datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Resource partitioning is a mechanism which has been used to promote co-existence among closely related species rather than exclusion. In MacArthur's studies, he showed that species of warblers living on the same tree avoided competition due to

Options:
A behavourial differences in foraging patterns.
B timing differences in their feeding patterns.
C both behavourial and timing differences in foraging and feeding patterns, respectively.
D certain differences in behaviour which had nothing to do with foraging or feeding.

The correct answer is:
behavourial differences in foraging patterns.

Solution:
More recent studies do not support such gross generalisations about competition. While they do not rule out the occurrence of interspecific competition in nature, they point out that species facing competition might evolve mechanisms that promote co-existence rather than exclusion. One such mechanism is ‘resource partitioning’. If two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing, for instance, different times for feeding or different foraging patterns. MacArthur showed that five closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able to avoid competition and co-exist due to behavioural differences in their foraging activities.

Topic: Biology, Organisms and Populations, NEET
Resource partitioning was shown by

Options:
A Connell
B MacArthur
C Gausse
D Allen

The correct answer is:
MacArthur

Solution:
Connell's elegant field experiments showed that on rocky sea coasts of Scotland, the intertidal area is dominated by larger barnacle called Balanus. It eliminates the smaller barnacle Chathamalus from this area. Gause's 'Competitive Exclusion Principle' states that two closely related species competing for the same resources cannot co-exist indefinitely and the competitively inferior one will be eliminated eventually. Five closely related species of warblers could live on the same tree and avoid competition due to their behavioural differences. This was shown by MacArthur.

Topic: Biology, Organisms and Populations, NEET
Respiration differs from combustion in which of the following?

Options:
A Energy is released in respiration
B Substance is oxidised
C Enzymes are involved
D All the above

The correct answer is:
Enzymes are involved

Solution:
Respiration is a biological enzymatic reaction, whereas combustion is a chemical process.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiration in insects is called direct because

Options:
A The cell exchanges O₂/ CO₂ directly with the air in the tubes
B The tissues exchange O₂/ CO₂ directly with coelomic fluid
C The tissues exchange O₂/ CO₂ directly with the air outside through body surface
D Tracheal tubes exchange O₂/ CO₂ directly with the haemocoel, which then exchange with tissues

The correct answer is:
Tracheal tubes exchange O₂/ CO₂ directly with the haemocoel, which then exchange with tissues

Solution:
Direct exchange of gases occurs in insects as Tracheal tubes exchange O₂/ CO₂ directly with the haemocoel, which then exchange with tissues.

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, NEET
Respiration in insects is known to be direct because

Options:
A the tissues exchange O2/CO2 directly with the air in the tracheal tubes
B the tissues exchange O2/CO2 directly with the coelomic fluid
C the tissues exchange O2/CO2 directly with the air outside through the body surface
D the tracheal tubes exchange O2/CO2 directly with the haemocoel which then exchange with tissues

The correct answer is:
the tissues exchange O2/CO2 directly with the air in the tracheal tubes

Solution:
Insects have tubes which act as their respiratory organs. The tissues exchange O2 and CO2 directly with the air in these tubes. Hence, respiration in insects is known as direct respiration.
Tracheal tubes are present as respiratory organs in earthworm.
Amphibians like frog exchange gases with air outside through their body surface.

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, NEET
Respiration is a

Options:
A Photochemical oxidation
B Oxidation reaction
C Photophosphorylation
D None of the above

The correct answer is:
Oxidation reaction

Solution:
Respiration is a catabolic, exothermic, and oxidative process. Cellular respiration is an enzyme controlled process of biological oxidation of food materials in a living cell, using molecular O2, producing CO2 and H2O, and releasing energy in small steps

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiration is an

Options:
A Endothermic process
B Exothermic process
C Anabolic process
D Endergonic process

The correct answer is:
Exothermic process

Solution:
Respiration is a process in living organisms involving the production of energy (is an energy liberating process-exothermic), typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from the oxidation of complex organic substances.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiratory climactic is brought about by which of the following hormones?

