davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Anwar Sadat

Anwar Sadat (født 25. desember 1918, død 6. oktober 1981) var en egyptisk offiser og politiker som var Egypts president og overtok etter president Gamal Abdel Nassers død i 1970.
Han tok beslutningen til Jom kippur-krigen i 1973, en krig som styrket ham både nasjonalt og internasjonalt. Deretter brøt han med Sovjetunionen og knyttet seg til USA. Fire år senere reiste han sensasjonelt til Jerusalem for å inngå fredsavtale med den tidligere fienden Israel. Resultatet av dette ble blant annet den såkalte Camp David-avtalen, oppkalt etter den amerikanske presidentens feriested, der forhandlingene foregikk. For dette fikk han Nobels fredspris sammen med den israelske statsministeren, Menachem Begin.
Sadat lovte Muhammed Reza Pahlavi, den avsatte sjahen av Iran, at han kunne bli i Egypt resten av sitt liv. Da Reza Pahlavi døde i juli 1980 fikk han en statlig begravelse i Egypt.
Han ble skutt og drept 6. oktober 1981 under en militærparade i Kairo av en armeeoffiser som tilhørte en islamistisk gruppe.
International Peace Institute

International Peace Institute (IPI, tidligere International Peace Academy) er en uavhengig tankesmie basert i New York. IPI spesialiserer seg mot multilaterale tilnærminger til freds- og sikkerhetsspørsmål og samarbeider tett med FNs sekretariat og medlemsland. IPIs fremste mål er å fremme effektive internasjonale svar på nye problemer og kriser gjennom forskning, analyse og politikkutvikling.
IPI fikk kritikk i sin tid av egen styreleder, tidligere australsk statsminister Kevin Rudd, fordi fler millioner i økonomisk støtte var mottatt fra den overgrepsdømte amerikanske finansmannen Jeffrey Epstein.
Terje Rød-Larsen var leder for IPI fra 2005 til 29. oktober 2020. Han trakk seg etter at koblinger mellom han og Epstein ble kjent. Han skal ha mottatt donasjoner fra Epsteins stiftelser på vegne av organisasjonen, samt skyldig Epsteins dødsbo minst 130 tusen dollar. IPIs visepresident, Adam Lupel, overtok etter Rød-Larsen.
Brynjulf Risnes

Brynjulf Risnes (født 1961) er en norsk jurist/advokat og tidligere forsker ved NUPI med Sovjetunionen og russiske forhold som fagfelt.
Risnes er født og vokste opp på stedet Hunn i Namdalen. Han er utdannet jurist fra UiO. Han jobbet i Finansdepartementet og i regelreformgruppen i Forvaltningspolitisk avdeling i Administrasjonsdepartementet. Der var han bl.a. sekretær for det regjeringsoppnevnte Lovstrukturutvalget - NOU 1992: 32 Bedre struktur i lovverket. Han studerte også russisk språk (mellomfag) ved UiO og russisk rett ved universitetet i St. Petersburg. Han arbeidet som forsker ved Norsk utenrikspolitisk institutt (NUPI). Han har vært advokat i Oslo siden 2006. Han snakker russisk, og har hatt mange saker om nordområdene. Etter NUPI spesialiserte han seg særlig innen strafferett og spørsmål tilsluttet immigrasjon. Han har ført saker for norske domstoler på alle nivå og for den europeiske menneskerettsdomstolen i Strasbourg. Risnes ble i 2017 engasjert i forbindelse med Frode Berg-saken. Han har møterett for Høgsterett.
Biosphere (musiker)

Biosphere er artistnavnet til Geir Jenssen (født 30. mai 1962 i Tromsø), en norsk artist som lager ambient elektronisk musikk. Han er kjent for sin spesielle arktiske lyd. Kommersielt er han mest kjent for hiten «Novelty Waves» fra plata Patashnik, som ble brukt i en Levis-reklame. Musikken hans er bygd opp med forskjellige samples (lydklipp), blant annet fra Twin Peaks og 2010; plata Shenzhou er basert på samples fra komponisten Claude Debussy.
Jenssen var med og startet bandet Bel Canto i 1985 sammen med Anneli Drecker og Nils Johansen. Han forlot bandet i 1989 etter plata Birds of Passage, for å konsentrere seg om sine egne musikalske ideer. Artistnavnet hans den gang var Bleep, og musikken hans var mer dance-orientert. Hans første singel var «The North Pole By Submarine». I 1991 gav han ut plata Microgravity under artistnavnet Biosphere, som ble meget godt mottatt i internasjonal presse.
Han har også samarbeidet med andre artister gjennom karrieren, blant andre Pete Namlook og Deathprod.
Han har vunnet Spellemannprisen 2000 i klassen dance/hiphop for albumet Cirque, Spellemannprisen 2011 i klassen elektronika for N-Plants og Spellemannprisen 2016 i klassen elektronika for Departed Glories. Han har vært nominert til Alarmprisen 2001 i klassen house/techno for Cirque, Spellemannprisen 2002 i klassen elektronika for Shenzhou og Spellemannprisen 2004 i klassen elektronika/samtidsmusikk for Autour de la lune. Albumet Substrata fra 1997 kom på en 38. plass på på Pitchfork sin liste over de beste ambient albumene, The 50 Best Ambient Albums of All Time. I 2020 var han en av de nominerte til Rockheim Hall of Fame.
På Døgnvillfestivalen 2010 opptrådte han på nytt sammen med bandet Bel Canto for første gang siden 1989.
Norwegian Air Shuttles flyflåte

