davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Oxford shoe

An Oxford shoe is a type of shoe characterized by shoelace eyelet tabs that are attached under the vamp, a feature termed "closed lacing". This contrasts with Derbys, or bluchers, which have shoelace eyelets attached to the top of the vamp. Originally, Oxfords were plain, formal shoes, made of leather, but they evolved into a range of styles suitable for formal, uniform, or casual wear. On the basis of function and the dictates of fashion, Oxfords are now made from a variety of materials, including calf leather, faux and genuine patent leather, suede, and canvas. They are normally black or brown, and may be plain or patterned (brogue).
The meaning of "Oxford" and "balmoral" may vary geographically. In the United States and Scotland, "Balmoral" is often synonymous with "Oxford". In the United States, "Oxford" is sometimes used for any more formal lace-up shoe, including the Blucher and Derby. In Britain and other countries, the Balmoral is an Oxford with no seams, apart from the toe cap seam, descending to the welt, a style common on boots. Oxford shoes are also known for their variation or style. The Cap-Toe Oxford is the most well-known, although 'Whole Cut', 'Plain Toe', and a variation of 'Brogue' Oxfords are commonly referred to styles. Shoes with closed lacing (Oxfords/Balmorals) are considered more formal than those with open lacing (Bluchers/Derbys). A particular type of oxford shoe is the wholecut oxford, its upper made from a single piece of leather with only a single seam at the back or in the rare exception no seams at all.
Oxfords first appeared in Scotland and Ireland, where they are occasionally called Balmorals after Balmoral Castle. However, the shoes were later named Oxfords after Oxford University. This shoe style did not appear in North America until the 1800s. In the United States, Oxfords are called "Bal-type" as opposed to "Blucher-type". In France, Oxfords are known as Richelieu, or Molière in Belgium and Luxembourg.
Oxfords were derived from the Oxonian, a half-boot with side slits that gained popularity at Oxford University in 1800. Unlike early shoes, Oxfords were cut smaller than the foot. The side slit evolved into a side lace that eventually moved to the instep, as students rebelled against knee-high and ankle-high boots. The toe cap can either be lined with two narrow rows of stitching, perforated holes along the end cap stitching (quarter-brogue), perforated holes along the end cap stitching and on the toe cap (semi-brogue), or a semi-brogue with the classical wingtip design (full-brogue).
Munich (sport shoes)

Munich (Catalan: [muˈnik], Spanish: [muˈnik]) is a Spanish company and brand specialized in sport and fashion shoes. The company headquarters are located in Capellades, province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Munich produces more than 850.000 pairs of shoes per year, 46% of sports type, and 54% of fashion type. The company has reached a privileged position in the field of fashion, growing in many European and Asian countries, mainly Japan. The X symbol is what makes its shoes special and identifiable.
The company was founded by Luís Berneda in year 1939 at the city of Sant Boi de Llobregat, with the initial company name Berneda, manufacturer of shoes for rugby football, futsal, handball and boxing, among other sports.
In 1953 the brothers Javier and Francisco, second generation of the family, entered the track and field athletics market, and were the pioneers in sports shoe making in Spain. In 1964 they added the characteristic "X" symbol and changed the company and brand name from "Berneda" to "Munich". The production remained Spanish, with design and technology influences from Italy and Germany. The brand became popular and its shoes were used by soccer players such as Ladislao Kubala and Hugo Sotil.
In year 1999 Xavier Berneda, marketing manager of the company, and his brother David, financial manager, both of them grandsons of the company founder, convinced the father and uncle to diversify the company and enter the field of street shoes and fashion. The Asian production, specially from China, was already a fierce competitor. Thanks to this initiative, Xavier Berneda won in year 2008 the Spanish award "Young Entrepreneur". Xavier has changed the company, entering the streetwear fashion market, keeping the company design and quality standards but opening it to new markets. Around half of the production is sold to fashion victims ready to spend from 120 to 300 euros in a pair of sports shoes. The Munich shoes are used by well known people such as John Elkann, vice-president of Fiat, Àngel Llàcer, Jesús Vázquez, Rafael Amargo, Boris Izaguirre and Manuel Fuentes.
One of the most innovative activities of the company was the website Munich My Way, launched in 2009, but meanwhile discontinued in 2022. On that site everybody was welcomed to personalize and design a pair of shoes combining many possible colors and textures, resulting in up to 333 million different combinations. The user could select the color of any of the main 9 parts of a shoe, including the sole, flap, heel and cords. When Munich received the order, the factory produced those shoes, and delivered it within 2 weeks. Munich My Way also offered the possibility of buying a different size of the right shoe compared to the left one. This is specially useful for soccer and futsal players who often require a bigger size for the shoe used to shoot.
የካቲት ፲፩

የካቲት ፲፩፣ በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር የዓመቱ ፻፷፩ ኛው ዕለት ሲሆን፤ የበጋ ወቅት ፵፮ ኛው ቀን ነው። ከዚህ ዕለት በኋላ እስከ ዓመቱ መጨረሻ ድረስ በዘመነ ሉቃስ ፪፻፭ ዕለታት ሲቀሩ በዘመነ ዮሐንስ፣ ዘመነ ማቴዎስ እና ዘመነ ማርቆስ ደግሞ ፪፻፬ ቀናት ይቀራሉ።
ጎንደር ዩኒቨርስቲ

የጎንደር የጤና ኮሌጅ የቀድሞው ስሙ ሲሆን የተመሰረተው በ1954 እ.ኤ.አ. ነው። በዚህም የኢትዮጵያ ቀደምቱ የጤና ትምህርት ተቋም ነው። ኮሌጁ በ2003 እ.ኤ.አ. ወደ ዩኒቨርስቲ ኮሌጅነት ያደገ ሲሆን በአምስት ትላልቅ ፋኩሊቲዎች እና ከ30 በላይ የትምህርት ክፍሎች (ዲፓርትመንቶች) እያሠለጠነ ያስመርቃል። ዩኒቨርስቲው በቀድሞዋ የኢትዮጵያ ዋና ከተማ ጎንደር የሚገኝ ሲሆን ማራኪ ካምፓስ፣ ቴዎድሮስ ካምፓስ እና ሳይንስ አምባ የሚባሉ ሶስት ግቢዎች በዚሁ ከተማ ውስጥ አሉት።
ማእከላዊ ጎንደር

¤ የዞኑ ዋና ከተማ፡- ጎንደር
¤ የወረዳዎች ብዛት፡- 7
¤ የከተማ አስተዳደሮች ብዛት፡- 2
o ጎንደር
o እንፍራዝ
¤ የቀበሌዎች ብዛት፡- __
¤ በዞኑ ውስጥ የሚገኝ ህዝብ ብዛት፡- 1,082,476
የሕዝብ ብዛት በዲሴምበር 2007 እ.ኤ.አ. ይሠጣል።
¤ የወረዳው ስም የወረዳው ዋና ከተማ
¤ የወረዳው ስም የወረዳው ዋና ከተማ
North Gondar Zone

