davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Malaysia)

The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (Malay: Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan), abbreviated MAFS, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for agriculture, agro-based industry, agritourism, livestock, veterinary services, fisheries, quarantine, inspection, agricultural research, agricultural development, agricultural marketing, pineapple industry, agribusiness, botanical garden, food security, food sovereignty.
To increase food production in Malaysia and reduce food imports, Bank Negara Malaysia and Ministry of Agriculture both provide financing at a reasonable cost, with a minimum of RM10,000 funding.
Only Malaysian-owned institutions (at least 51% ownership) are eligible for the financing. (incorporated under the Companies Act 1965, the Co-operative Societies Act 1993, the Societies Act 1966, citizens residing in Malaysia and entrepreneurs registered under the Companies Commission of Malaysia or any other authoritative bodies)
The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries is responsible for administration of several key Acts:
Market Place (supermarket)

Market Place (formerly Market Place by Jasons, Jason's Food & Living, and Jasons ichiba) in Hong Kong, Cold Storage Fresh (formerly Market Place, Jasons, and Jasons Deli) in Singapore and The Marketplace (formerly Market Place by Rustan's) in the Philippines is a high-end supermarket chain owned by DFI Retail Group. The chain also has a joint venture in mainland China with Beijing Hualian Group called BHG Market Place and formerly ran stores (Jasons Market Place) in Taiwan until they were sold to Carrefour. The Malaysian chain called Mercató (formerly Jasons Food Hall) is owned by Macrovalue Sdn Bhd. after its acquisition of DFI Malaysian food retailing business in 2023.
DFI also operates further similar supermarkets under the 3hreeSixty and Oliver's The Delicatessen brands in Hong Kong, and has various other supermarkets around Asia including Wellcome, Cold Storage, Hero and Giant.
Jasons Market Place started its business in Singapore in 1975. It was introduced in Taiwan in 2003. In 2007, it opened in Hong Kong's Jardine's Lookout under the name "Market Place by Jasons". In 2012, Jasons Food Hall began operations in the Bangsar Shopping Centre, an upmarket shopping mall in the township of Bangsar, Malaysia, as a replacement for a Cold Storage store. Jasons Market Place in Taiwan was sold to Carrefour in 2020 and rebranded as Mia C'bon from 2022.
Market Place supermarkets sell products from DFI's Meadows and Yu Pin King private labels.
Kue kembang goyang

Kue kembang goyang or kuih loyang is an Indonesian cuisine and Malaysian cuisine flower-shaped traditional snack (kuih), associated with Betawi cuisine and Malay cuisine.
Translated into English, the word kembang goyang means a shaking flower (kembang). Kue kembang goyang is made of rice flour which is mixed with eggs, sugar, a pinch of salt, coconut milk, and sometimes also food coloring. The mixture will be fried after heating the oil using the kembang goyang mold. After the oil and kembang goyang mold are hot, the mold is then put into the dough and then put into the hot oil again with some slight shakes until the dough is unattached.
Roti jala

Roti jala, roti kirai or roti renjis (English: net bread or lace pancake; Jawi: روتي جالا‎) is a popular Malay, Minangkabau, and Acehnese tea time snack served with curry dishes which can be found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This is a very traditional Malay dish that is usually homemade and served at events such as weddings and festivals. It is usually eaten in sets of three to four pieces with curries, especially chicken curry, as a substitute to rice.
Not much is known about the history of roti jala, but it is believed that it first came from modern-day India.
Roti jala has historical roots that are closely related to the influence of Indian and Middle Eastern culture that entered the Malay Archipelago through maritime trade routes in the 13th to 17th centuries. Roti jala is one of the results of cultural acculturation that emerged from interactions with these foreign traders. The name "roti jala" comes from its shape which resembles a net or fishing net, a symbol that is relevant to the lives of coastal communities.
Roti Jala has a long history in Southeast Asia, dating back to the early 15th century. It was first introduced by the Malay community, who used to make it for special occasions like weddings, festivals, and other celebrations. Roti Jala was also a popular dish among the royal courts, where it was served to the sultans and their guests. Over time, Roti Jala became a staple food in Malaysia and Indonesia, and it is now a common dish that is sold in many restaurants and food stalls across the region.
The Malays, being originally fishermen and living by the sea, found inspiration for the snack from the nets they used for fishing, thus the name. It is also called roti renjis, which means "Rinsed Bread", because of the original way it was made, which was by hand, in which the ingredient would be 'rinsed' onto the pan to be cooked. roti kirai is another name in which 'kirai' refers to the circular motion of the hand when pouring the ingredient from a condensed milk can with tiny holes poked through it.
Jalara dosa originated from roti jala.
The ingredients consist mainly of flour, eggs, milk (dairy or coconut), and a pinch of turmeric. They are combined with water to form a runny batter, then drizzled onto a hot pan in a circular motion. A specialized utensil is often used, resembling a cup with multiple outlets beneath, which aids the creation of the "net-like" effect.
While both foods consist of string-like batter, roti jala is made with wheat flour while string hoppers are made with rice flour. Roti jala is made flat in a single layer (then folded or rolled up after cooking, as desired), while string hoppers are made into a small pile. Roti jala is essentially pan-fried, while string hoppers are steamed.
List of countries by total wealth

National net wealth, also known as national net worth, is the total sum of the value of a country's assets minus its liabilities. It refers to the total value of net wealth possessed by the residents of a state at a set point in time. Despite the name, figures in this article only cover household wealth and exclude government wealth, which may be substantial, as in China, or negative, as in the UK or US, and so does not show total wealth. This figure is an important indicator of a nation's ability to take on debt and sustain spending and is influenced not only by real estate prices, equity market prices, exchange rates, liabilities and incidence in a country of the population, but also by human resources, natural resources, and capital and technological advancements, which may create new assets or render others worthless in the future.
The most significant component by far among most developed nations is commonly reported as household net wealth or worth, and reflects infrastructure investment. National wealth can fluctuate, as evidenced in the United States after the Great Recession and subsequent economic recovery. During periods when equity markets experience strong growth, the relative national and per capita wealth of the countries where people are more exposed on those markets, such as the United States and United Kingdom, tend to rise. On the other hand, when equity markets are depressed, the relative wealth of the countries where people invest more in real estate and bonds, such as France and Italy, tend to rise instead.
* indicates "Wealth in country or territory" or "Economy of country or territory" links.
In the following table are ranked the 30 countries by the largest national net wealth from 2000 to 2022 according to UBS and Credit Suisse S.A. (August 2023).
The following table indicates the share of global wealth of the ten wealthiest countries by net national wealth at given years. The share of global wealth of a country that is 5% or greater at a given year is in bold.
Christian University of Rwanda

