13-00000 . reporting device to alert four pre-selected phone numbers for help. Software Protection of data files, whether in the form of punch cards, magnetic tapes, or discs, is the key element in any computer facility. Some specific examples of software security con- trol measures are audit trails, access regulations, strong supervision of computer operators, the use _and control of programs utilizing program documen- tation methods, the use of a Jog for all significant events (such as user identification, file use and attempts of unauthorized use), regulations to pre- vent unauthorized personne] from browsing through the files, and the use of a semi-automatic data. in- ventory control system. a, Personne! Physical control as to who is allowed near the computer and the files is advisable. Note that this does not mean “employees only"; it implies a careful screening of employees, repairmen, and visitors to determine which of them should be allowed this prox- imity to the system, Intimately involved with time- sharing installations are three types of personnel: operators, programmers, and maintenance engineers, According to Dennis Van Tassel, mathematician and head programmer at San Jose State College, all oper- ators must understand that there exists a protection philosophy. If personnel are expected to help en- force and to comply with this protection philosophy, it must be clearly defined and specified. It is advisable to use the following provisions for personnel control: control of logs and monitor, division of responsibilities, rotation of duties, adequate supervision to reduce the risk of losses caused by accident or error, careful handling of data files, cleanliness regulations, control access to private files, and appropriate instruction in case of disasters. Terminals Some of the most common pitfalls encountered when using terminals are frequent communication in- terruptions, risk of communication interception, difficult access control, and noisy lines. Among the greatest disadvantages of time-sharing services are those in connection with the communi- cation lines which link the terminals to the central processing unit. Telephone lines are designed for voice communication rather than data communication, and the results have been that such lines are too moisy and have too many interruptions for appropri- ate handling of data communication. There have been some recent developments in the improvement of data transmissions, Bell System has developed its Digital Data Service (DDS), a data transmission system which has been introduced early this year in five cities (New York, Boston, Phila- delphia, Washington, and Chicago}; and, by the end of 1974, twenty-four cities are expected to have it. Bell further plans to provide continuous monitoring of their DDS channels. When errors of transmission are detected, DDS will notify the customer. Deci- Sion on retransmission will be the customer's re- sponsibility. Another development in data communi- cation is DUV (data under voice}. By late 1973 this technique will be in service between New York and Chicago; consequently, communication problems should become virtually nonexistent within the near future, and this system will become even more popular, Telephone lines are vulnerable to three types of security problems: wire tapping. piggyback, and user's sign-off signal cancellation. These common threats may be avoided by the use of a privacy transformation method (also called scramblers or Cryptographic techniques). This is a non-singular (reversible) operation which conceals the original message either by the substitution of new characters, rearrangement of the characters, or by the adding of strings of digits to the original message. Some new techniques for encrypting data have evolved, such as high speed transmission and signal scrambling. In spite of all of these new tech- niques, it is still possible to intercept and tap the information. According to Tuckerman, unauthor- ized users (intruders) who possess only limited ma- terial and information with which to work, can read- ily extract the original text of enciphered mes- sages by making use of the speed, capacity, and computational abilities of the computer. The greater the efficiency of the privacy trans- formation, the more difficult it becomes for unauth- orized copying of files. Access Control Access to the system throughout the communication lines should be controlled by the central processing unit and by the user’s own procedures, This is pos- sible by cryptographic and scramble techniques, per- sonnel regulations, user identification, appropriate terminal location, or by ciphering and deciphering hardware. °. Computer software packages have been written to cipher data transmissions. Ciphering software is an attractive technique because it can be done auto- matically by the program which creates the data and at a very low cost. Only programs using the match- ing deciphering technique are able to use this data. These special hardware cipher devices can be located at the terminal-and at the computer to protect transmitted data. Scramblers or voice privacy devices are currently being used by people who readily acknowledge the in- security of transmitted information, Scramblers are used by large corporations such as the oil industry as well as by union representatives during contract negotiation time. (Scramble phones are currently a 20 to 30 million-dollar business, excluding law en- forcement and military purchases). Scramble devices are now being built for time-sharing operations. These devices offer protection similar to encryption. Scramblers convert data into something resembling channel noise or a malfunctioning circuit. Other features for terminals include print in- hibit, security keylock, operator identification card reader, and the use of a terminal identifier. With print inhibit the terminal operator can enter data, such as security passwords, without its being physically displayed. A physical keylock can be at- tached to the terminal which will not aliow the entry of data, The operator identification card reader reads magnetically encoded information on a magnetic strip card. The card can be used to supply the user's password and/or name, Direct access device security features include file mask, volume detection, and write-exhibit switch. The file mask controls or allows read-only
