davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Emilia (Bulgarian singer)

Emilia Bashur (Bulgarian: Емилия Башур, née Valeva), known mononymously as Emilia, is a Bulgarian pop folk singer. She has released eight studio albums to date.
Emilia was born in Galabovo on 21 March 1982. She has one older sister, Daniela. Emilia became interested in music at an early age and began singing in the local choir. She began learning traditional Bulgarian music with Jivka Dimitrova and Dimitar Kolev. Several years later, she signed a contract with the Bulgarian record label Payner.
In 1999, she recorded her first song- "Its over with you" which became popular in the pop-folk culture. Her debut album Veselo Momiche (Happy Girl) was successful.
She has a son, Ivan and a daughter, Mira.
Emilia took part in Planeta Tours in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2014.
Velikite Balgari

Velikite Balgari (Bulgarian: „Великите българи“, The Great Bulgarians) is a Bulgarian spin-off of the 2002 BBC television program 100 Greatest Britons. Aired on the Bulgarian National Television's Kanal 1, its first stage began on 9 June 2006 and finished on 10 December, with a show on 23 December announcing the names of the Top 100 as chosen by popular vote. The Top 10 were announced in alphabetical order. In the second stage, which lasted until 17 February 2007, the viewers determined the order in the Top 10. Documentaries dedicated to every Top 10 personality were aired during the second stage.
Bensonhurst Blues

"Bensonhurst Blues" is a song written by Artie Kaplan and Artie Kornfeld. It was originally released in 1971 on Kaplan's album Confessions Of A Male Chauvinist Pig.
Oscar Benton went on to record the song in 1973 for his Bensonhurst Blues album and again, eight years later, for the soundtrack for the French film Pour la peau d'un flic. The latter version was subsequently released by EMI Records and enjoyed success in Europe. One of Benton's recordings also appears in the 1999 film La Bûche.
Bensonhurst Blues has been recorded in several different languages. Adriano Celentano included an Italian language version of the song („Vengo Dal Jazz“) on his 2004 album, C'è sempre un motivo. The song has been recorded in Romanian by both Margareta Pâslaru and Aurelian Andreescu. Singer Dimitri Tambossis released a Greek version of the song in 1982. In 1977, Lili Ivanova Bulgaria recorded her version.
Meanings of minor-planet names: 1001–2000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names.
Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are approved and published in a bulletin by IAU's Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN). Before May 2021, citations were published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars for many decades. Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB). Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.
Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets, Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: SBDB New namings may only be added to this list below after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned. The WGSBN publishes a comprehensive guideline for the naming rules of non-cometary small Solar System bodies.
Arena Shumen

Arena Shumen (Bulgarian: Арена Шумен) is an indoor arena located in Shumen, Bulgaria that opened on July 21, 2018. It has a seating capacity of 1,494 people, expandable to over 2,500 for concerts.
Construction of the arena took one and a half years and cost 8.5 million Bulgarian lev, while landscaping and development of the surroundings cost around 4 million lev, taking the total price to around 13 million lev. This led to controversy in 2020 when it was reported that the Arena's annual revenues for 2019 were under 30,000 lev.
In 2018, the arena won Sports Building of the Year as part of Bulgarian construction magazine Gradat's Building of the Year awards.
The arena has been the home of BC Shumen of the NBL since 2021. Beyond basketball, it also hosts most matches of the HC Shumen 61 and HC Shumen 98 (Women's) handball teams and is suitable for volleyball, and others.
Since opening in 2018, the arena has hosted numerous sports and entertainment events, including wrestling, fencing, rhythmic gymnastics, and Kyokushin tournaments, as well as shows by Neshka Robeva (2019), Dimitar Rachkov (2020), and Lili Ivanova (2021), among others. In December 2024, the arena hosted both the Sukhishvili Georgian National Ballet and the Schönbrunn Palace Orchestra.
Since 2023, Arena Shumen has hosted the Shumen Open international rapid and blitz chess tournament. The 2024 edition was largest chess event of the year in Bulgaria, with 240 participants from 12 countries.
On 15 October 2023, the arena hosted its first international match - a European Women's Handball Championship qualifier between Bulgaria and Montenegro.
Senior teams only.
43°16′46″N 26°55′33″E﻿ / ﻿43.2794°N 26.9259°E﻿ / 43.2794; 26.9259
Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's freestyle 63 kg

The women's freestyle 63 kilograms at the 2004 Summer Olympics as part of the wrestling program were held at the Ano Liosia Olympic Hall, August 22 to August 23.
The competition held with an elimination system of three or four wrestlers in each pool, with the winners qualify for the semifinals and final by way of direct elimination.
All times are Eastern European Summer Time (UTC+03:00)
Golden Orpheus

Golden Orpheus (Bulgarian: Златният Орфей, Zlatniyat Orfey) was an international vocal competition and song contest, held annually from 1965 to 1999 in Sunny Beach, Bulgaria.
The festival program included a Bulgarian song competition, an international vocal competition and concerts outside the festival's competitive program. The event quickly grew into one of the most prestigious festivals in Eastern Europe during socialism. Among the winners of the vocal competition are Alla Pugacheva and Etta Scollo. Over the years, the festival has featured international pop stars such as Tina Turner and Julio Iglesias as guests. The event has been broadcast by the International Radio and Television Organisation on the Intervision network since 1967 with a viewership of nearly 200 million viewers.
Since the 2010s, instead of the Golden Orpheus, the Discovery pop music festival has been organized in Varna, where performers from around the world perform, including In-Grid and Il Volo.
There Was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe

"There Was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe" is a popular English language nursery rhyme, with a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19132. Debates over its meaning and origin have largely centered on attempts to match the old woman with historical female figures who have had large families, although King George II (1683–1760) has also been proposed as the rhyme's subject.
The most common version of the rhyme is:
The earliest printed version in Joseph Ritson's Gammer Gurton's Garland in 1784 has the coarser last line:
Many other variations were printed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Marjorie Ainsworth Decker published a Christian version of the rhyme in her The Christian Mother Goose Book published in 1978:
Iona and Peter Opie pointed to the version published in Infant Institutes in 1797, which finished with the lines:
The term "a-loffeing", they believe, was Shakespearean, suggesting that the rhyme is considerably older than the first printed versions. They then speculated that if this were true, it might have a folklore meaning and pointed to the connection between shoes and fertility, perhaps exemplified by casting a shoe after a bride as she leaves for her honeymoon, or tying shoes to the departing couple's car. Archaeologist Ralph Merifield has pointed out that in Lancashire it was the custom for females who wished to conceive to try on the shoes of a woman who had just given birth.
Debates over the meaning of the rhyme have largely revolved around matching the old woman with historical figures, as Peter Opie observed "for little reason other than the size of their families". Candidates include Queen Caroline, the wife of King George II (1683–1760), who had eight children, and Elizabeth Vergoose of Boston, who had six children of her own and ten stepchildren. Some evidence suggests the rhyme refers to the wife of Feodor Vassilyev of Shuya, Russia, who reportedly birthed 69 children during her lifetime (1707–c.1782).
Irish folklorist Tomás MacCormaic suggests that the rhyme is a celebration of the Land Goddess (Mother Nature) and is a play on the Old Irish word 'Sidhbhrog', which translates as 'Fairy House'. The Irish word for Fairies is 'Sidhe', while 'Brog' translates as both 'House' and 'Shoe'.
Albert Jack has proposed a political origin for the rhyme. George II was nicknamed the "old woman", because it was widely believed that Queen Caroline was the real power behind the throne. According to this explanation, the children are the Members of Parliament (MPs) that George was unable to control, the whip refers to the political office of that name – the MP whose role is to ensure that members of his party vote according to the party line – and the bed is the House of Commons, which MPs were required to attend daily. The phrase "gave them some broth without any bread" may refer to George's parsimony in the wake of the South Sea Bubble of 1721, and his attempts to restore his own and the country's finances.
The Woman Who Ran

The Woman Who Ran (Korean: 도망친 여자; RR: Domangchin yeoja) is a 2020 South Korean drama film written, produced, directed, edited and scored by Hong Sang-soo. It was selected to compete for the Golden Bear in the main competition section at the 70th Berlin International Film Festival. At Berlin, Hong Sang-soo won the Silver Bear for Best Director.
According to the review aggregator Metacritic, which gave the film an average score of 79 out of 100 based on 10 critic reviews, the film received "generally favorable reviews". On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 98% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 8,1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Narratively slight yet cumulatively absorbing, The Woman Who Ran finds writer-director Hong Sang-soo continuing to work in a beguilingly minor key."
Tokkummaa Koonyootaa Ameerikaa

Biyyi kun kolonii kudhan-sadeen Gireet Biriiten walitti qabatte, kolonoonni kuni immo billisumma isaani kan argattan "Declaration of Independence" ifa gochuun, kunis kan ta'e bara 1776, Waxabajjii 4tti (July 4). Constitution hardha kan itti argattan Fulbaana 17, 1787 yoo ta'u, achiin bodda "amendment" 27 bassu danda'anirru. Biyyi kun kan lafan babalatte bayyinan century 19ffa irratti, kunis biyyotta kan irra lafa fudhachudhan - Firaansi, Meeksikoo, Ispeen fi Raashiyaa. Achiin bodda United States biyyoota humna baayye qaban lamman kessa tokko ta'u dandeetterti, kunis Waraana Addunyaa II keessatti waan USn goote fi akkasumas Meeshaa Niyuukileerii (Nuclear weapon) isheen qabdu irra ka'erra. Ergaa Soviet Union kuftee booda, USAn humna addunyaa keessaa jabenyaan haftee tokkitti qoffa ta'u dandeesse. Akkasumas addunyaa keessatti diinagdee, siyaasa, aadaa fi Militaryiin adunya kessatti dursuni itti fufu jirtii.
Maqaa

