davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Salo (food)

Salo or slanina is a European food consisting of salt-cured slabs of pork subcutaneous fat with or without skin and with or without layers of meat. It is commonly eaten and known under different names across Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. It is usually dry salt or brine cured. The East Slavic, Hungarian and Romanian variety may also be cured with paprika or other seasonings added, whereas the South and West Slavic version is often smoked.
The Slavic word "salo" or "slanina" as applied to this type of food is often translated to English as "bacon", "lard" or "fatback" in general, depending on context. Unlike bacon, salo contains more fat than lean meat and unlike lard, salo is not rendered. It is similar to Italian lardo, the main difference is that lardo is sliced for curing.
For preservation, salo is salted and sometimes also smoked and aged in a dark and cold place, where it will last for a year or more. The slabs of fat are first cut into manageable pieces, typically 15×20 cm. Then layers of fat slabs (skin side down) topped with one-centimetre layers of salt go into a wooden box or barrel for curing. For added flavouring and better preservation, the slabs of salo may be covered with a thick layer of paprika (usually in the more Western lands; in Russian salo with paprika is called "Hungarian"), minced garlic, or sometimes black pepper.
Salo is consumed both cured and cooked. Salo is often chopped into small pieces and fried to render fat for cooking, while the remaining cracklings (shkvarky in Ukrainian, shkvarki in Russian, spirgai in Lithuanian, skwarki in Polish, čvarci in Serbo-Croatian, ocvirki in Slovene, škvarky in Czech, (o)škvarky in Slovak, jumări in Romanian, kõrned in Estonian, töpörtyű in Hungarian, пръжки or джумерки in Bulgarian) are used as condiments for fried potatoes or varenyky or spread on bread as a snack.
Salted salo can be stored for a long time. It can be consumed without any preparation. For these reasons, it is often used as a food supply by shepherds, hunters, backpackers, and other travellers, and was issued to German and Hungarian soldiers as part of their rations during World War II.
When salo has been aged too long or exposed to light, the fat may oxidize on the surface and become rancid, yellow, and bitter-tasting. Though no longer fit for culinary use, the spoiled fat can be used as a water-repellent treatment for leather boots or bait for mouse traps, or it can be used to prepare homemade soap.
Ukrainians and Lithuanians often eat it with rye bread and garlic or onion.
A joke about Ukrainians gave rise to a condiment, chocolate salo.
There is a Museum of Salo in Lviv, Ukraine.
On August 27, the Salo Day is allegedly celebrated in Ukraine.
There is a good deal of jokes and comedy which associate salo and Ukrainians.
Chebureki

Cheburek (plural: Chebureki) are deep-fried turnovers with a filling of ground or minced meat and onions. A popular street dish, they are made with a single round piece of dough folded over the filling in a crescent shape. They have become widespread in the former Soviet-aligned countries of Eastern Europe in the 20th century.
Chebureki is a national dish of Crimean Tatar cuisine. They are popular as a snack and street food throughout the Caucasus, West Asia, Central Asia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Russia, Eastern Europe, as well as in Turkey, Greece and Romania.
A cheburek is a half-round-shaped börek, filled with a very thin layer of ground beef or lamb which has been seasoned with ground onion and black pepper.
The dough is made of flour, water (usually of a baker percentage of ~50%), salt, and oil. It is soft and pliable, but not sticky. It is separated into small balls and each is rolled out with a thin rolling pin. Additional flour is added only as needed to prevent the dough from sticking.
The meat fill is layered thinly enough that it will cook fully in the sealed half-moon pocket.
Finally, the whole is fried in oil (usually sunflower oil or corn oil) until the dough becomes golden.
Cheburek is called Çibörek ("börek" means pastry in Turkish language). It is very popular, especially in Eskişehir.
Romanians in Hungary

The Romanians in Hungary (Romanian: Românii din Ungaria, Hungarian: Magyarországi románok) constituted a small minority. According to the most recent Hungarian census of 2011 (based on self-determination), the population of Romanians was 35,641 or 0.3%, a significant increase from 8,482 or 0.1% of 2001. The community is concentrated in towns and villages close to the Romanian border, such as Battonya, Elek, Kétegyháza, Pusztaottlaka and Méhkerék, and in the city of Gyula. Romanians also live in the Hungarian capital, Budapest. As of 2011, Romanians constitute one of the largest foreign communities in the country.
Historically, a significant part of modern day Romania was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The oldest extant documents from Transylvania make reference to Vlachs too. Regardless of the subject of Romanian presence/non-presence in Transylvania prior to the Hungarian conquest (See Origin of the Romanians), the first written sources about Romanian settlements derive from the 13th century, record was written about Olahteluk village in Bihar county from 1283. The 'land of Romanians', Terram Blacorum (1222,1280) showed up in Fogaras and this area was mentioned under different name (Olachi) in 1285. The first appearance of a supposed Romanian name 'Ola' in Hungary derives from a charter (1258). They were significant population in Transylvania, Banat, Máramaros (Maramureș) and Partium.
In 1881, Romanian-majority settlements projected to the present-day territory of Hungary were: Bedő, Csengerújfalu, Kétegyháza, Körösszakál, Magyarcsanád, Méhkerék, Mezőpeterd, Pusztaottlaka and Vekerd. Important communities lived in Battonya, Elek, Körösszegapáti, Létavértes, Nyíradony, Pocsaj, Sarkadkeresztúr, and Zsáka.
The numbers of Romanians in Hungary increased briefly with the onset of World War II when Hungary annexed parts of Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia. These annexations were affirmed under the Munich Agreement (1938), two Vienna Awards (1938 and 1940). In particular, the population of Northern Transylvania, according to the Hungarian census from 1941 counted 53.5% Hungarians and 39.1% Romanians. According to Romanian estimates of the region before the arbitration in 1940, there were 1,304,903 Romanians (50.2%) and 978,074 (37.1%) Hungarians.
In 1950, Foaia Românească ("The Romanian Sheet"; then known by another name) was founded in Gyula. It was the first newspaper of the Romanian minority in modern Hungary and currently is the one with longest and widest level of circulation within the country.
Flódni

Flódni (also known as Fächertorte in Austria) is a traditional Hungarian Jewish pastry, filled with layers of apple, walnuts, poppy seeds, and plum jam. It is traditionally eaten at Purim and Hanukkah.
Though associated with Hungary, it originated in Ashkenaz (western Germany and northern France) before Ashkenazi Jews migrated eastward. After the Holocaust, it has become harder to find in Hungary, but Hungarian Jewish chef Rachel Raj has brought it back into the public consciousness. In 2012, Raj made 1600 pieces of flódni, which if stacked would reach 96 meters tall, the height of the Hungarian parliament building.
Protected designation of origin

