misinformation effect / effet de désinformation
Synonyms: post-event information effect
Synonymes : effet de fausse information, effet de l'information post-évènementielle, effet de l’information nouvelle erronée, effet des informations trompeuses
Group: Human, Psychology, Thematic grouping Memory and Law
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie, Regroupement thématique Mémoire et justice
Definition: "The misinformation effect refers to the tendency for post-event misleading information to reduce memory accuracy for the original event." (PeConga et al., 2022, p. 419).
Définition : « L’effet de désinformation désigne la tendance qu'ont les informations trompeuses postérieures à un événement à réduire la précision de la mémoire de cet évènement. » (PeConga et al., 2022, p. 419).
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Narrower terms: memory conformity
Termes spécifiques : conformisme des souvenirs
Related terms: eyewitness testimony, post-identification feedback effect, implanted false memory, reconsolidation, suggestibility, memory distrust syndrome, inoculation effect, misleading information, reinforced self-affirmation procedure, developmental reversal, forced confabulation effect, induced false memory
Termes associés : témoignage oculaire, effet de retroaction post-identification, faux souvenir implanté ​, reconsolidation, suggestibilité, syndrome de méfiance mnésique, effet d’inoculation, information trompeuse, procédure d'affirmation de soi renforcée, inversion développementale, effet de confabulation forcée, faux souvenir induit
Has theories: source monitoring framework
Has study methods: misinformation paradigm, crashing memories paradigm, false feedback paradigm, rumor mongering ​paradigm
Selected bibliography: Ayers, M. S., & Reder, L. M. (1998). A theoretical review of the misinformation effect: Predictions from an activation-based memory model. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 5(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03209454 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Blank, H., & Launay, C. (2014). How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0101798 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed], Brassil, M., O’Mahony, C., & Greene, C. M. (in press). Do cognitive abilities reduce eyewitness susceptibility to the misinformation effect? A systematic review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-024-02512-5 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Calvillo, D. P., & Emami, A. S. (2019). Do lateral eye movements increase susceptibility to misinformation? A registered replication. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26(6), 1905–1910. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01641-6 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Davis, D. (2014). Misinformation effects in older versus younger adults: A meta-analysis and review. In M. P. Toglia, D. F. Ross, J. D. Pozzulo, & E. Pica (Eds.), The elderly eyewitness in court (pp. 38–66). Psychology Press. [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed], Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., & Merckelbach, H. (2018). Lateral eye movements increase false memory rates. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(4), 610–616. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618757658 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Loftus, E. F. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & Memory, 12(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.94705 [Study type: literature review / Access: free], PeConga, E., Pickrell, J. E., Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2022). Misinformation effect. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment, and memory (3rd ed.). Routledge. [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Putnam, A. L., Sungkhasettee, V. W., & Roediger, H. L. (2017). When misinformation improves memory: The effects of recollecting change. Psychological Science, 28(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616672268 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Rindal, E. J., Chrobak, Q. M., Zaragoza, M. S., & Weihing, C. A. (2017). Mechanisms of eyewitness suggestibility: Tests of the explanatory role hypothesis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(5), 1413–1425. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1201-8 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Sharma, P. R., Wade, K. A., & Jobson, L. (2023). A systematic review of the relationship between emotion and susceptibility to misinformation. Memory, 31(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2022.2120623 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Wylie, L. E., Patihis, L., McCuller, L., Davis, D., Brank, E., Loftus, E. F., & Bornstein, B. (2014). Misinformation effect in older versus younger adults: A meta-analysis and review. In M. P. Toglia, D. F. Ross, J. D. Pozzulo, & E. Pica (Eds.), The elderly eyewitness in court (pp. 38–66). Psychology Press. [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed]
Dataset citations: Crozier, W. E., & Strange, D. (2018, September 21). Correcting the Misinformation Effect. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/25AMW, Cullen, H. J., Dilevski, N., Nitschke, F. T., & Ribeiro, G. (2022, March 9). The effect of misinformation on juror memory and decision-making. https://osf.io/wqgsm/, Hardwicke, T. E. (2016, August 25). Chapter 4 Revisiting the misinformation effect: Does disruption of reconsolidation enable memory trace overwriting? https://osf.io/7wn8c/, Houben, S. T. L., Otgaar, H., Roelofs, J., & Merckelbach, H. (2019). Lateral Eye Movements Increase False Memory Rates [Data set]. DataverseNL. doi:10.34894/J3HPR4, Inducing resistance to the misinformation effect by means of reinforced self-affirmation: The importance of positive feedback. (2019). [Data set]. PLOS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210987, Irwanda, D. Y., Maulina, D., Otgaar, H., & Bücken, C. A. (2021, October 22). False memory: misinformation type and age. https://osf.io/x9v3m/, Le Moignan, E., Patihis, L., & Mangiulli, I. (2022, March 8). The effects of simulating amnesia and misinformation on memory performance for mock offenders. https://osf.io/kms62/, Luke, T. J., Crozier, W. E., & Strange, D. (2021, November 23). Memory errors in Police Interviews: The Bait Question as a Source of Misinformation. https://osf.io/m8qt2/, Peters, A., Otgaar, H., & Chan, J. C. (2017, August 4). NICHD Protocol and Misinformation. https://osf.io/vyngz, Putnam, A. L., Sungkhasettee, V., & Roediger, H. L., III. (2021, October 11). When Misinformation Improves Memory: The Effects of Recollecting Change. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/DW9BK, Race, E., & Karanian, J. M. (2020, June 18). Protecting memory from misinformation: Warnings modulate cortical reinstatement during memory retrieval. https://osf.io/wgn83/, Robin, F., Ménétrier, E., & Beffara Bret, B. (2021, June 11). Effect of visual imagery on false memories in DRM and Misinformation paradigms. https://osf.io/zsh3b/