davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
श्री माधोपूर विधानसभा मतदारसंघ

श्री माधोपूर भारताच्या राजस्थान राज्यातील विधानसभा मतदारसंघ आहे. यातून एक प्रतिनिधी राजस्थान विधानसभेवर निवडला जातो. हा मतदारसंघ नीम का थाना जिल्ह्यात असून नीम का थाना लोकसभा मतदारसंघाचा भाग आहे.
इफ्तिखार आरिफ

इफ्तिखार आरिफ (२१ मार्च, इ.स. १९४३:लखनौ, उत्तर प्रदेश, भारत - ) हे एक पाकिस्तानी गझलकार व कवी आहेत.
लखनौ विद्यापीठातून १९६२मध्ये आरिफ बी.ए. झाले व १९६४मध्ये समाजशास्त्र विषय घेऊन एम.ए. झाले. त्याच वर्षी ते पाकिस्तानला गेले. १९७७पर्यंत पाकिस्तान रेडिओ व टी.व्ही विभागात त्यांनी नोकरी केली. त्यानंतर १९८०पर्यंत लंडनमधील ते बी.सी.सी.आय.बँकेत जनसंपर्क अधिकारी होते. १९८० ते १९९० या काळात आरिफ हे लंडममधल्या ’उर्दू मर्कज’चे ते प्रभारी प्रशासक होते. ही संस्था त्यांनी नावारूपास आणून साहित्यिक केंद्र म्हणून मोठी केली. आरिफ १९९१ला कराचीला परतले. आल्यावर त्यांनीे अनेक संस्थांसह 'मुक्तदरा कौमी जबान' या विख्यात संस्थेद्वारे साहित्यसेवा करायला आरंभ केला.
गझला आणि कविता या दोन्ही काव्यप्रकारांवर असामान्य पकड असलेल्या आरिफ यांनी आपल्या शायरीत संस्कृती, परंपरा व धार्मिकता यांचा समतोल साधला आहे. त्यांनी भाषेचे पावित्र्य जपले असे मानले जाते. हळूहळू त्यांची शैली अनेक शायरांनी अंगीकारली. काही भारतीय शायरांवरही त्यांचा प्रभाव जाणवतो.
मात्र, इतर शायरांप्रमाणे आरिफ यांचे शेर सहजासहजी उमगत नाहीत. नासिख, आतिश, दबीर, अनीस यांसारख्या लखनवी शायरांच्या परंपरेतून साकारलेली ही शायरी इस्लामी पुराणकथांच्या व संस्कृतीच्या ज्ञानाची वाचकांकडून अपेक्षा करते.
इफ्तिखार आरिफ यांच्या जवळपास साऱ्या कवितांचे इंग्रजीत अनुवाद झाले असून ते 'द ट्वेल्थ मॅन' आणि 'रिटर्न इन द सिजन ऑफ फिअर'या दोन संग्रहात समाविष्ट झाले आहेत.
उर्दूचे प्रसिद्ध कवी कैफी आझमी हे इफ्तिखार आरिफ यांना पाकिस्तानची मोठी दौलत मानतात.
थरचे वाळवंट

थरचे वाळवंट हे भारत व पाकिस्तान या दोन देशांच्या सरहद्दीवरचे वाळवंट आहे.
२००००० चौरस कि.मी. क्षेत्रफळ असलेले हे वाळवंट आकारमानाने जगातील सातव्या व आशियातील तिसऱ्या क्रमांकाचे आहे.
भारतात थरच्या पूर्वेला सतलज नदी व अरवली पर्वतरांग असून दक्षिणेला कच्छचे रण आहे. पश्चिमेला हे वाळवंट पाकिस्तानात सिंधू नदीपर्यंत पसरले आहे. भारतातील राजस्थान राज्याचा ३/५ भाग तसेच गुजरात व हरियाणातला काही प्रदेश या वाळवंटाने व्यापला आहे. पाकिस्तानातील सिंध प्रांताचा पूर्व भाग (थरपरकार जिल्हा) व पंजाब प्रांताचा दक्षिणेकडचा काही भाग थरमध्ये येतो.
थर वाळवंटाचा जन्म हा एक वादाचा विषय असून काही भूवैज्ञानिकांच्या मते हे वाळवंट ४००० वर्षे ते १ लाख वर्षे इतके जुने आहे, तर काहींच्या मते हा भूप्रदेश शुष्क होण्यास त्यापेक्षा बऱ्याच आधी सुरुवात झाली होती. अगदी अलीकडे (इ.पू. २०००) सरस्वती नदी अदृश्य झाल्यानंतर हा प्रदेश वालुकामय झाला असाही एक मतप्रवाह आहे. वाळवंटात लुप्त होणारी वर्तमान काळातील घग्गर नदी म्हणजेच सरस्वती यावर मतभेद असले तरी खालील निरीक्षणे संशोधनांती विश्वासार्ह वाटतात.
या प्रदेशाचा रामायणांत लवणसागर असा उल्लेख आढळतो. नंदिस्तुति (ऋग्वेद १०.७५)मधील दाखल्यानुसार सरस्वती नदी सतलज व यमुनेच्या मधोमध होती. महाभारतात देखील सरस्वती नदी वाळवंटात लुप्त होत असल्याची नोंद आहे.
निंबोळी अर्क

निंबोळी अर्क म्हणजे कडुलिंब या झाडाच्या बियांपासून, ज्यांना निंबोळ्या (किंवा निंबोण्या) म्हणतात, काढलेला अर्क होय. कडुलिंबाच्या झाडामध्ये असलेले 'ॲझाडिराक्टीन' कीटकनाशकाचे काम करते. या घटकाचे प्रमाण याच्या बियांमध्ये जास्त प्रमाणात असते, .तर ते पानांमध्ये प्रमाणात असते.या निंबोळ्यांपासून तयार केलेल्या अर्काचा पिकांवरील बऱ्याच किडींवर हवा तो परिणाम होतो.मावा, अमेरिकन बोंड अळ्या, तुडतुडे पाने पोखरणाऱ्या व देठ कुरतडणाऱ्या अळ्या, कोबीवरील अळ्या,फळमाश्या, लिंबावरील फुलपाखरे,खोडकिडा आदी अनेक किडींवर याचा प्रभाव पडतो व त्यांचा बंदोबस्त होतो.
निंबोळीच्या अर्काची फवारणी संध्याकाळचे वेळेस म्हणजे दुपारी ४ वाजता नंतर करणे योग्य असते. हा तयार केलेला फवारा झाडावर कुठेही पडला तरी तो आंतरप्रवाही असल्यामुळे पूर्ण झाडात पोहोचतो.
विविध कंपन्या हा अर्क तयार करून विकतात.
हा अर्क घरी तयार करण्याच्या तीन पद्धती आहेत:
Neem oil

