davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Фригийский колпак

Фриги́йский колпа́к (также фракийский) — головной убор древних фригийцев; мягкий закруглённый колпак обычно красного цвета со свисающим вперёд верхом; часто снабжался двумя клапанами на ушах; встречается на многих древних статуях (особенно Париса).
Колпак послужил образцом для шапочки якобинцев во время Великой французской революции; с тех пор — символ свободы. Исследователями отмечалась культурная преемственная взаимосвязь фригийского колпака с курхарсом — национальным женским головным убором ингушей.
Был в употреблении у племён, в древности населявших Фракию, Дакию, Далмацию. В Древнем Риме головной убор, символизировавший свободу, назывался пилеус (pileus). Он был круглым или островерхим и изготовлялся из войлока, меха или шерсти: изначально — бедренная часть шкуры животного, завязанная или зашитая с узкой стороны.
Такую шапку в Греции и Риме носили обыкновенно ремесленники и другие свободные простолюдины, то есть раб, получив свободу, получал и право носить такой колпак. На монете Брута после убийства Цезаря pileus изображён на реверсе между двух клинков. Это изображение повторено на медали Лоренцаччо после убийства Джулиано Медичи в 1478 году. Во время восстаний в Риме pileus, поднятый на посох, мог служить знаменем для рабов.
Изображения встречаются на некоторых древнеримских памятниках — в частности, в некоторых сюжетах на знаменитой колонне Траяна. Похожие головные уборы носили киммерийцы и скифы, их можно видеть на греческих изображениях скифов, в частности, на знаменитой золотой скифской гривне, выполненной в древности греческими мастерами для продажи в Скифию.
Во время Великой французской революции pileus часто отождествляли с фригийским колпаком, который изображался частью костюма мифологических героев из Азии: Париса или пришедших к младенцу Христу волхвов. Он мягкий и имеет свисающую верхушку.
Ни фригийский колпак, ни pileus не были обязательно красными. Почему колпак как символ революции (bonnet rouge) приобрёл этот цвет, точно не известно. Очевидно, некоторое время он был головным убором каторжников на галерах (запрещён для ношения ими декретом 23 сентября 1793).
Общепринятым символом революции он стал не сразу: 19 марта 1792 в Якобинском клубе было прочтено письмо мэра Парижа, осуждавшего ношение красного колпака. 19 июня 1792 в клубе снова вспомнили запрет, но уже на следующий день во время захвата Тюильри санкюлотами король был вынужден надеть красный колпак, поданный ему на пике.
На знаменитой картине Делакруа «Свобода на баррикадах» («Свобода, ведущая народ 28 июля 1830 года») (1831) он украшает голову Свободы. Марианна, национальный символ Франции, изображается в виде девушки во фригийском колпаке.
Фригийский (фракийский) колпак можно часто встретить в символике Соединённых Штатов Америки, в частности, на многих монетах США изображается Свобода во фригийском колпаке (например, 50 центов с бюстом Свободы в колпаке, доллар с сидящей Свободой и другие), Колумбии, обратной стороне флага Парагвая. Также изображён на гербах Аргентины, Сальвадора, Кубы, Гаити, Никарагуа, Боливии и Колумбии.
Стал официальным символом Летних олимпийских игр 2024 года в лице Олимпийского и Параолимпийского фригийского колпака.
Язык цветов

Флориография, или язык цветов, — символика, значение, придаваемое различным цветам для выражения тех или иных настроений, чувств и идей. В Викторианскую эпоху язык цветов использовали для тайного выражения чувств в тех случаях, когда о них нельзя было говорить открыто.
Язык цветов может быть реализован как с помощью использования разноцветных предметов, раскраски объектов, так и путём создания цветочных композиций из живых растений — букетов, венков и т. п.
Язык цветов родился на Востоке. В восточной традиции считается важным, когда поднесены цветы; как дарящий держит букет: соцветиями вверх или вниз, в левой или правой руке; украшен ли букет листьями и убраны ли шипы у розы.
Знания о языке цветов попали в Европу благодаря заметкам двух персон: Обри де ля Моттрея (фр. Aubry de la Mottraye) и леди Мэри Уортли Монтегю.
Обри де ля Моттре описал своё пребывание при дворе короля Швеции Карла XII в Турции в двухтомнике «Путешествие… по Европе, Азии и Африке» в 1727 году.
Жена британского посла в Стамбуле в 1717 году Мэри Уортли Монтегю описала тайный язык любовной переписки «селам», именуемый также «языком предметов и цветов», в своих письмах, опубликованных в 1763 году, вскоре после её смерти, и сделавших её знаменитой. В одном она писала:
Цветочные словари публиковались в течение всего XVIII столетия, рассказывая о значении того или иного растения. Очень популярен был язык цветов и во Франции и в Англии времен королевы Виктории.
В 1830 году в Петербурге была издана книга «Селам, или Язык цветов», переведённая Д. П. Ознобишиным, где описывалось около 400 значений растений. В основном символы и значения цветов отображали общепринятые ассоциации, часто надуманные и вымышленные. Книга была очень популярна среди молодежи. Ознобишиным также была введена в обиход игра в фанты, известная в наши дни и начинающая словами «Я садовником родился…».
Художники-прерафаэлиты использовали символический язык цветов для раскрытия эмоционального подтекста художественного произведения. Например, на картине «Офелия» художник Джон Эверетт Милле поместил Офелию в окружение цветущих растений. Все эти цветы несут символическую смысловую нагрузку:
Стиль модерн также активно использовал символический язык цветов, довольно часто его называли «цветочным стилем».
Как правило, цветы ассоциируются с определёнными качествами человека.
Основные цвета, выражающие чувства, отношения и идеи:
Символические значения живых цветков растений широко использовались при составлении букетов, когда каждому из элементов композиции придавался дополнительный, эмоциональный смысл.
Флирт цветов — салонная карточная игра, популярная в XIX веке.
На картах присутствует набор названий цветов, и каждому названию соответствует некоторая фраза. Названия цветов на всех картах одинаковые, но им соответствуют разные фразы. Играющие говорят вслух название цветка и передают карту собеседнику. Собеседник по этой карте и озвученному названию узнаёт, что ему хотели сказать. Таким образом только два человека знают истинное содержание разговора, для остальных же это — просто названия цветов.
Blue Horses

