datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
In Marchantia, gametophyte starts from spore and ends in

Options:
A zygote
B spore
C capsule
D prothallus

The correct answer is:
zygote

Solution:
Marchantia is a bryophyte and they are non-vascular plants. Its plant body is thalloid. The first cell of the gametophytic generation is a spore that is surrounded by thick, sculptured walls. They germinate into the gametophyte. In gametophyte male and female gametes will be formed and that will be haploid in nature (n). So when the male gamete fuse with the female gamete results in the formation of the zygote (2n).

Topic: Biology, Plant Kingdom, NEET
In marigold, the type of placentation is called

Options:
A marginal
B basal
C free central
D axile

The correct answer is:
basal

Solution:
In basal placentation, the placenta develops at the
base of the ovary and a single ovule is attached to it, as in sunflower, marigold.

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, NEET
In mechanism of Reimer-Tiemann reaction, species involves is

Options:
A Carbonium ion intermediate
B Carbene intermediate
C Carbanion intermediate
D Free radical intermediate

The correct answer is:
Carbene intermediate

Solution:
Reimer-Tiemann reaction involves a carbene intermediate.
CHCl3+KOH→-CCl3→:CCl2+Cl-

Topic: Chemistry, General Organic Chemistry, NEET
In meiosis, crossing over and exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes are catalyzed by the enzyme.

Options:
A Phosphorylase
B Recombinase
C Transferase
D Polymerase

The correct answer is:
Recombinase

Solution:
During Meiosis-I, the stage Prophase Ioccurs in which various substages are present. Of these substages, the most important is Pachytene stage in which exchange of chromosomal segments take place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosome, with the help of enzyme recombinase.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET, NEET 2022 (Phase 2)
In meiosis, crossing over is initiated at _________.

Options:
A Pachytene
B Leptotene
C Zygotene
D Diplotene

The correct answer is:
Pachytene

Solution:
Pachytene is the third stage of the prophase of meiosis, following zygotene, during which the paired chromosomes shorten and thicken, the two chromatids of each separate and exchange of segments between chromatids occurs.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET, NEET 2016 (Phase 1)
In meiosis crossing over is initiated at

Options:
A Pachytene
B Leptotene
C Zygotene
D Diplotene

The correct answer is:
Pachytene

Solution:
Pachytene is the third stage of the prophase of meiosis, following zygotene, during which the paired chromosomes shorten and thicken, the two chromatids of each separate, and exchange of segments between chromatids occurs.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
In meiosis, division is

Options:
A I reductional and II equational
B I equational and II reductional
C Both reductional
D Both equational

The correct answer is:
I reductional and II equational

Solution:
Meiotic division occurs in two stages, meiosis I and meiosis II, dividing the cells once at each stage. Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, producing two haploid cells (N chromosomes, 23 in humans), and thus meiosis I is referred to as a reductional division. In meiosis II, an equational division similar to mitosis will occur whereby the sister chromatids are finally split, creating a total of 4 haploid cells (23 chromosomes, N) - two from each daughter cell from the first division.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
In meiosis, haploid cells are formed. During this process, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

Options:
A one time
B two times
C four times
D eight times

The correct answer is:
two times

Solution:
In meiosis, karyokinesis takes place twice; therefore, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear 2 times (in prophase-I and prophase-II) and reappear (in telophase-I and telophase-II).

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
In meiosis the actual haploidy in terms of DNA comes in

Options:
A Metaphase-I
B Anaphase-II
C Metaphase -II
D Telophase -I

The correct answer is:
Anaphase-II

Solution:
In anaphase II, the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the spindle. This ensures the haploidy.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
In Mendelian dihybrid cross, when a heterozygous pea plant with round yellow seeds is selfed, offsprings with round green seeds are produced. They are represented by the genotypes

Options:
A RrYy, RrYY, RRYy
B Rryy, RRyy, rryy
C rrYy, rrYY
D Rryy, RRyy

The correct answer is:
Rryy, RRyy

Solution:
The Dihybrid cross is when two pairs of contrasting characters are crossed between homozygous members for those characters.
Self-crossing of pea plant heterozygous for round and yellow seeds will give the following progenies -

RY	Ry	rY	ry
RY	RRYY	RRYy	RrYY	RrYy
Ry	RRYy	RRyy	RrYy	Rryy
rY	RrYY	RrYy	rrYy	rrYy
ry	RrYy	Rryy	rrYy	rryy

Round seeds have the genotype - RR/Rr
Green seeds have geotype - yy
Seeds with round shape and green colour genotype - Rryy/RRyy.

