datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that:

Options:
A the melanic form of the moth as no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area.
B the lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area
C melanism is a pollution-generated feature
D the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random

The correct answer is:
the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random

Solution:
Industrial melanism is a term used to describe the evolutionary process in which darker individuals came to predominate over lighter individuals because of the Industrial Revolution. This occurred as a result of natural selection in which a black 'melanic' form arose by a recurring random mutation, but its phenotypic appearance had a strong selective advantage in industrial areas.
Related Theory
During the period when the number of coal burning factories in England was increasing (during the so-called Industrial Revolution) it was noticed that the number of melanic individuals of the species of Peppered Moth (Biston betularia) was becoming more common. Originally rare in the population of normally light-coloured moths, the frequency of the melanic form increased in polluted areas until it was over $90 \%$. This change in colour has come to be known as "industrial melanism."

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET, NEET 2007
Industrial melanism, as observed in the peppered moth, proves that:

Options:
A The melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in the industrial area.
B The lighter form moth has no selective advantage either in a polluted industrial area or non-polluted area.
C Melanism is a pollution generated feature.
D The true black melanised moths could successfully camouflage themselves from predators.

The correct answer is:
The true black melanised moths could successfully camouflage themselves from predators.

Solution:
During the period when the number of coal-burning factories in England was increasing (during the Industrial Revolution), it was noticed that the number of melanic individuals of the species of peppered Moth (Biston betularie) became more common. Originally rare in the population of normally light-coloured moths, the frequency of the melanic form increased in polluted areas until it was over 90%. This change in colour has come to be known as 'Industrial melanism'.
Before industrialisation set in, thick growth of almost white-coloured lichen covered the trees; in that background, the white-winged moth survived but the dark-coloured moth was picked out by predators. Post-industrialization, the tree trunks became covered in soot and turned black. This allowed the dark coloured moth to camouflage themselves, whereas their light coloured forms were easily hunted.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
Industrial melanism in peppered moth occurred due to natural selection. The significant reason for this is

Options:
A the light coloured white moths could not be noticed by predatory birds after deposition of soots on bark of trees
B mutation in light coloured moths due to increase in industrial pollution
C advantageous selection of black moths on trees in polluted areas, resulting in increase population of black moths
D advantageous selection of white moths from trees on polluted areas, resulting in increased population of white moths

The correct answer is:
advantageous selection of black moths on trees in polluted areas, resulting in increase population of black moths

Solution:
Due to the resources been limited in nature, organisms having traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers. This results for those traits to increase in frequency/expression over generations. Such a phenomenon is called natural selection as nature is selecting the variation suitable for the particular environment.
The response of a peppered moth Biston betularia to the industrial change is a classic example of natural selection. This moth is found in all parts of England. Industrial melanism is an adaptation where the moths living in the industrial areas developed melanin pigment to hide themselves from their predators and this adaptation is called industrial melanism. Due to industrial pollution and soot deposition, the bark of trees became darker in colour which was advantageous for black moths as they were camouflaged and difficult for predators to identify. As a consequence, the white coloured moths were easily visible and got hunted more than black coloured. The population of black coloured moths increased due to natural selection as they were better adapted to the current environment.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
Industrial melanism is an example of:

Options:
A drug resistance
B darkening of skin due to smoke from industries
C protective resemblance with the surroundings
D defensive adaptation of skin against ultraviolet radiations

The correct answer is:
protective resemblance with the surroundings

Solution:
The correct option is (3) Protective resemblance with the surroundings Industrial melanism refers to the evolution of dark body colors in animal species that live in habitats blackened by industrial soot. The phenomenon has been documented in numerous species that hide from predators by blending in with their backgrounds. Peppered moths provide one such example where because of their protective resemblance with the surroundings they survived better.

