davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Timeline of the discovery and classification of minerals

Georgius Agricola is considered the 'father of mineralogy'. Nicolas Steno founded the stratigraphy (the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification)), the geology characterizes the rocks in each layer and the mineralogy characterizes the minerals in each rock. The chemical elements were discovered in identified minerals and with the help of the identified elements the mineral crystal structure could be described. One milestone was the discovery of the geometrical law of crystallization by René Just Haüy, a further development of the work by Nicolas Steno and Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle (the characterisation of a crystalline mineral needs knowledge on crystallography). Important contributions came from some Saxon "Bergraths"/ Freiberg Mining Academy: Johann F. Henckel, Abraham Gottlob Werner and his students (August Breithaupt, Robert Jameson, José Bonifácio de Andrada and others). Other milestones were the notion that metals are elements too (Antoine Lavoisier) and the periodic table of the elements by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. The overview of the organic bonds by Kekulé was necessary to understand the silicates, first refinements described by Bragg and Machatschki; and it was only possibly to understand a crystal structure with Dalton's atomic theory, the notion of atomic orbital and Goldschmidt's explanations. Specific gravity, streak (streak color and mineral hardness) and X-ray powder diffraction are quite specific for a Nickel-Strunz identifier (updated 9th ed.). Nowadays, non-destructive electron microprobe analysis is used to get the empirical formula of a mineral. Finally, the International Zeolite Association (IZA) took care of the zeolite frameworks (part of molecular sieves and/or molecular cages).
There are only a few thousand mineral species and 83 geochemically stable chemical elements combine to form them (84 elements, if plutonium and the Atomic Age are included). The mineral evolution in the geologic time context were discussed and summarised by Arkadii G. Zhabin (and subsequent Russian workers), Robert M. Hazen, William A. Deer, Robert A. Howie and Jack Zussman.
Ogbono soup

Ogbono Soup is a Nigerian dish made with ground dry ogbono seeds. Ogbono seeds (the local name for Irvingia) are originated and were first grown in Southern Nigeria with considerable local variation. According to research by Chris Chinaka and J.C. Obiefuna, Ogbono is an indigenous forest tree associated with plants classified as 'non-timber forest products. It goes by various indigenous names among Nigerians. The Common use of the word “ogbono” in general Nigerian parlance stems from the Igbo name for the word. Among the Nupe, it is called 'pekpeara', 'ogwi' in Bini, 'uyo' in Efik, and 'oro' or ‘apon’ in Yoruba. Although ogbono (dika nut) and ugiri, the Igbo name for bush-mango, are very similar indeed and often regarded as equivalents, there is technically a distinction.
The ground ogbono seeds are used as a thickener, and give the soup a black or brown coloration. Besides seeds, water and palm oil, it typically contains meat and/or fish seasonings such as chili pepper, salt, crayfish, leaf vegetables and other vegetables. Typical leaf vegetables include bitterleaf and celosia. Typical vegetables include tomatoes and okra. Typical seasonings include chiles, onions, bullion cubes (Maggi in the nigerian parlance), and iru (fermented locust beans). Typical meats include beef, goat, fish, chicken, bushmeat, shrimp, or crayfish.
For individual preferences, Ogbono soup can be cooked together with Egusi, it can also be cooked together with Okra. These methods are likely ways to make the soup thicker and spicier.
It can be eaten with fufu, semo, wheat swallow, with pounded yam, or the processed and fried garri. In other countries the soup may be available in packaged prepared form in some markets that specialize in Western African foods. Ogbono soup has a mucilaginous draw texture, similar to okra soup.
Palm nut soup

Palm nut soup or banga is a soup made from palm fruit common in the Cameroonian, Ghanaian, Nigerian, Democratic Republic of Congo and Ivorian communities. The soup is made from a palm cream or palm nut base with stewed marinated meats, smoked dried fish, and aromatics. It is often eaten with starch, fufu, omotuo, banku, fonio, or rice. The use of the palm fruit in cooking is significant in Ivorian, Cameronian, Nigerian, Ghanaian, Liberian and other West and Central African cuisine.
Mbanga soup is a palm fruit soup in Cameroonian cuisine and West African cuisine. It is often served with kwacoco. The soup is Cameroon's version of the West African banga, a palm fruit soup eaten in areas including parts of Nigeria. In Cameroon mbanga is made using fresh palm nuts. Outside the area canned nuts can be used.
Banga is a type of palm fruit soup from Southern (the Niger Delta) Nigeria, particularly the Urhobo ethnic group. This cuisine is quite different from ofe akwu, a variant found in Igbo culture. The Binis have a soup from palm fruits similar to ofe akwu in ingredients and manner of preparation. The Urhobo people’s palm nut soup is called ame adi.
In Nigeria, this soup accompanies dishes such as starch (usi) for the Urhobo people of Delta State, Nigeria. The Igbo people have the stew and soup varieties made from palm fruits. Ofe akwu is the stew variety usually eaten with rice while the palm fruit extract is used especially in Anambra state to prepare oha and onugbu soup accompanied with moulding foods (popularly known as 'swallow'), such as pounded cassava (utara/akpu) and corn/cassava flour (nni oka).
The palm fruit is often harvested from locally grown palm fruit trees, after which it is thoroughly washed, boiled and mashed for the extraction of its oil, the main ingredient in the preparation of banga soup.
Banga soup is flavored with beletete, aidan fruit, rohojie, spice leaves called obenetietien (scent or bitter leaves can be substituted), a stick of oburunbebe, finely chopped onion, ground crayfish, chili pepper or Scotch bonnet, and salt. The soup is eaten with starch made with cassava and palm oil or rice in southern parts of Nigeria. Banga soup is mostly prepared using fresh catfish, dried or smoked fish, or meat. Okra may be added.
Ame adi, also known as banga soup, is a soup eaten by the Urhobo people of Southern Nigeria. It is made by extracting the liquid of palm kernels. Thereafter, other ingredients like crayfish, meat, fish, pepper and cow tripe are added. It is eaten with eba or usi (starch). (Elaeis guineensis) extract.
Oha soup

