davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
No One Writes to the Colonel

No One Writes to the Colonel (Spanish: El coronel no tiene quien le escriba) is a novella written by the Colombian writer Gabriel García Márquez. It also gives its name to a short story collection. García Márquez considered it his best book, saying that he had to write One Hundred Years of Solitude so that people would read No One Writes to the Colonel.
The novella was written between 1956 and 1957 while the author was living in Paris in the Hotel des Trois Colleges and was first published in 1958, in Mito Revista Bimestral de Cultura v. IV no. 19 (May-June 1958), with first separate publication in 1961.
The novella is the story of an impoverished retired colonel, a veteran of the Thousand Days' War, who still hopes to receive the pension he was promised some fifteen years earlier. The colonel lives with his asthmatic wife in a small village under martial law. The action opens with the colonel preparing to go to the funeral of a town musician whose death is notable because he was the first to die from natural causes in many years. The novel is set during the years of "La Violencia" in Colombia, when martial law and censorship prevail.
Unlike many other García Márquez works, the novel mostly does not fall within the magic realism genre, as it includes only one magical event.
The main characters of the novel are not named, adding to the feeling of insignificance of an individual living in Colombia. The colonel and his wife, who have lost their son to political repression, are struggling with poverty and financial instability. The corruption of the local and national officials is evident and this is a topic which García Márquez explores throughout the novel, by using references to censorship and the impact of government on society. The colonel desperately tries to sell their inheritance from their only son who is now dead and eventually the only reminder of his existence is a rooster that the colonel trains to take part in a cockfight.
In his memoir Vivir para contarla (Living to Tell the Tale, 2002), García Márquez explained that the novel was inspired by his grandfather, who was also a colonel and who never received the pension he was promised. However, there is also speculation that García Márquez took inspiration from his experience of unemployment in 1956 after the newspaper he had been working for shut down. The daily lives he witnessed during this time are said to be one of his inspirations for this novel.
A motion picture based on the novella was made in 1999. Directed by Arturo Ripstein, it stars Fernando Luján as the colonel. A feature film based on the novella and titled Only Death Comes for Sure was released in 1993. The film was directed by Marina Tsurtsumiya.
Yav Art Group

Yav Art Group is a Russian street art collective known for its works on the topics of politics, censorship, and social injustice. The group has been active in Saint Petersburg since 2014. The group's members are known for their actions in the genre of street art and installations. The frontwoman of the group is the artist and activist Anastasia Vladychkina.
The Yav art group gained notoriety for its provocative street works, which often touch on sensitive political and social issues. The members of the group strive to express their protest against censorship and human rights violations in Russia through art. In their works, "Yav" actively uses elements of cyberpunk and acute social themes. Since February 24, 2024, the main theme of the works has been the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Members of the Yav art group are often detained and fined for their work. In August 2022, all members of the group were detained for creating the work "Gulag," but were later released with a fine for petty hooliganism. Despite the pressure, the artists continue to be actively involved in street art and express their views through art.
In 2021, the Yav art group won the "TOP 50. The Most Famous People of St. Petersburg" award in the "Art" category for the work "Patience".
Anastasia Vladychkina is the founder and leader of the Yav group, an artist, and an activist. She began to study art in her youth and actively uses street art as a means of expressing protest. In her interviews, Vladychkina emphasizes that her works are not just art, but a way to convey important political and social messages. Anastasia combines elements of activism and modern culture in her work, which makes her one of the most prominent figures in Russian street art.
Cinema Foundation of Russia

Russian Cinema Fund Analytics, known as Cinema Fund (Фонд Кино; Officially Federal Fund for Economic and social support of the Russian Cinematography, Федеральный фонд социальной и экономической поддержки отечественной кинематографии), is the Russian Government's key funding body for the Russian screen production industry. Its functions are to support and promote the development of a highly creative, innovative and commercially sustainable industry, with a mandate to promote the creation and distribution of films in Russia as well as to preserve the country's film history.
It also had a production arm responsible for production and commissioning of films for the Russian Government. It was established by the Government of Russia in 1994 in order to promote the Cinema of Russia which celebrated 100th Birthday. The fund is considered one of the most important federal regulators in the film industry in the Russian Federation.
In December 2021, Prime Minister of Russia Mikhail Mishustin confirmed Fedor Sosnov, caretaker since December of 2020, as the executive director of the Cinema Foundation of Russia.
The Foundation is financially assisted film and television production and produced films generally intended for government purposes.
Across its various departments, The Fund supports the development, production, promotion and distribution of Russian screen content. In 2015, the cinema fund decided to distribute among Russian filmmakers $43 million (3 billion rubles). In light of the ruble's sharp devaluation over the last months of 2014, the dollar figure was almost one half of what it was a year ago, when the 2014 budget was announced. Given the fact that many production expenses, including cast and crew fees, are nominated in U.S. dollars, local filmmakers received considerably less cash in 2015.
The foundation runs the Pitch Event every year to allow the Russian film studios ask for financing their projects.
Mark Eydelshteyn

Mark Aleksandrovich Eydelshteyn (Russian: Марк Алекса́ндрович Эйдельштéйн, also spelled as Eidelstein; born 18 February 2002) is a Russian actor. After starring in the coming-of-age film The Land of Sasha (2022), he gained international recognition with his role in the American film Anora (2024).
Mark Aleksandrovich Eydelshteyn was born on 18 February 2002 in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. He has a younger brother, Matvey Eydelshteyn (English: Matthew Eidelstein), and is of Jewish heritage. His mother, Olesya Valeryevna Eydelshteyn, works as a teacher of stage speech (dialect) at the Nizhny Novgorod Theatre School named after Yevgeny Yevstigneyev. The young Eydelshteyn often skipped actual school to join his mother at theatre school.
In 2018, Eydelshteyn passed the regional selection for the "Living Classics" competition for young readers and made it to the all-Russian final, held in Artek. There, Eydelshteyn met the dean of the acting department of the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts Taras Belousov, who advised him to finish school as soon as possible and enter a theatre university — which he did, upon graduating from his mother's school in 2019, entering the Moscow Art Theatre School-Studio. He graduated in 2023.
He gained fame after playing the leading role in the drama The Land of Sasha, which made its worldwide premiere in February 2022 at the 72nd Berlin International Film Festival. He has been dubbed by journalists as the "Russian Timothée Chalamet". He is best known for starring in the Palme d'Or and Academy Awards winning American film Anora (2024) by Sean Baker. In December 2024, Eydelshteyn was cast in the second season of the Amazon Prime Video American spy television series Mr. & Mrs. Smith.
In March 2025, Eydelshteyn signed with American agency William Morris Endeavor.
Aleksey Chadov

