davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Lentil soup

Lentil soup is a soup with lentils as its main ingredient; may use brown, red, yellow, green or black lentils, with or without the husk. Dehulled yellow and red lentils disintegrate in cooking, making a thick soup. It is a staple food throughout Europe, Latin America and the Middle East.
Lentils were unearthed in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic layers of Franchthi Cave in Greece (13,000 to 9,500 years ago), in the end-Mesolithic at Mureybet and Tell Abu Hureyra in Syria, and at sites dating to 8000 BC in the area of Jericho. Aristophanes (5th – 4th centuries BC) called it the "sweetest of delicacies". Remains of lentils were found in royal tombs in the Theban Necropolis in Egypt, dating to 2400 BC. The Roman cookbook Apicius, compiled in the 1st century AD, includes a recipe for lentil soup with chestnuts.
Lentil soup is mentioned in the Bible: in Genesis 25:30-34, Esau is prepared to give up his birthright for a pot of fragrant red lentil soup being cooked by his brother, Jacob. In Jewish tradition, lentil soup has been served at times of mourning; the roundness of the lentil represents a complete cycle of life.
Lentil soup may include vegetables such as carrots, potatoes, celery, parsley, tomato, pumpkin, ripe plantain and onion. Common flavorings are garlic, bay leaf, cumin, olive oil, cardamom and vinegar. It is sometimes garnished with croutons or chopped herbs or butter, olive oil, cream or yogurt. Indian lentil soup contains a variety of aromatic spices. In Iraqi and Levantine cuisine the soup is seasoned with turmeric and cumin and topped with toasted, thin vermicelli noodles called sha'iriyya (شعيرية), and served with a lemon for squeezing. In the Middle East, the addition of lemon juice gives a pungent tang and cuts the heaviness of the dish. In Egypt and throughout the Middle East, the soup is commonly puréed before serving, and is traditionally consumed in the winter.
Lentil soup is recognized as highly nutritious, a good source of protein, dietary fiber, iron and potassium.
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Hyderabadi marag

Hyderabadi marag or marag is a spicy mutton soup served as a starter in Hyderabad, India and part of Hyderabadi cuisine. It is prepared from tender mutton with bone. It is thin soup. The soup has become one of the starters at Hyderabadi weddings.
The ingredients include those locally available such as mutton with bone, onions, cashew nuts, curd, coconut powder, boiled milk, cream, ginger-garlic paste, salt, cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, black pepper powder, green chillies, etc.
Broth

Broth, also known as bouillon (French pronunciation: [bujɔ̃] ), is a savory liquid made of water in which meat, fish, or vegetables have been simmered for a short period of time. It can be eaten alone, but it is most commonly used to prepare other dishes, such as soups, gravies, and sauces.
Commercially prepared liquid broths are available, typically chicken, beef, fish, and vegetable varieties. Dehydrated broth in the form of bouillon cubes was commercialized beginning in the early 20th century.
Many cooks and food writers use the terms broth and stock interchangeably. In 1974, James Beard (an American cook) wrote that stock, broth, and bouillon "are all the same thing".
While many draw a distinction between stock and broth, the details of the distinction often differ. One possibility is that stocks are made primarily from animal bones, as opposed to meat, and therefore contain more gelatin, giving them a thicker texture. Another distinction that is sometimes made is that stock is cooked longer than broth and therefore has a more intense flavor. A third possible distinction is that stock is left unseasoned for use in other recipes, while broth is salted and otherwise seasoned and can be eaten alone.
Not every dish with the word broth in its name is, strictly speaking, a broth. For example, Aberaeron Broth is a Welsh soup. Scotch broth is a soup which includes solid pieces of meat and vegetables. Its name reflects an older usage of the term "broth" that did not distinguish between the complete soup and its liquid component. Similarly, Awara broth is a Guianan Creole stew from French Guiana.
Court-bouillon (French for "short broth") is a broth cooked for a short time, mostly used for poaching fish. Rosół is a category of clear Polish soups, primarily made of broth, with a popular version being similar to chicken noodle soup. Canja de galinha is a similar soup from Portuguese-speaking countries.
Avgolemono

Avgolemono (Greek: αυγολέμονο or αβγολέμονο literally egg–lemon) is a family of sauces and soups made with egg yolk and lemon juice mixed with broth, heated until they thicken.
Avgolemono can be used to thicken soups and stews. Yuvarlakia is a Greek meatball soup made with rice and meat meatballs that are cooked in liquid. Avgolemono is added to the soup to thicken it. Magiritsa soup is a Greek avgolemono soup of lamb offal served to break the fast of Great Lent.
As a soup, avgolemono usually starts with chicken broth, though meat (usually lamb), fish, or vegetable broths are also used. Typically, rice, orzo, pastina, or tapioca are cooked in the broth before the mixture of eggs and lemon is added. Its consistency varies from near-stew to near-broth. It is often served with pieces of the meat and vegetables reserved from the broth.
The soup is usually made with whole eggs, but sometimes with just yolks. The whites may be beaten into a foam separately before mixing with the yolks and lemon juice, or whole eggs may be beaten with the lemon juice.
The starch of the pasta or rice contributes to stabilizing the emulsion.
Similar foods are found in Greek, Arab, Sephardic Jewish, Turkish, Balkan and Jewish-Italian cuisine.
In Sephardic Jewish cuisine, it is called agristada (he:אגריסטדה) or salsa blanco, and in Jewish-Italian, bagna brusca, brodettato, or brodo brusco. In Arabic, it is called tarbiya or beida bi-lemoune 'egg with lemon'; and in Turkish terbiye. It is also widely used in Balkan cuisine.
Although often considered a Greek dish, avgolemono is originally Sephardic Jewish: agristada has been described by Claudia Roden as the "cornerstone of Sephardic cooking."
Agristada was made by Jews in Iberia before the expulsion from Spain with verjuice, pomegranate juice, or bitter orange juice, but not vinegar. In later periods, lemon became the standard acidic ingredient.
For some Sephardic Jews, this soup (also called sopa de huevo y limón) is a traditional way to break the Yom Kippur fast.
As a sauce, it is used for warm dolma, for vegetables like artichokes, and roast meats. According to Joyce Goldstein, the dish terbiyeli köfte is made by frying meatballs until they are cooked through, then preparing a pan sauce by deglazing the pan and using the cooking juices to temper the avgolemono, which is served over the meatballs.
In some Middle Eastern cuisines, it is used as a sauce for chicken or fish. Among Italian Jews, it is served as a sauce for pasta or meat.
Sabudana vada

