davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Golden Temple Mail

The 12903 / 12904 Golden Temple SF Mail is a Daily Superfast Mail train of Superfast express category trains belonging to Indian Railways that runs daily between Mumbai Central (MMCT) in Maharashtra and Amritsar Junction (ASR) in Punjab. It is the fastest train from Mumbai to Amritsar on daily basis. It is named after the famous Golden Temple at Amritsar. The train is operated with modern LHB coaches from 29 September 2020. The train ran as the Frontier Mail between 1928 and 1996, ferrying passengers arriving by Steamer from Europe directly from Ballard Pier in Bombay to the city of Peshawar on India's North-West Frontier before the Partition of India.
It operates as train number 12903 from Mumbai Central to Amritsar Junction and as train number 12904 in the reverse direction.
The Golden Temple Mail was until September 1996 known as Frontier Mail. Prior the Partition of India, it would run up to Peshawar on India's frontier with Afghanistan from which it derived its name. During the autumn months between September and December, the train used to depart from the Ballard Pier Mole station. This was for the convenience of the British who arrived in India by steamer. The Frontier Mail also finds a place in romanticised biographies of film actor Prithviraj Kapoor who is believed to have travelled to Bombay from his hometown of Peshawar by the Frontier Mail in 1928 to act in films. Hunterwali, probably India's first action heroine, has acted in the film Miss Frontier Mail. The Frontier Mail was the first air conditioned train in the Indian Peninsula, when it got an air-conditioned compartment in 1934. The radio facility was provided for the first time in the Golden Temple Mail.
The 12903/04 Golden Temple Mail has one AC First Tier, three AC 2 tier, six AC 3 tier, six Sleeper class, two General unreserved coaches, one General cum baggage coaches. It also has one Railway Mail service coach, one Pantry car & one High Capacity Parcel Van.
The Golden Temple Mail runs between Mumbai Central and Amritsar Junction. It is a daily service covering the distance of 1891 km in 32 hours 15 minutes as 12903 Golden Temple Mail averaging 58.64 km/h and 31 hours 55 minutes as 12904 Golden Temple Mail averaging 59.25 km/h.
A train operating the service collided with another train in 1955, killing one and injuring 34.
It is now regularly hauled by a Vadodara Loco Shed based WAP-7 locomotive from end to end.
The train runs from Mumbai Central via Borivali, Surat, Vadodara Junction, Ratlam Junction, Nagda Junction, Kota Junction, Sawai Madhopur Junction, Gangapur City, Bharatpur Junction, Mathura Junction, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Ghaziabad Junction, Meerut City, Saharanpur Junction, Ambala Cantonment Junction, Ludhiana Junction, Phagwara, Jalandhar City Junction, Beas Junction to Amritsar Junction
Pangat

Pangat (Punjabi: ਪੰਗਤ (Gurmukhi)) is a word derived from the Sanskrit word pankti (पङ्क्ति) that means a line, a row, or a group. It refers to the Sikh concept of commensality. It is a synonym for Guru Ka Langar. In a Pangat, food is served by volunteers (Sevadars) to people of all religions who sit together to eat. Pangat is about eating food while sitting in rows with no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, race, ethnicity, gender, religion or economic status. According to the beliefs of Sikhism, nobody sleeps without eating, nor should anybody die of hunger.
Pangat and Sangat came together from the time of Guru Nanak, the first Guru of Sikhism. Nanak's father gave him money for trade that he spent on feeding hungry sadhus. He named this that True Transaction (Sacha Sauda). Where there is Sangat, there is always a Langar (food service). According to Sikh principles all people (Sangat) who sit in pangat share food on equal basis.
In the history of Sikhism, when Emperor Akbar and the King of Haripur went to meet Guru Amar Das, the third Guru of Sikhism. They both had to eat Langar in the pangat before meeting the Guru.
Hollywood Sikh Temple

Hollywood Sikh Temple, also known as Hollywood Sikh Gurdwara and Vermont Gurdwara, is a Sikh temple located at 1966 N Vermont Avenue and 4624–4636 W. Finley Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. Originally opened in an existing structure in 1969, the current temple was built in 1996 and declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument in 2023.
The first Hollywood Sikh Temple, founded by Dr. Amarjit Marwah, opened in 1969, making it the first Sikh temple to emerge in the United States following India's independence from British rule. Its dedication coincided with the 500th anniversary of Sikhism's founder, Guru Nanak. It was located in a 1913 single-family residence that was altered in 1938 to become a hotel and restaurant, on the corner of Vermont and Finley Avenue, an intersection that in 2019 was named Dr. Amarjit Marwah Square in honor of the temple founder.
By the mid-1980s, between 200–300 Sikhs attended Sunday services at the temple, and in 1986, the temple was demolished to make way for a larger one.
The new, larger temple opened in 1996, with its dedication ceremony presided over by "the supreme and highest spiritual and temporal authority of the Sikh religion visiting from India." This temple underwent an extensive remodel between 2016 and 2019, and in 2023, it was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument, as it was deemed to exemplify "significant contributions to the broad cultural, economic or social history of the nation, state, city or community for its association with the social and cultural development of the Sikh community in Los Angeles."
The current building is square is design and made of concrete with stucco cladding. Fenestration consists of rectangular and arched sash windows. The building faces Finley Avenue, with a recessed entrance that features wood-panel doors and marble-clad steps. The Vermont Avenue facade is equally ornate, with an arcade that features arches and awnings. Both facades feature second story bays with khandas and gold lettering that explain the history of the building. The final two facades face neighboring properties and are more utilitarian in their design. The roof is flat and features 23 gold-painted, varying-sized onion domes, most of which are at the four corners of the building.
The first floor interior consists of an ornate entrance hall and main hall, as well as a shoe room, langar hall, kitchen, and various other rooms more functional in their design. The entrance hall is circular and features paintings, display cases, and a large chandelier, while the main hall features double-high ceilings, multiple chandeliers, circular platforms and an elevate throne, and a mural of Amritsar's Golden Temple. The second floor features a room to for the Guru Granth Sahib that features a chandelier, a throne with a canopy, and decorative wallpaper, as well as a library and sleeping quarters. Throughout the building, the ceiling is made of plaster and the floors are either tile, marble, or carpet. Integrity of the building, both interior and exterior, is high.
Devaragudda

Devaragudda (Kannada ದೆವರಗುಡ್ಡ), also known as Dharmaragudda, is a hill near Ranebennur in Haveri district in Karnataka State, India, well-known for a temple on its summit that attracts worshippers from around the state. In Kannada, its name means "the sacred hill belonging to the almighty". The nearest railroad is at Ranebennur, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away. The nearest airport is at Hubli, 113 kilometres (70 mi) away.
On top of Devaragudda is situated the temple of Lord Malatesha (ಮಾಲತೆಶ್) (the deity is also known as Jyotiba / Khandoba in some parts of the neighboring state of Maharashtra, in Andhra Pradesh the same Deity is called Mallanna). This temple is operated and maintained privately by a family residing within the temple premises as well as Karnataka government mujarai department . Religious rituals are performed here on a daily basis and special pujas are performed on Poornimas (Kannada ಹುಣ್ಣಿಮೆ, a full moon day), Saturdays and Sundays. In every February/March on particular poornima/full moon day called as BHARATH HUNNIME locally, around 80,000 - 100,000 devotees visit the holy place/day for about 10–15 days . On this particular BHARATH HUNNIME in a particular ritual called as KARNIKA forecast for the current year is predicted in the temple. On this particular day a new pair of leather chappals of about the size of 2 feet are kept in the temple which will have foot impressions of Lord Malathesha by next morning.
Within the temple premises one can also see a number of men with a peculiar clothing. They are called Gorawappa. These Gorawappa's are typically dressed in black colored gowns made of sheep wool and with religious symbols set on them. These men wear turbans on their heads and carry tridents and other religious mascots along with them. They are considered to be the messenger of the lord. Here one can occasionally see the devotees calling for the lord, "Yelukoti, Yelukoti, Yelukotigo... Changmalo, Changmalo", which means, "Oh, the great conqueror of seven forts, I have come to your shelter".
Devaragudda has a typical tropical weather ranging from 18 degrees Celsius during winters to 36 degrees in summer.
Legend has that, Malatesha Swamy appeared as god to kill two rakshasas who used to torture and kill innocents near by place till that Malatesha Swamy was there as a Shepherd and used to look after the sheep too.
Chhatarpur Temple

