davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Michael Usi

Michael Bizwick Usi (aka Dr Manganya) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Malawi, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na onye egwu. Dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, a maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dịka "Dr. Manga" na ihe nkiri Dr. Manga . Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke usoro ihe nkiri MBC TV bụ Tikuferanji (Gịnị mere anyị ji nwụọ).
A mụrụ ya n'afọ 1968. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Mulanje. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA).
Ọ lụrụ Ella, onye nọọsụ na-arụ ọrụ na Blantyre Adventist Hospital.
N'enweghị TV mba na Malawi, ọ nwetara iwu ewu ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na redio na MBC Radio 1 na Malawi. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri. Ọrụ ya na-ekwu maka okwu ndị dị mkpa na Malawi ma gosipụta eziokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndụ Malawi.
Usi na-etinye aka n'ịgbalị iwu ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Malawi ma na-akwado mgbe niile maka uto nke ụlọ ọrụ na Malawi. N'afọ 2010 ọ pụtara na MWA (Malawi Washington Association) Extravaganza 2010 Panel mkparịta ụka nke MWA kwadoro na Malawian Embassy na Washington DC ebe ọ tụlere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Malawi na echiche ya gbasara mgbasawanye ya.
Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na PhD ya, nke ọ nwetara na Mahadum Bedfordshire n'ihe dịka afọ 2015, bụ maka ndị ntorobịa na-emepe mba ha. Nnyocha ya gụnyere nyocha nke usoro itinye aka ndị ntorobịa n'ọtụtụ mba. Onye nlekọta ya bụ Prọfesọ Marilyn Leask, Dean nke Education na Tourism na mahadum Marilyn Leask.
N'abalị 6 ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2019, onye isi otu United Transformation Movement (UTM) Saulos Klaus Chilima kpughere Michael Usi dịka onye ya na ya na-agba ọsọ maka ntuli aka atọ nke Mee 21.
N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Michael Usi ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka njem nlereanya, anụ ọhịa na ọdịbendị nke Republic of Malawi na kọmitii nke Onye isi ala Lazarus Chakwera.
Sodabi

Sodabi bụ ụdị na-aba n'anya nke e ji ike nkwụ mee.[1] N'ịbụ nke sitere na Togo / Benin, ọ na-ewu ewu n'ọtụtụ Mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda siri Afrịka, ebe a na-achọ ya mgbe niile site na iji ụzọ ọrụ aka n'ime obodo nta ndị dị n' " ahụ.
Ịdị mma nke ihe ahụ ike ike ndịgasị iche iche dabere na onye na-ebe ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-enwekarị obere ma ọ bụ ihe ngwaọrụ na usoro na kemịkal ikpeazụ. Dị ka ndị asị France si kwuo, nke a bụ ihe mere e ji machibido ihe ahụ iwu n'Oge arọ. [gịnị mere?] Ndị- na-achị mba ahụ na- ike onwe ha na-eme ihe ahụ ga- amụ mbubata ọmụmụ na Europe.[1]A mara ya n'ọtụtụ aha: koutoukou na Ivory Coast, Akpeteshie na Ghana ma ọ bụ Ogogoro na Nigeria.
A na-akpa ya n'ụzọ dị mma n'ụdị agba mana ndị obodo na- ike karama Sodabi na Herbs na Spices ekirire n'ime karama ahụ na ọrụ ike ike, uru ike zuru oke. A na-ebelata ememe, nri, nri kwa ụbọchị n'oge ọ llabọ. [citation need] N'ememe voodoo, a na-awụfu ya n'elu ndị ọrụ iji chụpụ ewepụ ihe ma nye ndị nna nna dị ka ụzọ isi hụ na ha nwere nkasi obi na mgbe ndụ a nwụsịrị.
Taa, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ amalitela nnukwu mmepụta nke ihe ọṅụṅụ maka mbupụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa.
Hortensia (onye ọkà okwu)

Hortensia (fl. 42 BC), nwa nwanyị nke onye nnọchi anya na onye nkwado Quintus Hortensius, nwetara aha ọma n'oge Roman Republic dị ka ọkà okwu. A maara ya nke ọma maka ikwu okwu n'ihu ndị otu Triumvirate nke Abụọ na 42 BC nke mere ka a kagbuo ụtụ isi maka ụmụ nwanyị Rom bara ọgaranya.
Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ndụ Hortensia ma e wezụga ọrụ ya dị ka ọkà okwu. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị Quintus Hortensius nke o doro anya na nwunye mbụ ya Lutatia. A maara nna ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị Rom n'ihi ozizi ya na akpali akpali na akụkọ ihe mere eme na iwu na asọmpi ya na onye ọkà okwu ibe ya Marcus Tullius Cicero. Dị ka onye otu aristocracy, Hortensia tolitere n'ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya, ya mere o nwere ike ịnweta akwụkwọ Grik na Latin site na nwata. O mechara lekwasị anya n'ọmụmụ okwu site n'ịgụ okwu ndị dị ka nna ya na ndị ọkà okwu Gris a ma ama.
kwekwaara na Hortensia lụrụ nwa nwanne ya nke abụọ Quintus Servilius Caepio, nwa Quintus Servilaus Caepius Nke Nta.
N'afọ 42 BC, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị agha Rom niile na-akwado, nke nọ n'okpuru iwu nke ndị mmeri Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, na Marcus Antonius, na ndị gburu Julius Caesar (Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, Marcus Junius Brutus na Gaius Cassius Longinus) nọ n'agha. Iji kwado agha ahụ na aga n'ihu, ndị triumvirs rere ihe onwunwe nke ụmụ amaala bara ọgaranya e gburu site na mmachibido iwu; Otú ọ dị, isi iyi ego a egosighi na ọ bara uru, ndị ikom atọ ahụ tụkwara vootu itinye ụtụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị 1,400 kachasị baa ọgaranya na Rom. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ, na ewe iwe maka ịkwụ ụtụ isi maka agha ha na enweghị ike ịchịkwa, họọrọ Hortensia iji kọwaa nchegbu ha na ndị triumvirs. (N'oge agha, a na ekwe ka ụmụ nwanyị mebie ọdịnala ma tinye aka n'ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha). Ya na nnukwu ìgwè ụmụ amaala nwere mmasị, ụmụ nwanyị ahụ gara Nzukọ Ndị Rom, ebe Hortensia kwuru okwu ya a ma ama. Onye Gris na akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke abụọ bụ Appian dere okwu Hortensia. Ọ bụ ezie na okwu ndị ahụ abụghị nke ya kpọmkwem, nsụgharị Appian nwere isiokwu nke Hortensia:
Hortensia gbakwara ajụjụ n'ụkpụrụ abụọ nke ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị ụtụ mana ewepụrụ ha n'ọkwa ọha. Appian hotara Hortensia, na-ekwu, sị, "Gịnị mere anyị ga-eji na-atụ ụtụ isi mgbe anyị na-adịghị ekenye n'ụlọ ọrụ, nsọpụrụ, agha iwu, ma ọ bụ, na nkenke, ọchịchị nke unu na-alụ ọgụ n'etiti onwe unu na ndị dị otú ahụ na-emerụ ihe?
N'ịbụ ndị na-ewe iwe n'ihi na otu ndị inyom Octavian, Antony, na Lepidus gbara aka ike ha, gbalịrị ịchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na rostra. N'echi ya, ndị ikom atọ ahụ belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-atụ ụtụ isi na 400, kama nke ahụ, kwụọ ụgwọ maka mfu nke ego ha nwetara site na ịmanye ndị nwoke nwere ihe onwunwe ka ha gbazinye ego na steeti ma tinye aka na mmefu agha.
Ndị mmadụ dịkọrọ ndụ mechara too okwu Hortensia dị ka njiri mara usoro okwu ọnụ nke e ji mara nna ya. N'ime nke a, Valerius Maximus dere:
Hortensia bụ onye isi na isiokwu nke akwụkwọ akụkọ 2016 Ndị na-agba mgba nke Republic nke Annelise Freisenbruch.
Borghild