North Gondar (Amharic: ሰሜን ጎንደር; or Semien Gondar) is a zone in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. This zone is named for the city of Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia until the mid-19th century.
North Gondar is bordered on the south by Central Gondar Zone, on the north by the Tigray Region, and on the east by Wag Hemra. Towns and cities in North Gondar include Arbaya, Dabat, Dembiya, Debark, Emfranz, Feres Megria, Musebamb Town, Kurbi, Armachiho, Gondar, Tekeldengy, Gorgora and Metemma.
Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), North Gondar Zone had a total population of 2,929,628, an increase of 40.26% over the 1994 census, of whom 1,486,040 are men and 1,443,588 women; with an area of 45,944.63 square kilometers, North Gondar had a population density of 63.76. While 462,700 or 15.79% are urban inhabitants, a further 2,148 or 0.07% are pastoralists. A total of 654,803 households were counted in this zone, which results in an average of 4.47 persons to a household, and 631,509 housing units. The main ethnic group reported in North Gondar was the Amhara (97.84%); all other ethnic groups made up 2.16% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 98.32%; the remaining 1.62% spoke all other primary languages reported. 95.38% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 4.29% of the population said they were Muslim.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this zone of 2,088,684 in 434,297 households, of whom 1,059,698 were men and 1,028,986 women; 236,625 or 11.33% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The three largest ethnic groups reported in North Gondar were the Amhara (89.72%), the Qemant (8.25%), and the Tigrayan (0.94%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.09% of the population. Amharic was spoken as a first language by 98.24%, and 0.81% spoke Tigrinya; the remaining 0.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. 95.32% practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 4.54% of the population said they were Muslim.
According to a May 24, 2004 World Bank memorandum, 7% of the inhabitants of North Gondar have access to electricity, this zone has a road density of 21.2 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers (compared to the national average of 30 kilometers), the average rural household has 1.2 hectares of land (compared to the national average of 1.01 hectare of land and an average of 0.75 for the Amhara Region) and the equivalent of 0.8 heads of livestock. 24.6% of the population is in non-farm related jobs, compared to the national average of 25% and a Regional average of 21%. 50% of all eligible children are enrolled in primary school, and 13% in secondary schools. 62% of the zone is exposed to malaria, and none to tsetse fly. The memorandum gave this zone a drought risk rating of 506.
12°45′N 37°00′E﻿ / ﻿12.750°N 37.000°E﻿ / 12.750; 37.000
University of Gondar

The University of Gondar, until 2003 known as the Gondar College of Medical Sciences, is the oldest medical school in Ethiopia. Established as the Public Health College in 1954, it is located in Gondar, in Amhara Region of Ethiopia. In 2010, the university offered 42 undergraduate and 17 postgraduate programs.
As of 2016, the university offers 56 undergraduate and 64 postgraduate programs. These are organized under the College of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Business and Economics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Faculty of Agriculture, and three schools (School of Law, School of Technology and School of Education). The current president of the university is Dr. Asrat Atsedeweyn.
The Public Health College was established following an agreement signed by the acting Ethiopian minister of public health, Marsae Hazan Wolde Qiros, and the government of the United States in April, 1954. The Ethiopian government signed a similar agreement with the World Health Organization September of that year. These agreements specified that the college would consist of four parts: a training school, a hospital, and awraja (regional district) and municipal health departments. As a result, the college played a significant role in improving public health in Gondar over the next few years.
The training school's mission was to supply middle-level health professionals who would operate a network of health centers distributed across the country. Each center would be staffed by a health officer, a community nurse, a sanitarian and a laboratory technician, and was expected to care for about 50,000 people. The first health centers were built around Gondar, but as the Public Health College came to be responsible for the public health of Begemder Province as well, they were forced to build new centers ever further away.
One of the results of signing a new treaty between the United States and Ethiopia in June 1960 was the upgrade of the Public Health College to full college status. However, when Haile Selassie University (since renamed Addis Ababa University) became a chartered institution, it received the responsibility for all higher education in the country, and the Public Health College was made a part of the university. Its innovative program is based on field work, and its work to improve public health in Gondar and Begemder province were replaced by an emphasis on academic coursework which led to a Bachelor of Science in Public Health.
While remaining part of Addis Ababa University, the former Haileselassie University Gondar College was reorganized with the help of Karl Marx University in East Germany (now known as Leipzig University) in 1978; in 1992, the college regained its autonomy. The subsequent creation of a Faculty of Management Science and Economics, a Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities and a Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences enabled the college to grow into University College in 2003; the following year the institution was renamed the University of Gondar.
National Palace, Addis Ababa

The National Palace (Amharic: የብሔራዊ ቤተ መንግሥት), formerly Jubilee Palace, is a palace in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is an official residence of President of Ethiopia since the Derg government.
Prior to the date, it was the house of Emperor Haile Selassie until the 1974 coup d'état.
The palace was built in 1955 and named Jubilee to mark the Silver Jubilee of Emperor Haile Selassie. After a coup attempt in the Guenete Leul Palace in 1960, the Emperor made the Jubilee Palace his main residence. However, the seat of government remained at the Imperial Palace. In 1957, it has been called the Ministry of Imperial Court, also known as "Ye Gebi Ministry". The palace was expanded and doubled in size between 1966 and 1967.
The Jubilee Palace was the site of the dethronement of Emperor Haile Selassie in September 1974. Ten low ranking military officers appeared before the Emperor in the palace library and read him the statement of the Derg, which officially removed him from the throne. The Derg renamed the palace the National Palace, which it still bears today. The Derg used this palace for state ceremonies involving visiting heads of state, state banquets and receptions. The Derg added a swimming pool to the grounds. With the fall of the Derg, and the proclamation of the Federal Republic, the National Palace became the official residence of the president of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. The president has a ceremonial role and uses the palace for official functions. In 2005, a proclamation was issued for streamline work in the Administration Office where 13 palaces were administered by the office, which was charged for organizing state reception. The office has 14 directorates and 1,060 employees.
In 2019, The Ethiopian government announced in its intention to build a new official presidential residence, after which the National Palace inaugurated a new museum. It continues to house the president until that time.
The Administration carries restored 10 old buildings constructed by Emperor Menelik II and his daughter Empress Zewditu inside Menelik Palace. The renovation was undertaken by Vareno consultancy.
Katama

