davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
A Noodle Story

A Noodle Story is a street food stall in the Amoy Street Food Centre in Singapore. The food stall was awarded the Michelin Bib Gourmand in 2017. A new outlet in the Guoco Tower was opened in 2021.
The stall was founded by Ben Tham and Gwern Khoo, the latter of whom being a former chef at Waku Ghin and Iggy's, in 2013. The stall serves Singapore-styled ramen, among other dishes.
During the 2021 circuit breaker period, the stall offered delivery using third-party websites.
The stall was one of 37 stalls in Singapore to be awarded the Michelin Bib Gourmand Award in 2016. It has maintained its position in the Michelin Bib Gourmand. It won the Favourite Street Food Vendor award during the GastroMonth Circle of Excellence Awards later that year.
Syeda Shehrbano Naqvi

Syeda Shehrbano Naqvi (Urdu: سیدہ شہر بانو نقوی) is a Pakistani police officer who is serving as Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) in Gulberg area of Lahore.
Naqvi was born to Syed Hasnat Javed and Misbah Naqvi in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Her family originally belonged to the rural area of Okara District, also located in Punjab, Pakistan. She attended Little Angels in Faisalabad for her primary education. She completed her O-level from Beaconhouse School System. She completed her A-level from SICAS located in Gulberg area of Lahore. She attended University of the Punjab campus in Lahore to complete her BS Honours in Public Management. Her specialization was Public Policy and Governance. She also completed her MPhil from University of the Punjab specializing in Public Policy and Governance, and Child Labour.
Her first police job was in Sadar area of Faisalabad which included Saandalbar, Sadar, and Thikriwala.
She has actively advocated for the protection of the transgender community and animals from abuse. Furthermore, she has been encouraging young people to serve as ambassadors for Punjab Police in society.
She has pushed for the adoption of retired police sniffer dogs instead of euthanizing them, arguing that these dedicated canines, who have faithfully served for years, deserve a respectful retirement rather than a cruel fate. Naqvi has collaborated with animal rights organizations, resulting in a partnership with the NGO Justice for Dogs (JFK). Due to her efforts, retired police sniffer dogs and horses are now available for adoption rather than being euthanized.
Some of her initiative ideas included establishment of Tahafuz Markaz (Protection Centers) in entirety of Punjab, establishment of Police Museum in Lahore, and establishment of daycare centers for police employees.
Naqvi, intervened to protect a distressed woman from an agitated mob. She was awarded the prestigious Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal, the highest gallantry award.
In a widely circulated video online, Naqvi was observed attempting to diffuse a heated situation involving a group of Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) supporters who were reportedly agitated with a woman at a local eatery. The woman had been wearing attire adorned with Arabic script, which provoked offense among those present who mistakenly believed it to contain Quranic verses. Acting swiftly, Naqvi intervened and successfully shielded the woman from the crowd's hostility.
Chief Minister of Punjab, Maryam Nawaz praised her courage, wisdom and responsibility for saving the life of the woman.
Pakistan's Army Chief, General Asim Munir, also met with Naqvi and commended her professionalism in saving the woman's life.
Saudi ambassador to Pakistan Nawaf bin Said Al-Malki met her at the Saudi embassy. He appreciated her actions in saving a woman from a violent mob in Lahore’s Ichhra Market. Saudi ambassador told her that the Saudi royal family will bear the expenses of her travel with her family to Saudi Arabia as a royal guest.
Satay Club

The Satay Club was the name of three open-air hawker centres in Singapore, all of which are no longer operating as of 2005. The first Satay Club (c. 1940–1970) was located at Hoi How Road, near Beach Road; the second and third were located at the Esplanade (1970–1995) and Clarke Quay (1995–2005) respectively. Food sold at the Satay Club was predominantly satay. According to one source, Satay Club sold the "best satay in the region [of Southeast Asia]".
The first incarnation of the Satay Club was located alongside Hoi How Street, near Beach Road. It was flanked by two theatres, one of them being the Alhambra Cinema.
During its time at the Esplanade, it was described as a "romantic spot for many courting couples", as well as an "iconic waterfront hawker haven". Located opposite was the Raffles Hotel, and nearby were the Singapore River and Queen Elizabeth Walk. Selling mostly chicken and beef satay, the first stall there was Fatman Satay, reviewed as the top stall in general.
The Clarke Quay Satay Club operated from 1995 to towards the end of 2005. Situated alongside the River Valley Road in Clarke Quay, it opened its stalls from 7 p.m. onwards, selling mostly chicken and mutton satay.
Stylised after the Satay Club, Satay by the Bay was opened on January 15, 2013, at the Gardens by the Bay tourist attraction. It was described as "reminiscent of the old Satay Club".
The Satay Club was so famous that one source goes on to claim that "[e]very taxi driver [in Singapore] knows it". It was featured on complimentary tourist brochures issued by the Singapore Tourism Board. It was common practice at the Satay Club in around 1986 to re-sell leftover sticks of satay. This was deemed to be "unhygienic" by Andrew Chua of the Straits Times.
The name "Satay Club" is also informally applied to the streetside satay stalls south of Lau Pa Sat market.
Wisata kebun durèn Lolong

Salah sawijining panggonan wisata kang misuwur amarga saé ya iku dhaerah wisata kebun durèn ana ing Désa Lolong, Pekalongan. Désa Lolong ini ngerupaake salah sijiné désa saking pira-pira désa kang ana ing kacamatan Karanganyar kang dadi kawasan produsen duren. Saking awal lumebu daerah Kacamatan Karanganyar, wisatawan kang teko saking arah kuto bakal disambut karo tugu duren yang gedhé banget. Tugu kang duwé wujud duren iki ana ing tengah-tengah pertigaan Pasar Karanganyar kang kesohor karo adolan duren kang murah. Saliyané bisa tuku duren ing pasar, wisatawan bisa tuku duren ing sekdawane dalan nuju désa Lolong iki. Ing pinggir-pinggir dalan bakal akèh tinemu wong-wong kang dodolan duren. Manawi péngin sing luwih, wisatawan bisa tuku langsung kaliyan sing duwé kebon duren. Ugi wisatawan bisa langsung milih duren ing wit-witane langsung. Bisa ngenteni woh-wohan durenne tibo, ugi bisa langsung jupuk ing panggonan kang wis disediaake. Manawi péngin sing luwih rame,wisatawan bisa teko ing daerah Lolong iki pas ana acara Pista Durèn Lolong. Regane duren bakal luwih murah, lan jumlahe bakal luwih akèh.
Duren kang didol ing kiwa-tengené daerah Lolong iki bisa béda-béda. Ana sing larang nanging akèh juga sing murah, kang paling wigati ya iku wani nawar. Nanging sing perlu dingerteni ya iku regane duren ing daerah Karanganyar iki padha karo kualitas duren sing bakal diolehi. Kisaran regane duren kang ukurane cilik bisa wiwit Rp 5.000,-, sing ukurane sedengan regane wiwit Rp 10.000,-, manawi péngin ukurane sing gedhé dhéwé, regane bisa sampe Rp 25.000-35.000.
Ana akèh maceme duren kang ana ing daerah Lolong iki. Mulai duren produksi lokal nganti ana sing diimpor bibit utawa who-wohane. Manawi wisatawan ora paham maceme duren kang didol, informasine bisa ditakoake karo sing dodolan, kerana masing-masing wong kan adol mesti paham soal maceme duren Lolong. Nanging Lolong memang kesohor soal durene kang murah lan duwé kualitas saé. Lan saking akèhé warna-warna duren kang dido ling Lolong iki, ana pira-pira macem duren kang luwih kesohor, ya iku Duren Katrap, Duren Nurwedi, Duren Dibyo, Duren Bokor, Duren Montong, nganti Duren Petruk.
Durian

