datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Assertion (A): The denaturation of proteins can destroy all 1°,2° and 3° protein structures.

Reason (R): Curdling of milk is due to denaturation of proteins.

The correct option among the following is

Options:
A (A) is true, (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A)
B (A) is true, (R) is true but (R) is not the correct explanation for (A)
C (A) is true but (R) is false
D (A) is false but (R) is true

The correct answer is:
(A) is false but (R) is true

Solution:
Protein found in a biological system with a unique three-dimensional structure and biological activity is called a native protein. When a protein in its native form, is subjected to physical change like change in temperature or chemical change like change in pH, the hydrogen bonds are disturbed. Due to this, globules unfold and helix get uncoiled and protein loses its biological activity. This is called denaturation of protein.

The coagulation of egg white on boiling is a common example of denaturation. Another example is curdling of milk which is caused due to the formation of lactic acid by the bacteria present in milk.

During denaturation secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed but primary structure remains intact.

Hence,(A) is false but (R) is true

Topic: Chemistry, Biomolecules, TS EAMCET, TS EAMCET 2022 (18 Jul Shift 1)
Assertion (A) The function $f(x)=x-\log \left(\frac{1+x}{x}\right), x>0$ has no maximum.Reason (R) If a function $f(x)$ is strictly increasing in an interval $(a, b)$, then at any point in $(a, b) f^{\prime}(x) \neq 0$
The correct option among the following is

Options:
A (A) is true, (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation for $A$.
B (A) is true, $(R)$ is true but $(R)$ is the not the correct explanation for $A$.
C (A) is true but $(R)$ is false.
D (A) is false but (R) is true.

The correct answer is:
(A) is true, (R) is true and (R) is the correct explanation for $A$.

Solution:
Given function,
$f(x)=x-\log \left(\frac{1+x}{x}\right), x>0$
Differentiating w.r.t. $x$, we get
$f^{\prime}(x)=\frac{d}{d x}(x)-\frac{d}{d x} \log \left(\frac{1+x}{x}\right)$
$=1-\frac{1}{\frac{1+x}{x}} \cdot \frac{d}{d x}\left(\frac{1+x}{x}\right) \quad$ [from chain rule]
$=1-\frac{x}{1+x} \cdot\left\{\frac{x \frac{d}{d x}(1+x)-(1+x) \frac{d}{d x}(x)}{x^2}\right\}$
$=1-\frac{x}{1+x}\left\{\frac{x-(1+x)}{x^2}\right\}=1-\frac{x}{1+x}\left\{-\frac{1}{x^2}\right\}$
$f^{\prime}(x)=1+\frac{1}{x(x+1)}$
Since $x>0$, therefore there is no possibility of $f^{\prime}(x)$ to be zero at any value of $x$.
So, for the given function $f^{\prime}(x) \neq 0$
Also, for $\forall x \in \mathbf{R} \quad f^{\prime}(x)>0$
i.e., function $f(x)$ is strictly increasing its defined domain.
So, reason correctly explains given assertion.

Topic: Mathematics, Application of Derivatives, TS EAMCET, TS EAMCET 2020 (11 Sep Shift 2)
Assertion (A) The impact parameter for $\alpha$-particles by $180^{\circ}$ is zero.
Reason (R) Zero impact parameter means that the $\alpha$-particles tend to hit the centre of the nucleus.

Options:
A Both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ are true and $\mathrm{R}$ is a correct explanation for $A$.
B Both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ are true but $\mathrm{R}$ is not a correct explanation for $\mathrm{A}$.
C $\mathrm{A}$ is true but $\mathrm{R}$ is false.
D $\mathrm{A}$ is false but $\mathrm{R}$ is true.

The correct answer is:
Both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ are true and $\mathrm{R}$ is a correct explanation for $A$.

Solution:
Impact parameter, $b=\frac{z e^2 \cot \frac{\theta}{2}}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0\left(\frac{1}{2} m v^2\right)}$
For $\theta=180^{\circ}, \cot 90^{\circ}=0$, impact parameter, $b=0$ Hence, $\alpha$-particles tend to hit the centre of nucleus.
Thus, both $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{R}$ are true and $\mathrm{R}$ is a correct explanation for $\mathrm{A}$.

