davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Aelia Pulcheria

Aelia Pulcheria (Kergustentin, 19 Genver 398 pe 399 - Gouhere 453) a oa merc'h d'an impalaer Flavius Arcadius, ha c'hoar henañ an impalaer roman Theodosius II. Dimezet e oa d'an impalaer Marcianus (ren : 450-457), ha ren a reas gantañ eus 450 betek he marv e 453.
Anvet e voe da santez koulz gant an Iliz katolik roman hag an Iliz ortodoks ; d'an 10 a viz Gwengolo e vez lidet.
E 408 e varvas he zad Arcadius hag anvet e oa bet ar prefed Anthemius da rejant. E 414 e voe anvet Pulcheria da Augusta ha da gulatorez he breur Theodosius, daou vloaz yaouankoc'h egeti. Ur gristenez deol e oa, ha gouestlet he doa chom gwerc'hez. Dre ma oa gwan he breur edo ar galloud etre he daouarn hag anal ar manati a oa el lez. Embann a reas reolennoù a-enep ar baganed hag ar yuzevien, ha diwar-se e voe lazhadegoù en Egipt, renet gant Kirillos Aleksandria, eskob Aleksandria ; enne e varvas ar brederourez Hypatia e 415.
E 421 ec'h aozas eured he breur Theodosius II gant merc'h ur retour eus Aten anvet Aelia Eudocia. Neuze e tisteraas he levezon betek 433, pa voe harluet Eudocia war an digarez faos e oa avoultrerez.
National Doctors' Day

National Doctors' Day is a day celebrated to recognize the contributions of physicians to individual lives and communities. The date varies from nation to nation depending on the event of commemoration used to mark the day. In some nations the day is marked as a holiday. Although supposed to be celebrated by patients in and benefactors of the healthcare industry, it is usually celebrated by health care organizations. Staff may organize a lunch for doctors during which physicians are presented with tokens of recognition. Historically, a card or red carnation may be sent to physicians and their spouses, along with a flower being placed on the graves of deceased physicians.
The first Doctors’ Day observance was March 28, 1933, in Winder, Georgia, United States. This first observance included the mailing of cards to the physicians and their wives, flowers placed on graves of deceased doctors, including Dr. Long, and a formal dinner in the home of Dr. and Mrs. William T. Randolph. After the Barrow County Alliance adopted Mrs. Almond's resolution to pay tribute to the doctors, the plan was presented to the Georgia State Medical Alliance in 1933 by Mrs. E. R. Harris of Winder, president of the Barrow County Alliance. On May 10, 1934, the resolution was adopted at the annual state meeting in Augusta, Georgia. The resolution was introduced to the Women's Alliance of the Southern Medical Association at its 29th annual meeting held in St. Louis, Missouri, November 19–22, 1935, by the Alliance president, Mrs. J. Bonar White. Since then, Doctors' Day has become an integral part of and synonymous with, the Southern Medical Association Alliance.
The United States Senate and House of Representatives passed S.J. RES. #366 during the 101st United States Congress, which President Bush signed on October 30, 1990 (creating Public Law 101-473), designating Doctors' Day as a national holiday to be celebrated on March 30.
Dr. Marion Mass along with Dr. Kimberly Jackson and Dr. Christina Lang applied to officially have physicians day changed to physicians week. This was accepted in March 2017.
In 2017 Physicians Working Together (PWT, founded by Dr. Kimberly Jackson) sponsored a series of articles in celebration of National Physicians week that were hosted on KevinMD. In 2018 PWT along with Openxmed sponsored a free online conference focusing on physician well being and advocacy. In 2019, PWT and Openxmed sponsored a scholarship program for medical students and residents. The week long event focuses on advocacy and supporting the physician community.
Viña

Una viña o viñedo es una plantación de vides (Vitis vinifera) para la producción de uvas de mesa o de vino.
Las plantaciones de uva para vino eran tradicionalmente de secano, llegando a estar prohibido el riego en algunas denominaciones de origen. Este hecho dio nombre a los «melocotones de viña», famosos por su sabor intenso debido a la ausencia de riego.
Las vides de uva de vino se solían plantar en cepa baja, y bastante separadas unas de otras (dos o más metros entre plantas). En la actualidad es más frecuente la plantación en hileras con espaldera o emparrado, aunque en La Mancha sigue siendo muy común el cultivo de la vid en cepa. Las uvas de mesa normalmente se plantan en parra o con algún otro sistema de guiado y suelen regarse.
En Chile, la palabra «viña» se utiliza para identificar al total del proyecto vitivinícola, incluso como figura legal, por lo que vale decir que una viña es la empresa que contiene al viñedo, instalaciones y empleados que trabajan en su desarrollo.
Viñedo de Languedoc-Rosellón

El viñedo de Languedoc-Rosellón (en francés, Vignoble du Languedoc-Rousillon) recibe en realidad su nombre de la región administrativa epónima (región de Languedoc-Rosellón) y está constituido de los viñedos correspondientes a las dos regiones unidas en una: el viñedo de Rosellón y el viñedo de Languedoc. Juntas, las dos regiones constituyen el área vinícola francesa situada en el sur del país, a orillas del mar Mediterráneo.
Los dos viñedos constituyen una de las áreas vinícolas más antiguas, junto con la Provenza. Los vinos del Languedoc-Rosellón, considerados durante mucho tiempo como vinos de calidad inferior, conocen, desde la llegada de los vinos varietales (comercializados en su mayor parte bajo el nombre vin de pays d'Oc) en los años 1980, una renovación de su popularidad entre los consumidores. Investigaciones modernas han acabado prácticamente por demostrar que el vino espumoso más antiguo del mundo es la Blanquette de Limoux, más antigua incluso que el Champán.
El Languedoc-Rosellón es el mayor productor de vinos de mesa. En el Languedoc hay un VDQS, el Côtes de la Malepère. El resto de vinos de ambos viñedos (Languedoc y Rosellón) son vinos de la tierra (vin de pays) así como naturalmente los muy franceses AOC.
Viñedo del valle del Ródano

