davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Khanda (Sikh symbol)

The Khanda (Punjabi: ਖੰਡਾ, romanized: khaṇḍā) is the symbol of the Sikhism which attained its current form around the 1930s during the Ghadar Movement.
The modern Sikh symbol is never written on or in any copy of the Guru Granth Sahib. The main symbol traditionally used in the Guru Granth Sahib and Gurdwaras around the world is "Ik Onkar". Traditionally, it was very common to see "Ik Onkar" above the entrance to a Gurdwara, or on the front page of the Guru Granth Sahib. The other one was the Aad Chand.
It is an amalgam of 3 symbols:
It depicts the Sikh doctrine Deg Tegh Fateh in emblematic form. It consists of three weapons and a circle: the khanda, two kirpans and the chakkar which is a sharp circular throwing weapon. Deg Teg Fateh (Punjabi: ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ਼ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ), or Victory to Charity and Arms) is a Sikh slogan and the title of an anthem in the Punjabi language that signifies the dual obligations of the Khalsa: The responsibility to provide food, and to provide protection, for the needy and oppressed. Deg refers to the "cauldron" and Tegh to the "sword". The cauldron or kettle symbolizes charity and is a reference to the Sikh religious obligation to provide langar, the free distribution of food, to all people, irrespective of an individual's religion, caste or ethnicity. The sword, or (kirpan), represents the warrior code of the Khalsa. The Khanda icon conveys these two principles. It is the military emblem of the Sikhs. It is also part of the design of the Nishan Sahib. A double-edged khanda (sword) is placed at the top of a Nishan Sahib flag as an ornament or finial.
In recent years, the Khanda has been used to show solidarity within the Sikh community after high-profile shootings in the United States.
Another symbol that may be confused with the Khanda is the aad chand (lit. 'half moon') of the Nihang, which consists of a khanda sword in the middle of a crescent, aligned with points upward.
The symbol is encoded in Unicode, at code point U+262C ☬ ADI SHAKTI in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, and at U+1FAAF 🪯 KHANDA in the Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A block; the latter was added in Unicode 15.0 in 2022, and defaults to colour emoji presentation. The approach of using a separate code point, rather than using an emoji variation sequence, was taken in this case since the use of variation sequences for emoji is now regarded as having been a mistake to begin with, although Samsung had already implemented a colour glyph for U+262C since 2013.
The Great Indian Murder (TV series)

The Great Indian Murder is a Hindi-language crime mystery drama television series directed by Tigmanshu Dhulia for Disney+ Hotstar. It was produced by Ajay Devgn and Priti Sinha under, ADF & RLE Media. The series stars are Richa Chadha, Pratik Gandhi, Ashutosh Rana, Raghuvir Yadav, Sharib Hashmi, Paoli Dam, and Shashank Arora in key roles. The series is based on Vikas Swarup's bestselling novel, Six Suspects. The season was made available for streaming on OTT platform Disney+ Hotstar on 4 February 2022. in Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Bengali languages.
Tigmanshu Dhulia's stories often run with an undercurrent of characters commenting on contemporary politics. "The Great Indian Murder" is woven around a high-profile murder based on Vikas Swarup's breakthrough novel "Six Suspects." The presence of several political events can be felt in "The Great Indian Murder." It is a complex story with many social undertones. Examples include allegations of espionage of politicians, misuse of CBI for political gain and loss, crooked sons of politicians intoxicated by power, politicians conspiring to any extent to fulfill their political ambitions, fake religious leaders, Naxalism, etc. The story is pieced together through a CBI investigation into the murder of Vicky Rai. A series steeped in suspense, it has been praised by most critics. Every character is written well, which keeps the audience engaged with the story. Tigmanshu Dhulia's direction and the actors' performances have received critical praise.
The official trailer of seasons of this series was launched on 18 January 2022.
The season was made available for streaming on OTT platform Disney+ Hotstar on 4 February 2022.
The soundtrack's music composers are Raghu Dixit, Darshan Doshi, Umang Doshi and Ketan Sodha.
Sudiksha (Sant Nirankari mission)

Sadguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj (born 13 March 1985) is the spiritual head of the Nirankari Mission.
Sadguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj was appointed has the head of the Sant Nirankari Mission in 2018 after her mother Mata Savinder Hardev's health deteriorated.
In 2019, Sudiksha attended a three-day Nirankari Youth Symposium in the UK and met civic leaders in Sandwell. She also gave her first talk to her Indian followers in Pathankot in the same year and inaugurated a mega blood donation camp in Delhi.
In 2021 she provided a virtual new year message to her followers and promoted human values at the 54th Nirankari conference held in Maharashtra.
In 2019, Sudiksha received an Honorary Citizenship of Blacktown, Australia.
Jagat Singh (Sant)

Jagat Singh (1884–1951) was an Indian spiritual leader and the head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas. He served as the guru for Beas Dera for three years, until his death in 1951 at the age of 67. He worked as a college chemistry professor at an Agricultural College and was honoured for his service by the British as Sardar Bahadur. After retirement he was chosen by his spiritual master to be his successor, becoming the third spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas. Jagat Singh assigned the duties of his successor and guru to his initiate Charan Singh.
Jagat Singh was born on 27 July 1884 into a family of prosperous and religious Jat Sikh farmers, in the small village of Nussi in the Jalandhar District of the Punjab, India. His parents were Sardar Bhola Singh, a farmer, and Mata Nand Kaur. His Mother, Mata Nand Kaur died when Jagat Singh was five years old. He was raised by his father's aunt (stepmother) Bibi Rukmani Kaur. He received his initial education in the Christian Mission School at Jalandhar. He then passed his MSc degree in Chemistry at the Government College of Lahore. He joined the Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur, in 1911 as Assistant Professor of Chemistry and retired as Vice Principal of the institution in 1943 receiving the title Sardar Bahadur for his thirty-two years of meritorious service.
In Abbottabad on 28 December 1910 at the age of twenty-six, he was initiated into the meditation practice of Surat Shabd Yoga (also known as Nam Bhakti) by Sawan Singh. He had gone there with his cousin Sardar Bhagat Singh Kaler and the Judge Rai Sahib Munshi Ram to hear his future guru, who was still in service there, deliver satsang. Throughout his own career as a college professor he made it a point to spend most of his weekends with his guru Hazur Maharaj Sawan Singh at the Dera and to spend most of his time in the Surat Shabd Yoga meditation practice. After his retirement in 1943, he lived permanently at Radha Soami Satsang Beas.
He was once described by the Muslim mystic Sain Lasoori Shah of Lyallpur as a "perfect disciple" who became a "perfect Master".
He died on the morning of 23 October 1951. Before he died he appointed Charan Singh as his spiritual successor in a written will.
He wrote following books.
Narayan Sai