Katama (Amharic: ከተማ kätäma) was the name of a medieval fortified Ethiopian military encampment, that was typically situated on top of an amba. These royal military camps served as the capital of the empire and was an important element of the political and social organization of the Ethiopian state until the 17th century. Later the term was used in the 19th and 20th centuries as any kind of dense urban settlement that functioned as a center of an administrative unit.
The katama's basic structure was described in the 14th century Ethiopian text Ser'ata Mangest, which describe the ritual proceedings for the assembling and dismantling of a katama camp. According to this text, the camp's construction began with the planting of the royal standard, marking the center of the Emperor's compound, usually on the highest summit. Then surveyors determined the sites of the structures around it. The layout of the katama followed a characteristic pattern, it was circular and concentric around two perpendicular axes. In the center was the Emperor's quarters, which also housed the royal chapels, a clergy and the royal kitchen. The inner center was surrounded by a palisade and only a very limited number of dignitaries were allowed in. In the second circle around that accommodated the compounds of the royal spouses, the court and the rest of the state dignitaries. This too was surrounded by a palisade and strictly guarded. And outside of that was occupied by the houses of vassals, their retainers and their families. There were also other institutions such as prisons, marketplaces and churches. During the medieval era the population of a katama was vast, with Francisco Álvares estimating Lebna Dengel's katama to number over 40,000 people.
After the establishment of Gondar, the culture of establishing military encampments did not disappear, but instead was imitated by smaller courts of regional governors. This would play an important role in Menelik II's conquest of the south and the consolidation of imperial rule. The katama was mostly established on hilltops, sometimes near already existing villages or markets. These katamas were established to house Menelik II's soldiers (neftenya) and their families, but they also served as an outpost for Christian Amhara culture, which acted as a kind of cultural bridgehead towards the surrounding countryside. Many of these katamas evolved into permanent settlements, among those were Irgalem, Jijiga, Galamso, Goba, Dembidolo, Ginir and Negele Borana.
Begemder

Begemder (Amharic: በጌምድር; also known as Gondar or Gonder) was a province in northwest Ethiopia. The alternative names come from its capital during the 20th century, Gondar.
A plausible source for the name Bega is that the word means "dry" in the local language, while another possible interpretation could be "sheep," where rearing of sheep is beg in Amharic. Thus, Begemder likely refers to "land that rears sheep" or "the dry area." Another etymology is that the first two syllables come from the Ge'ez language baggi` for sheep (Amharic: beg medir) "Land of Sheep." Beckingham and Huntingford note that Begemder originally applied to the country east of Lake Tana, where water is scarce, and concluded, "The allusion to the lack of water suggests Amharic baga, "dry season," as a possible source of the name."
The earliest recorded mention of Begemder was on the Fra Mauro map, (c.1460), where it is described as a kingdom. While Emperor Lebna Dengel, in his letter to the King of Portugal (1526), also described Begemder as a kingdom, he included it as a subdivision of his empire. Kanfat in southern Begemder was briefly governed by Abubaker Qecchin of Adal in the sixteenth century. The Guzara royal castle; built by Emperor Minas in 1560 in Enfraz, Begemder (60 km (37 mi) east of Gonder) as a site of royal residence and camp a century before Emperor Fasilides founded and built the castles of Gondar. During the later 18th century, its capital was at Filakit Gereger, where Ras Ali died in 1788.
Begemder's boundaries were revised as a result of Proclamation 1943/1, which created 12 taklai ghizats from the existing 42 provinces of varying sizes. Begemder had an estimated population of 3 million in the 1984 cenus.
12°30′N 37°00′E﻿ / ﻿12.500°N 37.000°E﻿ / 12.500; 37.000
Tekle Haymanot of Gondar

Tekle Haymanot was proclaimed Emperor from February 1788 to 1789 by the Emperor Baede Maryam's courtiers. He established his palace in Gondar, and ruled there for around a year. He may be identical with the Emperor "Haimanot" mentioned by Henry Salt, who ruled for a year between Iyasu III and Hezqeyas and had died before 1810.
Tekle Haymanot of Gondar is sometimes given the title Atse, a less familiar Amharic word for "Emperor", to distinguish him from the other Emperors of Ethiopia with the same name. Since he was not recognized as a legitimate ruler, he is not assigned a number.
Daftar tokoh Sumatera Barat

Daftar tokoh Sumatera Barat ko cuma mamuek namo tokoh-tokoh nan laia di provinsi Sumatera Barat, Indonesia. Tokoh tu barasa dari etnis/suku Minangkabau sarato etnis/suku lain nan laia di Sumatera Barat dan babuek banyak dalam kahidupan masyarakaik. Khusus tantang tokoh-tokoh dari etnis/suku Minangkabau dapek diliek di Daftar tokoh Minangkabau.
Daftar iko bukanlah suatu daftar nan tatap/statis, tapi akan salalu mangalami parubahan dari wakatu ka wakatu sasuai jo pakambangan. Jikok sanak mancaliak artikel tantang tokoh di Wikipedia nan semestinyo masuak ka dalam daftar ko, silakan suntiang laman ko sarato masuak-an namo tokoh tu jo katarangan sarato pranala/pautan luanyo. Caliak parubahan ko dapek digunoan untuak mancaliak sagalo parubahan nan bahubuangan jo artikel-artikel nan ado di laman ko.
<Baliak ka ateh
<<Baliak ka ateh
<<<Baliak ka ateh
Templat:Daftar tokoh Indonesia
Emral Djamal Datuak Rajo Mudo

Drs. H. Emral Djamal Datuk Rajo Mudo (lahia 22 Maret 1944) adolah seorang budayawan, panggali dan panggerak silek tradisional Minangkabau, sakaligus panghulu dari Suku Tanjung di Nagari Bayang. Ia sering manjadi narasumber dan pemakalah pado berbagai forum diskusi tentang budaya alam Minangkabau, baik di dalam atau di luar daerah Sumatera Barat. Tulisan-tulisannyo banyak dimuaik dalam beberapa harian yang terbit di Padang.
Ia banyak menulis tentang silek, adat, dan sejarah Minangkabau yang digali dari warisan tradisi di Minangkabau yang barupo pidato-pidato adat, gelar-gelar adat, pitutur, wawancara dengan para pemuka adat dan tuo silek, pepatah petitih, dan naskah-naskah kuno. Ia manjadi salah seorang panggerak kegiatan Galanggang Siliah Baganti (GSB), suatu acara festival silek tradisional Minangkabau sabagai bantuak nyata dari upaya mempertahankan tradisi silek di Minangkabau dari kepunahan.
Sajak tahun 1989, ia mulai menelusuri, meneliti, dan menulis sejarah Kesultanan Inderapura atas permintaan Sutan Boerhanoeddin Sultan Firmansyah Alamsyah, ahli waris Kerajaan Kesultanan Inderapura agar indak tenggelam bagitu sajo karano lokasi Inderapura saat sekarang terpencil dan jauah dari pusat kota. Sulik mambayangkan saat sekarang bahwa Kerajaan Inderapura pado maso lalu adolah daerah yang besar dan ramai dikunjuangi oleh berbagai bangsa di seluruh dunia. Penelitian tersebut kamudian dimuaik di Harian Singgalang dalam bantuak tulisan bersambung dan naskah ranji rajo-rajo di Kesultanan Inderapura yang dimiliki oleh Soetan Boerhanoeddin dipublikasikan pado Simposium Internasional Pernaskahan Nusantara VIII di kampus Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 26–28 Juli 2004.
Ulu Ambek

