davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Bete-ombro

Bete-ombro, also known as bets, tacobol, pau na lata, or taco (all of these names having a word meaning "bat" in them), is a Brazilian bat-and-ball game closely related to cricket. Two teams of two players each take turns batting and fielding. The batting team runs between two wickets, which are generally plastic bottles (or more reminiscent of cricket, three small wooden sticks propped up so that they all lean on each other), while the fielding team can run out batters by hitting a wicket with the ball before the closest batter reaches it. (As there are only two players on the batting team, teams swap as soon as a batter is out.) Bowled, stumped, and caught are other forms of dismissal.
Prince Harry played it on a trip to Brazil. Taco has been credited with helping to grow and influence women's cricket in Brazil.
There has been a "World Cup of Bets" held in Brazil, with teams from four cities, in 2016.
When introducing cricket to Brazilian audiences, Brazilian media sometimes compare it to bete-ombro. Bete-ombro may have been more popular in the 1990s than it is now.
Each of the two fielding players stands behind one of the wickets (called "alvos" (targets) or "casinha" (small house) in Portuguese), and each of the batters in front of one of the wickets. Whichever fielder has the ball throws it to the batter at the opposing wicket, with the other fielder being a de facto wicketkeeper. The batter may try to hit the ball; if he misses, he must place his bat in his crease to avoid being stumped (unlike cricket, the batter's body can't be used for this purpose), which is generally a circle drawn on the ground in front of the wicket. If the batters decide to run, they must cross bats with each other every time they pass each other, with the batters scoring a point every time both of them run from their crease to the opposing crease.
Similar to the Bat flip#Cricket, there is the "wet or dry" method of deciding which team bats first in bete-ombro: first, one side of the bat is wetted, and then the bat is thrown up in the air. The team that correctly calls whether the wet or dry side of the bat will fall face-up chooses whether to bat or bowl first. (Unlike a cricket bat, both sides of the bete-ombro bat are flat, so it wouldn't be possible to call "Hills or Flats").
There is a rule reminiscent of strikeouts in baseball: if the ball goes behind the batter 3 times, then they are out. The game ends when one team gets 12 or 25 points, though there may be additional conditions.
In some parts of Brazil, the expression "largar os betes" (to drop the bats) is used to mean "to give up".
Traditional games of Brazil

Brazil has many traditional games.
Bete-ombro, also known by several other names such as taco or bets, is a form of street cricket. Two teams of two players compete, with one player throwing a ball at an opponent, who tries to hit it with a bat and then switch places with their partner in order to score.
This is a game where players flick marbles at other marbles in order to capture them, with the player capturing the most marbles by the end of the game winning.
This game is a version of knucklebones.
Players keep a handkerchief hanging out of their waist, and must hop on one leg while keeping the opposite arm stuck to their chest. Players lose if their raised foot touches the ground, if they allow their arm to come off their chest, or if their handkerchief is snatched by the opponent.
Neil Hubbard

Neil Terrence Hubbard (born 24 February 1948) is a British guitarist who has performed with Juicy Lucy, The Grease Band, Bluesology, Joe Cocker, Roxy Music, Kokomo, Alvin Lee, B.B. King, Kevin Rowland, Dexys Midnight Runners, Bryan Ferry and Tony O'Malley, and played on the original 1970 concept album Jesus Christ Superstar.
Hubbard was educated at King's School, Peterborough, where he was a boarder. He and another pupil were budding guitarists who built their own amplifiers using plans designed by a fellow boarder and electronics wizard named Wright. The duo would entertain their chums with renditions of songs such as Tommy Roe's "Sheila" and Buddy Holly's "Peggy Sue".
Hubbard's association with Bryan Ferry began during the sessions that formed the Let's Stick Together album, where Hubbard played guitar on a re-recording of Roxy Music's "Casanova". Hubbard's guitar playing can also be heard on Roxy Music's Flesh and Blood and Avalon albums. He played with the band during the 1980 and 1982 tours. The 1982 tour can be heard on the live album Heart Still Beating (and also the live DVD The High Road). Hubbard also played in Ferry's band at Live Aid, the 1988 tour (available on the DVD, Bryan Ferry The Bete Noire Tour) and on the 1994–95 tour.
His guitar work can be heard on Ferry's Boys And Girls, Bête Noire, Taxi and Mamouna albums. The guitar solo at the end of Ferry's hit single, "Slave to Love", featured Hubbard.
In May 2008, the 1970s jazz funk band Kokomo was temporarily reformed. With Hubbard were O'Malley, Mel Collins, Mark Smith, Adam Phillips, Andy Hamilton, Bernie Holland, Glen Le Fleur, Paddy McHugh, Dyan Birch, and Frank Collins. Franke Pharoah and Eddy Armani also performed.
With Bluesology
Singles:
With Eddie Harris
With Alvin Lee
With Bryan Ferry
With Roxy Music
With Dexys
With Donovan
With Maggie Reilly
With Robert Palmer
With Joe Cocker
With Paul Young
With B.B. King
Bottling (concert abuse)

Bottling is an action where a concert audience throws various objects at the performers onstage. This generally happens at festivals when one act in the lineup is of a different genre or audience from the rest of the bands, especially festivals where the majority of bands are related to heavy metal and punk rock music styles.
While bottling generally involves empty or full bottles of water, it is also common for bottles to contain urine. Other items, such as garden furniture, mud, fireworks, broken glass, shoes, dead animals, and molotov cocktails (unlighted and lighted), have also been recorded as thrown items.
Below is a list of bottling incidents by decade and year.
On October 16, 2021, University of Tennessee fans threw bottles and other objects, including a golf ball which hit Ole Miss head coach Lane Kiffin, onto the Neyland Stadium field after the Tennessee Volunteers were ruled to have been stopped short on fourth down with 54 seconds remaining. The game was delayed some 20 minutes. The Rebels defeated the Vols, 31–26. The commissioner of the Southeastern Conference, Greg Sankey, announced the following Monday that the University of Tennessee would be fined $250,000 for its fans' bottling.
The title characters were bottled in a pivotal scene in The Blues Brothers, famously only protected by a mesh of chicken wire.
Captain Morgan

