davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Sukan Paralimpiad Malaysia 2016

Sukan Paralimpiad Malaysia 2016 juga dikenali sebagai Paralimpiad Malaysia ke-18 merupakan sebuah temasya sukan yang telah diadakan di Sarawak dari 6 hingga 10 Ogos 2016. Temasya ini merupakan temasya terakhir yang menggunakan nama Sukan Paralimpiad sebelum ditukar ke Sukan Para Malaysia pada tahun 2018. Temasya ini telah dirasmikan oleh Timbalan Ketua Menteri Sarawak, Dato' Seri Douglas Uggah di Stadium Perpaduan, Kuching.
Setiap tempat pertandingan bagi temasya ini terletak di sekitar daerah Kuching dan Samarahan, Sarawak;
Cogan kata temasya ini ialah "Perpaduan dalam Kepelbagaian". Ia melambangkan perpaduan atlet dari 15 negeri Malaysia, pegawai-pegawai teknikal, kakitangan sokongan dan sukarelawan-sukarelawan yang terdiri daripada pelbagai kaum dan latar belakang yang berbeza.
Reka bentuk logo rasmi temasya ini mencerminkan slogan "Perpaduan dalam Kepelbagaian". Logo itu juga membawa mesej yang jelas bahawa dalam sukan semua orang termasuk atlet yang kurang berkemampuan, bersatu dalam usaha mencari kehormatan dan kegemilangan. Perpaduan di kalangan rakyat dari pelbagai kaum dan latar belakang juga digambarkan oleh tiga figura seperti manusia yang berdiri bersama dalam dua bulatan. Gerakan ke atas patung-patung itu juga menggambarkan sambutan untuk atlet yang telah mencapai impian seumur hidup mereka untuk kecemerlangan sukan.
Maskot rasmi temasya ini ialah sepasang burung kenyalang yang masing-masing bernama Satria (lelaki) dan Satrina (perempuan), yang direka oleh Amir Hassan Mohd Shah. Dikatakan Sarawak dikenali oleh kebanyakan orang sebagai "Bumi Kenyalang" atau "Land of the Hornbills" dalam Bahasa Inggeris dengan burung kenyalang dianggap sebagai simbol negeri. Pengambilan burung kenyalang sebagai maskot temasya adalah untuk mewakili Sarawak sebagai negeri tuan rumah temasya tersebut.
Sebanyak 15 pasukan yang menyertai temasya ini melibatkan pasukan dari 13 negeri dan dua wilayah persekutuan. Kontinjen dari WP Putrajaya bertanding dalam kontinjen WP Kuala Lumpur.
Terdapat 326 acara yang dipertandingkan dalam sembilan sukan di temasya ini;
Sarawak berjaya menjadi pasukan yang paling banyak meraih pingat. * Tuan rumah (Sarawak)
Malaysia at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics

Malaysia participated in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore. The Malaysian team consisted of 13 athletes, seven male and six female, who competed in six sports: aquatics (swimming and diving), athletics, badminton, rhythmic gymnastics, sailing and weightlifting. The chef-de-mission of the contingent was former national swimmer Alex Lim, who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.
Diver Pandelela Rinong Pamg became the first Malaysian to win a medal in the Youth Olympics after placing second in the girls' 10m platform event. She later won another silver medal in the girls' 3m springboard event.
Football at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament

The men's football tournament at the 2018 Asian Games was held from 10 August to 1 September 2018. It was the 17th edition of the men's tournament. In this tournament, 25 teams played in the men's competition. South Korea were the gold medal holders when they won the tournament in 2014. They managed to retain their title.
The match schedule of the men's tournament was unveiled on 15 February 2018.
The tournament was held in four venues across four cities.
Each nation must submit a squad of 20 players, 17 of whom must be born on or after 1 January 1995, and three of whom can be older dispensation players.
The draw for the tournament was held on 5 July 2018 with initially 24 teams involved. The teams were seeded into four pots based on their performances in the previous Asian Games in 2014. The hosts Indonesia were automatically assigned into position A1.
However, the initial draw result was scratched because the UAE and Palestine were omitted, so the draw result had to be reconfirmed on 25 July 2018, and the ceremony reopened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia at 3:00 p.m. local time (7:00 a.m. GMT). Palestine were added to Group A and the UAE were added to Group E.
Iraq, which were initially placed in Group C, later withdrew from the tournament. To re-balance the groups so that every group has at least four teams, another re-draw was held on 3 August 2018 to determine which of Palestine or UAE would be moved to Group C to replace Iraq. The UAE were drawn.
The top two teams in each group, and the four third-placed teams among six groups advance to the round of 16.
All times are local, WIB (UTC+7).
Teams in a group are ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria are applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings.
Third-placed teams from the three groups are ranked according to the following criteria, after the result against the fifth-placed team of group A are excluded in order to rank them with the same numbers of matches.
In order to ensure equality when comparing the third-placed team of all groups, the result of the match against the 5th-placed team in Group A was ignored due to the other groups having only four teams.
In the knockout stage, extra time and penalty shoot-out would be used to decide the winner if necessary, except for the third place match where penalty shoot-out (no extra time) would be used to decide the winner if necessary.
There were 165 goals scored in 56 matches, for an average of 2.95 goals per match.
9 goals
5 goals
4 goals
3 goals
2 goals
1 goal
1 own goal
As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.Note: In order to ensure equality, for teams in five-team groups, their match against the fifth-placed teams are excluded when considering the ranking.
Esports at the 2018 Asian Games

