davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Cabeza guateada

Cabeza Guateada, Guatiada or Hueateada, also known as Vaka akangué yvyguy in Guarani, is a traditional gastronomic preparation of Northeastern Argentina and Paraguay consisting of a whole beef head traditionally roasted in an earth oven. It’s a typical countryside dish prepared on special occasions in Argentina, specifically in the Catamarca, Salta, Tucumán and Jujuy provinces among the Gauchos. Similar dishes exist in, both, Mexico and Brazil, called barbacoa de cabeza and berarubu (or “cabeça de boi assada no chão”), respectively.
The term “guatiar”, “guatear” or “huatear” comes from huatia, itself from the Quechua wathiya or huatiya, referring to an earth oven of Pre-Columbian origin used in the Andean region. “Vaka akangué yvyguy” from the Guarani means “cow head cooked underground”.
The origins of the wathiya or earth-oven, date back to pre-Columbian South America; the first Western chronicler to speak of the huatia was the priest Francisco de Ávila who around the year 1600, when compiling the myths existing among the people of Huarochirí, in the mountains of Lima, in the manuscript Huarochirí Manuscript, pointed out the figure of the god Huatiacuri, more strictly watya quriq (watya collector), son of the powerful Pariaqaqa, who was said to hide his divinity in a miserable appearance and only fed on potatoes roasted in heated earth ovens called huatias or huatiyas, which is why it received that name. For this reason it has been considered the personification of the potato.
The use of earth ovens or huatias, was common throughout the Andean region, including Northeastern Argentina. One of the most common dishes prepared in this region was beef, either a whole veal or just the head. A whole beef head, with eyes, tongue and skin, was roasted in an earth oven for many hours until cooked. It was prepared during special occasions in countryside festivities, specially in weddings, hence its nickname “manjar de bodas” (wedding delicacy).
Traditionally, a hole is dug in the ground proportionate to the size of the piece of meat or food being prepared and a fire is lit inside to prepare and heat it. The beef-head, after being cleaned and drained, is marinated or seasoned with chopped garlic, oregano, salt (to taste), and ground chili. Then it’s wrapped in a damp cloth (preferably burlap canvas soaked in water) and then it is placed into the pit and covered with embers. The hole is then covered with soil and ashes, allowing the head to cook for about twelve to 24 hours.
A more modern version replaces the earth oven with a clay oven (the typical Argentine country oven, made of adobe in the shape of a dome). When this oven is used, the embers are spread inside, then the beef head that is to be roasted is placed inside, and immediately after this the oven is completely sealed, allowing the head(s) to cook for twelve to fourteen hours.
Comal (cookware)

A comal is a smooth, flat griddle typically used in Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America, to cook tortillas and arepas, toast spices and nuts, sear meat, and generally prepare food. Similar cookware is called a budare in South America. Some comals are concave and made of barro (clay). These are still made and used by the indigenous peoples of Mexico and Central America. Comals are similar to the American griddle or the Indian tawa, and are often used and named interchangeably with these.
Comals for home use are generally made from heavy cast iron, and sized to fit over either one burner on the stovetop (round) or two burners front to back (elongated oval). In many indigenous and pre-Hispanic cultures, the comal is handed down from grandmother to mother to daughter, the idea being that a comal tempered over many years of use will heat faster and cook cleaner.
The history of such cooking methods dates back to the pre-Columbian era, when powdered-hominy tortillas were cooked on an earthenware comal over an open fire. Comales were also used to toast cacao beans. The word "comal" comes from the Aztec Nahuatl word comalli.
Originally they were thin ceramic pieces, with slightly raised edges. They are found at archaeological sites throughout Central America, with the earliest examples dating to 700 BCE.
List of twice-baked foods

The following is a list of twice-baked foods. Twice-baked foods are foods that are baked twice in their preparation. Baking is a food cooking method using prolonged dry heat acting by convection, and not by thermal radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones. When the desired temperature is reached within the heating instrument, the food is placed inside and baked for a certain amount of time. Such items are sometimes referred to as "baked goods", and are sold at a bakery.
Veg-O-Matic

Veg-O-Matic is the name of one of the first food-processing appliances to gain widespread use in the United States. It was non-electric and invented by Samuel J. Popeil and later sold by his son Ron Popeil along with more than 20 other distributors across the country, and Ronco, making its debut in 1963 at the International Housewares Show in Chicago, Illinois. It was also sold in Australia by Philip Kives, who purchased it from Samuel Popeil and sold it as one of the first products through his own marketing firm, K-tel.
Made famous by saturation television advertising in the mid- and late 1960s, Veg-O-Matic is a manually operated food slicer, primarily made of injection-molded plastic, which held two sets of parallel cutting blades. The Veg-O-Matic is shaped approximately like an upper-case letter "H" and had an integral operating handle. The item to be cut, such as a potato, is placed on the top set of blades, and then is pushed vertically down through the blades by the handle, while the user's hands are kept safely away from the cutter by the shape of the handle.
The steel cutting blades are contained in a circular, cast-metal holder several inches in diameter. By rotating the top holder, the blades could cut flat slices or square strips, such as for French fries. By putting the slices through the machine a second time, they would be diced into small cubes. In the ads, Popeil would rapidly demonstrate this, with the now well-known catchphrase "It slices! It dices!". Sales were nearly exclusively via direct marketing, and Veg-O-Matic was one of the first products (if not the first) to bear the red-and-white "As Seen on TV" logo on the box.
The "It slices! It dices!" catchphrase is used tongue-in-cheek to satirize Veg-O-Matic ads:
Strategic group