Aleksey Aleksandrovich Chadov (Russian: Алексе́й Алекса́ндрович Ча́дов; born 2 September 1981) is a Russian actor and film director. Younger brother of actor Andrei Chadov.
Chadov made his film debut in the film War (2002) by director Aleksei Balabanov. In 2002, he received the Best Actor Award at the Montreal World Film Festival.
Soon after he starred as Kolya Malakhov in the film On the Nameless Height. In 2003, Chadov was invited by film director Andrei Proshkin to play the main role in the drama Moths Games. Also in 2003, he played a role in the blockbuster Night Watch directed by Timur Bekmambetov.
Chadov also acted in films The 9th Company, Heat, and in the Love in the City trilogy. He has also starred alongside his brother in films such as 2006's Alive.
In 2022 he made his directorial debut with Infiltration in which he also starred.
List of Black Lives Matter street murals

On June 5, 2020, during the George Floyd protests, the DC Public Works Department painted the words "Black Lives Matter" in 35-foot-tall (11 m) yellow capital letters on 16th Street NW on the north of Lafayette Square, part of President's Park near the White House, with the assistance of the MuralsDC program of the DC Department of Public Works, with the DC flag accompanying the text. Multiple other cities across the United States, as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom, subsequently painted their own "Black Lives Matter" paintings on streets, typically if inaccurately called "murals", although they are not on walls..
Similar street murals have been painted outside the United States:
2024 in film

2024 in film is an overview of events, including award ceremonies, festivals, a list of country- and genre-specific lists of films, and notable deaths. Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) celebrated their 100th anniversaries; Toei Company celebrated its 75th anniversary; DreamWorks Pictures and DreamWorks Animation celebrated their 30th anniversaries; and the first Mickey Mouse films, including Steamboat Willie (1928), entered the public domain this year. Alongside new releases, multiple popular films like The Lion King (1994), Les Misérables (2012), Alien (1979), Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999), Whiplash (2014), The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974), Shrek 2 (2004), Twister (1996), Saw (2004), Coraline (2009), The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Hocus Pocus (1993), Interstellar (2014) and Tenet (2020) were re-released to either celebrate their anniversaries or fill in the gaps left by films that had their original release dates affected by the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes.
Palme d'Or (77th Cannes Film Festival):
Golden Lion (81st Venice International Film Festival):
Golden Bear (74th Berlin International Film Festival):
People's Choice Award (49th Toronto International Film Festival):
Jason London

Jason Paul London (born November 7, 1972) is an American actor, known for his roles as Randall "Pink" Floyd in director Richard Linklater's film Dazed and Confused (1993), Jesse in The Rage: Carrie 2 (1999), and Rick Rambis in Out Cold (2001).
London was born in San Diego, California, the son of Debbie (née Osborn), a waitress, and Frank London, a sheet metal worker. He was raised mainly in DeSoto, Texas. After having divorced Jason's father, his mother moved the family 13 times in six years. His identical twin brother, Jeremy, is younger by 27 minutes and is also an actor, working mostly in television. The two have acted alongside each other only once – in the February 3, 2003, episode of the WB's 7 Heaven, entitled "Smoking."
The twin boys had a younger sister, Dedra, who was also an actor. Dedra London died in a car accident in 1992 at the age of 16.
London began his career in his junior year of high school. His brother, Jeremy, wanted to audition for the movie The Man in the Moon (1991). London gave his brother a ride to the audition and tried for the part as well. He resulted in getting the part and his brother was his stunt double.
London later received what would become his most popular role as Randall “Pink” Floyd in the movie Dazed and Confused (1993).
London has enjoyed success starring mostly as a rebellious, edgy young addict in feature films such as Broken Vessels (1998) and $pent (2000). He starred as Jason in the NBC miniseries Jason and the Argonauts (2000). He also starred in Poor White Trash (2000) playing sleazy ladies' man Brian Ross.
London portrayed Mark, the local newspaper editor, in the Hallmark Channel television movie, The Wishing Well (2010), which also starred Jordan Ladd and Ernest Borgnine.
In addition to his film and TV work, London also appeared in Aerosmith's 1993 video "Amazing" with Alicia Silverstone.
In November 2010, London became engaged to actress Sofia Karstens. They married on July 16, 2011 at the home of his wife's parents in North Hero, Vermont.
London was arrested in 2013 for punching a bouncer, and again in 2021 for public intoxication.
Crisis de seguridad de Ecuador (2020-presente)

Desde finales de 2020, Ecuador ha sufrido una crisis de seguridad producto de conflictos entre organizaciones criminales con conexiones al narcotráfico.​ Los conflictos iniciaron luego del asesinato de Jorge Luis Zambrano, líder de la banda criminal Los Choneros, considerada una de las más antiguas y peligrosas del país.​ Zambrano fue asesinado el 28 de diciembre de 2020 y su muerte llevó a que las agrupaciones criminales conocidas como Los ChoneKillers, Los Lobos, Los Pipos y Los Tiguerones, que funcionaban como subestructuras de Los Choneros, se separaran de la banda e iniciaran una guerra contra sus antiguos líderes por el control de los centros carcelarios del país y del tráfico de drogas a través de una serie de masacres y otros hechos delictivos.​​​
La ola de violencia ha generado un marcado despunte en el número de asesinatos en el país.​ En 2021, la tasa de homicidios intencionales alcanzó el 14,04 por cada 100 000 personas y un saldo de 2497 muertes violentas (la mayor desde 2011),​ en comparación con una tasa de 7,8 en 2020.​ Estas cifras han continuado aumentando en 2022, cerrando dicho año con una tasa de homicidios de 25 por cada 100.000 habitantes y un saldo de 4603 muertes violentas. El dato más reciente de 2023 dicta que este cerró con una tasa de 40 homicidios por cada 100.000 habitantes y un saldo de cerca de 7592 muertes violentas. La zona del país más violenta es la denominada "Zona 8", que aglutina a los cantones de Guayaquil, Durán y Samborondón. La misma vio 53 asesinatos entre enero y febrero de 2021 y 162 en el mismo periodo de 2022.​
En 2023, en la zona 8 que comprende a Guayaquil, Durán y Samborondón, entre el 1 de enero y el 24 de abril, se reportaron cerca de 730 muertes violentas, siendo el lugar más violento del país.
El foco de la violencia se ha desarrollado dentro de los centros carcelarios del país,​ con hechos como la Masacre carcelaria del 23 de febrero o la Masacre de la Penitenciaría de Guayaquil del 28 de septiembre, ambas ocurridas en 2021 y la segunda considerada la quinta masacre carcelaria más sangrienta en la historia de América Latina.​ En total, 503 reos fueron asesinados en el país solo durante 2021.​ Sin embargo, la ola de violencia también se ha manifestado fuera de las cárceles.
Jorge Luis Zambrano fue un criminal ecuatoriano, líder de la banda Los Choneros desde el 2007 hasta 2020,​ Su asesinato ocurrió el 28 de diciembre del 2020 en un centro comercial en Manta por un desconocido que disparó a quemarropa contra el.​ Después de la muerte de Jorge Luis Zambrano, su sucesor José Macías Villamar alias "Fito" provocó que los subgrupos que funcionaban como parte de Los Choneros se dividieran e inicien una guerra por el liderazgo.
Pasaporte Andino