Blue Horses (German: Die grossen blauen Pferde) (The Large Blue Horses) is a 1911 painting by German painter and printmaker Franz Marc (1880–1916).
In 1911 Marc was a founding member of Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider), and was the center of a circle of German and Russian expatriate artists along with August Macke, Wassily Kandinsky, and several others whose works were seminal to the development of German Expressionism.
This work, which represents three vividly coloured blue horses looking down in front of a landscape of rolling red hills, is characterized by its bright primary colors. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "the powerfully simplified and rounded outlines of the horses are echoed in the rhythms of the landscape background, uniting both animals and setting into a vigorous and harmonious organic whole." The curved lines Marc used to depict the subject are to emphasize "a sense of harmony, peace, and balance" in a spiritually-pure animal world; by viewing the work, human beings are allowed to join this harmony. Marc gave an emotional or psychological meaning or purpose to the colors he used in his work: blue was used for masculinity and spirituality, yellow represented feminine joy, and red encased the sound of violence and of base matter. Marc used blue throughout his career to represent spirituality; his use of vivid color is thought to have been an attempt to eschew the material world to evoke a spiritual or transcendental essence. This oil painting on canvas measures 41.625 inches by 71.3125 inches (unframed) and is unsigned.
This is one of Marc's earliest major works depicting animals and is one of the most important of his series of portraits of horses. It is often thought that Marc considered animals to be more pure and more beautiful than humans and, therefore, his paintings represent a pantheistic understanding of the divine or of spirituality.
Swiss painter Jean Bloé Niestlé (1884–1942) urged Marc to "capture the essence of the animal." According to art historian Gabi La Cava, for Marc, "the feeling that is evoked by the subject matter is most important"—more so than zoological accuracy.
In 1942, Blue Horses was purchased by the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota through The T. B. Walker Foundation and its Gilbert M. Walker Memorial Fund. This was the first major modernist work to enter the collection.
The painting was the inspiration behind the title of a bestselling volume of poetry, Blue Horses (2014), by the American poet Mary Oliver.
The Red Vineyard

The Red Vineyards near Arles is an oil painting by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, executed on a privately primed Toile de 30 piece of burlap in early November 1888. It depicts workers in a vineyard, and it is the only painting known by name that Van Gogh sold in his lifetime.
The Red Vineyard was exhibited for the first time at the annual exhibition of Les XX, 1890, in Brussels, and sold for 400 francs to Belgian painter and collector Anna Boch, a member of Les XX. Anna was the sister of Eugène Boch, another impressionist painter and a friend of Van Gogh, whose portrait Van Gogh painted (Le Peintre aux Étoiles) in Arles in autumn 1888. In a later letter to his brother Theo discussing the sale, Van Gogh admitted with some embarrassment that the Bochs paid the Les XX 1890 Exhibition sticker price, when in fact they probably should have gotten a "friend's price".
The painting was later purchased, in 1909, from a Paris art gallery by Ivan Morozov. After the Russian Revolution, the painting was subsequently nationalised by the Bolsheviks and was eventually passed to Moscow's Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, where it resides today.
Umuganda muri Muhanga

Umuganda muri Muhanga ni ibikorwa bokorerwa mu karere ka Muhanga mu intara y'amajyepho yu Rwanda. Gutanga umuganda ni inkunga nkeya ariko ifasha abayikeneye, kuko nabo baheraho biga kwifasha, ni ngombwa ko abantu twese twitabira umuganda kugira ngo n’abanyantege nkeya babashe kuzamuka bagire ubuzima bwiza .
Ishuri ry’Imyuga rya Rubona mu karere ka Rwamagana

Ishuri ry’Imyuga rya Rubona, ryatashywe ku mugaragaro kuwa mbere tariki 31/03/2014, ryitezweho kuzamura ubumenyingiro mu rubyiruko rw’akarere ka Rwamagana ku buryo rizabafungurira inzira yo kwihangira imirimo aho gutegereza kujya gusa akazi. Iri shuri riherereye mu murenge wa Rubona mu karere ka Rwamagana ryeguriwe akarere kakazajya karicunga ku bufatanye na Minisiteri y’Uburezi.
Iri shuri ryuzuye ritwaye ibihumbi 290 by’amadolari ya Amerika (amanyarwanda agera kuri 196.521.502) yatanzwe ku nkunga ya Sosiyete y’Abanyakoreya y’Epfo “HYUNDAI” yamamaye cyane mu gukora imodoka ku bufatanye n’Umuryango mpuzamahanga “Plan International Rwanda.
Iri shuri kugeza ubu ririmo abanyeshuri 145 biganjemo abakobwa rizakomeza gufashwa na Hyundai ndetse na Plan International Rwanda mu gihe cy’imyaka 2 iri imbere mu rwego rwo rwo gukomeza kwiyubaka.
Eticnelles Fc

Etincelles fc ni ikipe y'umupira wa maguru ibarizwa i Gisenyi mu karere ka Rubavu, ikaba imenyerewe gukina shampiyona y'icyiciro cya mbere mu Rwanda, ikaba ikinira kuri stade umuganda, yakira abantu ibuhumbi 5000, ikaba ikunze kwamba imyenda irimo ibara ry'imutuku n'umweru.
AMATEKA YA PEREZIDA POUL KAGAME

perezida poul yavutse 23ukwakira 1957 nibucura mu muryango wabana 6.
mu myaka yaza 1980 poul kagame ari mubasirikare barwanije leta y'igitugu cya obote
wayoboye uganda.kagame yaje kuyobora urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu
nkuko yariyarakomeje ku byitoza nyamara kubera yakundaga igihugu yari
afite umuhate wo kurugarukamo nti byabashaga gutuma atuza.
KAGAME Paul

aya ni amagambo KAGAME Paul yavuze we ubwe,
Mu kiganiro Perezida Kagame yagiranye n’abanyamakuru kuwa 08 Mata ubunyamakuru Jean-François Dupaquier yamubajije uwo Kagame ari we? Dupaquer ati hari abakurwanya bavuga ko uri umwicanyi, umunyagitugu, umugome … ati nk’urugero amafoto yawe menshi akugaragaza nk’umuntu udasabana. Kubera icyi udaseka ngo ugaragaze inseko nk’abandi ba Perezida bagenzi bawe ku isi hose…. ?
Asubiza uyu munyamakuru Perezida Kagame yarabanje afata umwanya araseka ndetse agaragaza ko icyi kibazo gifitwe na benshi bari baranze kukibaza.
Ubusesenguzi bwa Makuruki.rw buragaruka ingingo ku yindi Perezida Kagame yakoresheje yisobanura ubwe; wo ari we. Yatangiye amubwira ati “Me is the person you see!” mu kinyarwanda ni ukuvuga ngo “Njye ndi uwo uri kureba”. “Uwo ureba niwe Njye “. Icyo umbona mo nicyo ndi cyo.
Urugomero rw'amashanyarazi rwa Rusumo

Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ya Rusumo, izwi ku izina rya Rusumo, ni urugomero rw’amashanyarazi rwubakwa, hakaba hateganijwe gushyirwaho megawate zigera 80, iyo birangiye. Uyu mushinga uzaba urimo kubaka urugomero, hifashishijwe igishushanyo mbonera . megawate igishushanyo mbonera cy’ibigega cyatekerejweho mbere yo gutereranwa hashyirwaho umushinga wa MW 80 ufite ingaruka nkeya ku bidukikije ndetse bikaba bivugwa ko byatwaye miliyoni 300 amadolari ugereranije na miliyoni 400 z'amadolari ku mushinga munini. Banki y'isi yatangaje ku ya 6 Kanama 2013 ko yemeye inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 340 z'amadolari y'Amerika yerekeza kuri miliyoni 468.60 z'amadolari y'Amerika akenewe muri uyu mushinga. Muri Gushyingo 2013, Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere yemeje inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 113 z'amadolari y'Amerika kugira ngo umushinga urangire.
Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi iri ku mugezi wa Kagera, hafi y’umupaka w’u Rwanda na Tanzaniya hamwe na kilometero 2 hepfo na ruguru aho ibihugu byombi bisangiye umupaka uhuriweho nu Burundi . Uyu mushinga wubatswe ku isoko ya Rusumo, hafi yumujyi wa Rusumo, hafi ya kilometero 164.5 mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwa Kigali, umurwa mukuru numujyi munini wu Rwanda. Isumo rya Rusumo ni , mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwicyicaro cyintara i Kibungo, mukarere ka Ngoma. Iyi sitasiyo yamashanyarazi iri ni: 02 ° 22'47.0 "S, 30 ° 47'09.0" E ( Ubunini: -2.379722; Uburebure: 30.785833 ).
Imbaraga zitangwa zizagabanywa kimwe mu bihugu by'Uburundi, u Rwanda, na Tanzaniya. Amashanyarazi azavanwa mu ruganda rw’amashanyarazi akoresheje imirongo ya kilovolt 220 yohereza kuri sitasiyo zoherejwe muri: Gitega, u Burundi, intera ya kilometero 158 ; Kigali, u Rwanda, intera kilometero 115 na, Nyakanazi, Tanzaniya, intera ya kilometero 98 .
Muri Gushyingo 2016, hasinywe amasezerano abiri yo kubaka inzira y’amashanyarazi yasinywe i Kigali, mu Rwanda. Amasezerano ya mbere yari hagati ya Rusumo Power Company Limited hamwe n’ihuriro ry’abashoramari barimo umushinga uhuriweho na CGCOC Group Limited na Jiangxi Water and Hydropower Construction Company Limited. Aya masezerano ateganya imikorere yimirimo ya leta, harimo gutanga no gushyiramo ibikoresho bya hydro-mashini.
Amasezerano ya kabiri yasinywe hagati ya Rusumo Power Company Limited n’urugaga rw’a masosiyete, harimo Rusumo Falls Andritz Hydro GmbH yo mu Budage na Andritz Hydro PVT Limited yo mu Buhinde, kugira ngo ikore amashanyarazi yo kubyaza ingufu amashanyarazi.
Kugeza mu Gushyingo 2016, amafaranga ateganijwe muri uyu mushinga ni miliyoni 340 z'amadolari, azaterwa inkunga na Banki y'isi. Imirongo itatu y’amashanyarazi ihanitse izavana ingufu ziteganijwe biteganijwe ko izatwara miliyoni 121 z'amadolari, iterwa inkunga na Banki nyafurika ishinzwe iterambere. Biteganijwe ko imirimo yo kubaka izatangira muri Mutarama 2017.
Umuhanda wa Kagitumba - Kayonza - Rusumo

Umuhanda wa Kagitumba - Kayonza - Rusumo ni umuhanda uri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba bw'u Rwanda, uhuza ibigo by'ubucuruzi byo mu mijyi ya Kagitumba, ku mupaka na Uganda na Kayonza, icyicaro cy'akarere ka Kayonza mu Rwanda na Rusumo, ku mupaka wa Tanzaniya . Umuhanda uhuza Koridoro y'ubucuruzi y'Amajyaruguru muri Uganda na Koridoro y'ubucuruzi yo hagati muri Tanzaniya.
Umuhanda utangirira i Kagitumba k'umupaka mpuzamahanga na Uganda. Irakurikira icyerekezo rusange cyerekeza mu majyepfo, ikanyura Kayonza, ikarangirira i Rusumo, k'umupaka mpuzamahanga na Tanzaniya, intera yi kilometero 208. Umujyi wa Kayonza ni hafi yo hagati mu muhanda, uherereye kuri kilometero 123 mu majyepfo ya Kagitumba na kilometero 85 amajyaruguru ya Rusumo.
Mbere yo muri 2018 iyi koridoro yo gutwara abantu, yari mu Rwanda rwose, yagaragayeho amabuye mu byiciro bitandukanye byo gusenyuka. Hifashishijwe amafaranga yatanzwe na guverinoma yu Rwanda, hamwe n’inguzanyo n’impano zatanzwe n’abafatanyabikorwa mu iterambere, umuhanda wagutse kandi utezwa imbere kugeza ku cyiciro cya kabiri cya bitumen, hamwe n’ibitugu, imiyoboro y’amazi n’amazi.
Muri 2018, kuzamura umuhanda ujya mucyiciro cya kabiri cya bitumen, hamwe na ruhurura, ibitugu n'inzira zitwara amazi. Umwaka wo muri 2018 urangiye, abagera kuri 75 ku ijana by'imirimo yarangiye, biteganijwe ko barangiza mu gihembwe cya kane cya 2019. Muri kiriya gihe, ibiciro byiterambere byavuzwe nka miliyoni 187.210.000 z'amapawundi (hafi miliyoni 212.000.000 z'amadolari y'amerika).
Kwagura umuhanda no gusubiza mu buzima busanzwe inyungu zatewe inkunga n’inzego zikurikira (a) Guverinoma y’u Rwanda (b) Banki Nyafurika itsura amajyambere (c) Ikigega cy’ibikorwa Remezo cy’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi na (d) Ikigo cy’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga cy’Ubuyapani .
Urugomero Rwa Nyabarongo ya II

Urugomero rwa Nyabarongo II, ni urugomero runini rwubatswe kuri Nyabarongo mu Rwanda . Urugomero rureshya na 48 metres (157 ft) ubujyejuru na 228 metres (748 ft) mu burebure, rukoze ikigega gifite ubushobozi bwo 846,000,000 cubic metres (2.9876208046 . Biteganijwe kandi ko iki kigega kizatanga amazi yo kuhira hafi 20,000 hectares (49,000 acres), munsi y’urugomero. Byongeye kandi, urugomero ruzakira Sitasiyo y’amashanyarazi ya Nyabarongo II, ifite ingufu za megawatt 43.5.
Urugomero rwa Nyabarongo II ruherereye hafi y'umujyi wa Shyorongi, mu Karere ka Rulindo n’akarere ka Gakenke mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru ndetse n’akarere ka Kamonyi mu Ntara y’Amajyepfo y’u Rwanda. Ubu ni 21 kilometres (13 mi) mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Kigali, umurwa mukuru w' u Rwanda.
Muri kamena 2018, guverinoma yu Rwanda, ibinyujije mu kigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’ingufu (EDCL), ishami rya Rwanda Energy Group (REG), yemeranyije na Sinohydro kugira ngo bubake uru rugomero rugamije (a) kubika amazi yo kuhira (b) kugenga imyuzure (c) gutanga megawatt 43.5 zingufu zamashanyarazi kugirango wongere kuri gride yigihugu.
Muri Mata 2019, amasezerano hagati y’impande yarasobanuwe. Sinohydro yashinzwe kubaka urugomero no kugira ibice bikora, bitarenze 2025. Icyitegererezo cyinyubako kizakoreshwa cyemeranijweho "kubaka, gutunga, gukora no kwimura" (BOOT). Ikiguzi cy'umushinga cyateganijwe ni miliyoni 214 z'amadolari. Sitasiyo ya Nyabarongo II igamije kongera 28 megawatts (38,000 hp) .
Amasezerano y’ubwubatsi, n'amasoko yahawe Sinohydro, ikigo kita ku mashanyarazi ya Leta m’Ubushinwa, inganda n’ubwubatsi, ku giciro cy’amadorari miliyoni 214. Amafaranga yahawe guverinoma y'u Rwanda, avuye muri Exim Bank y'Ubushinwa ku buryo bworoshye. Kubaka byatangiye muri Mata 2021 bikaba biteganijwe ko bizakomeza kugeza mu Kuboza 2025.
Usibye urugomero n’amashanyarazi, Sinohydro isezerana kubaka ibikorwa remezo bikurikira, mu rwego rwuyu mushinga: (a) ikiraro cyambukiranya uruzi rwa Nyabarongo (b) uruganda rukora amashanyarazi 110kV (c) umurongo wa 110kV upima 19 kilometres (12 mi), kuva kuri sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi kugera kuri sitasiyo ya Rulindo, aho ingufu zizinjira muri gride y'igihugu (d) umuhanda uhoraho ugana ahahoze urugomero. Ibyo byose bizarangira mumezi 56.
Lycée Notre-Dame de Cîteaux

