davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Edel Bhreathnach

Scoláire agus staraí Éireannach is ea Edel Bhreathnach, agus iar-POF den Discovery Programme.
Bhí Bhreathnach ina Tara Research Fellow do the Discovery Programme ón mbliain 1992 go dtí 2000. Sa bhliain 2005, ceapadh í ina Comhalta Iar-Dochtúireachta ag Institiúid Míchíl Uí Chléirigh um léann Stair agus Sibhialtacht na hÉireann, aag an Coláiste Ollscoile, Baile Átha Cliath. Sa bhliain 2013 go dtí 2019, chuaigh sí ar ais go dtí an Discovery Programme mar POF.
Tá suim ar leith aici i stair na Teamhrach, agus polaitíocht na rítheaghlach i riochtaí na Mí agus na Laighean. Faoi láthair, tá sí i mbun obair a dhéanamh le Monastic Ireland network agus ag staidéar ar mhanachas in Éirinn, AD 900-1250.
Cloch an Fhir Mhóir

Gallán agus Séadchomhartha Náisiúnta (474) i gContae Lú is ea Cloch an Fhir Mhóir, aitheanta fosta mar Cloch Chú Chulainn.
Tá Cloch an Fhir Mhóir suite i Ráth Aidí, 1.4km ar thaobh thiar thiar theas ó Dhroichead an Chnoic, Dún Dealgan, ar an mbruach clé d'Abhainn Átha Féan.
Creidtear gur cuireadh an gallán suas le linn na Cré-Umhaoise. Trí mhéadar in airde agus 4.3m fad faoi gcuairt atá sé. Glaotar An Bhrisleach Mhór ar an dúiche, agus Gort an Áir ar am ngort ina bhfuil an gallán ina sheasamh. I rith na 1920í, aimsíodh spearhead cré-umha sa ghort, rud a gcuirfí in iúl gur mhachaire catha ársa a raibh ann. Creidtear gur cuireadh an gallán ar uaigh seanghaiscígh mhóir.
Tá an gallán gaolta go formhór le laoch na nUladh, Cú Chulainn. Bhí trí sleá déanta ag a namhaid, Lugaid mac Con Roí, agus insíodh tuar go marófaí rí by each of them. Leis an gcéad sleá, mharaigh sé carbadóir Chú Chulainn, Lao mac Rianghabhra; leis an dara, a chapall dílis, Liath Macha; agus le hurchar an tríú, bhuail sé Cú Chulainn. Éag-ghonta, cheangail Cú Chulainn é féin de ghallán, a chreidtear go tradisiúnta gur Cloch an Fhir Mhóir é.
Lean Cú Chulainn air ag troid a chuid naimhde, ach ba é amháin nuair a tháinig fiach dubh, gnáthriocht Mhór-Ríoghna, anuas ar a ghualainn gur chreid a naimhde gur mharbh a bhí sé. Tháinig Lughaidh chuige chun a cheann a bhaint de, ach é i mbun sin, dhóigh an "lúan láith" (solas gaiscígh) ar éadan Chú Chulainn, thit a chlaíomh dá láimh agus agus bhain lámh Lughaidhe de. D'imigh an solas nuair a bhainfeadh a lámh dheis dé Chú Chulainn.
Cairbre mac Néill

Dúradh gur mhac Néill Noígiallach ba ea Cairbre mac Néill (Meán-Ghaeilge Coirpre mac Néill) (fl. c. 485–493). Is dócha gurbh é Cairbre an ceannaire a bhunaigh lonnaíochtaí Uí Néill an Deiscirt i lár na tíre. Is amhlaidh sna taifid i n-annála Éireann gur ath-luadh eachtraí Chairbre le Muircheartach mac Earca. Insítear sa naomhsheanchas le Tíreachán gur namhaid Naoimh Phádraig é Cairbre. Deirtear gur chuir Pádraig mallacht ar a shliocht, nára éirí siad ina nArd-Ríthe na hÉireann. Ní fhaightear Cairbre féin mar Ard-Rí ach sna liostaí is luaite.
Eas Chonaill

Is é Eas Chonaill an dara eas is airde in Éirinn ag 121 m (397 tr) in airde, tá sé suite ag bun Glensoulan ar abhainn an Deargail in aice le Áth na Sceire, Contae Chill Mhantáin.
Breathnaítear beanna Dioghais (735 m (2,379 tr)) agus Málainn (570 m (1,870 ) tharr Chúirt an Phaoraigh, agus sreabhann go leanúnach an bhliain ar fad. Is cuid d’Eastát Chúirt an Phaoraigh é an t-eas, atá ar oscailt don phobal ar tháille iontrála.
Is cuid d’ Eastát Chúirt an Phaoraigh an t-eas, a thugann rochtain íoctha don phobal trí bhealach isteach ar leith do chuairteoirí (6 mhíle ó phríomhbhealach isteach an eastáit) le linn amanna socraithe. Ag bun an eas tá áiseanna do chuairteoirí, páirceáil carr, limistéar picnice agus beárbaiciú, agus a leithead.
Is féidir leis an eas a fheiceáil freisin ó Coill An Corrán, a thairgeann freisin cosáin chuig an beanna de Málainn. Gabhann bealach siúil sléibhe 7 ciliméadar 3 uair an chloig, i gCoill An Corrán, Málainn agus Eas Chonaill.
Tá an t-eas le feiceáil sa scannán fantaisíochta meánaoiseach Excalibur (1981) agus sa tsraith dráma stairiúil teilifíse Vikings (2013-2020).
Ramones

