davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (Ecuador)

El Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas de Ecuador (o MTOP por sus siglas) es un Ministerio del Estado Ecuatoriano, el cual es el rector del Sistema Nacional del Transporte.​
Fue creado por decreto ejecutivo número 8 el 8 de febrero del año 2007.​
El MTOP es el encargado de la construcción y mantenimiento de la Red Vial Nacional del Ecuador.
Orgánicamente cuenta con dos viceministros 5 subsecretarias.​
De acuerdo a su portal web su objetivo es:
Contribuir al desarrollo del País a través de la formulación de políticas, regulaciones, planes, programas y proyectos, que garanticen un Sistema Nacional del Transporte Intermodal y Multimodal, sustentado en una red de Transporte con estándares internacionales de calidad, alineados con las directrices económicas, sociales, medioambientales y el plan nacional de desarrollo.​
Jorge Marún

Jorge Manuel Marún Rodríguez (Guayaquil, 9 de marzo de 1954) es un ingeniero civil y político ecuatoriano.
Nació el 9 de marzo de 1954 en Guayaquil.​ Realizó sus estudios superiores en la Universidad de Guayaquil, donde obtuvo el título de ingeniero civil.​
Inició su vida política como vocal cantonal del Partido Demócrata, posteriormente fue vocal nacional de la misma agrupación.​ En las elecciones legislativas de 1986 se presentó como candidato a diputado en representación de la provincia de Los Ríos, pero no resultó elegido.​
En 1987 se afilió al Partido Roldosista Ecuatoriano (PRE).​ De la mano del mismo fue elegido diputado nacional en representación de Los Ríos en las elecciones legislativas de 1992.​
En las elecciones de 1996 fue elegido para un nuevo periodo en el Congreso Nacional, pero no asumió el cargo debido a que fue nombrado ministro de Industrias y Comercio Exterior por el presidente Abdalá Bucaram,​​ ocupando el puesto por los cortos meses que duró su presidencia.​
Para las elecciones legislativas de 1998 fue elegido diputado nacional por el PRE.​
En las elecciones seccionales de 2000 fue elegido prefecto provincial de Los Ríos en una reñida contienda en que su contrincante, el candidato Walter Andrade Fajardo, lo acusó de haber cometido fraude electoral.​ Fue reelegido como prefecto en las elecciones seccionales de 2004.​ Durante su tiempo en la prefectura puso énfasis en el mejoramiento del área vial de la provincia,​ lo que incluyó el asfaltado de más de 200 kilómetros de vías principales. También emprendió varios proyectos de electrificación de sectores rurales.​
Entre 2003 y 2005 fue presidente del Consorcio de Consejos Provinciales del Ecuador (CONCOPE).​
En noviembre de 2007 renunció a su cargo como prefecto en medio de rumores de que sería nombrado ministro de transporte, siendo reemplazado por el viceprefecto Bonifacio Morán.​
En diciembre de 2007 fue nombrado ministro de transporte y obras públicas por el presidente Rafael Correa.​​ Durante su tiempo como ministro puso en marcha un ambicioso plan de reconstrucción vial conocido como "Plan Relámpago". El mismo comprendió la inversión de más 3.600 millones de dólares para la readecuación de vías.​
En junio de 2009 renunció al cargo de ministro alegando problemas de salud.​
El 1 de junio de 2010 el asambleísta Galo Lara solicitó el inicio de un juicio político contra Marún alegando que durante su tiempo como ministro habría realizado pagos de obras parte del Plan Relámpago que hasta la fecha no habían sido finalizadas. El entonces presidente de la Asamblea Nacional, Fernando Cordero Cueva, calificó el trámite del juicio como ilegal alegando que ya había pasado más de un año desde que Marún había dejado su cargo, tiempo límite que tiene la Asamblea para enjuiciar a un funcionario público.​ Días después la Comisión de Fiscalización de la Asamblea votó a favor de anular el juicio político, moción apoyada por los asambleístas del movimiento oficialista Alianza PAIS.​​
Aeropuerto Jumandy

El Aeropuerto Jumandy es un aeropuerto de Ecuador que está ubicado en el cantón Tena de la Provincia de Napo. Fue inaugurado en 2011 por el expresidente Rafael Correa, provocando el cierre del antiguo aeropuerto de Tena, el Aeropuerto Mayor Galo de la Torre. Se encuentra a 35 km al oriente de la ciudad en la parroquia rural de Ahuano.
Actualmente ninguna aerolínea comercial opera en este aeropuerto.​
Aeropuerto Ciudad de Catamayo

El Aeropuerto Ciudad de Catamayo (IATA: LOH, OACI: SECA) es un aeropuerto ubicado en el cantón de Catamayo, Provincia de Loja, Ecuador.​ La ciudad de Catamayo, donde se encuentra el aeropuerto, está ubicada a 30 kilómetros de Loja, aproximadamente 30 minutos vía terrestre de la capital provincial.​
El aeropuerto de Catamayo fue construido en el régimen del presidente Camilo Ponce Enríquez (1956-1960) y llamado originalmente Aeropuerto Camilo Ponce Enríquez.​
Desde el 13 de mayo de 2013, el renovado aeropuerto oficialmente lleva el nombre de Aeropuerto Ciudad de Catamayo, en sustitución del anterior,​ porque a pesar del viejo nombre oficial, muchos lo conocían como el aeropuerto de Catamayo.​ El concurso "Un nombre para el aeropuerto de Catamayo" fue convocado por el Ministerio de Transporte (MTOP) y hubo 908 propuestas. "Ciudad de Catamayo" obtuvo 7.131 votos​ (50.54%).​
Acería del Ecuador

