davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Salem Community Markets

Salem Community Markets (SCM), formerly known as Salem Saturday Market (SSM), is a nonprofit organization which operates multiple farmers' markets and related events in Salem, Oregon. As of the 2023 season, there are four main markets: the Monday Hospital Market, the Wednesday Chemeketa Market, the Thursday West Salem Market, and the traditional Salem Saturday Market. There is also a three-day Salem Holiday Market event in December.
The 2018 season lasted from April 14th to October 4th. This was shorter than initially planned; the opening was postponed and the planned last market date was cancelled, both due to weather concerns.
2018 marked the 20-year anniversary of the Salem Saturday Market and a celebration was held at the market on May 5th.
The year also saw a new market added to the calendar: the West Salem Thursday Market, open every Thursday from 10am to 2pm, July 5th through September 27th. Now there were five SCM-run markers in Salem (including the Holiday Market), and shoppers could find a local market four days out of every week during the peak months.
A new market match EBT program was also introduced in 2018.
2023 marked the 25th anniversary of the Salem Saturday Market. That year, the main market took place at the usual spot every Saturday from March 4th to October 28th, from 9am to 2pm local time.
The 2024 season is the 26th Season of the Salem Saturday Market which takes place at the State of Oregon Green Lot located on the corner of Summer & Marion Streets. It had 591 total vendors in the season throughout its 4 markets.
ሞሮኮ

ሞሮኮ (አረበኛ፡ المغرب) በሰሜን-ምዕራብ አፍሪቃ የምትገኝና በሕገ-መንግሥታዊ የዘውድ ሥርዓት የምትተዳደር የ፴፪ ሚሊዮን ሕዝብ አገር ናት። መግሪብ በምዕራብ ድንበሯ የአትላንቲክ ውቅያኖስ፤ በሰሜን የሜድትራኒያን ባሕር፤በምሥራቅ አልጄሪያ እና በደቡብ ምዕራባዊ ሣህራ ታዋስናለች። የመግሪብ ርዕሰ ከተማ በአገሪቱ በስተ ምዕራብ የምትገኘውና በሕዝብ ብዛት ሦስተኛ ደረጃ ላይ የምትገኘው ራባት (አማርኛ፡ ርባጥ]] ስትሆን የንግድና የኢንዱስትሪ ማዕከል እንዲሁም የአገሪቷ ታላቅ የባሕር ወደብ የሚገኝባት የካዛብላንካ ከተማ እና ጥንታዊቷ ማራኬሽ (አማርኛ፡ ምራክሽ) ሌሎቹ ትላልቅ ከተሞች ናቸው።
ኩንታል

ኩንታል ማለት አሁን በተለምዶ የአንድ መቶ ኪሎግራም ክብደት መለኪያ ነው። በተለይ የእህል ምርት መለኪያ ነው።
የስሙ «ኩንታል» ታሪክ በተዘዋዋሪ መንገድ መጥቷል።
በአብዛኞቹ አገራት ዛሬ «ኩንታል» ለመቶ ኪሎ ክብደት ይጠቀማል፣ ለምሳሌ ኢትዮጵያ፣ ሕንድ፣ አልባኒያ፣ ፈረንሳይ፣ እስፓንያ፣ ዩክራይን፣ ቸኪያ፣ ኢንዶኔዥያ።
የፖርቱጋል ኩንታል ግን እንዲሁም የዶሚኒካን ሪፐብሊክ ኩንታል 58 ኪሎ ያህል ነው።
ብዙ ሌሎች አገራት ከሮማይስጥ centenarius በሌላ መንገድ የመጣ ቃል centner /ሰንትነር/ ይጠቅማሉ። በፖልኛ፣ ስዊድኛ፣ በኦስትሪያ፣ ስዊስ አገር እና በቀድሞ ሶቭየት ኅብረት አገራት፣ ይህ ቃል (ጸንትነር / ሰንትነር) ለመቶ ኪሎ ይጠቀማል። በእስፓንያ centena /ሴንቴና/ በድሮው ትርጉሙ መቶ ፓውንድ ወይም 46 ኪሎ ማለት ነው፤ በጀርመን አገር Zentner /ጸንትነር/ ለ50 ኪሎ መደበኛ ሆኖአል፤ የመቶ ኪሎ መለኪያ በጀርመን አገር አሁን Doppelzentner /ዶፐልጸንትነር/ ይባላል።
ጥቅምት ፲

ጥቅምት ፲
ቀን በኢትዮጵያ ዘመን አቆጣጠር የዓመቱ ፵ኛው እና የመፀው ፲፭ኛው ዕለት ነው። ከዚህ ዕለት በኋላ እስከ ዓመቱ መጨረሻ ድረስ፣ በዘመነ ሉቃስ ፫፻፳፮ ዕለታት ሲቀሩ፤ በዘመነ ዮሐንስ ፣ ዘመነ ማቴዎስ እና ዘመነ ማርቆስ ደግሞ ፫፻፳፭ ዕለታት ይቀራሉ።
ቡና

