davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
List of contemporary ethnic groups

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.
By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.
The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.
Samburu language

Samburu is a Maa language dialect spoken by Samburu pastoralists in northern Kenya. The Samburu number about 128,000 (or 147,000 including the Camus/Chamus). The Samburu dialect is closely related to the Camus dialect (88% to 94% lexical similarity) and to the South Maasai dialects (77% to 89% lexical similarity). The word "Samburu" itself may derive from the Maa word saamburr for a leather bag the Samburu use.
Samburu County

Samburu County is a county in the former Rift Valley Province, Kenya which covers an area of roughly 21,000 km (8,000 mi) in northern Kenya where the Samburu, Turkana and many other tribes live. It stretches north from the Wuaso Ng'iro River to the south of Lake Turkana. According to the 2019 census, the county had a population of 310,327.
Within Samburu County are the towns of Maralal (the capital and largest town), Baragoi, Archers Post, South Horr, Wamba, Lodosoit, and Kisima.
It also includes the Samburu National Reserve, Bisanadi National Reserve, and Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Mount Ng'iro, Ndoto Mountains, Mathews Range (Ol Doinyo Lenkiyo), Kirisia Hills, and Loroki Forest.
The main access road to Samburu County is the A4 road from Rumuruti-Maralal-Baragoi, which as of 2019 was being tarmacked from Rumuruti up to Maralal.
There is a town named Samburu in Kwale County, Kenya, but it is not related to Samburu County or Samburu people.
Religion in Samburu County
The county has three constituencies: Samburu East, Samburu West, and Samburu North. The headquarters of Samburu Central is Maralal, Samburu North is Baragoi and headquarters for Samburu East is Wamba although there has been controversy about the headquarters of Samburu East. Some schools of thought proposed Archers Post, a rapidly growing town, while others proposed Wamba town a less rapidly growing town.
The Samburu County Government is headed by Governor Jonathan Lati Leleliit who won the Samburu County's gubernatorial race in the 2022 general elections under the United Democratic Alliance (UDA). He garnered 40,740 votes against Dr. Richard Lesiyampe of the Jubilee Party who got 26,834 votes, and Daniel Lekupe an independent candidate, who garnered 1,847 votes, coming in third, and Richard Leiyagu who came last with 771 votes. He succeeded the former governor, Moses Lenolkulal, who retired after two terms in office. A member of the national Jubilee party, Lenolkulal was the first governor following Kenya's devolution to county administrations.
Samburu National Reserve

Samburu National Reserve is a game reserve on the banks of the Ewaso Ng'iro river in Kenya. It is 165 km (64 sq mi) in size and is 350 km (220 mi) from Nairobi. It ranges in elevation from 800 to 1,230 m (2,620 to 4,040 ft). Geographically and administratively, it is part of Samburu County.
In the middle of the reserve, the Ewaso Ng'iro flows through doum palm groves and thick riverine forests. It provides water to the wildlife in the reserve.
Samburu National Reserve was one of the two areas in which conservationists George and Joy Adamson raised Elsa the Lioness, made famous in the best-selling book and award-winning movie Born Free. The Elephant Watch Camp, of which Saba Douglas-Hamilton is director, lies within the park. Samburu National Reserve is also the home of Kamunyak, a lioness famous for adopting oryx calves.
Samburu National Reserve contains two mountains, Koitogor and Ololokwe, the Ewaso Ng'iro river (meaning "brown water") runs through the reserve and the mixture of acacia, riverine forest, thorn trees and grassland vegetation. The Ewaso Ng'iro flows from the Kenyan highlands and empties into the Lorian Swamp. The natural serenity that is evident here is due to its distance from industry and the inaccessibility the reserve had for many years.
There is a wide variety of animal and bird life seen at Samburu National Reserve. Several large game species common to Kenya's northern plains can be found in abundance here, including the following dry-country fauna: gerenuk, Grevy's zebra, oryx and reticulated giraffe. All three big cats, the lion, cheetah and African leopard, as well as elephant, Cape buffalo and hippopotamus.
Other mammals frequently seen in the park include olive baboon, warthogs, Grant's gazelle, Kirk's dik-dik, impala, and waterbuck. A black rhinoceros population has been re-introduced into the park after an absence of 25 years after heavy poaching.
There are over 350 species of bird. These include grey-headed kingfisher, sunbirds, bee-eaters, Marabou stork, tawny eagle, Verreaux's eagle, bateleur, vulturine guineafowl, yellow-necked spurfowl, lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird, superb starling, northern red-billed hornbill, yellow-billed hornbill, and various vultures including the palm-nut vulture.
The Ewaso Ng'iro river contains large numbers of Nile crocodile basks.
From 2005, the protected area is considered part of a Lion Conservation Unit.
Penile subincision

Penile subincision is a form of genital modification or mutilation consisting of a urethrotomy, in which the underside of the penis is incised and the urethra slit open lengthwise, from the urethral opening (meatus) toward the base. The slit can be of varying lengths.
Subincision was traditionally performed around the world, notably in Australia, but also in Africa, South America and the Polynesian and Melanesian cultures of the Pacific, often as a coming of age ritual.
Disadvantages include the risks inherent in the procedure itself, which is often self-performed, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The ability to impregnate (specifically, getting sperm into the vagina) may also be decreased.
Subincisions can greatly affect urination, often resulting in hypospadias requiring the subincised male to sit or squat while urinating. The scrotum can be pulled up against the open urethra to quasi-complete the tube and allow an approximation to normal urination, while a few subincised men carry a tube with which they can aim.
Subincision (like circumcision) is well documented among the peoples of the central desert of Australia such as the Arrernte and Luritja. The Arrernte word for subincision is arilta, and occurs as a rite of passage ritual for adolescent boys. The Arrernte believe is was given to them by Mangar-kunjer-kunja, a lizard-man spirit being from the Dreamtime. Some academics theorise that a subincised penis is thought to resemble a vulva, and the bleeding is likened to menstruation. This type of modification of the penis was also traditionally performed by the Lardil people of Mornington Island, Queensland. The young men who underwent the procedure were the only ones to learn a simple ceremonial language, Damin. In later ceremonies, repeated throughout adult life, the subincised penis would be used as a site for ritual bloodletting. According to Ken Hale, who studied Damin, no ritual initiations have been carried out in the Gulf of Carpentaria for half a century, and hence the language has also died out.
Another indigenous Australian term for the custom is mika or the terrible rite.
Samburu herdboys of Kenya are said to perform subincisions on themselves (or sometimes their peers) at age seven to ten. In Samoa, subincision of the foreskin, skin located along the tip of the penis, was ritually performed upon young men, as in Hawaii, where subincision of the foreskin is reported to have been performed at age six or seven.
General
Polynesia
Melanesia
Australia
Africa
Corinne Hofmann

