davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
理塘县

理塘县（藏語：ལི་ཐང་རྫོང，威利转写：li thang rdzong，藏语拼音：Litang Zong）是中华人民共和国四川省甘孜藏族自治州辖县，位于甘孜州西南部，东毗雅江县，南邻木里县、稻城县、乡城县，西接巴塘县，北连白玉县、新龙县。舊名理化縣，屬西康省。全县总面积14,352平方公里，平均海拔4,014米，2020年全县总人口67,293人。
元至元九年（1272年）置李唐州，后设奔不儿亦思刚招讨使司（萬戶府）；元至元二十五年（1288年）設錢糧總管府。明置里塘宣撫司，後為參卜郎千戶所；明末清初為固始汗屬地。清康熙四十八年（1709年）設正副營官，屬青海岱慶和碩齊部。康熙五十八年（1719年）征西藏，裏塘各土司皆呈戶口納糧，內附四川省。雍正七年（1729年）置裏塘正副宣撫司，屬打箭爐廳；乾隆五十七年（1792年）設糧務委員。光绪二年（1876年）改土归流，置里化县，光緒三十二年（1906年）置順化縣，光緒三十四年（1908年）置裏化廳，轄稻壩（稻城）、定鄉（鄉城）、順化（理塘）等縣。宣統三年（1911年）升裏化府。民國二年（1913年），易裏為理，置理化縣，屬川邊特別行政區，民國十四年（1925年），改屬西康省西康道，國府廢道後直屬西康省政府。1951年12月14日更名為理塘縣。
理塘县位于四川省西部，甘孜藏族自治州西南部，青藏高原东南缘金沙江与雅砻江之间。横断山脉中段的沙鲁里山纵贯南北，地形以丘状高原和山原地貌为主，地勢西高東低，山河呈南北走向。主要山脉有海拔6174.5米的格聂山，海拔5807米的肖扎山，海拔5780米的克麦弄山和海拔5601米的库尔岗中山。理塘县河流分为雅砻江与金沙江兩大水系，流域面积在100平方公里以上河流有48条，其中无量河、热依河等8条河流注入雅砻江，那曲河、拉波河、章纳河3条河流注入金沙江。被雪山环绕的县城位于开阔的草原上，海拔達4014米，比拉萨還要高约400米，是世界上海拔最高的城镇之一。
理塘县拥有海子山国家级自然保护区、格木县级自然保护区、下坝扎嘎神山自然保护区、无量河省级湿地公园、擦若溪风景名胜区等。生态保护红线面积为7510.94平方公里，占全县总面积的52.33%，占全州生态红线面积的10.77%。有中國國家二級保护植物油麦吊云杉和长苞冷杉，中國国家一级保护动物有白唇鹿、林麝、马麝、金錢豹、雪豹、中华秋沙鸭、金雕、玉带海雕、胡兀鹫、斑尾榛鸡、四川雉鹑。中國国家二级保护动物有猕猴、亞洲黑熊、水獭、猞猁、金猫、水鹿、藏原羚、斑羚、岩羊、盘羊、草原雕、藏马鸡。
理塘县土壤以高山草甸土、暗棕壤、高山灌丛草甸土为主，有9个类，13个亚类。森林面积18375.73公顷，全县森林覆盖率为7.4%，活立木蓄积量为5139.1343萬立方米，主要树种為冷杉和云杉，天然草地总面积1235.77万亩，可利用面积989.16万亩，主要牧草品种有高山嵩草、四川嵩草、黑花苔草等。理塘县属高原气候区，冬季干冷漫长，暖季温凉短暂，平均气温3.0°C，极端最高气温25.6°C，最低气温-30.6°C，年降雨量为722.2毫米，无霜期50天，年平均日照时数2637.7小时，年太阳辐射量達159.4千卡/平方厘米。
2020年第七次全國人口普查，理塘縣共有人口67,293人，其中男性51.56%，女性48.44%，性別比106.42。0－14歲占27.8%，14－59歲占63.44%，60歲以上占8.76%，65歲以上占6.18%。大學學歷占8.603%，高中學歷占4.714%，初中學歷占10.05%，小學學歷占38.335%。
2021年全县常住人口74,740人，其中户籍人口68,202人，城镇化率为39.19%，大部分為藏族，另有汉族、蒙古族、回族、纳西族、土家族、彝族、苗族、羌族，理塘人民傳統上以放牧為生，改革開放以來旅遊業逐漸發展。
2020年理塘县全县地区生产总值实现19.6275億元，完成工业增加值1.3757億元，累计完成全社会固定资产投资12.1468億元，消费品零售总额8.4362万元，城镇居民人均可支配收入39,343元，农村居民人均可支配收入13,009元。2020年2月18日，四川省政府批准退理塘县退出贫困县。
理塘县分毛垭片区、下坝片区、濯桑片区、拉波乡片区、君坝片区5个片区工委，下辖7个镇、15个乡：高城镇、​甲洼镇、​格聂镇、​木拉镇、​君坝镇、​拉波镇、​觉吾镇、​哈依乡、​莫坝乡、​亚火乡、​绒坝乡、​呷洼乡、​奔戈乡、​村戈乡、​禾尼乡、​曲登乡、​上木拉乡、​濯桑乡、​藏坝乡、​格木乡、​麦洼乡和​德巫乡。包括149个行政村和格聂社区、高城社区、无量河社区、白塔社区、康巴社区、更登亚批社区6个社区，县城驻地高城镇。
瀕危物種

瀕危物種（英語：endangered species，簡稱EN）是指很可能會绝灭的物種。國際自然保護聯盟（IUCN）的瀕危物種紅色名錄就列出了許多瀕危物種，這些是在國際自然保護聯盟架構下，野生物種中第二嚴重的保护状况，僅次於極危物種（CR）。
2012年的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了全世界3079種動物及2655種植物是瀕危物種。1998年的瀕危動物有1102種，瀕危植物有1197種。
瀕危物種是指物種由於濫捕、盜獵、環境破壞、數量稀少、棲地狹窄等種種原因而導致其野生種群在不久的將來面臨絕滅的機率很高。一個關鍵物種的滅絕可能破壞當地的食物鏈，造成生態系的不穩定，並可能最終導致整個生態系統的崩解。
許多國家有环境法以保護需要保護的物種（英语：conservation-reliant species），方式包括禁止狩猎、限制土地開發（英语：Land development）与建立保育區等。在依個體數量的生物體列表（英语：Lists of organisms by population）中可以看到物種的個體數量、變化趨勢以及保育狀態。
一個物種的保護狀況，是瀕危物種滅絕可能性的一個指標。對一個物種的保護狀況進行評估時會考慮不同的因素，包括一些統計的信息，例如剩餘數量﹑隨著時間整體數量是增加或是減少﹑繁殖成功率﹑已知的威脅等等。世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄是最知名的全球保護狀態列表及排名系統。
據估計，地球上的物種，超過40%有可能會滅絕。199個國家已經簽署了協議同意建立生物多樣性行動計劃，以保護瀕危和受威脅的物種。
雖然被稱為名錄，《國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄》是一個評估全球物種保護狀況的系統，其中包括「數據缺乏」物種 - 在確定其狀態前需要更多數據和評估的物種。「近危」和「無危」的物種已被完整評估，並發現具有相對健壯和健康的數目，然而這些數量可能會下降。與其他更普遍的使用方式不同，名錄使用的「瀕危物種」和「受威脅物種」具有特定含義：「瀕危」介於「易危」和「極危」之間，而「受威脅」的物種則是被分为「易危」、「瀕危」、「極危」這三个等级。
下面是名錄的分類，以及部分範例：
人工繁殖是在人類控制環境的禁區繁殖稀有或瀕危物種的過程，如野生動物保護區。人工繁殖是為了拯救稀有或瀕危物種，所以物種數量應該趨於穩定，不再有消失的危險。
這種保育技術已用在許多不同的物種上，已知最早的人工繁殖可能是在歐洲及亞洲統治者的動物園中，例如麋鹿，不過一些活動力強的物種不易進行人工繁殖，像是；候鳥及魚（例如雲鰣），而且若人工繁殖的數量太小，可能會減少其基因庫，對免疫力造成影響╴
私人養殖是以營利為目的的合法養殖。黑犀及白犀就是因為私人養殖因此其數量有明顯增加。IUCN的科學官員Richard Emslie博士認為「這些動物主要是由私人擁有，因此有效的執法容易多了，我們可以讓地區的社群參與保育的計劃。照顧犀牛比單純偷獵犀牛的經濟刺激要強大，因此許多人保護他們，私有的部份是幫助我們計劃進行的重要關鍵。」
瀕危物種可以透過生物複製來增加群族大小，滅絕的生物也可以用複製或人工選殖來複活。在2003年，科學家用複製技術成功產出一隻爪哇野牛，在動物園中活了七年。斑驢計畫則利用人工選殖，自1980年代開始試圖將一百年前滅絕的斑驢（平原斑馬的亞種）從平原斑馬中重新育種出來，至2013年已經繁殖到第五代，個體帶有斑驢的特徵。將兩個種類相似的物種交配，產下和滅絕動物類似 的生物。
高加索犬

