datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Which of the following stage of cross-bridge is shown in the diagram?

Options:
A Formation of cross-bridge
B Sliding/rotation
C Shifting of myosin
D Breaking of cross-bridge

The correct answer is:
Formation of cross-bridge

Solution:
Steps involved in muscle contraction:
1. Increase in Ca++ level within sarcoplasm → Calcium binds with a subunit of troponin on actin filaments → Active sites for myosin are exposed.
2. Binding of the myosin head to the exposed active sites on actin to form a cross bridge. This step utilizes the energy from ATP hydrolysis. Attached actin filaments are pulled towards the center of the 'A' band. The 'Z' line attached to the actins are also pulled inwards resulting in a shortening of the sarcomere (or contraction).
3. The myosin enters the relaxed state releasing the ADP and Pi. New ATP binds resulting in breaking of the cross-bridge. Hydrolysis of ATP by the myosin head again results in the cross-bridge formation.
4. Repeated formation and breaking of cross-bridges result in further sliding of filaments over each other. Thus contraction occurs.

Topic: Biology, Locomotion and Movement, NEET
Which of the following stages of meiosis involves division of centromere?

Options:
A Telophase
B Metaphase I
C Metaphase II
D Anaphase II

The correct answer is:
Anaphase II

Solution:
During the anaphase-I of meiosis-I, there is separation of homologous chromosomes to the forming daughter cells. However, the centromere division does not take place at this stage. During anaphase-II or meiosis II, there is splitting of the centromere. Basically, anaphase-II begins with the simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which holds the sister chromatids together), allowing them to move towards opposite poles of the cell by shortening of microtubules attached to kinetochores.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET, NEET 2023 (All India)
Which of the following stages of meiosis involves division of centromere?

Options:
A Metaphase I
B Metaphase II
C Anaphase II
D Telophase II

The correct answer is:
Anaphase II

Solution:
Anaphase II of meiosis II begins with the simultaneous splitting of the centromere of each chromosome (which was holding the sister chromatids together). This causes them to move towards opposite poles of the cell. During anaphase I of meiosis, there is no splitting of centromere.

Topic: Biology, Cell Cycle and Cell Division, NEET, NEET 2021
Which of the following stages of Plasmodium is correctly depicted in the transmission between female Anopheles mosquito and humans?

Options:
A
B
C
D

The correct answer is:

Solution:
When the female Anopheles mosquitoes bite humans for a blood meal, they inject the sporozoites of Plasmodium into the skin wound. Thus sporozoite stage is the infective stage of Plasmodium in humans. These sporozoites reach the blood stream and migrate to liver. They infect liver cells (hepatocytes) where they divide asexually to form many merozoites. These merozoites rupture the liver cells and escape into bloodstream. Each merozoite infects an erythrocyte where it develops into ring form followed by trophozoite which shows intracellular feeding followed by schizont which in turn produce many merozoites. These newly formed merozoites come out of the erythrocytes by rupturing them. The rupture of erythrocytes causes release of a toxic substance, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill and high fever. Some of these merozoites escape the asexual amplification cycle and form microgametocytes and microgametocytes. Their further development requires cooler temperature found in mosquitoes. These gametocytes are stored in erythrocytes till they are transferred to female Anopheles mosquito.

Topic: Biology, Human Health and Diseases, NEET
Which of the following statement about anaerobic respiration is incorrect?

Options:
A In animal cells, like muscles during exercise, when oxygen is inadequate for cellular respiration pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase.
B The net gain of ATP is 2 molecules.
C In this process, less than seven percent of the energy in glucose is released.
D If the concentration of alcohol is seven percent, it becomes toxic to yeast.

The correct answer is:
If the concentration of alcohol is seven percent, it becomes toxic to yeast.

Solution:
Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about 13 percent.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Which of the following statement about human population is correct?

Options:
A The world population was around 7.2 billion by 2000.
B India's population reached close to 1.2 billion by 2000.
C India's population was approximately 350 million at the time of independence.
D According to the 2011 census report, the population growth rate was more than 2 percent.

