davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ihtiman

Ihtiman (Bulgarian: Ихтиман [ixtiˈman]) is a town in western Bulgaria, part of Sofia Province. It is located in the Ihtiman Valley of the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora mountain range and lies in a valley 48 km from Sofia and 95 km from Plovdiv, close to the Trakiya motorway.
Formerly a Roman defensive station guarding the important roads to the Bosphorus, Ihtiman was then called Stipon. It continued to play this role under the Byzantine Empire and later under the First and Second Bulgarian Empires, with the main defensive centre in the region of the Gate of Trajan hill pass. In 986 the Bulgarian Emperor Samuel dealt a crushing defeat on the Byzantines in the battle of the Gates of Trajan.
Following the Ottoman conquest of Bulgaria in the 14th century, the town's name was changed to Ihtiman, which is thought to be of Ottoman Turkish origin.
The traditional and dominant religion is Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
Ihtiman Hook on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Ihtiman.
Ihtiman has a temperate continental climate with very cold and snowy winters and not too hot, relatively short summers. The average annual temperature is 8.9C.
Ihtiman is also the seat of Ihtiman municipality (part of Sofia Province), which includes the following 27 villages:
Battle of Ihtiman

The Battle of Ihtiman occurred in 1355 between Bulgarians and Ottomans and resulted in a Bulgarian pyrrhic victory. The exact location is not known, but in an anonymous Bulgarian chronicle, it is mentioned that the armies of Michail Asen engaged the invading forces before they could reach Sofia.
When in 1355 the Ottomans again penetrated the borders of Bulgaria, Prince Michael Asen set out against them. The sources speak of a twenty-thousand-strong Ottoman cavalry against which Michael opposed an unknown number of Bulgarian soldiers. Considering the plague epidemic, the first attack of which had already ravaged the country in the same year in which his brother died, Michael could hardly count on numerical superiority. However, the very fact that the new armed force was commanded by the crown prince of the Bulgarian kingdom means that it was not entrusted with random fighters, but experienced and well-equipped soldiers.
In all likelihood, the armies clashed again at Sofia, which from the Ottomans' point of view was the logical choice since they already knew the terrain. The anonymous Bulgarian chronicle tells us that "the Bulgarians gathered under the leadership of Michael, the son of Alexander, but he was also killed by the Agarians, who captured a large number of people and led them through Gallipoli." Although it undoubtedly reveals to us that Michael died in the battle with the Ottomans and the Bulgarian army was defeated, the anonymous chronicler misses a very important fact - Ottoman troops did not reappear on Bulgarian territory until around 1370. This allows Ivan Alexander to focus his attention on other potential threats to his country.
At Sofia, the Bulgarian heir to the throne died, but his self-sacrifice in the name of his compatriots was not entirely in vain - it took the Ottomans almost twenty years to decide again on a risky campaign against Bulgaria. Therefore, we should rather regard the loss as a pyrrhic victory - an obscure and stalemate in which both armies were severely bled.
After the Ottoman Turks seized their first fortress in the Balkans in 1352, they quickly began to expand their territory in Europe. From the year 1354, their raiding parties began looting in Bulgarian Thrace, ravaging the regions of Plovdiv and Stara Zagora, and in the following year launched a campaign against the key city of Sofia.
The son of the Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander, Michail Asen, summoned an army to stop the advancing enemy. The battle was fierce, the Bulgarians suffered heavy casualties and their commander and heir to the throne was killed. However, the Ottoman losses were also heavy and they were unable to continue their march on Sofia.
The Ottoman forces suffered heavy losses in the battle and were unable to launch an offensive against Sofia. Secondly, since Prince Halil had been kidnapped by European pirates, Byzantium used the prince as blackmail against the Sultan. In order to prevent any attempt on his son's life, Sultan Orhan stopped the expeditions to Europe.
List of conflicts in Europe

This is a list of conflicts in Europe ordered chronologically, including wars between European states, civil wars within European states, wars between a European state and a non-European state that took place within Europe, militarized interstate disputes, and global conflicts in which Europe was a theatre of war.
There are various definitions of Europe and in particular, there is a significant dispute about the eastern and southeastern boundaries, specifically about how to define the countries of the former Soviet Union. This list is based on a wide definition that includes much of the interface between Europe and Western Asia.
Ihtiman Valley

Ihtiman Valley (Bulgarian: Ихтиманска котловина) is situated in western Bulgaria. It is named after its main settlement, the town of Ihtiman.
The valley has the shape of an isosceles triangle, turned with its apex to the southeast. It has a length of 16 km and a width of up to 10 km. It spans a territory of 106 km with an altitude of 620–700 m. It is situated in the center of the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora, the western part of the Sredna Gora mountain range. The Ihtiman valley is enclosed between the Vakarel Mountain to the northwest and the ridges of Belitsa to the northeast, Vetren to the southeast, and Septemvriyski to the south–southwest. The latter separates it from the Kostenets–Dolna Banya Valley to the south.
The slopes of the Ihtiman Valley have uneven gradient and size, ranging from longer and oblique at the Vakarel Mountain, to steep Septemvriyski ridge. Its center is an extensive flat accumulative field. The slopes are built up of gneiss, granite, sandstone and conglomerates, while the foundation is composed of Neogene–Quaternary sediments. The valley was formed as a result of tectonic subsidence at the end of the Upper Pliocene and the Quaternary.
The climate is temperate continental with frequent temperature inversions and mists in winter. The average annual temperature is 9.1 °C, with an average of -2.3 °C in January and 19.5 °C in July. The mean annual precipitation is 548 mm. It is drained by the river Mativir, a right tributary of the Topolnitsa of the Maritsa river basin. The soils are mainly chernozem and alluvial.
Administratively, it falls in Sofia Province on the territory of Ihtiman Municipality. Apart from the town of Ihtiman, there are eight villages — Boeritsa, Venkovets, Verinsko, Zhivkovo, Mirovo, Polyantsi, Stambolovo and Chernyovo.
The valley is served by several roads of the national network, as well as local roads. Its eastern reaches are traversed by a 11.9 km stretch Trakia motorway in direction northwest–southeast. Parallel to the motorway runs a 16.3 km section of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, both of them part of the strategic European route E80. In direction west–east is located a 12.2 km stretch of the third class III-822 road Samokov–Novo Selo–Ihtiman. The center of the valley is traversed by railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Svilengrad served by the Bulgarian State Railways.
The climatic and soil conditions of the Ihtiman Valley are favourable for agriculture, mainly cereals and potatoes, as well as animal husbandry. In Ihtiman there is metallurgic, machine building and textile industry. The oldest golf course in Bulgaria is situated in the valley.
Mativir

