davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Red string (Kabbalah)

Wearing a thin scarlet or a crimson string (Hebrew: חוט השני, khutt hashani) as a type of talisman is a Jewish folk custom which is practiced as a way to ward off misfortune which is brought about by the "evil eye" (Hebrew: עין הרע). The tradition is popularly thought to be associated with Kabbalah and religious forms of Judaism.
The red string itself is usually made from thin scarlet wool thread. It is worn as a bracelet or band on the wrist of the wearer. The red string was worn in many cultures and not founded solely in Jewish culture. Hinduism and Chinese culture has also worn this red string or bracelet for luck, love and to ward off evil.
A scarlet thread, tied about the wrist, is mentioned in Genesis 38. Tamar becomes pregnant by her father-in-law, Judah, and gives birth to twin boys. The following verses about this event are taken from the King James Bible:
As early as Rabbi Shmuel ben Hafni Gaon, Jewish commentators noted that the placement of a red string on one's hand may be a good omen. Some sources imply it may even be placed around a finger. Some early Jewish commentators (such as Aggadas Bereishis) write that Joseph's coat (given to him by Jacob) was actually the exact same as the coat of the other Tribes, just that Jacob placed a red string on the cuffs.
There is no written mention in the Torah, Halacha, or Kabbala about requiring the tying a red string around the wrist. Though sources mention red strings as a good omen, it is not evident if they were widely worn. The only case we find a public exhortation to wear red strings is in the 1490s: When Jews were not allowed to wear Tefilin, Rabbi Abraham Saba recommended Jews to wear a red string on their hands (to remember the commandment of Tefilin).
Today in Israel, it is common to see elderly women peddling scarlet thread for pilgrims and tourists, especially in the Old City of Jerusalem. Outside of Israel in the late 1990s the red string became popular with many celebrities, including many non-Jews including Madonna and her children, Leonardo DiCaprio, Michael Jackson, and later by Ariana Grande and Tucker Carlson. The wider popularity is often linked to Philip Berg's Kabbalah Centre. It also gained a surge in sales for Madonna according to editors of Changing Fashion: A Critical Introduction to Trend Analysis and Cultural Meaning (2007).
List of festivals in Europe

The following is an incomplete list of festivals in Europe, with links to separate lists by country and region where applicable. This list includes festivals of diverse types, including regional festivals, religious festivals, commerce festivals, film festivals, folk festivals, carnivals, recurring festivals on holidays, and music festivals. Some recurring European traditional festivals are over a thousand years old. Music festivals are annotated "(music)" for countries where there is not a dedicated music section.
The list overlaps with List of film festivals in Europe.
El Ajo Festival
Long March 1

The Long March 1 (长征一号), also known as the Changzheng-1 (CZ-1), was the first member of China's Long March rocket family. Like the U.S.'s and the Soviet Union's first rockets, it was based on a class of ballistic missiles, namely the DF-4 class.
Development started in January 1965 as the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry issued a design task. The two stage liquid fueled DF-4 was modified by adding a third stage in order to make it to the desired orbit. Long March 1's second flight launched China's first satellite Dong Fang Hong 1 to space on 24 April 1970. The rocket was operational during 1970–1971. Wang Xiji was the chief designer of the rocket.
Bajaj

Bajaj (dibaca bajay) atau bentor adalah kendaraan bermotor beroda tiga yang banyak digunakan di Jakarta. Selain di Jakarta, bajaj juga dapat ditemui Banjarmasin, Pekanbaru dan beberapa ibukota kabupaten di Indonesia.
Kemunculan bajaj di Indonesia dimulai pada tahun 1970-an, ketika India mulai mengekspor bajaj mereka ke Indonesia, terutama Jakarta.
Nama bajaj sendiri sebenarnya adalah nama merek salah satu perusahaan otomotif di India, yaitu Bajaj Auto.
Bajaj terdiri atas tiga roda, satu di depan dan dua di belakang, dengan bentuk kemudi mirip seperti kemudi sepeda motor. Untuk di Jakarta, warna bajaj yang umum dijumpai ada dua, yaitu biru dan jingga.
Sedangkan di Banjarmasin, bajaj mereka umumnya berwarna hijau dan memiliki tempat berhenti tersendiri yang telah diatur oleh Pemerintah Kota Banjarmasin.
Kapasitas penumpang bajaj adalah dua orang atau ditambah juga satu anak kecil, yang semuanya akan duduk di belakang pengemudi bajaj. Suara mesin bajaj sangatlah memekakkan telinga. Ukurannya yang cukup kecil membuatnya dapat diandalkan untuk menerobos kemacetan di dalam kota.
Dalam budaya populer tentang Bajaj, ada juga dijadikan serial televisi yaitu:
Sahila Hisyam

Sahila Hisyam Askar (lahir 20 April 1992) adalah pemeran, presenter, dan model Indonesia.
Sahila memulai karier di dunia hiburan dengan menjadi finalis ajang GADIS Sampul pada 2007. Sahila mulai dikenal setelah dirinya berperan sebagai Nisa dalam serial televisi Pesantren & Rock'N Roll di tahun 2011.
Risty Tagor

