davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Noul val românesc

Noul val românesc (alternativ Noul Cinema Românesc, engleză: Romanian New Wave) este un termen-umbrelă aplicat unei serii de filme produse în România începând cu mijlocul anilor 2000 și recunoscute pe plan internațional, primele pelicule din această serie fiind două scurt-metraje românești din 2004, și anume Un cartuș de Kent și un pachet de cafea, în regia lui Cristi Puiu, care a câștigat Ursul de Aur la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Berlin, și Trafic, în regia lui Cătălin Mitulescu, care a câștigat premiul Palme d'Or la Festivalul Internațional de Film de la Cannes, curentul omonim franțuzesc al anilor '60 constituind una dintre principalele surse de inspirație ale noii mișcări cinematografice românești.
Din punct de vedere estetic, filmele Noului Val Românesc sunt caracterizate printr-un stil auster, realist și, de cele mai multe ori, minimalist, în care tinde să predomine umorul negru. Deși o mare parte a acestora înfățișează sfârșitul anilor '80, înspre finalul regimului totalitar al lui Nicolae Ceaușescu, explorând tema libertății și adaptabilității sub dictatura comunistă (4 luni, 3 săptămâni și 2 zile, Hârtia va fi albastră, Cum mi-am petrecut sfârșitul lumii, Amintiri din Epoca de Aur), altele însă (Moartea domnului Lăzărescu, California Dreamin', Marți, după Crăciun) se desfășoară în România modernă și examinează amprenta marcantă lăsată de tranziția post-decembristă la capitalism, economie de piață și democrație asupra societății românești a ultimelor două decenii.
Filmele și regizorii Noului Val Românesc au câștigat numeroase premii remarcabile la prestigioase festivaluri internaționale de film acreditate FIAPF. Mai jos sunt enumerate câteva exemple:
Legendă:
Romanian Kitsch Museum

Romanian Kitsch Museum este un muzeu din Centrul Vechi al Bucureștiului a cărui colecție cuprinde o colecție de kitschuri din diverse perioade ale istoriei României. Este cel mai bun mod de a înțelege (sub)cultura românească. Kitschul este definit ca o formă de artă, obiecte sau design considerate ca fiind de prost gust din cauza împopoționării excesive sau a sentimentalismului, dar uneori apreciate într-un mod ironic sau științific.
Colecția muzeului cuprinde peste 200 de exponate și poate fi vizitat în Strada Covaci nr. 6 din Centrul Vechi al Bucureștiului.
Obiectele expuse sunt împărțite în 7 categorii: Dracula, religie, comunism, design interior, gypsy, modern și make your own kitsch. Printre obiecte sunt incluși pitici de grădină, pești de sticlă, mileuri, bibelouri din perioada comunistă, carpete cu Răpirea din Serai, flori de plastic, șlapi cu blăniță, suveniruri cu Dracula. Exponatele provin din colecția personală a proprietarului adunate de-a lungul unor ani buni.
În august 2017, Romanian Kitsch Museum era considerat al doilea cel mai interesant muzeu și al cincilea obiectiv turistic din București, conform TripAdvisor.
La etaj muzeul găzduiește și o expoziție permanentă destinată artiștilor români care doresc să își expună lucrările.
În dimineața zilei de 16 iulie 2017 trei tineri într-o stare avansată de ebrietate au sustras unul dintre cei doi lei aurii de la intrarea în muzeu. Ca răspuns la acest eveniment echipa muzeului a publicat un articol pe site în care a lansat un concurs, cine aduce leul înapoi primește cadou o carpetă cu Răpirea din Serai.
După ce evenimentul a făcut vâlvă în media și a adus noi vizitatori muzeului leul s-a întors și urmează să fie pus alături de fratele său înapoi.
În perioada 15 iulie - 31 iulie 2017 s-a organizat Romanian Kitsch Awards. Acest concurs a avut ca scop "identificarea celor mai relevante kitschuri din cultura românească."
Categoriile propuse de comisia concursului au fost Kitsch istoric și legendar, Arhitectură și monumente, Artă decorativă și design interior, Cultură și fashion, Media și digital.
Rezultatele finale pot fi găsite aici.
Încă de la deschidere muzeul s-a bucurat de apreciere și atenție în presa internațională. Acestea sunt cele mai importante publicații online în care acesta a fost promovat:
44.4307526.101517Coordonate: 44° 25′ 51″ N, 26° 6′ 5″ E
Ziua ONU a limbii arabe

Ziua limbii arabe (în arabă اليوم العالمي للغة العربية) este sărbătorită, la ONU, în fiecare an pe data de 18 decembrie.
Inițiativa de a dedica o zi a anului fiecăreia dintre cele șase limbi oficiale ale ONU -Araba,chineza, engleza, franceza, spaniola și rusa - aparține Departamentul pentru informații publice al Secretariatului ONU, care a pus-o în practică începând cu anul 2010.
Data de 18 decembrie a fost aleasă pentru limba arabă deoarece este ziua când, în 1973, Adunarea Generală a ONU a adoptat araba ca limbă oficială a sa.
Râul Jiu

Jiul este un râu în sudul României. Se formează prin unirea Jiului de Est cu Jiul de Vest în apropiere de Petroșani. Jiul, cu izvoarele în Carpații Meridionali (în Godeanu și în Parâng), străbate mai multe unități geografice (Depresiunea Petroșani, Depresiunea Târgu Jiu, Podișul Getic, Câmpia Română) și primește ca afluenți principali Motrul și Gilortul.
În Geografia lui Ptolemeu, numele antic al Jiului este χατ Άράβωυ ποταμός, tradus în latină de Arabibus fluvius adică „râul ce se pogoară din țara Arabilor”.
Vimba

Vimba, numiți popular morunași, este un gen de pești dulcicoli sau salmastricoli de talie mijlocie din familia ciprinide răspândiți în râurile și lacurile din bazinele Mării Baltice, Mării Negre, Mării Azov, Mării Egee, Mării Marmara și Mării Caspice.
Au corpul moderat alungit și relativ înalt, comprimat lateral sau necomprimat. Pe spate se observă o cărare neacoperită de solzi între ceafă și începutul înotătoarei dorsale (ca la Blicca și Abramis). Spinarea în urma înotătoarei dorsalei este comprimată lateral, formând o carenă evidentă, acoperită de solzi îndoiți la mijloc, între extremitatea înotătoarei dorsale și începutul înotătoarei caudale. Abdomenul înaintea înotătoarelor ventrale este rotunjit, iar în urma acestora comprimat lateral, formând o carenă neacoperită de solzi. Gură este inferioară, de formă semilunară, mărginită de buze subțiri, neacoperite de vreo formație cornoasă, fără mustăți. Au botul mai mult sau mai puțin alungit cu vârful adesea cărnos. Înotătoarea dorsală este scurtă, fără radie osoasă; ea este situată spre mijlocul corpului și înaintea inserției înotătoarei anale. Înotătoarea anală relativ lungă, începe în urma capătului posterior al înotătoarei dorsale, fără radie osoasă. Corpul este acoperit cu solzi mijlocii, 48-64 în linia laterală. Linia laterală este continuă, fără sinuozități, puțin îndoită. Dinții faringieni dispuși într-un singur rând, de obicei câte 5, comprimați lateral și încovoiați la vârf. Spinii branhiali sunt scurți și rari, 12-20 pe primul arc. Au 48-64 vertebre.
Genul cuprinde patru specii:
În România și Republica Moldova trăiește o singură specie Vimba vimba (morunașul)
Regele României

