davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

The Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, popularly known as CIMAP, is an Indian plant research laboratory and part of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). Established originally as Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organisation (CIMPO) in 1959, CIMAP is steering multidisciplinary research in biological and chemical sciences and extending technologies and services to the farmers and entrepreneurs of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). It is headquarterded in Lucknow and has research centres in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pantnagar and Purara.
Recognizing the urgent need for stimulating research on medicinal plants in the country and for coordinating and consolidating some work already done by organizations like the Indian council of Agricultural Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Tropical School of Medicine of Culcutta and various States Governments and Individual workers, the Council Scientific and Industrial Research approved in 1957 the establishment of the Central Indian Medicinal Plants Organization (CIMPO) with the following objectives. ‘To co-ordinate and channelise along fruitful directions the present activities in the field of medicinal plants carried out by the various agencies, State Governments etc., to develop the already existing medicinal plants resources of India, to bring under cultivation some of the important medicinal plants in great demand and also to introduce the cultivation into the country of exotic medicinal plants of high yielding active principal content’ It was further decide that as the work on all aspects of cultivation of aromatics plants was identical with all the cultivation of medicinal plants, the aromatic plants should also be covered within the scope of CIMPO. The Essential Oils Research Committee functioning under the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research was then dissolved and its activities taken over by CIMPO. The Organization started functioning with effect from 26 March 1959 with the appointment of late Shri P.M. Nabar its first Officer Incharge.
The branch in Hyderabad was established on 7 July 1982.
In February 2024, CIMAP announced that it will set up a unit for the development of a synthetic biology platform for high-value phytomolecules.
CIMAP Research Centres are aptly situated in different agro-climatic zones of the country to facilitate multi-location field trials and research. A little more than 50 years since its inception, today, CIMAP has extended its wings overseas with scientific collaboration agreements with Malaysia. CSIR-CIMAP has signed two agreements to promote bilateral cooperation between India and Malaysia in research, development and commercialization of MAP related technologies.
Mint varieties released and agro-packages developed and popularised by CIMAP has made India the global leader in mints and related industrial products. CIMAP has released several varieties of the MAPs, their complete agro-technology and post harvest packages which have revolutionised MAPs cultivation and business scenario of the country.
26°53′38″N 80°58′54″E﻿ / ﻿26.8940°N 80.9816°E﻿ / 26.8940; 80.9816
Cinnamomum tamala

Cinnamomum tamala, Indian bay leaf, also known as tejpat, tejapatta, Malabar leaf, Indian bark, Indian cassia, or malabathrum, is a tree in the family Lauraceae that is native to northern India (Assam and the Western Himalayas), Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and southwestern China. It can grow up to 20 m (66 ft) tall. Its leaves have a clove-like aroma with a hint of peppery taste; they are used for culinary and medicinal purposes. It is thought to have been one of the major sources of the medicinal plant leaves known in classic and medieval times as malabathrum (or malobathrum).
The leaves, known as tējapattā or tejpattā (तेजपत्ता) in Hindi, tejpāt (तेजपात/তেজপাত) in Nepali, Maithili and Assamese, tejpātā (তেজপাতা) in Bengali, vazhanayila/edanayila (വഴനയില/എടനഇല) in Malayalam, kaḍu dhālchini (kn:ಕಾಡು ದಾಲ್ಚಿನ್ನಿ) in Kannada, and tamalpatra (તમલપત્ર) in Gujarati, or tamālpatra (तमालपत्र) in Marathi and in original Sanskrit, are used extensively in the cuisines of India, Nepal, and Bhutan, particularly in the Mughlai cuisine of North India and Nepal and in tsheringma herbal tea in Bhutan. They are called biryāni āku/baghāra āku (బిర్యానీ ఆకు/బగార ఆకు) in Telugu and tejåpåtrå/tejåpåtårå (ତେଜପତ୍ର/ତେଜପତର) in Odia.
The Lepcha of Sikkim call them naap saor koong.
They are often used in kumbilappam or chakka-ada (ചക്ക അട), an authentic sweet from Kerala, infusing their characteristic flavor to the dumplings. They are often labeled as "Indian bay leaves," or just "bay leaf", causing confusion with the leaf from the bay laurel, a tree of Mediterranean origin in a different genus; the appearance and aroma of the two are quite different. Bay laurel leaves are shorter and light- to medium-green in color, with one large vein down the length of the leaf, while tejpat leaves are about twice as long and wider, usually olive green in color, with three veins down the length of the leaf. There are five types of tejpat leaves and they impart a strong cassia- or cinnamon-like aroma to dishes, while the bay laurel leaf's aroma is more reminiscent of pine and lemon.
The bark is sometimes used for cooking, although it is regarded as inferior to true cinnamon or cassia.
Malabar had been traditionally used to denote the west coast of Southern India that forms the present-day state of Kerala and adjoining areas. The word mala or malaya means "mountain" in the Tamil and Malayalam languages, as also in Sanskrit. The word "malabathrum" is thought to have been derived from the Sanskrit tamālapattram (तमालपत्त्रम्), literally meaning "dark-tree leaves".
Vidyāraṃbhaṃ

