Kanyakumari district

Kanyakumari district (Tamil: [kɐnːijaːkumaːɾi]), officially Kanniyakumari district, is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state and the southernmost district in mainland India. It stands second in terms of population density among the districts of Tamil Nadu. It is also the richest district in Tamil Nadu in terms of per capita income, and also tops the state in Human Development Index (HDI), literacy, and education. The district's headquarters is Nagercoil.
Kanyakumari district has a varied topography with the sea on three sides and the mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Except for a small stretch of land to the east of Kanniyakumari town, almost the entire district is sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea – the only district in Tamil Nadu state facing the Arabian Sea.
Historically, Nanjinad and Edai Nadu, which comprise the present-day Kanniyakumari district, were ruled by various Tamil and Malayalam dynasties: the Cheras, the Ay/Venad/Travancore dynasty, the Pandyans, the Chozhans and the Nayaks. A few artefacts have been unearthed by archaeological excavations. It was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated from the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom to form the new district of Kanniyakumari, and they were made the part of Madras Presidency under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Presidency was later renamed Tamil Nadu and Kanniyakumari, today, is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state.
The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate sages such as Agastya, Vyasa, Tolkappiyar, Avvaiyar and Valluvar with the district.
The area that comprises the current Kanniyakumari district was a part of the old Ay kingdom of the first and second Sangam ages. Following the decline of the Ay kingdoms, the area became Venad, with its capital Padmanabhapuram located North, North West of Nagercoil. The wealth of the Nanjilnadu beckoned many invaded kings including the Nayaks during the reign of Umayamma Rani. The Venad region was in anarchy before Marthanda Varma ascended the throne in 1729 CE. Under their rule anarchy was dominant in Kanniyakumari region. However, Marthanda Varma brought a sense of disorder under control by annexing the nearby territories, putting down the feudal lords and establishing the strong state of Travancore. He had also bought some portions of Kanniyakumari from the then viceroy making it the southern boundary. Under his rule, the district improved in a social context as well as economically. The famous battle of Colachel took place in the district. Later, the Maharajas of Travancore built the forts at Aramboly (Aralvaimozhy) to prevent any invasion from the Carnatic Kings. Key elements of Velu Thampi Dalawa's revolt occurred in the area and the English East India company's army under Col.
Leger broke through the fortifications and entered Travancore in 1810. In the year 1949, the area became a part of the reestablished Travancore Cochin state. The people of Agasteeswarem, Thovalai, Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, which formed the southern divisions of the former district of Trivandrum, were predominantly Tamil speaking people. The present Kanniyakumari district was historically part of the erstwhile Travancore State. Four Tamil-speaking taluks viz., Vilavancode, Kalkulam, Thovala and Agastheeswaram which now form the Kanniyakumari district was transferred to Madras State on 1 November 1956. The changes that were effected between the taluks and the villages as on 1 October 1956 are furnished in the fly-leaf to Table A-I. An extreme agitation by Tamil speaking residents under the leadership of Marshal Nesamony took place for including Kanniyakumari within Tamil Nadu. Eventually the merger happened in 1956 based on language reorganisation of states.
Historically, Nanjilnadu (Agastheeswaram and Thovalai taluks) and Eda Nadu (Vilavancode and Kalkulam taluks) which comprises the present Kanniyakumari district. The district were ruled by various dynasties: Venad Kingdom, Travancore Kingdom, the Cheras, the Cholas, the Ays and the Nayaks. A few artefacts were unearthed by archaeological excavations in parts of the district. The district was part of the princely state of Travancore during the colonial times prior to India's independence; four of the eight tehsils of Thiruvananthapuram district were separated to form the new district of Kanniyakumari in 1956 following the demands of reunion made by the Tamil speaking majority people (about 70% of the population), who feels that their feelings were suppressed by the erstwhile Travancore Kingdom which has Malayalam-majority population. The four taluks were made the part of then Madras State under recommendations from the States Reorganisation Commission in 1956. The Madras State was later renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969 and Kanniyakumari, today, is one of the 38 districts of Tamil Nadu state.
The district is the birthplace of Ayyavazhi, the henotheistic belief initiated by Hari Gopalan Seedar, one among the 5 prime disciples of Ayya Vaikundar. The social, religious and cultural history of the 19th century Kanniyakumari district is intrinsically inter-twined with those of Ayyavazhi. Many historical assumptions persist in the district and state, which associate with sages namely Vyasa, Agastya, Tolkappiyar, Avvaiyar and Valluvar.
The district is situated between 77°15' and 77°36' east longitude and 8°03' and 8°35' north latitude. The district has borders with Tirunelveli district in the North & North East, the Gulf of Mannar in the East, the Indian Ocean in the South, the Arabian Sea in the West and the Thiruvananthapuram District (Kerala) in the West.
Kanniyakumari district has a varied topography with sea on three sides and the mountains of the Western Ghats bordering the northern side. Geologically, the landmass of the district is much younger when compared to the rest of state – faulted as late as 2.5 million years during the Miocene, after which numerous transgression, as well as regression of sea, had shaped the western coast of the district.
The district can be categorised into three natural divisions:
Within the northern mountainous range of the district lies the scenic sanitarium of Muthukuzhivayal. South of Peermedu, this range stands out due to its significant breadth. The rugged landscape boasts bluff ridges and conical peaks, forming a continuation of the Western Ghats that stretches all the way to the Aralvaimozhi Pass. Notably, the perfectly detached Kattadimalai stands out as a prominent rocky mass. Continuing southward, a broken rocky spur shapes into Marunthuvazh Malai, situated approximately 7 kilometres northwest of Kanyakumari. The Vellimalai in Kalkulam taluk and the Maruntuvazh malai in Agastheeswaram taluk are important isolated hills. The variations in altitude and climate across the hilly terrain of the district have led to a diverse vegetation profile, showcasing distinct representations of different land types. The highest hill within the district is Mahendragiri (1,654 meters) in Thovalai taluk, situated on the border between Kanniyakumari and Tirunelveli districts. Kalmalai (900 meters), Moliyadi (700 meters) located at the head of old Kulasekaram reserved forest area and Tadakai malai (960 meters) are some of the notable hills in the district.
