davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Monument to the Independence of Brazil

The Monument to the Independence of Brazil (Portuguese: Monumento à Independência do Brasil) is a granite and bronze monument located in the Independence Park in São Paulo, Brazil. It is also known as the Ipiranga Monument (Monumento do Ipiranga) or the Altar of the Fatherland (Altar da Pátria). The monument is located on the banks of the Ipiranga Brook, on the historic site where prince regent Pedro (later emperor Pedro I) proclaimed the independence of the country on 7 September 1822.
The monument was designed and built by Italian sculptor Ettore Ximenes (1855–1926) and Italian architect Manfredo Manfredi (1859–1927) to celebrate the first centennial of the Brazilian Independence in 1922.
A crypt and chapel is located inside the monument. The crypt was built in 1972 to house the remains of emperor Pedro I (also king of Portugal as Pedro IV) and his wives, Maria Leopoldina of Austria and Amélie of Leuchtenberg. The crypt is consecrated as a Catholic chapel, as demanded by the then head of the Brazilian Imperial Family, Pedro Henrique of Orléans-Braganza. He agreed to allow the transfer of the remains of his ancestors to the monument on the condition that the place be consecrated as a Catholic place of burial, with a Catholic altar, where masses could be held. Pedro I and Amélie of Leuchtenberg's remains were transferred from the Royal Pantheon of the House of Braganza in Lisbon; while Maria Leopoldina was moved from the Imperial Mausoleum of St Anthony's Convent in Rio de Janeiro.
Proclamation of Independence Day (Timor-Leste)

Proclamation of Independence Day (Portuguese: Dia da Proclamação da Independência) is a national holiday and a celebration to commemorate the East Timor Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the Portuguese rule in 1975. The event is annually celebrated on 28th November and marked by official and unofficial ceremonies and observances. The event is defined by the Timor-Leste parliament in the Law No. 10/2005 Of 10 August as part of its national holiday.
A year after the April 25 Revolution, Portugal consecrated freedom to its overseas provinces. Under conditions of destabilization, propaganda and military pressure from Indonesia, Fretilin finally proclaimed the independence of the Democratic Republic of East Timor on 28 November 1975 with Xavier do Amaral as President and Nicolau Lobato as Prime Minister.
A few days after the proclamation, UDT and three other smaller parties announced the 'Balibo Declaration' - a call calling for the Indonesian government to annex Timor. Even though it is called the Balibo Declaration, witnesses who signed it testified that the draft declaration was drafted in Jakarta and signed at a hotel in Bali under conditions of coercion as recorded in the report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation for Timor-Leste (CAVR) in 2005.
With that proclamation also came a civil war. To combat this force, the East Timorese resistance creates the Revolutionary Front of Independent Timor-Leste (FRETILIN). The fighting between Fretilin and its military wing took place in the interior, the Armed Forces for the National Liberation of Timor-Leste (Falintil).
Nine days later, Indonesia invaded East Timor on 7 December 1975. Indonesia decided to invade Timorese territory under the pretext of defending citizens of Indonesian ethnicity. The attack allowed Indonesia to successfully occupy Timor for 24 years.
East Timor, under FRETILIN rule, unilaterally declared its independence on 28 November 1975. This following text of proclamation is written on a memorial monument built to commemorate the 1975 Government of East Timor:
In Portuguese:
In English:
The Proclamation of Independence Day has been a national holiday in Timor-Leste since 2005.
The event is celebrated annually with a ceremony attended by the government of Timor-Leste, with a flag rising ceremony and the singing of the national anthem. The military of Timor-Leste also performs military parades in the country. Students, civil servants and state agents, are required to participate in the celebrations and commemorative ceremonies of the Proclamation of Independence Day taking place in public services or teaching establishments, whether public or private.
بسبوسه بسبوسه

بسبوسه بسبوسه اغنيه مصريه الفها حسين السيد و لحنها محمد عبد الوهاب و غنتها شاديه سنة 1963 فى فيلم زقاق المدق بس اتحذفت و سنة 1972 فى الراديو و سنة 1981 فى فيلم وادى الذكريات و فى حفلات
بسبوسه بسبوسه باااسبوسه باااسبوسه
بت يا دوسه يا دوسه شايله البسبوسه
ولله احلويتى و كبرتى و بئيتى عروسه
.....
فين لما زمان كنا بنفرش علا باب حتتنا
و نبيع الطيب للطيب من اهل حارتنا
و الكل حبايب ياما كانو بيسندو وئفتنا
لو بص غريب علا حاجه تانيه غير البسبوسه
.....
بسبوسه بسبوسه باااسبوسه باااسبوسه
بت يا دوسه يا دوسه شايله البسبوسه
ولله احلويتى و كبرتى و بئيتى عروسه
.....
من يوم ما مشينا م الحاره طلعنا ف العالى
الخرطه بعشره جنيه و اكتر
و كمان مش غالى مش غالى
و الغالى يا خوفى لحلاوته تخلص ف ليالى
فتافيت السكر ما بئتش تحللى البسبوسه
.....
بسبوسه بسبوسه باااسبوسه باااسبوسه
بت يا دوسه يا دوسه شايله البسبوسه
ولله احلويتى و كبرتى و بئيتى عروسه
.....
بصى يا نوسه
شوفى الناس شوفى
ازاى بيبصو لنا
الجوع ف عينيهم هياكلنا
هياكلنا يامه..يامه هياكلنا
جبتينا ليه حلوين يا مه
يا مه وننبى تدعى لنا
احنا اللى غلطنا و رخصنا سعر البسبوسه
.....
باااسبوسه باااسبوسه
بت يا دوسه يا دوسه شايله البسبوسه
ولله احلويتى و كبرتى و بئيتى عروسه
.....
يللا يا زباين هنشطب فين الاكيله
الشهد خلاص أررب يجبر ما بيدنا حيله
خللونا نروح لنا بدرى بس ولو ليله
علا حته مفيش فيها زباين جعانين بسبوسه
.....
باااسبوسه باااسبوسه
بت يا دوسه يا دوسه شايله البسبوسه
ولله احلويتى و كبرتى و بئيتى عروسه
بت يا دوسه..و بئيتى عروسه
حلوه البسبوسه..و بئيتى عروسه
بسبوسه بسبوسه..و بئيتى عروسه
بسبوسه بسبوسه..و بئيتى عروسه
باااسبوسه
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=HSK4KnVsq7A
بسبوسه (اغنيه)

بسبوسه بسبوسه اغنيه مصريه الفها حسين السيد و لحنها محمد عبد الوهاب و غنتها شاديه سنة 1963 فى فيلم زقاق المدق بس اتحذفت و سنة 1972 فى الراديو و سنة 1981 فى فيلم وادى الذكريات و فى حفلات
ليستة اغانى شاديه
بسبوسه

بسبوسه Basbusa حلويات مصريهو اكله اساسيه بتتقدم في معظم الأعياد والمناسبات، و انتشرت من مصر للشعوب العربيه
دقيق و سكر و مايه و سمنه
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=M72xxjipcdE&pp=ygUSI2Jhc2JvdXNhX21hcm1hbGFo
وفيات 2023 فى امريكا

وفيات 2023 فى امريكا . الاسماء تحت تاريخ الوفاة، بالترتيب الابجدى المعلومات بالتسلسل : الاسم و العمر وب لد المواطنة عند الميلاد و الجنسية اللى بعد كده (ان امكن)، والموضوع اللى اتشار ليه، و سنة الميلاد (اذا كانت معروفة)، و المرجع.
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
ام على (حلوى)

أم على هيا حلويات مصريه تقليديه، هيا حلويات وطنيه فى مصر.
تتكون من الكتير من المكونات المختلفة.
اسم «أم على» يرجع للعصر الأيوبى فى مصر. اتسميت علا اسم مرات حاكم الايوبيين فى مصر اللى طلبت من طباخينها انهم يبتكرو الذ حلويات و توزيعها فى كل اماكن البلاد ، و بقت الوصفه المختاره طبق وطنى لمصر.
و الحلويات دى بتتقدم سخنه وهيا مزيج من لبن و اشطه و زبده و رقاق او حتت عيش و مكسرات و سكر .
ملوخيه (اكل)

