davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Mayian

Mayian, also known as Vatna Maiyun, Haldi, or Ubtan, is the term used for the preparation ceremony one day before Punjabi weddings of India and Pakistan. This ceremony is usually done in morning but sometimes done in late afternoon or early evening and after this ceremony bride/ groom take a shower and get ready for wedding. The Ceremony usually takes place at the couple's parental homes. It consists of many rites, including the Batna, Choora, Jaggo, fireworks and sometimes the ladies Sangeet and mehndi. In South Indian weddings a similar ceremony takes place called the "Pithi" ceremony.
One day before the wedding, the ceremony of mayian is performed at the couple's respective homes. The prospective bride or groom is seated on a wooden plank called a patri, and a red cloth is held above by four female relatives, while married women of the household and biradari, led by the mother, rub a paste of turmeric, flour and mustard oil on his or her face, arms and legs. During the ritual women sing traditional songs and those of the biradari receive the ritual gift of gogley (Punjabi sweets specially cooked for weddings) at the end of the ceremony.
On the morning before the wedding, a ritual of choora or chura is performed at the bride-to-be's residence, involving a set of ivory and red bangles. Her maternal uncle makes a gift of clothes, jewellery and some cash called nankey-shak. He puts the bangles on his niece while the women sing traditional songs depicting the role of maternal uncles. Before the wedding ceremony, the bride-to-be takes a ritual bath and dresses in the clothes in which she will be wed, provided by her maternal uncles. Similarly, the bridegroom-to-be also receives a set of clothes called sherwani from his maternal uncles which he, too, wears at the wedding ceremony. It signifies the importance of the role of the mother's natal family at the wedding rituals, and reinforces the alliance established at the mother's own wedding.
In the Batna/ Vatna rite, the couple's families rub yellow turmeric paste upon their legs, face, and arms while sitting on a patri (a special red board with embroidery) below a red cloth held by four women. This is done to cleanse and balance the body for married life.
In the Jaggo ceremony, the family dances and sings on the road in front and around the beautifully decorated wedding home. Jaggo is held in the last hours of the night. Copper vessels called "gaffers" are decorated with divas (clay lamps), filled with mustard oil, and lit. The bride/bridegroom's maternal aunt (mammi) carries it on her head, and another lady carries a long stick with bells, which she shakes. The ladies then go into other friends' and families' homes to be welcomed with sweets and drinks. They dance there and move on. It is a solemn ceremony filled with joy, dancing, fireworks, and food. The Ladies Sangeet (Ladies' Night of Singing) and mehndi might follow the mayian and dinner.
Joseph W. Clokey

Joseph Waddell Clokey (August 28, 1890, New Albany, Indiana – September 14, 1960, Covina, California) was an American educator, organist and composer of sacred and secular music in the first half of the 20th century.
A student of Edgar Stillman Kelley, he served as dean of the School of Fine Arts at his alma mater, Miami University, from 1939 until 1946, and had previously been professor of organ at Miami University (1916–1923) and Pomona College. He was a faculty initiate of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, and is responsible for several arrangements of music used in the fraternity's initiation ritual. As an undergraduate, he and Joseph M. Bachelor wrote the first song for the fraternity Phrenocon, which later became Phi Kappa Tau.
His work included two symphonies, including the "Dorian" Symphony, two orchestral suites, a string quartet, a cello and violin sonata, twelve choral works in large form, five operas, organ suites, many organ pieces, and more than a hundred published choral works. These include "The Musical Trust," a 1925 ballad about a flautist, a tuba-player, and a drum-and-cymbal combo who cannot make any money on their own so they form a band together. This piece incorporates snatches from familiar American tunes including "Turkey in the Straw," "Ta-ra-ra Boom-de-ay," "The Stars and Stripes Forever," "Dixieland," "Jingle Bells," "How Dry I Am," "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp" and "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean."
Clokey's father (also named Joseph Clokey) was a Presbyterian pastor, and this was certainly an influence on the younger Joseph Clokey's focus on sacred music. He was one of the most widely sung composers in churches during the 1950s.
He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.
His son, Art Clokey, was the creator of clay animation characters Gumby, Pokey and Davey and Goliath.
For a time, there was a building on the Miami University campus named Clokey Hall until it was torn down. When Sesquicentennial Chapel was built at Miami University, the organ loft was named after Clokey as well.
In 1987, composer John Ness Beck founded the John Ness Beck Foundation in memory of Clokey and Randall Thompson to promote traditional sacred choral music.
Eured

An eured (pe eureud) zo ur fest a vez graet en-dro da zimeziñ daou bried, a zo vont da vevañ er stad a briedelezh.
Disheñvel eo an euredoù hervez ar broioù, ar pobloù, ar relijionoù, ha renk an dud er gevredigezh. E broioù zo e c'hoarvez an dimeziñ hervez lezenn a-raok deiz an eured, pa vez sinet ur baperenn hervez lezenn gant an daou bried nevez.
E Breizh, hervez ar c'hiz en Europa ar c'hornôg, e vez sinet ar baperenn ofisiel en ti-kêr da zeiz an eured, ha daou dest a vez o sinañ ivez.
Ar paotr-nevez a vez graet eus ar paotr o timeziñ, ar plac'h-nevez eus danvez e wreg. An dud-nevez a vez graet eus an daou bried.
Div lodenn a vez en eured eta : an dimeziñ, al lid a vez graet gant ur beleg er c'hevredigezhioù pe meteier relijiel, gant un den diveleg a-raok, pe war-lerc'h al lid relijiel, pe en e lec'h ; ar pred eured (anvet friko e Kerne-Izel) hag an diduamantoù a ya da-heul.
Gallout a ra ar re a c'houlenn, ma'c'h anavezont ur c'huzulier-kêr hag a zo brezhoneger a-walc'h, bezañ dimezet e brezhoneg, da lavarout eo klevout ur gaoz ofisiel e brezhoneg. An traoù ofisiel avat, ar paperioù, ne vezont nemet e galleg. Gallout a reer eureudiñ e brezhoneg en iliz ivez, ma kaver ur beleg hag a oar brezhoneg.
Pa veze un intañv pe un intañvez oc'h addimeziñ e veze graet cholori gwechall.
E broioù zo e vez dimezet paotred etreze pe plac'hed etreze
Loa eured