The protected designation of origin (PDO) is a type of geographical indication of the European Union aimed at preserving the designations of origin of food-related products. The designation was created in 1992 and its main purpose is to designate products that have been produced, processed and developed in a specific geographical area, using the recognized know-how of local producers and ingredients from the region concerned.
The characteristics of the products protected are essentially linked to their terroir. The European or UK PDO logo, of which the use is compulsory, documents this link. European Regulation 510/2006 of 20 March 2006 acknowledges a priority to establish a community protection system that ensures equal conditions of competition between producers. This European Regulation is intended to guarantee the reputation of regional products, adapt existing national protections to make them comply with the requirements of the World Trade Organization, and inform consumers that products bearing the protected designation of origin logo comply with the conditions of production and origin specified by the designation. The Regulation applies to certain agricultural products and foods for which there is a link between the characteristics of the product or the food and its geographical origin: they may be wines, cheeses, hams, sausages, olives, beers, fruits, vegetables, breads or animal feed.
Foods such as Parmigiano Reggiano, Gorgonzola, Asiago cheese, Camembert de Normandie, and Champagne can be labeled as such only if they come from the designated region. For example, to be marketed under the Roquefort designation of origin, a cheese must be processed from raw milk from a certain breed of sheep (Lacaune), the animals must be raised in a specific territory and the cheese obtained must be refined in one of the cellars at Roquefort-sur-Soulzon in the French department of Aveyron, where it must be seeded with mold spores (Penicillium roqueforti) prepared from traditional strains endemic to these same cellars.
The PDO logo is available in all languages of the European Union and companies are free to use the logo and abbreviation of any of the versions. Examples of different language versions are shown below:
The protected names are entered in the European "register of protected designations of origin and protected geographical indications", or "EU Quality Register" for short, which is maintained by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development. The applications, publications, registrations and any changes are recorded in the DOOR (Database of Origin and Registration) database and can be accessed online by anyone.
Starting on 1 April 2019, the online database eAmbrosia was put into operation by the European Commission, which lists information about protected wines, spirits and food in the European Union and the previous three different databases: E-SPIRIT-DRINKS, DOOR and E -BACCHUS replaced on 31 December 2019.
ඇසළ

ඇසළ මාසය යනු චන්ද්‍ර මාසයකි. සිංහල මාස ක්‍රමය අනුව පොසොන් මාසයට පසු එළඹෙන මාසයයි. ශ්‍රී දළදා මාලිගාව මගින් පැවැත්වෙන පෙරහැර මංගල්‍යය ඇසළ මාස‍යේ ආරම්භවේ.
බස්නාහිර පළාත, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

බස්නාහිර පළාත (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Western Province වෙස්ටර්න් ප්‍රොවින්ස්) (දෙමළ: மேற்கு மாகாணம்) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධිකතම ජන ඝනත්වයක් සහිත පළාත වෙයි. රටේ අගනගරය ශ්‍රී ජයවර්ධනපුර කෝට්ටේ මෙන්ම විශාලතම නගරය සහ වාණිජ කේන්ද්‍රය වන කොළඹ ද එහි පිහිටා ඇත.
බස්නාහිර පළාත සතුව 5,648,000 ප්‍රමාණයක ඇස්තමේන්තුගත ජනගහණයක් ඇති අතර එහි භූමිප්‍රමාණය 3,694.20 square කිලෝmetres (3.97640×10 sq ft) ක් වෙයි. බස්නාහිර පළාත විසින් දකුණු ආසියාවේ ඕනෑම ප්‍රදේශයක් විසින් වාර්තා කර ඇති විශාලතම ඒක පුද්ගල දළ දේශීය නිෂ්පාදන අගය ලෙස ඇ.එ.ඩො. 3,808 ක් වාර්තා කර ඇත.
15 වන සියවසේදී වත්මන් බස්නාහිර පළාතෙන් කොටසක් කෝට්ටේ රාජධානියට අයත් ව තිබුණි. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය පෘතුගීසි, ලන්දේසි, ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයින්ගේ මූලස්ථානයද විය. ක්‍රි.ව. 1815 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිතයක් ව ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පත්වූ අවස්ථාවේ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාව පහතරට සිංහල, උඩරට (නුවර) සිංහල, දෙමළ යනුවෙන් ජන නිකායන් 3කට වෙන්විය. බස්නාහිර පළාත් දිසාව පහතරට සිංහල ප්‍රජාවේ කේන්ද්‍රස්ථානය විය. පසුව ක්‍රි.ව. 1833 දී කෝල්බෲක් - කැමරන් ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම කාලයේදී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව භුගෝලීය වශයෙන් පළාත් පහකට වෙන්කරනු ලැබිය. ඉන් එකක් වන බස්නාහිර පළාත
යන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වලට වෙන්කර තිබුණි. ඉන් ක්‍රි.ව.1845 දී සත් කෝරලය, පුත්තලම හා හලාවත වයඹ පළාතටත්, 1889 දී සතර කෝරලය,තුන් කෝරලය හා පහත බුලත්ගම යන ප්‍රදේශ සබරගමුව පළාතට වෙන් කරනු ලැබිය. 2030 දී බස්නාහිර පළාත බස්නාහිර මෙගාපොලිස් (Western Region Megapolis) යන ව්‍යාපෘතියක් යටතේ සියලූම අංශවල දියුණු වැඩපිළිවෙළක් ඇරඹිමට සූදානම් ය. මෙහිදී වත්මන් දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වන කොළඹ, ගම්පහ, කළුතර යන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක කලාපීකරණය කරනු ලැබේ.
විශාලත්වයෙන් වර්ග කිලෝමීටර 3684ක් වන මෙම පළාත ලක්ෂද්වීප් මුහුදට නැගෙනහිරින්ද, සබරගමුව පළාතට බටහිරින්ද, වයඹ පළාතට දකුණින්ද, දකුණු පළාතට උතුරින්ද පිහිටා ඇත. නාගරීකරණය වී ඇති බැවින් මෙම පළාතේ සමහර ප්‍රදේශවල ගංවතුර තත්ත්ව වලින් ඉතා හානියට පත්වේ.
බස්නාහිර පළාත, පරිපාලන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක 3 කට බෙදා ඇත:
එමෙන්ම ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාස 40ක් හා ග්‍රාම නිලධාරි කොට්ඨාස 2505ක් ඇත.
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරවැසිභාවය ඇති තැනැත්තන් ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. සමස්ථ ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයන් සංඛ්‍යාව මිලියන 22ක් (ක්‍රි.ව.2022 ඇස්තමේන්තුව) පමණවේ. මින් අති බහුතරය ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුලම ජීවත්වන අතර සැලකියයුතු සංඛ්‍යායාවක් මැදපෙරදිග රැකියාවල නිරතවේ.
ක්‍රි.ව. 1972 මැයි 22 දිනට පෙර මොවුන් ලාංකිකයෝ ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබීය.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අතිබහුතරය ජීවත්වේ. ශ්‍රී ලාංකික පුරවැසිභාවය අති තැනැත්තන් සැලකියයුතු සංඛ්‍යාවක් ජීවත්වන අනෙක් රටවල් මෙසේය. ඉන්දියාවේ හැර අනෙක් රටවල වාසයකරන බහුතර ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ සිංහලවේ.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු සම්මාන පුරවැසියා ආතර්.සී.ක්ලාක් ය.
==ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ද්විත්ව පුරවැසිභාවය== එවන් යමක් තිබේ.
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ (හෝ ලාංකිකයෝ) සැලකියයුතු සංඛ්‍යවක් පහත සඳහන් රටවල පුරවැසිභාවය ලබා ශ්‍රී ලාංකාවේ පුරවැසි භාවය අත්හැර ඇත. මොවුනගෙන් බහුතරය දෙමළ ජනතාවවේ.
Festivals in Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, having a history as long as many ancient civilizations, positioned at the crossroads of the East and the West, and being a multicultural society, celebrates a wide variety of festivals, ceremonies and events.
Every year on or about April 13 Sinhalese and Tamil people celebrate Sinhalese and Tamil New Year Festival, Muslims celebrate Mawlid, fast during the Islamic month Ramadan and celebrate at the end of the month with the festival which is (Eid al-Fitr) and (Eid al-Adha) is celebrated on the final month of the Islamic calendar known as Dhu al-Hijjah. Christians celebrate Easter and Christmas. Esala Perahera (A-suh-luh peh-ruh-ha-ruh) is a grand festival in the month of Esala held in Sri Lanka. Happening in July or August in Kandy, it has become a unique symbol of Sri Lanka. It is a Buddhist festival consisting of dances and richly decorated elephants. There are fire-dances, whip-dances, Kandyan dances and various other cultural dances. The elephants are usually adorned with lavish garments. The festival ends with the traditional 'diya-kepeema'. The elephant is paraded around the city carrying a casket venerated by Buddhists as bearing the Relic of the tooth of the Buddha.
(This order may differ from year to year due astrological and astronomical reasons)
Buddhist holidays

