datavorous/entrance-exam-dataset huggingface dataset:
Assertion: Darwin's finches show a variety of beaks suited for eating large seeds, flying insects and cactus seeds.
Reason : Ancestral seed-eating stock of Darwin's finches radiated out from South American mainland to different geographical areas of the Galapagos Islands, where they found competitor-free new habitats.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Darwin finches are an excellent example of the way in which the species gene pools have adapted in order for long term survival via their offspring. Finches were formed due to divergent evolution (adaptive radiation) to avoid interspecific competition.
The common birds of Galapagos islands, the finches were markedly different from the finches of main land. The closely related species of finches had beak of different shapes and sizes and were adapted for feeding on completely different diets.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, AIIMS, AIIMS 2018 (26 May)
Assertion : Darwin's finches show a variety of beaks suited for eating large seeds, flying insects and cactus seeds.
Reason : Ancestral seed-eating stock of Darwin's finches radiated out from South American mainland to different geographical areas of the Galapagos Islands, where they found competitorfree new habitats.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
Darwin finches are an excellent example of the way in which the species gene pools have adapted in order for long term survival via their offspring. Finches were formed due to divergent evolution (adaptive radiation) to avoid interspecific competition.
The common birds of Galapagos islands, the finches were markedly different from the finches of main land. The closely related species of finches had beak of different shapes and sizes, and adapted for feeding on completely different diets. Darwin also found that fossils of Galapagos islands are most similar to living species of South America. The food supply increases in arithmetic ratio but the population increases in geometric ratio. With the study of this theory it struck to Darwin that there is struggle for existence among plants and animals. This concept of competition among the living beings for their survival offered the basis for the theory of natural selection. Apparently a single ancestral group can give rise to several different varieties of species.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, AIIMS, AIIMS 2005
Assertion : Deforestation is one main factor contributing to global warming.
Reason : Besides $\mathrm{CO}_2$, two other gases methane and CFCs are also included under green house gases.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C If assertion is true, but reason is false
D Both assertion and reason are false statements.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion

Solution:
Deforestation increases atmospheric $\mathrm{CO}_2$ content by releasing carbon stored in organic matter and reduced primary productivity. So deforestation is one of the main factors contributing to global
warming other than green house gases. The various green house gases are $\mathrm{CO}_2(60 \%$ warming effect), $\mathrm{CH}_4$ (20\% warming effect) CFC ( $14 \%$ warming effect) and nitrogen oxide $\left(\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{O}, 6 \%\right.$ warming effect). Due to increase of $\mathrm{CO}_2$ concentration, the absorption of heat radiation also increase thus increasing the temperature. This increase in temperature may causes melting of glacier and polar ice caps, which is called global warming. This melting of glaciers and polar ice results in raising the sea level. Actually these green house gases absorbs infra red radiations (heat) of the sun like glass and thus traps the heat and does not allow it to radiate back to the space. They instead radiate the heat back to earth, thus causing increase in temperature.

Topic: Biology, Ecosystem, AIIMS, AIIMS 2006
Assertion : Duodenum is the main organ of small intestine.
Reason : In duodenum, digestion and absorption mainly occurs.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false

Solution:
Principal organ for digestion and absorption for nutrients is small intestine. Small intestine is distinguishable into three regions, a 'U' shaped duodenum, a long coiled middle portion jejunum and a highly coiled ileum. Mainly iron, calcium and amino acids are absorbed in duodenum; fatty acids, glycerol, monosaccharides and vitamins are absorbed in jejunum, and absorption of vitamin $B_{12}$, bile salts and water occur in ileum.

Topic: Biology, Digestion and Absorption, AIIMS, AIIMS 2013
Assertion : Ectotherms are able to remain active under cold conditions.
Reason : Ectotherms are able to maintain a constant internal temperature, even when the temperature outside fluctuates.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
Ectotherms or cold-blooded animals, cannot regulate their body temperature and are unable to maintain a constant internal temperature. Their body temperature tends to match with the environmental temperature in which they live, (e.g., frogs and snakes). These animals are not able to remain active under cold conditions.

Topic: Biology, Organisms and Populations, AIIMS, AIIMS 2018 (27 May)
Assertion : Eli Lily prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to $\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{B}$ chain of human insulin and introduced them in
the plasmid of E.coli to produce polypeptide chains of insulin.
Reason : Chains A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
Insulin is synthesised as a prohormone which contains an extra stretch called C peptide. This C peptide is not present in the mature insulin as it is removed during maturation. The main challenge for insulin production using rDNA technique was getting insulin assembled into a mature form. In 1983, Eli Lily, an American company, first prepared two DNA sequences corresponding to $A$ and $B$ chains of human insulin and introduced them in plasmids of $E$. coli to produce insulin chains. Chain A and B were produced separately, extracted and combined by creating disulphide bonds to form human insulin.

