davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Nebula

Nebula (n.) 'nebulae atau nebulæ, dengan ligatur) adalah awan antarbintang yang terdiri dari debu, gas, dan plasma. Awalnya nebula adalah nama umum yang diberikan untuk semua objek astronomi yang membentang, termasuk galaksi di luar Bima Sakti (beberapa contoh dari penggunaan lama masih bertahan; sebagai contoh, Galaksi Andromeda kadang-kadang merujuk pada Nebula Andromeda).
Nebula terbentuk dari berbagai hal (dan jenisnya juga berbeda-beda). Kebanyakan nebula terbentuk dalam wujud nebula emisi. Nebula emisi yang berisikan gas-gas terionisasi disebut Daerah H II. Nebula seperti ini terbentuk ketika bintang yang baru saja terbentuk mengionisasi gas yang ada di sekitarnya sehingga menciptakan nebula emisi. Contoh dari Daerah H II adalah Nebula Orion dan NGC 604.
Ada pula nebula yang terbentuk dari ledakan Supernova dan Nova. Nebula yang terbentuk dari hasil supernova disebut Sisa-sisa supernova (Supernova Remnant). Contoh dari sisa-sisa supernova adalah Nebula Kepiting. Dan nebula yang terbentuk dari hasil nova disebut Sisa-sisa nova (Nova Remnant). Contoh dari sisa-sisa nova adalah GK Persei (atau biasa dikenal sebagai Nova Persei 1901).
Nebula sering kali juga terbentuk dari bintang-bintang seperti Matahari saat mereka menuju kematiannya, yaitu tahapan Katai putih. Nebula ini biasa disebut Nebula planeter. Nebula ini terbentuk ketika bintang seperti Matahari kehabisan bahan bakar berupa. Hal itu mengakibatkan bintang akan terus membesar hingga akhirnya ia menghempaskan angin bintangnya dalam skala besar sehingga menyebabkan kehilangan massanya. Angin bintang tersebut kemudian membentuk Nebula Planeter dan bintangnya menjadi Katai Putih.
Ada struktur awan antarbintang yang terbentuk dari Jet Bintang, namun biasanya tidak berstatus Nebula, tetapi dapat dianggap sebagai nebula. Namanya Objek Herbig-haro. Objek ini terbentuk ketika sebuah jet dari bintang baru lahir menabrak materi dingin lalu membentuk nebula.
Messier 74

Messier 74 (dikenal juga sebagai M74 atau NGC 628) adalah sebuah galaksi spiral yang terdapat di rasi bintang Pises. Objek ini berjarak sekitar 32 juta tahun cahaya dari bumi. Galaksi ini memiliki dua lengan spiral yang terlihat jelas, hal ini yang membuat galaksi ini digunakan sebagai contoh pola dasar dari desain utama galaksi spiral. Rendahnya tingkat kecerlangan galaksi ini membuatnya menjadi Objek Messier yang paling sulit diamati oleh para astronom amatir. Namun, ukuran sudut galaksi yang relatif besar, serta orientasi galaksi yang menghadap ke bumi membuatnya menjadi objek yang ideal bagi astronom profesional yang ingin mempelajari struktur lengan spiral dan gelombang kepadatan spiral. Diperkirakan ada 100 miliar bintang di M74.
M74 ditemukan oleh Pierre Méchain pada bulan September 1780. Méchain kemudian menginformasikan temuannya kepada Charles Messier, yang mencantumkannya di dalam katalog.
Tiga supernova telah teridentifikasi di M74: SN 2002ap, SN 2003gd, dan SN 2013ej.
SN 2002ap telah menarik perhatian karena merupakan salah satu dari beberapa supernova tipe Ic (atau hipernova) diamati dalam 10 juta parsec dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Supernova ini telah digunakan untuk menguji teori tentang asal usul supernova tipe Ic yang sama pada jarak yang lebih tinggi dan teori tentang hubungan antara supernova dan Ledakan sinar gamma.
SN 2003gd adalah supernova tipe II-P. Supernova tipe II memiliki Luminositas yang diketahui, sehingga bisa digunakan untuk menguruk jarak dengan akurat. Jarak M74 yang diukur menggunakan SN 2003gd adalah 9,6 ± 2,8 juta parsec, atau 31 ± 9 juta tahun cahaya. Sebagai perbandingan, jarak yang diukur menggunakan bintang raksasa super yang paling terang adalah 7,7 ± 1,7 juta parsec dan 9,6 ± 2.2 juta parsec. Ben EK Sugerman. menemukan "gema cahaya" - sebuah refleksi dari ledakan supernova yang muncul setelah ledakan itu sendiri - terkait dengan SN 2003gd Supernova ini adalah salah satu dari beberapa supernova di mana telah ditemukan refleksi seperti ini. Refleksi ini tampak berasal dari debu dalam awan yang menyerupai lembaran yang terletak di depan supernova, dan dapat digunakan untuk menentukan komposisi dari debu antarbintang.
Koordinat: 01 36 41.8, +15° 47′ 01″
Galaksi Kincir Angin