Chhatarpur Temple (Officially: Shri Aadya Katyayani Shakti Peetham) is a Hindu temple dedicated to the goddess Katyayani. The entire complex of the temple is spread over a wide area of 28 hectares (70 acres). It is located in Chhatarpur, on the southwestern outskirts of the New Delhi. It is the 2nd largest temple in Delhi, after the Akshardham Temple. This temple is constructed from marble and on all of the facets there is jaali (perforated stone or latticed screen) work. It can be classified a vesara style of architecture.
The temple was established in 1974, by Baba Sant Nagpal ji, who died in 1998. His samadhi shrine lies in the premises of the Shiv-Gauri Nageshwar Mandir within the temple complex.
Surroundings are an important biodiversity area within the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor stretching from Sariska Tiger Reserve to Delhi. Historical place around sanctuary are Badkhal Lake (6km northeast), 10th century ancient Surajkund reservoir and Anangpur Dam, Damdama Lake, Tughlaqabad Fort and Adilabad ruins (both in Delhi). It is contiguous to the seasonal waterfalls in Pali-Dhuaj-Kot villages of Faridabad, the saсred Mangar Bani and the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary. There are several dozen lakes formed in the abandoned open pit mines in the forested hilly area of Delhi Ridge.
The entire temple complex is spread over 24 ha (60 acres) and has over 20 small and large temples divided into three different complexes. The main deity of the temple is Goddess Katyayani, who is part of Navadurga, the nine forms of Hindu goddess Durga or Shakti, worshipped during the Navratri celebrations.
A side shrine within the main temple houses a shrine of Goddess Katyayani (Durga), which opens only during the bi-annual Navratri season, when thousands of people throng the premises for darshan. One nearby room has been made as living room with tables and chairs made in silver, and another regarded as the Shayan Kaksha (bedroom), where a bed, dressing table and table are carved in silver. This shrine opens to a large satsang or prayer hall, where religious discourses and bhajans, (religious songs) are held. At the entrance to the main temple stands an old tree, where devotees tie holy threads for wish fulfillment. Another shrine of Durga is open to devotees morning to evening, it lies above the shrines dedicated to Radha Krishna, and Ganesh.
Apart from this, the complex also has other temples dedicated to Rama, Ganesha and Shiva. The temples have been built in both South and North Indian style of temple architecture.
Langar Hall

Langar Hall is a Grade II listed house, now a hotel, next to the church in Langar, Nottinghamshire.
The current building dates back to the 18th century, but parts are "probably a survival of an earlier building".
The Howes came into possession of Langar Hall and its estates in 1677 through the marriage of John Grobham Howe to Annabella, one of the daughters of Emanuel Scrope, 1st Earl of Sunderland and Martha Jones. The original Norman stone castle was replaced by a three-storey stone mansion by John Howe. He died at the age of about 54 and was buried at Langar.
Scrope Howe succeeded his father to the estate. He was MP for Nottingham from 1673 to 1698, Groom of the Bedchamber to William III and Surveyor General of the Roads. He was created Baron Glenawley and Viscount Howe of Langar in 1701. He died in 1712 and was buried in Langar Church.
Emanuel Howe, 2nd Viscount Howe married Mary Sophia Charlotte von Kielmansegg, the mistress of George I and , daughter of Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg and Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington, illegitimate daughter of Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and his mistress Clara Elisabeth von Platen.
George Howe, 3rd Viscount Howe served as a brigadier in the American war and was killed at the Battle of Carillon in 1758.
Richard Howe (1726-1799) then succeeded to the Viscountcy. He served as a midshipman at the age of 14 and at 20 was given command of a sloop. He married in 1758 when he returned home to take possession of his estates. In 1770 he proceeded to the Mediterranean with the rank of Rear-Admiral. After the relief of Gibraltar he was made First Lord of the Admiralty and elevated to an Earl. He also received the Order of the Garter in 1797. He died in 1799 and was buried in the family vault at Langar.
In the second decade of the 19th century, the house burned down and was replaced with the present smaller one in plain Georgian design. The Howe connection with Langar ended in 1818 when the hall was sold to John Wright Esq.,a Nottingham banker and part-owner of the Butterley Company at Ripley, Derbyshire. In 1830, John Wright surrendered his interest in the Butterley Company to his 24 year old son, Francis Wright.
It was then let until it was purchased by Annie Bayley, wife of Thomas Bayley, member of Parliament for Chesterfield. It then passed in turn to Revd. Fr. Bayley and then Mr. and Mrs. Huskinson, another branch of the Bayley family. By 1937 the hall and park were the property of Geoffrey Huskinson.
It was turned into a hotel from a family home by Geoffrey Huskinson's daughter, Imogen Skirving (1937–2016). who inherited it from her father in 1968 and at that time valued at £11,000. Guests at Langar Hall have included Keira Knightley, Henry Blofeld, and the Archbishop of Canterbury, and former Labour leader Ed Miliband married Justine Thornton there in 2011.
Langar Houz

Langar Houz is a suburb of Hyderabad, near Golconda, in the Indian state of Telangana. It is a major commercial centre for the city's cantonment area. Langar Houz was once considered to be the gateway to the city and Golkonda Palace.
This area is well known for its student population due to its close proximity to various engineering colleges. Many politicians and government employees live there. It serves India's biggest military artillery centre.
Langar means "a chain used to tether an elephant". During the Nizam rule a golden langar was donated to a Muslim recluse by the Queen. Later, this was cut in pieces and distributed among holy men as Jagir.
During the period of Muslim Bahmani Sultanate, In Langar food was cooked and served to people of all religions with love and affection and hence it came to be called as Langar Houz.
Langar Houz is connected by buses run by TSRTC.
The closest MMTS train station is at Nampally. Lakdi ka pul is about 7 to 8 km away. Nearest metro station is lakdikapool
Rajiv Gandhi International Airport is about 26 to 28 km away and three routes connect to RGIA .
Dargah Syed Meeran Hussaini Quadri Bogdad is the oldest dargah in the city. It treats patients with mental illness. Several reports stated that mental patients are treated cruelly and are chained inside the dargah.
Dupki Punnam is the holy dip where people wash at the confluence of the Esi and Musi rivers. Musi later turned into a municipal sewer and lost its status as a sacred river.
The old Qutub Shahi Jamai Masjid is there as is a temple of Lord Sriram.
දඹුල්ල

ඛණ්ඩාංක: උරුම අඩවිය 7°51′24″උ, 80°38′57″නැ
දඹුල්ල නගරය, කොළඹට කි.මී 148ක් ඊසාන දෙසින් හා මහනුවරට කී.මී 72ක් උතුරු දෙසින්, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ මධ්‍යම පලාතේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත.
නගරය ආකර්ෂණීය කරන්නාවූ ප්‍රධාන ස්ථාන අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම හා හොඳින්ම සංරක්ෂණය කෙරුණු ලෙන් විහාර සංකීර්ණය, හා දින 167කින් පමණක් තනා නිම කල බවට කියැවෙන රන්ගිරි දඹුලු ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රීඩාංගනය වෙති. දකුණු ආසියාවේ විශාලතම රෝස තිරුවාණ කඳුවැටිය පිහිටන බවටද , නාමල් උයන නමැති නා වනයක් පිහිටන බවටද මෙම නගරය උදම් අනයි.
මෑතකදී දඹුල්ලෙන් සොයාගත් පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක වැදගත්කමක් සහිත ස්ථානයක් වන, දඹුල්ල ලෙන් විහාර සංකීර්ණය අසබඩ පිහිටි ඉබ්බන්කටුව ප්‍රාග්-‍ඓතිහාසික සුසාන භූමිය, ලෙන් විහාරයෙන් කි.මී 3ක් ඇතුළත පිහිටා ඇති අතර, දිවයින් දේශයට ඉන්දියානු බලපෑම සම්ප්‍රාප්තියට බොහෝ කලකට පෙර දේශීය ශිෂ්ඨාචාරයක් මෙහි පැවැති බවට සාක්ෂි දෙයි.
ක්‍රි. පූ 7වන සිට 3වන සියවස පමණ ඈත කලක සිටම මෙම ප්‍රදේශය ජනාවාසව පැවැති බව විශ්වාස කෙරේ. ලෙන් තුලැති පිළිම හා සිතුවම් ක්‍රි.පූ 1වන සියවස කාලයට අයත් බව කාලනිර්ණය කර ඇත. එනමුදු, මෙම සිතුවම් හා පිළිම ක්‍රි.ව. 11වන, 12වන හා 18වන වලදී පිළිසකර කොට යලිදු සායම් ආලේප කොට ඇති බව පෙනේ. අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියෙන් පිටුවහල්ව ගතකල වසර 14 දිගැති විප්‍රවාසය තුලදී (වට්ට ගාමිණී අභය‍ ලෙසද හැඳින්වුනු) වළගම්බා රජ හට රැකවරණය සැපයූ ස්ථානය ලෙස මෙම ලෙන සැලකේ. එකල මෙම ලෙන තුල ධ්‍යාන පුරමින් වැඩ විසූ ‍බෞද්ධ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලා, පිටුවහල්ව සිටි රජු හට, ඔහුගේ සතුරන්ගෙන් රැකවරණය සැලසූහ. ක්‍රි.පූ 1වන සියවසෙහිදී වලගම්බා රජු නැවත සිංහාසනාරූඪ වූ විට, දඹුල්ලේ භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේට කලගුණ සලකනු රිසි ව, දඹුල්ලේ මනස්කාන්ත ලෙන් විහාරයක් කරවීය.
ප්‍රාග්-ඓතිහාසික (වසර 2700 පැරැණි) මානව ඇටසැකිලි හමුවූ දඹුල්ල අසබඩ ඉබ්බන්කටුව ප්‍රාග්-ඓතිහාසික සුසාන භූමිය, විද්‍යාත්මක විශ්ලේෂන අනුව හෙළිදරව් කරනුයේ, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට බුද්ධාගම සම්ප්‍රාප්ති වීමට බොහෝ කලකට පෙර මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ශිෂ්ඨාචාරයන් පැවැති බවය. පුරාවිද්‍යාත්මක සොයාගැනීම් අනුව වසර 2700 කට පෙර කලකදී (ක්‍රි.පූ 750) පවා කෘෂිකර්මය පදනම් කරගෙන පුරාතන ජනයා මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙහි විසූ බවට සාධක පෙන්නුම් කරයි.
මෙය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විශාලතම හා හොඳින්ම......... සංරක්ෂණය කෙරුණු ලෙන් විහාර සංකීර්ණයයි........ හාත්පස පිහිටි තැනිතලාවෙන් මතුවන ගිරිශිඛරය මී160 ක් අහස උසට පැන නගියි. මෙහි අවට ප්‍රලේඛගත ලෙන් 80 කට වැඩිගණනක් අධික ගණනක් ඇත. මේ අතුරින් පිළිම හා සිතුවම් අඩංගු ලෙන් 5ක් තුල ප්‍රධාන ආකර්ෂණ අඩංගු වී ඇත. මෙම සිතුවම් හා පිළිම බුදු රජාණන් වහන්සේ හා උන්වහන්සේගේ දිවිය හා බැඳුනු ඒවා වෙති. මුළුමනින් බුදු පිළිම වහන්සේ 153 ක්ද, ශ්‍රී ලාංකික රජවරුන් 3 දෙනෙකුගේ පිළිමද හා දේවතා සහ දේවිතාවන්ගේ පිළිම 4ක්ද මෙහි වෙති. පසුව සඳහන්වූ 4 අතර, විෂ්ණු හා ගණ දෙවි යන හින්දු දෙවිවරුන්ගේ පිළිම දෙකක් ද වෙති. බිතු සිතුවම් 2,100 මී² ක වර්ග ඵලයක් සහිත පෙදෙසක පැතිර පවතී. බිත්ති වල දක්නට ඇති සංවර්ණන අතර මාර යකු විසින් බුදු රදුන් පෙලඹවීමට ගත්තැත හා බුදු රජාණන්ගේ පළමු ධර්ම දේශනාව දැක්වේ.
දඹුල්ල සික්සර්ස්