Topic: Biology, Biotechnology and Its Applications, AIIMS, AIIMS 2018 (27 May)
Assertion : Emphysema is a chronic disorder in which alveolar walls are damaged.
Reason : Emphysema is closely related to cigarette smoking.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
The word "emphysema" means "inflation" or "full of air". Emphysema is an inflation or abnormal distension of the bronchioles or alveolar sacs of the lungs. It causes irreversible distension and loss of elasticity of alveoli. As a result, the alveolar sacs remain filled with air even after expiration. The exhalation becomes more difficult. The lungs remain inflated. Many of the septa between the alveoli are destroyed and much of the elastic tissue of the lungs is replaced by connective tissue. Major causes are cigarette smoking and the inhalation of other smoke or toxic substances over a period of time.

Topic: Biology, Breathing and Exchange of Gases, AIIMS, AIIMS 2010
Assertion : Entropy is always constant for a closed system.
Reason : Closed system is always reversible.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are false.

Solution:
For a closed system, the entropy can increase, decrease or remain constant. Closed system can be reversible or irreversible.

Topic: Chemistry, Thermodynamics (C), AIIMS, AIIMS 2011
Assertion : Equivalent weight of $\mathrm{NH}_3$ in the reaction $\mathrm{N}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{NH}_3$ is $17 / 3$ while that of $\mathrm{N}_2$ is 28/6.
Reason : Equivalent weight
$=\frac{\text { Molecularweight }}{\text { number of } e^{-l o s t o r} \text { gained }}$

Options:
A Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion
B Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation for
Assertion
C Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect
D Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect

The correct answer is:
Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion

Solution:
both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct explanation of a

Topic: Chemistry, Redox Reactions, JEE Main
Assertion : Eukaryotic cells have the ability to adopt a variety of shapes and carry out directed movements.
Reason: There are three principal types of protein filaments - microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments, which constitute the cytoskeleton.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
C If assertion is true, but reason is false
D Both assertion and reason are false statements.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion

Solution:
The cytoskeleton is a fibrous network made of proteins that contributes to the structure and internal organization of eukaryotic cells within the cytoplasm. It is a dynamic structure that maintains cell shape, enables some cell motion (using structures such as flagella and cilia), and plays important roles in both intra-cellular transport (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example) and cellular division.The cytoskeleton has three major fibre types: microfilaments made of actin protein, intermediate filaments made of various kinds of proteins (eg keratin), and microtubules made of tubulin.

Topic: Biology, Cell - The Unit of Life, AIIMS, AIIMS 2006
Assertion : Ferro magnetic substances become paramagnetic above Curie temperature.
Reason : Domains are destroyed at high temperature.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
The assertion is true. From Curie Weiss law where the susceptibility \(\chi=\frac{C}{\left(T-\theta_C\right)}\). If the temperature rises above the Curie temperature \(\theta_C\), ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic materials because the domains get destroyed as stated.

Topic: Physics, Magnetic Properties of Matter, AIIMS, AIIMS 2007
Assertion : For an isothermal process in an ideal gas, the heat obsorbed by the gas is entirely used in the work done by the gas.
Reason : During a process taking place in a system, the temperature remains constant then the process is isothermal.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
In case of an ideal gas internal energy depends only upon the temperature of the gas. Therefore, if an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process, there will be no change in its internal energy
$(\Delta U=0)$ Then $Q=W$.

Topic: Physics, Thermodynamics, AIIMS, AIIMS 2009
Assertion: For the extraction of iron, haematite ore is used.
Reason: Haematite is a carbonate ore of iron.

Options:
A Only the assertion is correct.
B Only the reason is correct.
C Both the assertion and reason are correct and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion.
D Both the assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion.

The correct answer is:
Only the assertion is correct.

Solution:
Iron can be extracted from Haematite ore. The Haematite is the mineral form of iron (III) oxide, one of several iron oxides.
Haematite is not a carbonate ore. Hence, the reason is false.

Topic: Chemistry, General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Metals, JEE Main, JEE Main 2019 (09 Apr Shift 2)
Assertion: Friction is a conservative force.
Reason: Friction does not depend upon mass of the body.

Options:
A Assertion is true, reason is true; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
B Assertion is true, reason is true; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion.
C Assertion is true, reason is false.
D Assertion is false, reason is false.

The correct answer is:
Assertion is false, reason is false.

Solution:
The work done by friction force depends upon the path, so it is a non-conservative force. The friction force is given by,

f=μN; where μ is coefficient of friction and N is normal reaction.

For a body kept of the plane horizontal surface of mass m, the normal reaction will be weight of the body, i.e.,

N=mg; where g is acceleration due to gravity,

The normal reaction depends upon the mass, so frictional force depends upon the mass. Hence, Assersion is false and reason is false.