Vidyarambham (Sanskrit: विद्यारम्भ, romanized: Vidyārambham, lit. 'commencement of studies'), also rendered Akshara Abhyasam (Sanskrit: अक्षर अभ्यासम, romanized: Akṣara Abhyāsam, lit. 'repetition of words'), and Mutal Eluttu (Tamil: முதல் எழுத்து, romanized: Muṭal Eḻuttu, lit. 'First word') is a Hindu initiation ceremony that is performed before a child begins their formal education. This ritual is dedicated to the goddess of learning, Saraswati. It is popular in the South Indian states of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
The ceremony of Vidyarambham derives its name from the Sanskrit terms Vidya meaning "knowledge", and arambham, meaning "beginning".
The ceremony is intended to introduce young children into the world of knowledge, letters, and the process of learning. After a child completes four years of age, on the occasion of Vijayadashami, the father or the instructor of the child chants and writes either the Panchaksharam or the Ashtaksharam mantra on whole wheat or grains of rice, piled on a banana leaf, placed in front of a puja. Holding the hand of the child, the father or the instructor traces the words of the mantra using the former's finger. The alphabets of the child's native language are then written on the grain. Following the completion of this ceremony, the child is admitted for their formal education at school.
The Vijayadashami day is the tenth and final day of the Navaratri celebrations, and is considered auspicious for beginning learning in any field. The process of learning and initiation on this day is also closely related to the Ayudha Puja ritual. It is usually on Vijayadashami that the implements kept for puja are taken up again for re-use. This is also considered a day when the goddess of learning, Saraswati, and teachers (gurus) must be revered by giving gurudakshina. This usually consists of a betel leaf, areca nut, along with a small token of money and a new piece of clothing - a dhoti or sari.
In Kerala, this ritual is usually conducted on the last day of Navaratri, i.e. on Vijayadashami day where children are formally introduced to learning of music, dance, languages and other folk arts. Vidyarambham can also be performed at home on an auspicious time (muhurta) following the rituals. It involves a ceremony of initiation into the characters of the syllabary. In Odisha, the festival is known as Khadi Chuan (Odia: ଖଡ଼ିଛୁଆଁ) and is mainly celebrated on Ganesh Chaturthi and Vasant Panchami. The Gnana Saraswati Temple in Basar, Telangana, is a popular temple where this ceremony is held for a large number of children.
List of substances used in rituals

This page lists substances used in ritual context.
Psychoactive substances may be illegal to obtain, while non-psychoactive substances are legal, generally.
This sections lists entheogens; drugs that are consumed for their intoxicating effect in combination with spiritual practice.
This is a list of species and genera that are used as entheogens or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as ayahuasca). For ritualistic use they may be classified as hallucinogens. The active principles and historical significance of each are also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen. The psychoactive substances are usually classified as soft drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like 4-AcO-DMT are thought to be prodrugs that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens. While synthetic DMT and mescaline are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as extracted or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated THC produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as cannabidiol and cannabinol. A pharmaceutical version of the entheogenic brew ayahuasca is called Pharmahuasca.
This page lists non-psychedelic psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Non-psychoactive consumption like symbolic ingestion of psychoactive substances is not mentioned here.
This is a list of psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Some of these drugs are classified as hard drugs in terms of drug harmfulness.
The plant parts are listed to prevent accidents. For example, kava roots should always be used because the leaves of the plant are known to cause hepatoxicity and death.
Shown in the table below, Aztec tobacco, morning glories, and Syrian rue (also listed in the § Psychoactive use table), and cacao beans are (mildly) psychoactive when consumed.
Amit Ray

Amit Ray (born 12 August 1960) is an Indian author and "spiritual master". He is known for his teachings on meditation, yoga, peace and compassion. He is best known for his 114 chakra system, Om meditation, and integrated yoga and vipassana meditation techniques. He is author of several books on meditation and other spiritual topics. He was one of the pioneers in proposing compassionate artificial intelligence.
Amit Ray was born on 12 August 1960. He earned a B.E. in engineering at Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur, then affiliated with the University of Calcutta. Ray completed his M.Tech and PhD in 1993 from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.
He teaches a 114 Chakra system, the importance of integrating yoga, mindfulness and positive approach towards life. He emphasizes the value of family. He underlines the value of beautification of inner dialog and the inner world with love light and compassion to make life beautiful.
He is one of the pioneers of compassionate artificial intelligence movement. He introduced the concept of Deep Compassion algorithms and frameworks to solve humanitarian needs such as compassionate care-giving, helping physically and mentally challenged people. Ray argues the importance of compassion, kindness and emotional intelligence in the age of automation, AI and social robots. He said "As more and more artificial intelligence is entering into the world, more and more emotional intelligence must enter into leadership." Ray has used the term "compassionate social robot", which he defined as an autonomous physical agent that interacts with humans in social context like a human, on all fronts of emotions, intelligence, compassion and creativity.
He believes greater collaboration among international organisations is essential. He said, collaboration is the essence of life as the wind, bees and flowers work together, to spread the pollen. Ray advocates planting more trees, to give our children and the future generation a cleaner and safe environment. He stated that we may not plant millions of trees, but we can take care of one single tree with love and care that will make us great. Ray is the founding president of IISCIM, which is dedicated to remove the sufferings of humanity through yoga, meditation, Ayurveda, pollution-free environment, scientific research, and social welfare.
DeAnna Autumn Leaf Suazo