Esports were featured at the 2018 Asian Games as a demonstration sport, meaning medals won in this sport would not be counted in the official overall medal tally. It was held from 26 August to 1 September 2018. Six video games were featured in the demonstration event, Arena of Valor, Clash Royale, Hearthstone, League of Legends, Pro Evolution Soccer, and StarCraft II.
A total of 131 athletes from 18 nations competed in esports at the 2018 Asian Games:
Qualification for the six video game title events took place from 6–20 June 2018. Among 45 member nation invited, only 27 NOCs participated in the qualifiers. There were five qualification zones for the regional qualifiers (East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia) except for Arena of Valor which only had three regional qualifiers (East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia). Qualification took place either through online matches, offline competitions, or a mix of both formats. Indonesia qualifies for all titles automatically.
27 August
31 August
30 August
1 September
26 August
27–28 August
Football at the 2018 Asian Games

Football at the 2018 Asian Games was held from 14 August to 1 September 2018 in Indonesia. One of the host cities, Palembang, hosted the women's event, while the men's matches are played in Bekasi, Cibinong, Cikarang, and Soreang.
The Games' main stadium, the Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, Jakarta did not host the football events. The stadium hosted the ceremonies and the athletics.
All the top 20 nations sent their national football teams to the Asian Games excluding India. A total of 25 men's team and 11 women's team competed at the Asian Games. The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) refused to clear the Indian football team to participate in the tournament due its policy of only sending national teams that were ranked among the top eight at the continental level (India were ranked 14th at the time in Asia). The decision was opposed by the All India Football Federation (AIFF) who described the IOA as lacking "vision and competence", and that the IOA did not consider the recent form and upwards movement of the India national football team in FIFA World Rankings. This was the first time that the Indian football team did not participate in the tournament since the 1994 Asian Games. Several nations also refused to participate most notably including Tajikistan, Maldives, Yemen and Lebanon; the latter two teams will participate in 2019 AFC Asian Cup.
All times are local Indonesia Western Standard Time (UTC+7).
The competition consisted of two stages; a group stage followed by a knockout stage.
The competition consisted of two stages; a group stage followed by a knockout stage.
Malaysia Swimming Federation

Malaysia Swimming Federation (Malay: Persekutuan Renang Malaysia) is the national governing body of swimming, water polo, synchronised swimming, diving and open water in Malaysia. Founded as the Amateur Swimming Union of Malaysia (ASUM) (Malay: Persatuan Renang Amatur Malaysia), the body adopted its current name in July 2020. It is charged with selecting Malaysia Olympic Swimming team and any other teams which officially represent Malaysia, as well as the overall organization and operation of the sport within the country. The national headquarters is located at the National Aquatic Centre, National Sports Complex in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur.
Amateur Swimming Union of Malaysia organises championships every year in each of the sporting disciplines.
Malaysia Open Swimming Championships (50 m) are usually held in May each year.
Southeast Asian Swimming Championships

The Southeast Asian Swimming Championships are a biennial aquatics championships for countries from Southeast Asia organised by South East Asian Swimming Federation (SEASF). These championships include competition in Swimming, Diving, Synchronized Swimming (synchro), and Water Polo. The first edition of these championships were the aquatics competitions at the 2012 Southeast Asian Swimming Championships held in June 2012 in Singapore. Championships among masters began 2019.
SEA Seniors Championships:
SEA Masters Championships:
SEA Age Group Championships: Ages:
SEA Inter-Club Age Groups Championships:
Medal ranking:
Cindy Ong Pik Yin

Cindy Ong Pik Yin is a Malaysian competitive swimmer. She has been swimming competitively since 1989 and has qualified for 2004 Athens Olympic Games in four events. She is a five-time world champion.
Ong was born in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia. She is the younger sibling of Allen Ong, Malaysian former swimmer, and niece of Ong Mei Lin, who was one of Malaysia's first female swimmers to represent the country in the Olympics.
Training and competing throughout pregnancy, she clinched second place at the Malaysia Masters Speedo International Championship despite being 8 months pregnant.
In 2017, Ong competed in her first World Masters Championship.
Seven months following the delivery of her third child, she competed among 9,000 participants in the 2017 FINA World Masters in Budapest, Hungary, placing 5th in the 100m Freestyle event.
Her unique blend of physical & mental performance keeps her agile at 36 years old. She snagged the title of World No.1 in the 2020 FINA World Masters 50 meter Freestyle race.
Ong is currently ranked No. 2 in the 100 meter Butterfly, out touched by Spain's Erika Villa.
Ong is also a certified swimming coach.
She was presented with the title of Perak's Sportswoman of the Year in 2005, in recognition of breaking 5 Malaysia national records, winning 6 gold medals and bagging the Best Sportswoman title at the 2004 SUKMA Games.
For all of these, and for her significant contribution to the overall Malaysian swimming sport, Ong was awarded the Pingat Pekerti Terpilih title in 2006.
In the 2004 Sukma Games, Ong won 6 gold medals, contributed 12.8% of the medal tally for Perak and was awarded the Best Sportswoman Award.
In the 2019 FINA World Masters Championship in Gwangju, South Korea, Ong won 5 gold and 2 silver medals from that championship.
Shortly after, she was recognized by The Malaysia Book of Records for the Most Gold Medals Won by an Individual Swimmer in a World Masters Championship (FEMALE) in 2019.
Ong was awarded the Drury Academic Honor Scholarship and obtained a Bachelor of Arts (Hons) in Psychology & Sociology from Drury University, Missouri, United States.
Ong was married to an Asian American. She has three children: Hayden, Kiara, and Connor.
In May 2021, Ong came forward on how she had encountered sexual harassment and assault over the years, including from a national coach when she was a teenager. After this was shared, then the former Youth and Sports Minister, Datuk Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican ordered his officers and the National Sports Council (NSC) to contact and assist Ong and help lodge a police report about the acts committed on Ong. Ong decided not to pursue a case against the coach or publicly name him as she believed too much time has passed. Ong is now an advocate for anti sexual harassment and wishes to be a catalyst of change for others.
Ong's grandfather was reported to be one of the first Malaysians to own a private airplane. However, the current status and the condition of the airplane are unknown. Ong is now actively searching for the plane's current whereabouts.
Malaysia at the Asian Games