Ul loa eured a zo ul loa goad hag a brofe ar baotred d'ar merc'hed e Breizh en XIX kantved. Dre ar prof-se e tiskoueze ar paotr d'ar plac'h e oa prest da zimeziñ ganti hag er mod-se e oa kadarnaet o dimeziñ. Da gustum eo jeometrik ar stummoù kizellet war al loa, met kavout a reer kalonoù alies ivez. Eorioù a gaver war loaioù graet gant martoloded, met ivez hern-marc'h, kroazioù, kleier hag all.
Diskouez a rae kened al loa pegen pinvidik hag en e aez e oa ar paotr yaouank. War a seblant e teuas an hengoun-se diouzh ar boaz a oa gant kouvidi un eured da gas o loa ganto, rak a-hed daou pe tri dervezh friko ha fest, ha kantadoù a dud, ne oa ket trawalc'h a loaioù d'an holl. Goude an eured e tiskouezed al loa ouzh moger an ti.
Ober a reer loaioù eured c'hoazh hiziv an deiz, dreist-holl da ginklañ an ti ha da virout an hengoun. Artizaned 'zo e Lokorn (Bro-Gerne) a ra loaioù eured c'hoazh.
Al loa eured koshañ a oa bet kavet en Alamagn ha hi bloaziadet 1664. An hini goshañ eus a Vro-Gembre, lec'h m'emañ kreñv an hengoun, a voe bloaziadet 1667. Evelato e seblant an hengoun-se bezañ koshoc'h.
llwy caru pe llwy cariad a vez graet eus al loa a vez roet d'an hini garet.
Eured Kana (Bosch)

Eured Kana zo un daolenn a vez lakaet war gont Hieronymus Bosch (war-dro 1453 – war-dro 1516) hag a zo war ziskouez e Mirdi Boijmans Van Beuningen e Rotterdam, en Izelvroioù. Meur a zoare all eus an daolenn zo anavezet. Betek nevez zo eo hini ar mirdi Boijmans a veze lakaet da dalenn orin. Ur studi istorel en deus diskouezet ne c'halle ket bezañ bet graet a-raok 1544, da lavarout eo tregont vloaz da vihanañ goude marv an arzour. Ar chas bihan en traoñ en tu kleiz zo bet lakaet diwezhatoc'h.
Bro Pourlet

Ar Vro Pourlet zo unan eus broioù bihan Breizh, a glot mui pe vui gant kanton ar Gemene. 21 barrez a ya d'ober anezhi. Laret e vez Bro ar Gemene anezhi ivez, ha Bro ar mil bouton a veze laret ivez gwechall, abalamour da wiskamant ar baotred.
Ur sevenadur dibar zo enni : un taol-mouezh gwenedeg, dilhadoù hengounel, sonerezh ispisial.
Ar garrikell a vez lâret eus ar c'hoef.
Bro-Bagan

Bro-Bagan, a-wechoù ar Vro Bagan, a zo ur vroig hengounel, diresis he harzoù, a-hed aod norzh Bro-Leon, etre an Aber-Ac'h er c'hornaoueg ha Bae Goulc'hen er reter. Dre vras e lakaer e-barzh kumunioù Gwiseni, Kerlouan, Brignogan, Plouneour-Traezh, hag a-wechoù Plougerne ha Goulc'hen. Evit a sell ar c'hiz "pagan" e laka Reun Kreston e-barzh ivez Plouider, Kernouez ha Sant-Fregan.
When Johnny Comes Marching Home

When Johnny Comes Marching Home, pe When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again, zo ur ganaouenn stadunanat, savet da vare ar Brezel Diabarzh, diwar-benn c'hoant ar soudarded da vont d'ar gêr da welout o zud ha mignoned.
Savet e voe gant Patrick Gilmore en 1863 ha sinet Louis Lambert, war don ur ganaouenn iwerzhonat, Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye, ur ganaouenn a-enep ar brezel. Gilmore a oa deuet da Amerika goude 1848. En arme SUA e oa pa skrivas e ganaouenn, o soñjal, a greder, en e c'hoar Annie Gilmore, a bede evit he danvez-pried John O'Rourke, kabiten en arme. Homañ avat n'eo ket ur ganaouenn a-enep ar brezel, n'eus kaoz enni nemet eus levenez an dud pa zistro ar soudarded d'ar gêr.
War batrom ar ganaouenn-mañ e voe savet reoù all.
Sed ar gerioù skrivet gant Gilmore:
In My Life (kanaouenn, The Beatles)

In My Life (Em buhez) a zo ur ganaouenn saoznek savet, evit an darn vrasañ anezhi, gant ar c'haner-sonaozer saoz John Lennon.
Enrollet e voe gant The Beatles d'an 18 ha 22 a viz Here 1965 e Studioioù Abbey Road (Londrez) hag embannet d'an 3 a viz Kerzu da-heul, evel holl sonennoù an albom Rubber Soul. Ouzhpenn izili voas ar strollad e kemeras perzh George Martin (1926-2016) en enrolladenn ivez, o seniñ al lodenn biano a voe buanaet da-c'houde evit ma tennje son ar benveg-seniñ da hini ur c'hlavisim.
E miz Kerzu 2004 e oa bet lakaet da deirvet warn-ugent e Listennad ar 500 kanaouenn wellañ bet embannet hervez Rolling Stone.
Embannet e oa bet In His Own Write (e miz Meurzh 1964) hag A Spaniard in the Works (e miz Mezheven 1965) gant Lennon. Ar pezh a reas da dud 'zo — Kenneth Allsop (1920-1973) en o zouez — da gaout keuz na vije ket pozioù e ganaouennoù ken personel ha reoù e levrioù. Setu ma tivizas Lennon sevel ur sonenn ma vije kavet eñvorennoù resis e vugaleaj e Liverpool enni. Da gentañ-penn e kemeras In My Life stumm un hir a varzhoneg o venegiñ an holl lec'hioù a dremene dreze pa yae gant ar bus eus Menlove Avenue (el lec'h m'edo o chom) da Docker's Umbrella. Goude marv John Lennon e c'houlennas Yoko Ono digant Elliot Mintz (1945-) ober war-dro paperioù he gwaz ha kavet e voe doare kentañ ar sonenn gant hemañ. Buan a-walc'h e voe dilezet ar mennozh-mañ gant an aozer a reas e soñj da skrivañ diwar-benn ar vugaleaj hag ar c'hrennoad aet da get.
Diwezhatoc'h e fizias Lennon e Pete Shotton (1941-2017) — ur mignon kozh dezhañ — en devoa krouet ar gerioù "With lovers and friends I still can recall Some are dead and some are living" o soñjal ennañ hag e Stuart Sutcliffe (1940-1962, kentañ soner gitar-boud The Beatles).
Evel re alies e savas trouz etre Lennon ha McCartney e-keñver ton In My Life : Lennon a lavaras e oa bet skoazellet gant McCartney evit echuiñ ul lodenn ma oa sac'het warni ha McCartney a eilgerias en devoa e beursavet...
E-touez tud all : Johnny Cash, Judy Collins, John Denver, José Feliciano, The Seekers.
Tennessee Williams