DeAnna Autumn Leaf Suazo (1992–2021) was an American painter from New Mexico.
Suazo grew up on the tribal lands of the Taos Pueblo. Suazo's mother was the Navajo (Dine) artist Geraldine Tso, and her father was the Taos Pueblo painter David Gary Suazo.
In the spring of 2021, Suazo graduated from the Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA) with a BFA in Studio Arts.
After her death, the IAIA posted online that her art "reflected Pueblo cultural significance and aesthetics. Inspired by heroic figures of Japanese manga novels including 'Sailor Moon,' she imbued her work with memory, resilience, and good intentions. Her most recent work emphasized figural paintings of strong Indigenous women that in her words 'grind every day for a better community.'"
She often drew on traditional ledger paper, and worked with Prism Colored maker, Indian Black Ink, and acrylic paint.
On November 13, 2021, Suazo was found dead near her car outside her home in the Taos Pueblo. Her boyfriend, Santiago Martinez, also from the Taos Pueblo, was later charged with second-degree homicide.
At the time of her death, Suazo was working on a master's degree at the Institute of American Indian Arts in Santa Fe. In 2022, the IAIA announced the DeAnna Autumn Leaf Suazo Memorial Fund for Indigenous female artists in school's MFA in Studio Arts Program.
In the spring of 2023, muralist Jenny Ustick featured Suazo's image as part of a mural on the campus of the University of New Mexico-Taos. According to a press release, the other people featured as part of the Historical Women of Taos mural included "María Rosa Villalpando, ancestral matriarch of several prominent Taos families and one of the historic women of the Santa Fe Trail; Cleofas Martinez Jaramillo, historic preservationist of northern New Mexico's Spanish culture; and Helene Wurlitzer, philanthropist who started a pivotal artist residency in Taos."
Blunt (cannabis)

A blunt is a cigar that has been hollowed out and filled with cannabis. It is rolled with the tobacco-leaf "wrap", usually from an inexpensive cigar, or any other wrap that is not a joint paper that has glue. A blunt is different from a joint, which uses rolling papers.
Tobacco-free "blunt wraps" are available. These are made from hemp, banana leaf, palm leaf and other fibers.
The practice originated in cities such as New York City, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. Blunts take their name from Phillies Blunt brand cigars, although any commonly available inexpensive cigar or cigarillo may be used, depending on suitability and availability. Other common synonyms for a blunt include "El-P" or "L" (from the El Producto brand), "woods" (from Backwoods), and "Dutchie" (from Dutch Masters). Backwoods, Swisher Sweets, White Owl and 4ks cigars/cigarillos are other popular brands for rolling blunts.
The 1995 film Kids (film) walks viewers through the step-by-step process of rolling a Philly Blunt. In 1993 at the Poetic Justice (film) wrap party, 2Pac passed Snoop his blunt, which was Snoop's first experience with one. "And I’m like, ‘Man, what is this?’ And he said, ‘That’s a blunt.” He said, ‘Nigga, you ain’t never had one?’ I’m like, “Nah.’ He’s like, ‘Lemme show you how to roll it up.’"
Blunts also come as ready made tobacco wraps with hundreds of flavors in numerous brands. In addition to using cheap cigars and cigarillos to smoke cannabis, cigar wraps or "blunt wraps" are also used.
In the tobacco industry, a blunt is defined as a cigar that is wider than a cigarillo and not quite as wide as a Corona. A cigarillo that has been split and re-rolled with marijuana is still called a blunt in cannabis culture.
Due to the tobacco content in the wrapper leaf, blunts carry with them the risks of tobacco use, including nicotine addiction.
Medicine man

A medicine man (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwinini) or medicine woman (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwininiikwe) is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas. Each culture has its own name in its language for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders.
In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities, "medicine" usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine people use many practices, including specialized knowledge of Native American ethnobotany. Herbal healing is a common practice in many Indigenous households of the Americas; however, medicine people often have more in-depth knowledge of using plants for healing or other purposes.
The terms medicine people or ceremonial people are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."
Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion." One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or Izze-kloth whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them."
The term medicine man/woman, like the term shaman, has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.
While non-Native anthropologists often use the term shaman for Indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, shaman is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia, which has been adopted by some Inuit communities but is not preferred by Native American or First Nations communities.
Dominic de Habsburg

Dominic de Habsburg (n. 4 iulie 1937, Hollabrunn, Austria) este fiul arhiducelui Anton de Habsburg și al Principesei Ileana a României. Ca membru al liniei Habsburg-Lorena din Casa de Habsburg a moștenit titlurile de arhiduce al Austriei și mare duce de Toscana. Pe data de 26 mai 2006, în calitate de succesor al mamei sale, i-a fost restituit Castelul Bran.
Listă de festivaluri din România

Aceasta este o listă de festivaluri din România.
„Cerbul de Aur” Brașov
Elena Maria Șorban, Festivaluri, valuri. Însemnări despre sărbătorile muzicii culte și cronica muzicală din România, Editura Școala Ardeleană - Eikon, 2016, ISBN 978-606-711-462-1
Țara Jucăriilor

