datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Select the wrong statement.

Options:
A W.M. Stanley showed that viruses could be crystallized
B The term 'contagium vivum fluidum' was coined by M.W. Beijerinek
C Mosaic disease in tobacco and AIDS in human being are caused by viruses
D The viroids were discovered by D.J. Ivanowsky

The correct answer is:
The viroids were discovered by D.J. Ivanowsky

Solution:
Viroids are smaller than viruses, self–replicating particles that were discovered by T.O. Diener (1971). Viroids are infectious RNA particles that are devoid of protein coat. The molecular weight of RNA in viroid is low in comparison to viruses. Potato spindle tuber is a viroid causing disease.

DISCOVERIES OF VIROLOGY:

Term virus (means venom or poisonous fluid) was coined by Pasteur (1880).

D.J. Ivanowsky (1892) recognized certain microbes as causal organisms of the mosaic disease of tobacco. These were found to be smaller than bacteria because they passed through bacteria-proof filters.

M.W. Beijerinek (1898) demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause infection in healthy plants and called this fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum (infectious living fluid).

W.M. Stanley (1935) crystallized TMV (Tobacco mosaic virus) for the first time. He showed that viruses could be crystallized and crystals consist largely of proteins.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET, NEET 2015 (Phase 2)
Select the wrong statement.

Options:
A The walls of diatoms are easily destructible
B 'Diatomaceous earth' is formed by the cell walls of diatoms
C Diatoms are chief producers in the oceans
D Diatoms are microscopic and float passively in water

The correct answer is:
The walls of diatoms are easily destructible

Solution:
The cell walls of diatoms are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible. A unique feature of diatom cells is that they are enclosed within a cell wall made of hydrated silicon dioxide called a frustule. These frustules show a wide diversity in form but are usually almost bilaterally symmetrical, hence the group name diatom. The symmetry is not perfect since one of the valves is slightly larger than the other, allowing one valve to fit inside the edge of the other.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET, NEET 2016 (Phase 2)
Select the wrong statement from the following.

Options:
A There is now enough evidence that essential process like metabolism, translation and splicing evolved around DNA
B DNA does not act as catalyst
C RNA can splice itself and also able to act as a catalyst
D DNA stores genetic information

The correct answer is:
There is now enough evidence that essential process like metabolism, translation and splicing evolved around DNA

Solution:
RNA was first genetic material. There is now enough evidence that essential process like metabolism, translation and splicing evolved around RNA. DNA being structurally more stable cannot act as a catalyst and is used for storage of genetic information. RNA is more reactive and can splice itself.

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET
Select the wrong statement from the following.

Options:
A Cell wall is present in members of fungi and plantae.
B Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans.
C Chief producers in the oceans diatoms.
D Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except Monera.

The correct answer is:
Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans.

Solution:
Cell wall of plant is made up of cellulose and that of fungi is made up of chitin. Psoudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in amoeboid protozoans. Sporozoans lacks any locomotory structure. Chief producers of oceans are diatoms. Monera includes all prokaryotic cells thus they lack mitochondria.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET
Select the wrong statement from the following.

Options:
A Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, the thylakoid space bounded by the thylakoid membrane
B Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA
C The chloroplasts are generally much larger than mitochondria
D Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain an inner and an outer membrane.

The correct answer is:
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, the thylakoid space bounded by the thylakoid membrane

Solution:
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, the thylakoid space bounded by double membrane.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET, NEET 2007
Select the wrong statement from the following.

Options:
A Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, bounded by the thylakoid membrane.
B Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA.
C The chloroplasts are generally much larger than mitochondria.
D Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain an inner and an outer membrane.

The correct answer is:
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have an internal compartment, bounded by the thylakoid membrane.

Solution:
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA and are double membrane-bound organelles having an inner membrane and outer membrane. Mitochondria occur in the cytoplasm of both plants and animal cells. A mitochondrion contains two chambers. The inner membrane forms mitochondrial cristae. The chloroplast is also a double membranous organelle but found only in plants. The membrane-bound matrix of chloroplasts is stroma and inside the stroma thylakoids are present which form grana.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Select the WRONG statement regarding carbon cycle.

