davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Pericles with the Corinthian helmet

The statue of Pericles with the Corinthian Helmet is a lost, life-sized statue of the Athenian statesman and general Pericles. Today, only some of the base survives. Four Roman Imperial-era marble busts modelled after the head of the statue are known.
The Roman copies of the bust of Pericles derive from a bronze statue made by the sculptor Kresilas. This life-size statue was probably installed on the Athenian Acropolis at or shortly after the death of the politician. Pausanias says that the statue was directly beyond the Propylaea, the gate to the Acropolis. Since this statue is not preserved and only limited information is known about it, its arrangement is unclear and its details can only be guessed at by analogies and assumptions. Pericles was not shown in a realistic fashion, but as an idealised image of the long-serving strategos. Whether he was depicted naked, clothed or in full armour is disputed. Remains of the statue's base were preserved with a dedicatory inscription. A slot in the base indicates that the statue held a spear in its left hand. The slight turning of the head indicates that the statue employed classical Contrapposto.
Pericles is depicted as an adult man with a Corinthian helmet. The helmet symbolised his military role as strategos. The Berlin copy is especially carefully executed. The helmet is cocked back, with short curly hair bursting out at the temples. The beard is tightly cropped with many small, well-ordered curls. Broad, even eyelids ring the eyes and eyebrows are carved above. His full lips are slightly open. Behind the eyeholes of his helmet, further hair can be seen (as in two of the three other copies). This hair, far above where his head would be expected to end, might hint at Pericles' unusually shaped head, which is occasionally referenced in Attic Comedy by the abusive nickname "Leek-head." (Also see Plutarch's 'Life of Perikles') This deformity was said to be the reason why Pericles was always depicted in a Corinthian helmet, since this would conceal the height of his head. The presence of the hair in the eyeholes should probably therefore be seen as the addition of a learned sculptor.
Kresilas created a kind of symbol of the Athenian democracy with this image of Pericles. However the sculpture also conformed to the broadly accepted citizen ideal of the times and employed the calm and collected facial expression which was the contemporary ideal. As a result, the realistic tendencies of Athenian art, which are found to some extent in the bust of Themistocles were abandoned. The expression is serious, showing no emotion. In this the depiction squares with self-controlled personality attributed to Pericles in the historical tradition. The identification of this idealised figure with Pericles is made because two of the copies are inscribed: one in the Vatican Museum, the other in the British Museum.
52°31′15″N 13°23′47″E﻿ / ﻿52.5208°N 13.3964°E﻿ / 52.5208; 13.3964
Commemoration of Stepan Bandera

Neither Stepan Bandera or the OUN are a symbols of the current Ukrainian government and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy is not presenting Bandera or other OUN members as national heroes, preferring to not talk about Bandera.
Nevertheless, the memory of Bandera can be found in Ukraine. The perception of controversial historical figures is different across the different regions of Ukraine. There are numerous monuments to Bandera in western cities of Ukraine. Monuments to Bandera, a Ukrainian leader of a split faction of the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists leadership, have been erected in Galicia, Volyn and partially in Western Podillia (administratively Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne and Ternopil region). Over 40 monuments have been erected.
Grand Mosque of West Sumatra

Grand Mosque of West Sumatra (Indonesian: Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat) is a mosque in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It is the largest mosque in West Sumatra and the second-largest mosque in Sumatra. It is located in Padang Utara Subdistrict, Padang, West Sumatra. The Grand Mosque of West Sumatra is located within a complex of 40,345 square meters at the intersection of Jalan Khatib Sulaiman and Jalan Ahmad Dahlan.
The first stone of the construction was laid on December 21, 2007, inaugurated by the Governor of West Sumatra Province, Gamawan Fauzi.
Construction took a long time because of budget issues. Apart from relying on West Sumatra's regional government budget, other strategies were used to collect funding, such as relying on donations from the people, the private sector, and foreign governments. In 2009 The government of Saudi Arabia funded 50 million US dollars for the construction of the mosque, however this came at the same time as the 2009 West Sumatra earthquakes, so the funding was relocated for rehabilitation of the earthquake victims and reconstruction process of West Sumatra instead. In 2014, the Turkish government donated rugs for the mosque.
Prayers were held in the mosque for the first time on February 7, 2014.
The mosque was designed by local architect Rizal Muslimin, selected as the winner of the 2007 competition for a new mosque in West Sumatra. The competition had 323 participants from around the world.
The most distinctive feature of the mosque is its roof form, a contemporary interpretation of the traditional roof of the Minangkabau vernacular houses. The shape of the roof is also meant to symbolize the cloth that was held by its corners by the four clan leaders of the Quraysh tribe to lift the Black Stone to the current spot in Mecca. The roof frame is constructed of steel pipes, supported by four curving concrete columns.
The main building consists of three floors. The main prayer hall is located on the second floor. The mosque is able to accommodate 20,000 people.
2024 West Sumatra floods

Beginning on 11 May 2024, heavy rain caused flash floods and lahars in West Sumatra, Indonesia, killing at least 67 people and leaving 20 more missing. More than 4,000 people were also displaced. The regencies of Agam and Tanah Datar were most affected.
Hours of heavy monsoon rains caused flash flooding at around 22:30 WIB (15:30 UTC) on 11 May, exacerbated by a lahar from Mount Marapi. The rains also caused a river to overflow and flood villages in four districts. The lahar swept down Mount Marapi, carrying a wet mixture of ash and rocks. It buried homes and swept some residents away.
At least 67 people died, 44 were injured and 20 remained missing. Among the dead included 22 in Agam Regency (19 of them in Canduang), 29 in Tanah Datar, 12 in Padang Pariaman, two in Padang Panjang and two in Padang.
At least 521 houses, 31,985 hectares of land including rice fields, 19 bridges and most major roads were damaged in three districts and one town. The flood also swept away people and more than 100 houses and buildings were submerged. In Tanah Datar, several mosques and almost 200 buildings were damaged. Two trucks were also swept away by the floods. In Agam, dozens of homes were also damaged and 159 people were evacuated to nearby schools. A number of national roads were also affected, cutting off access between the major cities.
The BNPB declared a 14-day state of emergency in West Sumatra and distributed a total of Rp 3.2 billion in aid to local governments affected by the floods. They were also involved in searching for missing people in areas near rivers and clearing important roads from large rocks, debris and mud due to flooding. Excavators were deployed to remove large rocks and trees. As of 16 May, rescue work was ongoing to search for the missing. Abdul Malik, chief of the provincial rescue team, said that 400 personnel, eight excavators and drones were deployed to assist in the search for missing people.
The local government set up evacuation centres in the worst affected areas, and rescue teams have deployed rubber boats in search of survivors. West Sumatra governor Mahyeldi Ansharullah offered condolences and has instructed authorities to collaborate with the response. More than 4,000 residents were displaced and sought refuge at shelters or nearby infrastructure. The BNPB said the government intend to relocate those who could not return to their homes. The agency's head said new homes would be ready in six months, numbering around 200.
Indonesia's meteorological agency, BMKG, used cloud seeding to prevent rain clouds from reaching the worst-hit areas. On 16 May, the agency forecasted rain in the next few days to week which prompted them to deploy an air force aircraft to release salt flares in an attempt to disperse rain clouds. A BMKG spokesperson said 15 tons of salt was allocated for the mission. Two cloud seeding operations were completed on 16 May.
On 26 May, the BNPB, BMKG and PVMBG agencies planned on creating an early warning system in West Sumatra as a result of the floods, installing early warning systems at 23 locations across Agam, Tanah Datar and Padang Panjang.
Tugu Yogyakarta