13-00000 a ny ef reed-write access to data sets, The volume de- sectfoa switch alerts the control program when the arieme $s increased; this protects data from being evittea upon, This switch provides additional pro- sectgea for read-only volumes. insurance af data security measures fail, the use of EDP aseorance can back-up or soften the blow. Every gapteess of person who now has an in-house computer, ayetates or is a user of a service bureau, or trans- este date to a data center should be computer-secur- aty conscious. Insurance is one of the back-up weaseres if prevention fails. However, not all pespacss can afford or even need an elaborate and espeasive security system; thus, evaluation of the sefereation becomes necessary to determine those eeetsons of the system which require this protection. be subject matter of ordinary insurance coverage te physical damage to tangible property. In this eee, software and data are mot covered. Business feterruption insurance protects you in the event of _ fave or other interruptions to normal business but dors molt cover the consequences. Boiler explosion polecies which also insure other heating mishaps do eof cover computer operations. Theft and employee dishonesty are also insured in terms of general eieb, Valuable papers and records’ coverage pro- tives protection in the event of destruction of such tatanygibles as notes and account receivable records Sst dors mot include such computer media as valuable Fapers. Public liability insures the company for ste acts or omission of acts which give rise to ¢isias by outsiders against the company. inaurance can prevent an unfortunate event from «coming @ catastrophe. When a person buys an in- eetence policy, he knows that he will be indemnified if @ loss does occur. Som of the insurance companies which write EDP pobicies are the Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insur- sace Co,, Insurance Company of North America, The tioar Insurance Co., and Royal Assurance of America. Jasurance premiums generally correspond to the fegular fire policy rates plus an added loading fac- tor for the additional EDP perils. ladoubtedly any computer installation, regardless @f the quality and level of its security system, ¢8aaut approach the state of no risk of loss. Se- cerity is based on a “cost-benefit” concept; in other words the cost of violating the system should oe gteater than the gain derived therefrom. References “83! About Time-Sharing Services.” Data Processing be bigest. Vol. 18, No. 3, March, 1972. itston, Jeffrey N.° “The Terminal that Thinks for bteels,* Computer Decisions. Vol. 5, No. 1, January, 1973, Oertran, Peter, “Software Security." Data Proces- heageeaeeitst: Vol. 18, No. 4, April, 1972. erating Sete Ke “Privacy and Protection in Qp- ems, ip . Jonvare, tans, omputer. Vol. 6, No. 1, "1. we lvyn. “How Safe is Your System?" Data Che geen _Higest. Vol. 18, No. 4, April, 1972. Hedin Frederik ¥. “Computers and Cryptology.” be waiRMtion. Vol. 19, No. 1, January, 1973. ctiee News. Vol, 16, No. 6, June, 1972. ; “hater Bens. Vol. 16, No, 10, October, 1972. mye jopmeats in Data Transmission.” EDP Analyzer. 8. 32, No. 3, March, 1973. Dickey, C. Lewis. “Securing the Computer.” Journal of Systems Management. Vol. 23, No. 2, February, 1972. "Distributed Intelligence in Data Communication." EDP Analyzer. Vol. 11, No. 2, February, 1973. “The Emerging Computer Networks." EDP Analyzer. Vol. 11, No. 1, January, 1973. Girsdansky, M. B. “Cryptology, the Computer, and Data Privacy." Computers and Automation. Vol, 21, No. 4, April, 1972. Goldstein, Seth. "A New Life for Time-Sharing.” Dunn's. Vol. 101, No. 1, January, 1973. Hebditch, D. L. "A Simple Terminal Language for a Database.” Computer Bulletin. Vol. 16, No. 1, January, 1972. Koehn, Hank E, “Are Companies Bugged about Bugging?” Journal of Systems Management. Vol. 24, No. 1, January, 1973. Murphey, Wayne E. and Daniel V. Olson. “Controlling Access to Large Tape Files.” Data Processing Magazine. Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring, 1972. Salzman, Roy M. and Arthur D. Little. “An Outlook for the Terminal Industry in the United States." Data Processing Digest. Vol. 18, No. 1, January, 1972, “Security in Data Processing." Data Processor. Vol. 16, No. 1, February, 1973. Simis, T. L. "Telephone Service: The Rules of the _ Game When the Game is Changing.” Computers and Automation. Vol. 21, No. 12, December, 1972. “Toward Distributed Computing.” EDP Industry Re- port. Vol. 7, No. 6, Jamuary 17, 1972. Van Tassel, Dennis. Computer Security Management. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1972. Zaiden, Dennis J. "Special EDP Insurance: Who Needs It?” Data Processing Magazine. Vol. 14, No. 1, Spring, 1972. ae Cerullo — Continued from page 9 Procedure for Withdrawal Sixth, a procedure should be established for withdrawal from the cooperative. If the withdraw- ing firm has not been a member for a predetermined time, perhaps one or two years, a sliding scale penalty fee for withdrawal should be established. Procedure for Admission > Finally, procedures must be determined to govern the admission of new members into the cooperative. Perhaps a unanimous affirmative vote by current mem~ bers should be required to admit a new member. The current members should also decide if a newly admit- ted member should be required to pay a predetermined portion of the cooperative’s startup costs and if the cooperative should limit membership to firms of the same approximate size as current members. Conclusion With due care taken in following the above steps, establishing a successful cooperative service bureau should be relatively easy. Companies would be well advised to consider the idea seriously, for cooper- ative service bureaus offer a viable and in many ways su- perior alternative to the more costly inhouse computer and the less satisfactory outside service bureau. Foothotes 1. Computers in Business: An RIA Survey of Users and Nonusers (New York: Research Institute of Ameri- ca, 1969), p. 4. 2. Ibid., p.. 17. 3. Michael J. Cerullo. “Service Bureaus: User Ap- praisal." Datamation, Vol. 18, May 1972, p. 86. 4. Ibid., p. 89. 5. ADAPSO Eighth Management Symposium. “How to Op- erate a Service Bureau for Profits." 1963, p. 49. ; mr bd
13-00000 Alan E. Brill Supervising Systems Analyst The Chase Manhattan Bank N.A. New York, N.Y. 10005 Alienation and the Systems Analyst “Systems analysts ... must be seen as full-fledged members of the firm.” A Wall of Managerial Attitudes In most large organizations, the systems and data ‘processing departments are separated from the rest of the firm by a wall of managerial attitudes. While employees in most jobs are encouraged to gain a wide wariety of experience in various departments as they rise through various management levels, it is rare that a systems analyst or a programmer is given an equal opportunity. The general attitude is “He's a computer man, not a manager (or a businessman, or a banker). He wouldn't fit in. Besides, he's doing a good job where he is.“ As a result, the analyst has exactly no motiva~ tion to think of himself as an insurance man or a businessman, or a banker, or an accountant. He is made to feel like a consultant. He can serve the organization, but he isn't free to move within it. To make matters worse, some firms rotate the people in their management development programs through a stint in the systems department. It is little won- Ger that there is a high turnover in systems ana- lysts. The company does very little to make him feel like a member of the family. Potential Source of Talent But beyond the problems brought about by the per- sonnel turbulence, the firm is ignoring a potential source of fine managerial talent. Many analysts joining major corporations hold degrees as Master, Business Administration. Their educational back- grounds, when combined with their ability to objec- tively define problems and see solutions, and the detailed working knowledge of the company gained in om the system design process, should put them in the Management spotlight. Instead, the system analyst finds that he has been given the indelible label of “computer person” and that his upward mobility is ‘limited to the systems department. As a result, systems analysts