Malaysia first competed at the Asian Games in 1954. Malaysia got its first gold medal in 1962 Asian Games, when Mani Jegathesan won the men's 200 metres athletics event on 28 August 1962.
Includes Malaysia participation and results in Southeast Asian and inter-continental level competitions such as Southeast Asian Games, ASEAN Para Games, ASEAN University Games, ASEAN School Games, Afro-Asian Games, FESPIC Games, and FESPIC Youth Games.
Malaysia at the 2022 Asian Games

Malaysia competed in the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou, China. The event was originally scheduled from 10 to 25 September 2022. However, due to COVID-19 pandemic cases rising in China, the event was postponed and rescheduled to 23 September to 8 October 2023.
Dato' Chong Kim Fatt, President of the Wushu Federation of Malaysia (WFM), was appointed as the chef-de-mission of the delegation on 25 September 2021 during the 198th Olympic Council of Malaysia (OCM) Executive Council meeting which was held on virtual basis.
On 29 December 2021, the OCM Selection Committee under the Chairmanship of OCM President Tan Sri Dato’ Sri (Dr.) Mohamad Norza Zakaria held a meeting to discuss the selection criteria for the 2022 Asian Games and decided that:
During the announcement ceremony for the Malaysian Delegation to the Games on Wednesday, 6 September 2023 at the AC Hotel by Marriot Kuala Lumpur, President of OCM, Mohamad Norza Zakaria handed over the instruments of selection certificates to representatives of the 289 athletes and 145 officials from 22 sports to symbolise their selection for the event, as well as appointing Track Cyclist Muhammad Shah Firdaus Sahrom and Squash athlete, Sivasangari Subramaniam, as the Contingent’s Flag bearers for the Opening Ceremony of the Asian Games and the Malaysia Boxing Federation (MBF) President, Datuk Mohamad Iruan Zulkefli and former Gymnast, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farrah Hani Imran as Deputy Chefs de Mission.
During a press conference after the Flag Handing Ceremony for the Malaysian Delegation on Monday, 11 September 2023 at the Banquet Hall, Casa 4, National Sports Council of Malaysia (NSC) Headquarters in KL Sports City, Bukit Jalil, Dato’ Chong Kim Fatt announced a target of winning 27 medals, potentially contributed by 13 sports namely Aquatics (Diving), Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Track Cycling, Equestrian, E-Sports, Men’s Hockey, Karate, Sailing, Sepaktakraw, Squash and Wushu, without stating the specified gold medal target. He stated that this approach was meant to reduce pressure on the athletes and based on input from various stakeholders during post-mortem sessions conducted after previous Multi-Sport Games, as well as feedback from the Nippon Sports Science University (Nittaidai) in Japan, which has forged a close collaboration with the National Sports Council.
The following is a list of the number of competitors representing Malaysia that will participate at the Asian Games:
Summary
Malaysia at the 2018 Asian Para Games

Malaysia participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018.
The Malaysian delegation is composed of 221 people, 126 of them are athletes which participated in 15 out of 18 events in the games (all except Goalball, Judo and Sitting Volleyball), while the rest are coaches. Lee Seng Chow serves as the head of the delegation.
The following Malaysian competitors won medals at the Games.
The following Malaysia competitors won several medals at the 2018 Asian Para Games.
2012 FINA Diving World Series

The 2012 FINA Diving World Series was the 2012 edition of the FINA Diving World Series. The divers who participated were the current world and olympic champions and runners-up, the top 8 divers in the world rankings and along with some wild cards from either the host nation or from certain countries which had previously qualified athletes for the World Series. This World Series was made up by four legs hosted in different cities: 1st leg Dubai, United Arab Emirates; 2nd leg Beijing, China; 3rd leg Moscow, Russia; and 4th leg Tijuana, Mexico.
2013 FINA Diving World Series

The 2013 FINA Diving World Series is the 2013 edition of FINA Diving World Series. The divers who participate are the current world and olympic champions and runners-up, the top 8 divers in the world rankings and along with some wild cards from either the host nation or from certain countries which had previously qualified athletes for the World Series. This World Series was made up by six legs hosted in different cities: 1st leg Beijing, China, 2nd leg Sheffield, United Kingdom, 3rd leg Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 4th leg Moscow, Russia, and 5th and 6th legs Guadalajara, Mexico
Australian Swim Team

The Australian Swim Team, also known as The Dolphins, is the national swim team of Australia. The team has a rich history of success at major international championships, with its primary rival being the United States Swimming Team. The nickname 'The Dolphins' was first used in 1989.
The Australian Swim Team has produced numerous world-class swimmers, with thirty-six members inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame as of 2015. Notable inductees include Dawn Fraser, Ian Thorpe, Grant Hackett, Kieren Perkins, Murray Rose, and Shane Gould. Swimming Australia annually recognizes the Australian Swimmer of the Year.
The Australian Swim Team has finished first in the gold medal rankings once at the Olympic Games in 1956 in Melbourne and twice at the Long Course World Championships in 2001 and 2023, both held in Fukuoka, Japan.
Notes - Open water included from 2008.
Notes - includes Open water since 2006.
Australia did not send a team to the 2006 nor the 2022 Championships.
World Para Swimming Championships, known before 30 November 2016 as the IPC Swimming World Championships.
William Yang (swimmer)