Topic: Biology, Environmental Issues, NEET, NEET 2003
Industrial melanism is an example of

Options:
A Protective resemblance with the surroundings
B Defensive adaptation of skin against ultraviolet radiations
C Drug resistance
D Artificial selection

The correct answer is:
Protective resemblance with the surroundings

Solution:
Industrial melanism is an example of directional natural selection, changing, environment leading to change in the phenotypic/genotypic constitution of a population.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
Infection by a pathogen can be detected by the presence of antigens or by detecting the antibody synthesized against the pathogen. The test/s based on this principle is/are

Options:
A PCR
B ELISA
C Both PCR and ELISA
D Neither PCR nor ELISA

The correct answer is:
ELISA

Solution:
The diagnostic test which is based on the principle of antigen-antibody reaction is called Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA). When the body is infected by a pathogen, the particular pathogen can be detected in the body. The immune system synthesizes antibody against the pathogen, which can also be detected. ELISA is a test which is based on this principle.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a test which helps in detecting very low concentration of bacteria or virus in the body. It amplifies the pathogen using a chain reaction and helps in diagnosis, even the person is not suffering from any symptoms.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology and Its Applications, NEET
Infection of Ascaris usually occurs by

Options:
A drinking water containing egg of Ascaris
B eating imperfectly cooked port
C tse-tse fly
D mosquito bite

The correct answer is:
drinking water containing egg of Ascaris

Solution:
Infection of Ascaris occurs in a healthy person due to contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc. Mosquitos bite causes malaria due to the entry to Plasmodium parasite into the blood. Eating imperfectly cooked pork causes trichinosis disease (parasitic disease). Tse-tse fly causes trypanosomiasis, on infection of the central nervous system.

Topic: Biology, Human Health and Diseases, NEET, NEET 2013 (All India)
Infectious proteins are present in

Options:
A gemini viruses
B prions
C viroids
D satellite viruses

The correct answer is:
prions

Solution:
Prions have a distinct extracellular form but the extracellular form is entirely protein. The prion particle does not contain any nucleic acid. However, it is infectious and prions are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals such as scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle (BSE or 'mad cow disease'), chronic wasting disease in deer and elk and Kuru and a form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans. No prion diseases of plants are known.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET, NEET 2010 (Screening)
Infertility cases due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates could be corrected by

Options:
A Artificial insemination
B IVF-ET
C ZIFT
D GIFT

The correct answer is:
Artificial insemination

Solution:
Infertility cases either due to the inability of the male partner to inseminate the female or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculates could be corrected by artificial insemination (AI) technique. In this technique, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced either into the vagina or into the uterus (IUI; intra-uterine insemination) of the female.

Topic: Biology, Reproductive Health, NEET
Infertility in male is the inability to achieve an erection of penis to inseminate the female or having very low sperm count. Which of the following is the best method for correcting this infertility?

Options:
A GIFT
B IVF
C Artificial insemination
D ZIFT

The correct answer is:
Artificial insemination

Solution:
The inability to conceive despite unprotected sexual intercourse is known as infertility. A man who is unable to inject semen in a female genital tract or has low sperm count can take the help of Artificial insemination. In this technique sperm from a husband or healthy male donor is collected and artificially injected into the vagina or uterus. In IVF and ZIFT, sperm and egg are allowed to fuse in a laboratory under simulated conditions and then the embryo is transferred into the fallopian tubes. In GIFT, Ovum from a donor is transferred in a fallopian tube of another female who can provide a suitable environment for fertilisation.

Topic: Biology, Reproductive Health, NEET
Infertility is defined as the inability to produce a viable offspring and is always due to abnormalities/ defects in the female partners.

Options:
A True
B False
C Maybe
D Cannot be defined.

The correct answer is:
False

Solution:
Infertility is defined as the inability to produce viable offspring and can be due to abnormalities in either male or female.

Topic: Biology, Reproductive Health, NEET
Infinite blocks each of mass M are placed along a straight line with a distance d between each of them. At t=0 the leftmost block is given a velocity V towards right. The coefficient of friction between any block and the surface is Î¼ and all collisions are elastic. Let the total number of collisions be N then N is

Options:
A the largest integer smaller than Vμgd
B the smallest integer larger than V22μgd

C the largest integer smaller than V22Î¼gd
D The smallest integer larger than Vμgd

The correct answer is:
the largest integer smaller than V22μgd

Solution:
Let us assume the total distance travelled by all the blocks combined is x.