Risty Tagor (lahir 12 April 1989) adalah pemeran, penyanyi, model, dan presenter Indonesia.
Risty adalah anak ketiga dari empat bersaudara, dari pasangan Johan Tagor Harahap (keturunan Batak-Aceh) dan Tjut Mutia (Aceh-Minangkabau). Risty memiliki kakak laki-laki bernama Andika, kakak perempuann bernama Andita Minarska, serta 1 orang adik laki-laki yang bernama Nurrizkie.
Saat berusia 4 tahun, Risty telah membintangi sejumlah iklan. Beberapa di antaranya adalah: sebuah produk susu balita, produk pewangi ruangan Glade yang dikenal dengan slogan "wangi bunga di mana-mana", serta semprotan pembasmi nyamuk Raid. Risty juga pernah menjadi foto model untuk majalah anak-anak dan majalah perumahan Bintaro Jaya.
Saat duduk di bangku SMU, Risty dan teman-teman sekolahnya mengikuti ajang model yang diselenggarakan oleh sebuah majalah. Mereka berhasil lolos ke babak 100 besar dan ketika mengikuti seleksi lanjutan yang akan menyisihkan para peserta terpilih ke babak 70 besar, Risty mendapat tawaran dari seorang pencari bakat untuk membintangi iklan kolonye Pucelle. Setelah pihak iklan bertemu dengan ibu Risty, Risty pun setuju untuk membintangi iklan tersebut.
Risty memulai kariernya di layar kaca melalui adu akting dengan pelawak senior, Timbul Suhardi di salah satu episode serial Hidayah produksi MD Entertainment. Pada tahun 2006, nama Risty melejit setelah berperan sebagai Andin dalam film perdananya, Pocong 2, yang disutradarai oleh Rudi Soedjarwo.
Pada tahun 2008, Risty tampil dalam dua film, yaitu Musik Hati karya sutradara Angga Dwimas Sasongko dan Bestfriend? karya Fajar Bustomi.
Tahun 2009, Risty menjadi model di video klip Derby Romero untuk singel "Gelora Asmara". Pada tahun yang sama, Risty membintangi serial televisi Safa dan Marwah. Risty kembali dipertemukan dengan aktris Nikita Willy, karena sebelumnya mereka bekerja sama dalam film Bestfriend?. Risty berperan sebagai Marwah dan Nikita berperan sebagai Safa dalam serial ini.
Pada tahun 2022, Risty kembali ke dunia hiburan setelah vakum selama 8 tahun. Risty membintangi serial Anugerah Terindah.
Pada tahun 2024, Risty kembali bermain di film layar lebar setelah 15 tahun lamanya. Ia berperan sebagai Tanish dalam Home Sweet Loan.
Pada tanggal 2 Oktober 2010, Risty menikah dengan aktor Rifky Balweel. Mereka dikaruniai 1 orang anak laki-laki yang bernama Arsen Raffa Balweel pada Jumat, 8 April 2011. Pernikahan ini berujung pada perceraian di tahun 2014.
Selanjutnya, Risty kembali menikah dengan aktor, yakni dengan Stuart Collin pada tanggal 19 April 2015. Namun, setelah beberapa bulan berlalu, hubungan itu pun kandas, padahal saat itu Risty tengah mengandung anak dari Stuart. Anak tersebut diberi nama Arkana Rafif Bisyari. Mereka akhirnya bercerai pada 2016.
Risty kembali melangsungkan pernikahan dengan seorang pengacara. Dari pernikahan tersebut, mereka dikaruniai seorang anak perempuan bernama Cylla. Namun, kini mereka diketahui telah bercerai karena masalah internal.
Di luar dunia hiburan, Risty menjadi desainer dari usaha yang ia rintis, yaitu RistyLand by Risty Tagor.
Dukungan dalam pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2024

Berikut ini adalah daftar tokoh dan organisasi yang mendukung calon tertentu dalam pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2024. Nonpolitikus ditandai dengan asal partai politiknya jika ada. Media yang dicantumkan adalah media yang antara dimiliki salah satu calon presiden atau calon wakil presiden atau pendukung pasangan calon, atau media tersebut secara resmi menyatakan dukungan kepada salah satu calon presiden, bukan sekadar asumsi dan bukan hasil riset asli. Jabatan yang tertera akurat pada hari pemilihan (14 Februari 2024).
Dinamika politik dalam pemilu presiden sangat kompleks dan melibatkan berbagai pemangku kepentingan. Munculnya dinamika politik tentu didasari atas perubahan sikap dan keputusan partai politik pengusul maupun pendukung dalam menentukan arah dukungan. Dengan adanya popularitas, maka hal itu mendorong sikap partai atas pertimbangan yang rasional dalam memberi dukungan pada calon presiden. Selain itu, pandangan ideologis dapat memberi pengaruh bagi partai terkait keselarasan gagasan partainya dengan gagasan calon presiden. Misalnya Partai NasDem yang mengusung gagasan perubahan atau transformasi terhadap tatanan negara, sehingga partai tersebut mengusung calon presiden dengan pandangan yang sama secara ideologis. Berikut merupakan dinamika pencalonan presiden oleh partai politik pengusul dan pendukung.
Paramount land

Paramount Land merupakan bisnis unit dari PT Paramount Enterprise International. Bergerak dalam pengembangan kawasan berskala kota, mencangkup pengembangan beragam fungsi, real estate, komersial, hingga pergudangan. Karya pertama dan signifikan Paramount Land dalam pengembangan kawasan berskala kota adalah Gading Serpong, sebuah kota urban yang terletak di Barat Jakarta, tepatnya di Kabupaten Tangerang. Kawasan ini memiliki lokasi strategis karena terhubung dengan jalan tol Jakarta-Merak yang membuatnya dekat menuju area perekonomian Jakarta.
Paramount Land memiliki 50% bagian dari total luas Gading Serpong yang memiliki luas 1.500 hektar. Gading Serpong dibuat menjadi kota yang modern dengan adanya infrastruktur memadai seperti ROW jalan yang besar dan terjaga, akses menuju tol yang memadai, adanya pasar modern, area komersial, mall, pusat pendidikan dan perkantoran, serta perumahan dengan sistem cluster. Total penduduk di Gading Serpong, kota yang turut dibangun Paramount Land, kini mencapai lebih dari 100.000 orang.
Grand Prix Meadowlands

Grand Prix Meadowlands adalah balapan CART IndyCar yang diadakan di Kompleks Olahraga Meadowlands di East Rutherford, New Jersey dari tahun 1984 hingga 1991. Acara tersebut merupakan balapan mobil besar pertama di wilayah metropolitan New York City sejak Piala Vanderbilt 1937 dan datang dengan harapan tinggi, termasuk potensi menyaingi Indianapolis 500 dalam perawakannya dan antusiasme penonton hingga 60.000.
Setelah hanya delapan tahun, dan dua tata letak kursus yang terpisah, acara tersebut terbukti tidak populer dan merugi. Kedua tata letak jalur dikritik, dan acara tersebut umumnya dianggap sebagai salah satu balapan CART terburuk dalam sejarah seri tersebut. Terlepas dari warisan negatifnya, acara tersebut memiliki beberapa perbedaan, termasuk duel akhir balapan yang terkenal antara Al Unser, Jr. dan Emerson Fittipaldi pada tahun 1988 dan kemenangan terakhir tonggak sejarah untuk Cosworth pada tahun 1989.
Trans Studio Bandung

Trans Studio Mall Bandung adalah sebuah pusat perbelanjaan, taman hiburan, dan hotel di Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Trans Studio dibangun diatas lahan seluas 4,2 hektar ( 10 are ) yang menjadikan taman wahana pertama di wilayah Indonesia Barat dalam jaringan Trans Studio, dua tahun setelah diresmikannya Trans Studio Mall Makassar di wilayah Indonesia Timur. Trans Studio Bandung terdiri dari beberapa bagian termasuk pusat perbelanjaan yang disebut Trans Studio Mall (biasanya disebut TSM ), taman rekreasi yang disebut Trans Studio, hotel bintang 3 yang disebut ibis Bandung Trans Studio, dan hotel mewah bintang 5 yang disebut The Trans Luxury Hotel.
Target pengunjung Trans Studio Bandung bukan hanya dari wisatawan domestik, melainkan juga pengunjung wisatawan asing dari berbagai negara tetangga dan oleh karena itu Trans Studio Bandung harus bersaing dengan Resort World Sentosa, Genting Highlands, dan lain-lainnya yang sudah terkenal di mata internasional. Karena Trans Studio Bandung terdapat didalam ruangan maka rentang pengunjung dimulai dari anak-anak hingga orang dewasa. Di tahun 2011, pihak Trans Studio memperkirakan bahwa Trans Studio Bandung akan didatangi pengunjung berjumlah 2-5 juta.
Trans Studio Bandung mempunyai fasilitas berikut ini:
Grand Opening Trans Studio Bandung diadakan di tanggal 17 Juni 2011 disiarkan secara langsung oleh Trans TV dan Trans7 dan dibuka untuk umum mulai tanggal 18 Juni 2011.
Trans Studio Mall Bandung atau disingkat TSM (dahulu Bandung Supermal (BSM)) merupakan pusat pembelanjaan terbesar di Bandung yang upacara diresmikan hingga upacara pembukaan sejak tanggal 25 Oktober 2001.
Jalur Kawagoe