Maqaan akaakuu jechootaa keessaa isa tokko yoo ta'u hima keessatti akka matimaatti yookaan akka aantimaatti galuun hima guutuu godha.
Maqaan itti waamama namaa, bineeldaa, iddoo, meeshaa, yaada waan tokkoo fi kkf bakka bu'uun kan ibsuudha.
Fknf:- Caalaa, Finfinnee, jireenya, hiree, gowwummaa, miira, qalbii, fi kkf.
Maqaanis gosoota garagaraa qaba. Haaluma kanaan maqaa iddoo shanitti addaan hirree ilaaluu dandeenya.
a) Maqaa dhuunfaa/matayyaa
b) Maqaa gamtaa
c) Maqaa dimshaashaa
d) Maqaa meeshaa
e) maqaa killiyyaa/icciitii
jedhamuun qoqqoodamu.
Kun maqaalee dhuunfaan namni, bakkeen ykn wanti tokko dhuunfaatti ykn matamataatti itti beekkamuudha. Fkn: Hirkoo, Caalaa, Abdiisaa, Haaromsaa, Ejersa, Finfinnee, Galaan, Kooyyee Faccee fi kkf Maqaa dhuunfaati. Hub: Maqaaleen dhuunfaa hedduumina agarsiisuuf dhamjecha -oota jedhu hin maxxanfatan. Fkn: Caalaa jennee Caalota hin jennu. Kun Seerluga Afaan Oromooti. Haata’uu malee dhamjecha -faa jedhu dabalachuun hedduumina agarsiisuu ni danda’a. Fkn: Caalaa..Caalaafaa, Abdiisaa…Abdiisaafaa
Maqaalee Gamtaa Maqaan kun Wantootni amala walfakkaataa qaban iddoo hundatti ykn gamtaan kan ittiin beekkamaniidha. Fkn: Saree, Biyya, Nama, Laga ,Farda, Haadhaa fi kkf maqaa gamtaa jedhamu. Maqaaleen gamtaa baay’ina agarsiisuudhaaf dhamjechoota akka: -oota, -ota, -lee, -waan, -olii, -een jedhaman dabalatu yookiin fudhatu. Fkn: Saree…Saroota Farda....Fardeen Nama….Namoota Sa’a…..Saawwan fikkf
Maqaaleen kunneen kan wantootni adda addaa bakka tokkotti ittiin waamamaniidha. Fkn: Ummata , Bineensa, Walda, Horii, Koree fikkf maqaa dimshaashaati. Maqaaleen kun yaada danoomaa of keessaa qabaatus yaada qeenxeen kan ibsamuudha. Fkn: koreen hin hojjattu. Ummanni maal jedha? Himootni armaan olii yaada danoomaa qeenxessuudhaan ibsaa jiruudha.
Kun Maqaalee meeshaaleen garagaraa ittiin moggaafamaniidha. Fkn: Barcumaa, Minjaala, Qalama(kobbee), Qubeessaa, Fikkf maqaa meeshaalee adda addaati.
Kun Maqaalee wantoota gocha, ta’umsa, yaadaa fi kkf irratti bu’uuramanii waamamaniidha. Fkn: Gowwummaa, Hayyummaa, Abshaalummaa, Laafina, Dhukkuba fikkf maqaalee killiyaati. HUB: maqaaleen killayaa kun danoommii hin fudhatan.
A. Maqaa lakka’maanMaqaa lakka’maan gosa maqaa lakkoofsa isaani lakka’uun beekuu dandeenyuudha. Kubbaa, Nama, Farda, Muka ,Harree, Kitaaba,Kophee,Saree,Fuduraalee ,Mana, Dabtara ,Qubeessaa fik.k.f. fakkeenyoota Maqaa lakka’maanii dha. B. Maqaa hin lakkaa’amnee Maqaan hin lakkaa’amnee gosa maqaa ta’ee kan lakkaa’uu hin dandeenya Fknf Bishaan, Shaayii, Biyyee, Qillensa, Buna, Rifeensa, Imimaan ,Lalaafa fikkf. Fakkeeyoota Maqaa hin lakkaa’amneeti.
Vaayirasii

Vaayirasiin ykn Dhorsuunkiin ykn hadheen micirjitiiwwan daddarsoo dhukkubaa baayyee xixiqqoo ta'aniifi bifa jireenyaa kamiyyuu irraa adda ta'aniidha. Isaanis meeshaa dhaalmayaa kan of keessaa qaban yoo ta’u, kunis DNA ykn RNA ta’uu kan danda’u yoo ta’u, qola burqata burqola(capsid) jedhamutti marfameera. Vaayirasiin lubbu qabeeyyii irraa adda ta’ee caasaa of danda’ee jiraachuu fi walhormaataaf barbaachisu hin qabu. Kanafuu, lubbiyyoo keessummeessituu baay’achuu fi vaayirasii baay’ee uumuuf isaan barbaachisa.
Vaayirasiin bifaafi guddina adda addaa qaba. Gariin isaanii duqunquloota xixiqqoo fakkaatu, kaan immoo caalaatti dheeraa ykn walxaxaa taʼanii mulʼachuu dandaʼu. qolli pirootiinii alaa, burqola, meeshaa dhaalmayaa keessa jiru ni eega. Dhorsuunkiin tokko tokkos baqqaana alaa dabalataa kan qolayaa(envelope) jedhamu kan qaban yoo ta’u, kunis lubbiyyoo keessummeessituu isaan faalan irraa argatu.
Vaayirasiin tokko lubbiyyoo keessummeessituu mijaawaa yeroo argatu ofitti maxxanee meeshaa dhaalmayaa isaa lubbiyyoo sanatti naqa. Erga keessa seenee booda, meeshaan dhaalmayaa vaayirasichaa maashinoota lubbiyyoo kanaa fudhatee vaayirasii dabalataa akka oomishuuf qajeelfama kenna. Vaayirasoonni haaraa uumaman kun sana booda gara lubbiyyoo dabalataa faaluutti ce’uun marsaa kana itti fufuu danda’u.
Jechi Vaayirasii jedhuu jechaa afaan laatinii vīrus jedhu irraa kan dhufee yoota'uu suummii ykn suunkii jechuudha gama biraan immoo jechii Afaan Oromoo Dhorsuunkii jedhu jechoota lama irra kan dhufan yoo dhoortuu fi Suunkii yoota'uu dhoortuu jechuun micirijirtii ala ykn keessa qaama lubbu-qabeeyyii biroo irratti maxxanuun nyaata saamaa jiraatu dha. suunkii jechuun immoo suummii jechuudha.
vaayirasoonni meeshaa dhaalmayaa, caasaa fi mala baay’ina isaanii dabalatee amala adda addaa irratti hundaa’uun ramadamuu danda’u. Gosoonni vaayirasii beekamoo ta’an tokko tokko kanneen armaaan gadiitii:
Abasa, Awdal