Ba bhanna rac-cheoil Meiriceánach é the Ramones, a bunaíodh sa bhliain 1974 i bhForest Hills, Queens. Meastar go raibh siad ar an gcéad grúpa den seánra punc-rac, agus bhí siad mar chnámh droma na gluaiseachta nua seo ag deireadh na seachtóidí agus tús na n-ochtóidí. Thóg baill an ghrúpa an sloinne Ramone mar ainm stáitse, agus chaitheadar na blianta idir 1974 agus 1996 ar fad ag seinm go beo agus ag taifead gan stad. Tar éis na féile Lollapalooza sa bhliain 1994, sheinn siad ceolchoirm amháin eile mar chlabhsúr, agus ansin scaradar. Taobh istigh d'ocht mbliana, bhí bunbhaill an ghrúpa (Dee Dee, Johnny agus Joey) marbh.
Coill Chnoc Sinche

Is anaclann náisiúnta dúlra atá suite i ngleann Abhainn Ghleann Cuilinn i gContae Chill Mhantáin, Éire, in aice le sráidbhaile Áth na Sceire é gCoill Chnoc Sinche. Le achar de thart ar 129 acra (0.52 km²), tá sé á bhainistiú ag Seirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra na hÉireann.
Tá an cúlchiste suite i ngleann, agus na fánaí go príomha darach ghaelach. Tá níos mó coillearnaí measctha i gceantair eile. Laistigh den anaclann tá go leor fuarán agus limistéir ina bhfuil úscaíl uisce, agus tá na fuaráin chorraitheacha ar cheann de na gnáthóga is tábhachtaí atá liostaithe i dTreoir an AE maidir le Gnáthóga. Tá an fána inveirteabrach coillearnaí is éagsúla a taifeadadh in Éirinn ag Coill Chnoc Sinche, le roinnt ainmhithe a bhaineann go sonrach le coillearnach fhliuch agus a bhfuil stádas faoi bhagairt acu san AE.
Bhí Coill Chnoc Sinche faoi chosaint dlí mar anaclann dúlra náisiúnta ag rialtas na hÉireann i 1994. Tá an coill liostaithe freisin mar Limistéar Caomhantais Speisialta. Bhí ionad oideachais ag an anaclann, a bhíodh ina óstach ar thurais timpeall na coille, agus a chuirfeadh eolas ar fáil don phobal. Cé go bhfuil an oifig fós liostaithe ag an tSeirbhís Páirceanna Náisiúnta agus Fiadhúlra ó 2021, bhí an oifig dúnta go buan faoi 2019.
Richard Barrington

Nádúraí Éireannach ab ea Richard Manliffe Barrington. Rugadh i 1849 é san Fhásach Rua in aice le Bré, Contae Chill Mhantáin agus fuair sé bás i mBaile Átha Cliath ar an 15 Meán Fómhair 1915.
Feirmeoir agus luachálaí talún ab ea Barrington. Cuireadh oideachas air i gColáiste na Tríonóide áit ar ghnóthaigh sé MA. Scríobh sé tuairiscí ar fhlóra Loch Rí, Loch Éirne, Binn Ghulbain, Toraigh agus na Blascaodaí go léir a d’fhoilsigh Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann, ach tá an chuid is mó dá pháipéir eolaíochta ar éanlaith. Is é an saothar is cáiliúla dá chuid ná The migration of birds, as observed at Irish lighthouses and lightships including the original reports from 1888–97, now published for the first time, and an analysis of these and of the previously put together with an appendix giving the measurements of about 1600 wings. Níor cuireadh ach 350 cóip den saothar 667 leathanach seo i gcló.
Bhí Barrington ar cheann de na ceannairí ón Acadamh Ríoga na hÉireann ar thuras taiscéalaíochta go Rocal sa bhliain 1896 le Robert Lloyd Praeger agus John A. Harvie Brown, nádúraí Albanach as Dùn na Bàis (1844–1916).
Ciste Bonneagar, Aeráide agus Nádúir

Ciste infheistíochta stáit de chuid Rialtas na hÉireann is ea an Ciste Bonneagar, Aeráide agus Nádúir (Béarla: Infrastructure, Climate and Nature Fund / ICNF). Fógraíodh an Ciste ar 10 Deireadh Fómhair 2023. Cuirfidh an Rialtas €2 bhilliún sa Chiste gach bliain le linn 2023-2031. Cúlchiste fritimthriallach don chaiteachas caipitiúil atá beartaithe.
Is i an Ghníomhaireacht Bainistíochta an Chisteáin Náisiúnta a bhainistíonn an Ciste.
An Bhearú

Is abhainn in Éirinn í An Bhéarú. Tá sé ar cheann de Cumar na dtrí Uisce; is iad an tSiúir agus an Fheoir an dá cheann eile. Is í an Bhearú an ceann is faide de na trí abhainn agus, ag 192 km (120 mhíle), an dara abhainn is faide in Éirinn, taobh thiar den tSionainn. Is é dobharcheantar na Bearú ná 3,067 km sula dtéann an Fheoir isteach beagán os cionn 20 km roimh a bhéal. Is é meánráta sreafa fadtéarmach na habhann, arís sula dtéann an Fheoir isteach inti, ná 37.4 méadar ciúbach in aghaidh an tsoicind. Ag an gcumasc leis an bhFeoir, is é a abhantrach ná ca. 5,500 km agus a urscaoileadh os cionn 80 m/s.
Tá foinse na Bearú ag Gleann Bearú i Sléibhte Shliabh Bladhma i gContae Laoise.
I measc na mbailte a dtéann an Bhearú tríd ar a bealach chun na farraige taobh amuigh de Phort Láirge tá Cúil an tSúdaire, Mainistir Eimhín, Baile Átha Í, Ceatharlach/An Ghráig, Muine Bheag, An Droichead Nua, Gráig na Manach agus Ros Mhic Thriúin.
Cruthaíonn an abhainn teorainn nádúrtha idir contaetha Chill Chainnigh agus Phort Láirge, ar a bruach dheis, agus, ar a bruach clé, contaetha Cheatharlach agus Loch Garman.
Thagann ainm An Bhéarú ón bPróta-Cheilteach boru- ("beirigh, fiuch"), rud a d'fhágfadh go bhfuil sé gaolmhar le Borvo, dia Ceilteach (Gallach) na mianraí agus an fíoruisce.
Tá baint ag ainm na habhann le gníomhais sheanscéalta Dían Cécht, a mharaigh trí nathair a fuarthas i gcroí mhac an Mhór-Ríoghain agus a chaith isteach sa Bhearú iad, rud a chuir ag fiuchadh í.
Chuir an Bearú teorainn nádúrtha ar fáil go stairiúil idir ríochtaí Laigin ar an gcladach thoir agus Osraige ar an gcladach thiar.
Lough Tay

