davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Marraqueta

A marraqueta (also known by other names) is a bread roll made with wheat flour, salt, water and yeast.
This type of roll has a crusty exterior. In Chile, the bread dates to the 1800s and it is considered a national food of Bolivia. It is served for breakfast, lunch, and dinner and is the most common bread found in Bolivia bakeries.
In 2024, marraqueta was listed as the third best bread in the world by Taste Atlas.
The Bolivian marraqueta is consumed mostly in the metropolitan area of La Paz and El Alto. It is prepared in common ovens between midnight and dawn to be sold fresh and crunchy by vendors in the morning.
The marraqueta of La Paz, also known as marraqueta paceña, was declared cultural patrimony in 2006.
In Chile, marraqueta is a staple food eaten at every meal. Marraqueta is the most widely consumed bread in Chile and is used as toast, in sandwiches and as a binder for certain recipes such as pastel de carne (meatloaf). It is widely considered a national staple food and important to Chilean national identity. The bread is often consumed for breakfast topped with mashed avocado. The crust is considered the essential element of the bread; when used for sandwiches, the inner dough (the miga) is often scooped out and discarded, leaving the crust to be filled.
It is also called pan batido (whipped bread) or pan francés (French bread) depending on the region. The Chilean marraqueta is created by butting two rolls up against one another and slicing through both almost deeply enough to form four rolls, then baking.
Chilean marraqueta bread can be divided into four pieces with the hands. It does not contain fat and the proofing process takes longer than other breads. The unusual form of the four buns allows it to be divided very easily.
Many historians agree that the marraqueta originated in Valparaíso, Chile, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when major Chilean ports such as Valparaíso and Talcahuano received thousands of European immigrants. The story goes the bread was invented by two French baker brothers in Valparaíso whose last name was Teran-Marraquett, and the bread went on to become very popular among Chileans in a very short time. This story would explain both the marraqueta and pan francés names. In Valparaíso itself, somewhat confusingly, marraqueta means the four small rolls while half of this is called pan batido, the use of which is a shibboleth of the Port of Valparaíso (but is ignored by national supermarket chains). There is no clear agreement on what is considered one unit of marraqueta and while some bakers claim is the four pieces of bread, some others claim that a unit is only half (so they say that the four pieces are two marraquetas).
An alternative theory of the bread's origin was proposed by French naturalist and botanist Claude Gay, who suggested that marraqueta was first eaten in Chile in the 19th century.
In Peru, the term pan francés (or sometimes called pan francés peruano) is different from the marraqueta.
Avocado and milk in ice

Avocado and milk in ice (or abukado lamaw) is a traditional Filipino dessert or beverage made from avocado in milk and sugar (condensed milk, evaporated milk, or powdered milk can also be used).
It is preferably eaten cold. Ice (shaved ice, crushed ice, or simply ice cubes) are added, or it is partly frozen before consumption. The milk can also be excluded, mixing avocados directly with sugar. The avocados can also be mashed or puréed, which is usually called avocado milkshake or avocado smoothie. Sliced dessert bananas are sometimes added.
Avocado lamaw is the traditional way of eating avocados in the Philippines, where avocados were introduced from Mexico before the 1700s, during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. Avocado lamaw is a variant of lamaw, a dessert made with young coconut, milk, and sugar.
It became a food trend on TikTok in 2022.
A similar avocado smoothie can be found in Vietnam, called sinh tố bơ.
Lights (offal)

Lights are the lungs of game or livestock as used in cooking and butchery. Although technically offal, lights are rarely used in English-speaking culinary traditions, with the exception of the Scottish national dish haggis.
In Malaysia, slices of beef lights (paru, literally "lung" in Malay) are coated in flour and turmeric powder, deep-fried, and sold in packets at street markets. These are a very popular snack eaten with chilli sauce and a dash of vinegar.
Bopis (Spanish: bópiz) is a piquant Philippine dish of pork or beef lungs and heart sautéed in tomatoes, chilies and onions.
Avocado oil

Avocado oil is an edible oil extracted from the pulp of avocados, the fruit of Persea americana. It is used as an edible oil both raw and for cooking, where it is noted for its high smoke point. It is also used for lubrication and in cosmetics.
Avocado oil has an exceptionally high smoke point: 250 °C (482 °F) for unrefined oil and 271 °C (520 °F) for refined. The exact smoke point depends on the amount of refinement and the way the oil is stored.
Avocado oil functions well as a carrier oil for other flavors. It is high in monounsaturated fats and vitamin E, and also enhances the absorption of carotenoids and other nutrients.
Following drying of the avocado flesh to remove as much water as possible (the flesh is about 65% water), oil for cosmetics is usually extracted with solvents at elevated temperatures. After extraction, it is usually refined, bleached, and deodorized, resulting in an odorless yellow oil. Edible cold-pressed avocado oil is generally unrefined, like extra virgin olive oil, so it retains the flavor and color characteristics of the fruit flesh.
A study performed at the University of California, Davis in 2020 determined that a majority of the domestic and imported avocado oil sold in the US was rancid before its expiration date or was adulterated with other oils. In some cases, the researchers found that bottles labeled as "pure" or "extra virgin" avocado oil contained nearly 100% soybean oil.
Avocado oil is not derived from seeds; it is pressed from the fleshy pulp surrounding the avocado pit. Unrefined avocado oil from the 'Hass' cultivar has a characteristic flavor, is high in monounsaturated fatty acids, and has a high smoke point (≥250 °C or 482 °F), making it a good oil for frying. 'Hass' cold-pressed avocado oil is a brilliant emerald green when extracted; the color is attributed to high levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids; it has been described as having an avocado flavor, with grassy and butter/mushroom-like flavors. Other varieties may produce oils of slightly different flavor profile; 'Fuerte' has been described as having more mushroom and less avocado flavor.
Avocado oil has a similar monounsaturated fat profile to olive oil. Avocado oil is naturally low acidic, helping to increase smoke point. Unrefined avocado oil can be safely heated to 480 °F (249 °C). Both unrefined and refined avocado oil can safely be used for almost any high-heat cooking, including baking, stir-frying, deep-frying, searing, barbecuing, roasting, and sauteing. Like all oils, the more refined, the higher the smoke point. Each 30 mL of avocado oil contains 3.6 mg of Vitamin E and 146.1 mg of beta-sitosterol.
The following table provides information about the composition of avocado oil and how it compares with other vegetable oils.
Moto