Neem oil, also known as margosa oil, is a vegetable oil pressed from the fruits and seeds of the neem (Azadirachta indica), a tree which is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent and has been introduced to many other areas in the tropics. It is the most important of the commercially available products of neem, and its chemical properties have found widespread use as a pesticide in organic farming.
Azadirachtin is the most well known and studied triterpenoid in neem oil. Nimbin is another triterpenoid which has been credited with some of neem oil's properties as an antiseptic, antifungal, antipyretic and antihistamine.
Neem oil has a history of use in Ayurvedic folk medicine.
Formulations that include neem oil have found wide usage as a biopesticide for horticulturists and for organic farming, as it repels a wide variety of insect pests including mealy bugs, beet armyworms, aphids, cabbage worms, thrips, whiteflies, mites, fungus gnats, beetles, moth larvae, mushroom flies, leaf miners, caterpillars, locusts, nematodes and Japanese beetles.
When sufficiently diluted and not concentrated directly into their area of habitat or on their food source, neem oil is not known to be harmful to mammals, birds, earthworms or some beneficial insects such as butterflies, honeybees and ladybugs. It can be used as a household pesticide for ants, bedbugs, cockroaches, houseflies, sand flies, snails, termites and mosquitoes both as a repellent and as a larvicide.
Neem extracts act as an antifeedant and block the action of the insect molting hormone ecdysone. Azadirachtin is the most active of these growth regulators (limonoids), occurring at 0.2–0.4% in the seeds of the neem tree.
The ingestion of neem oil is potentially toxic and can cause metabolic acidosis, seizures, kidney failure, encephalopathy and severe brain ischemia in infants and young children. Neem oil should not be consumed alone without any other solutions, particularly by pregnant women, women trying to conceive or children. It can also be associated with allergic contact dermatitis.
Azadirachta

Azadirachta is a genus of two species of trees in the mahogany family Meliaceae. Numerous species have been proposed for the genus but only two are currently recognized, Azadirachta excelsa and the economically important tree Azadirachta indica, the neem tree, from which neem oil is extracted. Both species are native to the Indomalaysian region, and A. indica is also widely cultivated and naturalized outside its native range.
Medicinal properties have been attributed to the resin derived from the trees in the traditional medicine of India. One of the components of this resin has been found to be an effective insecticide; see azadirachtin. Another component is an effective anti-fungal; see Azadirachta indica.
These species should not be confused with Melia azedarach, which is a tree in a different genus of the family Meliaceae.
The genus Azadirachta was established by Adrien-Henri de Jussieu in 1830. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus had described two species, Melia azedarach and Melia azadirachta. De Jussieu considered Melia azadirachta to be sufficiently different from Melia azedarach to be placed in a new genus, Azadirachta, as Azadirachta indica. For both his species, Linnaeus referred to the name 'azedarach', which is derived from the French 'azédarac', which in turn is from the Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), meaning 'free or noble tree'.
As of March 2023, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:
Pinnation

Pinnation (also called pennation) is the arrangement of feather-like or multi-divided features arising from both sides of a common axis. Pinnation occurs in biological morphology, in crystals, such as some forms of ice or metal crystals, and in patterns of erosion or stream beds.
The term derives from the Latin word pinna meaning "feather", "wing", or "fin". A similar concept is "pectination", which is a comb-like arrangement of parts (arising from one side of an axis only). Pinnation is commonly referred to in contrast to "palmation", in which the parts or structures radiate out from a common point. The terms "pinnation" and "pennation" are cognate, and although they are sometimes used distinctly, there is no consistent difference in the meaning or usage of the two words.
Botanically, pinnation is an arrangement of discrete structures (such as leaflets, veins, lobes, branches, or appendages) arising at multiple points along a common axis. For example, once-divided leaf blades having leaflets arranged on both sides of a rachis are pinnately compound leaves. Many palms (notably the feather palms) and most cycads and grevilleas have pinnately divided leaves. Most species of ferns have pinnate or more highly divided fronds, and in ferns, the leaflets or segments are typically referred to as "pinnae" (singular "pinna"). Plants with pinnate leaves are sometimes colloquially called "feather-leaved". Most of the following definitions are from Jackson's Glossary of Botanical Terms:
The term pinnula (plural: pinnulae) is the Latin diminutive of pinna (plural: pinnae); either as such or in the Anglicised form: pinnule, it is differently defined by various authorities. Some apply it to the leaflets of a pinna, especially the leaflets of bipinnate or tripinnate leaves. Others also or alternatively apply it to second or third order divisions of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf. It is the ultimate free division (or leaflet) of a compound leaf, or a pinnate subdivision of a multipinnate leaf.
In animals, pinnation occurs in various organisms and structures, including:
Pinnation occurs in certain waterway systems in which all major tributary streams enter the main channels by flowing in one direction at an oblique angle.
Poa annua

