davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of prime ministers of Sri Lanka

There have been sixteen prime ministers of Sri Lanka since the creation of the position in 1947, prior to the independence of the country (then known as Ceylon). The prime minister of Ceylon was the head of the government until 1972. In 1972, the country was renamed as the Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka, and the position was known as the prime minister of Sri Lanka from then onwards. The prime minister also held the unified Ministry of External Affairs and Defence until 1977, when the government of J. R. Jayewardene split the ministry into two ministries, forming the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In 1978, after Jayewardene became the president, new constitutional changes were introduced. The position of the executive president was introduced, resulting in the powers of the prime minister being reduced. The president became the head of state and chief executive, and the prime minister became a weak head of government.
Under the current constitution of Sri Lanka, the prime minister is the leader of the Cabinet business and also functions as a deputy to the president. In the event a president dies in office, the prime minister becomes the acting president until the Parliament convenes to elect a successor or new elections can be held to elect a new president. Such was the case in 1993, when President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated and Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunga took office as president.
On 28 April 2015, the Parliament approved the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives the power of the government to the prime minister, while the president remains the head of state, head of the Cabinet, and commander-in-chief.
Of the sixteen prime ministers who have held the office since the introduction of the position in 1947, one has held the office four times, two have held office thrice, and two have held office twice. Six prime ministers have gone on to become president of the country.
Ranil Wickremesinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country's history, on six occasions (May 1993, December 2001, January 2015, August 2015, December 2018 and May 2022), whilst Dudley Senanayake and Sirimavo Bandaranayake have each been appointed three times. Mahinda Rajapaksa is the only prime minister who was suspended from his duties by the Supreme Court, becoming the first and only de facto prime minister of Sri Lanka in 2018.
United National Party (7) Sri Lanka Freedom Party (6) Sinhala Bhasha Peramuna (1) Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (2) National People's Power (1)
Out of the 16 distinct people to have held the office of prime minister, 8 have come from three political families.
Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)

The Prime Minister's Office is a ministry of the Government of Sri Lanka. It provides the administrative and institutional framework for the exercise of the duties and responsibilities vested in the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. From 1947 to 1978 it was the most powerful office within the government. However, after the creation of the executive presidency in 1978 the post of Prime Minister became more or less nominal and functions as a deputy to the President, with a few exceptions.
With the establishment of the post of Prime Minister of Ceylon in 1947, under the Soulbury Commission, the first prime minister, D. S. Senanayake took the portfolio of External Affairs and Defence. The early Prime Minister's Office was located at Senate Square consisting of a working office room of the Prime Minister, along with rooms of the Prime Minister's Secretary (Permanent Secretary rank), Assistant Secretary (from the Ceylon Civil Service), a Private Secretary, along with clerical and support staff. The Ministry of External Affairs and Defence was also located at Senate Square, along with the Cabinet office and the Senate of Ceylon. Some Prime Minister's preferred to work from their official residence Temple Trees or from their personal residence. Per the Westminster tradition, the prime minister had an office at the Parliament too.
With the 1978 Constitution, the president became both head of state and government. The first prime minister in the new capacity, Ranasinghe Premadasa set about defining the new role of the prime minister. He established the Prime Minister's Office at the Sirimathipaya Mansion in 1978, which houses the office of the Prime Minister's Secretary and Secretariat.
The LTTE carried out a suicide bombing at the Prime Minister's Office, on January 5, 2000 in an assassination attempt when a female suicide bomber detonated the bomb outside the Prime Minister's Office, killing 13 civilians and three police officers attached to the PMSD.
On 13 July 2022, during the 2022 Sri Lankan protests, thousands of protesters stormed and occupied the Prime Minister's Office, after the President's House, the Presidential Secretariat and Temple Trees been stormed and occupied on the 9 July 2022 demanding that both president Gotabaya Rajapaksa and prime minister Ranil Wickremesinghe resign immediately.
Shreen Abdul Saroor

Shreen Abdul Saroor (born 1969) is a Sri Lankan peace and women's rights activist. In 1990 as part of the Muslim minority in Sri Lanka, she was forcibly removed from her home in Mannar by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and placed in a refugee camp. After experiencing the tragedies of the Sri Lankan Civil War, Saroor was moved to work for peace and women's rights. In 1999, she founded the Mannar Women's Development Federation to help promote women's empowerment. In 2004 she was included in the documentary film Leading the Way to Peace, Women Peacemakers. In 2008 Shreen was awarded the Voices of Courage award by the International Rescue Committee's Women's Refugee Commission for her advocacy for internally displaced women. In 2011 she was recipient of the N-Peace Award. In 2017, Shreen received the Franco-German Prize for Human Rights and the Rule of Law. The same year she became an Ashoka Fellow.
Saroor works toward a united Sri Lankan women's movement under the umbrella organization, the Women's Action Network (WAN). Saroor's work as an author includes her contributions to the Colombo Telegraph.
Independence Day (Sri Lanka)