Options:
A Oceanic water can retain upto 50 times the CO2 levels in the air.
B The only major reservoir of carbon in the biosphere is the lake.
C Volcanic eruptions, hotsprings, burning of fossil fuel and weathering add carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
D The recycling of carbon is a self regulating feedback system.

The correct answer is:
The recycling of carbon is a self regulating feedback system.

Solution:
The carbon cycle is a gaseous cycle and in the atmosphere carbon dioxide is 29 percent. In the ocean,71 percent carbon dioxide is present in dissolved form. The carbon reservoir is lithosphere so their circulation is self-regulating but recently carbon cycling is getting disturbed due to the combustion of fossil fuels and rapid deforestation. So the correct option is D.

Topic: Biology, Ecosystem, NEET
Select the WRONG statement with respect to glycolysis.

Options:
A It occurs outside mitochondria.
B It is an anaerobic phase.
C Glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
D Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by isomerase enzyme.

The correct answer is:
Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate by isomerase enzyme.

Solution:
Respiration is the process or mechanism to break down food molecules to release energy in the form of ATP. During the process of aerobic respiration, phosphorylation of ADP occurs forming the energy currency molecule - Adenosine triphosphate. The energy required for the production of proton gradient which is needed for phosphorylation is obtained from the oxidation-reduction of the molecules. One of the steps of the respiration process is glycolysis where 6C-glucose is broken down to 3C-pyruvate.
Glycolysis is a catabolic process where the substrate glucose is broken down into smaller molecules- pyruvic acid and occurs anaerobically. The site for glycolysis is the cytoplasm. It is a stepwise process involving a series of ten enzymes to catalyze the processes. The first step in glycolysis is the phosphorylation of the glucose molecule to glucose-6-phosphate which is catalyzed by enzyme hexokinase with Mg++ as cofactor.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Select the wrong statements.

(i) All eukaryotic cells are identical.

(ii) All eukaryotic cells show compartmentalization.

(iii) Centrioles are absent in almost all plant cells.

(iv) Animal cells contain no large central vacuoles.

Options:
A only (i)
B only (i) and (ii)
C only (iv)
D only (iii)

The correct answer is:
only (i)

Solution:
All eukaryotic cells are not identical because plant cells have cell wall, large central vacuole and generally no centriole while animal cells have no cell wall, no central vacuole and centrioles present.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Select the wrong statements with respect to DNA.

(i) The backbone of DNA is formed by the sugar-phosphate chain.

(ii) The two strands of the polynucleotide are anti-parallel.

(iii) The nitrogen bases are parallel to the backbone.

(iv) The backbone contains a hydrogen bond.

Options:
A (i) and (ii)
B (ii) and (iii)
C (iii) and (iv)
D (iv) and (i)

The correct answer is:
(iii) and (iv)

Solution:
DNA is a double helical structure and is antiparallel in nature. The nitrogen bases are perpendicular to the backbone and are linked to each other by a phosphodiester bond.

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET
Select the wrong statements:

Options:
A Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans
B Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes
C Cell wall is present in members of Fungi and Plantae
D Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell in all kingdoms except Monera

The correct answer is:
Pseudopodia are locomotory and feeding structures in Sporozoans

Solution:
Sporozoans are diverse protozoans which consist of an infectious spore-like stage in their life cycle. A prominent example is that of Plasmodium, which is the causative agent of malaria. This parasite has a sporophytic life cycle in mosquitoes while a gametophytic stage in the host (humans). Pseudopodia (false feet) are locomotory organs which aid in feeding and movement. These are the characteristic feature of amoeboid protozoans, like Amoeba.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET, NEET 2018
Select the wrongly matched pair with regard to the C4 cycle.