A strategic group is a concept used in strategic management that groups companies within an industry that have similar business models or similar combinations of strategies. For example, the restaurant industry can be divided into several strategic groups including fast-food and fine-dining based on variables such as preparation time, pricing, and presentation. The number of groups within an industry and their composition depends on the dimensions used to define the groups. Strategic management professors and consultants often make use of a two dimensional grid to position firms along an industry's two most important dimensions in order to distinguish direct rivals (those with similar strategies or business models) from indirect rivals. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term which achieves advantages for the organization while business model refers to how the firm will generate revenues or make money.
Hunt (1972) coined the term strategic group while conducting an analysis of the appliance industry after he discovered a higher degree of competitive rivalry than suggested by industry concentration ratios. He attributed this to the existence of subgroups within the industry that competed along different dimensions making tacit collusion more difficult. These asymmetrical strategic groups caused the industry to have more rapid innovation, lower prices, higher quality and lower profitability than traditional economic models would predict.
Michael Porter (1980) developed the concept and applied it within his overall system of strategic analysis. He explained strategic groups in terms of what he called "mobility barriers". These are similar to the entry barriers that exist in industries, except they apply to groups within an industry. Because of these mobility barriers a company can get drawn into one strategic group or another. Strategic groups are not to be confused with Porter's generic strategies which are internal strategies and do not reflect the diversity of strategic styles within an industry.
Originally, the analysis of intra-industry variations in the competitive behaviour and performance of firms was based primarily on the use of secondary financial and accounting data. The study of strategic groups from a cognitive perspective, however, has gained prominence during the past years (Hodgkinson 1997).
Strategic Group Analysis (SGA) aims to identify organizations with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases.
Such groups can usually be identified using two or perhaps three sets of characteristics as the bases of competition.
Examples of the SGA:
Use of Strategic Group Analysis This analysis is useful in several ways:
Jeannet and Schreuder (2015, pp. 95–99) provide an example how Strategic Group Analysis is used in practice for determining business strategies in a successful multinational firm.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැණික්

අතී‍තයේ පටන් ශ්‍රී ලාංකීය මැණික් කර්මාන්තයට හිමිවන්නේ අද්විතීය ස්ථානයකි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැණික් ඇත්තේ එහි ප්‍රධාන දූපත වන ලංකා දූපතේ පමණි. මේ නිසාම 'රත්න දීප' යන අන්වර්ථ නාමයෙන්ද එය හඳුන්වයි. 1292 දී මාර්කෝ පෝලෝ විසින් සිය ලිපියක ලංකාව ගැන මෙසේ සඳහන් කරයි. ˝ප්‍රමාණයෙන් තරමක් කුඩා වුවත් ඉතා අනර්ඝ දිවයිනක් වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇල දොළ ගංගා වලින් පවා මුතු මැණික් හමු වේ˝. දෙවන ශත වර්ශයේ විසූ ටොලමි විසින් සඳහන් කරන පරිදි අතීතයේ ලංකාවේ මැණික් කර්මාන්තයේ මූලික ස්ථානයක් හිමිව තිබුනේ 'තරිප්පු' (beryl) සහ 'කොරන්ඩම්' (sapphire) වලටය. සිව්වන සහ පස්වන ශතවර්ශ වලදී පර්සියානු සහ අරාබි වෙළඳුන් මුතු මැණික් වෙළඳාම සඳහා ලංකාවට පැමිණි බව සඳහන් වේ.
භූගෝලීය වශයෙන් සලකන විට ලංකාව ඉතාමත් පැරණි දූපතක් වේ. එහි වූ පාෂාණ ස්ථර වලින් 90% ක් ම අයත්වන්නේ ප්‍රාග් කේම්බ්‍රියානු යුගයට (වසර මිලියන 560 – 2400 පෙර) වේ. මෙම පාෂාණ අතර වන ආග්නේය පාෂාණ, කැල්සියම් තැන්පතු, මඩ තැන්පතු වල සිදුවන දීර්ඝ කාලීන විපර්යාසයන් හේතුවෙන් මැණික් සෑදීම සිදුවේ.
බොහෝ විට මැණික් ඉල්ලම් දක්නට ලැබෙන්නේ ගංගා ආශ්‍රිතවය. භූමි ප්‍රමාණයන් සමග සලකන විට මැණික් ඉල්ලම් සොයාගැනීමේ වැඩිම සම්භාවිතාවයක් ඇත්තේ ලංකාවේය. විශාල වශයෙන් මැණික් ඉල්ලම් හමුවන මැණික් පුරය හෙවත් රත්නපුරයට එම නම පටබැඳී ඇත්තේද මැණික් ව්‍යාපාරය සඳහා මෙම ප්‍රදේශය දක්වන ප්‍රසිද්ධිය නිසාමය.
නිල් මැණික් අතරින් ලංකාවේ නිල් මැණික් වලට අද්විතීය ස්ථානයක් හිමි වන්නේ ඒවාටම ආවේනික වූ පැහැය, සුපිරිසිඳු බව හා දීප්තිමත් බව නිසාමය.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මැණික් කර්මාන්තය

මැණික් කර්මාන්තය සබරගමුව පළාතේ ඉතා ප්‍රසිද්ධ කර්මාන්තයක් වන අතරම එය ඉතා අලංකාර කර්මාන්තයක් ාලසද හැඳින්විය හැකිය. සබරගමුව පළාතෙන්ද රත්නපුර නගරය මේ සඳහා මහත් ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් උසුලයි. එනිසාම රත්නපුර නගරය හැඳින්වෙන්නේද, ලොව පුරා ප්‍රචලිතව පවතින්නේද මිණි පුරය, මැණික් පුරය හෙවත් ‘City of Gems’ ලෙසිනි.
මැණික්

මැණීක් (සිහින් මැණික්, මැණික් ගල්, අර්ධ අගනා ගල් ලෙසද හැඳින්වේ) ඛනිජ ස්ඵටික කැබැල්ලක් වන අතර එය කපන ලද හෝ ඔප දැමූ විට ආභරණ හෝ වෙනත් සැරසිලි කිරීමට භාවිතා කරයි.
අනෙකුත් වර්ග
මැණික් ඔප දැමීමේදි කැපීම මෙලෙස හදුන්වයි
තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ

තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ බටහිර සහ මධ්‍යම ආසියාවේ තුර්ක‍්මෙන්වරුන්ට අයත් විවිධ සංස්කෘතීන්හි සම්භවය වූ ආභරණ ප්‍රභේදයකි. මෙම ආභරණ බාහිර අලංකාරය සඳහාම පමණක් නොව අධ්‍යාත්මික හේතූන් මත ද පළඳින ලදී. පුද්ගලයකු පැළඳි ආභරණ ප්‍රමාණය මත ඔහුට සමාජයේ හිමි තත්ත්වය නිරූපණය විය.
අර්ධ-සංචාරක ජනතාවක් වූ විවිධ තුර්ක්මෙන් ගෝත්‍ර නිරන්තරයෙන් මැද පෙරදිග ජනාවාස මධ්‍යස්ථානවල වූ ජනයා සමග සම්බන්ධතා ඇති කරගන්නා ලදී. මෙම සම්බන්ධතාවන් තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ නිර්මාණකරුවන් සඳහා බෙහෙවින් වාසිදායක විය. මෙමගින් ආභරණ නිර්මාණකරණය පිළිබඳ නවීන දැනුම තුර්ක්මෙන්වරුන් කරා සංක්‍රමණය විය. තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ එකම ප්‍රභේදයට අයත් ඒවා නොවේ. වෙනස් තුර්ක්මෙන් ගෝත්‍රවල වූ කලා ශිල්පීන්ගේ ආභරණ අතර විවිධ වෙනස්කම් දක්නට ලැබිණි. වටිනා පාෂාණ එබ්බවූ රිදී ආභරණ තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ අතර වඩාත්ම පුළුල් ලෙස නිර්මාණය වූ ආභරණ ප්‍රභේදය ලෙස සැලකේ. තුර්ක්මෙන් සම්ප්‍රදායයන් තුළ විශ්වාස කෙරෙන්නේ වටිනා පාෂාණ මානව සෞඛ්‍යය කෙරෙහි වාසිදායක වන බවයි. එසේම බොහෝ තුර්ක්මෙන් ‍ගෝත්‍රික ජනයා මෙම ආභරණ සතුව මායාමය බලයක් පවතින්නේ යැයි විශ්වාස කරන්නට වූහ. ආභරණවල නිරූපණය කළ දර්ශන ද විවිධත්වයක් පෙන්නුම් කරයි; ඇතැම් ආභරණවල සත්ත්ව රූ සහ මල් මෝස්තර නිරූපණය වූ අතර, ඇතැම් ආභරණවල තුර්ක්මෙන් ජනයාට පූජනීය වූ කඳුවැටිවල දර්ශන හෝ ජ්‍යාමිතික මෝස්තර ඇතුළත් විය. වෙනස් වර්ගවල මැණික් වර්ග භාවිතයෙන් එය පළඳින්නාට විවිධ වූ බලපෑම් එල්ල වන්නට ඇත. කාර්නේලියන් පාෂාණ සහ රිදී බාවිතය මගින් මරණය සහ රෝග වැළැක්වෙන්නේ යැයි විශ්වාස කෙරිණි. නිල් මැණික් පාරිශුද්ධත්වයේ සංකේතයක් ලෙස පැළඳීම සිදු විය.
තුර්ක්මෙන් සමාජයේ එක් එක් පුද්ගලයාට හිමිව තිබූ තත්ත්වය එම පුද්ගලයා පළඳින ආභරණ ප්‍රමාණය අනුව වටහා ගත හැකි විය. කලා ඉතිහාසඥ ලයිලා ඩිබා අනුව, තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ නිර්මාණය කොට පැළඳීම තුර්ක්මෙන් සමාජයේ සෑම තරාතිරමකම පුද්ගලයන් විසින් සිදු කළ බවයි. ඛාන්වරුන්ගේ සිට "යැපුම් මට්ටමේ" සැමදෙනාම පැළඳි බව ඇය පවසයි. එසේම සිය දිවියේ මුල්කාලයේ වටිනා පාෂාණවලින් යුත් ආභරණ පැළඳීම තුළින් සිය සරුභාවය ඉහළ නැංවෙන බවට තරුණ කාන්තාවන් අතර විශ්වාසයක් ද විය. දරු උපතකින් පසුව, වයස්ගත වීමත් සමග කාන්තාවන් පළඳින ආභරණ ප්‍රමාණය ක්‍රමයෙන් අඩු වන්නට විය. පළඳින්නාගේ ආභරණයේ ඇති විලාසිතාව අනුව වස්ත්‍ර ද එයට උචිත මෝස්තරවලින් යුක්තව නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී.
තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ කර්මාන්තය වර්තමානයේ පවා දක්නට ලැබේ. වටිනා ලෝහ සහ මැණික් වර්ග සඳහා වියදම අධික නිසා ඇතැම් තුර්ක්මෙන් ආභරණ නිර්මාණකරුවෝ මැණික් වෙනුවට වීදුරු පබළු ආදේශයක් ලෙස යොදාගනිති.
Serendipity Sapphire

Serendipity Sapphire is the world's largest star sapphire cluster, and it weighs 510 kilograms (2,600,000 carats). It was found in Kahawatte, in the Ratnapura District, Sri Lanka, in July 2021. Its worth is estimated to be up to US$100 million.
The cluster is 100 centimetres (39 in) in length, 72 centimetres (28 in) in width, and 50 centimetres (20 in) in height.
Gems of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka’s gem industry has a very long and colorful history. Sri Lanka was affectionately known as Ratna-Dweepa which means Gem Island. The name is a reflection of its natural wealth. Marco Polo wrote that the island had the best sapphires, topazes, amethysts, and other gems in the world. Ptolemy, the 2nd century astronomer recorded that beryl and sapphire were the mainstay of Sri Lanka’s gem industry. Records from sailors that visited the island state that they brought back “jewels of Serendib”. Serendib was the ancient name given to the island by middle eastern and Persian traders that crossed the Indian Ocean to trade gems from Sri Lanka to the East during the 4th and 5th century. Often the historical word "Ceylon" is used within gem industries to denote stones that come from the island.
Sri Lanka, geologically speaking is an extremely old country. Ninety percent of the rocks of the island are of Precambrian age, 560 million to 2,400 million years ago. The gems form in sedimentary residual gem deposits, eluvial deposits, metamorphic deposits, skarn and calcium-rich rocks. Nearly all the gem formations in Sri Lanka are located in the central high-grade metamorphic terrain of the Highland Complex. The gem deposits are classified as sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic; the sedimentary types being the most abundant. The mineralogy of the gem deposits varies widely with, among others, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, beryl, spinel, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, garnet being common.
Residual deposits are mainly found in flood plains of rivers and streams. The metamorphic types of gems constitute 90% of the gem deposits in Sri Lanka. It has been estimated that nearly 25% of the total land area of Sri Lanka is potentially gem-bearing, making Sri Lanka one of the countries with the highest density of gem deposits compared to its landmass.
Ratnapura contains the most gem deposits and derived its name from the gem industry. Ratnapura means “city of gems”.
Stay Positive (album)