National Day, also known as Independence Day, is a Sri Lankan national holiday celebrated annually on 4 February to commemorate the country’s political independence from British rule in 1948. It is celebrated all over the country through a flag-hoisting ceremony, dances, parades, and performances. Usually, the main celebration takes place in Colombo, where the President of Sri Lanka raises the national flag and delivers a nationally televised speech.
The President's speech typically highlights the achievements of the government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The President also pays tribute to the national heroes of Sri Lanka, observes two minutes of silence in their memory, challenges and vows to eradicate separatism. A great military parade is also made. In recent years, National Day has been used to showcase the power of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Police and the Civil Defense Force.
There were also singing and performances that showcase national unity and culture. Religious observances are also made in many places of worship around the country, wishing for peace and prosperity for the country, people and the tri-forces. The national media also tries to promote ideas like bravery, confidence, dedication, national unity, patriotism, nationalism, peace, national responsibility and awareness of national history in the minds of people.
Traditionally the Sri Lanka Navy accords a 21 gun salute to the nation from the ceremonial naval gun battery at the Colombo Lighthouse. A Google Doodle reaching only Sri Lanka celebrated the occasion in 2013 and from 2017 continuously onwards.
National symbols of Sri Lanka

The national symbols of Sri Lanka are the national anthem, flag, emblem, flower, tree, bird, butterfly, gemstone and sport. They represent the country and its people within Sri Lanka and abroad as well as traditions, culture, history and geography. Several other symbols do not have official acknowledgment as national symbols but are considered national symbols at the local level.
The Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka sets out the national flag, the national anthem, the national day and the national language. The constitution was promulgated by the National State Assembly on 7 September 1978. On 14 November 1987 the Sri Lankan Parliament passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka, which made both Sinhala and Tamil the national languages.
Here are list of national symbols that have no official status.
Photo identification

Photo identification or photo ID is an identity document that includes a photograph of the holder, usually only their face. The most commonly accepted forms of photo ID are those issued by government authorities, such as driver's licenses, identity cards and passports, but special-purpose photo IDs may be also produced, such as internal security or access control cards.
Photo identification may be used for face-to-face authentication of identity of a party who either is personally unknown to the person in authority or because that person does not have access to a file, a directory, a registry or an information service that contains or that can render a photograph of somebody on account of that person's name and other personal information.
Some countries – including almost all developed nations – use a single, government-issued type of card as a proof of age or citizenship.
The United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland do not have such a single type of card.
Types of photo ID used in the US include:
Australian photo ID includes:
Photo identification cards appear to have been first used at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Scottish-born Canadian photographer William Notman, through his affiliated business, Centennial Photographic Co., which had exclusive photographic concession at the exhibition, introduced a photo identification system that was required for all exhibitors and employees of the exhibition. The innovation was known as a "photographic ticket".
Bandera de Bolívar (Colombia)

La bandera de Colombia es un pabellón tricolor de disposición horizontal y sirve como emblema oficial para el pais colombiano
La bandera tiene un origen desconocido, aunque se presume en las insignias utilizadas por la Provincia de Cartagena, los cuales fueron heredados a las Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada;​​ igualmente las leyes que se refieren a los estandartes del departamento fueron modificados varias veces o se perdieron, por lo que no existe registro sobre la fecha exacta de creación del emblema.
Cuando se creó el estado de Colombia en 1857 fue adoptada una nueva bandera; ésta era la misma de Colombia, con el escudo nacional superpuesto en el centro, el cual iba rodeado por un óvalo de color rojo con un lema que llevaba el nombre del Estado en él. Esta norma se utilizó para todos los demás estados de la Unión Colombiana, con la inscripción cambiada por su respectivo nombre. Sin embargo debido a que el país cambió de nombre tres veces entre 1858 y 1863, los emblemas tuvieron que ser readoptados igual número de veces. ​
En 1886 los Estados Soberanos fueron suprimidos y a partir de ellos fueron creados los departamentos. Es a partir de esta fecha que la bandera amarillo, azul y rojo fue adoptada oficialmente.
La bandera está conformada por tres franjas horizontales, amarilla en la parte superior, verde en la parte media y roja en la parte inferior, y cada una de ellas con un ancho igual a un tercio de la bandera.
Los colores tienen su propio significado:
Bandera del Atlántico (Colombia)

La bandera del Atlántico es uno de los tres símbolos oficiales del departamento colombiano del Atlántico junto al himno y al escudo. Fue adoptada por medio del Decreto 000589 del 27 de noviembre de 1989.​
Con motivo de los 75 años de la creación del departamento del Atlántico, la Asamblea Departamental abrió un concurso para escoger la bandera oficial del departamento por medio de la Ordenanza 18 del 21 de noviembre de 1985. El Comité de Evaluación, en sesión del 6 de mayo de 1986, escogió el diseño de Juan Orlando Correa.​
La forma de la bandera es la de un rectángulo de proporción de tres de alto por cinco de largo dividido en tres franjas longitudinales de igual altura, la superior y la inferior blancas, la central roja.​
El pabellón debe ser utilizado por oficinas públicas y privadas, colegios y demás entidades con sede en el departamento. Además, debe ser izado en la fecha conmemorativa de la creación del departamento y en actos y fechas cívicos y patrióticos conjuntamente con las banderas de Colombia y de Barranquilla.​
Bandera de Santander (Colombia)