This is a list of holidays and festivals celebrated within the Buddhist tradition.
Japanese, Burmese, Tibetan, Indian, Nepalese, Bhutanese, Chakma, Marma and Barua festivals often show the influence of Buddhist culture. Pagoda festivals in Myanmar are one example. In Tibet, India and Bhutan these festivals may include the traditional cham dance.
Lunar New Year festivals of Buddhist countries in east, south and southeast Asia also include some aspects of Buddhist culture, but they are considered cultural festivals as opposed to religious ones.
Meurvor Atlantel

Unan eus meurvorioù ar blanedenn Douar eo ar Meurvor Atlantel, er reter da gevandir Amerika, hag er c'hornôg da Europa hag Afrika, hag an eil brasañ eo ivez. Goleiñ a ra tost d'ur bempvedenn (1/5) eus gorread ar blanedenn.
E Norzh ar Meurvor Atlantel e kaver Meurvor Arktika, hag er Su Meurvor ar Su.
3×1017m³ eo kementad ar meurvor.
Dont a ra e anv eus hini Atlas, a oa un Titan e mojennoù Hellaz kozh. Talvezout a ra kement ha "Mor Atlas" eta. Koshañ meneg anezhañ a gaver en Istorioù Herodotos war-dro 450 kent J.-K.
E brezhoneg e vez graet ar Mor-Bras pe an Atlantik eus ar meurvor-se ivez.
3 338 metrad eo donder well-wazh ar meurvor, ma talc'her ar morioù amezek er gont, pe 3 926 metrad ma ne reer ket. Donañ ma'z eo eo 8 605 metrad e Foz Puerto Rico.
Evit al ledanded a ya eus 2 848 kilometrad etre Brazil ha Liberia da ur 4 830 kilometrad etre SUA hag Afrika an Hanternoz.
Moger ar Meurvor Atlantel

Moger ar Meurvor Atlantel (alamaneg: Atlantikwall) eo an hollad difennoù prientet gant Alamagn an Trede Reich el lodenn eus Europa dalc'het ganti a-enep un aloubadeg gant ar Gevredidi. Implijet e vez ivez an droienn vilourel Festung Europa evit ober anv eus an difennoù-se. Etre 1942 ha 1944 e oa bet savet difennoù lies gant an Alamanted hag o harperien e arvorioù Europa. Darn eus difennoù Moger an Atlantel a oa e dalc'h al lu alaman, ul lodenn vihan a oa dalc'het gant nerzhioù douar al Luftwaffe. Ar morlu alaman en devoa dalc'het ur rouedad difennoù arvorel, aozet e stumm meur a zonenn difenn.
Meurvor Indez

Ur meurvor er su da Azia, er reter da Afrika hag er c'hornaoueg da Aostralazia eo Meurvor Indez . Anvet eo diwar hini Indez, da lavaret eo an holl vroioù el ledenez vras m'emañ India, Pakistan ha Bangladesh enni.
War e riblennoù hanternoz e kaver Ledenez Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Tailand, Malaysia, Indonezia hag Aostralia. Er c'hornôg e kaver aodoù Afrika (Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Madagaskar, Mozambik, Moris) hag er Su emañ Meurvor ar Su. Dre un emglev etrebroadel emañ e harz gant ar Meurvor atlantel war led Kab ar Pikernigoù (20° E), gant ar Meurvor Habask war hed enez Tasmania ha gant Meurvor Antarktika war an 60vet hed Su. Gant Meurvor Indez ez eus ur gorread 75 milion a km².
Meurvor Habask

Ar Meurvor Habask (Latin Mare Pacificum, un anv roet gant an ergerzher portugalat Fernan Magalhaes) eo an tolzennad dour brasañ er bed. Stumm ur c'helc'h en deus ar meurvor-se dre vras. Goleiñ a ra un drederenn eus gorread ar Voul-zouar gant e 179,7 milion km². Eus an Norzh betek ar Su ez eus war-dro 15.500 km eus Mor Bering e takad an Arktika betek Mor Ross en Antarktika. Lod eus an douaroniourien a lavar ez eus ur meurvor trobolel, anvet Meurvor ar Su en-dro da Antarktika ha ne vefe ket ul lodenn eus ar meurvorioù all. Ledander hirañ ar Meurvor Habask a vez kavet war-dro 5° N ledred, e-lec'h ma tizh 19 800 km eus strizh-mor Malaka en Indonezia betek aod Kolombia. E foz Mariana emañ al lec'h gant an donder brasañ er bed, da lavaret eo 10 911 m.
War-dro 25 000 enezenn zo bet kontet er Meurvor Habask (muioc'h eget e-barzh an holl vorioù all asambles) hag an darn vuiañ anezho er Su d'ar c'heheder.
War marzhoù ar C'hornôg e kaver morioù bihan enklozet etre enezegoù bras : Mor Sulawesi, Mor Koural, Mor Sina ar Reter, Mor Japan, Mor Sina ar Su, Mor Sulu, Mor Tasman hag ar Mor Melen. Strizh-mor Malaka a zo un harz etre ar Meurvor Habask ha Meurvor Indez koulz ha Tremen Drake ha strizh-mor Magalhaes a zo dorioù d'ar Meurvor atlantel.
Meurvor Arktika