The Mativir (Bulgarian: Мътивир) is a river in southern Bulgaria, a right tributary river Topolnitsa, a left tributary of the Maritsa. Its length is 61 km. The Mativir drains significant areas of the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora mountain range.
The river takes its source under the name Baba in the western part of the Ihtimanska Sredna Gora at an altitude of 963 m, some 1.3 km west of the village of Borika. In the first 2 km it flows north and then turns eastwards passing through a deep forested valley. At the confluence between the Baba, the Razhana and the Meshkovitsa at 693 m, now under the name Matnitsa, the river turns southeast and after 3 km it enters the Ihtiman Valley. It the valley it flows in a corrected river bed. At 2 km north of the village of Mirovo it turns northeast, exits the valley and enters the Sersemkale Gorge between the ridges of Belitsa to the northwest and Eledzhik to the southeast, both part of Sredna Gora. It flows into the Topolnitsa Reservoir at an altitude of 393 m.
Its drainage basin covers a territory of 412 km or 23% of the Topolnitsa's total.
The Mativir has predominantly rain-snow feed with high water in March and low water in August. The average annual discharge at Sersemkale Gorge is 1.5 m/s.
The river flows entirely in Sofia Province. There are two settlements along its course, the village of Paunovo and the town of Ihtiman, both in Ihtiman Municipality. The river's waters are utilised for irrigation and industrial water supply in Ihtiman Valley.
There are several important transport corridors along the Mativir valley. These include a 15 km stretch of the Trakia motorway and a 16 km section of the first class I-8 road Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Kapitan Andreevo, both part of the European route E80. There is also a 6 km stretch of the third class III-803 road Ihtiman–Lesichovo–Pazardzhik through the Sersemkale Gorge.
Between the confluence of the Baba, the Razhana and the Meshkovitsa and the village of Mirovo a section of the Bulgarian State Railways railway line No. 1 Kalotina–Sofia–Plovdiv–Svilengrad follows the Mativir valley.
Ihtiman dialect

The Ihtiman dialect is a Bulgarian dialect, member of the Southwestern Bulgarian dialects, which is spoken in the regions of Ihtiman, Kostenets and Septemvri in central western Bulgaria. It is transitional between the Botevgrad and Samokov dialect.
For other phonological and morphological characteristics typical for all Southwestern dialects, cf. Southwestern Bulgarian dialects.
Стойков, Стойко: Българска диалектология, Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов", 2006 [1]
FC Botev Ihtiman

FC Botev Ihtiman (Bulgarian: ФК Ботев Ихтиман) is a Bulgarian association football club based in Ihtiman, which competes in the South-West Third League, the third tier of Bulgarian football league system.
As of 1 August 2020 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Ihtiman Hook

Ihtiman Hook (Bulgarian: Ихтиманска коса, ‘Ihtimanska Kosa’ \ih-ti-'man-ska ko-'sa\) is a gravel barrier spit extending 700 m westward from the north coast of Burgas Peninsula on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Situated 2.8 km east-northeast of Rila Point, 5.9 km west of Renier Point, and 1.5 km south of Half Moon Island.
The hook is named after the town of Ihtiman in western Bulgaria.
Ihtiman Hook is located at 62°36′43″S 59°54′51″W﻿ / ﻿62.61194°S 59.91417°W﻿ / -62.61194; -59.91417. Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05. British mapping in 1968, Chilean in 1971, Argentine in 1980, and Bulgarian in 2005 and 2009.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission.
Ejiro Amos Tafiri

Ejiro Amos Tafiri ni mbunifu wa mitindo kutokea Nigeria, ni mjasiriamali na mwanzilishi wa chapa ya Ejiro Amos Tafiri (EAT) ambayo ilianzishwa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya mitindo ya mwanamke wa kisasa.
Tafiri alizaliwa katika jiji la Lagos. Upendo wake kwa mitindo ulianza akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu kupitia ushawishi wa bibi yake ambaye wakati huo alikuwa mshonaji wake. Alitarajiwa na wazazi wake kusoma udaktari lakini alichagua mavazi na ubunifu katika Chuo cha Teknolojia cha Yaba.
Tafiri alianzisha chapa yake mnamo 2010. Mnamo mwaka wa 2015, mkusanyiko wa kazi yake iitwayo The Madame ilionyeshwa katika Wiki ya Mitindo ya Native & Vogue Port Harcourt, Wiki ya Mitindo ya Dakar na Wiki ya Mitindo ya Kenya.
Janet Otieno

Janet Achieng Otieno (alizaliwa 24 Desemba 1977) maarufu kama Janet Otieno, ni mwimbaji na mtunzi wa muziki wa injili kutoka Kenya . Alikuwa mshindi wa Tuzo za Mwafaka na kuteuliwa katika Tuzo za Groove za "Collaboration of the year" mwaka wa 2014 kwa wimbo "Napokea Kwako" ambao alimshirikisha Christina Shusho kutoka Tanzania.
Janet Achieng Otieno alizaliwa 24 Desemba 1977 ni mtoto wa pili kuzaliwa katika familia ya watoto sita. Janet ameolewa na Alfred Otieno ambaye walikutana naye kanisani walipokuwa wakiimba katika kanisa la redeemed gospel church na kuoana mwaka wa 1996.
Barbara Minishi