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In Mendel's experiments with garden pea, round seed shape (RR) was dominant over wrinkled seeds (rr), yellow cotyledon (YY) was dominant over green cotyledon (yy). What are the expected phenotypes in the $\mathrm{F}_2$ generation the cross RRYY $\times$ rryy?

Options:
A round seeds with yellow cotyledons, and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
B only round seeds with green cotyledons
C only wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons
D only wrinkled seeds with green cotyledons

The correct answer is:
round seeds with yellow cotyledons, and wrinkled seeds with yellow cotyledons

Solution:
When a cross (dihybrid) is made between plants bearing round yellow (RRYY) and wrinkled green (rryy) seeds, all the plants in $\mathrm{F}_1$. (Ref. to Fig. 26.1)

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET, NEET 2006
In metal carbonyls, there is –

Options:
A No π bond between CO and metal atom
B Only σ bond between metal atom and CO molecules
C One σ and one π bond (back-donation) between metal atom and CO molecules
D The metal-carbon bonds does not exist at all

The correct answer is:
One σ and one π bond (back-donation) between metal atom and CO molecules

Solution:
Metal carbonyls contain synergic bond between metal atom and CO molecules. It is Ï donnor (CâM) and Ï acceptor (MâC) bond (i.e. back-donation of electrons to antibonding molecular orbital from metal atom.)

Topic: Chemistry, Coordination Compounds, NEET
In metal oxide, O2- ions are arranged in hcp lattice while metal ions occupy 23rd of octahedral voids. The simplest formula of oxide is

Options:
A MO
B M2O3
C MO2
D M2O

The correct answer is:
M2O3

Solution:
Number of O2- ions = n
Number of octahedral voids = n
Number of Mn+ ions =23n
Ratio of M and O=23n:n
= 2 : 3
So simplest formula of solid =M2O3 .

Topic: Chemistry, Solid State, NEET
In metallurgy, the choice of a reducing agent in a particular case depends on thermodynamic factors. Which of the following examples illustrates this statement?

Options:
A In the production of glass, sodium is employed as a reducing agent. Sodium's thermodynamic potential is irrelevant in this case because it primarily serves as a fluxing agent.
B In the extraction of iron, carbon is used as a reducing agent due to its favorable thermodynamic properties. Carbon can effectively reduce iron ore (Fe2O3) to produce iron metal.
C In the extraction of aluminum, magnesium is utilized as a reducing agent. However, this choice is based on economic factors rather than thermodynamics.
D In the synthesis of ammonia, nitrogen gas (N2) is reduced with hydrogen gas (H2) using a suitable catalyst. This choice is independent of thermodynamic considerations.

The correct answer is:
In the extraction of iron, carbon is used as a reducing agent due to its favorable thermodynamic properties. Carbon can effectively reduce iron ore (Fe2O3) to produce iron metal.

Solution:
Correct Option is : (B)
In the extraction of iron, carbon is used as a reducing agent due to its favorable thermodynamic properties. Carbon can effectively reduce iron ore (Fe2O3) to produce iron metal.

Topic: Chemistry, General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals, NEET
In mice, black coat colour (allele B) is dominant to brown coat colour (allele b). The offspring of a cross between a black mouse BB and a brown mouse bb were allowed to interbreed. What percentage of the progeny would have black coats?

Options:
A 25%
B 50%
C 75%
D 100%

The correct answer is:
75%

Solution:
Monohybrid cross is defined as "a genetic mix between two individuals who have homozygous genotypes, or genotypes that have completely dominant or completely recessive alleles, which result in opposite phenotypes for a certain genetic trait". The phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation for a monohybrid cross comes to 3:1 and 1:2:1 .
Mendel derived the law of dominance which states that "when an organism is heterozygous for a trait (meaning it has two different alleles for that gene), the allele that is expressed is the dominant one."
For the given cross of black coat mice and brown coat mice as per Mendel's law of dominance-
Parent - BB (Black Coat colour) X bb (Brown coat colour)
F1 generation