ቡና የተክል አይነትና ከዚህ ተክል ቡን የሚባል መጠጥ የሚወጣው ነው። መጀመርያ የታወቀው በኢትዮጵያ ሲሆን ምናልባት በዚህ የተነሳ ቡና በተለያዩ የዓለም ቋንቋዎች ከፋ ከሚለው ስም ጋር ተቀራራቢ የሆነ ስሞች ተስጥተውት ይገኛል (ለምሳሌ እንግሊዝኛ፦ coffee /ኮፊ/ በፈረንሳይኛ ካፌ (café)በዳች ኮፊ (koffie) በእብራይስጥኛ ካፈ (ka-feh) በስዊድንኛ ካፈ (kaffe) ወዘተ ) ምናልባት ከድሮው የከፋ መንግሥት በተዛመደ መልኩ ሊሆን ይችላል። በአንድ ትውፊት መሠረት በመጀመርያ ያገኘው ሰው ካልዲ የተባለ አንድ ኢትዮጵያዊ እረኛ ፍየሎቹ ፍሬውን በልተው ሲጨፍሩ ስለተመለከተ ነበር።
የቡና የስነ ፍጥረት ስሙ Coffea arabica (ኮፊ ኣራቢካ) ሲሆን የዚህ የኢትዮጵያ ቡና ዘር በጣዕሙ ጥሩነት የተነሳ በጣም ተወዳጅ ነው።
በደራሲው ዊሊያም ኡከርስ መጽሐፍ 'ኦል አባውት ኮፊ' (ስለ ቡና ኅልዮ/ምንነት) እንደተገለጸው ቡና ወደ የመን የገባው በአክሱም ዘመነመንግሥት በ517 ዓ.ም. አካባቢ ነበር። የፋርስ ሃኪም አል-ራዚ (857-917 ዓ.ም. የኖሩ) ተክሉን «ቡንቹም» ብሎ ምናልባት በታሪክ አንደኛው ስለ ቡና መግለጫ የመዘገበው ጸሐፊ ይሆናል። ሌላ እብን-ሲና(972-1029 ዓ.ም.)የተባለ ፋርስ ሀኪም ደግሞ ስለ «ቡንቹም» ጥቅም ጽፏል። የሞሮኮ ደርቡሽ ሼክ አቡል-ሀሳን አሽ-ሻዲሊ (1167-1250 ዓ.ም.) በአሰብ ዙሪያ ሲጓዝ ኗሪዎች ስለ ቡና መጠጥ እንደገለጹለት ይነገራል። የአደን ሙፍቲ ሼክ ጃማል-አል-ዲን አል-ዳባኒ በ1446 ዓ.ም. ገደማ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ መጠጡን እንዳስገባ ተመዝግቧል። በ1449 ዓ.ም. መጀመርያው ቡና ቤት «ኪቫ ሃን» በኢስታንቡል ቱርክ ተከፈተ።
ሆኖም በ1503 ዓ.ም. የማካህ ይማሞች ቡና ቤት ስላልወደዱ መጠጡን ሃራም (እርም) አሉት። ነገር ግን የኦቶማን ቱርክ ሡልጣን 1 ሰሊም በ1509 ዓ.ም. ማካህን በ1516 ዓ.ም. ይህን ድንጋጌ ገልብጦ የተቀደሰ መጠጥ አደረገው። ከዚያ በኋላ እስላሞች ቡናን በተለይ በጣም ወደዱት። ለኦርቶዶክስ ክርስቲያኖች በኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተክርስቲያን እስከ 1881 ዓ.ም. ድረስ ቡና እንደ ተከለከለ ዛሬ በሰፊ አይታወቅም። ከ1872 እስከ 1878 ድረስ ቡና በመጠጥነት በኢትዮጵያ በጣም ስለ ተስፋፋ አጼ ምኒልክ ከጠጡት በኃላ በ1881 ምኒልክ ንጉሠ ነገሥት ሆነው አቡነ ማቴዎስ 10ኛ ቡናን አጸደቁት።
ቡና ወደ አውሮፓ ለመጀመርያ ጊዜ በ16ኛ ክፍለ ዘመን ያስገቡት ነጋዴዎች ከቬኒዝ ጣልያን ነበሩ። በ1592 ዓ.ም. የሮማ ጳጳስ 8 ቄሌምንጦስ ስላጸደቁት በፍጥነት ዘመናዊ መጠጥ ሊሆን በቃ ። የመጀመርያው ቡና ቤት በአውሮፓ በጣልያን በ1637 ዓ.ም. ተከፈተ።
አረቦች ግን በጣም አጥብቀው ለምለሙ ተክል ከአረብ ዓለም እንዲወጣ ምንም ባይፈቅዱም፣ በ1600-1650 ዓ.ም. ገደማ አንድ ስሙ ሃጂ ባባ ቡዳን የሚባል ህንዳዊ እስላም ከሞቃ የመን በስውር የቡና ዘር ይዞ ወደ ሚሶር ሕንድ አገር ተመለሰና ተክሉን እዚያ አበቀለው። በ1608 ዓ.ም. የሆላንድ ሰዎች ለ አደን መጥተው ለምለም የቡና ዘር ይዘው ወደ አገራቸው ተመለሱ። በ1690ዎቹ በሆላንድ ቅኝ አገሮች በጃቫ (ዛሬ ኢንዶኔዥያ) እና በሱሪናም (ደቡብ አሜሪካ) በብዛት እንዲስፋፋ አደረጉት።
በአሁኑ ጊዜ ቡና በዓለም ላይ ከሚጠጡ መጠጦች አንደኛን ስፍራ ይዟል። በተጨማሪም የቡና ቅጠል በወተት ተፈልቶ ቁጢ እንዲሁም የቡና ዘር ሽፋኑ/ቅርፊቱ ተፈልቶ የሚጠጣው አሻራ ተወዳጆች ናቸው። ቁጢና አሻራ ከኢትዮጵያ ውጪ እንደሚታውቁ መረጃ የለም።
እንቁላል ቡና

ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ የሚሰራ የመጠጥ አይነት ሲሆን፣ የሚሰራውም ከእንቁላልና ቡና ነው። ጥቅሙም ለጉንፋን ማስታገሻ ነው።
Ibrik

An ibrik is a Middle Eastern container with a spout used for storing and pouring liquid contents. The word comes into English from Ottoman Turkish ابریق (ibrik, ıbrık, “ewer”) (modern Turkish ibrik), from Arabic إِبْرِيق (ʔibrīq), ultimately from Persian آب (âb, “water”) + the present stem of the verb ریختن (rêxtan, “to pour”).
Although the Turkish word ibrik, derived from Persian through Arabic, denotes simply a pitcher or ewer, the term is often used in English to mean a Turkish or Greek coffee pot, which is known in Turkish as a cezve (in Greek a μπρίκι bríki).
Cezve

A cezve (Turkish: cezve, pronounced [dʒezˈve]; Serbo-Croatian: džezva / џезва; Arabic: جِذوَة), also ibriki/briki (Greek: μπρίκι) or srjep (Armenian: սրճեփ), is a small long-handled pot with a pouring lip designed specifically to make Turkish coffee. It is traditionally made of brass or copper, occasionally also silver or gold. In more recent times cezveler are also made from stainless steel, aluminium, or ceramics.
The name cezve is of Turkish origin, where it is a borrowing from Arabic: جِذوَة (jadhwa or jidhwa, meaning 'ember').
The cezve is also known as an ibrik, a Turkish word from Arabic إبريق (ʿibrīq), from Aramaic ܐܖܪܝܩܐ (ʾaḇrēqā), from early Modern Persian *ābrēž (cf. Modern Persian ābrēz), from Middle Persian *āb-rēǰ, ultimately from Old Persian *āp- 'water' + *raiča- 'pour' (cf. Modern Persian and Middle Persian ریختن [rêxtan]).
Other names are briki, rakwa, finjan (e.g., in Israel), toorka (in Russia) and kanaka.
In Bulgaria, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Czechia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia, the cezve is a long-necked coffee pot. In Turkish an ibrik is not a coffee pot, but simply a pitcher or ewer.
2023 Ethiopian crackdown on the hospitality industry

The Ethiopian government launched a crackdown on hotels, bars, restaurant and pubs in Addis Ababa for alleged homosexual activities on 10 August 2023. Security forces raided guest houses to shut them down and arrested managers linked to such acts. The Addis Ababa Peace and Security Administration Bureau stated that they were taking measures "against hotels, restaurants, guest houses, and other entertainment venues suspected of involvement in homosexual acts". The House of Guramayle, an LGBT advocacy group, is concerned that the LGBT community is being suppressed and that many self-identified gay, lesbian and transgender people are under attack on online platforms such as TikTok.
On 10 August 2023, the Ethiopian government launched crackdowns on venues in the hospitality industry, such as hotels, bars, restaurants and pubs in Addis Ababa for alleged homosexual activities. In an Addis Ababa Peace and Security Administration Bureau statement, the operation is discreet from the public, guest houses have been raided and their managers were arrested. The Bureau called for the public to report such incidents. Human rights groups said that LGBT people are still under persecution and stigma in Ethiopia and their identities are strongly prohibited from being exposed to society.
House of Guramayle, an LGBT advocacy group, is concerned that TikTok is the main platform for LGBT Ethiopians to be harassed by having their names, photographs and online profiles shared. On 2 August, a TikTok user called for gay men to be stabbed in their buttocks and a young man was threatened by saying "We should find them and kill them before stumbling with his foot". Many LGBT Ethiopians feel threatened and abused by TikTok users engaging in coordinated online harassment.
Najashi