N'Akụkọ ifo Norse, Borghild bụ nwunye mbụ nke Sigmund. Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Hamund na Helgi.
Sinfjötli (nwa nwa Borghild) "hụrụ nwanyị mara mma ma chọọ ya nke ukwuu. Nwanne Borghild, nwunye Eze Sigmund, rịọkwara maka aka ya". Sinfjötli gburu nwanne ya nwoke na asọmpi iji merie aka nwa agbọghọ ahụ, Sinfjötri meriri. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama. Mgbe ọ lọtara n'ụlọ, ọ gwara nna ya Sigmund ihe merenụ. Sigmund wee gwa Borghild, na Borghild chọrọ ka Sinfjötli hapụ alaeze ahụ maka igbu nwanne ya nwoke. Sigmund gbachitere Sinfjötli, mana kwere nkwa ịkwụ ụgwọ Borghild. Nke a bụ onyinye mmesapụ aka, dịka onyinye Hrafnkel nyere Thorbjorn maka ọnwụ Einar na Hrafnkel saga. Otú ọ dị, Borghild etinyeghị ya na nke a wee sị "Ị ga-ekpebi, sir, dịka ọ dabara."
Borghild wee hazie oriri olili ozu maka nwanne ya nwoke, ọ nyekwara ya ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ.
Ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ahụ bụ ihe e ji mara onye na-agbachitere ya n'akụkọ banyere Valhalla. Ọ gwara Sinfjötli ka ọ ṅụọ, mana o kwuru na ọ nwere nsí, Sigmund wee were ya. Borghild na-achị Sinfjötli ọchị na-asị, "Gịnị mere ndị ọzọ ga-eji ṅụọ ale maka gị?". O wee nye ya iwu ka ọ ṅụọ mmanya nke ugboro abụọ, mana Sinfjötli agaghị aṅụ ya ọzọ, Sigmund ṅụọkwa ya ọzọ. Borghild na-amaja ya nke ugboro atọ, na-ekwu na ọ kwesịrị "ịgbapụ ya, ma ọ bụrụ na o nwere obi Volsung.".[1] Sigmund na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè n'oge a, ọ naghị eche echiche nke ọma, ya mere ọ na-akpọkwa Sinfjötli ịṅụ mmanya. Sinfjötli ṅụọ ya wee nwụọ. Sigmund were iwe na nwunye ya gburu nwa ya nwoke, ya mere ọ chụpụrụ Borghild n'alaeze ahụ. Borghild nwụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.
Nsi Borghild rụrụ ọrụ na Sinfjötli ọ bụghị Sigmund n'ihi ọbara Volsung. Dịka akụkọ akụkọ si kwuo, ezinụlọ Volsung sitere na Odin, [1] wee bụrụ akụkụ chi. Sigmund nwere ọbara dị ka chi n'ime ya karịa Sinfjötli, ya mere Sigmund nwere ike iguzogide nsi, na Sinfjötli enweghị ike.
Ikpe nke Ndị Europe na-ege ntị n'ihu ọha banyere mpụ ndị ọchịchị aka ike mere

Mpụ Ndị Ọchịchị Ọchịchị Na-eme bụ akụkọ n' usoro nke ndị na-ege ntị n' Europe nke Onye isi oche Slovenia nke Kansụl nke European Union (January-June 2008) na ndi European Commission haziri. A haziri ikpe ahụ iji meghachi omume na arịrịọ nke Kansụl Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Mmekọrịta Obodo nke European Union mere na 19 Eprel 2007.
N' ịbụ nke Peter Jambrek dezigharịrị ma bipụta ya site n' aka Onye isi oche Slovenia nke Council of the European Union Crimes, akụkọ na usoro nyocha ma nyochaa mmebi ikike mmadụ buru ibu na nke buru ibu mere n' oge ọchịchị aka ike na Europe.
E nwere nnọkọ anọ na n' nuputa:
Onye dere okwu mbido ahụ bụ Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Slovenia bụ Lovro Šturm, Jacques Barrot, osote onye isi oche nke European Commission for Justice, Freedom and Security. Mba ndị sonyere bụ: Estonia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, Poland na Spain.
I. Akụkọ ihe mere eme, aha n' na na nhazi nke mpaghara niile
Nke Abụọ. Mpụ gbara mba gburugburu na nleta ha
Nke Atọ. Ikpe ziri ezi: Nkwado na Nkwado Ikpe ziri
Nke anọ. Ihe ncheta, Nkọwapụta na Ikike nke Total
V. Nkwado: N' Iwe aka nke Mgbukpọ
Akụkọ ahụ kwuru ihe ndị na-esonụ banyere igwe ndị na-achị achị:
Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Europe atụwo aro August 23 dị ka ụbọchị ncheta nke ndị merụrụ ahụ n'ọchịchị ọchịchị aka ike.
Anne Francis (onye edemede)

Anne Francis, née Gittins (1738 - 7 Nọvemba 1800) bụ onye ọkà mmụta oge ochie na onye na-ede uri. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama maka ntụgharị Abụ nke Abụ Bible nke na-elekwasị anya n'omume dị egwu nke abụ ahụ, karịa nkọwa ihe atụ nke Ndị Kraịst.
A mụrụ Anne Gittins na 1738 dị ka nwa nwanyị nke Rev. Daniel Gittins, rector nke South Stoke, nso Arundel, Sussex. Nna ya gụrụ ya akwụkwọ ochie na Hibru. Ọ lụrụ Rev. Robert Bransby Francis, rector nke Edgefield, nso Holt, Norfolk.
Ọ bụ ezie na o nweghị ọzụzụ oge ochie, Anne Francis na ndị ọkà mmụta Agba Ochie nke oge ahụ nwere mmekọrịta: a raara ya nye John Parkhurst, ndị ọzọ debanyere aha gụnyere Robert Lowth na Benjamin Kennicott. The Poetical Translation lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ihe dị egwu nke abụ ahụ, karịa nkọwa ihe atụ nke Ndị Kraịst. 'iwere ihe ngosi site n'aka Thomas Harmer, Francis mere ka olu nke "Di onye Ijipt" dị iche na nke "Nwanyị ndị Juu": na triangle ịhụnanya a, alụmdi na nwunye Solomọn na nwa nwanyị Fero na-ewe iwe site na nwunye mbụ.
Nsụgharị Francis enwetaghị nlebara anya na-aga n'ihu. Ma na mkpebi ikpe nke otu onye na-akọwa ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, "mgbalị siri ike nke Francis iji jikọta mmụta na mmetụta, ihe ọ maara dị ka ụwa nwoke na nwanyị, na-eme ka Song of Songs ya bụrụ ihe ncheta ụmụ nwanyị pụtara ìhè".
Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede sitere na mbipụta ugbu a nangalaba ọha na eze: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"Francis, Anne". Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu nke National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885-1900.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri

Mícheál Ó Ló公 (1836 - 1899) bụ onye edemede Irish-American, onye nchịkọta magazin, na onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ nke New York City. Mgbe ọ na-ebi dị ka ndị nke ndị Irish diaspora na United States, Ó Ló 公 ikpe otu n'ime ndị na- , ọhụrụ nke mweghachi Gaelic na maka ma ichekwa ma alaabe ahia Irish na na- Ireland. O ami ma Philo-Celtic Society na akwụkwọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ ozi nke oge a na Irish nwere ikike dị mkpa. N'ihi nke a, nnyonye na-aga n'ihu maka aha Irish na ahia Celtic ndị ọzọ na-eyi egwu na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na usoro Ó Ló公t nyere aka bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ ụgwọ nke ihe nketa ya.
Ụlọ akwụkwọ Ó Ló公 na 29 September 1836 na Curraghderry, Milltown, County Galway. O pia ka nne ya bụ onye na-asụ Irish. Ó Ló公 n'onwe ya mara ma Irish ma Bekee nke ọma. Orị ka ọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ hedge mgbe ọ dị afụ pass, ruo 1854.
Ọ kwagara America ma nwee ike ike ọrụ mbụ n'ebe ahụ dị ka onye nkuzi na 1870. [1] N'afọ 1872, o degaara akwụkwọ ozi na The Irish World, akwụkwọ Irish-American, na-atụ aro "mkpa ọ dị ichekwa Irish iji ìhè mba Irish" ma na-atụ anya na a ga-esobe klas na ọha mmadụ iji nke a. N'otu apụ ahụ, ya onwe ya akara klas Irish "Philo-Celtic" maka ndị okenye na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ dị na Brooklyn ebe ọ ediri ihe.[2] Site na nke a ka Philo-Celtic Society nke Boston si bịa, na-esote isi ya na Brooklyn na Manhattan.
N'afọ 1881, Ó Ló公t guzobere An Gaodhal, akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ abụọ nke Philo-Celtic Society. Ọ dịgidere ruo 1904 ma mee ka ọ dịghachi ndụ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ruo mgbe e guzobere onye nọchiri ya, kpamkpam na Irish ma kpọọ ya An Gael, na 2009. Ó Ló公t dere ezigbo akwụkwọ maka An Gaodhal, a na-akọwa ụdị ya dị ka nke na-eme ihe ike na nke na-alụ ọgụ.
N'agbata afọ 1878 na afọ 1899, e guzobere isi nke Philo-Celtic Society na America dum, ọ bụ ezie na Ó Ló公 na-enwekwu afọ ojuju n'ụzọ ha si nye ihe omume ọha na eze na-ebute ụzọ na asụsụ Irish.
N'afọ 1891, onye ọkà mmụta Gaelic a ma ama Douglas Hyde gara United States. Ọ gara klas Philo-Celtic na Bowery wee hụ na ọ jupụtara na ndị na-asụ Irish nke ọma. Ihe ọ hụrụ n'ebe ahụ nwere ike imetụta ya mgbe o nyere aka chọta Njikọ Gaelic na Ireland na 1893.
Ó Ló公 nwụrụ na 1899 ma lie ya na Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn.
N'afọ 1999, e mere emume otu ụmụaka afụ nke ỌLọ n'obodo ya bụ Milltown, iji kwanyere ọrụ Irish nke obodo ahụ. 1999 mekwara otu akpan afɔ nke onye otu Ó Ló公 na onye a ma bụ Gael, Liam Beirne, ka a àmà ya ka ọ bụrụ onye enyemaka..
Ihe omume ahụ gụnyere Mas na Irish na St. Joseph's Church, Milltown nke ndị na-eti egwu ọdịnala Irish na-esote. Onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Ó Ló公, Fionnuala Uí Fhlannagáin, kwuru okwu, onye kọwara ya dị ka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke asụsụ Irish na America.
Ó Buachalla, Breandán, "An Gaodhal i Me can" in Go Me pan Siar, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1979
Ó Dochartaigh, Liam, 'Nótaí arugues not notacht na Gaeilge i Me pan, 1872 - 1891" na Go Me pan Siar, Stíofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.). Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1979
Uí Fhlannagáin, Fionnuala. Mícheál Ó Ló公 agus "An Gaodhal". Otu Clóchomhar Teo. 1990
Third Generation of Nigerian Writers