Norwegian Air Shuttles flyflåte består i mars 2021 av totalt 99 fly; 8 av typen Boeing 787-9, 3 av typen Boeing 787-8, 70 av typen Boeing 737-800W og 18 av typen Boeing 737 MAX 8. Norwegian Air Shuttle har tatt levering på 100 nye Boeing 737-800W-maskiner i perioden august 2009–februar 2018. I tillegg har selskapet leaset 4 nye fly av samme type, som er levert i perioden oktober 2011 –desember 2014.
I januar 2012 bestilte selskapet 100 fly av typen Boeing 737 MAX 8 med opsjon på ytterligere 100 fly, samt 100 fly av typen Airbus A320neo med opsjon på ytterligere 50 fly. Senere er 10 opsjoner på 737 MAX 8 omgjort til faste bestillinger slik at det totalt er 110 i fast ordre. Av disse er 18 fly levert siden juni 2017, 16 forventes levert i 2020. I juli 2016 ble 30 av Airbus A320neo bestillingene omgjort til Airbus A321LR Selskapet har også bestilt 42 langdistansefly av typen Boeing 787 Dreamliner for bruk på ruter til Nord- og Sør-Amerika samt Asia.
Tor Wennesland

Tor Wennesland (født 21. august 1952) er en norsk diplomat. Han var Norges ambassadør til Egypt og Libya 2011-2015. Fra 2020 har Wennesland hatt stilling som FNs spesialkoordinator for fredsprosessen i Midtøsten. I november 2024 formidlet FNs nyhetsavdeling et intervju med Wennesland der han opplyste at han var i ferd med å avslutte oppdraget.
Wennesland er utdannet cand.theol. fra Menighetsfakultetet i Oslo. I 1984 ble han tatt opp som aspirant i Utenriksdepartementet.
I 1992 ble han ansatt som generalsekretær i Europabevegelsen i Norge. Etter folkeavstemningen om norsk medlemskap i EU gikk han i 1995 tilbake til Utenriksdepartementet. I 1996 ble han rådgiver for planleggingsminister Terje Rød-Larsen. Da Rød-Larsen gikk av, vendte Wennesland tilbake til embetsverket i Utenriksdepartementet.
Fra 2007 til 2008 var han rådgiver for Tony Blair, Midtøsten-kvartettens utsending i Midtøsten. I 2008 ble han utnevnt til ministerråd ved Norges ambassade i Tel Aviv i Israel og leder av Norges representasjonskontor for den palestinske selvstyremyndigheten i Ramallah. Den 27. mai 2011 ble han utnevnt til ambassadør i Kairo. Sideakkreditering til Libya fulgte den 25. mai 2012.
Den 21. desember 2020 ble Wennesland av FNs generalsekretær utnevnt til FNs spesialkoordinator for fredsprosessen i Midtøsten.
Wennesland har også vært generalsekretær i Det internasjonale vannakademiet (The World Water Commission).
Jan Braathu

Jan Braathu (født 23. juni 1954) er en norsk diplomat og ambassadør.
Braathu begynte i den norske utenrikstjenesten i 1985. Hans første utstasjonering var som første ambassadesekretær ved Norges ambassader i Kuwait og Saudi Arabia 1990-1993. I perioden 1993-1996 var han første ambassadesekretær ved Norges ambassade i London. Han var underdirektør i Utenriksdepartementet 1996-2000 og avdelingsdirektør 2000-2006.
I 2006 ble han utnevnt til ambassadør i Sarajevo og i 2011 til ambassadør i Kosovo og ble i 2012 sideakkreditert til Albania. I tiden 2016-2020 var han leder for sendelaget til Organisasjonen for sikkerhet og samarbeid i Europa (OSSE) i Kosovo med sete i Priština. I 2016 var OSSEs sendelag i Pristina det nest-største av organisasjonens sendelag etter OSSE-sendelaget i Ukraina.
Fra 2021 er leder for OSSEs sendelag til Serbia, med sete i Beograd. Braathu ble dermed den andre nordmannen som leder dette sendelaget. Han etterfulgte italieneren Andrea Orizio, som ledet sendelaget i Serbia fra 2016 til 2020.
Braathu kommer fra Tomter i Hobøl kommune. Han er cand.polit. (statsvitenskap) fra Universitetet i Oslo.
Braathu ble i 2007 utnevnt til ridder 1. klasse av Den Kongelige Norske Fortjenstorden og i 2012 til kommandør.
Torfinn Oftedal

Torfinn Oftedal (født 7. april 1909 i Sandnes, død 2. juli 1989 i Nova Scotia, Canada) var en norsk diplomat.
Han var sønn av Olav Magnus Oftedal (1882–1912) og Charlotte Jorina Sofia Refvem (1879–1954). Etter examen artium ved Kongsgaard skole i Stavanger i 1929, studerte han til maskiningeniør ved NTH i Trondheim i 1936, hvorpå han arbeidet ett år i Oslo, tok et studieopphold i England, og gjennomførte utenriksdepartementets aspirantkurs i 1939. Han var stasjonert i Europa og Nord Amerika. Han gikk av i 1975 og ble boende i Washington D.C. med landsted på Nova Scotia, Canada der han døde 80 år gammel. Han ble gift i 1942 med Gloria Victoria Grosvenor (1918–1972) fra Maryland i USA.
Dag Halvor Nylander

Dag Halvor Nylander (født 1969) er en norsk jurist og diplomat, kjent for sin rolle som fredsmegler mellom regjeringen i Colombia og geriljagruppen FARC.
Nylander begynte som aspirant i Utenriksdepartementet i 1997. I 2010 begynte han å arbeide med fredsprosessen i Colombia og har bistått ved møter der, på Cuba og i Norge.
Dag Halvor Nylander er sønn av lege Gro Nylander.
Kai Eide