The mountainous terrain in the northern and eastern portions of the district contains an extensive plateau amidst elevated hilltops. While most of the hills have steep slopes, some exhibit a more gradual spread. While the area is predominantly agricultural, numerous plantations and few handloom industries thrive in this region. The central area of the district, particularly Agastiswaram taluk, consists of vast plains. This includes the plains at Vellimalai, Mylaudy and Derisanamcope.
The district features an extensive 68-kilometer coastline. Predominantly regular in its configuration, the coast showcases notable projections toward the sea at locations such as Kanniyakumari, Muttam, and Erayanthurai. Additionally, there are a few minor sea ports. The ancient port of Colachel stands as the sole natural port on the west coast of Tamil Nadu while Kanyakumari serves as another minor port, primarily catering to tourists. Another minor port at is situated along the edge of Manakudi Estaury. Kanyakumari is the only district in Tamil Nadu facing the Arabian sea.
Pazhayar, the southernmost river in India, originates from the secondary range of the Western Ghats, draining Mahendragiri peak and nearby estates. Flowing through Thovalai and Agastiswaram taluks, the Pazhayar significantly supports irrigation. Its course spans approximately 37 kilometres, ultimately joining the Manakkudy Lagoon at Thamaraikulam. Notable places along the river include Boothapandi, Thalakudi, Vadasseri, Nagercoil, and Suchindram.
Kodayar originates east of Valia Malai peak within the southern part of the Muthukuzhivayal plateau and flows southwest through a wild tract. Two streams—one from Motavan Pothai and the other from Thacchamala hills—contribute to this river. The Pechiparai Dam intercepts the Kodayar, creating the Pachipparai lake. With a rocky bed, steep banks, sharp curves, and frequent falls, the Kodayar remains largely untamed except for a few kilometres near its end. The Tirparappu Waterfalls along this river stands at approximately 13 meters. After covering 32 kilometres in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks, the Kodayar merges with the Paraliyar to form the western Tambaraparani. It flows southwest through Kuzhithurai, Munchirai and evantually into the Thengapattanam estaury where it meets the sea.
Originating north of Mahendragiri, the Paraliyar, another major river of the district flows southwesterly and passes out of the forest area a mile above Ponmanai where it encounters the Perunchani Dam. The Left Bank Channel supplies water from the Pechipparai reservoir before reaching the weir known as Puthen dam. The ancient Pandyan dam, built in Pandiyan era, across the Paraliyar in Kalkulam taluk, along with the Pandyan Kal and related irrigation works, constitute one of the region's ancient irrigation systems. About a kilometre downstream from the Pandyan dam, the river meets the 250-year-old Puthen dam. The river runs through the Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks and covers 37 kilometres before joining the Kodayar near Thiruvattar, forming the western Thamirabarani River.
Valliyar a minor river originates at an altitude of 950 m in the Velimalai hills and passes through Kothanalloor, Kalkulam, Eraniel, Thalakulam and Manavalakurichi before joining the Arabian Sea at Kadiapattanam. Along the way, it merges with the Thuvalar, another small river originating from the Mampazhathurai hills. Mullayar another minor river flows approximately 11 kilometres through Vilavancode taluk and joins the western Tambraparani near Thikkurichi.
The district features diverse topography with its northern and western regions consist of hilly terrain and forests, while the southeastern and central parts are characterised by agricultural lands. Along the southern border lies an extensive sea-shore interspersed by valleys and plains. The coastal uplands of the district are characterised by rocky outcrops and rugged coastlines, with notable Teri sand dune complexes. The coastlines of Kanyakumari, Theerthakkarai, Muttom, and Kadiyapattanam are especially rocky. In Muttom, a Teri dune complex extends along the coast; sand dunes also stretch from Manakudi to Sothavilai. Additionally, sandy beaches and isolated boulders define the southern coastline.
The Peninsular India is typically described as a highland with faulting on both sides. During the Archaean Eon, the eastern coast experienced faulting, whereas the faulting of the western coast, including the major parts of the Kanyakumari district, occurred later—approximately 25 million years ago—during the early Miocene era. Subsequent transgressions and regressions of the sea led to the formation of various sedimentary layers.
Over time, the sea receded, resulting in uplifted land masses. Evidence of this uplift includes deeply entrenched streams, waterfalls, high hanging valleys, alluvial flats, and marine sediment patches at higher elevations. Notably, shelly limestone formations in Kanyakumari further support the theory of land uplift in this area. The uplift likely occurred in stages, rejuvenating older streams. The wind gap at Mekkode resulted from river piracy, where the Paraliyar was captured by the Kodayar, possibly during the Tertiary period. The straight west coastline, uninterrupted by breaks, suggests faulting during the Pliocene epoch. Similarly, changes in the Kodayar river's course—from northward to northeast to southwest indicate faulting along its path.
Geologically, the region features two main rock groups: the Khondalites, and Charnockites while a third group, Migmatites is also found. The Khondalites, composed of garnetiferous Sillimanite-Graphite Gneisses and Garnet-Biotite gneisses, dominate a significant portion of the district. The Charnockites are exposed in areas between Padmanabhapuram, Aralvaimozhi, Kulasekaram, Thuckalay, and Rajakkamangalam. The distinctive occurrence of feldspathic granites across a significant portion of this region indicates that the rocks underwent intense isoclinal folding, resulting in repeated bands. These folds align in a northwest–southeast direction and may have subsequently experienced cross-folding. These charnockites also occur as lenses and patches within the khondalites. Additionally, thin Pegmatite bodies and quartz veins intrude the khondalites. Tertiary-age Varkala beds appear as thin cappings south of Kaliyakkavilai near the coast.
The basement rocks are covered by a sequence of soil types, including red soil, lateritic soil, clay, river alluvium, coastal alluvium, and black and red sandy soils. These soil layers have thicknesses ranging from 1 metre to 1.5 meters in most locations. The underlying geological terrain belongs to the Peninsular Gneiss. The coastal belt around Kanyakumari, Kovalam, and Vattakottai contains recent-age formations, including Calcareous sandstones, limeshells, and Kankary Limestone. Lateral deposits, including sand, zircon, rutile, ilmenite, and garnet, are commonly found along the entire sea coast of Kanyakumari.
