davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
দুটি ভারী বস্তুর হাদিস

দুটি ভারী বস্তুর হাদিস বা হাদিসে সাকালাইন (আরবি: حديث الثقلين, প্রতিবর্ণীকৃত: Hadith at-Thaqalayn) বলতে ইসলামের নবী মুহাম্মদের একটি উক্তিকে (হাদিস) বোঝায়। মুহাম্মদের হাদিস অনুসারে কুরআন ও আহলে বাইতকে ("বাড়ির লোক", মুহাম্মদের পরিবার) দুটি ভারী জিনিস হিসাবে বর্ণনা করা হয়েছিল। এই হাদিসের প্রসঙ্গে মুহাম্মদের পরিবার আলী, ফাতিমা (মুহাম্মদের কন্যা) এবং তাদের দুই সন্তান (হাসান ও হোসাইন) ও তাদের বংশধরকে বোঝায়। এই হাদীসটি শিয়া ও সুন্নি উভয় সূত্রে ব্যাপকভাবে বর্ণিত হয়েছে।
"যুহায়র ইবনু হারব ও শুজা ইবনু মাখলাদ (রহঃ) ... ইয়াযীদ ইবনু হায়্যান (রহঃ) থেকে বর্ণিত। তিনি বলেন, আমি, হুসায়ন ইবনু সাবুরা এবং উমার ইবনু মুসলিম-- আমরা যায়দ ইবনু আরকাম (রাঃ) এর নিকট গেলাম। আমরা যখন তার কাছে বসি, তখন হুসায়ন বললেন, হে যায়দ! আপনি তো বহু কল্যাণ প্রত্যক্ষ করেছেন, আল্লাহর রাসুল সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম কে দেখেছেন, তাঁর হাদীস শুনেছেন, তার পাশে থেকে যুদ্ধ করেছেন এবং তাঁর পেছনে সালাত আদায় করেছেন। আপনি বহু কল্যাণ লাভ করেছেন, হে যায়দ! আপনি রাসুলুল্লাহ সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম থেকে যা শুনেছেন, তা আমাদের বলুন না। যায়দ (রাঃ) বললেন, ভ্রাতূষ্পূত্র! আমার বয়স হয়েছে, আমি পুরানো যুগের মানুষ। সুতরাং রাসুলুল্লাহ সাল্লাল্লাহু আলাইহি ওয়াসাল্লাম এর কাছ থেকে যা আমি সংরক্ষণ করোছিলাম, এর কিছু অংশ ভুলে গিয়েছি। তাই আমি যা বলি, তা কবুল কর আর আমি যা না বলি, সে ব্যাপারে আমাকে কষ্ট দিও না।
Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare

The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (कृषि एवं किसान कल्याण मन्त्रालय Kr̥ṣi ēvaṁ Kisāna Kalyāṇa Mantrālaya), formerly the Ministry of Agriculture, is a branch of the Government of India and the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws related to agriculture in India. The three broad areas of scope for the Ministry are agriculture, food processing and co-operation. The agriculture ministry is headed by Minister of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare which is currently held by Shivraj Singh Chouhan. Kailash Choudhary and Shobha Karandlaje are the Ministers of State. Sharad Pawar, serving from 22 May 2004 to 26 May 2014, has held the office of Minister of Agriculture for the longest continuous period till date.
Department of Revenue and Agriculture and Commerce was set up in June 1871 to deal with all the agricultural matters in India. Until this ministry was established, matters related to agriculture were within the portfolio of the Home Department.
In 1881, Department of Revenue and Agriculture was set up to deal with combined portfolios of education, health, agriculture, revenue. However, In 1947, Department of Agriculture was redesignated as Ministry of Agriculture.
The Ministry of Agriculture was renamed as the Ministry for Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare on 15 August 2015, to take care of farming community needs.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare consists of the following two departments.
The administrative head of the Ministry is the Secretaries of the two departments.
A leading program of the Ministry is the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana, which was launched in 2007 on the recommendations of the National Development Council of India. This program sought to improve the overall state of agriculture in India by providing stronger planning, better coordination, and greater funding to improve productivity and overall output. The total budget for this program in 2009-10 was just over INR 38,000 crore.
Krishi Megh (National Agricultural Research and Education System-Cloud Infrastructure and Services) is a data recovery center of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), the premier agricultural research organization of the Government of India. It will help in protecting the precious data of ICAR. It has been set up at National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management, Hyderabad. The portal aims at providing the high-quality and latest information in the agricultural sector to the stakeholders and also aims to provide relevant information to agricultural university students. It has been launched under the Government of India and World Bank's Jointly funded project called National agricultural higher education project (NAHEP).
The Ministry publishes an annual report titled "Agricultural Statistics at a Glance". This gives a detailed picture of the state of India's agriculture including demographics of the agrarian sector, crop production (including state-wise and crop-wise break-ups), rural economic indicators such as credit, etc. The latest report has been published for 2014.
Parsa's

Parsa's (Urdu: پارسا; trading as Parsa's - Food For All) is a Kashmiri fast food chain headquartered in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It was founded in 2017 by Javid Parsa. Parsa's currently operates a number of locations across Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh as well as in few major cities in India. It has 34 outlets throughout India.
Parsa's is the largest food chain in Jammu & Kashmir. It is multi-cuisine and primarily sells Kathi rolls. The menu features both vegetarian and non- vegetarian products. It also serves Biryani, pulao, desserts, salads, and beverages. Besides that, it also serves Wazwan at its selected outlets.
The restaurant chain opened its first outlet in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India in October 2017. Parsa's headquarters are located in the Sarah City Centre, Srinagar.
Parsa's outlets can be found in Srinagar as well as other regions of India's Jammu and Kashmir, such as Kupwara, Baramulla, Budgam, Ganderbal, Pulwama, Bhaderwah, Jammu, Shopian, Kargil, Awantipora, Sopore, Pampore, Tral, Handwara. as well as in Leh, Delhi, Bangalore, Pune. Parsa's recently opened its outlet in Handwara, J&K. Parsa's also plans to expand in other regions of India.
Parsa's hosts a collection of books of different genres donated by readers. Javid Parsa, in order to promote the reading culture across the valley, started Parsa Book Bank in 2015 to help the youth to inculcate reading habits in the times of internet and social media. Visitors to the Parsa outlets can read and borrow the books from the bank. Apart from it, Parsa Book Bank also hosts books launches of indigenous authors.
Heritage Foods