leave the firm, and often leave the systems profession. If companies hope to attract and hold talented personnel for their systems activities. they need to offer them an equal chance to develop to their full potential. They must be seen as full-fledged members of the firm — not as consultants who are here today, but who could move on tomorrow. Experience in Systems As businesses come more and more to depend upon data processing to support their operations, it will be desirable for a significant number of man- agement team members to have experience in systems. Yet, by their actions, managements have forced many talented people to avoid beginning their careers in data processing for fear of becoming stereotyped. So it would seem that a number of the problems that businesses face in their systems activities are a result of a regrettable but widespread management attitude. Only when systems analysts are regarded as having a potential for advancement to positions in general management, and are given an equal chance to rise in the organization, will the systems man lose his. al- jenation and see himself as a member of the company team. . %
13-00000 Strategy and Action on World Trade dames H, Binger, Chairman Honeywell Inc. 2701 Fourth Ave. §. Minneapolis, Minn, §5408 aie os “What we [the United States} have is a little corner of the world, and we must. find a wey to live in it harmoniously with our neighbors, many of whom are every bit as good as we are at almost everything we do.” The theme of my remarks is the intensifying con- troversy over the conditions that influence our well-being here in the United States — particularly the threat of another unfortunate experience with protectionism. I am well aware that I cannot go deeply inte this subject in a short space. This I know because I was privileged to serve on the President's Commission on International Trade and Investment Policy. For over @ year we studied every way in which this and other countries are affected by international trade and investment policies. Protectionist Attitude ‘Let there be no doubt where I stand on the prin- cipal issue. I believe that the threat of the protec- tionist attitude in America is far more than an is- sue involving business and jobs. I sincerely be- lieve that this issue embraces many powerful forces that will have an important bearing on whether or mot all the peoples of the world make the most of their opportunities in the years to come. I recognize that there are strong and honest dif- ferences of opinion on the proper direction of our nation's foreign trade policies. There are many persons and suppliers who have been adversely af- fected by foreign competition. It would be unreal-~ istic not to acknowledge this fact of life. Complexity These differences of opinion, and these disloca- tions of people's lives, point up the complexities of the problem. Who among us can honestly say he understands all of the ramifications involved in the balance of trade? Where is there an unchallenged expert on monetary policy? What type of restraints, if any, could or should be made on the world-wide transfer of technology? What is the proper level of East-West trade relations, and are the national defense implications of yesterday still appropriate Based on a talk before the Board of Governors of the Electronic indus- tries Association, Phoenix, Ariz., January, 1973. today? Should the United States government be sup~ porting broad research and development to match the funds that foreign countries are investing in their industry? Can we preserve the rise in productivity that underlies the American miracle — which is the production of goods at low cost while wages, taxes and dividends all rise steadily? These are just some of the questions which must be asked in the discussion now developing, particu-_ larly in the halls of Congress, but also at various other governmental and community. levels. Facing these and still other complexities, we know that Congressional hearings soon to begin could result in new laws and regulations which could be detrimental. Action Because this is so, it will not do for anyone with a qualified viewpoint backed by experience, to be simply an observer. I am convinced that this present controversy can be resolved positively, but it will require action. What kind of action will be most effective? the kind of action which is in the public interest? — not special pleadings based on the experience of a single company, or a single industry, or even a single community. It is, of course, important to gather this sup- porting information and be aware of all the facts that bear on our needs, our experience and the op- tions that governments can take to effect them. But going beyond this, we must be prepared to discuss with everyone who will exert influence on our elected lawmakers the more important question — what do all these statistics and contentions mean to me? The Concerns of U.S. Citizens The concerns of the qreat body of United States citizens are how to assure and enhance their jobs and living conditions and be involved in what was once unashamedly described as "the pursuit of hap- piness”. ¥
13-00000 ‘ployed at the end of 1972. Let's look at just one major concern: about 1.3 million new American families are formed every year. Approximately eight million people change their jobs every year. About 3.7 million people join the labor force and 2.1 million leave it. By 1980 full em- ployment in the United States will require jobs for 100 million people, 18 million more than were em- These, quite clearly, are the priority considerations in the minds of mil- lions who do not clearly understand how the enter- prise system meets their needs. If they and the representatives of large numbers ef voters do not understand, how can we expect their support? I would like to review the arguments for their support in as familiar terms:as I can muster. The Days of U.S. Preeminence are Gone First, let's examine one portion of the real economic world we inhabit. Of primary importance is the fact that the days of almost total U.S. preeminence since the close of World War II are gone. We must learn to live and work in a world where forevermore we will be dependent on other portions of the globe for some of our more basic needs — and some portions will be dependent on us. The U.S. is sot self-sufficient in materials, nor does it have a corner on the world's technology, the world's inno- vative ability, the world's marketing savvy, the world’s production know-how. What we have is a lit- tle corner of the world, and we must find a way to live in it harmoniously with our neighbors, many of whom are every bit as good as we are at almost everything we do. The Energy Crisis Z hesitate, somewhat, to use the energy crisis as an example of this dependency, because I recognize that there are those who question whether the crisis really exists, or who maintain that new technology will solve the problem before it reaches crisis stage. I can say at this point that there is an energy shortage, if not a crisis; for example, the fuel oil] allotment for our Minneapolis operations has been cut by 25 per cent for January and February, and similar cutbacks have been imposed on other com- panies, our schools, our common carriers. Let's look at the dependency which is developing