Then, by work-energy theorem, Wall= ∆K

μMgx=12MV2 { ∵ total work done by friction is (force)×(displacement) }

x=V22μg

Since the distance between each block is d, the total number of collisions can be computed by,
N=total distance travelled (x)distance between each block (d)

xd=V22μdg

Topic: Physics, Center of Mass Momentum and Collision, NEET
Infinite number of bodies, each of mass $2 \mathrm{~kg}$ are situated on $x$-axis at distance $1 \mathrm{~m}, 2 \mathrm{~m}, 4 \mathrm{~m}, 8 \mathrm{~m}$, respectively from the origin. The resulting gravitational potential due to this system at the origin will be

Options:
A $-G$
B $-\frac{8}{3} G$
C $-\frac{4}{3} G$
D $-4 G$

The correct answer is:
$-4 G$

Solution:
The resulting gravitational potential,
$\begin{array}{ll}
& V=-2 G\left[\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}+\ldots\right] \\
\Rightarrow & V=-2 G\left[1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{2^3} \ldots\right] \\
\Rightarrow & V=-2 G\left(1+\frac{1}{2}\right)^{-1} \\
\Rightarrow & V=-\frac{2 G}{\left(1-\frac{1}{2}\right)}=-\frac{2 G}{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}=-4 G
\end{array}$

Topic: Physics, Gravitation, NEET, NEET 2013 (All India)
Inflorescence is racemose in:

Options:
A brinjal
B tulip
C aloe
D soyabean.

The correct answer is:
soyabean.

Solution:
Soyabean belongs to Fabaceae, which shows racemose inflorescence. Brinjal belongs to Solanaceae, which shows cymose inflorescence. Aloe and tulip belongs to Liliaceae family with cymose inflorescence.
$$
\text { Related Theory }
$$

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, NEET, NEET 2013 (Karnataka)
Inheritance in which female and male parents transfer an X- linked character to granddaughter or grandson through the offspring of the opposite sex is defined as

Options:
A Criss-cross inheritance
B Non Criss-cross inheritance
C Sex influenced inheritance
D Sex limited inheritance

The correct answer is:
Criss-cross inheritance

Solution:
There are different types of inheritance patterns observed in different disorders. The criss-cross type of inheritance is the inheritance of sex-linked characters. These characters are transmitted from fathers to daughters or from mothers to sons. The common example is X-linked inheritance. Haemophilia is an X-linked disorder showing this type of inheritance. The trait is passed from the father to daughter or mother to son. If the father is affected, the trait is passed to the daughter and she becomes a carrier. If the mother is a carrier, the trait can be passed to the son who becomes affected.

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
Inheritance of genetic trait in given pedigree chart is controlled by

Options:
A Autosomal recessive gene
B Allosomal dominant gene
C Holandric gene
D Autosomal dominant gene

The correct answer is:
Autosomal recessive gene

Solution:
Females and males are affected equally by traits transmitted by autosomal recessive inheritance. When two carriers mate, each child has a 25% chance of being homozygous wild-type (unaffected); a 25% chance of being homozygous mutant (affected); or a 50% chance of being heterozygous (unaffected carrier).

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
Inheritances of skin colour on humans is an example of:

Options:
A point mutation
B polygenic inheritance
C codominance
D chromosomal aberration.

The correct answer is:
polygenic inheritance

Solution:
Inheritance of skin colour in human is controlled by three pairs of genes, $\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}$ and $\mathrm{C}$ which is polygenic inheritance. Codominance is shown by Blood group $\mathrm{AB}$. Chromosomal aberration and point mutation change the genetic sequence of human genome.
Related Theory
Polygenic inheritance refers to the kind of inheritance in which the trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes in contrast to monogenic inheritance in which the trait results from the expression of one gene (or one gene pair). Polygenic inheritance is a Non-Mendelian form since it is controlled by multiple genes at different loci on different chromosomes expressed together in the same trait. Some examples of polygenic inheritance are: human skin and eye colour; height, weight and intelligence in people; and kernel colour of wheat.

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET, NEET 2007
Inhibition of Succinic dehydrogenase enzyme by malonate is a classical example of:

Options:
A Feedback inhibition
B Competitive inhibition
C Enzyme activation
D Cofactor inhibition

The correct answer is:
Competitive inhibition

Solution:
Correct answer is option (2) because malonate shows close structural similarity with the substrate and it competes with the substrate for the substrate binding site of the enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. Option (1), (3) and (4) are incorrect as enzyme activation, co-factor inhibition are not showing structural similarity with substrate.