Țara Jucăriilor (titlu original: Babes in Toyland) este un film de Crăciun american muzical din 1961 regizat de Jack Donohue. Este realizat în Technicolor. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ray Bolger, Tommy Sands, Ed Wynn și Annette Funicello.
Filmul este produs de studiourile Walt Disney Productions și distribuit de Buena Vista Distribution. Se bazează pe populara operetă omonimă a lui Victor Herbert din 1903. În 1934 a mai fost realizat un film bazat pe această operetă, Babes in Toyland (Marșul soldățeilor de lemn) cu Stan și Bran, precum și trei adaptări pentru televiziune înainte de acest film Disney. Este al doilea film Disney bazat pe această operetă și lansat cinematografic și primul în Technicolor. Cu toate acestea, intriga și, în unele cazuri, muzica, are puține asemănări cu filmul original deoarece Disney a insistat ca cele mai multe dintre versuri să fie rescrise și o parte din tempourile cântecelor să fie schimbate drastic.
Soldații de jucărie din film vor apărea mai târziu în paradele de Crăciun care au loc în parcurile tematice Disney din întreaga lume.
Listă de formații punk, L–Z

Aceasta este o listă de fomații punk rock notabile (denumirile cărora începe cu litere dintre L și Z). Formațiile enumerate au interpretat un anumit tip de muzică punk, la un moment dat din cariera lor, deși acestea poate interpretau de asemenea și alte stiluri. Trupe care au interpretat într-un stil care a influențat punk-rock precoce, cum ar fi garage rock și protopunk—dar niciodată nu au cântat punk rock curat, nu ar trebuie să fie incluse în această listă. Formații care au cântat în genuri influențate de (dar nu subgenuri) punk rock — ca alternative rock, crossover thrash, grunge, metalcore, New Wave, și post-punk—dar niciodată nu au cântat punk rock, nu trebuie să fie listate aici.
Bastion

Un bastion este o structură unghiulară ieșită în afara zidului de incintă (curtină) al unei fortificații. Un bastion complet este format din două fețe în unghi ascuțit („izbitor”) și două flancuri, permițând apărarea curtinei și a bastioanelor adiacente prin focul executat de pe el. Este un element dominant de fortificație din secolul al XVI-lea și până într-al XIX-lea. Bastioanele fortificațiilor au asigurat o mare rezistență pasivă și o mărire a razei de acțiune a artileriei din epoca prafului de pușcă față de fortificațiile medievale pe care le-au înlocuit.
Bastioanele diferă de turnurile medievale. Ele sunt mai joase, de obicei înălțimea lor nu depășește pe cea a curtinei. Înălțimea mare a turnurilor medievale făcea dificilă escaladarea lor, dar au devenit ușor de distrus de către artilerie. Un bastion are de obicei în față un șanț și un glacis sau și un taluz. Taluzul proteja bastionul de focul direct al artileriei adverse, înălțimea neacoperită mică fiind dificil de lovit. Însă diferența de nivel destul de mare dintre fundul șanțului și parapet îl făcea greu de escaladat.
În contrast cu turnurile medievale, bastioanele aveau fețe drepte, nu curbe. Asta elimina unghiurile moarte din fața bastionului, de unde atacatorii ar fi putut executa foc direct asupra bastionului.
Bastioanele aveau o suprafață mai mare decât turnurile, ceea ce oferea spațiul necesar pentru amplasarea și manevrarea a mai multe tunuri.
Spre deosebire de turnuri, care erau realizate din piatră, bastioanele erau realizate din pământ, pentru a absorbi impactul ghiulelelor. Exemplele existente de bastioane sunt placate cu zidărie din cărămidă pentru a stabiliza pământul, dar nu în zona parapetelor, pentru ca bucățile de cărămidă desprinse să nu rănească apărătorii.
Dacă un bastion era cucerit, el oferea o poziție bună pentru atacatori, de unde puteau lansa noi atacuri. Unele tipuri de bastioane încercau să minimizeze aceste probleme. Asta se obținea printr-o retragere traversată de un șanț, putând fi astfel izolat de fortificația principală.
In decursul istoriei au apărut diferite tipuri de bastioane.
Parlamentul Rural