Tugu Yogyakarta (Javanese: ꦠꦸꦒꦸꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ, Tugu Ngayogyakarta) is an important historical pillar landmark in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Tugu means monument, which is usually built as a symbol of an area conceptualising characteristics of that region. Because of its historical background, Tugu Yogyakarta has become a historical icon of the city.
Tugu Yogyakarta is located right in the middle of the intersection between Mangkubumi Street, Sudirman Street, A.M Sangaji street, and Dipenogoro street of the city.
The name Tugu is also an alternative name for the Yogyakarta railway station.
The monument was built by Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono I in 1755. It was known as Tugu Golong-Gilig (Golong-Gilig Monument), and was built in the spirit of unity of the people. The top of the monument was shaped round (golong) and the pole was cylindric (gilig) shaped, hence its name. The height of the monument is 25 meters. It was built in the shape of a cylindrical pole conical to the top, the bottom as a circular fence, while the top round. It was built line connecting the southern sea, the Yogyakarta palace and Mount Merapi. At the time of meditation, it was said that the Sultan of Yogyakarta at that time used this monument as a benchmark to face the peak of Mount Merapi.
The monument collapsed during a major earthquake on June 10, 1867. In 1889, the Dutch colonial government renovated the monument with a square shape. The top of the monument was built as conical instead of previous round shape, with a small ball at the tip. The height of the monument also reduced from 25 meters to 15 meters. Since then, this monument is also known at the time as De Witte Paal (The White Monument).
In 2012, the renovation of the monument was done. The ornamental yellow painting was done including the ball at the tip. The ornamental paint was made of 22 carat gold. At present there is a small park surrounding the monument.
Monument to Viriathus (Zamora)

Viriato or the Monument to Viriathus, is an example of public art in Zamora, Spain. It was dedicated to Viriathus and is located in the eponymous plaza [es]. The monument consists of a bronze sculpture of the Lusitanian chieftain-shepherd put on an unpolished stone pedestal that features a battering ram.
The statue was the work of Eduardo Barrón. It is cast in bronze and was discovered in Rome at Nelli's foundry in 1883, it was later bought by the Spanish State.
The leading statue of the sculptural ensemble represents a standing and almost naked full-body figure of Viriathus, with his right arm extended in attitude of rallying his troops, while the left forearm holds a tunic and the left hand grabs a sheathed sword below the level of an abnormally long handle (creating a phallic perception from certain angles).
The statue stands 2-metre high and its bronze base reads terror romanorum ("terror of the Romans"), an epithet for Viriathus attributed to the Orosius' chronicles. The statue and the quadrangular base stand on a granite pedestal taken from Torrefrades [es], one of the pretenders claimed to be the Viriatho's birthplace. The granite block features a battering ram emerging from its front side, cast in bronze in 1903.
Failing to undergo a proper ceremony of inauguration, the monument was casually unveiled by transients on 12 January 1904.
The monument, with Viriathus' posture identified as performing a Roman (fascist) salute, was embraced by the Falange as an icon during the Francoist dictatorship.
Ministry of Housing and Residential Area

The Ministry of Housing and Residential Area of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Kementerian Perumahan dan Kawasan Permukiman Republik Indonesia; abbreviated as KemenPKP) is an Indonesian government ministry that is responsible for housing and residential areas. The ministry reports to the president and is currently led by Maruarar Sirait, the Housing and Residential Area.
First established on 22 April 1978 as Office of the Junior Minister for Public Housing, under Department of Public Works. Then around five years later, the office is separated from Department of Public Works as Office of State Minister of Public Housing.
In 1999, the office was upgraded to the Department of Settlement and Regional Development on 29 October 1999. Then on 23 August 2000, a cabinet and department reshuffle was carried out. The function of public works nomenclature was merged into this department so that it became the Department of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure. Four years late in 2004, this department became the Office of the Minister of State for Public Housing.
The Office of the State Minister was changed again to a Ministry of Public Housing on 3 November 2009 based on Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 47 of 2009.
On 27 October 2014, the ministry was merged into the Ministry of Public Works. Ten years later on 21 October 2024, the ministry was separated again as Ministry of Housing and Residential Area.
The ministry has the task of organizing government affairs in the field of housing and settlement area government subdivision which is the scope of government affairs in the field of public works to assist the president in organizing the government of the country. The Ministry carries out the following functions:
The organizational structure of the ministry consists of
Ȯra Abia

Ȯra Abia (State nke Chineke) bu state no n'ime Naigeria. Isị ya bu Umuahia, tomadi Aba bu ebe ahia ukwu ya no.
Abia State nola n'afo Imo State ru 1991, mgbe ndi government coro ya guzie ya state. Ndi Igbo bi na ya na nke ukwu.
Obu otu state n'iteghete meka ebe ana-kpo Mba Mmiri (Niger Delta).
Ihu igwe Abia Steeti bụ Udummiri na Ọkọchị. Okpomọkụ nke Steeti a na ebido karị na (28.99*c rue na 84.18*f)
Oge Udummiri na ebido karị na ọnwa Apurelu rue na ọnwa October afọ ọbụla.
Oge Ọkọchị na ebido karị na ọnwa Ekeresimesi rue na ọnwa Maachị.
Na oge Ọkọchị, ana enwe oge Uguru nke na- ebido ọnwa Ekeresimesi ma kwụsị na ọnwa nke mbụ nke afọ.
Abia Steeti so ná Steeti nke Mgbanwe ihu igwe na enye nsogbu nke ukwu n'ime Nigeria.
Mgbanwe ihu igwe na eme ka Ide mmiri na mbuze na enye kwa nsogbu na Steeti a.
Eagle Wings