Heritage Foods Limited is an Indian private sector dairy enterprise, operating primarily in South India.
The Heritage Group was founded in 1992 by Telugu Desam Party Chief and current Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Shri Nara Chandrababu Naidu, with three-business divisions viz., Dairy, Retail and Agri under its flagship Company Heritage Foods Limited (HFL), one infrastructure subsidiary – Heritage Infra Developers Limited and other associate Companies viz., Heritage Finlease Limited, Heritage International Limited and Heritage Agro Marine Private Limited. The annual turnover has crossed US$200 million during FY 2008'09.
Heritage's milk products have market presence in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Delhi, Rajasthan and Punjab. It has retail stores across Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. Integrated agri operations are in Chittoor and Medak Districts and these are backbone to retail operations.
In the year 1994, HFL went to Public Issue to raise resources, which was oversubscribed 54 times and its shares are listed on BSE (Stock Code: 519552) and NSE (Stock Code: HERITGFOOD).
Heritage Foods has its headquarters in Hyderabad, India.
Heritage by choosing Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh as its primary procurement base of milk, had taken full advantage of the large, high yielding and cross-bred cow population found in the area.
Today Heritage has network in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Delhi for procurement and distribution of quality milk and milk products. Heritage products are also distributed in the state of Kerala. Heritage has drawn plans to be a pan-India player in the dairy.
Heritage's dairy range of products among others include milk, curd, ice cream, buttermilk, flavored milk, dairy whitener, skim milk powder. The fresh range of products include 177 sku's of fresh fruits and vegetables, 150 sku's of in house bakery products and the private labels Farmers' Pride like cereals, pulses, staples, and spices.
Go Jetters

Go Jetters is a British animated television series airing on CBeebies and is also available on BBC iPlayer. A geography-based programme, it was commissioned by CBeebies controller Kay Benbow and is a co-production of CBeebies In-house Production and BBC Worldwide.
Aimed at the upper end of kids ages 4 to 6, Go Jetters follows the adventures of four heroes, Xuli, Kyan, Lars, and Foz, as they travel the world with their mentor and friend, Ubercorn. The programme uses songs and music to expose facts about various countries and environments.
Each Go Jetter has a star logo on their basic suit, and a particular specialty and a catchphrase they'll often repeat over the course of the series' episodes.
The series premiered via beIN, on the CBeebies international channel, across the Middle East and North Africa territories. By 2017, the series was also shown in Australia (ABC Kids), Ireland (Raidió Teilifís Éireann), France (France Télévisions and Boomerang - Since 8 February 2020) and Canada (Treehouse TV - discontinued 2017, and Family Jr. - resumed in 2021). The series began airing in the United States on (Universal Kids) on 5 November 2018.
Seasons of Go Jetters are available on variety of streaming or direct purchase video services.
Both Google Play and Microsoft Store organise the available episodes into package titles, similar to the DVD title episode groupings
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) produced a number of DVDs based on the show, with 2 Entertain for Region 2 and with Roadshow Entertainment for Region 4.
Det militære marsjmerke

Det militære marsjmerket, populært kalt tremila, er et ferdighetsmerke i Forsvaret. Det ble innstiftet i 1915 og tildeles de som oppfyller definerte krav for 30 kilometer marsj. Merkets formål er å stimulere marsjinteressen blant militært og sivilt personell.
Marsjmerket var tidligere en årlig styrkeprøve ved hærens krigsskole i Oslo, samt del av den grunnleggende soldatutdanningen for vernepliktige. Fra 2018 har det vært frivillig.
Merket tildeles for oppfylte krav ved en marsj på 30 kilometer. Marsjen skal gjennomføres innen en maksimal tid, som varierer mellom klasser og kjønn.
Ved prøven til det militære marsjmerket skal marsjen (marsj/løp) gjennomføres med en oppakning på minst elleve kilo, iført reglementert uniform og med godkjente militære støvler. Ryggsekk skal være av godkjent militær modell.
I 2014 fremmet Forsvaret forslag om å krympe distansen til 20 km på begrunnet med generelt dårligere fysisk tilstand hos norske soldater, og frykt for belastningskader. Dette skapte atskillig debatt, og motstand fra mange hold i Forsvaret. Det ble i 2014 besluttet å beholde den opprinnelige distansen.
Det ble samtidig lempet noe på kravene. Det ble åpnet for bruk av joggesko, og for å gjennomføre uten våpen så lenge pakningen på ryggen likevel veier elleve kilo.
Interessen for å gjennomføre merket blant utenlandske avdelinger har fra slutten av 2020 økt kraftig. Noe av bakgrunnen for dette var at Forsvaret gikk vekk i fra kravet om norsk representant. Ifølge det amerikanske forsvaret gikk over 10 000 soldater marsjen mellom nyttår 2020 og juli 2021.
I løpet av 2022 prøvde 14 800 amerikanske soldater seg på marsjmerket.
Nils Olav

Generalmajor Sir Nils Olav III, baron av Bouvetøya, er en kongepingvin med tilhørighet i Edinburgh Zoo i Skottland.
Han er den offisielle maskoten til Hans Majestet Kongens Garde. Navnet og tittelen har gått i arv gjennom tre kongepingviner siden 1973; Nils Olav III overtok en gang mellom 2008 og 2016. Han er den høyest rangerte pingvinen i det norske forsvaret.
I 1913 donerte Edward Theodore Salvesen en kongepingvin og penger i gave til Edinburgh Zoo, slik at dyrehagen kunne utvikle sin egen kongepingvinkoloni.
Da Hans Majestet Kongens 3. Gardekompani besøkte Edinburgh Military Tattoo i 1961 for et drillstevne, ble en løytnant med navn Nils Egelien veldig interessert i Edinburgh Zoos pingvinkoloni. Da Garden nok en gang kom tilbake til Edinburgh i 1972, arrangerte Nils Egelien slik at troppen kunne adoptere en pingvin som maskot. I Storbritannia er det ganske vanlig at militære avdelinger har dyr som maskot. Pingvinen fikk navnet Nils Olav til ære for Nils Egelien, og Olav Siggerud, kontingentsjef for de norske gardistene i 1972. Nils Olav ble tildelt militærgraden visekorporal og har etter dette, med noen få unntak, blitt forfremmet hver gang Garden har deltatt på Edinburgh Military Tattoo. Han ble forfremmet til korporal i 1982 og sersjant i 1987. Nils Olav døde kort etter denne forfremmelsen, og ble etterfulgt av to år gamle Nils Olav II.
Nils Olav II ble forfremmet til stabssersjant (Regimental Sergeant Major i det skotske gradsystemet) i 1993, og ble den første Honourable Regimental Sergeant Major, den høyeste underoffisersgraden i Skotland, i 2001. I 2005 gikk han over i offiserenes rekker da han ble forfremmet til æresoberst i Garden. Han har siden da utrangert lederen for Garden. Samme år ble en 1,2 meter høy bronsestatue, utført av billedhuggeren Øystein Bernhard Mobråten fra Kongsberg gitt i gave til Edinburgh Zoo. Statuens inskripsjon anerkjenner Garden og Edinburgh Military Tattoo. Det står en tilsvarende statue ved Huseby leir i Oslo.
I 2008 ble Nils Olav II slått til ridder av den britiske generalmajoren Euan Loudon på vegne av kong Harald V. Han tituleres nå sir Nils Olav. Han ble ikke forfremmet under gardens opphold i Edinburgh i 2012, fordi hele pingvinavdelingen var midlertidig flyttet til Sør-England grunnet rehabilitering. Nils Olav II døde en gang mellom 2008 og 2016, og ble etterfulgt av Nils Olav III.
I 2016 ble Nils Olav III forfremmet til brigader og fikk tittelen baron av Bouvetøya. I 2023 ble han forfremmet til generalmajor, den tredje høyeste rangen i det norske forsvaret.
Garden sender Nils Olav fisk og julekort hver jul.
Storm (andre betydninger)