Oha soup (Igbo: Ofe Ọha) is a soup mostly eaten by the Igbo people in the south eastern part of Nigeria.
Oha soup is a Nigerian delicacy from the Eastern region. It is commonly prepared by the Igbo people from an evergreen tree whose botanical name is Pterocarpus mildraedii.
The main ingredient for the soup is the oha leaf, others include uziza, achi (soup thickener), meat, crayfish, palm oil and salt. Other names for the soup include uha, aja, and ora soup.
Oha soup is best eaten with fufu. Pounded yam, semolina, wheat and eba also goes well with the soup.
Owo soup

Oghwo evwri is a soup eaten in the south-central region of Nigeria. It is common among the Urhobo and Isoko. The soup is made with Garri soaked in water after palm oil and potash mixture has been added. It is traditionally served at weddings in the Delta State; its absence at a wedding celebration is considered insulting to guests. It is also served at other traditional celebrations.
The soup is also called oghwevwri, oghwoevwri, oghwo or owo. It is also called oghwo ofigbo, ogwofibo and multiple other names. The name "Oghwo evwri" means "palm oil soup"; palm oil is a critical ingredient.
Oghwo soup is a soup traditional to the south-central region of Nigeria. It is common among ethnic groups such as Urhobo. The soup is made with garri soaked in water after palm oil and potash mixture has been added.
There is controversy about the origination of the soup. According to history, the soup is either from the ,Urhobo people . Owho soup is commonly taken in Delta State as well as Edo state where the two tribes are populous. It is especially revered by the Urhobo people.
Owho soup is made from fish, Banga oil, beef, crayfish, palm oil, potash where Garri is poured into palm oil thickened with potash. Sometimes, it is made with other ingredients such as bush meat. The Garri is blended initially to smoothen it, adding other ingredients like cray fish the soup is ready when there's floating oil on it.
Owho soup is typically eaten with a starch (usi) such as boiled yam, boiled bananas, boiled plantain or sweet potatoes or other types of swallow but is sometimes eaten alone.
The soup is also sometimes served as a sauce.
Afrinvest

6°27′22″N 3°26′32″E﻿ / ﻿6.4562096°N 3.4423146°E﻿ / 6.4562096; 3.4423146
Afrinvest (West Africa) Limited is a Nigerian capital market holding company.
Afrinvest is both a provider of research content on the Nigerian market and an adviser to blue-chip companies across West Africa on M&A and international capital market transactions.
Regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) as an Issuing House and Underwriter, Afrinvest provides financial advisory services as well as capital raising to high net-worth individuals ("HNIs"), corporations, and governments.
Afrinvest maintains established offices in Lagos, Abuja, Onitsha and Port-Harcourt.
Afrinvest was founded in 1995 by Godwin Obaseki as Securities Transactions & Trust Company (Nigeria) Limited (“SecTrust”). Over the years, SecTrust established a close relationship with its London-based partners (“Afrinvest Limited”), an investment banking firm regulated by the United Kingdom Financial Services Authority (“FSA”). Following commencement of its business restructuring in 2005, SecTrust combined with the Nigeria-based corporate finance business of Afrinvest (UK) Limited.
This phase of business restructuring was concluded in December 2005 and culminated in the renaming of SecTrust as Afrinvest (West Africa) Limited.
The company is registered as an Issuing House by the SEC while its other two subsidiaries, Afrinvest Securities Limited and Afrinvest Asset Management Limited, house the company's broker-dealer and fund manager licenses respectively.
As of May 31, 2017 Donald Lawson was a non-executive director at Afrinvest prior becoming chairman of the board. In 2021, Onoise Onaghinon was appointed chief operating officer. She joined Afrinvest in 2003 as an analyst for the investment banking division.
Aggry beads

Aggry beads (also spelled aggri beads or aggrey beads) are a type of decorated glass bead from Ghana, used by West Africans as ornaments in necklaces, bracelets and other jewelry.
Aggry beads are also called Koli, Cori, Kor, Segi, Accori, or Ekeur. they were also referred to by the indigenous people by several other names like Buta, or Kor-pa as it was called in the Fante (or Fanti) dialect of Ghana.
They are often used for medicinal purposes, as it is believed that they have spiritual significance. They are a significant aspect of modern pre and postnatal care, as they are highly valued for protection against illness and misfortune.
Various other uses and connotations include but are not limited to; representing wealth, marital status, health, representing social and political standing.
Beads were used for exchange and as a means of payment during trade in Africa. Europeans first collected aggry beads from the West Coast of Africa in the fifteenth century. These beads have been found in the residences and sites of enslaved Africans and African Americans in the United States south. While it is known that they come primarily from west and central Africa, but it is difficult to be more specific because of the separation of families and ethnic groups by those who enslaved them, causing various traditions to be lost or actually combined with other traditions to form a new practice.
Their origin is obscure. Depending on different sources, beads labelled such may be made from glass, coral, or stone, and were typically blue. It is possible that the original Aggry beads came from the Phoenicians, who used it as a means of trading along the coasts of Europa, Asia and Africa.
One of their origin stories from the Yoruba people is that these sacred beads grew out of the ground or that they were pieces of coral along the coast. This recount exists within the context of the worship of Olokun, the god of wealth and the primordial ocean Okun. Further tied together is the link between the ocean and fertility by Yoruba beliefs that Olokun makes all of the yoruba women fertile with his spirit in the water. Another link can be found between the use of these beads and the idea of fertility. In Badagry, Kori is the name of a goddess who wanted children so much that she conferred with Ifa and because of this, she became fertile enough to have a city of her own children. Today, Yoruba women (specifically Koris devotees) wear Kori beads as a representations of fertility. The beads serve as signs indicating her love for children.
Sometimes millefiori beads are called "Aggrey", but this may be incorrect.
Jennifer Meyer