Jalur Kawagoe (川越線code: ja is deprecated , Kawagoe-sen) adalah sebuah jalur kereta api di Jepang yang dioperasikan oleh East Japan Railway Company (JR East), yang menghubungkan kota Saitama, Kawagoe, dan Hidaka di Prefektur Saitama. Stasiun transfer utama dari jalur ini adalah Ōmiya, Kawagoe, dan Komagawa.
Sisi bagian timur antara Kawagoe dan Ōmiya operates adalah jalur perpanjangan dari Jalur Saikyō dari Tokyo pusat, dengan sebagian besar kereta melakukan perjalanan lanjutan dari/ menuju Ōsaki dan dari/ menuju Shin-Kiba melalui Jalur Rinkai. Di sisi bagian barat antara Kawagoe dan Komagawa, sekitar setengah dari seluruh kereta yang melewati jalur ini melanjutkan perjalanan dari dan menuju Hachiōji melalui Jalur Hachikō.
Selain beberapa kereta khusus jam sibuk yang berangkat dan berakhir di Minami-Furuya, semua kereta arah timur dari Komagawa dan arah barat dari Ōmiya berakhir di Kawagoe. Penumpang yang ingin melakukan perjalanan melewati Kawagoe harus berganti kereta di sini.
Armada kereta rel listrik (KRL) yang digunakan pada layanan Jalur Kawagoe berpangkalan di Depo Kawagoe (dekat dengan Stasiun Minami-Furuya). Kereta pertama dari 31 rangkaian 10 kereta E233-7000 series yang baru diperkenalkan pada layanan Jalur Saikyo, Jalur Kawagoe, dan Jalur Rinkai antara Kawagoe dan Shin-Kiba mulai 30 Juni 2013, menggantikan semua rangkaian kecuali satu KRL 205 series.
Mulai tahun 2017, bekas rangkaian 10 kereta E231-0 series yang berpangkalan di Dipo Mitaka untuk digunakan pada Jalur Chuo-Sobu direstorasi dan dikonversi menjadi rangkaian 4 kereta E231-3000 series yang berpangkalan di Kawagoe dan digunakan untuk layanan Jalur Kawagoe dan Jalur Hachiko. Rangkaian pertama memulai layanan komersialnya pada 19 Februari 2018.
Mulai tahun 2018, bekas rangkaian 10 kereta 209-500 series yang berpangkalan di Depo Mitaka yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan Jalur Chuo-Sobu direkondisi dan dikonversi menjadi rangkaian 4 kereta 209-3500 series yang berpangkalan di Kawagoe untuk digunakan pada layanan Jalur Kawagoe dan Jalur Hachiko.
Hingga Oktober 2016, seluruh rangkaian 205 series yang melayani Jalur Saikyo sudah diberhentikan dari layanan.
Sebuah jalur yang menghubungkan Ōmiya dengan Kawagoe dan berlanjut hingga Jalur Hachikō di Komagawa pertama kali diusulkan pada bulan Maret 1920. Pekerjaan pembangunan dimulai pada bulan September 1935, dengan pembukaan jalur pada 22 Juli 1940.
Pada awalnya, layanan dilakukan dengan menggunakan tenaga uap, tapi kereta rel diesel mulai diperkenalkan pada 1 Juni 1950. Kereta bertenaga uap terakhir beroperasi pada 30 September 1969.
Jalur ini dielektrifikasi (1,500 V DC) mulai 30 September 1985, dan layanan lanjutan dari dan menuju Jalur Saikyō dimulai, yang dilaksanakan pada waktu yang sama. Jalur dibuat jalur ganda antara Ōmiya ke Nisshin, dan depo KRL baru dibuka di dekat Stasiun Minami-Furuya. Sebuah kereta khusus "Kawagoe Line Diesel Sayonara" melakukan perjalanan pada 3 November 1985.
Layanan lanjutan antara stasiun Kawagoe dan Hachiōji pada Jalur Hachikō dimulai pada 16 Maret 1996 setelah elektrifikasi dari bagian selatan Jalur Hachiko antata Stasiun Komagawa dan Hachiōji.
2020-an

2020-an Masehi adalah dasawarsa pada Milenium ke-3 dan Abad ke-21 yang dimulai dari tanggal 1 Januari 2020 hingga tanggal 31 Desember 2029.
==== Januari ====
Sedang berlangsung — Pandemi COVID-19, Rasisme dan Retorika Donald Trump.
Inspiration4 diluncurkan oleh SpaceX menjadi penerbangan antariksa sipil pertama, membawa awak empat orang di orbit Bumi selama tiga hari.
==== Januari ====
==== Januari ====
Berikut ini adalah peristiwa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi pada 2026:
Berikut adalah daftar beberapa peristiwa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi pada 2027:
Berikut ini adalah beberapa peristiwa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi pada tahun 2028.
Berikut adalah beberapa peristiwa yang diperkirakan akan terjadi pada 2029:
Templat:Reflist
Templat:Commonscat
Bajaj Chetak

The Bajaj Chetak is a motor scooter produced by the Indian company Bajaj Auto. Past models were petrol powered (either 2 or 4-stroke). The modern version is electric (known as the Chetak Electric), is powered by a 4.2 kW BLDC motor with a 2.89 kWh lithium-ion battery pack, and comes with a 90 km range.
Named after Chetak, the horse of the Indian warrior Maharana Pratap, the scooter's original petrol version licensed production of the Italian Vespa Sprint. Chetak had absorbent waiting period, which sometimes had 10 years of waiting period was an affordable means of transportation for Indian urban upper-middle-class families, marketed under the tagline Hamara Bajaj (Our Bajaj).
The Bajaj Chetak had design faults from the beginning with the main one being the vehicle not starting when the fuel was in the dead zone, and hence the vehicle had to be tilted to the side to inject fuel mixture into the carburettor. Around 1980, the Vespa-licensed design was replaced with an all-new in-house design that shared the same general appearance and style. During its heyday, its chief competitor was LML NV made by LML India as a licensed copy of the Vespa PX 150. In the face of rising competition from bikes and cars, Chetak lost ground in India, and production was discontinued in 2005 as Bajaj Auto stopped manufacturing scooters altogether.
On 16 October 2019, Bajaj Auto unveiled a new electric version of their Chetak scooter under the Urbanite EV brand. The production of Chetak Electric started on September 25, 2019, at the Chakan plant of Bajaj Auto. It was initially launched in Pune (4 dealerships) and Bangalore (13 dealerships) in January 2020 and was sold through select KTM dealerships.
Chetak Technology Ltd inaugurated their newly built EV manufacturing plant at Pune's Akurdi on the birth anniversary of Rahul Bajaj in October 2019. The plant has a capacity to manufacture 500,000 electric two-wheelers per annum.
As of 2023, the scooter is being sold in 100 cities and has 40+ stores serving as exclusive Experience Centres.
Urbane
The original Urbane variant came with a drum brake setup at the rear and is available in two colour options. The variant is now discontinued.
Bajaj Finserv