දඹුල්ල සික්සර්ස් , ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීග් (එල්පීඑල්) සඳහා තරඟ කරන ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දඹුල්ල පදනම් කරගත් විස්සයි20 ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමකි. 2020 වසරේදී මෙම කන්ඩායම දඹුල්ල වයිකින්ග්ස් ලෙස ක්‍රීඩා කරන ලදී.
2021 ජුනි මාසයේදී, ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් (එස්එල්සී) මූල්‍ය ගැටලු හේතුවෙන් 2021 ලංකා ප්‍රිමියර් ලීගයට පෙර කන්ඩායම් හිමිකාරිත්වය අවසන් කළේය. 2021 සැප්තැම්බර් මාසයේදී කණ්ඩායම අයිතිකරුවන් වෙනස් කිරීමෙන් පසු ඔවුන්ගේ නම දඹුල්ල ජයන්ට් ලෙස වෙනස් කළේය. 2022,2023 වසරවල් වලදී මෙම කණ්ඩායම දඹුල්ල අවුරා ලෙස හැඳින්විය. 2024 වසරේදී මෙම කණ්ඩායමේ හිමිකරුවන් නැවතත් වෙනස් විය. නමුත් එම හිමිකරුවන් තරග පාවාදීමේ චෝදනා මත අත්අඩංගුවට ගැනීම නිසා ක්‍රීඩක වෙන්දේසියට පසුව නැවත හිමිකරුවන් වෙනස්විය.
දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය

දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය අගෝස්තු 1947 සහ පෙබරවාරි 1989 අතරතුර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවෙහි මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ අතුරින් එකක් විය. මෙම මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය නම් ලද්දේ මධ්‍යම පළාතේ මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, දඹුල්ල නගරය අනුව යමිනි. ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ 1978 ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාව විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් තෝරා පත්කර ගැනුම සඳහා සමානුපාතික නියෝජන මැතිවරණ ක්‍රමය හඳුන්වාදෙන ලදි. එවිට පැවැති බොහෝ දුරට ඒක-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ වූ කොට්ඨාශ 160 වෙනුවට බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශ 22 ක් ඇති කරන ලදි. සමානුපාතික නියෝජනය යටතේ පැවැත්වුණු පළමු මැතිවරණය වන 1989 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී දඹුල්ල මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය වෙනුවට මාතලේ බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය ආදේශ කරනු ලදුවත් බහු-මන්ත්‍රී මැතිවරණ කොට්ඨාශය තුල ඡන්ද කොට්ඨාශයක් ලෙස දඹුල්ල දිගටම පවතියි.
සූචිය
ස්වාධීන ශ්‍රී ලංකා නිදහස් පක්ෂය එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය
දඹුල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය

දඹුල්ල ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසය යනු, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ, මධ්‍යම පළාතේ, මාතලේ දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ, පිහිටි ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කොට්ඨාසයකි.
List of caves in Sri Lanka

This is a list of caves in Sri Lanka.
A cave or cavern is a natural void in the ground, specifically a space large enough for a human to enter. Caves often form by the weathering of rock and often extend deeply underground. The word cave can also refer to much smaller openings such as sea caves, rock shelters, and grottos, though strictly speaking a cave is exogene, meaning it is deeper than its opening is wide, and a rock shelter is endogene.
Reclining Buddha

A reclining Buddha is an image that represents Buddha lying down and is a major iconographic theme in Buddhist art. It represents the historical Buddha during his last illness, about to enter the parinirvana. He is lying on his right side, his head resting on a cushion or relying on his right elbow, supporting his head with his hand.
This pattern seems to have emerged at the same time as other representations of the Buddha in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.
For Thai Buddha attitudes (Thai: ปางพระพุทธรูป; pang phra phut ta rup), the reclining Buddha (Thai: ปางไสยาสน์; pang sai yat) can refer to three different episodes, whilst the attribute of each remains unclear.
Burma:
Cambodia:
China
Pakistan:
India:
Indonesia:
Japan
Laos
Malaysia:
Sri Lanka:
Tajikistan:
Thailand:
United States
Vietnam:
Media related to Statues of the Buddha reclining at Wikimedia Commons
List of the tallest statues in Sri Lanka

This list of the tallest statues in the Sri Lanka includes free-standing, completed statues in the Sri Lanka that are at least 5 meters (16 feet) tall. The height of these statues are measured from the top of its base/pedestal up to its maximum height (including monuments with spires or obelisks).
As of 2020, this table includes the following statues with a height of 5 m (16 ft) and above.
As of 2020, this table includes the following statues with a height of 5 m (16 ft) and above.
List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designates World Heritage Sites of outstanding universal value to cultural or natural heritage which have been nominated by countries which are signatories to the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, established in 1972. Cultural heritage consists of monuments (such as architectural works, monumental sculptures, or inscriptions), groups of buildings, and sites (including archaeological sites). Natural features (consisting of physical and biological formations), geological and physiographical formations (including habitats of threatened species of animals and plants), and natural sites which are important from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty, are defined as natural heritage. Sri Lanka ratified the convention on 6 June 1980.
As of 2022, Sri Lanka has eight sites on the list. The first three sites, the Ancient City of Polonnaruwa, the Ancient City of Sigiriya, and the Sacred City of Anuradhapura, were listed in 1982. The most recent site, the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka, was listed in 2010. The Central Highlands and the Sinharaja Forest Reserve are natural sites, the other six are cultural. In addition, Sri Lanka has four sites on its tentative list. The country served as a member of the World Heritage Committee in the years 1983–1989.
UNESCO lists sites under ten criteria; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, and vii through x are natural.
In addition to sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, member states can maintain a list of tentative sites that they may consider for nomination. Nominations for the World Heritage List are only accepted if the site was previously listed on the tentative list. Sri Lanka has four properties on its tentative list.
Bagh Caves