The durian ( /ˈdjʊəriən, ˈdʊr-, -æn/ ) minangka woh saka pirang-pirang jinis wit sing kalebu genus Durio . Ana 30 spesies Durio sing diakoni, paling ora sangang ing antarane ngasilake buah sing bisa dipangan, kanthi luwih saka 300 jinis jeneng ing Thailand lan 100 ing Malaysia, ing taun 1987. Durio zibethinus minangka siji-sijine spesies sing kasedhiya ing pasar internasional: spesies liyane didol ing wilayah lokal. Iki asale saka Kalimantan lan Sumatra .
Diarani ing sawetara wilayah minangka "raja woh-wohan", durian iki khas amarga ukurane amba, ambu sing kuwat, lan kulit sing ditemokake ing eri . Woh iki bisa tuwuh nganti 30 centimetres (12 inches) dawane lan 15 cm (6 in) diameteripun, lan umume bobote 1 to 3 kilograms (2 to 7 pounds) . Wujude wiwit oblong nganti bunder, warna kulit kasebut ijo nganti coklat, lan daginge kuning semu abang, gumantung karo spesies kasebut.
Sawetara wong nganggep durian minangka wangi sing enak banget, dene sing liyane arum ambu ora enak banget. Ambu kasebut nyebabake reaksi saka apresiasi sing jero dadi njijiki, lan wis diterangake macem-macem minangka bawang busuk, turpentine, lan limbah mentah. Terus-terusan ambune, sing bisa suwe nganti pirang-pirang dina, nyebabake hotel lan layanan transportasi umum ing Asia Tenggara nglarang woh-wohan kasebut. Nanging, naturalis Inggris abad kesembilan belas Alfred Russel Wallace nggambarake daginge minangka " pengawal kaya karo rasa almond ". Daging bisa dikonsumsi kanthi macem-macem tahap mateng, lan digunakake kanggo ngicipi macem-macem panganan cuci mulut gurih lan legi ing masakan Asia Tenggara . Wiji uga bisa dipangan nalika mateng.
Manggis

Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) iku sajenis wit ijo langgeng saka laladan tropika sing diyakini asalé saka Kapuloan Nusantara. Tuwuh bisa nganti 7 tekan 25 mèter. Wohé uga diarani manggis, awerna abang rada ungu nalika mateng, sanadyan ana uga varian sing kulité awerna abang. Woh manggis sajeroning perdagangan ditepungi minangka ratu woh, minangka pasangan durèn, si raja woh.
Manggis isih sakerabat karo kokam, asem kandhis lan asem gelugur, rempah bumbu pawon saka tradhisi boga India lan Sumatra.
Manggis bisa thukul ing dhataran cendhèk nganti laladan kang dhuwuré 800 m dpl. Curah hujan kang pas kanggo ngrembakané manggis yaiku antarané 1500–2500 mm/taun kanthi periode basah 6 wulan. Lemah kang apik kanggo nandur manggis yaiku ing lemah kang subur lan akèh bahan organik. Lemah iku uga duwé aerasi kang apik. Jinis tanah kang bisa minangka nandur manggis yaiku tanah kang rada berat nganti tanah kang ringan.
Bibit manggis bisa ditengkaraké kanthi cara ''végétatif'' yaiku kanthi cara sambungan utawa ''éntén''.
Buah manggis bisa langsung dipangan dadi buah seger lan uga bisa diolah dadi buah kaléng. Saliyané iku manggis uga bisa digawé sirup utawa sari buah. Manggis uga bisa dadi obat tradhisional kanggo nambani lara sariawan, wasir, lan borok. Manggis ngandhut vitamin C kang cacahé akèh.Kulit manggis bisa dimanfaataké kanggo pewarna. Tuladhané pewarna kanggo tékstil. Banyu godhogan kulit manggis uga bisa kanggo obat tradhisional. Munpangan liyané yaiku ing wit manggis. Wit manggis bisa dianggo dadi kayu bakar, lan kanggo bahan yasan. Saliyané iku wit saka woh kang wernané putih iki bisa digawé kerajinan tangan kaya ta kanggo asésoris, rerenggan dinding utawa rerenggan kanggo ''dékorasi'' ruangan.
Laladan kang dadi pusat tuwuhan manggis yaiku Kalimantan Wétan, Kalimantan Tengah, Jawa Kulon,Jasinga, Ciamis, Wanayasa, Sumatra Kulon, Sumatera Utara, Riau, Jawa Wétan lan Sulawesi Lor.
Kulit manggis kang diolah dadi sari kulit manggis duwé antioksidan kang dhuwur banget. Mulané sari kulit manggis manfaaté akèh tumrap kaséhatan. Antioksidan kang ana ing kulit manggis bisa nangkal radikal bébas lan polusi kang ana ing saubengé manungsa, lan ndadékaké awak luwih kebal yèn diserang lelara.
Kulit manggis kang wis digawé ékstrak bisa ngurangi 70 % gangguan kaséhatan. Gangguan kaséhatan iku kaya ta stroke, kanker, diabetes, jantung, hipertensi, nyeri kang disebabaké sindroma terowongan karpal, ngurangi kadar gula blegudreg, ngurangi psoriasis, lan liya-liyané.
Tempoyak