Kamunuza ya Gikirisitu y u Rwanda " Christian university of Rwanda (CHUR) ni kaminuza yigenga ikorera mu gihugu cy u Rwanda Ikaba itanga ubumenye mu mashami atandukanye ikaba ifite abanyeshure bari hagati (10,000-50,000) , ikaba iherereye mu ntara ya amajyaruguru mu mujyi wa gitesi .
CHUR ni kamunuza nigenga y itorero ry abangirikani ikaba iri kumwanya wa 18 muri kamunuza zo mu Rwanda ikaba iri ku mwanya wa 12811 ku rutonde rwa kaminuza zo ku isi ,
CHUR ifite ubuyobozi bwa akaminuza muri rusange bufatanya nu ubwabanyeshuri mu kugera ku iterambere rya kaminuza
CHUR ifite amasomo atandukanye arimo , aya za siyanse na tekinologi , ubuhinzi ,iterambere ry icyaro , uburezi na andi abanyeshuri ba CHUR bavomamo ubumenyi butandukanye
CHUR ni kaminuza yi genda ya gikiristu ya korega mu Rwanda ubu ikaba yarahagaritwe mu mwaka wa 2020 muri kaminuza zitanga ubumenyi mu gihugu cy u Rwanda .
AB Bank Rwanda

AB Bank Rwanda (ABR), ni banki ifite imari iciriritse mu Rwanda . Ni banki imwe muri banki zemewe muri Repubulika y'u Rwanda.
ABR ni banki iciriritse yo mu Rwanda, ifitwe n’ibigo mpuzamahanga, yashinzwe mu 2013. Ifitanye isano, kandi ni ishami rya Access Holding, ishoramari rito ry’ubucuruzi n’imishinga iciriritse ikorera mu Budage, ifite amashami muri Azaribayijan, Madagasikari, Tanzaniya, Nijeriya, Liberiya, Tajikistan, Zambiya n'u Rwanda .
Banki yahawe uruhushya rwa banki na Banki nkuru y’u Rwanda, akaba ari umugenzuzi w’amabanki mu gihugu, muri 2013 itangira serivisi z’amabanki y’ubucuruzi muri uwo mwaka. Muri Kamena 2014, AB Banki y'u Rwanda yagumanye konti zo kubitsa zirenga 4000 hamwe na konti zirenga 1.300. Igitabo cy'inguzanyo cyarenze RWF: miliyari 1 z'amafaranga y'u Rwanda (miliyoni 1.5 z'amadolari y'Amerika).
Umugabane wa banki ufite abikorera ku giti cyabo. As of December 2013 , imigabane muri banki nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira:
Kugeza muri Werurwe 2019, banki ifite amashami atandatu hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bitandatu by’inguzanyo mu gihugu hose.
Christine Murebwayire

Murebwayire Christine (yavutse 10 ukwakira 1967)ni umugore akaba ari umunyarwandakazi, aho yabaye rwiyemezamirimo, akaba yarashinze copetaive ya COPROVIBA(Co-operative de Production du Vin de Banane) mu Rwanda. Murebwayire Christine ni umuyobozi mukuru ari chairperson wa Chamber of Rwanda Farmers ndetse akaba kandi nu muyobozi mukuru w'ungirije w'ishyaka rya PSF mu Rwanda .
Murebwayire Christine yize amashuri makuru ya kaminuza, aho yize ibijyanye n'iterambere ryi cyaro (Bachelors' degree in Rural development) .
Murebwayire Christine ni umuyobozi uzwi wakoze imirimo itandukanye :
Kaminuza y' ikoranabuhanga n'ubugeni ya byumba

Kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga n' ubugeni ya byumba mu magambo y icyongereza ni "U niversity of Technology and Arts of Byumba (UTAB)", ni kaminuza yo mu Rwanda itanga ubumenyi butandukanye mu mashami y' ikoranabuhanga n' ubugeni iherere mu ntara y' amajyaruguru mu karere ka Gicumbi .
UTAB ni kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga n'ubugeni iherere mu karere ka gicumbi ikaba yarakinguhe amarembo ya abashaka ubumenyi muri mutarama ku wa 26 mu mwaka wa bibiri ni tandatu (2006) ikaba yaritwaga "Institut Polytechnique de Byumba(IPB)" .
Ku wa 25 ugushyingo 2015 icyahoze cyitwa IPB cyahindutse UTAB hiyongeramo andi masomo ajyanye ni icunga mutungo , uburezi ndetse nayandi iba kamunuza yemeywe mu Rwanda n' icyigo gishinzwe amashuri na za kaminuza mu Rwanda aricyo HEC.
UTAB ni kaminuza imaze imyaka irenga 10 gitanga ubumenyi mu ikoranabuhanga n ubugeni ku banyeshuri babanyarwanda na abanyamahanga .
Ubuyobozi bwa kaminuza y ikoranabuhanga n ubugeni ya byumba iyobowe na Prof. Dr Clet NIYIKIZA afatanyije na Nyiricyubahiro Musenyeri Nzakamwita Servilien, Umushumba wa Diyoseze ya Byumba ni izindi nzego za UTAB n' ubuyobozi bwa abanyeshuri .
UTAB itanga amasomo mu byiciro bitandukanye nka " undergraduate " icyiciro cya ambere cya kaminuza , icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza aricyo " postgraduate " mu rurimi rw' icyongereza na amaso y igihe gito "short course " mu rurimi rw' icyongereza
harimo amaosomo y uburezi , ubunzi n ibidukikije
na andi menshi
INES RUHENGERI