Kanyakumari district experiences a tropical climate, characterised by warm temperatures throughout the year as per the Köppen climate classification. The district generally has high temperatures year-round, with average highs ranging from 29 °C to 33 °C (84 °F to 91 °F) and average lows from 23 °C to 26 °C (73 °F to 79 °F). The Summer from March to May is typically hot, with temperatures often exceeding 34 °C (93 °F). The heat is more intense due to weaker winds. The region's proximity to the Equator makes it hard to distinctly define the summer season and summers are significantly wetter than winters. Winters from January to February are mild and pleasant, with temperatures rarely dropping below 19 °C (66 °F). The district lies at the intersection of two distinct climate zones. To the northwest, the Malabar coast, west of the Western Ghats, experiences heavy rainfall during the summer monsoon from June to September. In contrast, the southeastern coast, starting from Kanyakumari, has a semi-arid climate due to the limited impact of the summer monsoon. However, the retreating monsoon from October to December brings more rain, though its effects are somewhat reduced by the proximity of Sri Lanka.
Unlike other districts in Tamil Nadu, it receives rainfall both from the South-west and the North-east monsoons. The region receives moderate rainfall, with the heaviest rains occurring from October to December due to the northeast monsoon which sometimes causes floods. The southwest monsoon, from June to September, also brings some rain, but its effects are less pronounced compared to other parts of India. The average rainfall of the district is 1456.8 mm per annum. From 2005 onwards the annual rainfall is estimated to be 1006 mm. The driest month is February and the greatest amount of precipitation occurs in November. Humidity levels are relatively high, especially during the monsoon seasons, contributing to a humid and warm atmosphere. June has the highest relative humidity, while February has the lowest. November experiences the most rainy days, whereas January has the fewest. Overall, Kanyakumari's climate is warm and humid, with significant rainfall during the monsoon Seasons. This tropical climate supports the region's rich biodiversity and lush landscapes.
As part of the Western Ghats, one of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots, this district boasts a rich diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the region. The area is home to several endangered and threatened species, including the Indian Bison, Indian Rock Python, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Nilgiri Tahr. The Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary, a protected area covering 457.78 km, is situated in the northern and north-western parts of the district. It constitutes the southern section of the Agastyamalai region, bordered by Kerala's Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary to the west and Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve to the east. Seven rivers including the Pahrali and Thamirabarani have their origin in this forest. The forests and jungles of Kanyakumari district host approximately 600 species of timber trees and 3,500 other plant species. The wetlands of Suchindrum and Arumanallur alone support numerous variety of floral and faunal species across hundreds of genera. New species are frequently being identified throughout the region.
Out of the total land area of 168,356.216 hectares, approximately 48,423 hectares are covered by forests. Reserved forests account for 44,799 hectares, while 3,605 hectares are unclassed forests. Additionally, there are 19 hectares of reserved lands. Most of the forests in the district are situated on slopes of hills and plateaus, benefiting from high rainfall and serving as catchment areas for numerous streams and rivers. The forests in the district are lush and virgin and is 75 million years old. The forest of this region comes under Boothapandy Mahendra-giri Reserve forest and is managed by the District Forest Officer with Headquarters at Nagercoil.
The jungles host around 600 species of gigantic timber trees and 3,500 other plants, many of which hold significant economic value. Notable timber trees include teak, rosewood (blackwood), Jungle Jack, Malabar ebony, Adina cordifolia, Karumaruthu, and Vengai. Softwood varieties like Bombax ceiba and glossy-leaved jack are also abundant, along with reeds, bamboos, and sandalwood. Plantations of cardamom and tea thrive at higher elevations, while pepper, rubber, ginger, and turmeric flourish in lower areas. Due to various local geological factors, the forests in the Kanyakumari division encompass 14 distinct types, based on the Champion and Seth's classification ranging from lush tropical wet evergreen forests to tropical thorn forests, all within a relatively small area. The region hosts a diverse array of plant species, with its natural vegetation encompassing southern thorn forests, dry deciduous forests, moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, and evergreen hill sholas interspersed with grassy downs.
Dry deciduous forests: These forests, ranging from an altitude of 200 to 600 meters occur in regions like Keeriparai, Mangolamottai (lower Kodayar), Maruthaparai (Kulasekaram), Ulakkaruvi, and Kuttiyar. Tree and shrub species include Adina cordifolia, Cochlospermum religiosum, Dillenia pentagyna Hydnocarpus laurifolius, Lannea coromandelica and Terminalia chebula etc. Desmodium triangulare of the Legume family, the root parasites Aeginetia indica and pedunculata have also been recorded in the region.
Moist deciduous forests: These forests occur around Kilaviaru mountains and Kalikesam river near Balamore and Vallachithode at an altitude of about 60 meters. Common trees include Acronychia pedunculata, Alstonia scholaris, Scleropyrum wallichianum, and Vateria indica. Lianas Gnetum and Derris thyrsiflora thrive in these areas. Lithophytic herbs like Begonia floccifera and Begonia malabarica are abundant around Kilaviyaru.
Tropical Wet Evergreen Forests: These forests and found in Upper Kodayar, Muthukuzhivayal, and Mahendragiri above 800 meters. These dense, impenetrable forests receive heavy monsoon rains, supporting abundant epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. Tall trees with huge trunks include Aglaia bourdillonii, Cullenia exarillata, Dimocarpus longanetc. Climbers like Embelia basaal and Smilax zeylanica are common along with epiphytes Aeschynanthus perrottetii and Hoya pauciflora.
Grasslands: At elevated altitudes in Muthukuzhivayal, Mahendragiri, and Upper Kodayar, distinct grasslands thrive. Within the forested areas, each river basin—Kodayar and Pahrali—encompasses approximately 30 square miles of grasslands. Common grass species in this region include Chrysopogon orientalis, Eulalia phaeothrix, Themeda trimula, and Zenkeria sebastinei. Amidst the grasses and rocky crevices, one can find beautiful orchids and Impatiens flowering alongside ferns. Additionally, other herbaceous plants such as Acrotrema arnottianum, Centratherum rangacharii, Exacum travancoricum, Leucas vestita, Linum mysorense, Hedyotis purpurascens, Heracleum candeolleanum, and Senecio ludens thrive. On dripping rocks, Utricularia purpurea and Utricularia reticulata are commonly observed.