ملوخيه Molokhiyya هيا اكله مصريه
ملوخيه Molokhiyya طبق من أوراق نبات كوركوروس أوليتوريوس اللى هو نوع من نبات الجوت ، اسمه بالانجليزى Jute mallow چوت مالو يعنى خبيزة چوت او nalta jute نالتا چوت يتم استخدامه خضار و بتتاكل فى مصر و فى بلاد تانيه . الملوخيه تتاكل فى مصر شوربه سخنه ، اوراق ملوخيه يتحط عليها توم و كزبره و ملح و فلفل و حتت بصل و زيت و سمنه و مايه مغليه و تتحط علا النار لغاية ما تستوى. يتم طبخ الملوخيه لوحدها او مع فراخ او لحمه و يتم تقديمها مع عيش و رز .
Corchorus capsularis اصلها من مصر القديمه و اليونان القديمه و الهند القديمه . حسب المؤرخ المصرى المقريزى (ت 1442)، فى (1005 م) الحاكم بامر الله أصدر مرسوم يحرم علا رعاياه أكل الملوخيه عشان فاكر أنها منشطه للجنس .
فى المطبخ المصرى اوراق ملوخيه مخرطه و توم و كزبره و ملح و فلفل و زيت و سمنه. ممكن تنطبخ لوحدها او علا شوربة فراخ او لحمه . . فى اسكندريه بيعملوها علا شوربة جمبرى ، فى بورسعيد بيعملوها علا شوربة سمك .
تم استهلاك ملوخيه فى المطبخ المصرى القديم ، حيث يُعتقد أن اسم ملوخ و ملوخى و ملوخا و ملوخلوخ و ملوخيه قد نشأ فى مصر القديمه و اتعرف فى اليونان القديمه. مصريين كتير بيعتبرو ملوخيه طبق وطنى مصرى ، جمب فول مدمس و كشرى . الأسلوب المصرى فى تحضير الملوخيه مميز . يتم قطف أوراق الملوخيه من ساقها. لو تتطبخ فى ساعتها المصريين بيسموها ملوخيه خضرا . لو نشفوها عشان يحفظوها عشان ياكلوها فى اى وقت المصريين بيسموها ملوخيه ناشفه. الاوراق بتقطع حتت صغيره بمخرطة ملوخيه او باى طريقه.توم و كزبره يتقلو فى زيت و سمنه لعمل تقليه، بعدين يضيفو لهم اوراق ملوخيه مخرطه و ملح و فلفل و ميه مغليه او شوربه فراخ او لحمه و تتحط الملوخيه علا النار و يستحسن تتغطا لغاية ما تستوى الملوخيه . لو متغطيه الزيت و السمنه لما بيسخنو بيعملو صوت زى صوت الطشه فى الغطا قرب ما تستوى .
فى تونس يتم تقطيف اوراق الملوخيه و تنشيف أوراق الملوخيه بعدين طحنها لانتاج بودرة تتخزن فى برطمانات . وقت اكلها يحطو زيت زتون علا بودرة ملوخيه عشان ياكلوها . ساعات بحطو كمان صلصة طماطم . ساعات بيحطو حتت لحمه بقرى او ضانى . تتاكل مع عيش . .
فى كينيا ، يُعرف الطبق باسم موريرى ( لوهيا )، موريندا، أبوث ( لو )، اسامى تانيه . انه طبق خضار منتشر اوى بين المجتمعات فى المنطقه الغربيه (مقاطعات فيهيغا ، وكاكاميغا ، و بوسيا ، وترانس نزويا، وبونغوما ) وفى منطقة نيانزا (مقاطعات كيسومو ، وسيايا ، وهوما باى ، وكيسى ، وميجورى ، ونياميرا). و المنطقتين فى المنطقه المحيطه ببحيرة ڤيكتوريا . يتم فصل أوراق الجوت عن السيقان، وغسلها، بعدين غليها فى مايه بملح قليل مع الليجادى (شكل خام من الصودا (بيكربونات الصودا)، أو مونيو (ملح نباتى تقليدى). يتم غلى الأوراق مع الخضار الورقية التانيه زى ليكوفى (أوراق Vigna unguiculata لوبيا أو ميتو ( تشيبيلين ) لتقليل مرارتها و المساعده فى تليين أوراق الخضروات التانيه. فى بعض الحالات، بعد الغليان لمدة ثلاثين دقيقه تقريبن ، يتم طبخ الخضار بالطماطم و البصل بالزيت. (فيه شوية طرق عامه لتحضير الموتر و اكتر من طريقه لتقديمه). التوابل زى الكارى أو الفلفل أو الماسالا أو الكزبره اختياريه. يتم تقديم Mutere مع الأوجالى (اكله من الحبوب المطبوخه) و ممكن أن تكون مع لحمه أو فراخ.
قالب:Levantine cuisineقالب:Cuisine of Algeriaقالب:Cuisine of Lebanonقالب:Cuisine of Cyprus
ملح الاكل

ملح الاكل (بالقبطى ⲙⲉⲗϩ مِلح، هوا الاسم الشايع لكلوريد صوديوم (NaCl) ، الاملاح بتنتج من تفاعل كيماوى بين حامض و قلوى . ملح الاكل هوا نتيجة لتفاعل حامض هيدروكلوريك (HCl) مع قلوى هيدروكسيد صوديوم (NaOH).
و نتيجة التفاعل هى مايه (H2O) و ملح الاكل (NaCl).
الملح من العناصر الاساسيه فى الاكل بتاع الانسان و الايونات اللى بتكون منها :الصوديوم و الكلوريد بيدخلو فى كتير من العمليات الحيويه جوه الجسم و من غيرهم الواحد يموت، فى نفس الوقت الزياده الكبيره فى اكل الملح ممكن تخل التوازن فى الجسم بين السوايل (Fluid Balance) و دا بيسبب مخاطر صحيه زى زيادة ضغط الدم و ايديما يعنى تورم تحت الجلد بسبب مايه محجوزه .
صابئه