Moto ni hali ya kuungua haraka kwa gimba na kutoa joto pamoja na nuru. Kisayansi ni mmenyuko wa kikemia kati ya oksijeni ya hewani na kampaundi za kaboni. Moto ni mfano mkuu wa harakati ya kuoksidisha.
Katika historia ya binadamu matumizi ya moto yalikuwa hatua kubwa ya kujenga utamaduni. Watu hutumia moto kwa kupika, kujilinda dhidi ya baridi na giza, kupeana habari, kuendesha vyombo vya usafiri na kutengeneza umeme.
Moto ni pia jambo haribifuː unaleta hatari kwa mali, afya na maisha ya watu na viumbe vyote.
Moto inawaka kama masharti manne yako mahali pamoja:
Masharti haya manne huelezwa kwa tetrahedroni ya moto. Hakuna moto kama masharti hayo manne hayapo pamoja.
Mmenyuko mfululizo ni lazima kwa kuendelea kwa moto ukihkikisha ya kwamba kuna joto la kutosha kuendeleza moto.
Moto inazimika kama moja kati ya masharti manne linaondolewa. Katika mfamo wa moto ya gesi kwenye jiko la kupikia ya gesi moto huu unazimika kwa:
Wataalamu wanaamini ya kwamba watu wa kale sana waliona faida ya kutumia moto uliotokea kiasili kutokana na radi n.k. Walipokuta wanyama waliokufa katika moto wa aina hii waliona ya kwamba nyama iliyochomwa na moto ni lishe bora kuliko nyama mbichi. Walitambua pia ya kwamba mimea au sehemu za mimea zilikuwa chakula bora baada ya kukaa motoni kwa muda fulani.
Kwa hiyo inaaminiwa watu kama hao kwanza walijifunza kubeba moto asilia na kuutunza kwenye makazi yao, baadaye walijifunza kuwasha moto. Kuwa na moto karibu na makazi au mahali pa kulala kulikuwa namna ya ulinzi dhidi ya wanyama wakali wanaoogopa moto na hawana akili ya kubainisha matumizi yake. Moto ulisaidia pia wakati wa kuwinda.
Kizima moto

Kizima moto ni chombo kinachotoa kiowevu, gesi au dawa la unga vinavyozuia mwako na kuzima moto. Giligili ndani yake huntunzwa kwa shindikizo inatoka kwa mbio kama vali yake inafunguliwa.
Madawa ndani ya kizimamoto hutofautiana kulingana na aina ya moto inayotakiwa kuzimwa.
Siku hizi kuna aina nyingi za moto hasa viwandani au gatika ghala penye kemikali mbalimbali. Walinzi wa moto huwa na vifaa vya pekee kwa aina hizi za moto.
Katika ghala au penye mashine kuna pia mitambo ya kuzima moto yasiyobebwa lakini yametengenezwa mahali penye hatari yakiwaka otomatia kwa kutumia vifaa vya kupima joto, gesi n.k.
Silaha za moto

Silaha za moto (kwa Kiing. firearm) ni vifaa vinavyorusha risasi dhidi ya shabaha kupitia kasiba (mtutu) yake kwa nguvu ya gesi inayopanuka kutokana na kuchomeka ghafla kwa baruti ndani ya silaha yenyewe.
Kutokana na mlipuko wa baruti ndani ya silaha moto huonekana mdomoni mwa silaha kila safari risasi imefyatuliwa.
Kati ya silaha za moto kuna kwa mfano:
Kuna pia silaha zinazorusha risasi kupitia kasiba ambazo si silaha za moto, kwa mfano bunduki ya hewa.
Wataalamu hufanyia utafiti silaha mpya zinazorusha risasi kwa kutumia nguvu ya sumakuumeme.
Maji ya kuzima moto

Maji ya moto ni maji ambayo yanatumika katika shughuli za kuzima moto na kwa kutupwa. Kwenye majanga mbalimbali, ni nyenzo inayochafua sana na inahitaji uangalifu maalum katika utupaji wake.
Katika hali nyingi za kuzima moto, kiasi kikubwa cha maji hubakia baada ya moto kuzimwa. Maji haya ya kuzimia moto yana vifaa vilivyopo kwenye jengo na pia yana vifaa vilivyoyeyushwa kutokana na michakato ya mwako na nyenzo zinazozalishwa kupitia kuzima moto.
Maji ya moto yanaweza kuchafuka hasa wakati jengo au tovuti inayozimwa yenyewe ina vifaa vinavyoweza kuchafua kama vile viuatilifu, vitendanishi vya kemikali-hai na isokaboni, mbolea, nk. Baadhi ya majengo, ikiwa ni pamoja na mashamba na sekta ya kemikali, huhatarisha kwa sababu ya aina za nyenzo hasa Majengo yenye kiasi cha plastiki yanaweza pia kusababisha matatizo makubwa kwa sababu ya ladha na harufu inayotolewa kwa maji ya moto.
Kuachilia maji ya moto yaliyochafuliwa kwenye mto, ziwa au chombo kingine kinachosambaza maji ya kunywa kunaweza kufanya maji ambayo hayajatibiwa kuwa yasiyofaa kwa kunywa au kuandaa chakula. Kusimamia maji ya moto mara kwa mara kunahitaji kwamba maji yawekwe kwenye tanki hadi kuondolewa kutoka kwa taarifa maalum ya kutibu. Mojawapo ya mbinu zinazotambulika ni kuwa na maji ya moto katika mfumo wa mifereji ya maji kwa kutumia mabomba maalum ya kuzuia au vali zinazozuia kurejea kwa maji zinazoweza kufungwa, ambazo zinaweza kuanzishwa kiotomatiki au kwa mikono.
Moto wa Pasaka