Jennifer Meyer (born April 23, 1977) is an American jewelry designer.
Meyer was born to a Jewish family in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of Ronald Meyer, who was the vice-chairman of NBC Universal until August 18, 2020, and was previously the president and CEO of Universal Studios. Her mother is Ronald Meyer's first wife, Ellen. Her stepfather is Rabbi David Baron (head of the Temple Shalom for the Arts), and her stepmother is Kelly Chapman Meyer. She got her start making jewelry alongside her grandmother, Edith Meyer, who began teaching Jennifer how to make enamel jewelry when she was six years old.
In 1999, having finished her child and family psychology studies at Syracuse University, she returned to Los Angeles. In Los Angeles she worked at Ralph Lauren and began designing jewelry pieces.
Meyer returned to her jewelry making roots and created her eponymous jewelry line in 2003. In 2004 when she designed her trademark leaf-shaped 18-karat gold charm, which to her represents "turn[ing] over a new leaf". Her jewelry made its national debut when a Hollywood stylist picked out one of Meyer's leaf pendants for Jennifer Aniston to wear in The Break-Up in 2006.
The exposure led to Meyer founding her own company, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry, and her line of rings, charms, pendants, and necklaces is distributed through such luxury stores as Barneys New York and Net-a-Porter.com. She was named 2007 Jeweler of the Year in the Us Magazine "Hot Hollywood Style" issue. Her heart-shaped locket adorns the neck of Mary Jane Watson (Kirsten Dunst) as a gift from her boyfriend, Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire), in Spider-Man 3. In 2012, Jennifer Meyer Jewelry received an award from the CFDA/Vogue Fashion Fund, and in 2013 Meyer was nominated for the CFDA Swarovski Award for Accessories Design. In 2015, she designed the wedding ring for Jennifer Aniston's marriage to Justin Theroux, and the company commemorated their ten-year anniversary collaborating with Barneys on a twelve-piece ready-to-wear Fall collection, Barneys New York XO Jennifer Meyer.
In 2017, she was named on Hollywood's Top 20 Red Carpet Designers of 2017. In 2018, Meyer opened her first brick-and-mortar boutique as part of the Caruso Palisades Project and launched e-commerce on her website. In 2018, in response to the devastating Woolsey Fire in Malibu, Meyer donated 25% of one week of Jennifer Meyer Jewelry's online and in-store sales to Baby2Baby, a charity working to help families impacted by the California fires.
Meyer met actor Tobey Maguire in 2003, while he was shooting Seabiscuit at Universal Studios, and they became engaged in April 2006. Their daughter was born November 10, 2006. Meyer and Maguire married on September 3, 2007, in Kona, Hawaii. Their second child, a son, was born on May 8, 2009.
In October 2016, Maguire and Meyer announced their separation. They officially separated in 2016. On October 30, 2020, Meyer filed for divorce and the divorce was finalized .
In September 2024, Meyer announced her engagement to Geoffrey Ogunlesi, the son of Nigerian billionaire Adebayo Ogunlesi.
Boulos Enterprises

Boulos Enterprises is a Nigerian distribution, assembly, and trading company for motorcycles, power bikes, tricycles, and outboard motors. It was established by brothers Anthony and Gabriel Boulos. The company houses several notable brands such as Aprilia, Moto Guzzi, and Haojue. It is the sole importer and distributor of Suzuki in Nigeria.
The Boulos' history began in Lagos, at a store that sold jewelry and other small articles to the upper-middle class. The jewelry business was managed by their father, George Boulos, a Lebanese goldsmith who emigrated to Nigeria in 1936. George developed good relationships with his clients which proved to benefit the business as it matured. In the mid-1950s, George's sons, Anthony and Gabriel, expanded the family business by importing Miele, Durkopp, and Göricke motorcycles. The company's profile expanded from there, leading to the incorporation of the company in 1964. By the end of the 1960s the firm had established a factory in Oregun, Lagos, which assembled Suzuki motorcycles from knock-down kits, thus becoming the first company in Nigeria to assemble motorcycles. Furthermore, the plant had the capacity to assemble 7,200 motorcycles per shift.
In 1979, when the government of Nigeria placed a ban on the importation of completely built motorcycles, the Boulos' profile enhanced, causing the firm to become the leading motorcycle seller in the country.
In 1975, the firm acquired land at the Ogba Industrial estate, beginning the process of manufacturing complete Suzuki motorcycles. The company also developed a distribution strategy which led to the creation of service centers across the country. These centers were capable of stocking spare parts as well as including a trained Suzuki mechanic at each location.
In 1987, the company established Bel Impex Limited, a tissue paper manufacture which is no longer part of Boulos Enterprises.
Between 2010 and 2016, Boulos Enterprises represented Piaggio India while partially assembling tricycles in the country.
Ariaria International Market