The Hills of the region harbour a unique xerophytic flora, adapted to arid conditions. At higher elevations, large grasses like Andropogon, Panicum, lemon grass, and fodder grass thrive, creating a verdant carpet. Closer to the base, shrubby forms—such as species of Phoenix, Cycas, and Inthai—find their niche. Abundant bamboo clumps (including Ochlandra) and dense cane growths (both bamboo family members) abound. Sheltered beneath the grasses, ephemeral annual herbs and herbaceous perennials emerge during favourable seasons. In the sheltered valleys, extensive paddy cultivation sustains the region. Paddy remains the staple food crop. Tapioca, the second most important food crop, thrives primarily in Kalkulam and Vilavancode taluks. Palmyrah and coconut groves dot the plains and coastal regions.
The landscape is adorned with significant avenue trees, including the Banyan, jungle jack, Eugenia, Portia tree, Tamarind and more. Common edible fruits—such as mangoes, jackfruit, custard apple, various plantain varieties, pineapple, guava, and more—contribute to local livelihoods. Oranges, lime, and pomegranate also flourish. Grape cultivation occurs in specific pockets. 329 plant species have been identified across 201 sacred groves in the district. These species belong to 251 genera within 110 families. Among them, 12 are categorised as rare, endemic, and threatened. One out of every seven species found in the groves of the region are rare. Notably, Alpinia galanga, Gloriosa superba, Nymphaea pubescens, Hemidesmus indicus, Kaempferia galanga, and Rauvolfia serpentina are endangered while Justicia beddomei, Leea indica, and Petiveria alliacea are considered rare. Furthermore, species such as Indigofera uniflora, Naregamia alata, Ochlandra scriptoria, and Osbeckia aspera are endemic to the sacred groves of the district.
Around 60 species of medicinal plants thrive in the district. These include the medicinal weeds such as Abrus precatorius, Abutilon indicum, Acalypha indica, Achyranthes aspera, Acorus calamus, Aloe vera, Alternanthera sessilis, etc., and those found around the sacred groves include Atalantia monophylla, Atalantia racemosa, Mesua ferrea, Commelina benghalensis, and Sterculia urens. Showy or scented flowers—such as Kolunthu, Chempakam, henna, Ceylon Jasmine Nanthiarvattam, Asokam, and more—adorn gardens and natural spaces of the eastern areas. Several rose varieties flourish in well-tended gardens. Of the Spices, the Kanyakumari clove which accounts for 65% of India's clove production is produced around Maramalai, Karumparai and Velimalai areas above Veerapuli Reserve and Mahendragiri hills of the district. Cardamom, black pepper, ginger, turmeric and other spices too thrive here. Tuberous plants like sweet potato, arrow-root, and tapioca yield edible roots. The hedges in the region consist of a variety of thorny or succulent shrubs. Among them are the Screw-pine, Prickly-pear, Pineapple, Agave, and Euphorbia. Additional hedge plants include Jatropha, Pithecolobium, Casuarina, Sesbania, Erythrina, Pongu, and Lantana. Climbers, most of which have leafy growth, overgrow these hedges. Other than the xerophytic vegetation, the district also hosts hydrophytic flora. In the ponds, large associations of lotus and water lilies thrive, along with smaller Limnanthemum plants. Floating plants like Trapa bispinosa and pistia statistis cover water surfaces, often beneath the shade of big banyan trees. Submerged plants, including Ceratophyllum, Utricularia, and Chara, form a close tangle underwater. In shallow tanks and river basins, reeds flourish in marshy soil. These reeds consist of juncus, scirpus, cyperus, and typha, forming a dense palisade of leaves over the water surface. Numerous marshy plants thrive between the reeds and along the margins.
The plains, up to an elevation of 200 meters, are characterised by Southern tropical thorny forests. Notable locations within this ecosystem include Anjugramam, Vattakkottai, Kanniyakumari, Marunthuvazh Malai, Colachel, and Kuzhithurai. These forests support a variety of plant life. Common trees found in the interior plains include Cassia siamea, Dichrostachys cinerea, Morinda pubescens, Thespesia populnea, Ficus bengalensis, Mangifera indica, Alstonia scholaris, Pongamia pinnata, and Calophyllum inophyllum. Shrubs and under shrubs like Crotalaria gigantea, Cassia auriculata, Vitex negundo, Crotalaria striata, and Dodonaea viscosa are abundant. Beneath the shade of these shrubs and trees, herbaceous plants such as Rhinacanthus nasutus, Asystasia gangetica and Vernonia cinerea thrive. Climbers like Pterolobium hexapetalum, Lantana camara, Cissus quadrangularis, Aganosma cymosa, Coccinia grandis, Pergularia daemia and Jasminum angustifolium are also frequently encountered in this ecosystem.
The coastal areas face unique challenges due to factors like sandy soil, aridity, scanty rainfall, and strong winds. In the Foreshore sandy areas, species like Spinifex littoreus, Ipomoea pes-caprae (Sweet), Sesuvium portulacastrum, Trianthema portulacastrum, Atriplex repens, Cyperus rotundus, Mollugo cerviana, Tephrosia purpurea, T. hirta, Pedalium murex and various Portulaca species shall be found. In marshy backwater areas, Suaeda nudiflora, Salicornia brachiata, and Arthrocnemum indicum are frequently found. Backwaters near river mouths and connecting canals are often thickly fringed with Pandanus tectorius. Acrostichum aureum and Excoecaria agallocha are common in shallow waters. In the Manakudy, Thengapattanam Munchirai backwater area, Barringtonia racemosa, Ixora coccinea, and Nauclea missionis thrive. Closer to the shore, Neptunia and Hygrophila grow intermingled with Aeschynomene aspera, Ludwigia, and Ipomoea reptans. More than 100 species, spanning across 90 genera and 46 families including Adenanthera pavonina, Ficus religiosa, Psidium guajava, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Waltheria indica, Dendrobium macrostachyum and Sida acuta were recorded in the sacred groves along the south-west coast of the district. The vegetation in the cape area is typically xerophytic. Acacia planifrons groves characterise this region. Within the Acacia woods, cacti, agave, and aloe grow, accompanied by a ground cover of typical xerophytic herbs, including various grasses. Moving to the inland sandy areas, these regions are characterised by xerophytic plants such as Euphorbia tirucalli, Jatropha curcas, Jatropha gossypiifolia, Cleome aspera, Chorispora tenella, Aerva lanata, Phyla nodiflora, and Zornia diphylla.