La Bandera de Santander es el principal símbolo oficial del departamento colombiano de Santander. Fue creada y adoptada por decreto n.º 579 de 1972, con firma del entonces Gobernador Jaime Trillos Novoa. Aunque Santander tuvo su propia bandera como parte de los Estados Unidos de Colombia, estos símbolos se volvieron obsoletos una vez que la federación fue disuelta y los Estados Soberanos pasaron a llamarse Departamentos.​
La bandera decretada en 1972 contenía tan solo 5 estrellas, que representaban las provincias históricas que conformaron el departamento de Santander en 1886: García Rovira, San Gil, Socorro, Soto y Vélez. A finales del año 2003 se aumentó el número de estrellas a 6, cada una de ellas por las provincias de ese entonces: Soto, Vélez, García Rovira, Guanentá, Comunera y Mares.​
Mediante el decreto n.º 254 del 1 de septiembre de 2006 se modifica el artículo 2.º del decreto n.º 579 de 1972 en lo pertinente a las estrellas, cuyo número se aumentó a 8, cada una de ellas en representación de los ocho Núcleos de Desarrollo Provincial del Departamento.
La ordenanza n.º 8 del 30 de mayo de 2008 al eliminar los Núcleos de Desarrollo Provincial, deroga tácitamente las modificaciones introducidas a la bandera mediante el Decreto n.º 254 del 1 de septiembre de 2006.
Con la ordenanza n.º 09 de 2019 se incrementó el número de provincias a siete (Soto Norte, Vélez, García Rovira, Guanentá, Comunera, Yariguíes y Metropolitana), por lo que se le agregó una estrella más a la bandera y al escudo del departamento.​​
La Bandera consta de una franja vertical de color rojo y otras cinco de forma horizontal, de colores verde, amarillo y negro. Las franjas verdes tienen un tercio de ancho cada una, mientras la amarilla es cortada por una franja negra de un tercio de ésta. El decreto de 1972 establece que la bandera tiene dos tercios de ancho en relación con su longitud.
El significado de los colores es el siguiente:​
Fortaleza de San Felipe

La fortaleza de San Felipe es una antigua fortaleza del Imperio español situada al norte la isla de La Española en la provincia de Puerto Plata, República Dominicana.​
Dado que la bahía de Puerto Plata es profunda y bien protegida, es además la más cercana a Santiago de los Caballeros y del Cibao para servir de puerto. Estas condiciones fueron estratégicas para la construcción de la fortaleza que también es conocida como «El Morro de San Felipe».
Su construcción fue encargada por el rey Felipe II de España, y fue completada en 1577 por Rengifo de Angulo, el alcaide del fuerte.
La fortaleza funcionó como prisión en varias ocasiones y allí estuvo el patricio Juan Pablo Duarte en calidad de Preso político por órdenes de Pedro Santana.
Durante la dictadura de Rafael Leónidas Trujillo fueron apresados y llevados a esta dicha cárcel Manolo Tavárez Justo y Leandro Guzmán que fueron los esposos de las hermanas Mirabal trasladándolos hacia allá desde Salcedo para que las señoras se dirijiesen hacia un lugar lejano para visitar a sus esposos con la intención de que fueran víctimas de un fatal accidente junto a su chofer Rufino de la Cruz Disla. El 25 de noviembre del año 1960 se dirigieron hacia Puerto Plata a visitar a sus esposos, luego al regresar a su pueblo Salcedo fueron interceptadas por integrantes del Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM) en la salida de puerto plata donde fueron conducidas hacia una casa campestre donde fueron golpeadas hasta provocarles la muerte, este crimen provocó la caída del régimen y trajo consigo mismo el ajusticiamiento del dictador luego de seis meses, el 30 de mayo del año 1961.
Está situada en una colina en la «Puntilla del Malecón», con vistas al Océano Atlántico, su ubicación estratégica protege la entrada a la ciudad del puerto. Hoy en día, la Fortaleza de San Felipe sirve como un museo que muestra la importante función que ha desempeñado en la historia de Puerto Plata y la República Dominicana.
Estación Cartagena