Eagle Wings nke a makwaara dị ka Eagle Wings: an Air Force Story bụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri agha Naịjirịa nke 2021 nke Paul Apel Papel duziri. A kọwara ya dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ sitere na ndị agha Naịjirịa. Ihe nkiri a gosikwara n'akụkọ ihe mere eme mbụ nke nnukwu mmekorita dị n'etiti ndị agha Naijiria na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Nollywood. Ihe nkiri a gbadoro ụkwụ na mgba, nraranye na ịchụ aja ndị agha Naịjirịa na-alụ ọgụ na ọgụ ha na -alụ na mpaghara ugwu Naijiria. Ihe nkiri ahụ wepụtara ihe nkiri ya na 12 Maachị 2021 wee meghee nnyocha agwakọtara site na ndị nkatọ.
Paul Apel Papel kwuputara ụlọ ọrụ onye isi ma nyekwa aka dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ mmepụta ya Papel Productions. Nigerian Air Force banyekwara n'ụgbọ mmiri dịka ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri a wee mee ka ọ bụrụ njikọ aka mbụ n'etiti Nigerian Film Corporation na Nigerian Air Force Investments Limited. Dị ka akụkọ si kwuo; Ọ bụ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019 ka a kọrọ na ndị agha Naịjirịa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Naijiria jikọrọ aka mee ihe nkiri ndị agha. Emere akụkọ ihe nkiri a site n'akụkọ ndụ ndị ọrụ agha Naịjirịa nke ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa Naịjirịa kwadoro ya na Twitter .
Isi foto nke Eagle Wings malitere na 25 February 2020 nke bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke Producer/Director Paul Apel Papel na steeti Kaduna . Ihe nkiri a gara n'ihu n'ụzọ zuru oke malite na February 2020 ruo Eprel 2020. Akwụsịkwara ihe nkiri a n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 mana mmepụta ahụ gara n'ihu na nkwado nke ndị agha Naijiria. A kọrọ na ndị agha ụgbọ elu Naijiria nyere enyemaka ego afọ ofufo dị mkpa, akụrụngwa na ngwa ngwa iji mee ka mmepụta ihe nkiri ahụ dị mma. Eji ezigbo ụgbọ elu na ngwa agha ndị agha ụgbọelu Naijiria wee mee ihe nkiri a.
Emere ihe nkiri a n'ọtụtụ ebe na ọdụ ụgbọ elu dị na Kaduna, Maiduguri na Abuja. E gosikwara na ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu Naịjirịa nyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ ọzụzụ.
Ejiri igwefoto dị elu na ngwa agha mee ihe nkiri ahụ wee bụrụ ihe nkiri Nigeria mbụ jiri nnukwu akụrụngwa agha. Ọ ghọkwara ihe nkiri Nollywood izizi agbagoro site na iji anya m anya Atlaslenses Orion 2x anamorphic na igwefoto obere Arri Alexa. N'ezie, agbagburu akụkụ ihe onyonyo onyonyo na igwefoto ihe nkiri Arri nwere usoro Open Gate na 4444XQ codec site na iji lenses anamorphic.
Emechara ọrụ mmepụta ihe na uwe mgbasa ozi Papel Image Tech dị na Abuja. Ihe nkiri a gosikwara ntọhapụ nke Sadiq Daba mgbe ọ nwụsịrị bụ onye a tụrụ ụdọ n'ọrụ dịka onye isi ala Naijiria.
E mere ngosi mbu nke ihe nkiri a n'Abuja kpọmkwem otu afọ ka e mesịrị ya na 25 February 2021 wee malite ya na Lagos na 7 Maachị 2021 tupu e wepụta ihe nkiri nke mba na 12 Maachị 2021.
Daily Post (Nigeria)

Daily Post Nigeria bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria nke Daily Post Media Ltd. na bipụta, dabere na Lagos, Nigeria . Ọ na-akọ akụkọ mpaghara na nke mba, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, metro, azụmahịa, ntụrụndụ, egwuregwu, na echiche.
N'ọnwa Maachị afọ 2015, akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ rụpụtara ọrụ ikesa mbipụta ya n'efu n'ofe Naịjirịa nílé.
Daily Post Nigeria nwetara ihe nrite "Custodian of the Nigerian Dream" na 2016.
Kosar Ali

Kosar Ali (amuru 21 Disemba 2003) bu onye omekorita Britain. Ọrụ mpụta mbụ ya na ihe nkiri 2019 Rocks na-eduga ya na nhọpụta na naanị 17 maka onye na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na 74th British Academy Film Awards ebe ọ bụkwa onye nnata kacha nta iji nweta onyinye ihe nkiri Independent British abụọ. Ọ na-egwu Victoire na njikọ dị ize ndụ na Starz .
Ali bi na Newham, East London. O sitere na nnukwu ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba Somali nke Britain ọ na-enwebeghị ahụmịhe ime ihe tupu ọ bụrụ nkedo n'okporo ámá.
Achọpụtara Ali n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 13 site n'aka onye nduzi Sarah Gavron na onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri Lucy Pardee ka ha na-eme ihe nkiri n'okporo ámá maka ihe nkiri Rocks . E nyere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri akụkọ akụkọ, ma ọ dịghị mkparịta ụka, ma soro Gavron na ndị edemede, Theresa Ikoko na Claire Wilson rụọ ọrụ oge. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a naghị agwa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na igwefoto na-atụgharị; ha dabara na mkparịta ụka ndị a na-esere na-enweghị onye nduzi na-akpọ "omume" ma ọ bụ "bee". Gavron kwuru na ya megharịrị ihe nkiri klas nke Ali gwara ya anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma.
Ihe nkiri a malitere na Toronto International Film Festival na 2019 wee mepee na Britain na 18 Septemba 2020. Maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri a, a họpụtara Ali na British Academy and Film awards na ngalaba nkwado kacha mma bụ nwanyị hijabi mbụ a họpụtara maka nke a. Ali bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kacha nta nwetara ihe nrite abụọ nke British Independent Film Awards (BIFA), maka 'na-akwado onye na-eme ihe nkiri' na 'onye bịara ọhụrụ na-ekwe nkwa', na February 2021.
N'afọ 2021, Ali gbara egwu na obere ihe nkiri BBC, PRU, gbasara ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị isi na usoro Britain; aha a na-anọchi anya ngalaba ntugharị ụmụ akwụkwọ, usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-akpa àgwà ọjọọ.
Na 2022, ọ na-arụ ọrụ ndu nke Victoire na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn Starz Njikọ Njikọ dị ize ndụ .
N'afọ 2023 ọ gbara n'ime ihe nkiri mkpirisi abụọ Muna na Luna tinyere ihe ngosi mpụta mbụ ya na WorldPlay n'ụlọ ihe nkiri royale nke ọ matara nke ọma.
akụkọ, ma ọ dịghị mkparịta ụka, ma soro Gavron na ndị edemede, Theresa Ikoko na Claire Wilson rụọ ọrụ oge. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a naghị agwa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na igwefoto na-atụgharị; ha dabara na mkp
Òtù Naijiria Girl Guides

