davidanugraha/M4-RAG huggingface dataset:
Biscocho

Biscocho, also spelled biskotso (from Spanish: bizcocho), refers to various types of Filipino twice-baked breads, usually coated with butter and sugar, or garlic in some cases. Biscocho is most strongly associated with the versions from the province of Iloilo, although it actually exists nationwide in various forms. It is also known as biscocho duro, machacao, or matsakaw. It is also historically known as pan de caña (literally "[sugar]cane bread").
The term biscocho is derived from Spanish bizcocho. However, they are not the same pastries. The original Spanish bizcocho refers to a type of sponge cake known as broas in the Philippines. The crunchy twice-baked and sugar-coated Philippine biscocho (more properly biscocho duro), does not exist in Spanish cuisine. There are multiple claims of people who "invented" the biscocho in the Philippines, usually varying depending on the region.
There are several types of biscochos from various parts of the Philippines. All of them are usually referred to as "biscocho" colloquially, which can be confusing. A common characteristic of biscocho is that they are typically stale bread that are baked a second time. They include:
Biscocho de caña is the most well-known variant of biscocho. It is a specialty of the Western Visayas islands, particularly the province of Iloilo. They are pieces of stale bread with a small amount of sugar (and no butter) that is then baked to achieve a crunchy texture. The breads used can range from flat sliced breads to sliced pieces of pan de monja (monay).
Biscocho de Manila originates from Manila. It is characteristically small and round and dusted with white sugar.
Biscocho de rosca, more commonly known as rosca, is technically a cookie, and not a type of biscocho. It is from the towns of Barugo and Carigara of the island of Leyte. It is made with lard, anise, flour, sugar, butter, and eggs.
Biscocho de sebo, also known as corbata de sebo, is a bow tie-shaped biscocho from Malolos, Bulacan. It is characteristically made with lard and thus has an oily texture. It is only minimally sweetened.
Biscocho principe, also spelled biscocho prinsipe, is another type of biscocho from Iloilo. It is similar to biscocho de caña but uses butter and more sugar. It can use any type of bread, but usually uses slices of stale ensaymada, as it is already slathered in butter.
Garlic biscocho is a variant of biscocho principe that is topped with butter and garlic (instead of sugar).
Kinihad literally means "sliced", from Hiligaynon kihad ("to slice"). It refers to plain thinly sliced bread (without butter or sugar) that is baked to a crunchy texture. It originates from the Ilonggo regions of the Western Visayas.
Pasuiquin biscocho is named after the town of Pasuquin in Ilocos Norte from where it originates. Pasuiquin biscocho is shaped like small rolls. It comes in soft and crunchy versions. It does not use butter or sugar, instead it is flavored with anise or anise liqueur, giving it a tangy and slightly salty taste.
Bizcocho Dominicano

Bizcocho Dominicano, or Dominican cake, is a type of cake popularized by bakeries in the Dominican Republic. The cake is characterized by its moist and airy texture and meringue frosting. It is a popular fixture for special occasions, and is present at most events celebrated by Dominican families, including anniversaries, baby showers, communions, and birthdays. The cakes can be found at many Dominican American bakeries and are also a popular seller of many successful home businesses.
Like most cakes, primary ingredients include butter, flour, milk and eggs. A distinguishing factor of Dominican cake is its Italian meringue icing, known locally as suspiro.
Indra Lesmana

Indra Lesmana (lahia di Jakarta, 28 Maret 1966; umua 59 taun) adolah saurang panyusun musik, komposer, panulih lagu jo musisi jazz Indonesia. Inyo adolah apak dari aktris jo panyanyi Eva Celia Lesmana.
Indra nan badarah Balando, Jawa, Minangkabau jo Madura iko gadang di kaluarga musisi. Apaknyo adolah gitaris jaz Jack Lesmana, sadang mandehnyo Nien Lesmana adolah saurang panyanyi. Inyo mulai bamain piano pado umua salapan taun. Sataun kamudian, inyo bagabuang dalam grup musik apaknyo. Inyo basakolah di Konservatorium musik New South Wales di Australia.
Pado taun 1981, inyo jo apaknyo mambantuak Kuartet Jack dan Indra Lesmana basamo Karim Suweileh jo James Morrison. Album bajudul Children of Fantasy direkam di Indonesia jo dirilis dek Queen Records. Katiko inyo babaliak ka Australia, inyo mambantuak band fusion jazz Latin, Children of Fantasy, basamo Jack Lesmana, Steve Brien, Dale Barlow, Tony Thijssen, jo Harry Rivers. Pado taun 1982 inyo mandirian Nebula jo Andy Evans, Vince Genova, Carlinhos Goncalves, Steve Hunter, jo Ken James. Album No Standing, nan ampek komposisinyo disusun dek Lesmana, dirilis di Australia dek Jasmine sarato di Indonesia dek Jackson. Pado taun 1983, inyo bagabuang jo Tony Buck, Sandy Evans, jo Steve Elphick untuak mambantuak band jazz modern, Women and Children First, nan marekam album partamonyo pado taun 1983.
Zebra, afiliasi MCA mangontrak Indra sarato marilis album No Standing sabagai album solonyo. Album ko diremaster dek Bernie Grundman sabalun dirilis di AS.
Indra pindah ka California pado taun 1985 jo marekam album bajudul For Earth and Heaven (1986) basamo Vinnie Colaiuta, Charlie Haden, Jimmy Haslip, Tootie Heath, Michael Landau, Airto Moreira, jo Bobby Shew. Lagu-lagu dalam album ko saroman "No Standing" jo "Stephanie" (For Earth and Heaven) masuak dalam tanggo lagu jazz majalah Billboard. Inyo mambantuak sabuah grup musik gadang nan tadiri dari 17 anggota pado bulan Maret 2002. Inyo manulih aransemen musik untuak soundtrack film Rumah Ke Tujuh nan di produksi dek kakaknyo, Mira Lesmana.
Indra punyo minat nan sangaik dalam tahadap teknologi audio. Albumnyo, Tragedi (1984) partamo kali musiknyo didesain dek inyo. Pado taun 1998 inyo mamproduksi album Sabda Prana basamo Java Jazz. Pado taun 1999 inyo mamutuihan untuak fokus ka teknik audio jazz. Inyo alah manyusun jo maaransemen labiah dari 20 album karya musikus Indonesia sarupo Andien, Dewa Budjana, Chlorophyl, Delon, Simak Dialog, The Groove, Humania, Ermy Kullit, Maliq & D'Essentials, Rieka Roeslan, jo Donny Suhendra. Inyo dinominasikan untuak kategori Best Mixing Engineer untuak album Rumah Ke Tujuh di AMI Awards 2003.
Pado bulan Maret 2004, Indra dipakarajoan dek Fremantle Media jo RCTI untuak manjadi salah saurang juri di acara pancarian bakat Indonesian Idol. Inyo adolah juri di Asian Idol nan diadoan di Indonesia.
Linda Ronstadt