Parlamentele rurale sunt forumuri de discuții și dezbateri, de multe ori stabilite pentru a da glas populației rurale a țării, de a influența politica și practica și de a dezvolta rețele între cei din mediul rural.’’ Ele sunt organizate în unele țări ale Uniunii Europene, dar și la nivel central al întregii Uniuni (Parlamentul Rural European). Deși se numește „Parlament”, el nu are ca obiectiv elaborarea de legi.
Aceste parlamente au fost deja constituite în Estonia, partea majoritar suedeză a Finlandei, Ungaria, Țările de Jos, Slovacia, Suedia, și sunt în curs de organizare în România și în Scoția. Ele se numesc:
Prin parlamentele rurale, micile comunități din țările europene au recuperat din diferențele față de marile orașe, prin strategii bine conduse recuperându-și sporul demografic, creșterea economică și nivelul de dezvoltare socio-cultural, perpetuându-și tradiții pe cale de dispariție.
Parlamentele rurale s-au dovedit a fi un vehicul excelent ce oferă comunităților rurale o prezență și o voce puternică pe scena națională, a afirmat Vanessa Halhead, directorul Asociației Europeane a Comunităților Rurale (ERCA).[1]
La nivelul anului 2014, Parlamentul Rural din România este o instituție informală și începând cu anul 2015 va fi exclusiv o federație de ONG-uri apolitice, niciun fel de altă formă juridică neavând rol decizional sau administrativ în derularea activităților, ci doar de consultanță și consliere, sau alte atribute delegate expres ca responsabilități de către consiliul de conducere sau adunarea generală a federației, după caz. În Adunarea Generală a Asociației Comunelor din România – A.Co.R din 16–19 februarie 2014, a fost prezentat și aprobat acordul de participare la formarea federației: Parlamentul Rural din România, ocazie cu care a fost menționată pentru prima dată intenția și acțiunea oficială de a crea formal o asemenea instituție.
Dacian Cioloș, fost comisar european pentru agricultură între 2007 și 2014, el însuși originar din România, și-a declarat susținerea pentru un asemenea proiect.
În martie 2012, secretarul pentru Afaceri Rurale, Richard Lochhead, a anunțat că guvernul scoțian acționează pentru înființarea unui Scottish rural parliament, conform Programme for Scotland 2011-2012.
Data inaugurală a fost stabilită în perioada 6–8 noiembrie 2014 iar întrunirea lui, la Oban, Argyll & Bute.
A fost înființată o organizație independentă, denumită Scottish Rural Action, printre directorii ei numărându-se John Hutchison de la John Muir Trust and Community Land Scotland. Temele pe care le dezbate se stabilesc prin sondaje efectuate în rândul persoanelor care locuiesc și lucrează în zonele rurale scoțiene.
Centenar

Un centenar este o persoană care a atins vârsta de 100 de ani. Deoarece speranța de viață la nivel mondial este sub 100 de ani, termenul este invariabil asociat cu longevitatea. În 2012 Organizația Națiunilor Unite a estimat că trăiau pe glob 316.600 de centenari.
Pe măsură ce speranța de viață crește în întreaga lume, iar populația mondială a crescut, de asemenea, rapid, se așteaptă ca numărul centenarilor să crească rapid în viitor. Potrivit Oficiului Național de Statistică din Regatul Unit se așteaptă ca o treime din copiii născuți în 2013 în Marea Britanie să atingă vârsta de 100 de ani.
Japonia are în prezent cel mai mare număr de centenari cunoscuți dintre toate națiunile: 67.824 de centenari, conform recensământului din 2017, și cea mai mare proporție a centenarilor: 48 la 100.000 de persoane. Japonia a început să-și înregistreze centenarii în 1963. Numărul de centenari japonezi în acel an a fost de 153, dar a depășit 10.000 în 1998, 20.000 în 2003 și 40.000 în 2009.
Potrivit unui sondaj demografic demografic al Organizației Națiunilor Unite din 1998 se așteaptă ca Japonia să aibă 272.000 de centenari până în 2050; alte surse sugerează că numărul ar putea fi mai aproape de 1 milion. Frecvența centenarienilor din Japonia a fost de 1 la 3.522 de persoane în 2008.
Ponderea cea mai mare a centenarilor din Japonia o dețin femeile. Japonia a avut în anul fiscal 2016 un număr de 57.525 de centenari de sex feminin și doar 8.167 centenari de sex masculin, adică un raport de 7:1 în favoarea femeilor. Creșterea centenarilor a fost chiar mai abruptă până la 11,6:1.
Numărul total al centenarilor în viață rămâne incert. El a fost estimat de Divizia Populație a Organizației Națiunilor Unite la 23.000 în 1950, 110.000 în 1990, 150.000 în 1995, 209.000 în 2000, 324.000 în 2005 și 455.000 în 2009. Cu toate acestea, aceste estimări mai vechi nu au ținut seama de ajustările descendente actuale ale estimărilor naționale realizate de mai multe țări, cum ar fi Statele Unite ale Americii; astfel, în 2012, ONU a estimat că există doar 316.600 centenari în întreaga lume. Tabelul următor prezintă populațiile centenare estimate pe țări, inclusiv cele mai recente și cele mai vechi estimări, dacă sunt disponibile.
Bran, Brașov