Lycée Notre-Dame de Cîteaux is a government funded Catholic high school located in Kigali, the capital city of Rwanda. The school was founded by a group of Benedictine monks from France, and it is run by the Order of St. Benedict.
The school offers a comprehensive academic program, with a strong emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) subjects. In addition to its academic curriculum, Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux also places great importance on character development, and it aims to instill values such as respect, honesty, and responsibility in its students.
The school is co-educational and serves students from both Rwanda and other countries. It has a diverse student body, with students from a variety of cultural and religious backgrounds.
Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux has a reputation for academic excellence, and it has consistently ranked among the top schools in Rwanda. The school has also received recognition for its efforts to promote social and environmental responsibility, and it has implemented various initiatives to promote sustainability and community outreach.
Overall, Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux is a respected institution in Rwanda, known for its academic rigor, commitment to character development, and efforts to promote social and environmental responsibility.
The school has produced many successful graduates who have gone on to pursue careers in various fields, including business, law, medicine, and politics. Some of the notable alumni may include entrepreneurs, public figures, or leaders who have made significant contributions to their communities and country.
Agace k'ubucuruzi butatu

Agace k'Ubucuruzi Bw’Ubutatu ( Tripartite Free Trade Area, TFTA ) ni amasezerano y’ubucuruzi ny'afurika ateganijwe hagati y’isoko rusange ry’Afurika y’iburasirazuba n’Amajyepfo ( COMESA ), Umuryango w’iterambere ry’Afurika yepfo ( SADC ) n’umuryango w’Afurika y’iburasirazuba ( EAC ).
Ku ya 10 Kamena 2015, amasezerano yasinyiwe mu Misiri n'ibihugu byerekanwe hepfo (mu gihe hagitegerejwe kwemezwa n'inteko ishinga amategeko ).
Ku ya 15 Kamena 2015, mu nama ya 25 y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika Yabereye i Johannesburg, muri Afurika yepfo, hatangijwe imishyikirano yo gushyiraho akarere k’ubucuruzi n’ubucuruzi bw’umugabane wa Afurika ( CFTA ) bitarenze muri 2017, twizeraga ko ibihugu 54 bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Afurika nk’abanyamuryango b’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye mu akarere.
Urutonde :
Balikungeri Mary

Balikungeri Mary, yavukiye mu Rwanda 1987, ni umuyobozi mukuru w’urugaga rw’iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda (icyongereza: Rwanda Women’s Community Development Network (RWN). Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ufasha abapfakazi, abakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA n'imfubyi. Itanga ihuriro ryo guhuza, gukangurira, gukangurira, amahugurwa, ubujyanama nubufasha bwibikoresho. Kubera imbaraga zayo, abagore n’imfubyi barenga igihumbi bongeye kubaka ubuzima bwabo. Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta wafashije kandi kubaka amavuriro, aho gutura ndetse n’ibigo byigisha.
Mary yari afite imyaka 6 gusa mu igihe cya Genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 yatangiraga maze umuryango we uhatirwa kwimukira muri Uganda. Yakuze ari impunzi yahuye n'akarengane, ariko akavuga ko yabonye amahirwe abandi batabonye, ​​nko kubona amashuri. Ubu ni umuyobozi n' uwashinze ihuriro ry’abagore mu Rwanda. Mary yagize intego y'ubuzima bwe guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda aha imbaraga abahohotewe gukira no guhinduka abayobozi bigenga, bakomeye mu baturage babo.
Mariya yumvise inkuru z’ihohoterwa ridasubirwaho rikorerwa abagore mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, Mariya yumvise ko agomba gukora no guha amahirwe abagore nk’uko yari afite. Mu 1995 Yagarutse mu Rwanda ashinga Urugaga rw'Abagore mu Rwanda. Mariya yashyizeho ahantu hizewe ku bagore, abahohotewe bishingiye ku gitsina, badafite aho bajya. Yashakaga kubaha amahirwe yo gukira, kandi guhera ku munsi wa mbere yemeje ko ahantu hizewe ari ahantu abagore bahurira kugira ngo bishyirireho ejo hazaza heza. Yabikoze atanga inyigisho zijyanye n’imari no guteza imbere ubuhanga bwo kuyobora muri gahunda zose ziyobowe nu Rwanda rw’Abagore. Ati: “Iyo abagore bafite imbaraga mu bukungu, bashoboye gukemura ibibazo by'ihohoterwa, barashobora kwibeshaho, kwita ku muryango wabo, ntibazakomeza gukomera ku ihohoterwa.
Mariya ibikorwa byo guhindura imibereho bigera kurwego mpuzamahanga. Kugeza ubu ni Umuyobozi w’Urugaga Nyafurika rw’Abagore (ANWS), ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ry’abagore (GNWS) aho akora nk'umuyobozi uhagarariye komisiyo ya Huairou akaba n'umwe mu bagize Umuryango w’abibumbye w’abagore VAW - Itsinda ryerekeye amahoro n’umutekano. Igikorwa cya Mariya cyamenyesheje cyane uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye bwa gahunda z’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego rw’igihugu, uturere ndetse n’amahanga. Harimo Profemmes Twese Hamwe, FEMNET, hamwe na Afurika y'Iburasirazuba Gutangiza Inkunga yo Guteza Imbere Abagore (EASSI) hamwe na Global Network y'abagore bubaka amahoro.
Muri 2018 Mariya yahawe n'Umwamikazi Elizabeth hamwe na 'Point of Light' mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibikorwa bye bitangaje kandi bidasanzwe mu gushyigikira ibihumbi by'abahohotewe bishingiye ku gitsina.
Urutonde rw'amashuri mu Rwanda

Uru ni urutonde rw'amashuri yo mu gihugu cy’u Rwanda, aherereye muntara zigize igihugu cy'uRwanda.
Amakuru nayo muri 2003[akenewe guhindura],[needs update]. Mu gihugu hari amashuri abanza 2,262 n'amashuri yisumbuye 504.
Amashuri yo mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, u Rwanda arimo:
Amashuri yo mu mujyi wa Kigali arimo:
Amashuri yo mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru arimo :
Umuganda Stadium

The Stade Umuganda is a multi-use stadium in Gisenyi, Rwanda. It is currently used mostly for football matches, on club level by Etincelles FC and Marines F.C. of the Rwandan Premier League. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 spectators. The Stade Umuganda has an artificial turf field and a training field as well. There are also four team dressing rooms as well as VIP and media sections. This stadium hosted the Pool D matches of the 2016 African nations championship. Floodlights and a scoreboard are expected to be added by November 2016.
Jeannette Kagame