Acería del Ecuador Compañía Anónima bajo la marca comercial Adelca, es una siderúrgica en Ecuador, dedicada a la fabricación y comercialización de productos de acero. En la planta se realiza labores de acopio y procesamiento de chatarra para la fabricación de acero.
Tiene dos plantas de producción en Alóag (sur de Quito) y Milagro (Guayas), además opera un desguace naval en la ciudad de Durán.​ En 2013 le aportó al país 400.000 toneladas de acero.​
Fue fundada el 17 de diciembre de 1963, con el fin de integrar las operaciones de reciclaje de acero en el país.
El 26 de junio de 2002, se enfrentó a una orden de embargo del Gobierno de Ecuador. Poco después el 9 de julio de 2002 La Agencia de Garantía de Depósitos levantó el embargo a Adelca.​
En 2016, Adelca inauguro una planta en Milagro.​
La empresa se ha visto involucrada en múltiples polémicas, como operar acopios de chatarra en sitios que no estaban autorizados para tal labor.​ El mal manejo de buques en la planta de desguace.​ Además de incendios en la planta de Milagro.​
Parque Ecuador

El Parque Ecuador es un parque chileno perteneciente a la ciudad de Concepción, en la Región del Biobío. Se ubica a los pies del Cerro Caracol y muy cerca del centro de la ciudad, estando dividido del centro urbano por la Calle Víctor Lamas. Corresponde a una gran zona recreativa de aproximadamente 1,34 km de longitud, comenzando en la intersección de calle Víctor Lamas con Tucapel, y terminando en Avenida Pedro de Valdivia; con varios puntos de relevancia histórica, social y cultural.​
Desde inicios del año 2015, es un parque inclusivo de accesibilidad para niños y adultos con discapacidades.​
Hasta 1911 el Parque Ecuador se denominaba Parque Alameda, pero luego del devastador terremoto de ese año, cambió su nombre por el actual en reconocimiento a la ayuda prestada por parte de la República del Ecuador para ayudar a mitigar los efectos negativos causados por aquel evento.​​
En 1964 se estableció la Feria Internacional de Arte Popular, una feria artesanal de entrada liberada que se instala anualmente en la calle Caupolicán con Víctor Lamas. Es la más grande de Chile y una de las exposiciones más tradicionales en Concepción. En ella se presentan obras de distintos artesanos chilenos e internacionales, incluyendo trabajos en cerámica, vidrios, maderas y reciclaje, entre otros. Durante su realización también se desarrollan jornadas musicales, y se instalan patios de comida.​
A comienzos de 2015, luego de varios meses de restauraciones, se convirtió en el primer parque inclusivo de la zona, con accesos y juegos habilitados para personas con capacidades distintas.​
El parque es el clásico lugar de recreación familiar de la ciudad. Es conocido además como el «pulmón verde» de Concepción por ser una extensa área verde de exuberante vegetación, que además colinda con el Cerro Caracol.​ De cierta manera el Parque Ecuador ha "absorbido" al Cerro Caracol, integrándolo al parque como zona recreativa.
En el parque se ubica el museo Galería de la Historia de Concepción, que exhibe la historia de Concepción a través de dioramas, además de poseer una exposición permanente y otras temporales.​ Están además la sede penquista del Club de Leones, la compañía de bomberos Alemana y el Club de tenis de Concepción. Tanto en el mismo parque como frente a éste por la calle Víctor Lamas se encuentran diversos restaurantes y locales comerciales. Son comunes, además, los conocidos carros donde se vende comida rápida. Hay una amplia variedad de juegos infantiles, incluyendo unos juegos de agua para el verano.
En el Parque también hay dos monumentos, uno en homenaje a Juan Martínez de Rozas (1758-1813), prócer de la independencia de Chile, y otro en honor a dos ciudadanos penquistas de origen francés que fallecieron en la Primera Guerra Mundial.​
Es un punto de reunión de la juventud y familias del Gran Concepción. Comúnmente se realizan actividades culturales, como obras teatrales, conciertos musicales y exposiciones al aire libre. Tradicionalmente durante las Fiestas Patrias se realizan peñas en el parque.​
Feria Internacional de Arte Popular

La Feria Internacional de Arte Popular es la mayor feria artesanal de Chile, instalada desde 1964 a inicios de cada año, en la época de verano, en el Parque Ecuador de la ciudad de Concepción, Región del Biobío. Es también una de las exposiciones más tradicionales de la ciudad.​
Su entrada es liberada y comienza específicamente en la calle Caupolicán con Víctor Lamas. En ella se presentan obras de distintos artesanos chilenos e internacionales, incluyendo trabajos en cerámica, vidrios, maderas y reciclaje, entre otros. Durante su realización también se instalan patios de comida, y se desarrollan jornadas musicales y de danza.​ En esta feria han participado varias bandas de reconocimiento internacional, tales como Los Jaivas, entre otras.​
Carcelén (parroquia)

Carcelén es una parroquia urbana al norte de la ciudad de Quito.
Se trata de una de las 65 parroquias que conforman el área metropolitana de la capital de Ecuador. Se ubica en el cantón de Quito, que forma parte de la provincia de Pichincha. Hacia 2012 su población alcanzaba los 55 301 habitantes.​ Dentro de la parroquia se encuentra el Terminal Terrestre Carcelén.
El actual territorio de Carcelén se encontraba ocupada por dos haciendas: Carcelén y Santo Domingo. A partir de los años 60 estas tierras se empezaron a dividir y el Banco Ecuatoriano de la Vivienda empieza a construir las primeras viviendas, y gracias a esto Carcelén aparece entre los años 70 y 80 como una ciudad satélite de Quito, aunque la expansión urbana hizo que eventualmente se convirtiera en un barrio de esta ciudad.
En un inicio este fue creado para la dictadura militar de la época como una ciudadela, pero terminó convirtiéndose en el emblemático barrio que hoy en día es Carcelén.​
Carcelén en un principio no contaba con servicios básicos y menos con la extensión comercial ubicada en sus calles principales. Actualmente este barrio cuenta con uno de los hospitales públicos más modernos de la ciudad de Quito "Hospital San Francisco del IESS" construido e inaugurado durante el gobierno de Rafael Correa Delgado (2007-2017), centros educativos públicos y privados, parques para los que disfrutan del buen fútbol y ecuavóley, y por último la conocida parroquia eclesiástica de Hermanas isabelinas italianas que se fundó en 1982.
Además, en esta parroquia se encuentra el Colegio ISM West , Colegio Americano, y la Universidad Sek, por lo que se han incrementado el número de locales, supermercados y propiedades con gran apertura al arrendamiento y compra de las mismas.
Aunque no ubicados en Carcelén, se encuentran cerca de este barrio dos grandes centros comerciales: Condado Shopping y Portal Shopping.
Ahora este barrio se divide en Carcelén BEV y Carcelén Bajo.​
Este es un barrio característico por las muchas exposiciones que se dan en fin de año, desde los monigotes que pueden llegar a medir 5 metros o más, hasta las viudas de aquellos vecinos que se unen para la gran recolecta de ese día. Lo asombroso es el número de personas que asisten a observar estos eventos llenos de música, personas disfrazadas, coreografías y demás, tan solo para despedir el año viejo con la mejor de las actitudes.
En esta parroquia se encuentran dos de los colegios más prestigiosos de la capital: el ISM West y el Americano.
Las unidades educativas fiscales (públicas) más representativas son el Colegio República de Rumania, la escuela Carcelén, Colegio Nacional Ligdano Chávez y la Escuela Atanasio Viteri.
La parroquia de Carcelén se divide en varios barrios:
La parroquia de Carcelén cuenta con varias líneas de transporte y alimentadores:
Cuenca Tramway