Meurvor Arktika (pe Meurvor skornek Arktika) en em led war 14 000 km². Emañ etre ar Pol Norzh ha Kelc'h Arktika. Goloet eo an darnvuiañ anezhañ gant ar vorskorneg, dezhi ur gorread o kreskiñ-digreskiñ hervez ar c'houlzioù-amzer. N'eus harz ebet etre Meurvor Arktika hag ar Meurvor Atlantel na gant ar morioù a-hed Norvegia, Rusia hag Alaska : Mor Lincoln, Mor Barents, Mor Kara, Mor al Lapteved, Mor Retersibiria ha Mor an Dchouchked) hag ivez Mor Beaufort a-hed Tiriadoù ar Gwalarn e Kanada.
Emañ un nebeud enezegoù a kreiz ar meurvor : Novaya Zemlya (Rusia), inizi Svalbard (Norvegia), Douar Franz-Josef, Inizi Sibiria-Nevez hag an Enezeg kanadian.
A-hed an aodoù n'eus ket kalz a dud o chom nemet e Norvegia hag e Gwalarn Rusia (Ledenez Kola gant Arc'hangelsk). E Siberia n'eus nemet geunioù ken ez eo kazi digenvez an aodoù.
Pa oa ar Brezel yen e oa an takad dindan an urzh vilourel pa oa meur a ziaz-lu kostez an URSS koulz ha kostez Norvegia. Listri-spluj soviedel ha stadunanat a rae o ged-tro er meurvor a-bezh. E 1958 e reas un taol-kaer al lestr-spluj atomel stadunanat Nautilus pa dreizhas ar meurvor en ur splujañ dindan ar vorskorneg tev a zo dindan ar Pol Norzh.
E Gouere 2007 e kasas gouarnamant Rusia ul lestr-spluj evit plantañ banniel Rusia e foñs ar meurvor, 4 000 m donder eno. Evit pouezañ war al lodenniñ pinvidigezhioù kuzhet an islonk da zont eo bet graet an dra-se p'eo ar vorskorneg o tigreskiñ dre efed tommadur hinad ar bed. Pep bro staliet war aodoù ar meurvor a reklemm e lodenn. Ar Stadoù-Unanet o deus embannet e tlefe Tremen ar Gwalarn bezañ un tremen etrebroadel, met n'emañ ket a-du Kanada ha gouarnamant ar riez-se en deus embannet e stalio un diaz-lu nevez dindan un nebeud bloazioù evit e gontrolliñ just goude splujadenn ar Rusianed.
Bro Kornôg Kreiz-Breizh

Bro Kornôg Kreiz-Breizh a zo anezhi ur vro hervez lezenn Voynet, enni 108 kumun eus dek kumuniezh kumunioù e departamantoù Aodoù-an-Arvor, Penn-ar-Bed hag ar Mor-Bihan:
E distro-skol 2024 e oa enskrivet er skol Diwan hag er c'hlasoù divyezhek 652 skoliad (11,4% eus skolidi ar vro evit a sell ouzh ar c'hentañ derez).
Kumuniezh kumunioù Kreiz-Breizh

Kumuniezh kumunioù Kreiz-Breizh (Communauté de communes du Kreiz-Breizh e galleg) a zo anezhi un etrekumuniezh (ur gumuniezh-kumunioù) eus departamant Aodoù-an-Arvor, e Breizh. Ul lodenn eus Bro Kornôg Kreiz Breizh eo.
Kumuniezh kumunioù Kreiz Breizh a ya 23 c'humun d'ober anezhi:
D'ar 1añ a viz Genver 2015 o doa kuitaet kumunioù Plevin, Trefrin ha Treogan ar gumuniezh kumunioù evit emezelañ ouzh hini Poc'hêr Kumuniezh.
Breizh-Nevez ar C'hornôg

Breizh-Nevez ar C'hornôg eo anv ar broviñs e kornôg Breizh-Nevez , an enezenn vrasañ eus Enezeg Bismarck e Papoua Ginea-Nevez.
Kimbe eo kêr-benn ar broviñs.
Er reter dezhi emañ Breizh-Nevez ar Reter
Kornôg

Unan eus ar pevar avel eo ar c'hornôg (pe kornaoueg) ha merket eo war tu kleiz an nadoz-vor. En tu enep d'ar reter emañ hag a-skouer gant an norzh, a zo el laez, diouzh an eil tu hag ar su, a zo merket en traoñ, diouzh an tu all.
Un anv, un anv-gwan pe un adverb a c'hell bezañ ar ger « kornôg » ; implijet e vez evit ar reteradur hag en douaroniezh.
Dre voaz e vez treset war kostez kleiz ar c'hartennoù lodenn an tiriad lec'hiet er c'hornôg; hini an norzh e oa ar c'hostez kleiz war ar c'hartennoù hen, el laez e veze ar Reter hag en traoñ e veze merket ar c'hornôg: alese an anvioù Breizh-Uhel (er reter, e laez ar gartenn gwechall), ha Breizh-Izel (er c'hornôg, en traoñ).
Kavet e vez an tu kornôgel dre sellet ouzh al lec'h ma'z a an Heol da guzh e mare rik ar gedez, rak enep red an horolaj e tro ar voul-Douar warni hec'h-unan.
Mard afec'h dizehan etrezek ar c'hornôg e heuilhfec'h ur c'helc'h anvet ledred. O kregiñ war ar c'heheder e heuilhfec'h ar c'helc'h brasañ.
Graet e vez « ar C'hornôg » dre vras eus un toullad broioù europat ha Norzhamerikan – eus Aostralia ivez a-wechoù, zoken p'emañ er Su – a zo diorroet mat e-keñver an deknologiezh. E-pad ar Brezel Yen e vezed kustum da enebiñ ar broioù-se, « ar C'hornôg » neuze, ouzh « ar Reter », da lavaret eo an Unvaniezh soviedel, ar riezoù dindan e veli, ha Republik Pobl Sina, Norzhkorea ha Mongolia. A-wechoù ez eneber « ar C'hornôg » ouzh « ar Su » ivez, war dachenn an armerzh pergen rak sellet e vez ouzh « ar C'hornôg » evel broioù pinvidik e-tal re ar Su a vefe paour.
Kornôg Bro-C'hall

Ar Grand Ouest ( e galleg) , pe Kornôg Bro-C'hall, zo un anv amofisiel evit komz eus an dachenn er c'hornôg da Bariz dre vras. Ne glot gant tiriad melestradurel ebet, n'eus bevenn ebet d'an dachenn.
Peurvuiañ e vez lakaet da glotañ gant an dachenn ma vez gwerzhet Ouest-France, hag a zo unan eus implijerien vras ar ger hag ar meizad, gant ar skinwel gallek France 3. Neuze e lakaer e-barzh ar Grand Ouest an teir rannvro c'hall-mañ: Rannvro Breizh, Basse-Normandie ha Broioù al Liger.
A-wechoù e vez lakaet ouzhpenn ar Poitou-Charentes (ma klask Ouest-France astenn e dachenn), departamantoù Indre-et-Loire ha Loir-et-Cher, hag ivez, nemet raloc'h, Haute-Normandie.
Atlas Linguistique de la France