Captain Morgan is a brand of flavored rums (including, in Europe, some rum-flavored "premium spirit drinks") produced by British alcohol conglomerate Diageo. It is named after the 17th-century Welsh privateer of the Caribbean, Sir Henry Morgan.
In 1944 the Seagram Company started manufacturing the Captain Morgan brand of rum. In 1984, Captain Morgan Original Spiced Rum was introduced to the United States. In 2001 the Captain Morgan brand was sold to Diageo, a multinational drinks company based in London. On 15 April 2005, Captain Morgan Tattoo Black Spiced rum and its claimed 'sweet-to-heat' finish became another addition to the Captain Morgan line. Captain Morgan was, by volume, the second largest brand of spirits in the United States, and the seventh largest worldwide in 2007. In 2007, 7.6 million 9-litre cases were sold. Most Captain Morgan rum is sold in the United States, Canada, Great Britain, South Africa, and Global Travel.
In November 2009, the NFL banned a covert ad campaign allegedly put on by Diageo. It was understood that for each NFL player striking the "Captain Morgan" pose on camera during a regular season game, Diageo would donate US$10,000 (equivalent to $14,656 in 2024) to the Gridiron Greats (a non-profit which helps retired NFL players with various hardships after leaving the game). The league made this announcement following such a celebration by Brent Celek of the Philadelphia Eagles.
In 2010, two US territories, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands argued over plans for Captain Morgan to move operations to the Virgin Islands for tax reasons. The matter came to a head during a debate in the United States Congress over the USVI's attempt to use tax benefits to lure the company to that territory.
In 2014, Diageo Canada filed a trade dress infringement lawsuit against Heaven Hill Distilleries Inc, claiming striking similarities between the Captain Morgan character and Admiral Nelson, and that the similarity would dilute the Captain Morgan trademark. Diageo Canada won the lawsuit in 2017.
In 2020, the brand launched a new product called Captain Morgan Tiki. This new pineapple mango flavor rum is available in the United Kingdom, Australia, the Czech Republic and Germany.
Before and after the 2015 SummerSlam event, John Cena used the brand as a nickname for Seth Rollins during WWE's Monday Night Raw.
In 2016, Diageo created special limited edition bottles to commemorate Wes Morgan captaining Leicester City F.C. to the 2015–16 Premier League title.
Brazil–Syria relations

Brazil–Syria relations were established on 13 November 1945. Syria has an embassy in Brasília and a consulate-general in São Paulo. Brazil has an embassy in Damascus. Brazil and Syria have historical ties due to a significant Syrian population in Brazil, which is estimated to be around 4 million.
Brazil and Syria established diplomatic relations in 1945, following the end of World War II and Syria's independence from France. The relationship has been marked by cultural exchanges, migration, and periods of economic cooperation. Due to political conflicts in Syria in recent decades, Brazil has been a destination for Syrian refugees.
Brazil has one of the largest Syrian-origin communities outside of Syria. The first wave of Syrian migration to Brazil occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, during the days of the Ottoman Empire. The community is well-integrated, contributing to Brazilian culture, economy, and politics.
With the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, many Syrians sought refuge in Brazil, making it one of the largest destinations for Syrians in South America. The Syrian community in Brazil has fostered strong cultural ties between the two nations, including the establishment of cultural centers and associations.
Syria has an Embassy in Brasília and a counsulate-general in São Paulo. As well as honorary consulates in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Campo Grande, and Anápolis.
The Legation of Brazil in Damascus was opened in 1951 and elevated to Embassy status in 1961. Brazil’s embassy in Damascus remains open.
Brazil has played a diplomatic role in calling for peaceful resolutions in Syria, advocating for dialogue within the United Nations and other international organizations.
Order:
1876:
1945:
1951:
1961:
1997:
2003
2005:
2006:
2007:
2008:
2009:
2010:
2011:
2012:
2018:
Trade between Brazil and Syria has fluctuated, especially during the Syrian Civil War. Brazil exports products such as sugar, coffee, and poultry to Syria, while importing some Syrian products, mainly in textiles and handicrafts.
In recent years, trade has decreased due to the ongoing conflict in Syria. However, efforts have been made by both nations to revitalize economic relations through diplomatic dialogues and potential trade agreements.
Brazil has provided asylum to Syrian refugees since the beginning of the Syrian Civil War. The Brazilian government issued humanitarian visas to Syrians, allowing them to apply for asylum upon arrival. Various non-governmental organizations and local Syrian community groups in Brazil have provided support to Syrian refugees through social services, language classes, and employment assistance.
Brazil has taken a relatively neutral stance on the Syrian conflict, calling for a peaceful resolution without military intervention. Brazil has supported international humanitarian efforts and expressed support for Syrian refugees both within Brazil and globally. Brazil has also opposed unilateral military interventions in Syria, advocating for solutions based on dialogue.
Bernard Hellring

Bernard "Buzzy" Hellring was a co-creator of Ultimate Frisbee. Along with Joel Silver and Johnny Hines, Hellring created ultimate in the parking lot of Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey. and subsequently codified the rules of the sport.
Hellring was the son of Bernard Hellring, an attorney and New Jersey Commissioner of Uniform State Law and Sally Horner Hellring of South Orange, New Jersey., part of the South Orange-Maplewood School District.
Hellring died in 1971, in an auto accident at Princeton University. He was elected posthumously into the Ultimate Hall of Fame.
After his death, funds were raised to fulfill his dream of producing the high school newspaper he edited as an in-house daily, through purchase of a large Heidelberg printing press. This press was sold sometime in the late 1990s as traditional printing arts were replaced by computer-based technologies in the school's curricula.
List of school shootings in the United States (2000–present)

This chronological list of school shootings in the United States since the year 2000 includes school shootings in the United States that occurred at K–12 public and private schools, as well as at colleges and universities, and on school buses. Included in shootings are non-fatal accidental shootings. Excluded from this list are the following:
85 incidents.
258 incidents.
249 incidents.
Metropolitan Park (Queens)