The Ariaria International Market is an open-air market located in Aba, a city in Abia State in Southeast Nigeria. The market is one of the largest markets in West Africa and nicknamed "China of Africa" because of its versatility in the making of wears and leather works.
Ariaria International Market was established in 1976 following a fire outbreak that destroyed the old Ekeoha Market in Aba. The market was originally sited in a swampy area. The market is known for its shoemaking and leather works thus making it one of the largest leather shoe-making markets in West Africa with an estimated two million traders. For more than two decades, the market has serviced clients home and abroad. Manufacturers in the market boast that their clientele base extends beyond the shores of Africa. “Many citizens in Europe and Africa have the market to thank for many of the leather shoes they wear,” Amobi Nwanagu, President, StandUp Africa, claims. The market cuts across three local government areas, the Aba North, Aba South, and Osisioma.
Robert Wolke

Robert L. Wolke (/wɔːlk/; April 2, 1928 – August 29, 2021) was an American chemist and professor emeritus of chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh. He was a food columnist for The Washington Post and wrote multiple books to explain everyday phenomena in non-technical terms:
Wolke won awards such as the American Chemical Society's 2005 James T. Grady-James H. Stack Award for Interpreting Chemistry for the Public, the International Association of Culinary Professionals' Bert Greene Award, and the James Beard Foundation's award for the best newspaper column.
Wolke died on August 29, 2021, of complications from Alzheimer's disease. He was 93.
Estufa

Estufas são lugares com o objetivo de acumular e conter o calor no seu interior, mantendo assim uma temperatura maior no seu interior que ao seu redor. Normalmente composta de uma caixa e uma fonte de calor.
Numa estufa onde a fonte de calor é o sol, normalmente utilizada para cultivar (plantas, árvores etc.), o aquecimento dá-se essencialmente porque a convecção é suprimida. Nesse tipo de estufa, normalmente feita de materiais semitransparentes, não há troca de ar entre o interior e o exterior, sendo assim a energia que entra pela radiação solar aquece o ambiente interno e não é perdida com as correntes ascendentes, que dissipariam o calor.
Numa estufa elétrica a fonte do calor se da pela transformação da energia elétrica em energia térmica, que se acumula dentro de um ambiente fechado. Uma variedade da muito utilizada em laboratórios é a mufla que alcança altas temperaturas.
No caso do Vinho da Madeira, as estufas significam tanques, em geral construídos em aço inoxidável, paredes duplas preenchidas com lã de vidro, que as tornam isotérmicas, e paredes dotadas de camisas de transmissão de calor por onde circula água quente a 70º Celsius, fazendo assim aquecer o vinho até 50 °C onde permanece durante 90 dias. Nos primórdios eram apenas divisões onde se queimava lenha e o ar quente gerado aquecia o vinho que se encontrava em toneis desenfundados. O vinho em contacto com o ar oxidava violentamente absorvendo também os maus odores do ambiente, provocando a perda de qualidade referida.
Os pesquisadores desenvolveram, em 2019, uma tecnologia que permite que as pessoas cultivem seu pequeno jardim em casa ou no escritório. É um hobby e uma maneira de fornecer nutrição para toda a família ou clientes.
Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo nucifera é uma planta aquática da gênero Nelumbo, conhecida popularmente como lótus, flor-de-lótus, loto-índico e lótus-índico. Apesar disto, esta planta não integra a família Nymphaeaceae (Nymphaeales), onde estão classificados a maioria dos lótus, fazendo parte da família Nelumbonaceae (Proteales).
Trata-se de uma planta nativa da Ásia, habitante de cursos de água lentos ou lagoas de água doce, vivendo a pouca profundidade. É enraizada no fundo lodoso por um rizoma vigoroso, do qual partem grandes folhas arredondadas, sustentadas acima do espelho de água por longos pecíolos. Produz belas flores rosadas ou brancas, grandes e com muitas pétalas. É conhecida pela longevidade das suas sementes, que podem germinar após 13 séculos. Serviu de inspiração para a arquitetura do Burj Khalifa, o prédio mais alto do mundo.
Este lótus é cultivado como planta ornamental em jardins aquáticos de todo o mundo.
As flores, as sementes, as folhas novas, e as "raízes" (rizomas) desta espécie de lótus são comestíveis.
Na Ásia, suas pétalas são empregadas como enfeites, enquanto suas largas folhas são utilizadas para embrulhar comida.
O rizoma desta espécie de lótus é chamado de "ǒu" (藕) em chinês, de "bhe" em algumas regiões da Índia e Paquistão, e de "renkon" (レンコン,蓮根 [1]） em japonês). São ingredientes vegetais de uso comum em sopas e frituras.
Pétalas, folhas, e rizomas podem também ser comidos crus, mas com risco de transmissão de parasitas como Fasciolopsis buski. Portanto, é recomendado que sejam cozidas antes de serem consumidas.
Sua simbologia é uma de suas virtudes mais apreciadas: é associada à pureza espiritual e ao renascimento. Uma das flores mais belas, nasce em meio à lama, inspirando um caminho de purificação e de transcendência em relação a tudo que é considerado impuro no mundo.
No budismo, Buda é simbolizado em estátuas sobre uma flor de lótus, remetendo justamente a essa ideia da transcendência do mundo comum (representado pela lama, pelo lodo), ou seja, a iluminação perante a confusão mental (dualidade da mente).
"Flor de lótus" também é o nome de uma postura de meditação onde o praticante se senta com as pernas cruzadas e as plantas dos pés voltadas para cima.
Lenda da vitória-régia