Tennessee Williams (Thomas Lanier Williams III ; Columbus (Mississippi), 26 a viz Meurzh 1911 – New York, 25 a viz C'hwevrer 1983) a oa un dramaour, ur senarioour , ur romantour hag ur barzh stadunanat.
Diaes e voe e yaouankiz abalamour d'e dad a oa ur mezvier feuls. E c'hoar Rose Isabelle a voe lobotomizet, ar pezh a levezonas kalz buhez arzel Tennessee Williams hag a roas he fersonelezh da veur a dudenn en e skridoù.
Savet en deus danevelloù ha pezhioù-c'hoari a vez alies dodenn ar follentez pe an dud kollet enno.
E-touez e senariooù brudetañ emañ A Streetcar Named Desire (Un trammgarr anvet C'hoantad") haCat on a Hot Tin Roof (Kazh war un doenn houarn-gwenn tomm-gor").
Meur a film a voe savet diwar e oberennoù gant Elia Kazan ha Joseph Mankiewicz a-douez re all.
Erwan Evenou

Erwan Evenou (ez-ofisiel:Yvon Évenou), ganet d'ar 14 a viz C'hwevrer 1940 en Aljer, marvet d'ar 25 a viz Ebrel 2020, zo yezhour, skrivagner brezhonek ha skrivagner gallek. Bet eo ivez kelenner saozneg ha brezhoneg, hag emsaver sindikadel, yezhel ha politikel. Bevet en deus en Aljeria e-pad darn e yaouankiz, evel ma kont en e romant diazezet war e vuhez. Skoliad eo bet e SADED. Kelenn a reas saozneg e skolaj ar Faoued a-raok mont da Aljeria da gelenn ha dont da gelenner brezhoneg pa voe tapet gantañ ar c’h-CAPES brezhoneg. Goude-se e voe anvet da enseller brezhoneg evit an eil derez war-lerc’h Pierre Bernard.
Div wech e voe medalennet gant an Ordre des Palmes académiques.
Unan hepken eus e dud-kozh a oa breton.
War un dro gant e labour er sindikad SNI-PEGC e voe unan eus emsaverien bennañ Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh. Bet eo sekretour Galv (e galleg: « comité d'action progressiste pour la langue bretonne ») er bloavezhioù 1970. Gant e skipailh voe aozet ar gerzhadeg a voe e 1971 etre Ploue hag an An Oriant. En noz kent e voe lojet an dud er Faoued.
E-pad pell en doa graet war-dro skol gouren ar Faoued, bet krouet gantañ pell zo, er barrez m'edo o chom.
Evel ezel eus Unvaniezh Demokratel Breizh e savas meur a bennad evit kelaouennoù ar strollad, ken e galleg evit Le Peuple breton, ken e brezhoneg evit Pobl Vreizh hag ivez evit Al Liamm, dreist-holl ur pennad "kleiz ha Breizh", a zo a dalvoudegezh vras.
Embannet en deus ivez ul levr barzhonegoù, tri romant e brezhoneg, ur romant e galleg hag ur studiadenn e galleg a-zivout ar brezhoneg en deskadurezh hag er vuhez foran.
Lionel Henry

Lionel Henry, ganet d'ar 26 a viz Ebrel 1970 e Roazhon, zo un istorour hag ur politikour breizhat. Kelenner skolaj eo, war an Istor hag an Douaroniezh ha skrivet en deus meur a levr gallek diwar-benn Istor Breizh a-vremañ.
Maer Mousterel-ar-Gwast eo abaoe miz Mezheven 2020.
Komz a ra brezhoneg.
Thierry Jamet

Thierry Jamet zo un embanner breizhat. Kelenner brezhoneg eo bet gant ar gevredigezh Kentelioù an Noz, e Pornizh.
Savet en doa Embannadurioù an Amzer e Naoned, da gentañ, ha freuz-stal a voe graet. Goude en deus savet An Amzer embanner e Pornizh.
Gantañ eo bet embannet ar c'hentañ manga e brezhoneg.
Loreet eo bet gant Priz brezhoneger ar bloaz e 2013, er Prizioù, roet gant F3 Breizh hag Ofis Publik ar Brezhoneg.
Youenn Kervalan

Youenn Kervalan eo anv-pluenn Ronan an Henaff (pe Ronan an Henañ), ur skrivagner brezhoneg eus Lokorn.
Ur romant Dremmoù Arrasate zo bet embannet e 2009 gant embannadurioù Al Lanv : ur Vreizhadez yaouank eus Lokorn a zibab pellaat diouzh he bro. E Bourdel e ra ar studierez anaoudegezh gant ur studier euskarat... Padal ur romant politikel eo Dremmoù Arrasate kentoc'h eget ur romant karantez, un digarez da lakaat ar gaoz war c'houlennoù o sevel e-touez stourmerien Bro-Euskadi : dizalc'hidigezh pe emrenerezh, stourm armet kuzh pe stourm politikel digor ? An istor karantez a gas da brederiañ war un dro diwar-benn peseurt tu e c'hellfe mont ur stourm Breton.
Liammoù Breizh-Euskal Herria a zo danvez boutin a-walc'h e lennegezh Breizh. War ar memes danvez dre vras, ez eus bet embannet ur romant e galleg gant Pierre-Emmanuel Marais : Ne m'appelle pas Lola (emb. Yoran Embanner 2009).
Deuet eo e eil romant er-maez e 2013, e ti Al Lanv adarre : Ar Waremm Vras (316 pajenn). Savet eo al levr en-dro da vuhez Gaid Bozeg, labourerez-douar e tiegezh ar Waremm Vras, e parrez Plogoneg : penaos e oa bet heskinet e skol ar seurezed en abeg d'ar brezhoneg, penaos he doa bevet ul lazhadeg ha palforsadeg spontus kaset da benn er Waremm Vras gant ur skouadron soudarded alaman e 1943, chomet-hi mut war-lerc'h ar gwall daol-se, ha penaos a-benn ar fin e teu skleurenn an esper en-dro pa c'hoarvez dezhi klevout bugaligoù eus skol Diwan o vont e brezhoneg gant ar varc'hadourez madigoù. An danevell-vuhez a ro tro d'ar skrivagner da livañ gant hiraezh an diskar eus al labour-douar a wechall, eus ar sevenadurezh hag ar yezh a yae da heul. "Petra an diaoul a oa c'hoarvezet er vro-mañ evit d'an dud nac'hañ an hêrezh-se, cheñch yezh ha mont da heul ar c'hiz, gallegañ evel tud-kêr ?" (p. 240).
Nevez a-walc'h el lennegezh vrezhonek eo an doare da zisklêriañ euzhennoù an arme nazi (a-hervez, diwar eñvorennoù chomet bev er c'horn-bro) ha da veuliñ taolioù kaer ar Rezistanted.
Youenn Kervalan en deus embannet traoù evit ar yaouankiz ivez:
Kontadennoù skrivet gantañ a oa bet troet pe en oksitaneg (Lo Nadal dels chòts, Institut d'estudis occitans, 1987) pe e korseg (U miraculu di Natalé, Scola corsa, 1987).
Barzhonegoù a zeu gantañ ouzhpenn (peurvuiañ er gelaouenn Al Lanv).
Brezhoneg Treger