Narayan Sai (born 29 January 1972), also known as Narayan Prem Sai is the son of the Indian spiritual leader Asaram. He and his father are serving life in prison for rape and other crimes. He was mentioned in a list of fake sadhus released by Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad, the apex organisation of Hindu Sants (saints) and Sadhus (ascetics) in India.
The Gujarat Police estimate that Narayan Prem Sai has properties and investments worth more than Rs. 5,000 crore. Narayan Sai is married to Jankidevi. They were married for 10 years as of April 2016. In a deposition given in 2016, she described their relationship was "not cordial like it should be between husband and wife," and that Sai spent most of his time with the women of his father's ashram.
Sai was charged with molestation after a Surat-based woman who lodged an FIR against him in Jahangirpura Police Station of Surat, accusing him of exploitation and repeated rape between 2002 and 2005. He evaded arrest for two months and was apprehended and arrested on 4 December 2013 in a combined operation of Delhi, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana police along the Delhi-Haryana border, and brought to Surat for custody. On 6 December the High Court of Gujarat dismissed his status as absconder, however he remained under judicial custody since. Sai was also accused of bribing the local authorities holding him in custody in an attempt to have the case of sexual abuse against him weakened or dismissed. Narayan Sai was released from Surat Jail on interim bail on 26 May 2015 to attend to his ailing mother Laxmi Devi in Ahmedabad.
On 26 April 2019, Narayan Sai was convicted under Indian Penal Code sections 376 (rape), 377 (unnatural offences), 323 (assault), 506-2 (criminal intimidation) and 120-B (conspiracy) by Surat Court and sentenced to life imprisonment. Narayan Sai was also fined Rs Five lakh.
Teach dubh

Is foirgneamh traidisiúnta Gaelach é an teach dubh a bhíodh coitianta in Éirinn agus in Albain.
De ghnáth, thógtaí na tithe seo le ballaí dúbailte a bhí pacáilte le hithir, uaireanta dhéantaí aoldathú orthu (teach geal a thugtaí air sa chás sin), fuinneoga beaga, ceann tuí le sparraí adhmaid agus leaca ar an urlár. Uaireanta, bhíodh na tithe dubha roinnte idir stábla le haghaidh ainmhithe agus na seomraí ina mbíodh na daoine ina cónaí. Ba ghnách don tinteán a bheith i lár an tí chun an bia a ullmhú agus an teach féin a théamh. Ní minic a bhíodh simléar ann, toisc go dtéadh an deatach amach tríd an tuí féin. Tá fothracha tréigthe le feiceáil fós agus rinneadh roinnt tithe a atógáil agus in an-chuid áiteanna ar fud na Gaeltachta agus na nOileán in Albain, go háirithe in Àrnol, in Leòdhas, agus úsáidtear cuid acu mar thithe samhraidh iad sa lá atá inniu.
Seagal

Gránbharr cosúil le heorna is ea an seagal ach le diasa níos faide caoile ná mar atá in eorna. Rathúil ar dhrochithir, agus saothraítear é den chuid is mó i réigiúin fhuara i Meiriceá Thuaidh is oirthear na hEorpa. Déantar arán dubh, brioscaráin is alcól as, agus tuí le haghaidh hataí is tuíodóireachta. Plandaítear é le haghaidh foráiste ainmhithe agus, sna Stáit Aontaithe, chun an ithir a chobhsú.
Móin Choinn

Baile i gContae Chill Chainnigh in Éirinn is ea Móin Choinn (Béarla: Mooncoin).
Móin Choinn is ainm den pharóiste thart timpeall an tsráidbhaile freisin. Tagann an t-ainm “Coinn” ó theaghlach darbh ainm Coinn De Granda, a raibh a lán talamh acu sa pharóiste sa seachtú céad déag. Trí eaglais atá sa pharóiste seo, Móin Choinn, Carraigín i ndeisceart an pharóiste, agus Coill an Easpaig in iarthuaisceart an pharóiste. Tá abhainn na Siúire mar theorainn theas ar an bparóiste. Sa cheantar seo cois na habhann, tá roinnt tithe le ceann tuí orthu. Baintear úsáid as na giolcacha a fhásann ar bhruach na habhann chun díon a chur ar na tithe seo. Maireann díon giolcaí níos faide na díon tuí.
Don chéad ochtó bliain de Chumann Lúthchleas Gael, bhí foireann iomána Móin Choinn mar cheann de na príomhfhoirne i gContae Chill Chainnigh. Is dócha gurb as seo a d'fhás an nós leis an amhrán The Rose of Mooncoin a chasadh roimh chluichí Chill Chainnigh. Fear áitiúil darbh ainm Watt Murphy a scríobh an t-amhrán, nuair a cuireadh an cailín a raibh sé cairdiúil léi, go Sasana mar ní raibh a clann sásta le Watt.
Contae Thír Eoghain