Nigerian Girl Guides Association bụ otu nzubu mba nke Naijiria. Ọ na-ejere ndị otu 113,726 ozi (dị ka nke afọ 2006). E hiwere ya na 1919, ahụ bụ nanị ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ onye otu zuru oke nke World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts na 1966.
A na-ekewa ụmụ nwanyị n'ime afọ dị iche iche:
Ndị toro eto dị afọ iri na asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ije ozi dị ka ndị ndu.
Nkwa ahụ na-egosipụta nke ọma ndị si mba ndị ọzọ, ndị edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a bụ maka ọkwa Brownie na Guide, a maghị ma ọ bụrụ na ọkwa ndị ọzọ nwere nkwa nke ha.
Ana m ekwe nkwa ime ike m niile:
M na-ekwe nkwa na nsọpụrụ m na m ga-eme ike m ime ọrụ m n'ebe Chineke na obodo m nọ inyere ndị ọzọ aka mgbe niile na irube isi n'iwu nduzi
Dị ka nkwa ahụ, e nwekwara ọdịiche dị na Iwu ahụ.
Ọzọkwa, na-agbaso ọdịiche dị n'ime ọkwa, ebe a bụ ụkpụrụ nke Brownies na Guides.
Templeeti:WAGGGS
Polytechnic nke Ȯra Benue

Polytechnic nke Ȯra Benue 'bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum dị na Ugbokolo, Mpaghara ọchịchị ime obodo Okpokwu, Benue Steeti, Naijiria. Rector dị ugbu a bụ Dr. Usman David Kuti. A maara ya na mbụ dị ka Murtala College of Arts, Science and Technology , nke gọvanọ Benue Steeti, Colonel Abdullahi Shelleng guzobere n'afọ 1977 (1976 - 1978). Na 1983, a jikọtara ngalaba ọrụ ugbo nke kọleji ahụ na Akperan Orshi College of Agriculture. Bọọdụ Mba maka Mmụta Mka kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ a ka ọ bụrụ polytechnic nke steeti.
N'ịgbaso ime ihe ike n'ebe ọzọ na steeti Benue na Maachị 2006, n'oge ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na polytechnic gbasara nwa akwụkwọ na-egbu na megide mmụba ụgwọ, onye isi oche okpuru ọchịchị ime obodo gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha ghara iburu iwu n'aka ha. Na emume iri abụọ na itoolu nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ka emechara n'ọnwa ahụ, rector gbara ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha zere nsogbu ọha niile. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2008, ụlọ akwụkwọ polytechnic nke azụmaahịa na njikwa ọmụmụ haziri ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke mbụ kwa afọ nke nwere isiokwu: Ihe dị mkpa maka njikwa akụ dị oke egwu na Naijiria maka mmepe na-adigide.
Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ;
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nka, imewe na ibipụta
Ụlọ Akwụkwọ nke Azụmaahịa na Nchịkwa Njikwa
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke teknụzụ teknụzụ
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ izugbe na mbido
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke ọmụmụ nchịkwa na ọrụ aka
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mmụta gburugburu ebe obibi
Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke teknụzụ
Ebube Nwagbo

Ebube Nwagbo bụ otu n'ime ndi n'eme egwuregwu onyo-onyoo nke mba Nigerian.
Nwagbo bụ onye Anambra State mana otolitere na Warri. ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime umu isii ndi nwe ya muru. ọ gụrụ Mass Communication na Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria.
O bidoro egwuregwu onyo-onyoo n'afọ iri abụọ.
Ọrụ Ebube

Ọrụ ebube bụ ihe omume enweghị ike ịkọwa ya site n'iwu okike ma ọ bụ nke sayensị[1] wee bụrụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ihe na-akpata ike karịrị nke mmadụ ma ọ bụ nke ụwa. Okpukpe dị iche iche na-ekwukarị na ihe omume e ji mara dị ka ọrụ ebube bụ omume nke ihe karịrị mmadụ, (karịsịa) chi, onye dibịa afa, onye ọrụ ebube, onye senti, ma ọ bụ onye ndú okpukpe.
N'ụzọ na-edoghị anya, ndị na-asụ Bekee na-ejikarị okwu ọrụ ebube kọwaa ihe omume ọ bụla bara uru nke na-agaghị ekwe omume ma ọ bụghị megidere iwu okike, dị ka ịlanarị ọdachi na-emere onwe ya, ma ọ bụ naanị ihe omume "dị ebube", n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike. (dịka "ọrụ ebube nke ịmụ nwa"). Enwere ike ile ụfọdụ ihe omume anya dị ka ọrụ ebube.
Ezigbo ọrụ ebube ga-abụ, site na nkọwa, ihe na-abụghị nke okike, na-eduga ọtụtụ ndị edemede ịjụ ọrụ ebube dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume (ya bụ, na-achọ mmebi iwu nke physics n'ime ngalaba ha) ma ọ bụ ihe na-enweghị ike ikwenye site na ọdịdị ha (n'ihi na usoro anụ ahụ niile nwere ike ghara iwepụ). Thomas Jefferson gosipụtara ọnọdụ mbụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ), nke ikpeazụ site na David Hume. Ndị ọkà mmụta okpukpe na-ekwukarị na, site na nduzi Chineke, Chineke na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile site na okike ma, dị ka onye okike, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị, n'elu, ma ọ bụ megide ya.
Templeeti:Philosophy of religionTempleeti:Miracles of Jesus
Ebube Muonso

Chibuzo Emmanuel Obimma, onye a maara dị ka Ebube Muonso (amụrụ n'August 18, 1980), bụ onye ndú Katọlik nke Naijiria na Anambra Steeti. Ọ bụ onye ụkọchukwu parish na Dunukofia na onye guzobere na onye isi nke Holy Spirit Adoration Ministry.
A mụrụ Obimma n'obodo Uruebo, Nkwelle-Ezunaka, nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ nwoke asaa nke Bartholomew Obiechina Obimma, onye na-akwa ákwà, na Grace Obimma (Ochiora), onye na-ere uwe. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Ezunaka ma nweta agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na seminarị St. Paul na Ukpor, wee gụchaa agụmakwụkwọ nke sekọndary na seminarị All Hallows na Onitsha. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011 mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Pope John Paul Major Seminary na Awka na Blessed Iwene Tansi Major Seminary dị na Onitsha; atọ n'ime ụmụnne ya gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ịbụ onye ụkọcha n'emeghị akwụkwọ ha, a kwụsịtụrụ ya onwe ya otu afọ na nnwale. nwetara aha njirimara ya Ebube Muonso, 'Glory of the Holy Spirit', na seminarị.
Mgbe obere oge dị ka onye ụkọchukwu enyemaka na St. Dominic's Catholic Church na Uke, Obimma ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya na St. Charles Borromeo parish na Onitsha. Esemokwu na onye ụkọchukwu parish mere ka ọ chọta Ozi Adoration nke Mmụọ Nsọ na Uke. As of 2020, ozi ahụ bụ nke kachasị ukwuu na diocese Onitsha, na-adọta ọtụtụ puku ndị na-efe ofufe, na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ebere, na-ewe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmadụ 20,000 n'ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mgbe afọ atọ ka onye ụkọchukwu, a họpụtara Obimma ka ọ bụrụ ụkọchụ mbụ nke parish ọhụrụ a gọziri agọzi Iwene Tansi na Umudioka, mgbe e kere ya na 2014-15.
Ozi gụnyere ihe ịrịba ama na ihe ịtụnanya, a kọkwara na ekpere ya dị irè, gụnyere nkwupụta nke ọgwụgwọ. kwusara ozi ọma megide ndị òtù nzuzo na-eme ihe ike na steeti ahụ, [1] ma kwado nchebe Chineke maka ọtụtụ mgbalị igbu ọchụ ya site n'aka ndị òtù ndị agha. [2]
N'afọ 2017, e nwere akụkọ banyere esemokwu dị n'etiti Ebube Muonso na onye ụkọchukwu meworo agadi, Nna Mbaka, onye guzobere Adoration Ministries na Enugu. -eso ụzọ nke ọ bụla akpọwo onye amụma ụgha. mechara gọnahụ na enwere esemokwu ọ bụla n'etiti ha abụọ.
Ịga n'Ebe Ebube