Barbara Minishi ni mwigizaji, msanii, mpiga picha wa mitindo na mkurugenzi wa sanaa zinazoendeleza mada za hadithi za binafsi, Asili, Alchemy & Arcana na sanaa za kuona za kujieleza kutoka Kenya.
Kama mkurugenzi wa sanaa amefanya kazi kwenye filamu na video ya muziki, na pia kwa Kapringen ( A Hijacking ), filamu ya kipengele cha Denmark kutoka 2003. Nchini Kenya, yeye ni mpiga picha wa kitaalamu wa mitindo anayezingatiwa sana. Msururu wa picha za Minishi umeangaziwa katika kitabu cha Wapiga Picha 9 kutoka Kenya kilichochapishwa kwa ushirikiano na Makumbusho ya Kitaifa ya Kenya
Barbara Minishi alihitimu na shahada ya BA katika mawasiliano mwaka wa 2003. Kazi yake kama mpiga picha mtaalamu ilianza alipogundua picha za uhusiano wa moyo zilizojitokeza ndani yake.
"Upigaji picha ulianzisha uvumbuzi wangu wa kibunifu na kamera ikawa chombo changu cha kufichua, kuunda upya, na kucheza na maandishi kama haya ya utambulisho. Ilikuwa ni 'sauti' yangu na njia ya kuunda 'matukio' ya kujihusisha na mandhari kama vile dhana potofu na ukabila, ardhi na mali, usemi wa hisia, ushawishi wa mijini na uzuri.
Licha ya 'mafanikio' ya kibiashara nilianza kutilia shaka jukumu langu kama mwasiliani wa picha za kike wa kiafrika na jinsi maono yangu, mwelekeo na muundo wa kazi ungebadilika na kuanza kujihusisha na uchunguzi na kushirikisha yale ambayo yalihusisha watazamaji na pia kuunda nafasi za kuhusika na kujihusisha na watazamaji.
Mazoezi yangu yanabadilika na nimeweza kutumia zana mpya ambazo sasa zinajumuisha filamu, ngoma, uchoraji wa nishati, kazi ya ndoto na Intuitive Sound +Movement.
Nimejipata katika nafasi wazi na kuanza kushiriki katika mabadiliko yanayohusisha mazungumzo ya kuona yaliyowekwa safu, simulizi za uchunguzi wa maarifa yaliyojumuishwa, swali la kimungu la kike na la kutafakari.
Mwingiliano na nia iliyofichika na ushirikiano na usemi umejitokeza na mabadiliko haya yanazingatia uundaji wa ufahamu na mazingira mapya, utamaduni na mawazo."
Kazi yake imebadilika na ameanza kujihusisha na uelekezi wa filamu yake ya kipengele na miradi mingine kama filamu fupi za majaribio, video za mitindo, maandishi yaliyoagizwa, Uchoraji, na Uandishi.
Minishi ameshinda tuzo la Mkurugenzi Bora wa Sanaa katika filamu ya Nairobi Half Life katika Tuzo za African Magic Viewer's Choice za 2014 mwezi Machi 2014.
Ebenezer Andrews

Ebenezer Andrews, (alizaliwa 21 Mei 2000) ni mchezaji wa badminton nchini Ghana. Mnamo Aprili 2019, alikuwa sehemu ya timu ya Ghana ambayo ilishinda taji la shaba katika mashindano ya All Africa Mixed Team Championship ambayo yalifanyika huko Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Andrews alizaliwa 21 mei 2000 huko Winneba, Ghana. Ni mwanafunzi wa Chuo kikuu cha ualimu, Winneba.
Andrews alishiriki katika Mashindano ya Badminton ya Vijana wa Afrika mwaka 2013 (U-19) yaliyofanyika nchini Algeria.
Pia alishiriki katika michezo ya 10 ya All Africa Games katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kenyatta huko Nairobi, Kenya.
Andrews na mwenzake Eyram Migbodzi waliwashinda wapinzani wao wa Ivory Coast Doulo Lou Annick na Ousmane Ovedroogo kwa alama 21 –12, 21 –13 na kushinda katika kitengo cha timu mbili za wanaume.
Katika Michezo ya Commonwealth Games mwaka 2018 iliyofanyika nchini Australia, Andrews na mwenzake Daniel Doe walishinda taji la dhahabu katika seti tatu za 2-1 dhidi ya Emmanuel Botwe na Abraham Ayittey katika fainali mara mbili.
Batiki

Batiki ni ufundi wa uchapaji urembo kwenye nguo kwa kutumia rangi na nta ambao una asili ya Indonesia.
Batiki hutokana na kuchorwa kwa matone na mistari kwa kutumia nyenzo iitwayo tjanting au kwa kutumia nyenzo ya shaba iitwayo cap.
Desturi ya kutengeneza nguo za batiki ipo katika nchi mbalimbali ila Indonesia ndiyo nchi inayojulikana zaidi kwa desturi hii.
Ingawa batiki inatengenezwa kwenye miji mbalimbali huko Indonesia, batiki ya kisiwa cha Java ndiyo inayoaminika kuwa ya ustadi wa juu kabisa duniani.
Mnamo Oktoba 2009, UNESCO iliitambua batiki ya Indonesia kuwa Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Neno batik linatokana na lugha ya Kijava. Huenda limetokana na neno la Kijava amba ('kuandika') na titik ('kitone'), au limetokana na neno lenye asili ya Proto-Austronesia *beCík ('kuchora mwilini'). Neno hili lilitokea kwa mara ya kwanza kwenye Kamusi Elezo ya Britannica mwaka 1880, ambapo liliandikwa battik. Wakati wa ukoloni wa Uholanzi maneno yaliyotumika ni pamoja na: mbatek, mbatik, batek na batik.
Liga dos Escuteiros de Mozambique

Liga dos Escuteiros de Moçambique (LEMO) ni chama cha Skauti nchini Msumbiji,chama hiki kilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1994 lilianzishwa mwaka wa 1994 na kuwa mwanachama wa chama cha Skauti Duniani mnamo mwaka 1999, mwaka 2017 chama hiki kilikuwa na jumla ya wanachama 31,108 huku wanachama wengi wakiwa wanatoka katika miji mikubwa huku kamanda mkuu wa Skauti akiwa ni raia wa Poland anaejulikana kama Leonardo Adamowicz.
Msumbiji ilikuwa mwenyeji wa Jamboree ya Afrika ya 5 mwaka 2006, na ilitarajiwa kuwa mwenyeji wa Mkusanyiko wa Dunia wa Waskauti uliofutwa mwaka 2008. Chama hicho ni mwanachama wa Comunidade do Escutismo Lusófono (Jumuiya ya Uaskauti wa Kiprake).
Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Garamba