Kai Aage Eide (født 1949) er en norsk diplomat og politiker. Han har arbeidet med internasjonal sikkerhetspolitikk og krisehåndtering for Norge, FN og NATO. Han har vært rådgiver og statssekretær for Høyre, men har senere meldt seg inn i Arbeiderpartiet.
Han ble født i Sarpsborg og vokste opp i Fredrikstad og Ski.
Han studerte ved Universitetet i Oslo, men hadde flere avbrekk, blant annet som medlem av Unge Høyres sentralstyre og som personlig rådgiver for Høyre-formann Erling Norvik. Han arbeidet også som pressesekretær i Europabevegelsen i Norge under generalsekretær Haakon Lie foran folkeavstemningen i 1972.
Eide gikk Utenriksdepartementets aspirantkurs i 1975 og ble ambassadesekretær i Bern og senere i Praha. Han var medlem av Norges delegasjon til Konferansen for sikkerhet og samarbeid i Europa (KSSE) ved dennes nesten 10 måneder lange møte i Beograd i 1977/1978 og delegat ved KSSEs møte i Madrid i vel seks måneder i 1980/1981.
I 1984 ble Eide ambassadesekretær for Norges delegasjon ved NATO-hovedkvarteret i Brussel, senere assisterende direktør for sekretariatet til NATOs generalsekretær, først for Manfred Wörner, senere for Peter Carington.
I 1989 kom Eide tilbake til Utenriksdepartementet som byråsjef, men ble samme år utnevnt av statsminister Jan P. Syse til hans statssekretær for internasjonale spørsmål. Syse-regjeringen gikk av i 1990, men Eide fortsatte å engasjere seg i Høyre og Europabevegelsen. Han tilhørte Kaci Kullmann Fives nærmeste krets. Eide stilte på Høyres liste i Akershus ved stortingsvalget 1993, men fikk ikke fast stortingsplass. I 1994 var han den eneste, ved siden av Jan Petersen, som åpent sa seg villig til å bli vurdert som ny partileder i Høyre.
Eide var ministerråd ved Norges delegasjon til NATO fra 1991 til 1993, rådgiver og stedfortreder for FN-fredsmegler Thorvald Stoltenberg i det tidligere Jugoslavia fra 1993 til 1995, leder for FNs operasjon i Bosnia-Hercegovina fra 1997 til 1998, Norges ambassadør til OSSE i Wien fra 1998 til 2002, Norges ambassadør til NATO i Brussel fra 2002 til 2006 og politisk direktør i Utenriksdepartementet fra 2006 til 2008.
Eide var FNs spesialutsending til Kosovo for daværende generalsekretær Kofi Annan i 2004 og 2005. Eide var senere generalsekretær Ban Ki-moons spesialutsending til Afghanistan fra 2008 til 2010.
Han var spesialrådgiver i Utenriksdepartementet fra 2010 til 2014 og Norges spesialutsending til Kongo under rettssaken mot Joshua French i 2014. Eide avsluttet sin karriere i utenrikstjenesten som Norges ambassadør i Stockholm fra 2014 til 2017.
I 1998 ble Kai Eide utnevnt til kommandør av St. Olavs Orden.
Knarvik videregående skole

Knarvik videregående skole er en videregående skole i Knarvik i Alver kommune i Nordhordland, nær 29 km nord for Bergen sentrum. Skolen ble etablert i 2003 ved en sammenslåing av Lindås gymnas og Nordhordland yrkesskole.
De gamle byggende består, nå som avdeling Juvikstølen og avdeling Kvernhusmyrane. Et nytt tilbygg til avdeling Juvikstølen sto ferdig i 2009. Tilbudet teknikk og industriell produksjon flyttet dit. TIP-verkstedet på Kvernhusmyrane er siden benyttet av oppfølgingstjenesten tilbud, «Klassen med utvidet praksis».
Knarvik var en av Norges første skoler med dobbelkompetansetilbudet 4-årig Yrkes- og studiekompetanse. Tilbudet kombinerer fellesfag, programfag og læretid i bedrift og leder til både fagbrev og studiekompetanse. Skolen omtaler fortsatt løpene som TAF - tekniske og allmenne fag, innen byggfag, elektrofag, helsefag og industriell produksjon.
Knarvik Vgs har etablert en elevaksjon som siden 2004 har gitt sine inntekter til Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise (NHE) i Aserbajdsjan. Gjennom årene har mer enn en million kroner Arkivert 19. mai 2014 hos Wayback Machine. blitt overlevert. Hvert år sender skolen to elever og en lærer for å besøke prosjektene skolen støtter.
Hordaland fylke har en utvekslingsavtale med skoler i Wales der elever fra hele Hordaland kan ta vg2 studiespesialisering i regi av Knarvik vgs.
Vedtatt utdanningstilbud for skoleåret 2023-2024:
Skolen har også det 4-årige tilbudet Yrkes- og studiekompetanse som kombinerer fellesfag, programfag og praksis i bedrift og leder til både fagbrev og studiekompetanse. Det gjelder automatiseringsfaget, betongfaget, CNC-maskineringsfaget, helsearbeiderfaget, industrimekanikerfaget, industrimontørfaget, industrirørleggerfaget, NDT-kontrollørfaget, produksjonselektronikerfaget, sveisefaget, tavlemontørfaget, tømrerfaget og verktøymakerfaget.
Skolen har tilbud om et skoleår i Wales på studiespesialisering Vg2.
Skolen tilbyr også arbeidslivtrening, hverdagslivstrening, yrkesfaglig grunnkompetanse og voksenopplæring.
Tilbudene Studiespesialisering med formgiving og Service og samferdsel ble avviklet høsten 2020.
Separasjonssonen