الصابئه كلمه اصلها من الفعل الارامى المندائى مصبتا ، يعنى صب ميه ، و تدل علا التطهر و النقاء ، الاسم ده هو اسم دين توحيدى و الصابئه بيعتبروه اول دين من ايام ادم . ليهم كتابهم اللى اسمه جنزا ربا يعنى كنز عظيم ، وتعتبر الديانه الصابئيه هى أول الديانات السماويه بالرغم من قلة عدد اتباعها نتيجة القتل و القهر و الاضطهاد علا مر العصور من حكام و اديان تانيه و نتيجة تغيير البعض لدينه عشان جواز او طلاق او فلوس او وظيفه او ضغوط او مصالح و غيره او بسبب التبشير باديان تانيه.
بيؤمن الصابئه بعدد من الأنبياء هم : آدم، و شيتل ابن ادم و نوح و سام بن نوح و يوحنا يعنى يوحنا المعمدان.
للصابئة مجموعة من الكتب اللى بتنظم لهم طقوسهم، وشعائرهم و تنقسم الى 3 مجاميع :
المجموعه الأولانيه: أجزاء التعاليم الدينية: اللى جت بشكل أساس فى:
المجموعة التانيه: الأجزاء اللى تتناول المراسيم والطقوس الدينيه من الكنزا المندائى المقدس و تشمل:
المجموعة التالته: أجزاء المعرفه و العلم و التاريخ: وهما (سفر ملواشه) يعنى سفر أو كتاب تحديد أوقات الشر اللى يواجهها الناس والمدن؛ و حران كويثا اللى يستعرض هجرة بعض الناصورائيين. يتضمن حران كويثا كمان بعض التواريخ للأحداث الفلكيه السابقه كمان اللاحقه.
• التجديف باسم الخالق (الكفر)
• عدم أداء الفروض الدينية
• الارتداد عن الدين الصابئي
• القتل
• الزنا من الكبائر المؤدية الى النار
• السرقه
• الكدب، شهادة الزور، خيانة الأمانه و العهد، الحسد، النميمة، الغيبه، التحدث والاخبار بالصدقات المُعطاه ، القسم الباطل
• عبادة الشهوات
• الشعوذة والسحر
• الخـتـان و التغيير فى الخلقة:
يحرم الدين الصابئى علا الصابئى الخـتان، والتغيير فى خلقة الله سبحانه. والعلـّة الشرعية واضحه فى الأمر ده دا ، ان الله خلق الانسان كامل و مش محتاج ختان او غيره مادام معندوش عاهه او مرض.
كما أن التوبة و بيان أحكامها واردة فى الدين الصابئى اللى غلط بعدين تاب ، فان (الله غفورٌ رحيم هو ملك النور الحنان التوّاب الكريم).
وأن حب الذهب والفضة وجمع الأموال، صاحبه يموت ميتتين فى موت واحد.
كل منقوع (التمر، الزبيب، الفواكه بأنواعها) اذا مر عليها 24 ساعة يحرم شربه لاحتمال فساده بالتخمر، فالدين الصابئى يأخذ (بعِـلـّـة السكر، مهما كانت كمية الخمر).
• الربا
• العياط علا الميت، ولبس السواد
• تلويث الطبيعه و الأنهار
• أكل الميت و الدم و الحامل و الجارح و الكاسر من الحيوانات و اللى هاجمه حيوان مفترس
• (التفريق الجسدى) ـ (والطلاق لايقع الا فى ظروف خاصه اوى ظهرت فى الوقت الحاضر)
• الانتحار و انهاء الحياه والاجهاض
• تعذيب النفس، وايذاء الجسد
• الرهبنه (عدم الجواز) ززز • يحرّم الدين الصابئى جواز الصابئى او الصابئه من غير الصابئى او الصابئه .
يخرجو من جسمهم . * أيها الآصفياء اللى اصطفيتهم:اتعملوا أعراساً لأبنائِكُم. * واتعملوا أعراسا لبناتِكمُ. * وآمنوا بربكُم.. ان العالمَ الى زوال * ولا تكونوا كالذيّن يكرهونَ الحياة فيَعزِفون عن الانجابِ فيها. أثمِروا ان أردتم أن تصْعدو للنور.
القضاء، والعَـمل الصالح وحُـب الـناس وبالتوبة له وحـده:
يؤمن بالآخـرة والبعث والحساب: الصابئة يؤمنون، وبما جه فى نصوص شريعتهم الصابئية باليوم التانى والحساب والمعاد، والبعث والجنه والنار
باسم الحى العظيم
يمكن قراية كتب ديانة الصابئه المندائين من موقع موسوعة العيون المعرفية:
چوى تريبيانى

چوزيف فرانسيس تريبيانى چونيور بالانجليزى: Joseph Francis Tribbiani Jr. دى شخصيه خياليه امريكانيه طليانيه. چوى ده واحد من الشخصيات الاساسيه فى مسلسل السيت كوم فريندز و بطل مسلسل چوى. مثلها الممثل الامريكانى مات ليبلانك فى المسلسلين.
چوى ممثل لعب دور الدكتور دريك راموراى فى مسلسل ايام حياتنا. كان عايش مع تشاندلر بينج فى مدينة نيو يورك لحد ما مشى تشاندلر عشان يعيش مع حبيبته مونيكا جيلر. چوى بتاع ستات و بيحب الاكل. من اشهر جمله كلمة "How You Doin'?" يعنى "عامله ايه؟"
چوى اتولد فى كوينز اللى فى نيو يورك لعيله امريكانيه طليانيه من الطبقه العامله و هوا كاتوليكى. چوى عنده 7 اخوات بنات و هوا الولد الوحيد فى العيله. اخته جينا واحده من الابطال الرئيسيين فى مسلسل چوى و لعبت دورها فى المسلسل ده الممثله الامريكانيه دريا دى ماتو. چوى عنده ابن اخت ظهر بردو فى مسلسل چوى اسمه مايكل تريبيانى، يبقى ابن جينا و لعب دوره الممثل الكانادى پولو كوستنزو.
Om Ali

Om Ali, Omali, Umm Ali, or Oumm Ali (Egyptian Arabic: أم على), meaning "Mother of Ali", is a traditional Egyptian dessert, and is a national dessert of Egypt. There are numerous variations with different composition. The dish, which is traced back to as far as Medieval Egypt, is named after the wife of the Sultan of Egypt. It is commonly eaten during Ramadan as part of the iftar or sunset feast.
There multiple versions of the origin of the dish. The most often cited version is that it originated as a celebration of the 1257 death of Shajar al-Durr, who had been married to Egypt's final Sultan from the Ayyubid dynasty, As-Salih, and subsequently to the first of Egypt's Mamluk Sultans, Izz al-Din Aybak. Shajar al-Durr plotted the murder of Aybak, after which she became ruler of Egypt. Ultimately, she was herself killed in retribution, whereafter Aybak's first wife, who was known as Om Ali, asked to have a dessert prepared in celebration. In some versions of the legend, Om Ali herself was the killer, beating Shajar to death with clogs. The dessert was popularised throughout the country, and was named after Om Ali.
Another version is that Om Ali celebrated the death of her husband, Aybak, and asked the cooks to come up with the most delicious dessert. The cooks used what was at hand: bread, milk and sugar.
However, there is no historical evidence connecting the dessert to the legend, and the first known recipe only dates back to the 19th century.
Typically, pastry (bread, pastry or puff pastry) is divided into pieces and blended with pistachios, coconut flakes, raisins and plenty of sugar. Milk, sometimes with cream, is poured over the mixture, which is then sprinkled with cinnamon. Finally, the mixture is baked in the oven until the surface is golden brown.
It may be eaten hot or cold.
There are Jordanian and Iraqi different variants known as "khumaiaa".
The dish may be compared to bread and butter pudding, albeit that the latter also includes eggs.
Shahi Tukra

Shahi Tukra is type of bread pudding which originated in South Asia during the Mughal era in the 1600s. The literal translation of Shahi Tukra is royal piece or bite. Shahi tukre originated in the Mughal Empire when Indian chefs made this dish to present to royal Mughal courts. The white bread is fried in oil/ghee after which milk and sugar is added. The dish is flavored using saffron, cloves, and cardamom. It is akin to the Egyptian dessert Om Ali.
DNA India reported the dish to be of Mughal origin and likely invented in Hyderabad.
The Shahi Tukra was a popular desert item of Mughal emperors who are reported to have consumed it during the holy month of Ramadan. It remains a popular item on Eid-ul-Adha celebrating the end of Ramadan in South Asia.
Basbousa

