illusory truth effect / effet de vérité illusoire
Synonyms: illusory truth, reiteration effect, repetition truth effect, truth effect, truth-by-repetition-effect, validity effect
Synonymes : effet de réitération, effet de validité, effet de vérité, vérité illusoire
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Repeated presentation of a statement increases the likelihood that it will subsequently be perceived as true.
Définition : La présentation répétée d’un énoncé augmente la probabilité qu’il soit ensuite perçu comme vrai.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: processing fluency, implicit memory, familiarity
Termes associés : fluence du traitement, mémoire implicite, familiarité
Selected bibliography: Bacon, F. T. (1979). Credibility of repeated statements: Memory for trivia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning & Memory, 5(3), 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.5.3.241 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Béna, J., Carreras, O., & Terrier, P. (2019). L’effet de vérité induit par la répétition : Revue critique de l’hypothèse de familiarité. L'Année Psychologique, 119(3), 397‑425. https://doi.org/10.3917/anpsy1.193.0397 [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010). The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309352251 [Study type: meta-analysis / Access: closed], Fazio, L. K., Brashier, N. M., Payne, B. K., & Marsh, E. J. (2015). Knowledge does not protect against illusory truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(5), 993–1002. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000098 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Fazio, L., Rand, D. G., & Pennycook, G. (2019). Repetition increases perceived truth equally for plausible and implausible statements. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01651-4 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Hasher, L., Goldstein, D., & Toppino, T. (1977). Frequency and the conference of referential validity. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 16(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(77)80012-1 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Hassan, A., & Barber, S. J. (2021). The effects of repetition frequency on the illusory truth effect. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-021-00301-5 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Henderson, E. L., Westwood, S. J., & Simons, D. J. (2022). A reproducible systematic map of research on the illusory truth effect. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 29(3), 1065‑1088. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01995-w [Study type: literature review / Access: open], Nadarevic, L. (2022). Illusory truth effect. In R. F. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Intriguing phenomena in thinking, judgment, and memory (3rd ed., pp. 225–240). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003154730-17 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Pennycook, G., Cannon, T. D., & Rand, D. G. (2018). Prior exposure increases perceived accuracy of fake news. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(12), 1865–1880. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000465 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Udry, J., & Barber, S. J. (2024). The illusory truth effect: A review of how repetition increases belief in misinformation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 56, 101736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101736 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed], Unkelbach, C. (2007). Reversing the truth effect: Learning the interpretation of processing fluency in judgments of truth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33(1), 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.1.219 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Unkelbach, C., & Rom, S. C. (2017). A referential theory of the repetition-induced truth effect. Cognition, 160, 110–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.12.016 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Unkelbach, C., Koch, A., Silva, R. R., & Garcia-Marques, T. (2019). Truth by repetition: Explanations and implications. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(3), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419827854 [Study type: literature review / Access: closed]
Dataset citations: Anes, M. D. (2020, April 13). Illusory Truth in Minimal Groups. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/KHYGJ, Brashier, N. M., & Eliseev, E. D. (2019, August 15). An Initial Accuracy Focus Prevents Illusory Truth. https://osf.io/b4szp/, De keersmaecker Jonas. (2019, April 3). Investigating the robustness of the illusory truth effect across individual differences in cognitive ability, need for cognitive closure, and cognitive style. https://osf.io/xbwmh/, Henderson, E. L., Vallée-Tourangeau, F., Westwood, S. J., & Simons, D. J. (2021, June 28). A Reproducible Systematic Map of the Illusory Truth Effect. https://osf.io/dm9yx/