Tempoyak utawa asam durian ( Jawi : تمڤويق ) yaiku bumbu Melayu kang digawé saka durian kang difermentasi. Biasané dikonsumsi dening etnik Melayu ing Asia Tenggara Maritim, utamané ing Indonesia lan Malaysia . Tempoyak digawé kanthi njupuk daging durian lan dicampur karo uyah lan disimpen ing suhu ruangan telung utawa limang dina kanggo difermentasi. Tempoyak biasané digawé nalika musim durian, yen durian akeh lan produksi berlebihan digawé dadi tempoyak kang difermentasi.
Tempoyak iki biasané ora dikonsumsi mung, biasané dipangan kanggo bumbu utawa bahan masak; kaya ta masak karo kari santen kaya ta gulai tempoyak ikan patin (kari tempoyak iwak pangasius ), utawa dicampur mrica cabai pedhes minangka sambel tempoyak .
Bánh da lợn

Bánh da lợn utawa bánh da heo ( Cithakan:Lit ) yaiku kue lapis kukus Vietnam sing digawe saka pati tapioka , tepung beras, kacang mungga, talas, utawa durian, santen lan / utawa banyu, lan gula . Wujude alus lan alus kanthi gelatin, kanthi lancip (udakara 1 cm) lapisan warna sing ganti karo lapisan kacang ijo, durian, utawa isi taro.
Versi khas bánh da lợn bisa uga kalebu bahan ing ngisor iki:
Ing masak modern, pewarna panganan gawean kadang digunakake kanggo ngganti pewarna sayuran.
Kue sing diarani kuih lapis, sing digawe ing Malaysia lan Indonesia, padha karo bánh da lợn . Ing Filipina, panganan cuci mulut lan varian kutsinta sing padha diarani kutsinta Vietnam.
Toko kelontong

Toko Grosir (Amerika Utara), toko kelontong utawa toko kelontong (UK), minangka toko utamane nyedhiyakake ritel sawetara produk panganan umum, sing bisa uga seger utawa dikemas . Nanging, ing panggunaan AS saben dina, "toko kelontong" minangka sinonim kanggo supermarket, lan ora digunakake kanggo nyebut jinis toko liyane sing adol bahan bakar. Ing Inggris, toko-toko sing adol panganan dibedakake minangka tukang blanja utawa toko kelontong, sanajan umume digunakake, masarakat biasane nggunakake istilah "supermarket" utawa, kanggo jinis toko sing luwih cilik sing adol sembako, " toko sudhut " utawa " toko serbaguna ".
Jinis toko sing luwih gedhe sing adol bahan bakar, kayata supermarket lan pasar hiper, biasane nyedhiyakake produk non-panganan sing akeh, kayata sandhangan lan barang-barang ing omah . Toko Grosir cilik sing woh-wohan lan sayuran utamané sell dikenal minangka greengrocers (Britania Raya) utawa pasar pametumu (US), lan toko Grosir cilik sing akehe ngedol pangan disiapake, kayata Candy lan cemilan, sing dikenal minangka kopi penak utawa delicatessens .
Sawetara bahan makanan khusus kanggo panganan ing negara utawa wilayah tartamtu, kayata Tionghoa, Italia, Timur Tengah, utawa Polandia . Toko kasebut dikenal ing AS minangka pasar etnis lan bisa uga dadi papan pakempalan para imigran .
Durian Durian

Durian Durian (Chinese: 榴槤飄飄) is a 2000 Hong Kong film directed by Fruit Chan. The film portrays the experiences of a young girl, Fan (Mak Wai-Fan), and her sex worker neighbour, Yan (Qin Hailu), in Hong Kong. The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 57th Venice International Film Festival.
Yan is a prostitute from the mainland in Hong Kong, living near Fan and her family, who are staying in the area illegally. Yan meets Fan in a laneway behind Portland Street and become friends after Yan's pimp is assaulted in front of Fan by an assailant wielding a durian fruit.
Yan services dozens of clients per day and showers compulsively. After her 3-month-stay in Hong Kong, Yan returns to her family and her ex-fiancé in Northeast China to invest what she has earned. Yan remains in contact with Fan, receiving a durian from her as a gift.
Fan was featured in Little Cheung, a film which also deals with poverty and life as an immigrant. This film also centres upon Portland Street in Kowloon.
Chan became interested in the topic of prostitution while filming Little Cheung in Kowloon, where he met and interviewed various prostitutes. While filming in mainland China, Chan found the public toilets to be terrible and very different. This served as inspiration for his next film Public Toilet (2002).
In addition to numerous awards, the film has received critical acclaim. Reviews have praised Chan and actresses Qin Hailu and Mak Wai-Fan, and emphasise themes of contrast, urban squalor, youthful optimism, and alienation. The film has been called "deliberate and brooding".
At the 20th Hong Kong Film Awards in 2001, Durian Durian was nominated for the Best Film, Best Director (Fruit Chan), Best Screenplay (Fruit Chan), Best Actress (Qin Hailu), Best New Performer (Qin Hailu) and Best Art Direction (Tin Muk) awards. It won the awards for Best Film and Best New Performer. It was awarded Best Film at the 2001 Hong Kong Film Critics Society Awards. The film also won the Best Picture award at the 38th Golden Horse Awards, with Qin winning the Best Actress and Best New Performer awards.
Zhang, Yingjin (2004). Chinese National Cinema. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17289-6.
List of durian diseases and pests

Durians are an agricultural product affected by many plant pathogens and pests. Most of the information here concerns Durio zibethinus, the major commercial species, but a dozen species in the genus Durio are edible durians, and several of those are also grown commercially and these diseases can concern them as well.
These are animals that eat or destroy durian fruit or trees. Many of these are shot or poisoned by farmers. Some of these species naturally act as seed dispersers, which benefits the plant but does not benefit farmers.
Most of these are arthropods, but nematodes and gastropods are also of concern.
Fungi affect both the tree before harvest and the fruit after harvest. Some listed species may only cause cosmetic damage, or the association is unknown.
Oomycetes are often confused with fungi.
Some plants growing on durian trees can be problematic or even parasitic.
These species live on or in durian trees as epiphytes but typically do not harm the tree or fruit. However, Trentepohlia species can grow thick enough to block lenticels and inhibit ramiflorous flowering.
Hyperparasitism is when durian parasites become the hosts for other parasites.
Musang King