The Cuenca Tramway (Spanish: Tranvía de Cuenca) is a tram line in the Ecuadorian city of Cuenca.
Construction began in November 2013, with the city of Cuenca signing a US$142.6m contract with the CITA Cuenca consortium, which is led by Alstom and includes CIM, Ineo, and TSO, the same year. Testing of the tramway's Alstom Citadis rolling stock on the southernmost part of the line began in 2015, and test runs over the full route began in July 2018.
In September 2018 an agreement with Metro Tenerife was signed by Cuenca municipality to operate the tramway.
The 10.7 km route begins at Parque Industrial and ends at Rio Tarqui, passing through the historic center, and as of 2018 was forecast to carry 120,000 daily passengers.
Transport in Ecuador

Transportation in Ecuador is the transport infrastructure networks in Ecuador and those connecting the country with other countries. Transportation in Ecuador include aviation, highways, pipelines, ports and harbors, railways and waterways. Apart from transporting passengers, the country is a relatively small exporter of fruits and vegetables such as banana, papayas and pineapples.
345 (2025)
28 (2025)
The Sierra Region still plays an important role in transportation throughout the country. The Pan-American Highway crosses it from north to south. Ecuador has managed to update some roads into four-lane freeways:
Ecuador has a variety of bus services.
The general types of service include:
In the capital, Quito, boarding platforms are used to put passengers at the same level as the entrance to the bus.
Ecuador has:
Total: 812 km (single track) Narrow gauge: 812 km of 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge.
All services ceased in 2020.
There is a proposed rail connection with Colombia. On 5 July 2008, a meeting took place between Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador regarding a railway for freight and passengers to link the three countries, and linking the Pacific with the Atlantic also. There is no railway service to Peru.
In 2020, the Cuenca Tramway (Tranvía Cuenca), the first modern rail transit line in Ecuador, opened for service.
The Quito Metro initiated its commercial operations on 1 December 2023.
1,500 kilometres (930 mi)
Ecuador Highway 35

Ecuador Highway 35 (E-35), officially named "Troncal de la Sierra" (Highland's Road) but colloquially known as "La Panamericana", is a primary highway in Ecuador. This road is Ecuador's portion of the Pan-American Highway. It connects all the cities and towns from the Sierra region, from Tulcán at the north (border with Colombia), passing through Quito, the country's capital, to the south border with Peru. Part of this highway is a toll road administered by Panavial, a private concessionary.
Queen Beatrix International Airport

Queen Beatrix International Airport (IATA: AUA, ICAO: TNCA) (Dutch: Internationale luchthaven Koningin Beatrix; Papiamento: Aeropuerto Internacional Reina Beatrix) is an international airport located in Oranjestad, in the Dutch Caribbean island of Aruba. It has flight services to the United States, Canada, several countries in the Caribbean, the northern coastal countries of South America, as well as some parts of Europe, notably the Netherlands. It is named after Beatrix of the Netherlands, who was Queen of the Netherlands from 1980 to 2013.
The airport offers United States border preclearance facilities. Unlike other preclearance airports, the airport does not have special provisions for avoiding the traditional US domestic procedure of physically walking baggage through customs inspection. Thus, US-bound travelers must first check baggage, pass through Aruba immigration to formally exit Aruba, collect baggage, pass through US CBP preclearance immigration and customs inspection, recheck baggage, and head to their gates.
A terminal for private aircraft opened in 2007. The airport used to serve as the hub for bankrupt airline Air Aruba, which was for many years an international airline. Before Aruba's separation from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986 it was also one of three hubs for ALM Antillean Airlines as well as a home base for Tiara Air until 2016.
Since 2013 the airport is home to Aruba Airlines, a local airline. The airline has three Airbus A320 family aircraft and two Bombardier CRJ200. The main focus of Aruba Airlines is connecting the region through its hub.
In 1934, Manuel Viana launched a weekly mail and passenger service between Aruba and Curaçao, with A.J. Viccellio piloting Loening C-2H Air Yacht PJ-ZAA from a mud-flat runway. Commercial services were taken over by KLM from 24 December 1934. Later they were transferred to a graded runway known as the KLM field. KLM's Snip, the PJ-AIS a Fokker tri-motor, ushered in the scheduled flying age in Aruba on 19 January 1935. Together with the KLM's “Oriol”, the PJ-AIO, also a three-engine Fokker, they flew until 1946, after which they were scrapped. On its bi-weekly Aruba-Curaçao operations, KLM transported 2,695 passengers on 471 flights.
During World War II, the airport was used by the United States Army Air Forces Sixth Air Force defending Caribbean shipping and the Panama Canal against German submarines. The airfield was renamed Dakota Field; the terminal facilities became Dakota Airport. Flying units assigned to the airfield were:
On 22 October 1955, the airport was named after Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands during a royal visit. It was renamed in 1980 after her accession to the throne.
On 3 March 2021, American Airlines celebrated its 50 years flying to and from Aruba.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Alstom Citadis