La Estación Cartagena es una antigua estación ferroviaria ubicada en Avenida San Martín, esquina La Marina, ciudad de Cartagena, Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Inaugurada en 1921,​ sirvió como estación terminal del Ramal Santiago - Cartagena hasta la clausura del servicio en 1989. La estación fue declarada Monumento Nacional de Chile, en la categoría de Monumento Histórico, mediante el Decreto Supremo n.º 287, del 1 de julio de 1994.​
En el año 1921 terminó la construcción del Ramal Santiago - Cartagena,​ servicio que unía la Estación Central de Santiago con el balneario de Cartagena, en el litoral central. La Estación Cartagena fue construida como estación terminal de pasajeros del ramal, siendo inaugurada por el presidente Arturo Alessandri.​ En los años 1950 salían tres trenes desde Santiago al balneario los días domingo, pero el servicio comenzó a declinar cuando se popularizó el servicio de buses, acrecentado desde 1978, cuando se liberalizó el servicio terrestre.​
Mediante el decreto 64 del 16 de marzo de 1989 el ramal dejó de funcionar y la estación Cartagena fue suprimida.​ En 1991 se levantaron las líneas que unían a Cartagena con San Antonio, quedando la estación abandonada. El 20 de agosto de 1999 un incendio afectó el edificio casi por completo,​ siendo reconstruido finalmente, luego de que en 2004 la Empresa de los Ferrocarriles del Estado acordara que la administración de la antigua estación quedara en manos del municipio, desarrollando posteriormente actividades culturales y comunitarias.​ La reconstrucción fue llevada a cabo con fondos aportados por la Subsecretaría de Desarrollo Regional y Administrativo y por la Municipalidad de Cartagena.​
La estación se encuentra ubicada al poniente de la Plaza de Armas de Cartagena, cerca de la playa Chica, alcanzando la esquina de Avenida La Marina, que sube desde la playa Chica hasta la intersección con la Avenida San Martín, que une a Cartagena con San Antonio.​
El edificio de la estación es de dos niveles, y comprendía las que eran las boleterías, oficinas y sala de espera, ubicadas en una planta en T, encontrándose su segundo piso amansardado, y rematado por una torre de madera. Su construcción está hecha de piedra y de madera, y las puertas y ventanas están coronadas por arcos de medio punto. El andén tiene su techo cubierto que descansa sobre pilares de madera.​
Isla Plana (Cartagena)

Isla Plana es una localidad del municipio de Cartagena de la comunidad autónoma de Murcia en España, integrada administrativamente en la diputación de Los Puertos de Santa Bárbara. Se encuentra a 23 km al oeste del núcleo urbano, a poca distancia del término municipal de Mazarrón.
El padrón municipal de 2013 asigna a la localidad 980 habitantes, 428 de los cuales son extranjeros. En las últimas décadas se ha producido un lento crecimiento poblacional, acelerado desde 2004, debido fundamentalmente a las actividades económicas derivadas del turismo de sol y playa.​​​​​
Su litoral costero es muy recortado, con entrantes y salientes, del que destaca una pequeña isla de perfil plano que da nombre a la localidad. Este islote está protegido dentro del espacio Islas e Islotes del Litoral Mediterráneo como parque natural.
Hacia el interior, encontramos el monte de "Cabezo de Hornos" también llamado "Monte de la Cara", y al este, adentrándose en las montañas el paraje "la Rambla del Cañar". Estos espacios por su diversidad de fauna y, muy especialmente de flora, con numerosos endemismos botánicos y especies de plantas en peligro de extinción, han sido incluidos dentro del espacio protegido de la Sierra de la Muela, Cabo Tiñoso y Roldán con la categoría de parque natural y Lugar de Importancia Comunitaria y Zona de especial protección para las aves (Red Natura 2000).
Manatí (Atlántico)

Manatí es un municipio colombiano, ubicado en el departamento del Atlántico, en la costa norte del país. Es uno de las poblaciones con los registros con las más alta temperatura de Colombia.
Además de su cabecera municipal, Manatí tiene bajo su jurisdicción los siguientes centros poblados:
Antes de la colonización española, el lugar era llamado Mahabana, en honor a un cacique indígena de nombre Mahada. Según la versión más difundida de los historiadores, la población fue fundada por el capitán español Diego de Rebolledo en 1680.​
En un principio, la población se conoció con el nombre de Villa de San Luis Beltrán, por el nombre del santo, que pasó por esa región como misionero dominico. Sin embargo, el nombre cambió a "Manatí" después de que, sorpresivamente, pescadores del lugar encontraran este mamífero en la ciénaga que rodeaba la población.
La asamblea del departamento de Bolívar lo eleva a municipio por razón de una ordenanza de 1855.​
El municipio se encuentra en una zona privilegiada por su cercanía a grandes fuentes de agua como el embalse del Guájaro y el canal del Dique.​
Las actividades principales de la economía municipal son la agricultura (con grandes plantaciones de algodón, millo, arroz y ajonjolí) y la ganadería. También hay algunos yacimientos de sulfato de calcio y yeso. ​
En el municipio se desarrollan festejos tales como los carnavales en el mes de febrero o marzo, las fiestas patronales de San Luis Beltrán en el mes de octubre, el festival de son de pajarito y de la Virgen de la Inmaculada Concepción en el mes de diciembre, entre otras festividades.
La bandera del municipio es una tribanda con los colores amarillo, azul y rojo (similar a la bandera de Colombia) con un triángulo blanco en la esquina superior izquierda.
El escudo, de la autoría del poeta Sigifredo Rafael Ochoa Torrenegra y adoptado en el 2001, ostenta símbolos de la agricultura, la ganadería y los manatíes en el municipio, entre otros.​
El himno es autoría de José Del Castillo Muñoz.​
Lugar designado por el censo