Poa annua, or annual meadow grass (known in America more commonly as annual bluegrass or simply poa), is a widespread low-growing turfgrass in temperate climates. Notwithstanding the reference to annual plant in its name, perennial bio-types do exist. This grass originated as a hybrid between Poa supina and Poa infirma. Major chromosomal rearrangements after polyploidy have contributed to variation in genome size in Poa annua.
It has a slightly creeping, fibrous, rootstock. The stem grows from 15–25 cm (6-10 in.) high. It is slightly flattened, due to being folded rather than rolled.
The panicle is open and triangular shaped, 5 to 7.5 cm (2 to 3 in.) long. The spikelets are stalked, awnless, 1 to 2 cm (3/8 to 3/4 in.) long when flowering, and loosely arranged on delicate paired or spreading branches. Sometimes they are tinged purple.
The vivid green leaves are short and blunt at the tips, shaped like the prow of a small canoe. They are soft and drooping. Long sheaths clasp the stem. The leaves are smooth above and below, with finely serrated edges. Occasionally the leaves are serrated transversely.
The ligule is pointed and silvery. Compared this to Common Meadowgrass Poa pratensis, which has a squared ligule, and Poa trivialis, which has a pointed, but less silvery ligule.
The leaves are smooth above and below, with finely serrated edges. Occasionally the leaves are serrated transversely.
It is in flower all year around except for severe winters. The seeds ripen and are deposited 8 months of the year. The plant grows rapidly from seed, flowering within 6 weeks, seeding and then dying.
Poa is derived from the Greek name for a type of fodder grass. Annua is Latin, meaning 'annual' or 'lasting a year'.
It is a common weed of cultivation, known in the Americas as annual bluegrass. It occurs as a common constituent of lawns, where it is also often treated as a weed, and grows on waste ground. Many golf putting greens, including the Oakmont Country Club greens, are annual bluegrass, although many courses have converted to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera).
It has appeared on King George Island in the Antarctic South Shetland Islands as an invasive species, as well as on Australia's subantarctic Heard and Macquarie Islands.
Prion (bird)

The prions (/ˈpraɪɒn/) or whalebirds are small petrels in the genera Pachyptila and Halobaena. They form one of the four groups within the Procellariidae along with the gadfly petrels, shearwaters and fulmarine petrels. The name comes from the Greek priōn, meaning "saw", a reference of the serrated edges of the birds' saw-like bill.
They are found in the Southern Ocean and breed on a number of subantarctic islands. Prions grow 20 to 27 cm (7.9–10.6 in) long, and have blue-grey upper parts and white underparts. Three species of prion have flattened bills with a fringe of lamellae that act as strainers for zooplankton. All prions are marine and feed on small crustacea such as copepods, ostracods, decapods, and krill, as well as some fish such as myctophids and nototheniids.
In addition, fossil remains of some hitherto undescribed prehistoric species have been found. The oldest comes from the Late Miocene (Tortonian, some 7 to 12 million years ago) of the Bahía Inglesa Formation in Chile.
Ferula tingitana

Ferula tingitana, the giant Tangier fennel, is a species of the Apiaceae genus Ferula. Despite the name, the plant is not a type of fennel proper, which belongs to another genus (Foeniculum).
Ferula tingitana is a tall perennial herb. It has alternate leaf arrangement and yellow, unisexual flowers which, like other Apiaceae, grow in umbels. It grows in scrubland (batha and phrygana) and rocky areas. Its range is the Mediterranean coast, in Spain, Morocco, Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Cyprus, and Turkey. In the 1980s there was chemical interest in esters and ethers extracted from it.
This species has been considered to have abortive and menstruation-inducing properties. The species has been suggested as a possible identity for the controversial silphium, a plant used as a spice and for various medical purposes in classical antiquity in the Mediterranean region. Among the many uses of silphium was promoting menstruation, and possibly contraceptive or abortifacient properties, which has been suggested to link it to Ferula.
Croton monanthogynus

Croton monanthogynus is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family. The undersides are gray. It is a summer annual that produces small, inconspicuous flowers. The plant is monoecious and has both male and female reproductive organs in separate clusters on the same plant. Its leaves are alternate. It is native to the southeastern United States and the southern Great Plains. It is considered adventive in more northern states. AL, AR, AZ, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, LA, MD, MI, MO, MS, NC, NE, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA, WI, WV.
The plant in is found in sunny, dry habitats, of both disturbed and high-quality areas. Its common names include prairie tea, one-seed croton, dove weed, and prairie goatweed. Other plant characteristics include alternate leaf arrangement, (or phyllotaxis) and a tap root. It is an annual and it has entire leaf margins, The type of fruit is a capsule, sepals exist on the flowers. The flowers are small and white. It possess glands that emit an unpleasant odor. The plant may grow 6 inches to 3 feet and blooms April through September. The seeds are black.
The plant prefers full sun, dry conditions, and poor soil.
The plant can have a bushy appearance with a flattened top. Dwarf plants may instead, grow to than 6" tall. Croton monanthogynus provides food for wildlife. These species will feed on seeds: sparrows, mourning dove, wild turkey, prairie chicken, bobwhite, and cowbird.
Setting (narrative)

A setting (or backdrop) is the time and geographic location within a narrative, either non-fiction or fiction. It is a literary element. The setting initiates the main backdrop and mood for a story. The setting can be referred to as story world or milieu to include a context (especially society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. Elements of setting may include culture, historical period, geography, and hour. Along with the plot, character, theme, and style, setting is considered one of the fundamental components of fiction.
Setting may refer to the social milieu in which the events of a novel occur. The elements of the story setting include the passage of time, which may be static in some stories or dynamic in others with, for example, changing seasons.
A setting can take three basic forms. One is the natural world, or in an outside place. In this setting, the natural landscapes of the world play an important part in a narrative, along with living creatures and different times of weather conditions and seasons. The second form exists as the cultural and historical background in which the narrative resides. Past events that have impacted the cultural background of characters or locations are significant in this way. The third form of a setting is a public or private place that has been created/maintained and/or resided in by people. Examples of this include a house, a park, a street, a school, etc.
Setting may take various forms:
Centerfold