A lenda da vitória-régia é uma lenda/história mitologia da Região Norte do Brasil de origem indígena, sobre a origem da planta aquática símbolo da Amazônia.
Há muitos anos, em uma aldeia indígena, contava-se que Jaci (a personificação da Lua) era uma deusa que, ao despontar a noite, beijava e enchia de luz os rostos das mais belas virgens do local, chamadas de cunhantãs. Sempre que ela se escondia atrás das montanhas, levava para si as moças de sua preferência e as transformava em estrelas no firmamento.
Uma linda jovem virgem, a guerreira Naiá, vivia sonhando com esse encontro e mal podia esperar pelo grande dia em que seria chamada por Jaci. Os anciãos da aldeia alertavam Naiá: depois do encontro com a sedutora deusa, as moças perdiam seu sangue e sua carne, tornando-se luz, e viravam estrelas no céu. Mas quem a impediria? Naiá queria muito ser levada pela Lua. À noite, perambulava pelas montanhas atrás dela, sem nunca alcançá-la. Todas as noites eram assim, e a jovem definhava sonhando incansavelmente obcecada com a união (sem comer e nem beber nada) que não havia pajé que a convencesse do contrário.
Um dia, após parar para descansar à beira de um lago, viu em sua superfície a imagem da deusa amada: a Lua refletida em suas águas. Deslumbrada pelo seu sonho, lançou-se ao fundo do lago e se afogou. A Lua, compadecida pelo ocorrido, quis recompensar o sacrifício da Naiá, e resolveu transformá-la em uma estrela diferente de todas no céu; converteu-a então em uma "estrela das águas", única e perfeita: a vitória-régia. Assim, nasceu a planta cujas flores perfumadas e brancas só abrem à noite e, ao nascer do sol, ficam rosadas.
Em 1970 e 2004, a escola de samba carioca Portela, apresentou como tema destes desfiles, aspectos culturais da Amazônia, e nos dois anos o título do enredo foi: "Lendas e Mistérios da Amazônia". Com isso, a lenda da vitória-régia foi apresentada e encenada pela escola.
The Burning Season

The Burning Season (bra Amazônia em Chamas) é um telefilme méxico-estadunidense de 1994, do gênero drama histórico-biográfico, dirigido por John Frankenheimer para a rede HBO, com roteiro baseado no romance Burning Season, de Andrew Revkin.
Conta a vida do seringueiro acriano Chico Mendes, interpretado pelo ator porto-riquenho Raúl Julia, da infância pobre em Xapuri até seu assassinato.
O filme foi dirigido por John Frankenheimer e rodado no México. Não houve nenhuma relação da produção com o Brasil, exceto pela presença de Sônia Braga (interpretando a última companheira de Chico). Os demais atores eram todos hispânicos, e o filme é falado em inglês e espanhol.
Nymphaea lotus

Nymphaea lotus, conhecida popularmente como nenúfar-branco, lótus-branco, lótus-do-egipto, loto-sagrado-do-egito e lótus-sagrado-do-egito, é uma planta aquática com flor pertencente à família Nymphaeaceae. É natural do leste de África e Sudeste asiático, onde tem preferência por águas paradas, límpidas, mornas e ligeiramente ácidas.
Esta espécie de nenúfar possui folhas que se encontram submersas e outras que flutuam à tona de água. Tem um hábito perene e pode crescer até os 45 cm de altura. As folhas são arredondadas, denteadas e escavadas na base. Os botões florais sobem acima do nível da água e, só então, florescem. A sua flor branca, por vezes tingida de rosa, é conhecida por abrir durante a noite e fechar de manhã, mantendo-se assim até ao anoitecer. As flores podem atingir até 25 centímetros de diâmetro. Restos de flores desta espécie foram encontrados na câmara funerária de Ramessés II. Os seus frutos, conhecidos como zimbório, são comestíveis.
A Nymphaea lotus é, por vezes, utilizada como uma planta de lago em jardins e também em aquários. Pode ser utilizada tanto devido à beleza de sua folhagem como à beleza de suas flores. No caso dos aquários, alguns amantes preferem cortar as folhas flutuantes, mantendo apenas a folhagem subaquática.
Lagoa Maior

Lagoa Maior, ou Lagoa Primeira, ou Primeira Lagoa, é a principal das três lagoas urbanas que nomeiam a cidade de Três Lagoas, no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. A Lagoa Maior encontra-se localizada a 20º46’S; 51º43’W, ocupa uma área de 418.000 m2, e sua profundidade não ultrapassa três metros.
A Lagoa Maior também serve de habitat para muitas espécies, como jaçanãs, jacarés e capivaras. De qualquer maneira, “o processo de urbanização desta lagoa, realizado pela prefeitura do município, alterou drasticamente a paisagem, tendo sido verificadas (…) a construção de canais de contenção de águas pluviais em suas margens, a remoção da vegetação flutuante do seu interior (nenúfar Nymphaea sp., salvínia Salvinia auriculata e aguapé Eichornea sp.) e a substituição da vegetação herbácea e arbustiva marginal por gramado.”
Altamente urbanizada, a área ao redor da Lagoa Maior foi transformada em um parque pela administração municipal de Simone Tebet e foram criadas regras para sua ocupação.
Guaco