Galaksi Kincir Angin (atau dikenal sebagai Messier 101, M101 atau NGC 5457) adalah galaksi spiral face-on dengan jarak 21 juta tahun cahaya (enam megaparsec) di rasi bintang Ursa Major, pertama kali ditemukan oleh Pierre Méchain pada tanggal 27 Maret 1781, dan dikomunikasikan kepada Charles Messier yang diverifikasi posisinya untuk dimasukkan dalam Katalog Messier sebagai salah satu entri akhir.
Pada tanggal 28 Desember 2006, NASA dan ESA merilis sebuah gambar yang sangat rinci dari Galaksi Kincir Angin, yang merupakan citra galaksi terbesar dan paling rinci oleh Hubble Space Telescope pada waktu itu. Gambar itu terdiri dari 51 eksposur individual, ditambah beberapa foto tambahan yang berbasis di darat.
Pada tanggal 24 Agustus 2011, sebuah Supernova Tipe Ia, SN 2011fe, ditemukan di M101.
Pierre Méchain, penemu Messier 101, menggambarkannya sebagai "nebula tanpa bintang, yang sangat jelas dan cukup besar, dengan diameter 6 ' hingga 7', di antara tangan kiri Bootes dan ekor beruang besar. Sulit untuk membedakan salah satu lits tombol [kisi] kabel."
William Herschel pada tahun 1784 mencatat bahwa "[M101] di [Jarak fokus] reflektor saya 7, 10, dan 20-kaki kuberikan contoh kepada jenis berbintik-bintik dari sifat remang, yang akan aku panggil resolvable (dapat diatasi); sehingga saya berharap teleskop saya sekarang akan, mungkin, membuat bintang-bintang yang terlihat dari yang saya kira mereka menjadi tersusun."
Lord Rosse mengamati M101 menggunakan teleskop reflektor Newtonian berdiameter 72 inci selama paruh kedua abad ke-19. Dia adalah orang pertama yang membuat catatan ekstensif dari struktur spiral dan membuat beberapa sketsa.
Untuk mengamati struktur spiral dalam instrumen modern membutuhkan instrumen yang cukup besar, dengan langit sangat gelap, dan sepotong mata berdaya rendah.
M101 memiliki lima galaksi pendamping yang menonjol: NGC 5204, NGC 5474, NGC 5477, NGC 5585, dan Holmberg IV. Sebagaimana dinyatakan di atas, interaksi gravitasi antara M101 dan satelitnya mungkin telah memicu pembentukan pola grand design di M101. M101 juga mungkin terdistorsi oleh galaksi pendampingnya NGC 5474. M101 dan galaksi pendamping yang terdiri dari sebagian besar atau mungkin semua Grup M101.
Pada tanggal 24 Agustus 2011, sebuah Supernova Tipe Ia, SN 2011fe, awalnya ditetapkan sebagai PTF 11kly, ditemukan di M101. Supernova bermagnitudo visual 17,2 pada penemuan pertama kali dan mencapai magnitudo 9,9 pada puncaknya. Supernova ini adalah supernova keempat yang tercatat dalam M101. Yang pertama, SN 1909A, ditemukan oleh Max Wolf pada Januari 1909 dan mencapai magnitudo 12,1. SN 1951H mencapai magnitude 17,5 pada bulan September 1951 dan SN 1970g mencapai magnitude 11,5 pada bulan Januari 1970.
Koordinat: 14 03 12.6, +54° 20′ 57″
Jesse Q. Sutanto

Jesse Q. Sutanto is a Chinese-Indonesian author. As of 2023, she has published nine novels for adults, young adults, and middle grade readers. She is most famous for her novel Dial A for Aunties, which won the 2021 Comedy Women in Print Prize and has been optioned for a film by Netflix.
Sutanto grew up in a Chinese-Indonesian family, living in Singapore, Indonesia, California, and Oxford. She speaks Mandarin, Indonesian, and English with her family. She currently lives in Jakarta with her husband, who is English, and their two daughters.
Sutanto received her MFA in creative writing from Oxford University in 2009 and has been writing ever since. She published her first book in 2021 and as of 2023, she has published nine books for readers of all ages.
In 2021, Sutanto published her hit novel, Dial A for Aunties. For this book, Sutanto became the first writer of colour to win the United Kingdom's Comedy Women in Print Prize. The novel, which is a blend of romantic comedy and murder mystery, features Chinese-Indonesian culture through the lens of a girl, her mother and four aunts.
In 2020, before Dial A for Aunties was even published, the film rights were bought by Netflix as a result of a bidding war. Nahnatchka Khan and Chloe Yellin will adapt the novel into a film. Khan was set to direct the project. Sutanto will executive produce the film.
In 2023, the rights for Vera Wong's Unsolicited Advice for Murderers were acquired by Warner Bros. TV for the production of a series adaptation. Mindy Kaling‘s Kaling International and Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Films are set to produce the project.
Supernova (British TV series)

Supernova is a British comedy television programme produced by Hartswood Films and jointly commissioned by the BBC in the UK and UKTV in Australia. It follows Dr Paul Hamilton (Rob Brydon), a Welsh astronomer, who leaves a dull academic post and unloved girlfriend for a new job at the Royal Australian Observatory, deep in the Australian outback. The comedy centres on his difficulties adjusting to life in the outback and his eccentric fellow astronomers. The first series was released in the United Kingdom and Australia in October 2005 and consisted of six 30-minute episodes. The second series began airing on 3 August 2006 in the UK.
The exterior scenes were shot at Broken Hill in New South Wales, Australia. The observatory itself is a CGI creation, according to the DVD commentary, and only a partial doorway was constructed on site for filming purposes.
During the series, Paul grapples with, amongst others, his attraction to his colleague Dr Rachel Mann (who is engaged to an astronaut), the arrival of his girlfriend at the observatory, and a bout of fatalism that comes on when he creates a simulation of how the universe will end.
Rock Star (TV series)