The Alstom Citadis is a family of low-floor trams and light rail vehicles built by Alstom. As of 2017, over 2,300 Citadis trams have been sold and 1,800 tramways are in revenue service throughout the world, with operations in all six inhabited continents. An evolution of Alstom's earlier TFS vehicle, most Citadis vehicles are made in Alstom's factories in La Rochelle, Reichshoffen and Valenciennes, France, and in Barcelona, Spain, and Annaba, Algeria.
The Citadis family includes both partial and fully low-floor trams and LRVs, in versions with three (20x), five (30x), seven (40x), and nine (50x) sections. It comprises the following standard variants:
Citadis X00:
Citadis X01 (First generation):
Citadis X02 (Second generation):
Citadis X03 (Third generation):
Citadis X04 (Fourth generation):
Citadis X05 (Fifth generation):
Like most trams, Citadis vehicles are usually powered by overhead electric wires collected by a pantograph, but the trams in several places do not use pantograph current collection entirely. Other places, such as Toronto, use a trolley pole.
The most popular solution is Alstom's proprietary ground-level power supply (APS, first used in Bordeaux and subsequently in Angers, Reims, Orleans, Tours, Dubai, Rio, and Sydney), consisting of a type of third rail which is only powered while it is completely covered by a tram so that there is no risk of a person or animal coming into contact with a live rail. On the networks in France and in Sydney, the trams switch to conventional overhead wires in outer areas, but the Dubai vehicles are the first to employ APS for its entire passenger length (although they are still equipped with pantographs for use in the maintenance depot).
Another option is to use on-board batteries to store electrical power, allowing brief periods of catenary-free operation without the need to install special infrastructure. The Citadis trams in Nice operate off a set of nickel metallic hydride batteries in two large open spaces where overhead wires would be an eyesore. This has since been superseded by a supercapacitor-based energy storage system (SRS) which is in use in Rio de Janeiro (alongside APS), Kaohsiung, and along a new line in Nice. The Regio-Citadis can also be built as a dual-voltage or electro-diesel vehicle with various configurations.
The main article provides vehicle and order descriptions.
Avianca Ecuador

Avianca Ecuador S.A. (formerly known as AeroGal) is an airline based in Quito, Ecuador. It operates passenger and cargo flights within Ecuador, between the mainland and the Galápagos Islands, and between Ecuador and Colombia (on behalf of Avianca). It is one of the seven nationally branded airlines (Avianca Costa Rica, Avianca El Salvador, etc.) in the Avianca Group of Latin American airlines.
AeroGal was founded in November 1985 by the Ecuadorian businessman Carlos Serrano Lusetti to offer air transportation of passengers and cargo in Continental Ecuador and the Galapagos Archipelago. It began operating in 1986 with 2 Dornier Do 28s with a capacity for 12 passengers each.
In October 2009, AeroGal was 80% taken over by Synergy Group and announced its merger with Avianca and TACA Airlines. With the merger, the company expanded its connections to Europe. It also merged with Vuelos Internos Privados, being the first Ecuadorian company of this firm. The codes shared with this airline were still preserved in Aerogal's image, but since it merged with AviancaTaca Holding, it was part of the same company.
Avianca invested US$7.2 million to strengthen and modernize the company. Despite the purchase by Avianca, AeroGal continued using its separate identity until June 18, 2014, when the airline was renamed to Avianca Ecuador and continues to operate in Ecuador. On June 18, 2014, AeroGal was renamed under the brand Avianca Ecuador, but the official name was not changed accordingly until early 2018, when the company was officially renamed to Avianca Ecuador S.A.
Avianca Ecuador serves the following destinations:
As of May 2023, Avianca Ecuador operates the following aircraft:
As AeroGal, the airline previously operated the following aircraft:
2025

2025 (MMXXV) is the current year, and is a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2025th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 25th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 6th year of the 2020s decade.
The year has seen the continuation of major armed conflicts, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Sudanese civil war, and the Gaza war. Internal crises in Ecuador, Georgia, Germany, Haiti, Somalia, and South Korea continued into this year, with the latter leading to his arrest and removal from office.
Laureates for Nobel Prizes in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace will be presumably announced in October, with the awards ceremony taking place on 10 December 2025.
Mendoza (name)

Mendoza is a Basque surname, also occurring as a place name.
The name Mendoza means "cold mountain", derived from the Basque words mendi (mountain) and (h)otz (cold) + definite article -a (Mendoza being mendi+(h)otza). The original Basque form with an affricate sibilant (/ts/, Basque spelling ⟨tz⟩) evolved in Spanish to the current form.
Records of the Mendoza family can be traced back to the Middle Ages in Alava, in the Basque Country, Spain. It is believed that the family descends from the ancient Lords of Llodio (Alava), where the original patronymic house would have been. The Mendozas belonged to the local nobility, and branched out into different family lines early on.
The most distinguished branch of the family originated in what nowadays is known as the village of Mendoza, near Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country; the village takes its name after the family. A certain scion of this family, Iñigo Lopez de Mendoza, distinguished himself in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1218), where he probably served under the Navarrese banner. He was responsible for building the ancestral home of the family, the Tower of Mendoza, which still stands. This branch of the family entered the service of the Kingdom of Castile during the reign of Alfonso XI (1312–1350), and took active part in the Reconquista, where they quickly acquired extensive land holdings in Castile and southern Spain through military and political service. The members of the House of Mendoza intermarried extensively with the Castilian nobility, and the family has many descendants nowadays, with numerous nobility titles attached to it. The line of the Dukes of the Infantado formed one of the main branches of the family.
Another branch of the family was based in Laudio, 50km northwest from Vitoria-Gasteiz. The family got involved in the medieval bloody War of the Clans. Finally, in Erandio, a baserri exists under the same name. Its original name "mendotza" developed to "mendontze" in the 1890s, "mendoche" in the 1920s, "mendotxe" in the 1980s to the restored original of "mendotza" being the current. The surname spread quickly through Castile during the Middle Ages. With the discovery of America, many of its members would emigrate to the Americas, where the surname is common.
Tram Power

