davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
चर्चगेट

चर्चगेट हे मुंबईच्या पश्चिम उपनगरी रेल्वेवरील प्रथम स्थानक आहे. मुंबईच्या तटबंदीच्या शहरातील तीन वेशींपैकी एक या ठिकाणी होते. हा दरवाजा थेट सेंट थॉमस कॅथेड्रल चर्चकडे वळला, म्हणून त्यास "चर्च गेट"असे नाव देण्यात आले. स्टेशनचे बांधकाम १७७० पर्यंत पूर्ण झाले आणि त्यास चर्चगेट स्टेशन असे नाव देण्यात आले.
हे शहराचे दक्षिणेकडील स्टेशन आहे, जरी १९३१ पर्यंत कुलाबा हे सर्वात दक्षिणेकडील स्टेशन होते, तथापि चर्चगेटच्या पलीकडील रेल्वे लाईन काढली गेली आणि चर्चगेट हे सर्वात दक्षिणेकडील स्टेशन बनले.
१९५५ मध्ये अंकलेश्वर ते उत्तरान (२ मैलांच्या अंतरावर) दरम्यान रेल्वे मार्ग (बीजी) बांधून मुंबई, बडोदा आणि मध्य भारत रेल्वेचे (सध्याचा पश्चिम रेल्वे) उदघाटन करण्यात आला. १९५९ मध्ये ही ओळ पश्चिम किनारपट्टीवर मुंबईपर्यंत वाढविण्यात आली. मरीन लाइन्स जवळ ग्रँट रोड स्थानकाच्या पुढे, पूर्वेकडील किनाऱ्यावरील एक ट्रॅक तयार झाला. १२ एप्रिल १९६७ रोजी विरार ते बॉम्बे बॅक बे पर्यंत प्रत्येक मार्गाने प्रथम उपनगरी रेल्वे सुरू केली. त्यानंतर विरार, बेसिन, पांजे, बोरेवला, पहाडी, अंदारू, सांताक्रुझ, माहिम, दादर, ग्रँट रोड आणि बॉम्बे बॅकबे अशी नावे देण्यात आली.
सन १८७० मध्ये चर्चगेट प्रथमच स्टेशन म्हणून उल्लेख केला गेला. ही ओळ पुढे कुलाबाकडे १८७२मध्ये वाढली आणि तेथे वस्तूंचे शेड तयार केले गेले. सन १८८६मध्ये, कुलाबा येथे एक नवीन नवीन स्टेशन स्थापित केले गेले जे प्रवासी आणि उपनगरी दोन्ही मार्गासाठी टर्मिनस म्हणून काम करत होते. चर्चगेट ते कुलाबा दरम्यान रेल्वे रुळाचा भाग ताब्यात देण्याचे आदेश मुंबई सरकारने रेल्वेला दिले. म्हणूनच, बॉम्बे सेंट्रल (मुंबई सेंट्रल), बेलासिस ब्रिजजवळ एक नवीन स्टेशन तयार करण्यात आले होते, जे १८ डिसेंबर १९३० रोजी उघडण्यात आले. ३१ डिसेंबरच्या मध्यरात्रीपासून, कुलाबा, टर्मिनस होण्यापासून थांबले.
च्यांग्शी

च्यांग्शी (देवनागरी लेखनभेद: ज्यांग्शी; चिनी: 江西 ; फीनयिन: Jiāngxī ; ) हा चीन देशाच्या दक्षिणेकडील प्रांत आहे. याच्या उत्तरेस आंह्वी, ईशान्येस च-च्यांग, पूर्वेस फूच्यान, दक्षिणेस क्वांगतोंग, पश्चिमेस हूनान व वायव्येस हूपै हे प्रांत वसले आहेत. च्यांग्शीच्या उत्तर भागात यांगत्झे नदीचे खोरे पसरले असून दक्षिणेकडील भाग डोंगराळ आहे. नानछांग येथे च्यांग्शीची राजधानी आहे.
वसई रोड रेल्वे स्थानक

वसई रोड हे वसई शहरामधील एक रेल्वे स्थानक आहे. वसई रोड मुंबई उपनगरी रेल्वेच्या पश्चिम मार्गावर स्थित असून येथून मध्य रेल्वेवरील दिवा रेल्वे स्थानकाकडे जाणार एक उपमार्ग सुरू होतो. वसई-दिवा व दिवा-पनवेल ह्या दोन जोडमार्गांमुळे उत्तरेकडून पश्चिम रेल्वे मार्गे येणाऱ्या लांब पल्ल्याच्या रेल्वेगाड्यांना मुंबई वगळून परस्पर कोकण रेल्वेमार्गे दक्षिणेकडील राज्यांकडे वाहतूक करणे शक्य होते.
List of extreme points of India

The extreme points of India include the coordinates that are further north, south, east or west than any other location in India; and the highest and the lowest altitudes in the country. The northernmost point claimed by India is in territory disputed between India and Pakistan, and administered partially by both. With the exception of Kanyakumari, the southernmost location of mainland India, all other extreme locations are uninhabited.
The latitude and longitude are expressed in decimal degree notation, in which a positive latitude value refers to the northern hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the southern hemisphere. Similarly, a positive longitude value refers to the eastern hemisphere, and a negative value refers to the western hemisphere. The coordinates used in this article are sourced from Google Earth, which makes use of the WGS84 geodetic reference system. Additionally, a negative altitude value refers to land below sea level.
The northernmost point claimed by India lies in the Pakistani-administered territory of Gilgit-Baltistan, which India claims as a part of the union territory of Ladakh. The northernmost point administered by India lies in the union territory of Ladakh. This list provides the northernmost point as claimed by India; the northernmost disputed point that is administered by India; and the northernmost undisputed point in India. This case also applies to the highest elevated regions.
India's easternmost state is Arunachal Pradesh. Part of the state is claimed by China as part of Tibet Autonomous Region, though administered by India, The easternmost of Indian-administered territory is located in this disputed region. Consequently, this list mentions both the disputed and undisputed easternmost points in India.
All astronomical calculations are performed with respect to a Central Station at longitude 82°30’ East, latitude 23°11’ North.
Indira Point