Aṣ-ḥamah, also spelt as Aṣ-ḥama (Tigrinya: ንጉስ, Arabic: أَصْحَمَة), was the Negus (Arabic: ٱلنَّجَاشِيّ, romanized: An-Najāshī) ruler of the Kingdom of Aksum who reigned from 614 to 630 C.E.. It is agreed by Muslim scholars that Najashi gave shelter to early Muslim refugees from Mecca, around 615–616 at Aksum.
The Najashi reigned for almost 17 years from 614 to 630 CE. Not much is known about his personal life and reign other than that during his reign Muslims migrated to Abyssinia and met the Najashi. According to a story recorded by the Muslim biographer Ibn Ishaq (c. 704–767), Muhammad's cousin, Ja'far ibn Abi Talib, told Najashi about the religious persecution they faced at the hands of the Arab tribe of Quraysh. The Najashi asked if they had with them any scripture from God. Ja'far then recited a verse from Surat Maryam (called KAHA initially) in the Quran, regarding Jesus in Islam and Maryam, as Daughter of Imran is known in Islam. When the Najashi heard the Quranic verse (Ayat), he wept and exclaimed:
According to Ibn Ishaq, the Najashi then affirmed that he would support the early Muslim refugees. In fact, he gave refuge to early Muslims who came to his kingdom seeking protection and trade opportunities. Later Islamic sources suggest many Abyssinians struggled in this period economically accused their King of hardship but continued to support the King for his kind gesture and hospitality of early Muslim refugees as per the states Christian values and tolerant beliefs. He asked knowing Paganistic lifestyle of Quraysh Arabs what their beliefs were. Once they explained their Christian doctrine to him, and they shared the letter (Astinameh) of the Prophet of Islam Mohammad in which he and early converts of Islam including the refugees confirmed Jesus Sahadah (covenant) and divinity he replied:
He died in 630 CE. Some Muslim sources indicate that the Islamic prophet Muhammad prayed an absentee funeral prayer (Arabic: صَلَاة الْغَائِب‎, romanized: Ṣalāt al-Ġāʾib) in Al-Baqi Cemetery, Madinah which is performed for the departed soul of a good human.
Arabic sources state the king's name was "Ella-Seham", occasionally written as variant names "Ashama", "Asmaha", "Sahama" and "Asbeha". Ethiopian regnal lists record multiple kings named "Saham" or "Ella Saham", but all of them reigned before Kaleb (r. early 6th century) and are too early in the chronology for any of their reigns to coincide with the Muslim Migration to Abyssinia. Ethiopian sources instead state that a different king named Adriaz was a contemporary of prophet Muhammad. An unpublished manuscript dates his reign to 603–623 E.C.. According to Aleqa Taye Gabra Mariam, the Muslim migration took place in 620 E.C. and coincided with the reign of Aderaz.
Tomoca Coffee

Tomoca Coffee (also written TO.MO.CA) is a family-owned coffee company based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was established in February 1953. The company is known for its Italian-style coffee made with Ethiopian arabica beans.
The name derives from the Italian Torrefazione Moderna Café or "Modern coffee roasting".
Tomoca is a member of the Ethiopia Commodity Exchange, and it exports its coffee to Sweden, Germany, the United States, Japan, and other countries. The company is led by Wondwossen Meshesha, the operations manager.
Tomoca has 22 branches in Addis Ababa and opened its first international branch in Tokyo in 2015. In September 2020, Tomoca opened its first coffee shop in Africa at the Two Rivers Mall in Nairobi, Kenya.
Baha Shawaa

Shawaa Bahaa (East Shewa) godinaalee kudhan-lamaan Oromiyaa keessaa tokko yoo tatu, maqaa kanas kan argatte kutaa bulchinsa Shawaa durii irratti.
Shawaan Baha jiddu Oromiyaatti kan argamtu yoo ta'uu, kutaalee dhihaa fi baha walitti qabsisti. Zoniin kunii kibba fi kibba-dhihaan Naannoo Sabaa fi Sab-lammoota Ummattoota Kibbaa, dhihaan Shawaa Dhihaan, kabba-dhihan Shawaa Kaabaan, kaabaan Naannoo Amaaraatiin, kabba-bahan Naannoo Affaar, kibba-dhihaan Arsiin marfamtee kan argamtu yoo tatuu, dhumaa dhihaa ishettiin Laga Bilaattee qabachuun beekamti. Magaallan beekamoo Shawaa bahaa kessatti argaman Adaamaa, Bishooftuu, Matahaaraa, Shaashamaannee fi Baatuu.
Yaada badaa mukni isaa irraa ciramee badee midhasuu irraa ka'amee, Biiroo Qonnaa fi Misooma Baadiyaa godinichaa (Zonal Agriculture and Rural Development Office) guyya Onk. 2, 2006 irratti mukaa hangaa miliyoona 36.3 ta'uu, annolee godina Shawaa bahaa 10 keessatti, lafa heektaara 4,000 ga'u irratti dhabuu danda'eera.
Gabaasa Abbaa Taayitaa Instaatistiiksii (Central Statistical Agency) irraa bara 2005 GC akka ibsutti, godinni kuni tilmamaan bayyina ummatta 2,475,945, yoo qabaatu kana keessaa 1,246,576 dhiira yoo ta'an kan hafan yookan immo 1,229,369 immo dubraa dha. Bayyina ummatta oliitii ibsame keessaa parsentiin 32.1% yookan namni 794,683 badiyya alla jirrattu. Ballina lafa tilmamaan 13,624.09 square kilometers ta'u keessatti tuuta'insa uummataa Shawaa Baha tilmamaan 181.73 people per square kilometer ta'a.
Akka Baankii Addunyaa meemoraandamii gaafa Caamsaa 24, 2004 akka ibsutti, parsentiin 9% jirattotta Shawaa Bahaa elektrikii ni fayyadatamu, akkasumas baayyinni karaa konkolaataa godina kanaa 54.7 kilometers per 1000 square kilometers yoo ta'u (kunis yoo kiilomeetira 30 kan biyyaa wajjin yoo walitti madalaan), akkasumas avireejjiin abbaa manaa badiyya tokko heektaara lafa 1.2 (kunis heektaara lafa biyyaa 1.01 fi heektaara lafa Oromiyaa 1.14 wajjin yoo walitti madalamu, akkasumas avireejjiin abbaa manaa baadiyyaa tokko mataan horii mana hanga 1.0 qaba. Parsentiin 14.5% ummata, namota qonnaa malee jiratan yoo ta'an, kunis yoo kan biyya parsenti 25% fi kan Oromiyaa 24% wajjin yoo walitti madallan. Ijollee barachu danda'an keessa parsentiin 61% mana barumsa sadarka tokkoffati galma'ani argamu, akkasumas parsentiin 19% mana barumsa sadarka lammaffatti galam'ani argamu. Parsentiin 21% godina kanaa busaaf saaxilamaa yoo ta'an, 49% immoo Tsetse flyiif bana jiruu. Meemoraandamiin godina kanaa balaa qillensa gogaa (risk of drought) qabachun qabxii 372 kennaaf.
Network of Ethiopian Women's Associations