高加索犬（Caucasian Sheepdog），原產地為俄羅斯高加索地區，血統源自中亞的獒犬，體形大於藏獒，是世界最大型的犬種之一，蘇聯時期就已深受政府重視，且立法管制。
成犬身高約64到75公分，體重約45到80公斤；有三層毛，毛髮又多又長，外層粗糙、內層細軟，還有一層防水毛。(如果居住在較熱環境，且繁殖多代，可能毛髮會變短) ，體格強健，忠於主人，擁有強烈護衛本能及非常大的殺傷力，有傳與藏獒有血緣關係。
20世纪60年代曾一度出口到東德，擔任當時柏林圍牆巡邏的邊境巡邏犬。高加索犬的毛色有很多種，大多數顏色都被認可，以黑色和黄色居多，而純黑、藍色及豬肝色之任何形態(素色、花色等)皆不被認可。對陌生人的攻擊性極強，需要從幼犬開始訓練服從性，否則習慣一旦形成，成犬時期很難改變。(註：純豬肝色的定義為任何型態之棕，從髮根至髮尾單一顏色。若為底部淺色、尖端深色等多層次色澤則不在此限。)
吃碳水化合物，如：飯和肉。雞肉、牛肉可以補充基本營養，還可以吃蛋。狗糧盡量選用優質的，佔食物總量的50%，蛋白質總和佔食物總量的30-50%甚至更多，雞蛋每天一個即可，鈣應從日常飲食中補充，盡量不要使用鈣片之類的補充品，不但會縮短生長期，更會把多餘的鈣積聚在肋骨。
高加索犬屬於晚熟品種，成長期長達兩年，是普通狗的成長期的兩倍半。高加索犬由出生第3個月開始進入第一次尷尬期，在3至8個月期間狗會變得消瘦，毛量減少，在這階段亦會換胎毛及換牙齒；在8至12個月進入調整期，這時候的狗會回復正常生長。踏入12至18個月，高加索犬進入第二次尷尬期，在此期間狗又會變得消瘦，體型和骨骼變得不協調；在18個月以後，狗逐漸變強壯，頭部也開始慢慢變大，性格開始兇猛，領地意識加強，2歲正式成年。
高加索犬因體型龐大，胃也很大，因此一旦進食大量食物，胃部很容易擺蕩，最好讓其休息三十分鐘至一小時，避免造成胃扭轉，從而失救致死。
高加索的體態會因父母基因而定。由於此犬種較稀有，故挑好的血統是很重要的，小心肘關節發育不全症、髖關節發育不全症及巨食道等大型犬的常見疾病。公犬在2歲以後可開始配種，母犬第一次發情一般在十個月左右，第一次不配種，第二次發情以後可以配種。
(餵完食物的2小時以後可開始，配種環境要儘量安靜，在場人員越少越好。配種完畢後，狗不要馬上拉走，要讓公犬在原地自我清理完畢後，再帶回犬舍。一胎誔下五至十二隻，請衡量能否替所有幼犬找到合適的新家，也確保他們擁有最值得延續的血統再繁殖 。)
棕硬尾鸭

棕硬尾鴨（學名：Oxyura jamaicensis）是一種硬尾鴨。
成年雄鴨的身體呈銹紅色，面部白色，冠黑色。成年雌鴨的身體呈灰褐色，面部灰色，喙深色，兩頰有斑紋。南方亞種的火地島棕硬尾鴨有時被認為是另一物種，其面部黑色，體型較大。安第斯棕硬尾鴨的黑色羽毛各有不同，面部白色，有可能是指名亞種及火地島棕硬尾鴨的混種。由於安第斯棕硬尾鴨的數量變得較為稀少，故有需要確定其分類狀況來進行保育工作。
棕硬尾鴨棲息在北美洲的沼澤湖及池中，在南美洲的安地斯山脈也有分布。牠們會在茂密的沼澤林中築巢，以較高的植物掩護避免被掠食者發現，典型的巢中有5-15隻小鴨。每年都會進行繁殖。棕硬尾鴨是候鳥，會遷徙到海灣及沒有結冰的湖中過冬。
牠們能夠潛入水中。牠們主要吃水生植物的種子及根、水生昆蟲及甲殼類。
棕硬尾鴨在1948年被引入英國，后来向歐洲蔓延。牠們急進的求偶行為，會與其他物種（如白頭硬尾鴨）混種引起了關注。故此，欧洲各国开始有計劃地將牠們消滅。到2014年初其数量已从2000年巅峰时期的5000只降至不足100只。
雁属

雁属（學名：Anser）是雁形目鴨科的一個屬。
雁属的鸟飞行时拍打用力，振翅频率高。脖子较长，但不及天鹅属的脖子修长。腿位于身体的中心支点，行走自如。有扁平的喙，边缘锯齿状，有助于过滤食物。腳為粉紅色或橘色，喙為粉紅色、橘色或黑色；成鳥重量分佈約在1.2公斤至4.1公斤。
以野草與種子為主食，在覓食過程有時會攝取到小蝦，田螺或者鞘翅目昆蟲。喜在淡水的沿水岸水生植物或水岸植物稠密區覓食，淡水域為其活動範圍其活動範圍，也會生活在人類的水田與魚塘間。
雁属的10个种都分布在北半球，它们都有迁徙的习性，迁飞距离也较远。它们喜群居，飞行时成有序的队列，有一字形、人字形等。
这一属的鸟与人类关系密切。同雁形目其他属一样，在全世界是传统的狩猎鸟种。这一属的鸟被人类驯化的较多，在中文里驯化种通常称为“鹅”。东亚的鹅是由鸿雁驯化而来。欧洲的鹅是由不同种的灰雁驯化而来。
小鸟天堂