Basbousa (Arabic: بسبوسه, romanized: basbūsah) is a sweet, syrup-soaked semolina dessert that is typically associated with cuisines of Egyptian cuisine, Similar but slightly different dishes are also popular in the wider region. The semolina batter is baked in a sheet pan, then sweetened with sugar syrup and typically cut into diamond (lozenge) shapes or squares.
The Oxford Companion to Food (3rd edition) suggests that basbousa might have developed from a dish called ma'mounia, which was created around the 10th century. Ma'mounia was made by cooking rice in fat and syrup. This recipe was later adapted to use semolina, with the batter being cooked first and then soaked in syrup.
Another take on its origin suggests that basbousa was first made during the 16th century in the Ottoman Empire, likely in what is modern-day Turkey, to celebrate the conquest of Armenia.
It is found in the cuisines of the Middle East, the Balkans and the North Africa under a variety of names.
Basbousa is the most common name for this dessert in the Middle East but it may be named differently depending on the region; it is often called "hareesa" in the Levant. Note that "harissa" in North Africa is a spicy red sauce. It is a popular dessert offered in many sweets bakeries in the Middle East and especially popular during Ramadan.
Pastūsha (sometimes stylized as pastūçha) is a variant of basbousa that originated in Kuwait in the 2010s. Like basbousa, it is made from semolina soaked in sweet syrup. It is characterized by the addition of finely ground pistachios and orange flower water.
Basbousa bil ashta: a Levantine variation of basbousa filled with milk cream in the middle.
Vegan Basbousa: Basbusa is also available in vegan form using apple sauce to bind the base mix together instead of dairy and eggs.
Basbousa eem Tapuzim: Israeli variation from the coastal region, it is flavored with orange juice.
Basbousa bil Tamr: Libyan variant of basbousa where date spread is being added between two layers of the basbousa.
Tishpishti or Tichpichtil is a Sephardic Jewish variant. The name derives from the Turkish phrase "Tez Pişti," meaning "cooked quickly."
Qizha: Palestinian variant of basbousa with nigella seeds paste called Qizha.
Hilbeh: Palestinian variant of basbousa flavoured with fenugreek seeds.
Aflatoon: South Asian variant, made with semolina, eggs, dry fruits, powder milk, and sugar syrup.
Works cited
Kemal Pasha dessert

Kemal Pasha dessert (Turkish: Kemalpaşa tatlısı) is a Turkish dessert dish. It originates from the district of Mustafakemalpaşa, Bursa Province, in Turkey. Traditionally it is made using a cheese variety that is particular to the region.
The dessert is prepared from a dough of flour, unsalted cheese, semolina, egg, water and baking powder. The dough is formed into small balls that are fried and then boiled in syrup. It can be eaten fresh or dried. In dried form, it is often packaged in boxes of 24-50 portions. It is served with cream in winter and with ice cream in summer.
List of Swedish desserts

This is a list of Swedish sweets and desserts. The cuisine of Sweden refers to food preparation originating from Sweden or having a played a great historic part in Swedish cuisine. Sweden also shares many dishes and influences with surrounding Scandinavian countries, such as Norway, Finland, and Denmark.
Swedish desserts typically feature pastries rolled in different spices, such as cardamom, cinnamon, or ginger, and stuffed with a variety of fillings, such as fruit jams, whipped cream, or chocolate. Many desserts are flavored with almond extract, slivered almonds, or grounded almonds, as it is an extremely popular ingredient in Swedish cooking. Fruits featured in recipes include blackcurrant, apples--specifically of the åkerö variety, cherries, lingonberries, raspberries, gooseberries, and pears.
Another strong influence on Swedish pastries is the practice of fika. Fika is a custom involving enjoying coffee, small pastries, and quiet time to recover from everyday stress. This has led to continual development in cookie recipes, especially after World War II when rations were lifted.
Semolina pudding

Semolina pudding or semolina porridge is a porridge-type pudding made from semolina, which is cooked with milk, or a mixture of milk and water, or just water. It is often served with sugar, cocoa powder, cinnamon, raisins, fruit, or syrup. It is similar to grain based halva or halawa. A similar consistency to rice pudding can also be made by using more semolina and by baking, rather than boiling.
Semolina pudding has been eaten in Europe since Roman times. The recipe book of Apicius (roughly dated 4th century AD) describes a semolina porridge mixed with almonds, raisins and raisin wine.
Semolina pudding is also for sale as an instant (powdered) or prepared convenience food. Cream, vanilla, fruit, spices or artificial flavouring is often added. Some of these products must be prepared with milk or water. If only water is necessary, then powdered milk is often an ingredient of the convenience food.
The Czechs call it krupičná kaše or krupicová kaše, the Slovaks krupicová kaša, the Austrians Grießkoch, the Germans Grießbrei, the Slovenians kaša iz pšeničnega zdroba, and the Croatians call it griz. It is served warm, sprinkled with cocoa and sugar, and doused with melted butter. Sometimes other variations and flavours may be used, such as cinnamon, honey, cherry compote, grated chocolate, tuzemák, etc.
In Romania it is called griș cu lapte. Jam, candied fruit, cinnamon and raisins may be added. Once cooked, the preparation is poured into a cake pan. It is served warm or cold. The word griș may come from German Grieß similar to the English grit.
Hungarians call this dish tejbegríz or tejbedara, meaning "semolina in milk". Usually cooked with a generous amount of sugar, some butter, and a pinch of salt. It is served warm either plain or sprinkled with cocoa powder, cinnamon sugar, sometimes with fresh or canned fruits, jam, vanilla, choco bits; modern additions include ice cream, whipped cream, brown sugar, maple syrup, candied fruit, granola, pumpkin seeds etc. A similar but much thicker pudding-like product, precooked and packaged as a store-bought convenience food, is marketed under the name grízpuding (mirror translation for semolina pudding).
In Lithuania, this dish is called manų košė. Usually, it is cooked in a mixture of water, milk and sugar, and is always served warm, with a topping of cinnamon and sugar, or sometimes jam.
This dish is well known in Damascus and Aleppo (as well as other parts of Syria) as Mamonia. It is prepared by adding butter-toasted semolina into boiling water that is mixed with sugar and sometimes cinnamon pieces. It is then served with a variety of toppings including but not limited to white cheese, cinnamon powder and pistachios.
Kadayif (pastry)

Kadayif (Turkish: Kadayıf) is a sweet spun Ottoman pastry from Turkey and Greece popular in the Balkanic and Levantine space, used for various Middle Eastern desserts.
Kadayif is made from fine dough threads with a filling of milled almonds or walnuts and sugar syrup. This filling is seasoned with vanilla sugar and then wrapped in the dough threads. After baking and cooling, it's soaked in lemon sugar syrup.
Kadayif comes from the plural of the Arabic word “qatifah” the plural for velvet. The same ingredient is though called “kunafa” in Arabic, which refers to another dessert similar to kadayıf but stuffed with cheese. The name first appeared in an Ottoman translation of the Arabic cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh translated by Muhammed bin Mahmud Şirvani, a 15th century Ottoman physician. According to oral tradition in Diyarbakır, the first kadayif vendor in the city was an Armenian shop owner named Agop.
A version filled with walnuts or pistachios flavored with cinnamon was traditionally served by the Sephardic Jewish community of Jerusalem during Rosh Hashanah and Purim.
There are many recipes and desserts using Kadayif with some of them being documented in the first Ottoman printed cookbook, Melceü't-Tabbâhîn.
Qatir (syrup)

Attar, or qatir (Arabic: قَطْر) is a type of sweet syrup used in the preparation of Middle Eastern desserts. It is made of primarily sugar and water, and is reduced slightly until somewhat golden and thicker. It is sometimes accented by steeping additional flavorings such as lemon juice, rose water or oil, or attar (a rose-hinted plant of similar name). It is an essential addition to many Arabic or Levantine desserts, including but not limited to knafeh, baklava, and harisseh, and is added cold or at room temperature to a hot dessert after it is baked.
Nabulsi cheese

Nabulsi (or naboulsi) is a Palestinian white brined cheese made in the Middle East. Its name refers to its place of origin, Nablus, and it is known throughout the West Bank and surrounding regions. Nabulsi, along with Akkawi cheese, is one of the principal cheeses consumed in Jordan. It is produced primarily from sheep's milk; alternatively, goat's milk may be used. Nabulsi cheese is white and rectangular in shape. It is semi-hard with no gas holes. It becomes soft and elastic when heated. It is a typical ewe's or goat's milk cheese, but is traditionally flavored with mahleb (Prunus mahaleb) and mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) added to the boiling brine. It is a major ingredient of the Middle Eastern dessert knafeh.
Love cake