The correct answer is:
India's population was approximately 350 million at the time of independence.

Solution:
The world population which was around 2 billion (2000 million) in 1900 rocketed to about 6 billion by 2000 and 7.2 billion in 2011. India's population which was approximately 350 million at the time of independence reached close to the one billion mark by 2000 and crossed 1.2 billion in May 2011. According to the 2011 census report, the population growth rate was less than 2 percent

Topic: Biology, Reproductive Health, NEET
Which of the following statement about the hotspot is incorrect?

Options:
A Total area covered by hotspots is less than 2% of worlds land area
B Total hotspots in world are 34
C Hotspots has mega diversity and high degree of endemism
D India has four hotspots

The correct answer is:
India has four hotspots

Solution:
Out of 34 hotspots present in the world India has 3 hotspots. Western ghats, Indo-Burma, and Himalayas.

Topic: Biology, Biodiversity and its Conservation, NEET
Which of the following statement are correct?
1. Colligative properties do not depend upon the nature of solid
2. A plot of partial vapour pressure against mole fraction will be linear
3. Vapour pressure of solution increases on account of hydrogen bonding
Select the correct answer using the codes given below

Options:
A 1 and 2
B 1, 2 and 3
C 2 and 3
D 1 and 3

The correct answer is:
1 and 2

Solution:
Colligative properties do not depend upon nature of solid but depends upon number of species.
As V.P. ∝ mole fraction
So graph between V.P. v/s mole fraction is also linear.
Vapour pressure of solution decreases on account of hydrogen bonding.

Topic: Chemistry, Solutions, NEET
Which of the following statement correctly describes the competitive release?

Options:
A Inability of two species to co-exist indefinitely and eventual elimination of the competitively inferior species.
B Avoidance of competition between species competing for same resource by figuring a compromise.
C Expansion of distribution of a species restricted to a small area due to a competitively superior species being experimentally eliminated.
D Evolutionary success in devising a mechanism to counter and neutralize competition.

The correct answer is:
Expansion of distribution of a species restricted to a small area due to a competitively superior species being experimentally eliminated.

Solution:
Sometimes a species is restricted to smaller area due to another species which is superior. If the superior species is removed, the competition of the inferior species decreases and they increases in number and covers a wider area. This is called competitive release.

Topic: Biology, Organisms and Populations, NEET
Which of the following statement incorrect?

Options:
A HNO2 can act both as a reducing agent and as an oxidising agent but HNO3 acts only as an oxidising agent.
B The oxidation number of phosphorus can vary from -3 to +5 .
C The reaction between NaOH and H2SO4 is a redox reaction.
D Oxidation number can have positive, negative, zero values.

The correct answer is:
The reaction between NaOH and H2SO4 is a redox reaction.

Solution:
The reaction between NaOH and H2SO4 is not a redox reaction but it is an acid base neutralization reaction

Topic: Chemistry, Redox Reactions, NEET
Which of the following statement is coorect?
(i) The rods contain a purplish-red protein called the rhodopsin.
(ii) The photopigments are embedded in the membrane discs of the inner segment.
(iii) Retinal is a derivative of vitamin A.
(iv) Light induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin resulting in changes in the structure of the opsin.

Options:
A (i) and (ii)
B (i), (iii) and (iv)
C (i) and (iii)
D (ii), (iii) and (iv)

The correct answer is:
(i), (iii) and (iv)

Solution:
The inner layer of an eye is the retina, and it contains three layers of neural cells — from inside to outside — ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells. There are two types of photoreceptor cells, namely, rods and cones. These cells contain the light-sensitive proteins called the photopigments. The daylight (photopic) vision and colour vision are functions of cones and the twilight (scotopic) vision is the function of the rods. The rods contain a purplish-red protein called the rhodopsin or visual purple, which contains a derivative of Vitamin A.