The centerfold or centrefold of a magazine is the inner pages of the middle sheet, usually containing a portrait, such as a pin-up or a nude. The term can also refer to the model featured in the portrait. In saddle-stitched magazines (as opposed to those that are perfect-bound), the centerfold does not have any blank space cutting through the image.
The term was coined by Hugh Hefner, founder of Playboy magazine. The success of the 1953 first issue of Playboy has been attributed in large part to its centerfold: a nude of Marilyn Monroe. The advent of monthly centerfolds gave the pin-up a new respectability and helped to sanitize the notion of "sexiness". Being featured as a centerfold could lead to film roles for models, and still occasionally does today.
Early on, Hefner required Playboy centerfolds to be portrayed precisely, telling photographers in a 1956 memo that the "model must be in a natural setting engaged in some activity 'like reading, writing, mixing a drink'...[and]... should have a 'healthy, intelligent, American look—a young lady that looks like she might be a very efficient secretary or an undergrad at Vassar.'" Hefner later said that the ideal centerfold is one in which "a situation is suggested, the presence of someone not in the picture"; the goal was to transform "a straight pinup into an intimate interlude, something personal and special."
Some magazines later adopted the practice of having a centerfold with three or even four-folds, using a longer sheet of paper at that spot and folding the extra length into the magazine. Racier adult magazines used this space to showcase more explicit imagery: "In order to represent breasts, genitals, anus, and face all within the tri-fold frame of the centerfold, models were propped up, legs spread, raised, and then jack-knifed against their bodies, arms plunged between them to spread the labia."
Though the term has become linked in the public consciousness with erotic material or models, many other magazines such as Life, Time and National Geographic have published fold-out spreads on other subjects.
Some magazines will refer to their centerfold models with a specific name, which may be connected to the magazine's brand or theme. When obtained from one of the more prestigious publications in the field, it can become a semi-formal personal title used in news articles and introductions long after the model's centerfold appearance.
Some online-only media outlets maintain a monthly designation reminiscent of a print magazine centerfold; for example, the Twistys Treat.
As a layout device, a centerfold is closely related to a center spread, a pictorial spanning the two center pages of a magazine or other publication, taking advantage of the fact that these are printed on a single sheet of paper.
Flora of India

The flora of India is one of the richest in the world due to the wide range of climate, topology and habitat in the country. There are estimated to be over 18,000 species of flowering plants in India, which constitute some 6-7 percent of the total plant species in the world. India is home to more than 50,000 species of plants, including a variety of endemics. The use of plants as a source of medicines has been an integral part of life in India from the earliest times. There are more than 3000 Indian plant species officially documented as possessing into eight main floristic regions : Western Himalayas, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Indus plain, Ganges plain, the Deccan, Malabar and the Andaman Islands.
In 1992, 743,534 km of land in the country was forested of which 92 percent was government land. This amounts to 22.7 percent land coverage, compared to the recommended 33 percent of the National Forest Policy Resolution 1952. The majority of trees are broad-leaved deciduous, with one-sixth sal and one-tenth teak. Coniferous types are found in the northern high altitude regions and largely comprise pines, junipers and deodars. India's forest cover ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and Northeast India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya. Between these extremes lie the sal-dominated moist deciduous forest of eastern India; teak-dominated dry deciduous forest of central and southern India; and the babul-dominated thorn forest of the central Deccan and western Gangetic plain. Pine, fir, spruce, cedar, larch and cypress are the timber-yielding plants widely prevalent throughout the hilly regions of India.
Flora Saini

Flora Saini, also known by her screen name Asha Saini or Mayuri, is an Indian actress and model. She predominantly works in Telugu and Hindi films, and also appeared in a number of Kannada and Tamil films.
She has done more than 80 projects as an actress. Since her debut in Prema Kosam (1999), she has acted in over 50 films and co-starred with noted actors like Venkatesh, Balakrishna, Sudeep, Shivarajkumar, Vijayakanth, Prabhu, Karthik, Jagapati Babu and Rajasekhar.
Born in Chandigarh to an army officer, Flora began her schooling in Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir. She continued her education in the Army Public School, Dhaula Kuan, Delhi. Her family then moved to Kolkata, where she started pursuing a modeling career. She participated in the Miss Kolkata beauty pageant.
Flora made her acting debut in the 1999 Telugu film Prema Kosam. The producer of the film rechristened her as Asha Saini; some years later she would adopt a new screen name, Mayuri, as per the advice of an astrologer, before eventually reverting to her original name.
The actress subsequently played supporting roles in more than a dozen Telugu-language films in the next three years. She appeared in the film Narasimha Naidu (2002), which went on to become highly successful. It was for some time the most notable film in her filmography, and it led to her being referred to as "Lux Papa" thereafter. In 2002, Flora made her first Hindi-language film, starring in the T. P. Aggarwal-produced Bharat Bhagya Vidhata. Her second Hindi film, Love in Nepal (2004), also produced by Agarwal, saw her paired with popular playback singer Sonu Nigam.
Flora has appeared in several Kannada-language films, too, including Giri, starring Srinagara Kitty, and Nammannna, starring Sudeep.
In March 2008, she was arrested in Chennai for supposedly having forged visa documents, and was subsequently banned from the Tamil film industry. She claimed innocence, and the ban was lifted a couple of weeks later.
Three films in which Flora Saini stars – the Telugu-language Broker, and two Kannada-language films, Vismaya Pramaya and Vah Re Vah – were released on 31 December 2010, a rare occurrence that secured her an entry in the Limca Book of Records for the most film releases on one day. In 2010, Flora Saini was honoured with the Uttarakhand Ratna Award. She has also received The Great Daughter of Soil Award in Mauritius for her anti-poverty work there.
She is last seen in a web-series called Gandii Baat season 2 with Anveshi Jain, where she played a lead role. Recently, Saini was seen in many web series and notably worked in Mayanagari-City of Dreams of Hotstar.
In 2015, Flora Saini played the role of Muskan in MSG: The Messenger starring Gurmeet Ram Rahim. She played the role of a daughter with Jayshree Soni as Kasam and Olexandra Semen as Alice.
In October 2019 Flora Saini made her debut in Bengali web series through Dupur Thakurpo hoichoi web series. It was the 3rd season of the series and she played the iconinc role of Phulwa boudi.
She also was chosen as a face of short video app "Firework", while being managed by "Celeb Connex".
All web series are in Hindi language, otherwise noted the language.
Traditional Thai medicine