Bajaj Finserv Limited is an Indian non-banking financial services company headquartered in Pune. It is focused on lending, asset management, wealth management and insurance.
The financial services and wind energy businesses were transferred to Bajaj Finserv Limited (BFL) as part of the concluded demerger from Bajaj Auto Limited, approved by the High Court of Judicature at Bombay by its order dated 18 December 2007. It is a financial conglomerate with stakes in the financing sector (Bajaj Finance), the life insurance business (Bajaj Life Insurance), the general insurance business (Bajaj General Insurance), and the mutual fund business (Bajaj Finserv Mutual Funds).
Bajaj Holdings and Investments Limited (BHIL) came into existence when the original company separated its auto and finance assets. This new entity, BHIL is the parent company which holds 39.29% stake in Bajaj Finserv and now holds surplus cash and investments with the purpose of providing financial support to the auto and/or finance business or exploring fresh business prospects. The BHIL has been registered as a Non–Banking Financial Company (NBFC) under the Registration No. N–13.01952 dated 29 October 2009 with Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
Starting in 2017, Bajaj Finserv adopted blockchain technology for services like travel insurance, allowing claim resolution before customer registration. By 2023, they had extended blockchain's utility to enhance trader and customer connections.
Apart from financial services, it is also active in wind energy generation with an installed capacity of 65.2 MW. In the quarterly results for June 2022, the company's board of directors has approved the sub-division of its equity shares in a ratio of 1:5.
During a block deal in the last week of December 2022, promoter Jamnalal Sons increased its holdings in the company. In the open market, the promoter purchased equity shares worth a total of ₹100.41 crore. However, the other promoter, Rishab Family Trust, was able to sell a portion of the company's shares.
Vincent Peillon

Vincent Benoît Camille Peillon, ganet e 1960 e Suresnes, zo ur politikour gall, e kuzul-ren ar PS, bet kelenner prederouriezh, skrivagner gall. Bet eo ivez kannad PS er Somme ha ministr an Deskadurezh c'hall (e 2012) e gouarnamant Jean-Marc Ayrault, a-raok bezañ kannad europeat.
Vincent Peillon zo mab da Gilles Peillon (1928-2007), banker ha komunour, rener ur bank sovietek e-maez an URSS, ar Banque Commerciale pour l'Europe du Nord – Eurobank, ha goude rener ar bank gall hag aljerian Union méditerranéenne de banque. E vamm, Françoise Blum, ganet en 1930, a oa un Elzasadez yuzev, bet renerez-enklask en Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), hag he zad Léon Blum (1878-1930)6, a oa medisin e Strasbourg, ha mab d'ar rabin Félix Blum (1847-1925) ha da Jeannette Lederman ; e vamm-gozh Thérèse Lion (1894-1985) a oa avokadez ha benelourez oberiant; e eontr Étienne-Émile Baulieu (ganet Étienne Blum), a oa kelenner er c'h-Collège de France, hag e voereb Suzanne de Brunhoff a oa armerzhourez er Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), merc'h-kaer d'an hini a grouas Babar.
Tapet en deus e vachelouriezh da 16 vloaz. Graet en deus studioù prederouriezh er skol-veur Panthéon-Sorbonne. N'ae ket re alies d'ar c'hentelioù met tapout a reas e aotreegezh da 20 vloaz. Goude bout arsailhet e kuita ar skol-veur. Labourat a ra evit ar Compagnie des wagons-lits war al linenn Pariz - Copenhague. Sevel a ra un embregerezh enporzhiañ eoged norgeat a ra war-dro gwerzhañ eoged d'ar c'homiteoù-embregerezh.
Goude e tremenas ar genstrivadeg da vout kelenner prederouriezh en eil derez (CAPES). E 1984 e krogas da gelenn el lise Édouard-Herriot e Lyon, hag e 1985 el lise Pierre de Coubertin e Calais. Prientiñ a reas kenstrivadeg ar skolveuriekadur a dremenas div wech. Daou vloaz e chomas da gelenn e Calais, ha goude e voe kaset da gelenn an danvez-skolaerien da Nevers .
Dilennet e voe da gannad eus 1997 da 2002
En e skridoù e tifenn al laikelezh hag ar frañmasonerezh, a zo dezhañ ur relijion republikan.
Euro

An euro (arouez: €, kod bank: EUR) zo anezhañ ar moneiz nemetañ e 20 Stad ezel eus Unaniezh Europa (anvet Takad an euro pe Euroland) ha hini ensavadurioù Europa. Implijet e vez evel moneiz de facto e stadoù all ivez : Kosovo ha Montenegro. Implijet e vez ivez, ent-ofisiel, gant korrstadoù zo: Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, Vatikan, hag ivez Akrotiri ha Dhekelia, bonnoù arme ar Rouantelezh-Unanet e Kiprenez. Moneiz 320 milion Europad eo, hag ouzhpenn 200 milion a dud all a ra gant ur moneiz merket gantañ.
Rannet eo an euro e 100 cent (skrivet EUROCENT war ar pezhioù). Roet eo e von gant Bank Kreiz Europa. An eil moneiz eo evit an treuzgreadoù, war-lerc'h an dollar US hag a-raok ar yuan sinaat. Deuet eo da vezañ moneiz kentañ ar bed abaoe miz Kerzu 2006 dre an niver a vilhedoù en implij (kement a 610 miliard €).
Implijet eo evel moneiz kontouriezh er marc'hadoù arc'hant abaoe 1999 ha lañset e voe e pezhioù ha bilhedoù e 2002. Deuet e oa war-lerc'h an ECU (European Currency Unit da lâret eo unanenn voneiz Europa) gant ur feur a 1:1.
Simone de Beauvoir