Mechanism of Vision

The light rays in visible wavelength focussed on the retina through the cornea and lens generate potentials (impulses) in rods and cones. As mentioned earlier, the photosensitive compounds (photopigments) in the human eyes is composed of opsin (a protein) and retinal (an aldehyde of vitamin A). Light induces dissociation of the retinal from opsin resulting in changes in the structure of the opsin. This causes membrane permeability changes. As a result, potential differences are generated in the photoreceptor cells. This produces a signal that generates action potentials in the ganglion cells through the bipolar cells. These action potentials (impulses) are transmitted by the optic nerves to the visual cortex area of the brain, where the neural impulses are analysed and the image formed on the retina is recognised based on earlier memory and experience.

Carotene is the source of retinal which is involved in the formation of rhodopsin of rod cells.

Topic: Biology, Neural Control and Coordination, NEET, NEET 2017
Which of the following statement is correct?

Options:
A Extensive use of chemical fertilizers may lead to eutrophication of nearby water bodies
B âBoth Azotobacter and Rhizobium fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of plants
C Cyanobacteria such as Anabaena and Nostoc are important mobilizers of phosphates and potassium for plant nutrition in the soil.
D At present, it is not possible to grow maize without chemical fertilizers.

The correct answer is:
Extensive use of chemical fertilizers may lead to eutrophication of nearby water bodies

Solution:
Eutrophication is a natural state in many lakes and ponds, which have a rich supply of chemical nutrients, typically compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus. Generally, it occurs due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and causes the foul smell of water and the death of aquatic organisms.
Azotobacter is a free nitrogen-fixing bacteria, while Rhizobium fixes atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules of plants.
Mycorrhiza are important mobilizers of phosphates and potassium for plant nutrition in the soil.

Topic: Biology, Environmental Issues, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct?

Options:
A When Z > 1, real gases are difficult to compress
B When Z = 1, real gases are easy to compress
C When Z = 1, real gases are easily compressed
D When Z > 1, real gases are easier to compress

The correct answer is:
When Z > 1, real gases are difficult to compress

Solution:
When Z > 1, repulsive forces are dominant hence, the real gases will be difficult to be compressed.

Topic: Chemistry, States of Matter, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct?

Options:
A + I group stabilises a carbocation
B + I group stabilises a carbanion
C + I group stabilises a carbocation
D + I group stabilises a free radical

The correct answer is:
+ I group stabilises a carbocation

Solution:
+ I group have rich electron clouds which can be donated. So this stabilises a carbocation and destabilises a carbanion

Topic: Chemistry, General Organic Chemistry, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct?

Options:
A Endothecium produces the microspores.
B Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen.
C Hard outer layer of pollen is called intine.
D Sporogenous tissue is haploid.

The correct answer is:
Tapetum nourishes the developing pollen.

Solution:
A microsporangium is generally surrounded by four wall layers - the epidermis, endothecium, middle layers and the tapetum. The outer three wall layers perfom the function of protection and help in dehiscence of anther to release the pollen. The innermost wall layer is the tapetum. It nourishes the developing pollen grains. Cells of the tapetum are food rich and possess dense cytoplasm and generally have more than one nucleus.

Topic: Biology, Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct?

Options:
A All bacteria are heterotrophic
B Bacteria are either heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic
C Bacteria are either heterotrophic, chemoautotrophic or photoautotrophic
D Bacteria are either chemoautotrophic or photoautotrophic

The correct answer is:
Bacteria are either heterotrophic, chemoautotrophic or photoautotrophic

Solution:
Bacteria (Greek word "bacterion" meaning small stick) belong to the kingdom Monera, they are microscopic organisms mostly ranging between 1-5 μm. They are autotrophic as well as heterotrophic.
Autotrophic bacteria can derive their nutrition either through sunlight (photoautotrophic) or through certain chemicals (chemoautotrophic). Heterotrophic bacteria can derive their nutrition from decaying matter (decomposer) or they may take nutrition from host (parasitic). Bacteria show great diversity in their mode of nutrition.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about a leaf?