Metropolitan Park is a proposed park, casino and entertainment complex in the New York City borough of Queens. The proposed site is located at the parking lots adjacent to Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB).
In October 2013, the New York City Council approved a plan to build a mall and entertainment center called Willets West in the Citi Field parking lot where Shea Stadium stood, as part of an effort by the city to redevelop the nearby neighborhood of Willets Point. However, in 2015, the Appellate Division of the New York State Supreme Court ruled that the site, considered parkland, could not be used for commercial development without permission from the New York state government.
In 2022, Mets owner Steve Cohen began pushing to build a casino in the parking lot, which was supported by New York City mayor Eric Adams, but still needs final approval from the New York state government. In November 2023, Cohen unveiled a proposal to build an $8 billion, 50-acre casino and entertainment complex in the parking lot, called Metropolitan Park, which would include a Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, restaurants, bars, and a live music venue as well as public park space, community athletic fields, and playgrounds. In May 2024, New York state senator Jessica Ramos announced her intention to formally oppose the construction of the casino and entertainment complex on the site. In March 2025, the New York City Council voted in favor of modifications in zoning regulations for the site, the penultimate step of the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP). The construction of the casino hinges on the project winning one of the three downstate casino licenses from the New York State Gaming Commission.
The Name Game

"The Name Game" is a song co-written and performed by Shirley Ellis as a rhyming game that creates variations on a person's name. She explains through speaking and singing how to play the game. The first verse is done using Ellis's first name; the other names used in the original version of the song are Lincoln, Arnold, Tony, Billy, Marsha, and Nick.
Written by American singer Shirley Ellis (who based the song on a game she played as a child) and Lincoln Chase. Ellis's recording, produced by Charles Calello, was released in late 1964 as "The Name Game". The record scored third on the Billboard Hot 100, and fourth on the magazine's R&B charts during 1965. The record was re-released in 1966 and again in 1973. An R&B singer for 10 years before that success, Ellis was also successful with "The Clapping Song (Clap Pat Clap Slap)" (No.8 pop and No.16 R&B), and "The Nitty Gritty" (No.8 on the Hot 100 and No.4 on the Cash Box R&B chart). Ellis performed on then-major television programs, including Hullabaloo, American Bandstand and The Merv Griffin Show. It later became a popular children's singalong. In Canada it reached No. 2.
Using the name Katie as an example, the song follows this pattern:
A verse can be created for any name, with X as the name and Y as the name without the first consonant sound (if it begins with a consonant), as follows:
If the name starts with a b, f, or m, that sound simply is not repeated. For example: Billy becomes "Billy Billy bo-illy"; Fred becomes "bonana fanna fo-red"; Martha becomes "fee fi mo-artha"
The song as originally performed gives no indication of what to do with names where the stress falls on a syllable after the first, like Anita or Antoinette, but during the live rendition of the song on The Merv Griffin Show, Ellis uses the same rules as explained above ("Tallulah, Tallulah, bo-ballulah"). However, the cover version on the workout video Sweatin' to the Oldies 3 (vocals by Donna Miller) suggests that the first syllable should be dropped after the name is first said; the name Madonna is sung as "Madonna-donna-bo-bonna," etc.
Laura Branigan covered the song for her 1987 fifth studio album Touch. It was released in 1988 in the Philippines as the last single from the album. The single's B-side is "Cry Wolf", which was the third single from the album.
Bête (cards)

Bête (from the French bête [bɛːt] = "beast", "dumb animal" or "brute"), Labet or the Germanised Bete and (Low German) Beet, is a term used in certain card games for a penalty payment e.g. for failing to take the minimum number of tricks, or for a stake or money which a player has lost.
In trick-taking game, such as Mistigri and Kauflabet, the player who has failed to win a single trick is "bête" or "the Bête". Likewise in Mauscheln, if the declarer, or Mauschler, fails to win a trick, he is called the Mauschlerbete.
The word is used with verbs in phrases that have further meanings:
The name is derived from the historical French card game of Bête where it referred to the stake and the penalty for losing. Labet is another name for the card game of Tippen and Bête also came to be a synonym for the card game of Mouche.
Sawo duren