Indira Point, the southernmost point of India's territory, is a village in the Nicobar district at Great Nicobar Island of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is located in the Great Nicobar tehsil.
Rondo Island, Indonesia's northernmost island in Sabang district of Aceh province of Sumatra, lies 163 km south of Little Andaman Island, and 145 km or 80 nautical miles from Indira Point. India and Indonesia are upgrading the deep sea port Sabang under the strategic military and economic collaboration to protect the channel between Great Nicobar Island and Rondo Island (c. May 2019), which is 612 km or 330 nautical miles from Indira Point.
This village was named Indira Point after former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The point was formerly known as Pygmalion Point and Parsons Point. It was renamed in honour of Indira Gandhi during mid-1980s. The announcement was made by the local Member of Parliament when Indira Gandhi visited the local light house on 19 February 1984. The official renaming ceremony happened on 10 October 1985.
The Indira Point lighthouse was commissioned into service on 30 April 1972.
Located 500 kilometres north of the epicenter of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, the southernmost tip subsided 4.25 metres (13.9 ft) after the earthquake, and many of the inhabitants went missing in the tsunami that followed. Sixteen to twenty families living next to the lighthouse and four scientists studying leatherback sea turtles were lost.
Port Blair is connected to mainland India via air service. From Port Blair, Campbell Bay can be reached by Pawan Hans Helicopter service. Inter Island Boat from Port Blair is also available which usually travels via Little Andaman, Car Nicobar and Nancowry en route to Campbell Bay. MV Campbell Bay also operates once in a week from Port Blair (Phoenix Bay) to Campbell Bay.
Government is also constructing a 21 km road from Shashtri Nagar to Indira Point via a bridge on the Galathea river. The total length of the road from Zero Point to Indira Point will be 56 km and it will completed within next few years (c. 2017). This area is protected by the Indian Coast Guard.
Galathea National Park and Lighthouse are the major attractions here.
The village comes under the administration of Laxmi Nagar panchayat.
The village lost many of its residents in the 2004 tsunami. According to the 2011 census of India, Indira Point has only 4 households left. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 85.19%.
Thiruvalluvar University

Thiruvalluvar University is a public state university in the city of Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established by the Government of Tamil Nadu, under the Thiruvalluvar University Act, 2002 (Tamil Nadu Act 32 of 2002). The university was named after the Tamil poet and sage Thiruvalluvar.
It began functioning as the 'Post Graduate Extension Centre of University of Madras', at the Fort Campus, Vellore. After bifurcation from the University of Madras, Thiruvalluvar University moved to a new campus at Serkadu, Vellore. The university affiliates Arts and Science colleges under the area comprising the districts of Ranipet, Tirupattur, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore.
University campus is spread over an area of 112 acres at Serkadu about 16 km from the Vellore city on NH-4. The campus was inaugurated by Dr. Karunanidhi on 27 November 2010. It was constructed at a cost of Rs.20.35 crores.
The campus has an administrative block, academic and computer science blocks, and a library.
University has following departments which offer several courses.
Courses offered at the university are
Vaali (poet)

Tiruchirapalli Srinivasan Rangarajan, professionally credited by his pseudonym Vaali (29 October 1931 – 18 July 2013) was an Indian poet who has the record for writing the most songs in Tamil cinema. He is also recognised for a five-decade long association in the Tamil film industry and has written over 15,000 songs. He acted in a number of films, including Sathya, Hey Ram, Paarthale Paravasam and Poikkal Kudhirai. He was honoured by the Government of India with the Padma Shri, India's fourth highest civilian honour in 2007.
Vaali was born in an Tamil Iyengar brahmin family as T. S. Rangarajan on 29 October 1931 to Srinivasan Iyengar and Ponnammal Iyengar. His native place is Thirupparaithurai, Tiruchirappalli district. Growing up, he studied at Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam, Srirangam till he finished his SSLC. He went to Madras in 1950 seeking an opportunity in the Tamil film industry. In the 1960s and 1970s, he received patronage from actor M. G. Ramachandran and became a successful lyricist, in competition with poet Kannadasan, which he had chronicled in his autobiography Naanum Indha Nootrandum. Vaali has also authored other books such as Avathara Purushan, Pandavar Bhoomi, Ramanuja Kaviyam, Krishna Vijayam, Thamizh Kadavul, Kalaignar Kaviyam, Krishna Bhakthan and Vaaliba vaali. His song "Amma Endru Azhaikatha Uyir Illaiye" is carved in the stone in a temple in Trichy. He wrote songs for M. G. Ramachandran in 64 films and also for Sivaji Ganesan in 80 films. He has written more than 15000 songs in Tamil films.
He died on 18 July 2013 in Chennai following respiratory illness, at the age of 82.
Vaali is a five-time winner of the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist
Colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III