An Atlas Linguistique de la France zo un atlas yezhoniel, un dastumad kartennoù a ziskouez penaos e kemm ar parlantoù hag ar rannyezhoù romanek eus an eil lec'h d'egile, e Bro-C'hall, e Belgia hag e Suis
Dastumet etre 1897 ha 1900 hag embannet etre 1902 ha 1910 gant Jules Gilliéron ha Edmond Edmont
Dastumet e oa bet doareou komz ar yezhoù romanek evel ar galleg, an okitaneg, hag ar frankoprovañseg, e 639 lec'h enklask disheñvel. Lezet eo bet tachennoù ar brezhoneg, an euskareg, ar flandrezeg, Elzas, Moselle a-gostez.
E Bro-C'hall int bet o tastum razh se met ivez e Norzh Katalonia, Okitania, Su Belgia ha kornôg Bro-Suis.
Liger-Atlantel

Al Liger-Atlantel (distaget: [ˈliːɡɛraˈtlãntɛl]), Loire-Atlantique e galleg hag ent-ofisiel (distaget: [lwa.ʁat.lɑ̃.tik]), zo unan eus ar pemp departamant a oa bet savet e Breizh da heul ar Reveulzi c'hall. E gevred ar vro emañ, Naoned eo ar pennlec'h anezhañ, hag ar 44 an niverenn roet dezhañ. Abaoe ma'z eo savet ar rannvroioù gall eo bet lakaet e Rannvro velestradurel Broioù-al-Liger ha neket e hini Breizh. 1 301 325 a annezidi a zo ennañ hervez sifroù an EBSSA e 2011. 12 departamant Frañs eo e-keñver ar boblañs dre se.
Koad Ankiniz, Koad Domnaiche, Koad ar C'havr, Koad La Groulais, Koad Juzet, Koad Keller, Koad Machikoul, Koad Merzhelieg, Ar C'hoad Pavez, Koad Princé, Koad Sant-Marzh-an-Olivenn, Koad Saverieg, Koad Tilheg, Koad Tolvez, Koad Vioreau, Koad Yaoueneg.
Al Liger, pe al Loer, a dreuz an departamant a reter da gornôg.
D'ar 4 a viz Meurzh 1790 e oa bet krouet an departamant, hervez lezenn an 22 a viz Kerzu 1789. Loire-Inférieure (Liger-Izelañ, pe Loer-Izelañ ha Loar-Izelañ evel ma veze lâret d'ar poent-se) e oa e anv neuze. D'an 9 a viz Meurzh 1957 e oa bet adanvet Loire-Atlantique (Liger-Atlantel), diwar ar stêr Liger hag a dreuz an departamant, hag ar Meurvor Atlantel.
Bevennoù Bro-Naoned a yae d'ober an departamant mui ul lodenn eus su eskopti Roazhon (war-zu Bro-Vaez) met ul lodenn eus bro Redon a yeas gant eskopti Roazhon ha bro Vitau a yeas gant ar Mor-Bihan, un toullad parrezioù eus Marzioù Breizh hag a oa e Bro-Naoned a voe staget ouzh departamant ar Vande. D'an 30 a viz Mezheven 1941 e voe krouet rannvroioù ekonomikel gant gouarnamant Vichy ha distaget al lodenn-mañ eus Breizh evit he bodañ gant departamantoù all e rannvro Anjev.
E 1955 e voe krouet rannvroioù programm ha kadarnaet an dibab lodenniñ e Breizh dre daou damm pa'z eas Liger-Atlantel gant rannvro Broioù-al-Liger. N'eus ket bet a zistro war an dibab-mañ pa oa bet krouet ar prefetioù rannvro e 1964 pe an desavadurioù publik rannvroel e 1972 pe c'hoazh ar rannvroioù evel gwir strollegezhioù lec'hel e 1982.
Daoust d'ar sontadegoù (75% eus al Liger-Atlanteliz a-du evit adstagañ o departamant ouzh ar peurrest eus Breizh), ar manifestadegoù abaoe 30 vloaz ha votadegoù a-du e Kuzul-departamant Liger-Atlantel hag e Kuzul-rannvro Breizh e chom difiñv an traoù.
D'an 10 Here 2005 en em vodas ur bodad-labour kuzulerien-rannvro Breizh ha kuzulerien-departamant Liger-Atlantel e Redon evit kregiñ da labourat asambles koulz diwar-benn ar sevenadur, ar sport hag an touristerezh.
4 c'humun a zo ur skol divyezhek enno (Naoned, Sant-Nazer, Gwenrann ha Savenneg). 0,3% eus bugale an departamant a zo ganti er c'hentañ derez.
E miz Mezheven 2008 e oa bet divizet lakaat panelloù divyezhek war an hentoù-departamant stok ouzh an departamantoù breizhat all.
Pireneoù-Atlantel

Ar Pireneoù-Atlantel (okitaneg: Pirenèus Atlantics; euskareg: Pirinio Atlantikoak; galleg ha stumm ofisiel: Pyrénées-Atlantiques; betek 1969 e oa Basses-Pyrénées) a zo un departamant e mervent Bro-C'hall (gant an niverenn 64), war lez ar Meurvor Atlantel ha sko ouzh Spagn war un dro. Pau eo ar penn-kêr anezhañ.
Savet eo bet an departamant:
Tri arondisamant zo :
Kumuniezh tolpad-kêrioù Kab-Atlantel

Kumuniezh tolpad-kêrioù Kab-Atlantel a zo anezhi un aozadur savet etre kumunioù (un tolpad-kêr) e departamant ar Mor-Bihan hag al Liger-Atlantel, e Breizh. Krouet eo bet e 2002.
Kumuniezh tolpad-kêrioù Kab-Atlantel a ya 15 kumun d'ober anezhi:
Roll kumunioù Liger-Atlantel