Topic: Physics, Atomic Physics, JEE Main
Assertion : A tube light emits white light.
Reason : Emission of light in a tube takes place at a very high temperature.

Options:
A if both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B if both assertion and reason are true and the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C if assertion is true but reason is false
D if both assertion and reason are false statements.

The correct answer is:
if assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
The tube light is nothing but a gas discharge tube, which can emit light of different colours. This colour depends mainly upon the nature of the gas inside the tube and the nature of the glass. For neon gas the colour is bright red and for $\mathrm{CO}_2$ it is bluish. Again the fluorescent glow looks yellowish green for soda glass. So it is the nature of the glass and the gas inside the tube which determines the colour of the fluorescent glow. As argon is filled inside a tube light, the colour of the light is white.

Topic: Physics, Atomic Physics, AIIMS, AIIMS 2003
Assertion (A) : When a vehicle takes a turn on the road, it travels along a curved path.
Reason (R): In a curved path, velocity of vehicle remains same.

Options:
A Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
B Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
C (A) is true, but (R) is not true
D (A) is not true, but (R) is true

The correct answer is:
(A) is true, but (R) is not true

Solution:
No solution. Refer to answer key.

Topic: Physics, Laws of Motion, AP EAMCET, AP EAMCET 2017 (25 Apr Shift 1)
Assertion : Aldosterone is a steroid hormone and is important in the control of sodium and potassium ion concentration in mammals.
Reason : It upgrades sodium ion concentration in the ECF by promoting reabsorption of sodium ions from renal tubules and excretion of potassium ions in urine.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
Aldosterone is a steroid hormone (mineralocorticoid) produced by the outer-section (zona glomerulosa) of the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Aldosterone hormone is produced in the cortex of adrenal gland (above the kidneys). This hormone affects body's ability to regulate blood pressure. It sends signals to the organs like kidney and colon, that can increase the amount of sodium that the body sends into the blood stream or the amount of potassium released in the urine. It also helps to maintain body's \(\mathrm{pH}\) and electrolyte levels.

Topic: Biology, Chemical Coordination and Integration, AIIMS, AIIMS 2007
Assertion: Among the carbon allotropes, diamond is an insulator, whereas, graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Reason: Hybridization of carbon in diamond and graphite are sp3 and sp2 respectively.

Options:
A Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.
B Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.
C Both assertion and reason are incorrect.
D Assertion is incorrect statement, but the reason is correct.

The correct answer is:
Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

Solution:
Diamond has strong 3-Dimensional network structure as every carbon is linked with 4 other carbons tetrahedrally via sp3 hybridization. In graphite, every carbon is linked to 3 other carbon to forms sheet-like hexagonal structure, and the free electron is along with the layer so good conductor of electricity along with the layer.

Topic: Chemistry, p Block Elements (Group 13 & 14), JEE Main, JEE Main 2016 (10 Apr Online)
Assertion : Angular speed of a planet around the sun increases, when it is closer to the sun.
Reason : Total angular momentum of the system remains constant.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
According to law of conservation of angular momentum, when sum of external torques acting on a system is zero, then the total angular momentum of the system remains constant. $\tau=0, L=I \omega=$ Constant
If $I$ increases, $\omega$ decreases and vice versa.

Topic: Physics, Rotational Motion, AIIMS, AIIMS 2009
Assertion : Auditory ossicles are small bones present in the cavity of inner ear.
Reason : Auditory ossicles maintain the balance of air pressure between two sides of ear drum.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
Auditory ossicles are three small bones present in the middle ear. These three ear ossicles are malleus, the incus and the stapes. These three bones are in the sequence of malleus, incus and stapes and are attached to each other. Their function is to increase the intensity of sound waves. The cavity of middle ear communicates with that of pharynx through the air filled tube called Eustachian tube. The Eustachian tube maintains the balance in the air pressure between two sides of the ear drum and thus allows it to vibrate freely when sound waves impinge on it.

