production effect / effet de production
Group: Human, Psychology
Groupe : Homme, Psychologie
Definition: Words read aloud are better remembered than words read silently.
Définition : Meilleure mémoire pour des mots qui ont été lus à haute voix que pour des mots lus silencieusement.
Broader term: memory phenomenon
Terme générique : phénomène de la mémoire
Related terms: episodic memory, list composition effect, distinctiveness effect, short-term memory
Termes associés : mémoire épisodique, effet de composition des listes, effet de distinctivité, mémoire à court terme
Moderator variables: Age: the production effect is reduced in older people compared to younger adults (Lin & MacLeod, 2012)., List composition: in recognition tasks, the production effect is reduced when lists are composed entirely of read-aloud/silently read items compared to mixed lists (composed of read-aloud and silent items). In recall tasks, effect observed only with mixed lists (Fawcett, 2013; MacLeod & Bodner, 2017)., Type of production: No production effect when the same word (e.g. "Yes") is produced repeatedly for each word in the list (MacLeod et al., 2010)., Type of test: no production effect in an implicit memory test (MacLeod et al. 2010).
Selected bibliography: Bodner, G. E., Taikh, A., & Fawcett, J. M. (2014). Assessing the costs and benefits of production in recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 21(1), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0485-1 [Study type: empirical study / Access: open], Hopkins, R. H., & Edwards, R. E. (1972). Pronunciation effects in recognition memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(4), 534‑537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80036-7 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], MacLeod, C. M., Gopie, N., Hourihan, K. L., Neary, K. R., & Ozubko, J. D. (2010). The production effect: Delineation of a phenomenon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(3), 671-685. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018785 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], MacLeod, C. M., & Bodner, G. E. (2017). The production effect in memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(4), 390‑395. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721417691356 [Study type: literature review / Access: free], MacLeod, C. M., Ozubko, J. D., Hourihan, K. L., & Major, J. C. (2022). The production effect is consistent over material variations: Support for the distinctiveness account. Memory, 30(8), 1000–1007. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2022.2069270 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed], Saint-Aubin, J., Yearsley, J. M., Poirier, M., Cyr, V., & Guitard, D. (2021). A model of the production effect over the short-term : The cost of relative distinctiveness. Journal of Memory and Language, 118, 104219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2021.104219 [Study type: empirical study / Access: closed]
Dataset citations: Saint-Aubin, J., Yearsley, J. M., Poirier, M., Cyr, V., & Guitard, D. (2021). A model of the production effect over the short-term : The cost of relative distinctiveness. Journal of Memory and Language, 118, 104219. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2021.104219, Zormpa, E., & Brehm, L. (2020, March 21). The production and the generation effect improve memory in picture naming. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/7KQ5S