Separasjonssonen (hebraisk מרחב התפר, engelsk Seam Zone) er et begrep benyttet om de landområder på Vestbredden som ligger øst for Den grønne linjen og vest for sperringen av mur eller gjerder til Israel. Den er bosatt hovedsakelig av israelere i bosetninger (settlements) som Alfei Menashe, Beit Arye, Modi'in Illit, Giv'at Ze'ev, Ma'ale Adumim, Beitar Illit og Efrat.
I 2006 ble det estimert at omkring 57 000 palestinere bodde i landsbyer i enklaverr i separasjonssonen, adskilt av muren fra resten av Vestbredden. De Forente Nasjoner estimerer at om rekken av murer, gjerder og piggtråd og grøfter blir fullført langs den planlagte ruten, vil omkring en tredjedel av palestinerene på Vestbredden ble berørt —274 000 vil da bo i enklaver i separasjonssonen og omkring 400 000 får ikke lenger tilgang til skoler, jobb og sykehus. Høyesterett i Israel har gitt ordre om endringer av den planlagte ruten, for å redusere antallet mennesker som flytter eller blir rammet av separasjonssonen. Ifølge dommen i retten var dette antallet da dommen falt på 35 000.
I juli 2006 varslet B'Tselem at 8,5 prosent av Vestbredden (inkludert Øst-Jerusalem) kom til å ligge i separasjonssonen. Dette området inneholdt 99 israelske bosetninger (inkludert tolv i Øst-Jerusalem) i flere tett befolkede områder nær den grønne linje, områder som ifølge Geneve-avtalen var foreslått skulle overførst til Israel som en del av et felles landbytte med palestinerene. Separasjonssonen var hjem for 381 000 israelske bosettere (192 000 i Øst-Jerusalem).
Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn

Norgesmesterskapet i fotball for menn, også omtalt som Cupen, NM i fotball, cupmesterskapet og cupfinalen, er en fotballturnering arrangert av Norges fotballforbund som spilles etter cupsystemet hvor vinneren kåres til norgesmester i fotball. Turneringen har blitt avholdt siden 1902, med unntak av krigsårene 1941–44 og i det første koronaåret 2020. Fra 1948 har Ullevaal Stadion i Oslo vært fast cupfinalearena. Kong Oscar II satte opp kongepokal for fotball fra den første turneringssesongen 1902 og kongen eller en annen representant fra kongehuset deler ut kongepokalen til gullvinnerne. Før hver finalekamp synges Kongesangen og Norges nasjonalsang.
Mesterskapet ble ikke et reelt norgesmesterskap før i 1963, da også klubber fra Nord-Norge fikk lov til å delta. Tidligere var disse henvist til et eget nordnorsk mesterskap, arrangert av klubbene i Nordland, Troms og Finnmark. Nord-norgesmesterskapet ble arrangert fra 1929 til 1969 og FK Mjølner/Narvik Nor er med totalt 13 titler landets mestvinnende cupmester, der 11 av disse er tatt i perioden før nordnorske lag fikk adgang til NFFs mesterskap.
Fra 1924 til 1939 ble Arbeidermesterskapet i fotball arrangert som en konkurrerende turnering.
Regjeringen vedtok i september 2013 at cupfinalen er en av de viktige sportsbegivenheter i Norge og har derfor kommet på en liste over TV-begivenheter som skal bli vist på en gratis TV-kanal som er tilgjengelig for folk flest.
Turneringen ble tidligere avgjort med omkamp dersom finalen endte uavgjort, og både i 1945 og 1965 trengtes det tre kamper for å kåre en vinner. Dette er nå erstattet med straffekonkurranse. Den siste finalen som gikk til omkamp var da Rosenborg slo Brann i 1995, mens Aalesund var det første laget som ble norgesmester på straffer etter seier mot Molde i 2009.
Siden 1902 har Fredrikstad, Odd og Rosenborg vunnet flest mesterskap med 12 titler hver. Odd har kun én tittel etter 1931, mens Rosenborg har vunnet 11 av sine 12 mesterskap i perioden etter 1963 og er med det suverent mestvinnende i perioden med full nasjonal cup. Med 12 mesterskapstitler har Fredrikstad like mange titler, men bare 4 av disse er tatt etter 1963.
NM i fotball spilles i dag med to kvalifiseringsrunder etterfulgt av fire ordinære runder før kvartfinaler, semifinaler og finale (totalt 7 ordinære runder). I første og andre runde blir kampene satt opp av NFF uten trekning, etter geografiske, økonomiske og sportslige hensyn. Fra og med tredje runde fastsettes kampene ved trekking. Rundene spilles som enkeltkamper der laget fra laveste nivå i seriesystemet får hjemmebane. Når lag fra samme nivå møtes får første opptrukne lag hjemmebane.
Finalen i 1965 mellom Skeid og Frigg er den eneste der to lag fra samme by har spilt finale.
Lag som spiller i 3. divisjon eller lavere må kvalifisere seg for å få være med i NM. Lag i Eliteserien, 1. og 2. divisjon går direkte til første runde i cupen. Andrelag i klubber hvor førstelaget spiller i en høyere divisjon får ikke delta i cupen.
11 NM
6 NM
5 NM
4 NM
3 NM
2 NM
1 NM
12 NM
8 NM
7 NM
6 NM
5 NM
4 NM
3 NM
2 NM
1 NM
MS Fridtjof Nansen