Sawo duren, sawo hijau, atau kenitu adalah nama sejenis buah dari suku sawo-sawoan (Sapotaceae). Buah ini juga dikenal dengan nama sawo apel, sawo ijo atau apel ijo (Jw.), sabo susu (Sas.), sawo hejo (Sd.), sawo kadu (Banten), kenitu, gemintu atau manécu (Jatim),sawo manila (Lampung) dan sawo beludru.
Nama-nama dalam pelbagai bahasa asing misalnya di Filipina dengan sebutan cainito, Inggris dengan sebutan caimito dan star apple, Thailand dengan sebutan sataa appoen serta Malaysia dengan sebutan sawu duren dan pepulut. Buah ini dikenal pula dengan aneka nama lain seperti chicle durian, sterappel, golden leaf tree, abiaba, pomme de lait, estrella, aguay dan lain-lain. Nama ilmiahnya adalah Chrysophyllum cainito.
Pohon sawo duren dapat tumbuh hingga ketinggian 50 meter. Diameter batangnya dapat mencapai 225 cm. Pohon yang selalu hijau dan tumbuh cepat. Bagian batangnya berkayu, silindris, tegak, pepagan berpermukaan kasar berwarna cokelat, abu-abu gelap sampai keputihan; dengan banyak bagian pohon yang mengeluarkan lateks—getah putih yang pekat—manakala dilukai.
Daun tunggal berwarna coklat-keemasan (chrysophyllum berarti daun yang berwarna keemasan), karena bulu-bulu halus yang tumbuh terutama di sisi bawah daun dan di rerantingan; permukaan atasnya lekas gundul dan berwarna hijau cerah. Duduk daun berseling, memencar, bentuk lonjong sampai bundar telur terbalik, 3-6 x 5-16 cm, seperti kulit, bertangkai 0,6-1,7 cm panjangnya.
Perbungaan terletak di ketiak daun, berupa kelompok 5-35 kuntum bunga kecil-kecil bertangkai panjang, kekuningan sampai putih lembayung, harum manis. Kelopak 5 helai, bundar sampai bundar telur; mahkota bentuk tabung bercuping 5, bundar telur, panjang sampai 4 mm.
Buah buni berbentuk bulat hingga bulat telur sungsang, berdiameter 5–10 cm, dengan kulit buah licin mengkilap, coklat keunguan atau hijau kekuningan sampai keputihan. Kulit agak tebal, liat, banyak mengandung lateks dan tak dapat dimakan. Daging buah putih atau keunguan, lembut dan banyak mengandung sari buah, manis, membungkus endokarp berwarna putih yang terdiri dari 4-11 ruang yang bentuknya mirip bintang jika dipotong melintang. Biji 3-10 butir, pipih agak bulat telur, coklat muda sampai hitam keunguan, keras berkilap.
Sawo duren umumnya dikonsumsi sebagai buah segar, meski juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku es krim atau serbat (sherbet). Pohon sawo duren menghasilkan buah setelah berumur 5-6 tahun, dan biasanya musim puncak buah itu di Jawa terjadi pada musim kemarau.
Banyak bagian pohon yang berkhasiat obat; misalnya kulit kayunya, getah, buah dan biji. Rebusan daunnya dipakai untuk menyembuhkan diabetes dan rematik. Dari pepagannya (kulit kayu) dihasilkan obat kuat dan obat batuk.
Pohonnya kerap digunakan sebagai tanaman hias dan peneduh di taman-taman dan tepi jalan. Kayunya cukup baik sebagai bahan bangunan. Dan cabang-cabangnya yang tua dimanfaatkan untuk menumbuhkan anggrek.
Sawo duren berasal dari dataran rendah Amerika Tengah dan Hindia Barat. Karena manfaatnya, kini sawo duren telah menyebar ke seluruh daerah tropis. Di Asia Tenggara, sawo duren banyak ditanam di Filipina, Thailand dan Indocina bagian selatan.
Sawo kecik

Sawo kecik (Manilkara kauki) atau Sawo jawa adalah sejenis tanaman penghasil buah pangan anggota suku sawo-sawoan atau Sapotaceae. Tumbuhan berbentuk pohon ini biasanya berfungsi sebagai tanaman hias pekarangan dan pelindung. Pohon ini menyukai dataran rendah hingga sedang.
Sawo mentega

Sawo mentega, sawo ubi, sawo belanda, alkesah, kanistel, Campoleh, atau Campolay (Pouteria campechiana) adalah sejenis buah dari suku sawo-sawoan (Sapotaceae) yang asalnya dari wilayah Amerika Tengah dan Meksiko bagian selatan. Namun karena manfaatnya, pohon buah ini sekarang telah dibudidayakan di banyak negara, termasuk di Indonesia. Nama spesiesnya merujuk pada nama kota Campeche di Meksiko, tempat asli tumbuhan ini. Dalam bahasa Inggris disebut sebagai canistel, egg fruit, atau yellow sapote.
Pohon sawo mentega berukuran sedang, tinggi hingga 30 m; meski kebanyakan hanya mencapai 20 m. Pepagannya berwarna kelabu tua, berusuk halus, mengeluarkan getah susu (lateks) apabila dilukai.
Daun-daun terkumpul di ujung ranting, bundar telur terbalik dan memanjang, agak menyerupai sudip, 6–25 × 2,5–8 cm, meruncing di pangkal dan ujungnya, berwarna hijau berkilap; bertangkai 5–25 cm. Bunga muncul di ketiak daun bagian bawah, tunggal atau mengelompok, bertangkai panjang 5–12 cm, berbilangan-5, hijau keputih-putihan, berbau harum.
Buah buni berbentuk gelendong, bulat telur, bulat telur sungsang, sampai membulat, dengan ujung berparuh, 7,5–12,5 × 2–7,5 cm, berkulit tipis, licin seperti berlilin, kaku, kuning bila masak. Daging buah berwarna kuning, lembap atau agak kering menepung, berbau harum agak samar, manis. Biji besar, coklat mengilat, bentuk bulat telur, panjangnya hingga 5 cm, 1–5 butir dalam tiap buah.
Buah alkesah di Indonesia biasanya dimakan begitu saja setelah masak, sebagai buah segar. Namun di banyak tempat di negara lain, daging buah yang mirip dengan ubi kuning ini dicampur dengan garam dan lada, sari jeruk, atau mayones, dan dimakan segar atau setelah sebentar dipanaskan. Buah ini memiliki daging dengan tekstur dan rasa yang mirip dengan ubi rebus atau tapai singkong. Daging buah kanistel juga kerap dihaluskan dan dijadikan campuran es krim atau susu kocok (milkshake).
Buah sawo mentega yang kaya gizi kerap dicampurkan ke kue-kue sebagai pengganti labu: dalam puding, kue dadar (pancake), kue pai ‘labu’, dan bahkan juga dijadikan selai untuk mengolesi roti.
Kayunya yang berwarna coklat keabu-abuan hingga kemerah-merahan bertekstur halus, kuat, keras, dan berbobot sedang hingga berat; baik untuk membuat papan atau balok. Di Amerika Tengah, lateksnya disadap untuk campuran getah sawo manila, dijadikan bahan permen karet. Pohon alkesah sering pula ditanam sebagai peneduh atau penghias taman.
Sawo mentega telah dibudidayakan di banyak negara lain, seperti di Nikaragua, Panama, dan juga Kuba. Dari Kuba, pohon buah ini dibawa ke Filipina pada 1915, dan menyebar ke bagian lain Asia Tenggara. Kanistel juga banyak ditanam di Seychelles. Kini sawo mentega telah diperkebunkan di Filipina dengan hasil yang baik.
Daftar buah-buahan kuliner