El Pasaporte Andino es el pasaporte común de la Comunidad Andina. Con este documento, los ciudadanos de Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú pueden transitar libremente en el espacio abarcado por los territorios de dichos países sin necesidad de visa. Venezuela también emitió el pasaporte andino hasta 2006, año en que ese país se retiró de la Comunidad Andina.
Fue creado por medio de la Decisión 504 en junio de 2001. La Decisión 504 dispone que su expedición se base en un modelo uniforme que contenga características mínimas armonizadas en cuanto a nomenclatura y a elementos de seguridad basadas en las recomendaciones de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional (OACI). Inicialmente los Estados miembros de la Comunidad Andina acordaron timbrar los nuevos pasaportes andinos con el nombre oficial del grupo regional en español para enero del 2005, aunque los pasaportes expedidos anteriormente seguirán siendo válidos hasta la fecha de expiración. Posteriormente, mediante la Decisión 625 la entidad acordó postergar la fecha hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2006.
El documento es actualmente expedido por Bolivia, Ecuador y Perú.
Colombia sí llegó a adoptar el pasaporte andino, pero en el pasaporte no aparece la leyenda "Comunidad Andina", como es en el caso de los pasaportes de Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia.
Ecuadorian security crisis

Since around 2018, Ecuador has suffered a security crisis resulting from conflicts between criminal organizations with connections to drug trafficking.
In recent years, coca leaf production has risen in neighboring Colombia and Peru, with both cocaine and coca base entering Ecuador by land and leaving by sea. Ecuador is uniquely positioned to facilitate maritime drug trafficking given its location between these two countries and its ports on the Pacific coast.
Meanwhile, FARC and the Colombian government reached a peace agreement in the mid-2010s. Multiple groups fought to fill the vacuum left by FARC, and FARC members who opposed the peace deal relocated to Ecuador. Additionally, Ecuador's use of the United States dollar makes it easier for gangs to launder money.
Inter-gang conflicts began after the murder on 28 December 2020 of Jorge Luis Zambrano, leader of the criminal syndicate Los Choneros, considered one of the oldest and most dangerous in the country. Zambrano's death led to the criminal groups known as Los Chone Killers, Los Lobos, Los Pipos, and Los Tiguerones, which functioned as substructures of Los Choneros, to separate from the gang and start a war against its former leaders for control of the country's prisons and drug trafficking through a series of massacres and other criminal acts. A 2022 report by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights said that the government had "lost control" of its prison system.
The focus of the violence was at first focused within the prisons of the country, with events such as the February 2021 Ecuadorian prison riots and the September 2021 Guayaquil prison riot, both of which occurred in 2021 and the second considered one of the bloodiest prison massacres in Latin American history. In total, 503 inmates were murdered in the country during 2021 alone.
In recent years, the wave of violence has also manifested itself outside prisons, and international criminal organisations now operate within Ecuador, including the Sinaloa Cartel, the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, and the Albanian mafia. This has been reflected in citizen perception, as shown by a survey carried out by the firm Click Research in October 2021, which indicated that crime was considered by the citizens as the biggest problem that the country was going through. The wave of violence has generated a sharp rise in the number of murders in the country. In 2021, the intentional homicide rate reached 14.04 per 100,000 people (the highest since 2011), compared to a rate of 7.8 in 2020. These figures continued to increase in 2022. The most violent areas in the country includes the cantons of Guayaquil, Durán and Samborondón. It saw 53 murders between January and February 2021 and 162 in the same period in 2022.
The murder rate of 46.5 homicides per 100,000 residents that year was the highest in Ecuador's history.
Uniformed services

Uniformed services is an abstract term that are generally bodies of people in employment of a state who wear a distinct uniform that differentiates them from the public and private sector. Their purpose is to foster the Equality, security, safety, and health of the people they serve. Examples include military personnel, police officers, corrections and firefighters.
Some uniformed services carry weapons and ammunition on duty. They include:
Depending on role and assignment, members of:
Unarmed uniformed services carry or operate other equipment to perform their duty. Such uniformed services may include:
List of ongoing armed conflicts

The following is a list of ongoing armed conflicts that are taking place around the world.
This list of ongoing armed conflicts identifies present-day conflicts and the death toll associated with each conflict. The criteria of inclusion are the following:
The 6 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 10,000 direct, violent deaths per year in battles between identified groups, in the current or previous calendar year.
The 10 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 1,000 and fewer than 10,000 direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year. Conflicts causing at least 1,000 deaths in one calendar year are considered wars by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program.
The 16 conflicts in the following list have caused at least 100, and fewer than 1,000, direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year.
The 10 conflicts in the following list have caused fewer than 100 direct, violent deaths in the current or previous calendar year.
Security company

A private security company is a business entity which provides armed or unarmed security services and expertise to clients in the private or public sectors.
Private security companies are defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics as companies primarily engaged in providing guard and patrol services, such as bodyguard, guard dog, parking security and security guard services. Many of them will even provide advanced special operations services if the client demands it. Examples of services provided by these companies include the prevention of unauthorized activity or entry, traffic regulation, access control, and fire and theft prevention and detection. These services can be broadly described as the protection of personnel and/or assets. Other security services such as roving patrol, bodyguard, and guard dog services are also included, but are a very small portion of the industry. During the COVID-19 pandemic, some security companies engaged in vaccine supply chain services as well.
The private security industry is rapidly growing – currently there are 2 million full-time security workers in the United States and this number is expected to increase by 21% percent through 2020, making the security industry a $100 billion a year industry, with projected growth to $200 billion by 2010. The United States is the world's largest consumer of private military and security services, and the private security industry in the U.S. began seeing a huge increase in demand in 2010. Since then, the U.S. security industry has already grown to be a $350 billion market.
Employees of private security companies are generally referred to either as "security guards" or "security officers", depending on the laws of the state or country they operate in. Security companies themselves are sometimes referred to as "security contractors", but this is not common due to confusion with private military contractors, who operate under a different auspice.
جبل نور