Musang King is a Malaysian cultivar (cultivated variety) of durian (Durio zibethinus). Prized for its unusual combination of bitter and sweet flavours, Musang King is the most popular variety of durian in both Malaysia and Singapore, where it is known as Mao Shan Wang (Chinese: 猫山王; pinyin: Māo Shān Wáng) and commands a price premium over other varieties. It is also increasingly popular in China, where it has been dubbed the "Hermes of durian".
Musang King was originally known as Raja Kunyit, meaning "Turmeric King", a reference to the fruit's turmeric-colored deep yellow flesh. The first Raja Kunyit tree was planted by a farmer in 1970 at Pulau Raya, Tanah Merah, Kelantan before it was "moved" to Gua Musang. In the 1980s, a man named Tan Lai Fook from Raub, Pahang stumbled upon a Raja Kunyit durian tree in Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia. He brought a branch of the tree back to Raub for grafting, and this new breed attracted other cultivators. The cultivar was named after Gua Musang, its place of origin. Musang King has been assigned the cultivar ID D197. The Chinese name, literally "Cat Mountain King", may be either a phonetic rendering of musang or a reference to its Malay meaning, the cat-like Asian palm civet.
In 2017, Musang King became the first variety of durian to have its genome sequenced. The sequencing showed upregulation of pathways related to sulfur, lipid oxidation and ethylene when compared to both other fruits and other durian cultivars like Mon Thong, which correlates with the pungency and stronger perceived taste and smell of the cultivar.
Musang King needs 4-6 years to produce fruits. A young tree produces 30-50 fruits per annum in the first 2-3 harvest. A grown musang king tree can produce up to 250 fruits per annum, a second harvest is possible, depending on the weather conditions. The weight per fruit can reach up to 4 kilograms. The fruit is known for its buttery, thick, bright yellow flesh and robust flavour, with a hint of bitterness. The husk is dusky green and has a distinctive star shape at the bottom. The thorns are pyramidal and not densely packed.
Sultan King

The Sultan King is a popular durian cultivar, particularly in Southeast Asia, specifically Malaysia. Renowned for its distinct flavor and creamy texture, it is often considered a top-tier durian variety.
The Sultan King durian originated in Bukit Merah, a town located on the border between Penang and Perak states in Malaysia. It was officially registered with the Department of Agriculture in 1934.
The Sultan King durian was originally known as a luxury fruit because it was only available for a short season and was traditionally reserved for Malaysian sultans. The durian's name comes from its royal association with the Malaysian state rulers.
D24 durians are known for their sweet and slightly bitter taste, offering a complex flavor profile that balances sweetness with a subtle tang.
The flesh has a soft and creamy texture that ranges from sticky to moist.
The fruit is usually medium to large in size, with a thick, green rind. The flesh is a vibrant yellow-orange color.
Sultan King durians thrive in tropical climates with high humidity and ample rainfall. They require well-drained soil and plenty of sunlight. The trees are typically propagated through grafting to ensure consistent fruit quality.
Sultan King durians are primarily consumed fresh. They are often enjoyed on their own or used in various desserts, such as durian ice cream, durian cakes, durian mooncakes and durian pastries. In some regions, durian is also used in savory dishes, such as durian curry.
Fruit Chan

Fruit Chan Gor (Chinese: 陳果; born 15 April 1959) is a Hong Kong filmmaker who is best known for his style of film reflecting the everyday life of Hong Kong people. He is well known for using amateur actors (such as Sam Lee in Made in Hong Kong, Wong Yau-Nam in Hollywood Hong Kong) in his films. He became a household name after the success of the 1997 film Made in Hong Kong, which earned many local and international awards.
Chan was born in Guangdong, China. His English name is a calque (literal translation) of his personal name Guo (果). Growing up, he watched a lot of films from Communist countries.
He and his family moved to Hong Kong in July 1971. His family was poor and Chan worked in an electronics factory while finishing Forms 1 to 3 at night school. He later got a job as a projectionist in Jordan, Hong Kong, where he developed an interest in international cinema.
He later enrolled in a one-year film studies course at the Film Culture Society, garnering admission by lying about his secondary education experience and working odd jobs to pay for tuition.
He continued his interest in film later on at the Hong Kong Film Culture Centre, a small film club, where he studied script writing and directing. In 1982, after only one year of working at the Hong Kong Film Culture Centre he started his career in the film industry. He began his career as an assistant director to David Lai Dai-Wai in the film Mid-Night Girls. He later worked as an assistant director to mainstream directors Jackie Chan, Kirk Wong, Ronny Yu, and Shu Kei.
His break came in 1991 when a film he was working with stopped its production. Chan took this as an opportunity; he used the same studio to direct Finale in Blood. However, the outcome of the first of his own films was highly praised by the critics rather than the public. In 1994 he collected a total of 500,000 HKD and film-materials left over by other productions to begin directing his award-winning Made in Hong Kong. After Made in Hong Kong came out he was thought of as the hope for Hong Kong cinema by fellow Hong Kong filmmakers for challenging the stable model of Hong Kong filmmaking. He had become the first filmmaker to, independently of the big studios, challenge the genre of Hong Kong films and make realistic films about the political and social situations going on in Hong Kong at the time. The film was the first part to a trilogy that included The Longest Summer and Little Cheung.
In 2002, Chan was a member of the jury at the 24th Moscow International Film Festival.
Chan was selected to head the jury for the 2015 Taipei Film Festival.
Chan lists Japanese directors, particularly from the 1960s such as Nagisa Ōshima, as his primary influences. Ōshima specifically was the influence for Chan's film Made in Hong Kong (1997).
Chan's films often focus on the "raw, often bleak, view of life of Hong Kong's working class."
Fried durian

Fried durian (Thai: ทุเรียนทอด) is a form of preparation for durian. Today, fried durian consumption is widespread in Thailand. It is available everywhere, especially in souvenir shops nationwide. There are also many products made from fried durian such as crackers with fried durian. Fried durian is a popular food among tourists visiting Thailand.
In 1988, agriculturists in Rayong province lost their incomes from durian overflow. Moreover, the increase of worms that pierced durian seeds made durians have a bitter taste and could not be sold as ripe durian. Agricultural authority and local people tried to solve this problem by creating new ways to eat unripe durian. They tested many recipes to make it better and edible for everyone. Finally, they invented fried durian that could retain its sweet taste, nutritional value, with a long shelf life and deodorization. Fried durian started to hit the shelf in 1989 and rapidly gained popularity.
Durio kinabaluensis