Daftar ini berisi nama-nama buah yang dianggap dapat dimakan baik mentah, atau diolah menjadi beberapa hidangan. Kata "buah" digunakan dalam beberapa definisi berbeda. Definisi buah untuk daftar ini adalah buah kuliner, yaitu "Setiap bagian tanaman yang manis dan dapat dimakan yang menyerupai buah, meskipun tidak berkembang dari ovarium bunga. Buah juga digunakan dalam arti teknis yang tidak tepat untuk beberapa jenis sayuran manis atau sayuran semi manis, beberapa di antaranya mungkin menyerupai buah asli atau digunakan dalam masakan seolah-olah itu adalah buah, misalnya rhubarb." Banyak bagian tanaman yang dapat dimakan secara botani adalah buah sejati, dan tidak dianggap sebagai buah kuliner. Mereka diklasifikasikan sebagai sayuran dalam arti kuliner (misalnya: tomat, zucchini, dsb.), dan karenanya mereka tidak muncul dalam daftar ini. Demikian pula, beberapa buah botani yang diklasifikasikan sebagai kacang (misalnya kacang brazil), juga tidak muncul di sini.
Salad buah

Salad buah atau disebut juga koktil buah adalah makanan yang dibuat dari potongan buah dan sirup, dan disajikan dingin. Walaupun namanya mirip dengan minuman beralkohol yang disebut "koktail", koktil buah sama sekali tidak dicampur atau mengandung alkohol.
Selain koktil buah dalam kaleng, koktail bisa dibuat sendiri dari buah segar yang dipotong-potong dan diberi air gula. Selain air gula, koktil buah kadang-kadang dibuat dengan tambahan susu kental manis, santan, atau minuman berkarbonasi seperti Sprite. Koktil buah juga bisa dipakai untuk membuat puding, pai, dan campuran minuman es lainnya.
Menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia untuk buah-buahan dalam kaleng, salad buah dalam kaleng dibuat dari campuran tiga jenis buah atau lebih. Salad buah dalam kaleng dibagi menjadi salad buah subtropis (persik, pir, nanas, anggur, ceri) dan salad buah tropis (pepaya atau nanas).
Gandaria

Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griff.) atau nama lokal lainnya jatake atau kundang adalah tanaman yang berasal dari kepulauan Indonesia dan Malaysia. Tanaman ini tumbuh di daerah tropis, dan banyak dibudidayakan di Sumatra dan Thailand.
Gandaria dimanfaatkan buah, daun, dan batangnya. Buah gandaria berwarna hijau saat masih muda, dan sering dikonsumsi sebagai rujak atau campuran sambal gandaria. Buah gandaria yang matang berwarna kuning, memiliki rasa kecut-manis dan dapat dimakan langsung. Daunnya digunakan sebagai lalap. Batang gandaria dapat digunakan sebagai papan. Gandaria adalah flora identitas Jawa Barat.
Buah gandaria menyerupai mangga bulat yang kecil. Pohonnya sedang, namun tinggi. Tingginya dapat mencapai 25 m. Tajuknya rapat. Dahannya berbentuk lebar memanjang, dengan ujung yang tumpul. Perbungaannya malai, bunganya menyerupai bunga mangga yang berwarna kuning, dan muncul di ketiak daun. Berbunga pada bulan September-Desember. Buahnya bulat, seperti kelereng. Tipenya seperti buah batu, mengeluarkan cairan kental dan bau khas seperti terpentin. Sewaktu masih muda, warnanya hijau, dan kalau sudah matang, berwarna kuning oranye. Bijinya berwarna ungu. Daunnya tunggal, berbentuk bundar telur-lonjong sampai bentuk lanset atau jorong. Waktu muda berwarna putih, kemudian berangsur ungu tua, lalu menjadi hijau tua.
Buah ini berasal di daerah-daerah Asia Tenggara, sekarang menyebar ke pulau-pulau di sebelah timurnya dan juga sampai ke India. Di Indonesia, gandaria memiliki persebaran yang sempit. Yakni di Pulau Sumatra, sebagian Jawa, Maluku, Kalimantan Selatan, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Utara, dan Papua. Ia tumbuh di hutan-hutan, atau ditanam di desa-desa sebagai tanaman buah. Ia tumbuh dengan baik dari ketinggian 5-800 mdpl. Pembudidayaan tumbuhan ini sudah dilakukan di Sumatra.
Sementara itu, ia tumbuh baik di Ambon dengan pemukiman baik dataran rendah ataupun dataran tinggi. Di hutan dataran rendah, dapat hidup di bawah 300 mdpl, tetapi dalam pembudidayaan telah berhasil ditanam pada ketinggian sekitar 850 m dpl.
Daunnya yang masih muda digunakan untuk sayuran, khususnya untuk lalap. Buahnya berair, rasanya manis-masam. Tumbuhan ini bisa langsung dimakan seusai dipetik dari pohonnya. Sedangkan sewaktu masih muda, buahnya bisa dibuat sambal, rujak, dimakan langsung atau untuk lalap. Kayunya dapat digunakan untuk membuat sarung keris dan daunnya digunakan untuk obat.
Bacaan
Pepaya gunung