Linda Maria Ronstadt adolah mantan panyanyi pop berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat (lahia di Tuscon, Arizona, Amerika Serikat, tanggal 15 Juli 1946). Aliran musik lain nan dikuasoi dek Linda adolah rock, country, opera, dan latin. Linda alah pernah mandapek Grammy Award sabanyak 10 kali, American Music Awards tigo kali, Academy of Country Music duo kali, dan ALMA Award. Banyak pulo albumnyo nan alah disertifikasi ameh, platinum, dan multiplatinum di AS dan internasional. Inyo pun pernah mandapek nominasi untuak Tony Award dan Golden Globe. Linda pernah pulo dianugrahi Penghargaan Pencapaian Seumur Hidup Grammy Latin dek The Latin Recording Academy pado taun 2011, sarato Penghargaan Seumur Hidup Grammy dek The Recording Academy taun 2016. Inyo dilatik manjadi anggota Rock and Roll Hall of Fame pado bulan April taun 2014. Taun 2014, tapeknyo tanggal 28 Juli Linda dianugrahi Medali Seni dan Kemanusiaan Nasional. Pado taun 2019, Linda manarimo bintang basamo Dolly Parton dan Emmylou Harris di Hollywood Walk of Fame untuak karajo urang ko subagai grup trio.
Salamo hiduiknyo, Linda alah marilis labiah dari 30 album studio dan 15 kompilasi atau album hits paliang gadang. Ronstadt mambuek 38 Billboard Hot 100 single, jo 21 nan mancapai 40 besar, 10 di ateh 10, tigo di nomor duo, dan You' re Not Good di posisi 1. Keberhasilannyo ko indak sampai ka Inggris, basamo single Blue Bayou nan mancapai UK Top 40. Duet Ronstadt basamo Aaron Neville nan batajuak Don't Know Much mandapek posisi kaduo di tangga lagu Billboard pado bulan Desember 1989. Salain itu, Linda pun alah mambuek 36 album, 10 album top-10, dan 3 album mandapek posisi partamo di Billboard Pop Album Chart. Autobiografinyo, Simple Dreams: A Musical Memoir, ditabikan pado bulan September 2013. Album ko debut di Top 10 dalam daftar Best Seller New York Times.
Ronstadt alah bakarajo samo jo penyanyi di babagai aliran, tamasuak jo Bette Midler, Billy Eckstine, Frank Zappa, Carla Bley (Escalator Over the Hill), Rosemary Clooney, Flaco Jiménez, Philip Glass, Warren Zevon, Emmylou Harris, Gram Parsons, Dolly Parton, Neil Young, Paul Simon, Earl Scuggs, Johnny Cash, dan Nelson Riddle. Inyo alah manyanyi labiah dari 120 album kolaborasi dan alah manjua labiah dari 100 juta rekaman. Hal tasabuik mambueknyo jadi salah satu artis terlaris di dunia sapanjang maso.
Ronstadt tampil di konsel terakhirnyo pado taun 2009 sabalun akhianyo pensiun di taun 2011. Bulan Desember 2012, Linda didiagnosis maidok panyakik Parkinson nan mambueknyo indak bisa manyanyi lai.
Bakajang

Bakajang atau Alek Bakajang adolah tradisi nan barasa dari Nagari Gunuang Malintang, nagari nan talatak di Kecamatan Pangkalan Koto Baru, Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota, Sumatera Barat. Alek iko marupokan tradisi maieh parahu nan disabuik kajang nan tampak cando miniatur kapa pesiar. Alek iko biaso diadokan salapeh Ari Rayo Idul Fitri sabagai ajang silaturahmi antaro anak nagari nan katiko itu sadang bakumpua basamo di kampuang.
Alek Bakajang marupokan salah satu ikon wisata Kabupaten Lima Puluh Kota. Pado taun 2021, Alek Bakajang mandapek panghargaan Juara I Anugerah Pesona Indonesia (API) kategori Atraksi Budaya (Cultural Attraction). Salain itu, Alek Bakajang dimasuakkan pulo dalam agenda wisata Sumatera Barat tiok tahunnyo.
Bakajang barasa dari kato kajang nan mandapek imbuahan ba-. Kajang pado namo alek iko dapek bamukasuik ka duo arati. Arati partamo bamukasuik parahu ketek atau sampan, nan marupokan alaik transportasi saisuak nan dipakai urang Nagari Gunuang Malintang untuak manyusuri Batang Maek, dan istilah iko marujuak pado limo miniatur kapa pesiar nan dipakai dalam alek iko. Samantaro arati kaduo bamukasuik mampabarui, hal iko dikaranokan tujuan alek iko untuak mampabarui ubuangan silaturahmi antaro anak-anak nagari Gunuang Malintang.
Armida Alisjahbana

Prof. Dr. Armida Salsiah Alisjahbana, S.E., M.A. (lahia di Bandung, Jawa Barat, 16 Agustus 1960; umua 64 taun), (née Kusumaatmadja) adolah Menteri Negara Pelancongan Pembangunan Nasional Republik Indonesia/Kapalo Badan Pelancokan Pembangunan nasional di Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu II. Inyo juo adolah Guru Besar Fakultas Ekonomi jo Bisnis Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD). Kini inyo juo manjabat sabagai Direktur Utamo Pusat untuak Sustainable Development Goals Studies, Universitas Padjadjaran.
Armida pernah manjabat sabagai Ketua Program Studi Ekonomi jo Studi Pembangunan (ko kini Ilmu Ekonomi jo Studi Pangembangan/IESP) FEB UNPAD jo Ketua Laboratorium Penelitian, Pengabdian kapado Masyarakat jo Studi Ekonomi (LP3E) FEB UnpAD. Inyo adolah lulusan FE Universitas Indonesia dan mancapai gelar Master of Arts in Economics dari Universitas Northwestern, Amerika Serikat, sarato Doctor of Philosophy in Economics matan Universitas Washington, Amerika Serikat. Inyo juo manulih babarapo penelitian nan takaik jo desentralisasi fiskal. Armida acok bapisah sabagai konsultan untuak Bank Dunia jo Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID).
Salamo pajalanan karirnyo inyo alah banyak mancubo bamacam karajo, diantaronyo ado babarapo:
Salain manjadi manteri, dulu inyo juo bakiprah dilua nagari, diantaronyo:
Armida adolah anak kaduo dari pasangan Prof. (Em.) Dr. Mochtar Kusumaatmadja S.H. (Sunda) jo Siti Hadidjah (Minangkabau). Armida balaki jo Andi Alisjahbana nan kini manjabat sabagai Direktur Teknologi & Pembangunan PT Dirgantara Indonesia. Inyo barikan duo anak, Arlisa Alisjahbana jo Ariana Alisjahbanna. Armida adolah manantuak dari alm. Prof. Dr-Ing. Iskandar Alisjahbana.
Salam maso mangabdi ka negara jo karirnyo, alah cukuik banyak karya nan inyo buek, antaro lain:
Ado babarapo tando kahormatan nan didapek dek Armida ko, antaro lain:
Dikia rabano