小鸟天堂位于中国广东江門市新會區（舊新会县）环城天马村前的一座小岛，是新会市新八景之一，亦是新会的生态旅游景点，是中华人民共和国最大的天然赏鸟乐园。
1618年始，河中一个泥墩，一棵榕树长期繁衍生息，形成枝叶覆盖15亩河道，树上栖息2万多鹭鸟，鸟树相依，人鸟相处，和谐奇特的一道天然美丽风景线，鸟多了，人们便把这泥墩叫作“雀墩”。1933年，著名作家巴金游览此地后发表了一篇散文《鸟的天堂》，并编入小学语文教材，使之名扬中国。从此，雀墩便改称为“小鸟天堂”。
小鸟天堂有三大自然奇观：独木成林古榕树、百鸟出巢、百鸟归巢。更难能可贵的是，这一自然奇观出现在人口稠密区，這個现象不能不说是人与自然和谐相处，共同发展的典范。
小鸟天堂四面环水，所在小岛原名“雀墩”，又名“罗星墩”，原是河沙冲积成的一个小泥墩。相传在明朝景泰年间（1450年-1456年），天马人在村前开挖了一条河。河开好后，用水行船是方便了，但不知是何原因，村里连续几年发生瘟疫，于是有道士说：“是开河破坏了风水，惹恼了神灵，上苍责罚天马人了。要消灾解难，唯一的办法是塞河复旧，否则，还会大祸临头。”为求消灾，村民用船载泥撑到河中，凿穿船底，沉船塞河，垒土成堆，后来逐渐冲积成洲。
明万历四十六年（戌午年）即公元1618年，有个农民在“罗星墩”上插了一根榕树枝系船，榕树枝逐渐繁衍成林，历经数百年，演变为现在的榕树岛。原来的母树已无从辩认，唯有枝干无数，径粗在40-80厘米之间，榕高15米，树冠投影面积达1.15公顷，近看似原始森林，远望像浮在水面的绿洲，堪称南国奇观。枝柯交织，浓荫蔽日，巨大的巢自然形成，引来成千上万的各种飞鸟栖息其间，群鸟聚居，鸟树相依，并达到人鸟树和谐相处，共生共存。 “一株榕树便天堂”，一句诗概括了小鸟天堂的特点。
小鸟天堂古巨榕（细叶榕）为桑科榕属植物中的两栖榕，热带、亚热带常绿大乔木，花序单个或成对生于已落叶的叶腋，果实扁球形，7-12月果熟。成熟时黄色或红色，花果期全年，分布于中国东南部、南部、西南部，以及亚洲南部至大洋洲，在印度叫菩提树。喜湿地式的温暧多雨气候和肥沃湿润酸性土壤，不耐寒，不耐旱亦不耐阴，生长快。 生长适温为 20-30摄氏度，冬季温不低于5摄氏度，尤其喜欢在水边生长；榕树根系发达，善于吸收水中的有机养分。在树干长出的气根，生命力旺盛，或如发丝飘悬，漫天飞舞，或向下伸展，遇土成根，再生长壮大成树干，盘根错节，往往在第一代树干没死时又在其上长出第二代，如此反复，以至重孙不可屡数，重重叠叠，除了母根粗壮可辨，其余均为气根所成，这些气根树集结成群，远看就像是原始森林，榕树只在春天生新叶时才落叶，因而一年四季都碧绿如翠玉，枝叶覆盖甚广，可达十多亩，遮去烈日酷暑，树下荫凉，吸引多方鸟众举家迁居来住，成就了今日之小鸟天堂。《闽书》曰：“榕荫极广，以及能容，故名曰榕”。再加上人工的保护和培土；潮涨水退为榕树生长、繁殖提供了充足的水分和养分；无数鸟类的栖居客观上为榕树的防病治病起到积极作用，这些都是细叶榕独木成林的成因。
小鸟天堂的鸟类以天生天养数百年的野生鹭鸟居多，分别为灰鹭（俗称夜游）、白鹭（又名“鹭鸶”）、池鹭和牛背鹭四种，还有白鹡鸰、鹊鸲、乌鸫、大山雀、白头鹎、红耳鹎、暗绿绣眼鸟、丝光椋鸟、普通翠鸟、白胸悲翠、珠颈斑鸠、毛鸡、麻鹤等近40种鸟。夜鹭和池鹭等鹭鸟是树栖鸟类，白鹭朝出晚归，灰鹭暮出晨归，每天傍晚7时15分至7时45分（冬季提前１小时），灰鹭中经验丰富的领头鸟一呼百应，召集一众，成群结队，编队飞出，人称“百鸟归巢”，实为“百鸟出巢”，此时灰鹭才暮出觅食。第二天清晨5时15分至6时许，灰鹭经过一夜辛劳，满载而归，纷纷飞回，此谓之“百鸟归巢”，每日周而复始，时间算得相当准确，有如神助，风雨不改，从不间断。每当晨昏薄雾中，于榕岛上空，万千灵鸟嘎嘎呼唤，翩翩起舞，盘旋飞翔，野趣盎然，蔚为壮观，那一片和鸣谐调的天籁之声，“人间那得几回闻”。
自从天马河中种了这榕树后，引来鹭鸟，树民认为鹭鸟能为他们带来吉祥和庇护，视为“仙鹤”，便自发地形成村规，以“爱树护鸟，爱护自己，爱护子孙”的祖训教育着一代又一代的后人，用各种各样方式保护这个赖以生存的环境，使这个自然奇观完好无损地保护至今。
观鸟，特指用望远镜观察自然状态下的野生鸟类。望远镜是必备工具，尤如照相必需要相机，若只是业余的，双筒望远镜亦足以应付。观鸟首先要熟悉每种鸟的习性，其次还要有耐心。每年4至9月是夜鹭和池鹭的繁殖季节，此时榕岛各处遍布各大大小小的鸟巢，由于鹭鸟晨昏才觅食作业，因此中午时都会躲在暗处休息，难以观察，只在晨曦初露或夕阳西下，鹭鸟才出来觅食，此时才是观鸟最佳之时。而且鹭鸟守时，在每天的同一时刻都会按时出席它们的觅食大会。
珠颈斑鸠、白白脊鸟令鸟、乌鸫、鹊鸲等由于天生翅膀不够发达，飞不高，而只可以在地面活动，一般在草地上、楼顶等处便能够观察到。翠鸟、白胸翡翠和棕背伯劳则略胜一筹，可以飞高些，平时喜欢停靠在干树枝、电线杆顶端和电线上等显眼的地方，只要看到是呆在那些地方的，多半就是这些鸟了。大山雀和白头鹎、红耳鹎、暗绿绣眼鸟等喜欢在树丛中活动，因为这样不易被天敌发现，生存竞争决定了它们的生活习性。丝光椋鸟由于群体活动的话，可以互相照应，所以喜结集大群活动，也经常可以见到。必需注意的是，每年5月至9月，是鸟类的繁殖季节，所以观鸟时要知道怜香惜鸟，不可惊鸟，不可动巢，更不可采集鸟蛋捕捉幼鸟，以免影响当年度鸟的繁殖。
──柯明铮
──党禺
──党禺
──林明琛
小鸟天堂于2002年重新规划扩建，形成占地面积40万平方米，以独特的鸟类生态风景为主题景区，以维护生态平衡为原则，建设鸟区和人文生态景观区两大功能区，人文生态景观区从入口到河堤，由2个大型广场组成，一个是入口中心地带面积2.5万平方米(含停车场等) 的巴金广场，该广场将以著名作家巴金名作《鸟的天堂》为主题，突出人文景观。另一个是建在小鸟天堂正门、面积达8000平方米的生态广场，广场中央建一个直经为60米的涌泉，又称戏水广场。为衬托鸟的天堂的主题，广场两则将种上2万株禾雀花，营造富有地方特色景观，让游客既观赏到展翅飞翔的动态鸟，也欣赏到静态“鸟”。
景区内，同时还有观鸟长廊、榕荫水道、观鸟楼、鸟趣园、生态果园、鸟博馆、巴金亭等景点，设置了游艇、富有岭南水乡特色的人工摇橹船供游客赏树观鸟。让你不仅可以领略新会沙田水乡风情，享受人与自然和谐相处的乐趣，还可以观看搞笑诙谐的鸟类表演，聆听百鸟齐鸣的壮丽景观，亦可欣赏最具五邑特色的民歌——咸水歌（新会属珠三角早期冲积的老沙田区，常受咸水侵袭，河水是咸的，故水上人家唱的歌，统称为咸水歌）。在固定的节假日还有驻场演出节目：水上婚礼。
珠西綜合交通樞紐江門站距離園區7.4公里。深湛铁路江茂段经过小鸟天堂景区，小鸟天堂核心区距铁路线路只有八百米。为了飞奔的火车不会惊扰到这里的上万只鸟类，铁路公司在铁路上设有全球首例高速铁路拱形全封闭声屏障，全长2036米，噪音的声级不超过50分贝。
小鸟天堂景区文化
乌鸦为什么是黑的

《乌鸦为什么是黑的》是一部中国上海美术电影制片厂制作的彩色动画短片。获得过的奖项有：1956年意大利第七届威尼斯国际儿童电影展览会儿童文艺影片一等奖、1958年意大利国际纪录片和短片展览会荣誉奖、文化部1949年—1955年优秀美术片奖等。
很久以前，有一只非常美丽的飞鸟，她拥有漂亮的羽毛和悦耳的歌喉，其他的鸟类都很羡慕她。秋天即至，鸟儿们都忙着造巢筑窝、储备食物准备过冬，唯独她什么也不屑于做，只在林中闲逛。冬季来临，大雪纷飞，鸟儿们都躲到温暖的巢里，只有这只美丽的飞鸟无窝可去、无食可吃，冻得发抖。后来，她发现了一堆篝火，便飞至篝火旁边取暖。正当她得意之时，身子却着了火，虽然她将身上的火扑灭，但她的羽毛却被火烧焦变成了黑色，嗓子也变得沙哑难听。
环志