Storm betegner oftest kraftig vind, med fart fra 20,8 m/s (41 knop) til 32,5 m/s (63 knop). Storm brukes både om selve vinden (Utrygt for storm på kysten) og værsystemet (oftest et kraftig lavtrykk) som gir storm, f.eks. Stormen Gudrun.
Storm kan også referere til følgende:
Innen musikk:
Innen film:
Innen politikk:
Innen Militærvesen og skipsfart: Storm har vært og er navnet på flere skip i Sjøforsvaret, samt en fartøyklasse.
I sammensetninger, både i og utenfor meteorologien: Snøstorm, isstorm, stormforelsket, stormtropper osv.
Royal guard

A royal guard or the palace guard, is a group of military bodyguards, soldiers, or armed retainers responsible for the protection of a royal family member, such as a king or queen, or prince or princess. They often are an elite unit of the regular armed forces, or are designated as such, and may maintain special rights or privileges.
Royal guards have historically comprised both purely ceremonial units serving in close proximity to the monarch, as well as regiments from all arms, forming a designated substantial elite and intended for active service as part of the army. An example of the first category would include the Tropas de la Casa Real of the Spanish monarchy prior to 1930, comprising halberderos and a mounted escort. Examples of the second would include the Imperial Guards of the Russian and German Empires prior to 1917–18.
Monarchs frequently modelled their royal guards upon those of fellow rulers. Thus, Napoleon I's Garde Imperiale was imitated by his opponent Alexander I of Russia, his Bourbon successor Louis XVIII, and his nephew Napoleon III. The modern Garderegiment Grenadiers en Jagers regiment of the Netherlands and the Escorte Royale of Belgium retain features of uniform and other distinctions that can be traced back to Napoleonic influences.
Because of their location, status, role and nature, royal guards have frequently been able to play a political role beyond their intended military and social ones. In times of revolution, the continued loyalty or defection of such units has often played a key part in the outcome of wider unrest. Historical examples were England in 1688, Spain in 1808, Sweden in 1809, France in 1789 and again in 1814-15, Russia in 1917 and Persia in 1906 and again in 1953.
List of active Royal Norwegian Navy ships

The Royal Norwegian Navy is the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for naval operations of the state of Norway. As of 2008, the RNoN consists of approximately 3,700 personnel (9,450 in mobilized state, 32,000 when fully mobilized) and 69 vessels, including 4 frigates, 6 submarines, 6 corvettes, 3 minesweepers, 3 minehunters, 3 support vessels and 2 training vessels. The navy also includes the Coast Guard.
In Norwegian, Royal Norwegian Navy vessels have since 1946 been given the ship prefix "KNM", short for Kongelig Norske Marine (Royal Norwegian Navy). In English, they are given the prefix "HNoMS", short for "His/Her Norwegian Majesty's Ship" ("HNMS" could be also used for the Royal Netherlands Navy, for which "HNLMS" is used instead). Coast Guard vessels are given the prefix "KV" for KystVakt (Coast Guard) in Norwegian and "NoCGV" for Norwegian Coast Guard Vessel in English.
Fleet in service
This unit of the coast guard specialises in asserting sovereignty over the exclusive economic zone of the coast of Norway and Svalbard, and it uses the following ships:
Nils Olav

55°56′40″N 3°16′20″W﻿ / ﻿55.94444°N 3.27222°W﻿ / 55.94444; -3.27222
Major General Sir Nils Olav III, Baron of the Bouvet Islands (Norwegian: [ˌnɪls ˈôːlɑv]) is a king penguin who resides in Edinburgh Zoo, Scotland. He is the mascot and colonel-in-chief of the Norwegian King's Guard. The name 'Nils Olav' and associated ranks have been passed down through three king penguins since 1972, the current holder being Nils Olav III.
The family of Norwegian shipping magnate Christian Salvesen gave a king penguin to Edinburgh Zoo when the zoo opened in 1913.
When the Norwegian King's Guard visited the Edinburgh Military Tattoo of 1961 for a drill display, a lieutenant named Nils Egelien became interested in the zoo's penguin colony. When the King's Guard returned to Edinburgh in 1972, Egelien arranged for the regiment to adopt a penguin. This penguin was named Nils Olav in honour of Nils Egelien, commander of the drill platoon, and Olav Siggerud, contingent commander of HMKG in 1972.
Nils Olav was initially given the rank of visekorporal (lance corporal) in the regiment. He has been promoted each time the King's Guard has returned to the zoo. He was made a corporal in 1982, then promoted to sergeant in 1987. Nils Olav I died shortly after his promotion to sergeant in 1987, and his place was taken by Nils Olav II, a two-year-old near-double. He was promoted in 1993 to the rank of regimental sergeant major and in 2001 promoted to 'honourable regimental sergeant major'. On 18 August 2005, he was appointed as colonel-in-chief of the same regiment. During the 2005 visit, a 4-foot-high (1.2 m) bronze statue of Nils Olav was presented to Edinburgh Zoo. The statue's inscription includes references to both the King's Guard and to the Military Tattoo. A statue also stands at the King's Guard compound at Huseby, Oslo.
The next honour was a knighthood, awarded during a visit by soldiers from the Norwegian King's Guard on 15 August 2008. The knighthood was approved by King Harald V and Nils was the first penguin to receive such an honour in the Norwegian Army. During the ceremony a crowd of several hundred people watched the 130 guardsmen on parade at the zoo, and a citation from the King was read out, which described Nils as a penguin "in every way qualified to receive the honour and dignity of knighthood".
A third penguin, Nils Olav III, took over at some point between 2008 and 2016. On 22 August 2016 he was promoted to brigadier in a ceremony attended by over 50 members of the King's Guard. On 21 August 2023 he was promoted to major general. Nils Olav is recognised by Guinness World Records as the highest-ranking penguin.
Nils Olav outranked the human Nils Egelien from 2005 onwards; Egelien died on 11 December 2020, aged 87.
Norwegian Military Academy