in the oil industry. In the past, the repatriated earnings of oi1 companies have exceeded the value of imported oil and were a favorable factor in our in- ternational balance of payments. By 1985, however, our needs for oil and natural gas could create for us a trade deficit approaching twenty billion dol- lars a year. As no doubt you know, we currently import [0 to 15 per cent of both crude oil and copper, 30 per cent of our iron ore, and more than 80 per cent of our bauxite needs. -We must import all or most of our tin, natural rubber, nickel and chrome. Trade with the World We cannot go it alone. We must trade with the world — and to trade, you give something to get something, with the hope that both traders get what they want and need. Unfortunately, we have not yet been able to fully realize this goal, and much of "the controversy over this nation's foreign-trade policies revolves around the best way to achieve it. There is a strong and vocal body of opinion which believes that protectionist measures will achieve what is best for American workers and companies in the arena of world trade. One of their principal targets are companies like Honeywell — multina- tional companies with substantial investments, em- ployees and sales outside the United States. “Exporting Jobs’? It is claimed that U.S. multinational corpora- tions are "exporting jobs” overseas; that U.S. com- panies invest overseas to take advantage of lower wages; that imports from the overseas subsidiaries of U.S. companies cause unemployment here at home; that if U.S. companies were prevented from investing and manufacturing abroad these companies would be forced to expand their operations in the United States, creating more jobs here; that multinational companies invest abroad in order to avoid paying taxes; that American corporations are exporting U.S. technology and therefore are helping non-U.S. com- panies compete in our own and other countries. The Burke~Hartke bill has been proposed as the solution to these problems; and protectionist senti- ment also underlies other proposals which may emerge for the consideration of Congress. At this point, there may be those who will accuse me of making a tactical blunder by even mentioning the allegations of our critics. But I'll go one step further. If someone could prove to me that these allegations are factual, I'd be one of the major supporters of moves to inhibit the growth of multinational companies. The Opposite is True: Making Jobs Thanks to various companies, government agencies and trade associations who have accumulated the facts and published them, I know otherwise. I am convinced, thanks to these studies, and my experience with Honeywell, that multinational com- panies-do not export jobs, but create jobs in the United States faster than other U.S. companies. I am convinced that U.S. companies invest abroad to gain participation in markets in other countries. not to take advantage of lower wages or so-called tax loopholes. I am convinced by these studies that imports from the overseas subsidiaries of U.S. com- panies have not been a major factor in U.S. unem- ployment. To be more specific, I'd like to give you some information taken from a survey conducted by the Emergency Committee on American Trade, of which I am amember. This committee researched the domestic and international operations of 74 U.S. corporations representing a broad group of large multinational corporations. This survey reveals that in the years between 1960 and 1970, when these companies were increasing their overseas operations. they also provided 900,000 new jobs in the United States. They also increased their sales from Amerigan facilities -- work performed in this country — from $58 bil- lion to $113 billion — nearly doubled, in fact. Their, exports from the United States nearly tripled in this period, rising from $4.3 billion to $12.2 billion. In the all-important balance of payments category, they increased their net surplus of ex- ports over imports from $3.2 billion to $6.6 billion - more than doubled, 3 > sRBaneenergeimeD be many o =
13-00000 international Investment Activities of Multinational Companies These figures, and other results of the survey, lead to one major conclusion: That the interna- tional investment activities of these representative multinational companies played an important role in their rapid export growth and consequently made a major positive contribution to their domestic — and I emphasize the word domestic — sales, investment ‘and employment growth. Doubie Taxation I have tried to speak in familiar language; so I have some misgivings about discussing the issue of taxes. But the tax issue is an important one, and I'd like to cover some specific areas which are com- ing more and more into public ‘discussion. eo HE issue is the section of U.S.-tax law which al- lows American corporations a tax credit for the in- come taxes they pay to foreign countries on income earned in such countries. The purpose of this tax eredit is to avoid taxing the foreign earnings of U.S. corporations twice — once in a foreign country and again when the earnings are remitted to the United States. . Opponents of this tax credit argue that since do- mestic firms are not allowed a federal tax credit for the state taxes they pay, the current method of taxing income from foreign sources is inconsistent with the way domestic income is taxed. Taxation by U.S. States A major fallacy in this argument is that it is based on the incorrect assumption that the taxation of domestic income by city, state and the federal government is analogous to the United States taxing the foreign earnings of American subsidiaries which have already been taxed by the host country. The proper analogy is between the way states treat corporate income earned in two or more states and the way the U.S. government treats income earned in two or more countries. Every state which has a State income tax provides a method of allocating the income of a multi-state company among the various States in order to avoid duplicate taxation of the same income. As a matter of fact, the constitution requires this. Thus the current methods of taxing foreign and domestic income are consistent. Further, where one domestic corporation in the United States has an ownership position in another domestic corporation, the federal income tax law quite properly prevents duplication of corporate in- come taxes. The parent company is taxed on earnings of the owned company only when such earnings are distributed as a dividend — and then at no more than a nominal rate. What logic can there be in the Burke-Hartke proposal that earnings of an overseas subsidiary — in most cases earnings already taxed in the foreign country at rates comparable to or higher than U.S. rates — should be immediately re- taxed at full U.S. income tax rates? International Competition by American industry Another fundamental element of the issue is the tax credit's relationship to the ability of American industry to compete internationally. According to a recent survey by the National Association of Manufac- turers, if the United States were to repeal the tax credit for foreign taxes paid and tax all foreign subsidiary income before it is paid out in dividends to the parent company, U.S. firms with foreign oper- ations