Ines Ruhengeri ni kaminuza yigenga itanga ubumenyi mu mashami atandukanye mu Rwanda ikaba yarashinzwe mu mwaka wa 2003, n'imwe muri kaminuza zo mu Rwanda iherereye mu karere ka musanze mu ntara y'amajyaruguru ikaba yigamo abanyeshuri batandukanye bahavoma ubumenyi harimo abanyarwanda n'abanyamahanga.
INES Ruhengeri yafunguye amarembo ku mugaragaro tariki ya 17 ugushyingo mu mwaka wa 2003.ikaba itanga impamyabumenyi zitandukanye harimo ikiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza " bachelor's degree " n'impamyabumenyi yisumbuyeho y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza ariyo " masters degree " harimo amashami ya siyanse, imisoro, uburezi, icungamari, ikoranabuhanga n'andi mashami atandukanye . Ines Ruhengeri imaze guha ubumenyi mu mashami yayo atandukanye kuva mu mwaka wa 2003 abanyeshuri barenga ibihumbi birindwi (7000) bahakuye impamyabumenyi zitandukanye.
Abarimu n’abashakashatsi ba Kaminuza yigenga ya INES Ruhengeri bakoze ikoranabuhanga ryiswe ‘Geodatabase of taxable land’ rigaragaza ubutaka bwa buri karere kose k’igihugu hagamijwe kumenya amakuru yose agaragaza urutonde rw’ubutaka buri mu gihugu busorerwa n’ubudasoreshwa. Ku itariki 11 Ukwakira mu mwaka wa 2019, nibwo hamuritswe iri koranabuhanga mu muhango witabiriwe n’Ubuyobozi bw’Ibigo bitandukanye harimo ubuyobozi bw'ikigo Gishinzwe Imicungire n’Imikoreshereze y’Ubutaka (RLMUA), ikigo gishinzwe Imiturire n’Imyubakire mu Rwanda (RHA) n’ubuyobozi bw'ikigo cy'Imisoro n’Amahoro (RRA).
Kaminuza ya Ines Ruhengeri iyobowe na Padiri Dr Hagenimana Fabien, ubuyobizi bwa kaminuza mu nzego zitandukanye bufatanya n'ubuyobozi bw'abanyeshuri mu kugera ku ntego za kaminuza n'iterambere ryayo muri rusange .
Ikiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza kigizwe n'amashami akurikira mu rurimi rw'icyongereza "Undergraduate"
Icyiciro cya kabiri cy'impamyabumyenyi ya kaminuza ya Ines Ruhengeri " postgraduate " mu cyongereza
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Ubuhinzi bugenzurwa-ibidukikije

Urebye ubuhinzi bwo mu mijyi, irashobora kubaho imbere uko batswe, hakiyoneraho kubigenewe cyangwa mu butaka no munsi yisi. Icyerekezo kigenda cyi yongera mu buryo butandukanye biribwa, kuko ba rwi yemezamirimo n'urugo bashaka guhaza ibikenerwa byi biribwa bishya.
Uburyo bwa CEA burashobora gukoreshwa mugukura mubyukuri ibihingwa ibyo aribyo byose, nubwo ikigaragara ari igihingwa kigomba kubaho neza mubukungu kandi ibi bizatandukana cyane bitewe nigiciro cyisoko ryaho, nigiciro cyumutungo. Kugeza ubu, inyanya, icyatsi kibisi n’ibimera nigihingwa cyiza cyane mubukungu.
CEA ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi kugirango ikintu runaka cyumusaruro gishobora kwigunga mugihe izindi mpinduka zose ziguma ari zimwe. Kurugero, ikoreshwa ryikirahure cyirabura cyashoboraga kugereranywa nikirahure kiboneye murubu buryo mugihe cyiperereza ryakozwe na fotosintezeza.
Ukurikije ibyavuye mu mahugurwa ya USDA muri 2018:
Kuva hagati ya 2021, bivugwa ko miliyoni kare 16.55 (hegitari 380 / hegitari 154) z'imirima yo mu nzu yakoraga ku isi. Raporo y’ubuhinzi bw’imbere mu gihugu ivuga ko ibi biziyongera kugera kuri miliyoni 22 (hegitari 505 / hegitari 204) mu 2022. (Ugereranije, USDA yatangaje ko hegitari miliyoni 915 (hegitari miliyoni 38) z’ubutaka bwo muri Amerika, bwonyine, muri 2012. )
Ubukungu bw’ubuhinzi bwo mu ngo bwabaye ingorabahizi, hamwe n’ishoramari ryinshi n’igiciro cyo gukoresha ingufu - cyane cyane igiciro cy’amashanyarazi - kandi gutangiza byinshi byahagaritswe. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Amerika muri 2018 bwerekanye ko 51% gusa by’ibikorwa byo guhinga mu ngo byunguka.
Umusambi Village

Umusambi Village washinzwe n’ishyirahamwe ryita ku nyamaswa zo mu Rwanda (Rwanda Wildlife Conservation Association) ziyobowe n’umuvuzi w’amatungo Olivier Nsengimana, ni igishanga cyagaruwe i Kigali, mu Rwanda kikaba ubuhungiro bw’imisambi irenga 50( Balearica regulorum ) yakuwe mu bucuruzi butemewe bw'amatungo.
Izi nyoni zamugaye kubera ubunyage, kutaba aho zagakwiye kuba kandi ntizishobora kurekurirwa mumashyamba. Umusambi Village uha izo nyoni ahantu ho kuba hazibereye kuburyo zongera kumva ziri aho zigomba kuba muburyo bwa kamere( reconnect with nature).
Nsengimana Olivier yatangije umushinga w'Umusambi Village mu mwaka wa 2014. Icyari kigamijwe kwari uguhagarika ubucuruzi butemewe bw'imisambi, guteza imbere ubukangurambaga mu kurekura imisambi myinshi yajyanywe ikagaruka mu buzima bwo ku gasozi, muri Parike ya Akagera .
Muri uwo mushinga, basanze imisambi myinshi yaramugaye kubera gufungwa kwayo. Ibi bikunze guhuzwa no gufata no gutwara, ndetse no gukata amababa kugirango birinde ko iguruka, bishobora kugenda nabi cyane iyo bikozwe nta buhanga.
Muri umusambi village hakorerwa ubworozi bw' izindi nyamanswa nk' ibinyugunyugu, uducurama nizindi.
Village Enterprise