The Network of Ethiopian Women's Associations is a national network of Ethiopian societies who share the goal of advancing women’s rights, gender equality, and women’s empowerment in Ethiopia.
The Network of Ethiopian Women's Associations states that it was created in 2003 as a network of non-governmental organizations and women's associations in Ethiopia.
After a change in the Charities and Societies law in 2009, NEWA reorganized itself as a consortium of Ethiopian societies working on gender equality and women's rights. NEWA consisted of 42 organizations and associations from around Ethiopia in 2009. NEWA said that it aimed at a "vision of an Ethiopian society where gender equality is realized [and] becomes the normal context for women's and men's lives in Ethiopia".
The network aims to ensure that women and men at all levels are made aware of women's constitutional and legal rights, and to solicit practical support from various sectors.
NEWA recently created a book featuring the stories of 64 of the women interviewed so far, selected to portray a wide range of occupations, ages and backgrounds and for the inspirational quality of their stories.
Abebech Gobena

Abebech Gobena (Amharic: አበበች ጎበና; Afan Oromo: Abbabachi Goobanaa; 20 October 1935 – 4 July 2021) was an Ethiopian humanitarian, and the founder and manager of AGOHELMA, one of the oldest orphanages in Ethiopia. She was often called the "Mother Teresa of Africa".
Abebech was born on 20 October 1935, in a small rural village in Oromia Region, North shoa, called Shebel. Her father was killed during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, so she was raised by her grandparents until the age of nine. At the age of 10, she was married without her consent, but she ran away to the capital, Addis Ababa. There, she managed to get basic education and later worked as a quality controller at a coffee and grain company.
She went to Gishen Mariam, Wollo Province, for pilgrimage in 1973. At the time, the area was severely stricken by famine. In a feeding center, Gobena saw a child next to her dead mother. She distributed the only thing she had to other victims, a loaf of bread and five liters of holy water, and brought the child along with another orphan to her home in Addis Ababa. In one year, she brought 21 children to her home.
Abebech Gobena Yehetsanat Kebekebena limat Mahber (AGOHELMA) was founded by Abebech in 1980 and has become one of the earliest orphanages serving youth in the Ethiopia. AGOHELMA provides various services in addition to the orphanage itself, including formal and non-formal education, HIV/AIDS prevention activities, habitat improvement and infrastructure development, empowerment of women, among others. Additionally, it provides institutional care for 150 orphans. Since its establishment, over 12,000 needy children have been supported by the association with over 1.5 million people having benefited either directly or indirectly from the association in different regions of the country.
In June 2021, Abebech's health worsened from COVID-19 and she was hospitalized at St. Paul's Hospital in Addis Ababa. However, she died from the complications on 4 July 2021. Her burial took place on 6 July at Holy Trinity Cathedral with government officials and mourners. Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church Abune Matias, President of Oromia Region Shimelis Abdisa, Deputy Mayor of Addis Ababa Adanech Abebe and other public figures also attended the funeral.
Rosa abyssinica

Rosa abyssinica is the only rose native to Africa. Europeans first learned of the rose in the writings of 19th-century Scottish botanist Robert Brown. Rosa abyssinica is included in the genus Rosa, and the family Rosaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.
Rosa abyssinica is a prickly evergreen shrub, creeping or often climbing, capable of forming a small tree up to 23 feet (7.0 meters) tall. It has a few prickles on the stem, slightly curved from a wide base and all similar. It has many variable features. The leaves are compound and leathery. It has 3 pairs leaflets plus one at the tip, each narrowly ovate from .5 to 2 inches (1.3 to 5.1 centimetres) tip sharp, edge toothed, on a short stalk which is winged by the leafy stipules. Flowers are of fragrant white-pale yellow, and are usually 3 to 20 in dense heads, each stalked, the sepals long, narrow and hairy, soon fall, and have 5 petals about 2 cm long, tip rounded to square, with many stamens. The fruits are green at first, but later ripen to orange-red. They are about 1 inch (2.5 cm) long, fleshy and edible with seed within. It has been described as a "big prickly 'dog rose.’”
Rosa abyssinica is mainly found in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen and to a lesser extent Saudi Arabia, Somalia and the Sudan. It is common in the Ethiopian highlands and the mountains of Yemen across the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, a distribution paralleled by Primula verticillata and a few other plants. It commonly forms thickets in upland dry evergreen forests, margins, clearings, upland bushland, rocky places, and riparian formations.
Food (fruit and flower), medicinal (fruit), garden, ornamental.
Rosa abyssinica has sometimes been cultivated as a "living fence” surrounding home gardens in rural villages.
The fruit (rose hips) of Rosa abyssinica is eaten, mostly by children, and is believed to alleviate fatigue or tension. Birds eat the fruit as do baboons (baboons also consume the flowers). Medicinally, the fruit are eaten in as a remedy for worms (hook, tape and round). The crushed leaves have been used in remedies for hepatitis.
Ethiopian rose, Wild Ethiopian rose, African rose, Abyssinian rose (English), Kega (Ethiopian - Amharic), Ward (Yemeni - Arabic), Qaqawwii (Oromo), Dayero (Somali)
Edithcolea

Edithcolea is a monotypic genus with a single species Edithcolea grandis (Persian carpet flower). Once classified in the family Asclepiadaceae, it is now in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is native to eastern Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula.
The genus is named after Edith Cole (1859–1940). She collected the type material for this plant with Lort Philips in 1895, during a botanical expedition (1894–1895) led by Ethelbert Edward Lort Phillips (1857-1944) from Berbera to the Golis mountains in Somaliland.
Edithcolea grandis is a succulent plant with leafless, richly branched, perennial and decumbent stems with a diameter of 2 to 4 cm and up to 30 cm in length (ref prota, ref Field 80). The glabrous stems are 4 or 5 angled and armed with regularly placed hard and acute spinelike teeth or tubercules. The base color of the plant varies from green to red with brownish spots.
The bisexual flowers are 8 to 13 cm in diameter and are formed near the apex of the branches. The flower consists of an outer corolla with 5 corolla lobes (petals), which are fused halfway to the center and a relatively small inner corolla. The outside or back side of the flower is yellow to green. The inside consist of a pale yellow base color with a purple-reddish pattern of spots at the outside that gradually become smaller near the inner corona, which has itself has concentric reddish lines. Long purple hairs are present at the border of the brim of the outer corolla lobes. The flower is at times described as the Persian carpet flower. The carrion-like smell of the flowers attracts flies and other insects for pollination.
The fruit (follicles) contain a large number of seeds. The oval shaped seeds bear a tuft of hairs (coma) so they can be dispersed with the wind. The smaller variant baylissiana (Lavros & Hardy) has more branched stems that are smaller in diameter (1 to 1.5 cm), shorter (10 cm) and are often spirally twisted.
Edithcolea grandis is distributed throughout the African Great Lakes region (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Somaliland) and Yemen (including the Socotra archipelago). The plant is found in dry and arid regions. Sometimes in full sun, but mostly partly shaded by rocks and shrubby vegetation.
The stem of Edithcolea grandis is eaten as a vegetable in Ethiopia and Somalia. (Ref prota, ref Getahuna 1974)
Edithcolea grandis is occasionally cultivated as an ornamental in desert gardens worldwide. It has a gained a reputation as a particularly difficult plant to keep because of its very specific growing needs with much light and relatively high (above 15 °C) winter temperatures. It's very susceptible to rot in combination with low temperatures.
What's in the Picture