The colossal red granite statue of Amenhotep III is a granite head of the 18th Dynasty ancient Egyptian Pharaoh Amenhotep III. Dating from around 1370 BCE, it was found in the temple enclosure of Mut at Karnak in Upper Egypt. Two parts of the broken colossal statue are known: the head and an arm. Both parts are now in the British Museum.
The statue is made of red granite. It is fragmentary: only the head and an arm are known to have survived.
The statue is thought to have been erected by King Amenhotep III, one of the huge number of statues that he had ordered to be built in ancient Thebes (Luxor).
It is uncertain whether it was originally erected at its findspot at the Temple of Mut in Karnak, or if it came to be there having been removed in antiquity from Amenhotep's massive mortuary temple on the West Bank of the River Nile at Kom el-Hitan. Other colossal statues of Amenhotep III include the two Colossi of Memnon, which still stand at his mortuary temple at Kom el-Hitan.
After its discovery, the statue was originally ascribed by scholars as a statue of King Thutmose III. The confusion has arisen from modification of the head by later rulers; it was common practice in Ancient Egypt for pharaohs to usurp statues of earlier rulers, modifying and re-inscribing them. The lips have had their corners drilled to suggest a smaller mouth, and the heavy cosmetic lines around the eyes, suggestive of the style of cosmetic fashion in Amenhotep III's time, have been largely erased. It is now thought that the alterations were made in the time of, and to represent, Ramesses II.
The broken statue was discovered in the temple enclosure of Mut at Karnak by Giovanni Battista Belzoni and Henry William Beechey in 1817. The head was found in front of the temple of Khonsupakhered. After being uncovered, the head needed to be moved to Luxor on the Nile for transport upriver to Alexandria and thence to London. Moving the head was not easy: it took eight days to transport it the single mile (1.6 km) to Luxor. Belzoni does not mention the exact location where the arm was found, though it is assumed to have been found with the head.
The head was stored for a period in the house of a Signor Rossi in Cairo:
The head is 2.9 meters high, and is depicted wearing the pschent, the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. The British Museum has been in possession of the head since acquiring it from Henry Salt in 1823. It has the reference number EA 15 and is displayed in Room 4 of the Museum.
The arm, a left arm, is 3.30m long and terminates in a clenched fist. The British Museum has been in possession of the arm since acquiring it from Henry Salt in 1823. It has the reference number EA 55 and is displayed in Room 4 of the Museum.
List of colossal sculptures in situ

A colossal statue is one that is more than twice life-size. This is a list of colossal statues and other sculptures that were created, mostly or all carved, and remain in situ. This list includes two colossal stones that were intended to be moved. However, they were never broken free of the quarry in which they were carved, and therefore they would be considered carved in situ. Most of these were carved in ancient times.
In many cases, especially in India, these sculptures were carved out of softer rocks like sandstone or volcanic tuff. However, in some cases they were carved out of harder rocks like basalt, or even granite in the case of the unfinished obelisk in Egypt. The Egyptians may have been limited to using 4.5-kilogram (10-pound) dolerite balls to chip away at the granite. Dynamite was used in the carving of Mount Rushmore's Shrine of Democracy, one of the few colossal sculptures that was carved out of granite.
Statue of Ramesses II

The Statue of Ramesses II is a colossal 3,200-year-old figure of Ramesses II, depicting him standing. It is 11 meters tall, made from red granite, and weighs 83 tons. The statue was discovered in 1820, broken into six pieces, at Mit Rahina near ancient Memphis, Egypt, where it lay for several decades.
Early attempts at restoration in situ failed, but in 1955, Egyptian Prime Minister Gamal Abdel Nasser moved the fragments to the large Bab Al-Hadid Square in Cairo, outside Cairo's main railway station; the square was then renamed Ramses Square. There the statue was restored to its full height and erected on a three-metre pedestal at the edge of a fountain. It was stabilized by iron bars inside the body.
In 2006, the Egyptian government decided to relocate the statue to a more appropriate location, as Ramses Square turned out to be an unsuitable location, where the statue was exposed to corrosive pollution and constant vibration from traffic and subways. It was decided to first move the colossus to a temporary site on the Giza Plateau, anticipating a final move to the Grand Egyptian Museum (GEM) in Giza.
Criticized for its costs and concerns about pollution at the Giza location, the transportation of the statue from Ramses Square to Giza was a technological challenge that had been in the planning since 2002. To test the proposed relocation process, a replica was made and transported along the planned route to Giza several weeks before the actual scheduled move. The statue was eventually moved as a single intact piece on August 25, 2006. During its ten-hour transport the statue was wrapped and covered in rubber foam. Two flat-back trucks carried the weight of the statue and its support structures as it travelled in a vertical position.
In 2018, and after some restoration performed at the temporary location, the statue was moved to its current location, 400 meters away, in the entrance hall of the Grand Egyptian Museum.
29°52′17″N 31°12′59″E﻿ / ﻿29.8713°N 31.2164°E﻿ / 29.8713; 31.2164
Rocky Island (Egypt)

Rocky Island (Arabic: جزيرة روكي) is a small off-shore island of the Red Sea, lying 60–70 kilometres (37–43 mi) from the coast, out in the Red Sea Governorate of Egypt. This tiny uninhabited island gets some shelter from Zabargad Island (6 km [3.7 mi] to the northwest), but also gets fed from north–south currents, which attract lots of pelagic species that feed on or visit the resident marine life.
Rocky Island is well known by scuba divers as one that offers among the best diving sites in the Red Sea.
Rocky Island (Cork)

Rocky Island (Irish: Oileán Cathail) is located in Cork Harbour, Ireland. Situated between the naval base on Haulbowline Island and the mainland, a gunpowder magazine was constructed on the island by the Board of Ordnance in 1808. Used for military storage into the 20th Century, the stores were re-purposed for use by Irish Steel until 2002. It was redeveloped between 2005 and 2007, and is now home to the Island Crematorium, the first crematorium in the Republic of Ireland outside of Dublin.
Two bridges connect Rocky Island with the mainland and with Haulbowline. The bridges carry the single lane L2545 roadway.
In the early 19th century, the centre of the rocky landscape of the island was excavated and a matching pair of triple-vaulted magazines were constructed; the magazine compound was hidden behind a perimeter of natural rock and a rocky outcrop was retained between the two magazines, on which a watch tower was built. One of the two magazines remains, accessed by a tunnel through the rock; inside the compound there is a courtyard at either end, linked by pair of passageways which flank the main magazine. Following its redevelopment as a crematorium, the central vault of the magazine serves as a 'spiritual space' for funeral services, the north vault contains the 'family and refreshment areas' and the south vault contains the 'staff areas' (including the cremator).
Rocky Island (Queensland)