El viñedo del valle del Ródano (en francés, vignoble de la vallée du Rhône) es una región vinícola francesa que se extiende desde Vienne al Norte hasta Arlés en el Sur. Se divide en dos regiones:
La superficie de producción es de 73 000 hectáreas.
La producción anual media es de 3,5 millones de hectolitros (465 millones de botellas) y provienen de 7000 explotaciones, siendo la superficie media de cada una de 10 ha. Sólo 2000 de estas explotaciones son bodegas particulares; las otras se agrupan en cooperativas.
La denominación Côtes-du-Rhône, creada por un decreto de 1937, se reparte por 44 000 hectáreas de seis departamentos (Ródano, Loira, Vaucluse, Drôme, Ardèche y Gard).
La denominación «Côtes-du-Rhône-villages», creada por un decreto de 1966, afecta a 95 municipios del área geográfica de Drôme, Vaucluse, Gard y Ardèche.
Además de estas denominaciones, está el vino del país.
Viñedo lorenés

El viñedo lorenés, o viñedo de Lorena, es el que corresponde al conjunto de viñedos de la región de Lorena (Francia). Los viñedos están principalmente situados en las así llamadas "laderas": "Laderas de Mosa" (los Côtes de Meuse, de los que forman parte los viñedos de la AOC Côtes de Toul) y "Laderas de Mosela" (los Côtes de Moselle). La orientación de las laderas confiere a las viñas una exposición sureste sobre un suelo calcáreo. Una pequeña parte del viñedo se encuentra en el altiplano lorenés, en el Valle del río Seille.
Si por un lado el viñedo lorenés es uno de los más pequeños de Francia, por otro presenta la originalidad de producir un vino gris a partir de la uva Gamay: el Gris de Toul. También tiene la particularidad de ser el territorio original de una cepa de uva blanca, poco conocida pero habitualmente utilizada: la Auxerrois.
Los vinos de la región son esencialmente el Côtes de Toul (vino AOC producido en las laderas llamadas Côtes de Meuse) y el Moselle (VDQS producido en las laderas llamadas Côtes de Moselle) aunque también produce vinos de mesa o vinos de país, como el Vin de pays de la Meuse (departamental) y el Vin de pays des côtes de Meuse. La AOC Côte de Toul tiene la particularidad de producirse en variantes de vino blanco (Côte de Toul blanc), vino tinto (Côte de Toul rouge) y vino gris. A la variante de vino gris se la llama directamente Gris de Toul.
Viñedo del Suroeste

El viñedo del Suroeste (en francés, vignoble du Sud-Ouest) es una región vinícola francesa que queda entre Burdeos y la frontera con España. Parte de este viñedo está en la región francesa de Aquitania, y otra en la de Mediodía-Pirineos.
Pueden distinguirse tres grandes áreas que son, de norte a sur: Bergeracois, Haut Pays y Pyrénées.
La zona más al norte es el Bergeracois. El Bergerac es un nombre genérico que se da a los viñedos de la Guyena. Estos viñedos están muy cerca de la región de Burdeos, tanto en lo que se refiere a la naturaleza de los suelos como a las variedades viníferas. Dentro de estos viñedos de la Guyena, puede diferenciarse:
Queda en el centro de la región. Tres son las subregiones que pueden encontrarse aquí. En primer lugar, están los viñedos de Quercy:
Luego están los viñedos de Tarn y Rouergue. Esta región vinícola, al noreste de Toulouse, se extiende sobre 16.000 hectáreas de viñas. Aquí están:
Finalmente, están los viñedos de Agenais:
Al sur de esta región vinícola, se encuentran la Gascuña y, lindando con España, los Pirineos (Les Pyrénées). Esta región vinícola, al oeste de Toulouse se extiende desde Agen hacia el País Vasco francés al suroeste. La Gascuña limita con el Garona al norte y al este, con el río Ariège al sureste.
Viñedo de Gascuña (central) :
Viñedo de Gascuña (piamonte pirenaico) :
Los Pirineos
En esta región se producen vinos tintos, vinos rosados, blancos secos y también blancos dulces. Finalmente, hay vinos espumosos, tanto tipo brut como dulces.
El viñedo

El viñedo de punta de rieles es una película uruguaya de 2000, coproducida con Chile. Dirigida por Esteban Schroeder, es un drama de suspenso inspirado en hechos reales, protagonizado por Danilo Rodríguez Barilari, Liliana García, Eduardo Guerrero, Fernando Kliche y Martín Linares.​​​
Joaquín Santi, periodista de un importante diario de Montevideo, descubre que el asesinato de un joven en un viñedo tiene connotaciones políticas, que no fue un hecho aislado, y comienza la investigación. Entre el desafío profesional y la obsesión personal por la búsqueda de justicia, comienza a investigar la extraña desaparición.
Museo alemán de la viticultura