William Xu Yang (born 11 October 1998) is an Australian swimmer. He participated in the 2022 World Aquatics Championships and 2022 Commonwealth Games.
William's parents both are Chinese and he finished his primary school in Guangzhou. William graduated from Knox Grammar School in Sydney in 2016. He is of Chinese descent.
In May 2023, William had a benign tumor in his spinal canal, impinging on a nerve which required immediate surgery.
William came second at the 100m freestyle at the 2024 Australian Swimming Trials, achieving a personal best time of 48.08, 0.02 seconds slower than the Swimming Australia Olympic Qualifying Time of 48.06. He was selected in the Australian team for the 2024 Paris Olympics. At the 2024 Paris Olympics, William finished 15th overall with a time of 48.48 at the preliminary heats and a time of 48.42 at the first semi-final heat in his individual efforts in the 100 m freestyle.
Lee Dae-hoon

Lee Dae-Hoon (Korean: 이대훈; Korean pronunciation: [i.dɛ̝.ɦun]; born February 5, 1992) is a South Korean taekwondo athlete. He won a bronze medal in the 2016 Summer Olympics and a silver in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He has achieved world first level rankings in the under 68 kg weight class.
Lee grew up practicing martial art at his father's taekwondo academy from age 5.
He won the gold medal at the 2010 Asian Games, and repeated the feat at the 2014 Asian Games in Incheon.
Originally a bantamweight (under 63 kg), Lee temporarily went down in weight to flyweight (under 58 kg) after the 2011 World Championships in order to compete in the 2012 Olympics, where there were only four weight classes. Lee made his international flyweight debut at the 2011 World Taekwondo Olympic Qualification Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan where he had his first international loss to 2008 Olympic silver medalist Gabriel Mercedes 14–12 in the semifinals. In May 2012, however, he captured his first flyweight gold medal at the 2012 Asian Taekwondo Championships, beating reigning Asian flyweight champion Pen-Ek Karaket 8–4 in the final bout.
At the 2016 Summer Olympics Lee won a bronze medal, beating Jaouad Achab from Belgium 11–7. In 2016 WTF World Taekwondo Grand-Prix, Lee won gold against Konstantin Minin.
Lee's father, Lee Joo-Yeol, used to run his own taekwondo academy.
In 2022, Lee was appointed as a commentator at the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou and the 2024 Olympic Games by broadcasting on MBC.
Hossein Keyhani

Hossein Keyhani (Persian: حسین کیهانی; born 26 April 1990 in Songhor, Kermanshah Province) is an Iranian Kurdish runner specializing in the 3000 metres steeplechase. He represented Iran at the 2017 World Championships but failed to reach the final despite setting a new national record of 8:33.76. Earlier that year he became an Asian Champion in the event. In 2018 he won the steeplechase at the Asian Games, setting new national and Asian Games records. In 2019 he was banned from competing for four years over a positive doping test for stamina-booster EPO.
Panipak Wongpattanakit

Panipak "Tennis" Wongpattanakit (Thai: พาณิภัค วงศ์พัฒนกิจ; RTGS: Phaniphak Wongphatthanakit; born 8 August 1997) is a retired Thai taekwondo athlete. A two-time Olympic champion, she is currently the top-ranked athlete in the women's 49 kg.
Born in Surat Thani in southern Thailand. Panipak is the youngest child of a family of three siblings. She lost her mother when she was young. Her father, a civil servant teacher, loved sports, so he nicknamed all his children after sports were Bowling, Baseball, and Tennis, respectively. Her elder sister (Bowling) and brother (Baseball) are also former swimmers.
Panipak started practicing taekwondo because she wanted to go to Phuket with her friend who was competing in taekwondo there. Her father allowed her to go but on the condition that she had to compete too. At that time, she was already practicing taekwondo but didn't pay any attention to it. She competed and lost every match. Then she started to take it seriously and eventually became a professional taekwondo athlete.
Panipak became a world champion at the 2015 World Taekwondo Championships, claiming a gold medal in the 46 kg event which was her first world title. She claimed a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in the –49 kg class during her first Olympic appearance for Thailand. She nearly quit taekwondo out of frustration after the Olympics and took a brief break from the sport for about two months.
She claimed a bronze medal in the women's flyweight event at the 2017 World Taekwondo Championships. She claimed her first Asian Games gold medal during the 2018 Asian Games in women's 49kg event. She won the gold medal in the women's flyweight event during the 2019 World Taekwondo Championships. She was awarded the Female Athlete of the Year by the World Taekwondo during the 2019 World Taekwondo Gala Awards.
She also represented Thailand at the 2020 Summer Olympics and claimed a gold medal in the women's 49kg event. This win also became the first Olympic gold medal win for Thailand in taekwondo. Panipak was also awarded Thailand's first and only gold medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
She won the silver medal in the women's flyweight event at the 2023 World Taekwondo Championships held in Baku, Azerbaijan. At the Rome Grand Prix in June 2023, she won her tenth gold medal in the women's 49 kg event, making her the first athlete to do so.
In the 2024 Summer Olympics she won gold medal again in the women's taekwondo 49kg category, becoming the first Thai athlete to win two consecutive Olympic gold medals and the first Thai three consecutive Olympic medalist. Before the tournament, she announced that this would be her last match, as the training was too intense for her body.
After the 2024 Summer Olympics, she revealed that she was dating fellow taekwondo practitioner Ramnarong "Junior" Sawekwiharee but had to keep it a secret for 9 years because there was a rule that prohibited national athletes from being lovers.
Call girl