Moto wa Pasaka au Moto mpya unawashwa hasa wakati wa kesha la Pasaka ukimaanisha mwanzo mpya wa uhai uliosababishwa na ufufuko wa Yesu.
Katika moto huo, unaotakiwa kuondoa giza la ulimwengu, unawashwa mshumaa wa Pasaka ambao unamwakilisha Yesu mfufuka ambaye anaongoza waamini kama vile mnara wa nuru ulivyowaongoza Waisraeli jangwani wakati wa Musa.
Mbali na liturujia, katika nchi mbalimbali kuna desturi za kuwasha moto wa namna hiyo, hata siku moja kabla au baada ya Pasaka.
Huko Uholanzi kati ya vijiji kadhaa kuna mashindano kuhusu nani atawasha moto mzuri zaidi. Ule mrefu zaidi ulifikia mita 45.98.
Maasai Cricket Warriors

Maasai Cricket Warriors ( MCW ) ni timu ya kriketi ya wanaume ya Kenya iliyoanzishwa mwaka wa 2007 na watu wasiohamahama kutoka Kaunti ya Laikipia . Ikijumuisha wachezaji 25 na timu ya wanawake wenzao, inashiriki katika mashindano ya nusu ya utaalam ndani, ikiwa ni pamoja na London ambayo kimsingi yalilenga kuongeza pesa na uhamasishaji kupitia kriketi ya hisani na hutumia umaarufu wake wa riadha kukuza haki za wanawake, kampeni dhidi ya ukeketaji wa wanawake, ndoa za utotoni, matumizi mabaya ya dawa za kulevya, na kueneza ufahamu wa kuzuia VVU/UKIMWI nchini Kenya.
Inaongozwa na Sonyanga Ole Ngais, ndiyo timu pekee na ya kwanza ya kriketi kuundwa katika historia ya jamii ya Wamasai . Kabila hilo linajulikana kwa kuwinda simba, ibada ya uzee . Waliondoka kuwinda baada ya kujifunza kriketi.
Maasai Market

Maasai Market ni mojawapo ya soko zinazojulikana zaidi mjini Nairobi. Soko hili hushughulika na uuzaji wa michoro, nakshi, vito, maguo yenye asili ya kiafrika na kadhalika.
Maasai Market liko katika jiji la Nairobi kinyume cha njia ya kuzunguka kubwa zaidi barani Afrika cha 'Globe'. Soko hili hufunguliwa siku maalum za wiki, Jumanne na Jumamosi kuanzia saa kumi na muja asubuhi hadi saa mbili usiku. Pia huwa katika maduka makubwa yaliyo katika mazingira ya Nairobi, Village Market siku ya Ijumaa na Yaya Center siku ya Jumapili. Soko hili huwa na wauzaji wengi sana na kwa hivyo huwa kubwa sana
Maasai Market ilianzia kama vutio la watalii ambapo watalii walienda kujionea wamaasai kama wamevaa vito na nguo zao za kitamaduni. Hili lilivutia watu wengi sana waliokuja kujionea na wengine waliokuja kununua vitu hivi.
Wauzaji katika soko hili ni wa kirafiki sana na wenye furaha tele. Hutakosa kuwaona wamaasai waliovalia nguo zao za kitamaduni na vito. Tamaduni hii hufurahiwa na watu wote bila kuzingatia asili. Nchini kenya, watu wengi huvalia nguo za kimaasai za kitamaduni hata kama wao si wamaasai. Jambo hili linaonyesha jinsi tamaduni hii inapendwa na wengi na hili huimarisha umaarufu wa soko hili.
Ukija Kenya, usisahau kutembelea soko hili ili ujiunge nasi katika kusherehekea tamaduni hii.
Blood on the Dance Floor (wimbo)

"Blood on the Dance Floor" ni single ya kwanza kutoka katika albamu ya Michael Jackson (remix albamu), Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix.
Jackson na Teddy Riley walitengeneza wimbo huu mwaka 1991 wakati wa kutolewa kwa albamu ya Dangerous. Hata hivyo, haukuonekana katika rekodi ile na ukaja kubadilishwa kidogo kabla ya kutolewa kwake kibiashara mnamo mwaka wa 1997. Wimbo unamhusu mwanamama mwindaji mmoja aliyeitwa kwa jina la Susie, ambaye aliyemtongoza Jackson kabla ya kupanga kumchoma na kisu cha tumbo. Maudhui ya wimbo yapo katika mitabaka mbali-mbali - humu kuna rock na funk.
UK single #1
UK single #2
U.S. single
EU single (EPC 664355 2)
Kweche

Kweche ni ndege wadogo wa jenasi Euplectes katika familia Ploceidae ambao wanatokea Afrika. Kuna makundi mawili ya kweche. Ndege wa kundi moja (bishops) ni wadogo kwa kulinganisha na madume wana mkia mfupi wakati wa kuzaa. Wakati huo rangi za madume ni nyeusi na nyekundu, machungwa au njano. Ndege wa kundi jingine (widowbirds) ni wakubwa zaidi na madume wana mkia mrefu wakati wa kuzaa. Wakati huo rangi za madume ni nyeusi kwa kiasi kikubwa pamoja na sehemu zenye rangi nyingi kama nyeupe, nyekundu na njano.
Ndege hawa hula mbegu hasa lakini wadudu pia, hususa makinda. Hulifuma tago lao kwa manyasi katikati ya matete. Matago yao hupatikana katika makundi. Dume hufanya mruko wa kukoga ili kubembeleza jike akitimua manyoya yake (bishops) au akitandaza mkia wake (widowbirds). Jike huyataga mayai 2-4.
The Kung-Fu Master Jackie Chan