Dikia rabano iolah sabuah kesenian nan berkembang di daerah Minangkabau. Dikia rabano marupoan tradisi dakwah lisan masyarakaik Minangkabau dalam dimensi agamo jo sosial. Kato “dikia” barasa dari bahaso Arab nan artinyo “dzikia”. Alaik musik, bahaso jo iramanyo indak pernah diubah-ubah. Latihan dikia rabano dilakuan sakali saminggu nan diadoan pas malam Jumaik. Caro latihan dikia rabano iolah maapa matannyo jo malatiah tangan untuak manokok rabano. Pamain dikia rabano ko hanyo dimainan dek laki-laki sajo. Alaik musik dikia rabano barupo rabano gadang. Jikok untuak nan padusi rabanonyo rabano ketek tapi itu ndak tamasuak ka dalam dikia rabano tapi nan dibaco nyo ndak jauah beda.
Panapilan dikia rabana iko disabuik juo jo badikia atau bahikayat. Di Piaman, Badikia iko dapek dijumpai pado hari rayo maulut nabi Muhammad SAW. Biasonyo tradisi iko diadoan di musajik dima tukang dikia alah mancaritoan hikayaik jo carito para sufi jo tokoh-tokoh Islam. Tradisi iko diadoan biasonyo malam hari sampai manjalang subuah, sasudah tu baru salasai kasado rangkaian alek maulud nabi.
Sijarah dikia rabano bamulo dari Buya Canduang nan mandirian sakolah Islam jo mangolah manjadi dikia rabano. Awalnyo dikia rabano babahaso Arab, kamudian Buya Canduang manarjamahan ka bahaso Latin jo ka bahaso Minang. Dikia rabano badiri mulai taun 40-an tu bakambangnyo sacaro turun-tamurun sampai kini. Dikia rabano diolah indak untuak kesenian tradisional, tapi kesenian dikia rabano iolah kesenian nan barupo akidah, dikia atau sajarah-sajarah Nabi Muhammad SAW mulai dari Aminah manikah jo Abdullah sampai lahianyo jo maningganyo Nabi Muhammad SAW. Caro pawarisan dikia rabano iolah mamanggia anak-anak nan sudah tamaik SD jo anak-anak nan idak manginyam bangku sakolah untuak bakesenian Minang, kamudian dibao ka musajik dilatiah ciek-ciek mulai dari patamo dikia. Dikia rabano diturunan kapado urang-urang nan tatarik kapado agamo. Dikia rabano idak ado unsua-unsua kesenian lain, tapi dikia rabano hanyo bahubungan jo agamo Islam samo saputa sajarah Nabi dari lahia sampai maningga.
Dikia rabano biasonyo diadoan katiko maulid Nabi, baralek, manaikan rumah jo khatam Quran. Dikia rabano durasinyo salamo sajam. Panampilannyo ado 7 sesi, Patamo "kato junjuangan" nan mancaritoan Nabi Adam basamo Hawa. Kaduo "ciek mukaluak", 'mukaluak' maksudnyo iolah manusia (makhluk). Katigo "Wahai sudaro dangalah madah", iolah sajarah antaro saudaro jo saudaro (dunsanak di Minangkabau). Kaampek "pado maso itu", mancaritoan tantang baa sajarah islam ko badiri. Kalimo "wahai sudaro sagalo urang", sajarahnyo iolah sado urang diajak untuak masuak islam atau ajakan untuak manganuik agamo Islam (dakwah). Kaanam "wakatu itu", sajarahnyo mancaritoan paparangan islam jo Israel. Katujuah "cukuiklah hamil", iolah kelahiran Nabi Muhammad SAW. Uniknyo dikia rabano dapek digunoan untuak arakan mangiriangan marapulai mangunjuangi rumah anak daro nan dilakuan pado patang hari. Badzikia dimulai katiko alah tibo di rumah sampai laruik malam.
Badikia

Badikia adolah salah ciek taradisi kasanian Minangkabau nan alah sulik ditamuan. Badikia marupokan sabuah kasanian nan di dalamnyo tadapek salawaik nabi Muhammad SAW. Biasonyo badikia dimainan dek pamain dikia jo mamakai alaik barupo rabano nan tabuek dari kulik jawi nan baukuran gadang. Badikia nyo mainan dek anak kilaki, jo sambia manabuah rabano pamainnyo sarato malantunan dendang salawaik nabi. Di kabanyakan daerah badikia dicaliakan pado wakatu acaro mauluik nabi Muhammad SAW, tatapi di Solok Selatan badikian dicaliakan sabagai pangiriang marapulai jo dapek juo dicaliakan pado malam alek.
Musik Minang

Musik Minang (singkatan dari musik Minangkabau) adolah salah satu aliran musik Nusantara baiak tradisional maupun modern nan tumbuah jo bakambang di Alam Minangkabau. Musik nan asa mulnyo bakaik jo Musik Malayu ko umumnyo dimainkan jo alaik-alaik musik sarupo talempong, saluang, rabab, sarunai, rabano, bansi, aguang, gandang, bahkan biola. Musik Minang pun dimainkan untuak mairiangi baragam tarian sarupo Tari Pasambahan jo Tari Piriang.
Pop Minang adolah istilah nan marujuak ka sadoalah jinih musik populer nan disampaikan dalam bahaso Minangkabau. Alun lai jaleh asa mulonyo, tapi dipakirokan barasa dari akhia abaik ka-19 nan sangkek tu tangah bakambang pangaruah musik populer di Padang.
Alaik musik dipakai untuak mairiangi lagu Minang. Ado macam alaik nan dipakai, bagantuang pado genre musiknyo. Namun, sacaro umum tabagi manjadi alaik musik tradisi jo modern.
Alaik-alaik musik tradisi di antaronyo:
Lasi, Canduang, Agam