Rocky Island is an island in Walsh Bay just south of the Archer Point Light about 25 km south-east of Cooktown in the Australian state of Queensland. A lighthouse on the island, now disused, served as a lead, together with Archer Point Light, between Hope Islands and the mainland to the south, and between some reefs and the mainland to the north. It is around 6 hectares or 0.06 square km in size.
Southern Command (India)

Southern Command is a formation of the Indian Army, active since 1895. It has seen action during the integration of several Princely States into modern India, during the 1961 Indian liberation of Goa, and during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars. Lieutenant General Dhiraj Seth is the present Southern Army Commander.
The Presidency armies were abolished with effect from 1 April 1895 when the three Presidency armies became the Indian Army. The Indian Army was divided into four Commands (Bengal Command, Bombay Command, Madras Command and Punjab Command) each under a lieutenant general.
In 1908, the four commands were merged into two Armies (Northern Army and Southern Army): this system persisted until 1920 when the arrangement reverted to four commands again (Eastern Command, Northern Command, Southern Command and Western Command). In 1914, the Southern Army consisted of the 4th (Quetta) Division, the 5th (Mhow) Division, the 6th (Poona) Division, the 9th (Secunderabad) Division, and the Aden Brigade.
During the Second World War, Southern Command was reformed as Southern Army (equivalent to a corps) in April 1942. The formation reverted to the title Southern Command in November 1945.
Component divisions included:
Component brigades included:
In August 1947, Southern Command had the Deccan, Madras and Bombay Areas (with HQs at Kamptee, Madras and Bombay). In 1947–48, Southern Command was largely responsible in getting Junagadh and Hyderabad to sign the instrument of accession to India. 1st Armoured Division did the actual incursion into Hyderabad. In 1961, the Indian annexation of Goa was conducted by 17th Infantry Division and 50th Parachute Brigade, under the operational control of Southern Command.
In 1965–66, two further divisions were raised within the command. After fighting broke out in the Rann of Kutch in April 1965, a hastily constituted force, named Kilo Force under Maj. Gen P. O. Dunn was formed to contain this attack. Kilo Force was later re-designated as 11 Infantry Division. In September 1965, the operational responsibility for the Barmer sector was given to Southern Command and entrusted to 11 Infantry Division. Delhi and Rajasthan Area, with its Advance Headquarters at Jodhpur, fought in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 under Western Command. On 3 November 1966, this formation was re-designated 12th Infantry Division, under Major General J.F.R. Jacob, and also placed under Southern Command.
The command headquarters is located in Pune, Maharashtra. It consists of two corps and two military areas. The two areas are:- Maharashtra Goa and Gujarat Area (MG&G Area) and the Andhra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala Area (ATNK&K Area) In 2005, the changes to its jurisdiction area were made when a new South Western Command was established.
Following is the List of precursors to the Southern Command and their commanders:
Kanyakumari Glass bridge

Kanyakumari Glass bridge or Kanyakumari Glass fibre footover bridge is an footover bridge built for pedestrians to cross the sea connecting Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue both constructed on sea in Kanyakumari of Kanyakumari district in Tamil Nadu, India. This is said to be the India's first glass bridge built on sea.
This glass bridge is located with the geographic coordinates of (8°04′40″N 77°33′16″E﻿ / ﻿8.0779°N 77.5545°E﻿ / 8.0779; 77.5545) on the sea in Kanyakumari.
This glass bridge is constructed having a breadth of 10 m and a span of 77 m, at a cost of about ₹37 crore. This bridge is of the shape of a bowstring arch. And the bridge was inaugurated on 30 December 2024 by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
Southernmost settlements

Southernmost settlements are cities, towns, weather stations or permanent military bases which are farther south than latitude 45°S. They are closely related to the Southern Ocean or either the Roaring Forties or Furious Fifties. Antarctic bases are excluded due to not having a permanent population.
Unlike the northern hemisphere, where several major metropolitan areas such as Moscow, Harbin, London, Paris, Seattle, and Montreal are all located north of the 45°N parallel, the only permanently populated areas south of the 45°S parallel are the small and sparsely populated regions of southern Patagonia in South America, the Falkland Islands, and the southernmost tip of New Zealand.
The southernmost city in the world is mainly a slogan used for tourism purposes to attract visitors to a city as well as the tourists headed for Antarctica. Ciudad (city) is not a legal designation in Chile and Argentina, except for the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. Currently, three places use this slogan: Ushuaia in Argentina as well as Punta Arenas and Puerto Williams in Chile, with the last being the absolute southernmost town by latitude (see table below). There are several more settlements further south but none are considered to be large enough to be classified as a 'city'. The three contending cities are from north to south:
This is a list of all settlements south of the 45th parallel south with over 1,000 permanent inhabitants.
This list of settlements excludes research stations in Antarctica and its surrounding islands.
There are many research stations in Antarctica, both permanent and summer only. Many of the stations are staffed all year. McMurdo Station is the largest with an average population of 1200.
A total of 30 countries (as of October 2006), all signatory to the Antarctic Treaty, operate seasonal (summer) or year-round research stations on the continent and on its surrounding islands. In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each austral summer to support specific one off projects.
The full list is available at: Research stations in Antarctica.
Southernmost House