环志，亦稱「鳥類環志」或「鳥類繫放」，即将野生鸟类捕捉后进行基本数据的测量搜集，并套上人工制作的标有唯一编码的脚环、颈环、翅环、翅旗等标志物，再放归野外，用以搜集研究鸟类迁徙路线，繁殖，分类数据等。
类似鸟类环志的工作最早见于《吕氏春秋》的记载，当时有宫女以彩帛系于燕足，以观察其来年是否飞回。
现代环志开始于1899年，丹麦鸟类学者Mortensen是最早使用环志方法研究鸟类迁徙的人，他最早把162个印有系统环号的铝环套在椋鸟的脚上，此后还对鹳、鸭等鸟类进行了环志，不久由Mortensen开创的环志方法得到了欧洲鸟类学界的认可，德国于1903年在波罗的海沿岸设立了世界上第一个由官方主持的环志站，此后，英国、捷克、荷兰、瑞典、丹麦、挪威、俄国、美国、日本也相继设立了环志机构。
除了上述意义，环志还能检测鸟类种群数量，研究鸟类行为，其在鸟类学研究中的重要意义是不言而喻的。
中国大陆鸟类环志的主管机构是林业总局下属的全国鸟类环志中心。
中国大陆的鸟类环志工作起始于1981年3月3日中华人民共和国林业部代表与日本国代表在北京签署的《中华人民共和国政府和日本国政府保护候鸟及其栖息环境协定》。《协定》中规定协定中所指的候鸟是“根据环志或其他标志的回收，证明确实迁徙于两国之间的鸟类”.
1981年11月，为了执行中日候鸟保护协定中华人民共和国国务院决定在全国有计划有步骤地开展鸟类环志工作，并批准在林业部设立全国鸟类环志办公室负责全国鸟类环志的行政管理协调工作。
1982年10月在中国林业科学院林业研究所建立了全国鸟类环志中心，环志中心成立之后先后制定了中国鸟类环志用鸟环、报表、工具的规范，为在中国大陆全面开展鸟类环志工作进行准备。
1983年7月8日到8月11日鸟类学家，环志中心主任张孚允等人在中国青海省青海湖鸟岛上进行了中国大陆的首次鸟类环志工作，共环志放飞了斑头雁、渔鸥、普通鸬鹚等鸟类1015只，标志着中国大陆的鸟类环志工作正式开始。
截止到2004年，中国共有68个环志站，其中北京师范大学、山东长岛和青岛环志站是最早开始环志且不间断环志的站点。从1997年以后中国环志的鸟类总数从几万开始急速上升至十几万，到2003年，环志数量达到33万只。这些站点在东北地区已联接成网，其他地区的环志站点还未成网络，西部地区的环志点依旧很少。
夜鹭

夜鹭（学名：Nycticorax nycticorax）又稱黑頂夜鷺，俗稱灰洼子、夜洼子、星雁、暗光鳥仔，是鹭科夜鹭属的一种。
夜鷺是一種聰明的鳥類，會使用魚餌釣魚 。捕魚時，夜鷺會先把野果扔在水裡，然後在岸上等待。
夜鹭是分布非常广泛的一种鸟类，分布遍及欧亚大陆、非洲，整个美洲大陆及東南亞等地。
夜鷺在台灣為常見的留鳥，由於性喜食魚，魚類養殖業者視其為害鳥。
在中国大陸全境都能看到它们的身影，在中国东北地区、华北、甘肃、四川、华中、长江流域等省区繁殖，为夏候鸟，在长江以南省份为留鸟。
夜鹭雄雌同形同色，成鸟体长约40厘米至65厘米，頭、枕部略带金屬光泽的深蓝灰色，上体部分和双翅为暗灰色，下体略带乳黄色的白色。頭顶上有兩到三根细長的白色蓑羽。虹膜是血红色，喙黑色足黄色。亞成鸟體長跟成鳥一樣，上體灰褐色，翅膀上有星星點點分布的白色斑點。
夜鹭主要取食蛙类、小鱼、虾等水生动物，偶尔吃一些植物性食物；受到惊吓的夜鹭会把吃进去的食物呕吐出来，经消化或未经消化的食物腥臭不堪，以此作为防卫，也可以从中得到研究夜鹭食性的线索。
夜鹭集群繁殖，在树上营巢，常结成数百只鸟的大群霸占一片树林营巢，其间经常会有小白鹭、牛背鹭等混群，夜鹭营巢密度极大，甚至一棵树乃至一个枝桠上就聚集了三四个巢，夜鹭巢系由树枝搭建，内部垫以柔软材料。每巢产卵3－8枚由双亲共同抚育，每年6月－7月间可见幼鸟随亲鸟离巢活动。
在中国大陆，夜鹭为常见鸟类。近年中国大陆各大城市均有夜鹭数量增加的报告，在一些地方甚至泛滥成灾，因此有些地方政府采取毁巢破卵的方式控制夜鹭的数量。究竟是什么因素导致夜鹭数量的增加，其背后是否隐藏着其他环境因素改变的。
夜鷺的台灣台語稱為「暗光鳥」，客家語稱為「夜鶴」，這個詞也常被代指徹夜未眠的人（同等夜貓子）。
2018年，在台灣桃園市蘆竹區曾有民眾將南崁溪棲息的夜鷺誤認為企鵝並向警察局報案，由於夜鷺的顏色與站姿的確與企鵝十分神似，這起「指鷺為鵝」烏龍也被網友調侃將夜鷺改名為台灣企鵝（南崁企鵝）。無獨有偶，日本鹿兒島縣鹿兒島市平川動物公園的企鵝園區有隻夜鷺常會在放飯時間混進企鵝群中覓食，讓許多遊客刻意來觀賞這隻「假企鵝」。
秃鼻乌鸦

秃鼻乌鸦（学名：Corvus frugilegus）又名秃鼻鸦、老鸦、老鸹、山鸟、山老公、风鸦，通称乌鸦。是鸦科鸦属的一种。
秃鼻乌鸦常栖息于平原丘陵低山地形的耕作区，有时会接近人群密集的居住区。本物种喜结群活动，尤其到了冬季常常结成庞大的集团多者可达数千乃至上万。
大嘴乌鸦为古北界广布种，见于欧洲大部、非洲北部、西亚、中东、阿富汗、缅甸东北部和印度北部、尼泊尔等地，朝鲜、日本、台灣；在中国，本物种主要分布于东部地区，可见于东北、华北、内蒙古中东部、甘肃、青海、四川，和东南沿海一线，本物种在中国东部分布的最西限可达四川盆地地区，分布南限可达海南岛，此外在中国新疆西部的喀什、伊宁一线也有本物种的指名亚种分布。
在雀形目中，秃鼻乌鸦是体形最大的几个物种之一，成年的秃鼻乌鸦体长可达46厘米左右。秃鼻乌鸦雄雌同形同色，除了嘴基部外通体漆黑，无论是喙、虹膜还是双足均是饱满的黑色；但细看本的体羽并非漆黑一团，而是带有显著的蓝紫色金属光泽。
与形态近似的同属鸟类大嘴乌鸦和小嘴乌鸦相比较，本物种嘴基部周围没有羽毛覆盖，露出了灰白色鳞状皮肤，在黑色体羽的映衬下非常显眼，这是本物种区别于同属近似种的最大特征。与其他乌鸦一样，本物种叫声为粗砾嘶哑的刮刮声，非常难听。
秃鼻乌鸦是杂食性鸟类，食性很杂，垃圾、腐尸、昆虫、植物种子、甚至青蛙蟾蜍都出现在它们的食谱中，为了寻找食物他们经常会出没于城市郊区的垃圾掩埋场和城市街道的垃圾桶垃圾站等场所。
秃鼻乌鸦的繁殖开始于每年的3月－7月间，于树上营巢，巢以枯枝搭成，呈碗状，内衬羽毛、枯草等柔软材料，每巢产卵3－9枚，孵化期16－18天。
秃鼻乌鸦观测记录 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Brown eared pheasant

The brown eared pheasant (Crossoptilon mantchuricum) is a large, 96– to 100-cm-long, dark brown pheasant endemic to the mountain forests of northeastern China (Shanxi and nearby provinces). The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1863. It has stiff white ear coverts behind the eyes, which look like a moustache. The crown is black with red bare facial skin and its tail of 22 elongated, white feathers is curved, loose and dark-tipped. Both sexes are similar in plumage.
The rarest member in the genus Crossoptilon, its diet consists mainly of roots, bulbs, and plant matter. The female lays five to eight large, pale stone green eggs, which take 28 days to hatch.
Eared pheasant