Is í Contae Thír Eoghain an contae is mó i dTuaisceart Éireann agus atá suite i lár chúige Uladh. Achar: 3,155 km² (1,218 mílte cearnacha).
Tá teorainneacha ag an chontae le cúig chontae eile; Doire sa tuaisceart, Ard Mhacha san oirdheisceart, Muineachán sa deisceart, Fear Manach san iardheisceart, agus Dún na nGall san iarthuaisceart. Ar a bharr sin, tá teorainn ag Tír Eoghain le hAontroim i lár Loch nEathach san oirthear.
Is contae sléibhtiúil í Tír Eoghain den chuid is mó, cé go bhfuil ceantair machairí sa chontae fosta, go háirithe ar bhruach Loch nEathach, i gceantar na hAbhann Móire i ndeisceart an chontae, agus san iarthuaisceart, ar an Fheabhail. Tá na Speiríní suite i dtuaisceart an chontae, ar an teorainn le contae Dhoire. Is iad an tríú sliabhraon is airde i gCúige Uladh, i ndiaidh na Beanna Boirche agus na Sléibhte Dhoire Bheatha, agus tá an sliabh is airde i dTír Eoghain, an Mullach Clochach (634m), suite ansin. Is é Loch nEathach, an loch is mó sna hOileáin Bhriotanacha (388 km²/150 mílte cearnacha) an phríomhghné in oirthear an chontae, agus comhdhéanann sé teorainn thoir an chontae. Is í an Fheabhail agus a craobh-aibhneacha, an Mhorn, Abhainn na Deirge, Abhainn Coille, agus an Shruthail, na príomhaibhneacha in iarthar an chontae. Is í an Abhainn Mhór an phríomhabhainn sa deisceart, agus comhdhéanann sé an teorainn le Muineachán agus Ard Mhacha sula sruthaíonn sí isteach i Loch nEathach.
Roinntear Tír Eoghain i gceithre Chomhairí Ceantair:
Ní leanann teorainneacha na comhairlí ceantair teorainneacha an chontae go hiomlán, áfach. Tá roinnt de Chontae Dhoire i gComhairle Ceantair an Choirr Chríochaigh, roinnt d'Ard Mhacha i gComhairle Bhuirg Dhún Geanainn agus Thír Eoghain Theas, agus tá roinnt de Thír Eoghain i gComhairle Ceantair Fhear Manach. Is í Tír Eoghain an chontae is náisiúnaí i dTuaisceart Éireann; toghadh 47 gcomhairleoir náisiúnacha sna ceithre chomhairle le chéile sa toghchán sa bhliain 2005, i gcomparáid le 26 chomhairleoir aontachtacha agus beirt chomhairleoirí neamhspleácha. I dtoghchán don pharlaimint Westminster agus Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, roinntear Tír Eoghain i dtrí thoghlach; Fear Manach agus Deisceart Thír Eoghain, Iarthar Thír Eoghain, agus Meán-Uladh. Toghadh iarrthóirí Sinn Féin sna trí thoghlach seo sna toghcháin Westminster sna blianta 2001 agus 2005; Martin McGuinness i Meán-Uladh, Michelle Gildernew i bhFear Manach agus Deisceart Thír Eoghain, agus Pat Doherty in Iarthar Thír Eoghain. Sa toghchán do Thionól Thuaisceart Éireann i 2007, toghadh na hiarrthóirí a leanas;
Fear Manach agus Deisceart Thír Eoghain:
Iarthar Thír Eoghain:
Meán-Uladh:
Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann

Ba stát ceannasach é Ríocht Aontaithe na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann (RA) a bhí ann idir 1801 agus 1922. Bunaíodh é le hAchtanna an Aontais 1800, a rinne ríochtaí na Breataine Móire agus na hÉireann a chumasc ina stát aontaithe. Mar thoradh ar Shaorstát na hÉireann a bhunú i 1922 athainmníodh an tír ina dhiaidh sin mar An Ríocht Aontaithe i 1927, atá fós ann sa lá atá inniu ann.
Saorstát Éireann

Is é Saorstát Éireann an stát a bunaíodh i sé chontae fichead na hÉireann, ar an 6 Nollaig 1922, i ndiaidh shíniú an Chonartha Angla-Éireannaigh. Mhair an Saorstát go dtí gur tháinig Bunreacht na hÉireann i bhfeidhm sa bhliain 1937.
Bhí rí Shasana ina cheann stáit ar an Saorstát, agus Seanascal Shaorstát Éireann ina ionadaí aige sa stát. Chaithfeadh na Teachtaí Dála móid dílseachta a mhionnú don Rí sula nglacfaidís a suíocháin sa Dáil.
Ar an 6 Nollaig 1922, ghlac an rialtas le forálacha an Chonartha Angla-Éireannaigh agus rinneadh tiarnas de chuid Impireacht na Breataine d’Éirinn go hoifigiúil. Ceaptar LT Mac Cosgair ina Uachtarán ar Ard-Chomhairle Shaorstát Éireann.
Cé go raibh stádas an Tiarnais ag an Saorstát, bhí níos mó saoirse aige ná ag na Tiarnais eile. Éireannach ab ea an Seanascal, ach muintir isteach ab ea na Gobharnóirí Ginearálta sna tiarnais eile, fir uaisle Ghallda ón mBreatain Mhór de ghnáth.
Theastaigh ó na hÉireannaigh poblacht a chur ar bun mar sin féin, agus rinne rialtas an tSaorstáit a ndícheall leis an gcuspóir sin a bhaint amach seachas cogadh nua a tharraingt anuas ar an tír.
Sa bhliain 1931, d'achtaigh Parlaimint na Ríochta Aontaithe an reacht ar ar tugadh Reacht Westminster; bhí na tiarnais éagsúla a gcuid dlíthe féin a reachtú beag beann ar an mBreatain Mhór.
Ghlac lucht rialtais na hÉireann buntáiste ar an reacht seo lena mbunreacht féin a chur i bhfeidhm, Bunreacht na hÉireann, sa bhliain 1937.
Cros Bhríde

Is beag duine in Éirinn nach bhfaca ceann de na crosa beaga gleoite a dhéantar as giolcacha (luachair), ar a dtugtar Bogha Bhríde, Cros Bhríde, nó crosóg Bhríde..
Is ar Lá Fhéile Bríde a dhéantar iad de ghnáth. Crochtar sa teach iad chun muintir an tí a chosaint ó thinte agus ó olc. Creidtear go gcosnóidh an chros seo muintir an tí go ceann bliana má chrochtar os cionn an dorais í
Ceaptar go dtéann nós na gcros siar go dtí an tréimhse réamh-Chríostaí sa tír. Tá crosa de shaghsanna éagsúla le feiceáil ar seanchlocha timpeall na tíre.
Ar Oiche Bhríde, d’fhágadh na brídeoga bearta luachra nó bearta tuí lasmuigh de na doirse. Ag titim na hoíche, bhailíodh cailíní óga iad agus, tar éis cead isteach sa teach a fháil in ainm Bhríde, théidís isteach agus dhéanaidís Crosa Bhríde. Chuirtí na crosa nua sa díon agus os cionn an dorais chun an teach a chosaint ó thine agus ó gach olc agus dhóití na sean chinn.
Amhrán náisiúnta