Regele României a fost titlul oficial al conducătorului Regatului României din 1881 până în 1947, când România a fost proclamată republică de către autoritățile comuniste.
Statul Român s-a numit Principatele Unite Române până în 1862, după Mica Unire din 1859 a statelor vasale Sultanatului Otoman, Țara Românească (Principatul Valahiei) și Țara Moldova (Principatul Moldovei), sub Alexandru Ioan I Cuza ca principe. Cuza a devenit atât Principe al Valahiei, cât și Principe al Moldovei în 1859. Din 1862, Statul Român ia denumirea de Principat al României, iar Cuza ia titlul de Principe al României. A fost detronat în 1866 de către Parlament, care a invitat apoi un principe german din familia de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Carol să devină noul Principe al României.
Independența României față de Sultanatul Otoman a fost recunoscută oficial în 1878 la Congresul de la Berlin; principatul a devenit regat în 1881, cu Principele Carol drept primul ei rege, Carol I.
România a fost o monarhie constituțională in cea mai mare parte din existența ei ca regat, cu excepția perioadei 1938-1944, în timpul dictaturii personale a Regelui Carol II (1938-1940), precum și a celei a mareșalului Ion Antonescu (1940-1944). În timpul acestei din urmă dictaturi, România a fost, în mod efectiv, o monarhie absolută, de drept divin: Regele Mihai a domnit a doua oară fără vreun jurământ pe Constituție și fără votul de aprobare al vreunui Parlament, inițial suspendat, redeschis abia mai târziu, în 1946. În schimb, Mihai I a fost încoronat cu Coroana de Oțel și uns Rege de către Patriarhul României Nicodim Munteanu, în Catedrala Patriarhală din București, chiar în ziua celei de-a doua sale suiri pe tron, la 6 septembrie, 1940. Astfel, Mihai I a domnit a doua oară doar „prin Grația Lui Dumnezeu”, ca rege absolut, de drept divin, nu și constituțional. Legal, însă, Mihai I nu putea exercita prea multă autoritate, în afara prerogativelor de a fi șeful suprem al Armatei și de a desemna un prim-ministru cu puteri depline, numit „Conducător”.
Pentru lista conducătorilor de dinainte de 1866 vezi:
Pentru lista conducătorilor de după 1947 vezi:
Rock sculpture of Decebalus

The rock sculpture of Decebalus (Romanian: Chipul regelui dac Decebal) is a colossal carving of the face of Decebalus (r. AD 87–106), the last king of Dacia, who fought against the Roman emperors Domitian and Trajan to preserve the independence of his country, which corresponds to present-day Romania.
The sculpture is located near the city of Orșova, in Mehedinți County. It was made between 1994 and 2004, on a rocky outcrop on the river Danube, at the Iron Gates, which form the border between Romania and Serbia. The Dacian king's sculpture is the tallest rock relief in Europe, at 55 m (180 ft) in height and 25 m (82 ft) in width.
It was commissioned by Romanian businessman Iosif Constantin Drăgan and it took 10 years for twelve sculptors to complete it. The lead artist sculptor was Florin Cotarcea, from Orșova. According to Drăgan's website, the businessman purchased the rock in 1992, after which the Italian sculptor Mario Galeotti assessed the location and made an initial model. The first six years involved dynamiting the rock into the basic shape, and the remaining four years were devoted to completing the detail.
Under the face of Decebalus there is a Latin inscription which reads "DECEBALUS REX—DRAGAN FECIT" ("King Decebalus—Made by Drăgan"). The carving was placed opposite an ancient memorial plaque, carved in the rock on the Serbian side of the river facing Romania. The plaque, known as the Tabula Traiana, records the completion of Trajan's military road along the Danube and thus commemorates the final defeat of Decebalus by Trajan in 105, and the absorption of the Dacian kingdom into the Roman Empire. Drăgan wanted the Serbs to carve a giant head of a Roman Emperor, as if confronting Decebalus on the opposite side of the river, but the Serbs refused.
Drăgan was a leading figure in the protochronism and Dacianism movements, nationalist ideologies which attempted to portray Romania as the major cradle of civilisation and which identified Romania with the Dacians and an ancient Thracian empire that supposedly dominated central Europe. In this ideology, Dacia, the pre-Roman name of Romania, was the inheritor of this Thracian culture, a view expounded by Drăgan in his book and journal Noì, tracii ("We Thracians").
The Fundația Europeană Drăgan, Drăgan's foundation, states that "Giuseppe Costantino Dragan is a strong supporter of the theory that the original 'flame' of civilization started on the ancient territory of Romania and argues as much in his work". Drăgan saw the sculpture as a signpost to the cradle of civilisation. He is quoted saying, "Anyone travelling towards 'Decebal Rex Dragan Fecit' is also travelling towards the origins of European civilization and will discover that a United Europe represents the natural course of history".
Michael Palin in his 2007 book New Europe described the colossal head:
Nick Thorpe in The Danube: A Journey Upriver from the Black Sea to the Black Forest writes,
44°38′28″N 22°17′29″E﻿ / ﻿44.64118°N 22.29125°E﻿ / 44.64118; 22.29125
Danube Gorge (Weltenburg)

The Danube Gorge near Weltenburg (German: Donaudurchbruch bei Weltenburg) is a narrow section of the Danube Valley in the Lower Bavarian county of Kelheim, which has been recognised as a nature reserve and geotope. This section of the valley in the southern Franconian Jura is officially called the Weltenburg Narrows (Weltenburger Enge).
The Weltenburg Narrows lies on the Lower Bavarian section of the River Danube between the town of Kelheim and Weltenburg Abbey. The nature reserve covers an area of about 560 hectares, is 5.5 kilometres long and about 400 metres wide.
The area is a designated nature reserve and bears the cadastre number NSG200.002. The area was designated as a natural monument under King Ludwig I of Bavaria as early as 1840. The nature reserve, which has existed since 1938, was awarded the European Diploma on 5 March 1978. It is part of the Natura 2000 network and the protected area of DE7136301, Weltenburg Narrows and Hirschberg and Altmühlleiten.
In addition, the area is also geotope no. 273R005. In 2002 the Weltenburg Narrows was awarded an official seal by the Bavarian Minister for the Environment for being one of Bavaria's most beautiful geotopes. In 2006 The Danube Gorge was listed among the 77 outstanding national geotopes of Germany.
Geologically the Weltenburg Narrows belong to the Upper Jurassic (limestone), and therefore the most fossil-rich formations in Germany, which was laid down about 150 million years ago when the area was still a shallow sea.
The gorge is enclosed on either side by rock faces up to 80 metres high, pierced by numerous small caves. Between the so-called Stillen and the rocks of the Lange Wand (Long Wall) the river narrows by up to 110 metres and attains a depth of 20 metres. The limestone formations bear sometimes fantastical names such as The Three Warring Brothers (Die drei feindlichen Brüder), Pirate Rock (Räuberfelsen), Kuchel Rock (Kuchelfelsen), Petrified Virgin (Versteinerte Jungfrau), Bavarian Lion (Bayerischer Löwe), Bishop's Mitre (Bischofsmütze), Two People Kissing (Zwei Sich-Küssende), Roman Rocks (Römerfelsen), Peter and Paul (Peter und Paul), Beehive (Bienenhaus) (a rock with holes like a honeycomb), Napoleon's Suitcase (Napoleons Reisekoffer, which he is supposed to have left behind during his retreat to France).
By contrast with the enormous water depth at the site of the actual gorge, there is a less striking stretch of river about halfway between Kelheim and Weltenburg, the so-called Wipfelsfurt. This is the shallowest point in the Danube between Ingolstadt and Regensburg. The bowl was probably formed by a meteorite during the Ries Event 15 million years ago.
Timeline of ancient Romania