Simone de Beauvoir (Pariz, 9 a viz Genver 1908 – Pariz, 14 a viz Ebrel 1986) a oa ur brederourez hag ur skrivagnerez c'hall. Skrivañ a reas romantoù, levrioù a brederouriezh hag a bolitikerezh, buhezskridoù hag emvuhezskridoù. Brudet eo dreist-holl evit e romantoù dreistfizikel evel Les Mandarins hag evit he levr Le Deuxième Sexe skrivet e 1949, ma tielfennas gwaskerezh ar maouezed.
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir a zo bet ganet e Pariz e 1908, merc'h da Jean Bertrand de Beauvoir, breutaer, ha dremmour e-maez micher, ha da Françoise Brasseur, o tont eus ur familh bourc'hizien e Verdun.
Ganet eo en ur ranndi pitaod lec'hiet 130 Boulevard Montparnasse. D'he femp bloaz e voe kaset d'ar skol anvet Cours Desir, ma chomas betek tapout he bachelouriezh, ur skol ma veze kaset merc'hed ar vourc'hizien. Eno ivez e voe skoliataet he c'hoar eil-henañ Hélène, daou vloaz war he lerc'h. D'ar mare-se dija e voe merzet barregezhioù spered Simone, a dape bep bloaz ar c'hentañ plas a-gevret gant Élisabeth Lacoin (lesanvet Zaza, merc'h d'an ijinour Maurice Lacoin), a zeuas da vezañ he mignonez vras.
Goude ar Brezel-bed kentañ e kouezhas en e boull an ti-bank La banque de la Meuse, bet renet gant George Brasseur,tad-kozh Simone a-berzh he mamm. Ur blegenn fall e voe evit he familh, en em gavas dizenoret, ha treutoc'h e teuas pinvidigezh an tiegezh. Abalamour d'an diaezamantoù arc'hant e rankas he zud dilojañ da vont da chom en ur ranndi bihan teñval, kludet e pempvet estaj ur c'hendi hep saverez, lec'hiet Rue de Rennes (straed Roazhon).. Gouzañvet he doa Simone o welout an darempredoù o trenkaat etre he mamm hag he zad.
Ne oa ket puilh ar merc'hed yaouank war ar studi hir d'ar mare-se. Pitilh e oa he zad gant arz ar c'hoariva, e soñje dezhañ e oa skrivagner ar bravañ micher er bed. Atav eo bet broudet Simone hag Hélène gantañ da vont war an hent-se, an tu nemetañ dezhe da achap kuit diouzh o saviad, a oa hini ar maouezed er gevredigezh, hervezañ.
Diouzh un tu en doa Jean Bertrand de Beauvoir keuz o soñjal ne oa ket he verc'h ur gwaz, peogwir e vefe bet tu dezhi da vont d'an École polytechnique, ha diouzh an tu all e kave dezhañ ne oa ket hi "plac'hheñvel" a-walc'h. Gantañ veze lavaret dezhi he doa "empenn ur gwaz".
Desavet gant he mamm a oa deol-tre, deuet e oa Simone da vezañ ur feizadez entanet hi ivez e-pad un nebeud bloavezioù, kent monet da goll he feiz tamm-ha-tamm, pellik a-raok kuitaat he skol Cours Desir. Kregiñ eure neuze d'en em zishualañ diouzh e familh a-fet spered, hep bezañ prest er penn-kentañ da sammañ he soñjoù na d'o embann.
Lois Kuter

Lois Kuter a zo ur gelennerez skol-veur hag ur virourez mirdi stadunanat war ar sonouriezh-werin. Pa oa o sevel un dezenn war sonerezh ar bobl hag hini Bro-Iwerzhon da-gentañ holl eo deuet da vezañ dedennet gant ar c'han brezhonek ha diouzh-se gant statud ar brezhoneg. Bet eo unan eus diazezerien skourr stadunanat an International Committee for the Defence of the breton Language (ICDBL = C'hengor etrebroadel evit difenn ar brezhoneg) hag eo-hi e genurzhierez, ur c'hantad a izili ennañ.
Deuet e oe da Vreizh e 1978 evit he studioù hag e reas ur gejadenn a-bouez pa selaou a reas ouzh sonadegoù ar Gevrenn Alre. Setu perak he deus talc'het da lakaat ar Gevrenn da gemer perzh e ambrougadeg Sant Padraig e Nevez-York e Meurzh 2007. Ur wech distroet da SUA e lakaas da embann ur gelaouennig saoznek "Bro Nevez" e 1980 hag e 1981 e kemeras-hi perzh da grouidigezh an ICBDL. Produet he deus abadennoù sonerezh vreizhek war ar skingomz stadunanat (muioc'h evit 120 anezho). E 1995 e resevas digant Skol-Uhel ar Vro kolier Urzh an Erminig evit he labour evit Breizh. Maeronez Skol Diwan Landerne eo.
Lec'hienn an International Committee for the Defence of the breton Language (ICDBL). Roll ar re o deus resevet kolier Urzh an Erminig war lec'hienn Skol-Uhel ar Vro (gant poltred Lois Kuter)
Humphrey Lloyd Humphreys

Humphrey Lloyd Humphreys a oa ur yezhoniour keltiegour kembreat ganet e 1934 ha marvet e Plonevell d'an 20vet a viz Du 2022. Dimezet e oa da Annick Taro, ur vrezhonegerez, ha bevet en doa e Kreiz Breizh. Evel-se en doa tapet anaoudegezh don diwar-benn ar brezhoneg. Arbennigour e oa war yezh e vro, ar c'hembraeg hag war ar c'herneveureg ivez.
E 1985 ec'h echuas ul labour a bouez bras evit rannyezhouriezh ar brezhoneg dindan furm un dezenn kinniget e Skol-veur Breizh-Izel (Brest) diwar-benn ar brezhoneg komzet e Botoha, e kumun Sant-Nikolaz-ar-Pelem. Kelenner e skol-veur Llanbedr Pont Steffan eo bet hag kenlabouret en deus gant Kreizenn an Enklaskoù Breizhek ha Keltiek e Skol-veur Breizh-Izel.
E 1990 e keñverias perzhioù ar c'hembraeg hag ar brezhoneg a-fet ar nevezc'heriañ.
E vab, Iwan Wmffre, desavet e peder yezh, en deus heuliet e roudoù, pa'z eo aet da yezhoniour keltiegour skol-veur ivez.
Wolfgang U. Dressler

Wolfgang Ulrich Dressler (ganet d'an 22 a viz Kerzu 1939 e Vienna) a zo ur yezhour aostrian ha kelenner war ar yezhoniezh e Skol-veur Vienna. Studiet en deus ar yezhoniezh e Skol-veur Vienna etre 1957 ha 1962. Peurechuet en deus e stummadur e Roma hag e Pariz. Deuet eo da vezañ skoazeller e Skol Uhel ar Yezhoniezh e Skol-Veur Vienna etre 1964 ha 1969. Anveet eo bet da gelenner e 1971 betek 2008. Brudet eo evit e levr " Digoradur war yezhoniezh ar gomz plaen"[1].
Labouret en deus war ar brezhoneg adalek ar bloaz 1968. Bet eo bet e Bro Vigoudenn hag e Bro Dreger dreist holl da studiañ pouez ar gomz buan war fonologiezh ar yezh. Labouret en deus gant tud simudet en Ospital e Kemper. Bet en deus pleustret ivez war ar sokio-yezhoniezh ha studiet teoriennoù war marv ar yezhoù.
Bernard Hinault