The Third Generation of Nigeria Writers is an emerging phase of Nigerian literature, in which there is a major shift in both the method of publishing and the themes explored. This set of writers are known for writing post-independence novels and poems. This generation is believed to be influenced by the western world, politics and the preceding generation of Mbari Club writers, Flora Nwapa and Buchi Emecheta. The emergence of the third generation of Nigerian writers has changed the publishing sector with a resurgence of new publishing firms such as Kachifo Limited, Parrésia Publishers, Cassava Republic Press and Farafina Books. These new writers create new genres and methods that deal with racism, class, abuse, and violence.
The word was coined by Nigeria author Professor Pius Adesanmi and Chris Dunton in their publication titled Nigeria's Third Generation Writing: Historiography and Preliminary Theoretical Considerations in 2005.
Since the early 1990s, several novels have been published to mark the advent of the third generation of Nigerian writers. During this time, some Nigerian writers wrote breakaway literature writings, which were quite different from the norm; such writings include: The Famished Road (1991) by Ben Okri, The Icarus Girl (2005) by Helen Oyeyemi, GraceLand (2004) by Chris Abani and Masters of the Board also by Chris Abani amongst other.
The third generation of Nigerian writers have experimented with different genres and styles. The most prominent of the third generation of writers is conceived to be Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, who started off with Purple Hibiscus. Another is Okey Ndibe, whose debut novel Arrows of Rain "has been applauded as a faithful representation of social consciousness and political activism that run through the third-generation of Nigerian novelists". Helon Habila, whose Waiting for an Angel has been said to be interwoven with that of Adichie's and Ndibe's. Another of the notable events is the emergence of Africanfuturism, a genre pioneered by Nigerian American writer Nnedi Okorafor. This has led to the introduction of speculative fiction to the Nigerian literary space, with writers such as Suyi Davies Okungbowa, Mazi Nwonwu, Oghenechovwe Donald Ekpeki, Chinelo Onwualu, Tade Thompson, A. Igoni Barrett, Dandy Jackson Chukwudi taking on the new genre. Mazi Nwonwu, writing for Strange Horizons, described the new set of stories as being part of a "tradition of spinning tales." In Comics, third generation comics exist: Comic Republic Global Network, a Lagos-based publisher, is prominent in creating Africanfuturist superheroes like Guardian Prime. Laguardia, a comic book by Nnedi Okorafor, is also associated with Africanfuturism.
The third generation of Nigerian writers has used new media technology as a medium to showcase their stories and poetry to a worldwide audience. This new medium has introduced the use of literary magazines such as Omenana, Saraba, and Jalada, as a means of publishing and distributihg independently. This has been criticised by such Nigerian critics as Sinatu Ojikutu, Charles Nnolim, Ikhide Ikheloa, Niyi Osundare and Olu Obafemi.
Nigeria Prize for Literature

Nigeria Prize for Literature is a Nigerian literary award given annually since 2004 to honor literary erudition by Nigerian authors. The award rotates among four genres; fiction, poetry, drama and children's literature, repeating the cycle every four years. With the total prize value of US$100,000 to individual winner, it is the biggest literary award in Africa and one of the richest literary awards in the world.
The Prize was established in 2004 and sponsored by Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas company. However, the process and judging are administered by Nigerian Academy of Science with advisory board made up of members from Nigeria Academy of Letters and Association of Nigerian Authors.
The Prize was initially $20,000. This was increased to $30,000 in 2006, and again to $50,000 in 2008. In 2011 the prize was increased to $100,000.
Since its inception, the award is normally awarded in October. However, on three occasions the panel of judges were unable to select a winner, with no prize awarded in 2004, 2009 and 2015. In 2015, chair of the judging panel Ayo Banjo noted: "Unfortunately, the entries this year fall short of this expectation as each book was found to manifest incompetence in the use of language. Many of them showed very little or no evidence of good editing ... Hence, there will be no winner this year."
Association of Nigerian Authors

The Association of Nigerian Authors (ANA) is a non-profit organization that promotes Nigerian literature. It represents Nigerian creative writers at home and abroad. It was founded in 1981 by Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe as its president. The immediate past President is Alhaji Denja Abdullahi. The incumbent president is Camilus Ukah and the Vice President is Hajiya Farida Mohammed.
Niger State Governor Mu'azu Babangida Aliyu has been a supporter of the association. In January 2008, he said to a delegation from the Association of Nigerian Authors, Niger State, "I think Niger State will be the most published state in 2008. We want to publish you; we shall publish you..." The state was to publish at least twenty titles in 2008 alone. Speaking in October 2009 at a convention of the Association of Nigerian Authors, Aliyu said that more than 90 per cent of Nigerian politicians have criminal intentions, spending huge amounts to gain office for their own benefit rather than to serve the public.
The organization was founded on 27 June 1981, ten years after the Nigerian Civil War, at a conference at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The conference was attended by two Kenyan writers, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Gacheche Wauringi. Afterwards, the organization was registered by the Corporate Affairs Commission of Nigeria in accordance with the now 1990 vide Companies and Allied Matters Act no 1.
ANA's founding members include Kole Omotoso, Mabel Segun, Ernest Emenyonu, Labo Yari, Femi Osofisan, J. P. Clark, Niyi Osundare, Jerry Agada and T. M. Aluko.
In 2004, the ANA awarded the following prizes:
List of African writers by country

This is a list of prominent and notable writers from Africa. It includes poets, novelists, children's writers, essayists, and scholars, listed by country.
See: List of Algerian writers
See: List of Angolan writers
See: List of Beninese writers
See: List of Burkinabé writers
See: List of Cameroonian writers
See: List of Republic of the Congo writers
See: List of Democratic Republic of the Congo writers
See: List of Ivorian writers
See: List of Egyptian writers
See: List of Ghanaian writers
See: List of Guinean writers
See: List of Kenyan writers
See: List of Malagasy writers
See: List of Malawian writers
See: List of Malian writers
See: List of Mozambican writers
See: List of Nigerien writers
See: List of Nigerian writers
See: List of Rwandan writers
See: List of Senegalese writers
See: List of Sierra Leonean writers
See: List of South African writers
See: List of Sudanese writers
See: List of Tanzanian writers
See: List of Togolese writers
See: List of Tunisian writers
See: List of Ugandan writers
See: List of Zimbabwean writers
Pan African Writers' Association