Traditional Thai medicine is a system of methods and practices, such as herbal medicine, bodywork practices, and spiritual healing that is indigenous to the region currently known as Thailand. While not all Buddhist medicine is Thai, Thai medicine is considered Buddhist medicine.
Traditional Thai medicine stems from pre-history indigenous regional practices with a strong animistic foundation, animistic traditions of the Mon and Khmer peoples who occupied the region prior to the migration of the T'ai peoples, T'ai medicine and animistic knowledge, Indian medical knowledge (arriving pre-Ayurveda) coming through the Khmer peoples, Buddhist medical knowledge via the Mon peoples, and Chinese medical knowledge (arriving pre-TCM) with the migration of the T'ais who came largely from southern China.
In the early-1900s, traditional medicine was "outlawed as quackery" in favor of Western medicine, however by the mid-1990s traditional medicine was once again being supported by the Thai government. The Seventh National Economic and Social Plan for 1992–1996 stated that "[t]he promotion of people's health entails the efforts to develop traditional wisdom in health care, including Thai traditional medicine, herbal medicine, and traditional massage, so as to integrate it into the modern health service system." In 1993 the government of Thailand created the National Institute of Thai Traditional Medicine, under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Health. The goal of the institute is to "systematize and standardize the body of traditional Thai medicine knowledge", to "gather knowledge, revise, verify, classify, and explain traditional Thai medicine knowledge", and to "compare and explain the philosophies and basic theories of traditional Thai medicine and to produce textbooks on traditional Thai medicine".
Regional differences between healing arts practitioners across Thailand and the recent codification of traditional Thai medicine by the Thai Ministry of Public Health have led to the existence of several variations of Thai medicine. These can be understood as follows:
Traditional Thai medicine (used as umbrella term for all medicine of Thailand) consists of five primary branches:
Licensing and promotion is gaining ground in Thailand due to concerns about quality and safety. In fiscal year 2013, almost one million people used traditional therapy under the universal health scheme, which partially subsidized the treatments. About 6,000 hospitals are equipped with clinics having licensed traditional medical practitioners. One of the leading hospitals in Traditional Thai medicine is Chaophraya Abhaibhubejhr Hospital in Prachinburi Province.
Neem cake

Neem cake organic manure is the by-product obtained in the process of cold pressing of neem tree fruits and kernels, and the solvent extraction process for neem oil cake. It is a potential source of organic manure under the Bureau of Indian Standards, Specification No. 8558. Neem has demonstrated considerable potential as a fertilizer. For this purpose, neem cake and neem leaves are especially promising. Puri (1999), in his book Neem : The Divine Tree Azadirachta, has given details about neem seed cake as manure and nitrification inhibitor. The author has described that, after processing, neem cake can be used for partial replacement of poultry and cattle feed.
Neem cake has an adequate quantity of NPK in organic form for plant growth. Being a totally botanical product it contains 100% natural NPK content and other essential micro nutrients as N (Nitrogen 2.0% to 5.0%), P (Phosphorus 0.5% to 1.0%), K (Potassium 1.0% to 2.0%), Ca (Calcium 0.5% to 3.0%), Mg (Magnesium 0.3% to 1.0%), S (Sulphur 0.2% to 3.0%), Zn (Zinc 15 ppm to 60 ppm), Cu (Copper 4 ppm to 20 ppm), Fe (Iron 500 ppm to 1200 ppm), Mn (Manganese 20 ppm to 60 ppm). It is rich in both sulphur compounds and bitter limonoids.
According to research calculations, neem cake seems to make soil more fertile due to an ingredient that blocks soil bacteria from converting nitrogenous compounds into nitrogen gas. It is a nitrification inhibitor and prolongs the availability of nitrogen to both short duration and long duration crops.
Neem cake organic manure protects plant roots from nematodes, soil grubs and termites, probably due to its residual limonoid content. It also acts as a natural fertilizer with pesticidal properties. Neem cake is widely used in India to fertilize paddy, cotton and sugarcane. Usage of neem cake have shown an increase in the dry matter in Tectona grandis (teak), Acacia nilotica (gum arabic), and other forest trees.
Neem seed cake can also reduce alkalinity in soil, as it produces organic acids upon decomposition. Being totally natural, it is compatible with soil microbes and rhizosphere microflora and hence ensures fertility of the soil. Neem cake improves the organic matter content of the soil, helps improve soil texture, water holding capacity, and soil aeration for better root development.
Neem cake is effective in the management of insects and pests. The bitter principles of the soil and cake have been reported to have seven types of activity: (a) antifeedant, (b) attractant, (c) repellent, (d) insecticide, (e) nematicide, (f) growth disruptor and (g) antimicrobial.
The cake contains salannin, nimbin, azadirachtin, meliantriol and azadiradione as the major components. Of these, azadirachtin and meliantriol are used as locust antifeedants while salannin is used as an antifeedant for the housefly.
Tetranortriterpenoid

The tetranortriterpenoid class of naturally occurring organic compounds, of which the most noted compound is azadirachtin, extracted from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) that displays insecticidal properties. Azadirachtin mimics insect hormones called ecdysones that regulate the pupation of insects; application of azadirachtin interrupts the development and pupation of insects, eventually killing them.
The name indicates that the basic skeleton of such compounds contains 26 carbon atoms (4 fewer than triterpenes).
Azadirachtin is a tetranortriterpenoid and a limonoid.
Neem Karoli Baba

Neem Karoli Baba (Hindi: नीम करौली बाबा, romanized: nīm karaulī bābā) or Neeb Karori Baba (Hindi: नीब करौरी बाबा, romanized: nīb karaurī bābā) (born Laksman Narayan Sharma; c. 1900 – 11 September 1973), also known to his followers as 'Maharaj-ji', was a Hindu guru and a devotee of the Hindu deity Hanuman.
Lakshman Narayan Sharma was born around 1900 in the village Akbarpur in the Firozabad district district of Uttar Pradesh, India, to a wealthy Brahmin family. After being married by his parents at the age of 11, he left home to become a wandering sadhu (religious hermit). He later returned home, at his father's request, to live a settled married life. He fathered two sons and a daughter.
Neem Karoli Baba, known at the time as Baba Lakshman Das (also spelled "Laxman Das"), left his home in 1958 and wandered through Northern India. During his life two main ashrams were built, at Kainchi and at Vrindavan. In time, over 100 temples were constructed in his name.
The Kainchi Dham ashram, where he stayed in the last decade of his life, was built in 1964 with a Hanuman temple.
Neem Karoli Baba died at approximately 1:15 a.m. on 11 September 1973 in a hospital at Vrindavan, India, after slipping into a diabetic coma. He had been returning by night train to Kainchi near Nainital, from Agra where he had visited a heart specialist due to experiencing pains in his chest. He and his traveling companions had disembarked at Mathura railway station where he began convulsing and was taken to a hospital where he died.
His last words, repeated several times, were "Jaya Jagadish Hare" ("Hail to the Lord of the Universe").
His samadhi (shrine) was built in the complex of the Vrindavan ashram.
After returning to the United States, Ram Dass and Larry Brilliant founded the Seva Foundation, an international health organization based in Berkeley, California.
In the late 2000s the 'Love Serve Remember Foundation' was established to promote the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba.
In 2024 his follower Rahul Verma founded the NKB Divine Meditation Foundation, offering free guided meditation sessions based on the teachings of Neem Karoli Baba.
1. The 2021 documentary Windfall of Grace interviewed Indian and American followers.
Neem-coated urea