Eared pheasants are pheasants from the genus Crossoptilon in the family Phasianidae.
Established by Brian Houghton Hodgson in 1838, the genus contains four species:
The name Crossoptilon is a combination of the Greek words krossoi, meaning "fringe" and ptilon, meaning "feather"— a name Hodgson felt particularly applied to the white eared pheasant "distinguished amongst all its congeners by its ample fringe-like plumage, the dishevelled quality of which is communicated even to the central tail feathers". All are large, sexually monomorphic and found in China.
Tibetan eared pheasant

The Tibetan eared pheasant (Crossoptilon harmani), also called Elwes' eared pheasant, is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae found in southeast Tibet and adjacent northern India, usually between 3,000 and 5,000 m (9,800 and 16,400 ft) elevation, but has been seen down to 2,280 m (7,500 ft) in winter. The species is named after Henry John Harman.
Their natural habitats are boreal and temperate forests. Seen in bushy and grassy clearings, rhododendron thickets, and tall dense scrub in valleys, these birds are threatened by habitat destruction and hunting. They form monogamous pair bonds in the spring. Their eggs are laid from May to July, and incubated by the females.
The Tibetan eared pheasant shares many characteristics, such as the short ears and the droopy tail, with the white eared pheasant (C. crossoptilon), as well as having similar calls and hybridising with it in the Salween Valley, so the two may be conspecific. The Tibetan eared pheasant grows to a length between 75 and 85 cm (30 and 33 in), with females being slightly smaller than males. The sexes are similar. The beak is reddish-brown, the irises yellowish-orange, and the bare facial skin is red, as are the legs. The head is topped with a crown of black, dense, short feathers, on either side of which are short, nonprojecting ear tufts. The rest of the head and nape and a thin collar are white. The rest of the body, wings, and tail are bluish-grey, the mantle, neck and breast being of a darker shade, whereas the lower back, rump, upper tail coverts, and belly are paler whitish-grey. The wings are blackish-brown and the tail bluish-black.
Their range is restricted to Tibet, northern India, and northern Bhutan. Their typical habitat is dense scrubby areas in river valleys, grassy hillsides, and the verges of both coniferous and deciduous woodlands. Although sometimes found at elevations as low as 2,400 m (7,900 ft), they usually occur between about 3,000 and 5,000 m (9,800 and 16,400 ft).
These pheasants usually form groups of up to 10 individuals. They feed on the ground, foraging through the plant debris and grasses near woodland edges and among the rhododendron and juniper scrub. In areas where they are hunted, they may be elusive, retreating into the undergrowth or flying off downhill when scared, but where unmolested, can be quite bold. The birds are believed to be monogamous, with breeding taking place between May and July. One nest was discovered under a fallen tree trunk; it was made from bark and pulp with a mossy lining. The female seems to be solely responsible for incubating the eggs, but both sexes have been observed feeding the chicks.
C. harmani is rated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being a "near-threatened species" because its natural habitat is being cleared, and in many areas, the birds are hunted. Another factor in the possible decline of the population is a reduction in the number of suitable places for roosting.
Red-faced malkoha

The red-faced malkoha (Phaenicophaeus pyrrhocephalus) is a member of the cuckoo order of birds, the Cuculiformes. This malkoha species is endemic to Sri Lanka
This is a large species at 46 cm with a long graduated tail. Its back is dark green, and the uppertail is green edged with white. The belly and undertail are white, the latter being barred black. The crown and throat are black, and the lower face white. There is a large red patch around the eye and the bill is green. Sexual dimorphism present where males are having dark brown iris and females are with creamy white iris. Juveniles are with much duller plumage.
The red-faced malkoha takes a variety of insects including caterpillars, giant stick insects, mantises and small vertebrates such as lizard. It occasionally may eat berries but this needs confirmation.
Unlike most cuckoos, this is a quiet species, making only the odd soft grunt.
It is endemic to Sri Lanka although some old records have apparently erroneously referred to its presence in southern India. According to Baker (1934), it is found in the 'South of Travancore, where it was obtained by Stewart together with its nests'. Later, Biddulph reported a red-faced malkoha in Madurai district, southern Tamil Nadu. Thilo Hoffmann later pointed out that this record would not stand up to a modern records committee, and it is now best disregarded.
The presence of red-faced malkoha in the island is largely confined to the Sinharaja Forest Reserve and the surrounding vegetation, which is one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world.
The red-faced malkoha is a bird of dense forests, where it can be difficult to see despite its size and colour. It prefers low country wet zone forests, sub-montane forests, montane forests and riverine forests in few dry zone forests in Sri Lanka. It can be seen in most of the largest rain forest patches in the wet zone and in dry zone Yala National Park, Lahugala National Park, Wasgamuwa National Park and Udawalawe National Park.
It makes a deep cup nest in a well concealed foliage in sub canopy level, generally between 5-12 m height. The typical clutch being 2-3 eggs. Both male and females are engaging in nest building process.
They are found in nearly half of the mixed-species foraging flocks in the Sinharaja area. Most of the individuals of Red-faced Malkohas which participate in the mixed-species bird flocks tend to prefer in the front of the flock. There is a high probability to see this cryptic bird in the flock if you observe the front half of the flock.
The common name for this species malkoha is the vernacular name for the bird in Sinhala language. 'Mal-Koha' translates to 'flower-cuckoo'. The red-faced malkoha appears in a 5 rupee Sri Lankan postal stamp.
Red-crested turaco

The red-crested turaco (Tauraco erythrolophus) is a turaco, a group of African otidimorph birds. It is a frugivorous bird endemic to western Angola. Its call sounds somewhat like a jungle monkey.
The red-crested turaco weighs 210-325 g and is 45–50 cm long. It looks similar to the Bannerman's turaco, but differs in crest and face colors. Both sexes are similar.
They are seen in flocks of up to 30 birds, or in pairs. They usually remain in trees, only coming down to eat or drink. Their diet consists of insects, fruits, nuts, leaves, flowers, seeds, acacia, and figs. They are even able to eat berries that are poisonous to humans.
A deep barking call. the female's call is slightly higher-pitched than the male's. They are highly vocal, particularly at dawn.
Red-crested turacos are monogamous. Both mates build a flimsy nest 5 to 20 meters above the ground in dense foliage. After laying eggs, both birds incubate the eggs. The young leave the nest at 4–5 weeks old.
The red-crested turaco is the national bird of Angola. It occurs quite commonly along the length of the Angolan escarpment and adjacent forested habitats.
A red-crested turaco was featured in 1998's The Parent Trap, as the bird pecking Meredith's chest shortly before she wakes up to discover Annie and Hallie have floated her camping mattress onto a lake. This scene of the film is set in Northern California, so the choice of this bird species is distinctly out of place.
Sri Lanka white-eye

The Sri Lanka white-eye (Zosterops ceylonensis) is a small passerine bird in the white-eye family, which is endemic to Sri Lanka. It is a resident breeder in forests, gardens and plantations, mainly in the highlands.
A study showed that it is not sister to the other Sri Lankan species, the Indian White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), and it also suggested that it is the root species which gave rise to all white-eyes on Earth. This raises further questions on white-eye origins.
This bird is slightly larger than the Indian white-eye (about 11 cm long) which it replaces above 4000 ft. The upper parts of the body and sides of neck are dark olive-green. The rump appears paler green while the crown and forehead appear darker. The wings and tail are brown edged with green on the back. The typical ring of tiny white feathers around the eye is present. The lores are dark and there is a dark streak below the eye. The chin, throat and upper breast are greenish-yellow as are the thighs and vent. The belly region is greyish white. The dark bill has a slaty base to the lower mandible. The legs are dark. The iris is yellow to reddish-brown.
This species can be distinguished from the widespread Indian white-eye, Zosterops palpebrosus, by its larger size, duller green back and more extensive yellow on the breast. It has a darker patch between the eye and the bill.
It is sociable, forming large flocks which only disperse with the approach of the breeding season. It builds a tree nest and lays 3 unspotted pale blue eggs.
Though mainly insectivorous, the Sri Lankan white-eye will also eat nectar and fruits of various kinds.
The English and scientific names refer to the conspicuous ring of white feathers around the eyes, Zosterops being Greek for "girdle-eye".
In Sri Lanka, this bird is known as Lanka Sithasiya in the Sinhala language. This bird appears on a 35c Sri Lankan postage stamp first issued in 1983.
Brown-throated wattle-eye

