Amashyamba yabaturage

Amashyamba y’abaturage ni ishami ry’amashyamba agenda atera imbere aho abaturage baho bafite uruhare runini mu micungire y’amashyamba no gufata ibyemezo by’ubutaka ubwabo mu korohereza leta ndetse n’abakozi bashinzwe impinduka. Harimo uruhare n’ubufatanye by’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye barimo abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (ONG). Yamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya za 70 rwagati kandi ingero z’amashyamba y’abaturage zirashobora kugaragara mu bihugu byinshi birimo Nepal, Indoneziya, Koreya, Burezili, Ubuhinde na Amerika ya Ruguru .
Amashyamba rusange ni ishami ry’amashyamba yita ku micungire y’amashyamba kugirango yinjize amafaranga ava mu biti n’ibiti bitari ibiti nk’ibicuruzwa mu gihe ku rundi ruhande bigenga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, gutura mu nsi y’inyungu ziva mu kubungabunga amazi, gukwirakwiza karubone n’indangagaciro nziza nka muburyo bwa serivisi. Yafashwe nk'imwe mu nzira zitanga icyizere cyo guhuza kubungabunga amashyamba n'iterambere ry'icyaro. Amashyamba yabaturage abaho mugihe abaturage baho mukarere bafite uruhare runini mugufatira ibyemezo imikoreshereze yubutaka kandi mugihe abaturage banyuzwe nuruhare rwabo ninyungu zituruka kumicungire y’amashyamba akikije umutungo wacyo.
Amashyamba y’abaturage ashyirwa mu bikorwa bwa mbere binyuze mu gushyiraho urwego rw’amategeko n’inzego zirimo kuvugurura amahame n’amategeko agenga imicungire y’amashyamba, guteza imbere gahunda z’amashyamba y’igihugu no gushimangira gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage kugeza ku nzego z’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu. Umurongo wa kabiri wingenzi wibikorwa ni ugushyira mubikorwa imishinga yicyitegererezo kugirango yerekane ko bishoboka amashyamba y’abaturage . Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga bwerekana ko ibisabwa bya tekiniki, imicungire n’imari byateganijwe n’uru rwego.
mwaka wa 2016, FAO yavuze ko hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’amashyamba ku isi ari mu buryo bunoze bwo gucunga abaturage.
Kuboneka kw'amashyamba akenshi bigabanuka cyane kugirango bikoreshwe nabaturage baho kubera umuvuduko ukabije wo guhinga ubutaka, gushingira kumashyamba nabyo bigira ingaruka kumahinduka mubukungu na politiki. Imihindagurikire y’amashyamba y’abaturage muri Nepal yatangiye guhera mu mpera za za 70 kandi yatangijwe bwa mbere mu rwego rwo kunoza imicungire y’umutungo w’amashyamba no gukemura ibibazo. Mu myaka 20 ishize, amashyamba y’abaturage yakoreshejwe neza mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, intego nyamukuru yayo ni ukurandura ubukene hagati y’amashyamba yaho ndetse no kubungabunga amashyamba.
Uruhare rwa zimwe mu nzego zinyuranye z’abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (ONG) ni ngombwa kugira ngo umushinga ugende neza. Mugihe abafatanyabikorwa runaka batandukanye hagati yimishinga itandukanye y’amashyamba yabaturage amatsinda yibanze yabafatanyabikorwa ni aya akurikira:
Abafatanyabikorwa mu mashyamba y’abaturage bafite inyungu zo gushyiraho imikorere irambye, kureba ko amashyamba arinzwe bihagije kugira ngo arambe cyangwa agabanye ibikorwa bitemewe kandi acunge akarere mu buryo bwo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga. Muri ibi bihe, abafatanyabikorwa bafashe umwanzuro wo guha umutungo w’amashyamba abaturage baho, gucunga no gukoresha ibyemezo byabo. amashyamba bisa nkaho ari ingingo yingenzi yo gucunga neza amashyamba yabaturage. Hashyizweho ibihe byinshi byigihe kizaza kugirango bifashe inzira yibidukikije.
Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Amazone yo muri Burezile bwemeje ko hari ibibazo byinshi bagomba guhura nabyo mugihe hategurwa ingamba zihamye zo gucunga amashyamba yabaturage. Izi mbogamizi zivugwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 kandi Ishusho ya 1 yerekana ingaruka buri kibazo cyo kuyobora kigira ku zindi mbogamizi.
Imbonerahamwe 2. Inzitizi zihura n’abafatanyabikorwa bayobora amashyamba
Kugirango gahunda yo kubungabunga ishyamba ryabaturage igende neza, uruhare rwabaturage ni ngombwa. Guverinoma zishishikajwe no kubungabunga amashyamba zitangiza politiki n’amategeko mu gihugu cyose zananiwe gutanga umusaruro wifuzwa nko mu Bushinwa, Nepal na Peru.
Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi buke ku ruhare rw’amashyamba y’abaturage mu kubungabunga inyamaswa, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwerekana ko bufasha mu kubungabunga inyamaswa.
Ubutaka busanzwe muri Nepal bufitwe na leta ikunze kuba idafite ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana no gucunga ako karere. Amatsinda y’abakoresha amashyamba' (FUG) yo gucunga umutungo w’amashyamba atabahaye nyir'ubutaka. Gahunda yo gucunga amashyamba muri Nepal iba imwe muri gahunda zatsinze kuri 8 kwisi yose izwi kuri Rio 20+. Ibi byatanze umusaruro ushimishije mukarere.
Abaturage bo mu miryango itatu yo mu karere ka Bantaeng muri Indoneziya, babifashijwemo n'umushinga watewe inkunga babonye uruhushya rwo gucunga amashyamba kandi babona ubukode bw'imyaka 35 ku ishyamba ryabo.
Abahinzi bagirana amasezerano yo kugabana inyungu n’ishyirahamwe ry’amashyamba ry’imidugudu (VFA) kugira ngo bashireho koperative ifasha abahinzi gutera amashyamba hakurikijwe amategeko.Sisitemu yerekana kuvanga ibyifuzo byo hejuru-hasi na hasi-hejuru igenzura igenzura rya leta kimwe no gutera amashyamba neza binyuze mubaturage babigizemo uruhare.
Kubera ko bidashoboka ko ibice byombi bigira imiterere ni mibereho n’ubukungu n’ibidukikije. Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu myaka itari mike muri Nepal, byagaragaye ko kugira kandi uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga neza, dukeneye kumenya impinduka zagira ingaruka ku ntsinzi :
Rimwe na rimwe, ntibishoboka ko umuntu ategereza iterambere mu micungire y’ibikorwa by’amashyamba, kuko akenshi havuka amakimbirane ajyanye no gukoresha ubutaka no kugabana inyungu mu baturage.
Imiryango yizera iragenda igira uruhare mubikorwa byo guteza imbere ibidukikije. Mugihe imyaka 50-100 ishize yababonye bakodesha akarere kabo munganda. Muri Nzeri 2010, abihayimana b'Ababuda bahawe igihembo cya Equator cya UNDP kubera ibikorwa byabo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ibi bikubiyemo gushyiraho pepiniyeri y'ibiti, gukwirakwiza ingemwe. Bakora uyu murimo kugirango bateze imbere ubuzima burambye no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu turere dutatu; umushinga w'icyitegererezo, watangijwe mu 1997 muri Kratie ugizwe numuyoboro wa pagoda esheshatu ufite 1,461 hectares (3,610 acres) . Urubuga rwahindutse isoko yamakuru yamakuru nuburere bushingiye ku bidukikije ndetse n’ibanze ku baturage baho.
Guhinga ibiti birashobora gufata imiterere yigihingwa ahari isoko ryibicuruzwa nkibiti, inkwi, lisansi na pulp yo gukora impapuro. Amasosiyete ahuza abahinzi kugirango batange ibyo bicuruzwa bitanga isoko ihamye yinjiza abahinzi. Kurugero, muri Philippines, abahinzi barenga 3000 bahinga ibiti kugirango babyaze umusaruro inganda zitanga isoko ndetse nigiciro gito cyibicuruzwa,