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Garamba, Ina eneo la kilomita za mraba 2,000 za mbuga ya taifa iliyopo kaskazini-mashariki mwa Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo .
Ni miongoni mwa mbuga kongwe zaidi barani Afrika, na iliteuliwa kuwa kwenye orodha ya Hifadhii ya Urithi wa Dunia na UNESCO mwaka 1980 kwa sababu ya mandhari na makazi muhimu ya vifaru weupe wa kaskazini, tembo, viboko na twiga . Garamba imekuwa ikisimamiwa na shirika la African Parks kwa ushirikiano na Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), tangu 2005.
Hifadhi ya taifa ilianzishwa mwaka wa 1938.
Hifadhi hiyo iliteuliwa kuwa hifadhi ya Urithi wa Dunia na UNESCO mnamo 1980, na ilijumuishwa kwenye Orodha ya Urithi wa Dunia wa hifadhi zilizopo kwenye hatari katika shirika hilo kutoka 1984-1992.
Mbuga hii yenye mandhari ya savanna inasaidia msongamano mdogo wa miguka . Baadhi ya nyasi za Garamba zinaweza kukua hadi futi 10 .
Garamba ni makazi ya aina mbalimbali za mamalia, ikiwa ni pamoja na aina mbalimbali za swala, pamoja na nyati, tembo, fisi, nguruwe wakubwa wa msituni, twiga, kiboko na simba .
Hifadhi hii ina idadi ya twiga wa kipekee waliosalia katika Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo, spishi ndogo za Kordofan, ambazo zina chini ya spishi 60; na mojawapo ya idadi kubwa zaidi ya tembo iliyosalia nchini.
Antoni Abati

Antoni abati (Qumans, Misri, 251 hivi - Jangwa la Thebe, Misri, 17 Januari 357) ni mkaapweke anayehesabiwa na Kanisa kuwa baba wa umonaki, ingawa kihistoria si wa kwanza kushika mtindo huo wa maisha katika Ukristo, ila ndiye aliyewahi kupata wafuasi wengi sana.
Anaitwa "abati" (yaani "baba") tangu alipopokea wafuasi hao .
Anaheshimiwa tangu zamani sana kama mtakatifu.
Sikukuu yake inaadhimishwa tarehe 17 Januari au 31 Januari kila mwaka.
Maisha yake yalisimuliwa na Atanasi wa Aleksandria katika kitabu maarufu kilichochangia sana uenezi wa umonaki hadi Ulaya pia kwa kupitia tafsiri ya Kilatini Vita Antonii.
Maisha ya Antoni yanajulikana hasa kupitia kitabu hicho kilichotolewa mwaka 357 na kuenea haraka sana.
Katiba kitabu hicho vinatiwa mkazo vishawishi mbalimbali ambavyo vilimpata Antoni jangwani, na ambavyo alivishinda kwa kupokea shauri la wakaapweke waliomtangulia.
Antoni anafahamika pia kupitia kitabu Vita Sanctii Pauli primi eremitae kilichoandikwa na Jeromu mwaka 375 hivi. Humo anasimulia walivyokutana kwenye Tebais Antoni na mzee Paulo wa Tebe, maarufu kama "mkaapweke wa kwanza".
Antoni alizaliwa huko Qumans; wazazi wake walikuwa Wakristo wakulima wenye mashamba mengi. Kabla ya kufikia umri wa miaka 20 alifiwa na wote wawili, akapaswa kushughulikia mali ya urithi na dada mdogo.
Lakini mapema aliguswa na neno la Injili (Mt 19:21) ambalo Yesu alimhimiza kijana tajiri awagawie maskini mali zake zote akamfuate.
Kwa awamu mbili Antoni alitekeleza agizo hilo akamkabidhi dada yake kwa jumuia ya watawa wanawake, akaenda kuishi kwa sala na kazi, useja na ufukara jangwani, si mbali na kijiji chake.
Baadaye alikwenda kuishi mbali zaidi, kwanza katika pango lililochimbwa mwambani, halafu karibu na Bahari ya Shamu kwenye mlima Pispir, palipokuwa na ngome ya kale ya Warumi na chemchemi ya maji.
Kuanzia hapo (285) kwa miaka 20 aliishi huko, akila tu mkate alioletewa mara mbili kwa mwaka.
Maisha yake yote akazidi kumtafuta Mungu tu mahali pa upweke kamili zaidi pamoja na kubandukana na mambo yote moyoni.
Kisha kukimbia ulimwengu na vishawishi vyake, alikabili ukosefu wake mwenyewe na shetani katika mapambano yaliyodai silaha za hakika, yaani imani, sala, mfungo na ishara ya msalaba.
Mfano wake ulivuta wanaume na wanawake wengi toka sehemu mbalimbali aliowaongoza bila kuacha upweke wake, isipokuwa kwa kutetea imani sahihi na umoja wa Kanisa ilivyodaiwa na upendo.
Ni kwamba taratibu wengi walipenda kumkaribia, na ndipo alipoanza kutenda miujiza mingi na kuongoza kiroho wamonaki kadhaa pande mbili za mto Naili.
Mwaka 311, wakati wa dhuluma ya Kaisari Dioklesyano, Antoni alirudi Aleksandria ili kutegemeza imani ya Wakristo.
Mwenyewe hakudhulumiwa, pia kwa sababu ya barua ya kumtetea ambayo rafiki yake Atanasi alimuandikia Kaisari Konstantino Mkuu.
Baada ya amani kurudi, ingawa Antoni aliendelea kuwasiliana na Atanasi na kumsaidia kupambana na uzushi wa Ario, aliishi katika jangwa la Tebais, alipofariki tarehe 17 Januari 357, akiwa na umri wa miaka zaidi ya mia.
Tafsiri ya Kiingereza ya Vita Antonii iliyoandikwa na Atanasi.
Tuzo ya Eric Gregory

Tuzo ya Eric Gregory ni tuzo ya fasihi inayotolewa kila mwaka na jamii ya waandishi nchini Uingereza kwa washairi walio na umri wa chini ya miaka 18.
Tuzo hiyo ilianzishwa mwaka 1960 na Erick Gregory kwa ajili ya kuunga mkono na kuwatia moyo washairi wachanga.
Mwaka 2019 washindi sita walipatikana: James Connor Patterson, Sophie Collins, Mary Jean Chan, Dominic Leonard, Seán Hewitt, na Phoebe Stuckes. Kila shairi lilizawadiwa euro 4,725.
Nguo ya Korhogo

Nguo ya Korhogo ni nguo ya Kiafrika iliyotengenezwa na watu wa Senufo wa Korhogo, Ivory Coast . Mara nyingi huelezewa kuwa katika vivuli vya bogolafini (kitambaa cha matope) na kente, korhogo huja na rangi na udongo kama vile hudhurungi, nyeusi na krimu.
Korhogo hutengenezwa kwa michoro ya uchoraji kwa mikono kwenye kitambaa cha pamba kilichosokotwa kwa mkono. Michoro hiyo huchorwa kwa kutumia rangi ya asili ya matope yaliyochacha, ambapo hutiwa giza baada ya muda, na miundo kwa kawaida huchorwa kwa kutumia stencil. Hupambwa kwa alama za wanadamu, vitu asilia kama jua, mwezi na nyota na wanyama, ambavyo vyote vimekita mizizi katika tamaduni na hadithi za Senufo. Wasenufo hutumia kitambaa hicho kama ngao dhidi ya roho za kulipiza kisasi kwa kuvivaa au kuvitundika kwenye nyumba/mahekalu. Korhogo imeagizwa kwa ajili ya wawindaji (mashujaa muhimu) na matukio ya ibada kama vile mazishi/sherehe maalum.
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Doreen Southwood