The Norwegian Military Academy (Krigsskolen), in Oslo, educates officers of the Norwegian Army and serves as the King's Royal Guard. The academy was established in 1750, and is the oldest institution for higher education in Norway.
The Commander-in-Chief of the Norwegian armed forces, Hans Jacob Arnold Jensen, sent a request to the King of Denmark-Norway in 1750 to establish a school of mathematics in Christiania. The King determined, through the Royal Resolution of 16 December 1750, to establish The Free Mathematical School (Den frie matematiske skole). It was the first institution offering higher education in Norway, but it did not give any extensive military education. The students were recruited from the officer corps or from nobles in military service.
After a reorganization in 1804, the school became an officer school and an independent unit with its own command. From 1876 to 1880 a college degree was required to apply. The school was first established at 10 Tollbugata in Oslo. It was moved to St. Olavsplass in 1899 and in 1918 it was moved back to Tollbugata 10. In 1969, it was moved to Linderud, where it is currently located.
Between 1984 and 1995 Krigsskolen Gimlemoen in Kristiansand was also in operation. This was a 2-year degree (in addition to a one-year NCO/Sergeant schools, and at least one year service as an NCO as a requirement for admission). Students from KSG were awarded a commission as officers in the Army.
In 2003, the Military Academy was obligated to follow the Law of Universities and granted the right to award bachelor's degrees.
Applicants must be Norwegian citizens aged between 18 and 25, pass drafting, pass health requirements, pass minimum requirements on physical tests and have higher education entrance qualifications.
The applicants will first go through the Armed Forces’ admission and selection process at Camp Sessvollmoen, common for all higher education in the armed forces.
Appicants must pass a series of psychological and physical tests, medical examinations, and interviews. Those who pass the first part of the admission process must then complete a selection exercise.
The applicants who are best suited will be offered to start at the school.
The academy is a part of the Norwegian Defence University College. The academy offers three courses:
During the courses, the cadets complete several field exercises to train leadership, tactics and decision-making.
The classes have a tradition of taking names from Norwegian officers, inspiring the cadets to follow in their paths. The Norwegian Military Academy performs ceremonial duties for the King of Norway. A parade is conducted every 16 December to celebrate the establishment of the academy. In addition, the academy conducts a parade on 8 May, to celebrate the Liberation Day or Veteran Day.
Military ranks and insignia of Norway

Military ranks and rank insignia of Norway were changed June 1, 2016, with the reintroduction of the Non-Commissioned Officer Corps, and the abolishment of the one-tier officer system in place since 1975.
The Storting adopted in 2015 the new scheme for military personnel, Militærordningen. From 2016, the Norwegian Defence Forces have two career ladders for the military personnel; one officer scheme for personnel with a degree from the military academy, or a university degree and qualification courses, and a non-commissioned officer scheme for personnel with non-commissioned officer school. In 2023 the ranks of Korporal 1. klasse, Ledende konstabel, and Seniorspesialist were removed and the navy adopted new enlisted rank insignia.
The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
Norway did not have a non-commissioned officer system and thus Sergeant and Petty officer are grouped with the officers under the common designation befal. The officers are divided into three groups: The befal (company officers, ranks Ensign to Captain inclusive), the staff officers (stabsoffiser, ranks Major to brigadier inclusive), and the generals (Major General to General inclusive).
Fenrik (Ensign) used to be referred to as Second Lieutenant (Norwegian: Fenrik), while the rank of lieutenant went by First Lieutenant. The rank of Brigadier is not an old tradition in the Norwegian armed forces and was instated as a replacement for Oberst I (First Colonel); what is now Oberst used to be Oberst II (Second Colonel). As shown, the Cavalry have two ranks which differ from the regular Army: Dragon (Dragoon) instead of Menig (Private), and Rittmester (Rittmeister) instead of Kaptein (Captain).
The ranks of Grenader and Matros were bestowed upon soldiers who have finished the 12 months compulsory service and had signed one or more three-year contracts to continue serving. The ranks of Visekorporal/Visekonstabel/Vingsoldat (Corporal/Leading Rate) were usually ascribed to soldiers with long and/or outstanding service, though may be bestowed on soldiers with extra responsibilities (e.g. the shift-commander among a group of soldiers on guard-duty). A UB-Korporal/Kvartermesteraspirant (Rate Corporal/Petty Officer-in-training) was a soldier who has finished the UB course (Utskrevet Befalskurs), a course intended to prepare conscripted soldiers for non-commissioned officer duties, but still under training in "the field". After one-year course and service these soldiers were qualified for the rank of Sersjant or Kvartermester.
The rank insignia for enlisted for the army, navy and air force respectively.
Ranks and insignia of NATO armies officers

Commissioned officers' rank comparison chart of all land forces of NATO member states.
Warrant officers (WOs) and chief warrant officers (CWOs) in the US military rank below officers but above officer candidates and enlisted servicemen. The first warrant officer rank, WO1 does not have a "commission" associated with it, instead having a "warrant" from the secretary of the army. Warrant officers are allowed the same courtesies as a commissioned officer, but may have some restrictions on their duties that are reserved for commissioned officers. Warrant officers usually receive a commission once they are promoted to chief warrant officer 2 (CW2/CWO2). WO1s may be appointed by commission as stated in title 10 USC.
Penguin (missile)