Neem-Coated Urea is a fertilizer and an agriculture scheme supported by the Government of India to boost the growth of wheat and paddy, and curb the black market and hoarding of urea. Urea that is coated with neem tree seed oil is called neem-coated urea. In January 2015, the urea manufacturers were mandated by the government to increase their production from 35 percent to 75 percent of their subsidised amounts of neem-coated urea.
In her 2019 budget presentation, finance minister Nirmala Sitharaman spoke about increased promotion of neem coated urea among farmers which will help to reduce the cost of cultivation.
Benefits of Neem Coated Urea include; Increase of Crop-specific yields by 15-30% on average along with higher levels of soil fertility.
The patent for Neem Coated Urea is owned by Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd and its assignees are the Aditya Birla Nuvo Ltd. & Aditya Birla Science and Technology co. ltd. under the guidance of Dr. Prashant Puri, who is the primary innovator in this area.
Мэлхий хад

Хан хэнтийн дархан цаазат газрын Горхи-Тэрэлжийн аялал жуулчлалын бүс нутагт Улаанбаатараас 65кмт Налайх дүүргийн нутаг дэвсгэрт байгалийн нэн сонин тогтоцтой мэлхийн хэлбэртэй Мэлхий хад хэмээх өндөр цохио байдаг юм. Энэ хадны өндөр 24 метр бөгөөд өмнө нь Мөнгөт цохио, Мөнгөт хад гэж нэрлэдэг байжээ.
Зуун модны тулалдаанд Зүүн гар (Ойрд Монгол)-ын Галданбошигт хаан Манжид ихээхэн хохирол учруулсан боловч хүч тэнцвэргүй тулалдаанд ихээхэн хохирол амсан бүслэлтээс гаран зугтаж, Мэлхий хадны орчим үлдсэн хүчээ бөөгнөрүүлэн түр саатжээ. Дайснууд араас нь хөөн дайрахаас болгоомжлон баруун тийш зугтах бэлтгэлээ базааж, авч явсан тэмээ мөнгөө Мэлхий хадны орой дээр гаран хавцал руу хийж орхиод явах болоход Манжаас өгсөн хатан нь алт, мөнгөндөө хоргодоод явахгүй болохоор мөнгөн дээрээс хийж орхиод баруун тийш явжээ. Үүнээс хойш мэлхий хадыг Их хааны мөнгийг хадгалж байгаа хэмээн хүндэтгэж “Мөнгөт цохио, Мөнгөт хад” гэж нэрлэдэг байжээ. Их хааны мөнгө эрдэнэсийг агуулсан Мөнгөт цохиог үеэс үед хүндэтгэн тахиж, идээнийхээ дээжийг өргөн, хишиг буянаа өгөхийг даатгаж, хурайлж баяжих, мөнгөжихийн даллагатай хэмээн дээдэлж ирсэн гэж хөгшид ярьдаг юм. Галданбошигт хаан баруун тийш явж Мэлхий хадны хойдох уулаар давж явахад дуулга нь наранд гялалзан ид, шидтэй мэт харагдсан тул тэр давааг гялалзах гэж нэрлэх болжээ. Одоо ч гэсэн гялалзах хэмээн нэрлэдэг юм. Уулын орой дээр гарч ихэд хилэгнэн уурлаж, мориноосоо буун сэлмээ сугалан дэвхэрж , Халх, өвөрлөгчдийн ноёд Хамаг Монголын төлөө хамтдаа тэмцэхгүй харийн дайсантай үгсэн хуйвалдаж, эх орноосоо урвалаа хэмээн газар цавчжээ. Уулын орой дээр тэгш газар байх бөгөөд түүнийг үүнээс хойш өдийг хүртэл нутгийн ардууд “Дэвхэргэ” хэмээн нэрийдэх болжээ.
Монголын ард түмэн эх оронч баатарлаг хөвгүүдээ эх орныхоо газар шороотой холбон домоглож тэдний алдар гавъяаг үеийн үед ам дамжуулан ярьж үлдээдэг юм. Энэ нь эх оронч сэтгэлгээг төлөвшүүлж, газар шорооныхоо төлөө, тусгаар тогнолын төлөө тэмцэх эх уриа дуудлага болсоор ирсэн юм. “Буурал дээдсийн нутгаас бурхан гуйсан ч бүү өг” хэмээсэн Галдан хааны гэрээслэл өнөөдөр ч ач холбогдлоо алдаагүй байна. Үе үеийн эх орончдын халуун амь бүлээн цусаар олдсон асар их үнэтэй тусгаар тогтнолоо нандигнан хайрлаж явах нь залуусын эрхэм нандин үүрэг юм.
Их хааны үлдээсэн мөнгийг авах гэж олон удаа оролдоод дийлээгүй гэдэг. Өвөл үхэр алаад нойтон гуяыг сураар оосорлоод хавцлын ёроолд буй мөнгөн дээр тавиад дээш татахад мөнгө гуянд наалдан хавцлын аман дээр ирээд шар шар хийн доош уначихдаг байжээ. Их хааны мөнгө одоо ч хадгалагдсаар байгаа, түүнийг авах гэсэн оролдлого бүхэн бүтэлгүйтдэг байсан хэмээн домоглон ярилцдаг юм.
Их хааныхаа мөнгө, алт эрдэнэсээ сахин мөнхөд нойрссон хатан нь “Хүүхэн уул” болон Монгол орны эх сайхан байгалийг чимэн сүндэрлэсээр байдаг гэж ярилцдаг. Мэлхий хадны баруун хойд талд дээшээ харан тайван, ихэмсэг дүр үзүүлэн хэвтэж буй эмэгтэй хүний дүр бүхий уул байх бөгөөд түүнийг Хүүхэн уул гэж нэрлэдэг юм. Хүүхэн уулнаас мод, ургамал, сонгино, самрыг нь авдаггүй бөгөөд хад чулууг нь ч хөндөж болдоггүй ихэд догшин уул гэх бөгөөд эмэгтэй хүнд ээлтэй гэлцдэг юм.
Горхи Тэрэлжийн байгалийн цогцолборт газар