Options:
A It has originated from root apical meristem.
B It is arranged in basipetal order.
C It arises from axillary bud.
D It bears a bud in its axil.

The correct answer is:
It bears a bud in its axil.

Solution:
Leaf originates from shoot apical meristem and is arranged in acropetal manner, in which young leaves are present towards apex and mature leaves are present towards base. A bud develops from axil of leaf and is known as axillary bud.

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about autoradiography?

Options:
A A double-stranded DNA or RNA probe is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA.
B The clone having the mutated gene will appear on the photographic film.
C The probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene.
D More than one option is correct

The correct answer is:
The probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene.

Solution:
A single-stranded DNA or RNA, tagged with a radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to hybridize to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection using autoradiography. The clone having the mutated gene will hence not appear on the photographic film, because the probe will not have complementarity with the mutated gene.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology and Its Applications, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about Bakelite?

Options:
A It is a cross linked polymer.
B It is an addition polymer.
C It is a branched chain polymer.
D It is a linear polymer.

The correct answer is:
It is a cross linked polymer.

Solution:
It is the polymer formed by phenol and formaldehyde in the acidic medium. Bakelite is an example of cross-linked polymer.

Topic: Chemistry, Polymers, NEET, NEET 2020 (Phase 2)
Which of the following statement is correct about CO?

Options:
A It reduces aqueous solution of PdCl2 to metallic Pd
B CO is neutral oxide and acts as a fuel
C In laboratory it is prepared by dehydrating HCOOH with conc. H2SO4
D All are correct

The correct answer is:
All are correct

Solution:
Here all statements regarding CO are correct as follows
HCOOHâH2SO4CO
2CO+O2â2CO2;ÎHÂ°=-565 kJmol-1
CO+PdCl2+H2OâPd+CO2+2HCl

Topic: Chemistry, p Block Elements (Group 13 & 14), NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about competitive inhibitors?

Options:
A The inhibitor does not resembles the substrate.
B The inhibitor competes with the substrate for the allosteric sites.
C Inhibition of succinic hydrogenase by malonate which doesn't resemble the substrate succinate in structure is an example of it.
D This mechanism is used in the control of bacterial pathogens.

The correct answer is:
This mechanism is used in the control of bacterial pathogens.

Solution:
When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity of the enzyme, it is known as a competitive inhibitor. Due to its close structural similarity with the substrate, the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the substrate-binding site of the enzyme. Consequently, the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme action declines, e.g., inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate which closely resembles the substrate succinate in structure. Such competitive inhibitors are often used in the control of bacterial pathogens.

Topic: Chemistry, Biomolecules, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about Cyclostomata?

Options:
A All living members are endoparasites on some fishes.
B They have an elongated body bearing 2 pair of gill slits.
C They have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
D All of the above.

The correct answer is:
They have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.

Solution:
All living members of Cyclostomes are ectoparasites on some fishes. They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill slits. They have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws.

Topic: Biology, Animal Kingdom, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about Cyclostomata?

Options:
A Members possess 6-15 gill slits.
B Mouth is suctorial without jaws.
C Ambyostoma is one of the example.
D All of the above.

The correct answer is:
Mouth is suctorial without jaws.

Solution:
Mouth is ventral, suctorial and circular (the tongue is with denticles) hence, the class is called Cyclostomata (Gk, cyklos-circular; stoma-mouth). They have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws. All living members of Cyclostomes are ectoparasite on some fishes. 5-16 pairs of gills are present in lateral sac-like pouches of pharynx, while gill-slits are 1-16 pairs. The male salamanders (genus Ambystoma) are a group that are endemic to North America.

Topic: Biology, Animal Kingdom, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about glycolysis?

Options:
A In this process, glucose undergoes complete oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid.
B In aerobic organisms, it is the only process in respiration.
C The fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).
D In plants, this glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis, or from structural carbohydrates like starch.