The Southernmost House is a historic mansion in the U.S. city of Key West, in Monroe County, Florida. Five U.S. Presidents have stayed there. The house is located in the Upper Duval district and has been converted into a bed and breakfast.
Judge Jeptha Vining Harris built the mansion that is now called the Southernmost House in 1897 for $250,000. His wife was the youngest daughter of William Curry, one of Florida’s first millionaires. The Curry family were builders with eight mansions in the Historic District of Key West. The Harris family were prominent citizens at the turn of the century and had invested in Henry Flagler's Overseas Railroad to Key West, often entertaining him at the mansion during the railroad's construction.
The house is Queen Anne Victorian style, and was designed as a one-bedroom mansion. It has open-water views, public rooms, two story balconies, and large stained glass windows. The Southernmost House was the first home in Key West with electricity, and Mrs. Harris was able to engage Thomas Edison to oversee the electrical design and installation for the house. In the 1930s air conditioning was installed.
During the Prohibition period from 1919-1933 the mansion served as a speakeasy. The first floor was a restaurant; the second floor was used for casino gambling and the third floor for "socializing". During this period, celebrities and notorious gangsters who were en route to Havana often visited the mansion.
In the 1940s the mansion was operated as a nightclub called "Cafe Cayo Hueso," hosting Ernest Hemingway, Tennessee Williams, Gore Vidal, Truman Capote, Tallulah Bankhead, Gloria Swanson, Louis Armstrong, and Charles Lindbergh.
In 1949 the mansion was completely renovated for use as a private residence by Hilario Ramos. Hilario Ramos an immigrant from Spain, married into a wealthy family who owned Lopez Wholesale Liquors, a distributor of many brands including Anheuser-Busch products. Since then many dignitaries and heads of state have stayed at the mansion. Among these are King Juan Carlos of Spain and five American Presidents: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter.
In 2016, the mansion was inducted into the Historic Hotels of America program. The Southernmost House is being operated as an 18-room bed and breakfast. The property was renamed in 2023 as ″The Mansion on the Sea″.
Official website
24°32′49″N 81°47′47″W﻿ / ﻿24.54686°N 81.796505°W﻿ / 24.54686; -81.796505
Pop-Up Gaeltacht

Is éard atá i gceist le Pop-Up Gaeltacht nó tob-Ghaeltacht ná ócáid a thugann deis do Ghaeilgeoirí an teanga a labhairt ar bhealach neamhfhoirmeálta, i dteach tábhairne de ghnáth. Tá sé áitithe go bhfuil feidhm le "spásanna nua d’úsáid shóisialta na teanga i bpróiseas dlisteanaithe an nuachainteora atá ag lorg pobal cleachtais agus deiseanna úsáide". Spás "sábháilte" í an tob-Ghaeltacht agus í ag freastal ar dhaoine a bhfuil cumas teoranta acu agus ar chainteoirí a bhfuil saineolas acu ar an teanga. Tá ócáidí dá leithéid ag dul ó neart go neart i mBaile Átha Cliath. Tá siad curtha ar bun thar lear chomh maith, in Perth na hAstráile, Dubai, Vancouver, Nua-Eabhrac agus La Paz sa Bholaiv.
Tá sé ráite gurb é aidhm na tob-Ghaeltachta fáil réidh leis na sean-nathanna faoi Ghaeilgeoirí agus deoch a chaitheamh siar san am céanna.
Osgur Ó Ciardha agus Peadar Ó Caomhánaigh a chuir an chéad tob-Ghaeltacht ar bun sa bhliain 2017. Shíl siad, murar athraíodh dearcadh na gcainteoirí Gaeilge, go gcaillfí an teanga í féin. Bhí a fhios acu go raibh a lán daoine ann nach mbíodh ar a suaimhneas agus iad ag labhairt Gaeilge toisc smál na scoile a bheith ar an teanga acu. Bhí sé de bhuntáiste ag na hócáidí ó thaobh lucht gnó de go raibh brabach le baint astu agus an oiread sin daoine ann.
Bhí an gcéad tob-Gaeltacht sa Bar Rua sa bhliain 2017. Dúirt Peadar Ó Caomhánaigh nach raibh an rialtas ag an am ag déanamh go leor ar son na teanga agus go raibh seisean ag iarraidh úsáid an teanga a normalú.
Sa bhliain 2019 cuireadh tob-Ghaeltacht ar bun sna i gcathair Nua-Eabhrac. Bhí tob-Ghaeltachtaí eile in La Jolla agus in Los Angeles agus in Washington. Bhí ócáidí eile san Astráil, Aontas na nÉimíríochtaí Arabacha, Ceanada agus an Bholaiv. Ó chuir Peadar Ó Caomhánaigh agus Osgur Ó Ciardha tús leis na tob-Ghaeltachtaí tá níos mó ná 150 ceann acu ann ar fud an domhain.
The Windjammer (teach tábhairne)

Is teach tábhairne i mBaile Átha Cliath é The Windjammer atá suite ar Shráid Chnoc na Lobhar. Teach óil luath é nó ‘early house’ a osclaíonn ag leathuair tar éis a seacht ar maidin. Is cosúil gur tháinig ann dá leithéid chun cead óil a thabhairt dóibh sin a bhíonn ag obair ag amanna aisteacha, iascairí ina measc. An rud ata i gceist leis an Windjammer féin ná bád seoil mór millteach a thógfadh lastas timpeall na cruinne.
Finbarr Dwyer

Boscadóir ó na hAoraí, as Corcaigh, ba ea Finbarr Dwyer (20 Meán Fómhair 1946 – 8 Feabhra 2014). Bronnadh Gradam Ceoil air (Gradam Saoil TG4 sa bhliain 2010).
Bhí an uair dheiridh ar chas Finbarr go poiblí i dteach tábhairne Tigh Chóilí i nGaillimh sa bhliain 2008.
Moe Szyslak