MS Fridtjof Nansen is a Norwegian cruise ship (though marketed as an "expedition ship"). Named after polar explorer and scientist Fridtjof Nansen, it is a near identical twin to MS Roald Amundsen. It is a hybrid powered Polar Class 6 ship built by Kleven Yards Ulsteinvik for Hurtigruten.
Hurtigruten AS tentatively ordered in April 2016 two newbuildings at Kleven Verft, which should be delivered in July 2018 and 2019. Fridtjof Nansen was officially ordered on 30 June 2016, together with her sister ship Roald Amundsen, at Kleven Verft. Fridtjof Nansen should originally have been delivered in summer 2019. Kleven yard ran into financial difficulties and ended up being bought outright by Hurtigruten. The ship was launched on 9. December 2018. The first cruises should have started in April 2020 from Hamburg. Due to COVID-19 the planned cruises had to be cancelled.
On 11 January 2022, the ship ran aground while on a voyage from Lofoten to Flåm. None of her two-hundred-thirty-three passengers and one-hundred-sixty-five crew were injured. The passengers were taken off the ship and transported to Ålesund. After repairs the ship resumed cruising with passengers on 1 June, departing from Reykjavík.
Fridtjof Nansen is the second expedition ship of its class with hybrid power, a combination of diesel-electrical power and pure electrical power, fed from accumulators. The hull is particularly suited for polar regions (Polar class 6) and has a bow like an axe. The propulsion occurs via two Azimuth thrusters.
The development and construction of Fridtjof Nansen is part of a 850 million dollar investment of Hurtigruten AS with the objective to have the most environment-friendly expedition fleet of the world. The first vessel Roald Amundsen has been in operation since July 2019. A third ship was ordered in October 2018 for delivery in 2021. This order was later cancelled.
HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (F310)

HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen is a frigate of the Royal Norwegian Navy. Commissioned on 5 April 2006, she is the lead ship of the Fridtjof Nansen class of warships.
On 26 February 2009, the Norwegian government decided to deploy HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen to the Gulf of Aden, thereby participating in the ongoing Operation Atalanta, the European Union's counter-piracy campaign in Somalia. Fridtjof Nansen joined the campaign in August 2009.
Fridtjof Nansen's engagement in Operation Atalanta was carried out without a permanently stationed helicopter. Mainly due to delays in delivery of the new NH-90, the ship is equipped with two ultra-fast RHIBs as a replacement. In November 2009 she became involved in a fire-fight with suspected pirates after being attacked while inspecting a fishing vessel.
In 2014, Fridtjof Nansen took part in the naval exercise RIMPAC 2014 in the Pacific Ocean. During the exercise, she used a Naval Strike Missile to sink the USS Ogden (LPD-5), a decommissioned U.S. Navy amphibious transport dock, as a target 55 nautical miles northwest of Hawaii on 10 July 2014.
From September 2021 to May 2022, Fridtjof Nansen was fully integrated with the US Navy's Carrier Strike Group 8 (CSG-8) as part of the USN's Cooperative Deployment Program. The Nansen arrived at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia in September 2021 and underwent extensive training, testing and certification before deploying with the USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75) and the rest of the strike group in December 2021. The strike group was originally planned to transit the Suez Canal in early February for a cruise through the Middle East and Persian Gulf regions, but in light of the tensions surrounding the ongoing standoff between Russia and Ukraine, they were ordered to remain in the Mediterranean until further notice. The Nansen served a full 6 month deployment with the group before returning to Norway in May 2022.
Nansen passport

Nansen passports, originally and officially stateless persons passports, were internationally recognized refugee travel documents from 1922 to 1938, first issued by the League of Nations's Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees to stateless refugees. They quickly became known as "Nansen passports" for their promoter, the Norwegian statesman and polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen.
The end of World War I saw significant turmoil, leading to a refugee crisis. Numerous governments were toppled, and national borders were redrawn, often along generally ethnic lines. Civil war broke out in some countries. Many people left their homes because of war or persecution or fear thereof. The upheaval resulted in many people being without passports, or even nations to issue them, which prevented much international travel, often trapping refugees.
The precipitating event for the Nansen passport was the 1921 announcement by the new government of the Soviet Union revoking the citizenship of Russians living abroad, including some 800,000 refugees from the Russian Civil War. The first Nansen passports were issued following an international agreement reached at the Intergovernmental Conference on Identity Certificates for Russian Refugees, convened by Fridtjof Nansen in Geneva from July 3, 1922, to July 5, 1922, in his role as High Commissioner for Refugees for the League of Nations. By 1942, they were honoured by governments in 52 countries.
In 1924, the Nansen arrangement was broadened to also include Armenian, and in 1928 to Assyrian, Bulgarian, and Turkish refugees. Approximately 450,000 Nansen passports were provided to stateless people and refugees who needed travel documents, but could not obtain one from a national authority.
Following Nansen's death in 1930, the passport was handled by the Nansen International Office for Refugees within the League of Nations. At that point the passport no longer included a reference to the 1922 conference, but were issued in the name of the League. The office was closed in 1938; passports were thereafter issued by a new agency, the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees under the Protection of the League of Nations in London.
The Nansen International Office for Refugees was awarded the 1938 Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to establish the Nansen passports.
While Nansen passports are no longer issued, existing national and supranational authorities, including the United Nations, issue travel documents for stateless people and refugees, including certificates of identity (or "alien's passports") and refugee travel documents.
List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." As dictated by Alfred Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.
Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize (that has varied throughout the years). It is one of the five prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, physiology or medicine.
The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm. Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.
The Nobel Peace Prize was first awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant, who shared a prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor (equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008), and most recently in 2024 to Nihon Hidankyo.
As of 2024, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 111 individuals and 28 organizations. Nineteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize. Only two recipients have won multiple Peace Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944 and 1963) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981). There have been 19 years in which the Peace Prize was not awarded.
Olonkinbyen

Olonkinbyen (literally The Olonkin Town) is the only settlement on the Norwegian island of Jan Mayen in Svalbard and Jan Mayen (aside from isolated cottage huts such as Puppebu). It was named after Russian-Norwegian explorer Gennady Olonkin.
The only inhabitants on the island are the 18 personnel, 14 working for the Norwegian Armed Forces and 4 for the Norwegian Meteorological Institute, but can have up to 35 people inhabiting the island at any given time. Olonkinbyen houses the staff that operate the meteorological observation station, Loran-C station, Jan Mayensfield air field and other infrastructure. The meteorological observation service staff are responsible for the radiosonde releases and synoptic weather observations. The crew of the meteorological station is engaged for six months at a time.
Supplies are delivered eight times a year by aircraft. Fuel and heavy goods are transported by boat during the summer. The settlement generates its own electrical power via three generators.
Olonkinbyen has a tundra climate (Köppen classified as ET), the warmest month is August and the coldest month is March.
70°55′19″N 8°42′54″W﻿ / ﻿70.922°N 8.715°W﻿ / 70.922; -8.715
MS Arctic Explorer

