datasets-CNRS/thesaurus_psychologie_cognitive_memoire_humaine huggingface dataset:
picture superiority effect / effet de supériorité des images
Synonyms: pictorial superiority effect
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: A memory phenomenon observed when memory is better for pictures than for words.
Définition : Phénomène de la mémoire observé quand la mémoire des images est supérieure à la mémoire des mots.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, memory distinctiveness
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, distinctivité du souvenir
Has theories: transfer-appropriate processing principle, dual coding theory, levels of processing theory
Selected bibliography: Higdon, K. F., Neath, I., Surprenant, A. M., & Ensor, T. M. (in press). Distinctiveness, not dual coding, explains the picture-superiority effect. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 17470218241235520. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241235520 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Madigan, S. (2013). Representational storage in picture memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4(6), 567-568. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03334293 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Paivio, A., & Csapo, K. (1973). Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 5(2), 176-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(73)90032-7 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Shepard, R. N. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 6(1), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(67)80067-7 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
Dataset citations: Ensor, T. (2018, September 29). Listening to the Picture-Superiority Effect: Evidence for the Conceptual-Distinctiveness Account of Picture Superiority in Recognition. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/YKG8S, Neath, I. (2021). Picture Superiority [Data set]. OSF. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/HTM7E, Van der Cruyssen, I., Regnath, F., Ben-Shakhar, G., Pertzov, Y., & Verschuere, B. (2021, January 26). Is a picture worth a thousand words? Congruency between encoding and testing improves detection of concealed memories. OSF. https://osf.io/84eas/
forced confabulation effect / effet de confabulation forcée
Synonyms: forced fabrication effect
Synonymes : effet de confabulation contrainte, effet de fabrication forcée
Group: Human, Psychology, Thematic grouping Memory and Law
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie, Regroupement thématique Mémoire et justice
Domain: Psychology
Domaine : Psychologie
Semantic category: Human
Catégorie sémantique : Homme
Definition: The formation of false memories for forcedly confabulated details or events (Paul Riesthuis).
Définition : Formation de faux souvenirs pour des détails ou des événements qu’une personne a été contrainte d’inventer (Paul Riesthuis).
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: source memory, eyewitness testimony, misinformation effect, false memory, source monitoring, discrepancy detection principle
Termes associés : mémoire de la source, témoignage oculaire, effet de désinformation, faux souvenir, surveillance de la source, principe de détection de la divergence
Has theories: source monitoring framework
Has study methods: forced confabulation ​paradigm
Moderator variables: Experimental design: larger forced confabulation effect in within-subject designs than between-subject designs (Riesthuis et al., 2023)., Feedback: larger forced confabulation effect when forced confabulations are followed by confirmatory feedback (e.g. "You are right") compared with neutral feedback (Riesthuis et al., 2023)., Retention interval: the meta-analysis by Riesthuis et al. (2023) showed that the delay between forced confabulations and the time of the memory test did not alter the forced confabulation effect when forced confabulations for details and entire events were not distinguished. However, a qualitative analysis of two studies showed that the forced confabulation effect for entire events is larger after a longer delay (6 or 8 weeks) compared with a shorter delay (1 week)., Type of confabulation: larger forced confabulation effect for voluntary confabulations than for forced confabulations (Riesthuis et al., 2023).
Selected bibliography: Ackil, J. K., & Zaragoza, M. S. (1998). Memorial consequences of forced confabulation : Age differences in susceptibility to false memories. Developmental Psychology, 34(6), 1358‑1372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.6.1358 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Riesthuis, P., Otgaar, H., Bogaard, G., & Mangiulli, I. (2023). Factors affecting the forced confabulation effect: A meta-analysis of laboratory studies. Memory, 31(5), 635–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2023.2185931 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: open]
Dataset citations: Riesthuis, P., Otgaar, H., Bogaard, G. & Mangiulli, I. (2022, July 1). The Impact of Forced Confabulation on Spontaneous False Memory Formation. https://osf.io/y587d, Riesthuis, P., Otgaar, H., Mangiulli, I. & Bogaard, G. (2022, November 25). Stage 2 Registered Report Factors Affecting the Forced Confabulation Effect: A Meta-Analysis of Laboratory Studies. https://osf.io/4mqpx
letter-frequency effect / effet de la fréquence des lettres
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Domain: Psychology
Domaine : Psychologie
Semantic category: Human
Catégorie sémantique : Homme
Definition: Better recognition of words with rare letters than words with common letters.