El Deutsches Weinbaumuseum (en español, Museo alemán de la viticultura), situado en Oppenheim, Rheinhessen, (Alemania) es un museo privado, especializado y dedicado por completo a la viticultura y cultura del vino.
El museo fue fundado por los amigos y productores de vino Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Deutschen Weinbaumuseum e.V. en 1980.​ Es una institución que se ocupa de la promoción de estudios, eventos culturales y exposiciones destinadas a mejorar la cultura y la economía del vino y de la vid.
A través de sus colecciones arqueológicas, etnográficas y artísticas, el museo ofrece información sobre el papel del vino en la cultura alemana, donde el vino siempre ha sido muy valorado no solo por sus propiedades y gusto, sino también como un producto cultural.
El museo del vino se encuentra en la antigua “Casa de la Orden Teutónica”, un histórico Hospital Civil, que más tarde se convirtió en Universidad Popular de la Comunidad. El edificio fue construido en 1746 y se caracteriza por un diseño elegante de lenguaje clásica, inspirado en el primer estilo barroco francés. Tiene dos pisos y una tejado de copete (llamada a veces tejado francés o de mansarda). La fachada central es tripartita coronada con un frontón triangular, destacando sólo el almohadillado que adorna los soportes.
Durante siglos, Oppenheim jugó un papel destacado en la viticultura por su situación en el valle del Rin, rodeada de viñedos. El museo promociona la cultura del vino mediante la combinación de instalaciones exteriores e interiores. 5.000 m² de superficie de exposición repartidos en las tres plantas del edificio del barroco tardío, una casa adjunta y dos áreas al aire libre, muestran 2000 años de viticultura en Alemania.
Cepa (viticultura)

La cepa es por definición el tronco de la vid,​ del cual brotan los sarmientos, las hojas y los frutos, agrupados en panículas (racimos compuestos con grumos de uvas). Las cepas se dividen en cepas de vinificación,​ de cuyas uvas se extrae el vino, y cepas de mesa, cuyas uvas se destinan al consumo fresco o para pasas. Las cepas solo se pueden propagar por estaca (esqueje leñoso), por acodo y por injerto de yema o de púa.
Por extensión, el término "cepa" se emplea para referirse a las variedades viníferas, aunque comúnmente se usen también los términos "vid" y "uva". La forma de las hojas y de las uvas le dan a cada cepa sus características. Desde el punto de vista de la botánica, la cepa es un cultivar, a saber una variedad compuesta de individuos genéticamente diferentes pero con características similares, antes que una especie de vid.
Los vinos se suelen elaborar mezclando distintas cepas, lo que se llama ensamblaje. Se habla entonces de vinos ensamblados. Cuando un vino procede al 80 % como mínimo de una misma cepa, se llama varietal.
La cepa le da al vino su carácter varietal, que incluye el aroma, el sabor o paladar, y la textura. La elección de la cepa es por lo tanto fundamental para determinar el carácter del vino.
El estudio de las cepas se llama ampelografía.
Lago de Constanza (viticultura)

La región al norte del Lago de Constanza​ (en alemán: Bodensee) en el suroeste de Baden-Wurtemberg, Alemania, es una región vinícola de Baden. Es la región vinícola más meridional de Baden y de Alemania y, con aprox. 580 ha,​ la segunda más pequeña de Baden. Es desconectada de las otras regiones vinícolas de Baden y separada del Markgräflerland, la segunda más meridional, por las montañas de la Selva Negra. La enorme masa de agua del lago actúa como un reservorio de calor, lo que compensa las fluctuaciones de temperatura entre el día y la noche y entre el verano y el invierno y ofrece un clima templado.​ Además, la superficie del agua del lago refleja parte de la energía solar a los viñedos.​ De esta manera las vides prosperan no sólo en las llanuras (p. ej. en la isla Reichenau),​ sino también en altitudes hasta 530 m (monte Hohentwiel).​ Variedades cultivadas son Spätburgunder (252 ha), Müller-Thurgau (171 ha), Ruländer (54 ha), Weißburgunder (35 ha), Bacchus (13 ha) y Kerner (7 ha).​
Departamento de Viticultura y Enología de la Universidad de California en Davis

El Departamento de Viticultura y Enología en la Universidad de California, Davis, localizada en Davis, California, ofrece pregrados y postgrados en las áreas de cultivo de uva y el vino. Situado a tan sólo 45 minutos de Napa, Country Wine, el departamento tiene fuertes conexiones con los productores de vino en California y en otros lugares. El departamento ha producido muchos de los notables enólogos de la industria vinícola de California.
El Departamento de Viticultura y Enología en UC Davis celebró su 125 aniversario en 2005.
Fundada en 1880 por mandato de la Legislatura de California, el propósito del departamento era el de establecer un centro de investigación para ayudar al desarrollo de la industria del vino de California. Originalmente estaba situado en el campus de la Universidad de California, Berkeley, el departamento pero se cerró en 1919 con el paso de una ley de prohibición. El departamento fue restablecido en 1935 en el campus de Davis tras la derogación de la prohibición.
Hoy en día, el departamento incluye una bodega piloto y dos viñedos de investigación (uno ubicado en el campus principal, y uno situado en el valle de Napa). En el año 2001 Robert Mondavi donó 25 millones de dólares al el departamento para el establecimiento del Instituto de Vino y Ciencia de los Alimentos Robert, que comenzó en 2005 (programado para completarse en el verano de 2008 e inaugurarse en Otoño de 2008).
Viñedo de Bugey