What's in the Picture is an Australian television panel game show which aired on ABC from 1958 to 1959. Produced and broadcast live in Sydney, it was also shown in Melbourne via telerecordings, a type of recording also known as a kinescope recordings. The series was hosted by Harry Dearth, and aired in a half-hour time-slot.
A panel of celebrities were required to identify people and events from pictures shown on-screen.
Although 16mm film prints ("telerecordings") were made of the live broadcasts so the series could be shown in Melbourne, it is not known if any of these still exist.
ጋዚ

ንጉሡ ፡ ጋዚ ቢን ፋይሰል ቢን ሁሴን ቢን አሊ አል ሃሺሚ (ዓረብኛ: غازي بن فيصل بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي) (ከመጋቢት 12 ቀን 1912 እስከ ሚያዝያ 4 ቀን 1939 ዓ.ም). የኢራቅ መንግሥት ሁለተኛው ንጉሥ ነው። በሴፕቴምበር 8 ቀን 1933 ሥልጣንን ተረከበ ሚያዝያ 4 ቀን 1939 እስከሞተበት ጊዜ ድረስ፣ እ.ኤ.አ. በ1920 ለአጭር ጊዜ የሶሪያ መንግሥት ልዑል ልዑል ሆነው አገልግለዋል።
ንጉስ ጋዚ የንጉሥ ፋሲል ቀዳማዊ እና ሚስቱ ሀዚማ ቢንት ናስር ልጅ ነው። ያደጉት በአያታቸው ሁሴን ቢን አሊ ሲሆን ለአረብ ነፃነት ጥሪ ያቀረበው የታላቁ የአረብ አመጽ መሪ ነበሩ።
ቅዳሜ ጥቅምት 5 ቀን 1924 ከደማስቆ ተነስቶ ኢራቅ ከቀኑ 3 ሰአት ላይ ደረሰ።ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትር ያሲን አል-ሃሺሚ እና የገንዘብ ሚኒስትሩ ከምሽቱ ስድስት ሰአት ላይ ተቀብለውታል። ልዑል ልዑል ሆኖ ተሾመ።
በሴፕቴምበር 11, 1933 ቃለ መሃላ ተቀብለው የኢራቅ መንግሥት ንጉሥ ሆነው ተሾሙ። በሴፕቴምበር 18, 1933 ከአሊያ ቢንት አሊ ጋር መተጫጨቱ እና ጋብቻው ተገለጸ እና ጥር 25, 1934 ምሽት ላይ ሰርጉ ተፈጸመ. ጥር 25, 1934 ምሽት ላይ ሠርጉ ተካሂዷል. አንድያ ልጁን ፈይሰል በመጋቢት 2 ቀን 1935 ወለደ።[1]
ንጉስ ጋዚ በኢራቅ ውስጥ የብሪታንያ ተጽእኖን በመቃወም የኢራቅን መንግስት ለመገንባት እና ለማደግ እንቅፋት እንደሆነ አድርጎ በመቁጠር በኢራቅ ለተገኘ ዘይትና አርኪኦሎጂካል ሃብት ዘረፋ ተጠያቂ አድርጎታል። ስለዚህ ከሁለተኛው የዓለም ጦርነት በፊት ከሂትለር መንግስት ጋር የመቀራረብ ምልክቶች በግዛቱ ዘመን ታዩ።
እሮብ ሚያዚያ 4 ቀን 1939 አመሻሽ ላይ በደረሰበት ሚስጥራዊ የመኪና አደጋ ህይወቱ አለፈ፣ መኪናውን እየነዳ ሳለ በራሱ ላይ ከወደቀው የኤሌክትሪክ ምሰሶ ጋር ተጋጭቷል። የቀብር ስነ ስርአታቸው የተከናወነው በታላቅ ሰልፍ ሲሆን በባግዳድ በሚገኘው የሮያል መቃብር ተቀበረ።
Knish

A knish (/kəˈnɪʃ/ or /knɪʃ/) is a traditional Ashkenazi Jewish snack food consisting of a filling covered with dough that is typically baked or sometimes deep fried.
Knishes are often purchased from street vendors in urban areas with a large Jewish population, sometimes at a hot dog stand, or from a butcher shop. They are still strongly associated with New York City cuisine.
In most traditional versions, the filling is made entirely of mashed potato, kasha (buckwheat groats), or cheese. Other varieties of fillings include beef, chicken, sweet potatoes, black beans, or spinach.
Knishes may be round, rectangular, or square. They may be entirely covered in dough or some of the filling may peek out of the top. Sizes range from those that can be eaten in a single bite hors d'oeuvre to sandwich-sized.
Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants who arrived sometime around 1900 brought knishes to the United States. Knish (קניש) is a Yiddish word of Slavic origin, related to the Ukrainian knysh (книш) and Polish knysz. The ancestor of the knish was a medieval fried vegetable patty or fritter called knysz; eventually it became a stuffed item. In Ukraine, the knysz evolved into a filled yeasted bun, and today is usually sweet rather than savoury; the Russian cousin to the Jewish knish is the pirozhok (пирожки́). The traditional food spread to neighbour countries, migration from which helped spread the food further. Knishes began to be baked (rather than fried) around the same time that the potato was popularized in Eastern Europe, and the dough wrapper gradually became more like pastry than bread.
The first knish bakery in America was founded in New York City in 1910. Generally recognized as a food made popular in New York City by Jewish immigrants in the early 20th century, the United States underwent a knish renaissance in the 2000s driven by knish specialty establishments such as Knishes and Dishes in Philadelphia, the Knish Shop in Baltimore, Maryland, Buffalo and Bergen in Washington, DC, or My Mother's Knish, in Westlake Village, California.
In the 20th century, New York City and state politicians portrayed themselves eating knishes to show solidarity with Jewish working-class people. The trend declined after suburbanization and the policies of Ed Koch and Rudy Giuliani that restricted the sale of knishes from food carts.
Pastrami