Ar pennad-mañ a ginnig roll kumunioù al Liger-Atlantel. 207 kumun a gaver en departamant.
6 821,68 km² a ya d'ober Liger-Atlantel, ar pezh a ra ur gorread krenn a 30,87 km² evit kumunioù an departamant (14,88 km² evit Bro C'hall) hag ur gorread kreiz a 25,85 km² (10,73 km² evit Bro C'hall a-bezh).
1 296 364 annezad a oa en departamant e 2011, gant ur stankter a 188 ann./km², a-us da geidenn Bro-C'hall. Kavet e vez ur geidenn a 5 866 annezad dre gumun (1 542 evit Bro C'hall), pa 'z eo an niver kreiz a 2 143 annezad dre gumun (380 evit Bro C'hall).
An toleadoù kêr, termenet gant an niver a bostoù-labour hag ar monedone stag ouzh al labour, a zo enno ur pol kêrel, hag a zo an unvez kêrel pennañ (da skouer : tolpad-kêrioù Naoned), ha kumunioù unpol, eleze kumunioù stag ouzh ur pol kêrel hepken ; Gallout a ra ar c'humunioù-se bezañ kêrel (da skouer : Bouez, Enorzh) pe diwar ar maez.
6 tolead kêr a zo en departamant :
Evezhiadenn : ar roadennoù kinniget amañ a sell ouzh kumunioù Liger-Atlantel hepken. Gallout a ra an toleadoù kêr tizhout meur a zepartamant (da skouer : hini Naoned a zo ennañ kumun La Varenne e Maine-et-Loire).
(a) Kumunioù kêrel unpol tolead kêr Naoned : Bouez, Enorzh, Kerc'hevrel, Lavreer-Botorel, Pont-Marzhin, Sant-Enion-al-Lenn-Veur, Santez-Pezhenn, Sant-Filberzh-Deaz, Sant-Juluan-Kankell, Sant-Stefan-Brengoloù, Sulieg.
(b) Kumunioù kêrel unpol tolead kêr Sant-Nazer : Sant-Maloù-Gwersac'h, Sant-Yoasin.
Al listennad a-is a ro evit pep kumun :
Evit a sell ouzh an toleadoù kêr e ro an daolenn :
Daveoù : INSEE evit ar boblañs, IGN evit ar gorreadoù.
Rannvro Breizh

Rannvro Breizh zo ur rannvro eus ar Republik c'hall, ha n'eus ken nemet pevar departamant enni: Aodoù-an-Arvor, Penn-ar-Bed, Mor-Bihan hag Il-ha-Gwilen. Ne glot ket gant Breizh eta, a zo bet rannet etre pemp departamant, Liger-Atlantel ouzhpenn ar pevar meneget a-raok, e 1790, pa voe krouet an departamantoù gall.
Stag eo Liger-Atlantel ouzh ar rannvro c'hall Broioù al Liger abaoe krouidigezh ar rannvroioù.
Abaoe dilennadegoù rannvro 2010 ez eo ar c'hengevreadur PS ha kleiz diseurt (40) -PCF (6) - "Ekologiezh Breizh" (6) a zo e penn Kuzul Rannvro Breizh. An UDB (4) hag ar Re C'hlas/EE (7) n'emaint ket eus tu ar Prezidant.
Kanton Sant-Ervlan-Kornôg-Antr

Kanton Sant-Ervlan-Kornôg-Antr a oa anezhañ ur rann velestradurel eus Breizh, e departamant al Liger-Atlantel hag e rannvro Broioù-al-Liger (Frañs).
Kanton Sant-Ervlan-Kornôg-Antr a yae ul lodenn eus kumun Sant-Ervlan ha kumun Antr d'ober anezhañ.
Kanton Sant-Nazer-Kornôg

Kanton Sant-Nazer-Kornôg a oa anezhañ ur rann velestradurel eus Breizh, e departamant al Liger-Atlantel hag e rannvro Broioù-al-Liger (Frañs).
Kanton Sant-Nazer-Kornôg a yae ul lodenn eus kumun Sant-Nazer d'ober anezhañ.
Roll kantonioù Liger-Atlantel

Rannet e oa bet departamant al Liger-Atlantel e 31 kanton gant dekred ar 25 a viz C'hwevrer 2014.
Daou guzulier departamant a zo dilennet e bep kanton.
Roll an 59 c'hanton a oa e departamant al Liger-Atlantel betek 2015, arondisamant hag arondisamant :
kanton Ankiniz - kanton Gwared - kanton Legneg - kanton Rialeg - kanton Sant-Marzh-an-Olivenn
kanton Blaen - kanton Kastell-Briant - kanton Derwal - kanton Gwenvenez-Penfaou - kanton Maezon-ar-Stêr - kanton Enorzh - kanton Nozieg - kanton Ruzieg - kanton Sant-Juluan-Gouwent - kanton Sant-Nikolaz-an-Hent
kanton Kelenneg-ar-Mewan - kanton Bouez - kanton Kerc'hfaou - kanton Chapel-Erzh - kanton Klison - kanton Levieg - kanton Lavreer-Botorel - kanton Machikoul - kanton Naoned-1 - kanton Naoned-2 - kanton Naoned-3 - kanton Naoned-4 - kanton Naoned-5 - kanton Naoned-6 - kanton Naoned-7 - kanton Naoned-8 - kanton Naoned-9 - kanton Naoned-10 - kanton Naoned-11 - kanton Pentelloù - kanton Sant-Stefan-Brengoloù - kanton Sant-Filberzh-Deaz - kanton Gwaled - kanton Gwerzhav - kanton Gwerzhav-Gwinieg - kanton Reudied - kanton Sant-Ervlan-Reter - kanton Sant-Ervlan-Kornôg-Antr - kanton Orvez
Kanton ar Baol-Skoubleg - kanton Bourc'hnevez-Raez - kanton ar Groazig - kanton Gwenrann - kanton Erbigneg - kanton Mouster-al-Loc'h - kanton Pembo - kanton Pontkastell-Keren - kanton Pornizh - kanton Gweltaz-Lambrizig - kanton Sant-Nazer-Reter - kanton Sant-Nazer-Kornôg - kanton Sant-Nazer-Kreiz - kanton Sant-Pêr-Raez - kanton Savenneg
Meurvor

Ur meurvor, ur mor-bras pe un osean a-wezhioù, zo ur mor bras-kenañ ha n'eus nemet 5 anezho war ar Voul-Douar. Bevennet int gant ar c'hevandirioù war al lodenn vrasañ eus o harzoù hag a zo treset dre emglev an douaroniourien ivez. Ar morioù a zo bet roet pep a anv dezho a c'hall bezañ pe lodennoù eus ar meurvorioù pe morioù enklozet en ur c'hevandir (pe etre daou, evel ar Mor Kreizdouarel).
Tiriad Meurvor Indez Breizh-Veur

Tiriad Meurvor Indez Breizh-Veur (saozneg: British Indian Ocean Territory, berradur: BIOT) a zo un tiriad tramor eus ar Rouantelezh-Unanet lec'hiet e Meurvor Indez, hanter-hent etre Afrika hag Indonezia, er su da Inizi Maldivez. Diego Garcia eo ar gêr-benn. Ur pikol bon eus arme ar Stadoù-Unanet a zo diazezet eno, hag estreget soudarded ha tud o labourat evito n'eus den ebet ken o vevañ en inizi. Hiziv an deiz e klot an tiriad-se gant Inizi Tchagos.
Mor an Hanternoz