Rock Star is a television series produced by Mark Burnett, David Geffen, Lisa Hennessy, and Al Berman in which aspiring singers from around the world competed to become the lead singer of a featured group. It debuted on CBS on July 11, 2005, to mediocre ratings.
The show was hosted by television personality and commercial spokeswoman Brooke Burke and Jane's Addiction lead guitarist Dave Navarro. In season one Australian rock band INXS chose J.D. Fortune as their new lead singer. For season two, the newly formed supergroup hard rock band, Rock Star Supernova chose Lukas Rossi as the lead singer.
Alice in Chains was approached by the producers of Rock Star for the show's second season, but the band turned the offer down.
In the final episode of season two, auditions were announced for a third season. However, CBS announced in May 2007 the series would not be renewed for a third season due to the premiere of another Burnett series, Pirate Master. Burnett has made a statement that he would like to bring Rock Star back for a third season. Velvet Revolver was a potential candidate; however, the band declined.
The show is notable for having future season 5 American Idol contestant Chris Daughtry audition for its first season. Daughtry did not make the cut for Rock Star: INXS.
Rock Star aired on CBS in the United States, Sky One in the UK, FOX8 in Australia, TV3 in New Zealand, Skjár einn in Iceland and Global in Canada.
Currently Supernova are no longer active, their last appearance together was in 2008. First season winner J.D. Fortune had been the lead singer of INXS for about six years from 2005 to 2011. The band decided not to renew the expiring contract for him after the Original Sin tour ended in August 2011.
INXS released the album Switch following the first series with J.D. Fortune on lead vocals and went on tour. Switch was released on 29 November 2005. and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard 200, and appeared on the Canadian Hot 100 and Top Internet Albums charts at numbers two and 56, respectively. The album has sold 391,000 copies in the U.S. since release. The single "Pretty Vegas" received gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 26 January 2006. In Canada, both the album and the single, "Pretty Vegas", went platinum and reached number one on the charts. The album received platinum certification in December 2005 by the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA), and Canadian sales of the album have exceeded 170,000 units. The album went platinum and peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Charts.
Rock Star Supernova released their debut self-titled album following the second series and also went on tour. The album was released on November 21, 2006, and charted at #101 on the Billboard 200 and #4 on the Canadian Albums Chart. and was certified Platinum (over 100,000 units sold).
Contestants performed with a house band known as simply The House Band. The members of the House Band were Paul Mirkovich, Jim McGorman, Rafael Moreira, Nate Morton, and Sasha Krivtsov.
The House Band toured throughout 2006 with lead singer and guitarist of Kiss, Paul Stanley.
Toastmaster

Toastmaster is a general term, prevalent in the United States in the mid-20th century, referring to a person in charge of the proceedings of a public speaking event. The toastmaster is typically charged with organization of the event, arranging the order of speakers, introducing one or more of the speakers, and keeping the event on schedule. Such meetings typically include civic events, service organization meetings, and banquets for various purposes.
In meetings, a toastmaster typically addresses the audience from behind a dais or from a podium. At stage entertainment events, especially ones broadcast on live television, the toastmaster often takes the form of a master of ceremonies, introducing the entertainment acts. The term has fallen out of use to a large degree.
James Toole, father of actor John Lawrence Toole was possibly the first professional toastmaster during the 1840s in London. There are allusions to him in the press of the day. His obituary noted his "stentorian voice, and the ability with which he kept very large companies in order".
William Kingsmith was the first to wear the red coat now associated with the London Society of Toastmasters, as he wanted to be distinguished from waitstaff and footmen. He was the public announcer at the 1908 London Olympic games, and presided over court functions at St. James's Palace, ceremonies at the House of Commons and Royal Albert Hall.
A widely known person associated with this role was George Jessel, known in his lifetime as "Toastmaster General of the United States" (parodying the title Postmaster General of the United States).
In service organizations and businesses, the role of toastmaster was a permanently assigned role, but often rotating among members. Toastmasters were largely expected to keep the event from becoming boring, and a cottage industry arose in the middle century to cater to the desire of businessmen and other leaders to overcome the fear of public speaking. Would-be toastmasters were typically counseled to use light humor, and to have anecdotes and epigrams handily memorized. Toastmasters International is an organization dedicated to helping people in public speaking and in fulfilling the role of toastmaster and leader.
Such was the importance of a toastmaster remaining sober in order to conduct events, he may have had a special cup, called the toastmaster's glass, which, although of the same size and shape as others at the event, in fact was of much lower capacity due to an almost solid interior. Several such glasses are now displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
Safa Kabir

Safa Kabir (born 29 August 1994) is a Bangladeshi model and actress. She is notable for her works in television commercials, dramas and telefilms since 2013. She participated in Don Samdany’s Berger presents Rise Above All 2024 public speaking event on 16 November 2024 as a speaker.
Safa Kabir was born in Barisal, Bangladesh. She was given her birth name Anatoney Kelly by her paternal grandfather and her father named her Safa. She goes by the name Safa Kabir due to people mispronouncing and making fun of her name growing up.
She is an alumna of BAF Shaheen College Dhaka. She received her BBA degree from American International University-Bangladesh.
Safa Kabir made her début in media world when she has worked in a TVC of Airtel Bangladesh. Then she has worked in the TVCs of Pran Peanut Bar and Parachute Coconut Oil. After that she has acted in multiple telefilms. safa Kabir kicks off the journey in the media industry with a television commercial for Airtel Bangladesh directed by Ashfaq Bipul. She performs in several popular TVCs including ‘Pran Peanut Bar’ and ‘Parachute Oil’. Safa hosted a program ‘Style and Trend’ on NTV.
TV Series: Candy Crush, 3 Sisters, University, Chelemanushi, Jadoo Villa, Super Girls
Speaking fee

A speaking fee is a payment awarded to an individual for speaking at a public event.
Motivational speakers, businesspersons, facilitators, and celebrities are able to garner significant earnings in speaking fees or honoraria. In 2013, $10,000 was considered a lower limit for speakers brokered by speakers bureaus, $40,000 a regular fee for well-known authors, and famous politicians were reported to charge about $100,000 and more.
In contrast, speakers in academic conferences and similar events rarely get significant speaking fees or any at all. Sometimes speakers will even pay for attending and presenting at a conference, although it is fairly common that they are rewarded with free attendance. Researchers and academics consider conference presentations an honour and necessary for their careers, rather than a service. Scientists who become popular authors or otherwise famous are an exception, and can earn similar sums as celebrities.
Prudence must be taken with speaker fees for government officials or employees or to scientific searchers as it may be considered as a bribery.
Nh. Dini