B	b
Bb(Black) X	Bb
B b	B b

F2 generation

B	b
B	BB	Bb
b	Bb	bb

Phenotype ratio - 3:1
Black Coat - BB and Bb - 75%
Brown coat - bb - 25%

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In mice, Y is the dominant allele for yellow fur and y is the recessive allele for grey fur. If Y in the homozygous form leads to death of mice, the result of cross Yy Ã Yy will be:

Options:
A 3 yellow : 1 grey
B 2 yellow : 1 grey
C 1 yellow : 1 grey
D 1 yellow : 2 grey

The correct answer is:
2 yellow : 1 grey

Solution:
Since the homozygous condition for Y allele is lethal, the individuals with genotype YY will not survive.
On crossing the parents with genotype Yy, the following progenies are possible.
Yy X Yy

Y	y

Y	YY
(Death)	Yy
(Yellow)

y	Yy
(Yellow)	Yy
(Grey)

YY will give yellow fur but the progeny will not survive.
Yy will give yellow fur as Y is dominant and the progeny will survive since this combination is not lethal.
yy will give grey fur as it is recessive.
Phenotype ratio for the progenies will be 2:1 (2 yellow and 1 grey).

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In microsporangium, cells of which layer have more than one nucleus?

Options:
A Epidermis
B Tapetum
C Middle layers
D Endothecium

The correct answer is:
Tapetum

Solution:
The innermost wall layer of microsporangium is the tapetum. It nourishes the developing pollen grains. Cells of the tapetum possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus. They are also responsible for the development of sporopollenin.

Topic: Biology, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, NEET
In Milikan’s experiment, static electric charge on the oil drops has been obtained by shining X-rays. If the static electric charge on the oil drop is –1.282 × 10–18C, calculate the number of electrons present on it.

Options:
A 10
B 8
C 6
D 12

The correct answer is:
8

Solution:
Correct Option is : (B)
8

Topic: Chemistry, Structure of Atom, NEET
In Miller's experiment, He used a mixture of CH4, NH3, H2 and water vapour in a closed flask to mimic early earth's conditions. What was the temperature at which this flask was kept?

Options:
A 800oC
B 1200oC
C 200oC
D 400oC

The correct answer is:
800oC

Solution:
Miller sealed in a spark chamber a mixture of water (H2O), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hyorogen gas (H2). He made arrangement for insertion of two electrodes to provide electrical energy (simulation of lightning) to the spark chamber. CH4, NH3, H2 were in 2:1:2 ratio. Electric sparks of 75,000 volts were provided to the mixture. The spark chamber was connected to another flask with arrangement for boiling water at 800oC (provision for evaporation). The other end of the spark chamber was connected to a trap by a tube that passed through a condenser (an arrangement for condensation and collection of aqueous solution, equivalent to rain and Haldane's soup). The trap, in turn, was connected with the flask for boiling water (arrangement for circulation).

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
In Miller's experiment, ___________ was not used.

Options:
A Methane
B Hydrogen
C Water vapour
D Nitrogen

The correct answer is:
Nitrogen

Solution:
Stanley Miller created electric discharge in a closed flask containing methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water vapour at 800 oC . He simulated early earth's atmosphere and was able to get amino acids. Thus, he experimentally proved the life originated from inorganic matter.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
In Mirabilis jalapa, the homozygous white (rr) and red (RR) flower colour produces pink (Rr) flower colour. When a pink flower is crossed with red flower, the ratio will be

Options:
A 25% white : 50% pink : 25% red
B 50% pink : 50% red
C 50% pink : 50% white
D 50% red : 50% white

The correct answer is:
50% pink : 50% red

Solution:
A good example of incomplete dominance is that of the flower colour in snapdragon (dog flower or Antirrhinum majus) and Mirabilis jalapa (4’o clock plant).

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In mitochondria, cristae act as sites for

Options:
A protein synthesis
B oxidation-reduction reaction
C breakdown of macromolecules
D phosphorylation of flavoproteins

The correct answer is:
oxidation-reduction reaction

Solution:
Mitochondria are power house of the cell. It consists of two membranes. Outer and inner. Outer membrane is smooth but inner membrane shows presence of many infoldings known as cristae. These increase the surface area of the membrane. These act as site for oxidation reduction reaction. Chemiosmosis and Electron transport chain takes place on the inner membrane.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
In mitochondria, enzyme cytochrome oxidase is present in