The Pan African Writers' Association (PAWA), founded in November 1989, is a Ghana-based cultural institution "born in the larger crucible of Pan Africanism" that is an umbrella body of writers' associations on the African continent and the Diaspora. The mission of PAWA, unanimously accepted at its inaugural congress in November 1989, in Accra, is "to strengthen the cultural and economic bonds between the people on the African continent against the background of the continent's acknowledged diverse but rich cultural, political and economic heritage."
The highlight of the PAWA calendar is the annual lecture, given by noted African writers.
The Constituent Congress of PAWA was held at the Kwame Nkrumah Conference Centre, Accra, Ghana, from 7 to 11 November 1989 under the theme: "African Unity; A Liberation of the Mind". Representatives from more than 36 countries formally signed the Declaration and Constitution that led to the establishment of PAWA. PAWA now comprises the 52 national writers associations on the African continent.
The position of Secretary General of PAWA was held by Professor Atukwei Okai from 1989 until his death in 2018.
In 1992, the Secretariat of PAWA, located in Accra's Roman Ridge neighbourhood, was granted full diplomatic status by the government of Ghana.
In 1991, the Conference of African Ministers of Education and Culture, meeting in Cotonou, Benin, resolved to establish 7 November, the day on which PAWA was founded, as International African Writers' Day, which is now celebrated throughout the continent.
In November 2015, more than 300 writers and scholars gathered to commemorate the 22nd International African Writers’ Day at a three-day conference, held in Accra, that took as its theme "Celebrating the life and works of Chinua Achebe: The Coming of Age of African Literature?", with a keynote address by Henri Lopès and presentations by James Currey, Margaret Busby and others in honour of Achebe.
In 2017, the keynote address at a colloquium marking the 24th International African Writers' Day was given by President Nana Addo Akufo-Addo.
PAWA has engaged in activities that have included conferences, readings, lectures, performances, visits, writing competitions and training, as well as honouring African writers. Many leading African thinkers and writers have played prominent roles PAWA's activities, including Nobel Laureates Wole Soyinka and Nadine Gordimer, Emeritus Professor J. H. Kwabena Nketia, Professor Femi Osofisan, Prof. Ali Mazrui, and others.
2024 Nigeria Prize for Literature

The 2024 Nigeria Prize for Literature is a national literary prize sponsored by the Nigeria LNG that will be awarded in October 2024.
The Nigeria Prize for Literature was established in 2004 and is worth USD100,000 in Prize money. The Prize is considered by literary critics as the biggest and most prestigious in Africa and has been commended for helping discover literary talent although some emphasize that more needs to be done to help the African writer. The Prize is in its 20th year, and has so far recorded 1851 entries in 16 competitions, producing 12 winning works. The Award is independently administered by the Nigerian Academy of Science with an Advisory Board made up of members from the Nigeria Academy of Letters and the Association of Nigerian Authors.
The Prize in 2024 received 163 entries of children novels with 11 entries selected to the Long-list. The prizes will be announced and awarded in October 2024.
The 2024 Panel of Judges comprises the following:
Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo serves as the Chair of the Advisory Board with Olu Obafemi and Ahmed Yerima as members of the Advisory Board while Christopher Okemwa, Professor of Poetry and Drama at Kisii University serves as the International Consultant.
Source:
Nigeria International Book Fair

The Nigeria International Book Fair (NIBF) is an annual cultural event in the republic of Nigeria, established in 2001. It is known to be the most attended book fair in Africa, being the only international book fair in Nigeria and the second largest international book fair in Africa. Each year the NIBF brings together book enthusiasts such as writers and poets that are generally involved in the creation of print, audio and digital books all over the country. The main aim of the festival is to promote and improve the reading culture among Nigerians and Africans as a whole. Every second week of May annually, the NIBF hosts publishers, booksellers, illustrators, authors, exhibitors and readers, who display and sell their books at discounted prices.
The Nigeria International Book Fair was inaugurated in 2001. The chairman of the event is also known to be the chairman of Nigerian Book Fair Trust, who currently is Gbadega Adedapo. In 2012, the 11th edition of the fair hosted about 130 exhibitors with over 40,000 visitors.
The 20th edition of the fair in 2021 hosted the president of the international Publisher Association (IPA), Geneva, Switzerland, Shiekha Bodour Al-Qasimi, as the keynote speaker, along with several prominent individuals including the Speaker of the Federal House of Representatives Rt. Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila as the Special Guest of Honour, First Lady of Ekiti State, Erelu Bisi Fayemi who was the chairperson of the event, and Africa's richest woman, Folorunso Alakija. The Governor of Lagos State, Babajide Sanwo-Olu, was the Chief Host.
This 20th edition of NIBF took place in Harbour Point, Victoria Island, 27–29 July 2021. The press conference was held in Protea Hotels Ikeja introducing the theme “Awakening the Giant in Women for the Growth of the Book Ecosystem” featured the physical showcasing of books. The fair was attended by book lovers from across the globe, including those who joined virtually.
In 2022, after having been held in held in September and July in the previous two years because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NIBF returned to its traditional month of May.
The 2023 NIBF was held on the Lagos mainland in Ikeja.
The Nigeria International Book Fair festival majorly involves the display of several books for exhibition, providing a platform for the sale of these books to interested customers. The festival also features other programmes which includes; teachers training workshop, publishers workshop, a two-day programme for children, principal officers education summit, author's groove, printers seminar and others.
The summit of school owners and principal officers of schools in Nigeria was later introduced in the 2015 edition in bid to make the event a more memorable one for both the visitors and exhibitors.
The 2021 NIBF featured the launching of the book Madagali authored by Dr. Wale Okediran, Secretary General of the Pan Africa Writers’ Association (PAWA).
The Nigeria International Book Fair is in collaboration with the Nigeria Book Fair Trust. The festival is also sponsored by several institutions and agencies such as:
Lagos Book and Art Festival

The Lagos Book and Art Festival (LABAF) is an annual arts festival founded in 1999 by the Committee for Relevant Art (CORA), a Nigeria-based cultural organisation.
The maiden edition of the festival was held in November 1999 at Jazz 38’s permanent site in Lekki, Lagos. The idea behind the festival was to commemorate Nigeria's return to democracy after more than three decades of military regimes and to have a festival that would re-energise the scene and refocus both the young and old, especially the book-reading culture, which was gradually dying. Dubbed "Africa’s biggest culture picnic", the Lagos Book and Art Festival is held over a seven-day period in different venues including Goethe-Institute, the British Council, and Freedom Park, all in Lagos State.
LABAF features a number of different activities including pre-festival activities like book treks and other major festival activities including musical performances, book readings, film screenings, a publishers’ forum], book and art exhibitions, panel discussions, colloquiums, symposiums, book presentations, cultural exhibitions, book reviews, a green festival and more events. The festival also enables the participation of students of primary and secondary schools and universities in Nigeria by introducing competition and mentoring opportunities for them.
The festival also selects different books yearly that are featured as Books of the Festival and form part of the festival's discourse for that year.
The 21st edition of the festival took place 4–10 November 2019 with the theme "Emerge... Breaking into the New". This theme was dedicated in loving memory of the great multimedia artist David Herbert Dale, who died on Tuesday, 4 August 2019. The festival was also slated to celebrate different literary icons who had died during the year, including Pius Adesanmi, Eddie Ugbomah, Bisi Silva, and others. The festival's theme in 2017 was Eruptions: Global fractures and the out common humanity, while in 2018 it was Renewal: Towards a world that works for all. The festival is always a time when there will be book reviews, film screenings, documentaries, workshops, plays and lots of presentations to thrill its guests and spectators.
LABAF, which is also known as biggest culture picnic on the continent, is a plethora of different activities, some fun-filled while some are deeply intellectual purpose is to cultivate ad revive the reading culture that is on a steady decline,the active promotion of culture and the need to keep encouraging speaking and writing in our indigenous languages. The festival is promoted not just to sell books but promote arts and the impact of arts and books on society in every strata, spectrum and demography. Several writing and reading competitions are promoted by LABAF.
Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa

Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa is a pan-African writing prize awarded biennially to the best literary work produced by an African. It was established by the Lumina Foundation in 2005 in honour of Africa's first Nobel Laureate in Literature, Wole Soyinka, who presents the prize, which is chosen by an international jury of literary figures. Administered by the Lumina Foundation, the prize has been described as "the African equivalent of the Nobel Prize".
The winner receives $20,000 at the awards ceremony in Lagos or a selected city in Africa. Entries must be written in English or French. Although originally all genres were considered for every award, since 2014 only one genre is eligible for each edition of the award, with drama being considered for 2014, poetry in 2016, and prose in 2018.
Grand Prix of Literary Associations
Joshua Selman