Abasa (also spelled: Abbasa, Abbaso) (Somali: Abaaso) is an ancient town in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland. In ancient times it served as the capital of both Queen Kola's Kingdom and Kingdom of Adal.
Abasa is situated around 50 km to the north of Borama, the capital city of the Awdal Region in Somaliland, and about 15 km to the east of Boon, Awdal.
Philip Briggs (2012) describes the ruins of Abasa:
Abasa is situated over 1,000 m above sea level. The old town contained over 200 houses, each built with stone walls and mason ranging from single room to multi-roomed courtyard houses. Niches were cut in the walls for storage, and they were roofed with brushwood laid over wooden rafters. The mosques were more ambitiously planned.
A large town, it features numerous ruined structures stretching over a wide area. The buildings were built in a rectangular style, and the now ruined Abasa Mosque has large columns of two different types: cylindrical and cruciform. 14th to 16th century Islamic pottery and Chinese sherds have also been found here, which are believed to be relics from the Adal Sultanate's commercial activities.
Former Capital City of the Kingdom of Adal
The Portuguese Jesuits described Abasa as the capital of the Kingdom of Adal during their travels to the region as mentioned in The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia:
The Fort of Queen Kola
Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes Abasa as home to the Fort of Queen Kola, a powerful Queen who fought with the neighbouring town of Awbube in an ancient conflict, in his book First Footsteps in East Africa:
The reference to Queen Kola, as Galla or infidel by Richard Francis Burton (1856), denotes that she reigned in Abasa during the pre-Islamic period of the region. The term Galla or infidel was a Somali term that referred to the pre-Islamic inhabitants of the region, not to be confused with the same word (Galla), a derogatory term for the Oromo. Taking into consideration the clearly Islamic features of the town and fort complete with ruined mosques and temples, there is evidence to plausibly suggest that Queen Kola could also have been an Islamic era Queen.
Richard Francis Burton (1856) also describes when he visited the battlefield:
Abasa and the Fort of Queen Kola was visited by many European travellers, explorers and archaeologists. Amongst them Richard Francis Burton in 1854-1855, Alexander T. Curle in the 1930s, Neville Chittick in 1978 and French scholars François-Xavier Fauvelle-Aymar and Bernard Hirsch in 2004.
Gadabuursi tomb and burial practices in Abasa
Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes traditional Gadabuursi tomb and burial practices in Abasa in great detail in his book First Footsteps in East Africa:
Richard Francis Burton (1856) describes the Abasa Valley in the Gadabuursi country as amongst the most beautiful spots he has seen:
The region around the ancient town is inhabited by the Reer Ahmed branch of the Jibriil Yoonis and the Musafin branch of Habar 'Affan, both subclans of the Gadabuursi Dir clan.
2002 New Year Honours

New Years' Honours are announced on or around the date of the New Year in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The dates vary, both from year to year and from country to country. All are published in supplements to the London Gazette and many are conferred by the monarch (or her representative) some time after the date of the announcement, particularly for those service people on active duty.
This page lists those awards announced in the 2002 New Year's honours lists for the United Kingdom, Barbados, The Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, Tuvalu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
Dorothy Chichester. For service to nursing and to business.
Nütsah

A Nütsah (/nə³³.tsɑʔ³³/ ) is a traditional shawl created and woven by Khiamniungans of Noklak district in north-eastern India. The Nütsah, traditionally, could only be worn by the wealthy and warriors who had successfully taken the heads of enemy warriors. In modern times, the right to wear the Nütsah is associated with any male individual in the family as a demonstration of cultural acceptance, signifying ancestral fierceness and a distinctive symbol of the Khiamniungan Naga people.
In pre-colonial Khiamniungan society, shawls were used to classify the social status of male groups. This prestige symbol is given to higher social status who had earned it by his courageous war-performance putting down many enemies. The Nütsah was considered as the highest-ranking male shawl in ancient Khiamniungan society.
The background of the Nütsah is black with intricate design of red square spread across with orange line woven at the edge of all four corners. The Khiamniungan Naga Shawl that has circles of cowrie shells is called Shiehtsap nie. But the exact same shawl without cowrie shells is called Nütsah. The shells was attached as a symbol of feasts of merit which the owner has hosted, depicting the shining stars in the sky during a nightly raid, or the moon and thus female fertility. The huge stylized human figure on the Nütsah indicates the owner's accomplishment in headhunting war. In those days such shawls could only be worn by distinguished accomplished warriors and wealthy men in the society. The red square that has 9x7 red blocks depicts fierce bloody war champion and the blue lines is a symbol of peaceful dominant disposition of all mankind.
In the traditional Khiamniungan society, a Nütsah was only woven by womenfolk who were practically skilled. It is a time-consuming ordeal and requires sincere devotion and attention to complete the task.
All other Naga ethnic groups are well known for their shawls, and the Nütsah is the epitome of renowned champion over unique and intricate design. Regardless of ethnic origin, in modern times it can be worn by anyone either indigenous or foreign in consonance with cultural exchanges. But the shawls with cowrie-shell decorations are reserved for distinguished members of society. It is mainly used by cultural troops performing traditional head-hunting dances especially during festivals and events.
Katsina-Ala

Katsina-Ala is a Local Government Area (LGA) of Benue State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Katsina-Ala where the A344 highway starts. It is also the location of an important archeological site where artifacts of the Nok culture have been found.
Some major markets in Katsina Ala Local Government Area includes the Tomanyiin (held on Thursdays), The Tor Donga market (held on Mondays), the Gbor Tongov market (held on Fridays), the Abaji market (held on Wednesdays), the Amaafu market (held on Tuesdays) and many other smaller markets.
The LGA of Katsina-Ala has an area of 2,402 km (927 sq mi) and a population of 224,718 at the 2006 census. The town center is the location of one of the oldest schools in Nigeria, Government College Katsina-Ala, founded in 1914, and has produced many prominent members in Nigerian society. The postal code of the area is 980. The community, which lies on the banks of the Katsina Ala River, a major tributary of the Benue River, is mainly occupied by Etulo, Tiv, Hausas and fulanis. The major language of communication in Katsina Ala is Tiv
Terracotta statues were found at Katsina Ala in the middle of the twentieth century. They include realistic representations of human heads, with some animals, and parts of larger statues. The statues are similar to others found at Nok, about 209 km to the north, and are thought to have been made by people of the same culture. The human figures most likely represented ancestors or spirits. According to Bernard Fagg, an archeologist who undertook extensive studies into the Nok culture, the works at Katsina Ala constitutes a distinctive sub-style. Statues from Taruga and from Samun Dukiya are similar, but have typical stylistic differences.
Iron working began at the site in the fourth century BC, somewhat later than iron working at Taruga. Smelted tin beads have also been found on the site, some of which could be imitations of cowrie shells.
Cowroid