This section of the timeline of Romanian history concerns events from Late Neolithic (c. 3900 BC) until Late Antiquity (c. 400 AD), which took place in or are directly related with the territory of modern Romania.
The date used as the end of the ancient era is entirely arbitrary. Not all historians agree on the ending dates of ancient history, which frequently falls somewhere in the 5th, 6th, or 7th century. Western scholars usually date the end of ancient history with the fall of Rome in AD 476, the death of the emperor Justinian I in AD 565, or the coming of Islam in AD 632 as the end of ancient European history.
Demographic history of Romania

This article presents the demographic history of Romania through census results. See Demographics of Romania for a more detailed overview of the country's present-day demographics.
The 1930 census was the only one to cover Greater Romania. Censuses in 1948, 1956, 1966, 1977, 1992, 2002, and 2011 covered Romania's present-day territory, as does the current 2022 census.
All but the 1948 census, which asked about mother tongue, had a question on ethnicity. Moldavia and Wallachia each held a census in 1859. The Romanian Old Kingdom conducted statistical estimates in 1884, 1889, and 1894, and held censuses in 1899 and 1912. Ion Antonescu's regime also held two: a general one in April 1941, and one for those with "Jewish blood" in May, 1942.
* Mainly in Dobruja (details)
Ethnic figures for 2011 are given as a percentage of individuals for whom data is available, while the "data unavailable" cohort is given as a percentage of the total population.
The 2021 Romanian census (RPL2021), with the reference day for the census data set at 1 December 2021, was held between February and July 2022, being postponed from its original scheduled year due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania. The first provisional results of the RPL2021 published at the end of 2022 show a resident population of Romania of 19,053,815 people.
Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains

Built in murus dacicus style, the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains (Romanian: Cetăți dacice din Munții Orăștiei), in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD as protection against Roman conquest, and played an important role during the Roman–Dacian wars.
Their extensive and well-preserved remains present a picture of a vigorous and innovative ancient civilization. Today, treasure-hunters sometimes search the area, as Romania lacks legislation in this domain (see Archaeological looting in Romania).
The six fortresses — Sarmizegetusa Regia, Costești-Cetățuie, Costești-Blidaru, Piatra Roșie, Bănița, and Căpâlna — that formed the defensive system of Decebalus were designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. All the sites are in Hunedoara County, except for Căpâlna, which is in Alba County.
The town of Sarmizegetusa Regia was the capital and major fortress of the Dacian kingdom, probably built in the mid first century BCE. It consisted of perimeter walls and fortifications, a sacred precinct, and a settlement area primarily for nobles and supporting servants. It was located at the top of a 1,200 metres (3,900 feet) hill with excellent visibility of the surrounding lands. The sacred precinct was on the east side of the town, with a prominent plaza and circular shrines. There were two settlement areas one on the east side and a larger one on the west. In addition to dwellings they included workshops, storage buildings, and agricultural processing areas. Notable for the time is a distribution system for drinking water that used ceramic pipes.
Piatra Roșie, which means Red Rock, was a Dacian hill fort two days march to the west from Costești-Cetățuie, at Luncani in Boșorod commune. It was built in two phases. In the first phase a long (102 m) rectangular main citadel was built at the height of land with watch towers on each end and two outlying watch towers. Later the larger area inside the watch towers was enclosed with walls. It appears that the hilltop was flattened in the process in order to produce a usable space.
Dracula tourism

Dracula tourism is a type of cultural tourism involving travel to sites associated with Dracula and his real or imaginary travels. There is Dracula tourism mainly in Transylvania, Romania.
The most well-known Dracula tourism locations to visit in Romania are:
Although Dracula tourism is a popular attraction in Romania, government leaders prefer other attractions within the country to be Romania's image. The National Tourism Masterplan restricted any Dracula theme parks from 2007 to 2026 to be initiated. The Romanian government views Dracula tourism as a false image of Romania, as Dracula was from a fictional novel rather than a piece of Romanian history. Despite this, Dracula tourism has made an impact on the country's economy in the past and currently there are multiple attractions within the country.
Initially Romania's government did not view Dracula tourism as problematic due to the positive economic change. Romania's historical Vlad the Impaler was the focus of the tours.
In 2019, a 7-Day Halloween in Transylvania Dracula tour including 3 Halloween parties was awarded "2019 Tour of the Year" by TourRadar at Festival category.
In 2011 Dracula Tours in London were included in "The world's best vampire-spotting locations" by Lonely Planet.
In 2011 Dracula Tours in Transylvania were included in "Top 5 Offbeat Travel Tours" by Tourism Review.
In 2007 Dracula tour-Halloween in Transylvania was included in a "Top 10 Must-Do Adventure" by Fodor's.
Dracula Park was a theme park proposition by Radu Florescu in 1995. The idea was to attract tourists worldwide and bring a larger audience to Romania and its identity with the fictional Transylvanian vampire.
There were over 5,000 share holders and multiple attractions were planned for the park, including a hotel.
The theme park idea was rejected until 2001, six years after the initial proposal.
Dracula Park gained widespread attention in its development. There was controversy on the theme park and if it would be harmful to Romania's image, and the Dracula Park project was dropped.
Boat tour

A boat tour is a short trip in a relatively small boat taken for touristic reasons, typically starting and ending in the same place, and normally of a duration less than a day. This contrasts with river cruising, yacht cruising, and ocean cruising, in larger boats or cruise ships, for any number of days, with accommodation in cabins.
For boat tours, usually a sightseeing boat is used, but sometimes adapted amphibious vehicles or purpose-built amphibious buses. Boat tours are often on rivers and lakes, but can be on canals as well. Sustainability is an increasing issue, since there can be an impact on the environment.
Example boat tours include:
Tour boat