Is é is amhrán náisiúnta ann ná amhrán nó saothar ceoil eile a bhfuil ábhar tírghráúil aige, agus rialtas is údaráis oifigiúla an stáit ag baint úsáide as mar shuaitheantas don tír ag ócáidí oifigiúla. Ina lán tíortha, reachtaíodh dlíthe faoi cheartúsáid an amhráin náisiúnta, ach níl a leithéid riachtanach le go nglacfaí le hamhrán ar leith mar shiombaile náisiúnta den chineál sin. Mar shampla, is é an traidisiún an t-aon bhunús amháin le stádas an amhráin úd God Save the Queen sa Ríocht Aontaithe.
Is é amhrán na hÍsiltíre, Het Wilhelmus nó Amhrán Uilliam ó Nassau, an t-amhrán náisiúnta is sine sa domhan. Scríobhadh timpeall na bliana 1570 é, nuair a bhí an Cogadh Ochtó Bliain á chur ag an Ísiltír ar na Spáinnigh.
Níor éirigh an t-amhrán náisiúnta, mar nuáil chultúrtha, coitianta roimh an naoú haois déag. Is aireagán Eorpach é, go praiticiúil. Bíonn blas an cheoil chlasaicigh Eorpaigh ar amhráin náisiúnta na dtíortha neamh-Eorpacha féin, amach ó chúpla eisceacht a théann i dtuilleamaí cheol traidisiúnta na tíre (an tSín agus an tSeapáin, ach go háirithe).
An chuid is mó de na hamhráin náisiúnta, cantar i dteanga iad atá coitianta mar ghnáthurlabhra phobail sa tír. Mar sin féin, tá cúpla eisceacht ann. Nó cé gurb í an Urdúis teanga oifigiúil na Pacastáine, is í an Pheirsis teanga an amhráin náisiúnta. Teanga thábhachtach chultúrtha í an Pheirsis do mhuintir na Pacastáine, ach is ar éigean a labhraíonn aon duine ó dhúchas í sa tír sin.
Lá an Dreoilín

In Éirinn, tugtar Lá an Dreoilín ar an 26 Nollaig, nó Lá Fhéile Stiofáin, is é sin fiach an dreoilín. Tá sé de nós ag lucht an dreoilín - agus / nó na cleamairí - dul amach ag fiach chun an dreoilín bocht a mharú Lá Fhéile Stiofáin. Sean-traidisiún atá i Lá an Dreoilín agus tá baint ag an Lá le miotaseolaíocht na gCeilteach agus na nGréagach.
Tá scéal ann faoin dreoilín agus an chaoi a ndearnadh rí na n-éan di i gcomórtas leis na héin go léir eile. Socraíodh go ndéanfaí rí den éan a bheadh in ann eitilt níos airde sa spéir ná gach éan eile. Chuaigh an dreoilín i bhfolach i gcleiteacha droma an iolair i ngan fhios dó, agus nuair a d’eitil an t-iolar chomh hard agus a bhí sé in ann, léim an dreoilín dá dhroim, ag rá gurbh eisean rí na n-éan mar bhí sé níos airde sa spéir ná na héin go léir eile.
I bhfinscéalta Aesóp atá an tagairt is luaithe don scéal seo. Ach sa leagan Gaelach, nuair a théann an dreoilín síos i ndiaidh a dhuais a bhaint, gortaíonn an t-iolar a dhroim agus, mar gheall air sin, níl an dreoilín in ann eitilt ar feadh achar ama rófhada anois.
Scéal eile faoin dreoilín ná gur bhéic sé amach nuair a chonaic sé Naomh Stiofán (nó Íosa féin, ag brath ar an leagan den scéal) i bhfolach agus é ar a sheachnadh ó na Rómhánaigh, agus tar éis don dreoilín sceitheadh air rinneadh mairtíreach de Stiofán (nó Íosa). Is mar sin a thuill an dreoilín droch-chlú dó fhéin.
Is traidisiún in Éirinn é, agus tá an Dreoilín á gceiliúradh sa Bhreatain freisin, go mór mhór sa Bhreatain Bheag. Bíonn go leor seó agus searmanais ag baint le ceiliúradh na féile seo. Téann "Lucht an dreoilín" ó theach go teach (nó ó theach tábhairne go teach tábhairneǃ) ag déanamh ceoil in onóir an dreoilín, agus b'fhéidir ag bailiú airgid agus bia. Iompraíonn an lucht ceoil, a chuireann seanéadaí nó clúdach tuí orthu féin, íomhá dreoilín nó dreoilín ina bheo i mbosca.
San am a chuaigh thart théadh scata buachaillí, is é sin fir nach bhfuil pósta, amach agus iad gléasta i mbréagriocht, agus chuirfidís an dreoilín marbh bocht i mbosca agus théadh siad ó theach go teach ag iarraidh airgid chun an dreoilín a chur sa talamh. Mura dtabharfadh bean nó fear an tí airgead nó dá maslódh siad lucht an dreoilín, d’fhéadfadh siad an dreoilín a adhlacadh i dtalamh úinéir an tí agus bheadh mí-ádh ar an duine sin ar feadh bliana.
Cé nach bhfuil an traidisiún chomh láidir agus chomh feiceálach in Éirinn anois agus a bhí, tá daoine ann atá ag iarraidh an traidisiún a thabhairt ar ais arís.
I gCiarraí, ní ití feoil an lá seo, cuing é seo a chuireadh na seandaoine orthu féin chun go mbeadh an tigh saor ó fhiabhras agus ó aicídí na bliana.
Mallard Cottage