The district is abundant in wildlife, with its hill forests showcasing a wide variety of fauna, representing most species of Southern India. The district's fauna belongs to the Cis gangetic sub-region of the Indomalayan realm, with its hill fauna showing affinities with the Himalayas and the southwestern hill group in Sri Lanka. The district hosts ten orders of mammals. Four species of primates are found in the sholas and moist deciduous forests, including the Bonnet macaque and Toque macaque at lower altitudes, and the Lion-tailed macaque and Nilgiri Langur at elevations above 2,000 feet. The Slender Loris of the order Lemuroidea occurs in the interior forests. Situated at the tail-end of the Central Asian Flyway, the region attracts numerous migratory birds from thousands of miles away.
Tigers are found around the Black Rock estate which descend to lower reaches during October and November, occasionally entering bordering villages. Panthers inhabit moist deciduous forests and often prey on domesticated animals. Bears usually reside at elevations above 3,000 feet but sometimes descend to lower levels. Wild dogs are found in the lower hills of the Muthukuzhi valley, while the Indian Grey Mongoose and Jungle Cats are common in the low country and jungles. Jackals and foxes are also common. The South Indian Hedgehog is found throughout the district. Bats are very common, with four different species present. Among squirrels, the Palm Squirrel is most commonly found in the countryside, while the Malabar Squirrel inhabits the jungles. The Indian Porcupine is found throughout the forests. Rats, mice, and hares are very common, with Black rat and Mus booduga found across the district.
Elephants are abundant in the upper reaches of Asambu and Veerapuli reserves and are occasionally spotted around Kodayar, Perunchani and Balamore areas. Deer are seen throughout the hilly forests, with three species present: The Spotted Deer, Sambur, and the Barking Deer. The Muthukuzhi valley and the entire Asambu region are favoured by Sambur deer. The Gaur is the largest of the two bovines found in the forests, living in rock caves on hills up to an elevation of 5,000 feet. Small herds of bison frequent the sholas and grassy areas around the Muthukuzhi valley and the higher reaches of Asambu. The wild goat is usually confined to grassy slopes. Wild bears are found on the hills and jungles in herds. Additionally, aquatic dolphins and porpoises are found in river mouths and backwaters. Indian pangolins are also present in forests and surrounding valleys.
The district's forests support a rich variety of avifauna, with about 360 species recorded. Notably, 140 out of the 204 species of South Indian Passerine birds are found here. The House Crow is the most common bird, while the jungle crow is less frequently seen. Common babblers include the earthy-brown jungle babbler and the slimmer common babbler found in dry plains. Magpie-robins are usually seen near human habitations. Other common birds include the cuckoo, golden oriole and Indian robin which are frequently noted in dry areas. The tailorbird and the drongo or king crow often visit the countryside. The red-vented bulbul is seen in plains where food is plentiful and at elevations of about 4,000 feet. The Iora is found in gardens and groves. Among Shrikes, the Scarlet minivet is the most common, found in woody areas and evergreen jungles. The Common myna is found on grasslands, while the common weaver bird or Baya weaver is seen in coconut groves of valleys and plains. The skylark is often heard in low country and on hills.
Three species of sunbirds — Cinnyris zeylanicus, Cinnyris asiaticus, and Loten's sunbird — are frequently found in gardens. Common woodpeckers include the golden-backed woodpecker, the Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker, and the Southern Rufous woodpecker. The Malabar whistling thrush, a blue-black bird, is found near hilly streams. Paradise flycatchers often visit shady groves, gardens, and deciduous jungles with bamboo-clad regions. 87 bird species from 39 families and 15 orders, including omnivores, carnivores, piscivores, herbivores, granivores, and nectarivores, such as the Eurasian Spoonbill, Brahminy Starling, Glossy Ibis, Oriental White Ibis and Spot-billed Pelican have been observed around the Swamithoppe saltpans.
The House sparrow is commonly found around human habitations. Parrots are mostly seen in hilly and woody areas while various varieties of Kingfishers including White-throated kingfisher, Common kingfisher and Pied kingfisher are found beside inundated paddy fields, ponds, kutcha wells and sandy seashores. Bee-eaters are very common. The Indian blue rock pigeons are seen all over the plains. Among game birds, the Jungle fowl is common around the Asambu forests in the Azhagiapandiapuram range. Francolinus is often seen in thorny scrubby areas. Two main varieties of owls are the Spotted owlet and the Barn owl, which occasionally stray into the countryside and perch on house tops. Other varieties include the Brown fish owl and the Indian great horned owl. Two important species of kites in this district are the pariah kite and the Brahminy kite.
Among the birds of prey, the White-rumped vulture and the White scavenger vulture are prominent. Water birds are common along coastal backwaters, inundated paddy fields, and tanks. The White-breasted waterhen is often seen in marshy areas overgrown with reeds and bushes, and on the margins of ponds. Storks and Coots are frequently found in inundated paddy fields, tanks, ponds, and rivers. Comb ducks are observed at Suchindram and Theroor wetlands while four other species of ducks are common in the area. The Indian pond heron is abundant in paddy fields and ponds. Flamingos including Greater flamingos could be spotted across the Rajakkamangalam and Manakudi estuary throughout the year.
The region's reptiles include crocodiles, tortoises, turtles, lizards, and snakes. There are two species of crocodiles, nine species of chelonians, 33 of lizards, and 74 of snakes. The King Cobra frequents rivers and streams in shola forests. The Viper and the Indian cobra are common, often found in tree hollows and dilapidated houses. Rat snakes are frequently seen and Pythons are found in dry sandy areas. Among amphibians, 34 species of frogs are present, including Rana aurantiaca, Ixalus travancoricus, and Ferguson's toad. The Indian Leaping frog is found around Kiripparai areas.