Stay Positive is the fourth studio album by the Hold Steady, released on July 15, 2008, through Vagrant Records. Vocalist/guitarist Craig Finn notes that the album is about "the idea of ageing gracefully [...] keeping going, perseverance [and] how to stay true to the ideals and ideas you had when you were younger." Keyboard player Franz Nicolay notes that the album is his favorite, stating that it features an "integrated, nuanced, less hectic distillation of [their earlier] sound." Stay Positive was the last studio album to feature Nicolay for eleven years, until 2019's Thrashing Thru the Passion. Nicolay departed from the band in early 2010 but returned in 2016.
On May 20, the album's first single, "Sequestered in Memphis", was released on the band's MySpace page and on iTunes. On June 9, the entire album was made available to stream on MySpace, and on June 18 the full album became available on iTunes. It was later released for the videogame Rock Band (via the Rock Band Network) on March 4, 2010.
The record entered the UK Album Chart at #15 on July 20, 2008, the third-highest new entry. It ranked #1 on the UK Indie Chart. In the U.S. it entered at #30 on the Billboard 200. The album was Alex Zane's record of the week on the XFM breakfast show. The song "Constructive Summer" was number 56 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008.
Stay Positive has sold 88,000 copies as of April 2010
In an interview with Uncut, Craig Finn notes that he thought the album "should maybe look at the characters I’d been writing about on the previous three albums as they got a bit older, more adult with more adult problems." The title track in particular references several Hold Steady songs and characters from the previous albums, such as "Hornets! Hornets!", "Positive Jam", "Massive Nights" and "Sweet Payne", while relating them to the common theme of believing in the ideals of youth as you get older. The title track references hardcore punk bands Youth of Today, 7 Seconds, and Dillinger Four.
All songs written by Craig Finn and Tad Kubler, except where noted.
A "limited edition digipak" version of the album was released with three bonus tracks (however, they are uncut from one another and run continuous as track 12):
A double LP vinyl edition is also available, which includes the limited edition CD's bonus track "Ask Her for Adderall," as well as a slightly different track order.
Disc 1 Side A:
Disc 1 Side B:
Disc 2 Side A:
Disc 2 Side B:
A deluxe edition, released on October 15, 2018, includes demo recordings of many of the original release's tracks as well as previously unreleased tracks: "This Isn't Enough", "You Tremble", and "The Ballad of the Midnight Hauler". "Spectres" and "40 Bucks" were previously released as downloadable bonus content from the live album A Positive Rage.
List of sapphires by size

This is a list of sapphires by size.
Sapphires are a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, chromium, copper, or magnesium. It is typically blue, but natural "fancy" sapphires also occur in yellow, purple, orange, and green colors; "parti sapphires" show two or more colors. The only color corundum stone that the term sapphire is not used for is red, which is called a ruby. Pink colored corundum may be either classified as ruby or sapphire depending on locale. Commonly, natural sapphires are cut and polished into gemstones and worn in jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of special-purpose solid-state electronics such as integrated circuits and GaN-based blue LEDs.
Sapphire is the birthstone for September and the gem of the 45th anniversary. A sapphire jubilee occurs after 65 years.
Notes
Millennium Sapphire

The Millennium Sapphire is a blue sapphire discovered in 1995 in Madagascar, the natural dark–blue gem weighed 89,850 carats (nearly 40 pounds, or 17.97 kilograms).
The Millennium Sapphire was discovered in 1995 by a miner in central Madagascar. Rather than cut it into smaller pieces, Daniel Mckinney, one of the owners of the gem, sought to use the whole stone and kept it as one crystal to pay tribute to humanity.
In 2003 the Guinness World Records was awarded to The Millennium Sapphire as The World’s Largest Engraved Sapphire at 61,500-carats. Today, it is still regarded as the world’s largest gem-quality engraved sapphire.
The Millennium Sapphire was certified in its rough form by the Asian Institute of Gemological Sciences and the Gemological Institute of America. The Gubelin Lab of Switzerland recently certified the sapphire in its finished, carved form at 61,500 carats (almost 28 pounds, or 12.3 kilograms).
The Millennium Sapphire was showcased at the 2002 Academy Awards, and in 2004 it made an appearance in Seattle at the launch of Princess Cruises' ship, The Sapphire Princess.
In 2020, Art Appraiser Pascal Butel, M.S. INALCO appraised the fair market value of the Millennium Sapphire at USD 100,000,000 – USD 150,000,000.
Award-winning Italian artist and jewelry designer, Alessio Boschi, was chosen and the Millennium Sapphire project was born. Alessio Boschi rigorously researched subjects for the project and selected 134 representations of important individuals and milestones in human history. Several of the stone’s carvings also reflect its origin in Madagascar. Nearly two years in the making, the finished Millennium Sapphire is a design masterpiece executed in a very precious and rare medium, making it by far the most valuable and largest carved sapphire in the world.
Moonstone (gemstone)