Sabudana vada, also called 'sabu vada', is a traditional deep-fried fritter from Maharashtra, India. It is made from tapioca pearls (sabudana), mashed potatoes, peanuts and spices. It is often served with a spicy green chutney along with hot chai and is best eaten fresh. In other parts of the country, Sabudana vada is the best option to have when fasting. It's usually eaten during religious festivals and during fast/vrat/upvaas, especially in Navratri vrats. Like all vadas, these are best eaten fresh. Sabudana vadas are crunchy and "melt in the mouth."
The white tapioca pearls or sabudana are soaked in water for several hours to soften them. The softened sabudana is mixed with cooked mashed potatoes, roasted crushed peanuts and a few herbs and spices and seasoned with lemon juice, sugar and salt. Round patties are formed from this mix which are deep-fried.
During the monsoon season, it is popular to eat bhajias/pakoras (fried snack) with a cup of adrak chai (ginger tea). One such monsoon special crispy fried preparation is sabudana vada. Although it is deep fried, it is sumptuous and light. It is also eaten on days of fasting in Maharashtra e.g., Chaturthi etc.
Sabudana khichri

Sabudana khichri (also spelled khichdi) is an Indian dish made from soaked sabudana (tapioca pearls). It is the dish of choice when an individual observes a fast during Shivratri, Navratri, or a similar Hindu religious occasion.
It is typically prepared in the Indian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and West Bengal. In major towns like Mumbai, Pune, Indore, Bhopal, Jaipur and Nagpur, it is available as street food and is widely eaten throughout the year.
The sabudana is soaked in water overnight and then drained. It is mixed well with coarsely ground peanuts, rock salt and sugar. Ghee or oil is heated in a pan. The sabudana-peanut powder mixture is sauteed in it along with cumin seeds, chopped green chillies and chopped potatoes. The khichdi is cooked for a few minutes and then served.
Cong you bing

Cong you bing ([tsʰʊ́ŋjǒʊpìŋ]; Chinese: 蔥油餅; pinyin: cōngyóubǐng; lit. 'scallion oil pancake'), also known as scallion pancake or green onion pancake, is a Chinese savory bing (flatbread) made with wheat dough and minced scallions (green onions).
The unleavened dough is folded repeatedly into layers, with oil and green onions added between each layer. Then it is pan-fried, which gives it crisp edges and a chewy texture. Many layers make up the interior, contributing to its chewy texture. Variations exist on the basic method of preparation that incorporate other flavors and fillings.
Scallion pancakes are served both as a street food item and as a restaurant dish. They are also sold commercially, either fresh or frozen in plastic packages (often in Asian supermarkets).
Other ingredients, such as chopped fennel greens and sesame seeds, are sometimes added with the green onions.
When using garlic chives (jiucai), these pancakes are called jiucai bing (韭菜餅) or jiucai you bing (韭菜油餅).
In Cambodia, cong you bing is known as num pang chen (នំប៉័ងចិន lit. 'Chinese bread'), and it is a popular street food that is both baked and fried, rather than simply being fried like its Chinese counterpart.
In Taiwanese cuisine, egg pancakes (蛋餅) are sauteed with egg coated on one side, with thinner, moister dough.
In North America, the pancakes may be served with a dipping sauce including soy sauce and Chinkiang or rice wine vinegar.
Similar dishes in Chinese culture, and in other cultures, exist:
Abdul Haleem Chishti

Abdul Halim Chishti Nomani (16 April 1929 – 12 October 2020) was a Pakistani Islamic scholar, librarian, writer and the first PhD in library sciences in Pakistan. He was a disciple of Hussain Ahmad Madani. He was head of the Department of Hadith Studies at Jamia Uloom Islamia and the younger brother of Abdul Rasheed Naumani.
Abdul Haleem Chishti was born on 16 April 1929 in Jaipur, Rajasthan coinciding Zul Qaida 1347 AH. His father Abdul Rahim was a calligrapher and had memorized the Quran. Abdul Haleem received his early education at Madarsa Taleem ul Islam in Jaipur. In 1940, he entered Jamia Nizamia, in Hyderabad, where he studied Arabic and joined the Munshi Fazil course. He went to Darul Uloom Deoband in 1363 AH for higher education and graduated in 1369 AH; where his teachers included Hussain Ahmad Madani. He did an MA in Islamic studies from Karachi University in 1967, and a Masters in Library science in 1970. In 1981, he obtained the degree of PhD.
Chishti migrated after the creation of Pakistan, and initially settled in the Ranchhor line. In 1949, he worked in Radio Pakistan for two years, after that he took a government job in Liaquat National Library for 14 years, after that he served in University of Karachi for a long time, and for some time he was the Khatib of Karachi University Mosque.
After leaving the University of Karachi in 1977, he moved to Nigeria, where he served for 10 years as a senior cataloger in the Bayero University Kano Library. Then returned to Pakistan around 1987. In 1992–91, on the guidance and desire of Habibullah Mukhtar, he came to Jamia Uloom Islamia, Allama Banuri Town, as a specialist in Hadith Studies and after his return, he remained associated with the Jamia. Dozens of academic and research papers of PhD level have been written on the subject of Hadith science under his supervision, which have made their mark in the field of research, many of these papers have been published.
He authored more than a dozen books.
Chishti died on 12 October 2020. The first funeral prayer was performed at Jamia Tur Rasheed by Mufti Muhammad and he was buried in University of Karachi cemetery.
Bikaneri bhujia