Imishinga yo mu Mudugudu (mu icyongereza: Village Enterprise) (yahoze yitwa Ikigega cy’imishinga y’imidugudu) ni umuryango w’Abanyamerika 501 (c) (3) Umuryango udaharanira inyungu ukora mu guca ubukene bukabije binyuze mu kwihangira imirimo no guhanga udushya. Uyu muryango ukoresha abayobozi baho hanyuma bagashyira mubikorwa gahunda yo gutanga ubukene bushingiye ku baturage bahujwe n’imiterere itandukanye muri Afurika.
Kurenga 95% by'abakozi ba Village Enterprises ni Abanyafurika y'Iburasirazuba kandi barimo ubuyobozi mu gihugu muri Kenya, Uganda, n'u Rwanda. Icyitegererezo cy’abakozi bo mu Mudugudu cyamenyekanye mu mpeshyi 2013, Isabukuru yimyaka 10 ya Stanford Social Innovation Review.
Village Enterprise yashinzwe mu 1987 na Brian Lehnen na Joan Hestenes kugira ngo berekane uburyo "kwihangira imirimo bishobora gufasha abakene cyane kwihangira imirimo no kubona icyubahiro cy’akazi karambye." ishyirahamwe rito, riyobowe nabakorerabushake ryakorewe mu rugo rwabo.
Icyanya cy'ahariwe Umusambi

Umudugudu wa Umusambi, washinzwe n’ishyirahamwe ryita ku kubungabunga inyamaswa zo mu Rwanda uyobowe n’umuvuzi w’amatungo ariwe Olivier Nsengimana, ni igishanga giherereye i Kigali, mu Rwanda kikaba icumbi ry’imisozi irenga 50 itagira ingano y’imikara ( Balearica regulorum ) yakuwe mu buryo butemewe n'amategeko. ubucuruzi bw'amatungo.
Izi nyoni zagaruwe nubunyage kandi ntizishobora kurekurwa mu gasozi. Umudugudu wa Umusambi utanga izo nyoni ahantu hateye imbaraga zishobora guhura na kamere yazo.
Nsengimana yatangiye umushinga w'Umudugudu wa Umusambi muri 2014. Icyari kigamijwe kwari uguhagarika ubucuruzi butemewe bwa umusambi mu buryo butemewe, guteza imbere imyumvire, no kurekura umusambi nyinshi zajyanywe bunyago zisubira mu gasozi, muri parike y’igihugu ya Akagera .
Muri uwo mushinga, basanze imisambi nyinshi yaramugaye kubera gufungwa kwayo. Ibi bikunze guhuzwa no gufata no gutwara, ndetse no gukata amababa kugirango birinde kuguruka, bishobora kugenda nabi cyane iyo bikozwe nta buhanga.
Ibyanya bikomye mu Rwanda

Ibyanya bikomye mu Rwanda kimwe nahandi ku isi ni indiri y' urusobe rw' ininyabuzima muri rusange ariko by' umwihariko ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake ku isi.
Mu Rwanda hari ibyanya bikomye byamaze kwemerwa ku rwego rw' isi aha twavuga; pariki y' ibirunga na pariki ya Gishwati_Mukura, aya ma pariki niyo yemejwe ku rwego rw' isi nk' indiri y' urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake bityo byemezwa nk' ibyanya bikomye.
Ishyamba rya Gishwati_Mukura mu mwaka 2020 ryashyizwe ku rutonde rw' ibyanya kimeza byo kubungabunga urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima (World Network of Biosphere Reserves) rukorwa n' umuryango mpuzamahanga ryita ku burezi n' umuco (UNESCO). iri shyamba riherereye mu ntara y' uburengerazuba mu turere twa Rubavu, Rutsiro, Ngororero na Nyabihu.
Turetse ibyanya bikomye byashyizwe ku rutonde rw' isi mu Rwanda hari ibindi byanya bikomye kandi bibungabunzwe, kuko byagaragaye ko ari indiri y' urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake ku isi. aha twavuga nka Nyandungu Eco park, Umusambi village n' Igishanga cya rugezi. muri ibi byanya haherereyemo ibinyabuzima nk' inyamanswa, inyoni n' inimera.
Mu Rwanda hari ibyanya biri ku rwego rwa pariki bibumbatiye ibinyabuzima ndetse biri ku isonga mu gukurura abakerarugendo no kwinjiza amadovize.
Armand Kajangwe

Armand Kajangwe, ni umunyarwanda - umukinnyi wa firime wo mu Busuwisi . Azwi cyane nk'umuyobozi wa firime nka The Asylum, na Dirty Singles .
Ku ya 7 Mata 2009, Kajangwe yinjiye mu isosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa byuzuye yitwa 'Crooked Seas Inc.' yashinzwe na Craig Leblanc ifite icyicaro i Ontario, muri Kanada. Yakoze nk'umuyobozi, umuyobozi w'amafoto, n'umuyobozi ushinzwe imbuga nkoranyambaga.
Muri 2016, Kajangwe yagize uruhare mu gutangiza urubuga rwa mbere rwa videwo muri Afurika. Ihuriro rizwi ku izina rya 'www.journal.rw' ryatunganijwe kandi rikoreshwa na Village Innovation , uruganda ruhanga ruherereye mu Rwanda aho Kajangwe ari umuyobozi mukuru. Ihuriro rirashobora gutanga inzira yo gusangira ibisobanuro bihanitse bya videwo.
Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika

Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika (EAC; izina mu Cyongereza East African Community). Ni umuryango uhuriwemo n’ibihugu 5 ari byo u Burundi, Kenya, u Rwanda, Tanzania na Uganda,1 mu gihe ibi bihugu bigize uyu muryango bishyigikiye ko habaho leta imwe bihuriyeho amperereza yakozwe ku banyatanzaniya yagaragaje ko 80% batabishyigikiye 2 tanzanita ifite ubutaka bunini binaruta ubw’ibindi bihugu byose byose muri uyu muryango biteranye. Kandi abanyatanzaniya bakaba banafite ubwoba ko ubutaka bwabo bwazigarurirwa n’abaturage bakomoka mu bindi bihugu bigize umuryango n’ibihugu by’iburasirazuba bwa afurika :Ibura ry’ubutaka buhagije ni ikibazo kiriho muri afurika y’iburasirazuba by’umwihariko muri kenya aho amakimbirane yabereye i Mount Elgon yabaye mu mwaka wa 2007 yahitanye abantu barenga 150 abandi barenga 60.000 bakavanwa mu byabo
Uyu Muryango washyizweho mu wa 1993, ukaba igizwe na Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda. Watangiye mu by ukuri, mu wa 1996, ubwo Arusha muri Tanzania haberaga imihango yo gushyiraho Ubunyamabanga Bukuru bwawo.
Kuko amarembo y ubukungu bw u Rwanda yerekeza mu Uburasirazuba, ni cyo cyatumye ku wa 12 Nzeri 1996, u Rwanda rwarasabye kwinjira muri East African Community. U Rwanda rwemerewe mu 2006 kuba umunyamuryango.
Muri Mutarama 2023, Umuryango w'Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) urateganya gutanga ifaranga rimwe mu myaka ine iri imbere. Inama y’abaminisitiri y’iryo shyirahamwe igomba gufata icyemezo ku bijyanye n’ikigo cy’ifaranga ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’ishyirwaho ry’inzira yo gutanga ifaranga rimwe.[1].
Uyu Muryango ugamije: gushimangira ubufatanye hagamijwe imibereho myiza y abaturage; imikoreshereze myiza y umutungo kamere no kurengera ibidukikije; gushimangira uruhare rw uburinganire mu iterambere; guharanira amahoro, umutekano n imibanire myiza y ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango; guharanira kugera kuri customs union/single market .
Gushyiraho urubuga rumwe ruhuriweho n ibihugu bigize uwo Muryango (Political Federation).
Isomero ry'abaturage rya Rwamagana