The cowroid (or cauroid) was an ancient Egyptian seal-amulet that imitated the cowrie shell.
When incorporated into a woman's girdle, cowroids would've had an apotropaic use protecting the wearer from unwanted forces affecting this area of the body, particularly during pregnancy.
In Pre-dynastic Egypt and Neolithic Southern Levant, cowrie shells were placed in the graves of young girls. The modified Levantine cowries were discovered ritually arranged around the skull in female burials. During the Bronze Age, cowries became more common as funerary goods, also associated with burials of women and children.
From the late Old Kingdom onwards, cowrie shells were being imitated in blue-glazed composition and other semi-precious stones, with gold and silver examples known from the Middle Kingdom. As time progressed, they corrupted into a simple back design devoid of a ventral opening and were usually inscribed. Cowroids were commonly used during the Middle Kingdom, the Second Intermediate period, the 18th and 19th Dynasties, and the Saitic period.
Milk churn

A milk churn is a tall, conical or cylindrical container for the transportation of milk. In North America, it is often referred to as a milk can.
The usage of the word 'churn' was retained for describing these containers, although they were not themselves used for 'churning' butter. The milk churn was also known as the milk kit in the Yorkshire Dales or a tankard in the Welsh Marches. The 12-gallon steel churns were later replaced with 10-gallon aluminium alloy churns. Their lids had a small hole in its outer rim for tying the producers label on.
In Britain, Ireland and other European countries, milk churns would be left by dairy farmers by the roadside on purpose-built platforms, or stands, at the right height to be loaded on to the dairy's cart or lorry. They fell out of use when milk began to be collected by tanker from the farm and ceased entirely by 1979. Some stands remain in the countryside as historical features, but most have been dismantled or left to decay.
Troll cat

A troll cat is the familiar of a witch in Scandinavian folklore. Troll cats sucked milk from cows and spat it out in the witches' milk pails, and went into homes to lick up cream. Aside from cats, similar creatures include the milk rabbit, milk hare, and ball-shaped troll ball.
Witches reportedly were able to create them from "human hair, nails, wood shavings, and the like", and they were said to suck milk from cows and steal cream from households. Troll cats would then spit out the stolen milk into troughs next to the house. The Norwegian names trollnøste and trollnøa indicate their shapes: those troll cats looked like balls of yarn. Another kind of troll cat had the appearance of a ordinary cat; but, unlike the ball-shaped troll cat, harming the cat-shaped troll cat would result in the same harm to the witch. In addition, it was thought that shooting a troll cat would cause milk to spray from its wound. The troll cat is easily confused with the witch's hug, which could also assume the shape of a cat. The troll cat would have to be buried with the witch, or the witch would have to leave her grave to retrieve it.
Peter Christen Asbjørnsen, a scholar of Norwegian folklore, retells a story in which Gypsies took advantage of farmers' beliefs in troll cats by stealing milk and blaming it on troll cats, a story they would then render believable by digging up a previously buried "bladder filled with red water surrounded by a cat-skin". Norwegian novelist Johan Bojer recalled an incident from 1914, when he was a lieutenant in the Army. The local women decided to raise the rent for the soldiers and he refused them permission to do so. He fell ill, and his three-day illness was explained by one of the women as a result of a troll cat having been sicced on him.
A related creature is the tilberi, a milk thief and witches' aide in Icelandic folklore. The tilberi (also called snakkur, a spindle "made from a dead man's rib, stolen wool, and communion wine") plays the same role as the troll cat. One Icelandic farmer chased one on horseback and at long last it hid under the skirts of a farmer's wife. The skirt was tied up so the thief couldn't escape, and the woman was burned.
The existence of troll cats appears to be related to the observation of matter (such as hair) regurgitated by cattle. The slime mold Fuligo septica and the foam made by spittle bugs were seen as troll cat droppings. Also offered as an explanation for the belief in troll cats is the Norwegian Forest Cat, a particularly long-haired domestic cat bred in Northern Europe.
Milkmaid

A milkmaid, milk maid, milkwoman, dairymaid, or dairywoman is a girl or woman who works with milk or cows.
She milks cows and also uses the milk to prepare dairy products such as cream, butter, and cheese. Many large houses employ milkmaids instead of having other staff do the work. The term milkmaid is not the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer; it is the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of cowman or dairyman.
In 1600s-1800s English "milkmaids" sold milk wearing a yoke holding two milk pails and vending vessels, and also decorated themselves for the London May Day procession.
As a result of exposure to cowpox, which conveys a partial immunity to the disfiguring (and often fatal) disease smallpox, it was noticed that milkmaids lacked the scarred, pockmarked complexion common to smallpox survivors. This observation led to the development of the first vaccine.
Todo Mejora