Lasi marupoan salah satu nagari nan ado di kecamatan Canduang, Kabupaten Agam, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia.
Lasi sacaro harfiah (dalam arti bahaso) adolah Jaran (barek hati).
Sacaro administrasi, nagari Lasi marupokan sabuah nagari nan dari tigo buah jorong yaitu:
Nagari Lasi sacaro sosiologih mampunyoi sapuluah suku, sarupo:
Jo kamudian dikanal jo Adaik Nagari Lasi yaitu Adaik Urang Nan Sapuluah (Sapuluah Suku) nan Urang Nan Ampek Puluah (niniak mamak 40 urang).
Kasenian tradisional nan masih tadapek pado kanagarian Lasi antaro lain:
Riotinto Mining Museum

Riotinto Mining Museum "Ernest Lluch" is a museum located in the Spanish municipality of Minas de Riotinto, in the province of Huelva, which is dedicated to the mining activity in the area and its history. The facilities were inaugurated in 1992 and are managed by the Rio Tinto Foundation. It has an important collection ranging from archaeological pieces to mining machinery and railroad locomotives.
The Museum building is the former mining hospital of the Rio Tinto Company Limited.
The building that houses the museum was originally designed in 1921 as a hospital for the Rio Tinto Company Limited (RTC) staff, and was used for that purpose between 1927 and 1983. In 1970 the south pavilion of the building was converted into social security.
In 1987, the Rio Tinto Foundation was created, whose objectives included the creation of a mining museum. In this context, the Rio Tinto corporation offered to cede the building of the former RTC hospital to house the headquarters of the planned museum. In 1988 the transfer of ownership took place, and two years later the restoration and rehabilitation of the complex began. The transfer of various historical materials also took place. The facilities opened their doors to the public in 1992, as part of a series of initiatives aimed at setting up the so-called Riotinto Mining Park.
The museum has sixteen thematic rooms whose historical themes range from prehistory to the end of the 20th century, coinciding with the cessation of activity that the Riotinto mines experienced at that time. Among the material on display are various collections of mining instruments and tools, some from the Roman period, archaeological remains, mining machinery, a collection of minerals from the Iberian Pyrite Belt, etc. In the basement of the museum there is a reproduction of a subway mine from the Roman period, in a commitment to interpretation. Another of its rooms is dedicated to the historic Riotinto railway and has on display a variety of material, including several steam locomotives.
37°41′37″N 6°35′48″W﻿ / ﻿37.69354°N 6.59658°W﻿ / 37.69354; -6.59658
Kundu (drum)

Kundu is a pidgin name in Papua New Guinea for an hourglass drum used to accompany formal occasions, religious ceremonies and for celebrations (such as the Sing-sing). This drum is emblematic of Papua New Guinea and it appears on the country's coat of arms.
The sizes of a kundu drum vary. A small finger-drum might measure 30 cm (11.81 in), while a large drum might be 200 cm (74.84 in) long.
The drum is made of carved wood with a possum or lizard-skin drumhead, with some instruments possessing a handle placed on the narrowest part of the drum. Not all kundus have handles, depending on the instruments' style. Traditionally, the lizard skin was held in place with a layer of human blood (as glue).
Depending upon who made it and where it was made, a kundu may be carved plainly, or decorated with "high-relief" carved handles, or relief carvings on the instruments' bodies with open mouthed crocodiles, human faces, dancers, and "spirit figures." Often, the kundu is decorated with animal figures on its edges. On some instruments the handle may have intricate sculpture in (openwork style).
For the Papuans, the sound of the Kundu represents the voice of "spirits". Examples of formal religious or civil occasions where one might hear the Kundu include burials, the opening of a new house or the launching of a new boat.
The hourglass drum is widespread in New Guinea and many surrounding islands, a land with more than 700 different languages. There is no tradition for the instrument in "New Ireland, Manus, Buka / Bougainville or Rossel Island."
While different people's may have the drum, their names and traditions for the instrument vary. Other names include the apa (Elema People, Papua Gulf) and the warup from the Torres Straits.
In the Indonesian western end of New Guinea, the tradition of making kundu drums has been affected by the drum-making tradition of other Indonesian Islands, especially the Maluku Islands. The Maluku Iskands drums are known under the name tifa. That name has become used for some New Guinean hourglass drums.
The Asmat people in the Papua province of Indonesia, make hourglass drums covered with decorative symbolic carvings, including the handle. One thing that is different on the Asmat's drums from the kundu drums is that the Asmat secure the skin with a tightly fitted, slip-on ring of rattan, after the skin is glued down.
They use tifa for their carved hourglass drum.
Although drums such as the Asmat's and Marind's are now called "tifa", it may not be appropriate to use the word as a synonym for all kundu drums. The Indonesian word has been applied to hourglass drums, but not exclusively. Other drums that tifa applies to include goblet drums, and to the barrel drums played in the Maluku Islands' Tifa totobuang ensemble and in the Papuan Sing-sing.
Slit drum

A slit drum, or slit gong, is a hollow percussion instrument. In spite of its often being called a drum, it is not a true drum, because it lacks a drumhead, the membrane stretched across the top of a true drum. It is classed instead as an idiophone in which the entire instrument vibrates.
A slit drum is usually carved or constructed from bamboo or wood, in the form of a mostly closed hollow chamber with one or more slits in it. It is played by striking near the edge of the slit. In some designs, the slit is a single straight line; in others, the slit is used to create one or more "tongues", achieved by cutting three sides of a rectangular (or similar) shape and leaving the fourth side attached. Most slit drums have one slit, though two and three slits (often resembling an "H" and thereby forming two tongues) occur. Tongues of different areas or thicknesses will produce different pitches. Slit drums are used throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. In Africa, such drums are situated in strategic locations for optimal acoustic transmission (e.g., along a river or valley), in order to be used for long-distance communication.
The ends of a slit drum are closed so that the shell becomes the resonating chamber for the sound vibrations created when the tongues are struck, usually with a stick or mallet. The resonating chamber increases the volume of the sound produced by the tongue and presents the sound through an open port. If the resonating chamber is the correct size for the pitch being produced by the tongue, which means it has the correct volume of airspace to complete one full sound wave for that particular pitch, the instrument will be more efficient and louder.
The people of Vanuatu create a similar instrument out of a large log. In most islands, the drum lies horizontally on the ground. In the central islands, slit drums are erected vertically, and adorned with carvings on the outer surface, representing spirits. While traditional on one island only, this adorned type of drums have become one of the national emblems of Vanuatu as a whole.
The wooden fish works like a slit drum but is rarely classified with the other slit drums.
Nuria Rábano