MS Arctic Explorer was a ship which sank off St. Anthony, Newfoundland, in the Strait of Belle Isle, on 3 July 1981.
Arctic Explorer was built by the Hoivolds shipyard of Kristiansand, Norway as a sealer. She was laid down in March 1973, launched in November, and delivered in January 1974. She had a gross tonnage of 991 GT and a deadweight tonnage of 331 DWT, with a length of 49.5 metres (162 ft) and a beam of 11.5 metres (38 ft). She was powered by a single diesel engine that gave her a service speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h).
At the time of her loss, Arctic Explorer was owned by the Newfoundland company Carino and charted to Geophysical Service for the purpose of conducting seismic surveys off the Labrador coast for British Petroleum. She departed the port of St. Anthony early on the morning of 3 July, and at about 07:40 local time began listing to starboard in the Strait of Belle Isle, according to a survivor. A few minutes after 08:00, a short distress tone was heard by Canadian Coast Guard stations in St. Anthony and Comfort Cove, and the St. Anthony station heard an auto-alarm that would typically precede a distress call, though no voice communication was ever heard from Arctic Explorer. The Coast Guard did not investigate the signals. The crew abandoned ship into two liferafts—the ship's list prevented the launch of lifeboats—and 19 of the 32 crew eventually took refuge on a single undamaged raft.
As the Coast Guard had failed to follow up on the signals it received, Arctic Explorer was not reported missing until the following day, after she had missed three scheduled radio calls with Geophysical Service, which contacted the Coast Guard in the late morning. A DHC-5 Buffalo was dispatched from Summerside, Prince Edward Island, and searched the ocean near St. Anthony all afternoon with no result. On 5 July, additional Coast Guard aircraft and ships reached the area to join the search, and shortly after midnight on 6 July a plane spotted the liferaft with survivors onboard. The icebreaker Grenfell rescued the raft and its occupants; later in the day, eight bodies were located, while the remaining five crewmembers were never found. Captain William Jack King of Badger’s Quay went down with the ship.
A Transport Canada inquiry found that the cause of the sinking was likely the starboard list, but did not find direct evidence; rather, it came to the conclusion by eliminating other possible causes, and the reason for the list to occur in the first place was not found.
Ingrid Schulerud

Ingrid Schulerud (born 8 July 1959) is a Norwegian diplomat.
She served as Norway's ambassador to Belgium from 2015 to 2019.
Schulerud is the daughter of Mentz Schulerud, an author and radio personality well known for his encyclopedic knowledge of their home city of Oslo. Her aunt—Mentz' sister—was the children's book author Anne-Cath. Vestly.
Schulerud attended Oslo Cathedral School, where she met Jens when they were both 17 years old. Here, she defeated her future husband in the election for Representative to the National Students’ Union, running for the Socialist Left Party.
Schulerud is married to Jens Stoltenberg, the Secretary General of NATO, and the former Norwegian Prime Minister. Being the spouse of the Norwegian Prime Minister during two different periods of time, (2000–2001 and 2005–2013), she has chosen a somewhat withdrawn social position. During the first period she did not accompany her husband on any official state visits for over a year, until they visited India together in April 2001. In general though, she has chosen to stay out of the media's scrutiny primarily to shield her children. The couple have a son and a daughter.
After travels in Latin America, Schulerud wanted to work for developmental organisations; however, she was engaged by the Ministry of International Development to study the environmental impact of World Bank projects. This led her to break off her ongoing master's degree, and undergo the basic training for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, that she finished in 1988.
In 1990, while she was stationed at the Norwegian embassy in Budapest, Hungary, her husband was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment, and this caused her return home to Norway. Subsequently, she has held different positions in the Ministry, mostly with matters relating to the Baltic countries and Central Europe.
She was the Deputy Director General for Central Europe and EEA-financing in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Norway until becoming the Norwegian Ambassador to Belgium in April 2015.
She has been active in the Norwegian Civil Service Union, and has attended the Norwegian National Defence College; an institution for education on military and strategic matters for both military personnel and civilians.
Geir Otto Pedersen

Geir Otto Pedersen (born 28 September 1955) is a Norwegian diplomat, who is currently the United Nations Special Envoy for Syria.
Born in Oslo, Pedersen is a cand.philol. by education and started working for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1985.
In 1993, Pedersen was a member of the Norwegian team to the Oslo negotiations, which led to the signing of the Declaration of Principles and mutual recognition between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel. In the following years, from 1995 to 1998, Pedersen held several positions at the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1998, he was posted abroad, serving as the Norwegian Representative to the Palestinian Authority.
Pedersen later worked for the United Nations in several roles, which included as the Personal Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Southern Lebanon from 2005 to 2007, and following as the Special Coordinator for Lebanon from 2007 to 2008. He also served the United Nations as Director of the Asia and Pacific Division in the Department of Political Affairs.
He returned to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as deputy under-secretary of state, then served as Norway's ambassador to the United Nations from 2012 to 2017 and to China from 2017 to 2018.
In January 2019, he started a tenure as the United Nations Special Envoy to Syria.
In October and November 2024 Abir Haj Ibrahim was assisting Pedersen in briefing the United Nations Security Council on the situation in Syria as a result of the war between Israel and Hamas. Israel had made 255 attacks directed towards Syria including a bomb in Damascus.
Pedersen is married and has five children.
Henry Van der Weyde