Joshua Selman Nimmak (born 25 June 1980, in Langtang North) is a Nigerian gospel preacher, televangelist, and author from Plateau State, Nigeria.
Joshua Selman Nimmak was born on 25 June 1980, in Zaria, Kaduna State, a Muslim dominated region in Nigeria. He grew up in a Christian family and developed a passion for spiritual matters from an early age. He received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Ahmadu Bello University.
Selman has chosen not to marry, a decision he has not registered. In a 2022 video, he said marriage would "deprive him of the time and energy to serve God." He also said that he wanted to "make good use of [his] energy now that [he] has it."
Ada Lovelace Day

Ada Lovelace Day is an annual event held on the second Tuesday of October to celebrate and raise awareness of the contributions of women to STEM fields. It is named after mathematician and computer science pioneer Ada Lovelace. It started in 2009 as a "day of blogging" and has since become a multi-national event with conferences.
The day was founded in the United Kingdom in 2009 by Suw Charman-Anderson on the second Tuesday in October as a means of raising awareness about the contributions of women to science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields.
Charman-Anderson later said of this:
In 2022, Charman-Anderson announced that this would be the last year in which the organization that she founded, Finding Ada, would organize an annual flagship Ada Lovelace Day event in England. However, the Royal Institution stepped in with funding, due to its alignment with their mission to bring scientists and the public together.
Since its inception, Ada Lovelace Day has become international in scope, with events organized by groups ranging from museums, professional societies, universities, colleges and high schools. While Ada Lovelace Day is the second Tuesday of October, events celebrating women in STEM typically span the period of October and November, and include diverse activities ranging from in-person and virtual Wikipedia Editathons to panel discussions and film screenings.
While this celebration of the often overlooked contributions of women in STEM was named for Ada Lovelace, activities have expanded since 2009 to highlight the diverse contributions of women in STEM over time and different countries. Events have featured policy initiatives and scholarship relating to equity, diversity and inclusion that provide spaces and platforms for dialogue and discussion about how unconscious bias(es) function to create barriers to women's participation and advancement in the professional fields of STEM.
Without Reservations

Without Reservations is a 1946 RKO Radio Pictures American comedy film directed by Mervyn LeRoy and starring Claudette Colbert, John Wayne and Don DeFore. The film was adapted by Andrew Solt from the novel Thanks, God! I'll Take It From Here by Jane Allen and Mae Livingston.
Successful author Christopher "Kit" Madden is traveling to Los Angeles to work on the film adaptation of her bestselling book Here is Tomorrow, which was supposed to star Cary Grant as the Army Air Forces pilot hero Mark Winston. But she receives word that Grant has withdrawn and the producer now wants an unknown actor to play Winston opposite Lana Turner. Kit, on the train to Hollywood, is writing the producer that she'll accept nobody but Grant to star as Winston when she meets two Marine pilots, captain "Rusty" Thomas and first lieutenant "Dink" Watson, and instantly considers Rusty the best choice to play Winston. But he is dismissive of her book and says it is a political allegory, and that he does not believe that Grant would refuse Turner's advances for 400 pages. Unsure how he will react if he discovers that she is a famous writer, Kit keeps her identity secret, saying that her name is Kitty Kloch.
After she is expelled from the train for drunkenness in a remote prairie town, and the two men join her, they trade Rusty's German war souvenir helmet for a car. They are welcomed at the farm of a large Hispanic family whose daughter showers attention on Rusty, but they flee following a misunderstanding which Madden intentionally causes. When Rusty finally learns Kit's true identity after bailing her out of jail for cashing a check which the hotel believed was under a false identity, he thinks that she has been using him just so that he will appear in the film. However, after weeks pass while she tries to make Rusty jealous by appearing in newspapers with other men, Rusty eventually reaches Hollywood and they resolve their differences.
Cast notes:
The film was originally budgeted at $1.1 million and was titled Thanks, God! I'll Take it from Here.
The Arrowhead Pictures motion-picture studio shown in the opening shot is the actual RKO Radio Pictures building at 780 Gower Street in Hollywood.
The film returned a profit of $342,000.
八段锦

八段锦是一种在中国古代发明的健身方法，由八种肢體动作组成，内容包括肢体运动和气息调理。八段锦有人认为是气功的一种。也有演變成中国武术一种。
八段锦和五禽戏、太极拳等，都是中国民间广为流传的健身方法。1982年6月28日，中国卫生部、教育部和当时的国家体育委员会发出通知，把八段锦等中国传统健身法作为在医学类大学中推广的“保健体育课”的内容之一。2003年，中国国家体育总局把重新编排后的八段锦等健身法作为“健身气功”的内容向全国推广。
“八段锦”这个名字，一般认为有两层意思：
传说中八段锦是由岳飞创制的，也有传说八段锦是由唐代的钟离权创造的，但这些说法并不十分可信。在魏晋许逊的《灵剑子引导子午记》中，有关于八段锦形式锻炼方法的记载。但最早出现“八段锦”名目的是宋代洪迈著《夷坚志》一书。在宋代的道教养身书也记载有相类似的健身方法，如曾慥辑的《道枢》等。所以大多数人认为八段锦是在宋朝创制的。
现在流传的站式八段锦，一般是来源于清代梁世昌所编《易筋经图说》的附录《八段锦》。但作者不详。
八段锦一般是由八种动作组成，每种动作称为一“段”。每种动作都要反复多次，并配合气息调理（如舌抵上颚、意守丹田）。八段锦的动作一般比较舒缓，适合各年龄段的人锻炼。
在姿势上分为站式和坐式两种，站式要求双脚微分与肩同宽，坐式要求盘膝正坐，具体动作各不相同。站式和坐式都分别由8句话总结动作要领。
据称是清光绪年间整理改编的：
坐式动作要领如下，具体的词句可能各有不同。
风格上一般分为南派和北派，南派以柔为主又称为“文八段”，北派以刚为主又称为“武八段”。南派与北派在技巧上也有不同，北派更加复杂一些。也有称坐式为“文八段”或“内八段”，站式为“武八段”或“外八段”的。
据说八段锦在少林寺发展成了“易筋经十二段锦”。在民间流传的八段锦名目繁多，有“岳飞八段锦”、“自摩八段锦”等。
传统中医学认为八段锦等锻炼方法属于导引法，通过练习可以达到调理脾胃、活跃血脉的作用，甚至会达到延年益寿的效果。
太極