Topic: Biology, Biomolecules (B), NEET, NEET 2024
Inhibitory substances in dormant seeds cannot be removed by subjecting seeds to:

Options:
A Gibberellic acid
B Nitrate
C Ascorbic acid
D Chilling conditions

The correct answer is:
Ascorbic acid

Solution:
The impermeable and hard seed coat, presence of para-ascorbic acid and phenolic acids, presence of chemical inhibitors such
as abscisic acids and reduced water availability causes seed dormancy.

Effect of inhibitory substances can be removed by subjecting the seeds to chilling conditions or by application of certain chemicals like nitrates and gibberellic acid.

Topic: Biology, Plant - Growth and Development, NEET, NEET 2020 (Phase 2)
Initial pressure and volume of a gas γ=1.5 are P and V respectively. First, it is expanded isothermally to volume 4V and then compressed adiabatically to volume V. The final pressure of the gas will be

Options:
A 1P
B 2P
C 4P
D 8P

The correct answer is:
2P

Solution:
For Isothermal expansion
P1V1=P2V2
PV=P2×4V
P2=P4
For Adiabatic expansion
P2V2γ=P3V3γ
P44Vγ=P3Vγ
P3=P4γ-1
P3=P41.5-1
∴ P3=2P

Topic: Physics, Thermodynamics, NEET
Initially, a beaker has 100 g of water at temperature 90 Â°C. Later another 600 g of water at temperature 20 Â°C was poured into the beaker. The temperature, T of the water after mixing is

Options:
A 20 °C
B 30 °C
C 45 °C
D 55 °C

The correct answer is:
30 °C

Solution:
Given,
Mass of water at 90 °C=100 g
=100×10-3 kg
Mass of water at 20 °C=600 g
=600×10-3 kg
From calorimetry
100×10−3Sw(90 °C−T °C)=600×10−3Sw(T °C−20 °C)
90−T=6T−120
T=2107=30 °C

Topic: Physics, Thermal Properties of Matter, NEET
Initially K1 is closed, now if K2 is also closed, find the heat dissipated in the resistances of connecting wires

Options:
A 12CV2
B 23CV2
C 13CV2
D 14CV2

The correct answer is:
13CV2

Solution:
When K1 is closed upper circuit is connected to source
Q=CV
Energy U1=12CV2
When K2 is also closed complete circuit is connected to source
Therefore the Equivalent circuit
Cequi=C+2C3=5C3
Uf=125C3V2=5C6V2
Charge supplied by battery after closing K2 is
Q=53CV-CV=23CV
Energy supplied by battery =Uf-Ui+H
2CV2=56CV2-12CV2+H
3
H=13CV2

Topic: Physics, Electrostatics, NEET
Initially the molar ratio of N2 and H2 was 1 : 3. At equilibrium, 50% of each has reacted. If the equilibrium pressure is P, the partial pressure of NH3 at equilibrium is

Options:
A P3
B P4
C P6
D P8

The correct answer is:
P3

Solution:
Î£n=0.5+1.5+1=3
Mole fraction of ammonia = x NH 3 = moles of ammonia total moles .
PNH3=xNH3ÃP
=13ÃP
=P3

Topic: Chemistry, States of Matter, NEET
Initiative concerned with the conservation of wetlands of international importance, is

Options:
A Ramsar Convention
B Millenium Goals
C Montreal Protocol
D Kyoto Protocol

The correct answer is:
Ramsar Convention

Solution:
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. It is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands. It is also known as the Convention on Wetlands. It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the Convention was signed in 1971.

Topic: Biology, Biodiversity and its Conservation, NEET
Injury localized to the hypothalamus would most likely disrupt

Options:
A short-term memory
B co - ordination during locomotion
C executive functions, such as decision making
D regulation of body temperature

The correct answer is:
regulation of body temperature

Solution:
Hypothalamus is the master of the master gland. It controls a number of centers that control body temperature urge for eating and drinking. It also contains several groups of neurosecretory cells that secrete hormones called hypothalamic hormones. Along with the limbic system, the hypothalamus is also involved in the regulation of sexual behavior expression of emotional reaction and motivation. It is related to another gland called hypophysis or pituitary gland. It forms basically the neurohypophysis portion of the pituitary.