Is ceann de na carachtair sa tsraith theilifíse bheoite The Simpsons é Morris "Moe" Szyslak. Tá sé guthaithe ag Hank Azaria. Oibríonn sé sa teach tábhairne; Moe's. Bhí sé ar an gclár den chéad uair san eipeasóid "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire".
Tudor Crisps

Tudor Crisps was a brand of potato crisps produced by Tudor Food Products. The business was started in Sunderland during 1947, and it supplied crisps to the North East of England and Scotland regions, claiming two thirds of the market in these regions. The company was purchased by Smiths Crisps in 1960. The brand continued under the ownership of Smith's by General Mills, Associated Biscuits and Nabisco, but was ended after PepsiCo purchased Smith's in 1989, and concentrated on the Walkers brand.
By the mid-1950s, had opened a further factory in Sandyford, Newcastle upon Tyne and were planning a new 80,000 square feet factory at Peterlee in County Durham at the cost of £250,000. Tudor was acquired by the United Kingdom's biggest crisp manufacturer Smiths Crisps in 1960 for £1 million, with Smith's particularly keen on the new Peterlee factory and its modern US built machines that could produce 250 tons of crisps a week on one shift. Tudor was used by Smith's to trial new products, with Salt & Vinegar flavour being launched by Tudor before being introduced by Smith's to their own brand in 1966, and nationally in 1967. Other trials followed, including a meat flavoured crisp called Tudor-Ox in 1963; Chopstix, a potato stick flavoured with Eastern spices in 1964; Tags, a rice based smile shaped snack in 1968 and Mint sauce flavoured crisps. In 1966, parent company Smith's was purchased by American food manufacturer General Mills and a year later work was started on expanding the factory at Peterlee at a cost of £750,000.
The 1970s television advertisements featured a paper boy, bribed with a ‘canny bag of crisps’ to brave delivering his papers to a tall tower block (in reality Derwent Tower, Dunston, Tyne and Wear). In the 1980s, the ads gave cult status to their star, Allen Mechen, who played the adult paperboy who returned as an apparently successful and wealthy man, driving a Rolls-Royce car and eating a bag of Tudor Crisps. The twist in the tale was when he donned a chauffeur's cap in the finale.
In 1978, Smith's was sold by its parent company, General Mills to the British biscuit giant Associated Biscuits. Associated Biscuits was purchased by Nabisco in 1982, bringing Smith's under the same ownership as rival Walkers. The company announced a multimillion-pound development programme at Peterlee in the same year. In 1988, RJR Nabisco was purchased in a leverage buyout by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co, and to reduce debt several business were sold to French conglomerate BSN, who quickly sold on Smith's and Walkers to PepsiCo in 1989. The Tudor Crisps brand was discontinued in 2003, when Walkers decided to focus on its core crisp range. The Peterlee factory stayed open until December 2017 when Walkers closed the facility citing productivity and efficiency savings with production moved to other UK facilities. The factory was purchased by Heather Mills in 2018, and in 2022 reopened as the home of vegan snack business VBites.
Squares (crisps)

Squares formerly known as Square and Square Crisps are a British brand of square-shaped crisps made by Walkers, a subsidiary of PepsiCo. They were originally made by The Smith's Snackfood Company.
The crisps have been around since at least the 1980s and went under the name of Square Crisps. Several of their advertisements featured the comedian Lenny Henry and were marketed with slogans such as "more of a crunch than a crisp" and "the crisp that isn't a crisp". Following PepsiCo's acquisition of both Walkers and Smiths in 1989 Square Crisps were renamed to simply Square, and labelled as potato snacks.
The product remained under the Smiths brand years after its fellow products Quavers and Monster Munch were moved to the Walkers brand. In January 2001, Walkers announced to relaunch Square, and would transition it from the Smiths brand to the Walkers brand. The name of the crisps was changed to Squares shortly afterward.
The design of Squares packets have changed several times. The design during the 1980s emphasised that they had 25% lower fat than regular crisps and the packaging of the salt and vinegar Squares was a much lighter shade of blue than what is currently used. During the 1990s and early 2000s, the most noticeable change apart from the change in company and name was the addition of a jagged border around the logo. In the late 2000s, the logo and design of Squares was briefly changed again. In the 2010s a new design for Squares was introduced which took aspects from other designs and is similar to the current design introduced in 2019 except for the jagged border and squares pattern. The colours of the crisps packets differ from Walkers traditional colours, with the salt & vinegar packets being blue instead of green and the cheese & onion packets being green instead of blue.
They are produced in three flavours: salt & vinegar, ready salted, and cheese & onion. They are also available in multipacks, with salt & vinegar flavoured Squares being the most popular. Comedian Richard Osman wrote in The World Cup of Everything that Squares were invented because "scientists were concerned that children weren't hurting the roofs of their mouths as often as they should be".
Irish Pub, Kabul

The Irish Pub of Kabul was a pub in Kabul, Afghanistan; it opened on Saint Patrick's Day, 2003.
Owner Sean Martin McQuade received approval of a local mullah by promising to repair the road adjacent to the club and assist in relocating a nearby school to a larger site. The pub is licensed by the Afghan government, with the caveat that it not sell alcohol to Afghans. When interviewed a staff member of the bar commented, "Our families know what we do, but we tell other people we just work in a restaurant or a guesthouse selling food and soft drinks." Within 2 months of opening it received warnings of a possible attack and temporarily closed. By September of the next year the bar had moved into a Kabul hotel.
O'Donoghue's Pub