The Kung-Fu Master Jackie Chan ni mchezo wa video wa 1995 wa kupigana aina ya arcade ambao umekuzwa na Atop na kuchapishwa na Kaneko. Unashirikisha msanii maarufu wa Hong Kong Jackie Chan. Kama Blood Warrior, ambao pia ni amchezo ulioundwa na Atop na kuchapishwa na Kaneko, mchezo huu hutumia picha za digital za waigizajiwa halisi katika mchezo, na inachochewa na na mshururu wa Midway Mortal Kombat katika mbinu za uonekanaji, damu na mbinu za kumalizia na haupatikani kwa urahisi. Baadaye mchezo huu ulubadilishiwa jina na kuitwa Jackie Chan in Fists of Fire: Jackie Chan Densetsu (ジャッキー・チェン FISTS OF FIRE 成龍伝説, lit. "Jackie Chan in Fists of Fire: The Legend of Jackie Chan").
Uchezaji wa The Kung-Fu Master Jackie Chan' unafanana na michezo mingine ya 2D ya kupigana katika kipindi hicho cha historia. Hata hivyo, Koneko inaonekana kuchukua mawazo yao kutoka kwa mchezo wa Mortal Kombat kwa njia ya uwasilishaji na mbinu za kumalizia.
Mhusika wa mchezaji anapigana dhidi ya mpinzani wake katika wa 2/3 bora katika fashoni ya mchuano wa pekee dhidi ya tarakilishiau mchezaji mwingine. Mchezaji huwa na wahusika 6 mwanzoni wa kuchagua, kila mmoja akiwa na mbinu tofauti za kupigana kutegemea utamaduni wa Japan. Katika fashoni ya mchezaji mmoja, baada ya kuchagua mhusika, mfumo wa tarakilishi huchagua mpinzani kibahati. Mpangilio wa wapinzani huwa katika utaratibu wowote, huku ukiacha fashoni moja ya kati ya tatu kumalizia. Kinyume na mshururu wa Mortal Kombat, baadhi ya mbinu za kumalizia hazina damu na huenda zisimharibu mpinzani.
Mwanzoni kuna wahusika sita mchezaji anaweza kuchezea na watatu wa kufumbua.Wote ni tisa.
Baada ya kushinda wahusika waliootajwa huko juu, Wachezai watakutana na Jackie Chan katika moja kati ya mbinu tatu ambayo inachaguliwa kibahati naye kama mkuu wa mwisho. Sehemu hii haichezeki katika mchezo wa awali bali huchezeka katika toleo jipya la Fists of Fire.
The Riders of German East Africa (filamu)

The Riders of German East Africa ni filamu ya vita ya Ujerumani ya mwaka wa 1934 iliyoongozwa na Herbert Selpin na kuigiza kama Sepp Rist, Ilse Stobrawa na Rudolf Klicks . Iliandaliwa katika Studio za Terra huko Berlin na kwenye eneo la matuta ya mchanga huko Marienhöhe katika mji mkuu, machimbo ya zamani ambayo yalisimama Afrika . Seti za filamu ziliundwa na wakurugenzi wa sanaa Robert A. Dietrich na Bruno Lutz . Ilitokana na riwaya ya Kwa Heri ya Marie Luise Droop . Ingawa ilitolewa kama filamu ya propaganda dhidi ya Uingereza, baadaye ilipigwa marufuku na mamlaka ya Nazi baada ya kuzuka kwa Vita vya Pili vya Dunia kwa kutokuwa na uadui wa kutosha kwa Uingereza, wakati pia ilipigwa marufuku na Washirika katika enzi ya baada ya vita. uendelezaji wake wa kijeshi .
Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza

Kampuni ya Kifalme ya Afrika Mashariki ya Kiingereza (Imperial British East Africa Company; kifupisho: IBEAC) ilikuwa shirika lililoanzisha koloni la Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kiingereza kuanzia 1888. Koloni hilo lilikuwa utangulizi wa taifa la Kenya.
Kampuni ilianzishwa baada ya mkutano wa Berlin wa 1885 kwa kusudi la kufanya biashara katika maeneo ya Afrika ya Mashariki.
Kiongozi wa kwanza alikuwa William Mackinnon aliyetafuta usaidizi wa serikali yake kufanikisha mipango yake. Mackinnon aliwahi kujenga biashara kubwa kote kwenye Bahari Hindi akaelewana vema na Sultani Bargash wa Zanzibar aliyeongea naye juu ya kumkodishia maeneo ya Sultani Afrika bara hadi Kongo. Mackinnon aliamini ya kwamba biashara ya Afrika bara ilikuwa na nafasi kubwa.
Awali serikali ya Uingereza ilikataa kukubali mipango hiyo hadi Wajerumani walipoingia kati na kuanzisha Afrika ya Mashariki ya Kijerumani.
Sasa Waingereza walishtuka na wapinzani wa koloni jipya walidhoofika. Mkataba wa mwaka 1886 kati ya Ujerumani na Uingereza ulichora mstari wa mpaka kati ya maeneo ya athira za nchi zote mbili katika Afrika Mashariki - ndio mpaka wa Kenya na Tanzania ya leo. Mapatano hayo yalikuwa msingi wa Mckinnon kuandikisha kampuni yake ya Afrika ya Mashariki kwa madhumuni ya kuanzisha biashara barani.
Mwaka 1887 kampuni ilikodisha maeneo ya bara ya Zanzibar kaskazini, eneo la Kijerumani kwa miaka 50. Tarehe 6 Septemba 1888 kampuni iliandikishwa London na kupewa barua ya ulinzi wa serikali ya Uingereza.
Mashindano juu ya Uganda kati ya Ujerumani na Uingereza uliharakisha uenezi wa kampuni. Mwaka 1890 Mjerumani Karl Peters alifanya mkataba na Kabaka Mwanga II wa Buganda ulioweka Buganda chini ya ulinzi wa Ujerumani lakini bila idhini ya serikali ya Berlin. Mapatano hayo yalisababisha kusainiwa kwa mkataba wa Helgoland-Zanzibar ulioweka Uganda chini ya Uingereza. Kampuni ya Mckinnon ilipewa kazi ya kutekeleza ulinzi juu ya Buganda kwa niaba ya London iliyosita bado kuanzisha koloni kamili.
Kampuni ilona nafasi kubwa ya biashara ya Uganda ikaona lazima kuwa na reli kati ya Kampala na Mombasa. Lakini upana wa eneo lililokabishiwa pamoja na gharama za kujenga reli hiyo zilishinda uwezo wa kampuni. Mwakilishi wa kampuni, kanali Frederick Lugard (1858-1945), akajikuta ndani ya vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe ya Buganda. Kampuni ikakosa uwezo wa kugharamia juhudi za Lugard.
Baada ya kifo cha Mckinnon mwaka 1893 kampuni ilikwama. Mwaka 1895 serikali ya Uingereza ilichukua utawala wa Uganda pamoja na maeneo kati ya Mombasa na Uganda na kampuni ikaacha haki zake kwa fidia ya £ 250,000.
African round hut