Durio kinabaluensis, also known as mountain durian and (locally) as durian tapuloh, is a forest tree in the mallow family.
The tree grows to 40 m in height with a 10–15 m buttressed bole. The oval leaves are 10–16 cm long by 4–6 cm wide, with smooth uppersides, and with undersides covered with golden-brown scales and hairs. The inflorescences comprise clusters of 5–6 pink to reddish flowers along the branches. The greenish yellow to yellow fruits are 8–10 cm in diameter, covered with small conical spines and containing 3 cm-long brown seeds encased in an edible, cream to pale yellow aril.
The species is endemic to Borneo; its range is restricted to the Crocker Range and Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, where it is found in hill forest and lower mountain forest at an elevation of 800–1300 m.
The species is sometimes planted in the vicinity of villages in the Crocker Range, with the fruits sold at roadside stalls.
Durio crassipes

Durio crassipes, also known as durian hutan, is a species of flowering plant in the mallow family that is endemic to Borneo.
The tree grows to 60 m in height with a 20 m buttressed bole. The oval leaves are 7–11 cm long by 2.5–3 cm wide, with smooth uppersides, and with undersides covered with brown scales and hairs. The inflorescences comprise clusters of 10 or more pink to red flowers along the branches. The fruits are 7–10 cm long by 5.5–7 cm wide, covered with 5 cm-long red spines, and containing 3 cm-long black seeds encased in an edible, creamy yellow aril.
The species is known only from Sabah and Sarawak, where it is found in mixed hill forest at an elevation of 500–700 m.
Since the fruits open on the branches, with the contents eaten by squirrels and hornbills, humans must climb wild trees to get the fruits.
Boschia grandiflora

Boschia grandiflora, the ghost durian or durian munjit, is a tree endemic to the island of Borneo.
Boschia grandiflora is a medium-sized tree up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter up to 50 cm (20 in). The tree has buttresses. The ellipsoid fruit measures up to 20 cm (8 in) by 15 cm (6 in) and features spines up to 2 cm (0.8 in) long. Their coloration can range from greenish-brown to bluish-grey. The brown seeds measure up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long, and are covered by an edible aril.
Boschia grandiflora is an edible species, formerly in the genus Durio, which produces the popular fruit known as durian. The fruit of this species has yellow flesh. The seeds have a red, edible aril. The wood is used in construction and for furniture.
Ardeaglais Theampall Chríost

Tá Ardeaglais Theampall Chríost lonnaithe i lár chathair Bhaile Átha Cliath.
Eaglais bheag a bhí inti i dtosach, agus bhunaigh Dúnán, an chéad easpag ar Bhaile Átha Cliath, í le hairgead a fuair sé ó Sitriuc, rí Lochlannach Bhaile Átha Cliath. Is í an ardeaglais is sine i mBaile Átha Cliath í.
I ndiaidh do na hAngla-Normannaigh seilbh a fháil ar an gcathair sa bhliain 1170, bheartaigh Strongbow, a gceannaire, (atá curtha san Ardeaglais seo) agus Lorcán Ua Tuathail, Ard-Easpag Bhaile Átha Cliath, ardeaglais taibhseach a thógáil. D'éirigh lena bpleananna agus cuireadh deireadh le tógáil na hardeaglaise sna 1230idí.
I ndiaidh an Reifirméisin, ardeaglais Phrotastúnach ba ea Teampall Chríost agus cuireadh iarsmaí de chuid na gCaitliceach Rómhánach, bachall Naomh Pádraig mar shampla, trí thine anseo i dtine chrámh mhór. Rinneadh obair shuntasach athchóirithe ar an ardeaglais sna 1870idí. Tá uaimh mheánaoiseach dhraíochtúil na hardeaglaise ar cheann de na struchtúir is sine i mBaile Átha Cliath.
Tá cuid den eolas seo bunaithe ar chomharthaí an Dubline.
Ardeaglais Chríost an Slánaitheoir

Is ardeaglais Cheartchreidmheach an Oirthir suite i Moscó í Ardeaglais Chríost an Slánaitheoir (Rúisis: Храм Христа́ Спаси́теля). Is í an tríú foirgneamh eaglais Cheartchreidmheach is airde í ar fud an domhain, tar éis Ardeaglais Shlánaithe an Náisiúin (Rómáinis: Catedrala Mântuirii) i mBúcairist, agus Ardeaglais Naomh Peadar agus Pól, (Rúisis: Петропавловский собор), i gCathair Pheadair.
Conmhaicne Anghaile

Dream agus tuath ársa ba ea Conmhaícne Anghaile, lonnaithe san Anaíle, nó Contae an Longfoirt mar atá inniu ann. Muintir a glaodh orthu fosta Anghaile.
Gaolta b'fhéidir leis na Laigin ba ea na Conmhaicne, a scaip ar fud na tíre, ag lonnú i gcúige Chonnacht agus an Longfort.
Bhí a gcuid críche teoranta siar ag coillte, an tSionainn agus Conmhaicne Maigh Rein, thuaidh ag Bréifne Thoir, agus soir na Laigin.
Clann Uí Fhearghail ba ea rítheaghlach Chonmhaicne Anghaile.
Bunaíodh deoise Ardach sa bhliain 1111. Ceathrar déag níos deireanaí, ag Sionad Cheanannais-na Mainistreach Móire, laghdaíodh a chuid réimse go Conmhaicne sa Longfort agus deisceart Liatroma.
Conmhaicne

Dream in Éirinn ná meánaoise ab ea an Conmhaicne, b'fhéidir gaolta leis na Laigin, a lonnaigh i gcúige Chonnacht agus i gContae an Longfoirt. Ní chreidtear go forleathan anois moladh T. F. O'Rahilly gur Ghaeil iad.
Is éard atá san ainm Conmhaicne ná Cú/Con-mac-ne.
Dúradh go raibh an t-ainm fréamhaithe ó shinsear miotasach, Conmac, de shliocht Fhearghasa mhic Róigh agus Méabha na gConnachta. Dúirt Breathnach ámh gur bréagstair é seo.
Lonnaigh clanna Conmhaicne i láithreacha éagsúla:
Bunaíodh Deoise Ardach in oirthear Chonnacht sa bhliain 1111. Ceithre bliana déag níos deireanaí ag Sionad Cheannanis-na Mainistreach Móire, laghdaíodh a limistéar go críocha Chonmhaicne Réin agus Conmhaicne Anghaile. Thugtaí go forleathan "Deoise Chonmhaicne" uirthi.
Ailtireacht Ghotach