Bikaneri bhujia, often simply called bhujia, is a crispy snack prepared by using Vigna aconitifolia, gram flour and spices, originating from Bikaner, a city in the western state of Rajasthan in India. It is light yellow in colour. Bhujia has become not just a characteristic product of Bikaner, but also a generic name.
Bikaneri bhujia is a cottage industry in Bikaner, Rajasthan, and provides employment to around 2.5 million people in villages of the region, especially women. Recently, it has faced competition from multinational companies like Pepsico as well as Indian snack companies, which have used the name bhujia. After struggling with numerous copycats over the years, in September 2010, the Indian Patent Office confirmed the geographical indication rights and a patent was issued for the brand name Bikaneri bhujia to local manufacturers of Bikaner.
In 1877, during the reign of Maharaja Shri Dungar Singh, the first batch of bhujia was produced in the princely state of Bikaner.
A dough of moth bean, garbanzo bean, gram flour and spices including powdered cellulose, salt, red chilli, black pepper, cardamom, cloves, etc. is made into the snack by pressing it through a sieve and deep frying in vegetable oil.
In October 2008, Bikaneri bhujia was granted Geographical Indication protection. Getting the GI tag will ensure that none other than those registered as authorized users (or at most those residing inside the geographic territory) are allowed to use the popular product name, an assurance of distinctiveness in a land of a thousand cultures.
Ghevar

Ghevar or Ghewar is a disc-shaped Rajasthani sweet with a honeycomb-like texture, made from ghee, maida, and sugar syrup. It is traditionally associated with the month of Shraavana and the festivals of Teej and Raksha Bandhan. It is a part of Rajasthani tradition and is gifted to newly married daughter on Sinjara, the day preceding Gangaur and Teej. It is also one of the Chhapan Bhog (56 dishes) served to the Lord Krishna. Besides Rajasthan, it is also famous in the adjoining states of Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh.
Ghevar is savoured by masterchef Sanjeev Kapoor, too. Ghevar made its way into the coveted MasterChef Australia when Depinder Chhibber served the sweet in audition round of Season 13.
The word "ghevar" is connected to the Sanskrit term "ghṛtapūra" (घृतपूर), which breaks down into "ghṛta" (घृत), meaning "ghee" (clarified butter), and "pūra" (पूर), meaning "filled" or "cake." This term translates to "ghee cake," reflecting the sweet's use of ghee and its cake-like texture. 16th century saint poet Mira Bai, offers Ghevar to Krishna in one of her poems.
The origin of Ghevar can be traced back to the royal courts of Rajasthan, where chefs crafted this delicacy for the Maharajas, before eventually making its way to the common people of Rajasthan and India.
Ghevar is a disc-shaped sweet cake made with flour, ghee (clarified butter), and soaked in sugar syrup. Flour, ghee, milk, and water are mixed to make a batter. The batter is then poured in ghee in disc shape and is fried to a golden honeycomb-like texture. Common toppings include saffron, spices and nuts.
Ghevar comes in multiple varieties, including plain, mawa, and malai ghevar. Jaipur's LMB introduced variations like Chhena Ghevar in 1961. Ghevar can be soaked in sugar-water syrup or is often topped with rabdi. A special variation for weight watchers and diabetics is its sugar free version available nowadays.
Haleem Khan

Haleem Khan is an Indian Kuchipudi dancer, performer and movie actor, born on 10 April from Ongole of Andhra Pradesh and presently lives in Hyderabad. Haleem has performed more than 800 dance shows across the world, as well conducted Kuchipudi workshops overseas. Haleem specializes in Rupanurupam (female impersonation) within Kuchipudi; he is well known for his performance of Bhama Kalapam and various roles in Annamacharya kirtanas. Hailing from a Muslim family in a small town, Haleem had faced many difficulties in learning Kuchipudi without his family knowing of it. Initially Haleem had performed under the stage name of Hari. His dance, specially the female impersonation has given him a critical acclaim and won him many awards and felicitations.
He debuted in Telugu movies with Nuvvila which has performed well at the box office.
Khan has also acted in Telugu films since 2011; his films include:
Khaleejtimes.com
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Times of India
http://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/haleem-khans-affair-with-kuchipudi-dance
http://www.mpositive.in/tag/haleem-khan-kuchipudi-dancer/
http://www.ap7am.com/lv-205317-harish-rao-releases-haleem-khans-kuchipudi-dance-dvd.html Archived 25 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem

Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem (Arabic: محمد عبد الحليم سعيد, 94–95), OBE, FCIL, is an Egyptian Islamic studies scholar and the King Fahd Professor of Islamic Studies at the SOAS University of London in London, England. He is the editor of the Journal of Qur'anic Studies.
Born in Egypt in 1930, Abdel Haleem learned the Quran by heart during his childhood. He studied at Al-Azhar University and completed his PhD at the University of Cambridge. He has lectured at SOAS since 1971. In 2004, Oxford University Press published his translation of the Quran into English. He has also published several other works in this field.
Abdel Haleem was appointed an Order of the British Empire (OBE) in Elizabeth II's 2008 Birthday Honours, in recognition of his services to Arabic culture, literature, and inter-faith understanding.
Abdul Halim Khan