The Bagh Caves are a group of nine rock-cut monuments, situated among the southern slopes of the Vindhya Range in Bagh town of Dhar district in Madhya Pradesh in central India. These monuments are located at a distance of 97 km from Dhar town. These are renowned for mural paintings by master painters of ancient India. The caves are examples of Indian rock-cut architecture, rather than naturally formed.
The Bagh caves, like those at Ajanta, were excavated by master craftsmen on perpendicular sandstone rock face of a hill on the far bank of a seasonal stream, the Baghani. Buddhist in inspiration, of the nine caves, only five have survived. All of them are 'viharas' or resting places of monks monasteries having quadrangular plan. A small chamber, usually at the back, forms the 'chaitya', the prayer hall. Most significant of these five extant caves is the Cave 4, commonly known as the Rang Mahal (Palace of Colors).
The Bagh Caves were quarried in the 5th-6th century AD, in the very late stages of Buddhism in India, and long after most of the Indian Buddhist caves had been built, many of them since the 2nd or 1st centuries BCE.
They are believed to have been built during the 5th-7th century. The Archaeological Survey of India has restored the caves over 17 years.
The paintings on the wall and ceilings of the Viharas of Bagh, the fragments of which are still visible in Cave 3 and Cave 4 (remnants seen also in Caves 2, 5 and 7), were executed in tempera. Cave 2 is the best preserved cave, also known as "Pandava Cave" These paintings are materialistic rather than spiritualistic. Characteristics of paintings are like those of Ajanta Caves. The ground prepared was a reddish-brown gritty and thick mud plaster, laid out on the walls and ceilings. Over the plaster, lime-priming was done, on which these paintings were executed. Some of the most beautiful paintings were on the walls of the portico of Cave 4. To prevent further loss of the values of Indian classical art, most paintings were carefully removed in 1982 and today can be seen in the Gujari Mahal Archeological Museum, in Gwalior.
A copperplate inscription of Maharaja Subandhu recording his donation for the repair of the vihara was found at the site of Cave 2. Although the date of the Bagh inscription is missing, his Badwani copperplate inscription is dated in the year (Gupta era) 167 (487); the repair of Cave 2 took place in the late 5th century.
Central Highlands of Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka is a recognised World Heritage Site in Sri Lanka. The site comprises the Peak Wilderness Protected Area, the Horton Plains National Park and the Knuckles Conservation Forest. These are rain forests and montane cloud forests where the elevation reaches 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) above sea level. The region harbors a variety of mammal species including the bear monkey, Trachypithecus vetulus monticola, (a subspecies of purple-faced langur) and the critically endangered [possibly extinct] Horton Plains slender loris, Loris tardigradus nycticeboides, (a subspecies of red slender loris).
This is the first Sri Lankan World Heritage site to be designated in 22 years, since the Sinharaja Forest Reserve was enlisted in 1988. Originally submitted for inscription as a mixed cultural and natural site, the Committee recognized only the natural values of the site. On 31 July 2010, the World Heritage Committee holding its 34th session in Brasília inscribed Central Highlands of Sri Lanka and Papahānaumokuākea of Hawaii as new World Heritage Sites.
The Sri Lanka montane rain forests represent the montane and submontane moist forests above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in the central highlands and in the Knuckles mountain range. Half of Sri Lanka's endemic flowering plants and 51 percent of the endemic vertebrates are restricted to this ecoregion. This ecoregion is inhabited by five strict endemic mammals and eight near-endemics. The ecoregion also harbors five strict endemic bird species and 20 near endemics. The site incorporates three protected areas;
Peak Wilderness Sanctuary is a sanctuary of 22,380 hectares (86.4 sq mi) of land area, which was established on 25 October 1940. Horton Plains National Park adjoins the eastern boundary. Horton Plains National Park has been originally designated a nature reserve on 5 December 1969 later elevated to the national park status on 16 March 1988. Knuckles mountain range is situated to the northeast and its relict, endemic flora and fauna is distinct from montane forest of central massif.
Dambulla Sixers

Dambulla Sixers, previously known as Dambulla Aura, Dambulla Giants, Dambulla Viking, and Dambulla Thunders are a franchise Twenty20 cricket team based in Dambulla, Sri Lanka, that competes in the Lanka Premier League (LPL).
In June 2021, Sri Lanka Cricket (SLC) terminated the franchise ahead of the 2021 Lanka Premier League, due to financial issues. In September 2021, the team changed their name to Dambulla Giants after changing owners. Then, prior to the 2022 season, Aura Lanka brought the franchise and changed its name to Dambulla Aura.
In 2024, the team was purchased by Imperial Sports Group, who renamed it Dambulla Thunders. Tamim Rahman, a co-owner of Dambulla Thunders, a British national of Bangladeshi origin, was arrested at the Bandaranaike International Airport a day after the 2024 LPL player auction. The special investigating unit for preventing sports-related offences of the Ministry of Sports made the arrest. Following the arrest, LPL terminated its contract with Dambulla Thunders with immediate effect. Innovative Production Group (IPG), the organisers of LPL announced, the fifth edition of the league will continue as planned despite the events related to Dambulla Thunders. IPG further stated that the Dambulla franchise will participate in the league under new ownership. Incidentally, Viranjith Thambugala, chairman of Aura Lanka, the previous owner of Dambulla franchise, was arrested by Sri Lanka Police over allegations of financial fraud on the same day.
As of 16 July 2024
2010 Asia Cup

The 2010 Asia Cup (also known as Micromax Asia Cup) was the tenth edition of the Asia Cup cricket tournament, which was held in Sri Lanka from 15 to 24 June 2010. Only the test playing nations India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh were taking part in the competition. India defeated Sri Lanka by 81 runs in the final to win a record 5th Asia Cup title. Pakistani captain, Shahid Afridi was declared the man of the tournament for scoring the most runs in the tournament, 265, with an average of 88.33 and a strike rate of 164.59.
The trophy was made of a combination of silver, gold, copper and brass with a silver finish with mat and gloss finish. It stands to communicate the strength, purity, humility and persistence that not only represents the four metals but also the four participating nations.
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium was the only venue of Asia Cup 2010 as other stadiums in Sri Lanka, including the R. Premadasa Stadium, were undergoing renovation for the 2011 Cricket World Cup. All seven matches were Day/Night affairs.
Rangiri Dambulla International Stadium is a 16,800 seat cricket stadium in Sri Lanka. The Stadium is situated in the Central Province, close to Dambulla on a 60-acre (240,000 m) site leased from the Rangiri Dambulla Temple. The stadium is built overlooking the Dambulla Tank (reservoir) and the Dambulla Rock.
The squads of the four teams participating in the tournament were announced in early June by the respective cricket boards.
Each side played each other once in the group stages. The top 2 teams based on points at the end of the group stages meet each other in a one-off final. Each win yielded 4 points while a tie/no result yielded 1-point. A bonus point system was also in place, where a team could earn an extra point, in addition to the four received from a win, for a total of 5 points if they achieved victory using 80% or less of available overs or kept the opposition score to less than 80% of their own.
All times local (UTC+05:30)
Dinesh Karthik was declared the Man of the Match for his match winning innings of 66 off 84 balls while Pakistan's Shahid Afridi was declared Man of the Series for scoring 265 runs in 3 matches during the tournament.
新加坡航空006號班機空難