Moonstone is a sodium potassium aluminium silicate ((Na,K)AlSi3O8) of the feldspar group that displays a pearly and opalescent schiller. An alternative name for moonstone is hecatolite (from goddess Hecate).
The name moonstone derives from the stone's characteristic visual effect, called adularescence (or schiller), which produces a milky, bluish interior light. This effect is caused by light diffraction through alternating layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone. The diffracted light varies from white to blue, depending on the thinness of the albite layers. More technically, this micro-structure consists of regular exsolution layers (lamellae) of different alkali feldspars (orthoclase and sodium-rich plagioclase).
Polished moonstones often display chatoyancy ("cat's eye" effect), where a luminous streak appears through the stone. Asterism is rare and produces four-legged stars.
The most common moonstone is of the orthoclase feldspar mineral adularia, named for an early mining site near Mt. Adular in Switzerland, now the town of St. Gotthard. A solid solution of the plagioclase feldspar oligoclase +/− the potassium feldspar orthoclase also produces moonstone specimens.
Deposits of moonstone occur in Armenia (mainly from Lake Sevan), Australia, the Austrian Alps, Mexico, Madagascar, Myanmar, Norway, Poland, India, Sri Lanka, and the United States. Historically, the most valuable, transparent moonstones with strong blue sheen came from Myanmar. Today, most commercial moonstones come from Sri Lanka.
Moonstone has been used in jewellery for millennia, including ancient civilizations. The Romans admired moonstone, as they believed it was derived from solidified rays of the Moon. Both the Romans and Greeks associated moonstone with their lunar deities. In more recent history, moonstone became popular during the Art Nouveau period; French goldsmith René Lalique and many others created a large quantity of jewellery using this stone.
The moonstone is the Florida State Gemstone; it was designated as such in 1970 to commemorate the Moon landings, which took off from Kennedy Space Center. However, it does not naturally occur in the state.
In Thailand, moonstone is known as Mukdahan, the same name as the northeastern province next to the river Mekong, Mukdahan. The name of the province comes from a folklore that a magical gemstone looked like a pearl floating above the Mekong in the area where the province is now located.
Eheliyagoda

Eheliyagoda is a town in Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka. It is located approximately 72 km (45 mi) east of Colombo.
The town is the centre of traditional gemstone mining and rubber plantations. Ekanite, a rare radioactive gemstone, was first discovered in Eheliyagoda in 1953 by F. L. D. Ekanayake.
In 2018 Eheliyagoda was identified as a priority town, to be developed under the Small and Medium Town Development Programme being undertaken by the Ministry of Defence and Urban Development. Proposed improvements under the programme include a public fair and playgrounds.
Eheliyagoda was one of the railway stations on the Kelani Valley line, when the narrow gauge railway line between Avissawella to Opanayake via Ratnapura was opened in 1919. It was closed in 1976 when the branch line between Avissawella and Opanayake was shut down.
The town straddles the A4 (Colombo-Batticaloa) Highway.
The main schools in Eheliyagoda are:
The main temples in the town are:
The main mousqe in the town are:
Black Star sapphire

Black star sapphire, also known as 'natural star sapphire' is a type of corundum (aluminum oxide). It is usually cut into a dome shape to show a star feature. If it is cut with a flat or almost flat face, then a golden colour is revealed. The chemical composition and features for black star were analyzed in the Journal of Gemmology.
Black star typically has a high Fe/Ti oxide (brown colour), perpendicular hematite-ilmenite needles (gold), magnetite platelets (black), asterism (the star effect) and hexagonal growth. Hematite-ilmenite needles, which are responsible for the golden colour, intersect at about 120 degrees in a three-fold direction of the basal pinacoid.
Black star sapphire is found in Thailand, Cambodia, Tanzania, Australia, Sri Lanka, Sierra Leone, Laos and many other countries, although supply is growing continuously exhausted, and mine yields have decreased. The mines on the Thai/Cambodia border were reported to be almost exhausted of clear high-value gems by the late 1990s. Around this time, more of the less-valuable opaque black star sapphire was polished into round cabochons. Black star needles are perpendicular (cited above) meaning that the sides are dark. The flat face is a bright gold but loses it as soon as a dome is cut.
The Journal of gemmology mentions polysynthetic twinning (parallel lines). The star effect occurs in other sapphire colours and is often translucent. Blue colour star sapphire contains inclusions that cause the asterism. The inclusions mean that the material is mostly translucent instead of clear.
Inclusion (mineral)

In mineralogy, an inclusion is any material trapped inside a mineral during its formation. In gemology, it is an object enclosed within a gemstone or reaching its surface from the interior. According to James Hutton's law of inclusions, fragments included in a host rock are older than the host rock itself.
Inclusions are usually rocks or other minerals, less often water, gas or petroleum. Liquid and vapor create fluid inclusions. In amber, insects and plants are common inclusions.
The analysis of atmospheric gas bubbles as inclusions in ice cores is an important tool in the study of climate change.
A xenolith is a preexisting rock which has been picked up by a lava flow. Melt inclusions form when bits of melt become trapped inside crystals as they form in the melt.
Inclusions are one of the most important factors when it comes to gem valuation. They diminish the clarity and value of many gemstones, such as diamonds, and increase the value of others, such as star sapphires.
Many colored gemstones are expected to have inclusions which do not greatly affect their values. They are categorized into three types:
The term "inclusion" is also used in the context of metallurgy and metals processing. During the melt stage of processing particles such as oxides can enter or form in the liquid metal which are subsequently trapped when the melt solidifies. The term is usually used negatively such as when the particle could act as a fatigue crack nucleator or as an area of high stress intensity.
Sapphire (color)

Sapphire is a saturated shade of blue, referring to the gemstone of the same name. Sapphire gems most commonly occur in a range of blue shades, although they can come in many different colors. Other names for variations of the color sapphire are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, shown below.
Displayed at right is the color sapphire.
The first recorded use of sapphire as a color name in English was in 1430.
At right is displayed the color sapphire blue.
Medium sapphire is the color called sapphire in Crayola Gem Tones, a specialty set of Crayola crayons introduced in 1994.
B'dazzled blue is a color in Crayola Metallic FX, a specialty set of Crayola crayons introduced in 2001.
Displayed as right is the color blue sapphire.
The source of this color is the Pantone Textile Paper Extended (TPX) color list color #18-4231 "Blue Sapphire".
Displayed as right is the color king blue, a variant of sapphire with a violet tone.
Dark sapphire is a dark tone of sapphire.
Alcoholic beverages
Given names
Music
Television
Plac'h yaouank gant ur potev