The Penguin anti-ship missile, designated AGM-119 by the U.S. military, is a Norwegian passive IR seeker-based short-to-medium range anti-ship guided missile, designed for naval use.
Penguin was originally developed in a collaboration between the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (NDRE; Norw. FFI) and Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk starting in the early 1960s, with financial support from the U.S. and West Germany. US Navy test facilities and technical assistance were made available to facilitate development. It was the first NATO anti-shipping missile with an IR seeker instead of the commonly used active radar seeker. Both hardware and software have been updated since entering series production in 1972.
Initial installation was in 500-kilogram (1,100 lb) deck-mounted box launchers with snap-open doors. These were designed for minimal deck intrusion, allowing them to be retrofitted to existing small ships. The first such installations were on Snøgg-class and Storm-class patrol boats of the Norwegian Navy. The first airborne installations were on F-104Gs of the Norwegian Air Force, the missiles being fitted to standard Bullpup rails on the two underwing hardpoints.
Fire-control was provided by a Kongsberg SM-3 computer which could cue the missiles based on either active radar or passive ESM data.
The Penguin can be fired singly or in coordinated-arrival salvoes. Once launched the launching craft is free to turn away as the missile is inertially guided until the autonomous terminal homing phase. Propelled by a solid rocket engine, latest variants of Penguin can perform random weaving manoeuvres at target approach and strike the target close to the waterline. It can perform a terminal bunt and weave manoeuvre. The 120-kilogram (260 lb) warhead (originally based on that of the AGM-12 Bullpup, built under license by Kongsberg) detonates inside the target ship by using a delay fuze. The MK3, when launched from high altitudes, can initially act as a glidebomb, only firing its rocket engine to extend range, or ideally to achieve maximum speed before hitting the target; for better penetration.
In its various versions, the Penguin can be launched from a number of different weapons platforms:
KDA's successor to the Penguin is the Naval Strike Missile (NSM), offered from 2007 onwards. NSM features an imaging IR-seeker, GPS navigation, a turbojet sustainer engine (for much longer ranges, 185 kilometres [115 mi] or more), and significantly more computer performance and digital signal processing power.
Penguin missiles were donated to Ukraine in May 2022.
Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace (KDA) stated in November 2022 that Penguin Mk 2 mod 7 was in service in Brazil, Greece, New Zealand, Spain and Turkey and had been phased out by the US Navy.
Norwegian Military Tattoo

The Norwegian Military Tattoo (Norsk Militær Tattoo) is a military festival held biannually in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. It is organized by the Forsvarets musikk, the department that oversees all the country's military bands (musikkorps). The first tattoo was held in 1994 in Hamar, which is north of Oslo. The tattoo has been held in the Oslo Spektrum since 1996. It features military bands and drill teams of the Norwegian Armed Forces (such as the band and honour guard of Hans Majestet Kongens Garde) as well as the bands and drill teams of foreign countries.
With over 800 participants on stage, the Norwegian Military Tattoo is Norway's largest indoor show. The tattoo's official TV partner is NRK1. The director of the Norwegian Military Tattoo from 1995 to 2014 was Colonel Christer Johannesen, a former music inspector in the Armed Forces.
List of Grizzy and the Lemmings episodes

Grizzy and the Lemmings is a French animated television series created by Antoine Rodelet and Dave Charier. It is produced by Hari Productions [fr] for France Télévisions, Cartoon Network, and Boomerang cable and streaming service. The show has been awarded the Best Animated Series Kids Programming at the 2018 Kidscreen Awards and Best Youth Programme at Lauriers de la Radio et de la Télévision 2018.
This is a list of episodes of the series, with their names (in English and French), including series number, the original air date, and an episode synopsis.
In this season, Grizzy and the Lemmings, along with the ranger's cabin, go around the world continuing their conflicts, after in the intro, a jar of Yummy that Grizzy and the Lemmings were fighting over hit a harpoon, which grabbed on a plane, pulling the cabin off the ground taking the bear and the rodents with them. This season, alongside the fourth, is dubbed World Tour.
A special episode titled "COVID-19 Alert" was aired on March 27, 2020, on the official YouTube channel during the COVID-19 pandemic. This video was created as a warning to children to protect themselves from the Coronavirus disease and to avoid catching it.
சாஸ்பாகு கோயில்

சாஸ்-பாகு கோயில் (Sasbahu Temple) மத்திய இந்தியா உள்ள மத்தியப் பிரதேசம் மாநிலத்தின் குவாலியர் மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள குவாலியர் கோட்டை அருகில் உள்ள இரட்டைக் கோயில்கள் ஆகும். 11வது நூற்றாண்டில் கச்சபகத வம்ச மன்னர் மகிபாலன் என்பவரால் சாஸ்-பாகு கோயில் 1093ஆம் ஆண்டு கட்டப்பட்டது. சாஸ்பாகு கோயில் நகரா கட்டிடக் கலையில் கட்டப்பட்டதாகும். இக்கோயில் இறைவன் விஷ்ணுவிற்கு அர்ப்பணிக்கப்பட்ட கோயில் ஆகும். இசுலாமியப் படையெடுப்பாளர்களால் இக்கோயில் தற்போது சிதிலமடைந்துள்ளது.
சஸ்பாகு இரண்டு கோயில்களைக் கொண்டது. ஒன்று பெரியவை மற்றொன்று சிறியவை ஆகும்.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம்

இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம் (Archaeological Survey of India), எனப்படும் அமைப்பு இந்திய அரசாங்கத்தினால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட அதிகாரபூர்வமான தொல்லியல் ஆய்வு அமைப்பாகும். பண்பாட்டுத்துறை அமைச்சகத்தின் கிழ் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட இவ்வமைப்பு, இந்தியாவில் தொல்பொருள் ஆராய்ச்சிகளை மேற்கொள்ளல், இந்திய நாட்டின் தொன்மையான பண்பாட்டு மரபை காத்தல் என இரு முக்கியமான பணிகளை மேற்கொள்ள ஏற்படுத்தப்பட்டது.
இந்தியாவின் தொன்மையைப் பறைசாற்றும் எல்லாவகையான சின்னங்கள், கட்டிடங்கள், இடங்கள், பொருள்கள் இவை அனைத்தையும் பாதுகாப்பதும் பராமரிப்பதும் இதன் தலையாய பணிகளாகும். இந்தியாவின் பாரம்பரிய நினைவுச்சின்னங்கள் பாதுகாப்பு விதி 1958இன் கீழும், இந்திய தொல்பொருள் மற்றும் களைக்களஞ்சிய பாதுகாப்பு விதி 1972இன் கீழும் இந்திய நாட்டின் அனைத்து தொல்பொருள் ஆராய்ச்சிகளும் இவ்வமைப்பினால் முறைப்படுத்தப்படுகிறது.
இவ்வமைப்பு இப்பணியை மேற்கொள்வதற்கு ஏற்றவகையில் இந்திய நாட்டை 24 வட்டங்களாக பிரித்துள்ளது. இதன் கீழ் நூற்றுக்கணக்கான பயிற்சி பெற்ற தொல்பொருள் ஆய்வாளர்களும், கட்டிடக்கலை வல்லுனர்களும், அறிவியலாளர்களும் மற்றும் இதன் கீழ் இயங்கி வருகின்ற அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், வட்டங்கள், கற்கால ஆராய்ச்சித் துறை, கல்வெட்டாராய்ச்சித் துறை, விஞ்ஞானத்துறை மற்றும் கட்டிட ஆய்வுத்திட்டப்பணி, வழிபாட்டுத்தல ஆய்வுத்திட்டப்பணி ஆகியவற்றின் வழியாக பல ஆய்வுத்திட்டங்களை மேற்கொண்டு வருகிறார்கள்.
நொய்டாவில் உள்ள பண்டிட் தீனதயாள் உபாத்தியாயா தொல்லியல் நிறுவனம், இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகத்தின் கீழ் இயங்குகிறது.
மேற்கூறிய இந்திய தொல்பொருள் ஆராய்ச்சி விதிகளின்படி தொல்பொருள் ஆராய்ச்சி இவ்வட்டங்களில் நடைபெறுகின்றன. ஆரய்ச்சிப்பணிகள் பின்வரும் விதங்களில் நடைபெறும்.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகத்தின் கீழ் இயகும் பண்டிட் தீனதயாள் உபாத்தியாயா தொல்லியல் நிறுவனம் இரண்டு ஆண்டு முதுநிலை தொல்லியல் பட்டயப் படிப்புகள் பயிற்றுவிக்கிறது. கல்வெட்டியல், அருங்காட்சியகவியல், நாணவியல், தொல்பொருட்களை பராமரிப்பு போன்ற துறைகளில் இந்நிறுவ்னம் பயிற்சி அளிக்கிறது.
லோத்தல்

லோத்தல் சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகக் கால நகரங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். ஹரப்பா பண்பாட்டின் தொடர்ச்சியான லோத்தல் நகரத்தின் அழிபாடுகள் தற்கால இந்தியாவின் குஜராத் மாநிலத்தில் உள்ளது. இதன் தோற்றத்தின் காலம் கி.மு. 3700 எனக் கணிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. இக்காலத்தைச் சேர்ந்த, இந்தியாவிலுள்ள முக்கியமான தொல்லியல் களமாக இது கருதப்படுகின்றது. 1954 ஆம் ஆண்டில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்ட இவ்விடத்தில், 1954-ஆம் ஆண்டு முதல் 1963-ஆம் ஆண்டு முடிய அகழ்வாய்வுகள், இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகத்தினால் நடத்தப்பட்டது.
அகமதாபாத் மாவட்டத்தின் தோல்கா தாலுகாவில் உள்ள சரக்வாலா கிராமத்தின் அருகில் அமைந்துள்ளது. அகமதாபாத் நகரத்திலிருந்து 80 கிலோ மீட்டர் தொலைவில் லோத்தல் அமைந்துள்ளது.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம், லோத்தல் அகழாய்வில் கிடைத்த தொல்பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு அகமதாபாத் நகரத்தில் லோத்தல் தொல்பொருள் அருங்காட்சியகம் அமைத்துள்ளது இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம்
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் துறையின் அருங்காட்சியகங்கள்

இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் துறையின் அருங்காட்சியகங்கள், இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகத்தின் முதல் தொல்பொருள் அருங்காட்சியகம், பிரித்தானிய இந்தியாவின் ஆசிய சமூக நிறுவனத்தினரால், 1814ல் கொல்கத்தா வில்லியம் கோட்டையில் இந்தியாவில் கம்பெனி ஆட்சியின் போது நிறுவப்பட்டது.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகத்தின் முதல் தலைமை இயக்குநர் சர் அலெக்சாண்டர் கன்னிங்காம் தலைமையிலான அகழ்வாய்வுவில் கண்டுடெத்த தொல்பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு, சர் ஜான் மார்ஷல் எனும் தொல்லியல் அறிஞர், சாரநாத் (1904), ஆக்ரா (1906), அஜ்மீர் (1908), தில்லி செங்கோட்டை (1909), பிஜப்பூர் (1912), நாளந்தா (1917) மற்றும் சாஞ்சி (1919) போன்ற இடங்களில் பிரித்தானிய இந்திய அரசின் தொல்பொருள் அருங்காட்சியகங்களை அமைத்தார்.
1946ம் ஆண்டு முதல் இந்திய அரசின் இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் துறையில் அருங்காட்சியகப் பிரிவு துவக்கப்பட்டது.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் ஆய்வகம், இந்தியாவில் 44 இடங்களில் தொல்பொருட்கள் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு நினைவுச் சின்னங்களைக் கொண்ட அருங்காட்சியகங்களில் அமைத்துப் பராமரித்து வருகிறது.
இந்தியத் தொல்லியல் துறையின் அருங்காட்சியகப் பிரிவு, வடக்கு மண்டலம், தெற்கு மண்டலம், கிழக்கு மண்டலம் மற்றும் மேற்கு மண்டலம் என நான்கு மண்டலங்களாகப் பிரிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
லோத்தேஸ்வர்

லோத்தேஸ்வர் (Loteshwar), இந்தியாவின் குஜராத் மாநிலத்தின் பதான் மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள கிராமம் ஆகும். மேலும் இது சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகத்தின் தொல்லியல் களங்களில் ஒன்றாகும். சிந்துவெளி நாகரிகம் தொடர்பான லோத்தேஸ்வர் தொல்லியல் மேடு ரூபன் ஆற்றின் துணை ஆறான காரி ஆற்றின் இடது கரையில் உள்ளது.
கிமு 6,000 ஆண்டின் லோத்தேஸ்வர் தொல்லியல் களம் வேட்டைச் சமூகத்தினர் வாழ்ந்தனர். கிமு 4,000 முதல் இப்பகுதி மக்கள் வீட்டு வளர்ப்பு விலங்குகளான ஆடு, மாடுகளை மேய்த்து வளர்த்தனர்.
1990 - 1991களில் மகாராஜா சாயாஜிராவ் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் பண்டைய வரலாறு மற்றும் தொல்லியல் துறையினர் லோத்தேஸ்வரில் அகழ்வாய்வு மேற்கொண்டனர்.
அகழ்வாய்வு முடிவில் லோத்தேஸ்வரில் இரண்டு வேறுபட்ட தொல்பொருள் பண்பாட்டுக் காலத்திற்கான சான்றுகள் கிடைத்தன. முதல் பண்பாட்டுக் காலத்திற்குரிய ஒற்றைக் கல்லால் ஆன சிறு கருவிகளும், அரைவைக் கற்களும், சுத்தியல் கற்களும் கிடைத்தன. இரண்டாம் பண்பாட்டுக் காலம் அரப்பா காலத்திற்குரிய மட்பாண்டங்கள் கிடைத்தன.
லோத்தேஸ்வர் தொல்லியல் களத்தில் கருப்பு மற்றும் சிவப்பு வண்ண மட்பாண்டங்கள், சிறு மணிகள், காதணிகள், அரிய மணிகள், சுடுமண் வளையல்கள், விளக்குகள், சுடுமண் தொல்பொருட்கள் கண்டறியப்பட்டது. .
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Palanpur, and Mahi Kantha. Government Central Press. 1880. p. 337.
குஜராத் சுல்தானகம்