Définition : Meilleure reconnaissance de mots comportant des lettres rares comparativement aux mots composés de lettres fréquentes.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, recognition task, verbal memory
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, tâche de reconnaissance, mémoire verbale
Has models: retrieving effectively from memory model
Selected bibliography: Malmberg, K. J., Steyvers, M., Stephens, J. D., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2002). Feature frequency effects in recognition memory. Memory & Cognition, 30(4), 607–613. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194962 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open]
memory bias / biais mnésique
Synonymes : biais de mémoire
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Preference for a processing type of information or for particular memories.
Définition : Préférence pour un type de traitement des informations ou des types de souvenirs particuliers.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Selected bibliography: Schacter, D. L. (2003). Science de la mémoire. Oublier et se souvenir. Odile Jacob. [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Schacter, D. L. (2021). The seven sins of memory : An update. Memory, 30(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2021.1873391 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed]
asymmetry effect / effet d'asymétrie
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: When subjects recall an item, they tend to recall the item that followed it in the study list (forward direction) rather than the one before it (backward direction).
Définition : Quand les sujets rappellent un item, tendance à rappeler ensuite l'item qui le suivait dans la liste d'étude (forward direction) plutôt que celui qui le précédait (backward direction).
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique
Has study methods: free recall task
Selected bibliography: Kahana, M. J. (1996). Associative retrieval processes in free recall. Memory & Cognition, 24(1), 103–109. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03197276 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open]
upheaval bump / pic du bouleversement
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Increase in the number of autobiographical memories of events that took place during periods of historical or social transitions (e.g. a war).
Définition : Augmentation du nombre de souvenirs pour des évènements ayant eu lieu pendant des périodes de transition historique ou sociale (par exemple, une guerre).
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: autobiographical memory, collective memory, living-in-history effect, transition theory
Termes associés : mémoire autobiographique, mémoire collective, effet vivre dans l'histoire, théorie de la transition
Selected bibliography: Brown, N., Schweickart, O., & Svob, C. (2016). The effect of collective transitions on the organization and contents of autobiographical memory : A transition-theory perspective. The American Journal of Psychology, 129. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.129.3.0259 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Zebian, S., & Brown, N. R. (2014). Living in History in Lebanon : The influence of chronic social upheaval on the organisation of autobiographical memories. Memory, 22(3), 194–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.775310 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
self-choice effect / effet du choix personnel
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: "The self-choice effect refers to the phenomenon that self-chosen items are remembered better than experimenter assigned items" (Watanabe et Soraci, 2004, p. 168).
Définition : Effet selon lequel la mémoire est meilleure pour des items choisis par le sujet que pour des items proposés par l'expérimentateur (Takahashi, 1991).
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique
Selected bibliography: Takahashi, M. (1991). The role of choice in memory as a function of age: Support for a metamemory interpretation of the self-choice effect. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 34, 254–258. [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Watanabe, T., & Soraci, S. A. (2004). The self-choice effect from a multiple-cue perspective. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 11(1), 168–172. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206478 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open]
pretesting effect / effet du prétesting
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: An effect showing that long-term retention of information is improved when memory for that information is tested prior to learning.
Définition : Effet montrant que le fait de tester les connaissances des sujets avant leur apprentissage améliore ensuite leur rétention à long terme.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: long-term memory, test-potentiated new learning, learning
Termes associés : mémoire à long terme, apprentissage nouveau favorisé par le test, apprentissage
Selected bibliography: Hartley, J. (1973). The effect of pre-testing on post-test performance. Instructional Science, 2(2), 193–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00139871 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
recognition failure / échec de la reconnaissance
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Recognition failure occurs when a subject is able to recall items that he/she is unable to recognize elsewhere. This phenomenon was described experimentally by Tulving and Thompson in 1973.
