datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Assertion : Nuclear binding energy per nucleon is in the order $-{ }_4^9 \mathrm{Be}>{ }_3^7 \mathrm{Li}>{ }_2^4 \mathrm{He}$.
Reason : Binding energy per nucleon increases linearly with difference in number of neutrons and protons.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
Binding energy per nucleon of ${ }_3 \mathrm{Li}^7(5.38$ $\mathrm{MeV})$ is lesser than ${ }_2 \mathrm{He}^4(7.08 \mathrm{MeV})$ as helium is found to be more stable than Li. As the atomic mass number increases, the binding energy per nucleon decreases. As the atomic number and the atomic mass number increase, the repulsive electrostatic forces within the nucleus increase due to the greater number of protons in the heavy elements. To overcome this increased repulsion, the proportion of neutrons in the nucleus must increase to maintain stability. This increase in the neutron-to-proton ratio only partially compensates for the growing proton-proton repulsive force in the heavier, naturally occurring elements. Because the repulsive forces are increasing, less energy must be supplied, on the average, to remove a nucleon from the nucleus. The binding energy per nucleon has decreased. The binding energy per nucleon of a nucleus is an indication of its degree of stability. Generally, the more stable nuclides have higher binding energy per nucleon than the less stable ones. The increase in binding energy per nucleon as the atomic mass number decreases from 260 to 60 is the primary reason for the energy liberation in the fission process. The increase in the binding energy per nucleon as the atomic mass number increases from 1 to 60 is the reason for the energy liberation in the fusion process, which is the opposite reaction of fission.

Topic: Chemistry, Structure of Atom, AIIMS, AIIMS 2004
Assertion : Nuclear endosperm is formed by subsequent nuclear division without wall formation.
Reason : Coconut is an example of such endosperm, where the endosperm remains nuclear throughout the development of the fruit.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
In nuclear endosperm, first and further divisions of primary endosperm nucleus are not followed by cytokinesis or wall formation and thus these free nuclear divisions lead to formation of a large number of free nuclei in embryo sac. At maturity, centripetal wall formation may occur to make the tissue partly cellular. Endosperm of coconut is unique in sense that it is both nuclear and cellular. Here the primary endosperm nucleus undergoes a number of free nuclear divisions. When the fruit is about $50 \mathrm{~mm}$ long the embryo sac remains filled with a watery fluid or milk containing free nuclei and fine cytoplasmic particles. At a later stage when the fruit becomes about $100 \mathrm{~mm}$ in length the liquid shows in addition to free nuclei, several cells each enclosing variable number of nuclei. Thus coconut has multicellular endosperm (called coconut meat) in the outer part and free nuclear as well as vacuolate endosperm (called coconut milk) in the centre.

Topic: Biology, Morphology of Flowering Plants, AIIMS, AIIMS 2008
Assertion : On touching radial artery in our wrist, we feel pulse waves.
Reason : The heart beats originate from the sinoatrial node (SA node) on the right atrium.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Pulse is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation in the aorta and its main arteries. It is a regular jerk of an artery. The pulse rate is exactly the same as the heart rate because an artery pulses every time the heart beats. Pulse is usually taken on the radial artery in the wrist but it can be taken on any artery that flows near enough to the surface of the body to be felt. The heart beat originates from the sinoatrial node (SA Node) - pacemaker, which lies in the wall of the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava. The SA node is a mass of neuromuscular tissue. Another mass of neuromuscular tissue, the atrioventricular node (AV node) is situated in the wall of the right atrium. The AV node picks up the wave of contraction propagated by SA node. A mass of specialized fibres, the bundle of His, originates from the AV node. The bundle of His divides into two branches, one going to each ventricle. Within the myocardium of the ventricles, the branches of bundle of His divides into a network of fine fibres called the Purkinje fibres. The bundle of His and the Purkinje fibres convey impulse of contraction from the AV node to the myocardium of the ventricles.

Topic: Biology, Body Fluids and Circulation, AIIMS, AIIMS 2013
Assertion : Only a change in magnetic flux will maintain an induced current in the coil.
Reason : The presence of large magnetic flux through a coil maintains a current in the coil if the circuit is continuous.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false.

Solution:
Induced current (emf) in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. If there is no change in the flux, there is no induced current also.

Topic: Physics, Magnetic Properties of Matter, AIIMS, AIIMS 2019 (25 May)
Assertion : Only a change in magnetic flux will maintain an induced current in the coil.
Reason : The presence of large magnetic flux through a coil maintains a current in the coil if the circuit is continuous.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false.

Solution:
Induced current (emf) in a coil is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil. If there is no change in the flux, there is no induced current also.

Topic: Physics, Electromagnetic Induction, AIIMS, AIIMS 2018 (27 May)
Assertion: Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater than its escape velocity.
Reason: Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational field of earth whereas escaping is beyond the gravitational field of earth.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If the assertion and reason both are false.

The correct answer is:
If the assertion and reason both are false.