Lough Tay (Irish: Loch Té), is a small but scenic lake set on private property in the Wicklow Mountains in Ireland. The lake lies between the mountains of Djouce 725 metres (2,379 ft), and Luggala 595 metres (1,952 ft), and is dominated by Luggala's east-facing granite cliffs. The lough is fed by the Cloghoge River, which then drains into Lough Dan to the south. The entire of Lough Tay belongs to the Guinness Estate at Luggala, and has limited public access.
The English name derives from the Irish name, Loch Té, meaning 'tea lake', because of its similarity to strong Irish tea. The nickname, 'The Guinness Lake' name comes from the former owners of the land. The lake is part of the former Guinness estate, owned by Arthur Guinness. Another claimed reason for it to be called the "Guinness Lake" is that the Guinness family imported white sand and laid it over a beach on the northern shore of the lake to make it look like a pint of Guinness.
The view into Lough Tay (with the cliffs of Luggala behind) is a popular scenic viewpoint in Wicklow and is easily viewed from one of the several car-parks along the R759 road (e.g. Ballinastoe Wood, and the J.B. Malone car-parks). A short hike up the first boardwalked section of the path to the summit of Djouce mountain, to the J.B. Malone memorial stone (part of the 131-kilometre Wicklow Way trail), is another popular scenic viewpoint of the lough.
The philosopher Bertrand Russell said that when he was young he twice visited Ireland with his Aunt Agatha he visited Lough Tay. He visited on his own and with Michael Davitt and he said that the beautiful scenery made a profound impression on him and highlighted the small lake at Luggala. He returned half a century later with his friend Crompton Davies and they revisited Luggala but they looked over it from a wood set above the lake rather than the pebbly shore Russell remembered. This experience convinced Russell that one should not try and renew old memories.
On the shore of Lough Tay is an ornamental building known as the Temple. Next to it are three graves of members of the Guinness family. One of those buried there is Tara Browne, whose death in a car accident was an inspiration for the Beatles song "A Day in the Life"; the two others are his unnamed infant brother, who was born and died in December 1943, and his half-sister.
Lough Tay is the setting for the fictional village of Kattegat in the 2013 television historical drama series Vikings.
Lough Tay, the Guinness Estate at Luggala and its owner Garech Browne feature in the 1991 film I Dreamt I Woke Up by John Boorman (online). Lough Tay features prominently in such movies as Zardoz (1974) and Excalibur (1981), by John Boorman. It also appears in the 2024 Netflix film Irish Wish.
Recursive islands and lakes

A recursive island or lake, also known as a nested island or lake, is an island or a lake that lies within a lake or an island. For the purposes of defining recursion, small continental land masses such as Madagascar and New Zealand count as islands, while large continental land masses such as Australia do not. Islands found within lakes in these countries are often recursive islands because the lake itself is located on an island.
There are nearly 1,000 islands in lakes on islands in Finland alone.
Moose Boulder was claimed to exist in the seasonal pond of Moose Flats on Ryan Island in Siskiwit Lake on Isle Royale in Lake Superior in the United States. In 2020, an expedition to the island found that it is potentially a hoax, along with the aforementioned seasonal pond.
Jennifer Guinness

Mary Jennifer Guinness (née Hollwey; 22 August 1937 – 23 January 2016), was an English-born Irish socialite and member of the Guinness family. She was a keen sailor and a member of Howth Yacht Club.
She was kidnapped for ransom in April 1986, but rescued by the Garda Síochána from a home on Waterloo Road in south Dublin eight days later.
At trial, brothers Michael and John Cunningham were convicted, along with Anthony Kelly, after being arrested at the house on Waterloo Road. Brian McNicholl was also convicted, with the judge accepting that his role was mainly to provide a location for Guinness to be held. Kelly died in 2005 from undisclosed causes; Michael Cunningham died in 2015, aged 65, after suffering a massive heart attack at his home in Ballyfermot.
She married John Henry Guinness on 9 April 1959, and they had three children. Guinness and her family lived at Ceanchor House, Ceanchor Road, Baily, Howth, County Dublin.
Her husband died aged 52 in a mountain-walking accident in Snowdonia. Jennifer Guinness died on 23 January 2016, aged 78, following a long battle with cancer.
Jasmine Guinness