Topic: Biology, Neural Control and Coordination, AIIMS, AIIMS 2010
Assertion: Azeotropic mixtures are formed only by non-ideal solutions and they may have boiling points either greater than both the components or less than both the components.

Reason: The composition of the vapour phase is same as that of the liquid phase of an azeotropic mixutre.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If assertion is false but reason is true.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution:
Non-ideal solutions with positive deviation i.e., having more vapour pressure than expected, boil at lower temperature while those with negative deviation boil at higher temperature than those of the components.

Topic: Chemistry, Solutions, JEE Main
Assertion : Bats and whales are classified as mammals.
Reason : Bats and whales have four-chambered heart.

Options:
A If both Assertion and Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false
D if both Assertion and Reason are false statements

The correct answer is:
If both Assertion and Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion

Solution:
Bats and whales are classified as mammal because they possess the essential mammalian characteristics like presence of milk gland or mammae, presence of pinnae, viviparous nature, hairs on body, presence of diaphragm etc. Though bats and whales have four chambered heart, it cannot be considered as the main characteristic of being mammals because it is also present in some reptiles (e.g. crocodile) and all birds.

Topic: Biology, Animal Kingdom, AIIMS, AIIMS 2003
Assertion: $\mathrm{BeSO}_4$ is soluble in water while $\mathrm{BaSO}_4$ is not.
Reason : Hydration energy decreases down the group from $\mathrm{Be}$ to $\mathrm{Ba}$ and lattice energy remains almost constant.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B Ifboth assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
No Solution Available

Topic: Chemistry, s Block Elements, AIIMS, AIIMS 2015
-Assertion : Biofortification is used to increase nutrient value of crops.
Reason : Meristem culture is used to obtain virus resistant plants.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Breeding of crops with higher levels of vitamins and minerals or higher protein and healthier fats is called biofortification. Meristem is a localised group of cells, which are actively dividing and undifferentiated but ultimately giving rise to permanent tissue. Even though the plant is infected with virus, the meristem remains free of virus.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, AIIMS, AIIMS 2019 (25 May)
Assertion : Blood in cockroach is colourless haemolymph with no respiratory pigment.
Reason : Respiration in cockroach occurs through diffusion in haemolymph.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B Ifboth assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false.

Solution:
The colourless blood or haemolymph of cockroach has a clear plasma and numerous white corpuscles called haemocytes. Being devoid of any respiratory pigment, it does not serve for gaseous exchange. Its plasma contains about $70 \%$ water. Rest of it is composed of amino acids, uric acid, proteins, sugars, fats, and salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Transportation of these materials between different parts of body is the main function of haemolymph. In all terrestrial insects, like cockroach, every tissue of body is in direct contact with atmospheric air for gaseous exchange. A complicated system of numerous shiny, transparent and branched air tubes or tracheae is found for this purpose in the haemocoel cavity. Atmospheric air enters into and escapes out from this system through ten pairs of slit-like apertures called stigmata or spiracles, located on lateral sides of body.

Topic: Biology, Structural Organisation in Animals, AIIMS, AIIMS 2015
Assertion : Blood in cockroach is colourless haemolymph with no respiratory pigment.
Reason : Respiration in cockroach occurs through diffusion in haemolymph.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
The colourless blood or haemolymph of cockroach has a clear plasma and numerous white corpuscles called haemocytes. Being devoid of any respiratory pigment, it does not serve for gaseous exchange. Its plasma contains about $70 \%$ water. Rest of it is composed of amino acids, uric acid, proteins, sugars, fats, and salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Transportation of these materials between different parts of body is the main function of haemolymph. In all terrestrial insects, like cockroach, every tissue of body is in direct contact with atmospheric air for gaseous exchange. A complicated system of numerous shiny, transparent and branched air tubes or tracheae is found for this purpose in the haemocoel cavity. Atmospheric air enters into and escapes out from this system through ten pairs of slit-like apertures called stigmata or spiracles, located on lateral sides of body.

Topic: Biology, Structural Organisation in Animals, AIIMS, AIIMS 2011
Assertion : CAM plants lack structural compartmentation of leaf as found in $\mathrm{C}_4$ plants. Reason : Stomata of CAM plants are open during the day.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false.