Henry Van der Weyde (1838–1924) was a Dutch-born English painter and photographer, best known for his photographic portraits of the late 19th century. His is considered a photographic pioneer in the use of electric light in photography. Amongst his portraits are architect William Burges (c.1880), Alexandra, Princess of Wales, A. E. Housman, actresses Mary Anderson (1887) and Dorothy Dene (1880s), Sir Edwin Arnold, bodybuilder Eugen Sandow (1889) and explorer Fridtjof Nansen (1897).
He was born Pieter Hendrik van der Weijde at Zierikzee in the Netherlands on 30 August 1838. He was the son of Doctor Pieter Hendrik van der Weijde Sr. and Jeannette Wilhelmina Lasserre. In 1850 his family emigrated to the United States and he later served in the American Civil War. He emigrated to England in 1870. He set up his photographic studio at 182 Regent Street in London in 1877, and began using the logo "The Van der Weyde Light". That year he became the first photographer to install and take portraits by electric light which permitted him to make many portraits in a short period of time. A founding member of the Linked Ring Brotherhood, in 1892 he publicised his photo corrector (Rectograph) which is said to have "caused a stir in the world of photography".
Kristian Kristiansen (explorer)

Kristian Kristiansen (16 February 1865 - 30 June 1943) was a Norwegian explorer who participated in the Greenland expedition of 1888 arranged by Fridtjof Nansen. This was the first documented crossing of Greenland.
Kristian Kristiansen was born on the Trana farm in the parish of Ogndal in the present-day Steinkjer Municipality in Trøndelag, Norway. He first became acquainted with Otto Sverdrup after Sverdrup's father Ulrik bought the Trana farm in 1874. Kristiansen achieved notoriety as a cross-country skier when he, as a 13-year-old, came second in a competition for 16-year-olds.
In 1888 both Otto Sverdrup and Kristian Kristiansen were selected by Fridtjof Nansen to attend the expedition across Greenland. Nansen took him on the recommendation of Sverdrup. The other participants were Oluf Christian Dietrichson, Samuel Balto and Ole Nilsen Ravna.
Returning to Norway in 1889 was a tribute journey. Kristiansen received medals of merit from Norway, Sweden and Denmark. During the remainder of his life, Kristiansen lived and worked principally at Sneppen in the city center of Steinkjer. He spent most of his career employed by the steamship company, Indherreds Aktie-Dampskibsselskab, which was headquartered in Steinkjer.
Oluf Christian Dietrichson

Oluf Christian Dietrichson (3 May 1856 – 20 February 1942) was a Norwegian explorer and military officer. He was a member of the Greenland expedition of 1888 led by Fridtjof Nansen, the first documented crossing of Greenland.
Oluf Dietrichson was born in Skogn Municipality (now part of Levanger Municipality) in Nordre Trondheim county, Norway. His father, Peter Wilhelm Kreidahl Dietrichson, was employed as the senior doctor at the Nord-Trøndelag Hospital. He received a military education and was commanding officer in Kristiansand from 1918 to 1924. Dietrichson continued his military career and advanced to Major General.
In 1888, Fridtjof Nansen assembling a team for the purpose of crossing the Greenlandic ice-sheet. Dietrichson participated as a metrological surveyor, surveyor and map marker. The other participants at the Greenland expedition were Otto Sverdrup, Samuel Balto, Ole Nielsen Ravna and Kristian Kristiansen.
Norway–Syria relations

Norway–Syria relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between the two countries. It refers to the diplomatic relationship between Norway and Syria. Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1948. After the Arab Spring and the onset of the Syrian Civil War occurred, Norway suspended its embassy in Damascus. It was reopened following the fall of the Assad regime.
Norway and Syria established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1948. This formal recognition marked the beginning of bilateral ties between the two nations.
In March 2012, amid the escalating Syrian Civil War, Norway temporarily closed its embassy in Damascus due to the deteriorating security situation. Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre emphasized that the closure served as both a security measure and a political signal in response to the conflict. A Norwegian diplomat remained stationed at the Danish embassy in Damascus to maintain limited diplomatic contact.
In 2015, Norway's Permanent Representative to the UN in Geneva, Ambassador Steffen Kongstad, emphasized in his address the burden placed on Syria's neighboring countries hosting refugees, urging for coordinated international efforts to support both refugees and host communities. He also delivered a statement on behalf of the Nordic countries at the 28th session of the UN Human Rights Council, condemning human rights violations in Syria, including sexual violence and the influx of foreign fighters, and calling for accountability and a political resolution to the conflict.
Throughout the Syrian conflict, Norway had been a significant contributor to humanitarian efforts. From 2016 to 2019, Norway provided 10 billion NOK to support Syrians and Syrian refugees in neighboring countries such as Jordan and Lebanon. In 2024, Norway's contribution was 569 million NOK, including approximately 490 million NOK for humanitarian aid and 79 million NOK directed at stabilization efforts.
Norwegian support had been directed at various sectors within Syria, including healthcare, food security, education, mine clearance, infrastructure rehabilitation, and support for small businesses. Assistance had also focused on measures for youth in and around camps for internally displaced persons, as well as support for women. Key partners in these efforts include the Norwegian Refugee Council, Norwegian People's Aid, Norwegian Church Aid, Save the Children, NORWAC, CARE, the Red Cross Movement, and the United Nations.
Following the fall of the Assad regime, Norwegian Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide led a delegation to visit Syria on 19 January 2025. During his visit, he met with Ahmed al-Sharaa, then the de facto leader of Syria. The purpose of the visit was to engage in dialogue regarding future cooperation, focusing on rebuilding efforts and humanitarian assistance in the post-conflict period.
Norwegian Red Cross