O’Donoghue’s Pub (also known as O'Donoghue's Bar) is a historically significant drinking establishment located at 15 Merrion Row, Dublin 2, Ireland—near St. Stephen's Green on Dublin’s south side. Built in 1789 as a grocery store, it began operating full-time as a pub when purchased by the O’Donoghue family in 1934.
This pub is closely associated with Irish traditional music and was where the popular Irish folk group, The Dubliners, began performing in the early 1960s.
Many other notable Irish musicians including Séamus Ennis, Joe Heaney, Andy Irvine, Christy Moore, The Fureys and Phil Lynott have played at O’Donoghue’s, and their photographs are displayed in the pub.
Included are portraits of The Dubliners themselves: the five founding members Ronnie Drew, Luke Kelly, Ciarán Bourke, John Sheahan and Barney McKenna, as well as later members Eamonn Campbell and Seán Cannon; these photographs hang to the right of the entrance, where the nightly sessions are played.
Andy Irvine wrote the tribute song "O'Donoghue's", in which he reminisces about his early days in Dublin when he first started frequenting the pub in August 1962. The song was released on the album Changing Trains (2007).
Dessie Hynes from Longford bought the bar from Paddy and Maureen O'Donoghue in 1977 and ran the pub with his family for 11 years.
In 1988, O’Donoghue’s was purchased by publicans Oliver Barden and John Mahon. Barden is still the proprietor and continues to run the pub with his family and staff to this day.
Kildare's Irish Pub

Kildare's is an Irish Pub-themed casual dining restaurant chain and drinking establishment in the United States. It was named after County Kildare, located in Ireland, and it specializes in Irish American cuisine.
Kildare's pub was established in 2003 The interior of the West Chester location was designed by The Irish Pub Company. The first of the locations opened in West Chester, Pennsylvania, on Gay Street in May 2003.
The pub has been featured in various business publications such as Smart Business Philadelphia and Philadelphia Business Journal.
The West Chester location was designed and built in order to replicate Old Ireland by the Irish Pub Company, a pub concept designer based in Dublin, Ireland. The interior was built in Ireland and then shipped to the United States.
Tayto (Northern Ireland)

Tayto Group Limited is a British manufacturer of crisps and corn snacks based in Tandragee, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. They describe themselves as the third largest snack manufacturer in the United Kingdom and the largest British-owned crisp and snack manufacturer.
The company employs 300 people at its plant beside Tandragee Castle (called "Tayto Castle" as part of the advertising for the snacks) and remains the largest selling brand of crisps in Northern Ireland and the third biggest crisp and snack business in the United Kingdom. It owns the Golden Wonder, Ringos, Mr. Porky, Real Crisps, and Jonathan Crisp brands. The Northern Irish Tayto are also widely sold in County Donegal, especially in outlets in East Donegal and Inishowen.
The company is entirely separate from Tayto in the Republic of Ireland which has a similar product range; Tayto in the Republic of Ireland owns the name and mascot, and Tayto in Northern Ireland uses both under a licensing agreement. The Northern Irish Tayto is widely sold in both Northern Ireland and Great Britain, while the Republic of Ireland brand is sold in the Republic.
Tayto (Northern Ireland) was formed in 1956 by the Hutchinson family and licensed the name and recipes from Tayto Crisps formed two years prior in the Republic of Ireland. The two companies operate entirely separately but have a similar range of products.
On 13 January 2006 it was announced that Tayto (NI) was to acquire the Corby and Scunthorpe sites of the former Golden Wonder business and the contract to produce Mini Pringles for Procter & Gamble. This secured some 195 jobs out of 350 that were under threat following Golden Wonder's entry into administration on 9 January 2006.
In December 2007, Tayto acquired Sirhowy Valley Foods Ltd, makers of the Real Crisps range.
On 14 March 2008 it was announced that Tayto would acquire Red Mill Snack foods, making it the 3rd largest crisp manufacturer in the UK. Most of the Red Mill brands were transferred under the Golden Wonder umbrella but Mr. Porky's pork scratchings continue to be produced under Tayto, from the plant in Westhoughton, Bolton.
On 21 January 2009 it was announced that Tayto had acquired Jonathan Crisp, the trading name of Natural Crisps Ltd, based in Staffordshire, England. The headquarters of the Tayto group, which is privately owned by the Hutchinson family, are in County Armagh; it now has a turnover of £150 million per annum and employs more than 1,400 people.
Like its counterpart in the Republic of Ireland, Tayto's signature brand is cheese & onion flavour crisps. They also sell beef & onion, ready salted, smoky bacon, salt & vinegar, Worcester sauce, prawn cocktail, spring onion, roast chicken and pickled onion flavoured crisps. Most Northern Irish Tayto are vegetarian-friendly.
Tayto NI have a low score on the Palm Oil Buyers Scorecard, which is a measure of the sustainability of palm oil buyers endorsed by the World Wildlife Foundation. Tayto NI scored only 1 point out of 9 in the 2016 Scorecard. The score reflects a lack of transparency in their palm oil sourcing activity, despite being a member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil.
Scooby Snacks (song)