Solution:
Escape velocity $=\sqrt{2} \times$ orbital velocity. Hence, both assertion and reason are in incorrect.

Topic: Physics, Gravitation, JEE Main
Assertion : Organ of Corti rests on tectorial membrane.
Reason : It helps to maintain equilibrium of body.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
The organ of Corti lies on the basilar membrane. It contains a series of electromechanically sensitive cells i.e. hair cells. They are the receptive end organs that generate nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations. Thus, organ of Corti is actually the organ that perceives sound. Minute hairs project upward from hair cell and they are embedded in the tectorial membrane. Equilibrium of body is maintained with the help of semicircular canals, utricle and saccule of internal ear.

Topic: Biology, Neural Control and Coordination, AIIMS, AIIMS 2011
Assertion: Ozone is destroyed by CFCs in the upper stratosphere.
Reason: Ozone holes increase the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth.

Options:
A Assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the explanation for the assertion.
B The assertion is false, but the reason is correct.
C Assertion and reason are incorrect.
D Assertion and reason are both correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

The correct answer is:
Assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the explanation for the assertion.

Solution:
When CFCs react with ozone, then it breaks the molecule of ozone gas which results in ozone layer depletion. Ozone layer protect us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiations coming from the sun. Thus, ozone holes increase the amount of UV radiation reaching the earth.

The upper stratosphere consists of ozone O3, which protect us from harmful ultraviolet UV radiations coming from sun.

Topic: Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, JEE Main, JEE Main 2019 (08 Apr Shift 1)
Assertion : Polytene chromosomes have a high amount of DNA.
Reason : Polytene chromosomes are formed by repeated replication of chromosomal DNA without separation of chromatids.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C If assertion is true, but reason is false
D Both assertion and reason are false statements.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion

Solution:
Polytene chromosomes are quite common in salivary glands of insects and so are called salivary chromosomes. These chromosomes have high amount of DNA of almost 1000 times in Drosophila as compared to ordinary somatic chromosomes. These chromosomes are multistranded. They are in permanent prophase stage. These chromosomese are formed by somatic pairing between homologous chromosomes and repeated replication of their chromonemata without separation of chromatids. All the chromosomes may remain attached to one another at a common point called chromocentre.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, AIIMS, AIIMS 2006
Assertion : Presently, the global atmosphere is warming up.
Reason : The depletion of stratospheric ozone layer has resulted in increase in ultraviolet radiations reaching the earth.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
The warming up of global atmosphere present day is due to the increase in green house effect.
Green house effect (GHE) describe the roles of water vapour, $\mathrm{CO}_2$ and other trace gases in keeping the Earth's surface warmer. These gases are relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation (visible spectrum), but are relatively opaque to outgoing reradiating (infrared rays) longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperature higher than they would be if the gases were absent (without the green house effect the Earth's average global temperature would be -18 degree celsius rather than the present 15 degree celsius). There is concern that increasing concentration of the green house gases including $\mathrm{CO}_2, \mathrm{CH}_4$, and man made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCS), may enhance the green house effect and cause global warming.
Ozone layer present in the stratosphere is depleted by the aerosols and chloroflurocarbons. Ozone protects the earth from high energy ultra violet radiation.

Topic: Biology, Environmental Issues, AIIMS, AIIMS 2005
Assertion : Protoplasmic continuity is maintained in perforated septum.
Reason : Usually a small pore remains in the centre of the septum.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
In all the septate fungi except basidiomycetes (dolipore septum), the septa are seldom complete. They are perforated and contain plasmodesmata or small central pores. Septal pores allow protoplasmic continuity between adjacent cells. This is useful for quick translocation of nutrients to all part of the body, mobilisation of reserve materials from older parts to younger parts and from vegetative hyphae to reproductive hyphae.

Topic: Biology, Biological Classification, AIIMS, AIIMS 2008
Assertion: Rayon is a semisynthetic polymer whose properties are better than natural cotton.

Reason: Mechanical and aesthetic properties of cellulose can be improved by acetylation.

Options:
A Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.
B Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.
C Assertion in incorrect statement, but the reason is correct.
D Both assertion and reason are incorrect.

The correct answer is:
Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.

Solution:
The strength of cellulose is improved by acetylation and then used for making packing material. Rayon (semisyntehtic polymer of cellulose) has superior properties than natural cotton.

Topic: Chemistry, Polymers, JEE Main, JEE Main 2016 (09 Apr Online)
Assertion : Respiratory pathway is considered as an amphibolic pathway.
Reason : Respiratory pathway involves both anabolism and catabolism.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Amphibolic pathway is the one which is used for both breakdown (catabolism) and build-up (anabolism) reactions. Respiratory pathway is mainly a catabolic process which serves to run the living system by providing energy. However, the pathway produces a number of intermediates. Many of them are raw materials for building up both primary and secondary metabolites.