Mallard Cottage is a heritage-designated building located within Quidi Vidi Village in the City of St.John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The cottage is a one-and-a-half-stories with a hipped roof and central chimney. The architecture is an example of early 19th century vernacular style patterned on Irish thatched-roofed cottages. Though the exact date of construction cannot be confirmed, based on evidence from construction techniques, architectural style, and oral history the date for its construction are placed between 1820 and 1840, making it one of the oldest residential structures in St. John's. Two other buildings in St.John's of the same style are Anderson House, built 1804–1805, and Martin McNamara House, exact construction date unknown. These three structures are the best preserved examples of late 18th and early 19th century architecture in St.John's.
Mallard Cottage was built by the Mallard Family, an Irish-immigrant family of fisherfolk and farmers, who resided in the property from its construction until the early 1980s. Though the date of construction is unclear there is a transaction shown in the Registry of Deeds dating to 1803 showing an exchange of chattels between a William Mallard, fisherman, and Messrs. Cunningham, Bell, and Co of St. John's.
In 1985 the property was purchased by Peg Magnone. After purchasing, the property underwent major restoration and modernization work. At the time of purchase the property did not have electricity, running water, or an indoors bathroom. Great care was taken in the renovation to preserve the historical significance of the property while also making it usable as an antique shop. The cottage was successfully operated as an antiques store from 1985 until it was purchased from Magnone's granddaughter in 2011.
After Mallard Cottage was purchased in 2011, work began on converting it into a restaurant, including an extension at the rear to create additional dining area of 30 square metres. In addition to the extension a major structural overhaul was completed due to the advanced state of deterioration in certain parts of the cottage when it was purchased. For their success in restoring the cottage as close as possible to its original condition, the owners were presented with the Southcott Award in 2013.
Mallard Cottage was designated a National Historic Site by Parks Canada in fall 1983, a Registered Heritage Structure by the Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador in December 1986 and a Heritage Building by the City of St. John's in 2006.
Since November 2013, Mallard Cottage has been run as a restaurant. Known for their use of local ingredients and culinary inspiration, the restaurant created by chefs Todd Perrin, Kim Doyle and Sommelier Stephen Lee has won many accolades including being ranked the 22nd best restaurant in Canada by Canada's 100 Best in 2018.
47°34′54″N 52°40′42″W﻿ / ﻿47.58163°N 52.67841°W﻿ / 47.58163; -52.67841
Blackhouse

A blackhouse (Irish: teach dubh [ˌtʲax ˈd̪ˠʊw]; Scottish Gaelic: t(a)igh-dubh [t̪ʰə ˈt̪uh]) is a traditional type of house which used to be common in Ireland, the Hebrides, and the Scottish Highlands.
The origin of the name blackhouse is of some debate. On the Isle of Lewis, in particular, it seems to have been used to distinguish the older blackhouses from some of the newer white-houses (Irish: teach bán [ˌtʲax ˈbˠaːnˠ], teach geal [ˌtʲax ˈɟalˠ]; Scottish Gaelic: taigh-geal [t̪ʰə ˈkʲal̪ˠ]), with their harled (rendered) stone walls. There may also be some confusion arising from the phonetic similarity between the dubh, meaning black, and tughadh, meaning thatch.
The buildings were generally built with double wall dry-stone walls packed with earth, and were roofed with wooden rafters covered with a thatch of turf with cereal straw or reed. The floor was generally flagstones or packed earth and there was a central hearth for the fire. There was no chimney for the smoke to escape through. Instead the smoke made its way through the roof. This led to the soot blackening of the interior which may also have contributed to the adoption of the name blackhouse.
The blackhouse was used to accommodate livestock as well as people. People lived at one end and the animals lived at the other with a partition between them.
Although the Lewis blackhouses have a look of real antiquity, most of the upstanding ruins were built less than 150 years ago. Many were still roofed until the 1970s but without the necessary annual repairs deteriorated rapidly; as people moved into more modern dwellings with indoor plumbing and better heating, most have fallen into ruin. However, blackhouses are increasingly being restored, especially for use as holiday accommodation.
The blackhouses on Lewis have roofs thatched with cereal straw over turf and thick, stone-lined walls with an earthen core. Roof timbers rise from the inner face of the walls providing a characteristic ledge at the wall head (tobhta). This gives access to the roof for thatching. Both the animals and occupants shared the same door, living at different ends of the same space. Several long ranges, or rooms, were usually built alongside each other, each one having its own ridgeline, giving them the very distinctive look of the Lewis blackhouse.
The immediate origins of the blackhouse are unclear, as few pre-eighteenth century examples have ever been excavated. One reason for this is that, unlike their later counterparts, the early examples may have been made of turf and thatch and quickly returned to the earth once abandoned. As one of the most primitive forms of the North Atlantic longhouse tradition, it is very probable that the roots of the blackhouse, in which cattle and humans shared the same roof, is well over 1000 years old. The Lewis examples have clearly been modified to survive in the tough environment of the Outer Hebrides. Low rounded roofs, elaborately roped, were developed to resist the strong Atlantic winds, and walls were made thick to provide insulation and support the sideways forces of the short driftwood roof timbers.
Irish Hunger Memorial

The Irish Hunger Memorial (Irish: Cuimhneachán Ghorta Mhóir na hÉireann) is a 0.5-acre (0.20 ha) park at the corner of Vesey Street and North End Avenue in the Battery Park City neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The memorial is dedicated to raising awareness of the Great Irish Hunger, referred to as An Gorta Mór in Irish, in which over one million starved to death between 1845 and 1852. In the decade after 1845, over 900,000 Irish emigrants entered the port of New York so that by 1855 Irish-born New Yorkers comprised almost one third of the city's population.
Construction of the memorial began in March 2001, and despite the September 11 attacks on the nearby World Trade Center, which also affected surrounding areas, the memorial was completed and dedicated on July 16, 2002.
The memorial, designed collaboratively by artist Brian Tolle, landscape architect Gail Wittwer-Laird, and architecture firm 1100 Architect, is landscaped with stones, soil, and native vegetation transported from the western coast of Ireland — with stones from every Irish county.
An authentic Irish cottage from 19th century Carradoogan, in the parish of Attymass, County Mayo, belonged to the Slack family — and was deserted in the 1960s. The Slack family donated the cottage to the memorial in "memory of all the Slack family members of previous generations who emigrated to America and fared well there."
In August 2016, the memorial was temporarily closed for waterproofing work and was reopened in August 2017.
40°42′54.5″N 74°00′59.5″W﻿ / ﻿40.715139°N 74.016528°W﻿ / 40.715139; -74.016528
Swiss Cottage, Cahir