Pepaya gunung, Pepaya dieng atau karika (sering ditulis carica, Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis, syn. Carica pubescens, Carica quercifolia, Carica goudotiana, dan Cariaca candamarcensis) adalah kerabat pepaya yang menyukai keadaan dataran tinggi basah, 1.500–3.000 m di atas permukaan laut. Di wilayah Wonosobo dan Banjarnegara, tanaman ini biasa disebut Carica. Daerah asalnya adalah dataran tinggi Andes, Amerika Selatan.
Tanaman pepaya dieng merupakan pohon kecil atau perdu yang tidak berkayu, mirip dengan pepaya biasa (Carica papaya L.), tetapi mempunyai cabang yang lebih banyak dan ukuran semua bagian tanaman lebih kecil. Tinggi rata-rata adalah 1-3 meter, bunga jantan memiliki tangkai yang panjang hingga 15 cm dan bunga betina berukuran lebih besar dengan tangkai yang keras dan pendek.
Buah pepaya dieng berbentuk bulat telur dengan ukuran panjang 6–10 cm dan diameter 3–4 cm. Buah matang berbentuk telur sungsang dengan ukuran 6–15 cm x 3–8 cm, dagingnya keras, berwarna kuning-jingga, rasanya agak asam tetapi harum, di sekeliling rongganya terdapat banyak sekali biji yang terbungkus oleh sarkotesta yang putih dan berair. Buah yang belum matang memiliki kulit yang berwarna hijau gelap dan akan berubah menjadi kuning setelah matang. Biji buah berwarna hitam dengan jumlah yang banyak dan padat. Buahnya mengandung getah, dan getah ini akan semakin berkurang dengan semakin mendekati kematangan. Getah ini mengandung papain yang bersifat proteolitik.
Pepaya dieng merupakan sumber kalsium, gula, vitamin A dan C. Pepaya dieng mengandung banyak minyak atsiri dan merupakan turunan dari asam lemak. Kebanyakan merupakan senyawa 3-hidroksiester, yang juga ditemukan pada beberapa tanaman tropika lainnya seperti nanas, mangga, gooseberry, tamarillo, dan sawo.
Pepaya dieng diintroduksi ke Indonesia pada masa menjelang Perang Dunia II oleh pemerintah kolonial Hindia Belanda, dan berhasil dikembangkan di Dataran Tinggi Dieng. Sekarang "carica" menjadi salah satu buah tangan khas dari daerah itu.
Buah ini dapat dijadikan sirup, jus, manisan, dan selai. Buah ini cocok dimakan oleh orang yang memiliki perut lemah terhadap buah-buahan karena mempunyai sifat memperbaiki pencernaan. Daging buahnya juga dapat dimakan segar. Di Jawa, buah ini dijual kepada wisatawan, digunakan untuk konsumsi setempat, dan dikalengkan. Di Amerika Selatan, buah ini dijadikan minuman ringan non alkohol dan dijadikan selai. Buah yang masih muda biasanya dikeringkan untuk dijadikan serbuk bahan pembuatan obat penyakit kulit atau kosmetik. Daunnya dapat digunakan sebagai pelunak daging karena mengandung zat papain. Selain itu, zat papain digunakan dalam berbagai industri makanan dan farmasi. Di daerah Dieng buah pepaya gunung masih merupakan konsumsi lokal dan dibuat minuman awetan dalam botol kaca ataupun gelas plastik.
Tanaman pepaya dieng lebih tahan terhadap udara dingin dan virus yang umum menyerang pepaya biasa.
Jenis ini dipakai sebagai tetua bagi jenis buah hibrida "Babaco", sejenis pepaya yang populer di Amerika Selatan.
Pepaya dieng memiliki kandungan yang baik untuk kesehatan tubuh, beberapa manfaat dari pepaya dieng, di antaranya adalah:
Gayam

Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer) adalah sejenis pohon anggota suku polong-polongan (Fabaceae) yang dapat tumbuh setinggi 20 sampai 30 meter dengan diameter 4 hingga 6 meter. Nama lainnya adalah gatep (Bl., Sas., Btw.), atau Tahitian chestnut (Ingg.).
Pohon ini pada umumnya ditanam di pedesaan sebagai peneduh pekarangan dan kuburan. Pohon ini sering kali tumbuh berdekatan dengan kolam atau mata air sehingga diduga memiliki kemampuan menyerap air yang kuat dari sekitarnya. Karena anggapan itu, gayam juga merupakan salah satu tumbuhan penghijauan.
Penyebaran pohon gayam (Inocarpus fagifer) ada disepanjang dataran Indo-Melayu namun untuk saat ini keberadaannya mulai berkurang. Bukan tanpa alasan karena perubahan masyarakat yang lebih mengarah diarea perindustrian. Selain itu juga dirasa minimnya pengetahuan kemanfaatan pohon tersebut memicu sering ditebangnya pohon ini. Untuk keberadaannya sekarang yang masih banyak kita temui yakni ada di Kabupaten Tuban Provinsi jawa Timur. Ada beberapa daerah yang masih mempertahankan kearifan lokal ini hingga saat ini karena kepercayaan masyarakat akan arti dari sebuah filosofi Gayam Gayuh Ayem (bahasa Jawa). Beberapa daerah menggunakan pohon gayam sebagai nama toponomi wilayahnya, seperti Karang Gayam, Catak Gayam, dll.
Isi bijinya biasa dimakan setelah direbus terlebih dahulu untuk menghilangkan racun saponin yang terkandung di dalamnya. Biasa dimakan begitu saja atau diolah lagi menjadi keripik.
Kearifan lokal

Kearifan lokal merupakan bagian dari budaya suatu masyarakat yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari bahasa masyarakat itu sendiri. Kearifan lokal biasanya diwariskan secara turun temurun dari satu generasi ke generasi melalui cerita dari mulut ke mulut. Kearifan lokal ada di dalam cerita rakyat, peribahasa, lagu, dan permainan rakyat. Kearifan lokal sebagai suatu pengetahuan yang ditemukan oleh masyarakat lokal tertentu melalui kumpulan pengalaman dalam mencoba dan diintegrasikan dengan pemahaman terhadap budaya dan keadaan alam suatu tempat.
Indonesia memiliki berbagai macam kearifan lokal yang sangat berperan strategis dalam membangun peradaban suatu masyarakat. Bentuk kearifan lokal ini diantaranya dapat dilihat dalam bentuk sebagai berikut.
Pulai