太極是中國思想史上的重要概念，主要繼承自《周易》：「易有太極，是生兩儀。兩儀生四象，四象生八卦。」
長江中游的屈家嶺文化彩陶紡輪之中有了原始的圖式，其中沒有陰陽魚。石家河文化发现了时代最早的史前太极纹饰。
與八卦有關，成書於東周末年的《易·繫辭傳》記載有「古者包犧氏之王天下也，仰則觀象於天，俯則觀法於地，觀鳥獸之文，與地之宜，近取諸身，遠取諸物，於是始作八卦，以通神明之德，以類萬物之情。」，原與天文氣象及地區遠近方向相關，後來被宋代的理學家以哲理方式進一步闡釋。
太極一般是指宇宙最原始的秩序狀態，出現於阴阳未分的混沌時期（無極）之後，而後形成万物（宇宙）的本源——混天太極。
太極的概念，比較早使用的，有莊子和《易傳》，一般在宇宙論、方法論上，用的太極概念，主要繼承自《易傳》: 「易有太極，是生兩儀。兩儀生四象，四象生八卦。」意思易成卦的過程，先是有太極，尚未開始分開蓍草(易占卜用蓍草做工具)，分蓍占後，便形成陰陽二爻，稱做兩儀。二爻相加，有四種可能的形象，稱為四象。由它們各加一爻，便成八卦。這裡講的是八卦畫出的過程。
在中國的典籍中，易素來是作為窮盡天地奧秘的哲理書，對成卦過程的分析，根本說來，也是對天地開闢的概述。太極生兩儀，便是由太極的分化形成天地的過程，兩儀，即是天地。
太極的概念經常與易學一起出現。道教的易學有自己的獨特體系，太極的概念是道教易學的宇宙論、宗教修養理論和法術理論的重要基本概念 。
繫辭傳說：「易有『太極』，是生『兩儀』，兩儀生『四象』，四象生八卦。」
至宋代之後，道教思想家為了區別先天的氣與後天的氣，採用古字「炁」來代表先天的氣，代表無極，氣則被當成是後天的氣，為太極。這兩個字的意義又被分開。但是除了道教文獻之外，通常都以氣來概括。
繫辭傳說：「一陰一陽之謂道」、「天之道，曰陰與陽也」，並引用孔子的話：「形而上者謂之道，形而下者謂之器」，所以說儒家認同：「道者，陰陽變化之理也。」道，即宇宙運行，自然變化的法則。也就是:
有太極的思想:「形兵之極，至於無形」
「太極陰陽圖」（又稱「太極兩儀圖」）常被錯認為「太極圖」。「太極」是由無極而來，是陰陽兩分前之混沌狀態，沒有陰陽分明的「陰陽魚」，只有外面之圓圈，內部有一群小點；然後是陰陽分明的「兩儀」（一般所說之『太極圖』）；再來是陰陽中有陰陽是「皇極」。
太極圖據說是宋朝处士陳摶所傳出，原叫《無極圖》。陳摶是五代至宋初的一位隐士，相傳對內丹術和易學都有很深造詣。據史書記載，陳摶曾將《先天圖》傳給其學生种放，种放以之分別傳穆修等人；种放又有傳《河圖》、《洛書》給李溉等人。後來穆修則傳〈太極圖〉傳給周敦頤。周敦頤寫了《太極圖說》加以解釋。据说現在我們看到的太極圖， 就是周敦頤所傳的。
《太極圖》，和原圖《無極圖》的圖形一樣，但讀法不同。
涵括內丹修煉之理的“無極圖”。讀它的順序是從下而上。 最下一圈稱為玄牝之門，是內丹修煉的起點，指人身的下丹田命門兩腎空隙之處。這是人身祖氣所在之地，一切內丹根基，都從這裡開始。內丹術語，又稱為得竅。
第二圈稱煉氣化神，指提起第一圈的祖氣，進行化煉，將後天之精化為先天之氣，再將先天之氣化為先天之神。這一層功夫 ，叫做煉己，主要在煉去後天的陰質，透出先天之神。
第三層，是五行之氣混合之象，指肝（木）、心（火）、脾（土）、肺（金）、腎（水）五臟之氣攢簇為一，稱為五氣朝元，五氣調和，故又稱為和合。更上一層，係由坎離 二卦變形而成，叫做取坎填離。到這一境界，已經獲得體內的精華，煉丹之藥成熟，叫做得藥。坎卦中爻為陽，為實。離卦中爻為陰爻，為虛。它們代表內丹中的腎水與心火，水火相交，在卦象言，就是將坎卦中的陽爻抽出填入，成乾卦，意味人變成純陽之體。最上一層圓圈，稱煉神還虛，復歸無極，指在得藥的基礎上，進一步回返到無極 ，那便是虛空大道了。整個煉內丹的過程便告完成，脫出煉成的聖胎，成為仙人，所以叫做脫胎求仙。
至於太極圖，是從上往下讀的。道教認為，從大道化萬物的順序看，是從太極分陰陽開始的，煉內丹則是逆著來路返回到大道，與道同體，自然長生不死成神仙。所以順化逆化方向相反，但所沿著的路徑則是同一條 。
周敦頤寫下《太極圖說》，解釋太極的奧秘。前半段基本上符合道教的思想。後半段比較多地講了儒家的仁義道德思想。 他的解釋，第一句是「自無極而太極」，意思是從無極生出太極，但南宋著名的理學家朱熹整理注解《太極圖說》時，刪去了「自」字，改成「無極而太極」，認為無極只是形容太極 ，說明它之上沒有更高的本原。這並不符合陳摶所傳《太極圖》的原意，而且抹去了它出自道教的事實。同時，朱熹對圖也有個別改動。
道教界人士，從宋以後也認同周敦頤的觀點。比如南宋時的蕭應叟就將之採入自己的重要著作《元始無量上品妙經內義》，以後四十三代天師張宇初也都採納其圖與說。
太極圖有另一種更加簡捷的畫法：就是用一個以曲線分隔的圓圈表示。
在這一圖中，一條曲線將它分為兩半，形成一半白一半黑，白者像陽，黑者像陰，白中又有一個黑點，黑中又有一個白點，表示陽中有陰，陰中有陽。分開的兩半，酷似兩條魚，所以俗稱陰陽魚。這一圖，與周敦頤太極圖有密切關係，可以說是前者的更加簡明的表述。它說明了世界由陰陽二氣、二元對立相互聯結的統一體。這一圖，過其圓心作任何一條直線將之分成兩半，任何一半中都包含陰陽兩個因素，絕不存在孤立的沒有內在矛盾的成份。有時人們又在其外面圍以先天六十四卦，表示太極是一切運動的發動者。
太極記號如下：
太極符號（☯）的Unicode編碼是U+262F（十六進位），在網頁HTML當中可以寫成&#x262f;或&9775;，名称是YIN YANG。
藏文的Unicode编码中也收录了太极符号（࿊），其编码是U+0FCA（十六進位），在網頁HTML當中可以寫成&#x0fca;或&4042;，名称是TIBETAN SYMBOL NOR BU NYIS -KHYIL。
大韓民國國旗