El viñedo de Bugey es una subregión dentro de la más amplia región vinícola de Saboya, en Francia. En ocasiones se habla de la región «Jura-Bugey-Saboya». Esta zona de Bugey elabora vinos tintos y blancos con denominación de origen de calidad superior, AOVDQS.
Bugey conoce los veranos más cálidos de un clima semicontinental, apropiado para el cultivo de la vid. Los inviernos se dulcifican por las últimas influencias oceánicas que topan con las montañas vecinas.
Los romanos, buenos agrónomos, no se equivocaban cuando encontraron en la región las primeras vides galas. En la Edad Media, los monjes desarrollaron enormemente el cultivo de la vid en los territorios de sus abadías. El viñedo ocupaba entonces una superficie considerable que conservó hasta el siglo XX. Probablemente fueron los monjes medievales quienes seleccionaron las vides locales.
En 1958, los vinos del Bugey obtuvieron la denominación de origen. El viñedo de Bugey comparte características climáticas y geológicas con las regiones vecinas.
Los vinos de Bugey y los vinos de la tierra (vin de pays de l'Ain) se elaboran con las siguientes variedades:
Los vinos pétillants (chispeantes, un tipo de espumoso) se elaboran según el método tradicional. Es necesaria una toma de espuma en botellas a partir de vinos afrutados. Es obligatorio almacenar el vino nueve meses sobre listones. Va seguido de un trasiego sobre pupitre y a continuación de un dégorgeage. Blanco o rosado, el Bugey ofrece una paleta variada de vinos espumosos, incluidos el Cerdon, el Montagnieu y el Bugey Brut.
Los vinos del Bugey maridan bien con platos de la tierra, como ranas o cangrejos en guarnición, así como volatería y caza.
Viñedos de España

Viñedos de España fue una indicación geográfica española con derecho a la mención Vino de la Tierra utilizada para designar vinos originarios de las zonas vitícolas de las comunidades autónomas de Andalucía, Aragón, Baleares, Canarias, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Comunidad de Madrid, Región de Murcia, Navarra y la Comunidad Valenciana.
Esta indicación geográfica fue reglamentada en 2006 por el Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación aunque ha sido rechazada por la Comisión Europea junto a la indicación geográfica Viñedos de Francia. Los gobiernos de Castilla y León y La Rioja han impugnado la orden que reconoce y regula esta indicación. Fue derogada en 2011.
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Autovía de los Viñedos

La autovía de los Viñedos ( CM-42 ) es una autovía de España de doble calzada y sentido que discurre por Castilla-La Mancha y enlaza Toledo con Tomelloso.
Sigue el trazado de la antigua C-400 entre Toledo y Tomelloso, aunque esta carretera continúa con doble sentido hasta Sotuélamos, donde conecta con la N-430 hacia Albacete.
En su inicio, es continuación de la autovía A-42 , que comunica con otras autovías y autopistas como A-40 y AP-41 .
En Madridejos comunica con la A-4 y en Tomelloso con la A-43 , constituyendo la vía de comunicación principal entre Toledo y Albacete a través del itinerario A-43->AP-36 (tramo libre de peaje) ->A-31. También es utilizada por los veraneantes madrileños que evitan la A-3 o AP-36 a través de A-42->CM-42->N-430 y a partir de ahí Alicante (A-31) , Murcia (A-30) o Valencia (A-35 o N-322 y A-3). También se puede optar en Munera por tomar la CM-313 hasta Hellín y seguir por A-30 a Murcia y A-7 a Alicante. También es utilizada como alternativa a la R-4, haciendo AP-41->CM-42->A-4
Todo su trazado discurre por la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla-La Mancha y, además, fue completamente financiada por la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
Su recorrido completo entró en servicio en diciembre de 2005. Atraviesa los municipios de Burguillos de Toledo, Nambroca, Almonacid de Toledo, Mora, Consuegra, Madridejos, Camuñas, Villafranca de los Caballeros, Herencia, Alcázar de San Juan (incluida la pedanía de Alameda de Cervera) y Tomelloso.
Señalizadas desde ambas calzadas y situadas a menos de 2500 metros de la autovía, en las localidades de:
The Vineyard (Spanish TV series)

The Vineyard (Spanish: La templanza; lit. 'The Temperance') is a Spanish romantic drama television limited series produced by Atresmedia Studios and Boomerang TV for Amazon Prime Video starring Leonor Watling, Rafael Novoa, Emilio Gutiérrez Caba and Juana Acosta. It is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by María Dueñas. It was released on 26 March 2021.
Set in the 1860s, the fiction moves across different locations such as London, Cuba, Cádiz and Mexico. The plot tracks the love story between Mauro Larrea (Rafael Novoa) and Soledad Montalvo (Leonor Watling), a refined woman belonging to a noted winemaking family from Jerez.
The series is produced by Buendía Estudios [es] in collaboration with Boomerang TV. It was shot in Tenerife, Madrid, Dublin, London and Jerez. In February 2021, Amazon Prime Video disclosed the intended release date set for 26 March 2021. Guillem Morales, Alberto Ruiz Rojo and Patricia Font directed the episodes, whereas Sonia Martínez, Nacho Manubens, Tedy Villalba and José María Caro are credited as executive producers. The screenplay adapting the original novel by María Dueñas was authored by Susana López Rubio and Javier Holgado. The series consists of 10 episodes with a running time of around 50 minutes.
Eguren Ugarte