Topic: Biology, Respiration in Plants, AIIMS, AIIMS 2019 (26 May)
Assertion : $\mathrm{Sb}$ (III) is not precipitated as sulphide when in its alkaline solution $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}$ is passed.
Reason : The concentration of $\mathrm{S}^{2-}$ ion in alkaline medium is inadequate for precipitation.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
$\mathrm{Sb}$ (III) is a basic radical of IIB group for which group reagent is $\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{~S}$ in presence of dilute $\mathrm{HCl}$. It is necessary to maintain the proper hydrogen ion concentration for the precipitation of IInd group cations and to check the precipitation of IV group cations.

Topic: Chemistry, Ionic Equilibrium, AIIMS, AIIMS 2004
Assertion : Secondary succession takes place in recently denuded area.
Reason : It is caused due to baring of an area.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
Biotic or ecological succession is the formation of a series of biotic communities at the same site over a period of time one after the other, till a stable climax community develops over the area. It occurs generally in bare areas. Primary succession takes place on a biological sterile soilless primary barren area. Secondary succession takes place in a recently denuded area which still contains a lot of organic debris, remains and propagules of previous living organisms. The area has become bared due to destruction of the community previously present. The baring of an area can be caused due to forest fire, deforestation for wood, timber and habitat, overgrazing, landslides or earthquakes, excessive and repeated droughts, fallowing a cropland and repeated floods.

Topic: Biology, Ecosystem, AIIMS, AIIMS 2009
Assertion : Somaclonal variations produce differences in plants.
Reason : Somaclones are genetically dissimilar plants developed from any part of a plant by tissue culture.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
The genetically identical plants developed from any part of a plant by tissue culture/ micropropagation are called somaclones. The members of a single somaclone have the same genotype. This micropropagation is also known as somaclonal propagation. It is the only process adopted by Indian plant biotechnologists in different industries mainly for the commercial production of ornamental plants like lily, orchids, Eucalyptus, Cinchona, Blueberry, etc. and fruit trees like tomato, apple, banana, grapes, potato, citrus oil palm, etc.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, AIIMS, AIIMS 2019 (25 May)
Assertion : Stomata remain open during day.
Reason : Stomata help in exchange of gases.

Options:
A If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explantion of Assertion
B If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion
C If Assertion is true but Reason is false
D If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

The correct answer is:
If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion

Solution:
The opening and closing of stomata is a function of turgor changes in guard cells. In light malic acid is produced in guard cells which dissociates into hydrogen and malate ions, resulting in intake of $\mathrm{K}^{+}$ions through $\mathrm{H}^{+}-\mathrm{K}^{+}$ion exchange. There is increase in concentration of $\mathrm{K}^{+}$and malate ions in guard cells, endosmosis of water into guard cells occurs resulting in increased turgor pressure which results in stomatal opening. Stomata are chiefly concerned with gaseous exchange during photosynthesis and respiration and water loss through transpiration.

Topic: Biology, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, AIIMS, AIIMS 2001
Assertion: The amphoteric behaviour of water is explained by Lewis acid base theory

Reason: water acts as acid with NH3 and base with H2S

Options:
A Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is NOT the correct explanation of Assertion.
C Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D Assertion is false but Reason is true.

The correct answer is:
Assertion is false but Reason is true.

Solution:
H2O⏟Acid+N¨H3⏟Base→OH-+NH4+

H2O⏟Base +H2SAcid⟶H3O++HS⊖

The amphoteric behaviour of H2O is explained by Brønsted theory not the Lewis acid base theory.

So, we can say Assertion is false, but reason is true.

Topic: Chemistry, Ionic Equilibrium, JEE Main, JEE Main 2022 (25 Jun Shift 2)
Assertion : The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum decreases gradually with time.
Reason : The frequency of the pendulum decreases with time.

Options:
A if both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B if both assertion and reason are true and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C if assertion is true but reason is false
D if both assertion and reason are false statements.

The correct answer is:
if assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
The amplitude of an oscillating pendulum decreases with time because of friction due to air. Frequency of simple pendulum is given by
$$
f=\frac{1}{2 \pi} \sqrt{\frac{g}{l}}
$$
which is independent of amplitude and so even though the frequency remains the same, the amplitude keeps on decreasing till it becomes zero.

Topic: Physics, Oscillations, AIIMS, AIIMS 2003
Assertion : The centre of mass of an electron and proton, when released moves faster towards proton.
Reason : This is because proton is heavier.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
The position of centre of mass of electron and proton remains at rest, and their motion is due to (internal) forces of electrostatic attraction, which are conservative. No external force, what so ever is acting on the two particles.

Topic: Physics, Work Power Energy, AIIMS, AIIMS 2019 (26 May)
Assertion : The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) present in the dorsal portion of medulla oblongata mainly causes expiration. Reason : The ventral respiratory group (VRG) on the ventrolateral part of medulla oblongata mainly controls inspiration.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
Dorsal respiratory group is a type of group located in dorsal portion of the medulla oblongata which mainly causes inspiration. Ventral respiratory group is located in the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata which can cause either inspiration or expiration depending upon the neurons stimulated.

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, AIIMS, AIIMS 2018 (27 May)