Templeeti:Infobox film
Nahwa al-Majd listen (help·info) (Templeeti:Lang-ar, Templeeti:Transliteration, Towards Glory) bụ ihe nkiri ịhụnanya nke Egypt 1949 nke Hussein Sidqi duziri onye mekwara ihe nkiri dịka onye ndu protagonist, Khalid, na ihe nkiri ahụ. Faten Hamama na Kamal Al-Shennawi mekwara ihe nkiri na Nahwa al-Majd dịka nna Suhair na Khalid n'otu n'otu.
Mgbe nna Khalid hapụrụ ezinụlọ ya maka nwanyị ọzọ, ọ hụrụ Suhair, enyi ya n'anya. Ọ na-agba mbọ imeri ihe ịma aka nke onwe ya ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgụsị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu. Mgbe o kpebisiri ike ịmalite ọrụ n'ugbo nke ezinụlọ Suhair, mmekọrịta dị ilu dị n'etiti ya na nna Suhair. Khalid jisiri ike merie ikpe ahụ, ma mesịa lụọ Suhair, onye kwadoro ya mgbe niile.
Coat of arms of Nigeria

The coat of arms of Nigeria consists of a black shield with a wavy white pall, symbolising the meeting of the Niger and Benue Rivers at Lokoja. The black shield represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the two supporting horses or chargers on each side represent dignity. The eagle represents strength, while the green and white twists of the torse on the top of the shield represent the colours of the Nigerian Flag.
The red flowers at the base are Costus spectabilis, Nigeria's national flower. This flower was chosen for inclusion in the coat of arms as it is found all over Nigeria and also stand for the beauty of the nation. On the banderole around the base is Nigeria's national motto since 1978: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress" (formerly "Peace, Unity, Freedom").
Sable a Pall wavy argent, supported by two horses Argent, and set for a crest on a wreath, Argent and Vert, an eagle displayed Gules.
Armorial of sovereign states

This armorial of sovereign states shows the coat of arms, national emblem, or seal for every sovereign state. Although some countries do not have an official national emblem, unofficial emblems which are de facto used as national emblems are also shown below.
Note that due to copyright restrictions in some countries (including Canada, South Africa, and Qatar), some emblems may not be displayed, or may be displayed with slight alterations in appearance from their official rendition, but nonetheless remain faithful to their heraldic description.
National symbols of Nigeria

The national symbols of Nigeria represent the country's identity, heritage, and values, reflecting its cultural diversity and historical journey. These symbols include the national flag, coat of arms, anthem, and pledge, as well as the national flower, animal, currency, and other national emblems. The Nigerian flag, designed in 1959 by Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi, features three vertical stripes of green and white, symbolising agriculture and peace, respectively. The coat of arms, adopted in 1960, includes a black shield with a wavy white pall, symbolising the meeting of the Niger and Benue Rivers, supported by two white horses representing dignity. Above the shield is an eagle, symbolising strength, and beneath it is Nigeria's national motto: "Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress". The national anthem, "Nigeria, We Hail Thee", first adopted in 1960, relinquished in 1978, and then re-adopted in 2024, calls upon Nigerians to stand in brotherhood and serve their motherland. The national pledge, introduced in 1976, serves as an oath of allegiance and commitment to Nigeria's unity and development. The national flower, Costus spectabilis, symbolises beauty and prosperity, while the national animal, the eagle, reflects the country's strength and vision. The Naira, Nigeria's national currency, was introduced in 1973. Through these symbols, Nigeria's government and its people express their collective pride, uphold their cultural values, and reinforce their commitment to national development and cohesion.
Herder

A herder is a pastoral worker responsible for the care and management of a herd or flock of domestic animals, usually on open pasture. It is particularly associated with nomadic or transhumant management of stock, or with common land grazing. The work is often done either on foot or mounted.
Depending on the type of animal being herd, the English language can give different professional names, for example, cowboy for cows, shepherd for sheep, or goatherd for goat.
Herders may be distinguished by sex (e.g., herdsman, herdswoman or herdboy) or by the type of livestock, for example camelherd, cowherd, duckherd, goatherd or shepherd.
Tibetan herding communities living in the Tibetan Plateau in the Sichuan Province of southwest China continued to graze herds on common lands even after the 1982 Household responsibility system. Several reasons have been given for the endurance of the traditional pastoral lifestyle:
Grassland degradation has been an issue. Herding communities and their leaders have taken steps to reach a consensus about sustainable grazing practices. These include developing the community political organization to enforce commitments to seasonal rotational grazing.
There are numerous regional types of cow herder, many with a specific name; these include the stockman of Australia, the buttero, campino, csikós, gardian and gulyás in Europe, the buckaroo, charro, cowboy and vaquero in North America, and the gaucho, huaso, llanero, morochuco and qorilazo [es] of South America.
National Orientation Agency (Nigeria)

The National Orientation Agency of Nigeria is the body tasked with communicating government policy, staying abreast of public opinion, and promoting patriotism, national unity, and development of Nigerian society. The motto on its website states: "Do the right thing: transform Nigeria." Its specific objectives were set out in Decree 100 of 1993.
The National Orientation Agency has worked on a variety of issues, including health, cooperation with non-governmental organizations, and prevention of electoral violence.
Dr. Mike Omeri was appointed Director General of the Agency on 16 January 2012. In Director General Omeri's 2014 New Year message, he "urged Nigerians to increase their faith in the country this year" and expressed "appreciation to the people for standing by the government and the nation throughout the year 2014 especially in the war against insurgency."
Dr. Omeri's 2014 announcement of a policy of "rehabilitaton" and reintegration of Boko Haram militants into Nigerian society met with criticism in neighboring Cameroon, with one opposition MP remarking,
2,167 repentant Boko Haram members have been rehabilitated and have graduated from the National Orientation Agency's Operation Safe Corridor’s (OPSC) which is a programme meant for the deradicalisation, rehabilitation and reintegration (DRR) of terrorists. The graduates of the programme are made up of 2140 Nigerians and 27 others from Chad, Cameroon and Niger.
List of national mottos

This article lists state and national mottos for the world's nations. The mottos for some states lacking general international recognition, extinct states, non-sovereign nations, regions, and territories are listed, but their names are not bolded.
A state motto is used to describe the intent or motivation of the state in a short phrase. For example, it can be included on a country's flag, coat of arms, or currency. Some countries do not have a national motto.
Dongola horse