Pastrami is a type of cured meat originating from Romania usually made from beef brisket. The raw meat is brined, partially dried, seasoned with herbs and spices, then smoked and steamed. Like corned beef, pastrami was created as a way to preserve meat before the invention of refrigeration. One of the iconic meats of Eastern European cuisine as well as American Jewish cuisine and New York City cuisine, hot pastrami is typically served at delicatessen restaurants on sandwiches such as the pastrami on rye.
The name pastrami likely comes from the Romanian verb "a păstra", meaning to preserve or to keep, referencing a traditional method of meat preservation prevalent before refrigeration. Ultimately, it was probably derived from the Turkish pastirma.
Pastrami was introduced to the United States in a wave of Jewish immigration from Bessarabia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century, with the Yiddish pastrame. The modified "pastrami" spelling was probably introduced in imitation of the American English salami. Romanian Jews emigrated to New York as early as 1872. Among Jewish Romanians, goose breasts were commonly made into pastrami because they were available. Beef navel was cheaper than goose meat in America, so the Romanian Jews in America adapted their recipe and began to make the cheaper alternative beef pastrami.
New York's Sussman Volk is generally credited with producing the first pastrami sandwich in the United States in 1887. Volk was a kosher butcher and New York immigrant from Lithuania. According to his descendant Patricia Volk, he prepared pastrami according to the recipe of a Romanian friend and served it on sandwiches out of his butcher shop. The sandwich was so popular that Volk converted the butcher shop into a restaurant to sell pastrami sandwiches.
Beef plate is the traditional cut of meat for making pastrami, although it is now common in the United States to see it made from beef brisket, beef round, and turkey. New York pastrami is generally made from beef navel, which is the ventral part of the plate. It is cured in brine, coated with a mix of spices such as garlic, coriander, black pepper, paprika, cloves, allspice, and mustard seed, and then smoked. Finally, the meat is steamed until the connective tissues within the meat break down into gelatin.
While pastrami is more commonly made with the fat-marbled navel or plate cut, Montreal smoked meat is made with variable-fat brisket. This is because "navel is much harder to find in Canada because of its British beef cut tradition". The use of brisket means that smoked meat is "not fattier throughout the cut, but it has a larger cap of fat, and it has a stringier texture, more fibrous. American-style pastrami is more marbled with fat and has a denser texture."
Greek immigrants to Salt Lake City in the early 1960s introduced a cheeseburger topped with pastrami and a special sauce. The pastrami cheeseburger has since remained a staple of local burger chains in Utah.
Shotel

A shotel (Amharic: ሽቶል/ሽተል) is a curved sword originating in Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. The curve on the blade varies from the Persian shamshir, adopting an almost semicircular shape. The blade is flat and double-edged with a diamond cross-section. The blade is about 40 inches (1 m) in total length and the hilt is a simple wooden or rhinoceros horn piece with no guard similar to the jile or jambiya. The shotel was carried in a close fitting leather scabbard which was often decorated in precious metals and worn on the right side.
After the Solomonic Dynasty restoration of Emperor Yekuno Amlak, the resurgent emperors began to organize their armies in a similar manners to the Aksumites, culminating in the reign of Emperor Amda Seyon I. Shotel wielders, known as shotelai or hanetay and organized in the Axurarat Shotelai, comprised one of the elite forces of Amda Seyon's Imperial host. Along with the Hareb Gonda and Korem cavalry, Keste Nihb archers and Axuarat Axuarai lancers were said to be the forces that "flew through the air like the eagle and spun on the ground like the avalanche". Shotel techniques among others included hooking attacks both against mounted and dismounted opponents that had devastating effect especially against mounted cavalry. The shotel could be used to hook and rip the warrior off the horse. Classically, the shotel was employed in a dismounted state to hook the opponent by reaching around a shield or any other defensive implement or weapon.
Due to increased trade with the west, over time the shotel began to be replaced in the southern Kingdom of Shewa and Shewan dominated Ethiopian Empire by swords fitted with European sabre blades known as Gurade or Gorade. In Amhara culture the generic word for sword, "seif," is mainly used to refer to a straight bladed, double edged sword.
Its shape, similar to a large sickle, was effectively used to reach around an opponent's shield and stab them in vital areas such as the kidneys or lungs. While closely resembling the Afar gile, the gile has two cutting edges, while the shotel's upper edge is unsharpened and sometimes braced against the swordsman's shield for strength. The shotel and other Eritrean and northern Ethiopian swords are occasionally referred to collectively in Geez as han'e.
The mid-18th century European visitor to Eritrea and northern Ethiopia, Remedius Prutky, often used the word shotel to describe a carving knife.
Hey Porsche

"Hey Porsche" is a song by American rapper Nelly, released as the lead single from his seventh studio album M.O. (2013). The song's music video, directed by Ethan Lader and featuring a vintage Porsche 356A convertible, was released on March 1, 2013. "Hey Porsche" peaked at number 42 on the Billboard Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "Hey Porsche" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a negative review, stating:
Drew Millard of the blog Noisey gave the song a positive review stating:
A music video for the track was filmed in a desert outside of Los Angeles with Ethan Lader being the director. It premiered via Nelly's VEVO channel on March 1, 2013. The video features a vintage Porsche 356A convertible.
Volkswagen Fusca (A5)

O Volkswagen Fusca, (Brasil), ou Volskwagen Carocha (Portugal) - também conhecido como Beetle, Coccinelle ou Maggiolino em diferentes países) é um carro compacto fabricado e comercializado pela Volkswagen desde 2011 como modelo 2012, como sucessor do New Beetle, lançado em 1997. Ele apresenta um perfil mais baixo enquanto mantém a forma global que recorda o Fusca ou Carocha Tipo 1 original.
Uma das metas da Volkswagen com este modelo era dar-lhe uma aparência mais agressiva enquanto lhe dava aspectos estilísticos que lembravam o design do Fusca. Esta foi uma tentativa de distanciar o novo modelo do New Beetle, produzido de 1997 a 2011, que nunca se aproximou do sucesso do primeiro Fusca.
A segunda geração do "novo" Fusca compartilha a plataforma "A5" (PQ35) com o atual Volkswagen Jetta e é construído ao lado do Jetta, Golf Variant e o antigo Jetta ("Clásico") na planta da Volkswagen, em Puebla, no México. É mais longo que o New Beetle anterior, agora com 4 278 mm (168 in) e também um perfil mais baixo, 12 mm (0,472 in) mais baixo que seu antecessor, e 88 mm (3,46 in) mais largo. O porta-malas tem agora 310 l (10,9 ft³), acima dos 209 l (7,38 ft³).
Uma versão conversível seguiu o cupê para o modelo 2013, mostrada pela primeira vez no Salão do Automóvel de Los Angeles, em novembro de 2012, quando também foi colocado à venda. Uma versão de alto desempenho, chamada Beetle R, está projetada para seguir mais tarde.
Com o relançamento do New Beetle, a Volkswagen permitiu que cada unidade mundial da marca usasse o nome local, assim acabou o nome Fusca sendo ressuscitado, curiosamente, sendo colocado o logo ao centro da tampa do porta-malas, como no antigo Fusca.
Marcos Vilaça