Jasmine Leonora Guinness (born 28 September 1976) is an Irish designer and a fashion model active since 1994. She is a member of Anglo-Irish brewing Guinness family.
She is the daughter of Patrick Guinness and Liz Casey. She was educated at St. Columba's College, Rathfarnham, in Dublin. She also spent a year at Winchester School of Art.
She and Gawain O'Dare Rainey were engaged on 31 January 2005 and married on 1 July 2006 in Leixlip, Ireland. The wedding was extensively covered in Hello! magazine (in the issue dated 18 July 2006) and attended by 500 guests, including the designer of her draped silk dress, Jasper Conran, Mario Testino, Paddy Moloney, Anjelica Huston, Jacquetta Wheeler, Jade Parfitt, Erin O'Connor, Garech Browne and Philip Treacy.
Her husband is the son of Michael Rainey and the Hon. Jane Ormsby-Gore, a daughter of David, 5th Lord Harlech. They have two sons and a daughter together.
She opened the toy shop Honeyjam on London's Portobello Road in 2006
A portrait of her is held at the National Portrait Gallery in London. She has modelled for various perfume and make-up campaigns, including Armani and Shu Uemura. She was the face of the "Goffs Million" horse races at the Curragh in September 2007, an event that paid the highest winnings of any race meeting in Europe.
In 2009 she was the face of the "Arthur's Day" event celebrating her ancestor Arthur Guinness. In March and December 2011 she was again the subject of articles in Hello.
2014 marked a revival of Guinness' modelling career as she led Jaeger's AW14 campaign alongside her mother Liz and fellow models Kirsty Hume and Jodie Kidd. Her range largely included knitwear; including cardigans, skirts and sweater dresses.
Guinness is the great-granddaughter of Diana Mitford (later Lady Mosley), who was one of the Mitford sisters, and her first husband Bryan Guinness, later the 2nd Lord Moyne. Her paternal grandfather, Desmond Guinness, was a conservationist specialising in Georgian and classical architecture, while her paternal grandmother, Mariga Guinness, was born Marie-Gabrielle, Princess of Urach. Desmond and Mariga Guinness were co-founders of the Irish Georgian Society. Guinness's maternal family was researched in the RTÉ programme Where Was Your Family During the Famine?
Volcanic crater lake

A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed by explosive activity or a collapse during a volcanic eruption.
Lakes in calderas fill large craters formed by the collapse of a volcano during an eruption. Lakes in maars fill medium-sized craters where an eruption deposited debris around a vent.
Crater lakes form as the created depression, within the crater rim, is filled by water. The water may come from precipitation, groundwater circulation (often hydrothermal fluids in the case of volcanic craters) or melted ice. Its level rises until an equilibrium is reached between the rates of incoming and outgoing water. Sources of water loss singly or together may include evaporation, subsurface seepage, and, in places, surface leakage or overflow when the lake level reaches the lowest point on its rim. At such a saddle location, the upper portion of the lake is contained only by its adjacent natural volcanic dam; continued leakage through or surface outflow across the dam can erode its included material, thus lowering lake level until a new equilibrium of water flow, erosion, and rock resistance is established. If the volcanic dam portion erodes rapidly or fails catastrophically, the occurrence produces a breakout or outburst flood. With changes in environmental conditions over time, the occurrence of such floods is common to all natural dam types.
These lakes may become soda lakes, many of which are associated with active tectonic and volcanic zones.
A well-known crater lake, which bears the same name as the geological feature, is Crater Lake in Oregon. It is located in the caldera of Mount Mazama. It is the deepest lake in the United States with a depth of 594 m (1,949 ft). Crater Lake is fed solely by falling rain and snow, with no inflow or outflow at the surface, and hence is one of the clearest lakes in the world.
The highest volcano in the world, 6,893-m (22,615-ft) Ojos del Salado in Chile, has a permanent crater lake about 100 m (330 ft) in diameter at an elevation of 6,390 m (20,965 ft) on its eastern side. This is most likely the highest lake of any kind in the world.
Due to their unstable environments, some crater lakes exist only intermittently. Caldera lakes in contrast can be quite large and long-lasting. For instance, Lake Toba in Indonesia formed after its eruption around 75,000 years ago. At around 100 kilometres (62 mi) by 30 kilometres (19 mi) in extent and 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep at its deepest point, Lake Toba is the largest crater lake in the world.
While many crater lakes are picturesque, they can also be deadly. Gas discharges from Lake Nyos in Cameroon suffocated 1,800 people in 1986, and crater lakes such as Mount Ruapehu's in New Zealand often contribute to destructive lahars.
Certain bodies of water, although their formation is directly related to volcanic activity, are not usually referred to as crater lakes, including:
Guinness Storehouse

Guinness Storehouse is a tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, Ireland. Since opening in 2000, it has received over twenty million visitors.
The Storehouse covers seven floors surrounding a glass atrium shaped in the form of a pint of Guinness. The ground floor introduces the beer's four ingredients (water, barley, hops and yeast), and the brewery's founder, Arthur Guinness. Other floors feature the history of Guinness advertising and include an interactive exhibit on responsible drinking. The seventh floor houses the Gravity Bar with views of Dublin and where visitors may drink a pint of Guinness included in the price of admission.
The building in which the Storehouse is located was constructed in 1902 as a fermentation plant for the St. James's Gate Brewery (yeast is added to the brew). It was designed in the style of the Chicago School of Architecture and was the first multi-storey steel-framed building to be constructed in Ireland. The building was used continuously as the fermentation plant of the Brewery until its closure in 1988, when a new fermentation plant was completed near the River Liffey.
In 1997, it was decided to convert the building into the Guinness Storehouse, replacing the Guinness Hop Store as the Brewery's visitor centre. The redesign of the building was undertaken by the UK-based design firm Imagination in conjunction with the Dublin-based architects firm RKD, and the Storehouse opened to the public on 2 December 2000. In 2006-08 a new wing was developed, and Euro 2.5 million was invested in a live technology-driven multi-media installation demonstrating the modern brewing process for Guinness, which was designed by London-based museum design specialist, Event Communications.
In May 2011, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip visited the Storehouse as part of a state visit to Ireland.
The Guinness Storehouse explains the history of beer. The story is told through various interactive exhibition areas including ingredients, brewing, transport, cooperage, advertising, and sponsorship.
The Storehouse covers seven floors surrounding a glass atrium shaped in the form of a pint of Guinness. The ground floor introduces the beer's four ingredients (water, barley, hops, and yeast), and the brewery's founder, Arthur Guinness. Other floors feature the history of Guinness advertising and include an interactive exhibit on responsible drinking.
At the base of the atrium lies a copy of the 9,000-year lease signed by Arthur Guinness on the brewery site. In the Perfect Pint bar, visitors may pour their own pint of Guinness and even get their selfie printed on top of a pint. The Brewery Bar on the fifth floor offers Irish cuisine, using Guinness both in the cooking and as an accompaniment to food. The seventh-floor houses the Gravity Bar with views of Dublin and where visitors may drink a pint of Guinness included in the price of admission.
The Guinness Open Gate Brewery is an experimental taproom nearby, showcasing small-batch beer creations from the Guinness brewery.
The Storehouse also contains the Guinness Archives, containing records and artifacts dating back to 1759.
List of companies of Ireland