Nuria Rábano Blanco (born 15 June 1999) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left back for the Utah Royals in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL) and the Spain national team.
Rábano started her career at Atlético Arousana.
While at Deportivo la Coruña, Rábano was a starter in their undefeated 2018–19 Reto Iberdrola campaign that saw them get promoted to the Primera División for the first time in their history. In Depor's first Primera División season, Rábano helped the team reach 4th place before the league season was cut short due to the COVID-19 pandemic. She made the decision to leave Depor at the end of the season because she felt it was time to play a higher level of football.
At the end of the 2019–20 season, Rábano departed Deportivo la Coruña to sign a two-year contract with Real Sociedad. In the 2021–22 season, Rábano was an essential piece of Real Sociedad's defense as they qualified for the UEFA Women's Champions League for the first time in their history.
On 17 June 2022, Barcelona announced the signing of Rábano on a two-year contract.
On 4 July 2023, Rábano and Barcelona agreed to terminate her contract after she appeared sporadically throughout the season.
Rábano signed with VfL Wolfsburg on 9 August 2023, joining the German club on a free transfer.
On 29 January 2025, Rábano transferred to National Women's Soccer League club Utah Royals in exchange for an undisclosed fee. She signed a three-year contract with a mutual option.
Rábano was called up to represent Spain at the 2017 Under-19 Championship. In Spain's second group stage match against Germany, she suffered a sprain in the ligament of her right ankle and was ruled out for the remainder of the competition. Spain went on to win the competition against France to advance to the 2018 U20 World Cup. Rábano was included in the squad for that tournament as well, and was a substitute throughout the tournament as Spain finished as runners-up.
Abbey of San Rabano

The Abbey of San Rabano is a historical site in Grosseto, located on a ridge near Poggio Lecci and Poggio Alto in the Maremma Regional Park, Tuscany.
Founded around 1100, this Benedictine monastery was strategically situated along the ancient Strada della Regina (Queen's Road), linking the Via Aurelia with the port of Cala di Forno. The abbey was named Monasterium Arborense or de Arboresio, from which the later Alberese estate derives its name.
During its peak in the 13th century, San Rabano flourished as a significant religious and administrative center. The abbey controlled approximately 6,000 hectares of land, including forests, salt pans, farmlands, hunting reserves, and fishing ports. It functioned similarly to a small town, with facilities such as a library, notary office, pharmacy, workshops, and accommodation for travelers.
The abbey's prosperity declined in the 14th century due to the Black Death, which led to a shift from agriculture to livestock, hunting, and fishing. Siena's growing influence and competition from new urban religious orders further exacerbated its decline. In 1303, the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem took over the abbey and fortified it. By 1439, the Sienese dismantled the fortress, converting the abbey into an agricultural estate. The Hospitallers eventually relocated to Alberese.
Abandoned and largely forgotten, the name "San Rabano" was mistakenly assigned much later, derived from "Sancti Rabani Praeceptor", who built the Alberese church in 1587 and was believed to be the last abbot of the abbey between the 17th and 19th centuries. The abbey's ruins were rediscovered in the 20th century. Restoration efforts began in 1972, and the establishment of Maremma Regional Park in 1975 helped attract visitors. Today, the site features a restored church and accessible ruins, including the inner courtyard, ovens, service rooms, guest quarters, and monk's lodgings, allowing visitors to envision the abbey as it was eight centuries ago.
Rábanos

Rábanos is a municipality and town of northern Spain, Autonomous Community of Castile and León, province of Burgos, Shire of Montes de Oca, sub-shire of Tirón-Rioja Burgalesa.
According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 120 inhabitants (Alarcia town: 82, Rábanos town: 18 and Villamudria village: 20)
Tugu Kejaksaan Cirebon

Tugu Kejaksaan Cirebon merupakan sebuah bangunan berbentuk seperti pensil, memiliki tinggi sekitar 3 meter. Tugu ini terletak di Perempatan Jalan Siliwangi.
Tugu ini memiliki nama lain Tugu Proklamasi. Tempat tersebut disebut demikian karena pada tanggal 15 Agustus 1945 telah dilakukan pembacaan teks proklamasi oleh Dr. Soedarsono. Di tempat itu sempat terjadi perlawanan antara rakyat Cirebon terhadap para penjajah, juga di sana sempat terjadi perlawanan rakyat Cirebon terhadap rapat umum Partai Rakjat Pasoendan (PRP). Nama tugu itu sendiri di ambil dari nama [[Pangeran Kejaksaa n]].
Monumen Bajra Sandhi