Marcos Vinicios Rodrigues Vilaça GCIH • GOMM • OC (Nazaré da Mata, 30 de junho de 1939 – Recife, 29 de março de 2025) foi um professor, advogado, jornalista, ensaísta e poeta brasileiro.
Membro da Academia Brasileira de Letras, da Academia Pernambucana de Letras, da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa e da Academia Brasiliense de Letras e ex-ministro e presidente do Tribunal de Contas da União.
Era filho único de Antônio de Souza Vilaça e Evalda Rodrigues Vilaça e pai do falecido Marchand Marcantonio Vilaça.
Em 1967, Vilaça foi admitido pelo presidente português Américo Tomás à Ordem de Cristo no grau de Oficial. Em 1987, foi admitido por Mário Soares à Ordem do Infante D. Henrique no grau de Grande-Oficial, sendo promovido a Grã-Cruz em 2005 por Jorge Sampaio. Em 1995, foi condecorado pelo presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso com a Ordem do Mérito Militar no grau de Grande-Oficial especial.
Na Academia Brasileira de Letras foi o sétimo ocupante da cadeira 26. Foi eleito em 11 de abril de 1985, na sucessão de Mauro Mota, seu conterrâneo, e recebido em 2 de julho de 1985 pelo acadêmico José Sarney. Recebeu os acadêmicos Ariano Suassuna, Alberto da Costa e Silva e Marco Maciel. Foi seu presidente no biênio 2006/2007, tendo tomado posse em 15 de dezembro de 2005.
Na Academia Pernambucana de Letras foi o primeiro ocupante da cadeira 35, tendo sido eleito em 30 de outubro de 1965, e tomado posse em 18 de novembro do mesmo ano, sendo atualmente o seu mais antigo membro. Foi seu presidente no biênio 1970/1972.
Vilaça morreu em 29 de março de 2025, aos 85 anos, vítima de falência múltipla de órgãos. O acadêmico estava internado na Clínica Florença, no bairro Graças, no Recife, Pernambuco.
Lada Riva

O Riva foi um modelo da Lada produzido com base no pequeno sedã Fiat 124.
Foi introduzido no mercado em 1980 sob licença da Fiat e encerrou sua produção no primeiro semestre de 2012. Chegou a ser exportado para vários outros países do globo, incluindo o Brasil, onde começou a ser importado no início da década de 1990 sob o nome Lada Laika, nas versões sedã e perua.
Até hoje é possível encontrar nesses países vários exemplares desses automóveis ainda rodando, peças e mesmo algumas fábricas da Lada voltadas para a produção desse automóvel.
Os VAZ-2105, VAZ-2104 e VAZ-2107 (coletivamente conhecidos como Lada Riva no Reino Unido e Lada Nova em grande parte da Europa continental) são uma série de carros compactos da marca Zhiguli construídos pela montadora russa AvtoVAZ, introduzida em 1980, na União Soviética, e progressivamente em outros mercados europeus, até o início dos anos 80, e vendidos nas versões sedã e station wagon. Os carros da AvtoVAZ são atualmente marcados como Lada.
Hoje eles são geralmente referidos como a série Lada Classic, sendo derivada da plataforma Fiat 124 original, que tem sido a base agora icônica da linha AvtoVAZ desde a fundação da empresa no final dos anos 60. A produção na Rússia terminou entre 2010 e 2012, no entanto, o Lada 2107 permaneceu em produção no Egito até 2015.
É o quinto carro mais vendido do mundo, atrás apenas do Toyota Corolla, Ford F-Series, Volkswagen Golf e Volkswagen Beetle (Fusca no Brasil) além de ser também a terceira plataforma mais vendida de automóveis depois do Volkswagen Beetle e do Ford Model T, e uma das plataformas com mais tempo de produção ao lado do Volkswagen Beetle (Fusca, no Brasil), do Hindustan Ambassador (Índia, 1958-2014) e do Volkswagen Type 2 (Kombi). Uma curiosidade, a ignição fica do lado esquerdo do volante, pois era uma facilidade para o mecânico dar partida no veículo enquanto consertava o motor.
Gurgel Supermini

O Supermini é a evolução do BR-800, ele foi a resposta da Gurgel aos novos 1.0 da concorrência. Seguindo a mesma proposta de seu antecessor, é um minicarro exclusivamente urbano compacto e econômico, as maiores diferenças estão no desenho mais moderno, acabamento e potência.
Em relação ao seu antecessor, ele ganhou algumas “curvas” que fizeram sua aparência melhorar, agora com um acabamento de melhor qualidade como o painel mais bem desenhado, bancos altos e melhores, interior todo acarpetado e o entreeixos 10 cm maior.
A versão SL (a mais comum) contava com equipamentos como conta-giros, relógio analógico, toca-fitas com antena no teto, brake-light, repetidores de pisca no teto, banco traseiro bi-partido e outros, enquanto seus concorrentes na faixa dos 1.0 sequer ofereciam retrovisor do lado direito ou encostos de cabeça.
Em relação à parte mecânica o motor continua praticamente o mesmo (Gurgel Enertron), só que evoluções mecânicas fizeram o consumo diminuir e a potência aumentar para 36 cv, mantendo a tração traseira mas utilizando um novo câmbio. Diferentemente do BR-800 o Supermini não é 100% brasileiro, o câmbio é argentino.
Porém, mesmo com todos estes avanços técnicos, a concorrência possuía veículos mais potentes, espaçosos, e confortáveis (mesmo com ausência de itens de requinte como os do Supermini). Não obteve o sucesso esperado, gerando grande queda nas vendas. Sua carroceria era em fibra, a parte frontal de seu chassi tem um sistema chamado de fusível, em caso de colisão ela se deforma para absorver o impacto. O Supermini se manteve em fabricação até o fim de 1994, chegando a ser vendidas algumas unidades em 1995 com denominação ano/modelo 1995/1995, após isso a Gurgel Motores S/A acabou por falir. Hoje, ainda existem muitos circulando pelo Brasil com motor original ou adaptado do Fusca, Gol BX, entre outros. O motor do Fusca é o mais comumente usado.
Relação de transmissão:
Estrutura espacial em aço com perfil tubular misto (quadrado e cilíndrico). Os tubos transversais que formam o lado inferior da carroceria são na verdade tubos de torque que, em caso de colisão lateral, se deformam amortecendo o impacto. A carroceria é formada também por painéis modulares em plástico de engenharia, um tipo de material que já era conhecido no meio automobilístico com matéria-prima na confecção de algumas peças, mas que foi reconhecido como material muito versátil devido à Gurgel, que utilizava largamente o material em seus veículos. O percentual de utilização da fibra de vidro no Supermini era de cerca de 65%, como exemplo, além da carroceria, o painel interior, as forrações de acabamento das portas e até mesmo algumas peças do motor são feitas de fibra de vidro. A parte frontal do chassi é provida de um sistema de segurança que utiliza barras de aço de torque, que se deformam no caso de uma eventual colisão, amortecendo o impacto.
MP Lafer