Tram Power is a Merseyside-based manufacturer of tramway vehicles. It built a single prototype, called the Citytram, which was tested on the Wirral Tramway and Blackpool Tramway from 2005 to 2007. The company is planning to build a tram line in Preston, Lancashire.
The City Class tram began life as a research paper in 1987, which addressed the question of LRV models increasing in weight and cost. A 4-tonne quarter-size mockup was built in 1993. A redundant 1930s tram in Blackpool had City Class running gear installed at one end and was tested from 1995 to 1997. A full-size 29-metre-long prototype LRV was built in parallel; it ran until 2000, when the TRAM GROUP, which had sponsored the project, ran out of money.
In 2005, the prototype was rebuilt with new running gear. It was tested on the Wirral Tramway for three months, then on the Blackpool Tramway. In November 2006, an agreement was reached for the prototype to run in passenger service until October 2007. Before this could occur, the prototype was heavily damaged by a fire during testing on 24 January 2007. A Railway Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) inquiry determined that the fire likely started in the 24-volt electrical system under the floor of the tram. No evidence was found that the driver or infrastructure contributed to the cause of the fire; the Blackpool Tramway was however rebuked for not having carried out a proper health and safety evaluation of the vehicle including a fire risk evaluation, and for not having in place proper safety management procedures for dealing with new technology.
In 2008, Tram Power was one of only two bidders on replacement rolling stock for the tram (streetcar) network in the Canadian city of Toronto. Tram Power's bid was ruled to be not commercially compliant. (The other bid, from Bombardier Transportation, also initially failed but a revised bid the following year eventually won the contract.)
As of 2017, the company (as Preston Tram Power) is attempting to build a tram line in Preston, Lancashire.
Dizale

Dizale zo ur gevredigezh (lezenn 1901) a-vicher war an advouezhiañ e brezhoneg abaoe 1998.
Sikouret eo Dizale gant ar C’huzul rannvro Breizh evit goprañ tud a-vicher, hag arbennig int war ar produiñ e brezhoneg n’eus forzh peseurt doare oberenn.
Ezel eo Dizale deus Films en Bretagne ha Kuzul Sevenadurel Breizh.
Tamm-ha-tamm e klask Dizale sevel ur gwir dakad produiñ e brezhoneg. E penn kentañ 2006 eo bet advouezhiet ar c’hentañ film sinema e brezhoneg gant ar grevredigezh. Sevenet oa bet gant ar memes skipailh tud a-vicher ur bern produksionoù all : tresadennoù-bev, rummadoù skinwel ha telefilmoù.
Barrek eo Dizale da respont da n’eus forzh peseurt ezhomm a zo evit ar chadennoù skinwel da geñver an advouezhiañ pe an istitlañ. Hag ouzhpenn respont d’an ezhommoù e fell d’ar grevredigezh krouiñ ivez.
Gant Dizale eo krouet BreizhVOD e 2012, ar servij en-linenn nemetañ hag a ginnig filmoù, tresadennoù-bev, teulfilmoù hag heuliadoù e brezhoneg.
Abaoe 2016 eo diazezet Dizale e Kemper (1, Straed ar Baradoz / 29000 Kemper).
THR Breizh

An Treuzdougen Herrek Rannvroel e Breizh (THR Breizh) a zo an trenioù, hag un nebeud karr-boutin, a gaver war beajoù e-barzh pe etre rannvro Breizh.
E 2009 e oa e-touez THR Breizh :
Tost da 330 tren a oa bemdeiz e 2009. Taolenn an niver a beajerien e diabarzh Breizh:
Stad an traoù e 2010.
Adalek 2009 e vez implijet 9 tren bibi war ar rouedad THR Breizh. An trenioù a c'hell implij n'eus forzh peseurt linenn ar rouedad dra ma c'hell implij daou mod tredan disheñvel pe mont gant e c'heflusker diesel war lodennoù n'int ket tredanaet.
Budjed ar rannvro evit 2011:
Evit korvoiñ e vez implijet 82 M€ roet gant ar rannvro ha 40M€ liammet da gwerzh an titouroù beajiñ. Skridaozañ adalek ar PDF-mañ, e brezhoneg! :
Tomaz Breizh

Tomaz Breizh (Tumas de Britanje), pe Tomaz Bro-Saoz (oberiant etre 1170 ha 1180), a oa ur c'hloareg hag ur barzh anavezet dreist-holl evit e varzhoneg henc'hallek Tristan, ur stumm eus mojenn Tristan hag Izold.
N'ouzer ket piv e oa, nag eus pelec'h e teue. En e oberenn e lavar ez eo Tomaz e anv dre ziv wezh. Diouzh e yezh e weler n'eo ket un Angl-ha-norman, hag e c'hallfe bezañ un Norman deuet da vevañ da Vro-Saoz. Dont a ra e lesanv eus ar barzh alaman Gottfried Strassburg en deus skrivet e oa bet awenet gant an Tristan skrivet gant "Thômas von Britanje". N'ouzer ket eus peseurt Breizh ez eus anv : Breizh-Veur pe Breizh-Vihan. Ker buan all, Tomaz a c'hallfe bezañ a orin eus Breizh, peogwir e oa liammoù etre Breizh ha Bro-Saoz dre diegezh ar Plantagenet. Ouzhpenn, ar Vretoned o doa kemeret ur perzh a-bouez en aloubadeg Bro-Saoz e 1066 ha kalz dalc'hoù o doa e kontelezh Richmond da skouer. Unan anezhe e voe orin ar Stuarted. Lavaret e vez alies e veze Tomaz e lez Herri II, met n’eus prouenn ebet.
Evel m'en deus en diskouezet Söderhjelm e fin an XIX kantved ez eo arabat meskañ Tomaz gant ar « mestr Tomaz », oberiant d'ar memes mare, hag en deus savet ar Roman de Horn.
Deuet eo e romant betek ennomp dindan stumm dek tamm tennet diouzh c'hwec'h dornskrid. Er penn kentañ e oa war-dro 12000 gwerzenn ennañ, met n'eus chomet nemet ur c'hwec'hvedenn anezhe ganeomp. Adsavet eo bet diwar un droidigezh graet e norseg, Saga Tristan (1226).
Evit skrivañ an Tristan, Tomaz en deus choazet chom hep tennañ e awen eus ar stummoù niverus a oa anezhe, hag heuliañ e soñj dezhañ e-unan. Hervez James J. Wilhelm en doa mestroniet an arz da skrivañ romantoù e galleg , en un doare kempennet met eeun ken ez eo burzhudus ». A-wezhioù e vez sellet outañ evel deraouer ar varzhoniezh kourtes, met hervez Tony Hunt, n'eo ket gwirheñvel.
Bag-treizh