The brown-throated wattle-eye (Platysteira cyanea), also known as the common wattle-eye or scarlet-spectacled wattle-eye, is a small, insectivorous passerine bird. The wattle-eyes were previously classed as a subfamily of the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae, but are now usually separated from that group.
This species breeds in west, central and northeast tropical Africa. This common species is found in secondary forest and other woodland areas, including gardens. The eggs are laid in a small neat lichen and cobweb cup low in a tree or bush.
The adult brown-throated wattle-eye is a stout bird about 14 cm (5.5 in) long. The breeding male has glossy black upperparts, and white underparts with a neat black breast band. There is a strong white wingbar, and fleshy red wattles above the eye.
The females are grey-black above, and also have the white wing bar and red wattles. There is a small patch of white below the bill, and the throat and breast are maroon, separated from the white belly by the black breast band. Young males are washed-out, greyer versions of the female.
These active insect-eating birds are found in pairs or small groups. The ringing call of the brown-throated wattle-eye is a very characteristic six note doo-dd-dum-di-do-do.
Bird of the Year

Bird of the Year (Māori: Te Manu Rongonui o te Tau) is an annual election-based competition run by the New Zealand conservation organisation Forest & Bird to elect a New Zealand native "Bird of the Year". The competition is intended to raise awareness of the conservation threats to many endangered native birds.
It draws support from celebrities including politicians, artists, actors, and television personalities. The election is a significant social media and public event in New Zealand; there are regular attempts at voter fraud, some winners (such as the short-tailed bat) have been controversial.
In 2023, a TV campaign by British-American comedian John Oliver for the pūteketeke drew international attention to the contest, leading it to win with more than 290,000 votes.
Bird of the Year (BOTY) was first launched in October 2005 by Michael Szabo, editor of Forest & Bird at the time, initially as an online poll featured in Forest & Bird's first email newsletter; votes were collected by email and through the post. Szabo noticed the public outcry when RNZ considered dropping bird calls from its daily Morning Report, and decided to tap into this public interest with an annual poll. The first BOTY contest included 76 native bird species and received a total of 900 votes; the tūī was the winner. BOTY was later championed by Forest & Bird's communications manager Helen Bain, who saw it as a "light-hearted…way of raising the profile of native birds and the threats to them".
In 2014, the competition was temporarily retitled to Seabird of the Year and only seabirds were eligible. In 2023 the competition was dubbed Bird of the Century (Te Manu Rongonui o te Rautau) to coincide with Forest & Bird's centennial celebrations, and for the first time included extinct birds: laughing owl, South Island snipe, huia, South Island kōkako, and bush wren.
Currently voters use the Forest & Bird website to rank their top-five choices for Bird of the Year. The winner is determined using the instant-runoff voting method. The competition runs for two weeks in October to November each year, and around 70 species usually compete. Anyone can nominate themselves as a "campaign manager" for a bird, and organise social media publicity campaign. The competition is not restricted to New Zealand: anyone with a valid email address is able to cast a vote, which became critical to the 2023 landslide victory of the Pūteketeke.
Because of the transferable voting system, the Bird of the Year is not necessarily the species receiving the most number-one votes. For example in BOTY 2022 (starting 17 October), seventy-one species were shortlisted as candidates, and the rock wren was the winner, because it received the most and highest vote rankings, despite getting fewer #1 votes than the second-place winner, the little penguin.
Nicola Toki

Nicola Jane Toki (née Vallance) is a New Zealand conservationist. She has worked for the Department of Conservation as threatened species ambassador and became chief executive of Forest & Bird in April 2022.
Toki was born in Invercargill, and spent much of her early years moving around the South Island to support her father's career as a ski-plane pilot.
Toki studied at the University of Otago where she studied zoology and ecology, as well as a postgraduate diploma in natural history film-making.
As of 2022, Toki lives in Waipara with her husband and son.
After finishing university, Toki worked as a camera operator for Channel 9, held an internship at Otago Museum, and then worked at the Dunedin branch of the Department of Conservation. She went on to work for the Department of Conservation as a media manager and for Forest & Bird as a conservation advocate. Between 2015 and 2019, Toki worked as a Department of Conservation threatened species ambassador, where she advocated for New Zealand's threatened species. After leaving that role, she was retained by the Department of Conservation as eastern South Island operations director.
In April 2022 Toki was appointed as Chief Executive of Forest & Bird, replacing Kevin Hague. On her appointment, Toki said that she was looking forward to taking Forest & Bird (established in 1923) into its next century of operations, and wanted to work more closely with mana whenua.
She helps present the weekly radio show Critter of the Week with Jesse Mulligan on Radio New Zealand and previously had regular appearances on TVNZ's Good Morning and Meet the Locals.
Toki has disagreed with previous New Zealand Government policy proposals to mine in national parks and other significant conservation areas previously off-limits to mining interests. While at Forest and Bird she advocated for the protection of New Zealand endemic species through the use of 1080, and campaigned against intensive and large-scale dairy farming.
Toki has said that she would like to see the Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister hold the conservation portfolio, because it is an area that does not receive much attention nor funding.
Gung Ho (album)

Gung Ho is the eighth studio album by Patti Smith, released March 21, 2000 on Arista Records.
Gung Ho was released on March 21, 2000, by Arista Records. The title refers to a Chinese phrase meaning "work together" adopted by the US Marines during World War II as a morale-building slogan. It is the first Patti Smith album to not include her on the cover (it shows, instead, a picture of her father, Grant Smith).
The song "New Party" was used as the official song for the 2000 Ralph Nader's presidential campaign.
Smith wrote the song "Grateful" in tribute to Jerry Garcia on August 9, 1995, the day of his death.
As of February 2004, Gung Ho had sold 49,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen Soundscan.
Gung Ho was included in Rolling Stone's "Top 50 Albums of 2000".
The song "Glitter in Their Eyes" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance in 2001.
Band
Additional personnel
Fittonia

Fittonia (or nerve plant or mosaic plant) is a genus of evergreen perennial flowering plants in the acanthus ('bear’s britches') family, Acanthaceae. The genus is native to tropical and subtropical forested areas in northern and western South America, mainly Perú.
The most commonly cultivated species is F. albivenis and its range of cultivars. They are low-lying, forest floor plants, typically only growing between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tall, without the 5-10 cm (1-4 in) tall flower stalks. The main feature of the species is its lush, green foliage, streaked with veins of white to deep pink, depending on cultivar; this veining earns the plant its common name of 'Nerve-Plant', as the "network" of vessels appears to resemble the layout of a nervous system. The plants also possess a short fuzz on their stems, like other acanthus family genera. Small buds may appear after a time where the stem splits into leaves.
With a spreading growth habit making it ideal as a shaded garden groundcover, Fittonia can easily be propagated by taking cuttings or by pruning the growing tips. These fresh clippings will regrow roots simply by placing the cut ends in a vessel of water in a bright, albeit indirectly-lit, location. Optionally, this method of "water-propagation" may be avoided altogether, as most cuttings may be placed directly into moist substrate, such as sphagnum moss, perlite, coconut (coco) fiber, well-aerated soil, or even LECA (hydroton clay balls). As most plant species will do after being pruned, the trimmed section(s) of the mother plant will be triggered to grow new leaves in a matter of weeks.
The flowers are rather small, appearing on angular-sided bloom spikes, with a white to off-white colour. Fittonia inflorescences are quite reminiscent of those of the related genus Hypoestes (polka-dot plants); additionally, like the Hypoestes, Fittonia are best kept in a moist area with mild, indirect but bright sunlight, or under screening outdoors in appropriate climates. They thrive in ambient temperatures above 55 °F (13 °C), thus, in temperate areas, they must be grown as houseplants. Notoriously thirsty plants, Fittonia (and Hypoestes) are known to "faint" or wilt when the top layer of substrate begins to dry, but is quickly revived with watering. The plants respond especially well to "bottom watering", or by submerging a potted specimen in a tray of water instead of pouring water from above. This has the added benefit of keeping the leaves free of water droplets or splashed dirt, which could both lead to fungal infections, such as powdery mildew.
Vengurla