Plac'h yaouank gant ur potev a zo ul livadur bet echuet gant al livour izelvroat Johannes Vermeer etre 1660 ha 1662. Gallout a reer gwelout an daolenn-se er Metropolitan Museum of Art e New York. Al livadur-se a c'haller renkañ gant livadurioù all savet gant Vermeer e lodenn gentañ ar bloavezhioù 1660. D'ar mare-se e pellaas diouzh reolennoù strizh ar perspektiverezh hag ar ventoniezh, hag e labouras kentoc'h war ar gouloù, ha livañ un den nemetken en e daolennoù.
Buffalo Springfield again

Buffalo Springfield Again zo anv eil albom ar sonerien a oa bet bodet da-geñver enrolladenn Buffalo Springfield hag embannet e miz Here 1967 (Atco/Atlantic). Div ganaouenn savet gant Neil Young zo a-bouez, dreist-holl : Mr. Soul ha Broken Arrow.
E 2003 e oa bet ranket da 188vet gwellañ albom gant ar gelaouenn Rolling Stone diwar ar 500 gwellañ a-holl-viskoazh.
Labourat a ra an tri saver kanaouennoù o-unan-penn - hag a-wechoù an añrejistramant - , hag a-benn ar fin eo Buffalo Springfield Again ur seurt meskaj gant stiloù hag a ya eus ar c'hountry betek ar western, en ur dremen dre ar pop hag ar rock, met n'eo ket poellek an albom tamm ebet. Deuet an oberennoù gant Neil Young da vezañ mui-oc'h-mui ambisionus ha tri mil gempennet, met an albom zo é hoskellat beket re etre ar stiloù difer, hag ar produ a chom mall-e-gas.
Last time around

Last Time Around
Daspunet eo bet da vat goude d'ar strollad en em zispartiañ, graet eo bet gant Richie Furay hag a-wechoù gant ar basour Jim Messina. Ne c'hell ket bezañ kontet da albom an enrolladenn-mañ. Un dra zo kurius evelato, koherantoc'h eo evit an daou gentañ. Imbroudus eo an albom, seped "I Am A Child" gant Neil Young, ha just a-walc'h n'eus ket kalz kanaouennoù bet savet gant hemañ e-barzh. D'ar mare-se e oa miret ar re wellañ deus ar c'hanaouennoù evit e reuz e-hunan.
Death metal

Death metal zo un doare eus ar sonerezh heavy metal. Implijiñ a ra torgammadoù kreñv ha gitaroù kendoniet en ur mod boud ha sonet gant teknikoù evel ar "palm muting" (mudañ gant ar palv) hag an "tremolo picking"; mouezhioù kraouennek ha don, un toumperezh tagus ha kreñv, gant implij dalc'hoù-doubl ha tempoioù fonnus, alc'hwezioù minor pe an didonegezh, hag ur songeitad kromatikel pazennek. Temoù komzoù death metal a c'hall bezañ tennet eus filmoù slasher, stourmoù politikel, relijionoù, an natur, ar brederouriezh, filmoù "true crime" hag ar skiant-faltaziek.[4]
Savet e oa diwar framoù sonerezhel ar thrash metal ha bloavezhioù kentañ ar black metal, an death metal a zifluskas e-kreiz ar bloavezhioù 80. Strolladoù evel Venom, Celtic Frost, Slayer, ha Kreator o devoa levezonet al luskad.[7][8][9] Possessed, Death, Necrophagia, Obituary, Autopsy, ha Morbid Angel a zo gwelet evel difraosterien an doare death metal. E fin ar bloavezhioù 1980 deroù 1990 e teuas war wel dirak an tud ha dont a ra da vout un doare poblek. Labeloù arbennikaet evel Combat, Earache, ha Roadrunner a groga disachiñ strolladoù da sinañ kevradoù ganto.
A-c'houde ar c'houlz-se en em rannas an death metal e meur ag is-doare. An death metal melodek a genaoz elfenoù death gant ar re eus an New Wave of British Heavy Metal. Ar death metal teknek zo un doare luziet, gant tempoioù hag hesonoù divoutin. An death-doom a genaoz ar c'han kraouennek hag an dalc'hoù doubl gant tempo goustad hag aergelc'h melkonek an doom metal. An deathcore a ra gant elfennoù ar metalcore. An death 'n' roll a dolpa ar mouezhioù kraouennek ha gitaroù distreset gant elfennoù hard rock hag heavy metal ar bloavezhioù 70.
Sándor Kopácsi

Sándor Kopácsi a voe Prefed ar polis e-pad dispac'h Hungaria.
Kondaonet da chom en toull-bac'h evit ar peurrest eus e vuhez, e voe dieubet e 1963.
Da Ganada ez eas a-raok distreiñ d' e vro e 1990.
Victoria (kanaouenn)