Ulu Ambek adolah kasenian nan hanyo ado di daerah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Sumatera Barat. Sacaro umum, Ulu Ambek barasa dari kato "ulu" (hulu/pangka) jo "ambek" (mangalangi/maambek), sainggo ulu ambek bararti maambek dari hulu atau managah sajak dari samulo. Ulu Ambek dimainkan di ateh laga-laga atau pauleh nan baraleh rajuikan buluah atau batuang.
Ulu Ambek biasonyo dimainkan pado acara-acara alek nagari misalnyo tagak pangulu, parasmian balai adat, atau acara-acara lainnyo. Ciri khas pado Ulu Ambek adolah gaya mancaknyo nan bebas sarato indak ado basingguangan sacaro fisik. Tapi ado istilah "buluih", apobilo pamain Ulu Ambek buluih, aratinyo kalah jo manangguang malu, bukan hanyo dirinyo sajo, gurunyo, niniak-mamak sarato nagarinyo tabaok malu.
"Tradisi Ulu Ambek, silat tingkat tinggi, hanya ada disini". https://prokabar.com/tradisi-ulu-ambek-silat-tingkat-tinggi-hanya-ada-di-sini/. Prokabar.com. Diakses tanggal 15-10-2018. Periksa nilai tanggal di: |access-date= (bantuan); Hapus pranala luar di parameter |website= (bantuan)
Kurambiak

Kurambiak atau karambiak (Malayu: Kerambit, Lawi Ayam, Tagalog: Karambit) adolah salah satu sanjato tradisional Minangkabau. Acok dipakai para padeka atau pasilek Minang jo Malayu, pamakaian sanjata ko taseba juo malalui padagangan jo ubuangan lainnyo ka daerah-daerah lain di Indonesia, Malaysia, jo Filipina, bahkan kini ko inggo ka nagara-nagara Baraik.
Bantuaknyo pisau ketek malangkuang, panjang sakita 13–18 cm, dan pado pado gagangnyo ado lubang untuak talunjuak mangganggam. Kurambiak dirancang malangkuang sarupo kuku arimau, kok manganai lawan dapek mambuek luko sayatan fatal dek urek atau usuih ka putuih tacabiak.
Ado varian kurambiak, iyolah nan bantuaknyo malangkuang sajo jo nan ado lakuak sikunyo.
Kurambiak awanyo dipakiroan adolah sanjato urang Minangkabau dari Sumatera Barat, nan manuruik carito lamo dibuek maniru kuku arimau. Di maso lamo, pasilek Minang, Malayu, jo Bugih lah takana kaahliannyo dalam mamainan kurambiak. Karambiak adolah juo sanjato tradisional dek urang Bangkahulu. Di maso pajuangan kamardekaan Filipina, ado tasabuik baso tantaro Amerika Sarikat cabiak lihianyo dek jadi kurban kurambiak pajuang lokal.
Di maso kini, babagai paguruan silek misanyo Silek Arimau jo Cimande di Indonesia jo Silat Seni Gayong di Malaysia mamasuakan kurambiak sabagai sanjato beladirinyo. Pamakaian kurambiak dek panyuko beladiri di Eropa jo Amerika alah juo bakambang, dek karano sanjata ko banyak dipakai dalam paguruan beladiri asa Asia Tenggara, sarupo pancak silek jo kali-arnis, nan lah banyak pulo tagak di Baraik. Sanjata ko banyak pulo dikaji dalam buku jo majalah batopik beladiri nan tabik di sinan.
Pangarajin kurambiak tradisional di Sumatera Barat indak banyak lai ditamuan, namun masih ado babarapo nan mambueknyo antaro lain di nagari Pitahan, Tanah Datar.
Di Amerika, ado produsen sanjata nan mambuek kurambiak moderen mamakai baja tahan karek untuak pamakaian tantaro atau para kolektor. Para produsen kurambiak moderen ko antaro lain adolah Elemental Knives, Warren Thomas, Mantis Knives, Emerson Knives, Strider Knives, Spyderco, Cold Steel, Craig Camerer, United Cutlery, Rich Derespina, Cutters Knife and Tool, 5.11 Tactical, Mike Snody, Quartermaster Knives, Fox Cutlery and Karambitmaker studio.
Video game Counter-Strike: Global Offensive dan Splinter Cell Blacklist manampilan kurambiak sabagai salah satu sanjato nan dipakai dek tokoh-tokohnyo nan adolah pasukan kusuih.
Di Indonesia kini ko kurambiak samangkin tamusaua juo, dek karano muncua dalam babagai pilem lago populer, sarupo pilem Merantau jo The Raid 2: Berandal nan dibintangi dek aktor Iko Uwais jo Yayan Ruhiyan.
Yusril Katil

Yusril Katil namo asli Yusril (lahia 5 September 1967 di Payakumbuh; umua 55 tahun) adolah aktor, sutradara teater dan film, dan dosen di ISI Padang Panjang. Kini Yusril Katil tingga di Padang Panjang dan salah satu pendiri Komunitas Seni Intro di Payakumbuh.
Inyiak Upiak Palatiang

Inyiak Upiak Palatiang (lahia di Dusun Kubu Gadang, Nagari IV Koto, Kacamatan Batipuah, Tanah Datar, Hindia Belanda, pado awal abaik 20
– maningga di Tanah Datar, Sumatra Barat, 9 Mei 2010 pado umua ± 110 tahun) adolah maestro seni tradisi Minang. Inyo tanamo dek banyak manguasai tradisi lamo Minang, seperti silek, randai, dan dendang saluang.
Sabagai pandeka padusi, Upiak Palatiang manguasai aliran silek gunuang yang marupoan salah satu aliran silek dengan tigo jurus dasar, yaitu tangkok piuah, dan gelek. Silek gunuang manjadi hulu dari babagai aliran silek lainnyo yang bakambang di Minangkabau.
Salain mambuek pantun-pantun untuak panampilan randai, Upiak Palatiang pandai pulo mambuek syair dendang, baiak yang dilantunkannyo surang maupun oleh padendang tradisi lainnyo yang diiringi tiupan saluang mandayu-dayu. Alah ratuihan syair yang dibueknyo, seperti Singgalang Kubu di Ateh, Singgalang Gunuang Gabalo Itiak, Singgalang Ratok Sabu, Singgalang Layah, Singgalang Kariang, Singgalang Alai, Indang Batipuah, Parambahan Batusangka, dan sabagainyo.
Dalam umua yang labiah dari saratuih tahun, kondisi fisik Upiak Palatiang masih tahituang prima. Inyo masih kuek mampatunjuakan gerakan-gerakan silek dengan gesit dan lincah.
Upiak Palatiang mampunyai babarapo urang murid, di antaronyo Musra Dahrizal Katik Rajo Mangkuto nan tanamo sabagai budayawan jo seniman Minangkabau.
Salamo hiduiknyo, Upiak Palatiang dikaruniai babarapo urang anak, yaitu Mawardi, Upiak Lamsinar, dan Zulfachri. Salain tu, Upaik Palatiang mamiliki babarapo urang cucu yaitu Fardizal jo Fahmizal.
Cimuntu