A tour boat is a boat used, and frequently purpose-built or adapted, for boat tours, a type of tourism frequently offered in much visited towns and cities of historic interest, that have canals or a river running through it, or that lie on a coast or a lake.
To maximize the view outside for all (paying) passengers, a tour boat is usually constructed with a maximum amount and size of windows, possibly including a glazed roof, sometimes yielding a greenhouse-like superstructure. In order to be able to pass under small, low, sometimes centuries old little bridges, over canals in historic city centers, such tour boats may have a very specific design, lying very low in the water, with passengers sometimes sitting up to their waist below the water line, as well as being short and narrow, to allow making very tight turns around canals.
To minimize their burden on local residents and/or the natural environment, tour boats can be powered with silent running, zero emissions electric drive. In 2004, the Netherlands Energy Research Centre, ECN, and Canal Cruises Delft researched the option of running the Delft tour bouts using hydrogen fuel cells. In Amsterdam, a 100 passenger capacity hydrogen power tour boat was taken into service in 2006.
A specific sub-type of tour boat is the duck tour vehicle or amphibious bus. In World War II, the United States built and deployed over 20,000 DUKW 2½-ton payload, 6x6 drive, amphibious trucks; and upon winning the war, many became surplus, and were left (sold or donated) in the liberated countries. In many countries these very robust vehicles were adapted, and proved very suitable in their new role of amphibious tour bus / boats. In the Netherlands, company Amfibus has built multiple purpose-constructed amphibious tour-buses, that are propelled by pump-jets when in the water. The amfibus in Rotterdam has been in operation since 2011 for tourists, making 1,200 trips a year, carrying some 40,000 passengers.
In the Netherlands, boat tours are offered in many larger towns and cities with grachten and/or singels (intra-urban canals), like in Amsterdam, Delft, Leiden, Utrecht and Groningen. In Maastricht a river cruise on the Meuse is offered, including to adjacent Liège in Belgium. From Rotterdam center, the Port of Rotterdam can be cruised, over the "New Meuse", now a distributary of the Rhine (river), but formerly a distributary of the Meuse (river).
In 2010, boat tours through the Amsterdam Canal District hosted a record setting 3,072,000 visitors, making them the busiest tourist attraction in the country.
রেশমবাজ

রেশমবাজ(বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Charaxes solon (Fabricius)) এক প্রজাতির মাঝারী আকারের প্রজাপতি। এরা ‘নিমফ্যালিডি’ গোত্রের এবং চারাক্সিনি উপগোত্রের সদস্য।
রেশমবাজ এর প্রসারিত অবস্থায় ডানার আকার ৭০-৮০ মিলিমিটার দৈর্ঘ্যের হয়।
ভারতে প্রাপ্ত রেশমবাজ এর উপপ্রজাতি হল-
প্রজাপতির দেহাংশের পরিচয় বিষদ জানার জন্য প্রজাপতির দেহ এবং ডানার অংশের নির্দেশিকা দেখুন:-
ডানার উপরিতল কালো এবং কালচে বাদামীর সংমিশ্রন। উভয় ডানায় ডিসকাল অংশে আড়াআড়ি ভাবে ঘন সন্নিভূত একসারি হলদে সবুজ অথবা সবজে সাদা ছোপ দেখা যায়। উক্ত ছোপগুলি এতই ঘনীভূত যে এদের একটি বন্ধনীর মত দেখায়। এই ডিসকাল ছোপগুলি বৃহৎ আকারের, তবে সামনের ডানার শীর্ষের দিকে এরা ক্রমশ ক্ষুদ্রতর আকারের হয় এবং এদের মধ্যেকারের দূরত্বও বেশি। সেই কারণে মনে হয় যে ঘনীভূত ছোপ দ্বারা গঠিত ডিসকাল বন্ধনীটি সামনের ডানার শীর্ষভাগে পৌঁছে কতকগুলি ক্ষুদ্রতর ছোপে খন্ডিত হয়েছে।
উক্ত ডিসকাল ছোপ গুলি কখনো সখনো সাদাটে হয়। সামনের ডানায় বিভিন্ন আকারের একসারি সাব-টার্মিনাল সবজে-হলুদ ছোপ দেখা যায় যা ডানার শীর্ষের দিকে ক্রমশ অস্পষ্ট হয়ে গেছে। পিছনের ডানায় একসারি সবজে-হলুদ লম্বাটে এবং অনিয়মিত আকারের সাব-টার্মিনাল ছোপ বিদ্যমান যা ডানার শীর্ষভাগ থেকে টর্নাস অবধি বিস্তৃত এবং টর্নাস এ অবস্থিত শেষ ছোপটি সবচাইতে লম্বাটে এবং তীর্যক। টার্মিনাল অথবা প্বার্শপ্রান্তিক অংশে একসারি অনিয়মিত আকারের সবজে-হলুদ ছোপ চোখে পড়ে।
ডানার নিম্নতল রূপালী এবং খয়েরী রঙের সংমিশ্রণ এবং উভয় ডানাতেই ছোট বড় ঢেউ খেলানো সরু কালো রেখার উপস্থিতি লক্ষ্য করা যায়। উভয় ডানাতে সাবটার্মিনাল এবং টার্মিনাল সবজে হলুদ ছোপ এর সারি বর্তমান। পিছনের ডানায় টার্মিনাল ছোপগুলি অর্ধচন্দ্রাকৃতি অথবা ক্ষীণচন্দ্রাকৃতি। সামনের ডানার সাবটার্মিনাল ছোপগুলি অপেক্ষাকৃত অস্পষ্ট।
পিছনের ডানায় ২ এবং ৪ নং শিরাস্থলে দুটি সমান আকৃতি বিশিষ্ট লেজ বিদ্যমান। পুরুষ নমুনা অপেক্ষা স্ত্রীদের লেজ দুটি অধিকতর লম্বা, তবে পুরুষদের লেজদুটি তীক্ষ্ণতর।
শুঙ্গ কালো এবং সূক্ষ্ম সাদা বলয় যুক্ত। মাথার উপরিতলে পাশের দিকে কয়েকটি সাদা সূক্ষ্ম ফোঁটা অথবা বিন্দু দেখা যায়। মাথা, বক্ষদেশ এবং উদর উপরিতলে কালচে এবং কালচে বাদামী এবং নিম্নতলে খয়েরী হয়।
এদের ওড়ার ভংগি খুব দ্রুত। এদের ২০০০মিটার উচ্চতা অবধি দেখা যায় আবার অনেক সময় মাটির কাছাকাছিও উড়তে দেখা যায়। পচা ফলের রস, প্রানীর বিষ্ঠা এবং ভেজা মাটি থেকে রস আহরণ করে। পুরুষ রেশমবাজরা অন্যান্য প্রজাতির রাজা দের সাথে একসাথে ভেজা মাটিতে বসে জলপান করতে দেখা যায়। এরা মাঝে মাঝে ডানা খোলা রেখে রোদ পোহায়। ফুলে এরা প্রায় বসেই না।
পেঁপে