En los Estados Unidos, un lugar designado por el censo (traducción literal de la frase en inglés: 'census-designated place', CDP) es un lugar, una concentración de población, identificado por la Oficina del Censo de los Estados Unidos para fines estadísticos. Los CDP se designan para cada censo decenal como contrapartida en la estadística de los lugares incorporados como ciudades, pueblos y villas rurales. Son comunidades que carecen de gobierno local, pero que físicamente se parecen a los lugares incorporados. Los CDP se designan para proveer información de las concentraciones de personas que están identificadas por nombres, pero no están legalmente constuitidos bajo las leyes del estado en la cual están localizadas. Los límites de los CDP no tienen ningún estatus legal.​
Se incluyen las pequeñas comunidades rurales, colonias que se encuentran a lo largo de la frontera de EE. UU. con México, y no constituidas en sociedad (como complejos y comunidades de jubilados). Los límites de un CDP no tienen valor jurídico,​ por lo tanto, puede que no siempre se correspondan con el conocimiento local de la zona o de la comunidad con el mismo nombre. Sin embargo, los criterios establecidos para el Censo 2010, se exige que el nombre de los CDP debe «ser uno que sea reconocido y utilizado en la comunicación diaria de los residentes de la comunidad» (y no «un nombre desarrollado exclusivamente para la planificación o para otros fines») y recomienda que los límites de un CDP se asignará sobre la base de la extensión geográfica asociada con el uso de los residentes de la ciudad.​
La Oficina del Censo de los EE. UU. afirma que los lugares designados no se consideran lugares incorporados, y que incluye lugares censo-señalados de Hawái en sus listas de población de la ciudad, porque ese estado no tiene incorporadas las ciudades.​ Además, las listas del censo de la ciudad desde 2007 incluyen los CDP del Condado de Arlington (Virginia) en la lista con los lugares incorporados.​
Hay una serie de razones para la designación de un CDP:
Palace of the Inquisition (Cartagena, Colombia)

The Palace of the Inquisition, also known as the Inquisition Palace, (Spanish: Palacio de la Inquisición, Spanish pronunciation: [paˈlasjo ðe lajŋkisiˈsjon]) is an eighteenth-century the seat of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Cartagena, now in modern Colombia. Completed in 1770, it currently serves as a museum showcasing historical artifacts. Among the many historical artifacts, the museum displays torture equipment used on victims during the inquisition. These items were removed from display in 2015 prior to visits to Colombia by Pope Francis. They have since partially returned and are again on display. The museum has been described as "one of the finer buildings" in Cartagena. Cited as one of Cartagena's "best examples of late colonial, civil architecture", it faces the Parque de Bolívar.
The establishment of the Palace was decreed by Philip III of Spain. Since Cartagena was a center of commerce, a transit point between the Caribbean and Spanish settlements in western South America, the city became the third in the Spanish empire to have a tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition. Some merchants were Portuguese and suspected of being crypto-Jews (Jews passing as Christian). During the period 1580–1640, the crown of Portugal and that of Spain were ruled by the same monarch, and the period saw many Portuguese merchants active in Spain's overseas colonies. Established in 1610, the current building was completed much later. The Palace was used by Inquisition to try Jews and other non-Catholics and about 800 individuals believed guilty of crimes such as black magic were publicly executed there.
The Palace is built in Spanish Colonial style, with elements from the Baroque era. A crucifix occupies one of the walls facing a torture equipment. The white brick structure has gateways made of stone. The rooms of the Palace are mostly made up of masonry. The framework of the Palace is built out of wood; double-storey limestones were also used in the making of the Palace. The museum displays coins, maps, weapons, furniture, church bells, and depictions of notable generals, in addition to the torture equipment used previously. The Palace was partially restored to preserve Colombia's cultural heritage.
Flag of Colombia

The national flag of Colombia symbolizes that the nation gained its independence from Spain on 20 July 1810. It is a unequal horizontal tricolor of yellow, blue and red in a 2:1:1 ratio. The yellow stripe takes up a half of the flag while the blue and red stripes take up a quarter of the space each.
The horizontal stripes (from top to bottom) of yellow, blue and red tricolor have a ratio of 2:1:1. The Colombian flag, the flag of Ecuador, and the flag of Venezuela are all derived from the flag of Gran Colombia. The stripes of the Colombian and Ecuadorian flags are different from most other tricolor flags because the three stripes are not equal sizes. By contrast, the flag of Venezuela is a more conventional tricolor due to its evenly sized stripes.
The official colors of the Colombian flag have not been established by law. The International Federation of Vexillological Associations recommends the following colors:
According to the government of Colombia, the colors represent:
The flag's colors have other representations, such as blue for loyalty and vigilance, red for the victory of battles for Colombian independence, and yellow for sovereignty and justice.
Francisco de Miranda originally created the common yellow, blue, and red flag of Gran Colombia that Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, with slight variations, share today. Miranda gave at least two sources of inspiration for his flag. In a letter written to the Russian count Semyon Vorontsov and the German philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Miranda described a late-night conversation he had had with Goethe at a party in Weimar during the winter of 1785. Fascinated by Miranda's account of his exploits in the United States Revolutionary War and his travels throughout the Americas and Europe, Goethe told him, "Your destiny is to create in your land a place where primary colors are not distorted." He proceeded to clarify what he meant:
After Miranda designed his flag based on this conversation, he recalled seeing a fresco by Lazzaro Tavarone in the Palazzo Belimbau in Genoa that depicted Christopher Columbus unfurling a similar-colored flag in Veragua during his fourth voyage.
In his military diary, Miranda gave another possible source of inspiration: the yellow, blue and red standard of the Burger Guard (Bürgerwache) of Hamburg, which he also saw during his travels in Germany.
In the 1801 plan for an army to liberate Spanish America, which he submitted unsuccessfully to the British cabinet, Miranda requested the materials for "ten flags, whose colors shall be red, yellow, and blue, in three zones." However, the first flag was not raised until 12 March 1806, in Jacmel, Haiti, during his ill-fated expedition to Venezuela.
National flag
Historical flags
Military and civil flags
Historical military and civil flags
Construction sheets
Flag of Gran Colombia