Si Muntu marupokan sosok makhluk hitam, yang saluruh badannyo di tutuik ijuak, dan mamakai topeng, dan bantuknyo nampak seram. Si muntu biaso di jumpoi di acara alek nagari di Andaleh Baruk Bukik, Kecamatan Sungayang, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Sumatera Barat. Kalau dari kota Padang kiro-kiro manampuah perjalnan 4 jam manggunoan kendaraan darat.
Pado alek nagari baragam kesenian Minangkabau banayak wak jumpoi, kayak ,tari piriang, lukah gilo, pencak silat, dan kesenian lainnyo. Indak katinggalan pulo kesenian Cimuntu, karano Cimuntu sangat unik.
Konon manuruik carito Cimuntu marupokan salah satu bantuk penyamaran para pejuang-pejuang pado maso parang. Dahulunyo Cimunto baperan pantiang mangatur taktik parang pado zaman parang Padri yang di pimpin Tuangku Imam Bonjol.
Kehadiran Cimuntu sabagai kesenian, bamulo dari pamarintah rajo pagaruyuang yang manyuruh satiap nagari untuk manghadiran karya seni daerah. Kamudian tabiklah ide pemuda-pemuda pado maso itu untuk maiduikkan baliak sosok Cimutu. Bekonyo Cimutu di arak kaliliang kampuang, manggunokan alat music pupuik batang padi. Bekonyo iriang-iriangan dimariahan samo tariakan anak-anak yang basorak: “oii muntuk… oii muntuk,”.
Pencak Silat Harimau

Pencak Silat Harimau also known as Silat Harimau (Minangkabau: Silek Harimau) is a Minangkabau style of pencak silat originating from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Silat Harimau has movements that are used to resemble the technique and philosophy of a tiger. Silat harimau has agile techniques and beautiful movements. However, behind these techniques and movements, there are various deadly attacks that are applied to immobilize the enemy very quickly.
This movement is known to be quite painful and makes the opponent unable to move and can only lie down with a body that cannot fight back. In addition, Silat Harimau also uses claws as a weapon to attack his opponent. The claws aim at the neck, face and vital parts of the opponent. This technique is a characteristic that does not exist in other Pencak silat.
Silat Harimau is a variation of silek, a type of Indonesian pencak silat that originates from the Minangkabau culture in West Sumatra. Silat Harimau was first created in the Pariangan area, in 1119 by Datuk Suri Dirajo. At that time, Datuk Suri Diarjo trained the royal troops with various different silat styles, because in ancient times the silat troops often faced one-on-one, one-on-three, or one-on-four battles. The main key for a fighter to win the battle is to defeat the enemy head-on as quickly as possible.
The Silat Harimau movement belongs to the "campa tiger" movement which is the result of a combination with immigrants from Champa with a characteristic close combat style of fighting, where during battle, the fighters are immediately positioned in the front row. This style will in the future become the forerunner to the establishment of Silek Harimau which was taught by Edwel Yusri Datuak Rajo Gampo Alam.
The clothes used for Silat Harimau are black clothes which are better known as "endong" or "galembong". This black itself has the meaning of "tahan tapo" (resistant to exposure) and black clothes are better for silek than white clothes that quickly look dirty. Silek clothes are made loose on the thighs to make it easier for Pesilek to make movements to be more flexible and agile. Movements such as jumping and there are some acrobatic movements. And there is also such a thing as "deta", the name for a typical Minangkabay headband that is shaped like a horn of various patterns attached to the head.
The typical weapon of Silat Harimau is a small hand-held knife shaped like a tiger's claw. The western world calls it Karambit and in Indonesia it is called Kerambit / Karambiak. This weapon is the original weapon of the Minangkabau people. This weapon is dangerous because it can be used to slash or tear the opponent's limbs quickly and undetected. Karambit is deliberately designed to be more curved like a tiger's claw, after seeing a tiger fight with its claws, this is in line with the Minangkabau philosophy which says that "Alam takambang jadi guru". This Karambit weapon is commonly used in Tiger Silat because it symbolizes the claws and some use a knife which symbolizes the fangs of a tiger.
The Magic of Oil Painting

The Magic of Oil Painting is an American half-hour instructional television show hosted by painter Bill Alexander which ran from February 18, 1974 to May 10, 1982 on PBS, produced by member station KOCE in Huntington Beach, California. In each episode, Alexander taught techniques for landscape oil painting, completing a painting in each session, painting in a 16th-century style called alla-prima, now known as wet-on-wet. He was invited to record a pilot in late 1973 for KOCE. Alexander earned an Emmy for the show in 1979, making him the first painter to earn the award. The show is known for inspiring The Joy of Painting hosted by Bob Ross.
Mudflap

A mudflap or mud guard is used in combination with the vehicle fender to protect the vehicle, passengers, other vehicles, and pedestrians from mud and other flying debris thrown into the air by a rotating tire on a wheeled vehicle. A mudflap is typically made from a flexible material such as rubber that is not easily damaged by contact with flying debris, the tire, or the road surface.
On bicycles the mudflap is called a spoiler. It helps keep the rider(s) cleaner.
Mudflaps can be large rectangular sheets suspended behind the tires, or may be small molded lips below the rear of the vehicle's wheel wells. Mudflaps can be aerodynamically engineered, utilizing shaping, louvers or vents to improve airflow and to lower drag.
While some flaps are plain, in the colour of rubber, many contain company logos, other art or sometimes advertisements. One possible feature is the mudflap girl, a woman's silhouette.
In the United States, mudflap regulations vary from state to state.
Aerodynamic mudflaps are engineered with louvers or ventilated slats to improve airflow, reduce sidespray, and decrease aerodynamic drag, in order to improve fuel efficiency.
Supercomputing technology applied to the problem of semi-trailer truck drag has helped to validate such aerodynamic improvements. Traditional solid truck mudflaps can increase drag, but a study by the UT-Chattanooga SimCenter indicated slatted mudflaps can reduce drag more than 8 percent, making the truck's drag coefficient comparable to one without any mudflaps fitted.
A further advantage of the design is the heat-venting capacity of aerodynamically optimized mudflaps. The improved airflow promotes the quick release of otherwise re-circulated water and air from the fenderwell while improving performance by cooling the tires and brakes.
Road signs in South Korea

Road signs in South Korea are regulated by the Korean Road Traffic Authority (Korean: 도로교통안전공단).
Signs indicating dangers are triangular with a red border, yellow background and black pictograms. Mandatory instructions are white on a blue background, prohibitions are black on a white background with a red border, and supplementary information signs are rectangular with black text on a white background. Like other countries, the signs use pictograms to display their meaning. Any text included in signs will normally be in Korean and English. Signs are normally placed 1 to 2.1 meters high.
South Korean road signs depict people with realistic (as opposed to stylized) silhouettes.
Road signs in South Korea closely followed Japanese and European rules on road signs until the 1970s.
South Korea signed the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals on December 29, 1969, but has yet to ratify the Convention.
Warning signs are triangular with yellow backgrounds, red borders and black pictograms.
Prohibition signs are round with white backgrounds, red borders and black pictograms.
Mandatory instruction signs are round with blue backgrounds and white pictograms.
Supplementary signs are rectangular with white backgrounds and black text. Most of signs are only written in Korean.
Direction and distance signs are rectangular with dark green backgrounds and white text. In urban areas, direction signs have dark blue backgrounds. The signs are normally written in Korean and English. In March 2010, Korea Expressway Corporation introduced a new technique of direction signing for expressways. This new system focuses on providing signs featuring destinations reached from an exit, rather than those reached by remaining on the mainline. Notably, the Korean typeface has changed from Sandol Doropyojipanche (Sandol traffic sign typeface, which can be seen on the distance sign and direction sign below) to Hangilche (Hangil typeface), and the Panno typeface has been introduced for Latin text.
Traffic signs in Korea shall be designated as traffic signs on the traffic sign schedule; the actual design of traffic signs installed is often different.
Architecture of Sumatra