Corinne Hofmann (born June 4, 1960) is a German born author living in Switzerland, most famous for her multi-million selling memoir Die weisse Massai (The White Masai).
Born on June 4, 1960, to a German father and a French mother, Corinne studied in the canton of Glarus and eventually went into the retail trade. At the age of twenty-one, she opened her own clothing store.
In 1986, Hofmann and her boyfriend Marco made a trip to Kenya. There, she met a Samburu warrior named Lketinga Leparmorijo and instantly found him irresistible. She left Marco, went back to Switzerland to sell her possessions, and, in 1987, returned to Kenya, determined to find Lketinga, which she eventually did. The couple moved in together, married, and had a daughter. The Samburu are a pastoralist people related to the Maasai, and live in small villages in an arid area of central Kenya. Hofmann moved into her mother-in-law's manyatta (compound) and learned to live as a Samburu woman, fetching wood and water. She opened a small shop in the village, to sell basic goods.
Hofmann suffered several hardships, including diseases (mainly malaria) and marital problems. Increasingly paranoid jealousy from her husband, possibly a side effect of his addiction to the drug khat (miraa), severely damaged her relationship, and in 1990 she decided to return to Switzerland for good, taking her daughter with her. Later on, she wrote a book about her experiences. The book, titled Die weisse Massai, became a phenomenal success. It has been translated into several languages, and in 2005, made into an eponymous movie starring Nina Hoss and Jacky Ido.
Hofmann has since written four other books, three of which, Zurück aus Afrika (Back from Africa), Wiedersehen in Barsaloi (Reunion in Barsaloi) and Afrika, meine Passion (Africa, my passion), are sequels to the first book. She returned to visit her Samburu family for the first time in 2004. Another visit followed, this time in the company of the daughter she had with Lketinga. The reunion is described in Afrika, meine Passion.
Her most recent book, "Das Mädchen mit dem Giraffenhals" is the story of her childhood in the Swiss province and how she became the woman that she is today, or was at the time she first went to Kenya.
Narok Museum

The Narok Museum is a museum located in Narok, Kenya. The museum is dedicated to exhibiting artifacts, relics and paintings of the Maa-speaking communities.
The building where the museum is located was a former community center. The museum contains exhibits that were collected over the years in the county.
The museum contains exhibits about Maasai people, as well as artifacts from other Maa-speaking communities, including the Ndorobos, Samburu and Njemps. The museum contains paintings by Joy Adamson created in the 1950s. The museum also exhibits black and white photographs. The museum contains displays about the traditions of the Maasai culture. The photo gallery presents photos about the daily life of the women of the communities that inhabit this part of Kenya. The museum also exhibits Maasai clothing and jewelry, as well as traditional weapons and tools of daily life. The museum also contains a small reconstruction of Maasai tribal huts.
1°05′22″S 35°52′28″E﻿ / ﻿1.089545°S 35.874372°E﻿ / -1.089545; 35.874372
Samburu, Kwale County

Samburu is a sub county located in Kwale County, Kenya.
Administratively, it is one of five sub-counties of Kwale County. Samburu sub county is pre-dorminantly made up of the Duruma sub-tribe of the larger Mijikenda Community along the coast. Samburu derived its name from the word 'chimburu' which is the Owl.It was mispronounced by the white man when he came across a Duruma elderly man called Bati Kalinga during the construction of the Kenya Uganda railway line in 1897. He was asked through a translator what he was doing in that area,his reply was that,he lived there with many owls(chimburu)...and the white man mispronounced the word to Samburu.
It is served by a station on the national railway network and the Mombasa-Nairobi highway.
Samburu subcounty should not be confused with Samburu County located elsewhere in Kenya, or Samburu National Reserve, located in that district.
03°46′00″S 39°17′00″E﻿ / ﻿3.76667°S 39.28333°E﻿ / -3.76667; 39.28333
Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment

Natural Justice: Lawyers for Communities and the Environment is a non-profit organisation based in Cape Town, South Africa, with additional offices in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dakar, Senegal. It takes its name from the legal principle of natural justice and it works at the local level to legally empower communities to pursue social and environmental justice. It also works at the national and international levels to promote the full and effective implementation of environmental laws and policies such as the Convention on Biological Diversity.
Natural Justice was founded by Harry Jonas and Sanjay Kabir Bavikatte in 2007. Natural Justice has been developing a process and tool known as community protocols in order to enable communities to understand the laws and policies that affect them, particularly those developed by government and industry without consultation. Protocols help communities illustrate their biological, cultural and spiritual resources, norms and values and assert their existing rights under local customary, domestic and international laws. Such protocols have been developed with several indigenous and local communities in Africa and Asia in order to ensure the continued practise of their customary ways of life that contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, in line with the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity.
Community protocols are gaining recognition in international negotiations on access and benefit-sharing of genetic resources and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD), endogenous development practice, and traditional health care.
Samburu District