Définition : On parle d'échec de la reconnaissance lorsqu'un sujet est capable de rappeler des éléments qu'il est incapable de reconnaître par ailleurs. Ce phénomène a été décrit expérimentalement par Tulving et Thompson en 1973.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, encoding specificity principle, recognition memory
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, principe de la spécificité de l'encodage, mémoire de reconnaissance
Has models: Composite Holographic Associative Recall Model
Has study methods: recognition task
Selected bibliography: Tulving, E., & Thomson, D. M. (1973). Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory. Psychological Review, 80(5), 352–373. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0020071 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
release from proactive interference / levée de l'interférence proactive
Synonyms: release from PI, release from proactive inhibition
Synonymes : levée de l'inhibition proactive, suppression de l'interférence proactive
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Disappearance of the proactive interference effect under certain experimental conditions, e.g., after the introduction of a list of dissimilar items.
Définition : Dans certaines conditions expérimentales, dissipation de l’effet d’interférence proactive, par exemple, après introduction d’une liste d’items dissimilaires.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: proactive interference
Termes associés : interférence proactive
Selected bibliography: Kliegl, O., & Bäuml, K.-H. T. (2021). Buildup and release from proactive interference – Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 120, 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.028 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Wickens, D. D., Born, D. G., & Allen, C. K. (1963). Proactive inhibition and item similarity in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2(5–6), 440–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(63)80045-6 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
positivity bias / biais de positivité
Synonyms: positivity effect, positivity memory bias
Synonymes : effet de positivité
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Memory bias leading older people to preferentially remember positive events rather than negative or emotionally neutral events.
Définition : Biais de mémoire conduisant les personnes âgées à se souvenir préférentiellement d’événements positifs plutôt que d’événements négatifs ou émotionnellement neutres.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, fading affect bias, memory aging, emotional valence, emotional memory, negativity bias
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, biais d'émoussement affectif, vieillissement de la mémoire, valence émotionnelle, mémoire émotionnelle, biais de négativité
Moderator variables: Attention: effect observed when stimuli are encoded in a full attention condition and not in a divided attention condition (Joubert et al., 2018 ; Mather & Knight, 2005)., Word concreteness : absence of positivity effect for concrete words but presence for abstract words, especially among older people (Hamilton & Allard, 2020).
Selected bibliography: Charles, S. T., Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory : The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132(2), 310‑324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.132.2.310 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Guillaume, C., Eustache, F., & Desgranges, B. (2009). L’effet de positivité : un aspect intriguant du vieillissement. Revue de neuropsychologie, 1(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.3917/rne.013.0247 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Hamilton, L. J., & Allard, E. S. (2020). Words matter : Age-related positivity in episodic memory for abstract but not concrete words. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 27(4), 595‑616. https://doi.org/10.1080/13825585.2019.1657556 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Joubert, C., Davidson, P. S. R., & Chainay, H. (2018). When do older adults show a positivity effect in emotional memory? Experimental Aging Research, 44(5), 455‑468. https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2018.1521498 [Study type: empirical study, replication / Access: closed], Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition : The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 496‑502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.08.005 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Mather, M., & Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory : The role of cognitive control in older adults’ emotional memory. Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 554‑570. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.554 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Reed, A. E., Chan, L., & Mikels, J. A. (2014). Meta-analysis of the age-related positivity effect: Age differences in preferences for positive over negative information. Psychology and Aging, 29(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035194 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed]
pseudoword effect / effet des pseudomots
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: In a recognition task, more correct and false recognition of pseudowords (nonexistent but pronounceable words) than words.
Définition : Dans une tâche de reconnaissance, plus grand nombre de reconnaissances correctes et de fausses reconnaissances de pseudomots (mots inexistants dans une langue, mais prononçables) par rapport aux mots.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: recognition memory, verbal memory
Termes associés : mémoire de reconnaissance, mémoire verbale
Has study methods: recognition task
Selected bibliography: Greene, R. L. (2004). Recognition memory for pseudowords. Journal of Memory and Language, 50(3), 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2003.12.001036. [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
mnemonic time-travel effect / effet du voyage mnésique dans le temps
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Inducing a mental time travel by a backward motion (real motion of the subject, optical flow or by imagination) improves episodic memory for different kinds of information, compared to a forward movement or no movement.