Jeannette Nyiramongi Kagame (Jeannette Nyiramongi, born 10 August 1962) is the wife of Paul Kagame. She became the First Lady of Rwanda when her husband took office as President in 2000. Kagame is the founder and chairman of Imbuto Foundation, a non-profit organization whose mission is to support the development of a healthy, educated and prosperous society.
Jeannette Kagame returned to her native Rwanda following the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsis. She has since become devoted to uplifting the lives of vulnerable population in Rwanda, particularly those of widows, orphans and impoverished families.
Kagame hosted the first African First Ladies’ Summit on Children and HIV/AIDS Prevention in May 2001 in Kigali, Rwanda. The summit led to the founding of the PACFA (Protection and Care of Families against HIV/AIDS). an initiative primarily focused on providing a holistic approach to HIV prevention and care for the whole family. Kagame later co-founded the Organisation of African First Ladies against HIV/AIDS (OAFLA) in 2002, and served as its president from 2004 until 2006.
Over the years, PACFA grew to include projects other than those in the HIV/AIDS domain and in 2007 the Imbuto Foundation - which means “seed” in Kinyarwanda - was established. The Foundation implements various projects such as: extending basic care and economic support to HIV affected families; enhancing knowledge and changing attitudes towards adolescent sexual and reproductive health; protecting youth against HIV/AIDS; malaria prevention; motivating girls to excel in school; providing scholarships to disadvantaged youth; promoting a reading culture; mentoring and equipping youth with entrepreneurial and leadership skills.
The First Lady is also a patron of the Rotary Club Virunga, based in Kigali, which established the first public library in Rwanda in 2012. Mrs. Kagame is also a member of the board of directors for several organizations, including the Global Coalition of Women against HIV/AIDS and the Friends of the Global Fund Africa.
In 2010, Kagame received an Honorary Doctor of Laws from Oklahoma Christian University for her contribution to the worldwide fight against HIV/AIDS and poverty. In the same year, she was appointed Special Representative on Child Nutrition by the World Food Program (WFP). In 2009, UNICEF presented the Children’s Champions Award to President Paul Kagame and First Lady Jeannette Kagame in recognition of their efforts at improving the lives of children in Rwanda. In 2007, World Health Organization (WHO) appointed her the High Representative of the Africa AIDS Vaccine Program (AAVP), to ensure the active participation of African stakeholders in all areas of HIV and AIDS vaccine research and development.
In December 2018, Kagame was named UNAIDS Special Ambassador of Adolescent Health and Well Being.
Kagame holds a degree in Business and Management.
Community Relations Service

The Community Relations Service (CRS) is part of the United States Department of Justice. The office is intended to act as a peacemaker "for community conflicts and tensions arising from differences of race, color, national origin, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religion and disability." It was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and its mission was broadened by the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act. Originally under the Department of Commerce, it was moved to the Department of Justice by order of President Johnson.
It is "the only Federal agency dedicated to assist State and local units of government, private and public organizations, and community groups with preventing and resolving racial and ethnic tensions, incidents, and civil disorders, and in restoring racial stability and harmony" by employing conciliators.
The most recent director was Paul Monteiro, who was appointed by the Biden administration and sworn in on May 26, 2022. He resigned in April 2023.
Masisi-Lubutu revolt

In 1944, an uprising took place in Kivu in the eastern Belgian Congo. The cause of the revolt lay in Belgian authority's taxation and communal labor policies, which the Watchtower Movement denounced as ungodly. The revolt, which took place in spring, was a "bitter showdown" and resulted in hundreds of Congolese people and three white people being killed. Two rebels, including revolt leader Ngoie Mukalabushi, were hanged.
Pumasi

Pumasi is a traditional form of communal labor in Korean agricultural society.
The word pumasi (Korean: 품앗이) is a combination of the words pum which means working, and asi which means repayment.
Pumasi consisted in working together for the benefit of the community, without taking account of the value of each person's labor contribution. Thus the labor of humans and cattle, male and female, adults and children were equally valued.
Participation was voluntary. The work was guided by the benefit accruing to the community as a whole. The practice presupposed a high level of trust among members of the community.
Pumasi was mainly practised in small village communities. It occurred particularly among farmers who grew the same crops, cultivated a similar acreage, were related or knew each other's family history. In these situations the required mutual trust was most likely to emerge.
Pumasi was sometimes practised by groups of women and sometimes by groups of both sexes.
Pumasi could be involved in any type of farm work throughout the year. It had a very important role in cultivating rice paddy and most other crops. It also included the work of women in preparing food for big events or making clothes for sale. An example was the large-scale annual preparation of kimchi, a preserved foodstuff.
A different form of cooperative labor was known as dure or saegyung. Dure was limited to adult able-bodied men, and their participation was mandatory. Dure was organized mainly at rice planting time - the busiest time in the farming year. In contrast, pumasi typically involved small groups of villagers with a personal acquaintance; it could be used for any type of work required by the farmers, and could be organized at any time, whenever an individual household - typically a tenant farmer and one or more farmhands - encountered a labor shortage.
Pumasi is the oldest collective laboring custom in Korea. It arose in early class society at the time when the monogamous family became the economic unit of society. A monogamous household would need to call on the labor of other family members in order to solve any shortage of labor it might experience.
As Korea became more industrialized, the prevalence of generalized wage labor decreased among the agricultural population. Until recently, pumasi still took place to some extent in rural communities, but that aspect has changed greatly. Modernization in rural communities, such as the spread of chemical and mechanical aids to farming, has encouraged the assumption that every activity is done in exchange for cash. So, the concept of equality for workers that forms the basis of pumasi is vanishing, and the value of each worker's labor is calculated and accounted for separately. However, the remnants of pumasi can still be found in the custom of helping each other on the occasion of weddings or funerals.
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program

The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) was a research project conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) between 1979 and 1983. It was the first comprehensive study of urban stormwater pollution across the United States.
The principal focus areas of the study consisted of:
A major component of the project was an analysis of water samples collected during 2,300 storms in 28 major metropolitan areas.
Among the conclusions of the report are the following:
An interesting finding of the NURP was that street sweeping was considered to be, "ineffective as a technique for improving the quality of urban runoff".
In 1987, the results of the report were used as the basis of an amendment to the Clean Water Act requiring local governments and industry to address the pollution sources indicated by the report. The amendment requires all industrial stormwater dischargers (including many construction sites) and municipal storm sewer systems, affecting virtually all cities and towns in the country, to obtain discharge permits. EPA published national stormwater regulations in 1990 and 1999. EPA and state agencies began issuing stormwater permits in 1991. See Stormwater management permits.
The term "NURP ponds" refers to retention basins (also called "wet ponds") that capture sediment from stormwater runoff as it is detained, and that are designed to perform to the level of the more effective ponds observed in the NURP studies. Some practitioners may assume that a "NURP pond" design conforms to some particular standard issued by EPA, but in fact EPA has issued no regulations or other requirements regarding the design of stormwater ponds. (However, some states and municipalities have issued stormwater design manuals, and these publications may include a reference to a "NURP pond".)
Great Construction Projects of Communism