The African round hut known in literature as cone on cylinder or cone on drum hut. The hut has different names in various African languages. It is constructed usually with a conical foundation and peaked thatched roof. It is most commonly made out of mud and its roof is often made with grass and with local materials. It has been constructed for thousands of years. The thatched-roofed, plastered type mud houses construction was found early East Africa, where various local indigenous tribes built them, using them as homestead alongside lifestyle with agriculture and farming. The mud hut is extremely common throughout rural parts of the African continent. They can be different in shape and size depending on the region in which they are built.
An African round hut is a seen as vernacular architecture since they are built of readily available materials. The huts can be built using mud, cow manure, bricks or grass in some cases. A new mud hut will last 1-2 years, depending on the amount of rain and erosion. The huts were built so they could be loosely clustered around open spaces, which provided ventilation and breezes, in order to provide comfort in the warm conditions of the tropics.
Depending on location the name of the African round hut can vary. Here is a list of what the huts are called in various African countries:
Casa Romuli

The Casa Romuli ("Hut of Romulus"), also known as the tugurium Romuli, was the reputed dwelling place of the legendary founder and first king of Rome, Romulus (traditional dates 771–717 BC). It was situated on the south-western corner of the Palatine hill, where it slopes down towards the Circus Maximus, near the so-called "Steps of Cacus". It was a traditional single-roomed peasants' hut of the Latins, with straw roof and wattle-and-daub walls, such as are reproduced in miniature in the distinctive funerary urns of the so-called Latial culture (ca. 1000 – ca. 600 BC).
Over the centuries, the casa was repeatedly damaged by fire and storms, but carefully restored to its original state on each occasion. Destruction by fire is recorded for 38 BC, as a result of a ceremony held inside the casa by the pontifices ("College of High Priests"), presumably a burnt sacrifice to Romulus in his deified state as the god Quirinus, during which the altar-fire probably ran out of control. The last recorded fire was in 12 BC, on the death of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, right-hand man of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (ruled 30 BC – AD 14). On this occasion, the casa was apparently set on fire by some crows which dropped pieces of burning meat, again snatched from an altar, onto the thatched roof. It has been speculated that a tugurium Faustini ("the cottage of Faustinus") on the Palatine recorded in the time of the emperor Constantine I (ruled AD 312–337) was in reality the still surviving casa Romuli.
A second casa Romuli is recorded in the classical sources, on the Capitoline Hill, likely a replica of the original. It is last mentioned in AD 78.
To date, archaeologists have been unable to definitively associate the casa Romuli with any extant remains. A strong candidate is the largest of a group of dwellings whose foundations were unearthed in the appropriate location during excavations in 1946. The dwelling's foundations were cut into the tufa bedrock, with an ovoid 4.9m X 3.6m perimeter. Six post-holes arranged in a circle of which one in the centre were presumably to accommodate the supporting struts for walls and roof respectively. Organic material found in the site has been dated to the Italian early Iron Age (ca. 900–700 BC).
Sabaot people

The Sabaot are one of the nine sub-tribes of the Kalenjin of Kenya and Uganda. The Sabaot in turn are divided into six sub-tribes largely identified by their dialects. These dialects of the Sabaot language are the Pok, Somek, Mosop, Koony, Bong'omek and Sabiny (Sebei Uganda). Being resident around Mount Elgon, the original homeland of most Kalenjin, the Sabaot are seen as the keepers of the authentic Kalenjin tradition. They and the area they inhabit are often referred to as Kapkugo (meaning grandparents/ancestors place) by other Kalenjin.
The Sabaot were among the Southern Nilotic-speaking communities, i.e. proto-Kalenjin, who moved into the western highlands and Rift Valley region of Kenya around 700 BC. Their homelands lay somewhere near the common border between Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Ethiopia. Their arrival in Kenya occurred shortly before the introduction of iron to East Africa. Contemporary studies, supported by a number of historical narratives from the various Kalenjin sub-tribes point to Tulwetab/Tuluop Kony (Mount Elgon) as their original point of settlement in Kenya.
The traditional account states that most Sabaot once lived at a place called Sengwer which is near the Cherangani Hills. The patriarch of the Sabaot community is said to have been a man called Kingo who moved to Kony from Sengwer. It is said that Kingo had four sons; Chebok, Chepkony, Chesabiny and Chebong’Om. These sons or one of them at least once broke a gourd belonging to their father and Kingo being very mad banished them from their home. The four sons dispersed, some to Bungoma and others to areas further south and west. Wherever each of these sons went, they established a clan and at a later date these clans returned becoming the main clans of the Sabaot community.
Like other Kalenjin and a number of East African societies, the Sabaot traditionally practiced male and female circumcision. Male circumcision was meant to enhance cleanliness and bravery while female circumcision was practiced to reduce promiscuity.
In previous times, the Sabaot had vast lands which allowed for a pastoral lifestyle. With decreasing land size, the Sabaot have been forced to drastically change their lifestyle from cattle herding to planting maize (corn) and vegetables.
The principal reference points in the Sabaot identity have been land and cattle both of which are coming under increasing threat, from growing land shortages and decreasing pastoralism respectively, which along with a decline in the practice of certain traditional customs such as initiation and polygamy have led to a sense among the Sabaot that their identity is under threat.
List of Forged in Fire episodes

Forged in Fire is an American reality television competition series that has aired on the History channel since its season one premiere episode on June 22, 2015 and is produced by Outpost Entertainment.
The program places four competitors in three elimination rounds to forge bladed weapons. Each weapon is tested and evaluated by a panel of three (sometimes four) judges. As the host for seasons one through seven, Wil Willis introduced the parameters for each episode. Grady Powell replaced Willis for season eight onward. The main judges include Historic Weapons Re-creation Specialist David Baker, Edged Weapon Specialist Doug Marcaida, American Bladesmith Society (ABS) Master Bladesmith James Neilson, and two-time Forged in Fire champion Ben Abbott.
Neilson missed most of season three due to hand surgery. ABS Master Bladesmith Jason Knight filled in for him from episode three of that season through episode seven of season four. Neilson briefly returned for the first episode of season four (a special with Knight, Baker, and Marcaida) before returning for good in episode eight until Abbott took over for the final three episodes. Since then, Neilson and Abbott have shared judging duties into season eight. Also during season four, Marcaida injured his right rotator cuff while testing a weapon. Marcaida's younger brother RJ and Kali students filled in for weapons testing while he recovered from the injury.
Season five's episode numbering starts at zero.
Grady Powell replaced Wil Willis as host at the beginning of season 8.
On November 24, 2021, a "Best of..." (BO) sequence was started with season 8's "Bladesgiving" episode and continued into season 9.
In the "Championship..." series, Dave Baker presents his favorite weapons (various types and origins) featured in championship rounds from previous episodes.
Ostraconophobia