Samburu District was a district in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. It covered an area of roughly 21,000 km (8,000 mi) in northern Kenya where the Samburu tribe live. The district had a population of 143,547 in the 1999 census. It stretched north from the Wuaso Ng'iro River to the south of Lake Turkana and also includes Mount Kulal which lies just east of Lake Turkana.
The Samburu region was initially administered as part of the Northern Frontier District until 1921 when Samburu District (also known as Maralal District) was created. The district was headquartered at Barsaloi. In 1928, the district was merged with Gurba Tula to form the Isiolo District, only to be separated in 1934 for the former to join Rift Valley Province. In 1935, Samburu and Laikipia were merged within the Rift Valley Province, where they remained in place until 1947 when they were separated. Several merges will follow thereafter until 1962 when Samburu was as one of the districts of Rift Valley of Kenya.
Within Samburu district were the towns of Maralal (capital), Baragoi, Archers Post, South Horr, Wamba and Lodosoit. It also included the Samburu National Reserve and Buffalo Springs National Reserve, Mount Ng'iro, Ndoro Mountains, Mathews Range (Ol Doinyo Lenkiyo), Kirisia Hills, and Loroki Forest.
By the 2000s, the district was non-existent as it had been split into smaller districts of Samburu Central, Samburu East and Samburu West districts. They all had a population of 223,946.
In 2010, after the promulgation of the new constitution of Kenya, counties were to be created based on the districts of Kenya that existed prior to 1992. This effectively led to the creation of Samburu County.
The district had two constituencies: Samburu East Constituency and Samburu West Constituency; two local authorities: Maralal Town Council and Samburu County Council; six divisions: Baragoi, Kirisia, Lorroki, Nyiro, Wamba, and Waso.
1°10′N 36°40′E﻿ / ﻿1.167°N 36.667°E﻿ / 1.167; 36.667
Arthur de Capell Brooke

Arthur de Capell Brooke (født 22. oktober 1791, død 6. desember 1858) var en britisk baronett og reisende forfatter, også i Norge. Han ble medlem av Royal Society i 1823 og var med på etableringen av oppdagerklubben «Raleigh Club» i 1827.
I Norge reiste han i 1820 langs norskekysten og bemerket følgende om de observerte sjømonstre:
Hans informanter i dette var amtmannen i Finnmark, sogneprest Marcus Fredrik Steen i Karlsøy, sognepresten Peter Vogelius Deinboll i Vadsø (1816–1824), og «the bishop of Nordland» Mathias Bonsak Krogh. Senere, i 1823 var han reisende mellom Alta og Torneå og fant at de som bodde der drakk kaffe.
Han skrev og tegnet i flere utgivelser vedrørende sine erfaringer:
Hermelin (pels)

Hermelin er pelsverk som er lagd av røyskattens vinterskinn. Pelsverket er skinnende hvitt med karakteristiske, svarte flekker etter røyskattens svarte haletipp. Den kostbare hermelinpelsen har blant annet vært brukt på kroningskapper for konger og fyrster, visse dommerkapper og geistelige stasplagg, blant annet enkelte mozzettaer (albuelange kapper eller skulderkrager) og camauroer (pavehetter).
Ordet «hermelin» er trolig en forminskelsesform av det gammelhøytyske harmo som betyr «røyskatt». En annen forklaring går ut på at «hermelin», som på engelsk skriver ermine, stammer fra navnet Armenia fordi det i antikken særlig var armenske handelsmenn som handlet med hermelinskinn fra Sibir.
Røyskattens hvite pels var svært verdifull og har derfor gjennom historien særlig blitt forbundet med konger, fyrster og andre med høy verdighet som kunne ha hermelinpels på sine kapper. Tilsvarende ble De hellige tre konger ofte malt med hermelinskåper. De norske kroningskappene, som blant annet ble brukt ved kroninga av kong Haakon 7. og dronning Maud i 1906, er også utstyrt med hermelinpels. Hver av kappene skal ha skinn fra rundt 1500 sibirske røyskatter. De engelske monarkene bærer i dag gallakapper med falsk hermelinpels. Ellers brukes hermelinskinn i vår tid blant annet som pelskanter på engelske og franske dommerkapper.
Hermelin er også et begrep i kategorien pelsverk i heraldikken der det betegner et pelsliknende mønster brukt på våpenskjold. Mønsteret er hvit bakgrunn og plassert på denne er det mange små, svarte haletipper som ligner litt på et kommategn. Et særlig kjent våpen med hermelin er våpenet til landområdet Bretagne i Frankrike.
Hermelin brukes også innvendig – som et for – i de våpenkappene og «våpenteltene» som omgir mange kongevåpen og andre fyrstelige våpen. Det norske kongevåpenet er riksvåpenet på en hermelinsforet, purpurfarget våpenkappe. Noe lignende har de i Danmark og Sverige.
Hermelin er sjelden i kommunevåpen, person- og slektsvåpen. I Norge er det hermelin i kommunevåpenet til Ørskog.
Sveriges len

Sveriges len (svensk: Sveriges län) er det regionale forvaltningsnivået mellom staten og kommunene i Sverige.
Sverige er inndelt i 21 len. Sveriges len med noen få unntak er identisk med det som ble formert under dronning Kristina. I hvert len finnes en region, som har ansvaret for blant annet helsetjenester og kollektivtrafikk. Statens representanter i hvert len er länsstyrelsen, som er ledet av en landshøvding. Hvert len utgjør også hvert sitt valgdistrikt i valg til Sveriges riksdag.
Birger jarl og Magnus Ladulås etablerte «slottslän» da «ledungen» ble omgjort til en fast skatt. Det fantes også «underholdslen» for medlemmene av kongefamilien, og «pantelen» med lån fra privatpersoner til kronen, samt «tjenstefylker» som var byttet mot militære tjenester.
En ny lensorganisasjon ble etablert gjennom regjeringsformen i 1634. Den opprinnelige lensinndelingen gjenfinner man i det som kalles landskap.
Norway–Sweden relations