Todo Mejora es una fundación chilena de defensa de los derechos LGBT, afiliada latina del Proyecto It Gets Better y que posee como principal meta evitar el suicidio de adolescentes lesbianas, gays, bisexuales y transgénero.​ Obtuvo su personalidad jurídica el 21 de enero de 2013.​
El proyecto Todo Mejora fue lanzado oficialmente en Santiago de Chile el 20 de marzo de 2012, teniendo entre sus principales enfoques la prevención de suicidios por parte de adolescentes LGBT y la lucha contra la discriminación y el acoso escolar y familiar que sufren. Al momento de su lanzamiento, Chile era el segundo país de la OCDE con el mayor incremento en el número de suicidios adolescentes.​
La organización ha destacado por sus actividades de promoción de los derechos LGBT y la lucha contra la discriminación. El 18 de marzo de 2013 se realizó en el Centro Cultural Gabriela Mistral la primera versión de los «Premios Todo Mejora», ceremonia dedicada a reconocer a personalidades e instituciones por su apoyo a la diversidad sexual.​​
En mayo de 2013 Todo Mejora fue una de las organizaciones fundadoras del Frente de la Diversidad Sexual, agrupación que reúne a distintas asociaciones LGBT de Chile con el fin de coordinar acciones en defensa de sus derechos y que inicialmente también estaba compuesta por Acción Gay, Fundación Iguales, MUMS, Organización de Transexuales por la Dignidad de la Diversidad y Valdiversa,​ sumándose posteriormente Rompiendo el Silencio, Fundación Daniel Zamudio, Red de Psicólogos de la Diversidad Sexual, Somos Coquimbo y Mogaleth.​​
En agosto de 2016 la fundación presentó la primera Encuesta Nacional de Clima Escolar —realizada con apoyo de GLSEN—,​ que recoge las experiencias de estudiantes en establecimientos educacionales de todo Chile; entre sus resultados se encuentra que el 97,2% declaró escuchar frecuentemente comentarios peyorativos o denigrantes hacia personas LGBT, y que 1 de cada 2 estudiantes trans ha sido agredido físicamente debido a su expresión de género.​​ Hacia 2017 la fundación había otorgado más de 4000 atenciones a adolescentes que sufrían discriminación, quienes contaban con un equipo de 22 profesionales para abordar dichos casos.​​ Ese mismo año, la fundación lanzó una aplicación destinada a solicitar ayuda y establecer un espacio seguro para jóvenes LGBT.​
La agrupación ha participado del desarrollo de estudios sobre acoso a adolescentes LGBT, así como en gestiones legislativas tendientes a generar mayor participación de la población juvenil en la toma de decisiones, incluyendo el proceso constituyente iniciado en 2019.​​ También ha recibido apoyo económico de parte de empresas, como el caso de NotCo, que en julio de 2021 anunció que el 50% de sus ventas por Internet irán dirigidas a la fundación Todo Mejora.​
Start-Up Chile

Start-Up Chile (también conocida por su acrónimo, SUP) es una aceleradora de startups creada por el Gobierno de Chile​ con sede en Santiago. Fue fundada en 2010 como parte de Corfo y es la primera aceleradora pública de startups del mundo.
Esta entidad entrega financiamiento equity-free, es decir sin compromiso de retribución, a startups de todo el mundo. Hasta la fecha la aceleradora ha apoyado proyectos provenientes de 85 países incluyendo a Chile, Estados Unidos, India y Brasil, entre otros.​
Start-Up Chile se creó con el objetivo de aumentar la cantidad de emprendimientos nacionales e internacionales que se generan en Chile con visión global,​ y de acuerdo a su sitio web, “busca apoyar negocios que sean de base tecnológica, innovadores, escalables y de alto impacto”.​
Los fondos entregados por Start-Up Chile varían de acuerdo al tamaño y etapa de desarrollo del negocio.
La propuesta de Start-Up Chile se divide en tres programas principales:​
Como iniciativa transversal, la aceleradora busca reducir la brecha que existe en el ecosistema del emprendimiento y la innovación mediante diversas actividades de comunidad, visibilización y cuotas en cada generación.
Además, en el caso del programa Build, al menos un 50% de las startups seleccionadas serán lideradas por una mujer. También existen diversos beneficios de co-financiamiento para ellas.
Río Milk

El río Milk (del inglés: Milk River) es un río de la parte central de América del Norte que fluye en dirección este a través de Montana (Estados Unidos) y Alberta (Canadá) hasta desaguar en el río Misuri, del que es su tercer más largo afluente, tras los ríos Platte y Kansas. Tiene una longitud de 1173 km (1005 km según otras fuentes​) y drena una cuenca de 61 642 km².​
El río Milk se forma en el noroeste de Montana, en el condado de Glacier, 34 km al norte de Browning (Montana) por la confluencia de las bifurcaciones sur y media. Las bifurcaciones sur (aproximadamente de 50 km de longitud) y media (aproximadamente de 30 km de longitud) nacen en las Montañas Rocosas justo al este del Parque nacional de los Glaciares, en la Reserva India de los Blackfeet. Gran parte del agua de la bifuración norte es desviada del río St. Mary's, a través de un canal y un sifón invertido. El río unido fluye estenordeste hacia el sur de Alberta, donde se une con la bifurcación norte del río Milk, entonces este a lo largo de la parte norte de las colinas Sweetgrass. Fluye pasado el pueblo de Milk River y el Parque Provincial Writing-on-Stone, entonces gira al sudeste hacia Montana, pasando a través del embalse Fresno, entonces al este pasado Havre y a lo largo de la parte norte de la Reserva India de Fort Belknap. Cerca de Malta, gira hacia el norte, después sudeste, fluyendo más allá de Glasgow y uniéndose al Misuri 20 km río abajo de la presa Fort Peck.
El Milk es el principal afluente más al norte del Misuri, y así representa aproximadamente el punto norte de la cuenca del Misisipi. La pequeña área drenada por el río Milk en el sur de Alberta y sureste de Saskatchewan es una de las dos áreas en Canadá que drenan en el golfo de México (la otra es la cuenca del río Poplar, que se extiende en Canadá por Saskatchewan).
El nombre de río Milk se lo dio el capitán Meriwether Lewis, de la expedición de Lewis y Clark, que describió el río en su diario del modo siguiente:
Esta apariencia es resultado del polvo de roca suspendido en sus aguas. Estos sedimentos de grano extremadamente fino son el resultado de la erosión glaciar en la cabecera del río Milk.
Leche de almendra