Options:
A Primary CO2 fixation - PGA product
B Site of initial carboxylation - Mesophyll cells
C Primary CO2 acceptor - PEP
D C4 plant - Maize

The correct answer is:
Primary CO2 fixation - PGA product

Solution:
The primary CO2 fixation product in the C4 cycle is oxaloacetic acid (OAA) in the mesophyll cells. It then forms the other 4-carbon compound malic acid in the mesophyll cells itself, which is then transported to the bundle sheath cells.

Topic: Biology, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, NEET
Selectable marker is associated with

Options:
A plasmid DNA as vector
B palindromic DNA
C SNP
D histone protein

The correct answer is:
plasmid DNA as vector

Solution:
Due to the presence of the selective marker, the plasmid becomes useful for the cell. Under the selective conditions, only cells that contain plasmids with the appropriate selectable marker can survive. Commonly, genes that confer resistance to various antibiotics are used as selective markers in cloning vectors.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Self condensation of two moles of ethyl acetate in presence of sodium ethoxide yields:

Options:
A ethyl propionate
B ethyl butyrate
C acetoacetic ester
D methyl acetoacetate

The correct answer is:
acetoacetic ester

Solution:
Related Theory
Condensation of two moles of ethyl acetate in the presence of sodium ethoxide gives ethyl aceto-acetate (ester). This condensation is an example of Claisen condensation because it is possible in esters which have alpha hydrogen atom.

Topic: Chemistry, Alcohols Phenols and Ethers, NEET, NEET 2006
Sella turcica is a

Options:
A Covering of kidney
B Covering of testis
C Depression in brain
D Depression in skull which lodges the pituitary body

The correct answer is:
Depression in skull which lodges the pituitary body

Solution:
Sella turcica or 'Turkish saddle' is a depression in the floor of the mammalian skull in the sphenoid (Basi sphenoid) bone. The pituitary gland is located in a bony cavity called sella tursica and is attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk. It is divided anatomically into an adenohypophysis and a neurohypophysis.

Topic: Biology, Chemical Coordination and Integration, NEET
Semiconservative replication of DNA was first demonstrated in

Options:
A Drosophila melanogaster
B Escherichia coti
C Streptococcus pneumoniae
D Salmonella typhimurium

The correct answer is:
Escherichia coti

Solution:
Semiconservative replication of DNA was first demonstrated in E. coli. According to the semiconservative mode proposed by Watson and Crick, each strand of the two double helices formed would have one old and one new strand. The semiconservative nature of DNA replication was proved by the experiment of Meselson and Stahl (1958).

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET, NEET 2009 (Screening)
Seminal plasma in human is rich in

Options:
A fructose, calcium and certain enzymes
B fructose and calcium but has no enzymes
C glucose and certain enzymes but has no calcium
D fructose and certain enzymes but poor in calcium

The correct answer is:
fructose, calcium and certain enzymes

Solution:
Seminal plasma is composed of the fluid and sperms from the vas deferens (about $10 \%$ of the total), fluid from the seminal vesicles (almost 60 percent), fluid from the prostate gland (about 30 percent) and small amount of mucous glands, especially the bulbourethral glands. It contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphateion, a clotting enzyme, profibrinolysin, fructose, citrate, inositol, prostaglandins, several proteins, etc.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, NEET, NEET 2009 (Screening)
Seminal plasma in human males is rich in

Options:
A fructose and calcium
B glucose and calcium
C DNA and testosterone
D ribose and potassium

The correct answer is:
fructose and calcium

Solution:
Seminal plasma is the fluid, in which the sperms are bathed. It contains secretions from seminal vesicle and prostate gland. Seminal fluid contains fructose, citrate, inositol, prostaglandins and several proteins. Prostate secretes a thin, milky fluid that contains calcium, citrate ion, phosphate ion, a clotting enzyme and a profibrinolysin.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, NEET, NEET 2010 (Screening)
Seminal plasma in human males is rich in

Options:
A Glucose and calcium
B DNA and testosterone
C Ribose and potassium
D Fructose and calcium