The flag of Gran Colombia was based on Francisco de Miranda's Venezuelan tricolour which served as the national flag of the First Republic of Venezuela, It was served as the basis for the current flags of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, which emerged as independent nations at the breakup of Gran Colombia in 1831.
According to the current interpretation, the colours signify:
The first flag was adopted in late 1819. Originally used without arms, the first design of the state flag was based on the Venezuelan flag of 1811. Some variations have the coat of arms in the centre of the flag. This flag was in use officially until 10 January 1820.
On 10 January 1820, the Department of Cundinamarca, one of the three official departments of the republic, adopted arms of its own alleging that the arms of the republic were only used in Venezuela. On 12 July 1821, the national congress decreed that the arms of Cundinamarca must be used on the common flag as part of the national coat of arms until new arms could be decreed. Thus, the departmental flag of Cundinamarca was converted into the national flag of Gran Colombia and was officially used in the department of Venezuela. Some variations have the coat of arms in the centre of the flag. It would be the national flag until late 1821.
A third flag was adopted in late 1821, with a different coat of arms. Some variations have the writing "Republica de Colombia" around the coat of arms, and others have the coat of arms encircled. This flag served as the national flag until the country's dissolution in 1830.
On 11 July 1822, Guayaquil was incorporated and Gran Colombia reached its largest size. New arms were adopted, and the coat of arms was taken off the flag, and replaced with stars. It had three stars, but was upped to six, then nine, then finally twelve. Some variants had no stars, however. The color of the blue stripe was also changed to the dark blue seen on the flags of its successors. Some variants have no star.
After the Dissolution of Gran Colombia three of the nations flags remained a yellow-blue-red tricolor, except for British Guiana which took on the Union Jack. The flag of Republic of New Granada is a vertical red-blue-yellow tricolor flag. The flag of State of Venezuela was a horizontal yellow-blue-red tricolor with the coat of arms of Venezuela in the middle of the flag. The flag of Ecuador was a basic yellow-blue-red horizontal tricolor flag with no emblems.
The Colombian flag is similar to the first Grand Colombian flag, without the coat of arms. The Ecuadorian flag is similar to the Colombian flag, only with the lighter shade of yellow, blue and red, and a centered coat of arms. The Venezuelan flag resembles the Ecuadorian and Colombian flags, but with equal tricolor bands and 8 stars forming an arch.
Flag of the president of Colombia

The flag of the president of Colombia consists, like the flag of Colombia, of a rectangle in yellow, blue and red triband in a 2:1:1 ratio, meaning three horizontal stripes, with yellow at the top occupying half the width of the flag, blue at the bottom. middle occupying a quarter of the width and red below, occupying the last quarter, finished off in the central part with the coat of arms of Colombia.
The first record of the adoption of a presidential flag dates back to 9 November 1949, when the use of the presidential flag was established through the constitution, the official flag will be a standardized version of the national flag using the coat of arms of the Republic of Colombia.
The presidential flag of the United States was composed of the traditional colors with a central obalo on a blue background, composed of 9 8-pointed stars, this flag also served as a merchant flag.
Over the past 15 years, two governments have sequentially discontinued the original design of the presidential flag, replacing the Colombian coat of arms with the Coat of Arms, a version of the current coat of arms enclosed in a red circle and bearing the inscriptions Republica de Colombia. and the motto Libertad y Orden.
Within the marked changes of the Uribe administration, one of the most visible changes was the incorporation of an almost exclusive design of the presidential flag, making use in this time of war in Colombia, a standardized version of the shield of arams for exclusive use by the armed forces.
During this period, the administration of President Santos kept some of the changes of the past administration, one of them without a doubt was the presidential flag, which was also used in protocol events, in addition to the use of similar designs to identify some state entity, with the use of the coat of arms enclosed in red, identifying the corresponding entity.
The current flag makes use of the coat of arms alone, without the incorrect use of red border and inscriptions on it, as established by the constitution.
Stone wall

Stone walls are a kind of masonry construction that has been used for thousands of years. The first stone walls were constructed by farmers and primitive people by piling loose field stones into a dry stone wall. Later, mortar and plaster were used, especially in the construction of city walls, castles, and other fortifications before and during the Middle Ages. These stone walls are spread throughout the world in different forms.
Stone walls are usually made of local materials varying from limestone and flint to granite and sandstone. However, the quality of building stone varies greatly, both in its endurance to weathering, resistance to water penetration and in its ability to be worked into regular shapes before construction. Worked stone is usually known as ashlar, and is often used for corners in stone buildings. Granite is very resistant to weathering, while some limestones are very weak. Other limestones, such as Portland stone, are more weather-resistant.
Large structures are typically constructed with thick walls, such as those found in castles and cathedrals, which can reach up to 12 feet in thickness. These walls generally consist of a layered stone exterior and rubble infill.
Imjonseong Fortress