La leche de almendras es un alimento líquido elaborado a partir de almendras molidas ─o pasta de almendras─ y agua. Es consumida tanto pura como utilizada de ingrediente en recetas de cocina.
Es una bebida que aparece en muchas recetas de origen medieval como alimento empleado en los platos cuaresmales y también en otras preparaciones no cuaresmales que actualmente se preparan con leche de vaca. Históricamente, la leche de almendras se denominaba en la Edad Media con la forma latinizada amygdalate. Era ampliamente consumida en los países europeos desde la península ibérica hasta el este de Asia. En la Edad Media la leche de almendras era conocida tanto en el mundo islámico como en el mundo cristiano. El libro de cocina medieval denominado el Viandier escrito por Guillaume Tirel (alias Taillevent) en los años 1375 hasta 1380 dedicado a los cocineros de los reyes franceses Carlos V y Carlos VI, contiene una receta para la leche de almendras. Antes del influjo procedente de la zona interior de China y después de la guerra civil china, la leche de almendras era una receta muy común en Taiwán, incluso más que la leche de soja. Algunos de los platos de la cocina tradicional española como la ginestada, o el potaje de farro empleaban la leche de almendras tal y como puede verse en el recetario del cocinero Robert de Nola Llibre de Coch.​ Algunas recetas tradicionales de la cocina medieval incluyen entre sus ingredientes principales la leche de almendras.​
La leche de almendra es reconocida como producto agroalimentario tradicional en las regiones italianas de Sicilia, Calabria, Apulia y Campania.​
Se obtiene moliendo las almendras muy finamente y añadiendo agua, colando para separar el sólido tras la maceración. Se puede elaborar de forma casera: para ello la regla general es por cada sesenta almendras medianas (remojadas durante ocho horas en agua) colocar un litro de agua segura, licuar, y colar en un filtro de café. El líquido resultante es la bebida de almendras y el residuo se puede emplear en otras preparaciones.
Los consumidores interpretan que las «leches» vegetales son un sustituto directo de la leche de vaca, pero algunas de estas bebidas carecen del equilibrio nutricional de la leche de origen animal y son bajas en proteínas, grasas, calorías, hierro y calcio.​​​ La leche de almendras puede contener cantidades similares de macronutrientes e incluso algunos de los micronutrientes, pero con otras cualidades nutricionales que la leche de animal, ya sea de vaca u otro mamífero. Con la adecuada fortificación, las leches vegetales pueden llegar a ser "alternativas nutricionalmente equivalentes a la leche bovina".​ La recomendación es elegir bebidas fortificadas y que contenga al menos 6 g. de proteína por cada 250 ml.​
En los países de la Unión Europea desde 2013 la legislación prohíbe el uso de la palabra "leche" para designar las bebidas vegetales.​​
Leche vegetal

Las leches vegetales son suspensiones de material vegetal disuelto y desintegrado en agua, que tienen un aspecto similar a la leche de origen animal, pero no son productos lácteos.​ Se elaboran a partir de ciertas variedades de frutos secos, cereales, legumbres y otras semillas, extrayendo el material vegetal en agua, separando el líquido y formulando el producto final, generalmente con adición de ingredientes para permitir su conservación y mejorar su sabor y sus propiedades nutricionales.​ Aunque se publicitan como saludables y sanas, a fecha de 2018 no se han realizado suficientes investigaciones para comprender las implicaciones nutricionales de su consumo a corto y largo plazo.​ La mayoría de estas bebidas carecen del equilibrio nutricional de la leche de vaca, son bajas en proteínas, grasas, calorías y hierro, y algunas tienen contenidos de proteínas y calcio extremadamente bajos.​​ Por otro lado, contienen componentes funcionalmente activos con propiedades beneficiosas para la salud.​
Las leches vegetales no son un adecuado sustituto de la leche materna, de las fórmulas infantiles ni de la leche de vaca en los primeros dos años de vida.​ En el caso de niños mayores de dos años que por razones médicas no pueden consumir leche, la recomendación es elegir bebidas fortificadas y que contenga al menos 6 g. de proteína por cada 250 ml.​
Con el objetivo de no confundir al consumidor, en los países de la Unión Europea desde 2013 la legislación prohíbe el uso de la palabra "leche" para designar las bebidas vegetales.​​
Existen varias razones para el consumo de las leches vegetales: de salud, incluyendo la alergia a la leche de vaca, la intolerancia a la lactosa y la hipercolesterolemia; económicas, en los grupos sociales de bajos ingresos y en lugares donde el suministro de leche de vaca es insuficiente; y éticas, como en las dietas veganas.​​
En los Estados Unidos, donde las leches vegetales representan el 9,3% del mercado total de la leche,​ la de soja fue por mucho tiempo la más popular, pero aproximadamente desde 2010 empezó a crecer más la popularidad de la lecha de almendra y para 2013 había sobrepasado a la de soja en popularidad.​ Las razones que motivaron a los consumidores a buscar alternativas a la leche de soja son los diversos problemas que presenta, principalmente su sabor y su contenido de antinutrientes.​ También hay leche de avellana, cáñamo, de castañas, e incluso de arvejas y de lupines.​ En 2016, el mercado global alternativo a la leche de origen animal se calculó en 10 230 millones de dólares, una tasa de crecimiento anual compuesto un 16,6% mayor de lo que se esperaba.​
Las leches vegetales se usan para hacer helado, crema vegetal, queso vegano y yogur (por ejemplo, yogur de soja).
Premio Eisner