Norway and Sweden have a very long history together. They were both part of the Kalmar Union between 1397 and 1523, and a personal union between 1814 and 1905. The countries established diplomatic relations in 1905, after the dissolution of the union.
Sweden has an embassy in Oslo and 14 consulates, in Ålesund, Arendal, Bergen, Bodø, Hamar, Hammerfest, Kirkenes, Mandal, Moss, Narvik, Porsgrunn, Stavanger, Tromsø and Trondheim. Norway has an embassy in Stockholm and three consulates, in Gothenburg, Malmö and Sundsvall.
Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe, Nordic Council and NATO.
There are around 44,773 Swedes living in Norway and 41,062 Norwegians living in Sweden.
Crossing the border between Sweden and Norway is relatively simple. No passport is required due to the Nordic Passport Union and there are no physical border obstructions. However, since Norway is not part of the European Union customs controls can be made if traveling by car to prohibit smuggling. Foreign citizens requiring visa to either state are not allowed to cross the border legally without applying for visa again. There are no restrictions on non-felon Swedish and Norwegian people's rights to live in the neighbouring country.
While Norway was one of the founding members of NATO, Sweden has only been a member since 2024. In 2022, Sweden and Finland both sought membership as a consequence of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. While Finland's entry took place mid-2023, Sweden's entry was prolonged by multiple hurdles but was finally approved early 2024 and officially joined on March 7, 2024.
Arcus (company)

Arcus AS was Norway's largest wholesaler of wine and liquor. It was created when it was demerged from the state-owned wine and liquor retailer Vinmonopolet on January 1, 1996. The retailing operations were kept in Vinmonopolet; import, export, production, and storage were transferred to Arcus.
In July 2001 the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry sold 66% of the company to Sucra. Sucra were also in 2001 granted an option to purchase the rest of the company, which they did in 2003. In 2005 Sucra sold Arcus to the Swedish investment company Ratos, including the partial ownership of Braastad. In 2012 Danish Distillers (Aalborg Taffel, etc., Gammel Dansk) was bought from Pernod Ricard. But the akvavit brand Brøndums snaps, which was a brand of Danish Distillers since a merger in 1893, had to be divested because of the dominant position of Danish Distillers in the Danish market. This akvavit brand was sold to Finnish distillers Altia. The factory in Aalborg closed April 2015 when production of the Aalborg brands was moved to Norway. Arcus has both storage of beverages from when it was demerged as well as recipes from Vinmonopolet, some of which date back a long time, including the recipes taken over from the purchase of Løitens Brænderi in 1927.
Arcus was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange in December 2016.
Arcus was the largest player in the Norwegian wine market, the second largest in Sweden, and number five in Finland.[1]
Arcus merged with Altia in 2021 to form Anora Group.
The Wineagency
Quaffable Wines
Valid Wines
Vinunic
Arcus Wine Brands
Symposium Wines
Heyday Wines AS
Vinordia
Excellars
Hedoni Wines
WineWorld Finland
Social Wines Finland
Vinum Import
Vinunic
Arcus is also an importer of wine.
Altia

Altia Oyj was a Finnish state-owned corporation based in Helsinki, which produces, imports, exports and markets alcoholic beverages. It operates in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia and Latvia. Altia has production plants in Koskenkorva and Rajamäki in Finland and in Tabasalu in Estonia. Altia's strategy is based on two complementary cornerstones – building own brands and providing a leading Nordic and Baltic service platform for partners to develop their business. The largest imported brands are Drostdy-Hof, Two Oceans and Jack Daniel's.
Altia's sales companies in the alcohol monopoly countries are Altia Finland, Alpha Beverages and Wennerco in Finland, Altia Sweden, Bibendum and Philipson Söderberg in Sweden and Interbev, Bibendum, Strøm and Best Buys in Norway. Altia Denmark, Altia Eesti, Altia Latvia and Jaunalko operate in the open markets Denmark, Estonia and Latvia.
The corporation was formed from the production and import sectors of the old alcohol monopoly Alko. Today, Altia is no longer a part of Alko, and Alko itself has only a distribution monopoly.
Altia acquired Scandinavian Beverage Group in 2004. In 2010 Altia acquired a portfolio of wine brands including Chill Out and Blossa Glögg and a portfolio of Swedish and Danish heritage spirits. The spirits portfolio consists of e.g. O. P. Anderson, Skåne Akvavit, Svenska Nubbar, 1-Enkelt Bitter, Brøndums Snaps, Larsen Cognac, Explorer Vodka, Kronvodka, Lord Calvert Canadian Whisky and Barracuda Rum. The acquisition also included Svendborg bottling facility in Denmark and the logistics centres in Odense, Denmark, and Årsta, Sweden.
In 2018, Altia became a publicly tradeable company on the Helsinki Stock Exchange.
The most famous own products of Altia are Koskenkorva and Jaloviina in Finland, Explorer Vodka, Grönstedt's Cognac, Blossa Glögg and Chill Out wines in Sweden, 1 Enkelt in Denmark, Saaremaa Vodka in Estonia and Renault Cognac in Travel Trade. Altia also produces Finlandia Vodka, which is wholly owned by the US spirits company, Brown-Forman. The sale of Finlandia to Brown-Forman Corporation is part of a broader privatization program to reduce Finland's government ownership of state-enterprise.
In 2020, Altia proposed a merger with the Norwegian alcohol wholesaler Arcus, subject to approval by competition regulators in Finland, Norway, and Sweden, where the new company will operate. The merger was completed 1 September 2021 forming Anora Group.
Charlottenberg

Charlottenberg is a locality in Värmland County, Sweden, and the administrative centre of Eda Municipality.
Situated some seven kilometres from the Norwegian border, the town has a population of around 3,000. Charlottenberg railway station is the last in Sweden before the Norwegian border, and serves as the frontier point between the Swedish and Norwegian railway systems. The town lies on Swedish national road (riksväg) 61, which becomes Norwegian national road (riksvei) 2 at the border. Nearby towns include Åmotfors (14 km) and Arvika (30 km) in Sweden, Magnor (9 km), Skotterud (14 km), and Kongsvinger (38 km) in Norway.
As a border town, Charlottenberg benefits greatly from the border trade encouraged by the difference in retail prices between Norway and Sweden. Alcohol, meat, and confectionery are sold in large quantities. The influx of Norwegian shoppers is so great in the period leading up to Christmas that many Charlottenberg locals prefer to do their own shopping in other towns at this time of year.
As well as retailing, Charlottenberg's economic activities include the manufacture of cast aluminium components for the transport industry.
Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions

The Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions (Norwegian: Landsorganisasjonen i Norge, LO) is a national trade union center, decidedly the largest and probably the most influential umbrella organization of labour unions in Norway. The 21 national unions affiliated to the LO have almost 1,000,000 members of a Norwegian population of 5 million. The majority of affiliated unions organizes traditional blue collar workers, but the largest affiliate is the Norwegian Union of Municipal and General Employees which makes up more than a third of all members. LO is affiliated to the ITUC and the ETUC.
It was named the Workers' National Trade Union (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Faglige Landsorganisasjon, AFL) from 1899 to 1957. Affiliated with the Labour Party throughout its history, several of LO's member unions have concurrently been member bodies in the Labour Party.
The organization owns the Norwegian Labour Movement Archives and Library.
Brännvin

In the Nordic countries, Danish: brændevin, Faroese and Icelandic: brennivín, Norwegian: brennevin, Swedish: brännvin (Finnish: Viina), is an old Nordic term for distilled liquor, generally from potatoes, grain, or (formerly) wood cellulose etc. Beverages labelled brännvin are usually plain and have an alcohol content between 30% and 38%.
It can be plain and colourless, or flavoured with herbs and spices, such as Akvavit. The common style of brännvin in Iceland, spiced with caraway – Brennivín, although, not unique to the country, is considered to be Iceland's signature distilled beverage.
The word means "burn[t] (distilled) wine", stemming from Middle Low German: bernewin (Old Swedish: brænnevin). It also exists in Dutch: brandewijn and German: Branntwein, gebrannter Wein, ultimately cognate to brandy(wine), also French: brandevin.
A small glass of brännvin is traditionally called a snaps (Finnish: snapsi; compare German schnapps), although not on Iceland. In Sweden, and among Swedish-speaking Finns, such is commonly accompanied by a drinking song, called snapsvisa.
Brännvin was central to the semi-mythical world in the songs of swedish composer Carl Michael Bellman. For example, in Fredman's Epistle no. 1, the first verse begins:
In the US, a Chicago producer makes a bitter brännvin (beskbrännvin), called Jeppson's Malört. "Malört" (pronounced [ˈmɑ̂ːlœʈ]) is the Swedish word for the plant Artemisia absinthium, wormwood, often used as an ingredient in absinthe.
Daing (isda)

Ang daing o tuyo ay anumang isdang pagkain na tinuyo o ibinilad sa araw para mapanatili ang kasariwaan nito bago kainin. Bagaman maaari ring tuyuin ang pusit.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pagkain at Isda ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Bacon

Ang bacon (pagbigkas: bey•kon) ay isang produktong karne na mula sa baboy ay karaniwang pinepreserba. Una muna itong ibinababad sa laksa-laksang asin, maaaring sa tasik o kaya sa tuyông balutan; ang kalalabasan nito ay sariwang bacon (tinatawag din na green bacon). Ang sariwang bacon ay maaari pang patuyuin ng ilang linggo o buwan sa malamig na hangin, o kaya'y pakuluan o itapa. Ang sariwa o tuyong bacon ay karaniwang niluluto muna bago kainin, madalas itong piniprito. Ang pinakuluang bacon naman ay ready-to-eat, gaya rin ng tinapang bacon, ngunit maaari din itong lutuin pa bago kainin.
Hinahanda ang bacon mula sa iba't ibang hiwa ng karne. Karaniwan itong mula sa gilid at likod ng baboy, maliban sa Estados Unidos, na kung saan ito'y halos laging liempo (binabasagan itong "American style" sa labas ng Estados Unidos at Canada). Higit ang karne kaysa taba kung ang hiwa'y mula sa tagiliran kaysa kung ito'y liempo. Maaaring manggaling mula sa dalawang bahagi ang bacon: ang taba sa likod, na halos puro taba, at lomo, na wala halos taba. Tinatawag na back bacon ang bacon-cured na lomo ng baboy.
Ang bacon ay maaaring kaining tinapa, nilaga, pinirito, hinurno, o inihaw at kainin ng ito lamang, bilang side dish (lalo na tuwing agahan sa Hilang Amerika) o bilang sangkap upang pampalasa ng iba pang pagkain (e.g. club sandwich). Ginagamit din ang bacon upang mantikaan ang ibang luto. Hango ang salitang bacon sa Lumang Mataas na Aleman na bacho na ibig sabihin ay "pigi", "hamonado" o "gilid ng bacon", at kaugnay ng Lumang Pranses na bacon.
Lutuing Heorhiyano

Ang lutuing Heorhiyano ay katangi-tangi sa paggamit nito ng mga malalakas na panimpla kasabay ng mga sangkap na mahahanap sa lupaing kinasasakupan ng Heorhiya. Naimpluwensiyahan din ang lutuing Heorhiyano ng mga iba't ibang tradisyong panluto ng Gitnang Silangan at Europa.
Kilala ang lutuing Heorhiyano sa malawakang paggamit nito ng mga nogales, at nagtataglay ang lutuing ito ng iilang dosenang uri ng mga sarsa ng nogales.
Iba't ibang uri ng karne ang kinakain sa Heorhiya, mula sa baka hanggang sa baboy. Gayumpaman, bago dumating ang makabagong agrikultura noong ika-20 dantaon, itinuring na luho ang karne at bihira lang kinain sa pang-araw-araw Dahil dito, maraming pamamaraan ang naisip upang mapreserba ang kakakatay lang na hayop. Sa labas ng pagkain nang hilaw sa karne, inasinan, pinatuyo, at tinapa ito ng mga Heorhiyano. Sa kabundukan, pinalamig ng mga pastol ang karne sa pamamagitan ng paglagay nito sa ilalim ng tumatakbong tubig ng mga malalamig na ilog-bundok. Isang sinaunang pamamaraan ng pagpreserba ng karne, na isinasagawa pa rin sa ilang mga rehyon, ang pagbalot nito sa balat ng kapong baka, bago pakuluin sa isang malaking kawa at ibaon nang malalim sa lupa. Maitatago ang karneng ito, tinatawag na gudis kaurma, nang isang taon.
Karaniwang mas ginugusto ng mga Heorhiyano ang isda sa ilog dulot ng pagkakaroon ng mararaming ilog sa kanilang bansa. Trutsa at salmon ang paborito sa mga ito. Kinakain din ang mga isda sa lawa at, dahil mga saradong katawan ng tubig ang mga ito, katutubo at katangi-tangi ang mga isang mahahanap dito. Mula sa Dagat Itim higit na kinagugustuhan ang tatampal, at mula sa Kaspiyo, ang Acipenseridae.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pagkain ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Ikan bakar