Abdul Halim Khan is a politician, a Muslim cleric, and an ex MNA from Kohistan, Pakistan. He belongs to the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal Pakistan party and won the NA-23 (Kohistan) constituency seat in 2002. He holds the view that "girls should not be educated, women should not work unless accompanied by mahrams and 'honour' killing is a religiously-sanctioned practice", and has threatened that women working for NGOs who enter Kohistan will be forcibly married.
Puente de la Mujer

El puente de la Mujer es un puente atirantado de pilón contrapeso diseñado por el arquitecto español Santiago Calatrava en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Es la primera de sus obras en América Latina (seguida por el Museu do Amanhã en Río de Janeiro) y se encuentra ubicada en el Dique 3 de Puerto Madero, en Pierina Dealessi y Manuela Gorriti.
Se trata de una obra pensada por el empresario Alberto González,​ quien fue miembro del Grupo Madero​ y donó el dinero para su construcción. González se la encargó al arquitecto e ingeniero español Santiago Calatrava.​ Fue fabricado por la empresa Urssa en la ciudad de Vitoria, en el País Vasco, España, debido a que el acero con el que se lo construyó no se fabrica en Argentina.
El diseño es una síntesis de la imagen de una pareja bailando tango.​
El costo de la obra fue de unos seis millones de dólares que fueron donados por Alberto González. Fue realizado en Vitoria, España, por la empresa Urssa iniciada la construcción del puente en 1998. Fue inaugurado el 20 de diciembre de 2001.
En 2022 se renovó por primera vez el piso del puente, usando para ello madera plástica realizada con botellas de amor donadas en los puntos verdes de la ciudad.​
Se trata de un puente peatonal de 170 m de largo y 6,20 m de ancho dividido en tres secciones: dos fijas en ambas márgenes del dique y una móvil que gira sobre un pilón cónico de hormigón blanco y permite en menos de dos minutos el paso de embarcaciones. Esta sección central está sostenida por una aguja de acero con alma de cemento de unos 39 m de altura. La aguja está dispuesta en diagonal y de ella penden, a modo de puente atirantado, los cables que soportan el tramo que gira.
Su peso es de 800 toneladas. Posee dos tramos fijos laterales de 25 y 32,50 m y un tramo central colgante y rotatorio de 112,50 m. Para accionar el giro de este se cuenta con un sistema de computación situado al este del puente.
El pílono inclinado, de 34 m de alto y un ángulo de 39°, le imprime un original perfil y soporta tanto los tirantes como el tablero horizontal.
Las fundaciones y las tres pilas que lo sustentan son de hormigón armado. La pasarela, metálica, y su extremo posterior, de hormigón.
Su aspecto es muy parecido al Puente Samuel Beckett en Dublín (Irlanda) y al Puente del Alamillo en Sevilla (España), ambos diseñados también por Santiago Calatrava.
Puente giratorio

Un puente giratorio o puente de oscilación es un tipo de puente móvil, en el que uno de los extremos rota sobre su eje central para permitir el tráfico marítimo a ambos lados.
El puente El Ferdan, que cruza el canal de Suez cerca de Ismailia, Egipto, es el más largo del mundo, con una longitud de 340 metros.​
El Puente de la Mujer en la ciudad argentina de Buenos Aires, única obra de Santiago Calatrava en Latinoamérica es un ejemplo de puente giratorio.
Este tipo de puentes abundaron en España, pero se ha prescindido de ellos poco a poco.​
El puente de Carmelo, ubicado sobre el Arroyo de Las Vacas (Carmelo, Uruguay), fue el primer puente giratorio de Sudamérica. Su movimiento se realiza mediante tracción humana.
Puente atirantado de pilón contrapeso

Un puente atirantado de pilón contrapeso es una variación del puente atirantado asimétrico, en el que el pilón hace de contrapeso del puente. Los tirantes del puente que salen de la plataforma van hasta el pilón, y en vez de continuar hasta un contrapeso, están unidos al propio pilón. El pilón compensa la tracción de los cables por su propio peso y el anclaje del terreno, en vez de tener algún cable u otro pilón unido atrás que transmitir la fuerza al contrapeso del suelo. Este diseño de puentes lo inició Santiago Calatrava.​
Estos puentes resultan más caros que un puente atirantado asimétrico normal, y su elección es sobre todo por motivos artísticos.
Ejemplos de este tipo de puentes:
Puente del Alamillo (Sevilla)