The Indonesian island of Sumatra is the sixth largest island in the world. The rich ethnic diversity and historical heritage in Sumatra is reflected in the range of architectural styles in the island. The vernacular style is the native Sumatran ethnic groups architecture of dwellings, while the Hindu-Buddhist architecture reflected through the cultural historical heritage of candis built in Sumatra. The third wave is Islamic architecture adopted in mosques and palace in Sumatra, especially in Aceh, North Sumatra, and Malay cultural sphere in the island.
The traditional vernacular architecture including:
Several Hindu-Buddhist architecture in the form of candis (temples) dated from 7th to 13th century are found scaterred in Sumatra. These temples are mostly linked to Buddhist maritime empire of Srivijaya. Although not as grand and elaborately designed as Hindu-Buddhist temples of Java, the temples of Sumatra mostly built from red brick material have their own style, these temples among other:
Islam reached northern Sumatra first before any other part of the archipelago. The Islamic architecture adopted in Sumatran Sultanates mosques and istanas (palaces). The most notable architecture influences are Persian and Indian Mughal architecture. Examples of Islamic architecture in Sumatra are:
Kelok 9

0°04′11″S 100°41′51″E﻿ / ﻿0.069818°S 100.6974923°E﻿ / -0.069818; 100.6974923
Kelok 9 or Kelok Sembilan is a winding road segment located about 30 km east of Payakumbuh, in the West Sumatera province of Indonesia. Kelok Sembilan means 9 sharp turns. This road stretches through Jorong Aie Putiah, Nagari Sarilamak, Harau sub-district of Lima Puluh Kota Regency of West Sumatera and is part of the interconnecting road link between Central Sumatra and the East Coast of Sumatra. The road has a sharp bend, bordering on a ravine, and flanked by two hills between two nature reserves: the White Water Reservation and the Harau Nature Reserve. The new overpass/flyover/bridge was officially inaugurated by then President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in October 2013.
The road has existed since Dutch East Indies government between 1908-1914. This road winds across the Bukit Barisan that extends from north to south of Sumatra Island. If it is stretched straight, the length of the turn around was only 300 meters with a width of 5 meters and a height of about 80 meters. In 2000, vehicle traffic between West Sumatra and Riau had reached between 9,000 and 11,000 vehicles a day carrying about 15.8 million people and about 28.5 million tons of goods a year. Half of the goods transported are agricultural and livestock. Due to the narrowing of road in the turn around, the journey from Bukittinggi to Pekanbaru which should be taken within 4 hours, can take 5 to 6 hours. Addressing this issue, the Kelok 9 overpass construction began in November 2003 after obtaining central government approval through the National Development Planning Agency in August 2003.
Construction of Kelok 9 overpasses began in 2003. It was built over the old Kelok 9. The work was handled in two stages of development. The total length of the bridge and road built is 2,537 meters, consisting of six bridges with a length of 959 meters and a connecting road along 1,537 meters. Kelok Kelang bridge 9 consists of six bridges and has a width of 12.5 meters wide road. The first bridge spans have a length of 20 meters, a second span of 230 meters, and a third span 65 meters. The fourth span has a length of 462 meters. The fourth bridge span is a type of concrete arch bridge with a bore pile as deep as 20 meters to hold the bridge weight and the horizontal force of an earthquake. The fifth bridge spans a length of 31 meters and a sixth span of 156 meters. The cost of the project was US$49.5 million.
List of mountains in Indonesia

This is a list of all 270 mountains in or bordering Indonesia which have a topographic prominence of at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) (named "ribus" from the Indonesia word for "thousand") along with 115 less prominent peaks which are considered to have significant tourist interest, known as "spesials".
The highest peak in Indonesia is Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramid, on the island of New Guinea, at 4,884 m (16,024 ft). It is also the highest point in the continent of Oceania, and one of the world's Seven Summits, and "the highest point between the Himalayas and the Andes". The next three summits by height are Sumantri (4,870 metres, prominence 350m), Puncak Mandala (4,760m, prominence 2,760m), and Puncak Trikora (4,750m, prominence 1,268).
The Indonesian words utara, barat, selatan, timur means north, west, south and east accordingly.
LG이노텍

LG이노텍(LG Innotek)은 대한민국의 전자부품 제조 회사로 LG그룹의 계열사이다. 카메라 모듈, 반도체/디스플레이 기판,차량용 전장부품, IoT 부품 등을 만드는 코스피 상장 기업이다.
LG이노텍의 모태는 1970년 8월 세워진 국내 최초의 종합 전자부품회사인 ‘금성알프스전자’이다. 1995년 1월 LG전자부품(주)으로 상호를 변경했고 1998년 11월 LG C&D(주)로 상호를 변경했다. 1999년 3월 방산사업을 영위하던 LG정밀(주)과 LG C&D(주)가 합병하여 LG정밀(주)이 존속법인이 됐다. 2000년 5월에 LG이노텍(주)으로 사명을 변경했다. 2004년 7월 시스템 사업부(방산사업)를 매각하고 전자부품사업에 집중했다. 2009년 7월 LG마이크론을 흡수 합병해 디스플레이•반도체 기판소재 분야로 사업을 확대했다. 이후 사업구조 고도화를 통해 스마트폰용 카메라모듈, 디스플레이 부품, 차량 전장부품, 반도체 기판 등에서 두각을 나타내며 최첨단 소재•부품기업으로서 입지를 강화해 나가고 있다.
LG이노텍은 1971년 국내 최초로 TV용 튜너를 생산하고 1983년 VCR 헤드 드럼을 생산했다. 1990년부터 소형 정밀모터 등 고부가가치제품 생산을 시작하며 성장에 박차를 가했다. 1994년 중국 후이저우 법인과 미국 판매법인을 설립해 글로벌 시장 공략 전초 기지를 마련했다. 1995년 품질경영시스템 국제표준 인증인 ISO9001과 ISO9002를 획득해 글로벌 수준 품질기반을 갖췄다. 1999년 7월 국내 최초로 지상방송수신용 디지털튜너를 개발했다.
2000년대에 들어 글로벌 생산 거점을 확대하고 모바일, 디스플레이, 네트워크 부품으로 사업 영역을 넓혔다. 2000년 11월 TV용 튜너 생산기지인 인도네시아 법인을 설립했다. 2002년 튜너와 포토마스크, 테이프 서브스트레이트가 글로벌 1등 지위를 확보했다. 2005년 카메라모듈사업 진출 1년만에 세계 최소형 자동 초점 200만 화소 카메라모듈을 개발했다. 같은 해 폴란드 법인을 설립해 유럽 시장 공략 거점을 마련했다. 2007년 차량용 제동모터(ABS Motor)를 생산하며 차량 전장부품사업을 본격화했고 이듬해 세계 최초로 차량용 토크앵글센서를 개발함으로써 글로벌 수준의 차량전장부품 기술력을 입증했다. 2008년 7월 유가증권시장에 상장했다.
2010년에는 연매출 4조원을 돌파했으며 다우존스 지속가능경영지수 DJSI Korea에 첫 편입됐다. 2011년 모바일 기기용 카메라모듈 시장에서 세계 1위에 올랐다. 2012년 미세 패터닝 기술을 활용, 세계 최초로 커버유리 완전일체형 터치스크린 패널(G2 TSP) 양산에 성공했다. 회사 연매출은 5조원을 돌파했다. 2013년 세계 최초로 6인치 웨이퍼 UV LED를 양산했다. 또, 국내 최초로 카메라모듈에 광학식 손떨림 보정 기능이 적용된 1300만 화소 OIS 카메라모듈을 양산해 시장에서 호평 받았다. 같은 해 연매출은 6조원을 넘어섰다. 2014년 세계 최초로 희토류 프리 듀얼 클러치 변속기(DCT)용 모터를 개발해 차세대 차량 전장부품 기술력을 입증했으며, 반도체 기판사업에서 다층 코어리스기판이 세계일류 상품으로 선정됐다. 모바일 기기용 카메라모듈은 4년 연속 세계 1위 자리를 확고히 했다. 이와 함께 DJSI Korea에 5년 연속 편입됐다.
2015년 무선충전 수신모듈(Rx) 세계 1위 기술을 기반으로 스마트폰용 송신모듈(Tx)을 양산했다. 카메라모듈은 5월 말 기준 누적판매 10억 4천만개를 돌파했으며 세계 최초로 조리개값 F1.8 1600만화소 OIS 카메라모듈을 양산했다. 이 제품은 최고의 스마트폰 카메라로 평가 받고 있다.
2019년 5월 기준 시가총액은 2조 5,915억 원으로 코스피 상장기업들 중에서 96위에 해당한다.
무인 자동차