পেঁপে (বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Carica papaya) একটি উদ্ভিদ যা Caricaceae পরিবারের সদস্য। একটি ফল যা মানুষ কাঁচা তথা সবুজ অবস্থায় সবজি হিসেবে এবং পাকা অবস্থায় ফল হিসাবে খেয়ে থাকে। এর অনেক ভেষজ গুণও রয়েছে। এর ইউনানী নাম পাপিতা, আরানড খরবূযা। এবং আয়ুর্বেদিক নাম অমৃততুম্বী।
এটি একটি ছোট আকৃতির অশাখ বৃক্ষবিশেষ। লম্বা বো‍টাঁযুক্ত ছত্রাকার পাতা বেশ বড় হয় এবং সর্পিল আকারে কান্ডের উপরি অংশে সজ্জিত থাকে। প্রায় সারা বছরেই ফুল ও ফল হয়। কাঁচা ফল সবুজ, পাকা ফল হলুদ বা পীত বর্ণের। এটি পথ্য হিসেবে ও ব্যবহার হয়। কাঁচা, পাকা দু’ভাবেই খাওয়া যায়; তবে কাঁচা অবস্থায় সবজি এবং পাকলে ফল। কাঁচা ফল বাইরের দিক গাঢ় কালচে সবুজ এবং পাকলে খোসা সহ কমলা রং ধারণ করে। চট্টগ্রাম অঞ্চলে এটি "হঁইয়া" নামে পরিচিত
পেঁপে বাংলাদেশ, ভারত, আমেরিকা, ব্রাজিল ইত্যাদি দেশে হয়ে থাকে।
প্রতি ১০০ গ্রাম পাকা পেঁপেতে যা থাকে তা নিম্নরূপ:
বাংলাদেশের সর্বত্রই সবজি এবং ফলের জন্য চাষ করা হয়।
পাতা ও অপক্ক ফল তরুক্ষীর সমৃদ্ধ। এই তরুক্ষীরে প্রচুর পরিমাণে হজমকারী এনজাইম প্যাপাইন বিদ্যমান। পাতায় অ্যালকালয়েড, গ্লুকোসাইড এবং ফলে প্রচুর পরিমাণ ভিটামিন আছে।
তরুক্ষীর, পাতা, ফল ও বীজ সবই ব্যবহার্য অংশ। তবে প্রধানত ফলই মানব খাদ্য।
পেঁপে চাষ একটি লাভজনক ব্যাবসা হতে পারে কৃষকদের জন্য। জমিতে পেঁপে চাষ করে ভালো মুনাফা কামানো সম্ভব। এমনকি জমিতে পেঁপে চাষ করার জন্য ভারতের বিহার সরকার কৃষকদের ৭৫ শতাংশ পর্যন্ত ভর্তুকি দিয়ে থাকে। জমিতে পেঁপে গাছ লাগিয়ে কৃষকরা যাতে স্বাবলম্বী হতে পারে এজন্য বিহার সরকার ইন্টিগ্রেটেড হর্টিকালচার স্কিমের মাধ্যমে কৃষকদের ৪৫ হাজার টাকা পর্যন্ত ভর্তুকি দিয়ে থাকে। এই টাকা পেতে হলে বিহার সরকার ১ হেক্টর জমিতে পেঁপে চাষের খরচ নির্ধারণ করেছে ৬০ হাজার টাকা।
রক্তকাশিতে, রক্তার্শে, মূত্রনালীর ক্ষতে, দাদ ও সোরিয়াসিসে, কোষ্ঠকাঠিন্যে এবং কৃমিতে পেঁপে হিতকর। পাকা পেঁপে অর্শরোগ ও কোষ্ঠকাঠিন্য রোগে হিতকর। পেঁপেতে প্রচুর পেপেন এনজাইম আছে যা মানুষের পাকস্থলীতে আমিষ হজমে সাহায্য করে।
ফলের গাছ

একটি ফল গাছ হল এমন একটি গাছ যাতে ফল ধরে যা প্রাণী এবং মানুষ খায় বা ব্যবহার করে — যে সমস্ত গাছ ফুল দেয় সেগুলো ফলও উৎপাদন করা, যা এক বা একাধিক বীজযুক্ত ফুলের পাকা ডিম্বাশয়। উদ্যানবিদ্যায় "ফলের গাছ" শব্দটি মানুষের খাদ্যের জন্য ফল প্রদানকারী গাছের মধ্যে সীমাবদ্ধ। অন্যত্র ফলের প্রকারভেদ বর্ণনা এবং সংজ্ঞায়িত করা হয়েছে (ফল দেখুন), তবে আখরোটের মতো কিছু বাদাম বহনকারী গাছ রন্ধনশিল্পে অন্তর্ভুক্ত হবে।
বৈজ্ঞানিক পড়াশোনা এবং ফলের চাষকে বলা হয় পোমোলজি, যা ফলকে গাছের রূপবিদ্যা এবং শারীরবৃত্তির ভিত্তিতে দলে ভাগ করে। এই দলগুলোর মধ্যে কয়েকটি হল পোম ফল, যার মধ্যে রয়েছে আপেল এবং নাশপাতি এবং স্টোন ফল, যার মধ্যে রয়েছে পীচ, বাদাম, খুবানি, বরই এবং চেরি।
কাউলতিয়া ইউনিয়ন

কাউলতিয়া ইউনিয়ন বাংলাদেশের গাজীপুর জেলার মধ্যস্থ গাজীপুর সদর উপজেলার একটি প্রশাসনিক এলাকা।
এই ইউনিয়নটি ঢাকা বিভাগের গাজীপুর জেলার গাজীপুর সদর উপজেলার অন্তর্গত।
কাউলতিয়া ইউনিয়নের আয়তন ১৭,২৩১ একর । এই ইউনিয়নে ১০,১৫৮ টি পরিবার বাস করে।
বাংলাদেশর ২০০১ আদমশুমারি অনুযায়ী কাউলতিয়া ৫৪ ইউনিয়নের জনসংখ্যা ৬২,৯৮৫ জন। আদমশুমারি এর হিসাবে মহিলা ২৯৮১৭ জন , এবং পুরুষ ৩৩১৬৮্ জন ও শিক্ষার হার ৫২.০২% ।
শিক্ষার হার ও শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান গড় হার ৬২.৬%; পুরুষ ৬৭.৩%, মহিলা ৫৬.৮%। বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় ৫, কলেজ ১০, মেডিকেল কলেজ ১, ক্যাডেট কলেজ ১, প্রযুক্তি কলেজ ১৫, প্রযুক্তি স্কুল ১০, বিশেষ প্রযুক্তি কলেজ ২, মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় ৭২, প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয় ১৬৮, মাদ্রাসা ৩৬। উল্লেখযোগ্য শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান: বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিব কৃষি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৯৩), ইসলামী প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৭৯), ঢাকা প্রকৌশল ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৮০), জাতীয় বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৯২), উন্মুক্ত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় (১৯৯৩), রাণী বিলাসমণি সরকারি বালক উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় (১৯০৫)।
প্রধান কৃষি ফসল ধান, পাট, সরিষা, হলুদ ।
বিলুপ্ত ও বিলুপ্তপ্রায় ফসলাদি নীল,আউশ ধান, পাট ।
প্রধান ফল-ফলাদি কাঁঠাল, আনারস, লিচু, আম, জাম, পেয়ারা, পেঁপে, তাল, কুল, বাতাবিলেবু, বেল, তেঁতুল ।
মৎস্য, হাঁস-মুরগি ও গবাদিপশুর খামার মৎস্য ১১১, হাঁস-মুরগি ৮০৫২, গবাদি পশু ৬৪৭, মৌচাষ প্রকল্প ৮০, হ্যাচারি ১০, অন্যান্য ৩।
যোগাযোগ বিশেষত্ব পাকারাস্তা ৩৬৮ কিমি, আধাপাকারাস্তা ১৮৭ কিমি, কাঁচারাস্তা ৩২৪ কিমি; নৌপথ ২২.৬৭ নটিক্যাল মাইল; রেলপথ ৫৬ কিমি।
বিলুপ্ত বা বিলুপ্তপ্রায় সনাতন বাহন কোন্দা (তাল গাছের নৌকা) ও বজরা, টমটম, গরু ও মহিষের গাড়ি।
বাঘা উপজেলা