would be forced to pay an average effective tax on their foreign earnings of over 70 per cent. Given this added tax handicap, few American firms could continue to compete with foreign-controlled companies for world markets. You can appreciate how useful it is to have these facts for presentation where contradictory allega- tions are being made. Let's keep the record straight! Also useful to the undertaking on which we must all embark is the factual story of what imports and exports do, beneficially to create jobs. imports Produce One Million U.S. Jobs Labor Department figures document the finding that one million jobs in the United States are de- pendent on imports —- jobs for food processors, ship and dock workers, truck drivers and railroaders, warehouse employees and retail clerks. And it's equally impressive to corsider that every billion dollars worth of exports creates 60-to-80,000 jobs in the United States. . As we assess the situation, let us not forget the dilemma our government faced in August 1971. As Mr. Peter Peterson wrote, the New Economic Policy announced that month was not, and I quote, "a one- shot reaction to a one-time crisis. It marked the beginning of a new era of more flexible, enduring, and viable economic relationships among nations. The years behind us were by and large an era of success, but an era based upon a system which had become out- grown, outworn — and increasingly crisis-prone.” Tariffs and Free Trade Mr. Peterson was referring to the tremendous im- pact that international trade and monetary factors were having on our people. We have since come to learn the difficulty of achieving universally ap- proved corrective action. And now we must reckon with this reality: U.S. negotiators are preparing to enter economic talks next fall that could shape future international relationships for many years to come. Our government can and should strive in these talks to put an end to present attitudes and trends that point ominously to another "balkanization” of world trade. It can and should seek agreement to reduce, and if possible end, all tariffs on industrial trade by the end of this century. It can and should try to create far freer trade conditions for farm products. It can and should seek the harmonization among nations of the present hodgepodge of non-tariff trade barriers and preferences. But these objectives will remain forlorn hopes unless our negotiators can go into these hard bar- gaining sessions with the clear backing of the Amer- ican people and their Congress. We muss give them that. Spurring Internal Transition to Successful Competitive Enterprise Meanwhile, we face and must do something about the undeniable tolls and grievances resulting from {please turn to page 23)
13-00000 Computer Art: The Search Beyond Manipulation Grace C. Hertlein Galifornia State University—Chico Chico, Calif. 95926 De oe “Computer arts are still in the highly experimental stage of emergence.” In present computer art, the naive onlooker could readily misconstrue that mathematical processing of data and manipulation of design represent the total modus operandi of this new form, rather than just the initial phases of exploration. A review of the varied computer arts reveals diverse input of pat- terms and subsequent manipulation or transformation, creating a series of new, perceptual audio or visual images. There appears a similarity of approaches and some variation of the techniques utilized by practitioners of the cybernetic arts: graphics, sculpture, film, dance. music, textile design, weav- ing, poetry, and architecture. There is a tendency to forget that the computer arts are still in the highly experimental stages of emergence, and although some attractive and very pleasing works have been accomplished, this new me- dium has generally not progressed much beyond its mathematical and scientific origins. At times, in viewing or hearing the output of the computer arts, one would relegate the resultant art form to the category of interesting sound or visual patterns, experimental/initial exercises, or mathematical and scientific visualization, rather than as works of art per se. (This latter statement is equally true of contemporary manual experimental art.) There is, at the present time, a tendency for the computer arts to relate to an elite coterie, made up of scientists and intellectuals, rather than the public at large. However, as this new art medium is given greater space in the mass media, this audience should enlarge greatly, as exposure acquaints the general audience with the potential of this new art orm. This article Is reprinted by permission from the Proceedings of the frivitational international Exhibit of Computer Arts, T-5, Zagreb, Wugostavia, June-Juty 1973. Grace C. Hertiein is Assistant Professor ir the Computer Science Department at California State University— Ghico, Chico, Calif. 95926. Her computer art has been published for meny years in Computers and Automation and currently some of her computer art is being exhibited at an art exhibition in Bordeaux, France. Pattern Manipulation Manipulation of design by the computer may be de- liberate, (or at times highly experimental) as change or transformation of the original pattern is achieved via a host of techniques developed within the past twelve years. However, in attempting to. see precedent in manipulation of design, one ob- serves ample evidence of a growing interest by ar- tists and critics in combining (manually) mathemat- ics and art. Since the turn of the century, such techniques and philosophy have been practiced and even more verbally expressed by electronic and con-~ crete musicians. Further, the concept of pattern manipulation is as old as man’s art, and one finds ample evidence of this concept throughout art his- tory. A few such examples are: Offset X/Y patterns in Persian sculptural reliefs; repetitions of design in serial imagery from early Greek vases; reversals of pattern in the compositions of Bach; mirror im- ages and mathematical progressions of design in the Foundation Course exercises of the Bauhaus School; juxtaposition and superposition of musical patterns throughout musical history; and randomization of musical variations via throwing of dice. as prac- ticed by Mozart. The world was quite ready philo- sophically and mathematically for further explora- tions in such transformation of pattern, yet it was mot until the speed of the computer afforded this electronic manipulation, that it became feasible to such a degree. (Alteration, change, and transforma- tion of pattern is revealed in other technological systems that may or may not use the computer as an aid in creation: synthesized video, sound, andthe film.) In other words, science and technology now afford fur- ther exploration of ideas and techniques that have been practiced by experimental artists for years. The philosophy and practice of twentieth century music shows a very great Similarity between the ma- nipulative techniques used by musicians since the early 1900's and the present-day computer procedures. Examination of the philosophy of the Bauhaus and study of the works emanating from this revolutionary school, alse reveals great similarities in the ap- proaches to creation, and in the final works of art of this school and present~day computer arts.