The coastal area is known for its rich variety of fish, with nearly 370 species identified. Whale sharks and Saw fish are abundant in the seas, along with flatfish, Prawns, Shrimp, and Crabs. Rock oysters form dense colonies at Kovalam, and a small octopus species is found under rocks at Cape Comorin. The sacred chank is found in large quantities here. At Cape Comorin, two species of top shells Trochus radiatus and Trochus costatus are abundant. Various poisonous insects, including Scorpions and Spiders, are found in the district. Ticks of the genus Ixodes are commonly found in grasslands. Among arthropods, insects such as Ranatra, Cybister, Earwigs, Prodasineura, Hydrometra, Cockroaches, leaf insects, Grasshoppers, and Crickets are notable.
Kanyakumari District was officially formed on 1 November 1956, as a result of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, which aimed to reorganise state boundaries based on linguistic lines. The District Collector is the chief administrative officer, responsible for overall administration, including law and order, revenue collection, and implementation of government schemes. The Superintendent of Police oversees the police force and maintains law and order in the district. The District Revenue Officer (DRO) assists the District Collector in revenue administration and land-related issues.
The District is divided into two revenue divisions: Nagercoil division and Padmanabhapuram division. These divisions are further subdivided into taluks, which are the basic administrative units. Each taluk is managed by a Tahsildar, who handles revenue collection, land records, and local administration.
There are nine blocks within these taluks: Agastheeswaram, Rajakkamangalam, Thovalai, Kurunthancode, Thuckalay, Thiruvattar, Killiyoor, Munchirai, and Melpuram. Each block is managed by a Block Development Officer.
There is a municipal corporation in the district, the Nagercoil Municipal Corporation, five municipalities and 50 Town Panchayats, which are responsible for urban infrastructure, sanitation, and public services. Rural areas are governed by Panchayats, which are local self-government bodies responsible for village-level administration and development.
The District includes the Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency, which is represented in the Lok Sabha by a Member of Parliament. This constituency is divided into six assembly constituencies, each represented by a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. The legislative assembly segments include Kanyakumari, Nagercoil, Colachal, Padmanabhapuram, Vilavancode, and Killiyoor.
The judiciary in the District operates under the framework of the Indian judicial system, ensuring justice and legal order in the region. The District Court in Kanyakumari is the principal court of original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. It handles cases that require significant judicial intervention and has the authority to hear appeals from lower courts. The court is managed by a District Judge, who is responsible for the administration of justice within the district. Other subordinate courts include those in Padmanabhapuram and Kuzhithurai.
Agastheeswaram, Kottaram, Azhagappapuram, Anjugramam, Thenthamaraikulam, Myladi, Suchindram, Theroor, Marungur, Puthalam, Ganapathipuram, Aralvaimozhi, Boothapandi, Thazhakudi, Azhagiapandiapuram, Reethapuram, Kallukuttam, Neiyyur, Thingalnagar, Eraniel, Mandaikadu, Manavalakurichi, Villukuri, Vellimalai, Vilavur, Kumarapuram, Kothanallur, Verkizhambi, Thiruvithancode, Mulagumudu, Kappiyarai, Valavachaghoshtam, Attoor, Thiruvattar, Kulasekharam, Thiruparappu, Ponmanai, Pudukadai, Killiyur, Karungal, Palapallam, Keezhkulam, Kaliyakkavilai, Nallur, Unnamalaikadai, Pacode, Edaikodu, Pazhugal, Arumanai, Kadayal
Rajakkamangalam, Thovalai, Thengapattanam
According to the 2011 Census, the district had a population of 1,870,374, comprising 926,345 males and 944,029 females. This represents an 11.60% increase from the 2001 Census, which recorded a population of 1,676,034. The district's population accounted for 2.59% of Tamil Nadu's total population in 2011, a slight decrease from 2.69% in 2001. The population density rose from 995 people per square kilometre in 2001 to 1,111 in 2011. Scheduled Castes constituted 4% and Scheduled Tribes 0.4% of the district's population. Tamil is the most widely spoken language in Kanyakumari district, though there is a significant minority (5.76%) of Malayalam speakers living mainly along the Kerala border.
As of the 2011 Census, Kanyakumari's population was 1,870,374, with Hindus (48.7%), Christians (46.9%), and Muslims (4.2%) being the major religious groups. The district's western taluks are predominantly Christian, while the eastern taluks are mainly Hindu. The literacy rate in the district remained high, averaging 91.75% in 2011, unchanged from 2001. Male literacy was 93.65%, while female literacy was 89.90%, showing an improvement from 90.37% and 84.79%, respectively, in 2001. The total number of literates in the district was 1,548,738, with 780,541 males and 768,197 females, a significant increase from 1,308,322 literates in 2001. The child population of 182,350, aged 0–6, comprised 9.75% of the district's total population, down from 10.84% in 2001. The child sex ratio was 964 girls per 1,000 boys, a minor decrease from 968 in 2001.
The district had a total of 483,539 households. There was a total of 679,620 workers, comprising 12,229 cultivators, 51,350 main agricultural labourers, 21,078 in household industries, 468,001 other workers, 126,962 marginal workers, 3,381 marginal cultivators, 21,517 marginal agricultural labourers, 14,711 marginal workers in household industries, and 87,353 other marginal workers. The sex ratio in the district improved slightly, standing at 1,019 females per 1,000 males in 2011, compared to 1,014 in 2001. The national average sex ratio in India was 940, indicating that Kanyakumari had a relatively balanced gender ratio. 82.33% of Kanyakumari's population lived in urban areas, totalling 1,539,802 people. The literacy rate in urban areas was 91.96%, with male literacy at 93.92% and female literacy at 90.06%. The literacy rate in rural areas was 90.76%, with male literacy at 92.39% and female literacy at 89.16%.