مکہ مکرمہ کے مشرق میں ساڑھے چار کلومیٹر کے فاصلے پر واقع ایک پہاڑ جس کے ایک غار (غار حرا) میں حضرت محمد صلی اللہ علیہ و آلہ وسلم بعثت سے قبل عبادت کیا کرتے تھے۔ اور قرآن مجید کی پہلی وحی بھی اسی پہاڑ پر نازل ہوئی۔ یہ پہاڑ مکہ سے طائف جانے والے راستے پر سڑک سے تقریباً میٹر کے فاصلے پر واقع ہے۔ سطح سمندر سے اس پہاڑی کی بلندی 639 میٹر ہے۔ جبل نور دامن میں کچھ پھیلاؤ رکھتا ہے اور پھر اس کے بعد قریباً سیدھا اوپر کو اٹھتا چلا گیا ہے تاہم اس کی چوٹی نوکیلی نہیں۔ پہاڑ کے دامن میں نصف کلومیٹر تک راستہ ہموار ہے اور آگے چڑھائی شروع ہو جاتی ہے۔ اوپر چڑھنے کا راستہ مشرقی سمت سے ہے اور چکر کھاتے ہوئے اوپر جاتا ہے۔
سانچہ:شیعہ اسلام میں مقدس ترین مقامات
سرسوتی

شمال مغربی بھارت کا ایک دریا جسے دیوی سروتی کی تجسیم مانا جاتا تھا۔ بیشتر اوقات ایسے جدید سروتی کے طور پر متشخص کر لیا جاتا ہے ۔، جو پٹیالہ کے قریب ریت میں کھوجاتی ہے۔ علاقہ کی بے پناہ خشک بنجر اور جنوب مغربی مون سون ہواؤں کے زیر اثر کھسکتی ریت کے باعث ہمیں اس دریا کی خشک گذر گاہ کے علاوہ اور کوئی سراخ نہیں ملتا ہے۔ لگتا ہے رگ وید میں مذکور دریاؤں میں سرسوتی معاروف ترین تھا۔ اسے بہترین ماں، دریاؤں میں بہترین اور دیویوں میں بہترین کے القاب سے یاد کیا جاتا تھا۔ ویدوں کے عہد میں سروسوتی غالباً ستلج کے حجم کے برابر تھا اور رگ وید کے مطابق یہ سمندر میں بھی جا گرتا تھا۔ اسے سردار، واگیشور اور برہمی کے القابات سے بھی پکارہ جاتا تھا۔ ّبری کی مناجات بھارتی اور الا کے ساتھ ساتھ اس دیوی سے بھی منسوب ہے۔ دریا دیوی ہونے کے باعث اس کا تعلق زرخیزی، پیدائش اور خصوصاً پاکیزگی سے ہے، اس کے پانیوں میں نہانے اور اس کے کنارے اشنان کرنے والا ہر قسم کی الائشوں سے پاک ہوجاتا تھا ۔
مرکزی حثیت اختیار کرگیا تھا۔
کچھ محققین کے متطابق سرسوتی سرس سے ماخوذ ہے، جس کا مطلب بہاؤ اور پانی کے مترادف ہے۔
ڈکس کی بیٹی اور برہم کی بیوی ) یا بیٹی ( کہا گیا ہے۔ البتہ اس کا وشنو، دھرم یا متو میں سے کسی کی بیوی ہونا بھی تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے ۔
آتیکا

عتیقیہ یا آتیکا (یونانی: Αττική, AttikḗAttikḗ یا AttikīAttikī́; قدیم یونانی: [at:ikɛ:] یا جدید: [atiˈci]) ایک تاریخی علاقہ ہے جو یونان کے دار الحکومت ایتھنز کو گھیرے ہوئے ہے۔ موجودہ انتظامی علاقہ تاریخی علاقہ کی نسبت زیادہ وسیع ہے اور اس میں سارونی Saronic جزائر، Cythera کائتھیرا، اورپیلوپونیشیہ Peloponnesian کی بلدیہ طروئزینہ بھی شامل ہے۔ عتیقہ کی تاریخ مضبوطی کے ساتھ اتھینیہ شہر کے ساتھ منسلک ہے، جو کلاسیکی مدت سے قدیم دنیا کے اہم شہروں میں سے ایک تھا۔
عتیقہ بحرِ ایجہ میں پیوست ایک سہ رُخی جزیرہ نما ہے۔ شمال میں کیتھارون پہاڑیوں نے اس کو Boeotia بوتیہ علاحدہ کر رکھا ہے۔ مغرب میں سمندر اور کرنتھی نہر ہے۔ . سارونی Saronic خلیج اس کے جنوب اور Euboea یوبوا کے جزیرے اس کے شمالی اور مشرقی ساحل کی طرف ہیں ۔
افلاطون، کے مطابق عتیقہ کی قدیم حدود اشطمس نے مقرر کیا تھا اور یہ کیتھارون Cithaeron اور Parnes پارنس تک پھیلی ہوئی تھیں۔
یونانی تاریک دور میں جب ڈوریان حملہ سے آکائیان باشندے بے گھر ہوئے تو انھوں نے، آیونیوں کو ان کی سرزمین سے نکال باہر کیا، در نتیجہ آیونی باشندوں کو عتیقہ میں پناہ لینی پڑی۔
میسانی دور میں عتیقہ کے باشندے خود مختار زرعی معاشرہ میں رہتے تھے۔ جن مقامات سے ان کے قبل از تاریخ کھنڈر برآمد ہوئے ہیں ان میںمیراتھن، رافینیہ Rafina، نیاماکری، براوران، تھاریکوس، اگیاسکوسماس، منیدی، مارکوپولو، اسپاطا، افیدنا اور اتھینیہ شامل ہیں۔
کلاسیکی دور میں، ایتھنز کو شمال سے الیوتھرا کے قلعہ کے ذریعہ مضبوط کیا گیا تھاجو اچھی حالت محفوظ ہے۔ دوسرے قلعوں میں اوئینو، دیسیلیا اور افیندائی شامل ہیں۔ لاریم پر کان کنی کی جگہوں کی حفاظت کے لیے، رامنوش، تھوریکاس، سونیان، انافیسوس، پیرائس اور ایلوسیس کے مقامات پر فصیل بندی کی گئی تھی۔
اگرچہ آثار قدیمہ اور کھنڈر پورے عتیقہ میں پائے جاتے ہیں لیکن ان میں سب سے زیادہ اہم الیوسیس Eleusis کے مقام پر برآمد ہوئے ہیں۔ میسانی دور کے شروع میں دیوی دیمیترا Demeter اور کورا Cora کی عبادت ایک عرصہ تک اس عتیقہ کے لوگوں کا مذہب رہی۔
دورِقدامت سے نکلنے پر عتیقہ سلسلہ وار رومن، بازنطینی، وینس اور عثمانیہ اقتدار کے تحت آیا۔
بحیرہ روم کی وجہ سے عتیقہ میں زیادہ تر خشک اور متعدل موسم رہتا ہے اور بارشیں تھوڑی مدت کے لیے سردی کے موسم میں ہوتی ہیں۔
عالمی موسمیات کی تنظیم کے مطابق یورپ میں ریکارڈ سب سے زیادہ درجہ حرارت48ڈگری سیلیس /118.4ڈگری فارنہائٹ ہے یہ الیوسیس اور طاطوئی کے مقام پر1977 میں ریکارڈ کیا گیا۔
اسلامی عقیدہ