Options:
A Auxin
B Gibberellins
C Ethylene
D Cytokinin

The correct answer is:
Ethylene

Solution:
Ethylene is highly effective in fruit ripening. It enhances the respiration rate during the ripening of the fruits. This rise in the rate of respiration is called respiratory climactic.

Topic: Biology, Plant - Growth and Development, NEET
Respiratory pathway is

Options:
A endergonic
B catabolic
C anabolic
D both b and c

The correct answer is:
both b and c

Solution:
Respiration is part of the metabolic process where the nutrients are converted into useful energy for regular cell activities. It is in two-mode depending on the presence or absence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration is the one where oxygen is involved and anaerobic respiration is the process where oxygen is absent.
Respiration is generally considered catabolic as the complex compounds are broken into simpler forms to produce energy. Although, respiration has been found to be both catabolic and anabolic. Protein and fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA, which will be used in the aerobic respiratory process. This acetyl-CoA can also be used in the process of manufacturing fatty acids and protein by stopping the respiratory pathway as per the need of the cell. This process is anabolic as compounds are synthesized. Thus, the respiratory process is considered to be amphibolic - anabolic as well as catabolic.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiratory process is regulated by certain specialised centres in the brain. One of the following centres can reduce the inspiratory duration upon stimulation

Options:
A Medullary inspiratory centre
B Pneumotaxic centre
C Apneustic centre
D Chemosensitive centre

The correct answer is:
Pneumotaxic centre

Solution:
Pneumotaxic centre can reduce the inspiratory duration upon stimulation.

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, NEET
Respiratory quotient for tripalmitin is

Options:
A 0.9
B 0.7
C 1.0
D 1.4

The correct answer is:
0.7

Solution:
When the respiratory substrate is fat (Tripalmitin), the RQ is about 0.7. When the respiratory substrate is a carbohydrate, the RQ is 1. When the respiratory substrate is an organic acid, the RQ is above 1.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiratory quotient (R.Q.) is defined as the ratio of a volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 taken in during the respiration process. Value of R.Q. depends on the nature of respiratory substrate and to the extent to which this substance is broken down into simpler products. Which of the following situation will give us the R.Q. value as infinity when alcohol is produced?

Options:
A Fats used as substrate under aerobic conditions.
B Organic acid is used as a substrate under aerobic conditions.
C Carbohydrate substrate used under anaerobic conditions.
D Any type of substrate used under aerobic conditions.

The correct answer is:
Carbohydrate substrate used under anaerobic conditions.

Solution:
Respiratory quotient, i.e. R.Q., is a respiratory ratio of the volume of CO2 liberated to the volume of O2 absorbed during respiration. During anaerobic respiration, (when alcohol is produced) the value of R.Q. is infinity because it takes place without oxygen but CO2 is released. (where carbohydrate substrate used under anaerobic conditions.)

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) value of tripalmitin is

Options:
A 0.9
B 0.7
C 0.07
D 0.09

The correct answer is:
0.7

Solution:
Respiratory quotient is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed in respiration over a period of time. Its value can be one, zero, more than 1 or less than one.
RQ = Volume of C02 evolved/Volume of 02 absorbed.
RQ of tripalmitin (fat) is 0.7

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, NEET, NEET 2019 (All India)
Restriction endonuclease:

Options:
A synthesizes DNA
B cuts the DNA molecule randomly
C cuts the DNA molecule at specific sites
D restricts the synthesis of DNA inside the nucleus

The correct answer is:
cuts the DNA molecule at specific sites

Solution:
Restriction Endonuclease is a type of restriction enzyme that cuts within the DNA at a specific site. This enzyme acts as an important tool in genetic engineering for cutting DNA sequences from a specific site. They play an important role in gene manipulation. Exonuclease refers to an enzyme that cleaves. polynucleotide chain from the end of the chain by removing the nucleotides one by one. They cleave nucleic acids at the ends and result in single nucleotides. They form blunt ends.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET, NEET 2006
Restriction endonuclease (EcoRI) enzyme cut the strand of DNA

Options:
A from the centre of the palindromic sequence.
B a little away from the centre of the palindromic sequence.
C a little away from recognization site.
D cuts only single-stranded DNA.