The Thiruvalluvar Statue, or the Valluvar Statue, is a 41-metre-tall (133 ft) stone sculpture of the Tamil poet and philosopher Valluvar, author of the Tirukkural, an ancient Tamil work on Dharma and morality. It is located atop a small island near the town of Kanniyakumari on the southernmost point of the Indian peninsula on the Coromandel Coast, where two seas (the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea) and an ocean (the Indian Ocean) meet. The statue was sculpted by the Indian sculptor V. Ganapati Sthapati, who also created the Iraivan Temple, and was unveiled on the millennium day of 1 January 2000 by the then Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi. It is currently the 25th tallest statue in India.
Thirparappu Waterfalls are waterfalls in Kanniyakumari District. It is also known as 'Courtallam of Kanniyakumari'. The Mahadevar Temple is very near to the waterfalls. The waterfalls is 7 km (4.3 mi) from Kulasekaram. Actually the waterfalls is exactly 34 km from city centre, Nagercoil.
Manimedai is situated in the central part of Nagercoil. Manimedai literally means High Clock. It is the symbol of the Nagercoil Town. A clock is placed in a High Clock gauge, so the place becomes Manimedai. The construction of the Clock gauge began in 1892 in the period of Travancore Maharajas. After construction, it was opened by His Highness Sree Moolam Thirunal Varma, the King of Travancore. The clock placed in the gauge was gifted to the English missionary in Nagercoil.
The Mathur Aqueduct was built to pass the cultivable water between two mountains. Mathur Aqueduct was built between Aruvikkarai and Mudhalaaru in Paraliyaru River. The aqueduct was built by Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Perunthalaivar Thiru Kamarajar. Mathur aqueduct was South Asia's largest aqueduct. The aqueduct is 1,240 ft (380 m) long, 101 ft (31 m) high with 28 giant pillars. It is 3 km (1.9 mi) from Thiruvattar and 26 km from Nagercoil.
Before centuries, the houses that has all the facilities are known as Palaces. The rulers of states, the Kings resides in such Palaces. Padmanabhapuram Palace was once the official residence of Travancore Kings. Padmanabhapuram Palace was built in Kerala styled Architecture with woods. The palace was built in 18th century by Travancore King Thiru Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma. The palace was situated in 6.5 acres in 186 acres fort. The palace is under the control of Kerala Government. The palace is situated just 2 km from Thuckalay.
Udayagiri Fort was situated just 10 km from Parvathipuram. The fort was situated in 22½ hectares in a place called Puliyoorkurichi. The Fort is maintained by the Ministry of Forests, Government of Tamil Nadu.
The word 'Vattakkottai' means Circle Fort and is circular. The Fort was constructed along the seashore in the East coast. The fort was situated in 3½ acres with compound stones constructed for 25 meters in height and constructed by Travancore Army Chief Dilanai. The fort is under the control of the Archaeological Department, Government of India. It is situated 6 km north of Kanniyakumari and 2 km south of Anjugramam.
Vivekananda Rock Memorial is a monument in Vavathurai in Kanniyakumari District. It is located just 500 meters east in the mainland of Vavathurai. The rock was built in 1970 in honour of Swami Vivekananda who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock. Vivekanand was a disciple of Swami Ramakrishna Paramahansa. According to local legends, Goddess Kumari performed Tapas in devotion of lord Shiva in these rocks. The rocks are surrounded by the Laccadive Sea.
It is famous for the Rock-cut temple. Hill rock at Chitharal has a cave containing Rock-cut sculptures of Thirthankaras and attendant deities carved inside and outside dating back to 9th Century A.D by King Mahendra Varman I.
The Mandaikadu festival is celebrated in March by people of the district and by those in Kerala. Traditionally, participants would chant while walking while others would provide them with butter, milk, water, jaggery, and coffee. The festival, which is celebrated for ten days, later became a social function, especially on Sunday.
The Kollemcode Tookam festival is another famous festival celebrated by the people of the district and also by the people from the nearby Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala state. It is celebrated for 10 days during the month of March/April with the famous Child Tookam taking place on the 10th day corresponding to Meena Bharani as per the Malayalam calendar.
The "ezhunnalath" or elephant procession festival of Alappancode Sree Eeswarakala Bhoodhathan Temple located at Anducode is also another major festival of the district. It is the largest elephant festival of Tamil Nadu and is often considered Tamil Nadu' Thrissur Pooram.
The Ayya vaikunda Avataram of Ayyavazhi is widely celebrated throughout the district. The Kodiyettru Thirunal is celebrated in the religious headquarters of Swamithope pathi and attracts large crowds from Tamil Nadu and across India. Onam is also celebrated in many places throughout Kanniyakumari district, especially in the western part of the district.
the religious significance of the Thanumalayan Temple stems from the fact that the main statue of linga represent Siva (Sthanu), Vishnu (maal) and Brahma (Ayan) (as well as giving the temple its name). The representation of the three central gods of Hinduism in one linga makes it unique in India. The 10-day Car Festival celebrated in this temple during between December and January every year attracts crowds of thousands of people. Special worship practices are followed and the festival images of Sthanumalayan, Aram valartha Nayagi and Vinayagar are taken in the temple car around the streets of the temple. Another festival known as Teppam is celebrated during between April and May every year. The Sanskrit work Sucindrastalamahatmya gives a full-fledged legendary account of the origin and development of this temple.
Church records indicate that St. Xavier Church was built in 1600. In 1865, the Shrine of Mary was renovated and enlarged. In 1930, the church was raised to the status of a cathedral. The annual festival is celebrated during November – December lasting for 10 days. The people from various place and near by state kerala people also join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together. and helping to organise the Festival by various ways.
Onam is celebrated mostly by the people of tamil nadu. The people of Kanyakumari district also celebrate this fest (formerly Kanyakumari district was part of Kerala). The date of Onam celebration is based on the Panchangam and falls on the 22nd Nakshatra Thiruvonam in the month Chingam of the Tamil calendar, which in the Gregorian calendar falls between August and September.
annual Karkida Vavu Bali (Shradham for the ancestors held during the Mahalaya Amavasai) ceremony that is held here during July/Aug (Malayalam month Karkidakam). Along with the religious ceremony during this time, the famous annual exhibition fair - Vavubali Mela / Exhibition - was started by Shri. T.C Kesava Pillai, MLC from Kuzhithurai in the 1900s. Today, this is continued by the Kuzhithurai Town Municipality. The people from various place and near by state kerala people also join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together.