Nurhayati Srihardini Siti Nukatin Coffin (29 February 1936 – 4 December 2018), better known by her pen name Nh. Dini (sometimes NH Dini in English), was an Indonesian novelist and feminist. She was the youngest of five children of Saljowidjojo and Kusaminah. One branch of the family can be traced back to the Bugis of South Sulawesi.
Dini said that she began to love writing when she was in the second grade. Her mother was a batik artist, inspired by Javanese culture. She would read stories and poems to Dini that were written in the traditional Javanese alphabet. Her talent for writing fiction was soon confirmed. At the age of fifteen she read her poems on RRI (the state radio network) in Semarang.
In 1956, while working as a flight attendant for Garuda Indonesia Airways, she published a series of stories called Dua Dunia (Two Worlds). She also worked briefly as a radio announcer.
In 1960, she married Yves Coffin, French consul to Kobe, Japan. Two children were born of their marriage: Marie-Claire Lintang and Pierre-Louis Padang, who is widely known for co-directing all four films in the Despicable Me franchise. She initially lived with her husband in Japan; they were then posted to Phnom Penh. They returned to France in 1966. Later, they were posted to Manila. In 1976, they were posted to Detroit.
The couple were divorced in 1984. She returned to Indonesia and later reclaimed her Indonesian nationality. For many years, she operated a non-profit agency devoted to juvenile literacy.
She received the S.E.A. Write Award in 2003, when she was living in Sleman, near Yogyakarta. Towards the end of her life, she moved to a nursing home, where she had to suspend work on a novel and her memoirs due to worsening attacks of vertigo. She spent her last years in a Catholic retirement home in Semarang.
Dini died on 4 December 2018 as a result of a vehicle collision between the Toyota Avanza taxi car she rode in and a truck in a highway in Semarang. Her body was cremated on the next day in Ambarawa.
On February 29, 2020, Google celebrated her 84th birthday with a Google Doodle.
Tere Liye (writer)

Darwis (born 21 May 1979), better known as his pen name Tere Liye is an Indonesian writer and formerly accountant. Making his writing debut in 2005 through the novel Hafalan Sholat Delisa, he has published more than 40 books throughout his writing career.
Darwis was born in Lahat Regency, South Sumatra. He is the sixth of seven children, from the couple Pasai and Nursam. Both of his parents are farmers. Darwis spent much of his childhood in his hometown. Darwin received his basic education at SD Negeri Kikim Timur 2, East Kikim District. Then, Darwin continued to secondary level education at SMP Negeri 2 Kikim which is also located in the Lahat Regency area. After entering high school, Darwin followed his parents as they immigrated to Java to continue his education at SMA Negeri 9 Bandar Lampung, Lampung Province. Darwis got the idea of the name 'Tere Liye' from an Indian movie, the name Tere Liye translates to the meaning "for you, for friends, for friends, brothers, sisters, mothers, fathers and neighbors but above all only for you".
Before garnering popularity and success as a writer, Darwis had pursued the highest education possible at the prestigious and litigious University of Indonesia (UI). Even though Darwin is now closely associated to the world of literature in Indonesia, he first graduated from the Accounting Department, UI Faculty of Economics and Business.
After completing his studies, Darwin did not work in a company that was related to literature or writing. Darwin initially worked as an accountant at a company. After an interview with Darwin, it turns out that his writing skills were born from hobbies and habits. Some of his works that have been adapted for the big screen are Hafalan Shalat Delisa, Bidadari-Bidadari Surga, Moga Bunda Disayang Allah, and Rembulan Tenggelam di Wajahmu.
Darwin stopped publishing his books in physical form from 1 July to 31 December 2017 due to the high book tax and royalties for authors. Darwin admitted on social media that he was disappointed with the taxation system in Indonesia which he considered was not in favor of authors, and even seemed to be detrimental to authors, Minister of Finance, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, who claimed to be a book fan herself admitted that she was stunned to learn that the writer decided to stop writing books because of tax issues. Sri Mulyani said that writers tax policies cannot simply be changed, and there are some tax regulations that can be changed quickly, but there are also those that require a longer process. For example, the issue of Income Tax (PPh) rates and individual Income Tax rates cannot be changed quickly by the Minister of Finance or the Director General of Taxes. This is because the tariff issue is stated in the Taxation Law (UU). Therefore, it must go through the approval of the House of Representatives (DPR).
Previously, this series was called "Anak-Anak Mamak" series and consisted of four books, which were:
Then in 2018, Tere Liye re-released the book with a new title and changed the name of the series to "Anak Nusantara".
Bondan Winarno

Bondan Winarno (29 April 1950 – 29 November 2017) was an Indonesian writer and journalist with a variety of skills. He pioneered and became chairman of Jalansutra, a very popular culinary community in Indonesia. He also became a presenter in the culinary show Wisata Kuliner (Culinary Tour) on Trans TV. He was famous for his phrase "Pokoe maknyus!"
Eka Kurniawan

Eka Kurniawan (born November 28, 1975) is an Indonesian writer and screenwriter.
In 2016, Kurniawan became the first Indonesian writer to be nominated for the Man Booker International Prize.
Kurniawan was born in Tasikmalaya, West Java, and grew up in a small coastal town, Pangandaran. He studied philosophy at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Kurniawan currently lives in Jakarta. He writes novels, short stories, movie scripts, and blog, as well as essays. His works are translated into more than 24 languages.
His novel Beauty Is a Wound was included in the list of 100 notable books by The New York Times. The use of magic realism in the book has led to comparisons to Gabriel García Márquez. Kurniawan has insisted that Beauty Is a Wound is neither a historical novel nor a book about Indonesian history. Kurniawan's style of "approaching social concerns at an angle rather than head-on, with hefty doses of surrealism and wry humour" also draws comparisons to Haruki Murakami. He has been described as "Indonesia’s finest writer since Pramoedya Ananta Toer" and "Indonesia's most exciting author."
In 2016, Palari Films announced a film adaptation of Kurniawan's book Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash to be directed by Edwin, who would also co-write the screenplay with Kurniawan. The film was expected to get a 2021 release.
Kurniawan is married to fellow writer and screenwriter Ratih Kumala.
Supernova Era