Ur vag-treizh zo ur vag plat he strad a dalvez da dreuziñ ur stêr, un aber, ul lenn pe ur wazhenn-vor. Bihanoc'h eo eget ul lestr-treizh.
Ober a reer gant bigi-treizh evit lakaat tud ha karbedoù da dremen eus an eil ribl d'egile, pe e vefe ur stêr pe un aber, lec'h ma ne oa ket posupl, pe e oa re ger, sevel ur pont. A-wechoù int bet erlec'hiet gant pontoù bras uhel a-walc'h evit lezel ar bigi da dremen dindano.
War stêrioù ha lennoù hep red-dour kreñv e vez implijet ar bigi-treizh. Ar listri-treizh, hep strad plat, a implijer evit treuziñ dourioù rustoc'h.
Bigi-treizh zo a ra gant ur fun, en Afrika dreist-holl.
Kemeret e vez ar bigi-treizh e karg alies gant ar strollegezhioù tiriadel rak seveniñ a reont ur gefridi a servij foran.
Bag-treizh Eloka, e kêriadenn Eloka e-kichen Abidjan, evit treuziñ al loc'h.
Bag aet da get :
Bae Kiberen

Emañ Bae Kiberen e kreisteiz Breizh, en arvor Bro-Wened. En em astenn a ra etre ledenez Kiberen er c'hornôg, inizi Houad hag Edig er c'hreisteiz, hag an douar-bras en hanternoz. Er bae eo gwarezet a-walc'h ar mor diouzh an avelioù kornôg ha gwalarn.
Treuzet e vez ar bae gant listri-treizh a gas an dud eus an douar-bras da inizi Houad, Edig hag ar Gerveur hag e-leizh a vagoù-dre-lien a vez gwelet o verdeiñ eno ivez, adalek porzhioù-bageal Portaligen, ar C'hroesti pe an Drinded-Karnag.
Evit mont e-barzh bae Kiberen pa zeuont eus ar mervent e rank ar bagoù tremen a-dreuz Gored ar Venniged, un toullad kerreg en en astenn etre beg pellañ ledenez Kiberen hag inizi Houad hag Edig. Treizh an Tagnouz eo an tremen aesañ, tost da veg Kiberen. Da noz e vez diskouezet an hent d'ar bagoù gant tour-tan an Tagnouz.
Bae Bourc'hnevez

Bae Bourc'hnevez (baie de Bourgneuf e galleg) zo ur bae war aod ar Meurvor Atlantel, hag a zo er mervent d'al Liger-Atlantel hag er gwalarn d'ar Vande. Bae Breizh (baie de Bretagne e galleg) a veze graet dioutañ er Grennamzer.
Bevennet eo gant Beg Gweltaz en hanternoz, hag Enez Nervouster er mervent.
E Bae Bourc'hnevez en em daol ar Falleron ha Kanol Haute Perche.
Tudno

Tudno zo ur sant brezhon.
E anv en deus roet da Llandudno, en hanternoz Kembre, ha marteze da Bludunoù e Breizh.
Hervez ar vojenn e oa unan eus seizh mab Seithenyn, porzhier lez Gwyddno Garanhir. Mont a reas e vibien da venec'h da vBangor Is-Coed. Skoliet e voe Tudno gant sant Dunawd. Ac'haleno ez eas da Ben y Gogarth ma savas un iliz anvet Eglwys Tudno.
Lec'hioù all zo en e anv: 'Ffynnon Tudno'.
Daou lestr zo bet anvet war e lerc'h, USS Tudno ha St Tudno. St Tudno e oa al lestr-treizh e deroù ar bloavezhioù 1960 etre Llandudno hag Enez-Vanav.
Uraniom

Un elfenn gimiek eo an uraniom, 92 eo e niver atomek hag U e arouez. Skinoberiek-kenañ eo an uraniom.
Hini ebet eus e 26 izotop, eus U da U a zo stabil, met tri anezho a ya d'ober 100% eus an elfenn naturel : U (0,0055%), U (0.72%) ha U (99,2745%).
Yezh varv

Lavaret e vez ec'h eo marv ur yezh pa ne ra ganti ken hini ebet evel yezh kentañ, peurliesañ pa gemer ur yezh all he flas, evel, da skouer, ar c'hopteg hag a varvas pa voe bet kemeret e blas gant an arabeg hag o vont da anaon an holl dud a rae gantañ.
Yezhoù marv a c'hell leuskel war o lerc'h yezhoù bev, evel ar yezhoù bet diorroet diwar al latin.
Gwech ha gwechall e vez kavet yezhoù marv implijet c'hoazh evel yezhoù sakr evit lidoù relijiel evel ar geuzeg (ge'ez) hag an avesteg pe c'hoazh evit ar skiantoù, da skouer al latin er c'hrennamzer.
A-wechoù e roer ur vuhez nevez en-dro d'ur yezh varv ra ma teufe da vezañ ur yezh vev en-dro evel, da skouer, an hebraeg e Stad Israel pe c'hoazh ar c'herneveureg.
Rhun fab Urien

Rhun fab Urien, pe Rhun Ryfeddfawr (dibenn ar VI kantved - deroù ar VII kantved), a oa mab da Urien Rheged (wd. 550-90), roue Rheged en Hen Ogledd.
Tri breur en doa: Owain, Rhiwallon ha Pasgen. Owain, ar mab henañ, an hini a voe roue war-lerc'h o zad, pa voe lazhet en emgann ouzh ar Saozon. Barzhonegoù a voe savet gant ar barzh Taliesin da Urien hag Owain, met hini ebet da Rhun.
Un nebeudig traoù a ouzer diwar e benn. Testeniekaet eo e anv evel mab da Urien. Krediñ a reer eo-eñ an hini eo ar Run map Urbag(h)en a zo anv anezhañ en Annales Cambriae hag an Historia Brittonum (pennad 63), hag a gemeras perzh e badeziant Edwin, roue Northumbria, er bloaz 627, pa zivizas ar roue dont da vout kristen. Hogen, netra sur war ar poent-se.
Hervez an istorour saoz Beda Venerabilis eo Rhun an hini e vije an eskob Paulinus.
Gwaranieg