Love cake or Bolo di Amor, is a type of semolina cake eaten in Sri Lanka on special occasions. They are often baked for cultural celebrations such as Christmas, birthdays and weddings, served wrapped in gold paper for guests to eat or take home.
The love cake was introduced by the Portuguese but has evolved into a confectionery unique to Sri Lanka. The original recipe of the Sri Lankan love cake dates back to the 16th century, when the Portuguese controlled the coastal areas of the country, known as "Bolo di Amor". The cake incorporates a mix of ingredients from Portuguese cakes, such as semolina, together with local Sri Lankan spices, such as nutmeg, cinnamon and cardamon.
Local folklore is that its name comes from the fact that the grinding of spices and nuts make this cake a true labour of love.
The love cake is similar to the Singaporean sugee cake, which uses almonds as opposed to cashew nuts.
Love cake is made from semolina, cashew nuts, pumpkin preserve, butter, eggs, sugar, and honey flavoured with rose water and a variety of spices, including cinnamon, nutmeg and cardamon, creating a fragrant, sweet, lightly spiced cake with a moist chewy inside and a crunchy exterior.
Sugee cake

Sugee cake is a cake made of semolina and almonds, creamed butter, eggs, and brandy, and optionally covered in marzipan and royal icing. The cake is typically baked during festive occasions and holidays like Christmas, by members of Malaccan Portuguese in Malacca and the larger Eurasian community in Malaysia and Singapore. The word sugee has its origins in Hindustani word for 'semolina' (सूजी). Sugee cake is similar to the Sri Lankan Love cake baked during Christmas by the Eurasian Burgher people, which uses cashew as opposed to almonds.[9]
In 2020, Shake Shack adapted the flavor of the sugee cake in a limited edition milkshake, dubbed "sugee boogie."
Amygdalopita

Amygdalopita (Greek: Αμυγδαλόπιτα) is an almond cake in Greek cuisine made with ground almonds, flour, butter, eggs and pastry cream. It is one of the most common glyka tapsiou (Greek: γλυκά ταψιού) - dessert dishes like pies and breads baked in baking pans. Other common desserts of this style are galaktoboureko, karydopita and kadaifi.
To make this cake the dry ingredients are slowly folded into creamed butter and sugar, then the eggs are beaten in. The cake is baked in a tray and soaked in simple syrup after its done baking and allowed to cool before it is cut into individual square pieces.
Basque cheesecake

Basque cheesecake, also known as cheesecake San Sebastian or burnt Basque cheesecake (Spanish: tarta de queso vasca), is a crustless cheesecake originating from the Basque Country, Spain. It is characterized by its caramelized, nearly burnt exterior and creamy, custard-like interior, achieved by baking at high temperatures.
Basque cheesecake was created in 1988 by Santiago Rivera at his pintxo bar La Viña in San Sebastián, a coastal city in the Basque Country, Spain. It achieved popularity online in the 2010s, helped by a recipe published by the British food writer Nigella Lawson. In 2021, Basque cheesecake was widely shared on Instagram and became "ubiquitous" in the UK. That year, The New York Times listed it as a "flavor of the year".
Basque cheesecake has a caramelized, nearly burnt exterior and creamy, custard-like interior, achieved by baking at high temperatures. The flavor is subtly sweet with notes of caramel and hints of bitterness from the browned top. Chefs have added ingredients such as vanilla, citrus zest, or liquorice sauce.
Levantine cuisine

Levantine cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the Levant, in the sense of the rough area of former Ottoman Syria. The cuisine has similarities with Egyptian cuisine, North African cuisine and Ottoman cuisine. It is particularly known for its meze spreads of hot and cold dishes, most notably among them ful medames, hummus, tabbouleh and baba ghanoush, accompanied by bread.
The history of Levantine cuisine can be traced back to the early civilizations that flourished in the region, such as the Canaanites, Israelites, Phoenicians, and Hittites. These ancient cultures developed complex agricultural systems, producing grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables that would become staples of the Levantine diet. Bread, olive oil, and wine were integral to the cuisine from the very beginning, and remain so today.
Монгол хулан

Монгол хулан (Equus hemionus hemionus) хулангийн дэд зүйл. Говийн хулан буюу Зиггетай (Equus hemionus luteus) хэмээх нэртэй ижил утга илтгэнэ. Монгол болон хойд Хятадад тархсан, ан авын улмаас устахаасаа өмнө Казахстанд хүртэл тархаж байсан.
20-р зууны дунд үе хүртэл манай орны Зүүн гарын, Алтайн өвөр говь, Их нууруудын хотгор, Нууруудын хөндий, Баянхонгор, Өмнөговь, Дорноговь, Сүхбаатар аймгийн урд талын цөлөрхөг хээр, зүүн тийш Буйр нуур хүртэлх нутагт хулан тархаж байсан талаар Улаан номд дурдсан байдаг. Одоо Зүүн гарын, Алтайн өвөр говь, Өмнөговь, Дорноговийн баруун хэсэг, Дундговийн урд хэсэгт л бий. Монгол хулангийн тархалт 1990-ээд онд эрс хумигдсан. 1994-1997 оны судалгаагаар өмнөд Монголын бүх нутгаар нийт 33000-63000 толгой хулан тархсаныг тооцоолсон. 2003 онд шинэ судалгаагаар өмнөд Монголын 177563 ам км нутагт 20000 толгой хулан байгааг тооцоолсон. Монгол дахь хулангийн тоо толгойг тооцоолсон судалгааны дүнг хянуур авч үзэх хэрэгтэй. Учир нь Монголд судалгааны батлагдсан протокол байдаггүй. Гэсэн ч сүүлийн 70 жилд Монгол хулангийн тархалтын нутаг дэвсгэр 50%-иар багассан юм.
Нийт тархалтын 67 хувь нь Дорноговь, 20 хувь нь Өмнөговь, 13 хувь нь Ховд, Говь-Алтай, Баянхонгор аймгийн нутагт байна гэж үздэг. Харин сүүлийн 2-3 жилд хулангийн нөөц, байршил эрс хомсдож байгаа юм. Худалдаж ашиг хонжоо олох зорилгоор хуланг агнах явдал нэмэгдсээр байна.Хулгайн ан, малтай бэлчээр булаацалддаг зэргээс шалтгаалж Монгол хулангийн тоо толгой буурсаар байгаа бөгөөд одоо эмзэг зэрэглэлтэй болсон. 1953 оноос хойш Монголд хуланг дархан цаазтай амьтан болгосон. Хулан нь дэлхийд төдийгүй Монгол орны нэн ховор амьтны болон Зэрлэг амьтан, ургамлын ховордсон зүйлийг олон улсын хэмжээнд худалдаалах тухай конвенц /CITES/-ийн нэгдүгээр хавсралтад бүртгэгдсэн агнахыг хуулиар хориглосон амьтан юм.
Их Тэсрэлт

Их тэсрэлт (Англи: Big Bang; Орос: Большой взрыв) нь одон орон судлал дахь орчлон ертөнцийн загвар бөгөөд одоогоор ертөнцийн үүслийн талаарх, хамгийн өргөн хүлээн зөвшөөрөгдөөд буй үзэл болоод байна. 1929 онд Эдвин Хаббл огторгуйн биет хоорондын зай нь тэдгээрийн солонгон задлал дахь улайсалттай холбоотойг нээсний дараа ертөнц тэлж байгааг илрүүлсэн билээ. Үүнээс үүдэн ертөнцийг урьд цагт илүү жижиг, нягт ихтэй, халуун байсан гэсэн таамаглал дэвшүүлсэн бөгөөд уг үзлийг батлахаар хэт нягтшил, хэт өндөр температур зэргийг судлан одоогоор бидний ажиглах боломжтой байгаа ертөнцтэй ижил үр дүнд хүрчээ. Одоогоор их тэсрэлтийг 13,8 тэрбум жилийн өмнө болсон гэж нарийвчилж тогтоосон бөгөөд энэ тоо ч ирээдүйд өөрчлөгдөх магадлал өндөр юм.
Их тэсрэлтийн Англи хэлний Big Bang гэсэн нэрийг уг санааг үнэгүйдүүлэх зорилготойгоор, Их тэсрэлтийн загварыг үгүйсгэгч Фред Хойл анх ашиглажээ. Гэсэн хэдий ч, 1964 оны огторгуйн бичил долгионы нээлт нь Их Тэсрэлтийн онолыг үгүйсгэх аргагүй болгов.
Хол орших одны аймгуудын ялгаруулж буй гэрлийн тусгалыг судлахад, тусгал нь илүү урт долгионууд руу туйлширч, уг туйлшрал нь галактикийн дэлхийгээс орших зайтай шууд пропорционал хамааралтай байсан нь ертөнцийг тасралтгүй тэлж байгааг харуулжээ. 1964 онд нээсэн сансрын богино долгион нь огторгуйг маш халуун төлвөөс одоог хүртэл хөрснийг баталдаг. Сансрын богино долгионыг нээснээр, бараг дэлхий даяар Их Тэсрэлтийг бүрэн хэмжээгээр биш ч ерөнхий хэлбэрээрээ ертөнцийн үүслийг тодорхойлж чадах загвар гэдгийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн билээ.
Цөл