The correct answer is:
Fructose and calcium

Solution:
Semen or seminal fluid or seminal plasma is the fluid ejaculated from the penis at sexual climax. Each ejaculate may contain 300 - 500 million spermatozoa suspended in a fluid secreted by the prostate gland and seminal vesicles with a small contribution and certain enzymes. It provides a fluid medium for transport of sperms, nourishes & activates sperms, lubricates the reproductive tract of females and neutralizes the acidity of the vagina of females to protect the sperms.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, NEET
Seminal plasma, the fluid part of semen, is contributed by i. Seminal vesicle ii. Prostate iii. Urethra iv. Bulbourethral gland

Options:
A i and ii
B i, ii and iv
C ii, iii and iv
D i and iv

The correct answer is:
i, ii and iv

Solution:
Secretion of seminal vesicle (paired), prostate gland (unpaired) and bulbourethral glands or Cowper’s glands (paired) constitute the seminal plasma which is rich in fructose, calcium and certain enzymes.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, NEET
Senescence as an active developmental cellular process in the growth and functioning of a flowering plant, is indicated in

Options:
A vessels and tracheid differentiation
B leaf abscission
C annual plants
D floral parts

The correct answer is:
leaf abscission

Solution:
Senescence can be defined as "the sum of deteriorative processes, which naturally terminate the functional life of an organism". Senescence is not confined only to whole plant, it may be limited to a particular plant organ such as leaf and flower or cells such as phloem and xylem. Abscission is natural shedding of leaves, foliage branches, fruits, floral parts etc. According to Leopold (1967) abscission is a senescence phenomenon. Senescence as an active developmental cellular process in the growth and functioning of a flowering plant, is indicated in leaf abscission.
Whole plant senescence also known as overall senescence occurs in annuals (eg, rice, wheat, gram, mustard) biennials (eg, henbane) or perennials.

Topic: Biology, Plant - Growth and Development, NEET, NEET 2008 (Screening)
Senescence in plants is inhibited by

Options:
A Ethylene
B Auxin
C Cytokinin
D Abscissic acid

The correct answer is:
Cytokinin

Solution:
Cytokinin delays the senescence (ageing) of leaves and other organs by controlling protein synthesis and mobilization of resources (Disappearance of chlorophyll). It is called the Richmond-Lang effect. It was reported by Richmond and Lang (1957) while working on detached leaves of Xanthium.

Topic: Biology, Plant - Growth and Development, NEET
Separation of DNA, fragments is done by a technique known as :

Options:
A Polymerase Chain Reaction
B Recombinant technology
C Southern blotting
D Gel electrophoresis

The correct answer is:
Gel electrophoresis

Solution:
With the help of Gel electrophoresis technique, separation of DNA fragments, based on their size (mol. wt) can take place. DNA fragments can be separated on Agarose gel with the help of electrode and can be visualised with the help of ethidium bromide under UV-light.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET, NEET 2022 (Phase 2)
Separation of the homologous chromosome of a pair occurs during

Options:
A Congression
B Disjunction
C Bivalent formation
D Synapsis

The correct answer is:
Disjunction

Solution:
Separation of homologous chromosome of a pair occurs during anaphase I of meiosis I, and this is called disjunction. It results in reduction in chromosome number to half.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
"Sequence annotation" in human genome project refers to

Options:
A identification of only those genes that are expressed as RNA
B correlating, sequence of nucleotides already known for an organism, to their functions
C selection of base sequences not involved in protein synthesis
D Both A and B

The correct answer is:
correlating, sequence of nucleotides already known for an organism, to their functions

Solution:
Human Genome Project (HGP) was a mega project started in 1990 to identify approximately 20000-25000 genes present in around 3×109 base pairs that make up human DNA. Two methodologies were used in HGP namely
i) EST -Expressed sequence tags - which focused on identifying all the genes that are expressed as RNA
ii) Whole genome sequencing - sequence all the coding and non-coding regions and later assigning different regions in a sequence to its function (Sequence annotation)
This has helped us in understanding various molecular mechanism and treatment of various diseases.