Pulai atau Pule adalah nama pohon dengan nama botani Alstonia scholaris. pohon ini dari jenis tanaman keras yang hidup di pulau Jawa dan Sumatra. Dikenal juga dengan nama lokal pule, kayu gabus, lame, lamo dan jelutung. kualitas kayunya tidak terlalu keras dan kurang disukai untuk bahan bangunan karena kayunya mudah melengkung jika lembap, tetapi banyak digunakan untuk membuat perkakas rumah tangga dari kayu dan ukiran serta patung. Pohon ini banyak digunakan untuk penghijauan karena daunnya hijau mengkilat, rimbun dan melebar ke samping sehingga memberikan kesejukan. Kulitnya digunakan untuk bahan baku obat. berkhasiat untuk mengobati penyakit radang tenggorokan dan lain-lain.
Pohon ini memiliki nama botani Alstonia scholaris. Nama Alstonia merupakan penghormatan kepada Charles Alston, seorang profesor botani di Universitas Edinburgh. Sedangkan nama scholaris diberikan karena pohon ini dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar papan tulis sekolah.
Pohon pulai dapat mencapai tiggi 40 m. Daunnya hijau mengkilap dengan bagian bawah daun berwarna lebih pucat. Daunnya menjari dengan jumlah tiga sampai sepuluh daun dan petiole sepanjang 3 cm. Bunganya mekar di bulan Oktober dan memiliki aroma yang harum. Biji dari pulai berbentuk oblong dan berambut. Kulit kayunya tidak memiliki bau namun memiliki rasa yang sangat pahit, dengan getah yang cukup banyak.
Kulit batang pada pulai berwarna coklat keabu-abuan. Sementara bagian dalam batangnya berwarna kuning. Batang pulai menghasilkan getah berwarna putih susu. Bunga pulai merupakan tipe bunga majemuk, dengan kelopak bulat telur, berwarna putih kekuningan. Buah tanaman ini berbentuk pita, berwarna putih, dengan panjang 20–50 mm. Biji berukuran kecil berwarna putih dengan panjang 1,5–2 cm. Akar atau yang disebut dengan jangkar tanaman berbentuk tunggang dan berwarna coklat.
Pulai merupakan tanaman asli di wilayah berikut ini:
Tanaman pule bermanfaat sebagai obat demam dan dapat menurunkan tekanan darah tinggi. Ekstrak kulit batang mengandung zat bermanfaat, seperti flavonoida, saponire, dan polifenol. Pembuatan obat demam didapatkan melalui pencucian dan perebusan kulit batang sebanyak 10 gr, dengan 1 gelas air selama 15 menit.
Kapulasan

Pulasan atau Kapulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake Blume syn. N. mutabile) adalah kerabat terdekat rambutan (N. lappaceum L.). Keduanya masuk dalam suku lerak-lerakan (Sapindaceae). Buah kapulasan, sebagai ciri khas jenis ini, sepintas mirip rambutan namun rasanya masam dan salut bijinya tidak bisa lepas (tidak ngelotok). Kapulasan tidak dapat bersilang dengan rambutan.
Kapulasan dikenal dengan beberapa nama di Indonesia, misalnya rambutan botak, kapulasan merah, kapulasan si babat, kapulasan koneng (Sunda), dan rambutan utan (Pontianak).
Tahukah Anda? Ada fakta menarik dari dibalik buah kapulasan yang mulai membusuk. Apakah itu? Rasa asli dari buah kapulasan dikombinasi dengan bagian buah yang mulai membusuk, terbentuklah rasa baru dari rasa yang sama seperti menyantap ketan hitam yang difermentasi dengan ragi.
Kapulasan merupakan pohon buah yang tingginya mencapai 15-36 m. Daunnya lebih sempit ketimbang rambutan. Daunnya ini tersusun spiral, majemuk menyirip dengan 1-7 pasang anak daun, tangkai daun mencapai panjang 11 cm sedangkan tangkai anak daun panjangnya sampai 12,5 mm; anak daun dengan panjang 4–20 cm dan lebar 2–11 cm. Perbungaan aksiler sampai terminal semu, berbentuk malai; bunga tidak mempunyai mahkota bunga, benang sarinya berjumlah 5-8, putiknya berjumlah 2 atau 3 merus. Buah berbentuk jorong sampai agak bulat, panjang 4-6,5 cm dan lebar 2,5–5 cm, berduri kasar dan padat, kemerahan sampai kekuningan atau kehitaman. Buahnya lonjong, rasa daging buah manis-agak asam. Disebabkan duri buahnya pendek, kapulasan juga dinamai rambutan botak. Biji dengan sarkotesta putih.
Fruit tree

A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by animals and humans. All trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds. In horticultural usage, the term "fruit tree" is limited to those that provide fruit for human food. Types of fruits are described and defined elsewhere (see Fruit), but would include "fruit" in a culinary sense, as well as some nut-bearing trees, such as walnuts.
The scientific study and the cultivation of fruits is called pomology, which divides fruits into groups based on plant morphology and anatomy. Some of those groups are pome fruits, which include apples and pears, and stone fruits, which include peaches/nectarines, almonds, apricots, plums and cherries.
Fruit trees can withstand the variability of rainfall better than annual crops due to the deep root systems and the perennial growth habit.
Climate change is significantly impacting fruit trees, with effects varying depending on the geographical region and type of fruit tree. The annual temperature in Japan, for example, has risen at a rate of 0.124 °C per decade from 1898 to 2019, influencing fruit tree flowering times and potentially leading to a physiological disorder known as "flowering disorder" in Japanese pear, which may result from abnormal flowering or dormancy or both. In Australia, climate change is predicted to prompt a major shift in the fruit farming industry by 2030, affecting the winter chill period necessary for fruit production.
In addition, climate change has caused challenges like early spring and late frosts, flooding, drought, and extreme heat, all of which effect fruit trees. Severe droughts and flooding affect the trees' growth, making them more susceptible to pests and diseases. Extreme heat can damage growing fruit directly on the tree.
This situation is exacerbated by global trends towards reduced organic matter in soil, necessitating innovative water conservation and management strategies to ensure crop yield and quality.
Manilkara

Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A close relative is the genus Pouteria.
Trees of this genus yield edible fruit, useful wood, and latex. The best-known species are M. bidentata (balatá), M. chicle (chicle) and M. zapota (sapodilla). M. hexandra is the floral emblem of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in Thailand, where it is known as rayan. M. obovata shares the vernacular name of African pear with another completely different species, Dacryodes edulis, and neither should be confused with Baillonella toxisperma, known by the very similar name, African pearwood.
Manilkara trees are often significant, or even dominant species in their native ecosystems, such as East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Central American premontane tropical wet forests, or together with Cynometra, in the Arabuko Sokoke National Park. Manilkara fruit are an important food item for various frugivores, in particular birds. The red fruit bat (Stenoderma rufum) is the primary – and possibly the only – seed disperser of M. bidentata in parts of the Caribbean. Tuckerella xiamenensis, a species of peacock mite, was described from a sapodilla tree.
The generic name, Manilkara, is derived from the Malayalam word manil-kara, a vernacular name for M. kauki; it combines Manil from Manilha, the Portuguese name of Manila in the Philippines, and kara meaning "fruit".
Species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of December 2022:
Several species are endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. M. gonavensis of Haiti and M. spectabilis of Costa Rica are almost extinct.
Chicle