Great Construction Projects of Communism (Russian: Великие стройки коммунизма) is a phrase that is used to identify a series of the most ambitious construction megaprojects of major great importance for the economy of the Soviet Union. The projects were initiated in the 1950s on the command of Joseph Stalin.
The following projects in irrigation, navigation, and hydroelectric power were initiated in 1950.
Other "construction projects of Communism" include:
Benjamin Brown (developer)

Benjamin Brown (né Lipschitz) (Yiddish: בנימין ליפשיץ) (1885 – 1939), was a Ukrainian-Jewish immigrant to the United States, a social idealist who developed a Jewish Agricultural cooperative settlement in Clarion, Utah, and an Agro-Industrial cooperative settlement in Jersey Homesteads, Roosevelt, New Jersey.
Brown attained wealth through a poultry exchange he established between Western states and New York after the failure of the Clarion effort in 1916. In 1933, Brown attempted to reestablish a new Jewish cooperative effort in rural Monmouth County, N.J. employing seasonally employed Jewish textile workers largely from New York City.
አፖሎ 17

አፖሎ 17 (ታኅሣሥ 7 – 19፣ 1972) የሰው ልጆች ጨረቃን የረገጡበት ወይም ዝቅተኛ የምድር ምህዋር የተጓዙበት የናሳ አፖሎ ፕሮግራም የመጨረሻ ተልዕኮ ነበር። ኮማንደር ዩጂን ሰርናን እና የጨረቃ ሞዱል አብራሪ ሃሪሰን ሽሚት በጨረቃ ላይ ሲራመዱ የኮማንድ ሞዱል ፓይለት ሮናልድ ኢቫንስ ወደ ላይ ዞሯል። ሽሚት በጨረቃ ላይ ያረፈ ብቸኛው ባለሙያ ጂኦሎጂስት ነበር፣ በጆ ኢንግል ምትክ ከናሳ ጋር አንድ ሳይንቲስት ወደ ጨረቃ እንዲልክ ግፊት ሲደረግ የተመረጠው። የተልእኮው ከባድ ሳይንስ በትእዛዝ ሞጁል ውስጥ የተሸከሙትን አምስት አይጦችን የያዘ ባዮሎጂያዊ ሙከራን ጨምሮ በርካታ አዳዲስ ሙከራዎችን ማካተት ማለት ነው።
የተልእኮ እቅድ አውጪዎች የማረፊያ ቦታውን ለመምረጥ ሁለት ዋና ግቦችን ግምት ውስጥ አስገብተዋል፡- ከማሬ ኢምብሪየም የቆዩ የጨረቃ ሀይላንድ ቁሳቁሶችን ናሙና ለማድረግ እና በአንጻራዊ ሁኔታ በቅርብ ጊዜ የእሳተ ገሞራ እንቅስቃሴ ሊኖር እንደሚችል መመርመር። በዚህ መንገድ ታውረስ-ሊትትሮን መረጡ፤ እሱም ከምህዋሩ የታዩ እና ምስሎች በተፈጥሯቸው እሳተ ገሞራ እንደሆኑ ይታሰባል። ሦስቱም የበረራ አባላት የቀድሞ የአፖሎ የጨረቃ ተልእኮዎችን በመደገፍ ስለ አፖሎ የጠፈር መንኮራኩር ጠንቅቀው ያውቃሉ እና ለጂኦሎጂ ስልጠና ብዙ ጊዜ ነበራቸው።
በታህሳስ 7 ቀን 1972 ከጠዋቱ 12፡33 ሰዓት የምስራቅ ስታንዳርድ አቆጣጠር (EST) የጀመረው በአፖሎ ፕሮግራም በሃርድዌር ችግር ከተፈጠረ ብቸኛው የማስጀመሪያ ፓድ መዘግየት በኋላ፣ አፖሎ 17 የ"J-type" ተልዕኮ ሲሆን ሶስት ቀናትን ያካተተ የጨረቃ ወለል፣ የተራዘመ ሳይንሳዊ ችሎታ እና የሶስተኛው የጨረቃ ሮቪንግ ተሽከርካሪ (LRV) አጠቃቀም። ሰርናን እና ሽሚት በ Taurus-Littrow ሸለቆ ላይ ያረፉ እና ሶስት የጨረቃ መንገዶችን አጠናቀቁ, የጨረቃ ናሙናዎችን በመውሰድ እና ሳይንሳዊ መሳሪያዎችን በማሰማራት. ብርቱካናማ አፈር በሾርትይ ቋጥኝ ውስጥ የተገኘ ሲሆን መነሻው እሳተ ገሞራ መሆኑን ተረጋገጠ፣ ምንም እንኳን በጨረቃ ታሪክ መጀመሪያ ላይ። ኢቫንስ ሳይንሳዊ መለኪያዎችን እና ፎቶግራፎችን በማንሳት በትእዛዝ እና አገልግሎት ሞጁል (CSM) ውስጥ በጨረቃ ምህዋር ውስጥ ቆየ። መንኮራኩሯ በታኅሣሥ 19 ወደ ምድር ተመለሰች።
ተልእኮው ረጅሙን የጨረቃ ማረፊያ ተልእኮ (12 ቀን 14 ሰአታት) ጨምሮ፣ በማንኛውም አይነት ከተሽከርካሪ ውጭ በሆነ እንቅስቃሴ (7.6 ኪሎ ሜትር (4.7 ማይል)) ከጠፈር መንኮራኩር ከፍተኛ ርቀትን ጨምሮ ለተሳተፈ የጠፈር በረራ ብዙ ሪከርዶችን ሰበረ። ቆሞ)፣ ረጅሙ ጠቅላላ የጨረቃ ወለል ከተሽከርካሪ ውጪ እንቅስቃሴዎች (22 ሰዓት 4 ደቂቃ)፣[8] ትልቁ የጨረቃ ናሙና መመለሻ (በግምት 115 ኪ.ግ ወይም 254 ፓውንድ)፣ በጨረቃ ምህዋር ውስጥ ረጅሙ ጊዜ (6 ቀን 4 ሰአታት)፣ [7] እና አብዛኛው ጨረቃ ምህዋር (75
የቅርጫት ኳስ