Los Premios Eisner, o Premio de la Industria del Cómic Will Eisner (en inglés: Will Eisner Comics Industry Award), es un reconocido premio de la industria del cómic por el logro creativo en dicho campo en Estados Unidos. Su nombre es un homenaje al autor Will Eisner, que era un participante regular en la ceremonia hasta su muerte en 2005. Las nominaciones en cada categoría son propuestas por un grupo de cinco miembros y después son votadas por profesionales del cómic.
Los ganadores se revelan durante la Convención Internacional de Cómics de San Diego (California), la más importante del sector en Estados Unidos, donde se realiza la entrega de premios. Con frecuencia se considera a los Premios Eisner como el equivalente a los Premios Óscar de la industria del cómic.​​ Los Premios Eisner fueron creados en respuesta a la interrupción de los Premio Kirby después de 1987, y Jackie Estrada ha sido la administradora del premio desde 1990.
Cartón compacto

El cartón compacto es un producto basado en papel, fabricado a partir de fibras recuperadas. Existe gran multitud de acabados posibles para la terminación, con diferentes tipos y calidades de papel. Esta combinación le otorga unas propiedades únicas, que hacen de él la base perfecta para un Packaging de alta calidad.
Habitualmente el cartón compacto se mide por el peso del cartón expresado en g/m (gramaje). El gramaje puede variar, dependiendo del fabricante, desde los 300 g/m a los 3.000 g/m. De igual forma, el cartón compacto puede ser fabricado en diferentes grosores (distancia entre láminas) y densidades (grado de compactación de los materiales).
Entre las características únicas del cartón compacto se pueden destacar las siguientes:
Museo de Artes Gráficas del Grupo Alzamora

El Museo de Artes Gráficas del Grupo Alzamora se encuentra ubicado en la empresa Alzamora Carton Packaging de San Juan de Fuentes (La Garrocha). Está dedicado a la imprenta y a su historia: materiales y máquinas. Se inauguró oficialmente el 25 de febrero de 2011, con la presencia de Ferran Mascarell y el Príncipe de Girona, Felipe de Borbón.​ Es la colección privada relacionada con la imprenta más completa del estado español.​ El museo no está abierto al público, pero se puede visitar con cita previa.​
En este museo se pueden encontrar una muestra de las máquinas, herramientas y técnicas utilizadas tradicionalmente en el sector de las artes gráficas. Ofrece un recorrido didáctico por la historia de la imprenta desde el siglo XVII hasta finales del XVII, mediante la contemplación de las artes empradas en cada época, técnicas que se han revolucionado con la aplicación de nuevas tecnologías.
Cuenta con una colección cronológica de las máquinas de imprimir de diferentes épocas; la más antigua es una prensa de madera del siglo, un modelo similar a la ideada por Johannes Gutenberg a mediados de xv. También se pueden observar máquinas modernas, hoy en desuso, como la máquina de escribir eléctrica, las de fotocomposición, utilizadas hasta hace muy pocos años.
Mayr-Melnhof Karton

Mayr-Melnhof Karton AG (abreviado MM Karton) es una empresa austríaca pública manufacturera de cartón y cartoncillo cuya materia prima es el papel reciclado fundada en 1888.​ Esta empresa desde 1994 ha cotizado acciones en la Bolsa de Viena.
MM Karton opera por medio de dos divisiones corporativas: la de Karton, encargada de la producción de cartón; y la de Packaging, encargada de la producción de cajas para embalaje.​
En las subsidiarias de MM Karton de Austria, Alemania, Suiza, los Países Bajos y Eslovenia se producen anualmente 1,7 toneladas de cartón.​ Aunque la mayoría —un 87 %— del cartón producido utiliza papel reciclado como materia prima, el restante 13 % es elaborado a partir de papel nuevo. El cartón producido por esta empresa es distribuido a otras dedicadas a la industria alimentaria como la suiza Nestlé, la estadounidense Kellogg's, la italiana Barilla o la alemana Dr. Oetker. Buena parte del cartón producido proviene de una fábrica en la localidad austríaca de Frohnleiten, en la provincia de Estiria; la cual está establecida allí desde 1950.​
En junio de 2008, MM Karton decidió cerrar una fábrica en la ciudad búlgara de Nikopol para buscar una estabilización en los precios de los productos;​ aunque poco después, en septiembre de 2008 adquirió en Esmirna (Turquía) a una manufacturera de cartón llamada Superpack.​
Durante la crisis financiera de 2008, esta empresa sufrió una escasez de créditos por parte de los bancos, así como una caída en la demanda de cartón.​
Food miles

El concepto de Food miles hace referencia a la distancia con la que la comida es transportada desde su producción hasta que llega a las manos del consumidor. Es una dimensión utilizada en el estudio del impacto medioambiental de los alimentos.
El concepto de Food miles forma parte de un tema más amplio como es la sostenibilidad, que hace referencia a una gran cantidad de temas medioambientales, incluyendo principalmente el del consumo local.
El término fue acuñado por Tim Lang (hoy profesor de Política alimentaria en la City University de Londres), cuando dice: La importancia está en señalar las consecuencias ecológicas, sociales y económicas ocultas a los consumidores de una manera simple, objetiva y si connotaciones de ningún tipo.​
Un informe realizado por DEFRA en 2005, utilizado por los investigadores de la AEA Technology Environment para estudiar "La validez de las Food miles como indicador del desarrollo sostenible", indica que los costes directos sociales, medioambientales y económicos del transporte de comida son más de 9 millones de libras anuales y están dominados por la congestión.
Estudios recientes indican que no sólo se trata de lo lejos que viaje la comida, sino también del método de viaje utilizado. Los efectos medioambientales de las granjas ecológicas pueden verse anulados por el incremento del consumo de combustible en su transporte, a no ser que se trate de granjas locales. También muchos viajes en automóviles privados para comprar en el centro comercial tienen un impacto mucho más negativo que unos pocos camiones de reparto a las tiendas del barrio en donde se puede acceder fácilmente a pie o en bicicleta.