新加坡航空006號班機是一班由新加坡航空起飞，從新加坡樟宜國際機場出發，經臺北中正國際機場（今臺灣桃園國際機場）飛往洛杉磯國際機場的定期国际客运航班。2000年10月31日，一架機身編號为9V-SPK的波音747-412型客機于UTC15時17分（臺灣當地時間23時17分）準備自05L跑道起飛時，因為象神颱風的強風豪雨造成的能見度不佳、機組人員因專注於側風而忽略跑道標誌、與塔台方面的溝通不良以及中正机场的指示设施不清晰等原因，誤闖了正在施工維修而暫時關閉的05R跑道（現為NC滑行道）并于此跑道起飞。飞机随后以超過140節的速度擦撞跑道上的施工機具，翻覆並斷裂成三截，之后全部三截机身因油箱破裂起火发生粉碎性爆炸。
在這場意外中，共有79名乘客和4名機組員罹難，這是新加坡航空本部自創立以來，第一次發生有人員喪生的空難紀錄，也是新航集团自1997年胜安航空185号班机空难后第二次发生致命空难，同时也是新一代波音747首次出现致命事故，而且是台灣民航史上首次和迄今唯一涉及外國航空公司的空難。
该航线在事故后曾一度停飞，后在2021年8月底恢复，航班编号改为SQ035/6。
以上三名駕駛均在空難中生還。
事故發生時，飛機上有179名乘客和機組人員，其中包括3名兒童和3名嬰兒，事故發生後，81名乘客和機組人員立即因撞擊而死亡，兩名乘客在醫院死亡，大部分死者均坐在中間位置，原因是該航班屬長途航班預定飛往美國，攜帶了大量燃料，而油箱處於機翼及機身中間部分，故撞擊時中間部分即時粉碎性爆炸，使坐在該處的乘客和機員活活燒死和被濃煙焗死，最終在179名乘員中，共有83人遇難，39人重傷，32人輕傷，25人未受傷。四名空服員遇難。
事故調查由臺灣飛航安全委員會主持，最後報告於2002年4月24日發表。 報告中“與可能肇因有關之調查結果”列出已經顯示或幾乎可以確定為與本次事故發生有關之重要因素。其中包括：不安全作為、不安全狀況或造成本次事故之安全缺失等。指出飛航組員無視相關航圖並且未有複查確實瞭解其滑行路線，也可能因为转弯时间较长，因此未能察覺航機進入錯誤跑道。進入跑道後，飛航組員亦未檢查目視輔助系統（Para Visual Display，PVD）及主要飛航顯示器（Primary Flight Display，PFD）顯示飛機未對正05L（正確跑道）跑道。飛航組員為趕在颱風象神全面造成影響而封閉機場前離場及時離場所造成的時間壓力，及強風、低能見度及溼滑跑道等情況，均潛在地影響飛航組員下達決策和維持狀況警覺之能力。報告中與“風險有關之調查結果”列出數項涉及飛航安全之風險因素，包括未直接導致本次事故發生之不安全作為、不安全條件及組織和整體性之安全缺失等，以及雖與本次事故無直接關連但對促進飛安有益之事項。其中一項指出，通向05L跑道的滑行道第一盞綠色中心線燈不亮。
報告發表後，臺灣桃園地方法院檢察署召回SQ006三名飛航組員回臺灣接受查問。當時曾傳聞指三名機師會被拘留並起訴，然而桃園地檢署並未起訴他們，三名飛航組員獲准離開臺灣。
行政院飛航安全委員會執行長戎凱在發言中，暗示機師失誤在這次83人死亡的意外中扮演重要角色。
交通部民用航空局副局長張國政指05左跑道（05L）在周二晚上亮著白／黃燈號，而05右跑道（05R）只亮著綠色中心線燈。滑行道至跑道有四個大指示牌指示往05左跑道的路線。但他拒絕明確指出機師失誤是意外的主要成因。
05右跑道沒有障礙物隔開是因為部份跑道是著陸航機滑回航站楼的必經之路。塔台則因為機場沒有配備地面監視雷達，當時亦不能看到航機，因此並不知道航機進入錯誤跑道。
事故發生後，滑行道轉入05右跑道的中心燈被拆除，而現在該跑道已經降級成為NC滑行道（05R跑道使用率不高，長度又短，原本早就計劃並發出了公告，在SQ006班機飛離臺灣的一日後，即2000年11月1日將正式關閉並降級為NC滑行道，05左跑道則更名為05跑道（05），除了檢討改進因素，也要指出並非只因為這場事故才降級）。
為使塔台在能見度不佳時能掌握機坪及滑行中飛機動態，2007年3月，桃園機場的機場場面搜索雷達（Airport Surface Detection Equipment, ASDE）完工啟用。
新加坡航空在意外發生後，將「新加坡─台北─洛杉磯」之間的航班代號更換為SQ30，之後又改為SQ28，「臺灣桃園─洛杉磯航段」也改用波音777執行，直至2008年10月1日取消此段航班。2021年8月，新航一度重启「新加坡─臺灣桃園─洛杉矶航线」，使用空客A350执飞，班号改为SQ35/6，惟目前已恢复直飞。
編號9V-SPK的客機在事故發生當時，所使用的並不是新加坡航空標準的塗裝，而是1998年9月為了慶祝新一代三等機內客艙的設置而特別設計的「Tropical」（熱帶）彩繪。為了對罹難者表達敬重，事故後新加坡航空立刻將另一架繪上Tropical彩繪的姊妹機9V-SPL上的彩繪取消，重新繪上標準新加坡航空塗裝。而9V-SPL也已于2008年末退出新加坡航空機隊。
在事故發生後，負責此航班的正副機長均被解僱，而另一名副機長事後亦已離職。
新加坡航空公司己於2012年4月把全數波音747-400客機退役畢，以A380代替。現在已由波音777-300ER及空中巴士A350-900ULR替代所有到洛杉磯的航班。
马来西亚副首相阿都拉·巴达威对罹难者感到伤心，并向马来西亚罹难者致哀。
马来西亚-新加坡航空

马来西亚-新加坡航空（Malaysia-Singapore Airlines，MSA）前称馬來亞航空（Malayan Airways）和馬來西亞航空（Malaysian Airways），是一家已经停止运作的航空公司，于1972年拆分成为两家公司：
公司成立于1947年，原本名为“马来亚航空”公司。 1947年4月2日执行首个非定期航班，由英国海峡殖民地新加坡出发前往吉隆坡。 5月1日开始定期航班服务，由新加坡出发前往吉隆坡、怡保和槟城。在1940和50年代，马来亚航空继续扩展其业务，包括引入道格拉斯DC-3、道格拉斯DC-4、维克斯子爵、L-1049、哈维兰彗星型和福克F27等客机。
1963年马来亚、新加坡、沙巴和砂拉越组成了马来西亚联邦，这使马来亚航空更名为“马来西亚航空”，同时马来西亚航空亦接管了婆罗洲航空。 1965年新加坡宣布独立，又使公司更名为“马来西亚-新加坡航空”。公司在接下来的数年急速扩张，并订购了首架波音客机波音707，随后亦订购了波音737。
在1972年，新加坡与马来西亚政府间的合作破裂，这使公司一分为二，分为了以新加坡樟宜机场作为基地的“新加坡航空”，和以吉隆坡国际机场作为基地的“马来西亚航空系统”。 自此两家公司各自发展。1987年，马来西亚航空系统改名为“马来西亚航空”。
马来西亚-新加坡航空的飞行机队包括：
新加坡航空航点

这是一份新加坡航空公司的执飞航班目的地航点的名单，其中不包括由其他代码共享航空公司所经营的航点。其附属子公司酷航和新加坡航空货运的，则分别经营各自的航点。
備註：以下航班列表中，如無航班編號者均為新航與其他業者實施代碼共享，由其它航空公司實際飛航（純貨運航點除外）。
星耀樟宜

星耀樟宜（英語：Jewel Changi Airport）係位於新加坡樟宜机场中以自然為主題的娛樂、零售綜合設施，連結該機場的三個航廈（T1航站楼与该购物中心直接相邻，而T2、T3航站楼需要通过专用人行过道前往）。其核心為世界最高的室內瀑布「雨漩渦」（the Rain Vortex），其週邊為階梯式森林佈置。
星耀樟宜中設有花園、景點、旅館及約300家零售商店及餐廳，總樓地板面積為135,700 m（1,461,000 sq ft），共計10層樓，包括5層地上及5層地下樓層。其中景點包括高達5層樓的室內花園资生堂森林谷、最頂層的星空花園。
星耀樟宜每日訪客約30萬人次，其於試營運後的第六個月即2019年10月達到5000萬人次造訪，超過最初預計的全年目標。星耀樟宜位於東新加坡樟宜，位於新加坡市中心東北方約20 km（12 mi）處。 星耀樟宜24小时开放。
樟宜

樟宜（英語：Changi）位處新加坡東部，是樟宜國際機場所在，也是樟宜監獄所在，樟宜海軍基地也位於該區。該處在新加坡1942年2月淪陷後被日軍用作囚禁在新加坡、馬來西亞地區俘虜的战俘。由於沿海，樟宜設有樟宜碼頭。
詹姆士·卡莱维（英语：James Clavell）（英語：James Clavell）的小說作品《鼠王》（King Rat，1962年）根據他二戰時被囚於樟宜戰俘營的經歷寫成。
东西线 (新加坡地铁)