Isomero ry'abaturage rya Rwamagana (icyongereza: Rwamagana community learning centre and library) ryatangiye imirimo taliki 17 Nyakanga 2018,kubufatanye n' Umuryango uharanira inyungu w’uburezi mu Rwanda (icyongereza: Rwanda Education Assistance Practice (REAP).
Intego nyamukuru yiki kigo nukugirango haboneke ibikoresho by'uburezi bijyanye n'abaturage ndetse n’ishuri rituranye n’aba bagenerwabikorwa, baziga ururimi rw'icyongereza, ICT, gusoma cyane bakoresheje agasanduku k'isomero kandi, bafite umwanya ufunguye ku bana bashaka kuvugurura imirimo y'ishuri , siyanse, ubumuntu, no gutanga ubumenyi bujyanye n'ibibazo by'umutekano wa bantu nkimirire no gukemura amakimbirane mu miryango.
Abayobozi b'akarere ka Rwamagana; Madamu Christine Niyizamwiyitira (ushinzwe ICT mu burezi mu kigo gishinzwe uburezi mu Rwanda); Hon. Mukayuhi Constance Rwaka, Umudepite; kimwe n'uwashinze REAP, Bwana Edward Ballen bashimiye Abantu barenga 500 bitabiriye ibirori byo gutaha iri somero.
Ishyirwamubikorwa by'iri somero ryatwaye amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 70 z'u Rwanda.
Inkoni yera

INKONI YERA
white cane cyangwa Inkoni yera ni igikoresho gikoreshwa na bantu benshi bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona . Inkoni yera yemerera cyane uyikoresha gusikana nta nzitizi cyangwa icyerekezo, ariko kandi ifasha abayireba mukumenya uyikoresha ko ari impumyi cyangwa ubumuga bwo kutabona no gufata neza. Icya nyuma ni impamvu yibara ryera ry'ibiti.
Iyi koni ikorwa muri aluminiyumu, plastike ikomezwa na grafitike cyangwa izindi plastiki zishimangirwa na fibure, kandi ishobora gukorwa bitewe ni nama zitandukanye bitewe n'ibyifuzo byabayikoresha.
Inkoni yera irashobora kuba ivunaguye cyangwa igororotse, hamwe na verisiyo zombi zifite ibyiza n'ibibi. Ihuriro ry’igihugu ry’abatabona muri Amerika ryemeza ko urumuri n’uburebure bw’imigozi igororotse bituma abantu bagenda neza n’umutekano, nubwo imigozi ishobora kugwa ishobora kubikwa mu buryo bworoshye, bikabaha inyungu ahantu huzuye abantu nko mu byumba by’ishuri ndetse n’ibikorwa rusange.
Impumyi zakoresheje inkoni nkibikoresho by'imuka mu binyejana byinshi.
Muri 1921, James Biggs, umufotozi ukomoka i Bristol wabaye impumyi nyuma y'impanuka, akaba atishimiye ubwinshi bw'imodoka yazengurukaga iwe, yashushanyije inkoni ye yagendaga yera kugirango igaragare muburyo byoroshye.
Mu Bwongereza, inkoni yera yerekana ko umuntu afite ubumuga bwo kutabona ariko yumva bisanzwe nk'abandi bantu; byerekana ko uyikoresha ari igipfamatwi.
Muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, amategeko aratandukanye bitewe na leta zitandukanye, ariko mu bihe byose, abatwara inkoni yera bahabwa uburenganzira bwo mu nzira iyo bambutse umuhanda. Bahawe uburenganzira bwo gukoresha inkoni yera, ahantu hose hahurira abantu benshi. Rimwe na rimwe, birabujijwe ko umuntu utari impumyi akoresha inkoni yera agamije guhabwa uburenganzira.
Mu bihugu byinshi, harimo n’Ubwongereza, inkoni yera ntabwo isanzwe imenyeshwa umwana kugeza bafite hagati y'imyaka 7 na 10. Ariko, vuba aha inkoni zatangiye kwinjizwa mu gihe umwana yiga kugenda kugirango afashwe mu iterambere.
Inkoni Yera

Nyuma gato y'Intamabara y'isi muri 1914-1918 abantu benshi bagize ubumuga bwo kutabona bitewe n'ingaruka
zi intambara y'isi yambere ibyo byatumye abantu batangira gutekereza uko abantu babana nubumuga bwo kutabona
batangira kugenda nta nkomyi
Kuva kera ababana n'ubumuga bahoranaga imbogamizi zo kugenda babarandase kugirango bagere aho basaha kugera cyangwa
bakiwaza inkoni zisanzwe ariko ndetse no kugendera kubintu ariko bikaba ari bimwe mubintu byatumaga bahorana ipfunwe cyane
ko byashobokaga cyane kubura n'umuntu ukurandata. bityo bigatuma bamwe bahora bicaye hamwe bigunze kuko bamwe ubwo buryo
bwabatezaga impungenge.
Mu mwaka wi 1921 uwitwa James Biggs ukomoka mugihugu cyu Ubwongereza yakoze impanuka ikomeye imuviramo no kugira ubumuga bwo kutabona James ni umwongereza ukomoka mumujyi witwa Bristol wakoraga umwuga wo gufotora. avuye mu
bitaro yatangiye gushaka icyatuma agenda mumuhanda yisanzuye akabasha no kwambuka umuhanda aribwo yaje guhimba
Inkoni era cyangwa (White Cane) mukirimi cya amahanga
hirya no hino kw Isi hatangijwe ubukangrambaga bwo gusaba ko Inkoni yera akwemerwa nk'igikoresho gishyigikira abafiteubumuga
bwokutabona kuva mu mwaka wi 1964 Leta zunze ubumwe z'amerika zemeje ko kuva ku itariki 15 Ukwakira za buri mwaka ari
umunsi mpuza mahanga wahariwe Inkoni yera muri Amerika. naho kuva mu mwaka wi 1969 umuryango w'abibumbye wemeza
iyo tariki nk'umunsi mpuzamahanga ngarukamwaka wahariwe Inkoni yera ku Isihose.
mu Rwanda umunsi mpuzamahanga wahariwe inkoni yerawatangiye kwizihizwa mu mwaka wa 2009
Crutch