자율주행차(自律走行車, 영어: self-driving car, autonomous car, AC) 또는 무인자동차(無人自動車, 영어: driverless car, robotaxi, robotic car, robo-car)는 운전자의 조작 없이 스스로 주행할 수 있는 자동차이다. 무인자동차는 레이더, LIDAR (light detection and ranging), GPS, 카메라로 주위의 환경을 인식하여 목적지를 지정하는 것만으로 자율적으로 주행한다. 이미 실용화되고 있는 무인 운행 시스템으로는 이스라엘 군에서 운용하는 순찰용 무인 차량과 국외 광산이나 건설 현장에서 운용되고 있는 덤프 트럭, 서울시에서 2023년 12월 세계 최초로 도입한 '자율 주행 버스' 등이 있다.
2020년 7월 9일, 테슬라의 일론 머스크 회장이 "올해 안에 5단계 자율주행 기본 기능을 갖게 될 것"이라 밝혔다. 김필수(대림대 교수) 전기차협회장은 "5단계 자율주행은 전문가들도 꿈으로 남겨 놓고, 4단계 기술에 집중하는 상황"이라며 "5단계를 운운하는 건 허풍이 분명하지만, 다른 완성차업체보다 자율주행 기술이 우위에 있는 것 또한 사실"이라고 말했다.
미국자동차공학회(SAE)에 따르면 자율주행은 레벨0에서 레벨5까지 총 6단계로 나눠진다.
2018년 9월 4일, 경기도가 레벨4 자율주행차 '제로셔틀'의 시범운행을 시작했다고 밝혔다.
메르세데스-벤츠는 2023년까지 레벨3 자율주행차 상용화를 목표로 하고 있다.
현대ㆍ기아차는 2016년 12월 아이오닉 자율주행차로 레벨4 수준까지 기술력을 끌어올렸지만, 레벨5 완전 자율주행은 2030년으로 경쟁사 대비 다소 늦은 감이 있다.
뒤늦게 뛰어든 포드는 중간 개발단계를 생략하고 2021년까지 완전자율주행차를 선보인다는 계획이다.
구글은 2009년 자율주행차 개발에 착수한 이후 최장 시범운행거리 기록을 보유중이다.. 일찍 시작한 만큼 궁극점인 레벨5에도 2021년까지 도달한다는 목표를 세워놓고 있다.
BMW 역시 2021년까지 레벨5 수준의 자율주행차를 선보일 계획이다.
2016년 미국자동차공학회(SAE)가 6단계로 분류했다.
자율주행자동차의 가장 큰 장점은 주행속도와 교통 관리 자료가 일치하기 때문에 조절장치를 더욱 고르게 하여 반복정지를 피해 연료 효율에 도움을 준다는 것과 노인, 아동, 장애인 등 운전을 할 수 없는 이들도 이용할 수 있다는 것이다. 이외에도 장시간 운전으로 인한 피로를 해결해주고, 교통사고의 위험을 크게 줄일 수 있는 것과 도로의 교통 흐름이 빨라지고 교통 혼잡을 줄일 수 있다는 장점이 있다.
만약 도로 위에서 주행하고 있는 차들 중 80% 이상이 무인자동차이고, 이들이 모두 자율 주행을 하는 상황에서, 사고가 난다면 누구에게 책임을 물어야 하는지 현재 법률적으로 정해져 있지않다. 또 GPS 기반으로 주행을 하지만 인터넷 접속이 가능해진다면 해킹이 가능해져 해커들이 마음대로 조종할 수 있는 위험이 있다. 또한 모든 색상 중 백색을 잘 감지하지 못한다. 윤리적인 문제와 도덕적인 문제 또한 큰 문제중에 하나이다.
지난 2010년 구글이 처음으로 무인자동차를 선보인 이후, 전세계 자동차 회사들이 무인자동차 자율주행 기술개발에 열을 올리고 있다. 2013년 벤츠는 무인자동차로 100Km 자율주행에 성공했고 아우디도 2014년에 자율주행기술을 공개했다. 더 들어가서 국내 무인 자동차의 실정을 보면 2014년에 운전자 없이 주행하고 비어있는 주차 공간을 알아서 찾아 주차하는 무인자동차 기술이 공개되었다. 차후에는, 신호등에서 보낸 전파를 무인자동차에서 수신하여 신호등이 적색인지 청색인지, 또 언제 신호가 바뀌는지 등의 정보에 대응할 수 있는 무인자동차 기술개발이 진행될 예정이다. 이와 같이 무인자동차 기술개발은 한창 진행 중에 있어 빠르면 2020년부터 고속도로뿐만 아니라 도심에서 주행이 가능할 것으로 보인다는 말이 있다. 하지만 설치된 센서 등 장비 가격만 1억 원에 달해 상용화까지는 시간이 더 많은 시간이 필요할 것이라는 말도 있다.
2018년 3월 18일 미국 애리조나주 피닉스의 한 교차로에서 자율 주행 차량에 의한 첫 사망 사고가 발생했다. 미국의 우버사에서 시험 운행 중이던 차량이 자전거를 끌고 가던 여성을 치어 숨지게 했다.
한민홍 교수가 개발한 것으로 알려졌고, 1993년에 자율주행차 연구결과가 대부분 완료되었다.
2022년 베이징 동계올림픽에 맞추어 중국 베이징이 전 세계 수도중 처음으로 유료 무인자동차 운영을 실시하게 되었다. 2021년 11월 25일부터 모바일 어플을 통해 바이두/포니AI 두 기업이 운영하는 로보택시를 호출해 탑승할 수 있다. 바이두는 지난 3분기까지 11만5000번 승객을 이동시켰고, 포니AI는 중국과 미국에서 총 800만㎞를 테스트해 이 기준을 통과했다. 베이징 남부 다싱구(區)경제개발구역 안 60㎢ 규모 구역에서 총 100여 대가, 매일 오전 7시~오후 10시 운행한다. 보조 운전자가 탑승하지만 주행 과정 대부분은 차량이 자율주행한다.
차량-사물 통신