An fhoirm ailtireachta, reiligiúnda de ghnáth, a bhí forleathan in iarthar na hEorpa ón 12ú céad go dtí déanach sa 15ú céad. Bhíodh airíonna sainiúla aici, ina measc an áirse bhiorach, an boghta iomaireach, an taca crochta, taobhanna maorga istigh, agus fairsinge uasmhéideach fuinneog le gloine dhaite shofaisticiúil. Saothraíodh cuid mhaith stíleanna éagsúla. Tháinig ailtireacht Ghotach chun cinn sa Fhrainc i lár an 12ú céad. Shroich sí Éire go luath sa 13ú céad. Is í an áirse rinneach sainchomhartha na hailtireachta Gotaí (ba í an áirse chruinn sainchomhartha na hailtireachta Rómhánúla). Mar a luadh thuas, ba í an aolchloch rogha na dtógálaithe Gotacha, cé go raibh sé níos deacra í a shnoí ná gaineamhchloch. Is iad an dá Ardeaglais i mBaile Átha Cliath, Ardeaglais Chríost agus Ardeaglais Phádraig, an dá shampla tógála is fearr ón 13ú céad. Is sampla maith eile í an Ardeaglais ar Charraig Phádraig i gCo. Thiobraid Árann.
Bhí stíl níos simplí den ailtireacht Ghotach in úsáid go forleathan ar fud na hÉireann sa 15ú agus 16ú céad. Is í an áirse chíme sainchomhartha na stíle seo; d’úsáidtí an áirse chíme i gcinn fhuinneoige den chuid is mó. rith an 15ú agus 16ú céad, tógadh líon mór eaglaisí paróiste ar fud na tíre. Tá leagan amach simplí orthu: cruth dronuilleogach, agus corp agus saingeal na heaglaise san áireamh, nó saingeal a bhí níos faide agus níos caoile ag an gceann thoir. B’annamh croslann ná pasáiste a bheith san eaglais. Tá an doras isteach gar do cheann thiar an bhalla theas. Ba mhinic go raibh lochta don sagart ag an gceann thiar - is féidir é a aithint ón bhfuinneog ard sa bhinn thiar agus ó na coirbéil chloiche a thugann tacaíocht do na maidí urláir sna taobh-bhallaí. Roinneadh an chuid istigh idir corp, ag an gceann thiar don phobal, agus saingeal ag an gceann thoir, ina raibh an altóir. Bhíodh scáthlán adhmaid mar dheighilt idir an corp agus an saingeal. Bhíodh an fhuinneog ba mhó i lár an bhalla thoir, os cionn na haltóra.
An Míosach

Cumhdach mionmhaisithe Éireannach de chuid na 11ú haoise is ea An Míosach. Tháinig sé ó dhúchas as Cluain Maine, tuaisceart Dún na nGall. Luaitear é sna hannála don chéad uair faoin mbliain 1165. Tugtar dáta siar go dtí an 11ú haois dó, nuair a chosnaítí ann is dócha lámhscríbhinn le sailm nó soiscéalta. Bhí an cumhdach folamh áfach faoin 18ú haois nuair a scríobhadh chur síos air.
Maraon le Cathach Cholm Cille, thógtaí i mbun catha é sa mheánaois cosúil le meirge. Bhí nasc níos deireanaí idir é agus Naomh Cairneach, éarlamh Thuiléin, Contae na Mí, ach faoin meánaois dhéanach, ba chuid de chultas Cholm Cille (521-59 AD) é.
Cuireadh leis an gcumhdach sa bhliain 1534 ag an ngabha óir, Brian O'Morrison, le tul- agus taobh-mhaisiú le clocha leathlómhara, agus rilífí san áireamh Céasadh Íosa, Muire Ógh agus Leanbh, agus na triúr éarlamh Éireann: Bríd, Pádraig agus Colm Cille.
Caomhnaítear é i nArd-Mhúsaem na hÉireann, ina fhoirgneamh seandálaíochta ar tSráid Chill Dara.
Cumhdach

Bosca miotail ornáideach is ea cumhdach (cumdach) chun lámhscríbhinní nó taisí as an luath-mheánaois i nÉirinn a choimeád. De ghnáth, tá siad níos sine ná an réad laistigh, go minic le roinnt aoiseanna: an leabhar as buaic-ré na mainistreacha roimh an mbliain 800, agus an cumhdach tar éis na bliana 1000.
De ghnáth mar bhundearadh, tá crios ar an aghaidh maisithe le clocha lómhara móra, agus maisiúcháin éagsúla thart uirthi. D'iompraítí iad le slabhra miotail nó téad leathair cord, caite ar crios nó timpeall an mhuinéil in aice an chroí, ag tabhairt de thairbhe leas spioradálta agus leighis (cf Soiscéal Naomh Cuthbert, a choinnítí i mála leathair in Durham meánaoiseach). D'úsáidtí iad go hoifigiúil mar fhinnéithe conartha. Bhíodh cosantóirí ó oidhreacht as clanna de chuid na rítheaghlach.
Níl ach cúig luath-chumhdach ann inniu atá fós ar mharthain. Caomhnaítear iad siúd atá ar mharthain i gColáiste na Tríonóide (CnT) agus i nArd-Mhúsaem na hÉireann (AMÉ).
Táthar ar an eolas go raibh cumhdaigh nó ceangail leabhar seodmhara ag saothar eile amhail is Leabhar Cheanannais, Leabhar Ard Mhacha agus Leabhar Dharú. Óir go ndearnadh iad as miotail lómhara luachmhara, tharraingíodh siad gadaithe orthu.
Soiscéal Mholaise

Cumhdach Éireannach de chuid na 8ú haoise is ea Soiscéal Mholaise (Soiscél Molaisse). Tá adhmad aige sa chroí, maisithe sna 11ú agus 15ú haoiseanna le hobair mhiotail maisithe i stíl ealaín na nOileán. Go dtí an 18ú haois, bhí ann sa cumhdach lámhscríbhinn anois caillte, leabhar Soiscéalach a mheastar, nasctha le Naomh Laisreán mac Nadh Fhraoigh (bás 564 nó 571), aitheanta fosta mar Mholaise. Sa 6ú haois, bhunaigh Molaise Eaglais ar Dhaimhinis, Loch Éirne, Contae Fhear Manach.
Cruthaíodh an chumhacht i dtrí chéim. Faoi ord Chinn Fhaoladh, abb Dhaimhinse, maisíodh an croílár adhmaid am éigin idir na blianta 1001 agus 1025 le plátaí airgid cabhartha, tulmhaisiú le cros Chríostaí, fíoracha agus siombailí na gCeithre Soiscéalaithe, agus sraith inscríbhinní Laidine. Sa réad mar atá anois ar marthain, is iad na breiseanna seo sa chuid is mó de. Sa tríú céim, a tharla sa 15ú haoise, cuireadh tuilleadh airgid ann, cé go bhfuil siadsan go formhór caillte.
Is é Soiscéal Mholaise an cuntasach is sine atá ar mharthain. Agus é ach 14.75 cm ar airde, is é chomh maith ann ceann is lú, rud a chuireann in úil gur leabhar Soiscéalach póca a chosnaítí ann. Chreidtí go dtí an 19ú haois gur scríobhadh an leabhar ag Molaise.
Bhí an cumhdach faoi chosaint a choimeádaithe oidhreachta, clann Uí Mhithín as Bealach Uí Mhithín, Contae Liatroma go dtí lár na 19ú haoise. Ceannaíodh é ag Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann sa bhliain 1861, le tacaíocht ó Lord Dunraven agus George Petrie. Caomhnaítear anois é i nArd-Mhúsaem na hÉireann ar tSráid Chill Dara, Baile Átha Cliath.
Domhnach Airgid