የቅርጫት ኳስ ወይም ባስኬትቦል በዓለም ዙሪያ በቡድኖች የሚጫወት የኳስ እስፖርት ነው። ጨወታው በ1885 ዓም በካናዳዊው ዶ/ር ጄምስ ነይስሚስ በአሜሪካ አገር ተፈጠረ።
በመላው አለም ተወዳጅነትን ያተረፈ የቡድን ስፖርት አይነት ነው፡፡ ጨዋታው እኤአ በ1891 በካናዳዊው ዶ.ር ጀምስ ኒስሚዝ በአሜሪካ አገር ተፈጠረ፡፡ የቅርጫት ኳስ ወይም ባስኬት ቦል፡፡ ጨዋታው በእጅ የሚከናወን ሲሆን በመሰረታዊነት የ4 መአዘን ሬክታንግል ቅርፅ ያለው መጫወቻ ኮርት 5 ተጫዋቾ ያሉት ሁለት ቡድኖች እና በእጅ የሚወረወረው ድቡልቡል ኳስ ለጨዋታው አስፈላጊ የሆኑ ቁሶች ናቸው፡፡ 5ቱ ተጫዋቾ ሁልጊዜም የተጫዋቾችን ቦታ ይይዛሉ፡፡ ከተጫዋቾቹ በቁመት ረጅም የሆነው ተጫዋች አብዛኛውን ጊዜ የመሀል ቦታ ይይዛል፡፡ እኤአ በ1891 በካናዳዊው የጂም መምህር ጀምስ ኒስሚዝ በስፕንግ ፊልድ ማሳቹስትስ ዩናይትድ ስቴትስ ውስጥ የተፈጠረው የቅርጫት ኳስ በአሁኑ ሰአት በአለማችን ላይ እጅግ ታዋቂና በመላው አለም በርካታ ተመልካቾች ያሉት የስፖርት አይነት ነው፡፡
የናሽናል ባስኬት ቦል አሶሴሽን ለአለም ፕፌሽናል ባስኬት ቦል በማሳደግና በማስተዋወቅ በክፍያ በተሰጥኦና በውድድር ብቃት ከፍተኛ አስተዋፅኦ አበርክቶለታል፡፡ ከሰሜን አሜሪካ ውጪ ያሉ የብሄራዊ ሊግ መስፈርትን ያሟሉ ታላላቅ ክለቦች ለአህጉራዊ ቻምፒየን ሺፕ እንደ ኢሮሊግ እና FIBA አሜሪካ ሊግ የናሽናል ባስኬት ቦል አሶሴሽን አስተዋፅኦ ማሳያ ምሳሌዎች ናቸው፡፡ የFIBA ባስኬት ቦል ወርልድ ካፕ እና men’s Olympic basketball ውድድር ዋና ዋና የአለማቀፍ ዝግጅቶችን እና የብሄራዊ ቡድኑ በርካታ ተጫዋቾችን መሳብ የቻሉ ውድድሮች ናቸው፡፡ የሠውነት ማጎልመሻ ትምህርተ ፕሮፌሽናል በ young men’s Cristian association tinning school በአሁኑ መጠሪያው spring filed college ውስጥ አሰልጣኝ የነበሩት ካናዳዊ ጀምስ ኒስዝ እኤአ ከዲሴምበር 1891 ቀደም ብሎ የጂም ትምህር ቤት ክፍልን በዝናባማ ወቅትም ለማስቀጠል ፈለጉ፡፡ ተማሪዎቹ ክረምቱንም በተሻሎ የሰውነት ጥንካሬ እንዲያሳፉ በሚል በርካታ ሀሳቦች አስበው በኋላም ከበርካታ ሀሳቦች ውስጥ የባስኬት ቦልን በመምረጥ 10 ጫማ ወይም 3 ሜትር ከፍታ ያለው የባስኬት ቦል መረብ መስቀያ አዘጋጁ፡፡
ለባስኬት ቦል መጫወቻ ተብሎ የተዘጋጀው የመጀመሪያ ኳስ ብራውን ወይም ቡናማ ቀለም ሲኖረው እኤአ በ1950ዎቹ መጨረሻ ላይ ግን ቶኒ ሂንክል የተባለ ሰው ለተጫዋቾቹ ግልፅ ሆና መታየት አለባት በሚል የኳሷ ቀለም ወደ ብርቱካናማ ቀለም እንዲቀየር አደረገ የተቀየረውም ቀለም እስካሁን እያገለገለ ይገኛል፡፡ በ1892 ከገና እረፍት መልስ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የባስኬት ቦልን የተጫወተው ፍራንክ ማሀን ሲሆን በወቅቱ ስያሜውን ምን እንደሚሉት ኒስሚዝን ጠየቃቸው እሳቸውም ውድድሩን የማስጀመር ሀሳብ እንጂ ስለስያሜው አላሰብኩበትም ሲሉ መለሱለት፡፡ ፍራንክ ለምን ኒስሚዝ ኳስ አይሉትም ሲል ሀሳብ አቀረበ፡፡ ኒሚዝም ከሳቁ በኋላ እንዲህ አይነት ስያሜዎች ጨዋታውን ይገድሉታል ብለው መለሱለት፡፡ ፍራንክም መልሶ ለምን ባስኬት ቦል አንለውም አለ፡፡ ኒስሚዝም ባስኬት አለን ኳስም አለን ስለዚህ ባስኬት ቦል መባሉ ለኔ ተስማምቶኛል፤ ጥሩ ይመስለኛል ብለው አፀደቁለት፡፡ የመጀመሪያው የባስኬት ቦል ውድድርም ኒዮርክ ውስጥ በሚገኝ YMCA ጂምዚየም ውስጥ እኤአ በጃንዋሪ 1892 በ9 ተጫዋቾ ተጀመረ፡፡ በወቅቱ የእግር ኳስ 10 ተጫዋቾ በ1 ቡድን የሚጫወቱበት ወቅት ስለነበር ሀይለኛ የበረዶ ግግር የእግር ኳስ ጨዋታቸውን እንዳያከናውኑ ስላስቸገራቸው ወደቤት ውስጥ ገብተው 10ሩ ተጫዋቾ በሁለት በመከፈል 5 5 ሆነው መጫወት ባስኬት ቦልን ወይም የቅርጫት ኳስን ጀመሩ፡፡ በ1897 -1898 በአንድ ቡድን የተጫዋቾ ብዛት 5 ሆኖ ፀደቀ፡፡
እኤአ በ1980ዎቹ እና በ1990ዎ ውስጥ ፕሮፌሽናል ውድድሮችን በማካሄድ የስፖርቱን ተወዳጅነትና እውቅና ከፍ እንዲል ከፍተኛ አስተዋፅኦ ያደረጉ እና የምንግዜም ምርጥ የቅርጫት ኳስ ተጫዋቾች የሚባሉት 3 ተጫዋቾ ላሪ በርድ፤ ኢረን ማጂክ ጆንሰን እና ማይክል ጆርዳን ናቸው፡፡
እ.ኤ.አ ፌብርዋሪ 17፣1963 በአሜሪካዋ የኒው ዮርክ ከተማ የተወለደው ማይክል ጆርዳን በአለማቀፍ ደረጃ ብዙ ሽልማቶችን ተቀዳጅቷል፡፡ ብዙ ሰዎች ከምርጥ ተጫዋቾች መካከል አንዱ ሳይሆን መቼም ተወዳዳሪ የማይገኝለት ተጫዋች ነው በማለት ያሞግሱታል፡፡
ከሴቶች እውቅ የባስኬት ቦል ተጫዋቾች ውስጥ አንዷ የሆነችው የአሜሪካ ፕሮፌሽናል ባስኬት ቦል ተጫዋች ማያ አፕሪል ሞኖር በርካታ የብሄራዊ ቻምፒየን ሺፕን በማሸነፍ የጆን ዎደን አወርድ ተሸላሚ ሆናለች፡፡ እኤአ በ1932 ስምንት ሀገራት የብሄራዊ ባስኬት ቦል አሶሼሽን FYBA አቋቋሙ፡፡ ስምንቱ መስራች ሀገራት አርጀንቲና ፤ Czechoslovakia ፤ ግሪክ ፤ ጣሊያን ፤ lasiva፤ ፓርቹጋል ሮማንያ እና ሲውዘርላንድ ናቸው፡፡ ሴቶች በባስኬት ቦል ውድድር ላይ መሳተፍ የጀመሩት በ1892 በስሚዝ ኮሌጅ ውስጥ ነበር፡፡ በወቅቱ ሰንዳ በርሶን የተባለች የሰውነት ማጎልመሻ መምህር የኒስሚዝን የባስኬት ቦል ህጎች ለሴቶች እንዲሆኑ አድርጋ አስካከለቻቸው፡፡ በአጭሩ በአዲሱ ስፖርት በመማረኳ ስለውድድሩ ከኒሰሚዝ ብዙ ለመማር ትፈልግ ነበር፡፡ በመጋቢት 21 1893 የመጀመሪያው የሴቶች ባስኬት ውድድርን አዘጋጀች፡፡
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day

The Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Day (Amharic: የብሄር ብሄረሰቦች ቀን) is a national holiday in Ethiopia celebrating all ethnic groups of Ethiopia since fully guaranteed under Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution on 8 December 1994. Officially started observation in 2006, the day affirms economic and political affinity and equal rights of the "nations of Ethiopia" by culture and language with harmony and tolerance.
In this case, the Day celebrating on 8 December. During opening ceremony, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi said that "the Day is an occasion in which the Ethiopian Nations, Nationalities and Peoples make a solemn to develop their language and culture and also forge strong cooperation."
Celebration includes festivals participating the country's eighty ethnic groups gathering in every cities and dancing with their music and traditional attire to demonstrate unity and diversity. High-profile government officials also presented at the event.
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples of Ethiopia

The Nations, Nationalities and Peoples (Amharic: ብሄር ብሄረሰቦች እና ህዝቦች) refers to Ethiopians with all ethnolinguistic groups mentioned in Article 39 of the 1995 Constitution. Under EPRDF rule, the FDRE Constitution was applied in 1994 and came to force in the following year. The article 39 explicitly mention the term into five sections. The language and culture of these ethnic groups that historically residing to their respective territories is recognized under ethnic federalism. In addition, the rights of self-determination is fully granted in Article 39(1). Since 2006, the Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day is celebrated on 8 December of every year that includes festivals participating all ethnic groups gathering in every places and cities and showcase their music, traditionally attire and other entertainment.
The Nations, Nationalities and Peoples is a term refers to all ethnic groups of Ethiopia collectively. Among those ethnic groups, Amhara, Oromo and Tigrayans make up of majority of population, the former two being the largest with 60% of total population. After the fall of the Derg and the EPRDF seized the power, Article 39 of the 1995 Constitution was ratified the status of ethnicity of Ethiopia, giving full rights of secessionist seIf-determination. In the constitution, self-determination is radical right, by terminating the past unitary structure where all ethnic groups discontented by the policy and potentially form federation. The Article 39 stipulates:
The Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Day is celebrated on 8 December coinciding the adoption of the 1994 Constitutional Assembly. Since 2006, the holiday is celebrated, adorned by festivals participating the country's eighty ethnic groups gathering in every cities and dancing with their music and traditional attire to demonstrate unity and diversity. High-ranking government officials also participate the event.
Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea

The Habesha coffee ceremony is a core cultural custom in Ethiopia and Eritrea. There is a routine of serving coffee daily, mainly for the purpose of getting together with relatives, neighbors, or other visitors. If coffee is politely declined, then tea will most likely be served.
Loose grass is spread on the floor where the coffee ceremony is held, often decorated with small yellow flowers. Composite flowers are sometimes used, especially around the celebration of Meskel (an Orthodox holiday celebrated by Eritreans and Ethiopians).
The ceremony is typically performed by the woman of the household and is considered an honor. The coffee is brewed by first roasting the green coffee beans over an open flame in a pan. This is followed by the grinding of the beans using Mukecha, a traditional wooden mortar and pestle . The finely ground beans are then brewed in a jebena - a traditional clay pot, which contains boiling water and will be left on an open flame for a couple of minutes until it is well mixed with the hot water. The delightful aroma of the roasting beans plays a role in the ceremony. Is often shared with guests as a warm gesture of hospitality. After grinding, the coffee is put through a sieve several times. The boiling pot (jebena) is usually made of pottery and has a spherical base, a neck and pouring spout, and a handle where the neck connects with the base. The jebena also has a straw lid.
The gathering goes beyond a coffee break. It's an occasion where loved ones gather to chat about everyday matters and connect with one another emotionally and spiritually through shared experiences and well wishes, for good health and success.
The host pours the coffee for all participants by moving the tilted boiling pot over a tray with small, handleless china cups from a height of one foot without stopping until each cup is full. The grounds are brewed three times: the first round of coffee is called awel in Tigrinya, the second kale'i and the third baraka ('to be blessed'). In Amharic the terms are abol (አቦል), the second tona (ቶና) and the third baraka (በረካ). The coffee ceremony may also include burning of various traditional incense. People add sugar to their coffee, or in the countryside, sometimes salt or traditional butter (see niter kibbeh). The beverage is accompanied by a small snack such as popcorn, peanuts, or himbasha (also called ambasha).
Ethiopian Christmas

Ethiopian Christmas (Amharic: ገና; Oromo: Ayaana; Tigrinya: ልደት) is a holiday celebrated by the Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox churches, as well as Protestant and Catholic denominations in Ethiopia, on 7 January (Tahsas 29 in the Ethiopian calendar).
One of the distinct features of Ethiopian Christmas is a traditional game similar to hockey. The game is believed to have evolved from the shepherds tending their flocks on the night Jesus was born.
Ethiopian Christmas is celebrated on 7 January (Tahsas 29 in the Ethiopian calendar) as the day of Jesus' birth, alongside the Russian, Greek, Eritrean and Serbian Orthodox Churches. It is also celebrated by Protestant and Catholic denominations in the country.
Ethiopian Orthodox Christians are expected to fast for 43 days, a period known as Tsome Nebiyat or the Fast of the Prophets. Fasting also includes abstaining from all animal products and psychoactive substances, including meat and alcohol. Starting on 25 November, the fast believed to be "cleansing the body of sin" as they await the birth of Jesus.
On Christmas Day, a thin white cotton garment called netela is worn. On the Christmas Eve, Ethiopian Christians attend an overnight church service, usually starting around 6:00pm and finishing at 3:00am. People line up surrounding a church and begin a long, looping procession around the circumference of the church. The festivities are a communal experience and a commitment of faith. The holiday attracts pilgrimages to the Lalibela Churches.
Gena (ገና) or Qarsa (ቃርሳ) is a traditional field hockey game popular in the Ethiopian highlands.
Gena is a game played in the space between villages, a field of about 100 yards, but with no defined boundaries. It is played among two teams who attempt to throw a wooden ball in the air and hit it with sticks, the goal being to prevent the opposing team from bring the ball to their village, or score it in your goal.
The game is closely associated with Gena, the January 7 celebration of Christmas, from which it gets its name along with another, rugby-like, sport. Historically, Imperial Ethiopian soldiers acquired proficiency in weapon use from a young age by being trained from childhood with games such as Akandura (Darts) and Gena, which imitated combat.