A call girl or female escort is a prostitute who (unlike a street walker) does not display her profession to the general public, nor does she usually work in an institution like a brothel, although she may be employed by an escort agency. The client must make an appointment, usually by calling a telephone number. Call girls often advertise their services in small ads in magazines and via the Internet, although an intermediary advertiser, such as an escort agency, may be involved in promoting escorts, while, less often, some may be handled by a pimp. Call girls may work either incall, where the client comes to them, or outcall, where they go to the client. Some porn stars are known to escort as well.
Many call girl agencies and independent call girls have their own websites. The internet has become the main medium through which customers find their desired escort. Generally, a picture of the woman is provided, and sometimes, the type of sexual services she offers.
Torta (pan plano)

En España, el término torta se refiere a todos aquellos panes que son planos y redondos, tanto salados como dulces, algunos gruesos y otros finos.
Esta acepción del término «torta» es compartida con los idiomas italiano, portugués y francés (tourte), aunque con muchas peculiaridades regionales. En el español americano, «torta» se refiere simplemente a una tarta grande, excepto en el español mexicano, donde «torta» es el equivalente al bocadillo español (el «entre pan»).
La torta tiene su origen en diferentes variantes regionales de pan plano, de las cuales la torta de gazpacho y la torta cenceña permanecen en ciertas zonas del centro de España. Las tortas también se mencionan en Levítico 24: 5-9, en la traducción española de la Biblia. Actualmente, sin embargo, la palabra torta también se aplica a diferentes tipos de pan y productos de pastelería, según la región.
Históricamente la diferencia entre la torta y el pan era su forma redonda y plana, así como la ausencia de levadura en su preparación. La conocida palabra tortilla, utilizada principalmente en México (no en España, sin embargo), significa una "pequeña torta", mientras tortada significa "gran torta". En la mayoría de las regiones, una torta se considera tradicionalmente una forma inferior de pan, como en el conocido refrán español:
Torta frita es un pan plano frito que se come en Uruguay y Argentina. Otros usos de la palabra torta incluyen huevo en torta, un pequeño sofrito de huevos revueltos, que no debe confundirse con la torta de huevo, un pastel típico de Sobrarbe, Aragón, España, y la torta del Casar, un queso elaborado con leche de oveja en Extremadura, España.
La torta italiana se diferencia de la crostata por el relleno: una crostata posee un relleno grueso inconsistente, mientras que una torta alberga un relleno consistente compuesto de ingredientes mezclados.
Hoy en día, en varios países de América Latina, la palabra torta es de uso muy común para referirse a los muy diferentes pasteles dulces, como el de una boda o el de cumpleaños que en España son llamados tarta. Este significado también está presente en otras lenguas europeas, como por ejemplo, el italiano y alemán torta, o el francés tarte.
En México, una torta es también un tipo de sándwich.
A diferencia de su contraparte mexicana, en Filipinas, sobre todo entre los hablantes de tagalo de las islas de las provincias norteñas, torta se refiere a una especie de tortilla hecha con huevos o berenjena, carne molida (generalmente carne de vaca o cerdo), y a veces cebolla picada y patata.
Guajolota

La torta de tamal, también conocida como guajolota, es una preparación típica de la Ciudad de México que consiste en una torta (es decir, un bolillo, telera u otro tipo de pan blanco partido en dos) rellena de tamal (que es masa de maíz cocida en agua o al vapor y rellena a su vez de pollo y salsa).
Se considera un «antojito» popular, es decir, comida callejera mexicana, y típicamente se consume para el desayuno. Cuesta alrededor de los 17 MXN​ y en los puntos de venta se suele acompañar de atole, combinación conocida popularmente como «guajolocombo».​ Se encuentran en salidas de metro, parques y avenidas concurridas de toda la ciudad, se preparan al momento en que se piden y se consumen frente al puesto o de camino al trabajo.​
Existen diferentes tipos de tamal con los que se puede rellenar una guajolota:
Existen diversas teorías acerca del origen del nombre «guajolota». Algunos lo atribuyen a la forma cebada y redondeada similar a la pechuga de un guajolote (una variedad de pavo consumida en México).​ También, ya que es un antojito altamente calórico (entre las 800 y las 1000 calorías​), se dice a quien lo consume que lo «engordará como a un guajolote».​ Otras fuentes afirman que su nombre proviene de un tipo de pan de baja calidad que se usaba para prepararlas, llamado también «guajolote».​
En su libro La cultura del antojito. De tacos, tamales y tortas (2013), el historiador mexicano José N. Iturriaga explica que la guajolota nació en la ciudad de Puebla hace, por lo menos, dos siglos,​ y que esta receta original difiere ligeramente de la actual guajolota, puesto que se usaba pan bazo y se rellenaba con una enchilada roja (chiles secos colorados) y carne de puerco deshebrada.​ Con el tiempo, la receta se trasladó a la capital mexicana y se sustituyeron los ingredientes, mientras que en Puebla se mantuvo la original y finalmente se acabó perdiendo.
Club Sandwich (película)