குஜராத் சுல்தானகம் (Gujarat Sultanate) தற்கால இந்தியாவின் குஜராத் மாநிலப் பகுதிகளை, கிபி 1407 முதல் 1573 முடிய ஆண்ட இசுலாமிய முடியாட்சி ஆகும்.
தில்லி சுல்தானகத்தை ஆண்ட முகமது ஷா துக்ளக் என்பவர், கிபி 1391ல் பதான் நகரத்தை தலைமையிடமாகக் கொண்ட குஜராத் பிரதேசத்தின் ஆளுநராக ஜாபர் கான் என்ற முதலாம் முசாபர் ஷாவை நியமித்தார்.
தைமூரின் படையெடுப்பால், தில்லி சுல்தானகம் வீழ்ச்சியடைந்த நேரத்தில், கிபி 1407ல் தில்லி சுல்தானகத்தின் குஜராத் ஆளுநர், குஜராத் சுல்தானகத்தை தன்னாட்சி கொண்ட அரசாக அறிவித்தார். முதலாம் முசாபர் ஷாவின் பேரன் முதலாம் அகமது ஷா 1411ல் அகமதாபாத் நகரத்தை நிறுவினார். அவரது வாரிசான இரண்டாம் முகமது ஷா, குஜராத்தின் இராசபுத்திர சிற்றரசர்களை அடக்கினார். சுல்தான் மகமது பேக்டா ஆட்சியில் குஜராத் சுல்தானகம் செழிப்புடன் விளங்கியது.
இராசபுத்திரர்களை அடக்கி, தியூ கடற்கரையில் கப்பற்கடையை நிறுவினார். 1509ல் போர்த்துகேயர்கள், தியூ போரில், தியூவை குஜ்ராத் சுல்தான்களிடமிருந்து கைப்பற்றினர். 1526ல் குஜராத் சுல்தான் சிக்கந்தர் ஷா கொல்லப்பட்டதிலிருந்து, குஜராத் சுல்தானகம் வீழ்ச்சி கண்டது. 1535ல் முகலாயப் பேரரசர் உமாயூன் குஜராத் சுல்தானகத்தின் பெரும்பகுதிகளைக் கைப்பற்றினார்.
பின்னர் 1537ல் குஜராத் சுல்தான் பகதூர் ஷா, போர்த்துகேயர்களால் கொல்லப்பட்டார்.
முகலாயப் பேரரசர் அக்பர், மூன்றாம் முசாபர் ஷா ஆட்சியின் போது, 1573ல் குஜ்ராத் சுல்தானகத்தை வென்று, முகலாயப் பேரரசில் இணைத்ததுடன் குஜராத் சுல்தானகத்தின் ஆட்சி முடிவுற்றது.
குஜராத் அரசு

குஜராத் அரசு குஜராத் மாநிலத்தை ஆளும் அமைப்பாகும். இது சட்டம் இயற்றும் மன்றம், நீதித் துறை, செயலாக்கப் பிரிவு ஆகிய மூன்று பிரிவுகளைக் கொண்டது. அரசின் தலைமையகமும், சட்டமன்றமும் காந்திநகரில் உள்ளன.
தற்போதைய சட்டவாக்க அவை ஓரவை முறைமையில் இயங்குகிறது. (சட்டமன்றம் மட்டும் இருக்கும். சட்ட மேலவை இருக்காது.) தற்போதைய சட்டமன்றத்தில் 182 சட்டப் பேரவை உறுப்பினர்கள் உள்ளனர். இவர்கள் ஐந்தாண்டு காலம் பதவியில் இருப்பர்.
தெற்கு குஜராத்

தெற்கு குஜராத் (South Gujarat)இந்தியாவின் மேற்கில் அமைந்த குஜராத் மாநிலத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. தெற்கு குஜ்ராத்தின் மேற்கு பகுதிகள் அரபுக் கடல் கரைப்பகுதிகளையும், கிழக்குப் பகுதிகள் சாத்பூரா மலைப்பகுதிகளையும் கொண்டது. தெற்கு குஜராத் பகுதியில் நர்மதா ஆறு பாய்கிறது. முக்கிய சுற்றுலாத் தலம் நர்மதா மாவட்டத்தில் உள்ள கெவாடியா பகுதியில் அமைந்த ஒற்றுமைக்கான சிலை ஆகும். தெற்கு குஜராத்தின் பன்னாட்டு வணிக நகரங்கள் சூரத் மற்றும் பரூச் ஆகும்.
குஜராத் லயன்சு

குஜராத் லயன்சு (Gujarat Lions, சுருக்கமாக GL) என்பது இந்தியன் பிரீமியர் லீக்கின் ஒன்பதாவது மற்றும் பத்தாவது பருவம் மட்டும் விளையாடும் துடுப்பாட்ட அணி ஆகும். இது ராஜ்கோட், குசராத்து நகரத்தை மையமாக கொண்டுள்ளது. தவறான முறையில் சூதாட்டத்தில் ஈடுபட்ட உரிமையாளர்களை கொண்ட இரு அணிகளான சென்னை சூப்பர் கிங்ஸ் மற்றும் ராஜஸ்தான் ராயல்ஸ் ஆகியவற்றின் நீக்குதல் காரணமாக இரு வருடம் அந்த அணிகள் இந்தியன் பிரீமியர் லீக் தொடரில் விளையாடவில்லை. இவற்றின் இடத்தை நிரப்ப இந்த அணி விளையாடியது. 2018 ஆம் ஆண்டில் சென்னை சூப்பர் கிங்ஸ் மற்றும் ராஜஸ்தான் ராயல்ஸ் ஐபிஎல் திரும்பிய பிறகு, குஜராத் லயன்சு மற்றும் ரைசிங் புனே சூப்பர்ஜியான்ட்சு அணிகள் கலைக்கப்பட்டது.
Madhavpur Ghed