The Norwegian Red Cross (Norges Røde Kors) was founded on 22 September 1865 by prime minister Frederik Stang. In 1895 the Norwegian Red Cross began educating nurses, and in 1907 the Norwegian Ministry of Defence authorized the organization for voluntary medical aid in war. The Norwegian Red Cross was one of the first national organizations in the International Red Cross.
The organization now has 150,000 members and provides a variety of humanitarian services, including care for old and the infirm, prisoner visits, outdoor rescue, and international work.
Norwegian Red Cross Search and Rescue Corps
HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen (1930)

Fridtjof Nansen was the first ship in the Norwegian armed forces to be built specially to perform coast guard and fishery protection duties in the Arctic. She saw service in the Second World War with the Royal Norwegian Navy until she ran aground on an unmarked shallow at Jan Mayen in November 1940.
Fridtjof Nansen was constructed with yard number 118 at the Royal Norwegian Naval Yard at Karljohansvern in Horten. She was launched on 5 November 1930, and command was assumed on 29 May 1931 by Commander Ole A. Blom.
On 21 December 1933 Fridtjof Nansen departed the port of Hammerfest on her way to her patrol areas in eastern Finnmark. While passing through Vestervågen in Måsøy Municipality, she ran aground and sank the next night. She was raised the next year and taken to Horten for repairs.
At the outbreak of war in Norway with the German invasion on 9 April 1940, Fridtjof Nansen was posted to the Finnmark detachment of the 3rd Naval District covering North Norway. When the German invasion began Fridtjof Nansen was operating from the port of Honningsvåg in Finnmark.
After surviving several air attacks without damage during the Norwegian Campaign Fridtjof Nansen was one of the thirteen Royal Norwegian Navy vessels that made it to the United Kingdom, as she escaped westwards at the dawn of the 10 June 1940 mainland Norwegian capitulation. On 8 June 1940 she took on board in Tromsø Rear Admiral Henry E. Diesen, foreign minister Halvdan Koht and General Carl Gustav Fleischer, in addition to some other refugees. Among those who escaped on Fridtjof Nansen were some 20-25 anti-Nazi German refugees. One of the Germans fleeing with his family on Fridtjof Nansen, was Dadaist painter Kurt Schwitters.
She arrived at Tórshavn on the Faroe Islands on 13 June and sailed on at 0600 on 16 June to Rosyth in Scotland in the company of six other Norwegian warships. The Norwegian vessels were escorted from Tórshavn by the British destroyer HMS Veteran, the destroyer HMS Kelvin and two trawlers joining the convoy later during the journey. After her arrival at Rosyth on 18 June work began on making Fridtjof Nansen war ready.
From 29 August 1940 she was posted as a patrol vessel in Iceland to reinforce the British naval forces there. On 8 November she ran aground on an unmarked shallow off the south coast of the Norwegian Arctic island of Jan Mayen and sank. The crew of 67 all survived the shipwreck. After the loss of their ship, the crew reached land at the Eggøya peninsula, and took shelter in the abandoned Norwegian radio station on Jan Mayen. The shipwrecked crew made preparations to send a boat to Iceland to retrieve help. Help arrived before the boat could leave, when the naval trawler HNoMS Honningsvåg came from Iceland four days later, responding to the emergency messages the crew had sent before Fridtjof Nansen had to be abandoned. The crew was brought back to Iceland.
70°57′40″N 8°24′00″W﻿ / ﻿70.96111°N 8.40000°W﻿ / 70.96111; -8.40000
Fridtjof Nansen Institute

The Fridtjof Nansen Institute (FNI) is an independent research foundation specializing in research on international environmental, energy and resource management issues, including political and legal aspects.
The institute is named after the Norwegian Arctic explorer, scientist, diplomat and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Fridtjof Nansen. It is situated in Nansen's old mansion, Polhøgda, in Bærum municipality outside Oslo.
The Fridtjof Nansen Institute has 30-40 scholarly employees. Most of them come from the fields of political science and law, but historians, economists and anthropologists are also represented among the research staff. Iver B. Neumann has served as FNI Director since December 2019.
FNI activities include academic studies as well as contract work for research, investigations and evaluations. Current FNI research has seven focal points:
The institute was established in 1958, under the name of 'the Fridtjof Nansen Foundation'. This foundation was set up to take care of the buildings and grounds at Polhøgda, where Nansen lived and worked until his death in 1930, and to ensure that Polhøgda would be used to uphold the legacy and promote the focal points of Nansen's life and activities.
In line with Nansen's own scientific interests, the institute began by focusing mainly on polar/marine issues as well as the law of the sea. Over the years, FNI has gradually broadened its scope, in terms of academic disciplines, geographical spread and thematic issues.
In recent years, FNI has gained considerable scientific recognition, especially for its research work connected to the Anthropocene, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, climate change and climate policy, the law of the sea, and the management of bio-diversity and genetic resources. FNI is ranked as Norway's most productive (most actively publishing) independent research institute – a position it has been accorded every year since 2013.
In 2017 FNI was named 'best European think tank on energy and environment' by Prospect Magazine in its annual Think Tank Awards. This was the first time a Norwegian research institute was awarded the prestigious prize, which is presented to 'give credit to the most original and rigorous work on the most pressing challenges facing people, governments and businesses today', according to the organizers. The institute has since been awarded the prize also in 2018 and in 2019. Previous winners of the Think Tank Awards include such renowned establishments as the Brookings Institution, the RAND Corporation and the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS).
Several highly acclaimed scholars have been associated with and held leading positions at FNI, including social scientist Stein Rokkan, philosopher Arne Næss as well as sociologist and peace and conflict researcher Johan Galtung.
Recent directors:
1922

1922 (MCMXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1922nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 922nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 22nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1922, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.