عقیدہ دراصل اسلام کے لفظ توحیدی مطلب نعرہ توحید "اللہ اکبر" سے ماخوذ ہے، جس کے معانی ہیں کے (اللہ کی کتاب قران کریم اور اس سے پہلے نازل ہوئی تین کتابوں توریت زبور اور انجیل کو بھی سچے دل اور من سے بیعنہ کسی شک عشباب کے سچ ماننا ،جیسے ایک لفظ کہاہ جاتا ہے "عیقدت کذا" (میں اپنے عقیدے سے بھٹک گیا خدا مجے معاف کرنا اور مجھے یہ بھی یقین ہے کے تو ہی سچ ہے میں جانتا ہوں پھر بھی میں غلطی کر گیا میں گمراہ ہو گیا لیکن تومجھے معاف کرے گا یہ میں یقین رکھتق ہوں تونے مجھے قران مجید میں میری غلطیوں اور گناہوں کو معاف کرنے کا بھی بتایا ہے ) یعنی میں نے اسے (اس عقیدے کو) اپنے دل اور ضمیر سچ باندھ لیا ہے۔ لہذا عقیدہ : اس اعتقاد کو کہا جاتا ہے جو انسان اپنے دل میں کسی چیز کے بارے میں رکھتا ہے، کہا جاتا ہے : "عقیدۃ حسنة" (اچھا عقیدہ)، یعنی : "سالمة من الشک" (شک سے پاک عقیدہ)، عقیدہ در حقیقت دل کے یقین کرنے کے عمل کا نام ہے اور وہ ہے دل کا کسی بات پر ایمان رکھنا اور اس کی تصدیق کرنا۔
اسلام کے پیروکار مسلمان کہلاتے ہیں۔ اس کی وجہ سے عرب کی غیر مہذب قوم دنیا کو تہذیب سکھانے والی اُستاد بن گئی اور موجودہ دور کی سائنسی ترقی کے لیے کی جانے والی تلاش میں پہلا قدم بھی مسلمانوں کی طرف سے رکھا گیا۔ آپ ﷺ کی وفات کے بعد آپ کے خلفاء راشدین اور صحابہ کرام نے اس کی اشاعت اپنے کردار اور اعمال کے ذریعے پوری دنیا میں کی اور یہ دنیا میں سب سے تیزی کے ساتھ پھیلنے والا مذہب بن چکا ہے۔
دوسرے مذاہب اور ادیان کی طرح مسلمان بھی اپنے عقائد کی وجہ سے مختلف فرقوں میں تقسیم ہو گئے۔ عمان کا پیغام میں جن مذاہب کو مسلمان تسلیم کیا گیا ہے، اُن کے کچھ عقائد ایسے ہیں جو دین اسلام کے تمام ذیلی مذاہب کے ماننے والوں میں مشترک ہیں اور متفقہ اسلامی عقائد کہلاتے ہیں۔ ان عقائد کو ضروریات دین کہتے ہیں۔ ذیل میں انھی عقائد کی فہرست اور وضاحت تحریر کی گئی ہے۔ اس تحریر کے لیے کوشش کی گئی ہے کہ اُن کتب سے استفادہ کیا جائے جن میں بنیادی ماخذ یعنی قرآن و حدیث سے حوالہ جات درج ہوں۔ نیز ویکیپیڈیا پر اسلامی عقائد کے حوالہ سے درج کے مضامین سے بھی تفصیلات لی گئی ہیں اور انہی کا حوالہ درج کیا گیا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ باقی عقائد کے لیے انٹرنیٹ کے حوالہ جات درج کرنے کی کوشش کی گئی ہے تاکہ آسانی سے دیکھے جا سکیں۔
منظور الٰہی اپنی کتاب "سماج سنسکارے سنتیکا آکیدارہ گروتبا" (سماجی اصلاح میں صحیح عقیدہ کی اہمیت) میں "اصلاح معاشرہ کی ضرورت اور اس تناظر میں صحیح اسلامی عقیدہ کے کردار اور اہمیت" کے بارے میں کہتے ہیں۔
عبادت

عبادت کا متبادل پرستش ہے جو فارسی زبان کا لفظ ہے جس کے معانی ہیں عبادت کرنا۔ مختلف مذاہب میں عبادت کا مختلف تصور ہے۔ الہامی مذاہب اللہ کی عبادت کرتے ہیں جبکہ مشرک مذاہب ظاہری اجسام کی۔
عبادت گاہ

عبادت گاہ ایک خاص طور پر ڈیزائن کیا گیا ڈھانچہ یا جگہ ہے جہاں افراد یا لوگوں کا ایک گروہ جیسے کہ ایک جماعت عقیدت، تعظیم یا مذہبی مطالعہ کرنے کے لیے آتی ہے۔ اس مقصد کے لیے تعمیر یا استعمال ہونے والی عمارت کو بعض اوقات عبادت گاہ بھی کہا جاتا ہے۔ مندر، گرجا گھر، مساجد اور کنیسہ عبادت کے لیے بنائے گئے ڈھانچے کی مثالیں ہیں۔
عبادت حسین