Monumen Bajra Sandhi (Aksara Bali: ᬫᭀᬦᬸᬫᬾᬦ᭄ᬩᬚ᭄ᬭᬲᬦ᭄​ᬟᬶ᭟​) merupakan monumen perjuangan rakyat Bali yang terletak di Kelurahan Panjer, Kota Denpasar, Bali. Dibangun di tanah seluas 13,8 hektare dengan luas gedung 4.900 meter. Monumen ini berada di sebelah selatan Kantor Gubernur Bali dan sebelah tenggara Kantor DPRD Bali, selain itu menempati areal yang sangat luas, ada beberapa lapangan yaitu Niti Mandala di sebelah barat dan Puputan Renon di sebelah utara.
Monumen ini dikenal dengan nama "Bajra Sandhi" karena bentuknya menyerupai bajra atau genta yang digunakan oleh para Pedanda Hindu dalam mengucapkan Weda (mantra) pada saat upacara keagamaan.
Pedanda Hindu sering menggunakan genta ketika mengucapkan mantra dalam upacara keagamaan. Elemen-elemen Hindu di dalam Monumen Bajra Sandhi sebagai berikut.
Monumen Bajra Sandhi dibangun di tanah seluas 13,8 hektare dengan luas gedung 4.900 meter. Monumen Bajra Sandhi dirancang Ida Gede pada tahun 1981.
Pencetus ide pembangunan monumen ini adalah Prof Ida Bagus Matra saat itu menjabat sebagai Gubernur Bali, pada tahun 1980. Arsitektur dari monumen ini adalah Ir. Ida Bagus Gede Yadnya, beliau yang memenangkan kompetisi arsitektur monumen ini pada tahun 1981. Design arsitektur dari Ir. Ida Bagus Gede Yadnya memiliki arti hari kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia 17 Agustus 1945, dengan design 17 gerbang pintu masuk, 8 pilar utama dan ketinggian monumen 45 meter.
Monumen Bajra Sandhi Renon, awal pembangunan di mulai pada tahun 1981 kemudian sempat terhenti dan dilanjutkan pada tahun 1987. Peresmian dari Monumen Bajra Sandhi dilakukan oleh Presiden menjabat saat itu, Ibu Megawati Soekarno Putri, pada tanggal 14 Juni 2013. Di depan Monumen Bajra Sandhi inilah diadakannya parade pesta kesenian Bali setiap tahunnya, yang biasanya dibuka oleh Presiden Indonesia.
Tokoh penting Bali yang dihormati dalam pembangunan monumen ini, diantaranya:
Beliau merupakan pahlawan Bali yang membela haknya atas penjajahan Belanda di tahun 1848. Sehingga dibuatkanlah Monumen Bajra Sandhi ini, untuk mengenang para pahlawan Bali.
Di dalamnya ada lukisan dan diorama 33 buah perjuangan rakyat Bali melawan penjajah, juga sejarah suku Bali Aga. Seluruh diorama disimpan di lantai 2 museum ini. Diorama-diorama ini menggambarkan peristiwa-peristiwa penting dalam perjalanan sejarah rakyat Bali sejak era prasejarah hingga memasuki era Indonesia merdeka. Keseluruhan diorama ditata berurutan, searah jarum jam sesuai urutan waktu terjadinya peristiwa tersebut.
Beberapa diorama penting yang ada di sini menggambarkan peristiwa heroik Pertempuran Puputan Klungkung, peristiwa Puputan Badung, peristiwa perobekan surat Belanda oleh Patih I Gusti Ketut Jelantik, dan penyebarluasan proklamasi kemerdekaan 1945. Untuk biaya tiket masuk ke monumen Bajra Sandhi dapat anda lihat di bawah ini:
Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat

Deklarasi Kemerdekaan adalah suatu akta dari Kongres Kontinental Kedua yang diadopsi pada 4 Juli 1776 yang menyatakan bahwa Tiga Belas Koloni memerdekakan diri dari Britania Raya. Deklarasi ini, yang sebagian besar ditulis oleh Thomas Jefferson, menjelaskan pembenaran atau justifikasi untuk melepaskan diri, dan merupakan pengembangan dari Resolusi Lee tertanggal 2 Juli yang untuk pertama kalinya menyatakan kemerdekaan AS. Salinan deklarasi ini ditandatangani oleh para delegasi pada 2 Agustus dan saat ini dipamerkan di National Archives and Records Administration di Washington, D.C. Deklarasi ini dianggap sebagai salah satu dokumen pendirian Amerika Serikat dan tanggal 4 Juli dirayakan sebagai Hari Kemerdekaan.
Setelah Kongres menyetujui kata-kata akhir Deklarasi pada 4 Juli, salinan tulisan tangan itu dikirim beberapa blok ke percetakan John Dunlap. Sepanjang malam, Dunlap mencetak sekitar 200 selebaran untuk distribusi. Tak lama, Deklarasi dibacakan kepada khalayak dan dicetak ulang di koran-koran di seluruh 13 negara bagian. Pembacaan publik resmi pertama dari dokumen tersebut adalah John Nixon dihalaman Balai Kemerdekaan pada 8 Juli; pembacaan publik juga terjadi pada hari itu di Trenton, New Jersey dan Easton, Pennsylvania. Terjemahannya dalam Bahasa Jerman diterbitkan di Philadelphia pada 9 Juli.
Presiden Kongres John Hancock mengirim selebaran kepada Jenderal George Washington, mengintruksikan kepadanya untuk berproklamasi "kepada Kepala Angkatan Darat dengan cara itu, kamu harus memikirkannya dengan yang paling tepat". Washington melakukan pembacaan Deklarasi tersebut kepada pasukannya di Kota New York pada 9 Juli, dengan pasukan Inggris yang tidak jauh darinya. Washington dan Kongres berharap Deklarasi akan menginspirasi para prajurit, dan mendorong orang lain untuk masuk tentara.
Hari Kemerdekaan (Amerika Serikat)

Hari Kemerdekaan Amerika Serikat (Independence Day atau Fourth of July) adalah hari libur federal setiap tanggal 4 Juli di Amerika Serikat untuk memperingati disahkannya Deklarasi Kemerdekaan oleh Kongres Kontinental Kedua pada 4 Juli 1776. Deklarasi tersebut merupakan proklamasi kemerdekaan Tiga Belas Koloni dari Kerajaan Britania Raya. Hari Kemerdekaan AS dirayakan dengan pesta kembang api, parade, barbekyu, karnaval, piknik, konser, pertandingan bisbol, pidato politik, serta berbagai kegiatan dan upacara resmi yang berkaitan dengan sejarah, pemerintahan, dan tradisi Amerika Serikat.
Gedung Joang '45