東西線（英語：East West line，縮寫EWL）是新加坡地鐵的一條地鐵路線，由SMRT地鐵營運，從新加坡東區的巴西立站至新加坡西區的大士連路站，以及一條支線由丹那美拉站分岔至樟宜機場站。東西線是新加坡第二條地鐵線，全長57.2公里，是新加坡最長的地鐵線，共設35座車站，其中8座位於地下。東西線在路線圖上以綠色顯示。
東西線在發展早期是南北線的一部分，直至東延至丹那美拉站才分拆。不過，兩條至今仍使用相同的信號系統和鐵路車輛。東西線信號系統更換與南北線同步，也是第二條完全更新信號系統的路線，由半自動運作改為全自動運作。
需要注意的是，樟宜機場支線是以穿梭方式營運，樟宜機場開出的列車以丹那美拉站為終點站，前往其他車站的旅客都需要在丹那美拉站轉車。
後來成為東西線的車站當中，第一段通車的是政府大廈站至歐南園站，於1987年12月12日作為南北線一部分通車。1988年3月12日西延至金文泰站。在興建往金文泰站的延長線期間，聯邦大道西為興建天橋而改道。東西線於1988年11月5日進一步延長至湖畔站。15公里的東延至丹那美拉站於1989年11月4日通車，由時任第一副總理吳作棟主持通車典禮。至此，東西線與南北線分拆，以綠色為主色。南北線亦於同日延長至濱海灣站。
東西線延長至巴西立站於1989年12月16日提前通車。1990年7月6日文禮站投入服務，新加坡地鐵初期系統全線完工。
在波那維斯達站和金文泰站之間興建新的增設車站杜弗站的工程於1998年6月開工。車站工程遭到部分人士反對，因其服務範圍狹小，另有批評只為一間教育機構的學生使用而建設車站是浪費公帑。然而陸路交通管理局仍然繼續工程，以服務新加坡理工學院和杜弗的組屋。2001年10月18日，杜弗地鐵站啟用在啟用前，2001年10月13日至17日期間進行了試運，列車在車站停車但不開門。杜弗是新加坡地鐵首個增設車站。
將新加坡地鐵延長至樟宜機場的計劃在興建3號搭客大廈的時候再次獲得考慮。從丹那美拉站分支新線前往樟宜機場的規劃早期已出現，部分概念規劃預定走線沿機場路到達機場後，穿過機場到樟宜坊，之後轉向西南，沿東海岸回到市區。計劃於1996年11月15日時任新加坡副總理李顯龍宣佈。然而新走線與前面的計劃不同，最終計劃只興建前兩站，包括博覽站與樟宜機場站，後者建於2號和3號搭客大廈之間。車站的方向也改為垂直的東西走向，車站的兩端分別可前往兩個搭客大廈。車站的設計於1998年2月10日公佈，工程於1999年1月29日開工。博覽站和樟宜機場站分別在2001年1月10日與2002年2月8日啟用，並以接駁線方式營運。在2003年7月22日以前，列車可從文禮直接開到樟宜機場，但後來因乘客人數低迷改回接駁線。2019年5月25日新加坡宣佈樟宜機場支線將於2040年併入湯申－東海岸線延長線。
2004年12月29日，陸路交通管理局宣佈全長3.8公里的文禮延長線（實際上是延長至裕群），以服務裕廊西地區的居民以及在大士工業園工作的乘客。兩個新建車站先驅站與裕群站於2009年2月28日通車。
由裕群站延長至大士連路站的大士西延長線於2011年1月11日宣佈。延長線全長7.5公里，設有雙軌地鐵天橋，四個高架車站以及一座26公頃的車廠以提供額外列車和未來路線擴充的停放和維修設施。地鐵天橋與先驅路天橋連為一體，同步提升道路容量應付額外的交通需求。2012年5月4日，陸路交通管理局在大士連路地鐵站舉辦破土動工典禮，大士西延線工程正式開工。
大士西延線於2017年6月18日通車。通車初期，西行列車以梅花間竹的形式分別以裕群站和大士連路站為終點站。
2014年8月25日，陸路交通管理局宣佈將在丹那美拉地鐵站興建新月台，方便前往博覽站和樟宜機場的乘客，加快上下車和減少候車時間。
2016年10月26日，陸路交通管理局批出3.25億新元土木工程合約予林增，在丹那美拉站興建新月台、軌道和天橋除新增月台外，現有的東西線軌道將延長至樟宜新的四合一東海岸綜合車廠（英语：East Coast Integrated Depot）。2024年完工後，丹那美拉站將成為繼裕廊東站後第二個設有三個島式月台的車站。
1987年新加坡地鐵通車時，地下車站已經設有月台幕門，但地面及高架車站沒有月台幕門，故此發生了若干乘客墮軌被列車撞倒甚至撞死的意外。陸路交通管理局起初質疑功用和關注高昂的安裝費用而拒絕設置，但在2008年1月25日政府宣佈在高架車站設立月台閘門轉而支持，稱因月台閘門變得更普遍降低了安裝費用。月台閘門於裕廊東站、巴西立站和義順站作為測試。2011年8月31日，陸路交通管理局宣佈東西線的月台閘門安裝完成，博覽站成為最後一個東西線安裝月台閘門的車站。東西線和南北線安裝月台閘門的工程於2012年3月14日完工，比預定完工日期提早了3個月。
越南共和國駐高棉共和國大使館

越南共和國駐高棉共和國大使館（越南语：Đại sứ quán Việt Nam Cộng hòa tại Cộng hòa Khmer；高棉語：ស្ថានទូត​សាធារណរដ្ឋ​វៀតណាម ប្រចាំ​សាធារណរដ្ឋ​ខ្មែរ；英語：Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in the Khmer Republic），通稱南越駐高棉大使館，是前越南共和國（南越）在前高棉共和國金邊設置的外交代表機構，1975年4月17日金邊淪陷後閉館。
原稱越南共和國駐柬埔寨王國大使館，1970年6月10日設立，1970年10月9日高棉共和國成立後改稱越南共和國駐高棉共和國大使館，直到1975年關閉為止。
1970年3月，朗諾發動軍事政變推翻施漢諾後所領導的柬埔寨王國政府與越南共和國政府達成互設代表團的協議。同年5月，越南共和國駐柬埔寨王國代表團成立。
1970年6月10日，越南共和國設立駐柬埔寨王國大使館。
2025年亞洲男子排球冠軍聯賽

2025年亞洲男子排球冠軍聯賽（英語：2025 AVC Men's Champions League）是由亞洲排球聯合會（AVC）所舉辦的一年一度的亞洲男子排球冠軍聯賽，本屆為第25屆，也是賽事名稱更動後的第1屆。比賽期間為2025年5月11日至5月18日於日本的枚方市及京都市進行，本次比賽之冠軍及亞軍可獲得2025年世界男排俱樂部錦標賽之參賽資格。
本賽事參賽隊伍最多為12隊。作為主辦國的日本可派出2支隊伍參賽，下列隊伍將參加本屆賽事。
12支球隊在預賽階段被分為4個小組，各組有3支球隊。分組抽籤於2025年3月12日在曼谷飛越大酒店舉行。
比賽於日本關西地方的枚方市與京都市進行。
垂直起降

垂直起降(VTOL)是一種飛機無需透過跑道，即能垂直懸停、起飛和降落的功能設計。此設計可見於不同類型的飛機，包含：直昇機、固定機翼飛機、自轉旋翼機等。部分垂直起降飛機也能在其他模式下運作，如：傳統起降(CTOL)、短場起降(STOL)、短場垂直起降(STOVL)等。
目前軍用垂直起降飛機主要有兩種：傾轉旋翼機（如：V-22魚鷹式傾斜旋翼機）、推力換向式飛機（如：鹞式戰鬥機）；民用垂直起降飛機則主要為直升機。
垂直起降可能借助4种方法：
飛機

飛機（英語：airplane）是指由喷气发动机，螺旋桨或火箭发动机产生的推力向前推动的固定翼飛機。飞机有各种尺寸，形状和机翼配置。飞机的广泛用途包括娱乐，货物和人员运输，军事和研究。在全球范围内，民用航空每年在客机上运送的旅客超过40亿，每年运送的货物超过2000亿吨公里，不到全球货运量的1％。大多数飞机都是由飞机上的飞行员驾驶的，但是有些飞机则设计为可远程控制或由计算机控制，例如无人机。
萊特兄弟于1903年发明了第一架飞机，并进行首飞，被公认为“第一架持续控制的重于空气的飞机”。在第一次世界大战的有限使用之后，飞机技术不断发展。 飞机参加了第二次世界大战的所有重大战役。 第一架喷气式飞机是1939年德国的Heinkel He 178。第一架喷气式客机De Havilland Comet于1952年问世。从1958年到至少2013年，波音707是首架获得广泛成功的商用飞机，在商用领域服务了50多年。
古代的许多故事都涉及飞行，例如希腊传奇人物伊卡洛斯（Icarus）和代達洛斯（Daedalus）以及古代印度史诗中的維摩那（Vimana）。在希腊，大约公元前400年，阿奇塔斯（Archytas）被认为设计并制造了第一个人工的，自行式的飞行装置，这是一种由可能是蒸汽的喷气机推动的鸟形模型，据说已经飞行了约200米。
有记载的最早的滑翔伞尝试是9世纪的安达卢西亚和阿拉伯语言诗人阿巴斯·伊本·菲纳斯（Abbas ibn Firnas）和11世纪的英国和尚马默斯伯里（Malmesbury）的埃米尔（Eilmer）尝试的。 这两个实验都伤害了飞行员。列奥纳多·达·芬奇研究了鸟类的机翼设计，并在他的《鳥類飛行手稿》（1502年）中设计了人机。
1903年美国萊特兄弟的航班被国际航空标准制定和纪录保持机构国际航空联合会（FAI）认可为“第一架持续且受控制的重于空氣的飞行”。
第一架实用的喷气式飞机是德国的Heinkel He 178，该飞机在1939年经过测试。
飞机螺旋桨将发动机的旋转运动转换成涡旋滑流，向前推动或向后推动。 它包括一个旋转的动力驱动轮毂，几个径向翼型截面叶片连接到该轮毂，从而使整个组件绕纵轴旋转。
喷射飞机由喷气发动机驱动，之所以使用喷气发动机，是因为螺旋桨的空气动力限制不适用于喷气推进。
大多数现代喷气式飞机都使用渦輪扇發動機，该发动机在保持螺旋桨的排气速度和功率的同时，平衡了螺旋桨的优势。
喷气飞机具有很高的巡航速度（700-900公里/小时）和很高的起飞和降落速度（150-250公里/小时）。 由于起飞和降落所需的速度，喷气飞机使用襟翼和前缘设备来控制升力和速度。 许多喷气式飞机还使用推力反向器使飞机降落时减速。
大多数飞机是由公司制造的，目的是为客户量产。 小型涡轮螺旋桨飞机的设计和规划过程（包括安全测试）最多可以持续四年，大型飞机则可以持续更长的时间。
在此过程中，将确定飞机的目标和设计规格。 首先，建筑公司使用图纸和方程式，模拟，风洞测试和经验来预测飞机的行为。 公司使用计算机来绘制，规划和进行飞机的初始模拟。 然后在风洞中测试飞机全部或某些部分的小型模型和模型，以验证其空气动力学性能。
飞机的结构部件称为機體。 存在的零件可能会根据飞机的类型和用途而有所不同。
機體的结构部件包括：
固定翼飞机的机翼是在飞机两侧延伸的静态飞机。 当飞机向前行驶时，空气流过机翼，机翼的形状会产生升力。 这种形状称为机翼，形状像鸟的翅膀。
像所有涉及燃烧的活动一样，由化石燃料驱动的飞机将烟尘和其他污染物释放到大气中。 还会产生温室气体，例如二氧化碳（CO2）。
飞机对环境的另一个影响是噪声污染，主要是飞机起降时造成的。
济南遥墙国际机场