عبادت حسین چودھری (پیدائش: 7 جنوری 1994ء) ایک بنگلہ دیشی کرکٹ کھلاڑی ہے۔ اس نے فروری 2019ء میں بنگلہ دیش کرکٹ ٹیم کے لیے بین الاقوامی کیریئر کا آغاز کیا۔ وہ بنگلہ دیش کی فضائیہ کا ایک فعال سپاہی بھی ہے۔
عبادت حسین 7 جنوری 1994ء کو ضلع مولوی بازار کے سب ڈسٹرکٹ برالیکھا کے گاؤں کٹھتللی میں پیدا ہوئے۔ 2012ء میں عبادت حسین نے والی بال کے کھلاڑی کے طور پر بنگلہ دیش کی فضائیہ میں شمولیت اختیار کی۔ 2016ء میں انھوں نے عاقب جاوید کی نگرانی میں بی سی بی کی جانب سے پیسر ہنٹ مقابلے میں شرکت کی۔ ایبادوٹ کو عاقب نے بی سی بی کے ہائی پرفارمنس پروگرام کے لیے چنا تھا۔ اور اس طرح ایبادت والی بال کے کھلاڑی سے کرکٹ کھلاڑی بن گئے۔
عبادت نے 25 ستمبر 2016ء 2016-17 نیشنل کرکٹ لیگ میں سلہٹ ڈویژن کے لیے اپنا فرسٹ کلاس ڈیبیو کیا۔ عبادت نے 8 مئی 2017 کو 2016-17 ڈھاکہ پریمیئر ڈویژن کرکٹ لیگ میں محمڈن اسپورٹنگ کلب کے لیے اپنا لسٹ اے ڈیبیو کیا اس نے 2017–18 بنگلہ دیش پریمیئر لیگ میں 6 نومبر 2017 کو رنگپور رائیڈرز کے لیے اپنا ٹوئنٹی 20 ڈیبیو کیا۔ ایبادوٹ 2017–18 بنگلہ دیش کرکٹ لیگ میں سنٹرل زون کے لیے سب سے زیادہ وکٹیں لینے والے کھلاڑی تھے، چھ میچوں میں تیرہ آؤٹ ہوئے۔ اکتوبر 2018ء میں عبادت کو 2018-19 بنگلہ دیش پریمیئر لیگ کے ڈرافٹ کے بعد سلہٹ سکسرز ٹیم کے سکواڈ میں شامل کیا گیا۔ اگلے مہینے 2018-19 بنگلہ دیش کرکٹ لیگ میں نارتھ زون کے لیے باؤلنگ کرتے ہوئے، اس نے فرسٹ کلاس کرکٹ میں دس وکٹوں کا پہلا میچ حاصل کیا۔ اگست 2019ء میں وہ بنگلہ دیش کے 2019-20 سیزن سے قبل تربیتی کیمپ میں نامزد 35 کرکٹرز میں سے ایک تھے۔
نومبر 2016ء میں عبادت کو بنگلہ دیش کے دورہ نیوزی لینڈ سے پہلے آسٹریلیا میں تربیت کے لیے 22 رکنی تیاری کے سکواڈ میں شامل کیا گیا۔ فروری 2019ء میں عبادت کو نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف سیریز کے لیے بنگلہ دیش کے ٹیسٹ سکواڈ میں شامل کیا گیا۔ انھوں نے بنگلہ دیش کے لیے 28 فروری 2019ء کو نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف اپنا ٹیسٹ ڈیبیو کیا اور ان کی پہلی ٹیسٹ وکٹ نیل ویگنر تھی۔ جنوری 2022ءمیں اس نے سیریز کے پہلے ٹیسٹ میں بے اوول میں نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف ٹیسٹ کرکٹ میں اپنی پہلی پانچ وکٹیں حاصل کیں ۔ وہ 6/46 کے اعداد و شمار کے ساتھ ختم ہوا، جس نے بنگلہ دیش کو نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف اپنے گھر میں 33 مقابلوں میں فارمیٹس میں پہلی جیت اور نیوزی لینڈ کے خلاف پہلی ٹیسٹ جیت حاصل کرنے میں مدد کی۔ انھیں میچ میں سات وکٹیں لینے پر مین آف دی میچ قرار دیا گیا۔ فروری 2022ء میں انھیں افغانستان کے خلاف سیریز کے لیے بنگلہ دیش کے ایک روزہ بین الاقوامی سکواڈ میں شامل کیا گیا۔ مارچ 2022ء میں انھیں جنوبی افریقہ کے خلاف سیریز کے لیے بنگلہ دیش کی ون ڈے ٹیم میں شامل کیا گیا۔ مئی 2022ء میں انھیں دوبارہ بنگلہ دیش کی ون ڈے ٹیم میں شامل کیا گیا، اس بار ویسٹ انڈیز کے خلاف ان کی سیریز کے لیے۔
List of The File of Young Kindaichi episodes

The File of Young Kindaichi (金田一少年の事件簿, Kindaichi Shōnen no Jikenbo) is a Japanese mystery anime series adapted from the manga of the same name, also known as The Kindaichi Case Files. The series follows the crime solving adventures of a high school student, Hajime Kindaichi, the supposed grandson of the famous (fictional) private detective Kosuke Kindaichi. He is often accompanied by his friend Miyuki Nanase, and sometimes police inspector Isamu Kenmochi. The manga was written by Yōzaburō Kanari or Seimaru Amagi (depending on series) and illustrated by Fumiya Satō.
Produced by Toei Animation and directed by Daisuke Nishio, the anime adaptation of the original manga aired on YTV and other NNS affiliates between April 7, 1997, and September 11, 2000, spanning 148 episodes plus one special episode. In addition, two animated films were released on December 14, 1996, and August 21, 1999, respectively. Seven years after the conclusion of the TV anime, two new animated episodes were aired in Japan on November 12, 2007, and November 19, 2007, respectively.
On April 6, 2007, a DVD collector's box of Kindaichi was released by Warner Home Video to mark the 10th anniversary of airing of the original TV anime.
See also The Kindaichi Case Files Characters.
The series consists of 148 episodes with each case spanning between 1 and 4 episodes. A double-length TV special was aired on October 13, 1997, between episodes 23 and 24.
Opening songs:
Ending songs:
Two TV specials were produced and aired on Yomiuri TV on November 12 and November 19, 2007.
Two special OVA episodes were released with the 20th anniversary of the manga: The first in December 2012 and the second in March 2013.
The Kindaichi Case Files R, also known as Kindaichi Case Files Returns comprises 47 episodes over two seasons.
Kozhikode Beach

Kozhikode Beach is a beach on the western side of Kozhikode, situated on the Malabar Coast of India. Kozhikode beach is most crowded beach in kerala. The beach is accessible through four road overbridges in the city. The beach has paved stones and illumination. There is one Lions Park for the children and an aquarium. Kozhikode beach has always been a prominent place for conducting public meetings. The beach road was renamed 'Gandhi Road' in 1934 after Gandhi visited Kozhikode in 1934.
100 years ago Valiyangadi and the beach area were the centre of Kozhikode city. In the 1970s the downtown shifted to Mananchira area and again, in the 1980s, Mavoor Road became the centre of attraction. In 2010s, Thondayad Bypass area and Palazhi on the Airport road has emerged as the new city centre with a vibrant night life.
Kozhikode Beach has a long drive from Beypore in the south to Kappad in the north. The following beaches are part of Kozhikode Beach:
On the southern side of the beach, Valiyangadi was the place where European and Arab traders brushed shoulders just a few centuries back. There is one Gujarathi Street and a Halwa Street on the locality. The road towards the south reaches the Chakkum Kadavu bridge and has access to the Kallayi, Marad and Beypore beaches. Valiyanagdi have great past and history. We can see the value of valiyangadi in malabar history
The Mishkal Masjidh is a four storied mosque at Kuttichira in Kozhikode city. The mosque is about 700 years old. Originally built of wood in five stories, the mosque was later rebuilt into the present four stories. The mosque has 47 doors, 24 pillars decorated with carvings and a very big prayer hall that can accommodate 400 people.
The Road over bridge from Mananchira to the Kozhikode beach takes you to the Red Cross Road that terminates in the beach. Cherootty road is one of the offshoots of the Red Cross Road that ends at Court Road near the Mathrubhumi newspaper office. This is a major shopping area of the Kozhikode beach area with many branded clothing shops and branches of nationalized branches on either side of the road. Gandhi Peace Foundation is maintaining an office there. The convent road is a branch of the Cherootty Road. Tagore Centenary Hall, Muslim League Office, Moonnalingal junction and the Beach Office are also connected to the Red Cross Road. The Silk Street and the Court Road runs parallel to Cherootty Road. The Silk Street has a Punjabi school, St.Joseph's school and Sidhi Durbar. Further west of the Silk Street lies the beach road which runs north–south from Vellayil in the north to Chakkum Kadavu in the south.
Nalam Gate or the fourth gate is a posh shopping locality on P.T.Usha Road in Kozhikode city. It is known as a foodie paradise because of the presence of a number of classy restaurants and coffee shops.
Varkala Beach