Supernova Era is a science fiction novel written by the Chinese writer Liu Cixin.
This novel portrays a luminous stellar explosion releasing powerful electromagnetic radiation and high-energy particles into the universe as far as the Solar System, eight light-years away. Around the world, the chromosomes in human cells are damaged by high-energy rays. Only children under thirteen can repair the damage, while other age groups have only about a year left to survive. The world becomes strange at this moment.
Supernova Era first version was created in 1991, but the first official release was in 2003. Liu Cixin has repeatedly revised the book and published three different editions, not including unreleased versions. Of all, the 2009 edition is the longest and most complete. Tor Books published the English translation by Joel Martinsen in 2019.
On a seemingly ordinary summer night, a catastrophe brewing for hundreds of millions of years reaches the Earth from deep space. The radiation from the supernova explosion irreversibly irradiates everyone over the age of 13, leaving them with only a few months to live. Children under 13 years old can recover. That means that all humans over thirteen in the world will die, and the Earth will become a world with only children.
It is a society the world has never seen before; adults are supposed to teach their children life skills in the shortest possible time, such as running a country, commanding an army, etc. The adults also leave their children the best gift, the Chinese Quantum, a super quantum computer, which will help the children go through a dark age that follows. In the early days of the supernova era, the world of children becomes the last continuation of the world of adults. After several months of seemingly smooth operation, it finally gets out of control.
When children are tired of the rules and regulations of the adult world, playing seems to be the only theme of the child world. First, they want to build a candy world, where the building shell is edible chocolate; They have created the maximal online games. Because all children are participants, online community organizations are even equipped to compete with the state power; In the end, they found that the most exciting game is war. Out-of-control children in the Antarctic continent started a world war; After that, China and the United States even exchanged their territory.
In the following, Chinese names are written with the family name first and given name second
The book was reviewed by several sources.
A Hugo Award-winning editor, Jason Heller, said, "Liu began writing 'Supernova Era' soon after the political uprising in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in 1989. The book is suffused with a sense of calamity, tragedy, and swift social change."
Rancage Literary Award

The Rancage Literary Award is a prize given to people who are considered to have contributed to the development of language and literature. This award is given by Rancage Cultural Foundation, which was founded by humanists Ajip Rosidi, Erry Riyana Harjapamekas, Edi S. Ekajati, and some other figures.
In the beginning (1989 to 1993), the only literary prizes include literary, but then this award is also given to the literary world of Java (since 1994), Bali literature (since 1998), and Lampung literature (since 2008). In 1990, Literary Gifts Rancage into two, namely to work published in the form of books and for services for those (individuals or institutions) who contributed to the development of language and literature in the area. Since 1993, this award also comes with Samsudi Gifts, which is a special award to the author of books Sundanese-speaking children.
Mastera Literary Award

Mastera Literary Award is a regional prize awarded since 1999 for the best prose and poetic works, as well as for literary criticism in Malay of the writers of the South-East Asian countries. The founder of the award is the Southeast Asian Literature Council (Malay: Majlis Sastera Asia Tenggara), abbreviated as Mastera.
The Council was established in 1995. Founding countries: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. In 2012, it was joined by Singapore which previously had observer status, and in 2014 by Thailand. Representatives of Viet Nam and Philippines where there are minorities who speak Malay languages periodically participate in the activity of the Council.
Prizes are awarded every two years for works published during the two previous years. Winners receive diplomas and a bonus of 10,000 Malaysian ringgit.
Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition

Jakarta Arts Council Novel Competition (in Indonesia: Sayembara Novel Dewan Kesenian Jakarta) is a biennial novel competition held by Jakarta Arts Council in Indonesia. It was first known as the 'Romance Writing Competition' and was discontinued in 1980 due to the decline in the quality of submissions according to the Abdul Hadi WM, the Chairman of the Jakarta Arts Council Literary Committee at the time. It was changed to a literary prize award in 1981–1984, but no literary or novel competitions were held between 1984 and 1996. The novel competition was held again in 1997-1998 and 2003 and 2006 before being regularly held every two years from 2016 on.
The competition is considered prestigious, with first prize of twenty million rupiah (approximately US$2,000).
Queensland Literary Awards

The Queensland Literary Awards is an awards program established in 2012 by the Queensland literary community, funded by sponsors and administered by the State Library of Queensland. Like the former Queensland Premier's Literary Awards, the QLAs celebrate and promote outstanding Australian writing. The awards aim to seek out, recognize and nurture great talent in Australian writing. They draw national and international attention to some of our best writers and to Queensland's recognition of outstanding Australian literature and publishing.
These awards have a focus on supporting new writing through the Emerging Queensland Writer – Manuscript Award and Unpublished Indigenous writer – David Unaipon Award. "They give local writers and new writers something to aspire to."
The Queensland Literary Awards was established by a not-for-profit association of passionate Queensland volunteers and advocates for literature, in response to Queensland Premier Campbell Newman disestablishing the Queensland Premier's Literary Awards in 2012.
In 2012 and 2013 the program was run by a volunteer workforce. Following consultation with the QLA Inc. governing committee, 2014 saw the management of the QLA transition to State Library of Queensland (SLQ). While SLQ took on a leadership role in delivering the program, the aim was to continue to build on the existing collaborative model where the community and writing sector partners are key stakeholders.
The original Premier's awards were established by Peter Beattie, the then Premier of Queensland in 1998 and first awarded in 1999.
There are currently twelve award categories including:
The awards are judged by independent panels of writers, critics, journalists, academics and booksellers. They are presented to works the judges determine possess the highest literary merit.
The shortlist was announced on 1 August 2024. Winners were announced on 5 September 2024.
The winners were announced on 6 September 2023.
The winners were announced on 8 September 2022.
The winners were announced on 9 September 2021.
The winners were announced on 4 September 2020.
The winners were announced on 12 November 2019.
Indonesia International Book Fair