Mor an Hanternoz zo ur mor e Gwalarn Europa, dezhañ 575 000 km², hag en-dro dezhañ ar broioù-mañ :
Digeriñ a ra :
Pleustret eo Mor an Hanternoz gant listri e-leizh. Oberiant eo ar besketaerien warnañ, lod evel ar Vretoned o tont eus pellik dioutañ. Kavout a reer eoul-maen ennañ etre Bro-Skos ha Norvegia, daoust ma'z a buan ar puñsoù da hesk.
List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean

This is a list of islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of which is Greenland. Note that the definition of the ocean used by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) excludes the seas, gulfs, bays, etc., bordering the ocean itself. Thus, for instance, not all of the islands of the United Kingdom are actually in or bordering on the Atlantic. For reference, islands in gulfs and seas are included in a separate section. Oceanic islands are formed by seamounts rising from the ocean floor with peaks above the surface of the ocean and are not parts of continental tectonic plates.
Within the Caribbean Sea:
Within the Gulf of Guinea:
Within the Greenland Sea:
Within the Norwegian Sea:
Within the Gulf of St. Lawrence:
Others:
Siblu

Siblu (formerly Haven Europe) owns and operates 23 large family holiday parks in France and the Netherlands. Siblu's holiday parks are located across Normandy, the Brittany coastline, the west of France, the Loire Valley, the Mediterranean coast, Zeeland and the Wadden Sea. The parks have Dutch, French and English speaking staff and the facilities are aimed at families with a mix of accommodation such as mobile homes and chalets.
The sites are mainly classified 4 stars.
Siblu has two distinct activities: the rental of short or long stays in mobil-homes; The sale of mobile homes on its villages via an integrated turnkey offer, with the possibility of including rental management.
As of 2020 Siblu owns 20 parks in France and 3 in the Netherlands.
HMS Nubian (F131)

HMS Nubian was a Tribal-class frigate of the Royal Navy in service from 1962 and 1979. She was named after the Nubian ethnic group, located in Egypt and Sudan. She was sunk as a target in 1987.
Nubian was built by Portsmouth Dockyard, at a cost of £4,360,000. She was launched on 6 September 1960 by Lady Holland-Martin, wife of Vice-Admiral Sir Deric Holland-Martin, and commissioned on 9 October 1962.
In 1964, Nubian suffered a collision that caused minor damage. She joined the Beira Patrol off Mozambique in 1967, supporting the enforcement of an oil blockade of Rhodesia. Nubian constituted the escort providing radar coverage for the Daily Mail Trans-Atlantic Air Race in 1969 that commemorated the 50th Anniversary of Alcock and Brown's non-stop transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Britain. In 1971 she was present at Portsmouth Navy Days. In 1975, Nubian reinforced the British garrison in Belize after Guatemala intensified its threats to annex the territory.
Nubian was present at the 1977 Spithead Fleet Review, held in honour of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. At this time she was part of the 5th Frigate Squadron.
In 1978, Nubian assisted in the cleanup after the supertanker Amoco Cadiz grounded off the coast of Brittany; more than 200,000 tons (180,000 metric tons) of oil had polluted the Brittany coastline.
Nubian entered the reserve in 1979, being placed in the Standby Squadron and put on the disposal list in 1981. While in reserve, Nubian became a training ship and had parts cannibalised for three sister-ships sold to Indonesia in 1984. The frigate was sunk as a target on 27 May 1987.
Côte d'Émeraude

The Côte d'Émeraude (Breton: Aod an Emrodez; lit. 'Emerald Coast') is a name given to a part of the English Channel coast of eastern Brittany near the border with Normandy in France.
Lawyer and historian Eugène Herpin coined the name Côte d'Émeraude in 1890. He was inspired by the "symphonie" of the colours of the sea and shore. The name was inspired by the branding success of the Côte d'Azur in encouraging tourism and development.
The coast stretches across 120 km between Pointe du Grouin in Cancale and Cap Fréhel in Plévenon, is located in the Côtes-d'Armor and Ille-et-Vilaine departments, and includes the Rance estuary, Dinard, and Saint-Malo. The Bay of Saint-Brieuc lies to its west and Mont-Saint-Michel Bay lies to its east. The official Communauté de communes Côte d'Émeraude does not cover the entire area.
Plans to turn the Côte d'Émeraude into a protected park were conceived in 2003.
Painter Léon Hamonet, from Erquy, created many watercolours of the Côte d'Émeraude.
Côte de Granit Rose

The Côte de granite rose or Pink Granite Coast (Breton: Arvor greunvaen roz) is a stretch of coastline in the Côtes d'Armor departement of northern Brittany, France. It stretches for more than thirty kilometres from Plestin-les-Grèves to Louannec, encompassing Trégastel.
It has become a popular tourist destination due to its unusual pink sands and rock formations.
48°50′N 3°29′W﻿ / ﻿48.83°N 3.48°W﻿ / 48.83; -3.48
Arcachon

Arcachon (French: [aʁ.ka.ʃɔ̃]; Gascon: Arcaishon) is a commune in the southwestern French department of Gironde. It is a popular seaside resort on the Atlantic coast 55 kilometres (34 mi) southwest of Bordeaux, in the Landes forest. It has a sandy beach and a mild climate said to be favourable for people suffering from pulmonary complaints.
On 2 May 1857, Emperor Napoleon III signed an imperial decree declaring that Arcachon was now an autonomous municipality; coincidentally, the railway line extension from Bordeaux to Arcachon had been completed that same year. At that time, Arcachon was scarcely more than a forest of pine trees, oaks and strawberry trees (arbutus), with no road links and few real houses, with a population fewer than 400 people, mostly fishermen and peasants. In earlier years, when some hygienists began to recommend sea bathing, three sea establishments were laid out by investors to attract the Bordeaux bourgeoisie and other wealthy people. This was the beginning of a new lifestyle, and some of the locals got the opportunity to claim their independence from La Teste-de-Buch, which owned their properties, in order to found a "free" new town, Arcachon. Until 1950, tuberculosis patients also visited Arcachon for fresh-air treatments.
Arcachon is known for the "Arcachonnaise", the local name for an Arcachon villa, the architectural style of many of the older houses built there in the nineteenth century.
The United States Navy established a naval air station on 8 June 1918 to operate seaplanes during World War I. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne.
The historic populations of Arcachon from 1861 until 2017 are shown in the table below.
At its southern entrance from the Atlantic Ocean, Arcachon Bay is crowned by Europe's largest sand dune, the Dune du Pilat, nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) long, 500 metres (1,600 feet) wide, reaching 110 metres (360 feet) in height, and moving inland at rate of 5 metres (16 feet) a year. Arcachon is one of the largest towns within the Landes forest, alongside Arcachon, Dax, and Mont-de-Marsan. The bay provides excellent conditions for growing oysters and around 175 hectares of the bay is dedicated to oyster farming.
The city enjoys a mild climate thanks to the Gulf Stream, a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current originating from the gulf of Mexico.
The nearest airport is Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport. Arcachon station is daily served by the TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine trains from Bordeaux and also by the TGV Atlantique from Paris on weekends. Public transportation is operated by buses. Boat excursions around Arcachon Bay are provided for tourism, and boat shuttles offer transport to Cap ferret, the Dune of Pilat, Le Canon, Le Moulleau, Andernos and Banc D'Arguin.
On the other side of the Bassin d'Arcachon is Cap Ferret, a popular resort for celebrities including Zinedine Zidane and Jean Pierre Pernaut, who have holiday homes.
Arcachon is twinned with:
EV1 The Atlantic Coast Route