Madhavpur (Ghed) is a culturally significant village in state of Gujarat, India. It lies on the seashore of Porbandar district. According to folklore, Krishna married Rukmini at Madhavpur. This event is memorialised with a temple dedicated to Lord Madhavrai and by an annual fair held in the village.
Madhavpur is the site of a 15th-century temple of Madhavraiji who is a form of Lord Krishna. The original temple has been badly damaged by attacks by Muslim invaders, however a ruined structure is still present and gives idea of original undamaged temple. A newly constructed temple is used for worship now adjacent to the old one.
Every year, for five days from day of Ram Navmi, a cultural fair is organized mainly on the background of religious belief of Krishna marrying Rukmini. A colorful chariot is decorated and form of Krishna is placed in the chariot and a procession proceeds through the village as a part of celebrating the event of Krishna's marriage. Village people put colors on each other as part of a celebration that also involves joyful dancing.
Madhavpur is also culturally significant due to one of the seats of Vallabhacharya who is founder of Pushtimarg Vaishnava Hindu sect. The seat, called as Baithak or more respectably Bethakji is 66th of the 84 Baithaks of Vallabhacharya.
Sack of Somnath

The Sack of Somnath in 1026 was a military campaign orchestrated by Mahmud of Ghazni, a ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire, directed against the Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat. This is considered Mahmud's fifteenth invasion of India, which saw strategic captures and decisive battles and culminated in the destruction of the revered Somnath Temple. Facing staunch resistance, Mahmud's forces emerged victorious, resulting in significant casualties.
Entering Somnath in mid-January, Mahmud looted and burned the temple, earning him the title 'The Idol Breaker". This event remains a historical symbol of cultural clash and religious desecration during Mahmud's military campaigns in medieval India.
The Somnath Temple, situated in Veraval, Gujarat, India, is a sacred Hindu temple. In 1026, Gujarat was under the rule of King Bhima I from the Chalukya dynasty. Mahmud of Ghazni conducted multiple attacks on Indian kingdoms during that era. Mahmud of Ghazni gained renown through campaigns in India, vassalizing the Gurjara Pratihara dynasty and overthrowing the Hindu Shahi dynasty. His successful campaigns against the Chandelas and other Hindu chiefs established him as a formidable figure among Indian kings.
On October 18, 1025, Mahmud of Ghazni embarked on a march from Ghazni, leading 30,000 cavalry and 30,000 camel riders equipped with essential resources like food and water. After a rest in Multan, they resumed their journey in November, proceeding through the desert.
Mahmud initially seized the Ludrava pass, near Chiklodara Mata, close to Palanpur. By the end of December, he entered the Chalukya territories, prompting its ruler, Bhima I, to flee to Kachchh upon hearing of the Ghaznavid approach, fearing for his life.
Mahmud of Ghazni stationed his army at Patan, bolstering resources for the campaign. A decisive battle unfolded with the Patan army at Mundher, where Mahmud emerged victorious. He then advanced towards Somnath, seizing the Somnath fort from Mandalika, the fort's overseer.
Known as his fifteenth invasion of India, Mahmud's Somnath expedition targeted the temple located in the southernmost part of Kathiawar. By mid-January, Mahmud arrived at Somnath, encountering robust resistance from the Chalukya Rajputs. On the third day of the battle, the Ghaznavid forces found themselves surrounded, yet they ultimately triumphed, defeating the Chalukyas and causing 50,000 casualties among the defending forces.
Mahmud of Ghazni, upon entering the temple, plundered the idols and shattered the Shiva Linga into pieces. He extensively looted and razed the temple to the ground. Within a month, Mahmud departed Somnath for Ghazni, facing numerous attacks from the Jats along the way. Conducting a naval attack near the Indus River, Mahmud of Ghazni inflicted a severe defeat on the Jats, compelling them to retreat with substantial losses. This successful campaign earned Mahmud the title 'The Idol Breaker'.
Kurti top

A kurti top or simply kurti, is an upper garment worn in the Indian subcontinent that does not leave the midriff bare. It is similar to a waistcoat, jacket, or blouse.
In modern usage, a short kurta is referred to as the kurti, which is usually is the attire of females. However, traditionally, the term kurti refers to waist coats, jackets and blouses which sit above the waist without side slits, and are believed to have descended from the tunic of the Shunga period (2nd century BC). The kurti is distinguished from the choli by the latter leaving the midriff exposed.
The Kurti can be a unisex garment, in the same way the Kurta can be a unisex garment. The main difference generally is that the Kurti Top is much longer, whereas the Kurta is a bit shorter. "Usually the Kurti was longer than male's Kurta, for sometimes it reached down [past] the knees. (Raghoo 1984:3) * She used to wear long dress and kurtee and tie a handkerchief on her head. (Deen 1994:167)."
It is a typical dressing pattern of Indians especially the northern regions.
The trend and origin of this clothing style is from the northern India and even today the other parts of the nation though modernalized wear kurti but it is worn by females majorly in north while the south prefers saree.
There are a number of styles of kurti which include the following:
In the Punjab region, the kurti is a short cotton waist coat which is buttoned down the front to the waist. In the past, women wore a chain of gold or silver called zanjiri around the buttons. Men wore the zanjiri on the kurta in the Punjab region.
Another style of Punjabi kurti is a short version of the anga (robe). The kurti can also be half or full sleeved and hip length with no front or back opening. Men's kurti is called phatui or wastkot in Punjabi. The kurti of South Punjab, Pakistan is referred to as the Saraiki kurti.
Based on the wish of the consumer the length of the kurti can be decided.
In Bihar, the term kurti is used to refer to a bodice which is a combination of the choli and jacket.
The kurti in Uttar Pradesh and the adjoining Himalayas region is a short blouse.
In Gujarat and Kathiawar, the type of kurti (coat) falls to just below the waist.
The men's kurt in Rajasthan is a full sleeved, tightly fitting, buttonless vest.
Kediyu

The kediyu is a garment worn by men in the rural coastal parts of western Gujarat, including Junagadh district. The kediyu is a long sleeved upper garment, pleated at the chest, which reaches to the waist. The prints on the kediyu include bandhani designs which are local to Gujarat and Rajasthan. The kediyu is often worn with chorno, also called kafni, which refers to the pantaloons that are wide and tied loosely at the ankles, and is based on the styles worn in Iraq which were introduced to the coastal region during the 7th century by traders. The chorno/surwal can also be worn with a jama.