Définition : Le fait d'induire un voyage mental dans le temps par un mouvement vers l'arrière (à l'aide d'un déplacement réel du sujet, d'un flux optique ou par imagination) améliore la performance de la mémoire épisodique pour différentes informations, comparativement à un mouvement vers l'avant ou à l'absence de mouvement.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: mental time travel, episodic memory, embodied cognition
Termes associés : voyage mental dans le temps, mémoire épisodique, cognition incarnée
Selected bibliography: Aksentijevic, A., Brandt, K. R., Tsakanikos, E., & Thorpe, M. J. A. (2019). It takes me back: The mnemonic time-travel effect. Cognition, 182, 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.10.007 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Mieth, L., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2019). The “mnemonic time-travel effect” : A preregistered failure to replicate. Experimental Psychology, 1‑6. https://doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000461 [Study type: empirical study, replication / Access: closed]
Dataset citations: Mieth, L., Bell, R., & Buchner, A. (2019, October 31). The “mnemonic time-travel effect”: A preregistered failure to replicate. https://osf.io/rf47v/
distributed practice effect / effet de pratique distribuée
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Better memory for items learned with distributed practice than with massed practice. In other words, learning material over several short sessions is more effective than in a single long session.
Définition : ​Meilleure mémoire des items appris de manière distribuée que de manière massée. En d'autres mots, apprendre un matériel sur plusieurs courtes sessions est plus efficace que sur une seule longue session.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Narrower terms: lag effect, spacing effect
Termes spécifiques : effet d'intervalle, effet d'espacement
Related terms: episodic memory, repetition effect, massed learning, distributed learning
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, effet de répétition, apprentissage massé, apprentissage distribué
Selected bibliography: Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks : A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354‑380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed], Gerbier, É., & Koenig, O. (2015). Comment les intervalles temporels entre les répétitions d’une information en influencent-ils la mémorisation ? Revue théorique des effets de pratique distribuée. L’Année Psychologique, 115(3), 435–462. https://doi.org/10.4074/S0003503315000159 [Study type: literature review / Access: open]
anti-reminiscence bump ​ / pic d'antiréminiscence
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: The vivid memories that we finally no longer believe in are mostly early and middle childhood memories.
Définition : Les souvenirs vivaces dont on finit par ne plus croire en leur réalité sont surtout des souvenirs de la petite et moyenne enfance.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: reminiscence bump, nonbelieved memory
Termes associés : pic de réminiscence, souvenir contesté
Selected bibliography: Scoboria, A., Nespoli, K., & Boucher, C. (2019). An anti-reminiscence bump for childhood memory: Revisiting the dating of nonbelieved memories. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(2), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000179 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
negativity bias / biais de négativité
Synonyms: negative memory bias, negativity effect
Synonymes : effet de négativité
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: A tendency to pay more attention to negative events and to remember them more preferentially, especially among young adults.
Définition : Tendance, observée surtout chez les jeunes adultes, à porter plus d'attention aux évènements négatifs et à s'en souvenir préférentiellement.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, emotional valence, emotional memory, positivity bias, Memory Flexibility intervention
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, valence émotionnelle, mémoire émotionnelle, biais de positivité, intervention sur la flexibilité mnésique
Selected bibliography: Kensinger, E. A., Garoff-Eaton, R. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2006). Memory for specific visual details can be enhanced by negative arousing content. Journal of Memory and Language, 54(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2005.05.005 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
lag-recency effect / effet de récence d'intervalle
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: When an item is recalled, items that are close to its serial position are more likely to be recalled than remote items.
Définition : Quand un item a été rappelé, les items proches de sa position sérielle dans la liste ont plus de chance d'être rappelés que les items distants.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Has study methods: serial recall task
Selected bibliography: Howard, M. W., & Kahana, M. J. (1999). Contextual variability and serial position effects in free recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25(4), 923–941. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-7393.25.4.923 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]