EuroVelo 1 (EV1), named the Atlantic Coast Route, is a 10,650 km (6,620 mi) long EuroVelo long-distance cycling route running from North Cape in Norway to Valença in Portugal. This north-south route runs (mostly) along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean of Western Europe and passes successively through nine countries: Norway, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Wales, England, France, Spain and Portugal.
North Cape (EV7, EV11), Tromsø, Vestvågøy, Bodø, Trondheim (EV3), Alesund, Bergen (EV12).
Note that since 2008, ferry services no longer operate between Bergen in Norway and the Scottish city of Aberdeen. This can be done by air, however.
Aberdeen (EV12), Banff, Nairn (EV12), Glasgow, Ayr, Stranraer. Belfast, Craigavon, Derry.
Letterkenny, Galway (Dublin-Galway Greenway EV2), Limerick (Limerick Greenway), Cork, Waterford (Waterford Greenway), Rosslare.
Fishguard, Swansea, Newport, Bristol, Barnstaple, Plymouth. The EV1 follows the Devon Coast to Coast route (National Route 27) and the Tarka Trail.
In France, the EV1 is marketed as the Vélodyssée. With a length of 1,210 km (750 mi) the EV1 connects Roscoff to Hendaye all along the Atlantic Coast. In Brittany, the EV1 largely follows the voie verte (greenway) along the Nantes-Brest canal, while in Aquitaine it follows the greenway along the coast of the Landes forest.
Roscoff (EV4), Nantes (EV6), La Rochelle, Arcachon, Hendaye.
Pamplona (EV3), Burgos (EV3), Salamanca, Merida, Huelva.
Faro, Sagres, Sines, Lisbon, Figueira da Foz, Porto, Viana do Castelo, Valença.
Gus March-Phillipps

Gustavus Henry March-Phillipps, DSO, MBE (1908 – 12 September 1942; sometimes spelled "March-Phillips") was the founder of the British Army's No. 62 Commando, also known as Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF), one of the forerunners of the Special Air Service (SAS). He was also noteworthy as being one of Ian Fleming's main inspirations for the character of James Bond.
March-Phillipps was a special operations veteran who proved remarkably successful in his missions.
In The Daily Telegraph, Max Hastings noted: "In January 1942 he launched Operation Postmaster, a picaresque 'cutting-out expedition', which seized two Italian merchantmen from the neutral Spanish colonial port of Santa Isabel in West Africa, and towed them triumphantly to Lagos." After the raid March-Phillipps was awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
He was killed in action during Operation Aquatint, which took place on the German-occupied French coastline in September 1942. Intending to harass the enemy and boost the Allied morale, March-Phillipps led a raiding team of 11 men onto a beach in Goatley canoes. The landing was on an incorrect area of the beach, and they came under heavy fire from a German patrol. Four of the raiders were injured and taken prisoner, four men went on the run but were eventually captured; the rest of the team were killed, including March-Phillipps who was shot when trying to swim ashore after his canoe got damaged.
On the Commando Veterans website, the following note accompanies the text on his gravestone: "In Memory of Major 39184 Gustavus Henry March-Phillipps DSO MBE Royal Artillery and Commando, Small Scale Raiding Force who died age 34 on 12 September 1942. Remembered with honour at ST. LAURENT-SUR-MER CHURCHYARD"
March-Phillipps married fellow SOE agent Marjorie Stewart (an actress before and after the war, later Lady Marling) on 18 April 1942.
He was the nephew of Gustavus Hamilton Blenkinsopp Coulson.
March-Phillipps is portrayed by Henry Cavill in the 2024 film The Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare which depicts a heavily fictionalised version of the events of Operation Postmaster.
Geography of French Guiana

French Guiana is an overseas region of France, located on the northern coast of South America between Suriname and Brazil. The country is part of Caribbean South America and borders the North Atlantic Ocean. It has low-lying plains with small mountains to the south. Its climate is split between tropical rainforest and tropical monsoon.
French Guiana is situated on the northeast coast of South America between 2° and 5° latitude north and covers an area of 35,135 square miles. It is separated from Surinam (Dutch Guiana) by the Maroni River and two of its tributaries, the Aoua and Itany, in the west, and from Brazil by the Tumuc Humac Mountains in the south and the Oyapock River in the east. Its 200-mile Atlantic coastline is bordered by several rocky islands – the Iles du Salut (Devil's Island, Royale and Saint-Joseph), the Père and Mère Islands, Malingre Island and Rémire Island, and the two Connétables—which are all part of French Guiana.
Land: 83,534 km
Total: 1,183 km Border countries: Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km (disputed) Coastline: 378 km
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nmi (370.4 km; 230.2 mi) territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi).
Primary Forest: 95%
Bauxite, timber, gold (widely scattered), cinnabar, kaolin, fish, shrimp, rice, bananas.
French Guiana's climate is tropical and hot with a Köppen climate classification of tropical rainforest (Af) throughout most of the country. Heavy showers, severe thunderstorms, and floodings are frequent, as is intense heat and humidity.
Although French Guiana is very close to the equator, the trade winds which blow almost the year round refresh the coastal region and prevent the formation of great tropical storms. The annual mean temperature on the coast is 80 °F (27 °C). There are two principal seasons: "summer" from July to December and the "rainy season" the rest of the year, broken only by a Short "March Summer."
French Guiana extends almost 250 miles into the continent and is divided into two natural zones: a small, low, swampy coastal area called the "Terres Basses," varying from ten to thirty miles in width, and a granite peneplain called the "Terres Hautes," worn down by erosion into steps forming a series of low steep hills. Almost the entire country is covered by rain forest and its many large rivers and streams, although their courses are broken by rapids, constitute the only natural means of penetration into the interior. The main rivers, flowing in a general south–north direction, are the Maroni, the Mana, the Iracoubo, the Sinnamary, the Kourou, the Mahury, the Approuague and the Oyapock.
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: France. (1961–1962). France overseas. New York: Ambassade de France, Service de presse et d'information.
4°00′N 53°00′W﻿ / ﻿4.000°N 53.000°W﻿ / 4.000; -53.000
Outline of whisky

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to whisky:
Whisky (also "whiskey") – distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains (which may be malted) are used in different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, and wheat. Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak.
Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide. It encompasses many national expressions and variations. The typical unifying characteristics of the different expressions and variations are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels.
The spelling whiskey is commonly used in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used almost exclusively in other whisky-producing countries.