Vengurla is a town in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra, India just north of Goa. It is surrounded by a semicircular range of hills with lush green foliage mainly of cashew, mango, coconut, and different kinds of berry trees. The hills of Dabholi, Tulas, and Mochemad respectively lie in the north, the east, and the south of Vengurla, while the Arabian Sea is located on its west.
The town has a rich cultural heritage. Vengurla Taluka has some temples including those of Devi Sateri, Shri Rameshwar, Shri Navadurga at Kanyale Redi, Shri Mauli at Redi and Shiroda, Shri Vetoba at Aaravali, Shri Rampurush Temple at Kanyale Redi, Shri Ganesh at Redi and Shri Ravalnath.
Vengurla, being a safe and natural port, commercial centre was initially established during 1665 by Dutch traders and subsequently by British rulers. Signs of Dutch - British rulers are present in the city : Dutch Wakhar (Warehouse), St. Lukes Hospital, Crowferd Market, etc. Planned city having road, market, commercial and office buildings, Municipal Council, Hospitals, Parks, etc. was developed by British rulers. The 130-year-old Vengurla Municipal Council is one of the oldest Municipal Council in Maharashtra State.
Vengurla is located at 15°52′N 73°38′E﻿ / ﻿15.87°N 73.63°E﻿ / 15.87; 73.63. It has an average elevation of 11 metres (36 ft). Vengurla is also known as Vingoria. It includes areas such as Dabholi, Khanoli, Vetore, Tendoli, Wayangani, Surangpani, Shiroda, Redi.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Vengurla features a tropical monsoon climate The record high temperature was 42 °C which was recorded in the month of April while the record low temperature was 10 °C which was recorded in the month of December. The annual precipitation is 3,155.3 mm (124.22 in).
According to India's 2001 census, Vengurla had a population of 12,471 in 2001. Males and females constituted 49% and 51%, respectively, of the population. 81% of Vengurla's population was literate (86% of males and 76% of females) compared to 59.5% of India's total population. 10% of the town's population was under 6 years of age at the time of the census.
Malvani is spoken as a local language (Malvani Konkani). Marathi, being the state language, is also understood and widely used.
Blue eared pheasant

The blue eared pheasant (Crossoptilon auritum) is a large pheasant endemic to China. Although it is considered rare, the blue eared pheasant is evaluated as of least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
The blue eared pheasant has dark blue-gray plumage with velvet black crown, red facial feathers appearing as bare skin, yellow iris, long white ear coverts behind the eyes, and crimson legs. Its tail of 24 elongated bluish-gray feathers is curved, loose, and dark-tipped. Both sexes are similar with the male being slightly larger. They grow up to 96 cm (38 in) long.
The blue eared pheasant is found throughout mountain forests of central China.
Its diet consists mainly of berries and vegetable matter.
Stankted ar boblañs

Stankter ar boblañs a c'hell bezañ implijet evit jediñ n'eus forzh peseurt tra fetis. Implijet e vez dreist-holl avat evit ar boudoù bev. Stankter ar boblañs a vez roet dre vras hervez an niver a draoù pe a voudoù dre unander gorread.
Stankter ur boblañs eo an niver a dud dre km². Da lavaret eo puilhentez bezañs an dud war un tiriad bennak. Tu zo komz eus ar stankted evit abegoù all. Da skouer e bed ar gêraozouriezh e vez komzet eus stankted al lojeizoù dre devezh arat.
Troad lerc'hennek

Er yezhoniezh e vez implijet an termen troad lerc'hennek (saoz.: postpositional case) evit komz eus un droad implijet da verkañ un anv-kadarn dirak n'eus forzh peseurt lerc'henn.
Implijet e vez an droad-mañ, anvet "troad oblikel kentañ", gant ar pachtoueg, da skouer:
Sinoù diakritek

Ur sin diakritek (diwar ar gresianeg: διακριτικός “diforc'hañ”) a zo anezhañ n'eus forzh peseurt merk implijet dre skrid evit diforc'h ur ger diouzh unan all heñvel outañ pe c'hoazh evit kemmañ an doare da zistagañ ul lizherenn resis.
Implijet e vez sinoù diakritek e meur a lizherenneg, en o zouez an hini latin pe an hini girillek hag ivez gant doareoù-skrivañ nann-lizherenneg (gwelet pelloc'h) evit diforc'hañ sonioù dre implijout an hevelep lizherenn diazez, pe gensonenn pe vogalenn e vefe, pe evit diforc'hañ gerioù peuzheñvel dre skrifd pe c'hoazh evit merkañ lec'h an taol-mouezh dreist-holl.
Talvezout a ra ivez ar sinoù diakritek, peurlisañ an tired lemm pa/hag an tired boud, da bverkañ lec'h an taol-mouezh, da skouer:
Peurliesañ e talvez ar sinoù diakritek evit kemmañ son boutin ul lizherenn resis, evit diforc'hañ gerioù heñvel an eil ouzh egile pe c'hoazh evit merkañ lec'h an taol-mouezh. Implijoù all ez eus ivez, avat, raloc'h evit ar re se, evel, da skouer, evit merkañ diverradurioù evel an titlo pe c'hoazh evit merkañ niveroù evel er skritur etiopek pe el lizherenneg c'hresianek.
Kemmañ kalz a c'hell lec'h ur sin diakritek, pe a-us pe a-is d'ul lizherenn, pe vogalenn pe kensonenn, pe diouzh un tu dezhi pe c'hoazh a-dreuz dezhi. Meur a sin diakritek a c'hell kaout ul lizherenn ivez, da skouer:
E peurunvan e vez implijet an tired boud war an où, dresit-holl evit al lostger a verk al liester reizh -où, evit merkañ an diverradur, da skouer
Un implij heñvel a gaver ivez gant an tired kognek, da skouer
Implijet e vez ivez an dildenn war an n > ñ evit merkañ pa vez distaget ur vogalenn dre ar fri hep ma teufe kensonenn dre fri ebet war he lerc'h, da skouer:
Hervez reolennoù reizhskrivadur ar skolveurieg e vez implijet ivez an tired lemm hag an tired boud evit ober an diforc'h dre skrid etre [e] hag [ε], da skouer:
Ul lizherenn ganti ur sin diakritek a c'hell bezañ renket pe evel al lizherenn diazez gant ur sin ouzhpenn pe c'hoazh evel ul lizherenn nevez eviti hec'h unan disheñvel diouzh al lizherenn diazez. Un implij nann-diakritek a vez graet eus al lizherennoù gant sinou diakritek deuet da vezañ lizherennoù evite o-unan. E galleg, da skouer, e vez renket en ur geriadur ar gerioù o kregiñ gant é asambles gant ar re a grog gant e hep tired, rak e galleg ec'h eo é hag e an hevelep lizherenn, unan merket gant ur sin diakritek ouzhpenn. Un implij diakritek eo hennezh. E spagnoleg, avat, ne vez ket renket ar gerioù o kregiñ gant n gant ar re o kregiñ gant ñ rak e spagnoleg int div lizherenn disheñvel an eil diouzh eben. Un implij nann-diakritek eo hennezh. Setu un nebeud skouerioù eus implijoù nann—diakritek, en ur c'hoût e c'hell an hevelep lizherenn bezañ diakritek en ur yezh ha nann-diakritek en ur yezh all:
D ([z, y] kv. Đ ([d])
Implijout a c'hell ivez doareoù skrivañ nann-lizherennek, da skouer abjadoù pe silabennegoù, sinoù diakritek:
Knaneg

Ur yezh slavek eo ar c'hnaneg (knaneg: leshon Knaan; saozneg: knaanic pe canaanic) pe yuzev-slaveg komzet gwechall gant ar Yuzevien er broioù tchekek.
Daoust ha ma vez implijet an termen knaneg en un doare resis d'ober dave d'ar yuzev-tchekek e c'hell talvezout ivez evit n'eus forzh peseurt yezh yuzev-slavek all.
Arme ar Stadoù-Unanet