El puente del Alamillo es un puente atirantado de pilón contrapeso que cruza el río Guadalquivir a su paso por Sevilla. Fue diseñado por Santiago Calatrava y se terminó en 1992. Se construyó como un acceso a la Isla de la Cartuja, donde tuvo lugar la Expo 92, y en donde hoy se encuentran el parque temático Isla Mágica, el Parque Científico y Tecnológico Cartuja, el centenario monasterio de la Cartuja, de donde proviene el nombre de la isla, y el parque del Alamillo.
El primer proyecto constaba de dos puentes iguales, mirando cada uno en su dirección opuesta. Uno se encontraría sobre la dársena del río, comunicando la barriada de San Lázaro con la Isla de la Cartuja, y está hecho para que pasen los coches por encima y los barcos por el río, y el otro, a la misma latitud, comunicando la Cartuja con el municipio aljarafeño de Camas por encima del tramo de río que hay al oeste. Sin embargo, el presupuesto no concebía el par, por lo que pudo erigirse solo uno, construyéndose en el extremo opuesto un puente más convencional.​
El puente consta de un único pilar hecho de piedra que actúa de contrapeso para los 200 m del puente gracias a veintiséis largos cables. La idea original era construir dos puentes simétricos en cada lado de la isla, pero el singular diseño del puente del Alamillo ha demostrado al final ser mucho más impactante.
El puente no tiene tirantes de retenida (solo hay tirantes a un lado de la torre) constituyendo el primer puente atirantado que no posee esta banda de tirantes de manera que no se recogen las fuerzas que reciben los tirantes de un lado de la torre con otros tirantes que estuvieran al otro lado.
En este puente tuvieron que realizarse unas cuantas actuaciones tanto en su diseño como en su ejecución que no hubieran sido necesarias si se hubiera realizado esa banda de tirantes de retenida, lo que dio lugar a un gasto muy superior al que se hubiera tenido con un puente atirantado común. Por ejemplo, se tuvo que realizar un tablero con un canto mucho mayor al que se da en los puentes atirantados.
A los pocos días de levantarse uno de los cables sufrió un pequeño incendio antes de pasar la prueba de peso. El alto del puente diseñado como mirador, y conocido como "el ojo de la cabeza de caballo", permanece cerrado desde su construcción.
Otros puentes diseñados por Santiago Calatrava, similares al puente del Alamillo, son el Puente de la Mujer en Buenos Aires (2001), el Puente del Reloj de Sol en Redding (California) (2004), el Puente atirantado de Jerusalén (2005-2008) y el Puente de l'Assut de l'Or (2008) en Valencia.
Charles Jencks

Charles Jencks (Baltimore, 21 de junio de 1939-Londres, 13 de octubre de 2019)​ fue un arquitecto paisajista, teórico e historiador de la arquitectura estadounidense. Sus libros sobre historia y crítica del movimiento moderno y posmodernismo han sido ampliamente leídos en los círculos arquitectónicos y también fuera de ellos.
Estudió literatura inglesa en la Universidad de Harvard, posteriormente obtuvo un MA en arquitectura en la Harvard Graduate School of Design en 1965. En 1970 obtiene un PhD en historia de la arquitectura del University College de Londres.
En su obra "Modern Movements in Architecture" del año 1972 emplea un modo de observación orientado por el estilo inglés de ensayo literario y por el tono provocador del pop art, cuyas observaciones y conclusiones pueden ser tan perspicaces como inconsistentes.
Si bien no creó el término "posmoderno", su libro de 1977 "El lenguaje de la arquitectura posmoderna" se considera a menudo como el que popularizó el término en relación con la arquitectura. Jencks fue uno de los primeros en transponer el concepto de la posmodernidad, procedente de la crítica literaria a la arquitectura. En el primer apartado de la obra, titulado "La muerte de la arquitectura moderna", Jencks asegura la muerte de la modernidad en la arquitectura en el año 1972, año en que se derribó el conjunto de viviendas Pruitt-Igoe de San Luis (Misuri). Según Jencks se debió a la contradicción entre la arquitectura y los códigos arquitectónicos de los habitantes, pertenecientes a los sectores más vulnerables de la población.
A Jecks le importan exclusivamente las cuestiones estéticas. Emplea el concepto semiológico de "códigos" para criticar la "univalencia" y el "reduccionalismo elitista" de la arquitectura moderna y para postular una "ampliacióndel lenguaje arquitectónico en diferentes direcciones: hacia lo castizo, lo tradicional y hacia lo comercial". Critica la "forma univalente" de los edificios de Mies van der Rohe, cuya "gramática universal" significa un "desprecio universal por el lugar y la función". Del mismo modo critica la estética mecanisista de la arquitectura de los años sesenta y la creencia en un espíritu de los tiempos definido por máquinas y tecnología.
En el segundo apartado de la obra, Jencks analiza "las especies de la comunicación arquitectónica", intenta analizar la arquitectura como un sistema semántico: en primer lugar la forma arquitectónica aparece como una metáfora. El hombre considera al edificio siempre como una metáfora, que relaciona con sus experiencias.
En el tercer apartado, Jencks trata la nueva arquitectura posmoderna; encuentra sus pioneros en los movimientos que se vienen desarrollando desde los años cincuenta. Finalmente en las conclusiones, constata en la arquitectura posmoderna una tendencia "hacia lo misterioso, lo equívoco y lo sensual" donde se unen dos códigos, el popular y tradicional con el moderno, lleno de neologismos, tecnología, arte y moda.
Falleció el 14 de octubre a raíz de un cáncer que le aquejaba.​
Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano de los Estados Unidos

El Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano de Estados Unidos (en inglés: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development; acrónimo: HUD) es un departamento de la rama ejecutiva del gobierno federal de Estados Unidos.
Creado en septiembre de 1965 por el entonces presidente, Lyndon B. Johnson, como parte de su programa "Great Society" (Gran Sociedad), el HUD sustituyó a la entonces Agencia de Casa y Financiamiento del Hogar. Entre sus funciones se encuentran el diseño de la política de desarrollo urbano así como la gestión de las políticas de vivienda pública y hogar.
Su actual Secretaria es Marcia Fudge. Tiene su sede en el Edificio Federal Robert C. Weaver en Washington D. C.​
Secretario de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano de los Estados Unidos