Bran (German: Törzburg; Hungarian: Törcsvár) is a commune in Brașov County, Transylvania, Romania. It is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) southwest of the city of Brașov and consists of five villages: Bran, Poarta (Hungarian: Porta), Predeluț (Kispredeál), Șimon (Simon), and Sohodol (Szohodol).
The medieval Bran Castle is a popular tourist destination, partly because it is associated with the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's novel of the same name; the castle has been listed as one of the Seven Wonders of Romania.
Bran is located in the southern part of Brașov County, on or near the border with Dâmbovița and Argeș counties, and belongs to the historical sub-region of Țara Bârsei (Burzenland). It lies at the northern end of the Rucăr-Bran Pass; national road DN73, which runs through the pass, connects Brașov to Pitești, 111 km (69 mi) to the southwest.
The commune is situated between two mountain ranges of the Southern Carpathians: to the southeast are the Bucegi Mountains, with the Omu Peak dominating the area, at 2,505 m (8,219 ft); and to the west are the Piatra Craiului Mountains, which top out at 2,238 m (7,343 ft).
The Teutonic Order began building a wooden fort called Dietrichstein here early in the 13th century. After the fort's destruction in 1242 by Mongols ("Tatars"), King Sigismund of Hungary ordered a stone castle to be built in 1377, while the settlement of Bran began to develop nearby. Positioned high atop a steep cliff, the castle guarded a strategic trade route between Transylvania and Wallachia. In 1498, Bran came under the jurisdiction of Brașov.
After the Ottoman Empire defeated the Kingdom of Hungary in the 16th century, Bran became part of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and the Principality of Transylvania, which eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1804 the commune became part of the Austrian Empire along with the Grand Principality of Transylvania, and in 1867 the Hungarian section of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It became part of the Kingdom of Romania following World War I.
After Transylvania became part of Romania, Bran Castle (that was owned by the city of Brașov) was gifted to Queen Marie by the Brașov magistrate. The queen transformed it into a royal residence in the 1920s, and today it is one of Romania's most popular visitor sites. It is open to tourists, who can view the inside alone or as part of a guided tour. Outside the castle is an open-air museum with traditional Romanian farm houses and manufacturing facilities.
Union of Transylvania with Romania

The union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on 1 December [O.S. 18 November] 1918 by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia. The Great Union Day (also called Unification Day), celebrated on 1 December, is a national holiday in Romania that celebrates this event. The holiday was established after the Romanian Revolution, and celebrates the unification not only of Transylvania, but also of Bessarabia and Bukovina and parts of Banat, Crișana and Maramureș with the Romanian Kingdom. Bessarabia and Bukovina had joined with the Kingdom of Romania earlier in 1918.
On December 1, 1918 (N.S., November 18 O.S.), the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary, consisting of 1,228 elected representatives of Romanians in Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș, convened in Alba Iulia and decreed (by unanimous vote):
The declaration included 26 counties of the Kingdom of Hungary.
The Resolution voted by the National Assembly stipulated also the "fundamental principles for the foundation of the new Romanian State":
The union was conditional, and demanded the preservation of a democratic local autonomy, the equality of all nationalities and religions.
The Assembly also formed from 200 of its members, plus 50 co-opted members a High National Romanian Council of Transylvania, the new permanent parliament of Transylvania.
The next day, on 2 December 1918 the High National Romanian Council of Transylvania formed a government under the name of Directing Council of Transylvania, Banat and the Romanian Lands in Hungary [ro], headed by Iuliu Maniu.
On December 11, 1918, King Ferdinand signed the Law regarding the Union of Transylvania, Banat, Crișana, the Satmar and Maramureș with the Old Kingdom of Romania, decreeing that:
In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon, 102,813 km (39,696 sq mi) of the Kingdom of Hungary became part of the Kingdom of Romania. This territory was smaller than that promised by the Treaty of Bucharest or claimed by the declaration of union in 1918, or demanded officially by the Romanian Government in the peace conference.
The treaty is now commemorated in Romania since 2020 as the Trianon Treaty Day.
Ozark Medieval Fortress

Ozark Medieval Fortress was a project designed to construct an accurate replica of a 13th-century French castle in Lead Hill, Arkansas. Construction was carried out on the site using only materials and techniques appropriate to the 13th century. The ground was broken in 2009, with the expectation that completion would have taken about 20 years.
The project was inspired by Guédelon Castle in France, which is the first attempt to build a medieval castle using accurate construction methods, started by Michel Guyot. Two French citizens living in Arkansas offered to sell Guyot part of their land for the building of a similar fortification. Guyot accepted, and construction began in June 2009.
In May 2010, Ozark Medieval Fortress opened to the public. Visitors had the opportunity to observe the ongoing construction and talk to the costumed workers. Additionally, starting in 2011 a collection of medieval siege weapons was to be on display. The site was open every day from 10AM to 6PM.
In January 2012 the project closed indefinitely, requiring a buyer or an investor. The site is now permanently closed to visitors and only the unfinished ruins of the Ozark Medieval Fortress remain today.
Conical roof

A conical roof or cone roof is a cone-shaped roof that is circular at its base and terminates in a point.
Conical roofs are frequently found on top of towers in medieval town fortifications and castles, where they may either sit directly on the outer wall of the tower (sometimes projecting beyond it to form eaves) or form a superstructure above the fighting platform or terrace of the tower. The latter necessitated the use of spouts to lead the water away over the top of the walls (e.g. as at Andernach's Alter Krahnen). In this case the cone roof was surrounded by a defensive wall, a parapet or a battlement. Such conical roofs were usually constructed using a timber-framed support structure covered with slate; more rarely they were made of masonry.
A small circular turret or tourelle with a conical roof is called a pepperpot or pepperbox turret.
Today, conical roofs are more often used in rural areas either for circular or small square buildings. They are difficult to construct but use locally available materials.
Conical roofs are widely used in Armenian and Georgian church architecture.
A key feature of the Solomon Islands Parliament Building is its conical roof.
Stoa