The Dongola or Dongolawi is an African breed of riding horse. It is predominantly of Barb type, though there may have been some Arab influence in the past. It originated in the Dongola province of Sudan, for which it is named. In eastern Africa it is distributed in the northern part of Sudan and in western Eritrea; it is also present in several West African countries including Cameroon, Chad and the Central African Republic. A number of local West African breeds or types derive from it; they may be regarded as sub-types, or may be reported as separate breeds.
Regional variants of the Dongola include:
A number of local West African breeds or types derive from cross-breeding Dongola and Barb stock; they may be regarded as sub-types of the Barb or of the Dongola, or may be reported as separate breeds. They include:
The Dongola usually has a convex profile.
Flag of Nigeria

The flag of Nigeria was designed by Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi and was officially adopted to represent Nigeria at midnight on 1 October 1960, the day the country gained independence. The flag was chosen as part of a nationwide open contest held by the government, with Akinkunmi's design being selected as the winner of a field of over three thousand entries. The flag is a vertical bicolour green-white-green design, with green representing agriculture and white representing peace and unity.
The flag was raised for the first time in a ceremony by Lieutenant David Ejoor of the Army Guard.
In preparation for the independence of Nigeria from the British Empire, a national planning committee was established which set a competition to select a national flag in 1958. In 1959, out of almost 3,000 entries, Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi won the competition with an equal green-white-green with a red quarter sun on the white stripe was chosen. After acceptance, the committee removed the red quarter sun. The accepted flag now consists of a vertical bicolour green-white-green; the green stands for agriculture and the white stands for unity and peace. On 1 October 1960, the modern-day flag became the first official flag of an independent Nigeria and was raised for the first time in a ceremony by Lieutenant David Ejoor.
In the late 17th century, present-day Nigeria was made up of diverse ethnic groups without national flags In 1914, after the amalgamation of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate, Lord Lugard chose a British blue ensign with a green hexagram described as the Zionist-like Star of David surrounding the royal crown with the white word "Nigeria" under it on a red disc as the flag of the Nigerian Protectorate.
The standard of the President of Nigeria from 1960 had a red field with a large green shield and fimbriated white in the centre. It also features a black shield with a wavy-edged "Y"—representing the confluence of the Niger and Benue Rivers. There are three black scrolls containing the legend "President", "Federal Republic", "of Nigeria" placed on each scroll respectively in gold letters. This was replaced with the Nigerian coat of arm placed on the white stripe of the Nigerian flag; this also serves as the state flag.
Papilio nireus

Papilio nireus, the green-banded swallowtail, narrow-banded blue swallowtail, or African blue-banded swallowtail, is a butterfly of the family Papilionidae. It is found in Sub-Saharan Africa.
The wingspan is 75–90 millimetres (3.0–3.5 in) in males and 85–95 mm (3.3–3.7 in) in females. Forewing above at most with two blue submarginal spots in cellules 7 and 8; rarely in the female with several yellow ones; the blue (male) or greenish (female) median band is 2–7 mm broad at the hindmargin of the forewing and 4–12 mm in the middle of the hindwing, and is only a little widened posteriorly; the spot in cellule 2 of the hindwing does not completely cover the base of the cellule and the narrow spot in cellule lc does not reach the cell; forewing beneath almost always entirely without submarginal spots. [Nominate] Median band of the forewing above well developed, the spots of cellules 2—4 obliquely cut off distally; the discal spot in cellule 2 of the hindwing is very long and produced farther towards the anal angle than the spot in cellule 1 c. Sierra Leone to Angola and Uganda. — lyaeus Dbl. The median band narrower, but complete; the spot in cellule 2 of the hindwing is shorter and does not reach so far towards the anal angle as the one in 1 c. Larva above green, beneath whitish, with a whitish oblique longitudinal streak at each side on segments 7 and 8 and a girdle of ring-shaped spots on the third segment. Cape Colony to Angola and British East Africa. male ab. aelyus Suff. only differs from lyaeus in the discal spot in cellule 1 a of the forewing being entirely wanting and the one in cellule 1 b divided into two; German East Africa.— pseudonireus Fldr. (= donaldsoni Em. Sharpe). The median band is altogether absent on the forewing or is only represented by a few very small spots; on the hindwing it is formed as in lyaeus. Somali¬ land and Abyssinia.
It flies year-round, with peaks from November to February.
The larvae feed on Calodendrum capense, Vepris species, and Citrus species.
Listed alphabetically:
Papilio nireus belongs to a clade called the nireus species group with 15 members. The pattern is black with green bands and spots and the butterflies, although called swallowtails, lack tails with the exception of Papilio charopus and Papilio hornimani. The clade members are:
Faster Horses (The Cowboy and the Poet)

"Faster Horses (the Cowboy and the Poet)" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Tom T. Hall. It was released in December 1975 as the second single from the album, Faster Horses. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.
A young poet encounters a cowboy in a local bar and is struck by his thin, worn appearance from years of hard work. Sensing the cowboy has words of inspiration to share, the poet approaches the cowboy, who responds that the only good things in life are "faster horses, younger women, older whiskey and more money." He goes on to explain that "to pray for peace and rain" is just a wish to be prosperous, which to him is "buffalo chips." The poet responds that he has no interest in any of those things, but the cowboy calls him a liar.
The irritated poet grabs the cowboy to fight but relents when a weapon is pulled on him. In the end, the would-be poet swears off philosophical pursuits and, pondering what he would say if his son asked him the meaning of life, suggests he would recite the cowboy's list.
The chorus was given in evidence to a U.S. Senate subcommittee by the banking consultant Alex Sheshunoff:
The song was Hall's final number one on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, spending one week at the top and a total of 13 weeks within the chart's top 40.
Dignity of labour