Bernard Hinault, ganet d’ar 14 a viz Du 1954 en Ilfinieg, Aodoù-an-Arvor, zo anezhañ ur marc'hhouarner breizhat .
Deskard junter-metaloù eo bet a-raok dimeziñ da Martine pa oa 18 vloaz. Daou vab o deus bet ha tad-paeron eo da g-Christopher Anquetil, ur mab da Jacques Anquetil, .
Etre 1978 ha 1986 e voe gwellañ marc'hhouarner ar bed. 216 gwech e voe trec’h pa oa marc’hhouarner a vicher (144 ma ne gonter ket ar c'hriteriomoù). Dre ma oa anezhañ ur paotr dornek e voe lesanvet ar "Broc'h bihan", ha da c'houde ar "Broc'h", rak ar broc'hed zo loened ha na lezont ket da dec’hel kuit ken aes se ar preizhoù tapet ganto.
Er bloavezhioù 2000 e tesav loened e Kerorgen, en Aodoù-an-Arvor. Unan eus atebeien ar c’hevredad a aoz Tro Bro-C'hall eo ivez. Lenn [1].
Skipailhoù lerc’h-ouzh-lerc’h :
D’an 9 a viz Du 1986 e paouezas gant ar vicher a varc'hhouarner, goude bezañ aozet ur redadeg belo-cross e Kesoue, e-kichenik Ilfinieg.
Jean Stablinski, bet marc’hhouarner ha kampion ar bed ivez, a voe e rener sport micherel kentañ. Ar Breizhad Cyrille Guimard, ur marc’hhouarner all, a voe e rener war-lerc’h. Da c’houde e redas e skipailh La Vie Claire a veze renet gant ar Suis Paul Koechli.
Marc'heg al Lejion a enor e teuas da vezañ d’an 21 a viz Genver 1986.
Madagaskar

Bez' eo Madagaskar (Madagasikara e malagasieg) ur vro hag un enezenn eus Meurvor Indez, a-dal da aod gevred Afrika. Rannet eo diouzh ar c'hevandir-se gant kanol Mozambik. Antananarivo eo ar gêr-benn hag ar gêr vrasañ.
Enezenn vrasañ Afrika eo Madagaskar, hag ar pempvet enezenn vrasañ er bed. Kavout a reer eno gouennoù loened ha plant dibar, na vezont ket kavet e lec'h all. En o zouez e c'heller menegiñ al lemureged.
Dindan warezveli Bro-C'hall emañ Madagaskar etre 1883 ha 1897, ha goude un emelladenn vilourel eo staget outi. Un drevadenn e teu da vezañ eta. Adkavout a ra he emrenerezh e 1958 hag he dizalc'hiezh e 1960.
Ar malagasieg eo ar yezh komzet ar muiañ er vro. Div yezh ofisiel a zo : ar malagasieg hag ar galleg. Ar saozneg a oa bet lakaet e-pad ur pennad da yezh ofisiel, met n'eo ket bet degemeret an dra gant ar referendom war ar vonreizh e 2010.
Ezel eo ar vro ouzh ABU, FME, ar Frankofoniezh, Unaniezh Afrika, Komunouriezh Diorren Afrika Aostral, Kenvarc'had Afrika Reterat hag Aostral ha Bank Diorren Afrika.
Sellout ouzh ar pennad Istor Madagaskar.
Rannet eo Madagaskar e 6 proviñs ha 22 rannvro.
Ezporzhiañ a ra tireoul (Texaco), uraniom (Areva), ilmenit (Rio Tinto), nikel (Dynatec hag Arcelor), niobiom, hag ivez chevr, vanilhez ha litchi. Kentañ keveler kenwerzh Madagaskar eo deuet da vezañ Sina e 2015.
E 2005 e oa war dro 18 606 000 annezad. E 2018 e oa 25 683 610.
A orin aostronesian eo ar boblañs. 19 kenel bennañ a zo.
Ar Baleer-Bro

Ar Baleer-Bro zo ur pezh-c'hoari berr (un arvest ha trizek diviz) gant Jarl Priel bet embannet en niverenn 26 eus ar gelaouenn SAV, er goañv 1943.
An eil pezh-c'hoari savet e brezhoneg gant ar skrivagner tregeriat an hini eo, war-lerc'h An Dakenn dour.
Tud ar c'hoari zo :
C'hoarvezout a ra ar pezh-c'hoari er vereuri end-eeun, war-dro eizh eur noz, da vare an here. Ober tachoù a ra holl dud an tiegezh, pe dost, o vezañ m'emañ klañv-fall Alan, ur mab all da C'hod. Ha ne ziskouez ket bezañ gwall zinec'hus an Aotrou Skouarneg, ar mezeg a ra war-dro ar c'hlañvour yaouank, pa erbed pediñ o vezañ m'eo aner e strivoù da bareañ Alan. Degouezhout a ra ur paourkaezh den truilhennek, an Ankoù evel-just, hag a ginnig ar marc'had mil anavezet : mat eo dezhañ lezel Alan bev gant ma vo degaset unan all gantañ. Da dud an tiegezh d'ober o dibab...
Evel e-barzh An Dakenn dour ne veneg ket Jarl Priel anv ar barrez e-lec'h ma c'hoarvez e bezh-c'hoari. Ur serr-lagad a-berzh Priel a gaver koulskoude pa lak-eñ e genoù Job ar Briz "Selaouit ! petra an diaoul a hadfemp ar bloaz-mañ e tachenn Krec'h Eliez ?" : e ti e dud-kozh, e Krec'h Eliez (e Priel) e oa bet savet Charles Trémel a-raok mont da vartolod ha dont da vezañ ur skrivagner brudet.
Gwall souehzus ez eo lenn dindan bluenn Jarl Priel gerioù pe droiennoù evel ac'hanoun, anezo, dindanoun, dirazoun, diwarnoun, emezoun, dourn, ennoun, eveldoun, evidoun, klevot, mintin, nemedoun, mar kirit, reot, outo, teuiot, warnoun, hag all : hep mar na marteze, n'eo ket en e barrez c'henidik nag en trowardroioù en dije gallet o c'hlevet ingal...
Añjela Duval