Options:
A Outer membrane
B Perimitochondrial space
C Inner membrane
D Matrix

The correct answer is:
Inner membrane

Solution:
Mitochondria contain various enzymes as follows:
Outer Membrane: Acetyl transferase, glycerophosphatase, phospholipase-A, monoamine oxidase, etc.
Inner Membrane: Cytochrome oxidase, dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, ATPase, etc.
Perimitochondrial Space: Adenylate kinase, nucleoside diphosphokinase, etc.
Matrix: Pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, Aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, fumarase.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
In mitochondrial electron transport system

Options:
A Number of ATP molecules synthesised does not depend on nature of electron donor
B Ubiquinone receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 also
C Cytochrome c is a large protein attached to outer surface of inner mitochondrial membrane
D Complex IV has cyt. a and cyt. a3 but no copper centres

The correct answer is:
Ubiquinone receives reducing equivalents via FADH2 also

Solution:
i. NADH2→ETC3ATP
ii. FADH2→ETC2ATP
iii. Small protein
iv. Two copper centres

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
In mitosis, the centromeres split and chromatids separate during:

Options:
A Metaphase
B Anaphase
C Prophase
D Telophase

The correct answer is:
Anaphase

Solution:
In anaphase, the kinetochore are pulled apart, centromere splits and chromatids are separated, which starts moving towards the opposite poles. This results in a reduction in the quantity of DNA to half which is replicated during the S phase.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
In MOET, embryo transfer into surrogate mothers is done at which of the following stage?

Options:
A 8-32 celled
B 1-2 celled
C 32-64 celled
D 64 -128 celled

The correct answer is:
8-32 celled

Solution:
Multiple ovulation embryo transfer technology (MOET):
Method: Hormones with FSH-like activity are injected in cow → Induces follicular maturation and super-ovulation (instead of ovulation of one egg/normal cycle) → 6–8 eggs are released → Artificial insemination/Mating with a bull → Fertilisation of eggs → Non-surgical recovery of eggs (zygotes) at 8–32 cells stage → Transfer of embryo into surrogate mothers.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, NEET
In mollusks of New York state, which of these expressions gives you a value between 0.1 to 0.2?

(S = log of species richness, A = log of Area, C = log of Y-intercept in the species richness area curve)

Options:
A S - CA
B SÂ -Â AC
C CÂ -Â AS
D AÂ -Â SC

The correct answer is:
S - CA

Solution:
The relation between species richness and area for a wide variety of taxa (angiosperm plants, birds, bats, freshwater fishes) turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola with the equation S=CAZ on a logarithmic scale, S=Species richness. A=Area. C=Y-intercept. Z=Slope of the line (regression coefficient).
The relationship is a straight line described by the equation log of Species richness = log of Y-intercept + Z log of Area.
Thus Z can be expressed as (log of Species richness â log of Y-intercept) / log of Area. Z is the regression coefficient. Ecologists have discovered that the value of Z lies in the range of 0.1 to 0.2, whether it is the plants in Britain, birds in California, or mollusks in New York state.

Topic: Biology, Biodiversity and its Conservation, NEET
In Mongolism, each cell has how many chromosomes

Options:
A 21st pair having one less
B 23rd pair with one less
C 45
D 47

The correct answer is:
47

Solution:
Instead of the usual 46 chromosomes present in each cell, it is observed that 47 chromosomes will be present in the cells of individuals with Down syndrome (Mongolism). Downâs syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra chromosome number 21 (autosomal trisomy).

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In monocots grafting is almost impossible because they lack

Options:
A cambium
B ground tissue
C vascular bundle
D parenchymatous cells

The correct answer is:
cambium

Solution:
Grafting is an artificial propagation technique where two different plants are grafted together. One plant's rooted stock is joined with the non-rooted stem of the other plant (scion). The cambium content must be compatible with this process to get a successful graft. The two parts of the plant grow and develop completely without any mixing or hybridization. For such a process presence of cambium is a must to join the grafts, which is absent in the monocot plants.

Topic: Biology, Anatomy of Flowering Plants, NEET
In monocotyledon seed, the outermost layer of endosperm is called

Options:
A Aleurone layer
B Scutellum
C Coleoptile
D Coleorrhizae

The correct answer is:
Aleurone layer

Solution:
The outermost layer of the endosperm of monocots is called the Aleurone layer, it consists of enzymatic proteins which help in breakdown of stored food and supply it to the embryo during the germination of seed. Ploidy of cells of the aleurone layer is 3n.