"Scooby Snacks" is a song by American band Fun Lovin' Criminals from their debut album, Come Find Yourself (1996). The song was written by the band and contains several sampled quotes from Quentin Tarantino films, so Tarantino is also credited as a writer. Most of the song is rapped, with the exception of the chorus, which is sung. The "Scooby Snacks" in the song is a reference to diazepam, also known as Valium.
"Scooby Snacks" is the band's biggest hit single to date, reaching the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. In the United Kingdom, the song originally peaked at number 22 in August 1996, but after being reissued with a cover of the 10cc song "I'm Not in Love", it reached a new peak of number 12 on the UK Singles Chart in June 1997. In 1996, it was voted number 14 on the list of the Hottest 100 songs of that year by listeners of Australia's Triple J radio station.
Instrumentalist Brian Leiser would practice sounds and samples in his Brooklyn apartment with movies playing in the background. He sampled the tremolo guitar sound from the 1984 song "Movement of Fear" by Tones on Tail, and was putting the song together while Pulp Fiction played on his TV, inspiring him to put its quotes in his song.
Leiser was working at a club called The Limelight, where he met bandmate Huey Morgan. The owner of the Limelight had another club called The Tunnel, known for its brawls at Sunday night events. In an effort to calm down clubgoers, one of the security guards would hand them valium capsules as they entered, calling them "Scooby snacks". Leiser said, "That’s where I got the idea for the chorus from: what if this dude and some of his meathead friends were robbing banks, all high on these scooby snacks?"
The song contains samples from Quentin Tarantino's movies Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs. Tarantino demanded 37% of the song's royalties and a co-writing credit, which he received.
"Scooby Snacks" reached the top 40 in Australia, Iceland, the Netherlands and on the US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. It reached the top 20 in New Zealand, peaking at number 18. The song initially peaked number 22 on the UK Singles Chart but was re-released as a double A-side with their cover of 10cc's "I'm Not in Love" on 23 June 1997, reaching a new peak of number 12 the following week. This version also reached number 27 in Ireland. In July 2022, the song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales and streams exceeding 200,000 units.
Credits are lifted from the 1996 UK CD1 liner notes.
Studios
Personnel
Gastropub

A gastropub or gastro pub is a pub that serves food of high quality, with a nearly equal emphasis on eating and drinking. The term was coined in the 1990s in the United Kingdom.
The term gastropub (derived from gastronomy) was coined in 1991, when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over The Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. Traditionally, British pubs were drinking establishments and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food.
The growth of gastropubs influenced change in British dining and pub culture, and has sometimes attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as hamburgers, chips, lasagne and chili con carne are now often served.
In August 2012, gastropub was added to Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary.
In 1984, Spinnakers Brew Pub opened in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The first ever custom-built brewpub in Canada, it heralded a new wave of brewpubs and craft breweries in British Columbia that followed a major deregulation of the brewing industry in that province. Spinnakers served inventive cuisine, and Joseph Blake of Eat magazine claims it as the world's oldest gastropub. Difford's Guide credited David Eyre and Mike Belben with introducing the first gastropub to the U.K., when they took over the Eagle in Clerkenwell in 1991 and upgraded the standard food options to "restaurant quality."
Gastropubs became popular in the U.K. and U.S. in the 1990s and early 2000s.
The Smiths discography

The English alternative rock band the Smiths released four studio albums, one live album, 11 compilation albums, three extended plays (EPs), 24 singles, one video album and 13 music videos on the Rough Trade, Sire and WEA record labels. The band was formed in 1982 in Manchester by vocalist Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bass player Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce.
The Smiths' debut single was "Hand in Glove" (May 1983); it failed to chart. Its follow-up, "This Charming Man" (October 1983), met with critical approval and reached number 25 on the UK Singles Chart. In 1984 the band reached number 12 in the UK with the single "What Difference Does It Make?" and went to number two on the UK Albums Chart with their debut album, The Smiths. Their next three singles all went into the top 20 of the charts in the UK, helping to consolidate their previous chart success. The next studio album, Meat Is Murder (1985), reached the top of the British charts; the only single to be released from the album, "That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore" (1985), failed to break into the UK Top 40. The Smiths' next six singles all made the top 30 in the UK, and their third album, The Queen Is Dead (1986), climbed to number two in the UK.
Despite the Smiths' chart success, Marr left the group in August 1987 because of a strained relationship with Morrissey. Failing to find a replacement, the Smiths disbanded by the time of the release of their final studio album, Strangeways, Here We Come, in September that year. Strangeways, Here We Come climbed to number two in the UK and became the band's highest-charting release in the United States when it reached number 55 on the Billboard 200. During their time together, as well as four studio albums, the Smiths also released three compilation albums (Hatful of Hollow, The World Won't Listen and Louder Than Bombs), while a live album, Rank, recorded in 1986, was released in 1988 a year after the band split. In early 1992 WEA acquired the entire back catalogue of the Smiths and produced two compilations – Best I and Best II – the first of which went to the top of the UK Albums Chart. The following year, 1993, WEA re-released the four studio albums, Rank and the three earlier compilation albums. WEA released two further singles compilations in 1995 and 2001, with a further compilation, The Sound of The Smiths, released in November 2008.
Crisp sandwich

A crisp sandwich (in British English and Irish English) is a sandwich that includes crisps as the filling, or on its own (crisps only in bread). In addition to the crisps, any other common sandwich ingredient may be added.
A crisp sandwich may also be called a crisp sarnie (in British English), piece and crisps (in Scottish English), chippy sandwich (in Australian English), chip sandwich, crispwich, and crisp butty. They are popular in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
In the United Kingdom, two crisp sandwich cafés were opened in 2015: in Belfast and West Yorkshire. Crisp sandwiches can be found in establishments throughout the UK including delis, cafés, and pubs.
In 2021, British company Walkers released a recipe book titled A Little Book of Crisp Sandwich Recipes which "celebrates the British tradition of putting crisps in a sandwich" with a series of recipes by Max Halley, who opened a London deli specialising in crisp sandwiches.
In 2023, British crisp brand Walkers worked with delis throughout the UK to offer crisp sandwiches for a limited period as part of their #crispIN advertising campaign, which later saw the company release a series of sandwich-inspired crisp flavours including 'cheese toastie' and 'sausage sarnie'.
In Ireland and Northern Ireland, crisp sandwiches are also often called Tayto sandwiches in reference to the popular Irish crisp brand and its Northern Irish counterpart. The Irish airline Aer Lingus offered a Tayto sandwich pack as part of their in-flight menu from 2015 to 2016. In 2015, a pop-up shop was opened by Tayto in Dublin to raise funds for charity.
Sandwiches or wraps made using crushed crisps of the Chips Oman brand are part of the popular food culture of the United Arab Emirates.