are commonly found on both software and physical media players, remote controls, and multimedia keyboards. Their application is described in ISO/IEC 18035.
The main symbols date back to the 1960s, with the Pause symbol having reportedly been invented at Ampex during that decade for use on reel-to-reel audio recorder controls, due to the difficulty of translating the word "pause" into some languages used in foreign markets. The Pause symbol was designed as a combination of the existing square Stop symbol and the caesura, and was intended to evoke the concept of an interruption or "stutter stop". The right-pointing triangle was adopted to indicate the direction of tape movement during playback. This design choice was straightforward: the arrow pointed in the direction the tape advanced. Over time, this symbol became standardized across various media devices, from cassette players to CD players, and eventually digital interfaces.
The Play symbol is arguably the most widely used of the media control symbols. In many ways, this symbol has become synonymous with music culture and more broadly the digital download era. As such, there are now a multitude of items such as T-shirts, posters, and tattoos that feature this symbol. Similar cultural references can be observed with the Power symbol which is especially popular among video gamers and technology enthusiasts.
Media symbols can be found on an array of advertisements: from live music venues to streaming services.
In 2012, Google rebranded its digital download store to Google Play, using the Play symbol in its logo. The Play symbol also serves as a logo for YouTube since 2017. Television station owners Morgan Murphy Media and TEGNA have begun to institute the Play symbol into the logos of their stations to further connect their websites to their over-the-air television presences.
In recent years, there has been a proliferation of electronics that use media control symbols in order to represent the Run, Stop, and Pause functions. Likewise, user interface programing pertaining to these functions has also been influenced by that of media players.
For example, some washers and dryers with an illuminated Play/pause button are programmed such that it stays lit when the appliance is running. A line of Philips pasta makers has the Play/pause button for controlling the pasta-making process.