Perzhioù dibar zo da vrezhoneg Treger (pe tregerieg), en distagadur, er yezhadur, er c'heriaoueg, goude ma kaver disheñvelderioù etre an daou benn eus ar vro.
Distaget e vez
Vogalennoù friet:
Distaget e vez
Gwir eo ivez n'eo ket "peurunvan" ar rannyezh, ha traouigoù disheñvel a c'haller kavout e pevar c'horn ar vro:
Gerioù ha troiennoù zo ha ne gaver ket nemeur e-maez Treger, pe tamm ebet. Darn zo stag ouzh ur c'hornad, evel todion, skribiton, ... evel a c'hoarvez er rannyezhoù all. Geriennoù deuet eus an tunodo, luc'haj ar Roc'h-Derrien, zo en em strewet e brezhoneg ar c'hantonioù tro-dro. Perzhioù heñvel ouzh brezhoneg Leon a gaver a-wechoù e Treger-Izel.
Skrivagnerien 'zo o deus graet gant tregerieg e mod pe vod en o skridoù. En o zouez emañ:
Riwanon Kervella

Riwanon Kervella (Landreger, ganet e miz Kerzu 1950) zo ur skrivagnerez hag un embannerez vrezhonek. Aet eo da brezidantez Kuzul ar Brezhoneg goude bezañ bet renerez Skol Ober. Savet ha troet he deus un toullad testennoù ha pennadoù brezhone. Oberiant eo e Skourr Breizh ar C'hendalc'h Keltiek.
Bevet he deus he bugaleaj e Lannuon. Merc'h eo d'ar yezhadurour Frañsez Kervella ha d'e bried Ivetig an Dred-Kervella. Emañ o vevañ bremañ en ur bourkig a Vro-Dreger. Studiet he deus saozneg ha brezhoneg e Roazhon ha bet eo e Kembre e-pad bloaz, m'he doa labouret. Bet he deus ivez ur vestroniezh war ar brezhoneg. Kelennet he deus brezhoneg e skol-veur Gaillimh en Iwerzhon e-pad bloaz.
Abaoe 1977 e ra war-dro Skol Ober, koshañ skol dre lizher e Breizh evit deskiñ brezhoneg. Bet eo bet betek 400 den a laka o anv bep bloaz e Skol Ober, met digresket zo bet an niverenn da 100 ha betek 42 gelenner a-youl-vat a zo bet ouzh o sikour da zeskiñ pe da beurzeskiñ yezh ar vro.
Gant e vreur, Divi Kervella, (marvet e 2017), hag ur mignon, Maoris Joubin, he deus savet an ti-embann An Alarc'h e 2003 hag embannet e vez ganto meur a levr brezhonek bep bloaz.
Labourat a ra gant meur a di-embann brezhonek dre he c'harg e Kuzul ar Brezhoneg, un digarez da gejañ gant tud a bep seurt, danvez skrivagnerien en o zouez.
Argouroù

An argouroù zo ur voazamant kozh hag a gaver c'hoazh e broioù zo, da reiñ arc'hant pe vadoù d'ur paotr nevez a-berzh tud ar plac'h nevez evit kadarnaat un eured.
Hir eo istor an argouroù, ur voazamant a zo boutin da veur a sevenadur en Europa, Suazia, pe Afrika. Kemmañ a ra ar ster ivez hervez ar sevenadurioù met alies e servij da ober war-dro ar wreg en he ziegezh nevez, hag evit se eo e vez roet d'ar gwaz da verañ keit ma pado ar briedelezh. Pa vez torret an eured e rank an argouroù bezañ rentet d'ar vaouez.
Breton costume

Breton costume is the style of clothing worn by the Bretons (people in Brittany, the Celtic region of France) as formal wear or festive clothing.
Everyday versions are less varied, although some are decorated according to profession or location. The women wear long dresses with white aprons, lace collars with lace headdresses. And men wear a white shirt with black trousers along with a close-fitting vest. The distinctive Breton costume is deeply associated with their culture. In the early 20th century there were said to be nearly 800 different types of the Breton lace headdress.
Since the late twentieth century, the traditional dress is almost always worn during special religious events (pardons) and cultural events involving Celtic Circles; leading to the "Breton costume" becoming "folk costume" of the region.
Breton (hat)

A Breton (or Bretonne) is a woman's hat with a round crown and a deep brim that is turned upwards all the way round, exposing the face. Sometimes the hat has a domed crown. Typically it is worn tilted to the back of the head.
The style first appeared under this name in the 19th century and was generally made of lightweight and malleable material such as straw or felt. It is said to derive from the straw hats traditionally worn by Breton agricultural workers. It is not to be confused with the Breton cap, a fabric cap with a peak at the front associated with fishermen.
The Breton had a revival of popularity in the 1960s, with high-profile wearers helping to make it fashionable. During this era it also appeared in more extreme styles, with oversized turned-back brims. After British model Jean Shrimpton caused a scandal at the Melbourne Cup Carnival in Australia in 1965 by attending Derby Day hatless, bare legged and in a short summer frock, she returned three days later to the Melbourne Cup in a sober tailored suit with a large ice-blue straw Breton hastily created by local milliner Adele Chapeaux of South Yarra. In 1968, a neat straw version was worn right on the back of the head by Mia Farrow in the horror film Rosemary's Baby.
Such was the hat's popularity that The Times fashion editor Prudence Glynn singled it out in 1966 as part of the British 'uniform' at official summer events. In a feature warning of the perils of choosing an expensive occasion outfit in a country where the weather could not be relied upon, she said: "Look at the photographs taken at the Derby. The weather couldn't have been more unpromising, yet there were the British ladies staunchly parading the British Special Occasion Outfit (Subsection: Race Meetings) – Sling back shoes, wind-torn Bretons clapped onto untidy damp hair, nodding and smiling away under tons of artificial pansies and draped tulle."
As well as coming in a variety of sizes, Bretons may feature additional details such as feathers, flowers and ribbon trims.
In 1955, Christian Dior introduced the wide-brimmed Breton – also known as the padre hat – for its resemblance to ecclesiastical headgear. Unlike the more traditional tipped back Breton, this model was worn flat on the head.
List of cobblestone streets