Añjela Duval, Marie-Angèle Duval ent-ofisiel e galleg, «Dual» pe «Dualenn» an anv-familh-mañ e brezhoneg, a zo ur varzhez hag a skrive e brezhoneg, bet ganet d'an 3 a viz Ebrel 1905 er C'houerc'had, e-tal kichen Plouared (Aodoù-an-Arvor), hag aet da Anaon d'ar 7 a viz Du 1981, en Lannuon.
Añjela Duval 'zo bet ganet e 1905, merc'h da Erwan Duval ha da vMari-Soaz an Olier. E-kreiz maezioù Bro-Dreger e oa he zud o terc'hel ur menaj bihan, e Traoñ-an-Dour, e parrez ar C'houerc'had. Eürus eo bloavezhioù kentañ ar plac'hig, daoust ma n'eus bugel all ebet nag en ti, nag er gêriadenn. Al loened hag ar plant eo he mignoned kentañ. Ar skol, "ur bed kriz", a laka un harz d'ar mare eürus-se. Er skol e chom betek he daouzek vloaz.
Da bemzek vloaz, e 1920, e wisk Añjela ar c'hoef. Ur plac'h yaouank eo bremañ. Gant merc'hed en oad ganti e vez gwelet er pardonioù hag er frikoioù. Ur goantenn, pe ur bleumpenn an hini eo. Plijout a ra da baotred an terouer. Lizheroù a skrivont dezhi evit goulenn an "aotre da zaremprediñ" pennhêrez Traoñ-an-Dour. Ne blij hini ebet d'ar vamm. Tud Añjela o deus ezhomm eus o merc'h e-barzh er menaj. Aet int war an oad : an tad zo bet ganet e 1861 hag ar vamm e 1867. Labour a-walc'h zo : start eo ar bloavezhioù 30-36 evit ar gouerien rak ar prizioù zo aet d'an traoñ... Hag e 1939 e tarzh ar brezel. N'he devez ket Anjela kalz amzer da soñjal en dimeziñ. Labourat a ra kement hag ur mevel. Degas a ra yaouankiz e-barzh he zi ivez.
E 1941 ez a an tad da Anaon. Ar vaouez yaouank a gemer penn ar menaj. Bez' e plij al labour-douar dezhi. Desket he deus ar vicher digant he zad. Heuliet he doa kentelioù labour-douar dre lizher ivez. Pounner eo ar samm avat. E 1951 e varv ar vamm. Pa zeu an noz e vez Añjela hec'h-unan ouzh taol. Ur vaouez 46 vloaz eo, merket he c'horf gant al labour. Pell emañ koantenn Traoñ-an-Dour.
Goude ar brezel e cheñch al labour-douar. Adalek 1954 e vez prenet traktorioù ha goroerezed. E 1958 e kroger da adlodennañ an douaroù... Implijad "ar bank a gemer, tamm-ha-tamm, plas ar person". Mestrez Traoñ-an-Dour a gompren ne vo ket a blas eviti el labour-douar nevez. Lenn brezhoneg a rae-hi abaoe yaouank, met ne oa ket bet gouest da skrivañ anezhañ kent ar bloavezhioù 1960. D'ar mare-se, ma oa-hi o klask ur gelaouenn vrezhonek, e oa bet roet anv Ar Bed Keltiek dezhi.
Emsaverez ha broadelourez e oa-hi, ar pezh a oa dibaot a-walc'h evit ur beizantez. Difenn a rae ivez an natur, hag ur gristenez gredus e oa ivez.
Deuet e oa-hi da vezañ anavezet e-maez bed ar brezhoneg goude un abadenn-dele, Les Conteurs, e 1971.
Skrivet he deus bet e-barzh Al Liamm, Barr-Heol, Ar Bed Keltiek hag Hor Yezh. Hec'h Oberenn glok zo bet embannet er bloaz 2000. 1 000 skouerenn a oa bet tennet eus ar levr ; gwerzhet int bet buan. Un embannadur all a zo bet e 2005.
Meur a wech eo bet kanet he barzhonegoù gant arzourien liesseurt. Gwelet : Kanaouennoù savet diwar barzhonegoù Anjela Duval.
Karantez-vro

Karantez-vro zo ur varzhoneg vrezhonek savet gant Anjela Duval (1905-1981) e miz Eost 1963.
Kanet eo bet gant Tinaig Perche, eus Beilhadegoù Treger. Gant Soazig Noblet, a sone an delenn, e oa bet savet an ton kentañ.
Gant Véronique Autret eus ar strollad leonat Gwalarn e oa bet savet an eil ton er bloavezhioù 1980 ; adkemeret e oa bet an ton-mañ gant Nolwenn Leroy e 2010 er bladenn Bretonne.
Duval

Duval zo un anv-tiegezh gallek a gaver stank er broioù gallek (Bro-C'hall, Breizh, Belgia, Suis, Kebek hag all) met ivez er broioù saoznek. Dont a ra eus an anv normanek Devall hag en deus roet kalz anvioù-tiegezh gallek ha saoznek disheñvel.
Mónika Sánchez

Mónika Sánchez (born Mónika Analia Sánchez Torre on 3 December 1974 in Mexico City, Mexico) is a Mexican actress.
Sánchez was born on 3 December 1974 in Mexico City. She is the daughter of Mexican writer and poet, Fernando Sánchez-Mayans and Angela Torre.
Moreover, she started acting and modeling at the Miami Community College and The Play House. This was when she realized that her main focus would be acting, so she then enrolled in the "Taller Artistico de Sergio Jimenez" at Televisa in Mexico City. Finally, Sánchez auditioned to be part of the CEA (Centro Educativo Artístico de Televisa), and began studying acting, TV techniques, theater, literature, English, dance, singing, culture, and many other arts. She began her career by doing castings, looking for opportunities, searching for producers and meeting them, and attending events where she could meet important people that could contribute to her future career as an actress.
Sánchez debuted in the 1992 telenovela Ángeles sin paraíso where she had a small participation. Then other opportunities followed: Buscando el paraíso, Corazón Salvaje, Caminos cruzados, Alondra, Lazos de Amor, Morir dos veces and Tú y yo. Sánchez starred as an antagonist in the telenovela Pueblo chico, infierno grande. The popularity of Sánchez for viewers, grew fast; and soon she was one of the most admired female antagonist in Mexíco. The mixture of sweetness and seduction that had not been seen before in a female antagonist, made her performances special and well-liked by viewers. She continued with great success again in antagonist roles in telenovelas: El diario de Daniela and Laberintos de pasión.
In 2000, TVyNovelas Awards recognized her as the Best Female Antagonist of the Year 2000 for her excellent work. In 2001, Sánchez played in the telenovela Salomé in the role of a fragile woman who dies for love. In 2003, she played in the telenovela La Otra; and 2004, Apuesta por un amor as the main antagonist and again in "La mariposa", that gave her another nomination as Best Female Antagonist of the Year 2005 in TVyNovelas Αwards, and followed two other appearances in the telenovela Amar sin límites in 2006 and Al diablo con los guapos in 2007.
After an absence in telenovelas for 4 years, she reappeared in Amores Verdaderos, produced by Nicandro Diaz Gonzalez, in the role of Cristina Balvanera Corona de Arriaga, with Eduardo Yáñez, Erika Buenfil, Sebastian Rulli and Marjorie de Sousa. In 2013, Sanchez had a special appearance in the telenovela Libre para amarte with singer Gloria Trevi, Gabriel Soto, and Eduardo Santamarina. In 2014 she played Gisela Cienfuegos in the telenovela La gata. Later in 2016-2017 she played Viridrina Betancourt in Tres veces Ana.
Sánchez in September 2008 she married the Venezuelan businessman Otto Seijas. They have three children: Santiago (born 2009), Angela Fernanda (born November 11, 2011) and Monika Constanza (born November 17, 2013).
Norma Duval