The correct answer is:
from the centre of the palindromic sequence.

Solution:
Restriction endonuclease enzyme cut the strand of DNA from the centre of palindromic sequence these sequences have same bases two DNA strand from 5 prime to 3 Prime.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Restriction endonuclease HindII acts on a palindromic specific sequence of .............. base pair.

Options:
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8

The correct answer is:
6

Solution:
HindII was the first restriction enzyme to be discovered from bacteria Haemophilus influenza. It identifies specific 6 bp long palindromic DNA segments and cuts at specific locations within the sequence.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Restriction endonuclease

Options:
A cuts the DNA molecule randomly
B cuts the DNA molecule at specific sites
C restricts the synthesis of DNA inside the nucleus
D synthesizes DNA

The correct answer is:
cuts the DNA molecule at specific sites

Solution:
Tools used in biotechnology are endonucleases, hosts and vectors. Endonucleases are very important as these are enzymes that break the DNA molecules, These are termed as endonucleases as these can cut the DNA molecule at various sites except the ends. The endonucleases can be restriction endonucleases as these cut the DNA molecules at specific sites. These recognize a specific palindromic sequence in the DNA. Palindromic sequences are those that can be read from forward and backward in the same way. Example: GAATTC is on one strand then the other strand will have CTTAAG. These are the palindrome sequence.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which

Options:
A make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule
B recognize a specific nucleotide sequence for binding of DNA ligase
C restrict the action of the enzyme DNA polymerase
D remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule

The correct answer is:
make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule

Solution:
Restriction endonuclease recognizes a specific DNA base sequence (recognition sequence or recognition site, restriction sequence or restriction site) and cleaves both the strands of DNA at or near that site. The enzyme cuts the DNA, generating restriction fragments with overhanging ends or blunt ends.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET, NEET 2010 (Screening)
Restriction endonucleases:

Options:
A are present in mammalian cells for degradation of DNA when the cell dies
B are used in genetic engineering for ligating two DNA molecule
C are used for in vitro DNA synthesis
D are synthesized by bacteria as part of their defense mechanism.

The correct answer is:
are synthesized by bacteria as part of their defense mechanism.

Solution:
Restriction enzymes are degradative enzymes which recognizes and cuts up DNA that is foreign to a cell. These enzymes protect bacteria against intruding DNA from other organisms such as virus or other bacterial cells.
Related Theory
Restriction endonuclease cuts DNA atspecific site, where complementary DNA binds. Multiple restriction enzyme increases the specificity of DNA binding sites, giving more reliable results.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET, NEET 2004
Restriction enzyme work by cleaving

Options:
A Glycosidic linkage
B Phosphodiester linkage
C Both (A) and (B)
D None of these

The correct answer is:
Phosphodiester linkage

Solution:
The restriction enzymes and exonuclease both break down nucleic acid chains by cleaving the phosphodiester bond. A phosphodiester bond occurs when exactly two of the hydroxyl groups in phosphoric acid react with hydroxyl groups on other molecules to form two ester bonds. Phosphodiester bonds are central to all life on Earth as they make up the backbone of the strands of nucleic acid.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET, NEET 2016 (Phase 2)
Restriction enzyme work by cleaving

Options:
A Glycosidic linkage
B Phosphodiester linkage
C Both (A) and (B)
D None of these

The correct answer is:
Phosphodiester linkage

Solution:
The restriction enzymes and exonuclease both break down nucleic acid chains by cleaving the phosphodiester bond.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
‘Restriction’ in Restriction enzyme refers to:

Options:
A Cleaving of the phosphodiester bond in DNA by the enzyme
B Cutting of DNA at a specific position only
C Prevention of the multiplication of bacteriophage by the host bacteria
D All of the above

The correct answer is:
All of the above

Solution:
Each restriction endonuclease recognises a specific palindromic nucleotide sequences in the DNA.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology - Principles and Processes, NEET
Result(s) of light reaction is/are

Options:
A Only ATP
B Only NADPH 2
C ATP and NADPH2
D Only FAD

The correct answer is:
ATP and NADPH2

Solution:
During light reaction, energy from sunlight is absorbed and converted to chemical energy which is stored in ATP and NADPH + H+.