Topic: Biology, Neural Control and Coordination, NEET, NEET 2014
Injury to adrenal cortex is not likely to affect the secretion of which one of the following?

Options:
A Aldosterone
B Both androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone
C Adrenaline
D Cortisol

The correct answer is:
Adrenaline

Solution:
The adrenal medulla synthesizes two hormones-adrenalin (epinephrine) and nor-adrenalin (non-epinephrine). These hormones are proteinaceous in nature and derived from amino acid tyrosine. Thus, injury to adrenal cortex will not affect the secretion of adrenaline.

Topic: Biology, Chemical Coordination and Integration, NEET, NEET 2010 (Screening)
Injury to the medulla oblongata in humans is not likely to affect:

Options:
A Gastric secretion
B Cardiac movements
C Unconditioned reflex
D Controlled respiration

The correct answer is:
Unconditioned reflex

Solution:
The medulla of the brain is connected to the spinal cord. The medulla contains centres which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric secretions.
Unconditioned reflex are generally under the control of spinal cord.

Topic: Biology, Neural Control and Coordination, NEET
Innominate is a

Options:
A Nerve
B Muscle
C Animal
D Part of skeleton

The correct answer is:
Part of skeleton

Solution:
Half of the vertebrate pelvic girdle consists of three bones ilium, ischium and pubis which fuse together in adult to be called innominate bone (hip bone).

Topic: Biology, Locomotion and Movement, NEET
Inorganic benzene is:

Options:
A B3 N3 H3
B BH3Â NH3
C B3 N3 H6
D B3 H3 N6

The correct answer is:
B3 N3 H6

Solution:
It is isoelectronic with benzene

Topic: Chemistry, p Block Elements (Group 13 & 14), NEET
Input waveforms A and B as shown in Fig-I are applied to the combination of gates as shown in Fig-II. Which of the waveforms shown in Fig. (i) to (iv) correctly represents the output waveform?

Options:
A Fig.(i)
B Fig.(ii)
C Fig.(iii)
D Fig. (iv)

The correct answer is:
Fig.(iii)

Solution:
Y=Ā+B̄

So, output is 'zero' when both inputs are 'one'. In all other cases output is one.

Topic: Physics, Semiconductors, NEET
Insects like, cockroach and silverfish have which of the following respiratory pigments?

Options:
A Haemoglobin
B Haemocyanin
C Erythrocruorin
D None

The correct answer is:
None

Solution:
Insects possess a tracheal system which is itself sufficient to transport the oxygen. Trachea forms a network and its branches reach to every part of the body without involving the circulatory system. Body tissues receive oxygen by diffusion from the tracheoles.

Topic: Biology, Structural Organisation in Animals, NEET
Insertional inactivation is related to:

Options:
A Microinjection
B Gene gun
C Gel electrophoresis
D Selection of recombinants

The correct answer is:
Selection of recombinants

Solution:
Inactivation of a particular gene due to insertion of another gene at its place results in insertional inactivation. This helps to select transformant as well as recombinant colonies in selective medium and this is possible due to insertional inactivation process.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Inspiration can occur if the intra-pulmonary pressure is _____A______than the atmospheric pressure. Inspiration is initiated by the contraction of diaphragm which increases the volume of thoracic chamber in the _____B______axis.

Options:
A

A	B
More	Antero-posterior

B

A	B

Less	Antero-posterior

C

A	B
More	Dorso-ventral

D

A	B
less	Dorso-ventral

The correct answer is:

A	B

Less	Antero-posterior

Solution:
Mechanism of inspiration:
I. Contraction of diaphragm → Volume of the thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis increases.
II. Contraction of external inter-costal muscles → Ribs and the sternum are lifted up → Increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.
III. Increase in the thoracic volume → Increase in pulmonary volume → Decrease in the intrapulmonary pressure.
IV. Intra-pulmonary pressure becomes less than the atmospheric pressure. This forces the air from outside to
move into the lungs (inspiration).

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, NEET