Eguren Ugarte is a 140-year-old landmark family-owned winery in the Rioja Alavesa territory of the Basque Country, northern Spain. Founded in 1870 by Anastasio Eguren, it is known as one of the longest-standing vineyards in Europe.
The winery in the preserved medieval walled village of Laguardia has approximately two thousand metres of wine cellar caves and an average of thirty different varieties of wine, and is a regular participant in the annual vendimia "first harvesting" festivals of its region.
Eguren Ugarte has won several awards for its hotel accommodations and wine tours, and recently entered into a partnership deal with Delta Air Lines to supply wine in-flight.
Eguren Ugarte is also a sponsor of the Santa Catalina Film Festival in Southern California and frequently supports other various independent art galleries and entertainment events internationally.
Spanish wine regions

The mainstream quality wine regions in Spain are referred to as denominaciones de origen protegidas (DOP) (similar to the French Appellations) and the wine they produce is regulated for quality according to specific laws, and in compliance with European Commission Regulation (CE) 753/2002. In 2016, the use of the term Denominación de Origen (DO) was updated to Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAPA – Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación); the traditional term of DO can still be used legally on labels, but it will eventually be replaced by DOP.
The wine region classification in Spain takes a quite complex hierarchical form in which the denominación de origen protegida is a mainstream grading, equivalent to the French AOC and the Italian DOC. As of 2019, Spain has 138 identifiable wine regions under some form of geographical classification (2 DOCa/DOQ, 68 DO, 7 VC, 19 VP, and 42 VT). The Spanish DO is actually a subset of the EU-sponsored QWPSR (Quality Wine Produced in Specific Regions) regulatory code (vino de calidad producido en región determinada (VCPRD) in Spanish) which Spain formally adopted in 1986, upon accession to the (then) EEC. The Spanish appellation hierarchy was most recently updated in 2016, and is as follows:
In 2006 a new Vino de la Tierra "super-region" was created called Viñedos de España. This was never ratified by the EU, and it was abolished in 2011.
Although almost all wine regions are confined to specific centres of production, some of the top denominaciones (Cava and Rioja in particular) are the product of more than one Autonomous Community. This is in contrast to Vinos de Pago, where the location criteria are very strict indeed, often centering on specific plots of land and admitting only those wines produced in their immediate vicinity.
List of grape varieties

This list of grape varieties includes cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a table grape, fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana). For a complete list of all grape species, including those unimportant to agriculture, see Vitis.
The term grape variety refers to cultivars (rather than the botanical varieties that must be named according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants).
While some of the grapes in this list are hybrids, they are hybridized within a single species. For those grapes hybridized across species, known as interspecific hybrids, see the section on multispecies hybrid grapes below.
Many commercial varieties commonly called labrusca are actually complex interspecies hybrids.
Hybrid grape varieties (see Hybrid grapes) or "hybrids" is, in fact, the popular term for a subset of what are properly known as hybrids, specifically crossings between one species of the genus Vitis and another. The scientific definition of a hybrid grape is any crossing (intra- or inter-specific) of two grape varieties. In keeping with the popular definition, however, the ones listed below are inter-specific hybrids where one parent is a European grape. Most of these are complex mixtures of three or more species and all parents are not always clearly known.
Grape treading

Grape-treading or grape-stomping is part of the method of maceration used in traditional wine-making. Rather than being crushed in a wine press or by another mechanized method, grapes are repeatedly trampled in vats by barefoot participants to release their juices and begin fermentation. Grape-treading was widespread in the history of winemaking, but with the introduction of industrial methods, it now survives mostly as a recreational or competitive activity at cultural festivals.
One of the earliest extant visual representations of the practice appears on a Roman Empire sarcophagus from the 3rd century AD, which depicts an idealized pastoral scene with a group of Erotes harvesting and stomping grapes at Vindemia, a rural festival.
Many contemporary wineries hold grape-stomping contests to attract visitors. The practice is also the subject of many depictions in contemporary media, including the 1974 Mel Tillis song "Stomp Them Grapes", the I Love Lucy episode "Lucy's Italian Movie", and The Littlest Grape Stomper, a children's book by Alan Madison.
The novel The Secret of Santa Vittoria and the film based on it, taking place in a wine-producing Italian town during WWII, include a grape treading scene which has a major role in the battle of wits between the townspeople and their German occupiers.
Harvest experience tours, also known as "harvest internships" or "crush camps," are tours or programs that allow visitors to experience the winemaking process firsthand by participating in the grape harvesting and crushing process. These tours are usually offered during the grape harvesting season, which varies depending on the region and the type of grapes being harvested. Harvest experience tours can be a fun and educational way to learn about the winemaking process and to see behind the scenes at a working winery.
Media related to Grape treading at Wikimedia Commons
https://www.vineblisstrip.com/grape-stomping-and-harvest-experience/
Manzanilla (wine)