Indonesia International Book Fair (IIBF) is a book-publishing trade fair held annually in Jakarta, Indonesia. In addition to selling books, the fair acts as a gateway for publishers and writers to the international book market. It also holds seminars, discussions and book launches. IIBF promotes interactions between literacy activists, publishers, writers, librarians, artists, education practitioners, and other creative industries. The fair also arranges many events on literacy, education and culture. The fair is usually held in September at Jakarta Convention Center.
The book fair is organized by the Indonesian Publishers Association (IKAPI) and was inaugurated as Indonesia Book Fair (IBF) in 1980. It was renamed Indonesia International Book Fair in 2014 in an effort to attract a global audience. Saudi Arabia was the first participant as a guest of honor country in 2014, followed by South Korea, Malaysia and China in 2015, 2016, and 2017 respectively.
The 2014 IIBF was held from November 1 to 9. International participants were from Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, China, Japan, Taiwan, Canada, Egypt and Pakistan.
The 2015 IIBF was held from September 2 to 6. International participants were from India, Germany, Malaysia, Singapore and the Netherlands.
The 2016 IIBF was held from September 28 to October 2. Other than Indonesia, 12 countries participated the fair.
The 37th edition of IIBF was held from September 6–10, 2017, at Jakarta Convention Center. The fair was participated in by 20 countries including the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Bosnia, India, Egypt and Saudi Arabia.
Sixty-two participants from Indonesia, and 34 from 17 overseas countries took part 38th edition of IIBF, held from September 12 to 16, 2018. The theme of the fair was "Creative Work Towards the Culture Literacy".
The 39th IIBF was held from September 4 to 8, 2019 at JCC and participated in by 25 countries.
Big Bad Wolf Books

Big Bad Wolf Books (The Big Bad Wolf Book Sale or BBW Books) is a Malaysian book fair frequently held in Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and the United Arab Emirates. The books were majorly taken from the stocks of BookXcess, a book store dealing in excess or remaindered books from international distributors. The sale was the brainchild of BookXcess founders Andrew Yap and Jacqueline Ng. It was first held on 13–18 May 2009 for 5 days at Dataran Hamodal, Petaling Jaya.
The book fair sells all kind of books genres, for example fiction, non-fiction, novels, literature, children's literature and young adult fiction. It also sells merchandise including collectible books and posters, wallpaper, movie posters, tin-plated signs and their own merchandise.
ओट

ओट (Avena sativa) हे युरोप व अमेरिका येथे वापरात असलेले एक एकदलिक धान्य आहे. याच्या पिकाला थंड, ओलसर हवा आणि मध्यम जमीन लागते. त्यामुळे ओटचे पीक भारतात हिमालयाच्या असलेल्या प्रदेशांत अल्प प्रमाणात घेतले जाते. ओटचे तुसे काढलेले दाणे भट्टीत भाजून त्याचे पीठ करतात व पिठाची बिस्किटे करतात.
ओटचे पोहे तयार करतात. ते शिजवून पाण्यात वा दुधात भिजवून सकाळी न्याहारी म्हणून खातात. ओटच्या पोह्यांची खीर बनते तसेच उत्तप्पाही करता येतो.
नानखटाई

नानखटाई (हिंदी: नानख़टाई, उर्दू: نان خطائی) ही भारतीय उपखंडातून उगम पावलेली शॉर्टब्रेड बिस्किटे आहेत. ही उत्तर भारत, पाकिस्तान, बांगलादेश आणि म्यानमार (पूर्वीचा बर्मा) मध्ये लोकप्रिय आहेत.
नानखताई हा शब्द नान म्हणजे ब्रेड आणि खताई या दारी पर्शियन शब्दातून आला आहे ज्याचा अर्थ बिस्किट असा होतो. नानखताईला बर्मी भाषेत नानकाहताईंग (နံကထိုင်) म्हणून उधार घेण्यात आले आहे. त्याला श्रीलंकेतील सिंहली भाषेत "ज्ञानकथा" (ඤාණකතා) म्हणतात. अफगाणिस्तान आणि ईशान्य इराणमध्ये या बिस्किटांना कुलचा-ए-खताये म्हणतात. कुलचा हा अफगाण, इराणी आणि भारतीय ब्रेडचा प्रकार आहे जो नानसारखाच असतो.
नानखाताईंचा उगम 16 व्या शतकात सुरत येथे झाला असे मानले जाते, जेव्हा डच आणि भारतीय हे महत्त्वाचे मसाले व्यापारी होते. स्थानिक डच रहिवाशांच्या गरजा पूर्ण करण्यासाठी एका डच जोडप्याने सुरतमध्ये एक बेकरी सुरू केली. डच लोकांनी भारत सोडल्यावर त्यांनी बेकरी एका इराणीच्या ताब्यात दिली. बेकरीची बिस्किटे स्थानिकांना नापसंत होती. आपला व्यवसाय वाचवण्यासाठी त्यांनी सुकी भाकरी कमी किमतीत विकण्यास सुरुवात केली. तो इतका लोकप्रिय झाला की तो ब्रेड विकण्याआधी सुकवायला लागला. कालांतराने, ब्रेडवरील त्यांच्या प्रयोगामुळे त्यांना शेवटी नानखताईचा शोध लावण्याची प्रेरणा मिळाली. नानखताईतील मुख्य घटक म्हणजे परिष्कृत पीठ, चण्याचं पीठ आणि रवा.
प्रतिष्ठाने

प्रतिष्ठान म्हणजे स्थापन झालेली संस्था. महाराष्ट्रात संस्थांच्या नावांत एकेकाळी संस्था, मंडळ, मंडळी, कंपनी, सोसायटी, समाज, सभा हे शब्द असत. एखाद्या गर्भश्रीमंत माणसाने मागे ठेवलेल्या पैशांचा योग्य विनियोग व्हावा म्हणून स्थापन केलेला ट्रस्ट (न्यास) अशाही नावाच्या संस्था होत्या; आणि एखाद्या उद्योजकाने किंवा फार मोठ्या व्यापाऱ्याने आपल्या गडगंज संपत्तीच्या काही भागाचा सदुपयोग व्हावा म्हणून काही फाउंडेशनेही स्थापन केली होती. पण त्यांची संख्या एका हाताच्या बोटावर मोजण्याइतकी जेमेतेम असेल. आताची प्रतिष्ठान नावाची संस्था ही करमणुकीचे कार्यक्रम करणारी संस्था, व्यापारी संस्था शैक्षणिक संस्था(कॉलेज), गिर्यारोहकांचे मंडळ, समाजसेवी मंडळींची संघटना, कारखाना, वाद्यवृंद किंवा फेसबुकवरील वा ब्लॉगस्पॉटवरील संकेतस्थळसुद्धा असू शकते.
महाराष्ट्राचे मुख्यमंत्री बॅरिस्टर अब्दुल रहमान अंतुले यांनी स्थापन केलेले इंदिरा गांधी प्रतिभा प्रतिष्ठान हे बहुधा महाराष्ट्रातले प्रसिद्धीत आलेले पहिले प्रतिष्ठान असावे.
क्रॉफर्ड मार्केट