Ang ikan bakar ay isang pagkaing Indones at Malay, na gawa sa isda o iba pang pagkaing-dagat na iniihaw sa ulingan. "Inihaw na isda" ang literal na salin ng ikan bakar sa Indones at Malay. Iba ang ikan bakar sa iba pang mga inihaw na isda dahil madalas itong naglalaman ng mga pampalasa tulad ng bumbu, kecap manis, sambal, at binabalutan ng dahon ng saging at niluluto sa nagbabagang uling.
Ang pag-iihaw ay isa sa mga pinakalumang paraan ng pagluluto sa paghahanda ng isda. Kabilang ang mga isda at pagkaing-dagat sa tubig-tabang sa pangunahing pinagkukunan ng protina para sa mga tagapulo. Likas lamang na napakasikat at laganap ang pamamaraang ito sa kapuluang Indones na malapit sa dagat. Kaya itinuturing ang inihaw na isda bilang isang klasikong ulam sa lutuing Indones.
Bilang isang mapulong bansa, napakasikat ang ikan bakar sa Indonesya at karaniwang mahahanap sa maraming lugar, mula sa dalampasigan sa Aceh, sa restoran sa may daungan ng Kupang sa Silangang Nusa Tenggara, hanggang sa gitna ng distritong pangnegosyo ng Jakarta. May iba't ibang mga partikular na bersiyon, kabilang dito ang kan bakar Cianjur ng mga , na karaniwang inihaw na isda sa tubig-tabang, tulad ng karpa at gurami, at ikan bakar Jimbaran ng mga , mga isdang-dagat na bagong ihaw sa mga warung malapit sa dalampasigang Jimbaran at palengkeng isda sa Bali. Gayunpaman, lalong sikat ang inihaw na pagkaing-dagat sa Sulawesi at Maluku, kung saan nangingisda ang karamihan sa mga tao, at may malalawak na dagat ang dalawang lugar na mapagkukunan ng samu't saring uri ng pagkaing-dagat. Karaniwan, ibinababad ang isda sa timpla ng mga minasang espesya, minsan may belacan o kecap manis (toyong matamis), at iniihaw, minsan pinoprotektahan ng isang dahon ng saging na inilagay sa pagitan ng pagkaing-dagat at ihawan para maiwasan pagdidikit ng isda sa ihaw at pagpuputol-putol nito.
Karaniwang ibinababad ang isda sa timpla ng toyong matamis at langis ng niyog o margarina, na ipinapahid habang iniihaw. Maaaring iba-iba ang timpla ng espesya depende sa rehiyon o lugar, ngunit kadalasan binubuo ito ng kombinasyon ng dinurog na lasuna, bawang, sili, unsoy, katas ng sampalok, lumbang, luyang-dilaw, galangal at asin. Sa Java at karamihan ng Indonesya, karaniwang medyo matamis ang ikan bakar dahil sa paggamit ng toyong matamis sa pambabad o sawsawan. Karaniwan itong sinasabayan ng kanin at toyong matamis na ibinuhos sa mga hiniwang siling-berde at lasuna. Kadalasan, ang ikan bakar ng Minangkabau (Padang), karamihan ng Sumatra pati Tangway ng Malaya ay mas maanghang at mas dilaw-pula dahil sa paggamit ng sili, luyang-dilaw at iba pang espesya, at sa kawalan ng toyong matamis.
Sinasabayan ang ikan bakar ng sambal belacan (sili na may bagoong alamang) o sambal kecap (hiniwang sili at lasuna sa toyong matamis) bilang sawsawan o kondimento at mga hiniwang limon bilang palamuti. Karaniwang sinasahugan ang ikan bakar ng Manado at Maluku sa silangang Indonesya ng mga kondimentong rica-rica, dabu-dabu o colo-colo.
Philippine Basketball League

Ang Philippine Basketball League (PBL) ay isang komersyal na semi-professional na liga ng basketbol sa Pilipinas. Ito ay nagsimula noong 1983 at nabuwag noong 2011.
Padron:Philippine Basketball League teams Padron:Basketball in the Philippines Padron:Metro Manila Sports Padron:Sports Leagues in the Philippines Padron:Philippine Basketball League seasons
Talaan ng mga palayaw ng mga lungsod at bayan sa Pilipinas

Ang Talaan ng mga lungsod at bayan, palayaw sa Pilipinas o List of city and municipality nicknames in the Philippines ay ang palayaw sa bawat lungsod at bayan ito ay binabansag, tanyag at kinakataga sa nasabing lugar, upang malaman at madaling mahanap ang lokasyon ng isang lugar, sa Pilipinas bawat rehiyon binigyan ng palayaw upang kilalanin at ipagmalaki ang kinagisnan, kultura, ekonomiya, tradisyon at iba pa.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Pilipinas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Pagkaing-dagat