Ar gwaranieg (gwaranieg: Avañe'ẽ, LFE: [aʋaɲẽˈʔẽ]) eo an hini vrudetañ eus ar yezhoù gwaraniek, komzet gant war-dro 6 milion a dud e Paraguay, Bolivia, Brazil hag Arc'hantina, ha gant ur milion a zivroidi eus Paraguay e kêrioù bras Suamerika. Ofisiel eo e Paraguay, ma vez komzet gant 94% eus ar boblañs, e Bolivia hag e proviñsoù zo eus Arc'hantina. Skrivet e vez gant al lizherenneg latin.
Kar eo ar gwaranieg d'an nengatoueg komzet en Amazonia Brazil.
Ur yezh dazgludadek eo, taolmouezhiet war silabenn diwezhañ ar gerioù. N'eus ger-mell ebet na reizh ebet d'ar gerioù.
Yezhoù tibetek-burmek direnk

Ur bloc'had-mañ eus ar yezhoù sinek-tibetek eo ar yezhoù tibetek-burmek direnk ma vez renket ennañ an holl yezhoù tibetek-burmek ha n'eus ket tu d'o renkañ e hini ebet all eus skourroù ar familh-yezhoù-se.
Bez' ez eus eizh yezh er bloc'had-mañ:
Passport to Europe

Passport to Europe was an American television show on the Travel Channel from 2004 to 2006. The show follows the bubbly and upbeat television host Samantha Brown around Europe visiting various popular European cities, including prime travel destinations such as Berlin, Munich, Amsterdam, Venice, Florence, Rome, Paris and London, as well as smaller cities such as Stratford-upon-Avon, Penzance and Oxford in England.
In the course of each show, Brown tours each city and interacts with the town's locals (occasionally with the use of subtitles for the viewer, even for English-speaking countries, such as Scotland). She also visits local landmarks - including popular restaurants and shopping locales - and educates viewers on events in the city's history.
The show was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in 2006 in the same category that the Travel Channel series Great Hotels went on to win.
In July 2006, Brown announced that Passport to Europe had officially wrapped, and that Passport to Latin America would start filming in September 2006.
Passport to Europe won an Emmy award for "Outstanding Lifestyle Directing." Brown was quoted saying:
Brown also hosts Great Hotels.
Four DVDs were released:
Passport to Europe with Samantha Brown: England, Ireland and Scotland. It includes the following episodes:
Passport to Europe with Samantha Brown: Seven Fabulous Cities. It includes the following episodes:
Passport to Europe with Samantha Brown: Germany, Switzerland and Austria . It includes the following episodes:
Passport to Europe with Samantha Brown: France and Italy . It includes the following episodes:
Brittany Sellner

Brittany Sellner (née Pettibone; born October 7, 1992) is an American political activist, author and influencer. She has been active as a YouTuber, and advocates anti-feminist views and the Great Replacement conspiracy theory.
Sellner began her political activism in 2016 in support of Donald Trump's presidential campaign. She then actively promoted the Pizzagate conspiracy theory, and co-hosted the video podcast Virtue of the West with Tara McCarthy. The following year, she was one of the speakers at events that led to protests at Berkeley. She also traveled to France to support French presidential candidate Marine Le Pen, and to Sicily to join Generation Identity's efforts to stop NGO boats of African migrants. In 2018, she was refused entry to the United Kingdom and deported along with her boyfriend, Austrian Identitarian activist Martin Sellner, Brittany having planned to interview Tommy Robinson. The same year, together with Lauren Southern she met with and interviewed Russian ultranationalist Aleksandr Dugin. Sellner has also been noted to be a friend of Dutch right-wing influencer Eva Vlaardingerbroek, and appeared in anti-COVID-19 vaccination demonstrations.
Sellner describes herself as a "Catholic American nationalist", and advocates a "full stop on mass immigration". Critics such as the Anti-Defamation League have described her as an alt-right or alt-lite activist who traffics in white nationalist ideas, while she has been a major promoter of the Identitarian movement. She has also promoted the white genocide and George Soros conspiracy theories. At the same time, she is noted for presenting a "soft" and feminine tradwife influencer lifestyle on social media like Instagram, appealing to a more mainstream audience.
Together with her identical twin, Nicole, Sellner authored the science-fiction and fantasy novel Hatred Day under the pseudonym T.S. Pettibone in 2016. The novel was selected as one of Kirkus Reviews' Best Books Of 2016.
Originally from California, she married Martin Sellner, and moved to Austria in 2019. The couple had originally planned to get married in Idaho in the US, Brittany then living in Post Falls, before Martin had his visa cancelled, even though the couple received backing from the Kootenai County Republican Central Committee. In June 2019, the investigation of Martin for alleged contacts with Christchurch terrorist Brenton Tarrant widened to include Brittany, for her interview with Australian Blair Cottrell. Brittany and Martin Sellner had a son in 2021.
Emblem book