Taiseagán adhmaid Éireannach is ea An Domhnach Airgid (Domnach Airgid) de chuid na 8ú haoise. Rinneadh an-chuid oibre air idir na 13ú agus 15ú haoiseanna, agus rinneadh cumhdach de nuair a treisíodh an struchtúr adhmaid agus cuireadh órúchán airgid leis. Ar a aghaidh, cuireadh rilíf ag léiriú Arma Christi fara naoimh, aingil agus cléirigh, i suíomhanna lán de íocónagrafaíocht chasta. Meastar anois dá bharr go bhfuil meascán stíleanna ann, idir ealaín na nOileán agus Gotach Idirnáisiúnta.
Meastar go bhfuil an Domhnach Airgid ar cheann de bheagán cumhdach ina raibh taisí neamh-Éireannacha ann. Nuair a osclaíodh é sa 19 haois, aimsíodh ann 39 fóilió lofa as an 6ú-9ú haois, ag insint na Soiscéil, scríofa as an Vulgáid.
Tá an Domhnach anois san Ard-Mhúsaem na hÉireann (Sráid Chill Dara) ón mbliain 1847. Tá macasamhlú déanta san 20ú haois le feiceáil sa Mhúsaem Ealaíne Meitreapholaiteach i Nua-Eabhrac.
Rinne antiquarian George Petrie (1790–1866) cur síos ar an Domhnach Airgid.
Dún an Chreagáin Chaoil

Is dún cloiche agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta é Dún an Chreagáin Chaoil atá suite ar oileán Inis Oírr, Éire. Tá suíomh Críostaí níos déanaí ann freisin, Cill na Seacht nIníon.
Tá Dún Uí Chreagáin suite in oirthear Inis Oírr, os cionn An Loch Mór, an t-aon loch fhionnuisce ar an oileán.
In Éirinn tar éis an 1ú haois R.Ch. is mó a tógadh dúnta cloiche ("caiseal") den chineál seo. Athúsáideadh na ballaí sa 15ú haois mar chuid de bhallaí seachtracha Chaisleán Uí Bhriain.
Is suíomh luath-Chríostaí é Cill na Seacht nIníon, ar a dtugtar freisin An Chill Bheannaithe a bhaineann leis an mban naomh Moninne. Bunaíodh é timpeall an 5ú nó an 6ú haois AD.
Tá an dún déanta as dhá bhalla chearnacha de chloch singil agus cros inscríofa ar gallán. Is é Cill na Seacht nIníon an chuaird neamhiomlán de chaiseal; tá nideoga codlata sna ballaí i gcuimhne do na catacóim Rómhánacha. Tá bunsraitheanna foirgneamh eile le feiceáil freisin.
In aice láimhe tá struchtúr cosúil leis an gceann a fheictear ag Caiseal Mór (Clochar), Contae Shligigh.
South Park

Is sraith theilifíse Mheiriceánach í South Park. Sraith beochana atá ann, a chruthaigh Trey Parker agus Matt Stone do Comedy Central. Cuireadh tús leis an tsraith sna Stáit Aontaithe ar 13 Lúnasa 1997 agus cuireadh tús leis an dara sraith déag i Meiriceá ar 12 Márta 2008.
Sraith í seo faoi cheathrar buachaillí atá ina gcónaí i mbaile beag, darb ainm South Park, atá suite i sléibhte Colorado is bíonn rudaí aisteacha ag tarlú sa bhaile seo go minic. Tá clú agus cáil mhór ar an gclár seo, agus lucht féachana mór aige ar fud an domhain.
Bunaíodh an seó ar charachtair a bhí cruthaithe ag Trey Parker agus Matt Stone sa bhliain 1992, nuair a bhí siad san ollscoil le chéile agus léiríodh ar Comedy Central ar dtús é. Bíonn sé ar siúl anois ar TG4 in Éirinn trí mheán na Gaeilge ó 2007 agus ar fud an domhain as Fraincis, as Gearmáinis, srl. Um an dtaca seo, tá 11 sraith agus scannán ann, agus beidh an dara leath den sraith 12 ag tosnú san fhomhair.
Scannán is ea South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999) atá bunaithe ar an tsraith theilifíse.
Uair ar son an Domhain

Ceiliúrtar "Uair ar son an Domhain" (Earth Hour i mBéarla) oíche amháin sa bhliain, i mí na Márta, idir leathuair tar éis a hocht i.n. agus leathuair tar éis a naoi i.n. (is cuma an t-amchrios – an t-amchrios áitiúil atá i gceist). Ar fud an domhain. múchann daoine na soilse nach bhfuil ag teastáil ina dtithe. Ba mhaith leo a thaispeáint do na polaiteoirí go bhfuil siad imníoch faoin domhan agus faoin timpeallacht. Cuireann sí i gcuimhne dúinn go bhfuil an cumas sa duine athrú suntasach a dhéanamh agus tugann cuireadh do gach duine ar an bpláinéad machnamh a dhéanamh ar an tionchar atá againn ar an dúlra.
Castar as na soilsí in os cionn 350 de na sainchomharthaí is aitheanta ar domhan, amhail Túr Eiffel, an Empire State Building agus Áras Ceoldrámaíochta Sydney, agus sna milliúin tithe cónaithe chomh maith.
Gluaiseacht dhomhanda dlúthpháirtíochta atá ann, chun aird a tharraingt ar an tábhacht a bhaineann le gníomhú chun ár bpláinéad leochaileach a chosaint ó éifeachtaí an athraithe aeráide. Is féidir féachaint ar chasadh as na soilse mar ghníomh siombalach agus mar chuireadh dúinn mar shaoránaigh ár gcumhacht féin a chasadh air.
Tá roinnt daoine ar son an choincheapa seo, “Uair ar son an Domhain.” Agus tá daoine eile ina aghaidh. Deir siad nach bhfuil gá fanacht bliain eile. Is féidir linn na soilse breise a mhúchadh anocht, agus gach oíche sa bhliain.
Cuireadh tús le Earth Hour sa bhliain 2007 ó shin i Sydney na hAstráile le hócáid “soilse múchta”. Bíonn na milliúin páirteach ann anois ar fud an domhain.
Le linn "Uair ar son an Domhain 2017", i ngotha siombalach chun léiriú gur féidir gníomhartha duine aonair dul i bhfeidhm ar an domhan mhór, mhúch gach solas neamhriachtanach in Áras an Uachtaráin, seachas solas an Uachtaráin a lonraíonn ó fhuinneog d’eisimircigh na hÉireann agus a sliocht.
Steve Martin