Gedung Joang '45 atau Museum Joang 45 adalah salah satu museum yang berada di Jakarta. Museum ini awalnya dikelola oleh Unit Pengelola Museum Kesejarahan Jakarta, danselanjutnya untuk saat ini pengelolaannya dilaksanakan oleh Dinas Pariwisata dan Kebudayaan Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Museum ini terletak di Jalan Menteng Raya 31, Kelurahan Kebon Sirih, Kecamatan Menteng, Jakarta Pusat.
Upacara peletakan batu pertama pembangunan Museum Gedung Joang '45 bertepatan dengan peringatan Hari Pahlawan yaitu pada tanggal 10 November 1970. Peletakan batu pertama dilakukan oleh Siti Johana Menara Saidah yang kemudian dilanjutkan oleh S.K. Trimurti dan Wali Kota Jakarta Pusat Eddy Djadjang Djajaatmadja. Museum ini diresmikan pada tanggal 19 Agustus 1974 oleh Presiden Soeharto.
Gedung yang dibangun pada sekitar tahun 1920-an yang saat ini dipergunakan sebagai Museum Joang 45 ini pada mulanya adalah hotel yang dikelola oleh keluarga “L.C. Schomper”, seorang berkebangsaan Belanda yang sudah lama tinggal di Batavia. Hotel ini diberi nama Hotel Schomper sesuai nama pemiliknya. Hotel tersebut saat itu termasuk yang cukup baik dan terkenal di kawasan pinggiran Selatan Batavia, dengan bangunan utama yang berdiri megah di tengah dan diapit deretan bangunan kamar-kamar penginapan di sisi kiri dan kanannya untuk menginap para tamu.
Bangunan kamar penginapan yang tersisa saat ini tinggal beberapa yang ada di sisi utara gedung utama, saat ini dipergunakan sebagai ruang perpustakaan, ruang kreativitas anak (children room) dan kantor Wirawati Catur Panca.
Ketika Jepang masuk ke Indonesia (1942-1945) dan menguasai Batavia, hotel tersebut diambil alih oleh para pemuda Indonesia dan beralih fungsi sebagai kantor yang dikelola Ganseikanbu Sendenbu (Jawatan Propaganda Jepang) yang dikepalai oleh seorang Jepang, “Simizu”. Di kantor inilah kemudian diadakan program pendidikan politik yang dimulai pada tahun 1942 untuk mendidik pemuda-pemuda Indonesia dan dibiayai sepenuhnya oleh pemerintah Jepang.
Di museum ini dapat dilihat jejak perjuangan kemerdekaan RI dengan koleksi benda-benda peninggalan para pejuang Indonesia. Di antaranya adalah mobil dinas resmi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden RI Pertama yang dikenal dengan mobil REP 1 dan REP 2, dan Mobil Peristiwa Pemboman di Cikini. Selain itu ada pula koleksi foto-foto dokumentasi, lukisan dan diorama yang menggambarkan perjuangan sekitar tahun 1945-1950-an. Beberapa tokoh perjuangan ditampilkan pula dalam bentuk patung-patung dada.
Museum Joang 45 terbuka untuk umum dalam aktivitasnya, pengunjung atau peserta aktivitas dapat mendaftarkan diri untuk dapat terlibat dalam aktivitas museum. Dalam hal ini Museum Joang 45 bertindak sebagai Fasilitator. Beberapa aktivitas Museum yang terus dikembangkan di antaranya:
Aktivitas Reguler:
Aktivitas Temporer:
Fasilitas yang tersedia bagi pengunjung Museum Joang '45 adalah
6°11′10″S 106°50′12″E﻿ / ﻿6.18614°S 106.83656°E﻿ / -6.18614; 106.83656
Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik

Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik terletak di Jalan Pos Kota No 2, Kotamadya Jakarta Barat, Provinsi DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. Museum yang tepatnya berada di seberang Museum Sejarah Jakarta itu memajang keramik lokal dari berbagai daerah di Tanah Air, dari era Kerajaan Majapahit abad ke-14, dan dari berbagai negara di dunia.
Gedung yang diresmikan pada 12 Januari 1870 itu awalnya digunakan oleh Pemerintah Hindia Belanda untuk Kantor Dewan Kehakiman pada Benteng Batavia (Ordinaris Raad van Justitie Binnen Het Kasteel Batavia). Saat pendudukan Jepang dan perjuangan kemerdekaan sekitar tahun 1944, tempat itu dimanfaatkan oleh tentara KNIL dan selanjutnya untuk asrama militer TNI.
Pada 10 Januari 1972, gedung dengan delapan tiang besar di bagian depan itu dijadikan bangunan bersejarah serta cagar budaya yang dilindungi. Tahun 1967-1973, gedung tersebut digunakan untuk Kantor Wali kota Jakarta Barat. Dan tahun 1976 diresmikan oleh Presiden (saat itu) Soeharto sebagai Balai Seni Rupa Jakarta.
Pada 1990 bangunan itu akhirnya digunakan sebagai Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik yang dirawat oleh Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman DKI Jakarta. Pada awalnya, nama yang digunakan untuk gedung ini adalah Balai Seni Rupa dan Keramik yang kemudian berubah menjadi Museum Seni Rupa dan Keramik.
Museum ini menyajikan koleksi dari hasil karya seniman-seniman Indonesia sejak kurun waktu 1800-an hingga saat sekarang.
Koleksi Seni Lukis Indonesia dibagi menjadi beberapa ruangan berdasarkan periodisasi yaitu:
Untuk Koleksi seni rupa menampilkan patung-patung sepeti Totem Asmat dan lain-lain.
Sedangkan koleksi keramik menampilkan keramik dari beberapa daerah Indonesia dan seni kreatif kontemporer. Selain itu ada juga koleksi keramik dari mancanegara seperti keramik dari Tiongkok, Thailand, Vietnam, Jepang dan Eropa dari abad 16 sampai dengan awal abad 20.
6°08′03″S 106°48′52″E﻿ / ﻿6.1343°S 106.81432°E﻿ / -6.1343; 106.81432
Daftar bangunan tertinggi di Jepang

Negara Jepang memiliki lebih dari 270 bangunan tinggi di atas 150 m (490 ft). Tidak seperti negara Asia lainnya dengan tinggi pencakar langit melebihi 400 m (1.300 ft), pencakar langit di Jepang relatif lebih rendah. Konstruksi menjadi sulit karena tingginya biaya tenaga kerja dan bahan konstruksi; semua bangunan di atas 50 m (160 ft) juga harus tahan gempa dan mematuhi standar struktur ketat lainnya.
Bangunan tertinggi di Jepang saat ini adalah Azabudai Hills Main Tower setinggi 3.252 m (10.669 ft), yang berlokasi di Azabudai Hills, Tokyo. Bangunan baru tersebut akan menjulang di atas 300 m (980 ft) dan melampaui Abeno Harukas sebagai gedung tertinggi di Jepang. Pada tahun 2027, Torch Tower setinggi 390 m (1.280 ft), akan dibangun di distrik Tokyo Torch, dan akan menjadi gedung tertinggi baru di Jepang.
Berikut ini adalah daftar bangun tertinggi di Jepang. Tanda sama dengan (=) mengikuti peringkat menunjukkan ketinggian yang sama antara dua bangunan atau lebih. Kolom "Tahun" menunjukkan tahun bangunan selesai dibangun. Struktur layak huni sebagian yang ada disertakan untuk tujuan perbandingan; Namun, tidak diberikan pemeringkatan.
Berikut ini adalah daftar bangunan yang pernah menyandang gelar sebagai bangunan tertinggi di Jepang. Dari penyelesaiannya pada tahun 1958 hingga pembukaan Tokyo Skytree pada tahun 2011, Menara Tokyo mempertahankan gelar bangunan tertinggi di Jepang, terlepas dari berbagai menara penyangga kabel yang dibangun pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, kemudian dibongkar pada tahun 1990-an.
Berikut ini merupakan struktur tertinggi di Jepang.
Daftar bangunan tertinggi di Jakarta