O guaco ou erva de bruxa (Mikania glomerata Spreng.) é um tipo de planta medicinal utilizado contra gripe, rouquidão, infecção na garganta, tosse, e bronquite. O guaco, também conhecido em outras regiões como guaco-cheiroso, cipó-almecega, cipó-caatinga ou erva-de-cobra, é uma espécie nativa do Brasil, e é cultivada em todo o território nacional, mas, em maior quantidade em regiões da Mata Atlântica. O habitat natural dessa planta é em bordas de rios, matas primárias e planícies suscetíveis à inundação.
A planta é também conhecida como erva-de-serpentes, cipó-catinga ou erva-de-cobra. O guaco sempre foi muito conhecido pelos índios brasileiros, que usavam a planta para combater o veneno das serpentes (daí vêm alguns dos seus nomes populares). Ainda hoje, em algumas regiões do Brasil, o macerado das folhas é aplicado em forma de cataplasma sobre picadas de cobras e outros animais peçonhentos. Existe também a tradição de usar a planta fresca e nova (cujas folhas emanam um aroma intenso e agradável) para manter as cobras afastadas.
O uso do guaco como planta medicinal é muito antigo. Em 1870, chegou a ser criado um produto preparado com hastes e folhas da planta - era o O podeldo de Guaco que durante décadas foi considerado um "santo remédio" contra bronquite, tosse e reumatismo.
Popularmente, o guaco continua sendo usado para tratar reumatismo, infecções intestinais e cicatrizar ferimentos.
A planta não apresenta princípios tóxicos, entretanto, deve ser usada com cautela, evitando-se todo tipo de excesso. Para o uso em crianças, é recomendável sempre a metade da dose indicada para os adultos.
Essa é uma boa planta para o preparo de xaropes e chás, com fins de cessar a tosse e rouquidão, muitas receitas caseiras podem ser feitas a partir da folha do guaco.
No plantio, recomenda-se solo arenoso e rico em matéria orgânica. O plantio se faz por estacas de caule que apresentem pelo menos dois nós. Após o enraizamento, a muda deve ser transplantada para um local que lhe sirva de suporte. No caso de optar-se pelo plantio em vasos ou jardineiras, é necessário providenciar um apoio.
Por ser uma planta relativamente rústica, o guaco não exige muitos cuidados. Para garantir um crescimento robusto, é recomendável, por ocasião do plantio, incorporar ao solo uma adubação com húmus de minhoca. Nos períodos de seca é importante estar atento para manter a terra úmida, irrigando sempre que necessário, mas evitando encharcamentos.
Tanto as folhas como as flores podem ser usados com finalidades medicinais. A colheita se dá normalmente seis meses após o plantio, quando é possível colher as primeiras folhas.
Desmodium distortum

Espécie ereta, arbustiva, planta vigorosa de crescimento rápido que podem atingir mais de 4 m de altura.
Considerações Taxonômicas. Planta ereta folhas compostas por três folíolos grandes, com panícula terminal.
Nome comum: Engorda-magro, amor-de-vaqueiro.
Distribuição e Habitat: Espécie nativa nas regiões tropicais das Américas do Sul e Central.
Potencial forrageiro: por ser uma planta apreciada pelos animais, por apresentar grande potencial de produção de sementes e forragem, Otero, viu essas qualidades e se empenhou em distribuiu sementes dessa espécie para produtores, na primeira metade do século 20.
Fauna of the Amazon rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is a species-rich biome in which thousands of species live, including animals found nowhere else in the world. To date, there is at least 40,000 different kinds of plants, 427 kinds of mammals, 1,300 kinds of birds, 378 kinds of reptiles, more than 400 kinds of amphibians, and around 3,000 freshwater fish are living in Amazon.
The Amazon rainforest covers 6.7 million square kilometre, accounting for over 40% of the planet's remaining tropical forests. Since 2000, rainfall has declined across 69% of the Amazon. The WWF estimates that 27% Amazon will be without trees if deforestation continues at its current rate.
There are more than 1,500 kinds of birds living in the Amazon. Like hummingbirds, Channel-billed toucan, hoatzin and macaws. In one sites of Peruvian Amazon, there are around 575 kinds of birds are found in only a 5,500 hectare section.
In November to March, some birds will migrate from Central American to South American topics. Other are exactly found in Amazon.
Most of the birds are living in undercover dense of Amazon forest because they are looking for insects from rainforest floor to the canopy. Some prefer flying insects, or fruits and flowers, like harpy eagle will capture other mammals and reptiles and birds.
There are about 427 different kinds of mammals living in Amazon, with most of them being bats and rodents, including the largest rodent in the world, the capybara, which can weigh up to 200 pounds (91 kg). As well as huge predators such as the jaguar, the cougar and the maned wolf.
In the Amazon, mammals are found on ground, trees and the air. The jungle is filled with a diversity of different species. On the tallest trees one can find sloths, one of the most common mammals in the forest.
Victoria (plant)