Doreen Southwood (alizaliwa mnamo mwaka 1974) ni msanii na mbunifu wa mitindo wa Afrika Kusini na pia mmiliki wa duka ndani ya Cape Town.
Anafanya kazi na aina nyingi ya vyombo vya habari katika kazi zake za kisanaa akichonga sanamu, vipengee, chapa, filamu na vinginevyo ambavyo vilitegemea sana uzoefu na utafutaji binafsi. Ugombea wake kuhusu dosari binafsi na mizunguko ya ukandamizaji na kukabiliana na janga hilo linaloambatana na kihafidhina, tabaka la kati, Afrikaans wakihamasisha mengi ya kazi yake, wakiita tahadhari kwa njia ambazo wanawake wananyamazishwa au vinginevyo kukandamizwa katika nafasi hiyo kuhusu dosari binafsi. Mwaka 2003, Southwood alitajwa kuwa mshindi wa jumla wa tuzo za Brett Kebble Art Awards kwa kazi yake ya uchongaji wa shaba uliopakwa rangi, "The Swimmer." Uchongaji huo ulimshirikisha msichana akitazama mbele wakati anasimama mwishoni mwa bodi ya kupiga mbizi. Kwa tuzo hii, Southwood ilipokea R100,000, wakati huo tuzo kubwa zaidi kwa mchoro mmoja katika historia ya Afrika Kusini. Kazi yake iliyoonyeshwa Senegal, Cuba, New York City, na kote South Africa. Mwaka 2001 alifungua duka ndani Cape Town likaitwa Mememe, ambayo inataka kufanya kazi ya wabunifu mitindo wa Kiafrika inapatikana kwa umma. Duka lingine la Mememe lilifunguliwa mjini Johannesburg mwaka 2011. Miundo ya Southwood mwenyewe imeonyeshwa katika wiki za mtindo huko Johannesburg na Cape Town na inajulikana kwa sifa za kike na nostalgic.
Southwood alipokea shahada ya Sanaa ya Urembo katika chuo kikuu cha ''University of Stellenbosch'' mwaka 1998
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Afrika ya Magharibi

Afrika ya Magharibi ni ukanda wa magharibi kwenye bara la Afrika.
Kwa kawaida huhesabiwa humo nchi zilizo kati ya jangwa la Sahara na Bahari ya Atlantiki. Upande wa mashariki ukanda huu unaishia kwenye mstari kati ya mlima Kamerun na ziwa Chad.
Katika lugha ya Kiarabu nchi za Afrika ya kaskazini-magharibi zinaitwa "Maghrib" yaani "Magharibi" lakini ni sehemu ya ukanda wa Afrika ya Kaskazini.
Ukanda wa Afrika ya Kakazini ya UM una nchi 16 zifuatazo pamoja na visiwa vya Kiingereza vya Saint Helena:
Afrika ya Kati

Afrika ya Kati ni kanda la bara la Afrika iliyoko katikati ya bara. Katika hesabu ya Umoja wa Mataifa (UM) nchi 9 zifuatazo huhesabiwa kuwa sehemu zake:
Afrika ya Kati kwa maana ya mpangilio ya UM ni nchi kusini ya jangwa Sahara, mashariki ya Afrika ya Magharibi na upande wa magharibi wa Bonde la Ufa la Afrika ya Mashariki. Mto mkubwa wa kanda ni mto Kongo.
Mwisho wa ukoloni kati ya 1953-1963 palikuwa na Shirikisho la Afrika ya Kati la nchi za kisasa za Malawi, Zambia na Zimbabwe zinazohesabiwa siku hizi kuwa sehemu za Afrika ya Kusini au Afrika ya Magharibi.
Uislamu barani Afrika

Uislamu barani Afrika una uwepo mkubwa huko Afrika Kaskazini, Pembe ya Afrika, Pwani ya Waswahili, na wengine wengi huko Afrika Magharibi, kukiwa na idadi ndogo Afrika Kusini.
Afrika ilikuwa bara la kwanza nje ya Uarabuni ambapo Uislamu lilianza kuenea mapema katika karne ya 7. Karibia theluthi moja ya idadi ya Waislamu wote duniani wanaishi katika bara hili.
Waislamu walipita Jibuti na Eritrea kuomba hifadhi ya makazi katika Ethiopia ya leo wakati wa Kuhamia Uhabeshi.
Waislamu walio wengi barani Afrika ni wa dhehebu la Sunni; utatanishi wa Uislamu barani Afrika umeonekana katika shule mbalimbali za fikira, mapokeo, na sauti kutoka katika nchi nyingi za Afrika. Uislamu wa Afrika sio tuli kabisa na umekuwa ukibadilika kulingana na jamii ulionea - hasa kutokana na uchumi na hali za siasa.
Ilipata kukadiriwa mnamo mwaka wa 2002 ya kwamba taasisi za Kiislamu zimefikia asilimia 45 ya wakazi wote wa Afrika.
Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi

Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi (au kwa Kiingereza South-West Africa) ilikuwa jina la eneo la Namibia ya leo kuanzia mwaka 1922 hadi uhuru wa nchi ya Namibia mwaka 1990.
Maeneo yake yaliunganishwa mara ya kwanza ilipokuwa koloni la Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi ya Kijerumani kwenye mwaka 1884. Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia ilivamiwa na Uingereza na Afrika Kusini. Pamoja na makoloni mengine ya Ujerumani iliwekwa chini ya mamlaka ya Shirikisho la Mataifa.
Hivyo tangu 1922 ilikuwa eneo la kudhaminiwa na kukabidhiwa kwa Afrika Kusini.
Wakati wa kuvunjwa kwa Shirikisho la Mataifa mwaka 1946, Umoja wa Mataifa ulichukua wajibu wa kuratibu maeneo ya kudhaminiwa.
Afrika Kusini haikutambua badiliko hili ikitangaza ya kwamba hali ya udhamini ilikuwa ya Afrika ya Kusini-Magharibi tangu kuvunjwa kwa Shirikisho la Mataifa.
Mwaka 1949 bunge la Afrika Kusini lilitangaza sheria ya kufanya eneo jimbo la tano la Afrika Kusini na kueneza siasa yake apartheid (ubaguzi wa rangi) hadi huko.
Baadaye mfumo wa bantustan sawa na Afrika Kusini ulianzishwa pia huko ambako maeneo makubwa yenye rutuba yalitengwa kwa ajili ya Wazungu ilhali Waafrika walitakiwa kuwa na maeneo kadhaa tu kama "homeland" walipokuwa na haki ya kukaa lakini katika maeneo mengine waliruhusiwa kukaa kama wafanyakazi kwa muda tu. Mfumo huo haukutekelezwa kwa ukali, tofauti na Afrika Kusini yenyewe.
Hii haikukubaliwa na Umoja wa Mataifa ulioendelea kudai ya kwamba Afrika Kusini ilipaswa kuandaa eneo kwa uhuru.
Mwaka 1966 Mkutano Mkuu wa UM uliamua kuondoa mamlaka ya Afrika Kusini na kuweka eneo moja kwa moja chini ya Umoja wa Mataifa. Azimio hilO halikuweza kutekelezwa kwa sababu Afrika Kusini ilikataa.
Hapo wanamgambo wa chama cha SWAPO walichukua silaha wakajaribu kupigania uhuru..
Azimio la Mkutano Mkuu wa UM la mwaka 1968 lilibadilisha jina la eneo kuwa Namibia.
Mwaka 1971 Mahakama ya Kimataifa ya Haki ikaamua ya kwamba utawala wa Afrika Kusini si wa haki. Hapo serikali ya Afrika Kusini ikaanza kuchukua hatua za kuandaa uhuru wa eneo hili, lakini vita kati ya jeshi lake, SWAPO na wanajeshi wa Angola na Kuba iliendelea.
Baada ya mapatano ya kumpumzisha silaha mwaka 1988, majadiliano kati ya pande mbalimbali yalianzishwa rasmi na mwaka 1990 nchi ilipata uhuru wake kwa jina la Namibia.
Kenya Kinski-Jones

Kenya Julia Niambi Sarah Jones (born February 9, 1993), known professionally as Kenya Kinski-Jones is an American fashion model.
Jones was born in Los Angeles to American musician Quincy Jones and German actress Nastassja Kinski (née Nakszynski). She has two maternal half-siblings and 6 paternal half-siblings including actresses Rashida and Kidada Jones, and producer Quincy Jones III. Kenya has been a vegetarian since she was 8 years old. In 2015, she graduated from Loyola Marymount University with a degree in journalism.
Jones was discovered by fashion photographer Bruce Weber, who shot her first modeling job for Vogue España, a magazine She started her career at Ford Models. Her first runway show was for Chanel. She has appeared in campaigns for Calvin Klein, Stella McCartney, Nasty Gal, and Ermanno Scervino. She was in editorials for Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, Nylon, Teen Vogue, V, Glamour, and L'Officiel.
Since 2011, Jones has been in a relationship with American actor Will Peltz, a son of businessman Nelson Peltz.
Edwin Chiloba

Edwin Kiprotich Kiptoo (6 February 1997 – January 2023), better known as Edwin Chiloba, was a Kenyan fashion designer, model, and LGBTQ activist.
Chiloba was born in the small, sparsely populated village of Sergoit in Elgeyo-Marakwet County, Kenya. At a very young age, he lost his mother and then he was orphaned when his father died while he was in high school. He was a staunch Catholic growing up, joining the Young Christian Students at Sergoit Primary School. After spending his formative years moving from relative to relative, he eventually enrolled in the education program at Moi University's West Campus to earn his university degree. In 2019, he moved to Eldoret from Nairobi to study fashion.
During his third year of studies at Moi University West Campus, Chiloba began to actively pursue a career in fashion, creating outfits and attending photoshoots and pageants, much to his relatives' disapproval. This impacted the continuation of Edwin's degree where some people believed that he was being influenced by Satan. Chiloba dropped out and moved to Nairobi where he looked to become a fashion designer. It was then that he met Peter and Donna Pfaltzgraff, a missionary couple living and working in Kenya, through Facebook With support from the Pfaltzgraffs, he moved to Eldoret from Nairobi in 2019 to study a Fashion Design course at the University of Eldoret.
Edwin Chiloba was nominated for the Pulse Fashion Influencer of the year award in 2021.
In addition to fashion, Chiloba was an advocate for LGBTQ+ rights. In December 2022, he posted on his Instagram page that he was "going to fight for all marginalised people", saying that he had also suffered from marginalisation.
On 6 January 2023, Chiloba was found dead in a metal trunk by the roadside near Eldoret in Uasin Gishu County. Police were tipped off by a motorcycle taxi driver who reported seeing the box being dumped by a car with no license plates. The body was described as wearing women's clothing and was transported to Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital to establish the motive for the death. Chiloba was reported as missing, having last been seen on New Year's Day, when he returned home with friends in the early morning. Police believe that is the day that Chiloba was killed, as neighbors reported to have heard "commotion and cries which subsided after a short while".
Uasin Gishu county criminal investigations officer Peter Kimulwo announced that Jackton Odhiambo, a 24-year-old photographer who was described as a "longtime friend" of Chiloba and had been visiting him from Nairobi, had been arrested in connection with Chiloba's death. On 8 January, it was announced that three more people had been arrested in connection with the murder. On 4 December 2024, Odhiambo was convicted of Chiloba's murder. On 16 December 2024, Odhiambo was sentenced to 50 years in prison for murdering Chiloba.
Rights groups have been described as speculating that Chiloba's murder was in connection to his sexuality, but no motive has been determined as of yet.
Chiloba was buried on 17 January in Sergoit village, Elgeyo Marakwet County.
Aulgah Nato

Aulgah Nato (born Aulgah Ojijo) is a Kenyan fashion designer. She grew up in Homa Bay County.
Nato graduated from the Nairobi University with a degree in communications. Her mother died when Nato was 9 years old.
She owns Shop Nato which was awarded Outstanding Contribution in Fashion for her role to African fashion industry. She works in collaboration with Moët & Chandon.
Dirac (dress)