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET
Sequence of AATGCTTAGGCA on tempelate segment of DNA will be represented over the transcribed mRNA as:

Options:
A UUACGAAUGGCU
B AAUGCUAAGGCA
C UUACGAAUCCGU
D UUACGUUACCGU

The correct answer is:
UUACGAAUCCGU

Solution:
During the transcription process, mRNA is formed from DNA in presence of enzyme Transcriptase or DNA dependent RNA Polymerase. In DNA two strands are there as Template strand and Coding strand. m-RNA is formed complementary to the template strand, so for a given sequence correct complementary sequence on RNA will be - UUACGAAUCCGU.

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET
Sequence of taxonomic categories is

Options:
A class-phylum-tribe-order-family-genus- species
B division-class-family-tribe-order-genus- species
C division-class-order-family-tribe-genus- species.
D phylum-order-class-tribe-family-genus-species.

The correct answer is:
division-class-order-family-tribe-genus- species.

Solution:
To construct the hierarchy of classification, one or more species are grouped into a genus, one or more of genera into a family, families are clubbed into order, orders into class, classes into phylum and various phyla into kingdom.

Topic: Biology, The Living World, NEET
Sequence of which of the following is used to know the phylogeny?

Options:
A $m$-RNA
B $r$-RNA
C $t$-RNA
D DNA

The correct answer is:
$r$-RNA

Solution:
The genes for $r$-RNAs tend to be highly conserved and are therefore, often employed for phylogenetic studies.

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET, NEET 2002
Sequences of DNA can be removed from a genome with the help of

Options:
A Molecular glue
B Molecular scissors
C Ligases
D Nucleases

The correct answer is:
Molecular scissors

Solution:
Restriction enzymes are also called as molecular scissors as these enzymes have the ability to cut DNA at specific sites. These enzymes also called endonucleases cut the DNA within the sequence and this feature is useful as a genetic tool for developing genetically modified organisms. Ligases help in joining strands of DNA.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Sequential pills contain

Options:
A a high dose of estrogen
B moderate dose of progesterone
C both (a) and (b)
D high dose of FSH and LH

The correct answer is:
both (a) and (b)

Solution:
The sequential oral contraceptives have two phases and referred to as biphasic. In the first phase, only estrogen-containing tablets are given during the first two weeks of the three‐week menstrual cycle. Later, the combined estrogen and progesterone tablets are given during the third week. Combination oral contraceptives contain both hormones throughout the three-week cycle. Progesterone suppresses ovulation and production of LH while estrogen suppresses the production of FSH.

Topic: Biology, Reproductive Health, NEET
Sequentially, the last stage to occur among the following is:

Options:
A Diakinesis
B Pachytene
C Zygotene
D Leptotene

The correct answer is:
Diakinesis

Solution:
The meotic Prophase I consists of five stages namely - Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis. During the leptotene stage the compaction of chromosomes continues and they become more visible under light microscope. In second stage chromosomes start pairing together to form homologous chromosomes through the process of synapsis. During pachytene these bilvalent chromosomes now appear as tetrads and recombination nodules also appear. During the start of diplotene phase there is dissolution of synaptonemal complex and the homologous chromosomes separate from each other except at the sites where crossover has taken place and forming an X shaped structure known as chiasmata. The final phase is diakinesis where terminalisation of chiasmata takes place.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET
Sertoli cells are found in

Options:
A ovaries and secrete progesterone
B adrenal cortex and secrete adrenalin
C seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to germ cells
D pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin

The correct answer is:
seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to germ cells

Solution:
The epithelium of seminiferous tubule is made up of two types of cells-Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells. Sertoli cells are elongated and pyramidal which partially envelope the spermatogenic cells. These nourish spermatozoa, act as nurse cells for differentiating spermatozoa. These secrete a glycoprotein hormone, called inhibin which is involved in the negative feed back control of sperm production.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, NEET, NEET 2010 (Screening)