A cobbled street or cobblestone road, is a street or road paved with cobblestones.
There are many historic streets that are cobbled. In the United States, several of these are recognized in the National Register of Historic Places.
The following is a list of streets and roads which are famed or notable for being paved with cobbles (natural stone), setts (cut stone), artificial pavers (i.e. concrete or brick), or similar masonry works (natural, cut, or artificial).
Church Street in Bangalore, and several streets in the historic French 'White Town' in Pondicherry are examples of cobblestone paved streets.
List of long-distance footpaths

This is a list of some long-distance footpaths used for walking and hiking.
Japan is also home to several lengthy pilgrimage routes, such as the 1,200 km (750 mi) Shikoku Pilgrimage that visits 88 temples and Mount Kōya. Today these temples and shrines are easily accessible by car and mass transit, but many visitors choose to walk the traditional routes.
The Great Himalaya Trail is a proposed 4,500 km (2,800 mi) trail from Namche Barwa, Tibet to Nanga Parbat, Pakistan, with sections in Bhutan, China, and India. It uses existing trails, many of which are trekking, trade, or pilgrimage routes, but no new trails have been built. Starting near Kanchenjunga in the east and ending in Humla in the west, the Nepal section has been walked and documented and is about 1,600 km (990 mi).
Some of the best known footpaths in Europe are joined by 12 designated European long-distance paths over some 70,000 km (43,000 mi). Some other popular international routes include:
Some of the best-known National Trails in England and Wales include:
Three famous north–south trails spanning the USA comprise the Triple Crown of Hiking:
Other popular trails include:
280 km from Atlantic to Pacific coasts of Costa Rica
• El Camino de Costa Rica [4]
French Church, Waterford

The French Church, also known as Greyfriars Abbey, is a former Franciscan friary which was built in 1241 on what is now Greyfriars and Baileys New Street, Waterford in Ireland. At the entrance to the ancient church stands a monument to Luke Wadding, a seventeenth-century Waterford-born priest. This friary was one of the first to be built in Ireland, being founded by the Anglo-Norman Knight Sir Hugh Purcell.
In 1394 Richard II lodged in the church while making plans for his assault on the Irish clans in the Wicklow Mountains. It was said to be the scene of the surrender of four Irish clan chiefs (the O'Conor Don, de Burgo, O'Brien and O'Kennedy) to Richard II in 1395 when he made one of his two visits to Ireland.
In the late fifteenth century a bell tower was added which is 25 metres high and it is still in evidence today. The bells from this tower were sold in 1541 by Henry VIII and are said to be now in Christchurch Cathedral nearby. The bell frame which suspended the bells remained on the site until 1809. With the dissolution the contents of the property was sold and on I9 January 1541 "A rather large sum of money was realised from the sale of the chattels of the friary—£34.8s,7d compared to the Blackfriars’ sale, £24.13s.8d. By 1541 one bell remained unsold".
It was said to be "So near to the walls and Reginald's Tower was the friary that it was said that it was very necessary for the strength, defence and convenience of the city".
The friary was suppressed by the dissolution of the monasteries of April 1541 by Henry VIII, but the friars were allowed to remain in the city. Henry VIII granted a charter in 1544 to convert part of the building into a hospital/almshouse.
In the seventeenth century, the choir of the church was adapted by Bishop Nathaniel Foy for use by Huguenots who had been invited to Waterford to work in the linen industry. This led to the name "French Church".
Among the graves in the graveyard are those of: Sir Hugh Purcell (in about 1250), who was the founder of the church and lies beside of the high altar; Lord Richard Poer (8 August 1607), Baron of Curraghmore, an ardent supporter of the Catholic faith and that of his wife, Catherine de Barry, daughter of the Great Barry, Viscount of Buttivant; Sir Nicholas Walsh (12 April 1615), one of the chief judges of the kingdom in the Court of Common Pleas. Another notable buried on 3 April 1635 was Nicholas Power, Lord of Kilmeaden Also buried there is John Roberts (1712/14–1796), architect.
52°15′38″N 7°06′24″W﻿ / ﻿52.26046°N 7.10659°W﻿ / 52.26046; -7.10659
Semi-formal wear

Semi-formal wear or half dress is a grouping of dress codes indicating the sort of clothes worn to events with a level of formality between informal wear and formal wear. In the modern era, the typical interpretation for men is black tie for evening wear and black lounge suit for day wear, corresponded by either a pant suit or an evening gown for women.
Whether one would choose to wear morning or evening semi-formal has traditionally been defined by whether the event will commence before or after 6:00 p.m.
In addition, equivalent versions may be permitted such as ceremonial dresses (including court dress, diplomatic uniforms and academic dress), religious clothing, national costumes, and military mess dress.
For evening wear (after 6 p.m.), the code is black tie. In formal evening dress, or white tie dress, this practice of substituting colors in ties is much less common since men's fashion tends to follow tradition more deeply as it becomes more formal.
The origins of evening semi-formal attire date back to the later 19th century when Edward, Prince of Wales (subsequently Edward VII), wanted a more comfortable dinner attire than the swallowtail coat.
In spring 1886, the Prince invited James Potter, a rich New Yorker, and his wife Cora to Sandringham House, the Prince's hunting estate in Norfolk. When Potter asked for the Prince's dinner dress code, the Prince sent him to his tailor, Henry Poole & Co., in London, where he was given a suit made to the Prince's specifications with the dinner jacket.
On returning to Tuxedo Park, New York, in 1886, Potter's dinner suit proved popular at the Tuxedo Park Club. Not long afterward, when a group of men from the club chose to wear such suits to a dinner at Delmonico's Restaurant in New York City, other diners were surprised. They were told that such clothing was popular at Tuxedo Park, so the particular cut then became known as the "tuxedo".
From its creation into the 1920s, this dinner jacket was considered appropriate dress for dining in one's home or club, while the tailcoat remained in place as appropriate for public appearance.
For formal dining, uniformed services officers and non-commissioned officers often wear mess dress equivalents to the civilian black tie and evening dress. Mess uniforms may vary according to the wearers' respective branches of the armed services, regiments, or corps, but usually include a short Eton-style coat reaching to the waist. Some include white shirts, black bow ties, and low-cut waistcoats, while others feature high collars that fasten around the neck and corresponding high-gorge waistcoats. Some nations' armed services have black tie and white tie equivalent variants in their mess dress.
In tropical areas, primarily in Western diplomatic and expatriate communities, Red Sea rig is sometimes worn, in which the jacket and waistcoat are omitted and a red cummerbund and trousers with red piping are worn instead.
Formal trousers