The dignity of labour or the dignity of work is the philosophical holding that all types of jobs are respected equally, and no occupation is considered superior and none of the jobs should be discriminated on any basis. This view holds that all types of work (jobs) are necessary in a society and it is absolutely wrong to consider any work good or bad: the work itself is a dignity.
Scottish philosopher Thomas Carlyle has been cited as "the first to espouse the 'dignity of work'". In Past and Present (1843), he wrote:
Former U.S. President Joe Biden made restoring "the dignity of work" a central tenet of his 2020 campaign and administration.
Social reformers such as Basava and his contemporary Sharanas, as well as Mahatma Gandhi, were prominent advocates of the dignity of labour.
The dignity of labour is one of the major themes in Christian ethics, and as such, it is upheld by the Anglican Communion, in Catholic social teaching, in Methodist principles, and in Reformed theology.
In Roman Catholicism, usually titled "The dignity of work and the rights of workers" the affirmation of the dignity of human labour is found in several papal encyclicals, most notably Pope John Paul II's Laborem Exercens, published 15 September 1981.
In his 2021 book The Tyranny of Merit, philosopher Michael Sandel says that a spiritual revolution that celebrates the dignity of labour rather than meritocracy is the way to rectify the loss of faith in institutions evidenced in populism.
උතුරු දුම්රිය මාර්ගය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උතුරු දුම්රිය මාර්ගය, ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගයෙහි මංසන්ධියක් වන පොල්ගහවෙල දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් ආරම්භ වී වයඹ පළාත සහ උතුරු මැද පළාත අතුරින් විහිදී උතුරු පළා‍තේ කන්කසන්තුරේ දුම්රිය ස්ථානයෙන් අවසන් වන දිවයිනේ දීර්ඝතම දුම්රිය මාර්ගයයි. මෙම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය කිලෝමීටර 339 දිගු වන අතර පොල්ගහවෙල සහ වවුනියාව දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතර දුම්රිය නැවතුම් 55 පිහිටා ඇත. වර්ෂ 1894 දී විවෘත වූ මෙම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය මඟින් කුරුණෑගල, අනුරාධපුර, වවුනියාව සහ යාපනය යන දිවයිනේ ප්‍රධාන නගර සම්බන්ධ කරමින් දිවෙයි. වසර ගණනාවක උතුරේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය හේතුවෙන් වර්ෂ 1990 සහ 2009 අතර කාලය තුලදී මෙම දුම්රිය මාර්ගයෙහි ගමනාගමනය පොල්ගහවෙල සිට වවුනියාව දක්වා සීමා විය. ත්‍රස්තවාදී සමය අතරතුරදී වවුනියාව සිට කන්කසන්තුරය දක්වා වූ දුම්රිය මාර්ගය විනාශයට පත්වූ අතර වර්ෂ 2009 දී උතුරේ ත්‍රස්තවාදය අවසන් වීමත් සමඟම කඩිනමින් මෙම දුම්රිය මාර්ග‍යේ ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කටයුතු ආරම්භකෙරිණි. වර්තමානය වන විට යාපනය දක්වා වූ මාර්ගය ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය අවසන් වී ඇති බැවින් යාපනය දක්වා දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනය සිදුකෙරේ.
මෙම දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ තවත් දුම්රිය මාර්ග තුනකට මඟ විවරකරදේ.
මඩකලපුව දුම්රිය මාර්ගය මඟින් ත්‍රිකුණාමලය, පොලොන්නරුව සහ මඩකලපුව යන ප්‍රධාන නගර සම්බන්ධ වන අතර මන්නාරම් මාර්ගය මඟින් මන්නාරම සහ තලෙයිමන්නාරම යන නගර සම්බන්ධ කෙරේ. මෙම මාර්ගය ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් රට මධ්‍යයෙන් රජරට හරහා ගමන් කරමින් අලිමංකඩ කලපුව තුලින් යාපන අර්ධද්වීපය හා සම්බන්ධවේ.
උතුරු දුම්රිය මාර්ගය වෙත 1956 අප්‍රේල් 23 වැනිදා යාල්දේවී නමින් සීඝ්‍රගාමී දුම්රිය හඳුන්වා දෙන ලදී. එමගින් කොළඹ සිට යාපනය දක්වා දුම්රිය ගමනක කාලය පැය 7ක් දක්වා අඩු විය. මෙම සේවාව ඉමහත් ජනප්‍රියත්වයට පත්වූ අතර යාපනය දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ලංකාවේ දෙවන විශාලතම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය බවට පත් වූ අතර යාල්දේවී සේවය ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවයේ වැඩිම ආදායම් උපයන සේවාවද විය. මගී දුම්රිය 8ක් සහ භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රවාහන දුම්රිය 6ක් දෛනිකව යාපනය හා කොළඹ අතර ධාවනය විය. 1980 දශකය මුල් භාගය වන විට 6000 ක පමණ ජනකායක් උතුරු දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ දිනපතා ගමන් කළහ.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවය විසින් උතුරු මාර්ගයේ මගී සේවා ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබයි. යාල් දේවී දුම්රිය මෙම මාර්ගයේ විශිෂ්ටතම සේවාව ලෙස සලකනු ලැබෙන අතර. ExpoRail විසින් උතුරු දුම්රිය මාර්ගයේ ඇතැම් දුම්රිය වල අධිමිල සේවාවක් පවත්වාගෙන යයි.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනය සඳහා ප්‍රධාන නගර සහ ප්‍රදේශ දක්වා දිවෙන ශක්තිමත් නගරාන්තර දුම්රිය මාර්ග පද්ධතියක් තිබේ. බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යුගයේ සිලෝන් ගවන්මන්ට් රේල්වේ ලෙස හඳුන්වා ඇති දැන් රජයට අයත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවය ප්‍රධාන සහ ප්‍රාථමික දුම්රිය සමාගම ලෙස කටයුතු කරයි. 1864 දි කොළඹ සිට අඹේපුස්ස දක්වා කිලෝමීටර් 54ක් දක්වා ඉදිකර ප්‍රථම දුම්රිය ධාවනය කර ඇත.
දිනකට ලක්ශ තුනක් පමණ මගීන් දුම්රිය වල ගමන් කරයි. රට තුල දුම්රිය ස්ථාන 320ක් තිබේ. ලෝකයේ උසම පුළුල් දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ඇත්තේ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේය. අඩි 6200ක් උස මෙම ස්ථානය උඩරට මාර්ගයෙහි පිහිටා තිබේ.
19 සියවසෙහි අග භාගයෙහි කොළඹ නගරය තුල පීලි මතින් දිවෙන ට්‍රෑම් කාර් සේවාවක් ක්‍රියාත්මක වී තිබේ. පසුකාලිනව මේවා ඉවත්කර ඇත.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මුලින්ම දුම් රිය මාර්ග ඉදි කර ඇත්තේ උඩරට සිට කොළඹ දක්වා තේ, කෝපි ආදිය ප්‍රවාහනය කිරීමටය. ජනගහනයේ වර්ධනයත් සමගම මගී ප්‍රවාහනය සඳහාද එවකට දුම් රිය සේවය යොමු වී තිබේ. මේ වන විට දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනය දියුණු වෙමින් පවතියි. බොහෝ මාර්ග නවීකරණය කරන අතර, වැඩි වේගයෙන් ධාවනය කල හැකි දුම්රියද ගෙන්වා ඇත.
දුම් රිය සේවය විසින් මන්දගාමි, නගරාන්තර සහ සාමාන්‍ය සීඝ්‍රගාමි දුම් රියන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබයි. කොළඹ සිට තදාසන්න ප්‍රදේශ දක්වා මන්දගාමි දුම් රියන් ධාවනය වන අතර මේවාට වැඩි ඉල්ලුමක් තිබේ. සීඝ්‍රගාමි දුම් රිය අනෙකුත් දුර බැහැර ප්‍රදේස වෙත ධාවනය වෙයි. රේල් බස් සහ කුඩා දුම් රිය ප්‍රාදේශිය මට්ටමෙන් ඇතැම් ප්‍රදේශ වල ධාවනය වෙයි
තෙල් සහ බඩු දුම්රිය ධාවනය කෙරේ. තෙල් සංස්ථාවේ තෙල් බොහෝ විට ඈත ප්‍රදේශ දක්වා දුම් රියෙන් ප්‍රවාහනය වෙයි. ඇතැම් ආයතන ද තම ප්‍රවාහනය සඳහා දුම්රිය යොදාගැනේ.
කොළඹ සිට තෝරාගත් ප්‍රදේශ දක්වා මෙට්‍රො දුම් රිය මාර්ග ඉදිකිරීමට සැලසුම් යොදා තිබේ.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ප්‍රාථමික දුම්රිය සමාගම වන්නේ රජයට අයත් ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවයයි. මෙම ආයතනය සියලුම දුම්රිය පාහේ ක්‍රියාත්මක කරනු ලබයි. පෞද්ගලික සමාගම් කිහිපයක් විශේෂ දුම්රිය ධාවනය කරවයි. වයිස්රෝයි ස්පෙශල් නමැති වාශ්ප දුම්රිය මෙසේ පෞද්ගලික ආයතනයක් මගින් ධාවනය කෙරේ. පෞද්ගලික ආයතන වලට අයත් මැදිරි එකක් හෝ දෙකක් ඇතැම් දුම්රිය වලට යොදා ඇත. මේවා වල වැඩි පහසුකම් තිබේ. පුත්තලමේ සිමෙන්ති කම්හල සහ හුණු ගල් නිධිය ආශ්‍රිත සිමෙන්ති ප්‍රවාහන කටයුතු සිමෙන්ති සමාගමට අයත් දුම්රිය මගින් සිදු කෙරේ.
කිලෝමීටර් 1508 කින් යුතු මාර්ග ජාලයක් ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සතුව පවති. විදුලි දුම්රිය ධාවනය නොවේ. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ භාවිත වෙන්නේ මිලිමීටර් 1676 පුළුල් ආමාන වර්ගයේ දුම්රිය මාර්ග වේ. දුම්රිය මාර්ග ජාලය අනුරාධපුර, කොළඹ සහ නාවලපිටිය යනුවෙන් මෙහෙයුම් කලාප 3කට බෙදා තිබේ
ඩීසල් බලයෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වන එන්ජින් සහ පවර්සෙට්/ඩීසල් බහුවිධ ඒකක වර්ගයේ දුම්රියන් යොදාගැනේ. චීනයෙන් ගෙන්වන ලද නිල් පැහැති දුම්රිය මැදිරි සහ රුමේනියාවේ නිශ්පාදිත මැදිරි ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් භාවිතා වෙයි. මීට අමතරව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නිපදවූ මැදිරි කිහිපයක් ඇත.
කොළඹ සිට රඹුක්කන දක්වා වර්ණ සංඥා පද්ධතියක් භාවිත වන අතර ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයේ එයින් ඔබ්බට සෙමෆෝ සහ ටැබ්ලට් උපකරණ මගින් සංඥා හුවමාරු කෙරේ. මුහුදුබඩ මාර්ගයෙහි නව සංඥා පද්ධතියක් තිබෙන අතර අලුතින් ඉදිවන උතුරු මාර්ගයේ ද පොල්ගහවෙලින් ඔබ්බට ඇත්තේ වර්ණ සංඥා පද්ධතියකි.
කිලෝ මීටර් 120 ක දුරක් විදුලියට හැරවීමට නියමිතය.
ජාතික දුම්රිය කෞතුකාගාරය, කඩුගන්නාව