13-00000 The ‘computer artist is manipulating patterns, be- cause this is an inherent potential of the computer medium. The manual artist (or scholar), by con- trast, is bound to laborious manual processing of data and pattern, and thus generally discovers to a lesser degree, further sources of innovative and perceptual changes, i.e., manipulation as practiced in the computer arts is not feasible manually. When perceptual change is accomplished manually (many of the works in Graphis afford excellent examples), such change is not only excessively time-consuming, but represents @ manual tour de foree. It could be more readily accomplished via the computer. The manual artist is generally not concerned with perceptual change or alteration of the original im- age. On the other hand, since the computer readily affords such changes, the cybernetic artist may literally exploit component designs, taking them th@s@gh what may appear to be unlimited design changes. The more abstract the component design, the more readily it lends itself to mathematical variation and processing, termed design state variation. Design State Variation This is a term devised by the writer, adapted from given "state" variations used in printmaking, in which one may revise a plate or stone, and al- ter it by additions and/or changes of pattern, re- sulting in a series of new works. The term denotes known variations of pattern that are possible, which may be used as sub-routines or stored on the com- puter library and merely called by the user, who de- fines the values of the given parameters of the spe- cific algorithms being utilized. One of the most provocative concepts emerging in computer art is that of being to literally predict innumerable de- sign state variations, in which a basal component will be visually or auditorially pleasing. The art- ist may use only those design states that reflect personal expression of design. (One might compare design state variations to the many kinds of chisels the sculptor may use in execution of a work of art, each giving unique effects.) Further, this library of manipulative design state variations is constantly being enlarged by experimenters in the computer arts. A brief listing follows: ‘Offsets of pattern on the X, Y. X/Y (pro- gressions in music) Mirror images or reversals on the X, Y, X/Y Scalar variations or duration of pattern in superposition of form Rotation, in open or closed forms Zrregular radiation of images and forms with growing scalar values Redundant serial imagery in closed form Polygon serial imagery, with circular, square, or varied final form Positive and negative variations of repeated or design-related patterns Disintegrating variants of images and sounds 4m redundant or transform pattern Metamorphic variations of images or sounds in predetermined sequences . Transformations of pattern, in which one de- sign becomes another Alterations of design by mathematical algor- ithms Pseudo-randomizations of patterns with artist- imposed parameters Overlays of images and sounds in dimensional forms Combinations of related patterns, using any of the above design states Multi-media combinations, using any of the aforementioned Prior to design state variation, the artistic idea is stated in coherent, sequential steps. It may be flowecharted before translation into a computer program. Thus the art idea is transformed into ana- lyzed data, using synthetic machine languages, and is then subject to processing and manipulation via the computer using design state variations, reveal- ing innumerable new, final works. Examples include: The warp and weft patterns in weaving Glassical ballet positions, with designations of the head, arms, and feet Structural modules in sculpture and archi- tecture Derivations of design from art or musical history, including the archaic, the classi- cal, or the contemporary Formulae and transformations from science or mathematics Stylistic analysis of a given artist's style, with designation and statement of a speci- fic set of definitions describing the style Artistic composition of a given musical era, with parameters of such rules Thus the art idea is initially expressed in the manner of science, but it does not end there. The choice of the art idea or problem should express the personal philosophy of the originator, whether it is mathematical formulae, natural derivations from the environment, or analyses of prior styles of artists. The personal focus of the original idea, ensuing variation and execution cannot be too strongly stressed! The design state variations allow the artist to choose the given direction of psychic ex- pression. Further, selection of specific computer systems and art materials affords a highly individ- ual element within cybernetic creation. And bastly, the varying techniques of execution, which may be preplanned or participant, add a unique and personal opportunity to spontaneously participate within the formation of the work of art, or to maximize the ca- pacities of the computer in artistic execution, us- ing preplanned or heuristic modes. Diverse Philosophies of Computer Art Stylistic analysis and resultant design deriva- tion are highly visible in the computer arts and possess decided benefits: these techniques allow one to analyze more thoroughly the subject under study, and in addition, they allow the artist to gain per- ceptual variations and permutations of the original source not obtainable by manual methods. (The writer and many others have often found these newdepartures from the design source to be as or more aesthetic than the original input source.) There is, however, a@ great tendency among humanists to concern them- selves with past styles and subject matter, as being more "pure" aesthetically than the present. On the other hand, there is an equal tendency among scien- tists to exploit mathematical manipulation, disre- gard art totally, and to have the computer and its peripheral devices accomplish the work of art, with- out intervention by man. Here one finds two ex- tremes, with beginning dogmatic statements by art~ ists of varying capacities and philosophies. The in- sightful computer artist, however, seeks to unite personal philosophy and expression with the highest level of computer usage.in a statement of artistic unity. However, one is conscious of new visions emerging throughout history, which are subsequently categorized and “cast in bronze." as “the way." Com- puter art appears to be no exception to this great (please turn to page 31)
13-00000 Computers in Science Fiction — fl Marcia Ascher Professor of Mathematics ithaca College ithaca, N.Y. 14850 “In science fiction writing, non-specialists attempt to involve other non-specialists. in the human questions arising from computer use.” in “The Computer and the Poet.” Norman Cousins emphasizes that the role of poets, “those who have respect for and speak to the human spirit,” becomes even more important as computer usage increases (32). Science fiction writers should indeed be included as poets In our technological age. All too often in gur society, problems arising from technology are left to technologists because others are too unsure of their own knowledge to question or criticize. The science fiction writings directly involving comput- ers are one of the few places where non-specialists attempt to involve other non-specialists in the human questions arising from computer use. Emphasis on Man Perhaps the most recurrent science fiction theme is the difference between computers and man. These raise the question of the proper role for machines versus the proper role for humans or emphasize the aspects that make man unique. In one story (Asimov, "Someday”) children in a society where reading and writing are no longer needed form a secret society to learn just for the joy of it; in another (Weir, “What Happened