crutch cyangwa Inkoni ni mobility aid ihererekanya uburemere kuva ku maguru kugeza ku mubiri wo hejuru. Bikunze gukoreshwa n'abantu badashobora gukoresha amaguru kugirango bashyigikire ibiro byabo, kubwi mpamvu ziva kumvune zigihe gito, kugeza k'ubumuga bw'ubuzima bwabo bwose.
Inkoni zakoreshwaga muri Misiri ya kera . Muri 1917, Emile Schlick yatangiye kuzicuruzi; hari igishushanyo cyari kigizwe n'inkoni zigendeshwa hamwe. Nyuma, AR Lofstrand Jr. yakoze inkoni yambere ifite uburebure bushobora guhinduka wenda ukayizinga. gusa igishushanyo mbonera nticyahindutse cyane.
Assistive cane

Assistive cane ni inkoni igendanwa, ikoreshwa nkigikoresho cyangwa ubufasha bwimuka . Inkoni igufasha kugabanya uburemere kuva kumaguru yo hepfo, gutanga ituze, no gutanga ubufasha kuyikoresha, no gutanga amakuru yibanze y'ubutaka kuyikoresha. Ku mugabane w' Amerika, icumi ku ijana by'abantu bakuru barengeje imyaka 65 bakoresha iyi nkoni, naho 4,6 ku ijana bakoresha walkers.
Bitandukanye no gukubitwa, inkoni muri rusange ziroroshye, ariko, kubera ko zorohereza umutwaro binyuze mu kuboko k'uyikoresha ntushobora gukuramo uburemere b'ungana kumaguru yayo yombi.
Ubundi bwoko bwa crutch ni walker, ni igiti gifashe imbere y'uyikoresha kandi uyikoresha cyishingikiriza mugihe cyo kugenda. Abagenda baba bahagaze neza bitewe nubuso bwabo bwiyongereye ku butaka, ariko ni binini kandi zitagabanije.
Ni inkoni y'ibanze ifite amaguru ane. Ibi bice biratandukanye nkuko igishushanyo cyayo bitewe nibikenerwa m'ukuyikoresha.
Rwandan cuisine

The cuisine of Rwanda is based on local staple foods produced by the traditional subsistence-level agriculture and has historically varied across different areas.
Rwandan staples include bananas, plantains, pulses, sweet potatoes, beans, and cassava (manioc). Historically this is particularly true of the Twa and the Hutus who hunted and farmed. Their diet was high in vegetables and lacked in animal protein due to the small amount of animal products consumed. The Tutsis were traditionally pastoralists and consumed a higher amount of milk and dairy products. A majority of Rwandan people depend on farming, and a majority of those people who are farmers do not sell what they produce due to challenges accessing markets.
Many Rwandans eat a lot of meat nowadays. For those that live near lakes and have access to fish, tilapia is popular. The potato, thought to have been introduced to Rwanda by German and Belgian colonists, is now very popular and is cultivated in the towns of Gitarama and Butare.
Various dishes have developed from the range of basic foods consumed. Ugali (or bugali), eaten throughout sub-Saharan Africa, is a paste made from maize and water to form a porridge-like consistency. Isombe is made from mashed cassava leaves and served with meat or fish.
Matoke is a dish made from baked or steamed bananas. Ibihaza is made from pumpkins cut into pieces, mixed with beans and boiled without peeling them. The groundnut paste ikinyiga and millet flour paste umutsima w’uburo are made from boiling water and flour, mixed to a porridge-like consistency. In the restaurants in the capital city of Kigali, locals and expatriates eat a variety of international cuisine, including Indian, Chinese, Italian, and African. In other cities and towns, the cuisine is simpler, often consisting of chicken, fish, goat or steak served with rice or French fries.
Milk is a common drink among Rwandans. Igikoma, also known as porridge, is a common breakfast drink consumed by athletes and breastfeeding mothers..Other popular drinks in Rwanda include fruit juice, wine, beer and soda (Fanta) for those who do not drink alcohol. Commercial beers drunk in Rwanda include Primus, Mützig and Amstel. In rural areas, urwagwa is a beer made from the fermented juice of bananas that has been mixed with roasted sorghum flour.
Beers feature in traditional rituals and ceremonies and are generally consumed only by men. Ikigage is an alcoholic beverage made from dry sorghum that is thought to have medicinal powers. Ubuki is made from fermented honey with 12 percent alcohol content.
Democratic Green Party of Rwanda

The Democratic Green Party of Rwanda (DGPR; French: Parti vert démocratique du Rwanda, PVDR; Kinyarwanda: Ishyaka Riharanira Demokarasi no Kurengera Ibidukikije, IRDKI) is a green political party in Rwanda, established in 2009. The party was registered in August 2013, but too late to contest the 2013 parliamentary elections. Its platform emphasizes unity, non-violence, social justice, participatory democracy, and calls for subsidized prices for agricultural produce. It believes that the unalienable rights of the people include "the right to life, liberty, peaceful assembly, expression, worship and the pursuit of happiness", and that these rights are granted by God.
The party was established on 14 August 2009, and aimed to contest the 2010 presidential elections. However, it was prevented from registering. The party's vice-president, André Kagwa Rwisereka, was found beheaded during the election campaign. Green Party leaders in the US called on the Obama Administration to support an investigation into his murder and the allegations that it was politically motivated. President Paul Kagame and his ruling Rwanda Patriotic Front (RFP) has close ties to the US.
The party was finally registered in August 2013, but too late to contest the 2013 parliamentary elections.
On 17 December 2016, Frank Habineza was nominated as the party leader and flag bearer for the 2017 presidential elections. By doing this the party abandoned its earlier threat to boycott the election after its demands for electoral reforms were snubbed by the government. Habineza went on to finish third of the three candidates with just 0.5% of the vote. However, in the parliamentary elections the following year the party entered parliament after winning two seats.
Bikes to Rwanda