An United States Army pe US Army, berraet en USA, da lâret eo Arme ar Stadoù-Unanet eo skourr pennañ an United States Armed Forces dezhi da gefridi kas da benn an obererezhioù milourel war zouar. Bez'ez eo unan eus seizh skourr milourel e Stadoù-Unanet Amerika hag a vez graet Army of the United States anezho e bonreizh ar vro hag en United States Code. Skourr niverusañ ha koshañ nerzhioù arme ar Stadoù-Unanet eo. Emañ gwrizioù an US Army arnevez er C'hontinental Army, "Arme ar c'hevandir", hag a oa bet savet d'ar 14 a viz Even 1775 da vrezeliañ e-pad Brezel dieubidigezh ar Stadoù Unanet (1775–1783) a-enep armeoù ar Rouantelezh-Unanet.
Goude ar brezel dispac'hel, Kendalc'h ar Stadoù-Unanet a grouas an United States Army d'an 3 a viz Even 1784, evit kemer plas Arme ar c'hevandir a oa divodet. An United States Army a gendalc'h hengoun Arme ar c'hevandir, hag a ro deiziad he ganedigezh evel nerzh stourm e 1775.
An United States Army zo skourr obererezhioù milourel war zouar an U.S. Armed Forces. Rann 3062 eus Titl 10 an US Code a zisklêir ez eo he c'hefridi :
Roer (stêr)

Ar Roer (Roer e galleg ha nederlandeg, Rur en alamaneg) zo ur stêr eus hanternoz Europa, a red dre Velgia, an Izelvroioù hag Alamagn, adstêr d'ar stêr Meuse. 90 % eus hed ar stêr zo en Alamagn.
Eus 1795 da 1815, ez eus bet un departamant anvet Roer, pe Rur en alamaneg, ha n'emañ ket da vezañ mesket gant Ruhr, ur rannvro eus Alamagn.
Roer (departamant)

Roer zo anv un departamant gall krouet e 1795 en Alamagn hag en Izelvroioù, pa voe aloubet ar c'horn-bro-se gant ar C'hallaoued. Savet eo anv an departamant diwar hini ar stêr Roer (pe Rur en alamaneg).
Savet e oa departamant ar Roer diwar:
Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle e galleg) e oa ar pennlec'h. Pevar arondisamant a oa (e 1812) :
War-lerc'h ma voe faezhet Napoleon e 1814, e voe rannet an departamant etre Rouantelezh an Izelvroioù (lez kleiz ar stêr Meuse hag un tamm douar a-hed al lez dehoù, enni Gennep, Tegelen ha Sittard, (bremañ e Limburg en Izelvroioù), ha Rouantelezh Prusia (proviñs Jülich-Kleve-Berg, bremañ e Nordrhein-Westfalen, Alamagn).
Hit Parade 1

E 1992 e tivizas sonerien The Wedding Present lakaat embann ur bladenn single (45 tro) bep Lun kentañ ar miz. Nebeut a skouerennoù anezho a voe engravet. War bep hini anezho e oa un ton krouet gant ar strollad war an tu A, hag un ton krouet gant un arzour all sonet en-dro ganto war an tu B. An holl donioù a voe embannet goude-se dindan stumm ur bladenn CD, anvet Hit Parade 1 ha Hit Parade 2. Ur bladenn CD doubl, The Hit Parade a zeuas er-maez e 2003.
C86

C86 a zo anv ur c'hasedig bet embannet e 1986 er gelaouenn vreizhveuriat New Musical Express. Ennañ e oa tonioù savet gant strolladoù sonerezh nevez, ha stag ouzh tiez embann pladennoù dizalc'h. Goude-se eo bet miret an anv C86 a-benn deskrivañ strolladoù a aoz tonioù levezonet gant sonioù gitar evel re The Byrds ha tonioù pop da vat, daoust ma oa a bep seurt doareoù sonerezh war ar c'hasedig. Levezonet eo bet ivez ar strolladoù-se gant ar spered Do It Yourself bet diazezet gant ar bunked. Gwechoù zo e vez goapet ar strollaodù a gaver war C86 dre ma soñj da lod e oa milis ha kamm o c'hanaouennoù.Hiziv an deiz avat e soñj da lod brasañ an dud eo bet embann C86 ur bazenn a-bouez e istor sonerezh pop ar Rouantelezh-Unanet.
Hold (compartment)

A ship's hold or cargo hold is a space for carrying cargo in a ship or airplane compartment.
Cargo in holds may be either packaged in crates, bales, etc., or unpackaged (bulk cargo). Access to holds is by a large hatch at the top. Ships have had holds for centuries; an alternative way to carry cargo is in standardized shipping containers, which may be loaded into appropriate holds or carried on deck.
Holds in older ships were below the orlop deck, the lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
Some ships have built in cranes and can load and unload their own cargo. Other ships must have dock side cranes or gantry cranes to load and unload.
A cargo hatch or deck hatch or hatchway is type of door used on ships and boats to cover the opening to the cargo hold or other lower part of the ship. To make the cargo hold waterproof, most cargo holds have cargo hatch. This can be a waterproof door, like a trap door with hinges or a cover that is places on top of the cargo hold opening, covered and held down with a tarp or a latching system. Cargo hatch can also be flexible and roll up on to a pole. A small cargo hatch to a small storage locker is called a Lazarette. Should a cargo hatch fail in a storm, the ship is at risk of sinking, such that has happened on bulk carrier hatches. Some ships that sank due to cargo hatch failure: MV Derbyshire, MV Christinaki, Bark Marques, SS Henry Steinbrenner, SS El Faro, SS Marine Electric, and the SS Edmund Fitzgerald. Most cargo hatches have a coaming, a raised edge around the hatch, to help keep out water. The term batten down the hatches is used prepare the ship for bad weather. This may included securing cargo hatch covers with wooden battens, to prevent water from entering from any angle. The term cargo hatch can also be a used for any deck opening leading to the cargo holds. Aircraft and spacecraft may also used the term for its cargo doors.
Ships with holds:
Seed trap

Seed traps are used in ecology and forestry to capture seeds falling from plants, allowing seed production and dispersal to be quantified. They come in several forms, including funnel traps, sticky traps (using materials such as fly paper), nets and pots exposed in the field.
There are many options when using seed traps based on the specific need for the project. Seed traps can be made in different sizes, shapes, and of different material. Traditionally, seed traps are wooden frames with a screened bottom. Traps with metal frames have also been used. Additionally, funnel-shaped traps that are set above the soil or leveled at the ground, traps with screen or cloth bags, traps with water or soil to germinate them, plastic buckets, or traps with sticky surfaces have been used.
The substance on sticky traps must be nontoxic to the seeds and non-drying. Many sticky traps are petroleum-based. They are also cheaper (approximately $1.20–1.30 per use), lighter and less bulky than other traps. However, rain or dew may affect the adhesive. Heat and light intensities can also cause sticky traps to lose their adhesiveness.
Pollen traps are used to measure production and dispersal of pollen in plants. These traps are commonly made of glass slides with silicone oils or sticky tapes. They can be set up horizontally or as cylinder containers.
These traps can collect fruit production from various plants. These are also constructed on the ground, hanging or as basins or funnels.
When choosing a trap, certain factors must be considered. The seed dispersal unit (where the seeds will fall), timing of dispersal, and density of seed fall (how much will be produced). Smaller traps may be appropriate for trees that produce more seeds, and larger traps may be appropriate for trees that produce less seeds to guarantee collection. It is difficult to compare different traps.
There are also some drawbacks to consider when choosing a trap. Wood traps may easily deteriorate if not constructed properly. Traps may also be hard to store or set up depending on size. Cloth and screens are easily torn in bad weather conditions and are also targets for animals. Screens may also harm many insects. Traps with water or soil must be maintained consistently. Extra seeds may clog the traps or seeds may be blown or washed out causing an over or underestimate of seed dispersal. Sticky traps are also clogged by other debris.
Traps must be checked weekly depending on the rate of seed dispersal. Seed identification must be accurate. This can be challenging because there is no comprehensive identification key, so focusing on only a few species at a time is important. You can also attempt to germinate the seeds. Screens may help prevent predation by animals and insects.
Callable object

A callable object, in computer programming, is any object that can be called like a function.
In C++, any class that overloads the function call operator operator() may be called using function-call syntax.
PHP 5.3+ has first-class functions that can be used e.g. as parameter to the usort() function:
It is also possible in PHP 5.3+ to make objects invokable by adding a magic __invoke() method to their class:
In Python any object with a __call__() method can be called using function-call syntax.
Another example:
Callable objects are defined in Dart using the call() method.
In Swift, callable objects are defined using callAsFunction.