Varkala Beach, also known as Papanasham Beach, is situated in the town of Varkala in Varkala Municipality, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala, India. The beach skirts the Arabian Sea, part of the Indian Ocean.
Varkala beach is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea. These cliffs are of tertiary sedimentary formation and named by geologists as Varkala Formation. They are a geological monument as recorded by the Geological Survey of India. Water spouts and spas occur on the sides of these cliffs.
The Janardana Swami Temple is situated near the Beach. It is known for a 10-day festival held twice a year, called Arattu.
Sivagiri Mutt is another attraction, located atop the Sivagiri hill. Train service is available at Varkala Sivagiri Railway Station.
Varkala beach has adventure and leisure activities such as boat riding, parasailing, jetting, and horse-riding. There are also restaurants and cafes; alcohol is not served.
Varkala is located at 8°44′N 76°43′E﻿ / ﻿8.73°N 76.71°E﻿ / 8.73; 76.71.
Avdhoot Shivanand

Avdhoot Shivanand Ji is an Indian spiritual leader and founder of ShivYog, an organization that offers meditation programs. He also conducts public discourses which are broadcast on multiple television channels such as Aastha TV, Adhyatm TV and Sanskar TV. He is also involved in various social development activities, which has bestowed him with various honors from communities.
Avdhoot Shivanand was born on 26 March 1955 in Delhi and grew up in Rajasthan. At the age of 8, he came in contact with Himalayan yogi 108 Swami Jagganath ji who inspired him to pursue a spiritual path. Thereafter, he visited many sacred places in India for meditation. During his travels he practiced and meditated on the teachings of Swami Jagannath. He decided to dedicate his life to spread spirituality and meditation around the world. From 1990, he started conducting talks & workshops on Shivyog and Advait Shri Vidya Sadhana around India. In 1995 he created the Shivyog Foundation with the aim to share the wisdom of meditation and inner healing to everyone. The first ShivYog ashram was built in Delhi where he taught meditation. Today there are 3 ShivYog ashrams in Delhi, Lucknow and Karjat respectively and ShivYog courses are held at more than 100 locations in India. Shivyog programs are also conducted worldwide in close to 30 countries from the year 2000. In September 2016, P D Patil, the Chancellor of DY Patil University conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctorate in Cosmic-Science,their contribution in SiddhaHealing Methods and philanthropy work on Human Health.Doctor Emeritus to Avdhoot Shivanand for contribution in modern spiritual science, and H. H Avdhoot Shivanand became Indian Himalayan Yogi to pursue Phd.
Since 2020 his public appearances have drastically reduced.
Worship (style)

Worship is an honorific prefix for mayors, justices of the peace, peace commissioners, and magistrates (when sitting on the bench – Appendix 5: Communications to holders of honours and titles in New Zealand) in present or former Commonwealth realms. In spoken address, these officials are addressed as Your Worship or referred to as His Worship, Her Worship, or Their Worship. In Australia, all states now use Your Honour as the form of address for magistrates (the same as has always been used for judges in higher courts).
The term worship implies that citizens give or attribute special worth or esteem (worthship) to their first-citizen or mayor.
The Right Worshipful (The Rt Wpful., Rt. W or RW) is an honorific style of address for all lord mayors and mayors of specific cities including the original Cinque Ports (Sandwich, Hythe, Dover, Romney and Hastings). Some historic boroughs, such as Shrewsbury and Atcham in Shropshire, also address their mayors by this prefix. In India, the mayors of cities such as Bengaluru, Mysore and Chennai are addressed as Worshipful Mayor with robes and attire as for the Lord Mayor of the City of London. The style was done away with by the Government of Kerala and the mayors in Kerala are now referred to as Respected Mayor.
The style is also traditionally used for the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. In Australia, the lord mayors of Darwin, Northern Territory; Parramatta, New South Wales; Newcastle, New South Wales; and Wollongong, New South Wales are also styled thus.
The Worshipful is an honorific style of address for all Chancellors of Dioceses. A Chancellor's role as a judge, presiding over any consistory or ecclesiastical court, determines that the individual should be styled in this manner.
In Freemasonry, Worshipful Master is the traditional style of address for the Master of a lodge, who essentially acts as the chairperson during his tenure.
Worship dance

Worship dance or liturgical dance take on several forms of sacred dance in Christianity and Messianic Judaism, and is usually incorporated into liturgies or worship services.
Some liturgical dance was common in ancient times or non-Western settings, with precedents in Judaism beginning with accounts of dancing in the Old Testament. An example is the episode when King David danced before the Ark of the Covenant (2 Sam 6:14), but this instance is often considered to be outside of Jewish norms and Rabbinic rituals prescribed at the time.
Dance has historically been controversial within Christianity. Many records exist of prohibitions by leaders of most branches of the Christian Church, for such reasons as the association of dance with paganism, the use of dance for sexual purposes, and a Greek-influenced belief in the separation of soul and body. Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, and especially following the Second Vatican Council, there was a significant growth in the use of dance in Christian worship. This received a boost from the charismatic movement of the 1970s, which initiated a transition to contemporary worship in many churches.
A distinctive style of worship dance has developed within Messianic Judaism. Known as messianic dance or davidic dance (for King David), it sometimes incorporates elements of Israeli Folk Dancing.
வஜ்ராசனம்

வஜ்ராசனம் (Vajrasana) உட்கார்ந்த நிலையில் செய்யும் ஆசனம் ஆகும். மண்டியிட்டு புட்டம் பாதங்களில் படும்படி அமரவேண்டும்.
வஜ்ராசனம் எனும் சொல் சமசுகிருத மொழியில் இருந்து வந்ததாகும். "வஜ்ரா" என்பதன் பொருள் இடியேறு ஆகும். ஆசனம் என்பது நிலையை குறிக்கும்.
இரண்டு கால்களையும் நீட்டி அமரவும். வலது குதிகாலை மடித்து வலது புட்டத்தின் அடியில் வைத்துக் கொள்ளவும். இடது குதிகாலை மடித்து இடது புட்டத்தின் அடியில் வைக்கவும். முழங்கால்கள் இணைந்து இருக்க வேண்டும். இரு உள்ளங்கைகைளயும் முழங்கால் மீது வைத்து ஐந்து இயல்பான மூச்சை விடவும்.
எலும்பு மருத்துவர்கள் அறிவுரைப்படி முட்டிக்குத் தீங்கு ஏற்படலாம்.
காலின் விரல் பகுதிகளில் வலி ஏற்படலாம்.
யோக-குண்டலினி உபநிடதம்