Victoria or giant waterlily is a genus of aquatic herbs in the plant family Nymphaeaceae. Its leaves have a remarkable size: Victoria boliviana produces leaves up to 3.2 metres (10 ft) in width. The genus name was given in honour of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.
Victoria species are rhizomatous, aquatic, short-lived, perennial herbs with tuberous rhizomes bearing contractile adventitious roots. The floating leaves are peltate and orbicular. The margin of the lamina is raised. The lamina possesses stomatodes (i.e. microscopic perforations). The abaxial leaf surface posesses prominent, reticulate venation. In Victoria amazonica the leaves are glaberous, with long, hard spines and the underside is red. In Victoria cruziana the leaves are fuzzy with soft spines and the underside is purple. The shape of the rims is also different.
The up to 25 cm wide, nocturnal, thermogenic, solitary, actinomorphic, chasmogamous, protogynous flowers have prickly pedicels with 4 primary and 8 secondary air canals. The flowers have four prickly, petaloid, 12 cm long, and 7–8 cm wide sepals. The 50-100 petals gradually transition towards the shape of the stamens, however there is an abrupt change between the innermost petals to the outermost staminodia. The androeceum consists of 150–200 stamens. The gynoecium consists of 30–44 fused carpels. The 0–15 cm wide, spiny, irregularly dehiscencent fruit bears arillate, glabrous, smooth or granular seeds. Proliferating pseudanthia are absent.
The ploidy level is 2x and the chromosome count ranges from 2n = 20 to 2n = 24.
Victoria R.H.Schomb. was published by Robert Hermann Schomburgk in September 1837. The type species is Victoria regina R.H.Schomb. The genus has two synonyms, both published within the same year with the same name: Victoria Lindl. published by John Lindley in October 1837 and Victoria J. E. Gray published by John Edward Gray in December 1837. There is however disagreement over the correct taxon authority. Victoria R.H.Schomb. is seen as correct by several sources, but Victoria Lindl. is also widely regarded as correct, despite being published a month later.
Together with the genus Euryale, Victoria may be placed within the genus Nymphaea, rendering it paraphyletic in its current circumscription.
It occurs in lakes and streams.
Victoria flowers are pollinated by Cyclocephala beetles.
Victoria is a popular ornamental plant.
The seeds, petioles, and rhizomes are used as food.
Root extracts are used as black dye.
Victoria boliviana

Victoria boliviana, or the Bolivian waterlily is a species of aquatic plant within the genus Victoria in the family Nymphaeaceae. It is the newest described species of the genus and its largest member in size and was officially identified in 2022. In January 2023, the species was awarded three Guinness World Record titles for world's largest waterlily species, world's largest waterlily leaf and world's largest undivided leaf, with the latter two specifically recognising a specimen grown in 2012 at La Rinconada Gardens in Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
It is a large, rhizomatous, aquatic plant with large, petiolate, orbicular, up to 3.2 m wide floating leaves. The 7 cm tall rim of the lamina has sharp prickles. The upper leaf surface is green and the lower surface is green, blue, or maroon. The petiole is prickly.
The nocturnal, solitary, protogynous, white to pink, prickly, up to 36 cm wide flowers float on the water surface. The four 10–15 cm long, and 8–10 cm wide sepals bear prickles. The gynoecium consists of 25–36 radially arranged carpels with carpellary appendages. The fruit bears 300 black to brown, arillate, globose, 12–13 mm long, and 16–17 mm wide seeds with a distinctive, prominent raphe (i.e., a ridge at the top of the seed).
The chromosome count is 2n = 2x = 24.
It was published by Carlos Magdalena and Lucy T. Smith in 2022. The type specimen was collected by S. G. Beck in a lagoon by the Yacuma River, Ballivían Province, Bolivia on the 29th of March 1988.
Victoria boliviana differs in many different features from the remaining two species of the genus. This includes its larger seed and ovule size (each seed being about 70% longer and wider, and over four times as voluminous as those of V. amazonica and V. cruziana), as well as its moderate or intermediate rim height of the leaf lamina. Also, unlike V. amazonica and V. cruziana, it lacks trichomes (plant hairs) on its outer tepals and on the ovary. The chromosome count is shared with Victoria cruziana, but differs from Victoria amazonica. It is also most similar to Victoria cruziana. Some features have an overlapping range, however in combination many differences can be observed.
This species is the sister group to Victoria cruziana. This leads to the following relationships:
The specific epithet boliviana references its origin in Bolivia.
This species is native to the Bolivian wetlands.
It is pollinated by beetles. Flowers of the genus Victoria are pollinated by beetles of the genus Cyclocephala.
Specimens of this species have remained unrecognised as distinct entities for a long time, although they were present in collections, including a drawing held in Kew from an 1845 specimen. Bolivian seeds were donated to the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew in 2016. Based on this material genetic studies were made, which resulted in the recognition of this third Victoria species as a separate and distinct entity.
This species is estimated to fall between the IUCN Red List categories Vulnerable (VU) and Endangered (EN). There are five known populations present in Bolivia.
Amazonica

Victoria Harrison (born 10 May 1982) is a British rock singer and DJ who performs under the stage name Amazonica (and formerly Harry and Dirty Harry).
Harry spent her early life living in Singapore and New York City as well as in the United Kingdom, and was raised under strict conservative family values – a vicar grandfather and mother in charge of a local Sunday school.
Harry connected with singers such as Patti Smith and Janis Joplin – influences in both her youth and musical stylings.
As she grew up, Harry became involved in the London music and social scene. She first experienced the London nightlife in her teens – earning her ‘Dirty’ tag along the way, and building a reputation for herself on the underground music scene before launching a music career of her own.
Originally recording as "Dirty Harry", Harry recorded two singles (the limited release industrial pop track "Eye", and "Nothing Really Matters") on her own record label, Dirty World Records, as well as an early version of her debut album, The Trouble with... Harry. However, the album's release was not an easy process and complications ensued, resulting in a legal battle leading to Harry dropping her 'Dirty' tag and rebranding herself simply as Harry.
The album was re-recorded and edited under this new name. Years after its inception, it was released in April 2003, through Telstar Records along with the album's supporting singles – "So Real", "Imagination" and "Follow Me". In 2003, Rimmel used "Imagination" – Harry's cover of Belouis Some's hit – to front a TV advertising campaign. The song was also the lead track on Harry's Under the Covers EP which also featured the video for the song.
In November 2006, Mick Rock photographed Harry for her own article in Playboy. In July 2008, Harry was interviewed alongside Courtney Love for Nylon magazine.
In 2003, she appeared in an episode of the UK Channel 4 television programme, Faking it, where she was to help transform a choir girl into a "rock chick". Controversy arose when the participant, Laura-Jane Foley, claimed she had been misrepresented by the show. However, the episode in question had already run into trouble before it aired, with regular sponsors Smirnoff refusing to be associated with its scenes of "irresponsible drinking", in which Harry appeared hungover after a night out.
Her filmwork also includes a role as Sophie Johnstone in the 1992 TV series Homeward Bound, and a small role as a lady of the night, Maria, alongside Jonny Lee Miller in the 1999 British film, Plunkett & Macleane.
In May 2003 Harry appeared on the BBC's Re:covered programme, where she performed both "Imagination", and a cover of Blondie's hit "One Way or Another".
In late 2006, Harry was chosen as the face and voice of buy.com's $30 million national US marketing campaign, recording a song for, and appearing in the television advertisement for the company.
Hortus Botanicus Leiden