Formal trousers, also known as formal striped trousers or colloquially spongebag trousers, are grey striped or patterned formal trousers for day attire in traditional Western dress code, primarily associated with formal morning dress or secondly its semi-formal equivalent black lounge suit. Traditionally made from heavy wool ranging from worsted, melton to partial twill weave, the pattern is most often of a muted design in stripes of black, silver, white and charcoal grey in various combinations (not to be confused with pinstripe or chalkstripe, which are formed of single thin lines spaced equally apart). In addition, formal trousers may also come in check patterns, such as houndstooth check, or plaids, although these variants are widely considered as not the most formal.
Typically, formal trousers are intended to be worn with braces with a fishtail back covered by a waistcoat, and have pleats for correct ironing result and comfort. Likewise, for traditional reasons of formality, they do not have turn-ups, since these are considered less formal.
The British synonym "cashmere striped trousers" refers to the actual name of the stripe pattern, and not to the fabric. Similarly, the slang term "spongebag trousers" or "spongebags" is due to the perceived similarity of the distinctive stripe pattern to traditional sponge-bags, a bag of toiletries (but does not apply to check patterns). In Germany, the synonym "Stresemann trousers" occurs, for the same reasons as the semi-formal stroller is called a "Stresemann".
Formal trousers were originally introduced in the first half of the 19th century as a complement to the then widely worn frock coat. As established formal day attire trousers, they were subsequently introduced to go with the morning dress, which in turn gradually replaced the frock coat as formal day attire standard by 20th century, along with its semi-formal equivalent black lounge suit.
Media related to Formal trousers at Wikimedia Commons
Mabel Esther Allan

Mabel Esther Allan (11 February 1915 – 14 May 1998) was a British author of about 170 children's books.
Mabel Esther Allan was born at Wallasey on the Wirral Peninsula in Cheshire (now Merseyside). She decided to be an author at the age of eight; her father bought her a writing desk and taught her how to type. When the family moved, Allan was given a study in which to write.
Her eyesight was poor, which her parents 'took...very badly and wrongly'. It was such a taboo subject that she never discussed it with anyone until she was almost thirty, when it spontaneously improved. Her eyesight was the reason she disliked school.
She published a few short stories in the 1930s, and had longer submissions accepted, but her activities were interrupted by the Second World War. Allan served in the Women's Land Army and taught at a crowded school in Liverpool. In 1945 she sent the manuscript of The Glen Castle Mystery to her publisher, and this first book was published in 1948. Like L.M. Montgomery's characters, she began writing her books with a 'Flash': a sense of possessing a landscape for a story. 'It was the basis of all my writing', she commented in a 2006 foreword to Chiltern Adventure.
Although Allan, like many authors of the era, often used the school-book genre, she was a proponent of A.S. Neill, founder of an educational philosophy which promoted freedom and self-discipline in childhood. Most of her fictional schools, significantly, were co-educational.
Her books include adventure stories, mysteries, stories about families and local communities, school stories and ballet stories. She wrote for various ages and her books did not follow a "settled pattern." Her ballet stories include the Drina series and the Ballet Family series written under the pen-name Jean Estoril. She also wrote under the pen-names Priscilla Hagon and Anne Pilgrim. Most of her books were standalones but she did pen a few series, such as two series about groups of modern city children: the Wood Street Gang from Liverpool and the boys and girls of Almond House flats who attend Pine Street School.
The Drina Books are a series of novels about a young girl who wishes to be a ballerina. Drina lost both her parents at a very young age and lives with her grandparents. Her mother was a prima ballerina, but Drina's grandmother blames ballet for the death of her daughter and hence dissuades Drina from dancing. However, in the second book Drina gets her wish and goes to the fictional Dominick Ballet School at Red Lion Square, London.
The Stone Church

The Stone Church is a live music venue in Newmarket, New Hampshire. In operation since 1970, the Stone Church offers local food, a handpicked selection of local and craft beers, and local musical performances, along with national touring acts. The venue is located at 5 Granite Street, atop Zion Hill in Newmarket. It features parking for visitors and an electric vehicle charging station.
The Church has had a rather eclectic past, even during its days as a church for Newmarket's mill workers, when the town housed a mill that at one time held more looms in its gigantic factory than any other building in the world. Built in 1832, the church first served as a Universalist meeting house, then 20 years later as a Unitarian meeting house. The Catholics bought the church in 1865, retaining ownership until approximately the turn of the 20th century when they sold it. The church then acted alternately as a VFW hall, a roller-skating rink, and a shoe-assembly plant, the Newmarket Heel Company, which suffered a major fire in 1968.
In 1970, two former University of New Hampshire students (Rod Philbrick and John Williamson) and a third person, not at UNH (Arnet Taylor), purchased the burnt-out church and turned it into a venue for live music. From then on, the Stone Church served as a home for local musicians and touring acts such as Phish, Aerosmith, Bonnie Raitt, Parliament, Patty Larkin, Béla Fleck, David Grisman Quintet, Joan Osborne, Dirty Dozen Brass Band, The Radiators, Guster, moe., John Butler Trio, John Scofield, Soulive, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, and local acts such as Percy Hill, Say Zuzu, Scissorfight, Thanks to Gravity, Bill Morrissey, and Truffle.
43°04′44″N 70°56′17″W﻿ / ﻿43.07889°N 70.93806°W﻿ / 43.07889; -70.93806
WrestleMania 42

WrestleMania 42, also promoted as WrestleMania New Orleans, is an upcoming professional wrestling event produced by WWE. It will be the 42nd annual WrestleMania and will take place as a two-night event on Saturday, April 11, and Sunday, April 12, 2026, at Caesars Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana. This will be the third WrestleMania to take place at this venue, following WrestleMania XXX in 2014 and WrestleMania 34 in 2018, both of which were held when the stadium was still known as the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The event will air via pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming and will feature wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions.
WrestleMania is WWE's flagship pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event, having first been held in 1985. It was the company's first PPV produced and was also WWE's first major event available via livestreaming when the company launched the WWE Network in February 2014. It is the longest-running event in WWE history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April, featuring wrestlers from WWE's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. Along with Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, Survivor Series, and Money in the Bank, it is one of the company's five biggest events of the year, referred to as the "Big Five". WrestleMania was ranked the sixth-most valuable sports brand in the world by Forbes, and has been described as the Super Bowl of sports entertainment. Much like the Super Bowl, cities bid for the right to host WrestleMania.
In mid-February 2025, reports emerged that WrestleMania 42 would be taking place at the Caesars Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, the same venue that hosted WrestleMania XXX in 2014 and WrestleMania 34 in 2018, both of which were held at the stadium when it was still known as the Mercedes-Benz Superdome (renamed in 2021). Subsequently, during the February 21 episode of Friday Night SmackDown, which was in New Orleans, TKO board of directors member Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson announced that WrestleMania 42 would in fact emanate from the Caesars Superdome on April 11 and 12, 2026, marking the third WrestleMania in New Orleans and at this stadium.
The event will include matches that result from scripted storylines. Results are predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines are produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw and Friday Night SmackDown.
Miami Grand Prix