क्रॉफर्ड मार्केटची इमारत ही मुंबईतील ब्रिटिश काळात जनतेच्या दैनंदिन गरजेसाठी बांधल्या गेलेल्या इमारतींपैकी एक आहे. आर्थर क्रॉफर्ड हे मुंबई महापालिका आयुक्त असताना, त्यांच्याच कल्पकतेतून इ.स. १८६५ ते १८७१ या काळात ही इमारत बांधली गेली. ही इमारत गॉथिक शैलीच्या बांधकामाचा एक उत्तम नमूना आहे. स्वातंत्र्योत्तर काळात या मंडईचे महात्मा जोतिबा फुले मंडई असे नामकरण झाले असले तरी अजूनही क्रॉफर्ड मार्केट याच नावाने ती ओळखली जाते.
त्रिकोणी आकाराच्या २.२५ हेक्टर म्हणजेच २२४७२ चौरस मीटर क्षेत्रावर क्रॉफर्ड मार्केट उभे आहे. इमारतीसाठी कुर्ला खाणीतील तसेच गुजरातमधील पोरबंदर येथून टिकाऊ दगड आणण्यात आले. या अवाढव्य मंडईच्या बांधकामासाठी त्या काळी रु. १९,४९,७०० इतका खर्च झाल्याची नोंद आहे.
मार्केटच्या मध्यभागी एक सुशोभित कारंजेही होते. त्याचा आराखडा जे.जे. स्कूल ऑफ आर्ट्‌सचे तत्कालीन संचालक लॉकवुड किपलिंग यांनी तयार केला होता. तर त्याच्या बांधकामासाठी सर कावसजी जहांगीर या दानशूर पारशी माणसाने देणगी दिली होती.
क्रॉफर्ड मार्केटच्या सौंदर्यात भर घालण्यासाठी इमारतीवर भारतीय समाजजीवनाशी आणि संस्कृतीशी सुसंगत जी कलात्मक शिल्पे उभारली आहेत त्याचे आराखडे जे.जे. कला महाविद्यालयाच्या विद्यार्थ्यांनी बनवले आहेत.
आजूबाजूच्या कोणत्याही रस्त्याने या मंडईत प्रवेश करणे शक्य असल्याने ग्राहकांना वावरताना अडचणीचे होत नाही. या इमारतीचा मनोरा सुमारे १२८ फूट उंच आहे. त्याच्या मुख्य इमारतीवर घड्याळाचा उंच मनोरा असून त्यावरील घड्याळाचे टोले परिसरात ऐकू येण्यासाठी त्यात ६०० किलोग्रॅम वजनाची प्रचंड घंटा बसवण्यात आली होती.
या इमारतीत ब्रिटिश वास्तुकला-तंत्रज्ञान आणि स्थानिक हस्तकलेचा मिलाफ जाणवतो. या क्रॉफर्ड मार्केटची इमारत बांधताना मुंबईच्या भौगोलिक स्थितीसह पर्यावरणाचाही विचार केल्याचे लक्षात येते. पावसाच्या उन्हाच्या तीव्रतेपासून रक्षण करण्यासाठी मार्केटच्या भिंती पुरेशा जाड आहेत. तसेच पावसाच्या पाण्याचा निचरा होण्यासाठी छपरे उतरणीची आहेत.
इमारतीला दोन पदरी लोखंडी छत असून ते उंच लोखंडी स्तंभांवर उभे आहे. क्रॉफर्ड मार्केटच्या वास्तूचा आराखडा प्रख्यात ब्रिटिश वास्तुविशारद विल्यम इमर्सन यांनी तयार केला होता. इमारतीच्या कामासाठी प्रामुख्याने लोखंड आणि दगडाचा वापर करण्यात आला आहे.
क्रॉफर्ड मार्केटमध्ये सर्व प्रकारच्या भाज्या, धान्य, पाव, लोणची, बिस्किटे, चॉकलेट्स, सुकामेवा, आकर्षक लेखन सामग्री, कटलरी, मसाले, किराणा माल, तंबाखू, पादत्राणे असल्या टिकाऊ-नाशवंत वस्तूंची दिवसभर उलाढाल चालूच असते. शिवाय मांस-मासे यांसाठी एक कोपरा राखून ठेवलेला आहे.
Parle-G

Parle-G is a brand of biscuits manufactured by Parle Products in India. A 2011 Nielsen survey reported that it is the best-selling brand of biscuits in the world.
Parle Products was established as a confectionery maker in the Vile Parle suburb of Mumbai, in 1929. Parle Products began manufacturing biscuits in 1939. In 1947, when India became independent, the company launched an ad campaign showcasing its Gluco brand of biscuits as an Indian alternative to British-branded biscuits.
Parle-G biscuits were called Parle Gluco Biscuits until the 1980s. The "G" in the name Parle-G originally stood for "Glucose", though a later brand slogan also stated "G for Genius".
In 2013, Parle-G became India's first fast-moving consumer goods brand to cross the ₹50 billion mark in retail sales.
Primarily eaten as a tea-time snack, Parle-G is one of the oldest brand names in India. For decades, the product was instantly recognized by its iconic white and Yellow wax paper wrapper. The wrapper features a young girl (an illustration by Everest creative Maganlal Daiya back in the 1960s).
Parle-G has recently become available in plastic wrapping. The modern packaging retains its traditional design. The change in materials was promoted with advertisements showing a Parle-G packet placed into a fish tank. In 2011, Nielsen, a market research company, published a report stating that Parle-G has consolidated its position as the world’s largest selling biscuit brand. In fact, Parle G has topped other leading brands such as Kraft Foods’s Oreo, Mexico’s Gamesa and Walmart’s private labels. Key factor to the success is that India is the world’s leading market for biscuits, moving past some of the biggest markets in the world – the US, Mexico, China, Italy and Spain.
As of January 2013, Parle-G's strong distribution network covered over 6 million retail stores in India. The Brand Trust Report ranked Parle-G as the 42nd most trusted brand of India in 2014.
The low price is another important factor in Parle-G's popularity. Outside India, it is sold for 99 cents for a 418 gram pack as of 2012. A more common 65-gram "snack pack" is sold for as low as ₹3 (4 cents USD) at grocers in India, and 40 cents at major retailers of Indian groceries in USA. Packs containing two Parle-G biscuits are also sold. By 2016, smaller 56.4-gram packs were being sold as eight for one dollar at Indian grocers in the United States. The first TV commercial for Parle-G was made in 1982. The Indian superhero Shaktimaan also endorsed the brand in the 1990s.
Mangharam Biscuit

