Pinto horse

A pinto horse has a coat color that consists of large patches of white and any other color. Pinto coloration is also called paint, particolored, or in nations that use British English, simply coloured. Pinto horses have been around since shortly after the domestication of the horse.
Pinto colors can come in a number of genetically distinct patterns, which have different visual characteristics and tend to make white or leave colored different areas of the horse. These include tobiano, sabino, splashed white, frame, and manchado. A pinto horse may also have a combination of these patterns, such as tovero.
Pinto patterns can be found in various breeds of horses, notably including the American Paint Horse. Color breed registries such as the Pinto Horse Association of America www.pinto.org record pedigree and horse show results for pinto horses, regardless of ancestry. Both the terms "Pinto" and "Paint" may sometimes refer to breeds or registries rather than coat color.
Pinto patterns are visually and genetically distinct from the leopard complex spotting patterns characteristic of horse breeds such as the Appaloosa. Breeders who select for color are often careful not to cross the two patterns, and registries that include spotting color preferences often refuse registration to horses that exhibit characteristics of the "wrong" pattern.
A pinto horse has a coat with patches of white fur and patches of another color. The white on a pinto horse is generally asymmetric, unlike for example white added by the leopard complex.
The non-white area has the same colors in the same arrangements as one would see on a solid horse. Overall, the effect is as if a horse with a solid coat had white painted in patches over top. The white areas of a pinto horse generally have pink skin underneath.
A horse with small amounts of white only on the face and/or legs is not called "pinto" but instead said to have white markings. There is no clear dividing line for how much white counts as pinto and how much counts as only white markings, and various breed registries have slightly different rules on how much white must be present and where it must be placed to count as pinto.
The word pinto is Spanish for "painted", "dappled", or "spotted".
The earliest known pinto horses appeared shortly after horses were domesticated. Analysis of ancient horse DNA found a tobiano horse that lived about 5600 years ago, and a sabino-1 horse that lived about 5000 years ago. Tobiano was at first favored by humans and became especially common during the Iron Age (900 BC to 400 AD), before becoming less frequent again in the Middle Ages.
Images from pottery and other art of ancient antiquity show horses with flashy, spotted patterns, indicating that they may have been desirable traits and selectively bred for. Images of spotted horses appear in the art of Ancient Egypt, and archaeologists have found evidence of horses with spotted coat patterns on the Russian steppes before the rise of the Roman Empire. Later, spotted horses were among those brought to the Americas by the conquistadores.
By the 17th century in Europe, spotted horses were quite fashionable, though when the fad ended, large numbers of newly unsellable horses were shipped to the Americas, some of which were sold, while others were simply turned loose to run wild. The color became popular, particularly among Native Americans, and was specifically bred for in the United States, which now has the greatest number of pinto horses in the world.
A few words describe pinto horses by giving more detail about the color of the non-white areas, mainly used in British English. This can also be done by including the base color in the coat name, such as "bay pinto" or "pinto palomino".
While pinto horses in general have patches of white and patches of color, there are a number of different, separately inherited patterns which tend to arrange the white and colored areas differently.
Some additional terms describe the pattern without specifying the exact pinto pattern. These include:
In biology, pinto is considered a type of piebaldism, which is itself a type of leucism.
As noted in the description of patterns, the frame gene is associated with a condition called lethal white syndrome. This is a genetic disorder causing foals to die shortly after birth. Affected foals are fully white and have a non-functional colon.
The gene that causes lethal white syndrome is the same gene that causes the frame overo pinto pattern. A single copy results in a frame overo horse, while two copies being present causes lethal white syndrome. Some horses may have the gene without visually appearing to be frame patterned, but a DNA test exists to determine whether a horse is a carrier. Lethal white syndrome can be avoided by not breeding two carriers together.
A number of color breed registries encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses, with varying registration requirements. The less restrictive organizations allow registration of a horse of any breed or combination of breeds with as little as three square inches of white above the knees or hocks, not including facial markings. Some pinto registries do not accept animals with draft horse or mule breeding, though others do. None accepts horses with the genetically distinct Appaloosa pattern, produced by genes in the leopard complex, and the Appaloosa registry in turn does not accept animals with pinto patterns.
When used to refer to breeds, Pinto is a color breed that can be of any type or ancestry, while a Paint is a breed with a specific type and bloodlines.
The Pinto Horse Association of America (PtHA) www.pinto.org is a color breed, which accepts horses based on coat color regardless of ancestry. They maintain three registries: the Color Registry, which accepts pinto colored horses; the Solid Registry, which accepts any horse not accepted by the Colored Registry; and the Long Ear Registry, which accepts donkeys and mules of any color. To count as Pinto, a horse must have at least four square inches of white fur and pink skin in areas other than the face and lower legs. The Color Registry does not accept horses with appaloosa characteristics, but the Solid Registry does. The Color Registry also requires that both parents of stallions be registered with the PtHA or an approved outcross breed, though this is not required for ponies, miniatures, or horses of Vanner or Drum type.
The PtHA has over 160,000 registered Pintos.
Horses with pinto coloring and verifiable pedigrees tracing to Quarter Horses or Thoroughbreds have been named the American Paint Horse, and are recorded in a separate registry, the American Paint Horse Association. While a Pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds (possibly with restrictions depending on the registry), a horse that is registered as an American Paint Horse must have at least one parent recorded with the APHA, and both parents must be only of registered American Quarter Horse, American Paint Horse, or Thoroughbred bloodlines. Therefore, most Paint horses may also be registered as Pintos, but not all Pintos are qualified to be registered as Paints.
The American Paint Horse is a very popular breed in the United States, with around 10,000 horses registered annually, roughly two thirds of which are in the US.
Many breed registries do not, or at some point in the past did not, accept cropout horses with spots or "excess" white for registration, believing that such animals were likely to be crossbreds, or due to a fear of producing lethal white foals. This exclusion of offspring from pedigreed parents led to the formation not only of the American Paint Horse Association, but also other pinto registries. Among the breeds that excluded such horses were the Arabian Horse and American Quarter Horse registries. Modern DNA testing, though, has revealed that some breeds do possess genes for spotting patterns, such as a non-SB-1 sabino pattern in Arabians, and sabino, overo, and tobiano in Quarter Horses. Therefore, these registries have modified their rules, allowing horses with extra white, if parentage is verified through DNA testing, to be registered. The Jockey Club's Thoroughbred registry, however, still does not officially recognize pinto as a registerable color, though it does allow white body spots to be recorded under the category of markings. The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of the UK also does not accept "piebald" or "skewbald" horses for registration.