Topic: Biology, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, NEET
Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic of ________ and ______ respectively.

Options:
A Dicotyledons and monocotyledons
B Monocots and Dicots
C Both Dicots
D Both Monocotyledons

The correct answer is:
Dicotyledons and monocotyledons

Solution:
Reticulate and parallel venation are characteristic of Dicotyledons and monocotyledons respectively.

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, NEET
Retroviruses have their genetic material in the form of:

Options:
A Double stranded DNA
B Single stranded DNA
C DNA,RNA complex
D RNA

The correct answer is:
RNA

Solution:
AIDS is caused by the Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV), a member of a group of viruses called retrovirus, which have an envelope enclosing the RNA genome.

Topic: Biology, Human Health and Diseases, NEET
Reverse bias applied to a junction diode

Options:
A lowers of the potential barrier
B raises the potential barrier
C increases the majority carrier current
D increases the minority carrier current

The correct answer is:
raises the potential barrier

Solution:
Reverse bias increases the potential barrier

Topic: Physics, Semiconductors, NEET, NEET 2003
Reverse transcriptase is

Options:
A RNA dependent RNA polymerase
B DNA dependent RNA polymerase
C DNA dependent DNA polymerase
D RNA dependent DNA polymerase

The correct answer is:
RNA dependent DNA polymerase

Solution:
The phenomenon of making DNA over RNA genome through enzyme reverse transcriptase is called reverse transcription. DNA is formed by taking RNA as a template and hence, the enzyme is RNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

Topic: Biology, Molecular Basis of Inheritance, NEET
Rheumatoid arthritis is an example of

Options:
A deficiency disease
B genetic disorder
C autoimmune disorder
D neuronal degeneration

The correct answer is:
autoimmune disorder

Solution:
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic (long-lasting) inflammatory disease that causes pain, stiffness, warmth, redness and swelling in joints.
When the body's immune system does not operate as it should, white blood cells that normally attack bacteria or viruses attack healthy tissue instead - in this case, the synovium, or joint tissue. As the synovial membrane (the thin layer of cells lining the joint) becomes inflamed, enzymes are released. Over time, these enzymes and certain immune cells damage the cartilage, bone, tendons and ligaments near the joint.

Topic: Biology, Human Health and Diseases, NEET
Rhizoids of Funaria are

Options:
A unicellular, colorless with oblique septa
B multicellular, colored with transverse septa
C multicellular, colorless with oblique septa
D multicellular, colorless with oblique and transverse septa

The correct answer is:
multicellular, colorless with oblique septa

Solution:
Funaria is a bryophyte that is also known as cord moss because of the twisted seta. In Funaria there are roots like structure that are present i.e.rhizoids.These rhizoids are multicellular and branched and present on the lower portion of leafy gametophore. It helps in nutrients absorption. There is an oblique septa present.

Topic: Biology, Plant Kingdom, NEET
Rhizome is found in:

Options:
A Banana
B Potato
C Ginger
D Both a & c

The correct answer is:
Both a & c

Solution:
In banana and ginger, underground modified stem is a rhizome, which stores food and also carries out vegetative propagation and perennation during unfavourable conditions.

Topic: Biology, Reproduction in Organisms, NEET
Rhodophyta are red in colour due to

Options:
A Carotenes
B Xanthophylls
C Phycoerythrin
D Phycocyanin

The correct answer is:
Phycoerythrin

Solution:
Red-coloured pigment phycoerythrin is present in red algae along with chlorophyll a and beta carotene. Due to this pigment, they are capable of absorbing very low light intensity thus occurs in deep sea.