Ang pagkaing-dagat (Ingles: seafood) ay ang anumang pagkaing nanggagaling sa karagatan, katulad ng mga isda o kabibing dagat (kabilang ang mga moluska at krustasyano), na maaaring kainin ng tao. Kabilang sa mga ito ang anumang hayop sa dagat o halamang pangtubig o akwatiko na naihahain bilang pagkain. Bilang karugtong o pagpapalawig ng sakop ng kahulugan ng salita, ginagamit din itong pantawag para sa mga katulad na hayop mula sa tubig-tabang at lahat ng mga nakakaing akwatikong hayop. Kabilang din sa mga pagkaing-dagat ang nakakaing gulaman at mga gulay-dagat, na malawakang kinakain sa buong mundo, natatangi na sa Asya. Mayaman sa protina ang mga pagkaing-dagat, at karaniwang itinuturing na pangkaing nakapagpapalusog. Tinatawag na pangingisda ang pag-aani ng mga pagkaing-dagat, samantalang tinatawag namang akwakultura o marikultura ang pag-aalaga at pag-aani ng mga pagkaing-dagat. Sa kaso ng mga isda, tinatawag ang pag-aalaga ng mga ito bilang pamamalaisdaan.
Ipinagkakaiba ang mga pagkaing-dagat mula sa karne, bagaman hayop pa rin ang mga ito at inihihiwalay sa diyeta ng taong kumakain ng mga halamang lamang (halimbawa, mga gulay o mga prutas lamang).
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Kalikasan at Pagkain ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Bakalaw (pagkain)

Mapapanatili ang kasariwaan ng mga bakalaw sa pamamagitan ng pagaasin, pagtutuyo, o pinagsamahang pagaasin at pagtutuyo. Sa wikang Ingles, kadalasang tinatawag na salt cod ang inasnan at tinuyong bakalaw, samantalang ang mga pinatuyo naman na walang asin ay tinatawag na stockfish, o isdang-imbak. Mabibili ang mga ito mula sa mga tindahang Kastila at Portuges.
Ginagawa ang inasnang bakalaw sa Canada, Iceland, at Norway. Ipinagbibili ito ng buo o bahagi lamang, na meron o walang tinik at buto.
Ang paggawa ng mga bakalaw ay umaabot noon pa mang mga 500 taon na ang nakararaan hanggang sa panahon ng pagkakatagpo sa Grand Banks na malapit sa pulo ng Newfoundland. Isa itong mahalagang bilihin sa kalakalang pandaigdig sa pagitan ng Bagong Mundo at Matandang Mundo, at naging pinakapaa ng tinatawag na tatlusok na kalakalan. Samakatuwid, kumalat ito sa paligid ng Atlantiko at naging isang nakaugaliang sahog hindi lamang sa mga lutuin sa Hilagang Europa kundi sa mga lutuin sa Mediteranyo, Hilagang Aprika, Caribbean, at Brazil. Umaayon sa mga kalinangan sa paglulutong ito ang mga katawagan sa mga putahe: halimbawa na ang baccalà (Italyano), bacalhau (Portuges), bacalao (Kastila), bacallà (Katalan), morue (Pranses), klippfisk o clipfish [salin sa Ingles]) (Scandinavian), at saltfiskur (Icelandic).
Bilang kaugalian, ang inasnang bakalawa ay tinutuyo lamang sa pamamagitan ng hangin at araw, habang nakabitin sa mga balangkas ng kahoy, at nakabilad sa may tabing-dagat. Sa ngayon, ito ang iba pang mga isda katulad ng mga inimbak na bakalaw (stockfish) ay napatutuyo na sa loob ng gusali sa pamamagitan ng init na nagmumula sa kuryente.
Ang lathalaing ito ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Manila Hotel

Ang Manila Hotel ay isang 570-silid, at makasaysayang five-star hotel sa may Look ng Maynila sa Maynila, Pilipinas. Ang hotel ay ang pinakamatandang prestihiyosong hotel sa Pilipinas na itinayo noong 1909 upang matapatan ang Palasyo ng Malacañang, ang opisyal na tirahan ng Pangulo ng Pilipinas. Binuksan ito noong Hulyo 4, 1912, kasabay sa paggunita ng Kalayaan ng Estados Unidos.
Itinayo ang 35,000 m² na complex ng hotel sa nireklamang lupa sa may hilagang-kanlurang dulo ng Liwasang Rizal sa kahabaan ng Bonifacio Drive. Ang penthouse nito ay nagsilbing tirahan ni Heneral Douglas MacArthur noong kaniyang panunungkulan bilang Tagapayong Militar ng pamahalaang Komonwelt mula 1935 hanggang 1941.
Sa hotel nakabase ang ilang tanggapan ng dayuhang kumpanyang pambalitaan, kasama rito ang The New York Times. Ilang tanyag sa kasaysayan at kilalang personalidad ang nanuluyan dito kasama ang mga awtor na sina Ernest Hemingway and James A. Michener; aktor na si Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. at John Wayne; publisher na si Henry Luce; mang-aawit na sina Sammy Davis, Jr., Michael Jackson at The Beatles; Pangulo ng Estados Unidos na si John F. Kennedy, Punong Ministrong si Sir Anthony Eden, at iba pang mga lider ng daigdig.
Itinayo ang tore ng hotel noong 1977, at nilampasan ang Philippine Plaza Hotel (ngayo'y Sofitel Philippine Plaza) sa Lungsod Pasay.
Kesong puti

Ang kesong puti ay isang keso sa Pilipinas na malambot, di-nilalaon, at maputi. Gawa ito sa di-sinagap na gatas ng kalabaw at asin na kinulta ng suka, katas ng citrus, o minsan kuwaho. Maaari rin itong gawin mula sa gatas ng kambing o baka. Mayroon itong banayad na alat at maasim na lasa. Kapag ginamit ang pampaasido (acidifying agent), kahawig ito sa queso blanco o paneer. Kapag ginamit naman ang kuwaho, kahawig ito sa buffalo mozzarella. Maaari ring mag-iba ang kahalumigmigan, mula sa halos malagulaman hanggang sa matigas at matatag. Maaari itong kainin nang nag-iisa lamang, sabayan sa tinapay (kadalasan pandesal), o gamitin sa mga iba't ibang putahe sa lutuing Pilipino. Karaniwan itong ibinebenta na nakabalot sa dahon ng saging.
Ang pangalan nito, binabaybay ring quesong puti, ay salitang Tagalog, at ginagamit itong pangalan sa mga lalawigan ng Laguna at Bulacan. Sa Cavite, kilala ito bilang kesilyo (kasilyo rin o quesillo); habang sa hilagang Cebu, kilala ito bilang queseo o kiseyo.
Ang kesong puti ay mula sa salitang queso mula sa Kastila na may pang-angkop na -ng, at sa salitang puti. Sa mga ibang bahagi ng Pilipinas, ginagamit ang kesilyo o kasilyo sa Caviteno at queseo o kiseyo sa Sebwano. Ang mga ito ay isinakatutubong pagbaybay ng salitang quesillo sa wikang Kastila ("maliit na keso").
Utang na loob