This is a list of notable companies based in Ireland, or subsidiaries according to their sector. It includes companies from the entire island. The state of the Republic of Ireland covers five-sixths of the island, with Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, covering the remainder in the north-east. Each has separate regulatory and registration authorities.
Irish companies fall into three categories:
Companies in the Republic of Ireland must be registered with the Companies Registration Office, and comply with the provisions of the Companies Acts. Companies in Northern Ireland must be registered with the Department for the Economy's Companies Registry. Certain Northern Ireland organisations are dealt with on a UK-wide basis and are dealt with by Companies House.
Some entries on this list may be statutory corporations - a business form governed by a board appointed by an Irish Government minister under a particular piece of legislation - not formally companies as such, but are effectively treated as such and are included on this list as they are usually large business. For more details on this form of governance, see state-sponsored bodies of Ireland.
Some mutual bodies, such as building societies, are also included on this list.
Some entries such as Three Ireland and Intel Ireland are subsidiaries of foreign companies. These subsidiaries are listed because the Irish economy is significantly dependent on foreign companies in comparison to other nations and these multinational companies are major Irish employers and tax contributors - Intel Ireland employs over 5000 people.
This list shows firms in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks firms by total revenues reported before 31 March 2017. Only the top five firms (if available) are included as a sample.
This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark framework. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
Heaven Lake

Heaven Lake (Chinese: 天池; pinyin: Tiān Chí; Korean: 천지) is a volcanic crater lake atop Paektu Mountain. It lies on the border between China and North Korea, and is roughly evenly divided between the two countries.
The Chinese part is in Jilin Province while the North Korean part is in Ryanggang Province.
The caldera which contains Heaven Lake was created by the 946 eruption of Paektu Mountain. The lake has a surface elevation of 2,189.1 m (7,182 ft). The lake covers an area of 9.82 km (3.79 sq mi), with a south–north length of 4.85 km (3.01 mi) and an east–west length of 3.35 km (2.08 mi). The average depth of the lake is 213 m (699 ft) and a maximum depth of 384 m (1,260 ft). From mid-October to mid-June, it is typically covered with ice.
In ancient Chinese literature, Tianchi also refers to Nanming (南冥 sometimes translated as "southern sea").
North Korean propaganda claims that Kim Jong-il was born near the lake on the mountain. In accordance with this, North Korean state news agencies reported that on his death, the ice on the lake cracked "so loud, it seemed to shake the heavens and the Earth".
Heaven Lake is also alleged to be home to the Lake Tianchi Monster.
On September 6, 2007, Zhuo Yongsheng (director of a TV station's news center run by the administration office of the nature reserve at Mount Changbaishan, Jilin) shot a 20-minute video of six seal-like, finned Lake Tianchi Monsters, near the North Korean border. He sent pictures of the Loch Ness Monster-type creatures to Xinhua's Jilin provincial bureau. One of them showed the creatures swimming in three pairs, in parallel. Another showed them together, leaving ripples on the volcanic lake.
On September 20, 2018, as part of an Inter-Korean summit, heads of state Kim Jong-un and Moon Jae-in visited Mount Paektu and Heaven Lake. Moon filled a bottle with water from the lake to take back to South Korea. The visit to the lake was a symbolic gesture, as both the lake and the mountain hold considerable cultural significance to the Korean people. Mount Paektu is mentioned in the anthems of both North and South Korea, and is considered to be the spiritual home of the Koreans.
The lake is the subject of the song "Tianchi Lake" on The Mountain Goats' 2008 album Heretic Pride.
Lake duck

The lake duck (Oxyura vittata) is a small, South American stiff-tailed duck. It is also called the Argentine blue-bill, Argentine blue-billed duck, Argentine lake duck, or Argentine ruddy duck.
The lake duck grows to 36–46 centimetres (14–18 in). Females weigh 510–700 grams (18–25 oz) and males 600–850 grams (21–30 oz). Males can be distinguished from Andean duck (Oxyura ferruginea), a similar species, by being smaller and having a flatter head.
The lake duck holds the Guinness World Record for having the largest avian reproductive organ, from a specimen in Córdoba, Argentina that had a penis measuring 42.5 centimetres (16.7 in). It also has the longest penis of any vertebrate in relation to body length. The penis, which is typically coiled up in flaccid state, can reach about the same length as the animal itself when fully erect, but more commonly is about half the bird's length. It has a soft tip and spiny base. It is theorized that the size of their spiny penises with bristled tips may have evolved in response to competitive pressure in these highly promiscuous birds, removing sperm from previous matings in the manner of a bottle brush.
Although most male birds have no penis, ducks have a long corkscrew penis, and the females have a long corkscrew vagina, which spirals in the opposite direction. The males often try to force copulation, but the complex mating geometry allows the females to retain control—most forced copulations do not result in successful fertilization.
Little is known about the lake duck's diet, but it is believed to consist of small invertebrates, seeds, and plant remains. The breeding season varies between countries, occurring from October to January in Argentina. Males produce popping noises and "mechanical rustling noises" for display.
The lake duck is a partially migratory species. It lives in bodies of freshwater with large amounts of vegetation, such as wetlands and lakes. It is very widespread, naturally occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and having been introduced to the Falkland Islands. It has a stable population of 6,700–67,000, with no major threats. As of 2016, it is listed as a species of least concern on the IUCN Red List.
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1900–1949)