Topic: Physics, Work Power Energy, JEE Main
Assertion : Glycerides are important nutrients for body.
Reason : Glycerides are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids which are further absorbed in intestine by the formation of chylomicron.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If assertion is true but reason is false

Solution:
Glycerides, mainly triglycerides are a principle form of fats present in our food. During digestion, fats are digested to form monoglycerides and free fatty acids. They first become dissolved in the central lipid portions of bile micelles which are soluble in chyme. In this form, the monoglycerides and free fatty acids are carried to the surfaces of the microvilli of the intestinal cell brush border and then penetrate into the interior of the epithelial cells, which is possible because the lipids are also soluble in the epithelial cell membrane. This leaves the bile micelles still in the chyme, where they function again and to help absorb still more monoglycerides and fatty acids.
After entering the epithelial cell, the fatty acids and monoglycerides are taken up by the cell's smooth endoplasmic reticulum; here they are mainly used to form new triglycerides that are subsequently released in the form of chylomicrons through the base of the epithelial cell, to flow upward through the thoracic lymph duct and empty into the circulating blood. Thus, chylomicrons help in transport of glycerides through blood circulation to various body parts.

Topic: Biology, Biomolecules (B), AIIMS, AIIMS 2011
Assertion : Hardy-Weinberg principle states that in the absence of disturbing influences, gene frequencies of large populations of sexually reproducing organisms do not change, provided that matings, occur at random.
Reason : The disturbing influences include mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, genetic recombination and natural selection.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Solution:
According to Hardy-Weinberg principle gene frequencies will remain constant if there is no mutation, no gene flow, no genetic drift, no genetic recombination, no natural selection pressure and mating occurs at random.

Topic: Biology, Evolution, AIIMS, AIIMS 2016
Assertion: Heterolytic fission involves the breaking of a covalent bond in such a way that both the electrons of the shared pair are carried away by one of the atoms.
Reason:	Heterolytic fission occurs readily in polar covalent bonds.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
C If assertion is true but reason is false.
D If the assertion and reason both are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.

Solution:
Heterolytic fission occurs when the two atoms differ considerably in their electronegativities and shared pair of electrons is carried by more electronegative atom.

Topic: Chemistry, General Organic Chemistry, JEE Main
Assertion : Hormone calcitonin has antagonistic effect to that of parathormone.
Reason : Calcitonin decreases blood calcium level while parathormone increases blood calcium level.

Options:
A If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion
B If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
C If assertion is true but reason is false
D If both assertion and reason are false.

The correct answer is:
If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion

Solution:
Calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin is secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid stroma. It retards bone dissolution and stimulates excretion of calcium in urine. Thus, it lowers calcium level in extra cellular fluid (ECF). Parathormone is secreted by chief cells of parathyroid gland and is also known as Collip's hormone. It maintains blood calcium level by increasing its absorption from food in intestine and its reabsorption from nephrons in the kidney. Maintenance of proper calcium level is in fact, a combined function of parathormone and calcitonin. When calcium level falls below normal then parathormone maintains it by promoting its absorption, reabsorption and also by demineralization of bones. When blood calcium level exceeds above normal then calcitonin hormone increases excretion of calcium in the urine.

Topic: Biology, Chemical Coordination and Integration, AIIMS, AIIMS 2009
Assertion: If a wire is stretched, only half of the work done in stretching the wire remains stored as elastic potential energy.
Reason: Potential energy stored in the wire is \( \frac{1}{2} \) (stress) \( \times \) (strain).

Options:
A Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
C If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

The correct answer is:
If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Solution:
Potential energy,

U=12stress×strain×volume

⇒ U=12FA∆llAl

⇒ U=12F∆l ,

Work done,

W=F×displacement

⇒ W=F×∆l ,

So, half of the work done in stretching the wire remains stored as elastic potential energy.

Topic: Physics, Mechanical Properties of Solids, JEE Main
Assertion: In a given situation, the direction of induced current given by Lenz's Law and Fleming's right hand rule are the same.
Reason: Statements of both the laws are the same.

Options:
A If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
B If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the explanation of Assertion.
C If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D If Assertion is false but Reason is true.

The correct answer is:
If Assertion is true but Reason is false.

Solution:
Fleming's right hand rule: Fleming's right-hand rule gives the direction in which current flows.The right hand is held with the thumb, the index finger and the middle finger mutually perpendicular to one other. The thumb is pointed in the direction of motion of the conductor relative to the magnetic field, the first finger is pointed in the direction of the magnetic field. Then, the second finger represents the direction of induced current within the conductor.

Lenz's Law: It states that the direction of an induced current is such that it opposses the cause that has induced it. It is the consequence of the law of conservation of energy.

Direction of induced current given by both the laws must be the same but obviously, both the laws are not the same.

Hence, Assertion is true but Reason is false

Topic: Physics, Electromagnetic Induction, JEE Main