Горхи–Тэрэлжийн байгалийн цогцолбор газар нь Улаанбаатар хотоос зүүн хойш 70 км зайд оршдог. Хотоос холгүй энэ газарт байгалийн өвөрмөц тогтоц бүхий уул, хад, ургамал цэцэг, жигүүртэн шувуудыг харахаас гадна нүүдэлчдийн амьдралтай танилцах боломжтой юм. Тус газрын хадан уулс нь Мезозойн үеийн боржин чулуулгаас бүтсэн бөгөөд ус, салхи, он жилүүдэд идэгдэн сонин хачин хэлбэр дүрстэй болсон байдаг. Үүний нэг нь “Мэлхий хад“ хэмээн алдаршсан мэлхий дүрстэй том хад юм. Тэрэлжийн уулсаас Тэрэлж, Хурх, Баруун баян, Дунд баян, Зүүн баян зэрэг гол горхи эх аван урсаж Туул голд цутгадаг байна.
Эсхил

Эсхил (гре. Αισχύλος, МЭӨ 525 - МЭӨ 456) нь Эртний Афины эмгэнэлт жүжгийн гурван оргилын нэг гэгддэг бөгөөд "Орестей" хэмээх бүтээлээрээ алдаршсан.
Афины орчимд язгууртны гэр бүлд мэндэлсэн тэрээр Марафоны тулалдаан, Саламисын тулалдаанд оролцож явжээ. Саламисын тулалдааны байдлыг өөрийн "Персүүд" жүжигтээ дүрслэн үзүүлсэн байдаг.
Дионист зориулсан баярын жүжгийн тэмцээнд 13 удаа түрүүлсэн.
Яст мэлхийг өндрөөс хад руу унагаж, хуягийг нь хагалан иддэг бүргэд түүний толгойг чулуутай андууран яст мэлхий унагаснаас болж нас барсан гэж ярьдаг.
Эсхил нь 90 гаруй жүжиг зохиосон гэдэг бөгөөд үүнээс 80 гаруйнх нь гарчиг одоогоор мэдэгдээд буй. Үүнээс бүтнээрээ олдсон 7 бүтээлийг доор дурьдав.
Цагаан хэвлийт нөмрөг бүргэд

Цагаан хэвлийт нөмрөг бүргэд (Haliaeetus leucogaster), мөн Цагаан цээжит нөмрөг бүргэд гэгддэг энэ шувуу нь Харцагынхан овог юм.
Тэд Энэтхэгээс Зүүн Өмнөд Ази, Австрали хүртэл далайн эрэг хөвөө, усны ойр нутаглана. Нас гүйцсэн нь цагаан толгой, цээж, хэвлий,сүүлтэй ба нуруун, бусад хэсэг нь саарал, хар өнгөтэй. Сүүл нь богино ба бусад Haliaeetus төрлийн зүйлүүдтэй адил гурвалжиндуу хэлбэртэй.
Цагаан хэвлийт нөмрөгбүргэд зүүн өмнөд Азийн хамгийн том махчин шувуудын нэг болно. Том махир хошуу нь хөх саарал ба бараан үзүүртэй, бор нүдтэй. Эрэгчин нь 70-80 см урт, 1.8-3 кг жинтэй бол эмэгчин нь 80-90 см урт, 2.5-4.5 кг байдаг. Далавчаа дэлгэхэд 1.8-2.2 м болно.
Залуу нөмрөгбүргэд эхний жилдээ бор зүстэй байна. 4-5 нас хүрээд хар цагаан алагласан өд сөдтэй болно.
Тэд загас, тэнгисийн могой, яст мэлхий зэргээр хооллодог. Мөн цэнхэр оцон шувуу зэрэг шувуу, хөхтөн амьтад идэх нь бий.
Газрын байршлаас шалтгаалан үржлийн улирал адилгүй байна. Өндөр мод, эсвэл хад цохионы оройд мөчир зэргээр үүр засаж 2 өндөг гаргадаг. Өндөг нь 73 x 55 мм хэмжээтэй.
Eagle Rock Entertainment

Eagle Rock Entertainment is an international producer and distributor of music films and programming. It operates two record labels (Eagle Records and Armoury Records), a full-service production company (Eagle Rock Productions) and a music publishing subsidiary (Eagle-i Music).
Eagle Rock Entertainment was founded in April 1997 by Terry Shand, Geoff Kempin and Julian Paul, three former colleagues at Castle Communications, with capital coming from BMG. It was later acquired by Edel Records and in 2001 entirely sold to the British investment company HgCapital for £34 million. In 2007 a minority stake was re-acquired by Edel AG. The Eagle Vision division was established in 2000. Eagle Rock Entertainment's headquarters are in London with offices in New York and affiliate offices around the world. In April 2014, Eagle Rock Entertainment was acquired by Universal Music Group. Universal Music's purchase of Eagle followed that of much of EMI. Terry Shand continues to lead the company as chairman and CEO from its headquarters in London.
In 2020, Universal Music established Mercury Studios which absorbed Eagle Rock Entertainment. and its UK-based creative division Globe Productions In 2024, Mercury Studios launched the music channel GIGS on Samsung TV Plus, with this live music and documentary channel being launched on Freeview in the UK as a streaming channel on 16 October 2024.
The company won a Grammy Award for The Doors documentary When You're Strange in 2010.
Govi-Altai Province