Manzanilla is a fortified wine similar to fino sherry made in the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, in the province of Cádiz, Andalusia (Spain), and is produced under the Spanish Denominación de Origen Protegida (DOP) of Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda DOP. In Spanish, a chamomile infusion is called "manzanilla"—this wine gets its name because the wine's aroma is said to be reminiscent of such an infusion.
Manzanilla is manufactured using the same methods as a fino sherry and results in a very pale, dry wine. It is often described as having a savoury and salty flavour, believed to develop from the chalky soil near the sea estuary of the Guadalquivir river. Sanlúcar de Barrameda's cool temperatures and high humidity contribute to a higher yield of flor yeast than in Jerez or El Puerto de Santa María. The thicker cap of flor better protects the wine from contact with the air, resulting in a fresher, more delicate flavour than a fino from Jerez. It is typically aged for three to five years in a solera, but some types may be aged longer.
On 12 April 2012, the rules applicable to the sweet and fortified Denominations of Origen Montilla-Moriles and Jerez-Xérès-Sherry were changed.
The classification by sweetness is:
The authorised grape varieties are the same as those of Jerez-Xérès-Sherry DOP:
Manzanilla is best served chilled at 7–10 °C (45–50 °F). In Spain it is often served with olives, almonds, or other tapas such as Jamón serrano or seafood.
It is also popular in the cocktail Rebujito.
Like fino, manzanilla is a delicate form of sherry and should be drunk within a year of bottling. Once opened it will immediately begin to deteriorate and should be drunk in one sitting for the best results. If necessary it can be stored, corked and refrigerated, for up to one week after opening.
The 1875 French opera Carmen by Georges Bizet features a well-known aria, 'Près des remparts de Séville', in which the titular character, after being detained, seduces the guard assigned to her into freeing her by promising that they will visit her friend's tavern where they will dance and drink manzanilla.
Part of a scene in chapter 4 of the 2018 movie Life Itself, where the character of Antonio Anderas offers the drink to one of his employees.
36°46′25″N 6°21′25″W﻿ / ﻿36.77361°N 6.35694°W﻿ / 36.77361; -6.35694
List of common misconceptions

Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated. These entries are concise summaries; the main subject articles can be consulted for more detail.
Common misconceptions are viewpoints or factoids that are often accepted as true, but which are actually false. They generally arise from conventional wisdom (such as old wives' tales), stereotypes, superstitions, fallacies, a misunderstanding of science, or the popularization of pseudoscience. Some common misconceptions are also considered to be urban legends, and they are sometimes involved in moral panics.
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View full version with citations
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References can be found at the full versions of the three included sub-articles:
Евелина Николова

Евелина Георгиева Николова е българска състезателка по борба. На летните олимпийски игри в Токио през 2021 година печели бронзов медал в категория до 57 килограма. Сред другите и големи успехи са бронзов медал от световното първенство в Баку през 2015 година в категория до 55 килограма и сребърен медал на европейското първенство в Букурещ през 2019 година.
На 28 октомври 2022 година на тържествено заседание на Общински съвет - Петрич Евелина Николова, заедно с още шест видни петричани е удостоена със званието Почетен гражданин на Петрич.
Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics

Wrestling at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo featured two disciplines, freestyle and Greco-Roman, which were further divided into different weight categories. Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only participated in the freestyle events, with 18 gold medals awarded. Wrestling had been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games, except Paris 1900.
Around 288 wrestlers were expected to compete in 18 events at the 2020 Summer Olympics which was postponed in March 2020 and planned for 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
16 wrestlers compete in each division. The competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals. Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage, culminating in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
* Host nation (Japan)
There are 61 participating nations:
Wrestling at the 2024 Summer Olympics

The wrestling competitions at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris were held from 5 to 11 August at Grand Palais Éphémère in Champ de Mars. 288 wrestlers competed across 18 weight categories at these Games. The men wrestled against each other in both freestyle and Greco-Roman events, whereas the women only participated in the freestyle wrestling, with 18 gold medals awarded. Wrestling has been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games, except Paris 1900.
Mijaín López became the first and only athlete in modern Olympics history to win five consecutive gold medals in the same individual event after winning in the Greco-Roman wrestling 130 kg, Japan has topped the medal table for the fourth time.
Sixteen wrestlers compete in each division. The competition consists of a single-elimination tournament, with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals. The two finalists will wrestle for the gold and silver medals. Each wrestler losing to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage that culminates in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers who each face the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket.
Similar to the previous Games, 288 wrestling quota places were available through three competition phases for Paris 2024. Each NOC could only qualify one wrestler per weight class. No host country spots will be allocated in wrestling.
The qualification period began at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships, held from the 16 to 24 September in Belgrade, Serbia, where five quota places for each of the eighteen weight categories were awarded to four medalists (gold, silver, and two bronze) along with the champion of a bout between two losers from the bronze-medal matches. At the beginning of the 2024 season, four continental qualification tournaments (Asia, Europe, the Americas, and the joint Africa & Oceania) distributed a total of 144 spots to the top two finalists of each continent across eighteen weight categories. The remainder of the total quota were decided at the 2024 World Qualification Tournament, offering three quota places per weight category to the two highest-ranked wrestlers and the champion of a wrestle-off between two bronze medalists.
During the 2024 European Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan, Italian wrestler Frank Chamizo stated that he was offered a $300,000 bribe to lose to Azerbaijani wrestler Turan Bayramov, which Chamizo refused. After a controversial referee decision resulted in Bayramov winning on criteria, Chamizo accused the referee of match fixing. Two weeks after the tournament, the refereeing body that officiated the match were suspended by the UWW after two independent panels ruled the bout was scored incorrectly. However, the result cannot be changed after the winner is officially declared, due to a policy. Chamizo ended up qualified by ranking, due to several olympic spots being redistributed after the denial of athletes from Russia and Belarus.
* Host nation (France)
There are 60 participating nations:
Ramazan Ramazanov (wrestler)