"Victoria" a zo ur ganaouenn bet savet gant Ray Davies hag eñ soner ha kaner er strollad The Kinks. Kanaouenn gentañ ar bladenn Arthur (Or the Decline and Fall of the British Empire) (1969) eo.
Er ganaouenn ec'h implijas Ray Davies an ton goapaüs en doa implijet e tonioù all evel Dedicated Follower of Fashion (1966), hag ivez ur meskaj etre ar c'hoantoù tadelour a veze en Impalaeriezh vreizhveuriat da vare ar rouanez Victoria, "Land of my Victoria/Land of hope and gloria", gant gwirvoud ar vuhez pemdez er Rouantelezh-Unanet en XIX kantved, "Sex was bad and obscene/And the rich were so mean", and expresses the simple adulation of the queen and country by the working class, "Though I am poor, I am free/When I grow I shall fight/For this land I shall die".
An ton a grog gant ur riff sonerezh blues, ha war gresk ez a gant binvioù kouevr ha kerdin pa grog an troc'h ("Land of hope and gloria"). Kanet eo an diskan gant Dave Davies, hag an efed psikedelek a glever a voe savet dre implijout un drone indian, a laka da soñjal er ganaouenn "See My Friends" savet gant The Kinks e 1965. Efedoù heñvel a voe implijet ivez gant The Byrds ha The Beatles.
Gant stumm single "Victoria" e tizhas The Kinks an top 40 er Rouantelezh-Unanet ha hini Kanada, ha top 10 Sveden.
Sonet e voe Victoria en-dro gant The Fall (Top 40 ar Rouantelezh-Unanet e 1988). E miz C'hwevrer 2009 e teuas er-maez ar bladenn Heroes (da sikour ar gevredigezh War Child), ma kaver Victoria sonet gant The Kooks. An albom-se a zeuas ivez er-maez dindan stumm ur c'houfrig pladennoù 7", ennañ ur bladenn gant an ton sonet gant The Kooks (tu A) hag an ton orin gant The Kinks (tu B). Sonet eo bet Victoria gant meur a strollad all, evel Cracker, Nomeansno ha Sonic Youth.
John Lennon

John Winston Ono Lennon, anavezet evel John Lennon, bet ganet d’an 9 a viz Here 1940 e Liverpool ha drouklazhet d’an 8 a viz Kerzu 1980 e New York, a oa saver kanaouennoù, sonaozour, gitarour ha kaner er strollad The Beatles, strollad hollvrudet er bloavezhioù 1960 hag er sevenadur pop-rock.
Goude marevezh ar Beatles e labouras kalz John evit ar peoc’h gant e vaouez Yoko Ono hag ec'h enrollas meur a bladenn "solo" (e-unan), en o zouez ar bladenn vrudet "Imagine" .
Drouklazhet eo bet gant ur foll, Mark David Chapman, d’an 8 a viz Kerzu 1980 e New York, e traoñ an Dakota Building ma oa o chom. Koll a reas ar bed unan eus kanerien pennañ istor an XX kantved. 27 vloaz goude e varv, ez eo c’hoazh an enkorfadur eus emouestl kreñv ha pouezus an emsav peoc’hgarour Peace and Love eus ar bloavezhioù 70. Derc’hel a ra tud d’en em vodañ en enor dezhañ e New York, d’an 8 a viz Kerzu bep bloaz.
Mont a ra John Lennon da skol arzoù Liverpool. Sevel a ra darempredoù mignoniezh eno gant arzourien donezonet evel Stuart Sutcliffe. Kregiñ a ra da seniñ ar skiffle er gouelioù parrez bihan. Pitilh gant ar rock hag e idoloù, Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, hag Elvis Presley, e sav ur strollad, the Quarrymen gant Pete Shotton, Nigel Walley hag Iwan Vaughan. hemañ ziwezhañ an hini eo a lakaas anezhañ e darempred gant Paul McCartney d'ar 6 a viz Even 1957 : Setu emgav kentañ daou soner donezonet-dreist na baouezint ken hiviziken da grouiñ a-heligentañ. Ul liamm all zo etre an daou waz yaouank : emaint o paouez koll o mamm o-daou.
Evit gwelet pladennrolladur ar Beatles, sellet ouzh Pladennrolladur ar Beatles.
Peter Berresford Ellis

Peter Berresford Ellis (ganet d'an 10 a viz Meurzh 1943 e Coventry, Warwickshire, Bro-Saoz), a zo anavezet ivez evel Peter Tremayne, zo un istorour, ur buhezskridour hag ur skrivagner saoz.
• Renket dre urzh an amzer, kentañ embannadur er bed.
Matmatah

Matmatah is a French rock band, established in 1995 in Brest, Brittany.
The band was established in 1995 when Tristan Nihouarn, who at the time was a student pursuing study of Advanced Mathematics in Brest (western Brittany, France), met Cédric Floc'h who was studying electric engineering in the same city, where they both come from. Both were guitarists and together formed a chanson and guitar duo called the Tricards Twins, playing in a number of bars and pubs in Brittany. They developed a repertoire for playing songs from the sixties and seventies, with the Beatles, Neil Young and Simon and Garfunkel figuring prominently among their influences.
In one of their shows, they met bassist Eric Digaire and drummer Jean-François Paillard. Together, they formed Matmatah, named after Matmata, the village in Tunisia in which Nihouarn had lived during his childhood. Their first single, including two songs, "Lambé An Dro" and "Les Moutons" (The Sheep), was released in 1997, and within a few months had sold 30,000 copies.
The following studio album, La Ouache, sold 300,000 copies within six months (800,000 in total).
In 2001, the band released their live album, Lust for a Live, and a DVD entitled Piste Off. After a short rest period during which the band changed drummer they resumed their touring, this time for a number of humanitarian causes.
Their third studio album, Archie Kramer, released in October 2004, featured the singles Casi El Silencio and Au Conditionnel.
At the end of October 2004, the band went on a world tour, including parts of Asia.
In 2007 their fourth studio album La Cerise (The Cherry) was released which is also the title of the first single.
Matmatah disbanded in August 2008 after a series of farewell gigs.
In September 2016, the group reformed and a tour started in February 2017. A fifth studio album was released on 3 March 2017: Plates Coutures (lit. flat seam, soundly defeated) presents 11 new songs concerned with society problems.
Deerskin trade