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික දුම්රිය කෞතුකාගාරය කඩුගන්නාවේ පිහිටුවා තිබේ. එය ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුවට අයත් වේ.
ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය සේවයට වර්ෂ 150 ක් සැපිරීම සිහිගන්වමින් 2014 වර්ෂයේ දෙසැම්බර් 27 වන දිනදී මෙම කෞතුකාගාරය කඩුගන්නාවේදී විවෘත කරන ලදී. මීට පෙර මෙම කෞතුකාගාරය කොළඹ පිහිටුවා තිබුණි. එම කෞතුකාගාරය 2009 වර්ෂයේ මැයි මසදී විවෘත කරන ලද්දකි.
ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගය (ශ්‍රී ලංකාව)

ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය මාර්ගය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ගමනාගමනයෙහි හි වැදගත් මාර්ගයකි. එය කොළඹ කොටුවෙන් අාරම්භ වී බදුල්ල දක්වා දිව යයි.
ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගය කොළඹ කොටුවෙන් ආරම්භ වී රාගම ගම්පහ වේයන්ගොඩ පාෙල්ගහවෙල හරහා රඹුක්කන දක්වා ද්විත්ව මාර්ගයක් ලෙස දිව යයි. එතැන් පටන් තනි මාර්ගයක් ලෙස දිවෙයි. රඹුක්කන සිට කඩුගන්නාව දක්වා සීඝ්‍ර නැග්මක් වේ. රාගම දී පුත්තලම් මාර්ගයද, පාෙල්ගහවෙල දී කන්කසක්තුරේ මාර්ගයද, පේරාදෙණියේදී මාතලේ දක්වා වූ මාර්ගයද, මුණ ගැසේ. නාවලපිටිය සිට පට්ට්පොල දක්වා ද සීඝ්‍ර නැග්මක් වන අතර එතැන් සිට අැත්තේ බැස්මකි. බිංගෙවල් 46ක් හමුවන අතර මෙම මාර්ගයේ ගමන් ගන්නා මගීන්ට අලංකාර දියඅැලි, තේ වතු, කදු මිටියාවත් දැක ගත හැක.
මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පළමු දුම්රිය මාර්ගයයි. 1864 දී කොළඹ සිට කිලෝමීටර 54 නැගෙනහිර දෙසට වූ අඹේපුස්ස දක්වා පළමු අදියර නිම කෙරුණි. 1864 දෙසැම්බර් 27 පළමු දුම්රිය ධාවනය කළ අතර 1865 ඔක්තෝබර් 2 නිල වශයෙන් විවෘත විය. 1867 මහනුවර දක්වාද, 1874 දී නාවලපිටිය දක්වා ද,1885 දී නානුඔය දක්වාද, 1894 දි බණ්ඩාරවෙල දක්වාද, 1924 දී බදුල්ල දක්වාද මෙම මාර්ගය දීර්ඝ විය. 1953 තෙක් ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයේ වාශ්ප එන්ජින් මගින් දුම්රිය ධාවනය කළ අතර 50 දශකයේ දී බී. ඩී. රම්පාල මහතාගේ නායකත්වයෙන් විවිධ ඩීසල් එන්ජින් සේවයට එක් කෙරුණි.
2011 දී එක්ස්පෝරේල් හා රාජධානි එක්ස්ප්‍රස් සේවා ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයේ අාරම්භ වුණි. ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව විසින් 2011 දී ප්‍රධාන මාර්ගයේ අැති නැග්මවල් වලට උචිත වන සේ සැකසූ S12 බලවේග කට්ටල අානයනය කරන ලදී.