Цөл гэдэг нь үндсэндээ жилд 250 миллиметрээс илүүгүй хур тунадас унадаг, тиймээс маш сийрэг ургамлын бүрхэвчтэй бүс нутгийг хэлнэ. Дэлхийн хуурай газрын 30% гаруй нь цөл. Цөлд өдөр, шөнийн агаарын температурын ялгаа маш их байна. Зуны улиралд өдрийн агаарын температур 45 °C хүрэх бөгөөд өвөл, шөнө температур 0 °C хүрэх нь бий. Энэ нь агаарын чийгшилт маш багатай холбоотой болно.
List of sport utility vehicles

This page lists sport utility vehicles currently in production (as of 2013) as well as past models. The list includes crossover SUVs, Mini SUVs, Compact SUVs and other similar vehicles. Also includes hybrid, luxury, sport or tuned, military, electric and fuel cell versions. Due to similarity, Sport Utility Trucks are also in this list.
Note: Many of the vehicles (both current and past) are related to other vehicles in the list. A vehicle listed as a 'past model' may still be in production in an updated form under a different name, it may be listed under that name in the 'currently in production' section. Also, some vehicles are sold under different marques in different geographical locations, therefore some vehicles may be listed more than once but usually link to the same page. Different states may also classify vehicles differently. What may be considered an SUV in one state, may not in another state. Example; The Chevrolet Trax is known as the Chevrolet Tracker in Russia and Brazil, and in Australia and New Zealand, it is marketed by GM Holden (Holden Trax). Some images provided below may be pictures of outdated models.
This is not a complete list
Vehicle registration plates of Costa Rica

Costa Rica requires its residents to register their motor vehicles and display vehicle registration plates. The country has issued plates since at least 1923. The letters "CR" on plates into the early 1940s indicated the country name. The country name has been spelled out on the plates since at least 1944. In 1959 the legend "Centro America" [Central America] has appeared on the plates. Annual plates appear to have been issued through at least 1954. There were plates where the first two characters indicated what city the owner lived in. Multi-year base plates began to appear in 1955, but their use was not consistent until the mid-1960s. The current plate size is the North American standard of 6 × 12 inches (152 × 300 mm).
New license plates for all vehicle were issued starting in mid 2013 and continuing until completed in early 2015. The design of these plates included additional security features, such as a hologram at the left side, a security strip running across the plate, and additional elements that are now found throughout most countries.
Toyota Aqua

The Toyota Aqua (Japanese: トヨタ・アクア, Hepburn: Toyota Akua) is a full hybrid electric subcompact/supermini hatchback (B-segment) manufactured and marketed by Toyota since 2011. The nameplate is exclusive to the Japanese domestic market, as the vehicle was exported to overseas markets as the Prius c, leveraging the popularity of the Prius hybrid car nameplate and marketed as the smaller alternative to the Prius liftback.
The Aqua is considered the most successful nameplate launch in Japan in the last 20 years. As of January 2017, the Aqua/Prius c is the second highest-selling Toyota hybrid model after the regular Prius, with 1,380,100 units sold worldwide. Japan as Aqua's market leader has sold 1,154,500 units of the model through January 2017. The Aqua was the best-selling (non-kei) car in Japan for three years in a row, from 2013 to 2015.
The name Aqua means 'water' in Latin. The name was meant to associate the car with an "image of clean transparency" and "something that is universally cherished".
The production version of the first-generation Aqua was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show. Its design was previously previewed by the Prius c concept car which was unveiled at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show. The first facelift was announced in December 2014, along with a crossover-inspired variant called the X-URBAN. A second facelift was introduced in June 2017, with the crossover-inspired variant redesigned and renamed as the Aqua Crossover.
The second-generation Aqua was unveiled on 19 July 2021 and went on sale on the same day. Built on the GA-B platform shared with the XP210 series Yaris, the wheelbase has been extended by 50 mm (2.0 in) compared to the previous generation. It retained the 1,695 mm (66.7 in) width, allowing it to remain in the "compact car" category of Japanese government dimension regulations. It was initially offered in four grade levels: B, X, G and Z. The GR Sport grade was added later on 29 November 2022.
According to Toyota, the second-generation Aqua is the world's first vehicle to use a high-output bipolar nickel–metal hydride battery. This offers twice the output of the standard nickel-metal hydride battery in the previous generation. The battery also delivers improved accelerator responsiveness and enables linear and smooth acceleration from low speeds, according to the carmaker. The speed range at which the vehicle can operate solely on electrical power has also been increased. This battery is used on the X, G, Z and GR Sport grades, while the B grade used the lithium-ion unit.
Prius Missile

"Prius Missile" (Japanese: プリウス・ミサイル, Hepburn: Puriusu-Misairu) is an internet slang term originating from Japan in the 2010s. The term is used in Japan to describe the Toyota Prius as a "missile", as it is driven by older drivers who have been involved in traffic accidents and crashed into buildings. The slang term is thought to have emerged from the prevalence of Japanese news reports showing images of the Prius involved in traffic accidents caused by sudden unintended acceleration, such as the Higashi-Ikebukuro runaway car crash in 2019.
The slang term originated in Japan towards the end of the 2010s at a time when an increase in car accidents caused by older drivers accidentally accelerating received wider attention. The internet compared the incidents of cars suddenly accelerating into buildings and crashing to that of a missile. Due to the anecdotal observation that many of the drivers involved in such accidents were driving the brand and make of the Toyota Prius, that slang evolved to incorporate the Prius with an image of a missile. The Higashi-Ikebukuro runaway car crash in 2019 was one notable example of an incident that received coverage.
According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, the accident rate of the Prius does not differ from other vehicles. Subsequent investigation of the cause of the Higashi-Ikebukuro runaway crash found that it was not caused by the failure of the 2nd Prius model.
Japanese journalist Masaki Kubota [ja] reported that the viral spread of the internet slang term and the creation of the Prius's public image as a crash-prone car is thought to be caused by several different factors, including large numbers of Prius vehicles in use in Japan, the car's popularity with older drivers, older drivers usually being overconfident in their driving skills, and the Prius's significance as a well-known car model.
The slang went viral after the Higashi-Ikebukuro runaway car crash in April 2019, as the number of Google searches skyrocketed in that month. Hashtags on Twitter, like #プリウスミサイル (Prius Missile) and #今日のプリウス (Today's Prius) were seen due to the frequency of the vehicle's appearance during car crashes involving older drivers.
Toyota executive Yoshida Moritaka [ja] told shareholders in June 2019 that the company was cooperating with police investigations into the accidents and that he was personally committed to promoting a safe car society. In July 2020, the Toyota Prius PHV was equipped with features to prevent sudden acceleration. The 5th-generation Prius in 2022 also had changes in shift levers and pedals to prevent sudden accelerations.
Extremely Inappropriate!