The deerskin trade between Colonial Americans, Europeans, and Native Americans was an important trading relationship between Europeans and Native Americans, particularly in the southeastern colonies, engaging the Catawba, Shawnee, Cherokee, Muscogee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw peoples. It began in the 1680s due to fashion changes in Europe and boomed in the 1800s when the beaver trade decline. It was a part of the fur trade, but less known since deer skins were not as valuable as furs from the north (such as beaver). Cherokee mainly traded their deer skins to the English, while the Shawnee traded deer skins to both the French and English colonies prior to 1760.
Deerskin was used to produce buckskin, as well as a chamois-like leather, used for the making of gloves, bookbinding, and many other things.
In the early 18th century, after King William's War, the beaver fur trade declined dramatically while the deerskin trade boomed. This was in part due to a shift in London fashions, where a new kind of hat made from leather became popular. This new hat required deerskin and South Carolina increased the scale of its deerskin exports dramatically. Trade in other furs fell sharply. The end of a diversified fur trade altered the relationship between colonists and Native Americans and, in many cases caused an increase in tension and conflict. For example, it was an important factor in the events leading up to the Yamasee War.
For Native Americans, the trade lessened independence and pulled hunting away from home for long periods, which led to change in family structure. The Catawba, Shawnee, Cherokee, Muscogee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw were mainly affected, because they lived around the main habitat for the white-tailed deer that were most popular for trading. This area has easy ocean access that simplified trading with Europe.
The focus on deerskin led to improved hunting techniques and the use of guns. Guns made hunting faster and easier. This accelerated hunting led to a rapid decline in White-tail deer populations. By 1750, deer were becoming harder to find in Cherokee territory. The trade nearly eliminated deer in the southeast.
The deerskin trade also led to the enslavement of some Native Americans. After the Europeans bought deerskin, they had to haul it to the coast, initially using pack horses, but this was expensive, so some English settlers encouraged Chickasaw to raid and enslave neighboring tribes to lower their costs.
Concurrently, Cherokee were increasingly adopting European trade goods. Since so many Native American families participated in the deer trade, they had access to the European economy and soon were completely reliant on it for goods. These events contributed to growing tensions and conflict between the tribes, as well as with the Europeans.
Jeanne Montbaston

Jeanne Montbason (fl. c. 1325–1353) was a French illustrator and bookseller who managed a book shop in Paris alongside her husband, Richard Montbaston. Her husband published books, while she illustrated them. Their business was famous, and among their most famous works was the Roman de la Rose. She was registered as a professional artisan and gave her oath to the Paris guild in 1353.
While it was not uncommon for the wives and daughters of booksellers to work in the family workshop with illuminations, bookbinding and illustrations, they normally worked purely informally, remained unnamed, and did not give a personal guild oath, unlike Jeanne Montbaston.
Meilleur Ouvrier de France

Meilleur Ouvrier de France (MOF) is a competition for craftsmen held in France every four years. The winning candidates receive a medal.
The title of Meilleur Ouvrier de France is a unique and prestigious award in France, according to category of trades in a contest among professionals. This contest is organized and recognized as a third-level degree by the French Ministry of Labour. The President of the French Republic is granted honorary membership with the title MOF honoris causa. The awarding of medals occurs at the Sorbonne, in Paris, during a large reunion followed by a ceremony at the Élysée in the presence of the President of the French Republic.
This award for special abilities is unique in the world. Created in 1924, initially between the best workers of the era aged 23 and over, this contest was given the title of Meilleur Ouvrier de France (Best Craftsman of France). Today, by the diversity of specialities, the list of which is regularly updated, the award has also been awarded to more modern trades and high technology fields.
In this competition, the candidate is given a certain amount of time and basic materials not only to create a masterpiece, but to do so with a goal of approaching perfection. The chosen method, the organization, the act, the speed, the know-how and the respect for the rules of the trade are verified by a jury just as much as is the final result. The winning candidates receive a medal and retain their title for life, with the indication of the specialty, the year following the one in which they obtain the title.
This prestigious title is equally recognized by professionals and the greater public in France, particularly among artisan-merchants such as pastrymakers, hairdressers, butchers, jewelers, and others whose trades are recognized, particularly those for more luxurious goods.
The Organizing Committee for Labor Exhibitions (COET) is an administrative body, placed under the authority of the French Ministry of National Education. It was created in 1935 and is responsible for the material organization of the “Meilleur Ouvrier de France” competition and the national labor exhibitions that conclude it. It became an association under the law of 1901 in 1961.
Many members of the Compagnons du Devoir are also M.O.F.
19th century in literature

Literature of the 19th century refers to world literature produced during the 19th century. The range of years is, for the purpose of this article, literature written from (roughly) 1799 to 1900. Many of the developments in literature in this period parallel changes in the visual arts and other aspects of 19th-century culture.
Literary realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors, toward depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism", realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized presentation.
Lionel Stevenson wrote that "The most explosive impact in English literature during the nineteenth century is unquestionably Thomas Carlyle's. From about 1840 onward, no author of prose or poetry was immune from his influence."
George Eliot's novel Middlemarch stands as a great milestone in the realist tradition. It is a primary example of nineteenth-century realism's role in the naturalization of the burgeoning capitalist marketplace.
William Dean Howells was the first American author to bring a realist aesthetic to the literature of the United States. His stories of 1850s Boston upper-crust life are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction. His most popular novel, The Rise of Silas Lapham, depicts a man who falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. Stephen Crane has also been recognized as illustrating important aspects of realism to American fiction in the stories Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Open Boat.
Adventure novels about the gold rush in Chile in the 1850s, such as Martin Rivas by Alberto Blest Gana, and the gaucho epic poem Martin Fierro by Argentine José Hernández are among the iconic and populist 19th century literary works written in Spanish, published in Latin America.
Honoré de Balzac is often credited with pioneering a systematic realism in French literature, through the inclusion of specific detail and recurring characters. Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Gustave Flaubert, and Ivan Turgenev are regarded by critics such as FR Leavis as representing the zenith of the realist style with their unadorned prose and attention to the details of everyday life. In German literature, 19th-century realism developed under the name of "Poetic Realism" or "Bourgeois Realism", and major figures include Theodor Fontane, Gustav Freytag, Gottfried Keller, Wilhelm Raabe, Adalbert Stifter, and Theodor Storm. Later "realist" writers included Benito Pérez Galdós, Nikolai Leskov, Guy de Maupassant, Anton Chekhov, José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Machado de Assis, Bolesław Prus and, in a sense, Émile Zola, whose naturalism is often regarded as an offshoot of realism.
1800s – 1810s – 1820s – 1830s – 1840s – 1850s – 1860s – 1870s – 1880s – 1890s – 1900s