El secretario de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano de los Estados Unidos (en inglés: United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development) es el jefe del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano de los Estados Unidos, encargado de los programas enfocados en las necesidades de vivienda y el desarrollo de las comunidades. El secretario es miembro del gabinete del presidente.
El puesto fue creado con la formación del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano el 9 de septiembre de 1965, por la firma del presidente Lyndon B. Johnson de la Ley del Departamento de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano.​
En la línea de sucesión presidencial, se encuentra en el decimotercer lugar.​
El actual secretario es Scott Turner, quien fue nominado por el presidente Donald Trump y confirmado por el Senado el 5 de febrero de 2025.
Demócrata Republicano
Puente de Panzacola (Velasco)

Puente de Panzacola es una obra de Luis Coto Maldonado pintada en 1861 basado en la de su maestro italiano Eugenio Landesio que se conserva en el Museo Soumaya de la Ciudad de México.
En 1855 Velasco ingresó a la clase de paisaje impartida por el célebre pintor italiano Eugenio Landesio el cual les habló a sus alumnos sobre las reglas de composición, les refirió sus estudios, sus obras, las de Carlos Markó, les hacía notar todas las bellezas que encontraba a su paso, tomando en cuenta los muchos detalles de luz, color y forma. En ese mismo año, Landesio pintó el puente del barrio de Panzacola, en Coyoacán, la copia de obras terminadas era parte del método educativo de la Academia para proveer a los alumnos de recursos técnicos y criterios estéticos. El cuadro de Landesio fue parte de un ejercicio común en la Academia, ya que existen distintas versiones de la mano de artistas variados.​
En la pintura podremos reconocer el puente de Panzacola el cual está a un costado de la capilla carmelita dedicada a San Antonio, lugar que en la época prehispánica era llamado Teopanzolco. La referencia a la arquitectura y vida cotidiana se da en las mujeres que están lavando en el Río Magdalena; podemos observar también el paso de un jinete. El tránsito del agua es una metáfora al paso del tiempo.
Puente del Cubo

El puente del Cubo, en su nombre habitual, o puente de Isabel la Católica en su denominación oficial, es un puente sobre el río Pisuerga en el centro de la ciudad de Valladolid. Une el Paseo de Isabel la Católica y la Calle de San Ildefonso con la Avenida de Miguel Ángel Blanco en el Barrio de Huerta del Rey.
El puente del Cubo toma este nombre corriente del de otro puente anterior, existente aproximadamente en el mismo emplazamiento, pero sobre la desembocadura del ramal sur de la Esgueva. Desapareció a comienzos del siglo XX, al ser cubierto el cauce, pero su nombre, debido probablemente a que ese paraje se utilizaba como lavadero para la ropa y las mujeres transportaban allí la colada en cubos, ha permanecido aplicado al nuevo puente sobre el Pisuerga.​
El Plan General de Valladolid redactado por César Cort contenía la previsión de tres nuevos puentes sobre el Pisuerga, puesto que la expansión planeada de la ciudad a la margen derecha del río lo imponía: los dos históricos (el Puente Mayor y el Colgante) no habrían resultado conexión suficiente para ese propósito. Estos puentes habrían de emplazarse:
Puesto que el último de los tres correspondía a una ruta nacional (N-601) sería proyectado y sufragado por el Ministerio de Obras Públicas. Los otros dos eran, sin embargo, íntegramente conexiones locales, por lo que los abordó el Ayuntamiento. En la Comisión Municipal de fecha 15 de junio de 1949, y posteriormente en el Pleno del 28 de junio, se adoptó el acuerdo de encomendar los trabajos necesarios para la construcción de estos dos puentes a la Sección de Vías y Obras.
En cumplimiento de este acuerdo, la Sección de Vías y Obras encargó el proyecto constructivo de este puente al ingeniero de caminos de la Confederación Hidrográfica del Duero D. Luis Díaz-Caneja Pando, que lo suscribió con fecha de 5 de mayo de 1950. Además del ingeniero autor, contribuyeron a la redacción del proyecto el también ingeniero de caminos Edmundo Matía de Orbe, con los cálculos estructurales; y los hermanos ayudantes de obras públicas José y Juan Tamayo Peña, con el dibujo de planos y cálculo del presupuesto.
Su construcción fue dirigida por Francisco J. de Quevedo López, ingeniero jefe de la Sección de Vías y Obras, y ejecutada por la empresa Agroman. Las obras fueron adjudicadas a esta empresa en octubre de 1953, y los trabajos se desarrollaron entre 1954 y 1957.​
La parte superior del tablero y las barandillas fueron rehabilitadas en los años 1990.
Durante la primera mitad de 2011 el Ayuntamiento volvió a intervenir en el puente como parte accesoria del proyecto de construcción de la plaza del Milenio, y en esta ocasión en mayor profundidad: se modificaron de nuevo las barandillas, se renovó el pavimento de las aceras con un material sintético que imita la madera y se han instalado sobre las columnas del alumbrado unos pequeños aerogeneradores, como parte del leit motiv ambiental de esa obra.
Es un puente en arco de hormigón. La estructura consiste en tres arcos gemelos con el tablero apoyado sobre pilastras.
Puente de la Mujer