In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g., species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa. Following rules of Latin grammar, species or subspecies names derived from a man's name often end in -i or -ii if named for an individual, and -orum if named for a group of men or mixed-sex group, such as a family. Similarly, those named for a woman often end in -ae, or -arum for two or more women.
This list is part of the List of organisms named after famous people, and includes organisms named after famous individuals born between 1 January 1900 and 31 December 1949. It also includes ensembles (including bands and comedy troupes) in which at least one member was born within those dates; but excludes companies, institutions, ethnic groups or nationalities, and populated places. It does not include organisms named for fictional entities, for biologists, paleontologists or other natural scientists, nor for associates or family members of researchers who are not otherwise notable; exceptions are made, however, for natural scientists who are much more famous for other aspects of their lives, such as, for example, Japanese emperors Hirohito and Akihito.
Sir David Attenborough was formerly included in this section of the list as one of these exceptions, since despite his formal training as a natural scientist, he is more widely known to the public as a documentary filmmaker. However, due to the high number of taxa named after him (over 50 as of 2022), he has been removed; his patronyms can be found in the List of things named after David Attenborough and his works.
Organisms named after famous people born earlier than 1900 can be found in:
Organisms named after famous people born later than 1949 can be found in:
The scientific names are given as originally described (their basionyms): subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. Some of these names may be unavailable in the zoological sense or illegitimate in the botanical sense due to senior homonyms already having the same name.
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1950–present)

In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g., species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa. Following the ICZN's International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, based on Latin grammar, species or subspecies names derived from a man's name often end in -i or -ii if named for an individual, and -orum if named for a group of men or mixed-sex group, such as a family. Similarly, those named for a woman often end in -ae, or -arum for two or more women.
This list is part of the list of organisms named after famous people, and includes organisms named after famous individuals born on or after 1 January 1950. It also includes ensembles (including bands and comedy troupes) in which at least one member was born after that date; but excludes companies, institutions, ethnic groups or nationalities, and populated places. It does not include organisms named for fictional entities, for biologists, paleontologists or other natural scientists, nor for associates or family members of researchers who are not otherwise notable (exceptions are made, however, for natural scientists who are much more famous for other aspects of their lives, such as, for example, rock musician Greg Graffin).
Organisms named after famous people born earlier can be found in:
The scientific names are given as originally described (their basionyms): subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. Some of these names may be unavailable in the zoological sense or illegitimate in the botanical sense due to senior homonyms already having the same name.
List of organisms named after famous people (born 1800–1899)

In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g. species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa. Following rules of Latin grammar, species or subspecies names derived from a man's name often end in -i or -ii if named for an individual, and -orum if named for a group of men or mixed-sex group, such as a family. Similarly, those named for a woman often end in -ae, or -arum for two or more women.
This list is part of the List of organisms named after famous people, and includes organisms named after famous individuals born between 1 January 1800 and 31 December 1899. It also includes ensembles in which at least one member was born within those dates; but excludes companies, institutions, ethnic groups or nationalities, and populated places. It does not include organisms named for fictional entities (which can be found in the List of organisms named after works of fiction), for biologists, paleontologists or other natural scientists, nor for associates or family members of researchers who were not otherwise notable; exceptions are made, however, for natural scientists who are much more famous for other aspects of their lives, such as, for example, writers Vladimir Nabokov or Beatrix Potter.
Organisms named after famous people born earlier can be found in:
Organisms named after famous people born later can be found in:
The scientific names are given as originally described (their basionyms); subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. Some of these names may be unavailable in the zoological sense or illegitimate in the botanical sense due to senior homonyms already having the same name.
Centro Cultural Gabriel García Márquez

El Centro Cultural Gabriel García Márquez es un espacio dedicado a la cultura, en el centro histórico de Bogotá, localidad de La Candelaria. Fue diseñado en 2003 para el Fondo de Cultura Económica por el arquitecto Rogelio Salmona.​ Lleva su nombre en homenaje al escritor colombiano Gabriel García Márquez.​
Está ubicado a una cuadra de la Plaza de Bolívar, el Museo del 20 de julio, la Alcaldía Mayor, la Biblioteca Luis Ángel Arango entre otras edificaciones. Se encuentra en la esquina nororiental de la calle 11 con la carrera 5, en la antigua calle de la Enseñanza.​ En el periodo colonial el predio fue ocupado por el colegio y claustro de la Enseñanza, que en la época republicana dio paso al Palacio de Justicia, incinerado en los disturbios del Bogotazo el 9 de abril de 1948.​
El sitio tiene 30 m de fachada occidental, 80 m de profundidad y una pendiente del 10 % en la calle 11. Su área total es de 3200 m² y su un área construida de 9500 m².​
Los dos servicios primordiales de este Centro Cultural, son los de librería y galería de arte; la primera está conectada al exterior por grandes ventanales y tiene capacidad para 50 000 libros, por otro lado, la galería con más de 216 m² está hecha para ubicar en ella las obras de artistas plásticos nacionales e internacionales.
Entre los servicios que ofrece incluye parqueadero cubierto, una sucursal bancaria, un restaurante, una librería y una tienda de discos.​
Fundación Gabo

La Fundación Gabo, anteriormente conocida como FNPI, Fundación Gabriel García Márquez para el Nuevo Periodismo Iberoamericano, es una institución sin ánimo de lucro creada por Gabriel García Márquez, con sede en Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Desde 1995 realiza talleres, premios, becas, publicaciones y lidera iniciativas para el estímulo, calidad y proyección del periodismo en Iberoamérica.​​
La Fundación Gabo instituye el Premio Gabo con el objetivo de incentivar la búsqueda de la excelencia, la innovación y la coherencia ética por parte de periodistas y medios que trabajen y publiquen en las lenguas española y portuguesa en los países de las Américas (incluyendo Estados Unidos y Canadá) y la península ibérica, con inspiración en los ideales que llevaron a Gabriel García Márquez a constituir la Fundación Gabo.​
La lista completa en Premio Gabriel García Márquez de Periodismo.
Para los años anteriores ver Premio Nuevo Periodismo CEMEX+FNPI.
Diez años de Soledad