The dirac (see Baati for the house dress) is a Somali garment worn by Somali women that is long, usually ankle length.
Bacwayne/half bac/bacyare dirac, simply known as dirac is one most commonly worn during celebrations/special events such as weddings, parties, festivals etc. It is usually made out of either chiffon, silk (which are both usually the sheerest variation of dirac) or velvet (one of the least see-through), amongst many other materials. It is always accompanied with an ankle length underskirt called gorgorad/googarad and a wrap/shawl called garbasaar which is either worn loosely around the head or neatly on one shoulder. The dirac can also be wrapped in a Guntiino style which is known as dirac guntiino.
The above style of dirac is not worn by Somali brides, instead they wear a variation known as a Bridal dirac, which is simply an embroidered dirac with a gold belt, along with an embroidered garbasaar.
Baati/dirac shiid is yet another variation traditionally worn as a house dress and is made of cotton. This version is very popular within the entirety of East Africa due to Somali trading within those countries and is seen as a staple clothing.
The Dirac originated from Northern Somalia, when it was created by a group of Somali women around the 1700-1800's, but was popularised in the early/mid 1900's in Somalia and Djibouti, with bacwayne, translating to "big baggy", being popularised as well in the 1950s to 1970's. It then gradually spread to the rest of the Somali regions, slowly replacing the usage of a much older, traditional layered article of clothing called Sadex Qayd and it's single-layered offshoot Guntiino. It was made with colourful fabric, mainly locally made but some imported. The dirac was then adopted by neighbouring countries such as parts of Kenya, Yemen and Ethiopia, as well as Tanzania, Zanzibar and Oman due to Somali traders/merchants and the general diaspora that migrated to these regions.
The dirac set (dirac, gorgarad and garbasaar) is most likely a flashy derivative of the older traditional Somali style of dress called Sadex qayd due to the similarities of layering between the two.
• Guntiino
Kofia (hat)

The kofia is a type of brimless cylindrical headwear with a flat top, typically worn by Muslim men. It is closely related to the Omani Kuma. The kofia is a sign of peace, mourning and renewal, as well as protection of one's mind. Many believe that they are a symbol of a man's Islamic identity and are worn as a sign of reverence for Allah.
The Kofia, a traditional headwear in Somalia, is a round headdress with no brim and a flat crown. It is intricately crafted from woven colored cloth adorned with embroidered patterns in a variety of hues. This cap features small circular perforations incorporated into the fabric, serving both as a decorative element and a functional design to promote airflow and ventilation.
As an essential component of the Somali traditional attire for men, the Kofia is commonly donned as part of everyday dressing, embodying cultural significance and heritage. Its widespread usage in Somalia underscores its cultural importance and sartorial relevance, highlighting its role as a symbol of identity and tradition within the Somali community.
In November 27, 1962 during his state visit to the White House, Prime Mininister of the Somali Republic, Dr. Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, presented a Kofia to President Kennedy as gift.
A Kuma (كمة) is a rounded Omani cap traditionally worn by men. It is flat on the top with the rim folded inwards, and is often white decorated with various ornate colourful designs. It is specially sized (as opposed to one size fits all) and has small holes throughout the embroidery which help keep the head cool in the hot Omani sun. It is frequently worn as day-to-day attire
The kofi is worn Swahili men in East Africa, especially in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, and north and coast of Mozambique along with the eastern part of Democratic Republic of Congo. It is also commonly worn in Oman and is popular in Comoros. The kofi is often worn with a dashiki, a colorful African shirt which is called a kitenge shirt in some regions of East Africa. In Uganda, the kofia is worn with the kanzu (a white or cream-coloured tunic) on informal occasions. Jomo Kenyatta, the first President of Kenya, was often photographed wearing a kofia.
In Zanzibar, and Northern Uganda, the Bargashia is a popular hat. This hat was named after Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar, the former Sultan of Zanzibar. Unlike the kofia, it is covered in embroidery and does not have pin holes. Like the kofia, the bargashia is worn with the kanzu.
The fez is also worn with the kanzu and dashiki in East Africa. The East African style has a tassel that hangs from the top of the hat. The red fez was introduced into the region by the military. During British colonial rule of East Africa, the red fez was worn by a regiment called the King's African Rifles. The fez is also worn in West Africa, but the West African version has a stem on top of the hat, and no tassel.
The Cape Malays in Cape Town, South Africa, whose menfolk wear fezzes, sometimes refer to the fez as a kofia (also spelt kofija).
Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor

The Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor is a federal National Heritage Area in the United States along its southeastern coast, stretching from North Carolina to Florida. The intent of the designation is to help preserve and interpret the traditional cultural practices, sites, and resources associated with Gullah-Geechee people. Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, and the federal Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor Commission established to oversee it, were designated by an act of Congress on October 12, 2006, through the National Heritage Areas Act of 2006.
The Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor was the result of more than 15 years of research of a Gullah-Geechee descendant Derek Hankerson, Kristopher Smith, Diane Miller and others. They established the Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor, spanning from Pender County, NC, to St. Johns County, FL in 2006 and helped raise Fort Mose in St. Augustine as both a national historical site and part of the corridor.
The Gullah-Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor extends along the coast of the southeastern United States through North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida in recognition of the Gullah-Geechee people and culture. Gullah-Geechee are direct descendants of West African slaves brought into the United States around the 1700s. They were forced to work in rice paddies, cotton fields and indigo plantations along the South Carolina-Georgia seaboard where the warm and moist climate conditions helped them to preserve many African traditions . After the abolition of slavery, Gullah-Geechee people settled in remote villages around the coastal swath, where, thanks to their relative isolation, they formed strong communal ties and a unique culture that has endured for centuries.
The corridor is administered as a National Heritage Area in partnership between the National Park Service and local governments and cultural and tourism authorities.
The corridor is specifically focused on 79 Atlantic barrier islands within the designated area and their African-American inhabitants, and adjoining areas within 30 miles (48 km) of the coastline. The corridor includes Charles Pinckney National Historic Site, from which it is administered.
32°25′58″N 80°40′13″W﻿ / ﻿32.4327°N 80.6704°W﻿ / 32.4327; -80.6704
African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund

The African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund is a program formed in 2017 to aid stewards of Black cultural sites throughout the nation in preserving both physical landmarks, their material collections and associated narratives. It was organized under the auspices of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The initiative which awards grants to select applicants and advocates of Black history is led by architectural historian Brent Leggs. It is the largest program in America to preserve places associated with Black history and has currently raised over $150 million.
The program was conceived as a means towards creating greater resilience and capacity for sensitive and threatened places that tell the stories of Black American history. Support from the fund has aided the stabilization and restoration of numerous structures and properties from churches to cemeteries, from the Harriet Tubman Home in Auburn, New York to the Cleveland Public Theater in Ohio. The Action Fund has an advisory council which includes Ford Foundation president Darren Walker, literary critic and author Henry Louis Gates Jr., educator and historian Lonnie Bunch and actress Phylicia Rashad to name a few. Donors to the Fund have included philanthropist MacKenzie Scott who made a $20 million gift in 2021.
Since it was started, it has given grants to more than 300 preservation projects in overlooked communities across the United States.
Simultaneously to fixing dilapidated or threatened bricks and mortar projects, the goal of the fund is also to effect social change in neglected neighborhoods. The award of monies for the reuse and revitalization of culturally meaningful structures and landscapes results in a positive benefit for marginalized residents. Restoration of the home of blues artist Muddy Waters for example is less about just repairing a house - it is also about creating a venue for other musicians to be inspired and perhaps record their own music.
According to Leggs, its executive director, the Action Fund next plans to partner with Black churches as part of an investment in revitalizing community religious centers. A donation of $20 million to the Preserving Black Churches Project was announced on Martin Luther King Day in January 2022. The gift was made by the Lilly Endowment, one of the largest endowments in the United States.
In 2018, $1 million was awarded to 16 projects.
In 2019, $1.6 million was awarded to 22 projects and funding came through the Mellon Foundation.
In 2020, 27 grants were awarded totaling $1.6 million in funding.
In 2021, 40 recipients were recognized by the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund and $3 million in monies was disbursed.
In 2022, 33 recipients were recognized by the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund and $3 million in monies was disbursed.
In 2023, 40 sites were awarded $3.8 million.
Akarere ka Nyaruguru

Nyaruguru ni akarere kamwe m'uturere tugize intara y'Amajyepfo, gafite ubuso bungana na kilometero kare (Km2)1010. Nyaruguru izwiho cyane Kibeho nk'ubutaka butagatifu, ubuhinzi bw'Icyayi, Ikawa, Ingano, Ibirayi,ishyamba.
Nyaruguru igizwe n'imirenge cumi n'Ine (14) ariyo:
Ishyamba muri Nyaruguru

Abatuye mu Karere ka Nyaruguru bagiye basazurirwa amashyamba yatewe mu myaka ya 1970, barishimira inkunga batewe, by’akarusho bakanabihabwa akazi muri ibyo bikorwa kabahesheje amafaranga yo kwikenuza.
ni umwe mu bagize amahirwe yo gutererwa ishyamba ry’inturusu bundi bushya, mu gikorwa cy’Akarere ka Nyaruguru cyo kuvugurura amashyamba ya Leta, n’ay’abaturage byegeranye, Ishyamba bansazuriye ryari rimaze igihe kirekire kuko ryatewe muri za 73, Ryari rishaje ku buryo ritari ricyera neza. Nagombye kuba nararisazuye ku giti cyanjye, ariko byansabaga amafaranga menshi kandi n’abana baba bakeneye amafaranga y’ishuri.
Amashyamba asigaye akaba ayo gushaka ibikoresho byifashihwa, urugero nk’ingemwe mu gusazura amashyamba, Muri rusange kandi amashyamba asigaye gusarurwa ari kuri hegitari zibarirwa mu bihumbi bibiri.
UBUHINZI BW'ICYAYI MUNINI NYARUGURU

Mu Rwanda hahingwa bimwe mu bihigwa ngandura bukungu harimo icyayi gihingwa mu karere ka nyaruguru umurenga wa munini . Mu karere ka Nyaruguru hari ubuso buhinzeho icyayi busaha ha 5777.5 n’inganda eshatu zitanga umusaruro urenga toni 5600 z’icyayi gitunganije hakaba harimo n'uraganda rwa munini tea plantation .
Uruganda rw'icyayi gitunganyirizwa mu karere ka nyaruguru umurenge wa munini ni icyayi gikunzwe imbere mu gihugu akandi cyoherezwa no mu mahanga .Icyayi ni igihingwa ngandura bukungu gifite umumaro utandukanye byumwihariko ku bidukikije kuko gisigasira urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima kikongera ubwiza bwa aho gihinze .
Icyayi kigirira akamaro abahinzi mu kubaha amafaranga , ni kiza ku bakinywa ariko gifite akamoro ku bidukikije nu rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima muri rusange . Abakora ubuhinzi bw'icyayi bagaragaza iterambere na akamaro kacyo muri rusange nk 'uruganda rwa munini tea plantation rwahaye abaturage barenga 200 imirimo . Mugusigasira ibidukikije icyayi kimwe ni bindi bimera muri rusange bigira akamoro kanini mu guhangana ni ihinduka ry'ikirere no mu kurinda ibiza no kurwanya isuri ku misozi gihinzeho
Ibiti by'imbuto muri Nyaruguru

Abatuye mu Tugari twa Gahurizo na Rugerero mu Murenge wa Kivu mu Karere ka Nyaruguru, bavuga ko bifuza ingemwe zihagije z’ibiti by’imbuto kugira ngo babashe kurya indyo iboneye, banasagurire amasoko.
Bagaragaje iki cyifuzo ubwo bashyikirizwaga ingemwe z’ibiti zisaga ibihumbi 51, n’Ihuriro ry’amakoperative y’abahinzi buzuzanya (UNICOOPAGI) tariki 24 Mutarama 2023. Ni ingemwe z’ibiti zirimo iz’imbuto zisaga ibihumbi 12 n’iz’ibiti bindi zisaga ibihumbi 39, harimo ibivangwa n’imyaka ndetse n’ibitakiba mu biturage bisigaye muri Nyungwe gusa. Muri byo harimo imisave, imifu, imivumu n’imizibaziba.
Nk’imizibaziba bayifashisha mu kwivura no kuvura amatungo. Hari n’ibyo bagiye bahitamo kuko bivamo imbaho. Ni abaturage bagiye bihitiramo ibyo bakeneye, umuryango ICRAF na wo ukadufasha guhitamo ibiberanye n’agace bifuza kubihingamo. Ingemwe z’ibiti by’imbuto batahanye ni marakuja n’ibinyomoro bagiye gutera bishimye kuko ngo babyitezeho kuvugurura imibereho, haba ku bw’intungamubiri ndetse n’amafaranga nk’uko babyivugira.