Imjonseong Fortress (Korean: 임존성) was a Korean fortress in what is now Yesan County, South Korea. It was designated Historic Site of South Korea No. 90 on January 21, 1963.
The fortress was built by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, as an outpost, presumably against the invasion of Goguryeo. It was located at the top of the mountain and was surrounded by a thick wall reinforced by stone. The circumference of the wall was approximately 3 kilometres (1.9 mi).
Currently, only remains of two gates, of a well, and of an unidentified building are present on the site.
Gyeongju Historic Areas

Gyeongju Historic Areas (Korean: 경주 역사유적 지구) is a World Heritage Site in Gyeongju, South Korea that was designated by UNESCO in 2000. The protected areas encompass the ruins of temples and palaces, outdoor pagodas and statuary, and other cultural artifacts left by the Koreanic kingdom Silla (57 BC – 935 AD).
The item is organized into five subregions that each contain a number of attractions.
The Mount Namsan Belt is based around the holy mountain Namsan, in the north of Gyeongju. The mountain itself is considered a large open-air museum because of the ancient art and artifacts on display in the open. The area includes numerous Buddhist art and artifacts, as well as the ruins of 122 temples, 53 stone statues, 64 stone pagodas, and 16 stone lanterns. Other notable sites include the Namsan Mountain Fortress (built in 591 CE), the Poseokjeong Pavilion site (famous for its abalone-shaped watercourse), and the Seochulji Pond.
The Wolseong Belt is based around the site of the former palace Wolseong. It also contains the Gyerim woodland, the artificial pond Anapji, and the observatory Cheomseongdae. The observatory is the oldest of its kind in East Asia.
This area consists of three groups of royal tombs. Most of the tumuli are shaped like domes or mounds of earth. However, some are shaped like gourds or half-moons. Excavated tombs reveal wooden coffins covered with gravel and rich grave goods of gold, glass, and quality ceramics. A famous example of a tomb in this park is the Heavenly Horse Tomb which contained a mural painting on birch bark saddle flap of a winged horse.
The Hwangnyongsa Belt is centered around the ruins of the temple Hwangnyongsa. According to the excavated foundation stones, Hwangnyongsa was the largest temple ever built in Korea and covered 72,500 m. The area also includes the temple Bunhwangsa.
The Sanseong Belt includes the ruins of fortresses along the east coast of South Korea. It notably includes Myeonghwalseong.
Wolseong

Wolseong (Korean: 월성; Hanja: 月城; lit. moon fortress) or Wolseong Palace was a royal palace of Silla. It was located in what is now Gyeongju, South Korea. The palace was used during the Silla and Unified Silla periods (57 BCE – 938 CE). The palace gets its names from the approximate outline of the palace walls, which were shaped like a crescent moon. It is also called Banwolseong (반월성; lit. crescent moon fortress) or Sinwolseong or Jaeseong, which means where the king resides.
Today the ruins of the palace, set among lush forests and hills, can still be visited and is part of the Gyeongju Historic Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage site. The South Korean government has also designated the palace ruins as Historic Site No. 16. Other notable sites nearby include the Anapji Pond which is northwest of the ruins and Gyeongju National Museum.
According to the Samguk Sagi, the fortress was built by King Pasa (4–24) to protect the royal palace. However, excavations done at the site in the second half of the 2010s and in 2021 reveal that it is more likely the palace was built in the 4th century. In September, archeologists also found human bodies and animal bones dating to the Silla dynasty buried at the main entrance, which indicates human sacrifice rituals may have been conducted to protect the construction. A 1500 years-old woman skeleton was pictured with a necklace, a bracelet and an earthen pot. The palace had many structures including the north and south gates, Guijeongmun, Hyeondeokmun, Mupyeongmun, Wolsangnu pavilion, Mangeunnu, and Goru. Jowonjeon was where the governmental affairs were discussed. Namcheon River flows along the south wall and provided a natural barrier of protection. The site of Imhaejeon Hall and other structures were also near the river.
According to legend, a man named Hogon lived on the site of the future fortress and was chased away by a youth Talhae who had magical powers. King Namhae, impressed by the story, took Talhae as his son-in-law. Talhae eventually became king.
Treasure No. 66, Seokbinggo, is a famous icehouse. It is 2.4 meters in width, 1.78 meters in height, and 18.8 meters in length. The entrance is located in the south and three ventilation ducts were built in the arched roof. The floor is angled in an incline so that melting ice water flows toward the floor. Originally the ice storehouse was in the west of Wolseong but has been moved to its present location near the northern castle turret. The icehouse was used during the Joseon dynasty. Records inscribed on stone state that Jo Myeonggyeom replaced the older wood ice storage house with one made of stone during the reign of King Yeongjo and then moved the icehouse to the west of Wolseong. The storage facility is considered important for its architectural technique and the magnitude of the structure.
The oldest icehouse in Korea was built in 505 under the reign of King Jijeung.
Chamela