Diez años de Soledad es el séptimo álbum de estudio oficial de la cantante argentina Soledad Pastorutti. El título hace referencia a la novela Cien años de soledad y se realizó con el motivo de celebrar los 10 años de carrera de la cantante. Es un disco doble: el primero fue grabado en estudio con algunos temas de su autoría como Una fiesta y Nunca me fui de chiquita y algunos del repertorio folclórico como Yo vendo unos ojos negros y Chamarrita de una bailanta. El último tema, Brindis, fue compuesto especialmente por Afo Verde, presidente de Sony Music Latin que habla de su carrera: sus alegrías, sinsabores y del orgullo de cantar a su público. El segundo fue grabado en directo con 10 de los temas más conocidos de la cantante, como A Don Ata, Propiedad privada, Todos juntos y Tren del cielo.
Macondo (Cien años de soledad)

«Macondo» es el primer episodio de la primera temporada de la serie de televisión Cien años de soledad, adaptación de la novela homónima de Gabriel García Márquez, producida por Dynamo y distribuida por Netflix.​ Dirigido por Álex García López y estrenado el 11 de diciembre de 2024.
El primer episodio comienza con una prolepsis del final de la historia: la casa de los Buendía, desgastada por el tiempo; el inquietante contorno de un cadáver cubierto por una sábana manchada de sangre y ejércitos de hormigas invadiendo cada rincón. Desde ese punto, la narrativa nos traslada a una analepsis intermedia con el íncipit de la novela: «Muchos años después, frente al pelotón de fusilamiento, el coronel Aureliano Buendía había de recordar aquella tarde remota en que su padre lo llevó a conocer el hielo».​ Así se da inicio al tiempo cronológico, distinto al tiempo cíclico e instante de la narración escrita por Gabriel García Márquez.​
A través de otra narración retrospectiva, ambientada del siglo XIX, se relata que José Arcadio Buendía y Úrsula Iguarán, primos entre sí, contrajeron matrimonio en su pueblo natal, cuyo nombre no se menciona explícitamente.​ Durante de la boda, Úrsula experimentaba una profunda angustia debido a una creencia popular transmitida por su madre, muy arraigada en la familia: la idea de que la unión entre parientes podía dar lugar al nacimiento de hijos con deformidades físicas. También le contó la anécdota de unos primos que se casaron y tuvieron un «hijo con cola de cerdo».​ Este temor la llevó a negarse a consumar el matrimonio durante un largo período después de la boda. Aunque estaban casados legalmente, Úrsula se resistía a mantener relaciones íntimas con José Arcadio, preocupada por el riesgo de traer al mundo una descendencia marcada por las maldiciones que, según ella, podían ser consecuencia de su parentesco cercano.​
La situación llegó a tal extremo que la madre de Úrsula elaboró un superficial cinturón de castidad, un objeto destinado a protegerla físicamente de cualquier intento de acercamiento por parte de José Arcadio. A pesar de convivir como marido y mujer, su relación permanecía sin completar. Durante el día, ambos actuaban de manera normal, manteniendo las apariencias frente a los demás; sin embargo, durante la noche, el ambiente se llenaba de tensión y un deseo reprimido que no llegaba a materializarse.​
Una noche, en el pueblo, se organizó una pelea de gallos en la que José Arcadio llevó al suyo para enfrentarse al gallo de Prudencio Aguilar. En pocos minutos, el gallo de José Arcadio venció al de Aguilar. Sin embargo, lo que parecía ser un final amistoso tomó un giro inesperado cuando Prudencio Aguilar hizo un comentario sarcástico que hirió profundamente el honor de José Arcadio.​ Con tono directo y humillante, Aguilar dijo: «A ver si ese gallo le hace el favor a tu mujer», frase sacada totalmente de la novela.​ Ofendido, José Arcadio lo desafió a armarse, declarando que lo buscaría hasta matarlo. José Arcadio regresó a su casa, tomó una lanza y fue en busca de Prudencio Aguilar. Al encontrarlo, le arrojó la lanza directamente al cuello, acabando con su vida.​
Premio Nobel de Literatura 2023

El Premio Nobel de Literatura 2023 fue otorgado al dramaturgo y autor noruego Jon Fosse por "sus obras innovadoras y su prosa que dan voz a lo indecible".​ Es el cuarto noruego en recibir el premio.​ ​
Jon Fosse nació en 1959 en Haugesund, en la costa oeste de Noruega. Su inmensa colección de obras literarias abarca una variedad de géneros como obras de teatro, novelas, colecciones de poesía, ensayos, literatura infantil y traducciones. Sus obras revolucionarias Namnet (1995), Natta syng sine songar (1998), Draum om hausten (1999) y Dødsvariasjonar (2002) exploran los temas existenciales de las emociones humanas, la paradoja, la experiencia de la divinidad y la vulnerabilidad. Desarrolló su ingenio dramático a través de las influencias de Vesaas, Beckett, Bernhard y Trakl. Por sus obras, ha alcanzado un alto nivel de representación en el ámbito teatral noruego, siguiendo a Henrik Ibsen .
Minutos después del anuncio del premio, Carin Klaesson entrevistó al presidente del Comité Nobel, Anders Olsson . Cuando se le preguntó por qué Fosse fue seleccionado como el premio de Literatura de 2023, explicó:
Entrevistado por Manisha Lalloo, una corresponsal de la Divulgación del Premio Nobel, Fosse expresó que se sintió muy sorprendido al ganar el premio a pesar de estar acostumbrado a estar en la lista de especulaciones de apuestas. En ese momento, estaba conduciendo hacia Frekhaug, un pueblo en la costa occidental de Noruega cerca de la ciudad de Bergen, cuando el secretario permanente Mats Malm lo llamó para informarle que era el laureado del Nobel de este año. Malm le dijo que si no lo creía, podía ver la televisión y ver el anuncio. Cuando se le preguntó cómo pasó su primer día como laureado, respondió:
El Comité del Nobel 2023 de la Academia Sueca está compuesto por los siguientes miembros:​
Premio Nobel de Química