Club Sandwich es una película cómica mexicana de 2013 escrita y dirigida por Fernando Eimbcke. Fue presentada en la sección de Cine contemporáneo mundial del Festival Internacional de Cine de Toronto de 2013.​​ La película consiguió la Concha de Plata a la mejor dirección en el Festival Internacional de Cine de San Sebastián 2013.
Este filme ocupa el lugar 76 dentro de la lista de las 100 mejores películas del mexicanas, según la opinión de 27 críticos y especialistas del cine en México, publicada por el portal Sector Cine en junio de 2020.​
Paloma y su hijo Héctor mantienen una relación muy intensa y especial. En unas vacaciones, Héctor se enamora de Jazmín. La madre, molesta con la relación, tiene que aceptar que su hijo está creciendo y que dejará de ser la persona con la que estaba conviviendo.
Telera (pan mexicano)

En México, la telera es un pan de sal y blanco elaborado con harina de trigo, levadura, agua y sal.​ Es uno de los panes arquetípicos de la gastronomía mexicana, y se usa en diversos antojitos populares. Sus principales caracterísricas son su color, suavidad, tamaño y su forma. Su migajón es suave y esponjoso, su corteza levemente bronceada gracias al uso ligero de azúcar en la masa. Tiene unos 15 cm de largo, forma aplanada y ovalada compuesta por tres cuerpos alargados forjados antes del levado mediante la presión profunda de la bola, ya ligeramente alargada y aplanada, con el palo o rodillo muy delgados para quedar de forma longitudinal, y paralelas en la parte superior, es este rasgo diferenciador de la telera cordobesa.
Las célebres tortas mexicanas se preparan con teleras, que se cortan por la mitad y se rellenan con multitud de ingredientes (lo que en otros países se llama sándwich o bocata). Asimismo su variante de tortas ahogadas, llamadas así porque se bañan en salsa. Las teleras se pueden rebanar y freír para hacer capirotada o budín.​
El origen de la telera mexicana está en la telera cordobesa, un pan de trigo entero y de calidad inferior que consumían los obreros andaluces, cuya receta se modificó en México y en la actualidad se prepara con la misma masa del bolillo.​ También existe una telera dominicana, totalmente diferente de la española y la mexicana. Tradicionalmente se dice que el nombre de telera es una contracción de «tres hileras», ya que consta de dos greñas paralelas longitudinales que separan la corteza en tres. Pero el autor A. Ortega Morán propone que antiguamente «telera» se usaba en sentido figurado como sinónimo de algo alargado.​
Supán

Supán S.A. es la mayor empresa productora de pan de Ecuador.​ Fue fundada en 1946, en un local ubicado en las calles 9 de octubre y García Avilés de la ciudad de Guayaquil.​ Con el pasar de los años creció y abrió una planta industrial panificadora en Guayaquil y otra en Quito. También extendió sus operaciones a Colombia y Perú.​​ Entre sus marcas más destacadas se encuentran Supán, Bimbo, Grilé, Braun y Dulzones.​
A lo largo de los años tuvo más de 20 litigios legales con la empresa mexicana Central Impulsadora (luego conocida como Grupo Bimbo) por el registro de la marca Bimbo en Ecuador.​ En julio de 2014, Grupo Bimbo anunció la compra de la empresa, que para ese entonces contaba con 900 empleados en el país.​​
Concha (pan)

La concha es una variedad de pan de dulce mexicano. Es llamada así por su semejanza con una concha de mar. También conocida popularmente como volcán. Contiene una capa hecha a base de azúcar, manteca y harina en la parte superior, la cual generalmente es blanca (vainilla) o café (chocolate).​
La historia de las conchas se remonta a los tiempos precoloniales. Después de la conquista, cuando los europeos se establecieron en México Por Caori Salvatore, empezaron a preparar productos a base de trigo y con el paso del tiempo se fueron creando panaderías y pastelerías a lo largo de México.
Los panaderos franceses trajeron sus recetas de brioche, una masa dulce y enriquecida hecha de harina de trigo, levadura, sal, azúcar, leche o agua, huevos y mantequilla.​ Esta receta es probablemente el origen de las conchas que hoy en día conocemos.
En algunas regiones de México, las conchas se rellenan de diversos ingredientes dulces o salados, como de nata o de frijoles.​
Generalmente, se consumen con chocolate caliente o café u otra bebida caliente. También se pueden consumir con una bebida fría, como un vaso de leche.
Peter Gadiot

Alan-Peter Gadiot​ (Cuckfield, West Sussex, 2 de enero de 1985) es un actor británico nacionalizado neerlandés​. Es conocido por haber interpretado a Cyrus en Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013-2014), y a James en Queen of the South (2017-2021). Fue elegido para interpretar a Shanks en la serie One Piece de 2023.
Gadiot nació en Cuckfield y creció en Haywards Heath, West Sussex, Inglaterra. Es hijo de padre neerlandés, Jules Maria Johannes Ignatius Gadiot, originario de Maastricht, y madre mexicana, Aurora Gabriela Nava Quiroz, de la Ciudad de México. Se formó como actor en Londres, dónde recibió una formación clásica en el Drama Centre London.​ El 23 de abril de 1985 Gadiot fue registrado como mexicano en la embajada de México en Londres, bajo el nombre de Alan Peter Gadiot Nava.​
Habla inglés como lengua nativa y es activista contra la trata de personas.​ Posee doble nacionalidad con Reino Unido y Países Bajos.​
Gadiot ha aparecido en numerosas producciones teatrales.​ En 2010 debutó en televisión en un episodio de la serie británica My Spy Family, donde interpretó a Troy Falconi. Ese mismo año hizo su debut en la gran pantalla en la película 13Hrs.​
Otros créditos de Gadiot incluyen el cortometraje Prada: Candy, la película para televisión Hot Mess; así como la película The Forbidden Girl y el cortometraje 12-17, donde funge como escritor y director.​​
El 28 de marzo de 2013, se dio a conocer que fue seleccionado para interpretar a Cyrus, el interés amoroso de Alice (Sophie Lowe) en Once Upon a Time in Wonderland, serie derivada de Once Upon a Time.​​ También apareció de forma recurrente en la serie de televisión Fresh Meat, donde interpretó a Javier.
El 3 de abril de 2014, se anunció que fue contratado para aparecer de forma recurrente en la serie Matador como Caesar.​ En agosto de 2014, se dio a conocer que fue contratado para dar vida a Ka en la miniserie de Spike TV Tut, junto a Avan Jogia y Kylie Bunbury.​
Sambucus canadensis