An emblem book is a book collecting emblems (allegorical illustrations) with accompanying explanatory text, typically morals or poems. This category of books was popular in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Emblem books are collections of sets of three elements: an icon or image, a motto, and text explaining the connection between the image and motto. The text ranged in length from a few lines of verse to pages of prose. Emblem books descended from medieval bestiaries that explained the importance of animals, proverbs, and fables. In fact, writers often drew inspiration from Greek and Roman sources such as Aesop's Fables and Plutarch's Lives.
Scholars differ on the key question of whether the actual emblems in question are the visual images, the accompanying texts, or the combination of the two. This is understandable, given that first emblem book, the Emblemata of Andrea Alciato, was first issued in an unauthorized edition in which the woodcuts were chosen by the printer without any input from the author, who had circulated the texts in unillustrated manuscript form. It contained around a hundred short verses in Latin. One image it depicted was the lute, which symbolized the need for harmony instead of warfare in the city-states of Italy.
Some early emblem books were unillustrated, particularly those issued by the French printer Denis de Harsy. With time, however, the reading public came to expect emblem books to contain picture-text combinations. Each combination consisted of a woodcut or engraving accompanied by one or more short texts, intended to inspire their readers to reflect on a general moral lesson derived from the reading of both picture and text together. The picture was subject to numerous interpretations: only by reading the text could a reader be certain which meaning was intended by the author. Thus the books are closely related to the personal symbolic picture-text combinations called personal devices, known in Italy as imprese and in France as devises. Many of the symbolic images present in emblem books were used in other contexts, on clothes, furniture, street signs, and the façades of buildings. For instance, a sword and scales symbolized death.
Emblem books, both secular and religious, attained enormous popularity throughout continental Europe, though in Britain they did not capture the imagination of readers to quite the same extent. The books were especially numerous in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, and France. Emblem books first became popular in the sixteenth century with Andrea Alciato's Emblemata and remained popular until the eighteenth century.
Many emblematic works borrowed plates or texts (or both) from earlier exemplars, as was the case with Geoffrey Whitney's Choice of Emblemes, a compilation which chiefly used the resources of the Plantin Press in Leyden.
Early European studies of Egyptian hieroglyphs, like that of Athanasius Kircher, assumed that the hieroglyphs were emblems, and imaginatively interpreted them accordingly.
A similar collection of emblems, but not in book form, is Lady Drury's Closet.
Temporada 2013 de IndyCar Series

La temporada 2013 de IZOD IndyCar Series, fue la temporada número 18 de la serie, contando que su principal evento las 500 Millas de Indianápolis en su edición 97°, una vez más la temporada contará con los coches con chasis Dallara DW-12, y motores Chevrolet y Honda. El patrocinador, la marca de ropa IZOD, patrocinó el campeonato hasta esta temporada.
A continuación, esto son los pilotos confirmados para la eventual temporada 2013, que contará con neumáticos F Firestone, que prorrogó recientemente su contrato hasta la temporada 2018.
El 30 de septiembre del 2012,​ se oficializó las19 pruebas de la temporada 2013,​ el calendario de la presente temporada (a expensas de confirmar las pocas posibilidades de la entrada de un circuito europeo en Mugello, Italia​), quedó así, anexando además de que por primera vez en muchos años de la historia del autromovilismo IndyCar, volverá la llamada Triple Corona,​ en la que en esta ocasión se incluye el regreso de Pocono, que no se corría cuando la serie se llamaba CART IndyCar World Series en la década de los 80's, junto a la prueba que se corre anualmente en Indianápolis y en el Auto Clujb Speedway, todas aquellas albergarán pruebas de 500 millas; adicionalmente, los organizadores de la serie ofrecerán a los pilotos un premio de $1'000.000 de dólares aquel piloto que logre ganar las 3 pruebas. El calendario está definido así:
Óvalo Circuito permanente Circuito callejero/mixto
Óvalo Circuito Permanente Circuito Callejero/Mixto
Los puntos se otorgan a los pilotos sobre las siguientes bases:
Pan de coco

El pan de coco es un tipo de pan que está elaborado con leche de coco (coco seco rallado con agua), levadura, harina de trigo, sal, manteca o aceite y azúcar.
La masa resultante se amasa de igual manera que un pan de trigo y el aspecto externo es como el pan de trigo. En muchas ocasiones se le da aspecto redondeado de media luna.
Se consume en varios países, especialmente aquellos cuya tradición culinaria está ligada al mar (y donde existe el cocotero): las islas de la Polinesia como Tahití o la región del Caribe (Jamaica, Guatemala, Honduras, República Dominicana, Venezuela, Nicaragua,​ Colombia.​).​
En Colombia es un pan muy común, encontrado en las panaderías, supermercados y restaurantes. En Jamaica es popular servir el patty en pan de coco.​ En general se considera un pan de desayuno, merienda o postre no como acompañamiento de comida. La receta varía de un lugar a otro.
Pilar Cruz

Pilar Cruz (Bogotá) es una economista colombiana, reconocida en la lista TIME100 Climate 2024 por su labor en el ámbito de la sostenibilidad.​​
Nacida en la capital colombiana de Bogotá, Pilar Cruz se licenció en Ciencias Económicas por la Universidad de Los Andes, y después cursó un Máster en Administración de Empresas por la Escuela de negocios Ross adscrita a la Universidad de Míchigan.​
Comenzó su carrera profesional como analista.​ En 2002 se incorporó a Cargill como asociada en Estrategia Corporativa y Desarrollo de Negocios y durante dos décadas fue desarrollando diferentes cargos en la compañía en los ámbitos de proteínas y nutrición animal, en Canadá, Estados Unidos, Brasil, Costa Rica, Nicaragua y el Reino Unido, entre otros.​ Ha sido presidenta de la filial Aqua Nutrition y en 2017, se convirtió en presidenta del negocio de alimentación y nutrición de Cargill a nivel mundial.​​ En 2021, la compañía la nombró directora de sostenibilidad, siendo la primera persona en ocupar el cargo y la primera persona de America Latina en pasar a formar parte de su equipo directivo.​​
A lo largo de su carrera, Cruz ha colaborado con otras compañías en la descarbonización de las cadenas de suministro.​ Se convirtió en miembro del consejo de administración de la empresa cotizada estadounidense que trabaja para la filtración de aire, aceite y líquidos industriales y de motores, Donaldson Company Inc y en el de la británica Avara Food Holding.​​ En 2022, fue nombrada miembro de la junta directiva del Programa Mundial de Alimentos.​​
En 2024, la revista TIME incluyó a Cruz en la lista TIME100 Climate 2024, lo que la reconocía como uno de los 100 líderes empresariales más influyentes del mundo en clima.​
Amer Delic

Amer Delic (n. 30 de junio de 1982 en Tuzla, bosnia-Herzegovina) es un jugador de tenis bosnio-estadounidense. Nació en Bosnia-Herzegovina pero se mudó a los Estados Unidos en 1996, y jugó bajo la bandera de ese país hasta 2010 cuando decidió representar a su país de nacimiento para disputar Copa Davis. En 2007 llegó a ocupar la posición Nº60 del ranking mundial.​