யோக-குண்டலினி உபநிடதம் (Yoga-kundalini Upanishad) ( சமசுகிருதம் : योगकुण उपनिषत ) சமசுகிருதத்தில் எழுதப்பட்ட இது 20 யோக உபநிடதங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். மேலும் கிருஷ்ண யசுர் வேதத்துடன் இணைக்கப்பட்ட 32 உபநிடதங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். இராமனால் அனுமனுக்குக் கூறப்பட்ட முக்திகா நியதியில், இது 108 உபநிடதங்களின் தொகுப்பில் 86 வது இடத்தில் பட்டியலிடப்பட்டுள்ளது..
இது குண்டலினி யோகத்தின் விளக்கத்துடன் தொடர்புடைய மிகவும் குறிப்பிடத்தக்க உரையாகும். இது ஹத யோகம் மற்றும் லம்பிகா யோகத்தைப் பற்றி விவரிக்கிறது. கடைசி அத்தியாயம் முதன்மையாக சுய அறிவு, ஆன்மா, பிரம்மம் மற்றும் வாழும் விடுதலை பற்றிய தேடலைப் பற்றியது. இது இந்து மதத்தின் சக்தி பாரம்பரியத் தாந்திரீகத்தைப் பற்றிய ஒரு முக்கியமான உரையாகும். மேலும் குண்டலினி யோகக் கலை பற்றிய மிக முக்கியமான நூல்களில் ஒன்றாகவும் கருதப்படுகிறது.
"மரத்தடிகளில் பற்றவைக்கும் நெருப்பு எரியாமல் எழுவது போல யோகப் பயிற்சி இல்லாமல், அறிவின் ஒளியை ஏற்றிவிட முடியாது" என உரை கூறுகிறது. சித்தம், அல்லது மனம், சம்ஸ்காரங்கள் மற்றும் வசனங்களுக்கு (நடத்தை போக்குகள்) ஆதாரமாகவும், பிராணனின் விளைவுகளாகவும் உரையில் விளக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.. பிராணனைப் பற்றி அறிந்துகொள்வதற்கும் கட்டுப்படுத்துவதற்கும் யோகா நுட்பங்கள் உபநிடதத்தில் விரிவாகக் கூறப்பட்டுள்ளன. இந்த நுட்பங்களில் மிதகாரம் (மிதமான, சமச்சீர் ஊட்டச்சத்து), ஆசனம், உள் சக்தியை எழுப்புதல் ஆகியவை யோகினியின் குண்டலினியைத் தூண்டுவதற்கான வழிமுறையாக வலியுறுத்தப்படுகின்றன.
குண்டலினி,என்பதற்கு "ஒவ்வொரு நபரிடமும் இருக்கும் மறைந்திருக்கும் ஆன்மீக சக்தி" என ஜேம்ஸ் லோக்டெஃபெல்ட் விளக்கம் கூறுகிறார். இது தாந்தீர்கத்தில் ஒரு அடிப்படைக் கருத்தாகும். மேலும் ஒவ்வொரு நபரிடமும் பொதுவாக செயலற்ற நிலையில் இருக்கும் சக்தியின் ஒரு அம்சத்தைக் குறிக்கிறது. குண்டலினி வார்த்தையின் அடிப்படை 'குண்டலம்' (சுருண்ட கயிறு). "யோக-குண்டலினி உபநிஷத்" என்ற தலைப்பு "குண்டலினி யோகத்தின் இரகசியக் கோட்பாடு" என்று பொருள்படும்.
யோக-குண்டலினி உபநிடதம் என்பது ஒரு பொதுவான சகாப்த உரை, இது யோகசூத்திரங்களுக்குப் பிறகு இயற்றப்பட்டது. 11 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் யோகியான கோரக்நாத் போன்ற சித்த யோகிகளால் கற்பிக்கப்பட்ட யோக-குண்டலினி உரை, பல பிற்கால யோக உபநிடதங்களைப் போலவே, யோகக் கருத்துக்கள் மற்றும் முறைகளைக் கையாள்கிறது என்று பானர்ஜி கூறுகிறார்.
மொத்தம் 171 வசனங்களைக் கொண்ட மூன்று அத்தியாயங்களாகக் கட்டமைக்கப்பட்ட வசனத்தில் உரை அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. முதல் அத்தியாயத்தில் 87 வசனங்கள் உள்ளன. மேலும் யோகப் பயிற்சி பற்றி விவாதிக்கிறது. 49 வசனங்களைக் கொண்ட இரண்டாவது அத்தியாயம் கேகாரி (சமஸ்கிருதம்: खेचरि) அறிவைப் பற்றி விவாதிக்கிறது. கடைசி அத்தியாயம் 35 வசனங்களைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. மேலும் ஆன்மா, பிரம்மம், தியானம் மற்றும் வாழும் விடுதலை பற்றி விவாதிக்கிறது.
Vajrasana (yoga)

Vajrasana (Sanskrit: वज्रासन, romanized: vajrāsana), Thunderbolt Pose, or Diamond Pose, is a kneeling asana in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise. Ancient texts describe a variety of poses under this name.
The name comes from the Sanskrit words vajra, a weapon whose name means "thunderbolt" or "diamond", and asana (आसन, āsana) meaning "posture" or "seat".
The name Vajrasana denotes a medieval meditation seat, but its usage varied. The 15th century Hatha Yoga Pradipika called it a synonym of Siddhasana, where one of the heels presses the root of the penis; according to Yoga-Mimamsa III.2 p. 135, this explains the reference to the vajra weapon.
The 17th century Gheranda Samhita 2.12 describes what Light on Yoga calls Virasana, with the feet beside the buttocks, while in other texts Vajrasana appears to mean the modern kneeling-down position, with the buttocks resting on the feet. The yoga scholar Norman Sjoman notes that Light on Yoga is unclear here, as its account of Laghuvajrasana has the knees and feet together, but it does not describe the basic Vajrasana.
The practitioner sits on the heels with the calves beneath the thighs. There is a four finger gap between the kneecaps, and the first toe of both the feet touch each other and sit erect.
The reclining form of the pose, used in Ashtanga (vinyasa) yoga, is Supta Vajrasana.
Laghuvajrasana, an advanced pose in Ashtanga yoga and Iyengar Yoga, has the thighs raised halfway from the sitting position, the crown of the head on the floor and the hands grasping the ankles.
Some orthopaedic surgeons claim Vajrasana may be harmful to knees. The pose has been linked to damage to the common fibular nerve resulting in foot drop, where dorsiflexion of the foot is compromised and the foot drags (the toe points) during walking; and in sensory loss to the surface of the foot and portions of the anterior, lower-lateral leg. In this context, one doctor has called it "yoga foot drop".