Extremely Inappropriate! (Japanese: 不適切にもほどがある!, Hepburn: Futekisetsu ni mo Hodo ga Aru!) is a 2024 Japanese comedy musical drama television series about a man and his friends who time travels back-and-forth between 1986 (Showa era) and 2024 (Reiwa era), where the man finds that his Shōwa-era way of being conflicts with contemporary Japanese society.
教师

教師，又稱作教育工作者、教員，均是對教育從業者的稱呼，是培養社會所需人才的專業。教師多任職於教育機構；因應社會需要，亦有家庭教師的私人從業者。
教师的职责为培育社会所需人才，通过其教学实践帮助学生获得知识、能力或美德。教师大多有偿任职于教育机构从事教学活动并要先取得相关认证，然而任何人皆可担任非正式的教师角色，例如在家庭从事教学活动的从业者家庭教师、在公司或工厂进行多人教学指导的教员等。
根據聯合國教科文組織（UNESCO）2023年10月的數據，全球教師短缺4400萬名，其中以南亞及撒哈拉沙漠以南最嚴重。
在教育上，其職責是傳授學生知識、學習方法和實踐技巧。唐代文學家韓愈曾作《師說》，主張教師的存在是為了替學生授道解惑，令其通曉道理。同時，《師說》也指出，教師在學生的智慧啟蒙中扮演非常重要的角色，連帶敘明教師職責的重要性。此外，由於《師說》主張「師」的角色乃是基於授道的責任而存在，因此認為凡聞道者，無分長少貴賤，皆可為師。
「教師」一詞在中文使用上有兩個意思：
不過第二個用法為舊時使用，如今所稱「教師」多偏向前者。
教師最早被稱為「師氏」、「父師」、「少師」，「教书匠」，「先生」，「老師」，「師傳」初指年老資深的學者，亦是對教師的尊稱，私學教師則被稱為塾師、館師、館賓、館客，後人對教師的尊稱亦有西席、西賓、先生、夫子、絳帳。
在漢語中，「先生」和「老師」都是對教師的尊稱。在現代，教師的稱呼主要包括「老師」、「教授」（大專院校學生對教師的常見稱呼）和「導師」等。「先生」一詞原本是對有學問者的尊稱，涵蓋範圍廣泛，包括教師和醫生等。在現代社會中，它的使用已擴展到幾乎所有成年男性，無論其職業背景如何。「老師」則更側重於傳授知識和技藝的人，最初主要用於學校教師，但隨著時間推移，這一稱謂逐漸擴展到非教師領域，任何具備指導能力的人都可以被稱為「老師」。另學生亦可尊稱教導自己的教師為恩師。
中國為舉世聞名的文化古國，它經歷悠久的歷史發展，創造出了許多歷久不衰的人文藝術，也為後世留下豐盛的非物質遺產。在這些過程之中，「教育」當然是重要的基石，「教師」也是不可或缺的存在。以下介紹中國歷史上的教師職業在平民教育普及前後各別迎來了什麼樣的變化，以及教師職業在現代的發展和相關法令的影響。
古代中國平民教育普及以前，教師多為家庭教師，因為當時只有皇族以及貴族才有權學習，於是這些人便會聘請一些教師到宮廷中授課，並給這些教師們加封爵位或賜予官職，以示獎賞。自明朝以來，一些宮廷教師改由太監擔任，比如明武宗的老師就是著名的大太監劉瑾。
春秋時代，至聖先師孔子開創私人講學的風氣，於是使得平民有機會能受教育。西漢時，漢武帝獨尊儒術，設置公立學校「太學」，由地方官員舉薦優秀人才進入太學就讀，促成世族出現。南北朝時，魏文帝採用九品官人法，致使世族勢力達到頂峰。隋朝建立後，隋文帝首創科舉制度，以考試選官，促成階級流動，而教師在這段時間裡須教授學生四書五經，發揮重要角色。而科舉制度下，也有未能考取功名的讀書人選擇以教師為業，如清朝的蒲松齡。此後，各朝政府開始普遍設立書院，也有地方仕紳成立私塾，讓一些教師進入私塾任教，這些人被稱為塾師。
中華民國建立以後，引進現代西方思想，將「受教權」列為人民基本權利，同時也是人民必須履行的義務，並將其納入《中華民國憲法》條文，又制定《教育基本法》，予以進一步保障。中華民國政府遷臺後，中華人民共和國建國，兩岸分治，中華民國的憲法和法律無法繼續適用於大陸地區。新的《中華人民共和國憲法》便明確規定國家應經營教育事業，以期達成提高人民文化水平、掃除文盲的目標，並鼓勵「自學成才」。1986年，中華人民共和國政府頒布了《義務教育法》，確保人民接受義務教育的權利免受侵害。
中華民國主要規範教師職業之法律為《教師法》，該法的主旨為確立教師權利義務、保障教師工作及生活、提升教師專業地位，並維護學生權益。依照《教育基本法》規定，教師不得體罰學生。然為尊重教師專業自主，《教師法》仍賦予教師一定程度的管教輔導權，但政府設下了明確的限度，並規定針對違法體罰的教師之懲戒方式。
中華人民共和國對於教師的規範，主要載於《義務教育法》中。該法第四章規定，教師依法享有相關權利義務，應忠誠於教育事業，並要求社會大眾對教師予以尊重。同時，《義務教育法》亦明定教師須因材施教，促進學生個體的發展，且禁止對學生施以體罰。
世界各國為維護學生權益，於是透過法律的約束力，明令禁止教師使用體罰來對學生進行制裁。近年來，人們大多選擇不婚或晚婚，造成少子化。受到少子化影響，學校紛紛倒閉，教師職缺銳減，想擔任教師的人需要更多競爭力，甚至造成流浪教師人數暴增，連帶使得失業人口的增加。而且因為少子化，就算教師沒有失業，其薪水依然減少許多。
在大學裡，教師往往區分成講師、助理教授、副教授及教授等多個職級，有些學校還設有講座教授以及名譽教授的職級。
在高級中學各級學校裡，教師區分為導師、助理教師、副教授師及教授師多個職級，有些設有講座教師職級。
在初级中学裡，教師職級分成導師（與高級中學相同）、代理教師，也有人是教師兼任學校行政老師的身分。導師們通常會兼任任課老師，以把自己的專業科目教導給其他班級。代理教師們可能是學校特聘的專業人士，通常無法擔任導師。
在小学，導師需要獨自指導大部分科目，偶爾會有幾位任課老師來教導其他非主科的科目。
教师休息室

《教师休息室》（德語：Das Lehrerzimmer，港澳译《權鬥教員室》，马来西亚、台湾译《失控教室》）是2023年上映的德国剧情片，由伊凯·卡塔克（德语：İlker Çatak）执导，卡塔克与约翰尼斯·邓克（德语：Johannes Duncker）编剧。电影于2023年2月18日在第73屆柏林影展全球首映，入选“电影大观”平行单元，并入选第48届多伦多国际电影节（英语：2023 Toronto International Film Festival）及第28届釜山国际电影节正式片单。
影片入选第95屆國家評論協會獎年度五佳国际电影榜单，代表德国（英语：List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film）角逐第96屆奧斯卡金像獎最佳国际影片奖。
富有理想主义情怀的老师卡拉·诺瓦克试图解决发生在学校内的一连串盗窃事件。
根据評論匯總网站爛番茄汇总的52篇评论文章，98%的评论家给予该作正面评价，平均打分为8.3分（满分10分）。该网站总结的评论家共识是“《教师休息室》是一部巧妙且具有挑衅性的现代寓言，以惊悚为核心，巧妙地利用其设定作为背景，展示了即使是紧密联系的社区也能以较快的速度陷入不稳定状态。” 在Metacritic上，根據8位影評人給予86分（滿分100分），這部電影獲得了「一致好評」。
其他獎項請見《教师休息室》獲獎與提名列表（英语：The Teachers' Lounge#Accolades）。
家庭教師HITMAN REBORN!