J. B. Mangharam & Company was a maker of biscuits in India. It was founded in 1919. It was named after three brothers Jeevan Das, Bal Chand and Mangha Ram Pamnani.Their factory in Sakkur also made candy and medicines. During the World War II, they obtained a contract to make special "energy biscuits" for the British Army. After the partition of India, they moved their business to Gwalior in India.
In 1950s they were the largest biscuit producer in Asia and produced several type of biscuits and confectioneries. They were initially famous for their "Energy Food" biscuits made using glucose. They were originally intended for British soldiers, but became popular among children. Later they were also known for the cream wafer biscuits.
The Mangharams were originally from Sukkur Sindh, but had branches in Bombay, Calcutta and Delhi. The Gwalior factory was established in 1951. After the death of Mangharam Pamnanni, the company was restructured in 1969 and 1977 and in 1983 became a part of the Britannia Industries Ltd and no longer produces biscuits with the J.B Mangharam label. A branch of the family settled in Hyderabad where they produce chocolate making machinery and supplies.
The Sukkur factory was established in 1937. During the partition of India, the building was declared evacuee property and after partition it was allotted to Muhammad Yakoob and was renamed Yacoob Biscuit Factory.
It was once considered of the top few Sindhi owned companies along with Kaycee's Blue Star, Motwaney's Chicago Radio. The Mangharam family arrived in Gwalior sometime in 1940s. They negotiated special tax concessions with the then Madhya Bharat government. As a result of their support a large number of Sindhis came and settled in Gwalior after the partition.
The brightly colored tins of J.B. Mangharam biscuits and sweets produced in 1950s and 1960s, featuring pictures from Indian tradition (Shakuntala and Bharat, Mira Bai, baby Krishna, Krishna with flute) and selected cities (Mumbai VT, Kolkata Howra Bridge, Amritsar Golden temple) are now regarded as collectibles.
Parle Agro

Parle Agro Private Limited (stylised as Parlé Agro) is an Indian company that owns Frooti, Appy Fizz, LMN, Hippo, Bailley and Smoodh brands.
Parle Agro is an offshoot of Parle Products, which was founded in 1929 in British India. It was owned by the Chauhan family of Vile Parle, Mumbai. The original Parle company was split into three separate companies owned by the different factions of the original Chauhan family:
All three companies continue to use the family trademark name "Parle".
Parle Agro commenced operations in 1984. It started with beverages, and later diversified into bottled water (1993), plastic packaging (1996) and confectionery (2007). Frooti, the first product rolled out of Parle Agro in 1985, became the largest selling mango drink in India.
The original Parle group was amicably segregated into three non-competing businesses. But a dispute over the use of "Parle" brand arose, when Parle Agro diversified into the confectionery business, thus becoming a competitor to Parle Products. In February 2008, Parle Products sued Parle Agro for using the brand Parle for competing confectionery products. Later, Parle Agro launched its confectionery products under a new design which did not include the Parle brand name. In 2009, the Bombay High Court ruled that Parle Agro can sell its confectionery brands under the brand name Parle or Parle Confi on condition that it clearly specifies that its products belong to a separate company, which has no relationship with Parle Products.
Parle Agro Pvt. Ltd operates under three major business verticals:
Parle Agro also diversified into production of PET preforms (semi-finished bottles) in 1996. Its customers include companies in the beverages, edible oil, confectionery and pharmaceutical segments.
Sabih Khan

Sabih Khan (born 1966) is an Indian-American business executive, who is the senior vice president (SVP) of operations at Apple Inc. He oversees Apple's global supply chain, and is responsible for Apple's supplier responsibility programs.
Khan was born in 1966 in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. His family moved to Singapore when he was in fifth grade. He earned a bachelor of economics and mechanical engineering from Tufts University, and a master's degree in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Khan worked for GE Plastics (now SABIC), where he was an applications development engineer and key account technical leader.
Khan joined Apple in 1995. On June 27, 2019, Khan was named senior vice president of operations, reporting to Jeff Williams. In his role at Apple, Khan's operations department has been responsible for establishing partnerships with green manufacturing suppliers. Additionally, Khan's department was responsible for changes to suppliers' operations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Nehru Jackets

Nehru Jackets is the first solo mixtape by American rapper Himanshu. It was released on Himanshu's own Greedhead Music label on January 17, 2012.
Rolling Stone named the song "Womyn" the 36th best song of 2012.
Himanshu released Nehru Jackets in collaboration with SEVA NY to draw attention to the redistricting battle in Queens, New York. Guests on Nehru Jackets include Despot, Danny Brown, Childish Gambino, Fat Tony, and Mr. Muthafuckin' eXquire. In an interview with Rolling Stone, he explained the creation process: "with Mike [Finito], I just kind of let him do his thing. I told him I wanted Indian stuff, and he cooked it up. Mike just gave me, like, 40 beats and I fucked with whatever I liked." The mixtape's cover is a parody of the packaging of Parle-G biscuits.
Zach Kelly of Pitchfork commented that "Nehru Jackets as a whole is pretty loose, filled with free-associative raps that find Heems in various states of alertness, sobriety, and engagement." He added, "[Mike] Finito's work is one of the tape's strengths, but it also leaves Heems with a lot of ground to cover, and much of the material ends up feeling unfocused."