Sambucus canadensis es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia Adoxaceae.
Es originaria de una gran región de Norteamérica al este de las Montañas Rocosas, y al sur por el este de México y América Central a Panamá. Crece en una variedad de condiciones incluyendo suelos húmedos y secos, sobre todo en lugares soleados.
Se trata de un arbusto de hoja caduca que alcanza hasta los 3 m de altura o más. Las hojas están dispuestas en pares opuestos, son pinnadas con cinco a nueve foliolos, de 10 cm de largo y 5 cm de ancho. En verano, aparecen las inflorescencias de gran tamaño (20-30 cm de diámetro) en forma de corimbos con flores de color blanco sobre el follaje, las flores individuales tienen 5-6 mm de diámetro, con cinco pétalos. El fruto es una baya de color púrpura oscuro a negro de 3-5 mm de diámetro, se producen en racimos colgantes en el otoño. Las bayas y las flores son comestibles, pero otras partes de la planta son venenosas, tóxicas que contienen cristales de oxalato de calcio.
La fruta se utiliza como medicamento, vino, gelatina y colorante. La investigación sobre las bayas se lleva a cabo en la Universidad de Misuri. Las hojas y corteza interna se puede utilizar como un insecticida y un colorante.​ Los tallos pueden ser ahuecados y utilizados como instrumentos musicales y juguetes.
En Chihuahua, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, y Nayarit es popular el uso del sauco para tratar la calentura y la tos. Además, se utiliza en diversas enfermedades respiratorias como la bronquitis, también se aprovecha para tratar la tos ferina. Asimismo, se prescribe en casos de ronquera, asma, catarro o gripe y amigdalitis.
Se usa en forma tradicional en el tratamiento de trastornos digestivos, diarrea, disentería roja (heces fecales con hilos de sangre, con dolor de estómago, asientos, escalofríos, dolor de estómago, del hígado y estreñimiento. En problemas de piel como caspa, disipela, salpullido, caída del pelo, sarampión, sarna, sabañones, quemaduras, edema y vergüenza (enrojecimiento, hinchazón y pequeños granos rojos en la cara).
Además como purgante, desinfectante y diurético y utilizado para combatir la caries, conjuntivitis e infección en ojos y oídos, contra los parásitos y la rabia. Para el corazón, dolores musculares, heridas, heridas pasmadas, llagas, quebraduras, reumas, calambres, expulsión de placenta, menorrea, hemorroides, purificación de la sangre, calor en la cara, enfriamiento, y alcoholismo.​
Las larvas del coleóptero crisomeloideo Desmocerus palliatus se alimenta de esta planta.
Sambucus canadensis fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 269. 1753.​
Sambucus: nombre genérico que deriva de la palabra griega sambuke de un instrumento musical hecho de madera de saúco y un nombre usado por Plinio el Viejo para un árbol posiblemente relacionado con el saúco.​
canadensis: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Canadá.
Sambucus

El saúco​​ (Sambucus) es un género de unas cinco a treinta especies perteneciente a la familia de las adoxáceas, originario de las regiones templadas a subtropicales de ambos hemisferios, aunque más extendido en el hemisferio norte, mientras que en el hemisferio sur queda restringido a Oceanía y América del Sur.
Arbustos o árboles pequeños, si bien presenta también al menos dos especies herbáceas. Las hojas son pinnadas con cinco a nueve folíolos (raramente tres u once). Cada hoja tiene de 5 a 30 cm de largo, y los folíolos tienen márgenes serrados. Los grandes grupos de pequeñas flores de color blanco o crema se abren hacia finales de la primavera, y son seguidas por pequeños grupos de bayas de color negro, azul-negruzco o rojo (raramente de color amarillo o blanco).
Sambucus mexicana o "sauco de México", está considerado por la generalidad de los autores como una o dos subespecies de S. nigra, ssp. canadensis​ y ssp. caerulea.​
La especie Sambucus nigra ha sido utilizada con fines medicinales durante cientos de años.​​ Contiene aceites esenciales, taninos, ácidos orgánicos, alcaloides, azúcar, abundante vitamina C, y una serie de glucósidos como la rutina y la sambunigrina. Algunos estudios preliminares han demostrado que esta especie puede tener efectos positivos en el tratamiento de la gripe, alergias y alivia el sistema respiratorio en general.​
Las bayas maduras y cocinadas de la mayoría de las especies son comestibles, siendo la especie Sambucus nigra cultivada para este fin. Con ellas se hacen mermeladas, entre otras preparaciones.
La mayoría de las bayas crudas y otras partes de las plantas son venenosas, por ello el fruto siempre debe ser consumido ya maduro y cocido.​ Las semillas contienen glucósidos cianogénicos (generadores de cianuro) y la corteza así como las hojas y los frutos no maduros contienen el principio de la sambunigrina que, en contacto con una enzima, llamada emulsina, produce también ácido cianhídrico.
La madera del sauco es muy dura. Por ese motivo ha sido muy valorada para la construcción de herramientas agrícolas y en ebanistería.
El nombre «sauco» procede del latín sambucus y este del griego σαμβύκη (sambuke), que designaba un instrumento musical semejante a un arpa conocido como sambuca.
Isorhamnetina