El Premio Nobel de Química ha sido entregado desde 1901 por la Real Academia de las Ciencias de Suecia. 160 científicos han sido laureados con este premio hasta 2018. En la actualidad (2023) está dotado con 10 millones de coronas suecas (1.5 millones de dólares).​ Frederick Sanger lo recibió en dos ocasiones: en 1958 y en 1980.​
Nueva democracia (mural)

Nueva democracia es un mural realizado por David Alfaro Siqueiros y fue inaugurado en el año de 1944 y 1945. Actualmente está resguardado en el Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes.
En 1944, el Palacio de Bellas Artes encargó a Siqueiros pintar un mural en el interior del mismo, para conmemorar el aniversario de la Revolución mexicana de 1910. El 20 de noviembre de 1944 se inauguró el panel central, cuyo título original era México por la democracia y la independencia. Un año después, en 1945, Siqueiros añadió otros dos tableros,Víctimas de la guerra" y "Víctimas del fascismo, conmemorando la victoria de los Aliados sobre el Eje Berlín-Roma-Tokio, de este modo se forma el tríptico conocido hoy en día como Nueva Democracia.
En el mural, se puede observar una mujer encadenada con el torso desnudo y los brazos extendidos. La modelo del mural fue Angélica Arenal, esposa de Siqueiros. Raquel Tuccayas interpretó esta escena como la liberación de la opresión, señaló también que la flor amarilla que porta la mujer simboliza la ciencia y el arte, y la antorcha representa el nacimiento de un nuevo indigenismo: el fuego nuevo. La mujer lleva un gorro frigio, emblema de libertad en la Revolución francesa; de la costilla de la mujer sale otro brazo, una mano empuñada, el triunfo contra el fascismo y abajo se ve un soldado alemán muerto.
El panel de la izquierda Víctimas de la guerra plasma la violencia sobre dos cuerpos cercenados: el hombre muerto, la víctima de la guerra, caído de espadas entre despojos humanos.
Al lado derecho, se encuentra Víctima del fascismo una escena que presenta un hombre maniatado, con señales de tortura, caído de bruces, una imagen que se ha pensado como un hombre esclavizado por la ideología.
El mural se encuentra trabajado con lacas de nitrato de celulosa, una pintura automotiva que también se denomina piroxilina
Murales en Michoacán

Los Murales en Michoacán fueron pintados en el siglo XX durante la época del muralismo mexicano y algunos en época posterior, siendo elaborados por reconocidos artistas plásticos naciones y extranjeros. En el siglo XXI también han sido pintados algunos murales en edificios públicos de Michoacán.
Murales realizado por encargo del Gobernador de Michoacán David Franco Rodríguez (Periodo 1956 - 1962).​
Fragmentos del mural “Gente y paisaje de Michoacán”:
Street Fighter Alpha

Street Fighter Alpha: Warriors' Dreams (llamado Street Fighter Zero en Japón), es un videojuego de lucha en 2D que forma parte de la serie Street Fighter. Este juego apareció originalmente en versión arcade en Japón en 1995, siendo adaptado más adelante a formatos domésticos como PlayStation, Sega Saturn, PC y Game Boy Color.​
En esta entrega, los personajes se ven más jóvenes dado que el argumento cronológicamente se sitúa entre el primer Street Fighter y Street Fighter II. Los personajes que regresan del segundo Street Fighter a la serie Alpha son Ryu, Ken, Chun-Li, Sagat, Akuma y M. Bison, mientras que los demás son nuevos, son revisiones modernizadas de luchadores viejos, como el caso de Birdie, o son originarios de Final Fight, como Guy y Sodom (Katana en la versión occidental), una serie de videojuegos que hasta entonces no tenía relación directa con Street Fighter.
Alpha fue una pequeña sorpresa para los aficionados a la serie porque abandonó las constantes continuaciones de Street Fighter II, que apenas ofrecían mejoras o cambios de jugabilidad pero no renovaban al juego por completo.
Alpha fue diseñada desde cero, pero fue víctima de un tiempo de desarrollo muy corto, que inició en octubre de 1994, con el plan de concluir el juego por completo en apenas tres meses. El desarrollo finalmente duró seis meses, lo cual se ve reflejado en algunos aspectos del juego, como contar con diez luchadores controlables, en comparación con diecisiete de Super Street Fighter II Turbo, el título previo de Street Fighter.​
Street Fighter Alpha: Warrior's Dreams tiene a diez luchadores iniciales, a los que se le suman tres más ocultos, los cuales se pueden seleccionar ejecutando códigos específicos en la pantalla de selección de personaje o son enfrentados por el jugador al cumplir con determinadas condiciones. La lista completa de luchadores es la siguiente:
Street Fighter Alpha fue seguido de dos secuelas: Street Fighter Alpha 2 en 1996 y Street Fighter Alpha 3 en 1998. Al igual que Alpha, estos dos juegos fueron lanzados para arcades y después aparecieron versiones actualizadas y adaptaciones para sistemas caseros. Los tres en esta serie y sus variaciones fueron incluidos Street Fighter Alpha Anthology, un juego compilatorio para PlayStation 2 publicado en 2006.