Bikes to Rwanda was a non-profit international aid relief organization established in Portland, Oregon, United States, in 2006 by Stumptown Coffee Roasters founder and CEO Duane Sorenson following a business trip to visit coffee growers' cooperatives in Rwanda.
The organization's mission was "to provide cargo bicycles to co-operative coffee farmers in Rwanda. The goal was to improve quality of life in these communities through a bike workshop and maintenance program to provide transportation resources for basic needs and enhance production of quality coffee."
The bicycles were built specifically for heavy cargo, and were designed and developed by Project Rwanda with master bicycle builder Tom Ritchey. The organization also established bike shops in Rwanda for maintenance and repair.
The aim of Project Rwanda was to develop racing cyclists and also import low-cost cargo bicycles to Rwanda.
In April 2007, 400 bikes that were designed to carry heavy loads of coffee over difficult Rwandan terrain were provided ahead of the harvest.
Baisikeli Ugunduzi

Baisikeli Ugunduzi is a for-profit social business that specializes in bicycle components for the Sub-Saharan African market. Baisikeli Ugunduzi means innovative or modern bicycles in Swahili. It was founded in the winter of 2011 by Ben Mitchell, whom holds a MS in mechanical engineering as is currently seeking his PhD at Michigan Technological University and John Gershenson, a professor of mechanical engineering at MTU. Baisikeli Ugunduzi is headquartered in Kitale, Kenya, Africa. As a for-profit social venture, it develops human-centered products, which seeks to raise the income of boda boda, who rely on the bicycle as a means of livelihood.
Baisikeli Ugunduzi was awarded $100,000 in Development Innovation Ventures (DIV) stage 1 funding from USAID. The enterprise won first place in the Central Michigan University New Venture Competition, worth $30,000, plus an additional $10,000 for Best Social Venture, was awarded "Top 40 Project 2012" in the Dell Social Innovation Challenge, and was a semi-finalist for an Echoing Green Fellowship. A campaign to raise $40,000 in 40 days on Indiegogo, however, was unsuccessful. In April 2014, Baisikeli Ugunduzi placed third in the Global Social Venture Challenge where they were awarded $7,500.
Their first product is a bicycle tire inner tube replacement made of an elastic material, called the Milele Tube, which cannot go flat. Milele means forever in Swahili. It is a solid, cylindrical piece of elastic material that replaces the standard inner tube and can be cut to length to fit any size tire. It is being made with three different firmness levels. There is a soft tube for the front tire, which carries less of the total load; a medium tube for light loads on the rear; and a firm tube for heavy loads such as passengers or cargo. One test rider used the firm tube to carry 200 kg (440 lb) for 100 km (62 mi). They approximate a pneumatic tube at 65 psi (4.5 bar). The first day of sales was April 6, 2013.
More than 5 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa depend on bicycles to earn a living, such as boda boda operators, and they can spend up to a quarter of their incomes just to fix flat tires. Traditional bicycle tubes cost $3, and the Milele tube cost just over $10, but can last up to five years.
UCI Road World Championships

The UCI Road World Championships are the annual world championships for bicycle road racing organized by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). The UCI Road World Championships consist of events for road race and individual time trial, and as of 2019, a mixed team relay.
All the world championship events are ridden by national teams, not trade teams such as in most other major races. The winner of each category is entitled to wear the rainbow jersey in races of that category (either mass start or time trial) until the next championships. It currently includes the following championships:
Former events:
The first world championships took place in 1921, though the only event that was contested was the men's road race for amateurs. The first professional world championship took place in July 1927 at the Nürburgring in Germany where Italian Alfredo Binda won the professional men's race and Belgian Jean Aerts won the men's amateur race. The women's road race was introduced in 1958. A men's team time trial, contested by national teams, was introduced in 1962. Beginning in 1972, the team time trial was discontinued in Olympic years only. Individual time trials in all categories were added in 1994, which was also the last year for the original incarnation of the men's team time trial. In 2012, the men's team time trial was reinstated, and a women's team time trial added to the program; both were contested by trade teams. In 2019, the team time trial events for men and women were replaced by a mixed relay team time trial. In 2020, no under-23 or junior races were contested at the Championships owing to the COVID-19 pandemic; however, under-23 riders were eligible to compete in the elite races.
Until 1995, there were separate races for male professional and amateur riders. In 1996, the amateur category was replaced with a category for men under-23 years old, with the professional category becoming an open (later elite) category.
Since 1995 until 2022, the event has been held towards the end of the European season in late September, usually following the Vuelta a España. Before that, the event had always been a summer race, held in late August or the first week of September (except for 1970, when it was a mid-season summer event). An exception to this was in 2023, when it was held in August as part of a combined multi-disciplinary UCI Cycling World Championships, intended to be held every four years.
The world championships are located in a different city or region every year. The event can be held over a relatively flat course which, in the case of the road race, favors cycling sprinters or a hilly course which favors a climbing specialist or all-rounder. In each case, the latter part of course is usually held on a circuit, of which the riders complete multiple laps.
The world championship road race and two of the three Grand Tours (namely the Giro d'Italia and the Tour de France) form the Triple Crown of Cycling.
Note: Not held from 1939 to 1945 because of World War II.
Medal table includes only medals achieved in senior events. Mixed nation team events such as the Team Time Trial from 2012 to 2018 are excluded.
Na Wewe

Na Wewe (You Too) is a 2010 Belgian live action short film. The film's runtime is approximately 19 minutes, starring Renaud Rutten and Fabrice Kwizera. It was directed by Ivan Goldschmidt, written by first-timer Jean-Luc Pening, and produced by Goldschmidt, Pening, Dries Phlypo and Jean-Claude van Rijckeghem. The film was shot in the summer of 2009. It is set in Rwanda in 1994, during the civil war between Hutus and Tutsis and exposes the absurdity of ethnic conflicts. It's a "compact story about identity that's both tense and darkly funny".
A minivan transporting ordinary citizens is stopped on a Burundian dirt road. With force a band of Hutu rebels armed with Kalashnikovs get the passengers off. The rebel leader barks:"Hutus to the left, Tutsis to the right!". The sorting fails as all hurry to the left and neither passengers nor rebels can distinguish Hutus from Tutsis.
The film received the Special Jury Award – Honourable Mention at the 20th Flickerfest. On 25 January 2011 it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 83rd Academy Awards.
List of countries by tariff rate