The correct answer is:
The fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate is split into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).

Solution:
In glycolysis, glucose undergoes partial oxidation to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. In plants, this glucose is derived from sucrose, which is the end product of photosynthesis, or from storage carbohydrates like starch. In anaerobic organisms, it is the only process in respiration.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about mycorrhiza?

Options:
A It is a symbiotic association between fungi and the root of higher plants.
B Pinus seeds cannot germinate in their absence.
C Plants having such associations show resistance to salinity.
D More than one option is correct

The correct answer is:
More than one option is correct

Solution:
Fungi are also known to form symbiotic associations with plants (mycorrhiza). Many members of the genus Glomus form mycorrhiza. The fungal symbiont in these associations absorbs phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant. Plants having such associations show other benefits also, such as resistance to root-borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought, and an overall increase in plant growth and development. Pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without the presence of mycorrhiza.

Topic: Biology, Microbes in Human Welfare, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about regulation of kidney function?

Options:
A The functioning of kidneys is effectively monitored and regulated by juxta-glomerular apparatus only.
B An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate the osmoreceptors of medulla to release vasopressin or ADH
C Angiotensinogen is a powerful vasoconstrictor, which increases the glomerular blood pressure as well as GFR .
D An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to decrease blood pressure.

The correct answer is:
An increase in blood flow to the atria of the heart can cause the release of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) to decrease blood pressure.

Solution:
The functioning of kidneys is effectively monitored and regulated by hypothalamus, juxta-glomerular apparatus, and to a certain extent, the heart.
An excessive loss of fluid from the body can activate the osmoreceptors of hypothalamus to release vasopressin or ADH from neurohypophysis. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, which increases the glomerular blood pressure as well as GFR.

Topic: Biology, Excretory Products and their Elimination, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about the circulatory system of Annelida?

Options:
A Blood contains a respiratory pigment haemocyanin
B Blood contains respiratory pigment haemoglobin in RBC
C They have open type of circulatory system
D The respiratory pigment is haemoglobin dissolved in plasma

The correct answer is:
The respiratory pigment is haemoglobin dissolved in plasma

Solution:
In the circulatory system of molluscs, the respiratory pigment is copper-containing haemocyanin dissolved in plasma. In Annelida, the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin dissolved in plasma.

Topic: Biology, Animal Kingdom, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about the evolution of dinosaurs?

Options:
A Triceratops evolved from Tyrannosaurus
B Brachiosaurus evolved from Stegosaurus
C Stegosaurus evolved from Triceratops
D Tyrannosaurus evolved from Brachiosaurus

The correct answer is:
Tyrannosaurus evolved from Brachiosaurus

Solution:
Triceratops are herbivorous dinosaurs that existed about 68 million years ago. Stegosaurus is herbivorous dinosaurs that existed about 155 to 150 million years ago. It is believed that Stegosaurus evolved to form Triceratops
Brachiosaurus is are herbivorous dinosaurs that existed about 154 - 153 million years ago.
Tyrannosaurus were carnivorous dinosaurs that existed about 66 - 68 million years ago. It is believed that Brachiosaurus evolved to form Tyrannosaurus.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct about the working of steroid hormone?

Options:
A They enter into target cells and binds with the specific receptors and activates specific genes to form a protein.
B They bind to cell membrane receptors.
C They catalyze the formation of cAMP
D None of the above

The correct answer is:
They enter into target cells and binds with the specific receptors and activates specific genes to form a protein.

Solution:
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, so easily pass through the plasma membrane.

Topic: Biology, Chemical Coordination and Integration, NEET
Which of the following statement is correct for colourblindness?

Options:
A It is due to mutation in certain genes present on Y chromosome.
B It occurs more in females as compared to male.
C The son of the carrier woman has 50% chances of being colour blind.
D It is autosomal linked genetic disorder.

The correct answer is:
The son of the carrier woman has 50% chances of being colour blind.

Solution:

Topic: Biology, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, NEET