A stoa (/ˈstoʊə/; plural, stoas, stoai, or stoae /ˈstoʊ.iː/), in ancient Greek architecture, is a covered walkway or portico, commonly for public use. Early stoas were open at the entrance with columns, usually of the Doric order, lining the side of the building; they created a safe, enveloping, protective atmosphere.
This, an "open-fronted shelter with a lean-to roof", is the meaning in modern usage, but in fact the ancient Greeks "made no clear distinction in their speech" between these and large enclosed rooms with similar functions.
Later examples were built as two storeys, and incorporated inner colonnades usually in the Ionic style, where shops or sometimes offices were located. These buildings were open to the public; merchants could sell their goods, artists could display their artwork, and religious gatherings could take place. Stoas usually surrounded the marketplaces or agora of large cities and were used as a framing device.
Other examples were designed to create safe, protective atmospheres which combined useful inside and outside space. The name of the Stoic school of philosophy derives from "stoa".
Walkway

In American English, walkway is a composite or umbrella term for all engineered surfaces or structures which support the use of trails.
The New Oxford American Dictionary also defines a walkway as "a passage or path for walking along, esp. a raised passageway connecting different sections of a building or a wide path in a park or garden." The word is used to describe a footpath in New Zealand, where "walkways vary enormously in nature, from short urban strolls, to moderate coastal locations, to challenging tramps [hikes] in the high country [mountains]". Similarly in St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, the "Grand Concourse" is an integrated walkway system that has over 160 kilometers (99 mi) of walkways, which link every major park, river, pond, and green space in six municipalities.
In Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the SkyWalk is an approximately 500-metre (1,600 ft) enclosed and elevated walkway (skyway) connecting Union Station to the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre (SkyDome). It is part of the PATH network. The SkyWalk passes above the York Street 'subway' and the Simcoe Street Tunnel. It opened in 1989 and it was built to reduce the need for additional parking spaces near the Skydome stadium by providing a direct transportation link to the subway and GO trains. PATH is a 29-kilometre (18 mi) network of pedestrian tunnels beneath the office towers of Downtown Toronto, and the largest underground shopping complex in the world.
In British English, a walkway more specifically refers to a covered or raised passage in a building, typically connecting separate buildings.
Maison Losseau

The Maison Losseau is an Art Nouveau private house located in Mons, Belgium. Dating from the 18th century, it was renovated in Art Nouveau style in the early 1900s at the request of Léon Losseau by Paul Saintenoy. It is listed on the list of the exceptional heritage site of Wallonia and since 2015 houses a center for the interpretation of Léon Losseau's collections and regional literature. The house is located at number 37 rue de Nimy in Mons, next to the courthouse.
The neoclassical façade is covered with a white coating. The entrance door is detached, consisting of black cast iron columns decorated with golden leaves (1908) and fuchsia flowers of the same color. The house has very refined details. Each piece has a flower theme. The lobby has for example the theme of pink and orchid. A canopy with wooden beams overlooks the living room, which was decorated in 1911 by 15 pâte de verres of Amalric Walter representing the Belfry of Thuin and the river Sambre.
The facade, the roof and the interior of the house are classified as heritage monuments on the list of the exceptional heritage sites of Wallonia. Since 19 April 1982, the facade and the roofs are classified as heritage while the interior of the house was classified in 21 November 1983. In 2015, after a project launched in the early 2010s in anticipation of Mons 2015, a renovation began in 2011, the house reopened to the public in 2015. It houses a center for the interpretation of Léon Losseau's collections and a center for regional literature.
The original house was built in the eighteenth century. It was acquired in 1873 by Charles Losseau, the father of Léon Losseau.
It was completely renovated by Paul Saintenoy who was contacted in 1899 by Léon Losseau, lawyer, bibliophile, photographer and art patron. The finishing works were entrusted to Parisian architects Henri Sauvage and Charles Sarazin and continued by the Brussels architect Louis Sauvage. Paul Saintenoy began its work in 1900 and completed it in 1904, while the majority of decorations were made between 1905 and 1912. The renovation that ended in 1913 included the addition of electricity, central heating and an elevator. Once the renovation was completed, it became the first private house in Mons equipped with electricity and central heating.
During his life, Léon Losseau accumulated more than 100,000 books in his private library, mostly devoted to politics, but also to literature and poetry. A foundation was created in 1952 to manage his legacy.
The Losseau house has the original edition of A season in hell by Arthur Rimbaud, discovered by Léon Losseau. An exhibition is dedicated to it.
Pari Mahal

Pari Mahal or Peer Mahal, also known as The Palace of Fairies a beautiful garden, It is the seven-terraced Mughal garden located at the top of Zabarwan mountain range, overlooking the city of Srinagar and the south-west of Dal Lake in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is an example of Islamic architecture and patronage of art during the reign of the then Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, featuring arched doorways, terraced gardens, and intricate water channels.
The Pari Mahal (Peer Mahal), or Palace of Fairies, was built for Haano and Maano and residence for Haano’s prince Maano in the mid 1600s by Dara Shikoh. Dara Shikoh was said to have lived in this area in the years 1640, 1645, and 1654. It was also used as an observatory, and for teaching astrology and astronomy. The gardens have since become the property of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir.
The Pari Mahal has also been used as a top-secret interrogation centre and as a base for high-level bureaucrats. In recent times, the location has been used to film several movies including film Lamhaa.
34°05′N 74°53′E﻿ / ﻿34.083°N 74.883°E﻿ / 34.083; 74.883
Anakkampoyil