বাঘা বাংলাদেশের রাজশাহী জেলার অন্তর্গত একটি উপজেলা।
এই উপজেলার উত্তরে চারঘাট উপজেলা ও নাটোর জেলার বাগাতিপাড়া উপজেলা, দক্ষিণে কুষ্টিয়া জেলার দৌলতপুর উপজেলা, পূর্বে নাটোর জেলার লালপুর উপজেলা ও বাগাতিপাড়া উপজেলা, পশ্চিমে ভারতের পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ও পদ্মা নদী।
পৌরসভা ০২টি, ইউনিয়ন ৭টি, মৌজা ৯৯ টি, গ্রামের সংখ্যা ১২৬ টি
এই উপজেলার ইউনিয়নগুলো হচ্ছে:
এই উপজেলার পৌরসভাগুলো হচ্ছে:
জনসংখ্যা - ১৮৪১৮৩ (২০১১ সনের আদম শুমারী অনুযায়ী)
এই উপজেলায় কলেজের সংখ্যা হলো ৯ টি। মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয়ের সংখ্যা হলো ৪৯ টি। ভোকেশনালের সংখ্যা ৭ টি। মাদ্রাসার সংখ্যা ৯ টি। প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয়ের সংখ্যা ৭৪ টি। এই উপজেলায় একটি সরকারি কলেজ ও একটি সরকারি মাধ্যমিক বিদ্যালয় রয়েছে।
এই উপজেলায় তেমন কোন অর্থনৈতিক স্থাপনা নেই। তবে এই এলাকার মানুষ অনেক পরিশ্রমী । এই উপজেলায় অসখ্যা বাজার এবং ২ টি গরুর হাট রয়েছে। এই উপজেলায় ধান, পাট, গম ইত্যাদি প্রধান অর্থকরী ফসল। এছাড়াও কুমড়া, আলু, পটল, সরিষা প্রচুর পরিমাণে চাষ করা হয়। প্রধান ফল-ফলাদি হচ্ছে আম, কাঁঠাল, কলা, জাম, লিচু, পেয়ারা, পেঁপে ইত্যাদি। বিলুপ্ত বা বিলুপ্তপ্রায় ফসলাদি হচ্ছে কাউন, খেসারি, ছোলা আউশ ধান, অড়হর, মাষকলাই। এখানে প্রচুর হাঁস-মুরগি এবং খামার,গরু- ছাগলের খামার, মৎস্য খামার রয়েছে যা কিনা এই উপজেলার অর্থনীতিকে এগিয়ে নিতে ব্যাপক অবদান রেখেছে। ব্যবসা বাণিজ্য পরিচালনায় এই উপজেলায় গড়ে উঠেছে অসংখ্য ছোট ও মাঝারি আকারের ক্ষুদ্র শিল্প।
পায়া (খাবার)

পায়া হল দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার একটি ঐতিহ্যবাহী খাবার। এটি বিভিন্ন উৎসব ও সমাবেশে পরিবেশন করা হয় বা বিশেষ অতিথিদের জন্য তৈরি করা হয়। হিন্দি/উর্দুতে পায়া মানে 'পা'। এর প্রধান উপকরণ হল গরু, ছাগল, মহিষ বা ভেড়ার পা (খুর); বিভিন্ন মশলা দিয়ে রান্না করা হয়।
দক্ষিণ এশীয় ও মধ্য এশীয় রন্ধনশৈলীর সংমিশ্রণ থেকে পায়ার উৎপত্তি। লাহোর, তেলেঙ্গানা রাজ্যের হায়দ্রাবাদ ও লখনউয়ের বাবুর্চিরা এই খাবারটি তৈরি করেছিলেন।
পরবর্তীকালে, পায়া বর্তমান ভারত, পাকিস্তান ও বাংলাদেশ জুড়ে জনপ্রিয় হয়ে ওঠে। ভারতীয় উপমহাদেশের বাইরে, দক্ষিণ এশিয়ার খাবার পরিবেশন করে এমন রেস্তোরাঁয় পায়া পাওয়া যায়। দিল্লিতে, এটিকে কখনও কখনও খুর শব্দ থেকে খুরোদেও বলা হয় যার অর্থ পা বা খুর। হিন্দি শব্দ খুর নিজেই সংস্কৃত খুরা থেকে উদ্ভূত।
এই পদের প্রস্তুতপ্রণালী আঞ্চলিকভাবে পরিবর্তিত হয়। স্যুপ বেস তৈরি করা হয় ভাজা পেঁয়াজ এবং রসুন দ্বারা, যেখানে মাংস এবং হাড়ের সাথে বেশ কয়েকটি তরকারি-ভিত্তিক মশলা যোগ করা হয়। রান্না করা পদটি সতেজ কাটা আদা ও লম্বা ধনে পাতার গার্নিশের সাথে সতেজ কাটা লেবুর সাথে পরিবেশন করা হয়।
এটি চুলায় কয়েক ঘন্টা (সাধারণত সারারাত) হালকা আঁচে রান্না করা হয়। তবে আজকাল এটি বেশিরভাগ প্রেসার কুকারে রান্না করা হয়।
ঐতিহাসিকভাবে, যখন লোকেরা রান্নার জ্বালানী হিসাবে কাঠ বা কয়লা ব্যবহার করত, তখন এই পদটির প্রস্তুতি রাতে শুরু হত, সকাল পর্যন্ত কয়লায় ধীরে ধীরে রান্না করা হত। এই পদটিতে স্যুপের মতো সামঞ্জস্য রয়েছে ও সাধারণত নানের সাথে শীতের মাসগুলিতে প্রাতঃরাশের খাবার হিসাবে খাওয়া হয়।
মঠ (মিষ্টান্ন)

মঠ বাংলার একটি অত্যন্ত জনপ্রিয় মিষ্টি খাবার। মহেন্দ্রনাথ দত্তের কলকাতার দোল সম্বন্ধীয় লেখায় দোলের দিন মঠ ব্যবহারের উল্লেখ আছে। উঁচু স্তম্ভের মতো ৫-৬ সেন্টিমিটার উচ্চতার এর এই মিষ্টি খাবারটি চিনি থেকে তৈরি হয়। প্রাচীন কাল থেকেই পশ্চিমবঙ্গ ও বাংলাদেশের হিন্দুরা মঠ প্রসাদ হিসাবে ব্যবহার করেন।
খুবই সহজ ও সাধারণ ভাবে মঠ তৈরি করা হয়। জল দিয়ে চিনি জ্বাল দিয়ে তারমধ্যে অভীষ্ট রং মিশিয়ে ছাঁচে ফেলে তৈরি করা হয়। এগুলি ৫ সেমি থেকে শুরু করে ১০ সেমি পর্যন্ত তৈরি করা হয়।
বাঙালি হিন্দুরা পুজোর প্রসাদ হিসাবে মূলত ব্যবহার করে থাকে। তবে দোল উৎসব বা হরির লুট দেওয়ার সময় এটি বেশি ব্যবহার করা হয়। দোল উৎসব, রথ, বিজয়া দশমী প্রভৃতিতে বাতাসা আবিচ্ছেদ্য অনুষঙ্গ। এছাড়া লক্ষ্মীপুজতেও এর ব্যবহার আছে।
বর্তমানে রঙিন মঠ তৈরি করতে গিয়ে কৃত্রিম রং ব্যবহার করা হয়ে থাকে। যা স্বাস্থ্যের পক্ষে খুবই ক্ষতিকারক। বিশেষত নিষিদ্ধ রোডামিন বা কঙ্গো রেড রংও অনেক সময় ব্যবহার হয়ে থাকে যা থেকে শরীরে ক্যান্সার হবার সম্ভাবনা থেকে যায়।
৬ পৌষ