Govi-Altai (Mongolian: Говь-Алтай [qœ́w‿ɐɬtʰɛ̂]) is a province in western Mongolia.
The Altai Airport (LTI/ZMAT) has one paved runway and is served by regular flights to Arvaikheer, Bayankhongor and Ulaanbaatar. The new arrival/departure building was opened to the public in 2013.
The capital Altai is geographically located in Yesönbulag sum, and not to be confused with the Altai sum in the south of the aimag.
*Includes the capital of Govi-Altai Aimag, Altai City.
In 2018, the province contributed to 0.97% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.
Altai Tavan Bogd National Park

Altai Tavan Bogd National Park (Mongolian: Алтай Таван богд байгалийн цогцолбор газар, ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢᠲᠠᠪᠤᠨᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨᠴᠣᠭᠴᠠᠯᠠᠪᠤᠷᠢᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ Altai five saints nature complex) is a national park in Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The park includes the Mongolian side of the Tavan Bogd massif, which is divided by the triple border with Russia and China in the Altai Mountains.
It covers 6362 square kilometres and is located south of Tavan Bogd, the highest mountain of Mongolia. It includes the lakes Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan. The protected area is inhabited by species such as the Argali sheep, Ibex, Red deer, Beech marten, Moose, Snow leopard, Snow cock, and Golden eagle.
The (UNESCO) World Heritage Site Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai is located inside Altai Tavan Bogd National Park. The World Heritage Site covers three locations with several thousand petroglyphs and Turkic monoliths, including the Tsagaan Salaa Rock Paintings with over 10,000 cave drawings in 15 km of river valley.
Mongolian Plateau

The Mongolian Plateau or Altai Plateau is an inland plateau in East Asia that lies between 37°46′-53°08′N and 87°40′-122°15′E and has an area of approximately 3,200,000 square kilometers (1,200,000 sq mi). It is bounded by the Greater Hinggan Mountains in the east, the Yin Mountains to the south, the Altai Mountains to the west, and the Sayan and Khentii mountains to the north. The plateau includes the Gobi Desert as well as dry steppe regions. It has an elevation of roughly 1,000 to 1,500 meters (3,300 to 4,900 ft), with the lowest point in Hulunbuir and the highest point in the Altai.
Politically, the plateau spans all of Mongolia, along with parts of China and Russia. Inner Mongolia and parts of the Dzungarian basin in Xinjiang encompass the Chinese portion of the plateau. In Russia, the plateau forms Transbaikal, part of Buryatia, and the southern Irkutsk Oblast. The Mongolian Plateau comprises the majority of the area known as the Mongol heartland.
The average elevation of the Mongolian Plateau ranges from 915 to 1,525 meters (3,002 to 5,003 ft) above sea level. The highest point in the plateau is found in Tavan Bogd at 4,374 meters (14,350 ft) above sea level.
The ecology of Mongolia is complex, having varying regions of highland and lowland areas. Grazing species such as yaks, Przewalski's horses, domesticated sheep, saiga antelope, Siberian ibex and Argali are common. Predator species include the Eurasian lynx, snow leopards, Corsac foxs as well as carnivorous birds such as the bearded vulture, saker falcon, and the cinereous vulture. Marmots are common throughout the region including the Tarbagan marmot with large parts of its range located in the Mongolian plateau.
The plateau was inhabited and conquered by various groups, including (chronologically) the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Göktürks, Tang dynasty, Liao dynasty, Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty, Northern Yuan dynasty, and Qing dynasty.
Between 1980 and 2010, rising global temperatures and direct human activity (particularly the use of lake water for mining and agriculture) have contributed to a significant loss of lake surface area across the Plateau. Qagaan Nurr and XinKai Lake have shrunk by two-thirds of their surface area during that time, while others (including Huangqihai Lake and Naiman Xihu) have dried up entirely. Some exceptions, such as East Juyan Lake and Had Paozi, have grown, but overall the average total surface area of lakes in the region has shrunk by 30%. The region also suffers from a high rate of desertification.
45°N 110°E﻿ / ﻿45°N 110°E﻿ / 45; 110
Aros River

The Aros River is a river in the northern Mexican state of Sonora. It is the largest tributary of the Yaqui river, and is the largest free flowing river in western Mexico. Its headwaters are in the Sierra Madre Occidental. The Yaqui river begins at the confluence between the Aros and Bivaspe rivers. The rugged terrain surrounding the river means it is most easily accessible by boat.
Large portions of the Aros river are included in the Northern Jaguar reserve, which supports the northernmost breeding jaguar population. Other examples of species that dwell in the river basin include military macaws, spotted box turtles, desert pocket mice, and Tarahumara salamanders.
Hayduke Trail

38°N 111°W﻿ / ﻿38°N 111°W﻿ / 38; -111 The Hayduke Trail is an 812-mile (1,307 km) backpacking route across southern Utah and northern Arizona. It begins in Arches National Park near Moab, Utah, before heading through the Needles district of Canyonlands National Park, Capitol Reef National Park, Bryce Canyon National Park, the Grand Canyon National Park and ending in Zion National Park.
This highly strenuous wilderness route is exclusively on public land and travels ridgelines, drainages, existing foot and game trails, dirt roads, and rivers. The highest point is Mount Ellen (Utah) in the Henry Mountains at 11,419 feet (3,481 m) above sea level to a low in the Grand Canyon of 1,800 feet (550 m).
The official site for the trail warns:
The Hayduke Trail was named after George Washington Hayduke, a character from Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang. It was created by Mike Coronella and Joe Mitchell, both of Utah, as the combination of several treks including a 94-day expedition in 1998 and a 101-day journey in 2000. The Hayduke Trail: a Guide to the Backcountry Hiking Trail on the Colorado Plateau was published by the University of Utah Press in 2005.
The trail is unmaintained, as opposed to official trails such as the Appalachian Trail or the Pacific Crest Trail. However, the National Park Service is aware of the Hayduke Trail, as the NPS website references the trail by name on the Capitol Reef and Bryce Canyon backpacking pages.