Ramazan Ramazanov (Russian: Рамазан Эльдарович Рамазанов; born 15 February 1995) is a Russian-born Bulgarian wrestler of Avar origin. He won the silver medal in the 70 kg event at the 2023 European Wrestling Championships held in Zagreb, Croatia.
In August 2018 he went to the Russian Championship as a member of the Dagestan national team. In November 2018 he won a bronze medal at the tournament in memory of Dinmukhamed Kunayev in Kazakhstan. Until 2019 he represented Russia, after which he began to play for Bulgaria. At the end of January 2020, he won the Bulgarian championship. In January 2023, he again became the champion of Bulgaria.
At the 2022 European Wrestling Championships held in Budapest, Hungary, he won the bronze medal in the 70 kg freestyle match in the third place match against Azerbaijani Ziraddin Bayramov by beating his opponent with a button after leading 11–7.
He competed in the 70 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.
In 2023, he won the silver medal at the 2023 European Wrestling Championships in Zagreb, Croatia, losing 10–3 to Azerbaijani Haji Aliyev in the final match of the 70 kg men's freestyle. He won one of the bronze medals in the men's 70 kg event at the 2024 European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania.
Valentin Yordanov

Valentin Dimitrov Yordanov (Bulgarian: Валентин Димитров Йорданов; born January 26, 1960), also transliterated Jordanov, is a retired Bulgarian freestyle wrestler who competed in the up to 52 kg weight class. He is an Olympic gold medalist, seven-time World Champion, seven-time European Champion, and the only wrestler to hold 10 medals (seven gold, two silver and one bronze) from the World Wrestling Championships.
He was born in the Bulgarian village of Sandrovo in the Ruse Municipality. He began wrestling at the age of 10, and was coached by Georgi Achev from 1970 to 1978. He did his military service at the sports school of the CSKA Sofia sports club from 1978 to 1980, where he worked with Yancho Patrikov.
He won his first European championship in 1980 in Bursa, Turkey, and his first world championship in 1983 in Kyiv. He continued to work at the CSKA sports club until 1990. He was one of two people to be named the Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year in 1989.
In 1990, Yordanov emigrated to the United States, training and living at multi-millionaire John du Pont's Foxcatcher Farm in Pennsylvania while continuing to wrestle for Bulgaria. He won a bronze medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics in the Freestyle Flyweight 52 kg event and a gold medal in the same event at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. Following his death in 2010, John du Pont's will bequeathed 80 percent of his estate to Yordanov and his relatives.
He retired from wrestling after the 1996 Olympics. In 1997 he became a member of the Athletes' Commission of FILA, and has been the President of the Bulgarian Wrestling Federation since 1998. He has been a member of the board of the Bulgarian Olympic Committee since 2000. He is married and has two children.
In 2010, multimillionaire John du Pont died in prison while serving his sentence for murder. du Pont's most recent will bequeathed 80 percent of his estate to Yordanov, his wife, Zdravka Moneta Atanosova Dimitrov, and their relatives. Du Pont had been a Forbes 400 member worth an estimated US$200 million in 1986, equivalent to $570 million in 2024. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania upheld a Delaware County Orphans Court order dismissing a challenge to the will from du Pont's family.
In 2013, Yordanov returned his 1996 Olympic gold medal in protest of the International Olympic Committee's decision to eliminate wrestling from the Olympics.
List of world records in Olympic weightlifting

This is a list of world records in Olympic weightlifting. These records are maintained in each weight class for the snatch lift, clean and jerk lift, and the total for both lifts.
The International Weightlifting Federation (IWF) restructured its weight classes in 1993, 1998 and 2018, nullifying earlier records.
Key to tables: Awaiting ratification Not ratified or later rescinded by IWF
When the previous records and weight classes were discarded, the IWF defined "world standards" as the minimum lifts needed to qualify as world records in the new weight classes. Wherever World Standard appears in the list below, no qualified weightlifter has yet lifted these weights in a sanctioned competition.
^1 The IWF website still lists Nijat Rahimov (Kazakhstan) record of 214 kg in the clean and jerk, which was later disqualified for doping.
^2 The IWF website still lists Nurcan Taylan's (Türkiye) record of 121 kg in the clean and jerk, which was later disqualified for doping.
^3 The IWF website stil lists Hripsime Khurshudyan's (Armenia) record of 160 kg in the clean and jerk, which was later disqualified for doping.
^4 The IWF website still lists Hripsime Khurshudyan's record of 283 kg in total, which was later disqualified for doping.
^5 The IWF website still lists Tatiana Kachirina's records of 155 kg in the snatch, 193 kg in the clean and jerk and 348 kg in total, who was later disqualified for doping.
^6 It was not an official world record, but the best result, equal to the world record until then, and the Asian record in that period.
List of Olympic records in weightlifting

This is the list of Olympic records in weightlifting. Records are maintained in each weight class for the snatch lift, clean and jerk lift, and the total for both lifts.
The weight classes for men on the Olympic program were adjusted for the 2000 Games, so Olympic records only exist based on the results during and after that. Women's weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, with seven weight classes that have not changed since.
♦ denotes a performance that is also a current world record. Statistics are correct as of 10 August 2024.
♦ denotes a performance that is also a current world record. Statistics are correct as of 31 October 2018.
♦ denotes a performance that is also a current world record. Statistics are correct as of 1 January 1998.
♦ denotes a performance that is also a current world record. Statistics are correct as of 31 October 2018.
Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics

Weightlifting has been contested at every Summer Olympic Games since the 1920 Summer Olympics, in Antwerp, Belgium, as well as twice before then. It debuted at the 1896 Summer Olympics, in Athens, Greece, and was also an event at the 1904 Games.
In the early Games, all lifters competed in the same events, regardless of their individual body weights.
1896
1904
When the sport returned to the Olympic Games in 1920, the competition was structured as a set of weight classes. The number of classes and weight limits for each class have changed several times, as shown in the following table.
Women's weightlifting made its Olympic debut at the 2000 Games in Sydney, with seven weight classes.
Sources:
As of the 2024 Summer Olympics and Court of Arbitration for Sport decision of March 2022 to disqualify a gold medalist in the weightlifting men's 77kg event at the 2016 Summer Olympics (medals in this event have not yet been reallocated as of August 2024).
The table shows those who have won at least 2 gold medals. Boldface denotes active weightlifters and highest medal count among all weightlifters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Weightlifting at the 2024 Summer Olympics