৬ পৌষ বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি অনুসারে বছরের ২৫২ তম দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১১৩ দিন (অধিবর্ষে ১১৪ দিন) বাকি রয়েছে।
৩০ অগ্রহায়ণ

৩০ অগ্রহায়ণ বাংলা বর্ষপঞ্জি অনুসারে বছরের ২৪৬ তম দিন। বছর শেষ হতে আরো ১১৯ দিন (অধিবর্ষে ১২০ দিন) বাকি রয়েছে।
Nimisha Sajayan

Nimisha Sajayan is an Indian actress who predominately works in Malayalam films apart from Tamil and Hindi films. Nimisha made her acting debut with the film Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum directed by Dileesh Pothan. She won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress in 2018 for her performance in Oru Kuprasidha Payyan and Chola. She is also a recipient of three Filmfare Award South and three SIIMA Awards.
Nimisha was born in Mumbai, India to Late Sajayan Nair, an engineer and Bindhu Sajayan. Her mother's ancestral home is in Punalur, Kerala.
Nimisha attended Carmel Convent School, Mumbai and graduated from KJ Somaiya College, Mumbai.
Nimisha started her acting career with the film Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum, directed by Dileesh Pothan. She then played the lead role in editor B. Ajithk and Rajeev Ravi's 'Eeda'. She won the 49th Kerala State Film Award for Best actress in 2019 for the movies Oru Kuprasidha Payyan directed by Madhupal and Chola directed by Sanal Kumar Sasidharan. Chola premiered at several International Film Festival.
In 2021, she acted in The Great Indian Kitchen. The film as well as her performance were well received. The same year, she played lead roles in Nayattu and Malik. In 2022 she was a part of Oru Thekkan Thallu Case, Innale Vare and Heaven. Her upcoming films are Thuramukham and Chera. She made her Tamil debut through A.L Vijay's Mission: Chapter 1 - Achcham Enbathu Illaiyae film but her first release in Tamil was Chithha in 2023.
Undhiyu

Undhiyu (Gujarati: ઊંધિયું) is a Gujarati mixed-vegetable dish that is a regional specialty of Surat, Gujarat, India. The name of this dish comes from the Gujarati word undhu (Gujarati: ઊંધું), which translates to 'upside-down', since the dish is traditionally cooked upside-down underground in earthen pots called matlu (માટલું) that are fired from above. When made in matlu, the dish is called umbadiyu.
Undhiyu is a seasonal dish comprising the vegetables that are available on the South Gujarat coastline, including the Surat, Navsari and Valsad regions, during the winter. It includes (amongst others) green beans or new peas (typically used along with the tender pod), unripe banana, small eggplants, muthia (dumplings/fritters made with fenugreek leaves and spiced chickpea flour (besan) or handva no lot, and either steamed or fried), potatoes, and purple yam, and sometimes plantain. These are spiced with a dry curry paste that typically includes cilantro leaves, ginger, garlic, green chili pepper and sugar and sometimes freshly grated coconut. The mixture is slow-cooked for a long time, with some vegetable oil and a very small amount of water sufficient to steam the root vegetables.
The finished preparation is dry: individual chunks of vegetables are coated with a thin layer of spice and oil but retain their shape. The contents of the dish must therefore be stirred relatively infrequently during the cooking. Crisp vegetables such as bean pods must ideally retain a little of their crunchy texture. To ensure that no individual component is overcooked, the vegetables may need to be cooked in stages: the root vegetables and eggplant are half-cooked before adding the quick-cooking bean pods and ripe plantain. The finished dish is garnished with chopped cilantro leaf and lemon or lime juice before serving.
Surti undhiyu (સુરતી ઉઁધીયુ) is a variant that is served with puri at weddings and banquets. Again it is a mixed vegetable casserole, made with red lentils and seasoned with spices, grated coconut, and palm sugar in a mild sauce. It is garnished with chopped peanuts and toasted grated coconut, and served with rice. Kathiyawadi undhiyu (કાઠિયાવાડી ઉઁધીયુ) is deep red in color and far spicier. It is popular in the Kathiyawad region. Made with fried chunks of vegetables, it is often served with roti or bajri rotla (બાજરી રોટલા).
Undhiyu with puri and shrikhand is often eaten in Gujarati houses during the winter.
The theme of cooking the seasonal winter vegetables into a stew is common across the Indian subcontinent and around the world. A few common examples are: അവിയൽ (Aviyal) from Kerala cuisine is a spicy mixed vegetable stew, শুক্তো (Shukto) from Bengali cuisine, while ସନ୍ତୁଳା (Santuḷā) from the Odia cuisine shares more similarities with Undhiyu as Odia food culture too revolves around mild and sweet main courses just like its Gujarati counterpart. The French cuisine has its equivalent dish, the famous Ratatouille.
List of eggplant dishes

This is a list of dishes featuring eggplant as the main or an essential ingredient. Eggplant, also known as aubergine, is used in the cuisine of many countries. It is often stewed, as in the French ratatouille, or deep fried as in the Italian parmigiana di melanzane, the Turkish karnıyarık or Turkish and Greek musakka/moussaka, and Middle-Eastern and South Asian dishes.
Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of tahini and tamarind. In Iranian cuisine, it is blended with whey as kashk e-bademjan, tomatoes as mirza ghasemi or made into stew as khoresh-e-bademjan. It can be sliced and deep-fried, then served with plain yogurt, (optionally) topped with a tomato and garlic sauce, such as in the Turkish dish patlıcan kızartması (pronounced 'potlejon'; meaning: fried aubergines) or without yogurt as in patlıcan şakşuka. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are imam bayıldı (vegetarian) and karnıyarık (with minced meat).
Japanese radish

Daikon (大根, literally "big root") is a generic term for radish in Japanese language. For example, European radish is called hatsukadaikon (廿日大根) in Japan. In the West, the word daikon sometimes refers to long white Asian radish varieties and sometimes Japanese radish varieties. When it is necessary to distinguish the usual Japanese form from others, it is sometimes known as Japanese radish or "true daikon".
The most common variety in Japan (aokubi-daikon) produces an elongated root in the shape of a giant white carrot about 20 to 35 cm (8 to 14 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) in diameter. Most Chinese and Indian forms are roughly similar.
The turnip-shaped giant white radish or Sakurajima radish is cultivated around Kagoshima in Japan and grows as large as 50 cm (20 in) in diameter and 45 kg (100 lb) in mass.
Indian vegetarian cuisine