This is a list of countries by tariff rate. The list includes sovereign states and self-governing dependent territories based upon the ISO standard ISO 3166-1. Import duty refers to taxes levied on imported goods, capital and services. The level of customs duties is a direct indicator of the openness of an economy to world trade. However, there may also be import barriers that are not based on the levy of duties. The following table shows the tariff rate, in percentages, according to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Trade Organization, and World Bank.
UNCTAD indicators are based on MFN (Most Favoured Nation) and effectively applied import tariff rates for major categories of non-agricultural and non-fuel products by individual country (as market economy). Average tariff of a market country is calculated by taking into consideration all products that are imported by the market country, regardless of trade.
WTO indicators are based on MFN (Most Favoured Nation) tariffs applied by the reporting country/economy. Trade weighted average duty (Percent) means MFN applied tariff averages weighted with import flows for traded national tariff lines.
WB values are estimates, using the World Integrated Trade Solution system, based on data from United Nations Conference on Trade and Development's Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS) database and the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Integrated Data Base (IDB) and Consolidated Tariff Schedules (CTS) database.
Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.
Shepherd's crook

A shepherd's crook is a long and sturdy stick with a hook at one end, often with the point flared outwards, used by a shepherd to manage and sometimes catch sheep. In addition, the crook may aid in defending against attack by predators. When traversing rough terrain, a crook is an aid to balance. Shepherds may also use the long implement to part thick undergrowth (for example at the edge of a drovers' road) when searching for lost sheep or potential predators.
The innovation of a hook facilitates the recovery of fallen animals by ensnaring them by the neck or leg. For this reason, the crook has been used as a religious symbol of care (particularly in difficult circumstances), including the Christian bishop's crosier.
In medicine, the term shepherd's crook is used to describe a right coronary artery that follows an unusually high and winding route. This variant, which has a prevalence of about 5%, imposes technical problems in angioplasty procedures.
The letter lamed originated as a representation of a shepherd's crook or goad, from which the Latin letter L has evolved.
Ancient Greeks called it κορύνη, λαγωβόλον and καλαῦροψ and in their art the crook is often seen in the hands of Pan and also is the usual attribute of Thalia, as the Muse of pastoral poetry.
The shepherd's crook is paired with the agricultural flail to form an insignia of pharaonic authority, with the crook representing kingship and the flail symbolizing the fertility of the land.
Santiago Carpio

Robert Santiago Carpio Rodríguez (Loja, Ecuador, 1 de noviembre de 197​9) es un actor ecuatoriano de teatro y televisión. Protagonizó la serie El más querido de Ecuavisa, basada en la vida del cantante Gerardo Morán, donde interpretó al artista,​ aunque es reconocido por interpretar roles antagónicos en diversas telenovelas como La taxista y Sharon la Hechicera.
Robert Santiago Carpio Rodríguez nació en Loja.
En su casa acostumbraba a imitar a sus familiares y amigos, esto lo impulsó a realizar el casting para una película del director César Carmigniani, sobre la vida de Matilde Hidalgo de Procel, mientras trabajaba en un canal de televisión de Loja.​ Esto llamó la atención de Santiago al mundo de la actuación.​
Se graduó en 2005 con el título de arquitecto de interiores y escenografías.​ Ese mismo año se trasladó a Guayaquil donde siguió la carrera de comunicación social, además de actuación.​
Su carrera por la televisión abarcan las novelas y series Rosita la Taxista, El exitoso Lcdo. Cardoso, El más querido y Sharon la Hechicera de Ecuavisa; y como presentador del programa QSS de TC Televisión.​
Se desempeñó en el teatro infantil, experimental y clásico.​ Fue parte de la obra Un Tranvía Llamado Deseo y realizó obras de su autoría como los musicales de Matilde Hidalgo, El Cura sin Cabeza, El Juguetero, entre otras.​ También fue productor durante dos años seguidos del Festival Loja Sobre Tablas.​
En el cine fue parte de las películas basadas en la vida de Narcisa de Jesús y Matilde Hidalgo, además de la película basada en la leyenda de La Dama Tapada.​
En 2017 fue director municipal del Festival Internacional de Artes Vivas Loja.​
Paúl Granda

Raúl Andrés Granda López (Cuenca, 19 de septiembre de 1972)​ es un político ecuatoriano que ocupó la alcaldía de Cuenca entre 2009 y 2014.​
En sus años de secundaria fue elegido presidente del Consejo Estudiantil del colegio Rafael Borja. Desarrolló su carrera universitaria en la Universidad del Azuay (UDA), donde obtuvo el título de doctor en Jurisprudencia y abogado. En este período se desempeñó como presidente de la Asociación Escuela de Derecho, representante de los estudiantes ante el Consejo Universitario y presidente de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad del Azuay.​
En 1997, fue asesor de Mario Jaramillo Paredes en el Ministerio de Educación y Cultura. Estudió en la Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar una especialización en Legislación Financiera Privada.
En 1998, viajó a España por estudios, obtuvo una Maestría en Administración y Gestión Pública en el Instituto de Administración Pública - INAP y en la Universidad de Alcalá. Además tiene una Especialización en Comunicación y Gestión Política en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, una Maestría en Asesoría Jurídica de Empresas en la Universidad de Valencia y un Diplomado en Estudios Avanzados, previo a la obtención de un título de doctor.
En mayo de 2017 obtuvo su grado de doctor Ph.D en Gobierno y Gestión Pública por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y el Instituto Universitario Ortega y Gasset.
Fue director ejecutivo del Instituto de Régimen Seccional del Ecuador (IERSE) de la UDA y catedrático de la misma universidad, así como director de Maestrías en Asesoría Jurídica de Empresas y del Diplomado en Gerentes de Gobiernos Seccionales.
En 2006 fue elegido concejal del cantón Cuenca con el mayor número de votos entre los candidatos. Posteriormente fue designado vicealcalde.
En 2009 fue elegido alcalde de la ciudad, cargo que lo ejerció hasta mayo de 2014. En su administración fue contratada la obra del Tranvía de Cuenca e inició su construcción.​
Entre 2014 y 2016 se desempeñó como consejero de la Embajada del Ecuador en España. En mayo de 2017 fue nombrado ministro de Transporte y Obras Públicas por el presidente Lenín Moreno y en mayo de 2018 dejó ese cargo para ocupar el de secretario nacional de Gestión de la Política.​​