大韓民國國旗，又名太极旗（朝鮮語：태극기／太極旗），是韩国标志性旗帜和国家象征。太极旗长宽比例为3:2，由白色底，紅藍两色之坎（紅）離（藍）太极图（一般白黑太極圖為乾（白）坤（黑）太極和乾、坤、坎、离四卦组成。）1949年3月25日，韩国文教部审议委员会在确定国旗时对太极旗的解释是白色代表着大地；中间蓝色和红色的太极两仪分别代表着阴阳；左上角的乾代表着天、春、东、仁；右下角的坤代表着地、秋、西、义；右上角的坎代表着水、冬、北、智；左下角的离代表著火、夏、南、禮。
韩国国旗的太极和八卦思想来自中国的《周易》。和谐、对称、平衡、循环、稳定等原理，代表着对宇宙、对人生的深刻思考。以太极为中心，四角的卦分别象征阴阳互相调和，乾卦代表天空，坤卦代表大地，坎卦是月亮和水，离卦为太阳和火，各个卦还象征着正义、富饶、生命力和智慧。國旗底色為白色，象徵韓國人民的純潔和對和平的熱愛。
按照現存太極旗中歷史最悠久的「丹尼太極旗」的相關說明，四卦的意思如下：
按照韓國國家報勳處的說明，四卦的意思如下：
色彩：
韩国国旗在国内使用时，旗杆顶端的球形通常制成韩国国花木槿花花萼的样式。在竖直悬挂时，通常使用专用的竖直旗帜，下方留有更多白边。
韩国国旗在升旗前及正式场合使用时通常要诵读《对国旗的盟誓》（국기에 대한 맹세／國旗에 對한 盟誓），一般会在国歌播放前播出：
韩国国旗在以下日期通常被广泛悬挂：
地方政府、公共建筑物、学校、机场需每日升降国旗。
每日升降国旗时间如下，但若国旗24小时悬挂，在夜间应以灯光照明。
1876年，随着《江华条约》的签订，朝鲜打开国门，而设计国旗之议也萌生了。朝鲜国旗的第一个设计方案是由清朝驻日使馆参赞黄遵宪提出的，1880年9月，黄遵宪撰写了一本小册子《朝鲜策略》，赠与访问日本的朝鲜修信使金宏集，在《朝鲜策略》中建议朝鲜“奏请陆海諸军，袭用中国龍旗為全國徽幟”；同年11月，清驻日公使何如璋在致北洋大臣李鸿章的报告也有提到：“若朝鲜既经开港后，应饬令彼国袭用中国龙旗，或围绕以云，微示区别，以崇体制。”李鸿章也对朝鲜袭用中国龙旗的方案表示同意，他在1881年2月26日与朝鲜官员李容肃会谈时说：“今贵国王自用之旗，据称是画方龙旗，亦与中国龙旗相仿，自可以画龙旗为国旗，即作航海旗标。定于应用之先，将龙旗尺寸、颜色绘具图式，咨明本大臣衙门，以咨核奏咨行。”
然而，朝鲜王朝似乎对清朝的建议不以为然，1882年，清朝协助朝鲜与美国签订《朝美修好通商条约》，在条约签订前一天的5月21日，朝鲜官员李应浚（朝鲜语：이응준 (조선)）设计了一种国旗方案，翌日，负责协助朝鲜缔约的清朝官员马建忠对朝鲜全权大官申櫶（朝鲜语：신헌）说道：“昨李应浚袖至旗式，似与日本相混，贵国旗式究竟何若，前黄参赞谓贵国宜用中国龙旗，以僕观之，似亦未安。”马建忠在否定了先前的中国龙旗方案后，又想出一种新方案，他说：“吾想贵国国旗，可用白底、青云、红龙，惟龙用四爪，暗示区划。何以区别？只在四爪五爪耳。青云者，亦取云从龙之意，君臣以民为本，故质用白色。”但在5月27日，朝鲜方面以“红龙青云制造须费工”为由婉拒了马建忠的提议，并主张采用“红质中青白合成圈子”作为国旗，马建忠又建议道：“前议此事后，曾思仍用白底，中用太极图，外周用八卦，则恰合八道之数。八卦纯用黑色为显，太极用半红半黑，旗外又缘以红色，何若？”这个方案亦不见朝鲜采用。《朝美修好通商条约》缔结前后中朝两国关于国旗方案的折冲是太极旗最早的酝酿，而李应浚设计的方案与现在太极旗相比只是无卦而已（因此被马建忠评为“似与日本相混”），被认为是韩国国旗最早的雏形。后来在美国发现的1882年著作《航海国旗帜（Flags of Maritime Nations）》发现了配有四卦的太极旗，一些学者认为是李应浚设计的方案，因此认为太极旗的实际创始人是李应浚。
1882年朝鲜爆发了反日的壬午兵变，其后日本强迫朝鲜缔结不平等的《济物浦条约》，规定朝鲜须派使臣向日本谢罪。于是在1882年9月，朝鲜政府以锦陵尉朴泳孝为谢罪兼修信使，出使日本。临行前朴泳孝就国旗问题请示国王高宗，高宗授权朴泳孝必要时可制作并使用国旗。1882年9月22日，在前往日本的“明治丸”号轮船上，朴泳孝、金玉均等参酌英国驻朝领事阿须敦（W. G. Aston）和英籍船长杰姆士（James）的意见，以太极四卦为图案，设计出了最早的太极旗。于是韩国国旗便在“明治丸”号上诞生了。10月3日（阴历八月二十二日）朴泳孝在给本国的报告中记录了太极旗诞生的状况：
太极旗诞生后，朴泳孝一行就将其广为使用，他们一登陆日本就在客店外悬挂太极旗，朴泳孝描述道：“新製國旗懸寓樓，旗竿白質而縱方，長不及廣五分之二，主心畵太極，填以青紅，四隅畵乾坤坎离四卦，曾有受命於上也。”其后他们在外交场合中也频频使用太极旗，引起各国使节和日本各界的注目，“英、美、德、日各國均請仿畫而去”。其中日本《时事新报》登载了太极旗图样，并报道了太极旗诞生的经过。1883年3月6日（阴历正月二十七日），朝鲜王朝正式决定以太极旗为国旗。 1897年后又成为大韩帝国国旗。后来经过一些微小的变动，最终形成了今天的太极旗样式。中国学者王明星认为，在朝鲜王朝设计国旗的过程中，成功抵制了清廷企图让朝鲜“袭用中国龙旗”的建议，最终设计出具有自己民族特色的国旗，表现了强烈的独立自主倾向，维护了国格尊严。
1948年，大韩民国政府成立时，决定将太极旗作为国旗。1949年1月设立国旗是正委员会制定制作标准，10月15日由文教部发布《国旗制作法》。
1946年2月起朝鲜劳动党在朝鲜半岛北半部组织的北朝鲜人民委员会也使用太极旗作为国旗，最后在1948年9月以「蓝红色共和国旗」取代。
二十四式太极拳

二十四式太极拳也称简化太极拳，是1956年国家体委为去除传统套路以门派、家族为本之色彩，减低传统太极的技击色彩，在北京组织太极拳老师（褚桂亭，傅鈡文，蔡龙云和张宇）以杨式太极拳为基础，去繁取精而创立。使之更适合可作为一种全民体育活动简化以利普及、推广，整套约为六分钟。
1956年，国家体育主管部门编审武术教材《简化太极拳》。
二十四式太极拳运动能够改善腰椎间盘突出。
蕭亮

蕭亮（英語：Robert Siu Leung，1941年—2024年3月），原名盧永華（Lo Wing Wah），中國廣東廣州市花都區人，前香港電視藝員，擔任影視演員、電視及廣播主持人、旁白及報幕員，並以其鏗鏘聲線曾擔任無綫電視翡翠台及亞洲電視本港台之報幕員，為人熟悉。
1941年，蕭亮於上海法租界出生，在家中排行第四，馬評人盧遠及電視藝員盧大偉分別為其胞兄及胞弟。1947年全家一起由上海搬到香港，同年在香港接受教育，入讀香港華仁書院小學部（其時番禺會所華仁小學尚未成立, 港華提供小五及小六課程，成績達標者直升中一），1960年畢業於香港華仁書院，其後曾就讀於柏立基教育學院（今香港教育大學，教育學院前身），且在渣華道官立小學教授英文科及視藝科。后在香港岭南大学考获国语一级证书（2005年）。1961年參加星島全港英文歌唱公開賽獲得冠軍。1970年加入香港電台，得台長張漢彪重用，曾擔任DJ，主持，名人專訪，故事單人講述等職務，與香港小姐孫詠恩拍檔深受瞩目。1973年更兼任麗的電視之新聞報導員，其後與其胞弟盧大偉一同獲副总经理周梁淑怡邀請轉投無綫電視，參與翡翠台報幕工作（station announcer）；蕭亮為當年無綫電視（TVB）之台聲，由他朗讀的「無綫電視翡翠台」，成為當年無綫的一大特色。
他兼任藝員以及宣傳編導，也私底下從事寫作，著有“蕭亮養狗經”及“太極養生功夫”兩書，他也在書中出版亲绘名犬插圖三十余幅，為書中特色。
他也參演許多廣告，1980年代，蕭亮在永安百貨廣告中擔任旁白，備受矚目，凡十四年之久，每周一新。每星期向電視觀眾介紹該星期的特價貨品，並以「今個禮拜五六日，早啲嚟永安啦！」（「這星期五六日，早點來永安！」）為結尾。 同時他亦開始擔任多個電視廣告的旁白。
蕭亮能操流利的英語、國語、廣東話、上海話和法語。1989年，曾隨周梁淑怡跳槽到ATV亞洲電視擔任報幕台聲及藝員三年，參與本港台及國際台報幕工作，包括於翡翠台報幕時之聲線朗讀「亞洲電視本港台」，至於無綫電視則由藝名「羅山」之前商台主持羅榮焜，取代其報幕工作；蕭亮之亞視報幕員生涯，於1993年底隨移居加國作結，亞視本港台之報幕員亦隨即改由王永祥接替。
1993年底蕭亮移民加拿大温哥華並加入當地的電台華僑之聲擔任報幕員，又再以同一聲線朗讀「滙聲廣播華僑之聲」，他主持說書《蕭亮劇場》多年，讲述《三国演义》、《水浒传》、《雍正夺嫡》、《武则天奇案》、《董小宛》等故事。在節目中除了一人分飾多角外，還以口技模仿各種聲音效果例如馬匹奔馳、武打刀劍聲音等等。他也應香港成報之邀，隔洋擔任該報“楓葉傳聲”，溝通加港文化，每日一稿達七年之久。
2000年蕭亮與妻子離婚並回流香港，並重回無綫電視，演出電視劇《男親女愛》、《洛神》、《绝世好爸》、《智勇新警界》、《西關大少》、《隔世追兇》、《棟篤神探》、《阿旺新傳》、《七號差館》 、《皆大歡喜（古裝版）》、《皆大歡喜（時裝版）》等等，2005年蕭亮拍畢的《阿旺新傳》以及2011年的《七號差館》其後沒有無綫電視的拍劇工作，此外為淡出幕前的告別作。
蕭亮退休後為加拿大公民，長住外國，居于多倫多，他永而不言休閑，半退休生活狀態，津津樂道于的廣播事業，曾擔任WOW TV新聞報道員，在美加華語電台做廣播歷十二年，2018年4月起在YouTube上開設“蕭亮百藝網”頻道，把上半生所長逐一奉獻給廣大觀眾；如演唱、用三語說書、绘画、論犬及談馬、教太極拳、教上海話、法語、寫作出書、偶爾間中亦會參與客串演出影視圈等等。
2024年3月，根據一位網民richardk2550，於其YouTube頻道最後一段影片下留言，聲稱蕭亮已於當月上旬於多倫多家中逝世，但香港傳媒一直無法由第三方證實，至6月初有另一網民mygoldenyears1285留言稱其為與蕭亮「相識於TVB的前同事」，「於2024年1月份，其鄰居發現異味後，管理員開門才發現（身故），及後警察以其住所地址登記的next of kin通知到他，他是（除警察與鄰居外）唯一知情者」。
蕭亮喜歡養狗，曾於報章發表與狗有關的文章，並曾結集成書。他亦曾於《清新週刊》專欄發表其畫作及評畫文章。他曾在90年代在香港寫過《蕭亮養狗經》與《太極養生功夫》兩書並在天地圖書出版。
太極殿