The Swiss Cottage is an early 19th-century cottage orné (ornamental cottage) located at Kilcommon near the town of Cahir, County Tipperary in Ireland. It is managed by the Office of Public Works and open to the public as a tourist attraction.
The Swiss cottage was built around 1810 and is a noted example of a cottage orné, or ornamental cottage. Its design is attributed to the English Regency architect John Nash, who also designed a number of other buildings in Cahir.
Originally part of the estate of Lord and Lady Cahir, the "fantasy" cottage was used for entertaining guests. The then estate owner and Lord Cahir (later Viscount Cahir) was Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Glengall and 10th Baron Cahir (1775–1819), who married Emily Jeffereys from Blarney Castle in 1793.
After some years of neglect, restoration of the cottage started in 1985. The restoration was overseen by a partnership of the Irish Georgian Society, the Port Royal Foundation and Sybil Connolly. The Swiss cottage opened to the public as a historic house museum in 1989.
Laid out in a T-shaped plan, the cottage has three bays to the front, timber-work verandas on several sides, and an ornate thatched roof. Its interior includes a parquet floor and timber spiral staircase, with some rooms containing original wallpapers attributed to Joseph Dufour and company; reputedly among "the first commercially produced Parisian wallpaper".
Similar buildings exist elsewhere in Ireland at Burrenwood (County Down), Derrymore (County Armagh), and Glengarriff (County Cork). As with the earlier Petit hameau de la Reine at Versailles in France, these picturesque cottages were popular with gentry in the early 19th century as places to "play at being peasants" and to entertain guests.
Milady Cahir is referred to by Napoleon's Josephine in connection with the Château de Malmaison.
52°21′27″N 7°55′25″W﻿ / ﻿52.3574°N 7.9235°W﻿ / 52.3574; -7.9235
Dwyer–McAllister Cottage

The Dwyer–McAllister Cottage is a thatched cottage and National Monument located in the Glen of Imaal, County Wicklow, Ireland.
The Dwyer–McAllister Cottage is located on the northeast face of Keadeen Mountain. A stream located to the west of the house flows north for 1.1 km (2⁄3 mile) and enters the Little Slaney River.
In the aftermath of the 1798 Rebellion, United Irishmen leader Michael Dwyer continued to fight a guerrilla war against government loyalists and yeomen. On 15 February 1799, he and about a dozen comrades were sheltering in three cottages when an informer led a large force of government soldiers to the area. The cottages were quickly surrounded, the first two surrendering, but, following consultation, Dwyer and his men decided to fight on in the third one (Miley Connell's cottage) — after negotiating the safe passage of women and children. In the gunfight which followed, the cottage caught fire and only Dwyer remained unwounded. At this stage, Dwyer's comrade, Antrim man Sam McAllister, stood in the doorway to draw the soldiers' fire on him, which allowed Dwyer to slip out and make his escape. Dwyer remained on the run until 1803.
The Dwyer–McAllister Cottage, or 'Dwyer's Cottage', as it is more informally known, was acquired by the Irish State from the Hoxey family on 22 August 1948. President Seán T. O'Kelly, Éamon de Valera and other dignitaries were present at a ceremony to mark the occasion. The house was extended as a museum in 1992 and is open to the public on summer afternoons from mid-June to mid-September.
The cottage is a detached three-bay single-storey vernacular house, originally built c. 1780, with single-bay portion to the north end, reconstructed in 1992. The walls are constructed in coursed rubble; the pitched roof is thatched and has whitewashed rubble chimneystacks. The entrance is a timber tongue and groove half door whilst the window openings are flat-headed and have replacement 'pivot' timber windows. Internally there are three rooms opening off each other, with whitewashed walls, earthen floors and exposed roof timbers.
52°57′44″N 6°33′53″W﻿ / ﻿52.962126°N 6.564607°W﻿ / 52.962126; -6.564607
Quiet Man Cottage Museum

The Quiet Man Cottage Museum is a museum located in Cong, County Mayo, Ireland. It is a replica of the cottage used in John Ford's 1951 film The Quiet Man starring John Wayne, Maureen O'Hara and Barry Fitzgerald. It is typical of the Irish cottage of the 1820s featuring a thatched roof with an emerald green half door and whitewashed facade.
The ground floor of the "'White-o-Morn' Cottage" has been reproduced as an identical replica of the original Hollywood film set. Much care was taken to accurately replicate the furnishings, artifacts and costumes on display. These items include the table and chairs, and four-poster bed, so appreciated by Mary Kate Danaher, the character played by Maureen O'Hara.
The museum houses a large collection of newspaper cuttings from 1951 that recount what life was like when Hollywood descended on Cong. The costumes on display were made by the same company who made the original ones for the film: O'Maille's of Galway.
The original White-o-Mornin' Cottage is now in ruins. It was bought by Greg Ebbitt, a Canadian Californian resident, who intended to restore the cottage but since then attempts to raise the funds have been unsuccessful and the cottage continues to deteriorate despite being on the Galway County Council's Record of Protected Structures.
53°32′27″N 9°17′17″W﻿ / ﻿53.54083°N 9.28799°W﻿ / 53.54083; -9.28799
Irish Agricultural Museum

The Irish Agricultural Museum (Irish: Musaem Talmhaíochta na hÉireann) is a museum dedicated to the history of Irish rural life. Housed in the farm and stable courtyard buildings of Johnstown Castle, County Wexford, the collections represent all elements of rural life, including transport, crafts, farming activities and dwelling.
In the early 1970s Dr Austin O’Sullivan began collecting materials relating to farming and rural life in Ireland. In 1974 Dr Thomas Walsh, the Director of An Foras Talúntais (now Teagasc), agreed to the foundation of an agricultural museum. From this, a group formed in 1976 with the aim of setting up a museum to house this collection, amongst others. The museum, housed in the former farm buildings of Johnstown Castle Estate, was opened in 1979 by Irish President Patrick Hillery. Since the opening, the museum has expanded and now occupies 1,900 square metres of gallery space. The establishment and expansion of the museum has led to the continuing restoration of the estate's farming buildings which date from 1810.
Matt Wheeler took over as Curator in 2011 and added new exhibitions, including the Harvesting Machinery Hall, and extended the opening hours to establish the museum as a year round destination. The museum has been managed and run by the Irish Heritage Trust since 2019. It was awarded full accredited museum status by the Heritage Council in July 2022.
The main focus of the museum's collections was to document the changes in farming life in the wake of the industrial revolution, in particular the move away from horse-powered machinery to those powered by engines. The collections are organised by agricultural themes, such as dairy, the laundry, the kitchen, sugar beet farming and so on. The museum also features an extensive exhibition on the history of the potato and the Great Famine mid 1800s. The collection contains number 96 in The Irish Times A History of Ireland in 100 Objects, a washing machine from the early 1950s. There are a number of full-scale replicas of workshops of a blacksmith, cooper, wheelwright, harness maker and basket maker.
The museum won the Best Museum 2014, a competition organised by the Industrial Heritage Association of Ireland, in recognition of the role the Museum has played in the preservation and promotion of the material history relating to Irish rural life.
Irish National Heritage Park