Ostraconophobia is the fear of shellfish.
NASCAR driver Denny Hamlin is a notable person who has suffered of this phobia. On July 16, 2017, after winning the Overton's 301 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, he was given a 44-pound (20 kg) lobster (a trophy that is traditionally given to winners at the track) by crew chief Mike Wheeler, and Hamlin attempted to leap away. "I have a lobster phobia. I don't know why. I just don't like them," Hamlin stated. "I cannot eat dinner if someone beside me is eating lobster. I can't look at it. So as far as I'm concerned, they need to put it back in the water and let it live." "I don't know what it is about looking a lobster in the face. I don't even like to sit at the dinner table with people who eat lobster, and when you put a 44 pound one in my hand, I'm freaked out," Hamlin later said.
Keshi (singer)

Casey Thai Luong (born November 4, 1994), known professionally as Keshi, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist. He is best known for his songs "UNDERSTAND", "LIMBO", "beside you" and “Soft Spot”. He released his debut album Gabriel in 2022 and his sophomore album Requiem in 2024: Prior to that, he had released six EPs. (“if you're not the one for me who is”, “good days”, “THE REAPER”, “skeletons”, “bandaids” and “always”)
Luong was born in Houston, Texas to parents of Vietnamese American descent and grew up in Sugar Land. Despite living in an ethnically diverse community with a large Asian American population, he often felt out of place and disconnected from his heritage while growing up.
He was inspired to learn the guitar because of Drake Bell's character on Drake & Josh. He taught himself the instrument using his grandfather's classical guitar and Vietnamese music book.
He graduated from Stephen F. Austin High School and earned a Bachelor of Science in Nursing from the University of Texas at Austin. He then worked as an oncology nurse at the Texas Medical Center for two years.
The stage name "Keshi" is the childhood nickname his fiancée's parents gave him. He and his fiancée have known each other since middle school.
Luong adopted the moniker "Keshi" and began to share music via his SoundCloud page around 2017. He credited tutorial videos on YouTube for teaching him in writing, producing, and engineering music. In 2019, he quit his job as a nurse and signed with Island Records.
Keshi cites John Mayer, Frank Ocean, the 1975, Drake, and Bryson Tiller as his musical influences.
In support of his sophomore album, Requiem, Keshi announced the "Requiem World Tour," set to begin in March 2025. The tour includes performances across Asia and North America
Asia Tour Dates:
North American Tour Dates:
Additional dates and venues may be announced. Official tour details can be found on Keshi's official website https://shop.keshimusic.com/pages/tour
አበራ ለማ

አበራ ለማ ( Aberra Lemma) የተወለደው በ1943 ዓ.ም. ፍቼ ሰላሌ ውስጥ ነው። እድገቱ ወሊሶንና አዲስ አበባን ያካትታል። ካገራችን ገጣሚያንና አጫጭር ልቦለድ ጸሓፊዎች አንዱ ነው። በኢትዮጵያ ቋንቋዎችና ሥነ ጽሑፍ ጥናት ከአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርስቲ የማዕርግ ተመራቂ ነው። ሙያው በጋዜጠኝነት ሲሆን፣ በኢትዮጵያ ሬዲዮና ፕሬስ መምሪያዎች ሠርቷል። ከጦር ግንባር ጋዜጠኝነት እስከ ኪነጥበባት ዘርፎች ሃያሲነት ዘልቋል።
እስከ ሰማኒያዎቹ አሠርት አጋማሽ ድረስ፥ የኢትዮጵያ ደራስያን ማኅበር ዋና ጸሃፊ ሁኖ አገልግሏል። ዛሬ የኖርዌይ ነዋሪ ነው። በኖርዌይ ደራስያን ማኅበር ብቸኛውና የመጀመሪያው ጥቁርና ባፍ መፍቻ ቋንቋው የሚጽፍ አባል ደራሲ ነው። በዚህ ማኅበር ውስጥ የዓለም አቀፍ ኮሚቴው የረዥም ዘመን አባል በመሆንም ይታወቃል። ባለቅኔ ሎሬት ጸጋዬ ገብረ መድህንንና (1997) ስዊድናዊ/ኤርትራዊ የሆነውን የአስመራውን እስረኛ፣ ደራሲና ጋዜጠኛ ዳዊት ይስሐቅን (2009 እ.ኤ.አ.) ሃሳብን በነጻ የመግለጽ ሽልማት እንዲሸለሙ በእጩነት አቅርቦ ማሸለሙም ይታወሳል።
የተለያዩ ሽልማቶችን በኢትዮጵያና በውጭ አግኝቷል፡፡
1. ከኢትዮጵያ ብሮድካስቲንግ ኮርፖሬሽን፣ በ2013 ዓ.ም. የሕይወት ዘመን ተሸላሚ ምርጥ ጋዜጠኛ
2. የኢሕደሪ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር የክብር ሜዳይ ሽልማት፣ በሥነ ጽሑፍ አስተዋጽኦ፣ 2013 ዓ.ም. 3. በ1981 ዓም በሥነ ግጥም ውድድር የወርቅ ሜዳሊያ ተሸላሚ፣ ሰሜን ኮርያ 4. እአአ በ2010 ዓም በዩዲኔዝ ኢጣሊያ፣ የበጎ ሰውነት የMother Land Ethiopia የዋንጫ ሽልማት
*****ከአበራ ለማ የታተሙ ሥራዎች የሚከተሉት ይጠቀሳሉ።
Ø 1967 ኩል ወይስ ጥላሸት፣ የግጥም መድብል፣
Ø 1974 ሽበት፣የግጥም መድብል፣
Ø 1975 ሕይወትና ሞት፣የአጫጭር ልቦለዶች መድብል፣
Ø 1976 ሞገደኛው ነውጤ፣ ኖቭሌት፣
Ø 1978 አባደፋር፣ከሌሎች ደራስያን ጋር… ስብስብ፣
Ø 1978 ጽጌረዳ ብእር፣ከሌሎች ገጣሚያን ጋር… ስብስብ፣
Ø 198ዐ የማለዳ ስንቅ፣ያጫጭር ልቦለዶችና ግጥሞች መድብል፣
Ø 198ዐ መቆያ፣ያጫጭር ልቦለዶችና ግጥሞች መድብል፣
Ø 1981 ትዝታን በጸጸት፣ የቻይና ያጫጭር ልቦለዶች ትርጉም… በጋራ፣
Ø 1994 አውጫጭኝ፣ የግጥም መድብል፣
Ø 1994 ሙያዊ ሙዳዬ ቃላት፣ ኢልቦለድ…የቋንቋ ጉዳይ፣
Ø 1999 የእውቀት ማኀደር፣ ኢልቦለድ…
Ø 2ዐዐ2 እውነትም እኛ፣ የግጥም ስብስብ በዲቪዲ፣
Ø 2ዐዐ3 ጥሎ ማለፍ፣ ታሪካዊ ልበለድ
Ø 2006 ሽፈራው- ሞሪንጋ፣ ኢልቦለድ
Ø 2ዐዐ8 ቅንጣት- የኔዎቹ ኖቭሌቶች
_ 2013 ኩርፊያና ፈገግታ፣ የግጥም መድብል
Ø 1981 G.C.የኢትዮጵያውያን ገጣሚያን ሥራዎች ወደ ራሽያ ቋናቋ የተተረጎመ. በጋራ
Ø 2003 G.C. ULIKE HORISONTER (ኖርዌጂያንኛ ግጥሞች)፣ በጋራ
Ø 2017 G.C. ENKETRØSTREN (በኖርዌጂያን ኖቭሌቶች)
Ø 2014 G.C. TIME TO SAY NO፣ (የእንግሊዝኛ ግጥሞች) በጋ
-2014 ትውስብ - ያጫጭር ልቦለዶችና ኖቭሌቶች ስብስብ
Korra Garra