The Puente de la Mujer (Spanish for "Woman's Bridge") is a rotating footbridge for Dock 3 of the Puerto Madero commercial district of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is of the cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge type and is also a swing bridge, but somewhat unusual in its asymmetrical arrangement. It has a single mast with cables suspending a portion of the bridge which rotates 90 degrees in order to allow water traffic to pass. When it swings to allow watercraft passage, the far end comes to a resting point on a stabilizing pylon.
Designed by the Spanish architect and structural engineer Santiago Calatrava on a plan very similar to a 251-metre bridge over the Guadalquivir River in Seville, Spain (1992) and a 213-metre bridge over the Sacramento River in Redding, California (2004), it has a forward-, rather than a reverse-angled cantilever, as is seen in those bridges. The bridge is the first of only two Calatrava structures in Latin America. The architect has described the design as representing the image of a couple dancing the tango.
The 170-metre pedestrian bridge weighs 800 tonnes, is 6.20 m wide and is divided into two fixed portions, 25 m and 32.50 m long respectively, and a middle section of 102.5 m that rotates on a white concrete pylon, allowing vessels to pass in less than two minutes. This central section is supported by a steel "needle" with a concrete core, about 34 m high. The "needle," inclined at a 39° angle, anchors suspension cables which support the central span. A computer system at the eastern end of the bridge operates the turning mechanism when required.
A number of streets in the Puerto Madero district have women's names, thus giving the bridge its name.
The work was conceived by businessman Alberto L. González, who donated money for its construction. Costing about US$6 million, the bridge was manufactured by the Urssa steel fabrication conglomerate in the city of Vitoria-Gasteiz in the Basque Country of northern Spain.
According to business executive Bob Schmetterer, the bridge was not part of the original Puerto Madero project. Jorge Heymann, a Buenos Aires advertising executive, had been hired to develop an advertising campaign for Puerto Madero, but his analysis showed that the biggest challenge of the site was access, not public awareness. A landmark footbridge, Heymann suggested, while certainly more costly than an initial advertising campaign would have been, would be more practical and lasting. The developer agreed with the assessment, and he built the structure.
Construction of the Puente de la Mujer started in 1998, with the opening taking place on 20 December 2001. The bridge was declared a Cultural Heritage of the City of Buenos Aires in 2018.
In 2022, the floor of the bridge was renovated for the first time, using plastic wood made with bottles donated in the green points of the city.
34°36′29″S 58°21′54″W﻿ / ﻿34.607939°S 58.364911°W﻿ / -34.607939; -58.364911
Zárate, Buenos Aires

Zárate is a port city in the northeast of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It lies on the western shore of the Paraná River, 90 km (56 mi) from Buenos Aires. Its population as per the 2001 census [INDEC] is 101,271 inhabitants. It is the headquarters for and the only city in the partido of the same name.
Zárate and Campana are main points of an important industrial region. The city is located at one end of the Zárate-Brazo Largo Bridge, which joins Buenos Aires with the province of Entre Ríos and allows communication with the Argentine Mesopotamia and from there to Brazil and Uruguay.
The city was founded on March 19, 1854.
Following European colonization, the lands were distributed in grants. The first Spanish owners weren't able to use them productively, so their ownership was passed to the Jesuits, who were then expelled by Charles III of Spain.
The Zárate Partido was founded on March 19, 1854, separating it from Exaltación de la Cruz.
In Spanish.
Río de la Plata (Puerto Rico)

The La Plata River (Spanish: Río de la Plata) is the longest river in Puerto Rico. It is located in the north coast of the island. It flows from south to north, and drains into the Atlantic Ocean about 11 miles (18 km) west of San Juan. The mouth of the river is a resort area with white sandy beaches.
La Plata has a length of approximately 74 kilometres (46 mi) with its origin in the municipality of Guayama, Puerto Rico, at an altitude of approximately 2,625 feet (800 meters) above sea level. It crosses the municipalities of Guayama, Cayey, Comerío, Naranjito, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, and Dorado forming two lakes in its path: Carite Lake and La Plata Lake.
There are many crossings of the river. The Arenas Bridge, in Cayey, is one of the most notable. It is a steel bridge built in 1894 and is still in use. It was the longest bridge built in Puerto Rico by the Spanish. Another notable bridge that passes over the river is the Jesús Izcoa Moure bridge, a cable-stayed bridge which straddles the city borders of Naranjito, Toa Alta and Bayamon.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers is undertaking a major flood control project in the river basin.
It is popularly said that Taíno Indians referred to the river as "thoa" which means mother, which itself gave the name to the towns of Toa Alta and Toa Baja located in the mouth of the river to the Atlantic Ocean.
The river is referenced on the anthem of the town of Toa Baja.
The river, which runs through the heart of Comerio, rose more than 3.4 metres (11 ft) on September 20, 2017 (Hurricane Maria) causing major flooding and irreparable destruction to areas along the river. It destroyed the school, the police station, countless homes and businesses in Comerio, and other municipalities along the river.
In mid 2018, the United States Army Corps of Engineers announced it would be undertaking a major flood control project of the river basin, with a $500 million budget. By mid 2019, a project by the USACE to mitigate the flooding risk to Toa Baja by The Plata River had not yet begun.
1888 Río de la Plata earthquake