MP Lafer foi um automóvel da Lafer, lançado em 1974. Apesar da potência insuficiente, o MP Lafer se tornou um carro bastante cobiçado de sua época.
Os modelos foram criação de Percival Lafer, dono de uma fábrica de móveis, o MP Lafer era uma réplica bastante fiel do clássico inglês MG TD, mas com mecânica da Fusca, que possuía um motor Boxer de quatro cilindros traseiro refrigerado a ar. Nos primeiros exemplares, produzidos em 1974, foi utilizado o motor VW 1500 cc, substituído pelo VW 1600 cc cerca de seis meses depois. Em 1976 já contabilizava 600 unidades vendidas.
No ano de 1980 chegou a vender 600 unidades. No final de 1983 o modelo TI, lançado cinco anos antes, passaria por mais uma atualização de estilo afastando-o de vez do seu grande inspirador britânico. E também do mercado externo, que continuava preferindo o design original. Em 1986, buscando recuperar a atratividade dos seus carros tornando-os verdadeiramente esportivos, a Lafer preparou um protótipo com motor dianteiro baseado nos antigos MG. Apresentado no XIV Salão com o nome MP-TX.
Em 1990, a produção foi interrompida. Em quase 17 anos, foram construídos cerca de 4.300 automóveis, mais de mil deles exportados para mais de três dezenas de países. Os moldes das carrocerias de fibra de vidro do MP foram enterrados no terreno da fábrica, em São Bernardo do Campo, onde jazem até hoje, sob as fundações de um grande supermercado.
Edvana Carvalho

Edvana Carvalho (Salvador, 17 de maio de 1968) é uma atriz, poetisa, apresentadora, escritora e educadora brasileira, conhecida por sua participação no Bando de Teatro do grupo Olodum e por sua interpretação como Inácia na refilmagem da telenovela Renascer.
Filha de Edna e Ivan Carvalho, Edvana nasceu e foi criada no bairro do Curuzu, em Salvador. Teve seu primeiro contato com o teatro aos 16 anos, na escola pública em que estudava, e entrou para um curso de teatro no Sesc Senac antes de ingressar no ensino superior. Posteriormente, graduou-se no curso de Teatro da UFBA, com uma pós-graduação em Psicopedagogia, e passou a dar aulas na rede pública.
Participou da formação original do Bando do Teatro Olodum, responsável por peças de sucesso como Ó Pai, Ó, que serviu como base para o filme de mesmo nome, do qual Edvana também fez parte, interpretando Lúcia - posteriormente, ela reprisaria o papel em Ó Pai, Ó 2.
Integrou os elencos de produções televisivas como Clandestinos e Pega Pega, mas foi substituindo uma recém falecida Léa Garcia como intérprete da governanta e ialorixá Inácia no reboot de Renascer que Edvana obteve reconhecimento nacional. Na trama, Inácia, a fiel escudeira do protagonista José Inocêncio (Humberto Carrão/Marcos Palmeira), além de ter passado a ser mãe de Ritinha (Mell Muzzillo) - parentesco que este não existe na versão original -, ganhou destaque com sua abordagem de religiões de matriz africana e sincretismo, e suas cenas com Padre Santo (Chico Diaz) e Pastor Lívio (Breno da Matta) receberam elogios de público e crítica.
This (programação de computadores)

this, self e Me são palavras-chave usadas em algumas linguagens de programação de computador para se referir ao objeto, classe ou outra entidade da qual o código atualmente em execução faz parte. A entidade referida por essas palavras-chave depende, portanto, do contexto de execução (por exemplo, qual objeto está tendo seu método chamado). Diferentes linguagens de programação usam essas palavras-chave de maneiras, ligeiramente, diferentes. Em linguagens onde uma palavra-chave como "this" é obrigatória, a palavra-chave é a única forma de acessar dados e métodos armazenados no objeto atual. Onde for opcional, eles podem eliminar a ambiguidade de variáveis e funções com o mesmo nome.
No PowerShell, a variável automática especial $_ contém o objeto atual no objeto de pipeline. Você pode usar essa variável em comandos que executam uma ação em cada objeto ou em objetos selecionados em um pipeline.
Da mesma forma, começando com PowerShell 5.0, que adiciona uma sintaxe formal para definir classes e outros tipos definidos pelo usuário, a variável $this descreve a instância atual do objeto.
Em Python, não existe uma palavra-chave para this. Quando uma função membro é chamada em um objeto, ele chama a função membro com o mesmo nome no objeto de classe do objeto, com o objeto automaticamente vinculado ao primeiro argumento da função. Assim, o primeiro parâmetro obrigatório dos métodos de instância serve como this. Este parâmetro é, convencionalmente, denominado self, mas pode ser denominado qualquer coisa.
Desta forma, o parâmetro self é usado para representar a instância da classe. Com ele você pode acessar os atributos e métodos da classe em python, pois ele vincula os atributos aos argumentos fornecidos. Em Python, temos métodos que fazem com que a instância seja passada automaticamente, mas não recebida automaticamente.
Exemplo:
Em métodos de classe (criados com o decorador classmethod), o primeiro argumento se refere ao próprio objeto de classe e é, convencionalmente, chamado de cls; estes são usados principalmente para construtores herdáveis, onde o uso da classe como um parâmetro permite subclassificar o construtor. Em métodos estáticos (criados com o decorador staticmethod), não existe primeiro argumento especial.
Grupo Volkswagen

O Grupo Volkswagen é um conglomerado alemão com sede em Wolfsburgo. Fabricante de veículos, o grupo comercializa seus produtos em 153 países e suas principais marcas são: Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, Porsche, Ducati; e para veículos comerciais, Scania, MAN, International e IC Bus. Em 2016, a Volkswagen superou sua concorrente, a japonesa Toyota, e tornou-se líder mundial em vendas de veículos, com 10,3 milhões de unidades vendidas.
Foi fundada em 1937 pelo governo alemão para produzir o Volkswagen Fusca. Denominada inicialmente Volkswagenwerk Aktiengesellschaft, mudou o nome em 4 de julho de 1985 para Volkswagen AG, em virtude da expansão de suas atividades, além da fábrica-sede de Wolfsburgo. Em outubro de 2005, a Porsche adquiriu 18.53% do seu controle acionário. Em 3 de março de 2008, o Grupo Volkswagen anunciou a compra de participação acionária adicional na Scania, que elevou os seus direitos de voto para 68,60%, passando desta forma a ser o acionista controlador da empresa. Em Julho de 2011 o Grupo Volkswagen elevou sua participação no Grupo MAN para 55,9% das ações, tornando-se o acionista maioritário.
O grupo estabeleceu uma estrutura de controle dividida em quatro regiões: Europa, América do Norte, América do Sul, África do Sul, Ásia e Pacífico. O grupo Volkswagen opera 100 unidades fabris em 19 países europeus e oito países nas Américas, Ásia e África. Cada marca tem sua própria personalidade e opera como uma entidade independente no mercado. O espectro de produtos vai desde carros pequenos até os veículos da classe de luxo. No setor de veículos comerciais, oferecem produtos a partir de picapes até ônibus e caminhões.
O Grupo Volkswagen também atua em outras áreas de negócios: fabricação de motores Diesel de grandes aplicações marítimas e industriais, turbocompressores, turbomáquinas (vapor e turbinas a gás), compressores e reatores químicos, e também a produção de transmissões de veículos, unidades especiais de engrenagens para turbinas eólicas, guias e acoplamentos, bem como sistemas de teste para o setor de mobilidade.