The Subramania Swamy Temple, which is situated atop a small hillock is worth a place to visit. This temple area is called as Kumarapuram thoppur, Marungoor. Because of Kumaran's (Subramania swamy) name. Shashti and Surasamharam are the famous festivals at this temple. The famous kandhashashti kavasam festival is very popular over here and celebrated as major festival. after 5 days later Subramania Swamy come to mylaudy by the silver horse car and bath in Mylaudy river and abishekam with 17 products. Every year it was celebrated only in kanyakumari district after 5 days of Surasamharam fest. The people from various place join during the festival. During the festival other religious people also Get together.
There are two major National Highways (NH) roads originating from Kanniyakumari town. One is the National Highway 44 which connects Kanniyakumari with Srinagar of Jammu & Kashmir. NH 44 connects North India with South India. The road passes through Madurai, Hosur, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Nagpur, Jhansi, Delhi and Jalandhar. It covers 3745 kilometres. The other is the National Highway 66 that connects Kanniyakumari with Panvel (38 km from Mumbai) in Maharashtra. NH 66 roughly runs north–south parallel to the western ghats. It passes through Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Mangaluru, Udupi, Margoa and Ratnagiri. Nagercoil, the district capital is well connected with the rest of Tamil Nadu.
The government transport body State Express Transport Corporation (SETC) is operating direct buses to Chennai, Ootacamund, Coimbatore, Vellore, Chidambaram, Thiruchirappalli, Kodaikanal, Tirupur, Erode, Kalpakkam, Velankanni, and Thiruvannamalai. It also operates direct buses to Bengaluru, Pondicherry and Tirupati. Some bus services to the aforesaid destinations are originating from Kanniyakumari, Colachel, Marthandam, Kulasekaram, Kaliyakkavilai, and Thiruvananthapuram.
Another government transport body known as Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (TNSTC) operates direct buses to various destinations inside Tamil Nadu. Some of the terminating stations are Chennai, Tiruppur, Periyakulam, Kodaikanal, Rameswaram, Thiruchirappalli, Dindigul, Thanjavur, Palani, Salem, Coimbatore, Karaikudi, Kumily, Bodinayakkanur, Erode, and Sivakasi. Most of these buses starts their journey from Nagercoil while some buses starts from Kanniyakumari, Marthandam, Colachel, Kulasekaram, and Kaliyakkavilai. TNSTC also operates frequent bus services to Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tiruchendur, Tuticorin, and Thiruvananthapuram.
The Government of Kerala operating KSRTC Buses between Kerala and Tamilnadu from Thiruvananthapuram to Nagercoil, Kanniyakumari and KSRTC Bus between Holy Places Haripad, Thiruvananthapuram, Nagercoil, Mylaudy, Athankarai Pallivasal (Tirunelveli dist).
There is a railway station located at Kanniyakumari where trains terminate. The Vivek Express starting from Kanniyakumari is the longest-running train in India. It connects Kanniyakumari with Dibrugarh, in Assam. Nagercoil Junction railway station is the district's primary railway station located near Kottar and is also commonly known as Kottar Railway station. There is also another railway station in Nagercoil, known as Nagercoil Town railway station. There is rail connectivity from Nagercoil, the district capital, to most parts of the country with daily trains running to Mumbai, Chennai, Bengaluru, Guruvayur, Thiruvananthapuram, madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy, Mangaluru, Tambaram etc. and weekly trains to New Delhi, Kolkata, Gujarat, Hyderabad, Pondicherry, Bilaspur, Rameswaram, North East India and Jammu and Kashmir. The other stations in the Kanyakumari district are Eraniel railway station, Palliyadi railway station, Kuzhithurai railway station, and Kuzhithurai west railway station. Passenger trains connect Nagercoil with Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Punalur, Kottayam, Tirunelveli, Madurai, and Coimbatore.
The nearest international airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport which is 76 km from Kanniyakumari. The Civil Aviation Ministry is planning to construct an airport near Swamithoppu in Kanniyakumari District as the initiative attracts international tourists to the district.
According to the 2011 Census, Kanyakumari has a literacy rate of 91.7%, compared to Tamil Nadu's literacy rate of 80.1%. The district has recorded the highest male literacy rate of 92.4% and the female literacy rate of 89.2% in rural areas, as well as the highest female literacy rate of 90.1% in urban areas.
The district is home to many well-established institutions like colleges such as Scott Christian College (est. 1809), South Travancore Hindu College (est. 1952), Holy Cross College (est. 1965), Women Christian College, Sivanthi Aditanar College (est. 1984) and schools such as Ringletaube Higher Secondary School (est. 1809), Scott Christian Higher Secondary School (est. 1819), Duthie Girls School (est. 1819), St. Joseph's Convent Higher Secondary School (est. 1910), Carmel Higher Secondary School (est. 1922), S.L.B. Government Higher Secondary School (est. 1924), S.M.R.V. Higher Secondary School (est. 1919).
Kanyakumari Matti Banana was awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) status tag from the Geographical Indications Registry, under the Union Government of India, on 31 July 2023 and is valid until 28 April 2030.
Kanyakumari Banana and Horticulture Farmers Producer Company Limited from Veeyanoor, proposed the GI registration of Kanyakumari Matti Banana. After filing the application in April 2021, the banana was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai, making the name "Kanyakumari Matti Banana" exclusive to the bananas grown in the region. It thus became the third banana variety from Tamil Nadu after Sirumalai Hill Banana and the 59th type of goods from Tamil Nadu to earn the GI tag.
The GI tag protects the banana from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.
Stone sculpture, stone cutting with large machine's, stone temple making is famous in Mylaudy. famous for making many God's statute next to Mahabalipuram. Kattabomman statue in Kayatharu and Thiruvalluvar statue in Chennai were created in Myaudy. Mylaudy sirpi's were skilled in carving idols in one stone. Mylaudy stone sculpture got geographical indications in Tamil Nadu on 31 March 2023.