Is aisteoir Meiriceánach é Steve Martin a rugadh ar an 14 Lúnasa 1945. Saolaíodh i Waco i stát Texas é ach i gCalifornia a tógadh e. Bhí postanna aige ag Disneyland agus ag Knott's Berry Farm. Bhí sé ina scríbhneoir don Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, agus is minic a bhí sé páirteach ar The Tonight Show. Tá gradaim Emmy, Grammy agus American Comedy buaite aige.
Julie Andrews

Is ban-aisteoir agus amhránaí Sasanach í Dame Julia Elizabeth Andrews. Rugadh í ar an 1 Deireadh Fómhair 1935. Bhuaigh sí an gradam Ban-Aisteoir Is Fearr sna gradaim Academy i 1965. Bhuaigh sí an gradam Ban-aisteoir Is Fearr i gCoiméide nó Ceoldráma sna gradaim Golden Globe i 1965 agus arís i 1966 agus 1983.
Shirley MacLaine

Is ban-aisteoir Meiriceánach í Shirley MacLaine (a rugadh ar an 24 Aibreán, 1934), a bhfuil ní amháin meas leitheadach uirthi i Hollywood ar son a gcuid aisteoireachta, ach ar son a cuid scríbhneoireachta, gníomhachas, damhsa agus creideamh spioradálta. Tá sí ina dheirfiúr ag an aisteoir Warren Beatty.
Leonardo DiCaprio

Is aisteoir agus léiritheoir é Leonardo DiCaprio a rugadh ar an 11 Samhain 1974 in Los Angeles, California. Tá iomadúil duaiseanna buaite aige, Golden Globe dá charachtar sa scannán The Aviator (2004) san áireamh. Bhain sé ciall amach go hidirnáisiúnta sa Titanic (1997) le James Cameron, scannán leis an ioncan chomhlán is mó go dtí 2010. Sna 00í, fuair DiCaprio moltaí aird ó chriticeoirí agus cuid mhór ainmniúchán don a scannáin mar Catch Me If You Can (2002) agus The Departed (2006). Tá a scannáin is déanaí, Shutter Island (2010) agus Inception (2010), i measc a scannán is brabúsaí a slí bheatha.
Rugadh DiCaprio do Irmelin, iar-rúnaí dlí, agus George DiCaprio, ealaíontóir agus léiritheoir greannán. Bhuail siad lena chéile agus iad ag freastal ar ollscoil. Ainmníodh é Leonard mar, nuair a bhí a mháthair ag féachaint ar phictiúir le Leonardo Da Vinci, chic sé don chéad am. Nuair a bhí sé bliain d'aois, fuair a thuismitheoirí colscaradh agus bhí sé ina chónaí leis a mháthair. Bhí siad ina gcónaí i gcomharsanachtaí difriúla i Los Angeles agus a mháthair ag obair postanna éagsúla, ag déanamh iarrachta a thacaigh leo.
Thosaigh DiCaprio a shlí bheatha le fógraí agus scannáin oideachais. Ag 14 bliana d'aois, fuair sé post ag fógairt carranna Matchbox. A chéad post mór ná páirt ar an tsraith Parenthood, ach níorbh fhada gur chríoch an seó. Tar éis sin, fuair sé cúpla páirteanna beaga ar shraitheanna mar The New Lassie agus Roseanne.
Bhí a chéad scannáin Critters 3, scannáin uafáis ficsin eolaíochta a scaoileadh sa bhliain 1991. Go luath tar éis sin, d'éirigh sé ina bhall foirne rialta ar an tsraith Growing Pains mar bhuachaill gan dídean. Áfach, bhí sé sa bhliain 1992 a fhuair sé a chéad páirt mhór sa scannán. Roghnaigh Robert De Niro é as 400 aisteoir óg eile chun príomhpháirt a fháil sa This Boy's Life le Ellen Barkin agus De Nior féin.
Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

The Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral is the senior cleric of the Protestant St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, elected by the chapter of the cathedral. The office was created in 1219 or 1220, by one of several charters granted to the cathedral by Archbishop Henry de Loundres between 1218 and 1220.
For centuries, the Dean of St. Patrick's was the only dean in Dublin and documents of those years often refer to him as the "Dean of Dublin" – but from around 1539 there was also the office of "Dean of Christ Church Cathedral", which had been a priory, headed by a prior and canons.
The right to elect the Dean of St. Patrick's is vested exclusively in the chapter of the cathedral (though before 1870 there could be an exception where a vacancy occurred due to the promotion of the dean to the office of a bishop) and has been defended against monarchs and even the Pope. Jonathan Swift, perhaps the most famous dean, was appointed against the strong opposition of Queen Anne, who disliked him. The Archbishop of Dublin has one of the 28 seats (the dean plus 3 other dignities and 24 canons), used only at the time of election, but no other special authority.
The following have served as deans (where they are known to have previously held office at the cathedral, this is noted):
"In this period, the Pope attempted to assume the power to appoint the Dean, nominating one Landulph, Cardinal of St. Nicholas. The King of England resisted this, and it was eventually conceded that the Chapter alone could choose the Dean – but see the 1401 appointment."
The Reformation took effect in Ireland following a hiatus in the office of Archbishop of Dublin after the death of Archbishop Alen in 1534, and the election of George Browne to that office by the Chapters of both Cathedrals under pressure from King Henry VIII.
From 1547 to 1555, St. Patrick's was suppressed as a Foundation, reduced to the status of a parish church, without its Chapter or Dean – the Dean and other senior officials being pensioned off by the King. It was restored in 1555.
1649–1660 – office vacant during the period of Parliamentary governance; a Robert Chambers was appointed "Reader at St. Patrick's" following Dean Culme's retirement
Note that from 1846 to 1872, the office of Dean of Christ Church was united to that of Dean of St. Patrick's.