The weightlifting competitions at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris took place from 7 to 11 August at the Paris Expo Porte de Versailles. Several significant changes were instituted in the weightlifting program for Paris 2024, as the number of categories was trimmed from fourteen in Tokyo to ten. Furthermore, a total of 120 weightlifters, with an equal split between men and women, competed in each of the ten weight classes, a massive drop from the 196 at the previous Games.
120 weightlifting quota places, with an equal distribution between men and women, were available for Paris 2024, almost eighty fewer overall than those in Tokyo 2020. Qualified NOCs were permitted to enter a maximum of three weightlifters per gender, with a maximum of one in each bodyweight category.
Over eighty-three percent of the total quota was awarded to the ten highest-ranked weightlifters across ten different weight classes through the biennial IWF Olympic Qualification Ranking list (running from 1 August 2022, to 28 April 2024). Five more spots per gender were offered to the highest-ranked weightlifter vying for qualification and outside the top ten based on their continental representation (Africa, the Americas, Asia, Europe, or Oceania) from the list.
Host country France reserved two men's and two women's quota places in weightlifting, while a further three places per gender were entitled to eligible NOCs to have their weightlifters compete in Paris 2024 as granted by the Universality principle.
On 14 June 2022, the International Weightlifting Federation officially announced the new weight categories for Paris 2024, with the total medal count reducing from fourteen to ten. Among the weightlifting medal events, the 61 and 73 kg categories for men and the 49 and 59 kg for women remain present from Tokyo 2020. The following list is the official weight categories for men and women, respectively.
There were 57 participating nations:
* Host nation (France)
2015 in K-1

The year 2015 is the 23rd year in the history of the K-1. 2015 starts with K-1 China vs. USA, and ends with K-1 World GP 2015 The Championship.
K-1 China vs. USA was a kickboxing event held on January 1, 2015 at the Golden Eagle Culture City in Changsha, China.
K-1 World GP 2015 –60kg Championship Tournament was a kickboxing event held on January 18, 2015 at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. This event featured 8-Man tournament for the inaugural K-1 -60kg Championship, and other super fights.
Extra round
K-1 China vs. Japan was a kickboxing event held on February 1, 2015 at the Golden Eagle Culture City in Changsha, China.
K-1 World GP 2015 -55kg Championship Tournament was a kickboxing event held on April 19, 2015 at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. This event featured 8-Man tournament for the inaugural K-1 -55kg Championship, and other super fights.
Extra round
K-1 World GP 2015 -70kg Championship Tournament was a kickboxing event held on July 4, 2015 at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. This event featured 8-Man tournament for the inaugural K-1 -70kg Championship, and other super fights.
K-1 World GP 2015 Survival Wars was a kickboxing event held on September 22, 2015 at the Korakuen Hall in Tokyo, Japan.
K-1 World GP 2015 The Championship was a kickboxing event held on November 21, 2015 at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, Japan. This event was originally scheduled to feature 4 title fights for the K-1 -70kg, -65kg, -60kg and -55kg Championship, but -70kg Championship bout was cancelled due to challenger Sanny Dahlbeck having a fever.
Bindyarani Devi

Bindyarani Devi Sorokhaibam (born 27 January 1999) is an Indian weightlifter who competes in the 55 kg weight class.
She won gold at the 2019 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships and silver at the 2021 Commonwealth Weightlifting Championships. She also won gold in clean and jerk at the 2021 World Weightlifting Championships.
She won the silver medal at the 2022 Commonwealth Games with a total lift of 202 kg. She also broke Games record and national record in clean and jerk by lifting 116 kg.
List of World and Olympic Champions in men's freestyle wrestling

Listed are wrestlers who were World or Olympic Champions in men's freestyle wrestling. Men's freestyle wrestling competition began at the Olympics in 1904. The World Championships for men's freestyle wrestling began in 1951. The World Championships takes place during non-Olympic years. At the World Championships team scoring is kept, while no official team statistics are kept at the Olympics.
Olympic Champions and Olympic competition years in freestyle wrestling are highlighted in gold.
Aleksandr Medved, 1962–1972
Buvaisar Saitiev, 1995–2008
Sergei Beloglazov, 1980–1988
Arsen Fadzaev, 1983–1992
Valentin Yordanov, 1983–1996
Abdulrashid Sadulaev, 2014–2024
Makharbek Khadartsev, 1986–1992
Jordan Burroughs, 2011–2022
Abdollah Movahed, 1965–1970
Levan Tediashvili, 1971–1976
Soslan Andiyev, 1973–1980
John Smith, 1987–1992
Leri Khabelov, 1985–1993
Khadzhimurat Gatsalov, 2004–2013
Mustafa Dağıstanlı, 1954–1960
Aleksandr Ivanitsky, 1962–1966
Ali Aliev, 1959–1967
Yuji Takada, 1974–1979
Vladimir Yumin, 1974–1979
Bruce Baumgartner, 1984–1995
The list below includes unofficial championships won during the Olympic Games, although no official team statistics are kept during Olympic years.
/ / / / / 1959–2021
1904–2023
1948–1994
/ / 1956–2013
1964–2024
1920–1928
/ 2003–2024
1908
1936
1952