Chicle (/ˈtʃɪkəl/) is a natural gum traditionally used in making chewing gum and other products. It is collected from several species of Mesoamerican trees in the genus Manilkara, including M. zapota, M. chicle, M. staminodella, and M. bidentata.
The tapping of the gum is similar to the tapping of latex from the rubber tree: zig-zag gashes are made in the tree trunk and the dripping gum is collected in small bags. It is then boiled until it reaches the correct thickness. Locals who collect chicle are called chicleros.
The word chicle comes from the Nahuatl word for the gum, tzictli [ˈt͡sikt͡ɬi], which can be translated as "sticky stuff". Alternatively, it may have come from the Mayan word tsicte. Chicle was well known to the Aztecs and to the Maya, and early European settlers prized it for its subtle flavor and high sugar content. The word is used in the Americas and Spain to refer to chewing gum, chicle being a common term for it in Spanish and chiclete being the Portuguese term (both in Brazil and in parts of Portugal; other areas also use the term chicla). The word has also been exported to other languages such as Greek, which refers to chewing gum as τσίχλα (tsichla).
Both the Aztecs and Maya traditionally chewed chicle. It was chewed as a way to stave off hunger, freshen breath, and keep teeth clean. Chicle was also used by the Maya as a filling for tooth cavities.
The American company American Chicle Company, incorporated in June 1899, was the first prominent commercial user of this ingredient in the production of chewing gum. Its brand name, Chiclets, is derived from the word chicle.
In response to a land reform law passed in Guatemala in 1952 which ended feudal work relations and expropriated unused lands and sold them to the indigenous and peasants, the William Wrigley Company discontinued buying Guatemalan chicle. Since it was the sole buyer of Guatemalan chicle, the government was forced to create a massive aid program for growers.
By the 1960s, most chewing gum companies had switched from using chicle to butadiene-based synthetic rubber, which was cheaper to manufacture. Only a handful of small gum companies still use chicle, including Gud Gum, Glee Gum, Simply Gum, and Tree Hugger Gum.
Manilkara kanosiensis

Manilkara kanosiensis (commonly known as torem or sawai) is a species of tree in the sapodilla family. It is thinly dispersed in low-lying rainforests over a large range, from the Maluku Islands of Indonesia to the Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain and New Ireland) of Papua New Guinea. It is endangered by the furious pace of logging in its native habitat, where it is felled as timber.
Mesoamerican cuisine

Mesoamerican cuisine – (covering Belize, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, northern Costa Rica and Mexico) has four main staples: maize (many varieties based on what climate it is grown in), beans, squash and chili. Other plant-based foods used include: amaranth, avocado, cassava, cherimoya, chia, chocolate, guava, nanche, pineapple, sapodilla, sweet potatoes, yucca and zapote.
Historically, various methods and techniques were employed to store, prepare and preserve the foods, most of which remain in use today. Hernán Cortés introduced rice and wheat to Mesoamerica, prior to which time milpa (known as the cornfield) was one of the main sources of sustenance.
Some traditional foods featured in the cuisine include: Atole (a drink made using masa) and Chocolate Atole (with the addition of chocolate) also known as champurrado. Two classic maize dishes are: boiling maize in water and lime, mixing with chili peppers and eating as gruel; dough preparation for flat cakes, tamales and tortillas. Edible foam is another popular food item, sometimes even regarded as sacred.
While squashes were cooked for food, dried gourds were repurposed for storage or used during battles with embers and chilies, wrapped in leaves and used as chemical warfare.
The animals used in Mesoamerican cuisine were mainly dogs, turkeys, deer and the Muscovy duck.
The Mesoamericans began making fermented drinks using chocolate in 450 BC using the cocoa tree. Once sugar was used to sweeten it rather than spices, it gained popularity and was used in feasts. Toasted cacao beans were ground (sometimes with parched corn) and then the powder was mixed with water. This was beaten with a wooden whisk until foamy. Vanilla orchid pods or honey were used as flavor enhancers. Chocolate was also seen as an energy drink and a libido increaser as recorded by Moctezuma II who drank 50 cups a day from a golden goblet.
Oaxaca Ethnobotanical Garden

The Jardín Etnobotánico de Oaxaca is a botanical garden in Oaxaca City, Mexico. It occupies 2.32 acres of land adjacent to the Church of Santo Domingo. It is administered by the state government of Oaxaca.
In 1993, a proposal for the creation of the Ethnobotanical Garden was put forth by Francisco Toledo, a renowned artist from Oaxaca, and the civil association PRO-OAX (Board for the Defense and Conservation of the Cultural and Natural Heritage of Oaxaca, A.C.). Francisco Toledo was interested in preserving and promoting the traditional knowledge of the Zapotec and Mixtec peoples of the Oaxaca region. The artist was a constant activist and his struggles led him to win great and surprising battles, such as preventing, alongside ProOax, the conversion of the former Convent of Santo Domingo de Guzmán (a colonial-era building) into a large parking lot and managing to turn it into the current Santo Domingo Cultural Center, which houses the Museum of Cultures and the Ethnobotanical Garden.
Toledo collaborated with anthropologist Alejandro de Ávila Blomberg to design the garden, which showcases the rich diversity of plant species used by indigenous communities in the region for food, medicine, and cultural practices. The garden also includes an herbarium, a library, and a laboratory for the study of ethnobotany.
Some of the species found in the garden include:
The garden showcases the rich biodiversity of the region and the importance of plants to the local communities.
17°04′00″N 96°43′21″W﻿ / ﻿17.0666°N 96.7225°W﻿ / 17.0666; -96.7225