Purificación Martín Aguilera, professionally known as Norma Duval (born 4 April 1956 in Barcelona), is a Spanish vedette, actress and businesswoman.
Duval was born in Barcelona on April 4, 1956. Her family moved to Madrid to live a villa in the Cuatro Vientos Military Colony because of her father's profession. Duval was chosen as Miss Madrid in 1973. She was married to Marc Ostarcevic between 1992 and 2003. In 2020, she participated on the first season of Mask Singer: Adivina quién canta, under the Unicorn mask and revealing itself on the 3rd program.
Norma Duval made her TV debut in 1974 on ¡Señoras y señores! with other known artists in the middle as Ángela Carrasco and Victoria Vera [ca; es; eu; ru; uk].
She finally consecrated herself as a revue actress. In 1980, she became the first star of the centenary Parisian theater Folies Bergère, very frequented by Toulouse-Lautrec. She was the second Spaniard who managed to be the headliner of the same theater, after Bella Otero. Duval was one of the last stars of the traditional "magazine", a type of show that during those years was in decline and that was maintained mainly thanks to the tourists who visited Paris.
Once in Spain, and having become a businesswoman, Norma Duval directed and managed different shows with which she toured Spain and abroad. In Mexico and Italy, she achieved great successes. Late in the 1980s, and coinciding with the decline of uncover [ca; es; eu; fr], she leaves the world of cinema and dedicates herself exclusively to theater and her appearances on television. She reaps important successes with the zarzuela La corte del faraón, which she performed in Valencia in 1993.
After a few years away from the stage, she premiered, in October 2000, the musical The Woman of the Year.
Ottoman lira

The pound or lira (sign: LT; Ottoman Turkish: ليرا, romanized: līrā; French: livre turque; Greek: οθωμανική λίρα, romanized: othomanikí líra; Armenian: Օսմանյան լիրա, romanized: Osmanyan lira; Arabic: ليرة عثمانية, romanized: līra, lēra ʕuṯmāniyya) was the currency of the Ottoman Empire from 1844 until 1927, when it was replaced by the Turkish lira. Although the Ottoman Empire was abolished in 1922, the Ottoman lira remained in circulation until the end of 1927, as the Republic of Turkey that succeeded it was not in a position to issue its own banknotes yet in its early years.
The Ottoman lira replaced the piastre (Turkish: kuruş) as the principal unit of currency in the Ottoman Empire, with the piastre continuing to circulate as a subdivision of the lira, with 100 piastres = 1 lira. The para also continued to be used, with 40 para = 1 piastre.
Until the 1930s and the Turkish alphabet reform, the Arabic script was used on Turkish coins and banknotes, with پاره for para, قروش for kuruş and ليرا for lira (تورك ليراسي for 'Turkish lira'). In European languages, the kuruş was known as the piastre, whilst the lira was known as the livre in French and the pound in English. English-language publications used "£T" as the sign for the currency, but it is unknown whether it was ever used natively.
Between 1844 and 1881, the lira was on a bimetallic standard, with LT 1 = 6.61519 grams pure gold (roughly 9⁄10 of a British Sovereign) = 99.8292 grams pure silver. In 1881, the gold standard was adopted and continued until 1914. World War I saw Turkey effectively depart from the gold standard with the gold lira being worth about LT 9 in paper money by the early 1920s.
Between 1844 and 1855, coins were introduced in denominations of 1p, 5p, 10p, 20p, 1⁄2pt, 1pt, 2pt, 5pt, 10pt, 20pt and LT 1⁄4, LT 1⁄2, LT 1, LT 2+1⁄2 and LT 5. The para denominations were struck in copper, the kuruş in silver and the lira in gold. The 1p was discontinued in 1859, with the higher copper denominations ceasing production between 1863 and 1879. In 1899, billon 5p and 10p were introduced, followed by nickel 5p, 10p, 20p and 40p in 1910. Gold coins continued to be minted after the abolition of the gold standard, even into the 1920s, but their value far exceeded the value of the equivalent denominations in paper currency.
The central Ottoman Bank first issued paper currency known as kaime in 1862, in the denomination of 200pt. The notes bore texts in Turkish and French. Notes for LT 1, LT 2 and LT 5 were introduced in 1873. In 1876, smaller denomination notes were introduced for 1pt, 5pt, 10pt, 20pt, 50pt and 100pt. In 1908, LT 50 and LT 100 notes were introduced.
From 1912, the Ministry of Finance issued paper money. Initially, notes were produced in denominations of 5pt and 20pt, LT 1⁄4, LT 1⁄2, LT 1 and LT 5, followed the next year by 1pt and 2+1⁄2pt, LT 2+1⁄2, LT 10, LT 25, LT 50, LT 100 and LT 500. LT 1,000 notes were introduced in 1914. In 1917, postage stamp money was issued in the form of 5p and 10p stamps affixed to card.
La Banque postale

La Banque postale (French pronunciation: [la bɑ̃k pɔstal], lit. 'The Postal Bank') is a French postal bank, created on 1 January 2006 as a subsidiary of La Poste, the national postal service.
It has been designated as a Significant Institution since the entry into force of European Banking Supervision in late 2014, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
The bank provides service to over 10.8 million active private customers, as well as more than 400,000 customers businesses, professionals, social economy actors and local public sector bodies. The company is considered to be one of the leading lenders to local authorities, maintaining an expansive branch network in France consisting of over 17,000 contact points and 7,700 post offices. It is the only bank in France charged with the responsibility to implement banking services to the public under a legislative initiative to modernize the French economy in 2008. La Banque postale reports a net income of €5.602 billion, -2.5% relative to 2015.
In 1882 the French state established the Caisse Nationale d'Épargne (CNE) to manage retail savings collected through the French network of post offices. The CNE thus competed for the collection of small retail savings with the local Caisses d'Épargne (also known in that context as Caisses d'épargne ordinaires) which were private-sector entities.
In 2012, the company set out to be a benchmark partner for the public sector, focusing on working with all regional stakeholders. By 2015, La Banque postale's commitments had been realized, now being recognized as the reference bank for local authorities concerning financing and banking services, as well for stakeholders dealing with social housing, local institutions, public health-care establishments and semi-public corporations.
In 2010 the French government's Autorité de la concurrence (the department in charge of regulating competition) fined eleven banks, including La Banque postale, the sum of €384.9 million for colluding to charge unjustified fees on check processing, especially for extra fees charged during the transition from paper check transfer to "Exchanges Check-Image" electronic transfer.
In October 2021, the bank announced that it would no longer provide financial services to oil and gas companies, invest in companies active in the sector and finance any related projects. It additionally presented a plan to completely exit the oil and gas industries by 2030, becoming the first bank to make such a pledge. The policy has been described as an "historic precedent" in the banking sector by environmental organisations such as Reclaim Finance, Friends of the Earth France and Oxfam France.