Anakamppoil is a hill Village in Kozhikode district in Kerala, India. is located about 50 km from the Kozhikode situated at the foothills of Vellarimala.
Blessed with the presence of streams and lush forests in the valleys of lush green hills, this hidden village is an ideal weekend getaway away from the busy tourist spots. Anacampoil is rich in beautiful valleys, green hills, thick forests, gracefully flowing streams and waterfalls. It is known for its peaceful atmosphere and warm hospitality of its residents.
Anacampo experiences a mild climate throughout the year. However, if you want to enjoy this hidden beauty at its best, the best time to visit is from September to the end of April. During this period, the natural beauty of forests and streams is at its peak.
It is situated in the hilly valley of Vellarimala. Kadapanchal Bridge and Aripara Falls are nearby attractions
It is located in the hill side valley of Vellarimala. Nearby attractions include Kadappanchal bridge and Arippara Waterfalls.
The important upcoming developmental project in this area is the construction of the Calicut - Wayanad tunnel road through Anakkampoyil - Kalladi - Meppadi. By constructing this road, the traffic congestion problem in Wayanad pass can be solved. An 8 km road will be constructed through the forest including two small bridges across Iruvanjippuzha and Kaniyad river. Currently, a road is available which passes through Anakkampoyil - Mutahappanpuzha - Marippuzha and from Meppadi to Thollayiram Estate. Once the road is constructed, transportation from Wayanad to southern districts of Kerala will be easier and about 30 km can be reduced. Currently, it is recommended to travel through the Marippuzha - Anakkampoyil - Thiruvambady - Mukkam - Kunnamangalam route.
1. Vavul Mala
2. Olichuchattam Waterfalls
3. Arippara Water Falls
4. Vellarimala
Basco Lighthouse

Basco Lighthouse is a lighthouse in the town of Basco in Batanes, the northernmost province in the Philippines. Located in Naidi Hills in Barangay San Antonio, the lush green hills and the open sea provide a beautiful backdrop for the lighthouse. The place can easily be reached by a 1.2-km (3/4 mile) hike from the Port of Basco.
Basco Lighthouse is one of the three lighthouses proposed by former Congressman Florencio Abad of Batanes, not only as working lighthouses, but possibly as tourist attractions. The other two are in Sabtang and Mahatao. The Basco structure was the first completed in 2003.
The location chosen is where the first lighthouse of Basco was built. It was also the site of the American period telegraph facilities that connected Batanes with the central government until it was destroyed by the Japanese Imperial Army bombings at the start of World War II. A few of the buildings survived and some have been converted into businesses like a café - resulting from the area becoming popular because of the lighthouse.
The structure is a 6-story building with a gallery or viewing deck on the fifth floor. Located next to the 66 feet (20 m) tower is a dwelling of vernacular architecture. Traditional Ivatan houses are made with stone or rubble masonry.
The viewing deck is a perfect location to view the whole of Batan Island (the main island where Basco is located) from end to end, including Mount Iraya. One can also have a clear view of Sabtang Island in the south of Basco and Itbayat Island to the north.
Terrain

Terrain (from Latin: terra 'earth'), alternatively relief or topographical relief, is the dimension and shape of a given surface of land. In physical geography, terrain is the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns. Bathymetry is the study of underwater relief, while hypsometry studies terrain relative to sea level.
The understanding of terrain is critical for many reasons:
Relief (or local relief) refers specifically to the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a landscape. It is the difference between maximum and minimum elevations within a given area, usually of limited extent. A relief can be described qualitatively, such as a "low relief" or "high relief" plain or upland. The relief of a landscape can change with the size of the area over which it is measured, making the definition of the scale over which it is measured very important. Because it is related to the slope of surfaces within the area of interest and to the gradient of any streams present, the relief of a landscape is a useful metric in the study of the Earth's surface. Relief energy, which may be defined inter alia as "the maximum height range in a regular grid", is essentially an indication of the ruggedness or relative height of the terrain.
Geomorphology is in large part the study of the formation of terrain or topography. Terrain is formed by concurrent processes operating on the underlying geological structures over geological time:
Tectonic processes such as orogenies and uplifts cause land to be elevated, whereas erosional and weathering processes wear the land away by smoothing and reducing topographic features. The relationship of erosion and tectonics rarely (if ever) reaches equilibrium. These processes are also codependent, however the full range of their interactions is still a topic of debate.
Land surface parameters are quantitative measures of various morphometric properties of a surface. The most common examples are used to derive slope or aspect of a terrain or curvatures at each location. These measures can also be used to derive hydrological parameters that reflect flow/erosion processes. Climatic parameters are based on the modelling of solar radiation or air flow.
Land surface objects, or landforms, are definite physical objects (lines, points, areas) that differ from the surrounding objects. The most typical examples airlines of watersheds, stream patterns, ridges, break-lines, pools or borders of specific landforms.
The dictionary definition of terrain at Wiktionary