The Miami Grand Prix is a Formula One Grand Prix which was held for the first time during the 2022 season, with the event taking place at the Miami International Autodrome on a ten-year contract.
Miami’s history of hosting racing events dates back as far as the early 1980s. Ralph Sanchez, a local Miami promoter and racing car driver proposed a race on a hybrid street/permanent circuit in Bayfront Park in the center of Miami to Formula One rights holder Bernie Ecclestone, but for various reasons was not able to make it work. So Sanchez instead ran IMSA sportscar racing on the circuit starting in 1983 for 3 years before switching to another location in Bicentennial Park in 1986. The American CART IndyCar series ran in various locations in and around Miami from the mid-1980s and mid-1990s to 2010, including Tamiami Park further inland, Bicentennial Park and the Homestead-Miami oval speedway further south of the famous Florida city.
In 2018, a proposal for the Miami Grand Prix as a round of the Formula One World Championship was submitted to the city of Miami, with 2019 proposed as the first date for the race and its location around PortMiami. After complications arose due to PortMiami's construction and development plans, a proposal was submitted for a 2021 race at Hard Rock Stadium. The track then moved locations from the downtown area to the area near Hard Rock Stadium and its nearby parking lots. The race did not make it to the 2021 calendar, which saw the debut of a street circuit in Jeddah for the inaugural Saudi Arabian Grand Prix, and was announced in April 2021 for the 2022 calendar. The event was a part of the 2022 Formula One World Championship, with the race taking place at the Miami International Autodrome on a ten-year contract. The inaugural Miami Grand Prix took place on May 8, 2022.
The circuit, designed and delivered by Formula One track designers Apex Circuit Design, was purpose built for the event, with several potential track designs proposed and tested. Stephen M. Ross, owner of the stadium, had been trying to bring about the Miami Grand Prix for several years before being successful. The circuit layout is designed in a way that local residents would not be disrupted by the races. The track is a permanent style circuit with temporary infrastructure, such as barriers and fences, which will be removed when there is no racing. It is also one of the newest racetracks in the United States. The racetrack opened on May 7, 2022; the first session was held a day later, on May 8, 2022.
Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
All Miami Grands Prix were held at the Miami International Autodrome.
رنكيات الراس

رنكيات الراس ( الاسم العلمى: Clupeocephala ) هوا اترابيه عليا من شعاعيات الزعانف بيتبع اوستيوجلوسوسيفالاى.
أسماك الرأس العنقودي تعتبر مجموعة عظمية من أسماك العظم (الأسماك العظمية بالمعنى الدقيق للكلمة ). هيا تشمل، باستثناء Osteoglossomorpha و Elopomorpha (الثعابين البحرية، وما لذلك). أ) كل الأنواع التانيه (الاكتر تطور) من الأسماك العظمية الحقيقية.
يتم تعريفهم حسب أراتيا (1997)، من 7 أشكال متشابكة هيكلية:
لم يتم العثور على روابط لمواقع التواصل الاجتماعي.
1748

1748 (نمر رومانى) كان a سنة كبيسه تبتدى من الاتنين فى التقويم جريجورى و a leap سنه تبتدى من الجمعه من ال تقويم جريجورى, ال1748 سنة من قبل الميلاد (CE) و بعد الميلاد (AD) التسميات, ال748 سنة من الفيه 2 , ال48 سنه من قرن 18, و ال 9 سنه من عقد 1740 decade
. من بداية 1748, التقويم الغريغوري كان 11 {{{4}}} متقدم على التقويم اليولياني
}، اللى فضل مستخدم محلى لحد سنة 1923.
السنه دى بتوافق فى التقويمين القبطى و المصرى
1465(قبطى), 5990(مصرى)
1690

1690 (نمر رومانى) كان a سنة بسيطه تبتدى من الحد فى التقويم جريجورى و a بسيطه سنه تبتدى من الاربع من ال تقويم جريجورى, ال1690 سنة من قبل الميلاد (CE) و بعد الميلاد (AD) التسميات, ال690 سنة من الفيه 2 , ال90 سنه من قرن 17, و ال 1 سنه من عقد 1690 decade
. من بداية 1690, التقويم الغريغوري كان 10 {{{4}}} متقدم على التقويم اليولياني
}، اللى فضل مستخدم محلى لحد سنة 1923.
السنه دى بتوافق فى التقويمين القبطى و المصرى
1406(قبطى), 5931(مصرى)
1827

1827 (نمر رومانى) كان a سنة بسيطه تبتدى من الاتنين فى التقويم جريجورى و a بسيطه سنه تبتدى من السبت من ال تقويم جريجورى, ال1827 سنة من قبل الميلاد (CE) و بعد الميلاد (AD) التسميات, ال827 سنة من الفيه 2 , ال27 سنه من قرن 19, و ال 8 سنه من عقد 1820 decade
. من بداية 1827, التقويم الغريغوري كان 12 {{{4}}} متقدم على التقويم اليولياني
}، اللى فضل مستخدم محلى لحد سنة 1923.
السنه دى بتوافق فى التقويمين القبطى و المصرى
1544(قبطى), 6069(مصرى)
فريد سميكه

فريد سميكة (Farid Simaika) (12 يونيه 1907 - 11 سبتمبر 1943) بطل الغطس المصرى ، و أول رياضى مصرى ياخد الميدالية الفضية والبرونزية فى العاب أولمبية فى الغطس.
أتولد سنة 1907 فى اسكندرية ،حصل على ميداليتين فى دورة واحدة ف كسب بفضية السلم الثابت وبرونزية السلم المتحرك فى دورة الالعاب الأوليمبية فى سنة 1928 واللى اتعملت فى امستردام بهولندا، وفى سنة 1932 كسب سميكة ببطولة العالم للغطس.
أعتزل فى سنة 1935 وعمل مدرب لمنتخب مصر الأوليمبى فى الغطس واللى شارك فى دورة برلين 1936 .
مثل فى شوية افلام فى هوليوود كبديل فى افلام طرزان مع جونى ويسمولر وفى فيلم 'ما بعد البحار" وعمل افلام وثائقيه مع شركة مترو جولدن ماير.
اصبح طيار فى امريكا فى الحرب العالمية التانية، وسقطت طيارته جوه غابات ماكاسار فى اندونيسيا فى غارات الجيش الامريكى على القوات اليابانية وقتل, منح بعد وفاته على صليب الطيران الفخرى.
توفى سنة 1943 وله شارع باسمه فى منطقة مصر الجديده بالقاهرة.
« فريد سميكة». على اسمه شارع فى ميدان الحجاز فى مصر الجديده وحكاية بطل مصرى عالمى تنتهى حياته بمأساة «هو أول مصرى يحصد ميدالية أولمبية»: انتهت حياته بقطع رأسه الغطاس المصري، أول عربى ياخد الميدالية الفضية والبرونزية فى الغطس. فريد مش رياضيا بسلكن كان يشغل وظيفة ( طيار أمريكى) قُطعت رأسه على ايد اليابانيين بعدما وقع أسير عندهم، فى معارك الحرب العالميه التانيه.وعمل كممثل للمشاهد الخطرة فى هوليود
وبعدها نقل فريد لامريكا الأمريكية، برفقة حلمه فى الوصول لالعالمية، حيث تدرب تحت إشراف المدرب الامريكانى العالمي، جيم ريان.
اعتزل فريد سنة 1932، و هو فى أوج تألقه، وفى السنة 1933، قام برحلة حول العالم مع زميله، هارولد سميث، أبهرا فيها شاهد عروضهما فى الغطس المزدوج.
واعتبرته امريكا جنديا مفقودا وقت العمليات.
هناك شارع بإسمه فى ميدان هيليوبلس مصر الجديدة لكن لا يعلم أحداً عن صاحب ده الإسم شيئاً
مضيق ماجلان