《家庭教师HITMAN REBORN!》是天野明的少年漫画作品。《週刊少年Jump》2004年26号开始连载，到2012年50號完結，單行本全42卷。最初是於《周刊少年Jump》2003年51号刊载的同名單篇試刊，并于2004年26号开始连载，该作品被收录于公式书中。 在62回（單行本第8卷）之前，内容多半为一到二回左右的搞笑短篇故事，故事进展到62回后，逐渐改为倾向以战斗为主的漫画。
名稱中的「家庭教師」音为「かてきょー」，而不是「かていきょうし」。日本常简称「リボーン」，偶有簡稱「復活」；中文圈简称「家庭教師」或「家教」。回数以「目标（日语：標的／ターゲット）○○」表示。
2006年10月7日起于东京电视台系列播放电视动画。台湾于2007年5月13日起在臺灣電視公司播出。于2012年6月18日起在Channel V播出。于2012年7月21日起在東森電影台播出〈未來篇〉。2018年宣佈改編成真人舞台劇。
不擅长运动与学习、做什么事都沒有耐心，一事无成的少年泽田纲吉（通称阿纲），在他面前出现了一位自称里包恩的杀手，外表与婴儿无异的里包恩竟然宣称要作他的家庭教师。其目的是要培育阿纲成为意大利黑手党彭哥列家族的第10代首领。里包恩利用被打中后会拚死完成临终时后悔的事情的彭哥列秘弹「死气弹」，让阿纲成为适当首领的「教育」开始了。
并盛中学的风纪委员无故被人袭击，并且被拔去牙齿（动画改成在现场留下怀表）的事件连续发生。一开始从风纪委员的关系来看，认为只是单纯不良学生的争执，但是受害者扩及到风纪委员以外的学生。里包恩从迪诺那得到的情报、被拔牙齿的数目（动画改成怀表的时间）的减少、和以前排名风太所做的排名判断，敌人是被黑手党放逐的越狱逃犯，目标直指彭哥列第10代首领阿纲。不能拒绝第9代首领指令的阿纲，为了打倒主谋六道骸，和里包恩、狱寺隼人、山本武、云雀恭弥、碧洋琪一同进入敌人的基地。
与六道骸之战胜利后的某日，在阿纲面前出现了一位有着死气的火焰的少年。他的名字是巴吉尔，为了将彭哥列秘藏的半彭哥列戒指交给阿纲，被彭哥列的暗杀部队「瓦利亚」的一员史佩尔毕·史库瓦罗追杀。瓦利亚的目的是要让瓦利亚的首领、第9代首领的养子XANXUS成为第10代首领。阿纲方的守护者7人和XANXUS方的守护者7人，为了争夺下一任的彭哥列继承者，展开一对一的戒指争夺战。
「十年后火箭筒」是个可以将现在的自己和10年后的自己交换5分钟的道具，但是被误射中的里包恩却行踪不明，寻找他的阿纲也不小心被射中来到10年后（正确时间为9年又10个月后）。来到10年后世界的阿纲，知道10年后的自己已经死了，并且杀了他的就是由白兰带领的米尔菲欧雷家族这个新兴黑手党。5分钟过去了却没有回到10年前，狱寺等朋友也来到了10年后，在这个最糟糕的情况下，为了寻找回到10年前的线索，阿纲等人在这个「戒指」和「匣子」就是力量的世界展开战斗。並在阿爾柯巴雷諾的協助下，阿綱打開了彭哥列匣子。
未來篇的插曲。在10年後的世界，入江正一告訴阿綱，單靠他的天空之戒並不足以開啓他的匣子，為了要讓彭哥列戒指發揮真正的力量，因此必須取得阿爾柯巴雷諾的七個標記。為了得到標記，眾人需回到10年前的並盛町，進行阿爾柯巴雷諾們的試煉並完成試煉以取得標記。
未來篇的插曲。里包恩認為在選擇遊戲中敗北的阿綱與守護者還不具備能夠戰勝白蘭的實力，於是和優尼一起決定帶著眾人回到10年前的並盛町，讓阿綱與守護者一同接受彭哥列初代家族成員的試驗取得他們的認同，並以阿爾柯巴雷諾作為家庭教師進行觀察並在試驗中給予建議。
阿纲一行人在优尼燃烧生命之火时，借着她复活的阿爾柯巴雷諾的力量進行时空旅行，回到了过去。但在此同时却对地壳造成影响，於各地发生地震，为了暂时躲避地震的灾害，至门中学有七位转学生来到阿纲等人所就读的并盛中学。七人之一的古里炎真转到阿纲班上，并与其成为好友。其它的转学生也各自与阿纲的守护者们互相有所关联，对此感到怀疑的里包恩对「至门中学」古里炎真等人展开调查，查出他们是个势力弱小的西蒙家族，并且也受邀前来日本参加彭哥列第十代首领的继承仪式。聚集了世界各地黑手党的继承仪式即将到来，就在此时，却发生阿纲遭到反对势力攻击的事件，狱寺将守护者与西蒙家族找来轮流保护阿纲的安全。
阿爾克巴雷諾将阿纲等人在未来战斗的过程传达给十年前参与其中的人，使得六道骸等人以及暗杀部队瓦利亚双方为了争取「十年前的法兰」的归属权形成对立关系。 另一方面，里包恩与其它阿爾克巴雷諾不约而同地做起有关于过去的恶梦。设计七人受到诅咒的神秘人物再度出现并提议为其解除诅咒，然而却限定唯有最强的阿爾克巴雷諾才能被解除诅咒。为了避免阿爾克巴雷諾直接对战破坏奶嘴，他又进一步要求阿爾克巴雷諾必须各自选择代理人为其战斗。
阿綱被迫抱著必死決心在京子與小春之中做出未來妻子的抉擇，卻依然不願意繼承彭哥列第十代首領的位置，而使得里包恩離去，之後再次返回並決定以新‧彭哥列一世為目標繼續教導阿綱。
戒指是黑手党草创时期，为了渡过黑暗时期，而与黑暗势力订下契约后所衍生出来的产物。
地狱戒指是在发现死气火炎之前，用来藉助和使用者之间的契约，来提升使用者的力量。共有6枚，只有雾属性，稀有度五星。使用地狱戒指的人，战斗力将会大幅提升，但必须以自身的精神当作契约。使用者也有可能从一个温厚的人变成一个凶残的独裁者。目前持有者有10年后的六道骸2枚、幻骑士1枚、瓦利亚的弗兰1枚、复仇者1枚、川平大叔拥有1枚。
因匣兵器屬於未來的科技，在避免造成無法挽回的影響的情況下，眾人無法將所屬的彭哥列匣帶回過去，後在未来的阿爾柯巴雷諾的改造下，以戒指的形式將動物型匣兵器帶回過去使用。
西蒙家族所拥有的戒指，其属性為與天空七属性相對應的大地七属性，劇情中因為阿綱等人從十年後返回所引發的地震而再次出土。
因应代理人战争，玛蒙耗尽财产委托雕金师塔尔波制造的戒指。有接近S级的水准 鐵匠师刀刀齋制造的刀刃/戒指/模具(極機密)。有接近A级的水准
也被翻譯為盒子或匣子。由公元前四世纪前的科学家杰佩特·罗伦翠尼所构想，以动物为型态的动物匣总共343（7）个，杰佩特死后再经由同一秘密结社的三个科学家：伊诺千堤、肯尼希、威尔帝透过戒指的火焰作为动力开发成功。但目前所出现动物匣子不一定都是杰佩特·罗伦翠尼所设计，当时并没有「属性」的概念。
伊诺成堤与威尔帝死于非命后，肯尼希潜伏地下，仍不断的将匣子私下透过武器商人贩卖给黑手党。
同一种属性波动的戒指才能打开匣子。7种属性中，只有天空火焰能打开所有属性的匣子，但是却无法完全地发挥出其它属性的特性，有时也会导致匣子功能无法发挥到最大。
D匣
（台灣譯為愛藏版）
以天野明的漫画《家庭教师HITMAN REBORN!》为原作，子安秀明所著的小说，并由天野明绘制封面及插图，自第三卷起收录《Jump Square》2008年6月号到2009年3月号的连载。