Topic: Biology, Plant Kingdom, NEET
R.H.Whittaker used certain criteria for making the five-kingdom classification. From the following how many are not a part of those criteria?

Cell structure, Thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, phylogenetic relationships, body organization, locomotion

Options:
A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4

The correct answer is:
2

Solution:
The five kingdom classification was given by R.H. Whittaker. For his classification, he followed certain features which include cell structure, body organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships. He did not include locomotion and thallus organization as a criteria for the classification.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, NEET
Ribosomal RNA is actively synthesized in

Options:
A lysosomes
B nucleolus
C nucleoplasm
D ribosomes

The correct answer is:
nucleolus

Solution:
In eukaryotes, the site of synthesis of most of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is nucleolus. The nucleolar organizer contains many copies of ribosomal DNA (repetitive DNA). The RNA cistron of nucleolar DNA forms $45 \mathrm{~S}$ precursor with the help of RNA polymerase. This 45 S RNA undergoes cleavage with the help of nucleases to give 18S, 28S and 5.8S rRNA units. Out of different rRNAs, the 5S rRNA is not synthesized in nucleolus. It is synthesized outside it.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET, NEET 2012 (Screening)
Ribosomal RNA is actively synthesized in

Options:
A Lysosomes
B Nucleolus
C Nucleoplasm
D Ribosomes

The correct answer is:
Nucleolus

Solution:
The nucleolus is the largest, a round structure located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell. It is a non-membranous structure, where biosynthesis of rRNA takes place. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is actively synthesized in the nucleolus. The nucleolus is also known as the ribosomal factory.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Ribosome is an organelle observed in a eukaryotic cell involved in protein synthesis. Ribosome of a eukaryote is 80S type. It is associated with which of these?

I. Plasmid

II. Mitochondrion

III. Nucleus

IV. Golgi Body

V. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Options:
A I, II, III and IV
B I, II and III only
C I and II only
D III and V only

The correct answer is:
III and V only

Solution:
Ribosomes are not membrane bound. They are found to be composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein. Ribosomes are found attached to RER (V) or freely in the cytoplasm of a eukaryote. Ribosomes are also, found in the nucleus (III) where they are synthesized by nucleolus. Mitochondria are known to contain their own protein synthesis machinery. Thus, they have ribosomes but it is of 70S type. Golgi body is not known to contain any type of its own ribosomes. Plasmid is extra chromosomal DNA in the bacterial cell without attached to any ribosome.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Ribosomes are classified according to their

Options:
A size
B weight
C volume
D sedimentation rate

The correct answer is:
sedimentation rate

Solution:
The ribosome is a large complex molecule that is found in prokaryote and eukaryote. They serve as the primary site for protein synthesis. In prokaryote, it is found in the free form in cytoplasm and in a eukaryote, it is found attached to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosome is made up of two subunits i.e. large and small subunits. They are classified according to their sedimentation rate. Based on the sedimentation value they can be classified into the 70S and 80S ribosomes. 80S ribosome is found in the cytoplasm and the 70S ribosome is found in mitochondria and chloroplast.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Ribosomes are particles about 200 â« units in diameter consisting of protein and RNA. The percentage of protein and RNA in eukaryotes is

Options:
A 80% and 20%
B 60% and 40%
C 50% and 50%
D 40% and 60%

The correct answer is:
40% and 60%

Solution:
Chemically, ribosomes are made up of rRNA 60% and protein 40%. These are known as protein factories as these are the sites for protein synthesis.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET
Ribosomes are produced in:

Options:
A nucleolus
B cytoplasm
C mitochondria
D Golgi body

The correct answer is:
nucleolus

Solution:
Eukaryotic ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus. Ribosomal proteins enter the nucleolus and combine with the four $r$ RNA strands to create the two ribosomal subunits (one small and one large) that will make up the completed ribosome.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, NEET, NEET 2002