濟南遥墙國際機場（IATA代码：TNA；ICAO代码：ZSJN）是位於中國山東省濟南市历城区遥墙街道、臨港街道、章丘区高官寨街道境内的民用機場，距市中心区域約30公里，有济青高速、青银高速及濟南绕城高速公路与市區相通。山东航空及中国东方航空在此设有飞行基地。济南国际机场航站楼建筑总面积16万平方米，可保障年旅客吞吐量1200万人次，高峰小时4500人次，飞机起降10万架次的需求；飞行区运行许可等级为4E级，可起降波音747-400及以下各型飞机；机坪共44万平方米，可同时停放57架C类以上飞机，设有36个登机桥。
2023年，济南国际机场旅客吞吐量1756.1万人次，保障航班13.67万架次，货邮14.4万吨，执行航线近150条，通航城市82个，其中国际航线15条，地区航线2条。
1992年7月26日，济南机场一期通航。一期工程按每年客运量50萬人次规模设计，航站楼建筑樓地板面积達1.35万平方米，機場跑道长2600米，总投资額3亿元人民币。但由於使用頻繁，到了1994年，其機場客运吞吐量就已超过原设计能力，亟需進行擴建工程。
1998年，济南机场进行飞行區域的扩建工程，加碼投资3.4亿元人民幣。其擴建工程是将原跑道向南延伸1000米，改为平行滑行道；在原跑道东侧200米处新建一条长3600米、宽60米的主跑道；主跑道与滑行道之间新建7条联络道，并完善了其他相关系统等；扩建后，飞行区等级为4E级，可起降波音747-400及以下各型飞机。
2000年10月，飞行区扩建工程正式竣工。
2003年，航站区扩建工程启动，這次工程投资16亿元人民幣，擴建工程將包括周圍1300畝土地。
2005年3月28日，航站区扩建工程投入运营，包括新航站楼工程、站坪工程。工程以2010年为目标年，按年旅客吞吐量800万人次、高峰小时3200人次规模设计。新建航站楼南北长465米，宽在120到50米区间变化，屋面最高点32.8米，建筑总面积8万平方米。原有航站楼被改建为1.4万平米的货运楼。
2012年3月，航站楼南指廊工程启动，工程总投资约7.35亿元，新增建设用地480亩。
2015年12月30日，航站楼南指廊工程投入使用，新启用的指廊位于现航站楼南侧，建设面积2.94万平方米，分为连接主楼的连廊及候机指廊两部分，其中连廊长127米、宽25米，指廊长300米、宽36米；扩建站坪15.5万平方米，新增13个廊桥，其中包括2部双活动端登机桥；新建两条中转、贵宾安检通道，并对航站楼的弱电生产系统、安防系统进行了改造升级。南指廊启用后，航站楼总面积达11.4万平方米，登机桥24个，可满足年旅客吞吐量1200万人次、货邮吞吐量10万吨、飞机起降10万架次的需求。
2017年2月，济南市城乡建设委官网发布《济南遥墙国际机场航站区扩建北指廊工程初步设计和施工图设计项目》招标公告，扩建北指廊工程面积5.47万平方米,设计为国际指廊，具备航班中转、换乘功能。北指廊共建设12个登机桥，同时工程还将改造现有飞行区滑行道局部设施，新建临时停车场6万余平方米，包括社会停车场30216平方米，出租车蓄车场30528平方米。北指廊工程于2017年7月开工，预计2020年建成。届时,济南机场能够满足2022年1823万旅客吞吐量的需求。
2017年9月28日上午，济南国际机场举行第二平行滑行道及配套站坪工程开工仪式。该工程投资约3.1亿元，总工期480天，主要包括在济南机场主跑道的东侧新建第二平行滑行道、扩建现有站坪、新建服务车道等五项内容。工程竣工后，预计新增机位11个，大大提高跑道运行效率，缩短飞机等待时间，进一步提升济南机场保障能力。
2018年10月济南机场旅客过夜用房完成省发改委项目备案，该项目位于济南遥墙国际机场现航站楼西南侧，是一座联体建筑，包含一个五星级酒店和一个三星级酒店，约600间客房，估算总投资约6亿元。
根据济南遥墙国际机场总体规划，未来将实现“3、4、8”发展目标，即建成3座航站楼、4条跑道，满足年旅客吞吐量8000万人次保障需求。
未来，机场将拥有4条跑道、3大航站楼，并与城市轨交、城际铁路、高速公路有机衔接，构建现代化综合交通体系。 新修编的总体规划将济南遥墙国际机场定位为区域性枢纽机场、大型机场。近期规划2030年旅客吞吐量为5000万人次，货邮吞吐量52.3万吨，飞机起降38.3万架次;远期规划2050年旅客吞吐量8000万人次，货邮吞吐量150万吨，飞机起降59.3万架次。 根据总体规划，济南遥墙国际机场近期规划用地面积1974.35公顷，新增西一、西二跑道和T2航站楼;远期规划用地面积3237.5公顷，将新增第四跑道和T3航站楼。在与其他交通方式衔接方面，机场将引入济南地铁3号线、1号线(支线)和济滨城际铁路，拓宽改造机场高速和东绕城高速，预留城市轨道线路，全力打造以机场为核心，衔接顺畅、服务便捷、集约环保的现代化综合交通体系。
1号线：遥墙国际机场←→玉泉森信大酒店，票价20元
2号线：遥墙国际机场←→济南火车站，票价20元
3号线：遥墙国际机场←→济南西站，票价20元
4号线：遥墙国际机场←→二七南路1号集散中心，票价20元
5号线：遥墙国际机场←→银丰华美达酒店，票价20元
6号线：遥墙国际机场←→格林云天酒店，票价20元
B309路：新航大道机场北路←→郭店立交桥西，票价2元
摆渡3号线：遥墙机场←→济南东站公交东枢纽，票价2元
济南轨道交通3号线二期在遥墙机场设2座车站：机场北站（服务T2航站楼）、机场南站（服务T1、T3航站楼），其中机场南站已于2024年11月22日开通，机场北站预计与T2航站楼共同开通。
请参阅源Wikidata查询.
尾翼

