DRM paradigm / paradigme DRM
Synonyms: DRM experiment, DRM false memory paradigm, DRM procedure, DRM study, DRM task, DRM test, Deese paradigm, Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm
Synonymes : expérience DRM, paradigme de Deese, paradigme de Deese-Roediger-McDermott, procédure DRM, test DRM, tâche DRM
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: The DRM paradigm (for Deese-Roediger-McDermott) was developed by Deese (1959) and popularized by Roediger & McDermott (1995) and consists of asking subjects to study lists of words each designed as follows. Each word in a list (rest, nap, bed, etc.) is associated with another word, named the critical lure that is not presented (sleep). Results show that subjects can recall or recognize the critical lures erroneously and at high rates because of the semantic/thematic connections they share with the studied words. Modified versions of the DRM paradigm are based on phonological associations.
Définition : Développé par Deese (1959) et popularisé par Roediger et McDermott (1995), le paradigme DRM (pour Deese-Roediger-McDermott) consiste à demander aux sujets d'étudier des listes des mots conçues chacune de la manière suivante. Chacun des mots d'une liste (repos, sieste, lit...) est associé à un autre mot, appelé leurre critique qui n'est pas présenté (sommeil). Les résultats montrent que les sujets peuvent rappeler ou reconnaître de façon erronée et à des taux élevés, les leurres critiques en raison des liens sémantiques qu'ils partagent avec les mots étudiés. Des versions modifiées du paradigme DRM reposent sur des associations phonologiques.
Broader term: objective study method of memory
Terme générique : méthode objective d'étude de la mémoire
Related terms: False Memory Generator, conjunction illusion, false recognition, associative-activation theory, false recall, developmental reversal, modality effect in false memories, association-monitoring theory, identify-to-reject process, complementarity effect
Termes associés : Générateur de faux souvenirs, illusion de conjonction, fausse reconnaissance, théorie de l'activation associative, faux rappel, inversion développementale, effet de modalité (faux souvenirs), théorie de l’association-surveillance, identifier pour rejeter, effet de complémentarité
Study method of: spontaneous false memory, false memory, DRM memory illusion
Selected bibliography: Chang, M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2021). Semantic and phonological false memory: A review of theory and data. Journal of Memory and Language, 119, 104210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2020.104210 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Coane, J. H., McBride, D. M., Huff, M. J., Chang, K., Marsh, E. M., & Smith, K. A. (2021). Manipulations of list type in the DRM paradigm : A review of how structural and conceptual similarity affect false memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668550 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Coburn, P. I., Dogra, K. K., Rai, I. K., & Bernstein, D. M. (2021). The trajectory of targets and critical lures in the Deese/Roediger–Mcdermott paradigm: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718818 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58(1), 17–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046671 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Gallo, D. A. (2006). Associative illusions of memory: false memory research in DRM and related tasks. Psychology Press. [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Huff, M. J., Bodner, G. E., & Fawcett, J. M. (2015). Effects of distinctive encoding on correct and false memory: A meta-analytic review of costs and benefits and their origins in the DRM paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 22(2), 349‑365. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-014-0648-8 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: open], Langevin, S., Sauzéon, H., Taconnat, L., & N’Kaoua, B. (2009). Les fausses reconnaissances induites par les paradigmes DRM, MI et tâches dérivées. L’Année Psychologique, 109(4), 699‑729. https://doi.org/10.4074/S0003503309004059 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Martin, P., Speranza, M., & Colombel, F. (in press). Creating false memories in children using French word lists. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement. https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000403 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Pardilla-Delgado, E., & Payne, J. D. (2017). The Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott (DRM) task : A simple cognitive paradigm to investigate false memories in the laboratory. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments), 119, e54793. https://doi.org/10.3791/54793 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Petilli, M. A., Marelli, M., Mazzoni, G., Marchetti, M., Rinaldi, L., & Gatti, D. (in press). From vector spaces to DRM lists: False Memory Generator, a software for automated generation of lists of stimuli inducing false memories. Behavior Research Methods. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-024-02425-0 [Study type: software description / Access: open], Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803–814. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Wiechert, S., Proost, D., Simoens, E., Ben-Shakhar, G., Pertzov, Y., & Verschuere, B. (2024). The effect of negative valence on false memory formation in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm: A preregistered meta-analysis and preregistered replication. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 153(3), 621–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0001527 [Study type: empirical study, meta-analysis, replication / Access: closed], Zwaan, R. A., Pecher, D., Paolacci, G., Bouwmeester, S., Verkoeijen, P., Dijkstra, K., & Zeelenberg, R. (2018). Participant Nonnaiveté and the reproducibility of cognitive psychology. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(5), 1968‑1972. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1348-y [Study type: empirical study, replication / Access: open]
Dataset citations: Bücken, C. A., & Otgaar, H. (2020, June 23). lying and DRM type false memories (DRM Videos). https://osf.io/4s37n/, Calado, B., Otgaar, H., & Muris, P. (2018, September 27). Are Children Better Witnesses than Adolescents? Developmental Trends in Different False Memory Paradigms. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/6EMH2, Crozier, W. E., & Strange, D. (2018, May 22). Associations with Guilty using the DRM Paradigm. https://osf.io/b7wux/, DRM CIF norms. (2019). OSF. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/HSDRQ, Dechterenko, F., Lukavsky, J., & Štipl, J. (2020, September 25). False memories for scenes using DRM paradigm. https://osf.io/sqjbn/, Dewhurst, S. (2009, janvier 27). Identifying the origin of false memories : A comparison of DRM and categorised lists. [Data Collection]. Economic and Social Research Council. doi:10.5255/UKDA-SN-850078, Friehs, M. A. (2021, May 6). DRM tDCS. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/X5QAS, Geiger, S. J., Haaf, J. M., Rieble, C., Haas, H., Rameckers, S., Gavan, L., & Aust, F. (2019, November 29). A Bayesian Meta-Analysis on Developmental Effects in the DRM Paradigm. https://osf.io/62nfg/, Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., Smeets, T., & Merckelbach, H. (2020). Increases of correct memories and spontaneous false memories due to eye movements when memories are retrieved after a time delay [Data set]. DataverseNL. doi:10.34894/FPWRLZ, Houben, S., & Otgaar, H. (2019, October 8). False memory effects of EMDR. https://osf.io/gx7te/, Huff, M. J., & Maxwell, N. P. (2021, July 19). Drawing Individual Images Benefits Recognition Accuracy in the DRM Paradigm. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/R4YH9, Icoez, S. (2021, March 31). Working memory capacity and False Memories in the DRM-Paradigm. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/4ETFW, Kloft, L., & Otgaar, H. (2020, January 22). Hazy memories: Cannabis increases susceptibility to false memory. https://osf.io/k5v8c/, Pansuwan, T., Swanson, L., & Morcom, A. (2019, March 15). Associative and Perceptual False Memory in Ageing. https://osf.io/45w3t/, Riesthuis, P., Otgaar, H., & Mangiulli, I. (2021, April 28). The Impact of Forced Confabulation on Spontaneous False Memory Formation. https://osf.io/y587d/, Robin, F., Menetrier, E., & Beffara Bret, B. (2021, June 11). Effect of visual imagery on false memories in DRM and Misinformation paradigmshttps://osf.io/zsh3b/, Schopen, K., Otgaar, H., & Howe, M. L. (2021, January 19). The Effects of Warning on Children’s and Adults’ False Memory Creation. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/WBCZQ, Self referencing and false memory exp 2b. (2020). OSF. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/5JG6B, Zwaan, R. A., Pecher, D., Bouwmeester, S., Verkoeijen, P., Zeelenberg, R., Dijkstra, K., & Paolacci, G. (2017, July 26). Does Repeated Participation Affect Effect Size? An Analysis of 9 Cognitive Psychological Experiments. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/GHV6M, van Rijn, E., Cox, E., Carter, N., McMurtrie, H., Willner, P., & Blagrove, M. T. (2015). Sleep Does Not Cause False Memories on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott Paradigm nor on a Story-Based Test of Suggestibility [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.23012