Korra Garra (or Kora Gara) is an Ethiopian writer, an expert in the Konso language and culture, and an authority on Konso agriculture. He is known for his presentations on the importance of the Moringa tree in the Konso economy and culture.
Korra Garra has been involved in drafting spelling standards for the Konso language. Konso does not have a standard alphabet, although some Christian religious material has been published in the Fidäl script. Korra Garra has published two storybooks in the Latin script at Leiden University's department of African Languages and Cultures. One of these is Konso Water and Gods, or Torra Afaa Xonso (2003). Ato Kora Gara was one of the two representatives from Konso at the International Conference on Endangered Ethiopian/African Languages held in Addis Ababa on 27–30 April 2005, where he gave a poetry reading in Konso/Amharic.
Korra Garra is an official of the Ethiopian Ministry of Agriculture. In 2008 Korra Gara noted that 80% of the Konso economy was agricultural. The people practiced intercropping to reduce the risk of crop failure during drought. Population growth and declining rainfall due to deforestation are causing growing food insecurity. The leaves of the Moringa (cabbage tree) are an important part of the Konso diet. Korra Garra spoke in Turin in 21–25 October 2010 at the Mother Earth 2010 conference, where he discussed use of the Moringa stenopetala by the Konso peasants. The plant is of unusual importance to this community for food and medicine, and the Konso have many proverbs and myths related to the Moringa. He gave a talk on "What is Moringa stenopetala to Konso people?" at the Terracing & Moringa Conference held in December 2011 at the Italian Cultural Institute in Addis Ababa.
As of 2014 Korra Garra was running a community project "Plants and their Products" in Lower Dokattu, and gave talks to visitors on Konso culture, agriculture and the relation of the Konso people to the environment. As a Konso community elder he was appointed a member of the Moringa stenopetala Task Force in 2014.
Brassicales

The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the malvid group of eudicotyledons under the APG IV system. Well-known members of Brassicales include cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, broccoli, kale, mustard, turnip, bok choy, rapeseed, radish, horseradish, caper, papaya, moringa or drumstick tree, mignonette, nasturtium, and arabidopsis.
One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).
The order typically contains the following families:
The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the Brassicales families along with their estimated ages, based on a 2018 study of plastid DNA:
On 20 April 2020, a newly described monotypic species from Namibia, namely, Tiganophyton karasense Swanepoel, F.Forest & A.E. van Wyk is placed under this order as a monotypic member of new family Tiganophytaceae, which is closely related to Bataceae, Salvadoraceae and Koeberliniaceae.
Under the Cronquist system, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the "Dilleniidae". The only families included were the Brassicaceae and Capparaceae (treated as separate families), the Tovariaceae, Resedaceae, and Moringaceae. Other taxa now included here were placed in various other orders.
The families Capparaceae and Brassicaceae are closely related. One group, consisting of Cleome and related genera, was traditionally included in the Capparaceae but doing so results in a paraphyletic Capparaceae. Therefore, this group is generally now either included in the Brassicaceae or as its own family, Cleomaceae.
Setchellanthaceae is sometimes known as the azulita family.
Saag

Saag also spelled sag or saga, is a leafy vegetable dish from the Indian subcontinent. It is eaten with bread, such as roti or naan, or in some regions with rice. Saag can be made from mustard greens, collard greens, basella or finely chopped broccoli along with added spices and sometimes other ingredients, such as chhena.
In India, it is common, especially in the state of Odisha, where it is eaten with pakhala. In the Shree Jagannath Temple of Puri, saag is one of the dishes offered to Jagannath as part of Mahaprasad. Saag is also common in West Bengal and other regions of North India, where the most common preparation is sarson ka saag (mustard plant leaves), which may be eaten with makki ki roti, a yellow roti made with maize flour. Saag gosht or hariyali maans (spinach and mutton) is a common dish in the North Indian state of Punjab. In Pakistan, it is most commonly eaten in the Punjab province along with Makki ki roti, made from freshly ground corn flour, and fresh buffalo or cow butter or ghee.
The word saag is derived from the Apabhraṃśa, Prakrit word 'sāgun' and Sanskrit word shaak (śāka) meaning leafy green vegetables.
In Odia cuisine, sāga (Odia: ଶାଗ) is one of the most important vegetables. It is popular all over the state. A large variety of plants are used as sāga in Odisha. A list of the plants that are used as sāga is as below.
In Bengali cuisine, sāg is one of the most important vegetables, being popular throughout the state. Most Bengalis eat at least one dish containing sāg at lunchtime every day - usually fried or accompanied by a little gravy (jhol) and served with rice. A list of the plants that are used as sāg is as below.
There are around 70 varieties of saag in Jharkhand. Some are as follows:
Saags (Leafy greens) are an important part of the Garhwali, Kumaoni and Jaunsari cuisines of Uttarakhand. The abundance of leafy greens in the state is because of fertile land and forested land. Saags of Sarson (Mustard), Palak (spinach), Mooli (Radish) are common but exclusive saags cooked in the state are:
Dambou