The Irish National Heritage Park is an open-air museum near Wexford, Ireland, which tells the story of human settlement in Ireland from the Mesolithic period up to the Norman Invasion in 1169. It was opened to the public in 1987.
It has 16 reconstructed dwellings, including a Mesolithic camp, a Neolithic farmstead, a portal dolmen, a cyst grave, a stone circle, a medieval ringfort, a monastic site, crannóg, and a Viking harbour. It covers 13.7 hectares (34 acres) of parkland, estuary trails, and wetland forest. It is a nonprofit organisation and all of its receipts from admissions, restaurant, and shop sales go directly back into the maintenance of the park.
The park runs a selection of courses throughout the year ranging from blacksmithing and wood carving, to stone masonry and mounted combat. One of the goals of the park is to bring traditional skills back into the public. The Trials of Tuan are a set of activities for children. The park also offers guided tours led by costumed guides, as well as audio guides or self-guided options. The guided tour lasts about one and a half hours and ends at the reconstructed Viking harbour.
The newest addition to the park is an archaeological excavation at the site of the first Norman fortification in Ireland, on the hill of Carrig, overlooking the river Slaney. The park partnered with the IAFS (Irish Archaeology Field School) to excavate and research the site. The site contains ringwork, burnt wooden structures, and a later stone castle. A town grew around the castle and existed until the 1300s.
52°20′53″N 6°31′01″W﻿ / ﻿52.348°N 6.517°W﻿ / 52.348; -6.517
Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine

The Department of Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and the Marine (Irish: An Roinn Talmhaíochta, Bia, Iascaigh agus Mara) is a department of the Government of Ireland. According to the department, its mission is to "lead the sustainable development of a competitive, consumer focused agri-food sector and to contribute to a vibrant rural economy and society". It is led by the Minister for Agriculture, Food, Fisheries and the Marine.
The official headquarters and ministerial offices of the department are in Agriculture House, Kildare Street, Dublin. The departmental team consists of the following:
In carrying out its mandate the department undertakes a variety of functions including:
In 2017, Joe Healy, the Irish Farmers' Association president, expressed the view that since the UK is Ireland's main trading partner, Brexit could have a "frightening impact" on Ireland's agri-food sector. The UK was the market for 50 per cent, or 270,000 tonnes, of Irish beef exports and if the World Trade Organization (WTO) tariff rates were implemented they would "virtually wipe out" agri-food trade to Britain.
The Department of Agriculture was created as a department of the Ministry of Dáil Éireann at one of the first meetings of Dáil Éireann in 1919 with Robert Barton as the first Minister for Agriculture, Horace Plunkett as the department's first vice-president, and T. P. Gill as its first Secretary. In 1899, Plunkett had established the Department's forerunner, called the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction (DATI). It was given a statutory basis by the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924. This act provided it with:
Over the years its name and functions have changed several times.
Roberto González Barrera

Roberto González Barrera (Cerralvo, Nuevo León, 1 de septiembre de 1930 - Houston, Texas, 25 de agosto de 2012)​ fue un empresario mexicano. Fue fundador y presidente del Consejo de Administración de Gruma, así como presidente vitalicio del Grupo Financiero Banorte.​
Roberto González Barrera nació el 1 de septiembre de 1930 en Cerralvo, Nuevo León. Hijo de Roberto M. González Gutiérrez y Bárbara Barrera.​ Su hijo Roberto González fue piloto de automovilismo, resultando tercero en las 12 Horas de Sebring de 1976. Sus nietos Ricardo González Valdez y Roberto González Valdez también son pilotos de automovilismo.
Al entrar a la primaria, Roberto trabajó como lustrador de zapatos, a los 11 años dejó la escuela y comenzó a trabajar en una tienda de abarrotes que su padre tenía en Cerralvo y donde vendían productos lácteos.​
Más tarde, González Barrera trabajó en Pemex como conductor en una planta en Veracruz. Fue durante este tiempo que se asoció con una pequeña plantación de coco. Fue un buen negocio, pero después de dos años, y de haber contraído la malaria, regresó a su ciudad natal, con 200 mil pesos obtenidos en el negocio en la plantación de coco y decidió asociarse con su padre en el negocio familiar, y desarrollando nuevos proyectos.​
En 1948, después de convencer a su padre, compraron un molino de maíz por 75 mil pesos, y lo llevaron a Cerralvo, donde comenzó lo que hoy es Maseca, empresa que fabrica y comercializa harina de maíz. Para poner en marcha este negocio, tuvieron que vender la totalidad de sus otros negocios, y cuando se les acabó el dinero, un amigo que había conocido en Cerralvo, el General Bonifacio Salinas Leal, entonces gobernador de Nuevo León, les prestó dinero a cambio de algunas de las acciones de la compañía que, años más tarde, se las vendería de nuevo a ellos. Así comenzó una larga relación con los políticos, motivo por el cual recibió varias críticas.
En 2005, González Barrera se negó a declarar, a favor, en el proceso penal en contra de Raúl Salinas de Gortari por supuesto enriquecimiento ilícito y por desconocer una deuda millonaria. González Barrera mencionó lo siguiente:
Grupo Unide