Jakarta adalah ibu kota dan kota terbesar di Indonesia. Pencakar langit pertama di Jakarta, Sarinah, dibangun tahun 1963. Saat ini (2022), terdapat lebih dari 3.400 gedung tinggi di Jakarta, beberapa di antaranya masuk daftar di bawah, dan ada beberapa lagi yang sedang dibangun.
Daftar ini berisi bangunan tertinggi di Jakarta berdasarkan ukuran tinggi standar. Tingginya mencakup puncak (spire) dan benda arsitektur tetapi tidak menghitung tinggi antena. Kolom "Tahun" menandakan tahun bangunan selesai dibangun. Untuk lebih akuratnya kunjungi website CTBUH.
* masih dibangun, tetapi sudah tutup atap.
Daftar ini berisi bangunan yang sedang dibangun di Jakarta dan memiliki tinggi sedikitnya 200 meter. Bangunan yang sudah diatapi juga disertakan di daftar ini.
Daftar ini berisi bangunan yang rencananya dibangun di Jakarta dan memiliki tinggi sedikitnya 200 meter.
Gedung-gedung yang terdaftar di sini merupakan gedung-gedung yang pernah menjadi gedung tertinggi di Jakarta.
https://amp.kompas.com/megapolitan/read/2014/10/01/14442531/gedung-tinggi-menjamur-di-jakarta
Nyoman Nuarta

I Nyoman Nuarta (born 14 November 1951) is an Indonesian sculptor and artist who created a number of monuments across Indonesia.
His "most ambitious and notable" work was the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Statue in Bali's GWK Park, completed in 2018. Officiated by president Joko Widodo, the statue stands 121 meters tall and weighs over 4,000 tonnes; at the time of its creation, it was the tallest statue of a Hindu deity and it is currently the tallest statue in Indonesia.
Other works include the Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument in Surabaya; and the Indonesian Proclamation Monument in Proclamation Park, his first major work.
The Linda Gallery claims Nuarta's work "[reflects] on important Balinese life philosophies." He is a member of the International Sculpture Center in the US the Royal Society of Sculptors in the UK.
Nyoman Nuarta was born in Tabanan, Bali on November 14, 1951. Nyoman Nuarta is the sixth son of nine children from the couple Wirjamidjana and Samudra. He spent his childhood in the village of Tegallinggah, Bali.
Nuarta was raised by his uncle, Ketut Dharma Susila, an art teacher and Kelihan Adat (village chief).
In the early 1970s, Nuarta travelled to the city of Bandung, West Java to receive an arts education. In 1972, he enrolled in the Faculty of Art and Design (FSRD) of the Bandung Institute of Technology. He graduated circa 1979 with a degree in fine arts.
He joined the Indonesian New Art Movement while an ITB student in 1977. In 1979, shortly before his graduation, he won the Proclamation Monument Contest held in celebration of Indonesian Independence Day; his monument stands in Proclamation Park. Following this, "Nuarta was appointed to build the statue of Sukarno, the founding father and first president of Indonesia."
In 2000, Nuarta opened NuArt Sculpture Park, a 4-hectare sculpture park in Bandung, West Java privately owned and managed by Nuarta. It displays a variety of his works and houses a custom 4-story building used for exhibitions and meeting rooms.
In 2011, he designed the Indonesian Basketball League Championship Trophy, which was 22 by 22 centimeters wide with a height of 48 cm and a weight of 22 kg, made of copper and plated in 22 karat gold.
In 2018, the Indian government bestowed Nuarta with the Padma Award.
Declaration of independence

A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence", though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.
Independence Monument (Turkmenistan)

The "Independence Monument" is a monument located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The design of this building was inspired by traditional Turkmen tents and the traditional headgear worn by Turkmen girls. Elements of the building commemorate the independence date of Turkmenistan, 27 September. These elements include a 91-metre (299 ft) reinforced concrete tower with a 27-metre (89 ft) high golden gilt steel construction on top of the tower, along with an observation terrace with a diameter of 10 metres (33 ft). Within the building, there are exhibition halls where important works of art representing Turkmenistan history are displayed. The Monument of Independence sits on a total area of 84,500 m (910,000 sq ft), surrounded by green landscaping that encompasses a cascaded pool and 27 heroic statues of Turkmen leaders, centered on a golden statue of Saparmurat Niyazov.
The monument was erected by the Turkish company Polimeks in 2001, to the tenth anniversary of the Independence of Turkmenistan.
By tradition, foreign guests plant a young tree on the Alley of Honorary Guests near the Independence Monument.
37°52′52.38″N 58°22′53.20″E﻿ / ﻿37.8812167°N 58.3814444°E﻿ / 37.8812167; 58.3814444
Independence Monument (Ukraine)

The Independence Monument (Ukrainian: Монуме́нт Незале́жності, romanized: Monument Nezalezhnosti) is a victory column located on Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) in Kyiv, commemorating the independence of Ukraine in 1991.
Stylistically, it presents a mix of Ukrainian Baroque and Empire style. The monument was built in the center of the square for the 10th anniversary of the independence in 2001. The monument itself is a column with a figurine of a woman (Berehynia) with guelder-rose branch in her hand. The height of the monument is 61 m (200 ft). The column is faced with white Italian marble that stands on a pedestal in the form of a Christian temple.
A monument to Vladimir Lenin formerly stood in the current position of the Independence Monument, which was dismantled in September 1991 after the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine on 24 August 1991.
The reconstruction of Maidan Nezalezhnosti (Independence Square) began only in 2000, and a competition was held from 7–21 September 2001 to design a new monument. The organizers decided on three finalists and merged their proposals into a single structure, with Anatoliy Kushch [uk] commissioned as the sculptor, and his daughter Christina Katrakis served as model for the Statue of Berehynia. The Independence Monument was inaugurated on 23 August 2001 by President Leonid Kuchma to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Ukrainian independence.
In December 2014, the chief architect of Kyiv, Sergey Tselovalnik, proposed replacing the monument with a new one commemorating the Heavenly Hundred protestors killed during the Revolution of Dignity.
The monument was cleaned on 23 May 2019, which required the use of special equipment and cranes.
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the monument was included in a list of heritage sites to be fortified against shelling and bombing. It was removed from the list owing to cost concerns and its height making it difficult to defend.
The Independence Monument consists of a triumphal column and statue at its apex. The total height of the monument is stated to be 61 or 62 metres. A spiral staircase is contained within the column.