to the Teaching Machine") where all learning is by machine, only uneducated children still know how to pose questions. A super-computer is defeated by a human because he can bluff or “lose to win" and it cannot (Caiden, The God Machine); another super-computer is robbed of its contrel be- cause of a group of humans whose main desire is freedom (Pohl, Starchild); and to others (Dick, “The Variable Man”; Sheckley, “Fool's Mate") human unpre- dictability continues to be a problem. This distinc- tive aspect of man is very directly stated by the computer builder in a French science fiction story (Boulie, "The Perfect Robot"). In trying to make the computer more like man, he progressively adds to its ability to deal with data, the abllity to play chess, language. concepts of love, the ability to engender new machines, concepts of good and evil, and finally what he considers to be the crucial missing element — "I have unhinged them". Mike, a super~computer capable of running an entire revolu- tion (Heinlein, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress), can- mot understand why a joke is funny, and the computer AM (Ellison, “I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream”) hates people because unlike them “he could not wan- der, he could not wonder, he could not belong. he could merely be”. Science fiction writers persist in confronting their readers with a question that receives little direct discussion but is of current concern. As ex- pressed by the historian Bruce Mazelish (33), just as continuities were established with the material universe, the animal kingdom, and our, subconscious, we are faced with transcending the 4th discontinuity ~— of harmonizing our existence and those of mach- ines in a technological society. Or, as expressed by Weizenbaum ("On the Impact of the Computer on So~ elety") the insights of science such as those pro- vided earlier by the work of Galileo, Darwin, and Freud, and now provoked by the advent of the com- puter, shake man's self-esteem because, when viewed superficially, they seem to diminish man. Mechanistic View of Man We diminish man and in our anxiety grow more dis- dainful of ourselves and ambivalent towards comput- ers if computer usage is predicated on a mechanistic view of man and this mechanistic view becomes our self-image. Too many statements made by systems analysts or computer scientists display that a com- puter-usable view of man is being substituted for the whole man. Keep in mind the above list of human attributes contrasted to computers by science-fic- tion writers as you read the following statement from the widely read and much discussed book Limits of Growth written by well-motivated systems analysts: Some considered the model too ‘technocratic’ observing that it did not include eritical so- cial factors, such as the effects of adoption of different value systems. The chairman of the Moscow meeting summed up this point when he said, ‘Man is no mere biocybernetic device’. This criticism is readily admitted. The pres- ent model considers man only in his material system because valid social elements simply F
13-00000 1 2 could not be devised and introduced in this ‘ first effort. Yet, despite the model's mater- dal orientation, the conclusions of the study point to the need for fundamental changes in the values of society. (34, p. 191) Admission that the world model has a minor flaw of omitting “critical social factors" followed so blithely by conclusions about fundamental value changes surely conveys to the reader that the fac-~ tors that have been dealt with are the more essen- tial and more significant. Again recall the human attributes as you read: By the same token since the thinking human being is also an information processor, it should be possible to study his processes and their organization independently of the details of the biclogical mechanisms — the ‘hardware’ wgeoe- that implement them. (Simon and Newell, “"Yaformation-Processing in Computers and Man", p-. 256) That the theories o «© » are mechanistic — that they postulate only the processes capable of being effected by mechanism — is guaranteed by simulating the behavior predicated by ordinary digital computers. (ibid. p. 258) To reemphasize the contribution of science fic- tion, let us trace through one well-written and pop- ular book, Stand on Zanzibar (Brunner). In the 21st century over-populated world, there is a very ad- vanced computer Shalmaneser owned by General Tech- mic, a company large enough to be contemplating the subsidization, modernization, and management of a small underdeveloped country Beninia. Beninia is unique since it alone has retained peacefulness and trust and humane behavior. Computer analysis is un- dertaken of the feasibility of the G.T. project and for alternative plans of carrying it out. With re- gard to the possibility of computer analysis of what makes Beninia attractive, one sensitive character in the book says " ... when they get love down to a bunch of factors you can analyze with a computer, there'll be nothing left of whatever makes it worth being human". Shalmaneser eventually rejects the data on Beninia because it is inconsistant with re- ality. Mulligan, a cynical sociologist, gets the computer to process the data by adding the additional assumption that an unknown force is active in that population. Mulligan points out that the scientists who have been working toward consciousness for the supér-computer have been successful because the re- dection of the data was a display of its first human characteristic — "orneriness" or “bloody-minded- mess”. When faced with something different, it chose to reject it instead of broadening its view of the possible. Mulligan sets out to find what makes Beninia different and traces it to a genetic muta- tion which produces a body odour that surpresses in others the territorial-aggression reaction. Mulli- gan's hope is that a world-renowned biologist who is working on modification of human genetic maps can use this to better mankind. His hope is shattered when he learns that this biologist has been murdered for political reasons. The decision is that the ma- chine will work on finding an external synthetic Spray. Mulligan is led away crying for lost human- ity ° ... what in God's name is it worth to be hu- man, if we have to be saved from ourselves by a ma- chine?" The now conscious machine has the last word and the last sentence of the book “Christ, what an imagination I've got". The irony of the book is that Mulligan, who represents and speaks for those characteristics which are human, falls into another ’ part of the prevalent mechanistic trap — aggression is in our genes; the solution to our problems will be via a specific scientific breakthrough. Superstates and Sypersystems A concern for the use of computers in politics and government is seen in numerous stories. Opin- jon polling in a political campaign is involved in The 480 (Burdick), and the writing of campaign lit- erature in The Novel Computer (Escarpit). The pre- diction of elections is carried to an extreme in “Franchise” (Asimov) where only one vote is needed to determine the election, and Counterfeit World (Galouye) describes an entire synthetic’society (an "electromathematical model") made up for purposes of opinion surveying. Of greater concern, however, are the super-states dependent on or replaced by super- computer systems. Many of these stories describe the process by which men gradually gave away self- determination in exchange for material well-being. or in the belief that a larger something was needed te protect them from each other (Anderson, “Sam Hall"; Cole, The Funco File; Dick. Yulean's Hammer; Fairman, I, the Machine; Mason, Matrix; Pohl, Star- child). Often, no one really understands any longer how the system works (Cameron, Cybernia; Cole, The Funco