Solution:
CAM plants do not exhibit the structural compartmentation as shown by $\mathrm{C}_4$ plants which exhibit kranz anatomy. CAM plants fix $\mathrm{CO}_2$ at night because their stomata are open at night and remain closed during the day.

Topic: Biology, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants, AIIMS, AIIMS 2016
Assertion: Cathode rays are deflected towards positive plate in an electric field.
Reason: These consist of negatively charged particles.
Choose the correct option from the following

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
C Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct
D Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution:
Cathode rays consist of negatively charged particles. When cathode rays are subjected to an electrical field, these get deflected towards the positively charge plate ie. Anode. We know that a positively charged body would attract only a negatively charged body, therefore the particles of cathode rays carry negative charge.
Cathode rays also get deflected when these are subjected to a strong magnetic field. The electrons in the cathode rays would deflect toward the positively charged plates, and away from the negatively charged plates.

Topic: Physics, Dual Nature of Matter, JEE Main
Assertion : Cattle breeds can be improved by superovulation and embryo transplantation.
Reason : Superovulation in high milk-yielding cows is induced by hormonal injection.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
Superovulation is an effort to increase the fertility of cattle breeds. Inducing an animal to ovulate multiple oocytes can translate into producing more offspring from selected females. For superovulation. donor cows of particularly fine pedigree are treated with hormones (mainly FSH and LH) to increase the number of eggs released at ovulation - multiple ovulation (MO). The cows are artificially inseminated using semen from a proven bull.
After 6 - 7 days the embryos are collected non-surgically, and then implanted into recipient cows whose oestrous cycle is at the correct receptive stage - usually as the result of hormonal manipulation.

Topic: Biology, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, AIIMS, AIIMS 2004
Assertion : Conductivity of silicon increases by doping it with group-15 elements.
Reason : Doping means introduction of small amount of impurities like $\mathrm{P}, \mathrm{As}$ or Bi into the pure crystal.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
When a silicon crystal is doped with a group-15 elements, such as P, As, Sb or Bi the structure of the crystal lattice is left unchanged but an occasional atom with five valence electrons occupies a site that would normally be occupied by a silicon atom. The foreign atom uses four of its electrons in covalent bonding but the remaining fifth electron becomes delocalised and is thus free to contribute to electrical conduction.

Topic: Chemistry, p Block Elements (Group 13 & 14), AIIMS, AIIMS 2010
Assertion : Corpus luteum is produced by Graafian follicle after ovulation.
Reason : It secretes estrogen which is necessary to maintain pregnancy.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
After ovulation, the empty Graafian follicle contains a blood clot which is called corpus haemorrhagic. Its granulosa cells continue to proliferate, develop yellow carotene pigment or lutein and get converted into lutein cells. This converts the ruptured follicle into yellow body called corpus luteum. It becomes a temporary endocrine gland secreting progesterone with small quantity of estrogen. in absence of fertilization, after few days, corpus luteum ultimately stops activity, loses yellow colour, begins to degenerate, then it is called corpus albicans. If fertilization occurs and foetus is implanted in the endometrium, the trophoblast cells of the developing placenta secrete a hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). This hormone, like LH, maintains the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone and estradiol by it. These two hormones check the breakdown of the endometrium of the uterus. Thus corpus luteum helps to maintain pregnancy.

Topic: Biology, Human Reproduction, AIIMS, AIIMS 2011
Assertion: Darwin's finches are a classical example of natural selection.
Reason : Darwin explained that the difference in size and shape of the beaks of the species was a result of the adaptation of the species to different food habits.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B Ifboth assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Darwin's finches represent an excellent example of adaptive radiation. Darwin's finches showed wide variations in beak shape and size from island to island. Darwin deduced that these variations made the finches better adapted to take advantage of the food in their particular local environment - thin, sharp beaks prevailing where the birds' main food was insects and grubs, and large claw shaped beaks where their diet was buds, fruits and nuts.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, AIIMS, AIIMS 2015