La isorhamnetina es un flavonol O-metilado de la clase de los flavonoides. Una fuente alimenticia común de este derivado 3'-metoxilado de la quercetina y sus conjugados de glucósido son las cebollas amarillas o rojas picantes, en las que es un pigmento menor, la quercetina-3,4'-diglucósido y la quercetina-4'-glucósido y la aglicona siendo la quercetina los principales pigmentos.​ Las peras, aceite de oliva, vino y salsa de tomate son ricos en isorhamnetina.​ Otras fuentes incluyen especias, hierbas medicinales​ y el psicoactivo estragón mexicano (Tagetes lucida), que se describe como acumulador de isorhamnetina y su derivado 7-O-glucósido.​ El nopal (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.)) también es una buena fuente de isorhamnetina que se puede extraer mediante extracción con fluido supercrítico asistida por enzimas;​ también se extrae de Lotus ucrainicus​ y Strychnos pseudoquina.​
La enzima quercetina 3-O-metiltransferasa utiliza S-adenosil metionina y quercetina para producir S-adenosilhomocisteína e isorhamnetina.
La enzima 3-metilquercetina 7-O-metiltransferasa utiliza S-adenosil metionina y 5,7,3',4'-tetrahidroxi-3-metoxiflavona (isoramnetina) para producir S-adenosilhomocisteína y 5,3',4'-trihidroxi- 3,7-dimetoxiflavona (ramnazina).
Queso flameado

Choriqueso, queso flameado o queso fundido es un plato típico de la gastronomía de México que se realiza con queso derretido y chorizo. Suele compararse con el fondue de queso y se sirve habitualmente como aperitivo en comidas al aire libre y en restaurantes especializados en carnes asadas,​​ así como en diversas taquerías.
Los ingredientes principales son el queso fundido, que puede prepararse con diferentes variedades de queso (como queso Oaxaca o queso asadero), chorizo fresco y una salsa, típicamente realizada con jitomate, cebolla, chile y especias.​ Se sirve en una cacerola pequeña y plana o en algún otro recipiente de cerámica o metal que sea resistente al calor. El queso y el chorizo se preparan por separado y se combinan justo antes de servirlos. Este último paso se puede hacer en la mesa, sobre todo si el acabado final es un flambeado: se vierte sobre el queso algún licor de alta graduación y se enciende,​ mientras arde el licor se agrega la salsa. Si no va a servirse flambeado, la mezcla se hace en la parrilla. Cualquiera que sea su forma de preparación, el plato se presenta en la mesa cuando el queso todavía está burbujeante por su exposición al calor y se sirve en porciones individuales sobre tortillas.​ La salsa preparada sirve de acompañamiento para el platillo. En algunas variantes se le agregan rajas de pimiento morrón, chile poblano o champiñones,​ siendo conocidas estas variantes como "alambres".
Torta ahogada

A torta ahogada (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtoɾta aoˈɣaða], drowned submarine sandwich) is a typical dish from the Mexican state of Jalisco, particularly in the city of Guadalajara. Although it is popular in some other parts of Mexico, it is most popular in Guadalajara. It is called "drowned" because the sandwich is submerged totally or partially in a sauce consisting of vinegar, cumin, and a dried chili pepper called chile de árbol. Less spicy versions of the sandwich, made with a tomato-based sauce, are also available.
Tortas ahogadas are made with birote bread, characteristic of the region. Specifically, they are made with birote salado (Mexican sourdough bread), which has a thick, crunchy crust and softer interior, which is more salty than sweet. The consistency of the bread permits the sandwich to be submerged in sauce without crumbling or dissolving (which usually happens if using bolillo), so it's crunchy and moist at the same time.
Legend has it that when the French invaded Guadalajara in 1864, a French Sergeant, Camille Perrault, wanted to teach the Guadalajarans how to make French bread, but didn't have any yeast. The warm, wet climate enabled him to make sourdough, however, so what they ended up with was Jalisco's unique birote bread. The name "birote" originated because it was the closest approximation to the pronunciation of "Perrault" by Mexicans at the time.
The bread is sliced open on one side and the sandwich is filled with shredded pork (or carnitas), refried beans, and onions. Fillings of shrimp, chicken and cheese are sometimes available. The sandwiches are often served with onion rings, radishes, avocados and chili peppers.
The sauce can be either spicy or mild. The first is based on ground arbol chilies, vinegar, garlic, oregano, and other spices. Sweet sauce, which is considerably less spicy, is made of red tomatoes and chili peppers. If the sandwich is ordered "media ahogada" or "half drowned", it is dipped partially in the sauce. If the sandwich is "bien ahogada" or "well drowned", the bread and meat are completely submerged in the sauce until no bubbles emerge.
It is traditional to eat tortas ahogadas in Estadio Jalisco, the football stadium in Guadalajara, in spite of the difficulty in consuming them. They are usually eaten with bare hands, even though tortas ahogadas are messy due to the large amount of sauce used. This delicacy is usually available from street vendors, but it can also be found in restaurants. The origin of the torta ahogada was an accident, according to local lore, when a street vendor, De La Torre at Tortas Ahogadas El Güero dropped a sandwich into salsa. The legacy of the original stand continues at Tortas Ahogadas El Güerito.
The torta ahogada is often said to hold a special place in the hearts of many people who are from Guadalajara or have spent time there. Some people go to great lengths to seek out tortas ahogadas in places outside of the region. The people from Guadalajara claim that no one really visits Guadalajara without making a stop to try a torta ahogada.