The Hortus botanicus of Leiden is the oldest botanical garden of the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world. It is located in the southwestern part of the historical centre of the city, between the Academy building and the old Leiden Observatory building.
In 1587 the young University of Leiden asked for permission from the mayor of Leiden to establish a hortus academicus behind the university building, for the benefit of the medical students. The request was granted in 1590, and the famous botanist Carolus Clusius (1526–1609) was appointed as prefect. Clusius arrived in Leiden in 1593. His knowledge, reputation, and international contacts allowed him to set up a very extensive plant collection. Clusius also urged the Dutch East India Company (VOC) to collect plants and (dried) plant specimens in the colonies. The original garden set up by Clusius was small (about 35 by 40 meters), but contained more than 1000 different plants.
The collecting of tropical (from the Indies) and sub-tropical (from the Cape Colony) plants was continued under Clusius' successors. Especially Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738, prefect from 1709 to 1730), contributed greatly to the fame of the Hortus with his efforts to collect new plants and specimens, and with his publications, such as a catalog of the plants then to be found in the Hortus.
Another major contribution to the collections was made by Philipp Franz von Siebold, a German physician who was employed on Deshima (Japan) by the VOC from 1823 until his expulsion by Japan in 1829. During that period he collected many dried and living plants from all over Japan (as well as animals, ethnographical objects, maps, etc.), and sent them to Leiden.
The first greenhouses appeared in the Hortus in the second half of the 17th century, the monumental Orangery was built between 1740 and 1744. From its original plan the Hortus was expanded in 1736 by Adriaan van Royen and Carl Linnaeus, and in 1817 by Theodor Friedrich Ludwig Nees von Esenbeck and Sebald Justinus Brugmans. In 1857, a part was used for building the new Leiden Observatory.
From a historical perspective, the old Tuliptree (Liriodendron tulipifera) from 1716, Date plum (Diospyros lotus) from 1739, Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) from 1785 and Golden Chain (Laburnum anagyroides) from 1725 to 1818, are worth mentioning.
The greenhouses with Victoria amazonica and other tropical plants, and the large collection of sub-tropical plants in the recently renovated Orangery and the new Winter Garden draw many visitors. The park itself is an oasis inside the old city, with many more interesting plants and trees.
A Japanese garden in honour of Von Siebold opened in 1990. A reconstruction of Clusius' original garden, based on a plant list dating from the end of the 16th century, was opened in 2009.
From a scientific point of view, the Leiden Hortus is known for its collections of Asian Araceae (among which the Giant Arum Amorphophallus titanum), Hoya, Dischidia, Nepenthes, ferns and one of the biggest collections of Asian orchids in the world.
52°09′22″N 4°29′03″E﻿ / ﻿52.15611°N 4.48417°E﻿ / 52.15611; 4.48417
Nymphaea pubescens

Nymphaea pubescens, the hairy water lily or pink water-lily, is a species of water lily.
This plant is common in shallow lakes and ponds throughout temperate and tropical Asia: Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Yunnan, Taiwan, Philippines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. It is the national flower of Bangladesh.
It is also found in northeastern Australia and Papua New Guinea.
The hairy water lily is found both as a cultivated plant as well as in the wild. It prefers non-acidic waters and it does not tolerate temperatures below 15 °C.
The hairy water lily is an aquatic plant having erect perennial rhizomes or rootstocks that anchor it to the mud in the bottom. The rhizomes produce slender stolons.
Its leave blades are round above the water and heart-shaped below 15–26(–50) cm, papery, abaxially densely pubescent. Some of the leaves that emerge rise slightly above the water held by their stem in lotus fashion, but most of them just float on the surface. The floating leaves have undy edges that make a crenellate effect.
The hairy water lily is also commercialized as an aquarium plant. The underwater leaves of this species have a handsome appearance that is appreciated by aquarists who often remove the floating leaves to keep it as a fully subaquatic plant.
The flowers are quite large, about 15 cm in diameter when fully open. They tend to close during the daytime and open wide at night. Their color varies from white to pink, mauve or purple depending from the variety or hybrid.
It was published by Carl Ludwig Willdenow in 1799.
It is placed in Nymphaea subg. Lotos.
The hairy water lily is known kokaa in Hindi and Kumuda in Sanskrit. The leaves of this plant have fuzzy or hairy undersides and the stems are covered by the same hairs as well, hence the name "pubescens" or "hairy" of the species. This is not a characteristic that is apparent when looking at the plant from above the water though.
This species of water lily has quite a few artificially raised varieties, in addition to many natural hybrids.