مضيق ماجلان ( Spanish . مضيق ماجلان (بالإنجليزية: Magellan)، ويسمى كمان مضيق ماجلان ، هو طريق بحرى صالح للملاحة فى جنوب تشيلى ويفصل البر الرئيسى لأمريكا الجنوبية للشمال و أرخبيل تييرا ديل فويغو للجنوب. ويعتبر المضيق أهم ممر طبيعى بين المحيط الاطلنطى والمحيط الهادئ . المضيق على 570 بالتقريب طويل و 2 كم (1.1 نيمي؛ 1.2 (مى) عرض فى أضيق نقطة. سنة 1520، بقت البعثة الإسبانية للملاح البرتغالى فرديناند ماجلان ، اللى سمى المضيق باسمه، أول أوروبى يكتشفه.الاسم الأصلى اللى أطلقه ماجلان على المضيق كان Estrecho de Todos los Santos ("مضيق كل القديسين"). قام ملك اسبانيا الإمبراطور شارل الخامس ، اللى رعى رحلة ماجلان-إلكانو ، بتغيير الاسم لمضيق ماجلان تكريم لماجلان. الطريق صعب للتنقل بسبب الضيق المتكرر والرياح والتيارات غير المتوقعة. بقت الإرشاد البحرى إلزاميا دلوقتى . المضيق أقصر واكتر حماية من ممر دريك ، و هو طريق بحرى مفتوح عاصف فى الغالب حول كيب هورن ، اللى يتعرض لرياح عاصفة متكررة وجبال جليدية . مع قناة بيغل ، كان المضيق واحد من الطرق البحرية القليلة بين المحيط الاطلنطى والمحيط الهادى قبل بناء قناة بنما .
الأراضى المجاورة لمضيق ماجلان كانت مأهولة بالسكان الأصليين الأمريكيين من ما يقلش عن 13000 عام. عند وصولهم لالمنطقة، ممكن واجهوا الحصنه الأصلية ( هيبيدون )، وكسلان الأرض الكبير ميلودون ، والقطط ذات الأسنان السيفية ( سميلودون )، والنوع المنقرض من اليغور بانثيرا أونكا ميسميبرينا ، والدب أركتوثيريوم ، وماكراوتشينيا اللى تشبه الجمل ظاهرى، والكلب الشبيه بالثعلب دوسيسيون أفوس ، والإبل الصفيحية ، بما فيها الفكونيا والغواناكو الموجودة. اتلقا أدلة على أن ميلودون وهيبيديون واللامينات كانو يتعرضون للصيد فى بعض المواقع، زى كهف ميديو. المجموعات العرقية الأصلية اللى ممكن التعرف عليها تاريخى حول المضيق هيا شعب Kawésqar ، و Tehuelche ، و Selk'nam ، و Yaghan . عاش شعب الكاويسكار فى الجزء الغربى من الساحل الشمالى للمضيق. شرق Kawésqar كان فيه Tehuelche ، اللى امتدت أراضيها للشمال فى باتاغونيا . للجنوب من تيويلتشى عبر المضيق عاش شعب السيلكنام، اللى سكنوا غالبية الجزء الشرقى من تييرا ديل فويغو . للغرب من سيلكنام كان شعب ياغان ، اللى سكنوا الجزء الجنوبى من تييرا ديل فويغو.
جميع القبائل فى المنطقة كانت من الصيادين الرحل. كان شعب التيهويلتشى هو الثقافة غير البحرية الوحيدة فى المنطقة؛ قاموا بصيد الأسماك وجمع المحار على طول الساحل خلال فصل الشتاء وانتقلوا لجبال الأنديز الجنوبية فى الصيف للصيد. ولم تشهد قبائل المنطقة أى اتصال أوروبى لحد أواخر القرن التسعتاشر. و بعد كده ، وصلت الأمراض اللى أدخلها الأوروبيين لإبادة أجزاء من السكان الأصليين. ممكن تكون أرض النار متصلة بالبر الرئيسى فى العصر الهولوسينى المبكر (حوالى 9000 سنة قبل الميلاد ) بنفس الطريقة اللى كانت بيها جزيرة ريسكو ساعتها . تروى واحده من تقاليد السيلكنام اللى سجلها المبشر الساليزى جوزيبى ماريا بوفوار أن السيلكنام وصلو لتييرا ديل فويغو عن طريق البر، و أن السيلكنام ماقدروش بعدين من الرجوع شمال لأن البحر غمر معبرهم. يُعتقد عموم أن هجرة شعب السيلكنام لتييرا ديل فويغو وصلت لتهجير شعب غير بحرى ذى صلة، و هو شعب الهاوش اللى احتل يوم معظم الجزيرة الرئيسية. يُعتقد عموم أن شعوب السيلكنام والهاوش والتيولشى هيا شعوب متصله ثقافية ولغوية ومتميزة جسدى عن شعوب البحار. حسب أسطورة سيلكنام، اتعمل المضيق مع قناة بيجل وبحيرة فاجنانو بالمقاليع اللى وقعت على الأرض وقت قتال تايين مع ساحرة قيل إنها "احتفظت بالميه والأطعمة".
ايزو 3166-1 الفا-3

ايزو 3166-1 الفا-3 بالانجليزى: ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 هو ترميز من تلات حروف للبلاد فى لستة الدول حسب ايزو 3166-1.
ايزو 3166-1 الفا-3 جزء من ايزو 3166 اللى نشرتها المنظمه الدوليه للمعايير (ISO)، علشان تمثيل كل بلد والمناطق التابعه ليها. اسخدام تلات حروف بيوضح رموز الدول احسن من استخدام رموز بحرفين بس. اول مره ايزو 3166-1 الفا-3 كانت جزء من معيار ايزو 3166 كان ف طبعتها الاولانيه سنة 1974.