차량-사물 통신(vehicle-to-everything, V2X communication)은 차량으로부터 차량에 영향을 주는 물체로 정보를 전달하는 일(차량→물체), 또는 그 반대 방향(물체→차량)의 과정을 말한다. V2I(vehicle-to-infrastructure, 차량 대 인프라), V2N(vehicle-to-network, 차량 대 네트워크), V2V(vehicle-to-vehicle, 차량 대 차량), V2P(vehicle-to-pedestrian, 차량 대 보행자), V2D(vehicle-to-device, 차량 대 장치), V2G(vehicle-to-grid, 차량 대 그리드) 등 더 구체적인 유형의 통신 방식을 통합하는 차량 통신 시스템의 하나이다.
V2X의 주된 동기는 도로 안전, 교통 효율성, 에너지 절약이다. 기반이 되는 기술에 따라 두 종류의 V2X 통신 기술이 존재한다:
여러 국가의 C-ITS의 스펙트럼 할당은 다음의 표에 나타나 있다.
세종텔레콤

1992년 6월 설립된 세종텔레콤 주식회사(영문명: SEJONG Telecom, Inc.)는 정보통신기술(ICT) 사업 관련 국내 선도 기업이다. 2000년 코스닥에 상장되었으며, 주요 사업분야로는 DX융합, 모바일, 전기공사 부문이 있다.
디지털 연계가 중요한 커넥티비티(Connectivity) 서비스를 기반으로 웹 3.0 시대에 맞춰 다양한 산업 분야의 파트너사들과 협업하여 세상을 연결하고, 기존의 정보통신기술(ICT) 사업을 DX, AI, 블록체인, 데이터 등 다양한 산업과 융합해 시너지를 창출하고 있다.
1. DX융합
1) 부동산(STO)
2) 블록체인&AI 융합
2. 모바일
1) 5G 특화망(이음 5G)
3. 전기공사
1) 전기/정보통신/소방
감정평가사

변호사ㆍ공인회계사ㆍ변리사 등과 달리 별도의 근거 법률이 없고 부동산가격공시제도와 함께 하나의 법률에 규정되어 있어 감정평가사제도가 부동산 가격공시 업무에 한정되는 것으로 오해될 수 있는 여지가 있다는 문제가 제기되었고, 이에 「감정평가 및 감정평가사에 관한 법률」이 2016년1월19일부터 시행 및 공포되었다.
•아래 사항은 언제든 변경이 있을 수 있으니 반드시 한국산업인력공단 홈페이지 (https://web.archive.org/web/20170114103859/http://q-net.or.kr/)에서 최신정보를 확인하여야 합니다.
시험 응시에 학력, 전공 등의 제한은 없으며, 「감정평가 및 감정평가사에 관한 법률」제12조(결격사유)에 해당하지 않는 사람으로서 영어시험을 대체하기 위한 공인어학성적을 지녀야 한다.
1차 시험은 민법, 경제학원론, 부동산학원론, 감정평가 관계 법규, 회계학에 대하여 선택형(객관식)으로 평가하며, 제1차 시험 과목 중 영어과목을 제외한 나머지 시험과목의 합격기준은 과목당 100점을 만점으로 하여 모든 과목 40점 이상, 전 과목 평균 60점 이상의 득점으로 한다.
제1차 시험과목 중 영어 과목은 제1차 시험 응시원서 접수 마감일부터 역산(逆算)하여 2년이 되는 날 이후에 실시된 다른 시험기관의 시험(이하 “영어시험”이라 한다)에서 취득한 성적으로 대체한다.
감정평가법인 등 대통령령으로 정하는 기관에서 5년 이상 감정평가와 관련된 업무에 종사한 사람에 대해서는 시험 중 제1차 시험을 면제한다. 또한, 제1차 시험에 합격한 사람에 대해서는 다음 회의 시험에 한정하여 제1차 시험을 면제한다.
2차 시험은 감정평가 및 보상 법규, 감정평가이론, 감정평가실무에 대하여 논문형(논술)으로 평가한다.
제2차 시험과목의 합격기준은 과목당 100점을 만점으로 하여 모든 과목 40점 이상, 전 과목 평균 60점 이상의 득점으로 한다. 다만, 모든 과목 40점 이상, 전 과목 평균 60점 이상을 득점한 사람의 수가 제2항에 따른 최소합격인원에 미달하는 경우에는 모든 과목 40점 이상을 득점한 사람 중에서 전 과목 평균점수가 높은 순으로 최소합격인원의 범위에서 합격자를 결정한다.
감정평가사 자격을 취득한 사람이 감정평가업을 하기 위해서는 1년 이상의 실무수습(제1차 시험을 면제받고 감정평가사 자격을 취득한 사람은 4주)을 마치고 국토교통부장관에게 등록을 하여야 한다.
감정평가사가 감정평가업을 하려는 경우에는 감정평가사사무소를 개설하여야 하며, 효율적인 업무수행을 위해 합동사무소를 설치할 수 있다. 또한 감정평가 업무를 조직적으로 수행하기 위해 감정평가법인을 설립할 수 있다.
정부정책, 금리변동 등 외부요인으로 급변하는 부동산 환경 아래에서 부동산컨설팅 및 특허권, 영업권 등의 특수감정평가, M&A와 관련하여 기업가치평가 및 기업실사, 부동산채권 등의 시장이 활성화될 것으로 예상되며 이들 시장의 개척은 감정평가업의 전망을 밝게 하며, 감정평가 업무가 더욱 활성화되리라 기대된다.
자격증 취득 후 감정평가법인, 감정평가사사무소, 감정평가 업무를 지도 감독하는 기관, 기업체의 부동산 관련 부서, 부동산컨설팅 분야로 진출할 수 있다. 대부분 감정평가법인에 취업하여 활동한다. 감정평가법인의 경력으로 은행, 공기업, 공공기관, 투자회사, 컨설팅사, 외국계 부동산개발사, 건설사에 진출하기도 하고 감사원, 국토부 등의 공무원으로 특채되기도 한다. 10년 이상 경력을 쌓을 시 자격요건을 취득하여 영국 왕실 감정평가사로 활동할 수 있다. (영국 왕실 감정평가사 참조 : https://http 보관됨 2016-01-14 - 웨이백 머신://www.appraisalinstitute.org/)