Grupo Unide (acrónimo de Unión Detallistas Españoles) es una empresa cooperativa de distribución, cuya sede central se encuentra en Madrid (España). El grupo fue fundado en 1931 como Ducpra, y en 1993 adoptó su nombre actual tras absorber otras siete cooperativas españolas. Sus principales establecimientos son los supermercados Unide Market, Unide Supermercados, Unide Alimentación, Udaco, Gama y Maxcoop.
Grupo UNIDE es una empresa cooperativa española de distribución con sede en Madrid. Se fundó en Madrid capital con poco más de 200 socios en 1931, bajo el nombre de DUCPRA. En 1964, bajo la iniciativa de Gregorio Sánchez Herráez, se transforma en GRUMA (Grupos Madrileños de Abastecimiento), expandiéndose por toda la provincia inicialmente y a continuación por las provincias limítrofes. En 1992 adopta el nombre de UNIDE (Unión de Detallistas Españoles, S. Coop., UNIDE) y se produce la fusión por absorción de otras 5 cooperativas (Salamanca, Cáceres, Alicante, Las Palmas y Tenerife), un poco más tarde se uniría la cooperativa de Logroño. Hoy la cooperativa está formada por más de 1200 socios, sitos en 13 comunidades autónomas, que tienen más de 1700 tiendas, de las cuales:
a los que sirve desde sus 7 plataformas, dando trabajo directo a 519 personas y a más de 10 000 en las tiendas de sus socios. Gran parte de sus socios operan bajo las enseñas de la cooperativa: Supermercados UNIDE Market, UDACO, GAMA, MAXCOOP y Supermercados UNIDE. Así mismo la cooperativa cuenta con 12 Cash and Carry para profesionales. La cooperativa es propiedad de sus socios y cada uno de ellos cuenta con un voto en la asamblea. Ha desarrollado diversas sociedades de diferente realidad jurídica que prestan servicio a sus socios en diversos ámbitos: Coidec, Servicios y Asesoramientos G-3, Tríppode, Aprode y Fundación Gregorio Sánchez.
Cronología de UNIDE:
El grupo cuenta con varias marcas para sus salas de ventas según sea el tamaño de las mismas:
UNIDE cuenta con 7 plataformas logísticas con un total de 73.564 m² construidos para productos de alimentación y droguería y 91.000 m³ para producto fresco: • Plataforma central de fresco en Valdemoro (Madrid) • Plataforma central de Fresco y Refrigerado en MercaMadrid (Madrid) • Plataforma en Logroño • Plataforma en Salamanca • Plataforma en Cáceres • Plataforma en Monforte del Cid (Alicante) • Plataforma en Telde (Las Palmas) • Plataforma en Güimar (Tenerife)
Igualmente dispone de 13 Cash and Carry con 23.766 m² en: Logroño, Burgos, Salamanca, Béjar (Salamanca), Ávila, Segovia, Cáceres, Alicante, Orihuela (Alicante), Arrecife (Lanzarote), Las Palmas, Antigua (Fuerteventura), Madrid.
El grupo cuenta con varias empresas de apoyo a los establecimientos de los socios.
Tecnobit

Tecnobit es una empresa española fundada en 1976, cuya principal actividad es la ingeniería de diseño y desarrollo de hardware y software de equipos y su posterior fabricación, así como el diseño, desarrollo, fabricación y mantenimiento de equipos y sistemas de electromecánica profesional.
Dispone de dos centros de trabajo, situados en Madrid y Valdepeñas. Su plantilla está compuesta por 359 personas (2008), con un 62% de la plantilla menor de 35 años y más de un tercio de ésta por debajo de los 30 años. El perfil mayoritario es de titulados, principalmente en ingeniería y tecnologías de la información, debido, principalmente a los requerimientos propios de la actividad productiva y de los proyectos de I+D+I que desarrolla.
En 2007 Tecnobit cambió radicalmente su mapa accionarial​ y pasó de tener ocho socios a tres. IT Deusto compró una participación del 48%, por el que desembolsó más de 20 millones de euros; Caja Castilla-La Mancha elevó su participación del 35,26% al 48% (la empresa tiene una factoría en Valdepeñas con 160 trabajadores​), y Guindola Consultores pasó a controlar el 4% restante.
La operación, la transacción supuso el pago de más de 20 millones por parte de IT Deusto, al valorarse Tecnobit en más de 50 millones, y la salida de seis socios de la firma de defensa. La empresa de capital riesgo 3i vendió el 41,10% que poseía, tras permanecer en la compañía siete años. Y lo mismo hizo Ingenaval, que tenía un 8,45%, Agreda (3,07%), Casa (1,92%), Gruma (1,91%) y un grupo de inversores individuales, que poseían el 6,92%.
Junto a la caja de ahorros, que entró en Tecnobit en diciembre de 2001 y amplió en un 25,06% su participación en 2004, sólo se mantiene otro viejo accionista en el capital social de la empresa española de defensa, Guindola Consultores, que subió su posición del 1,37% al 4%.
Tecnobit ha colaborado con Santa Bárbara Sistemas en la consecución del contrato del misil anticarro Spike y fabricará en sus instalaciones más de 250 cámaras infrarrojas del sistema lanzador y más de 2.500 sistemas de guiado infrarrojo del misil. Además, la firma estadounidense Lockheed Martin ha nombrado recientemente a la empresa española suministrador preferente de aparatos de aviónica empleados en los helicópteros MH-60R de la marina estadounidense. También Tecnobit ha iniciado la fabricación, montaje y prueba de los torpedos DM2 A4 que equiparán los submarinos S-80. Entre sus clientes destacan los de referencia internacional como EADS, Airbus, Boeing, General Dynamics, Thales, BAE Systems, Rafael Advanced Defense Systems o Lockheed Martin, así como para el Ministerio de Defensa de España.
Tuo masara

El tuo masara o tuwon masara es un plato parecido a un puré de harina de maíz originario del norte de Nigeria,​ aunque también se consume en países vecinos. Es muy similar a la sadza, también llamada ugali (en esencia son el mismo plato), que se consume en África meridional.
El término proviene del idioma hausa; tuwo (harina cocida, polenta) y masara (maíz). La n añadida en tuwon es una preposición «de», por lo que tuwon masara significa «polenta cocida de maíz».
La harina se elabora dejando el maíz secar y luego se muele. Para preparar el tuo masara, se vierte la harina de maíz en agua hirviendo, se revuelve y se deja endurecer hasta que se convierta en una masa firme. Usualmente se come con la mano.​
El tuo masara se puede comer como guarnición o acompañando a algunas sopas: miyar taushe (sopa de verduras), miyar kuka (sopa de baobab), miyar kubewa (sopa de okra), miyar agushi (sopa de melón)...etc.​