39°55′13″N 116°23′43″E﻿ / ﻿39.920221°N 116.395172°E﻿ / 39.920221; 116.395172
太極殿（满语：ᡨ᠋ᠠᡳᡤᡳᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ，穆麟德轉寫：tai gi diyan），为紫禁城内廷西六宫之一，位於西六宮區的西南角。
太极殿是紫禁城内廷西六宫之一。明朝永樂十八年（1420年）建成，初名“未央宫”。因嘉靖帝的生父兴献王朱祐杬生于此，故于明朝嘉靖十四年（1535年）更名“啟祥宫”。清朝晚期，改称“太极殿”。清朝曾对此宫多次修葺。
原来啟祥宫正殿前檐挂有“啟祥宫”陡匾。乾隆六年（1741年），乾隆帝命依照永寿宫陡匾的式样，制作十一面匾额，并亲自题写，分别挂在东六宫、西六宫除永寿宫之外的其他十一宫的正殿。乾隆帝还下谕旨：“自挂之后，至千万年，不可擅动，即或妃嫔移住别宫，亦不可带往更换。”
太极殿原为二进院，清朝后期改修长春宫时，在太极殿后殿和长春门旧址上建成穿堂殿（称“体元殿”），后檐接抱厦，并且和长春宫及其东西配殿用转角游廊相连，形成了迴廊，太极殿后殿东西耳房各开一间作为通道，从而使太极殿与长春宫连成贯通的南北四进院。清朝时，体元殿为后妃居所，慈禧太后曾在此居住。
明朝万历年间，乾清宫、坤宁宫火灾，明神宗朱翊钧曾暂居啟祥宫。逊帝溥仪出宫前，同治帝瑜太妃曾居太极殿。另据《清宫述闻》载，“《赐砚斋日记》略载：清室未迁出宫时，瑜皇贵妃（同治妃）居长春宫，瑨皇贵妃（同治妃）居重华宫，珣皇贵妃（同治妃）居储秀宫，瑾皇贵妃（光绪妃）居永和宫。四宫主位，有时同在太极殿召见臣工。”
《国朝宫史续编》载，清朝皇后赴慈宁宫皇太后前行庆贺礼时，率贵妃、妃、嫔，礼服乘舆出啟祥门。
如今，太极殿、体元殿为宫廷生活原状陈列。
太极殿的主要建筑有：
孙千

孫千（1997年4月18日—），出生於哈爾濱，中國内地女演員，光线传媒艺人，畢業於中央戲劇學院表演系。
2016年，孙千因参演电影《我的青春都是你》正式进入演艺圈。2017年，主演根据幽·灵姐妹同名国漫改编的校园青春喜剧《快把我哥带走》。2018年，主演校园青春奇幻剧《我在未来等你》；7月9日，校园青春言情剧《流星花园》首播 ；同年11月，主演校园青春励志剧《淑女飘飘拳》。2020年，主演的古装言情喜剧《萌医甜妻》和都市言情剧《拾光里的我们》先后上线。2021年，参演都市情感剧《我在他乡挺好的》。2022年，参演都市励志剧《风吹半夏》。
楊式太極拳

楊式太極拳，或称楊氏太極拳，太極拳派別之一，始於清朝楊露禪，杨露禪师承河南陈家沟的陈长兴，拳架於其孫楊澄甫手中定型。
在民國初年，楊家太極楊澄甫著《太極拳體用全書》在自序中說：“先大父更詔之日，太極拳創自宋末張三丰，傳之者，為王宗岳、陳州同、張松溪、蔣發諸人相承不絕。陳長興師，乃蔣發惟一之弟子。”
中國武術的早期發展多半缺乏文字記載，僅能靠師徒口耳相傳。而古代的武林人士和現今的武術界大多十分重視武德，並首重「尊師重道」，絕不可「欺師滅祖」，故於傳承武藝時，必先向弟子說明其師承之源流，代代相傳，即使日後另立門戶/門派，亦不可忘本 (祖師源流)。
楊式太極拳有別於陳式太極拳，动作松柔，較能供非練武人士或年邁人士作強身健體之效，故是楊式太極拳成為最廣泛流傳的一個流派，它有三盤四架之分，人們可依據自身條件進行選擇。目前中華人民共和國国家体育總局正式公布的88式、24式以及在许多场合表演的，都是杨式太极拳或由其演化而来。
楊福魁（1799年－1872年），字露禪，河北永年人，就學於陳長興。據杨家、武家及赵堡太极拳後人所言，陳長興原精於砲捶，後來從學於河南蔣發，得太極拳藝。楊露禪久慕太極拳的奧妙，三下陳家溝向陳長興學太極拳。楊露禪藝成後進京（北京），京城武師皆向其挑戰，盡皆敗北。因而聲名大噪，當時武術界均稱「楊無敵」，一時王公貴族從學者眾。後太极拳兼顾養生功效，經楊澄甫修訂後，发展成为国拳，其基礎实为杨澄甫奠定。（有民國武俠小说言：杨露禅久慕陈家沟陈氏长拳，三下陈家沟学的也是陈氏长拳。×Shoreline~zhwiki注：小说家之言无凭无据）
傳子楊班侯，楊健侯（1839年－1917年），後其技由其孫楊少侯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）、楊澄甫（1883年－1936年）傳承。
楊澄甫以大架為本，最後定型為當今流行的「楊家太極大架」。杨家内部仍然有大、中、小和长拳的传授，但是拳架招式是以杨澄甫定型的大架为主。而且这四个架势并不是四套拳，只是一套拳的四种打法。
此說根據民國初年許禹生的說法，許氏推斷數百年前事，未提任何根據，遠不及以俗民誌方式，進行科研考證的唐豪、顧留馨二位專家可信。。但此二位專家未上武當山調查，只單收陳家溝一家之言，資料正確性也存疑，故唐豪先生晚年也後悔此事。
在民國初年，楊家太極楊澄甫著《太極拳體用全書》在自序中說：“先大父更詔之日，太極拳創自宋末張三丰，傳之者，為王宗岳、陳州同、張松溪、蔣發諸人相承不絕。陳長興師，乃蔣發惟一之弟子。”
近代，由武漢體育學院武術系主任、教授、著名武術家江百龍先生領導、組織的課題科研組，對國家體委委管課題研究項目《武當拳派源流、拳系及內容研究》，歷時三年的研究，於1992年8月1日，在武當山紫霄飯店宣講論文進行鑒定。 參加鑒定的是由國家體委組織的二十餘名全國武術界著名的專家、學者、教授、武術大師，對該課題的《武當拳派祖師張三丰之生平》、《武當拳派之淵源》、《武當拳派之理論基礎》、《武當拳派之技擊內容》，進行了認真鑒定，一致認為：張三丰確有其人，武當山確有其拳，武當拳派是與少林拳派齊名的中國內家拳。這次對武當拳派的高層次高水準的研究，出了專著《武當拳之研究》，併在國家體委獲獎。
國家體委科研課題《武當拳派源流、拳系及內容研究》工作，編撰《武當拳之研究》，發表《武當拳探源》、《武當拳與道教理論的聯繫》等多篇武當武術論文，彙集了當前贊同“張三丰的太極拳祖師地位”的武術學者有關“武當武術”和“張三丰”研究的主要觀點，透視出了這些學者的研究方向和學術層面。
杨振铎（1926年－）、楊振聲、楊振銘（1910年－1985年）又名楊守中、楊振基（1921年－2007年）都是楊澄甫的儿子。
楊式太極拳拳架舒展優美、身法中正、動作和順、平正朴实、由鬆入柔、剛柔相濟，一氣呵成，猶如湖中泛舟輕靈沉著兼而有之。練法簡潔，深受一般大眾的喜愛，故而流傳最廣。
楊式太極拳動作要求如長江大河，滔滔不絕。此動作之完成，乃下一動作開端，綿延相續。心法上亦要求一氣呵成。