India has the world's largest number of vegetarians. Vegetarianism has been present in India since antiquity although a non-vegetarian diet may be present even on the highest priest caste. Many Indians who do not regularly follow a vegetarian diet may adopt one during religious festivals.
Also, many Indian vegetarians eschew eggs as well as meat. There are many vegetarian cuisines across India.
On demand most airlines offer Indian vegetarian dishes. Some regard these as dietary meals, some as religious meals. Details may vary.
Pre-ordering the IATA meal code AVML (Asian vegetarian meal) usually results in a meal without meat, poultry, fish, seafood, and eggs. Ingredients can be vegetables, legumes, fresh and dried fruit, dairy products, tofu, cereal, grains, vegetarian gelatine, spices and aromas associated with the Indian sub-continent. The meal can be spiced mildly to hot.
Another option is to pre-order the code VJML (Vegetarian Jain Meal). Compared to AVML only vegetables that grow above the ground are accepted, so onions, garlic, potatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, mushrooms, ginger and turmeric are excluded. No dairy products are used.
Palestinian sweet lime

Citrus limettioides, Palestinian sweet lime or Indian sweet lime or Lima tree or common sweet lime, alternatively considered a cultivar of Citrus × limon, C. × limon 'Indian Lime', is a low-acid lime used in Palestine for food, juice and rootstock. It is a member of the sweet limes. Like the Meyer lemon, it is the result of a cross between the citron (Citrus medica) and a mandarin/pomelo hybrid distinct from sweet and sour oranges.
It is distinct from the limetta which is sometimes also called sweet lime, but derives from a citron/sour orange cross. The juice and zest of the sweet citrus can be used in cooking to add a tangy flavor to food and it’s especially utilized in Middle Eastern and Southeast Asian cuisine. The Citrus limettioides components can be made into medicine that helps relieve respiratory illnesses such as coughing, chest pressure, colds, and congestion.
https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771957-1
Varan bhaat

Varan bhaat is a vegan, Indian food preparation involving pigeon pea dal and rice as its main ingredients. It belongs to Marathi and Goan cuisine. Its other ingredients are turmeric powder, cumin seeds, asafoetida, jaggery and salt. According to Sanjeev Kapoor, it is a part of a Goan wedding meal. Naivedhya offered to Ganapati on Ganesh Chaturthi includes varan bhaat. It has been described as a favourite dish or comfort food by celebrities such as Priya Bapat, Yatin Karyekar, and the late Bhimsen Joshi. Shobha De describes herself as one who is "as Marathi as varan bhaat", thus considering it as a quintessentially Marathi food preparation. Varan bhaat has been described as "filling and non-spicy" and good to have during the Indian summers. According to Tarla Dalal, the Gujarati preparation "lachko dal" and rice combination is similar to varan bhaat. A CNN story includes it in the list of "40 Mumbai foods we can't live without", describing varan bhaat as "simple and humble... soul satisfying food of Mumbai city".
Karahi

A karahi is a type of thick, circular, and deep cooking pot, similar in shape to a wok, from Northern South Asia. It is used in North Indian, Pakistani, Afghan, Nepalese, and Caribbean cuisines. Traditionally press-formed from mild steel sheets or made of wrought iron, a karahi resembles a wok with steeper sides. Today, they can be made of stainless steel, copper, and nonstick surfaces, both round and flat-bottomed, or of traditional materials. The word karahi emanates from karah, a bigger version of karahi traditionally used in the subcontinent for boiling milk and producing thick cream.
Karahi or kadahi comes from the Prakrit word kataha, which is mentioned in texts like the Ramayana and Sushruta Samhita, and derives from Sanskrit kataha (meaning a frying pan, boiler, cauldron or saucepan). A karahi-like vessel is first mentioned in the Vedas as bharjanapatra.
A karahi serves for the shallow or deep-frying of meat, potatoes, sweets, and snacks such as samosa and fish and also for papadams, but is most noted for the simmering of stews, which are often named karahi dishes after the utensil.
Stews prepared in a karahi include chicken, beef, mutton, goat and lamb. Karahis prepared with paneer or tofu are becoming increasingly popular amongst vegetarians.
Prepared in a reduced tomato and green-chilli base with ghee, a karahi is a popular late-night meal in Pakistani (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) cuisine, usually ordered by the kilogram or half/full karahis and consumed with naan.
An inverted karahi is used to cook rumali rotis.
Tamis

A tamis (pronounced "tammy", also known as a drum sieve, or chalni in Indian cooking) is a kitchen utensil, shaped somewhat like a snare drum, that acts as a strainer, grater, or food mill. A tamis has a cylindrical edge, made of metal or wood, that supports a disc of fine metal, nylon, or horsehair mesh. To use one, the cook places the tamis above a bowl and adds the ingredient to be strained in the centre of the mesh. The food is then pushed through using a scraper or pestle. Tamises have been in use since the Middle Ages.
Because the tamis' mesh is flat, downward pressure can be applied with little effort simply by scraping with a horizontal motion. A tamis should be used with the inner hoop uppermost, first because it holds more, and second so that the bowl below will rest on the hoop rather than the mesh. Tamises sift and grate ingredients finer than any other utensil, and the texture of the strained material is evenly consistent.
Tamises range in size from 6 to 16 inches (15 to 41 cm) and the mesh is available in different gauges. The nylon mesh is more resilient than wire and keeps its shape better. It is the best (preferably medium-coarse) mesh to use for fruit purées, which are liable to become discoloured and tainted by wire. A wire mesh is sharper and stronger than nylon, but it will rust if not dried carefully after each use. Horsehair mesh tamises were previously common, but are now difficult to find outside of antique stores.
Abdul Samad (Indian cricketer)

Abdul Samad (born 28 October 2001) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Jammu & Kashmir in domestic cricket and for the Lucknow Super Giants in the Indian Premier League (IPL). He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm leg-break bowler.
Abdul Samad is the third cricketer from Jammu & Kashmir to feature in the IPL. He made his IPL debut against Delhi Capitals on 29 September 2020.
Abdul Samad, born on 28 October 2001 in Kalakote, is the son of Mohammed Farooq, who served in the department of youth services and sports. Growing up in the picturesque Kalakote village in Jammu, Abdul Samad was an unabashed fan of Rohit Sharma. His passion for batting like his idol manifested from friendly tennis matches with his brother Taiyyab to dedicated mirror practice sessions at home.
In 2009, Farooq made a strategic move from Kalakote to Sidhra, seeking better educational opportunities and a conducive environment for cricket for his sons. This relocation proved instrumental for Abdul Samad, catching the attention of former India all-rounder Irfan Pathan and Jammu and Kashmir coach Milap Mewada during a trial in Jammu. At the age of 16, Samad's ability to drive the ball on the up, particularly against fast bowlers from 18 yards out, left Pathan impressed.
The pivotal moment in Abdul Samad's career came when VVS Laxman, the mentor of Sunrisers Hyderabad, was in search of a dynamic middle-order finisher for the franchise. Mewada, having shared the field with Laxman during their Under-19 days, recommended the talented Abdul Samad for the crucial role, thus setting the stage for his entry into the Indian Premier League.
He assembled his Twenty20 debut for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy on 21 February 2019. He made his List A debut on 27 September 2019, for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy. He made his first-class debut on 9 December 2019, for Jammu & Kashmir in the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy.
He was signed by the Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2020 Indian Premier League. He made his IPL debut on 29 September 2020, against the Delhi Capitals. He scored 288 runs in 28 matches in IPL He was retained by the franchise in the IPL 2022 auction. During Mega Auction for IPL 2025 , Abdul Samad was purchased for 4.2 Cr by Lucknow Super Giants.[1]