Ang utang na loob ay napapagkamali ng isang katangian na ipinapapakita ng mga Pilipino lamang. Baka ito ay nagiging nakakalito dahil ang kahalagahang ito ay nagbabago sa iba't ibang katutubong grupo sa buong bansa.
Ayon kay Charles Kaut (1961), ang "utang na loob" ay hindi katangi-tanging Pilipino. Ito ay makikita rin sa Washington, D.C. kaso lang mas binibigyan ng kahalagahan ng mga Amerikano ang kaliwaan. Kaya ang pagsasabi na ang "utang na loob" ay ipinapakita ng mga Pilipino lamang ay nakakalinlang at mapanganib. Ang "utang na loob" ay nagiging isang madaling paraan para maitaguyod ang status kolonyal sa utak ng Pilipino (Enriquez 1977). Ang Ingles na interpretasyon nito ay resiprosidad at ito ay nakakatulong sa pagtaguyod ng imahe na ang mga kolonisador ang mas may nakukuha. Sa pag-aaral ni Kaut, ang "utang na loob" bilang palitan ng kalakal at pabor ang naging tanyag na interpretasyon nito pero ang "utang na loob" ay hindi kasing may balak ng kasabihang "you scratch my back, I scratch yours". Isinalin rin ni Kaut, na ang "utang na loob" ay "debt of gratitude" pero yung dating konsepto parin ang nanatili hanggang napalitan ito ng resiprosidad.
Mas pinalaganap pa ng isang dalub-agham na si Holleinsteiner ang maling interpretasyon ng "utang na loob" noong sinabi niya na ito ay "kontraktwal". Habang kinikilala naman niya ang importansya ng emosyon (ang pinakamalapit niyang konsepto sa loob), sinasabi niya na ang taong nakatanggap ay naitutulak na ipakita ang kanyang pasasalamat sa paraan ng pagbabalik ng pabor na may interes. Ang pagsusuri naman ni De Mesa (1987) ng "utang na loob" bilang pangako sa "pagkakaisa ng tao" ay mas malapit sa lohika ng ugaling Pilipino at ang gamit nito sa ating wika. Ayon kay De Mesa, gumagana ito bago pa ang pagtanggap ng isang pabor.
Sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, ang "utang na loob" ay isang importanteng "accommodative surface value" kasama ng hiya at pakikisama. Ang kabilang grupo naman ay ang "confrontative surface values" kung saan nakabilang ang mga kahalagahan tulad ng lakas ng loob at pakikibaka.
Ang "utang na loob" ay ang obligasyon na nararamdaman ng isang tao na muling bayaran ang isang taong gumawa ng pabor para sa iyo. Ang mga pabor na nakakalabas ng "utang na loob" sa isang tao ay yung mga pabor na hindi matutumbasan ng halaga o kung may halagang nakasangkot, may kasamang malalim na dimensyong personal na panloob. Ang panloob na dimensyong ito (loob) ay ang nag-iiba sa "utang na loob" sa ordinaryong utang. Dahil sa internal na kababalaghan na ito, mas malalim ito kaysa sa normal na utang o kahit ang kanluraning konsepto ng pag utang sa isang pabor. Ipinapaliwanag ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino na ito ay isang repleksyon ng kapwa.
Ang "utang na loob" ay isang kahalagahan na gumagalaw para makilala, mairespeto, maitaguyod, at minsan maipatanggol ang pangunahing karangalan ng bawat tao. Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Kalinangan at Pilipinas ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Enero 7

Ang Enero 7 ay ang ika-7 na araw ng taon sa kalendaryong Gregoryano, at mayroon pang 358 (359 kung bisyestong taon) na araw ang natitira.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Araw ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Hunyo 7

Ang Hunyo 7 ay ang ika-158 na araw sa kalendaryong Gregoryano (ika-159 kung bisyestong taon), at mayroon pang 207 na araw ang natitira.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Araw ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Nobyembre 7

Ang Nobyembre 7 ay ang ika-311 na araw sa kalendaryong Gregoryano (ika-312 kung bisyestong taon) na may natitira pang 54 na araw.
Ang lathalaing ito na tungkol sa Araw ay isang usbong. Makatutulong ka sa Wikipedia sa pagpapalawig nito.
Gerry's Grill

Gerry's Restaurant and Bar, formerly Gerry's Grill, is a group of restaurants in the Philippines which has branches in the other countries. Its first branch opened at Tomas Morato Avenue in Quezon City on February 14, 1997. Later, four branches opened in the US. In 2010, it started to expand in Singapore and, in 2012, in Qatar. As of Jan 2025, the restaurant chain currently has over 110 branches around the Philippines and 140 branches total around the world. The menu includes grilled seafood, pica-pica and Asian and Filipino dishes.
Gerry's Grill is most known for their sizzling bangus (milk fish), sisig, and their blue marlin as featured in their company logo.
Gerry's Grill was opened by Gerry Apolinario on February 14, 1997, as a bar where people could hang out after work.
Originally conceived as a venue where patrons could unwind with a drink or two, Gerry’s has also evolved into a family restaurant.
Since opening its first location in Tomas Morato, Quezon City, Gerry’s has made significant strides. With continuous nationwide expansion, the restaurant chain has established branches in the United States, Singapore, and Qatar.
To date, Gerry’s continues to evolve, responding to the ever-growing needs of its customers. The company is committed to offering the best value for money and takes pride in caring for its employees, who are considered one of its most valuable assets.
These factors contribute to Gerry’s enduring popularity among Filipinos. The restaurant guarantees great food and an enjoyable experience for as long as it operates.
After opening four branches in the United States, the restaurant chain planned to open an outlet in Singapore. It opened at the Marina Bay in December 2010.