Dambu or dambou is a dish native to the Zarma and Songhai of Southwestern Niger made from cereals and Moringa. It is consumed at any time but mainly during festive occasions such as outdoorings and weddings. This dish is also common among the Dendi people of North Benin and other West African cities. It is also common in the Zongo Settlements where the Songhai and Zarma travel.
(from a French version of the dish)
Dambou is prepared according to the desire and will of the cook. For a simple dish, cooks mostly use either: rice flour or fine hard wheat semolina (couscous semolina) or millet, wheat or corn couscous. The cereals is steamed for about 20 to 30 minutes and added the already boiled moringa leaves. Finally, the other ingredients are added in their raw state: i.e onion, chili, salt, broth, peanut, vegetable oil, meat or fish as a side dish.
Moringa ovalifolia

Moringa ovalifolia is a succulent flowering tree of the family Moringaceae native to Namibia and southwestern Angola.
It is a succulent-stemmed tree found in desert and semi-desert areas. The plant grows vertically, and can reach 7 m (23 ft) in height. It is deciduous and has a main branch up to 1 meter in diameter.
German botanists Kurt Dinter and Alwin Berger described the species in 1914.
Moringa ovalifolia has been classified in a section Donaldsoniana within the genus, however genetic analysis shows that this group is not a natural group (paraphyletic).
Moringa ovalifolia occurs on rocky escarpment passes leading to the Namib Desert. This species is the dominant component of the woodland known as the Fairy Tale Forest in Etosha National Park.
Moringa hildebrandtii

Moringa hildebrandtii, or Hildebrandt's moringa, is a tree species with a massive, water-storing trunk in the family Moringaceae. It is endemic to Madagascar, where it is extinct in the wild, but preserved by indigenous horticulture practices.
The plant originally was thought to grow along the west coast of Madagascar, but ethnobotany data suggest it in fact grew in the island's extreme southwest.
The plant's water-storing trunk grows up to 20 m. Its leaves are pinnate, compound, and can reach 1 m long. The leaf rachis and stem tips of young plants are distinctively deep red. Leaves spread around the trunk in an umbrella-like fashion. The small ivory-white flowers are borne in large sprays. Fruits are up to 50 cm long and contain 6 to 12 large nut-shaped seeds in a hard, light brown shell.
In an article in Cactus World (the quarterly journal of the British Cactus and Succulent Society) the authors claimed to have rediscovered a population of M. hildebrandtii in the wild.
Ministry of Agriculture (Ethiopia)

The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government department which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a federal level.
The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system, promoting agricultural development, and establishing and providing agriculture and rural technology training.
The Ministry of Agriculture was established on 23 August 1995 with the adoption of Proclamation 4-1995 which also established the other 14 original Ministries of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. On 13 January 2004, Proclamation No. 300/2004 merged this Ministry with the Ministry of Rural Development. The current Minister is Girma Amente (PhD).
In January 2024, the Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia launched a national agricultural digitalization strategy aimed at improving data-driven decision-making and modernizing farming practices. The initiative seeks to integrate digital tools for real-time monitoring of crop production, pest control, and soil management. Additionally, the Ministry introduced a new nationwide soil fertility mapping program to enhance sustainable agricultural productivity and ensure efficient use of fertilizers.
In March 2024, the Ministry announced a large-scale locust control operation in collaboration with regional agricultural bureaus. The program focuses on using environmentally friendly pest management techniques to combat the spread of desert locusts threatening crops in parts of Oromia, Amhara, and Somali regions. The initiative involves aerial and ground spraying operations and increased monitoring efforts.
List of plants used in herbalism

This is an alphabetical list of plants used in herbalism.
Phytochemicals possibly involved in biological functions are the basis of herbalism, and may be grouped as:
For example, some secondary metabolites are toxins used to deter predation, and others are pheromones used to attract insects for pollination. Secondary metabolites and pigments may have therapeutic actions in humans, and can be refined to produce drugs; examples are quinine from the cinchona, morphine and codeine from the poppy, and digoxin from the foxglove.
In Europe, apothecaries stocked herbal ingredients as traditional medicines. In the Latin names for plants created by Linnaeus, the word officinalis indicates that a plant was used in this way. For example, the marsh mallow has the classification Althaea officinalis, as it was traditionally used as an emollient to soothe ulcers. Pharmacognosy is the study of plant sources of phytochemicals.
Some modern prescription drugs are based on plant extracts rather than whole plants. The phytochemicals may be synthesized, compounded or otherwise transformed to make pharmaceuticals. Examples of such derivatives include aspirin, which is chemically related to the salicylic acid found in white willow. The opium poppy is a major industrial source of opiates, including morphine. Few traditional remedies, however, have translated into modern drugs, although there is continuing research into the efficacy and possible adaptation of traditional herbal treatments.
Plants used as herbs or spices

This page is a sortable table of plants used as herbs and/or spices. This includes plants used as seasoning agents in foods or beverages (including teas), plants used for herbal medicine, and plants used as incense or similar ingested or partially ingested ritual components.
Culinary: used as a nutritionally minor flavoring component in foods or beverages
Tea: brewed in hot water to make a beverage (for primarily culinary rather than medicinal or ritual purposes)
Medicinal: used, either directly or as a simple extract such as a tea, to cause some physiological effect, usually to treat some ailment or disease
Fragrance: used to add a pleasant odor to food, medicine, or other consumed or partially consumed items (such as incense, candles, or lotions)
Dye: used to alter the color of food, medicine, or other consumed items
Ritual: ingested or partially ingested (eg used as incense) as an important component of a cultural or religious ritual