Chamela is a small town in the state of Jalisco, on the west coast of Mexico. The town of Chamela sits on the south end of a bay called the Bahía de Chamela, or "Chamela Bay", on Federal Highway 200. San Mateo and Punta Pérula are the two other towns on the bay. It is 8 miles north of the better known resort of Careyes.
Chamela was a port during Spanish colonial times, often visited by galleons. Ruins of a colonial era fortification, built by Pedro de Alvarado, still remain.
Also known as Island Bay, Chamela's islands were declared a protected nature sanctuary by the Mexican government on April 9, 2001. It is a mostly undeveloped tourism destination, although several companies have announced plans to develop resorts on the bay.
A project to develop a marina on the bay's north point (Punta Perula) has been superseded by Roberto Hernandez Ramirez plan to develop a marina in Careyes, approximately 8 miles to the south.
In 2015, the town was largely destroyed by Hurricane Patricia.
19°32′N 105°07′W﻿ / ﻿19.533°N 105.117°W﻿ / 19.533; -105.117
Fort George, Grand Cayman

Fort George is a colonial era fortification located on Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Located in George Town, Grand Cayman, the structure stands on the corner of Harbour Drive and Fort Street. Although in present-day there is very little remaining of the original structure, its remains have been donated to the National Trust for the Cayman Islands in perpetuity. Fort George was one of the first fortifications built on the Cayman Islands during the early colonial period.
In 1662, the then Governor of Jamaica, Lord Windsor, received royal instructions to protect the "Caimanes Islands ... by planting and raising Fortifications upon them"; the fortification, however, was not constructed until 1790. Fort George was built using local coral rock and limestone ironshore with its design being based largely on the English fortifications of the time. The oval base of the Fort measured approximately 57 feet by 38 feet. There were eight embrasures for cannons around the sides of the fort and a mahogany gate on the fort's landward side. The walls of Fort George ranged in thickness from two feet on its landward side to five feet on its seaward side, with the walls being about five feet in height.
In 1802, when Edward Corbet came to Grand Cayman to compile a report for the Governor of Jamaica, he found the Fort "by no means well equipped" with only "three guns, four to six pounders", rather than the eight required by the original scheme.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the fort was no longer in use. During World War II, a tall silk cotton tree growing within the fort was used as a lookout post. Members of the Home Guard, whose barracks were located next to the fort at Dobson Hall, would climb up into the tree's branches to watch for German submarines, many of which patrolled Caribbean waters hunting for merchant ships setting out to cross the Atlantic with supplies bound for English ports.
In 1972, the Cayman Islands Planning Authority and a local developer were embroiled in a disagreement over the fort's future. The developer started the demolition of the structure, however, because of the objections raised by the local public, destruction of the site was halted. What remained of the structure was donated to the National Trust for the Cayman Islands in 1987.
19°17′48″N 81°22′58″W﻿ / ﻿19.29667°N 81.38278°W﻿ / 19.29667; -81.38278
Bolívar Department

Bolívar (Spanish pronunciation: [boˈliβaɾ]) is a department of Colombia. It was named after one of the original nine states of the United States of Colombia. It is located to the north of the country, extending roughly north–south from the Caribbean coast at Cartagena near the mouth of the Magdalena River, then south along the river to a border with Antioquia Department. The departments of Sucre and Córdoba are located to the west, and Atlántico Department to the north and east (most of the border formed by the Canal del Dique). Across the Magdalena River to the east is Magdalena Department. The flag of the department bears a resemblance to the flag of Lithuania.
Its capital is Cartagena de Indias. Other important cities include Magangué, El Carmen de Bolívar and Turbaco.
In today's villages of Maria La Baja, Sincerín, El Viso, and Mahates and Rotinet, excavations have uncovered the remains of maloka-type buildings, directly related to the early Puerto Hormiga settlements.
The flag of the department consists of three horizontal stripes of yellow, green and red (similar to the flag of Lithuania).
List of municipalities in Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Midwest region of the United States. According to the 2020 United States Census, Michigan is the 10th most populous state with 10,077,331 inhabitants and the 22nd largest by land area spanning 56,538.90 square miles (146,435.1 km) of land. Michigan is divided into 83 counties and contains 1,773 municipalities consisting of 276 cities, 257 villages, and 1,240 townships. The largest municipality by population in Michigan is Detroit with 639,111 residents; the smallest municipality by population is Pointe Aux Barques Township with 15 residents. The largest municipality by land area is McMillan Township which spans 588.78 sq mi (1,524.9 km), while Ahmeek is the smallest at 0.07 sq mi (0.18 km).
Municipalities include incorporated cities and villages, and townships (often referred to collectively as "CVTs"), which may either be general law or chartered. Charter townships are unique to Michigan among U.S. states, are delegated more power over local taxation, but have more municipal responsibilities and obligations. Cities are not subject to a township's jurisdiction, but villages remain part of the township in which they are located; village residents pay both township and village taxes, and share services with the township. Since all Michigan residents who do not live in a city live in a township, a village's population is counted in the population of the township in which it is located.
State capital‡
County seat†