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, NEET
In monoecious plants like castor and maize,

Options:
A autogamy and allogamy are not prevented.
B geitonogamy is prevented.
C allogamy is prevented.
D geitonogamy is not prevented.

The correct answer is:
geitonogamy is not prevented.

Solution:
Geitonogamy is a type of self-pollination. Geitonogamous pollination is sometimes distinguished from the fertilizations that can result from it, geitonogamy. If a plant is self-incompatible, geitonogamy can reduce seed production.

Topic: Biology, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, NEET
In Morgan's experiment on Drosophila, he found that the strength of linkage between the genes y and w was

Options:
A higher than that of the genes w and m
B lower than that of the genes w and m
C same as that of the genes w and m
D could not be predicted with reference to w and m

The correct answer is:
higher than that of the genes w and m

Solution:
T. H. Morgan proposed the chromosomal theory of linkage, he experimented on Drosophila melanogaster (Fruitfly). In Cross A he took 2 genes y and w which are about 1.3 map unit distant from each other so he obtained 98.7% parental characters (due to higher linkage) and 1.3% recombinant characters.
In Cross B, he took 2 genes w and m genee which are about 37.2 map unit distant from each other, so he obtained 62.8% parental characters (due to comparatively lesser linkage) and 37.2% recombinant characters.

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET
In Mosley's equation, v=aZ-b , which was derived from the observations made during the bombardment of the metal target with X-rays

Options:
A a is independent but b depends on the metal
B Both a and b are independent of the metal
C Both a and b depends on the metal
D b is independent but a depends on the metal

The correct answer is:
Both a and b are independent of the metal

Solution:
a is proportionality constant and b depends on the type of X-ray.

Topic: Physics, Atomic Physics, NEET
In moss, sporophyte is formed on

Options:
A antheridia.
B archegonia.
C prothallus.
D leafy stage.

The correct answer is:
leafy stage.

Solution:
Moss form the higher member of the Bryophyta having an erect plant body. In it, gametophytic stage is the dominant stage of life cycle having two stages - protonema and leafy stage. Protonema stage is also called as juvenile stage bearing buds from which the leafy stage is produced. It attached to the soil by rhizoids and bears the sex organs. The zygote formed by sexual reproduction develops into a sporophyte which forms on leafy stage bearing foot, seta and capsule. Sporophyte of mosses is more elaborate than that of liverworts.

Topic: Biology, Plant Kingdom, NEET
In most ecosystems, the pyramid of ___________________ is always upright when there are more producers than primary consumers.

Options:
A Energy
B Number
C Biomass
D All of the above

The correct answer is:
All of the above

Solution:
In most ecosystems, all the pyramids, of number, of energy and biomass are upright, i.e., producers are more in number and biomass than the herbivores, and herbivores are more in number and biomass than the carnivores. Addionally, energy at a lower trophic level is always more than that at a higher level.

Topic: Biology, Ecosystem, NEET
In most of the angiosperms, the mature anther at the time of dehiscence has

Options:
A two lobes and four pollen sacs
B one lobe and two pollen sacs
C two lobes and one pollen sac
D two lobes and two pollen sacs

The correct answer is:
two lobes and two pollen sacs

Solution:
In most of the angiosperms, anther has two lobes and in each lobe, there are two pollen sacs. When the anther matures, The sterile tissue between the two pollen sacs in each lobe degenerate. Thus, the two pollen sacs in one lobe fuse to form one pollen sac. Thus, at the time of dehiscence, anther has two lobes and two pollen sacs

Topic: Biology, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, NEET
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew was introduced by

Options:
A selection breeding
B artificial cross
C mutation breeding
D pureline breeding

The correct answer is:
mutation breeding

Solution:
Mutation breeding:
The steps involved are
1. Mutations are artificially induced.
2. The plants with desired characters are selected and their use for breeding is determined.
Example: Development of resistance in mung bean to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew was induced by mutations.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, NEET
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic, virus and powdery mildew were brought about by

Options:
A mutation breeding
B biofortification
C tissue culture
D hybridisation and selection

The correct answer is:
mutation breeding

Solution:
In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and powdery mildew were induced by mutation breeding. Mutation breeding is the process of exposing seeds to chemicals or radiation in order to generate mutants with desirable traits to be bred with other cultivars.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, NEET, NEET 2019 (Odisha)