尾翼（英語：empennage，英語發音：/ˌɑːmpɪˈnɑːʒ/或/ˈɛmpɪnɪdʒ/，又稱Tail或tail assembly）是安装在飞机尾部的一种装置，可以增强飞行的稳定性。大多数尾翼包括水平尾翼和垂直尾翼，也有少数采用V型尾翼。尾翼可以用来控制飞机的俯仰、偏航和倾斜以改变其飞行姿态。尾翼是飞行控制系统的重要组成部分。
水平尾翼（英語：Horizontal Stabilizer），简称平尾，是飞机纵向平衡、稳定和操纵的翼面。平尾左右对称地布置在飞机尾部，基本为水平位置。翼面前半部通常是固定的，称为水平安定面。后半部铰接在安定面的后面，可操纵上下偏转，称为升降舵。升降舵的后缘还装有调整片。在大型飞机上，为了提高平尾的平衡能力，水平安定面在飞行中可以缓慢改变安装角，这样的平尾称为可调水平尾翼。在飞行中，飞机升力的位置会随迎角和速度的变化而移动，飞机重心也因燃油消耗等原因而变动。这样，升力不可能在所有状态下都通过重心，因而存在一个不平衡力矩。在有平尾的飞机上，此力矩就由平尾负升力或正升力的力矩来平衡。由于平尾距重心较远，只要用很小的平尾升力就能使飞机保持力矩平衡。
飞机在飞行中会因各种干扰（如大气中的阵风）而偏离原来姿态。平尾具有恢复飞机原有姿态的能力，对飞机起纵向稳定的作用。
飞机在飞行中需要经常改变飞行状态，如爬升、平飞、下滑等。对于稳定的飞机，要改变飞行状态就需要克服稳定力矩。例如要增大飞机迎角，就需要有一个克服稳定力矩的抬头力矩。驾驶员操纵升降舵上偏，平尾即产生一个抬头力矩，使飞机在增大的迎角下能得到平衡，这就是平尾的纵向操纵作用。
平尾按相对于机翼的上下位置不同，大致分为高平尾、中平尾和低平尾三种型式。平尾处于飞机尾部，气流在流经平尾以前先受到机身、机翼和发动机短舱等的影响，速度减小，方向也有变化。此外，螺旋桨滑流或发动机的喷流也会改变平尾的升力。它们对平尾的稳定和操纵效能都有较大影响。由于影响平尾工作的各种因素随迎角和速度而变化，要想选择一个合适的平尾位置，保证在所有飞行状态下都有较高的平尾效能，是一件很困难的事情，经常要经过大量风洞实验才能最后选定。
在英国「三叉戟客机」上，平尾在垂直尾翼的顶端。从飞机正面看，平尾与垂尾构成T字形，故取名T形尾翼。这种飞机发动机短舱位于机身尾部两侧，机翼位置靠后，只有将平尾移至垂尾顶端才能躲开机翼、发动机短舱和喷流的影响。由于垂尾是后掠的，故又能使平尾尽量远离机翼，提高平尾的效能。在很多超音速歼击机上，由于机身尾部长度较短，平尾非常靠近机翼，如将平尾放在较低的位置上（机翼翼弦平面以下），在大迎角时就能避开机翼、机身，减小它们对平尾的不利影响。
亚音速时，偏转升降舵还会影响前面水平安定面上的升力，操纵效率较高。超音速时，升降舵的偏转对前面的安定面没有影响，舵面操纵效率大为下降。因此，在超音速飞机上将水平尾翼做成可操纵偏转的整体，称为全动平尾。在全动平尾上不再有安定面和升降舵之分。全动平尾的构造与机翼相同，但是翼面的全部弯矩和扭矩载荷在根部都要集中到转轴上来，并且支承点是可转动的轴承，因此全动平尾根部结构复杂，重量也较大。
通常超音速飞机机翼的展弦比较小，机翼展长比平尾展长大不了多少。利用平尾差动来产生滚转操纵力矩已能满足飞行的要求。平尾左、右翼面既能同向偏转起升降舵作用，又能分别向不同方向偏转（差动）起副翼的作用，这就是差动平尾。采用差动平尾以后，就可以取消机翼上的副翼，因而机翼整个后缘都可安装襟翼以改善飞机的起飞、着陆性能和机动性。在变后掠翼飞机上，机翼可以绕垂直（翼弦面）枢轴转动（常称掠动），如在机翼上装副翼，它在大后掠角位置上根本无法工作，因此只能采用差动平尾作为主要滚转操纵面。
垂直尾翼（英語：Vertical Stabilizer），简称垂尾。起保持飞机的航向平衡、稳定和操纵作用，原理与平尾相似。垂直尾翼仅仅布置在飞机轴线的上部。这是因为在起飞着陆时，飞机头部上仰，尾部离地很近，无法布置垂尾翼面,而布置在机身下方的短尾翼称为“腹鰭”。与平尾相同，垂尾翼面的前半部分通常是固定的，称垂直安定面；后半部分铰接在安定面后部，可操纵偏转，称方向舵。垂尾的作用是保持转弯在无侧滑状态下进行；在有侧风着陆时保持机头对准跑道；飞行中平衡不对称的偏航力矩（如多发动机中有一台发动机停车造成的偏航力矩）。方向舵操纵系统中可装阻尼器，以制止飞机在高空高速飞行中出现的偏航摇摆现象。
飞机对于航向操纵能力要求不高，即使在超音速飞机上也很少采用全动式垂直尾翼。
多数飞机只有一个垂直尾翼（单垂尾）。它位于飞机的对称面内。在一些多发动机的螺旋桨飞机上，为了提高垂尾效率，故意将垂尾放在螺旋桨后的高速气流中。为此将垂直尾翼分为两个（双垂尾）或两个以上（多垂尾）翼面。在双垂尾型式中，常将两个垂尾布置在平尾两端，以提高平尾的效率。在超音速飞机上，由于机身比较粗大，为了保证飞机在高空高速飞行时仍有足够的航向稳定性，需要有很大的垂尾面积。如果采用双垂尾型式，可以降低垂尾高度，减小垂尾在侧滑时产生的滚转力矩。同时也可提高大迎角时的航向稳定性。
V型尾翼（英語：V-Tail）由左右两个翼面组成，像是固定在机身尾部带大上反角的平尾。V型尾翼兼有垂尾和平尾的功能。翼面可分为固定的安定面和铰接的舵面两部分，也可做成全动型式。呈V形的两个尾面在俯视和侧视方向都有一定的投影面积，所以能同时起纵向（俯仰）和航向稳定作用。当两边舵面作相同方向偏转时，起升降舵作用；分别作不同方向偏转（差动）时，则起方向舵作用。
飞翼

飛翼，或稱全翼機。是一种没有尾翼并且机身的主要部分隐藏在厚厚的机翼内的航空器。对任何飞机来说只有机翼是必需的，所以从理论上讲去除所有其他多余的部件在设计上是可行的。有的飞翼机身还是保留的，但是肯定是没有尾翼。
在传统的飞机设计中，飞机重心总是位于机翼升力中心的前面，这一点使得机翼提供的升力会打破机身的平衡，飞机很容易造成机頭向下俯冲的趋势，为了平衡这种趋势，通常在飞机尾部设计一些小的向下作用力的控制翼面，用以抵销飞机的俯冲趋势。其基本原则就是飞机可以在某些角度内自由飞行，当减小动力的时候速度降低，机翼的升力降低，机頭也就会自然降低，然后飞机就会开始下降。
飞机若想达到简单而又安全是有很多障碍的。位于飞机尾翼上的控制翼面使飞机往往比实际所需的长度要长，而这些延长的机身处于平衡考虑大部分还不能承担载荷，此外，控制翼面的存在还会增加阻力，降低飞机的整体性能。最大的问题是这些翼面在增大阻力的同时还增加了飞机的重量，这就使飞机发动机必须提供额外的推力以产生比原本飞机所需更大的升力才行。
传统的飞机布置方式——载荷在前面控制翼面在后面——还会造成另一个问题，即对机翼产生向后的弯曲倾向（挠度），所以有时候机翼会在重心的前面有时会在重心后面，飞机的稳定性和（通过额外翼面的）控制性是同样重要的。然而，如果没有额外的控制翼面就可以降低阻力和重量，在大多数情况下，这样做都可以显著的减小飞行阻力，而设计师也可以专心解决稳定性的问题。
飞翼唯一的缺点是为了使机身隐藏于机翼中，飞机的机翼必须设计的比通常的机翼厚得多。在低速时这一点无关紧要，但是当飞机接近音速时，在机翼相对较厚的部位就会产生巨大的阻力效用，所以飞翼不适合高速飞机，它们对阻力比一般飞机更为敏感。除此之外，在高速时还会出现一系列的稳定性问题，例如马赫下俯，设计人员需要经过许多艰苦的工作来加以解决。
由于这些原因，对飞翼的研究仅限于1930到1940年代，那时候飞翼被认为是一种生产大型客机的自然解决方案，这种飞机的载客量要够大同时还可以装载足够跨大西洋定期航班的燃料。飞翼的巨大内部容积和低阻力使它自然而然的扮演起这一角色，美国的杰克·诺思罗普、德国的亚历山大·李比希和蕭特兄弟都进行了这方面的研究，而德国的胡戈·容克斯在1910年时已经取得了一个飞翼滑翔机的概念专利。
容克在1919年开始他伟大的JG1设计，试图把乘客放在厚厚的机翼内。但是1921年联合航空管制委员会宣布尚未完成的JG1飞机破坏了一战后对德国飞机尺寸的限制，容克设想的未来派的飞翼最多可容纳1000名乘客，最接近成功现实的是1931年34人座的容克斯 G.38 Grossflugzeug飞机，客舱位于机翼前缘向内嵌入机翼，当时最大的陆上飞机（相对水上飞机），绰号“飞行旅馆”的G-38加入了汉莎航空公司的机队，后来它又转作军事用途直到1941年从雅典撤退的英军摧毁，日本获得容克的授权建造了几架G-38作为轰炸机。
许多二战晚期设计的德国军用飞机都是基于飞翼，或者在此基础上进行修改，以尽量增加采用喷气式发动机飞机的航程。最著名的要数Gotha Go-229，这种飞机1944年首飞，它不但结合了飞翼（Nür Flugel）的概念，而且有两台隐藏在可吸收雷达波的复合材料机翼中的喷气发动机，现在飞机原型仍然由史密森保存在其原始状态，2008年時，諾斯洛普·格拉曼公司製作的模型顯示，當時英國的雷達系統發現Ho 299戰鬥機時，僅剩兩分半鐘的攔截時間，代表當時的英國是無法防禦的。
战后很多概念设计都基于飞机的平面形状，但是问题很快显现。为了延长轰炸机航程，对飞翼的兴趣一直延续到1950年代，诺思罗普B-49轰炸机是它最后的绝唱，但是它最终并未投产，即使是飞翼设计也不能弥补载油量的要求，后来更大的普通形式的飞机像波音B-52轰炸机被建造出来取代了飞翼设计。随后的远程轰炸机再也没有采用飞翼形式的了，直到B-2幽灵隐形战略轰炸机的出现。
1980年代飞翼作为一种可以大幅度降低雷达反射信号的方式再次引起人们的注意，这最终导致了諾斯洛普公司的B-2幽灵隐形战略轰炸机的问世。在这一项目中，优异的空气动力学不是关键问题。
由于飞翼在中低速范围内仍能保持优异的性能，其作为战术运输机的设想从未中断过，波音公司一直在进行一个采用翼身融合运输机的项目研究，这种运输机具有洛克希德C-130大力神运输机的尺寸大小，同时有更远的航程和多1/3的载荷。有很多公司如波音、麦道、德哈维兰公司都曾考虑设计飞翼式的客机，但是到目前为止均未实现；客機使用這種設計會出現的問題有，舒適度（轉彎時除了中心的座位外，都會有過大的傾斜度）、過少的窗戶、逃生困難度更高、及機場設計需改變。
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