The 1888 Río de la Plata earthquake occurred on 5 June measuring 5.5 on the Richter scale, and shook the upper Río de la Plata at 3:20 UTC-3. The epicentre was located 15 kilometres (9 mi) southwest of Colonia del Sacramento (Uruguay) and 42 kilometres (26 mi) east of Buenos Aires (Argentina), with a hypocentre at a depth of 30 kilometres (19 mi).
On 5 June 1888, the Montevideo journal La Tribuna Popular reported the earthquake and its effects: The houses' woodwork creaked loudly, lamps swung, furniture moved and paintings fell off walls. Glassware objects broke and porcelain could be seen jolting out of cupboards. Astonished at the strong earthquake, inhabitants have had a sleepless night...
Also, a Colonia del Sacramento local journal La Lucha reported on a particular event: The steamer 'Saturno' en route from the neighbouring country's capital (Buenos Aires) was calmly sailing in 20 feet (6 m) of water along the centre of the channel when she came to a sudden halt, as though she had run aground. The captain had soundings taken but the vessel, as if moved by some hidden force, was freed from the ground and continued on her way.
Every settlement along the Río de la Plata's shore was affected, especially the cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. Only slight damage occurred since there were no high buildings or underground trains in those cities at the time. However, at no time since this earthquake have antiseismic building measures been taken in either of the two nations.
The panic caused by this earthquake among the inhabitants of both banks of Río de la Plata was marked, because they were unfamiliar with seismic events, as are today's inhabitants. However, a previous event had been recorded: the 15 August 1848 earthquake which, just as that of 1888, caused no major damage and may have been seen as an isolated phenomenon or since its epicentre was faraway from the continent and thus distant from settlements, it may have been considered that future quakes would probably occur in those latitudes and cause no damage on the continent. It is worth mentioning, though, that there are no aseismic regions in the world. Such an event could therefore happen again in the River Plate as evidenced by 26 June 1988 and 10 January 1990 earthquakes, the latter being the only one registered on Uruguayan mainland territory.
These earthquakes are believed to have originated in a particular region, the Punta del Este basin, which is highly faulted and where tectonic plates might experience certain movement thus causing the earthquake waves, according to Alberto Benavídez Sosa MGEOPHYS, agronomical engineer and former president of CERESIS (Seismology Regional Centre for South America) Earthquakes in the easternmost edge of the Pacific tectonic plates can occasionally be felt in the Argentine Atlantic coast, including Buenos Aires and only rarely on the Uruguayan coast.
Alas Building

The Alas Building (Spanish: Edificio Alas) is a Rationalist residential and office building in the San Nicolás section of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is 141 metres (463 ft) high with 41 floors. Alas was the tallest building in Buenos Aires between 1955 and 1995, when it was surpassed by the Le Parc tower. It has long been part of the skyline of Buenos Aires. As of 2009, it was the 20th tallest building in Argentina.
The building was commissioned in 1950 by President Juan Perón for the Association of Unionized Latin American Workers (ATLAS, S.A.). He ordered that plans include an underground bunker for use in case of war or a coup d'état. Perón, however, did not seek refuge there during the 16 June 1955 bombing of Plaza de Mayo by the Argentine Navy. The building was transferred to the Argentine Air Force after the 1955 coup and renamed ALAS ("wings") and the bunker was later converted into Argentine Public Television studios. These were relocated to Figueroa Alcorta Avenue in 1978. Two underground floors are occupied by parking spaces, a gym, the boiler room, bike racks and other amenities.
34°35′57″S 58°22′14.1″W﻿ / ﻿34.59917°S 58.370583°W﻿ / -34.59917; -58.370583
Mammary intercourse

Mammary intercourse is a sex act, performed as either foreplay or as non-penetrative sex, that involves the stimulation of a man's penis by a woman's breasts and vice versa. It involves placing the penis between a woman's breasts and moving the penis up and down to simulate sexual penetration and to create sexual pleasure.
Mammary intercourse involves a man kneeling or sitting on a woman's stomach or chest, placing his erect penis on her cleavage, and rubbing or thrusting while the breasts are squeezed around the penile shaft, by either the woman or the man, creating tightness similar to masturbation, and in simulation of penetrative sex. A lubricant or saliva may be used between the breasts or on the penis. Alternatively, the woman can tighten her breasts around the penis and move them back and forth. Other positions involve either the man standing while the woman kneels, or the man laying back with the woman on top.
In some cases, mammary intercourse can be combined with oral sex. Mammary intercourse may be carried out face to face or head to tail.
Mammary intercourse is mostly suited for women with naturally larger breasts, while it is recommended that women with smaller breasts be on top. Smaller female breasts, however, tend to be more sensitive than larger ones.
The woman normally does not receive direct sexual stimulation during mammary intercourse, other than the erotic stimulation of bringing her partner to orgasm, without sexual penetration. However, Alex Comfort has said that mammary intercourse can produce orgasm in women with sensitive breasts (what Margot Anand terms local orgasms of the breast), and it was one of the nine substitute exercises for penetrative sexual activities, as detailed in the Paradis Charnels of 1903. It is possible for the man to perform a fingering on the woman during mammary intercourse.
Since mammary intercourse is a non-penetrative sex act, the risk of passing a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that requires direct contact between the mucous membranes and pre-ejaculate or semen is greatly reduced. HIV is among the infections that require such direct contact and is therefore very unlikely to be transmitted via mammary intercourse. A study of the condom usage habits of New Zealand's sex workers said that they offered various safe sex alternatives to vaginal sex to clients who refused to wear a condom. One sex worker said that mammary intercourse was one alternative used; mammary intercourse performed by a woman with large breasts felt to the client like penetrative vaginal sex.
Depictions of the practice, at least in advertising, have been described as pornographic or erotic. Mammary intercourse has sometimes been considered a perversion. Sigmund Freud, however, considered such extensions of sexual interest to fall within the range of the normal, unless marked out by exclusivity (i.e. the repudiation of all other forms of sexual contact).
Slang terms for mammary intercourse include:
Mỹ Thuận Bridge

The Mỹ Thuận Bridge (Vietnamese: Cầu Mỹ Thuận) is a cable-stayed bridge over the Mekong river, connecting Cái Bè District of Tiền Giang Province with Vĩnh Long City of Vĩnh Long Province in Vietnam. It was developed in a joint venture between the governments of Australia and Vietnam. The bridge was the largest overseas assistance project undertaken by the Australian government costing A$91 million.
It was built by Baulderstone and completed in 2000.
See AusAID publication "My Thuan Bridge: Monitoring Success"
Political issues behind the bridge project are recounted by Sue Boyd, Australian ambassador to Vietnam at the time, in her autobiography.