File; Delany, The Fall of the Towers; Dick, Vulcan's Hammer; Fairman, I, the Nachine; Mason, Matrix). Im most cases, the vast destructive power of the system is realized when, for some reason, it _ is no longer serving human énds. One computer over- emphasizes the goal of protecting itself (Dick, Yul- can's Hammer), one gets carried away by its goal of avoiding thermo-nuclear war (Cardin, The God Ma- chine), two become lonely and hence mad (Fairman, I, the Machine; Pohl, Starchild), another becomes psy- chotic because of what it learns from men's minds (Delany, The Fall of the Towers), others are under the control of selfish people (Cameron, Cybernia: Sladek, The Reproductive System). Most of these systems are destroyed by man’s more flexible intel- ligence. However, in one story (Miller, “Dumb Waiter"), the system goes on even after there are no more people, and in another (Dick, “Autofac"), with- out the knowledge of the people. Loss of Control Some ten years ago when discussing views of com- puters in science fiction, I pointed out that few contemporary stories could be viewed simply as man's worries about his machines getting beyond his con- trol. I noted that most of the stories focused on extensions of specific current uses and emphasized man's responsibilities as technology advanced (30, 31). While there are some stories in which comput- ers turn on their makers (Dnieprov, “Siema"), the stories just cited have two significantly different characteristics. The stories do not begin with the construction of a machine motivated by curiosity or scientific naivetée, but instead, they begin with the populace agreeing to control by the machine. We read, for example, that in 1993 after a large world war, all nations agree to "subordinate themselves in a realistic manner ... to a common supranational authority ..." which is a machine so that it won't put “interest over reason, emotion over logic" (Dick, Vulcan's Hammer p. 19); or that another mach- ine is built to control the world because with stone axes men could be free as they could do only limited damage before they were stopped but with advanced technology men could do damage so much more quickly they cannot be free to start (Pohl, Starchild). In A Tale of the Big Computer (Johannesson), a history of life until the “computer age,” we learn that man
13-00000 s > igs a part of the evolution leading up to computers ‘and that the basic cause of his failure was the in- ability to organize a complex society. In the very enjoyable Funco File (Cole), when the question is raised, “Has it become your ruler, your god ..."?, the response is, "Well, no. Not exactly. It's more like where our technology triumphs have finally got us to. I guess you might say our real ruler was al- ways an idea of what's normal or not. Conformity. I guess you'd call it... I suppose the Machine — plus the F.D.1. —- working together — have sort of externalized it once and for all." In the stories where there is a struggle between man and the com- puter, it is not a struggle to retain control] but to get it back once it has knowingly been given away or unwillingly allowed to slip away. Consequences of Bigness The persistent theme In these stories is that of : ss — big states and big computer systems — and its consequences. This bigness iswell described in an article by Weizenbaum. This article is impor- tant because it is one of the few expository state- ments of this serious theme. These often gigantic systems are put to- gether by teams of programmers, often working over a time span of many years. By the time the systems come into use, most of the origi- mal programmers have left or turned their at- tention to other pursuits. It is precisely when gigantic systems begin to be used that their inner workings can no longer be under- Stood by any single person or by a small team of individuals. ... This situation, which is mow upon us, has two consequences: first that decisions are made on the basis of rules and eriteria no one knows explicitly, and second that the system of rules and criteria becomes immune to change. ("On the Impact of the Com- puter on Society,” pp. 612-613). What is the effect of this situation on individuals and on society? Two side effects are discussed by Weizenbaum. First of course, there is the psychological impact on individuals living in a society in which anonymous, hence irresponsible, forces formulate the large questions of the day and circumscribe the range of possible answers. e+» But even worse, since computer-based know- ledge systems become essentially unmodifiable except in that they can grow, and since they induce dependence and cannot, after a certain threshold is crossed, be abandoned, there is @m enormous risk that they will be passed from ome generation to another, always growing. CIbid., p. 613) Computers Are Not Gadgets The reader may argue the degree to which these side effects are already present in our society, but, if he reads sicence-fiction, he cannot ignore them. While the first theme of the differences of man and machines may be the most repeated, this second theme is probably the most important. The science-fiction writers maintain their importance as poets of the “computer revolution” by redirecting our attention from the computer as “gadget” to the computer as an integral part of the modern configuration of govern- ment ~academe-industry-management which shares skills, resources, techniques, personnel, and goals. Just as our image of the scientist has changed from the man Standing lonely vigil over a bubbling retort to prove his scorned hypothesis, the isolated computer with a programmed quirk, asked the wrong question or fed the wrong data, is no longer here. Franken- stein's monster, or the more recent, Karl. Emmy, and Siema, for example, are very limited creations with identifiable creators, circumscribed environments, and restricted effects. We now have instead Shal- maneser, Project 79, Vulcan 3, Allied Nastercomputer, or simply, The Machine. The new computer-hero has remote access, varied input and output devices, pro- cesses large amounts of data supplied by different agencies, works in real-time, makes policy decisions based on quasi-mathematics, commands vast resources, and affects large numbers of people. Bibliography Fiction 1. Anderson, Poul. “Sam Hall”. Astounding Science Fiction, September 1953, as reprinted in (10). 2. Asimov, Isaac. "Franchise". If, Vol. 5, No. 5, August 1955. . 3. . “Someday”. in (23). 4. Boulle, Pierre. “The Perfect Robot". Time Out of Mind, Vanguard Press, 1966 (quote p. 75, Signet edition, 1969). ° 1956, as reprinted 5. Brunner, John. Stand on Zanzibar. Ballahtine Books, 1968, (quotes pp. 101, 645, 649). 6. Burdick, Eugene. The 480. Dell Publishing Co., 1964. 7, Caidin, Martin. The God Machine. E.P. Dutton & Co., 1968. 8. Cameron, Lou. Cybernia. Faweett Publications, Inc., 1972. . 9. Cole, Burt. The Funco File. Doubleday, 1969, (quote p. 187, Avon edition, 1970). 10. Conklin, Groff, ed. Selections from Science- ' Fiction Thinking Machines. Vanguard. 1954. ll. Delany, Samuel R. The Fall of the Towers. Sphere Books, Great Britain, 1971 (originally published as Bk. I— Out of the Dead City; Bk. II — The Towers of Toron; Bk. III — City of a Thousand Suns). 12. Dick, Philip K. “Autofac’. Galaxy Publishing Corp., 1955, as reprinted in (14). 13. . "The Variable Man". Space Pub- lications Inc., 1953, as reprinted in (14). 14. - The Variable Man and Other Stor- ies. Ace Books, 1957. 15. - Vulcan's Hammer. 1960. 16. Dnieprov, Anatoly. “Siema”. More Soviet Sci- ence Fiction, Collier Books. 1962. 17. Ellison, Harlan. “I Have No Mouth and I Must Scream". If, 1967, as reprinted in 1 Have No Mouth and I Must Scream, Pyramid Books, 1967, (quete p. 34). 18. Escarpit, Robert. The Novel Computer. Flamma- rion, 1964, (English translation Martin Secker and Warburg, Ltd., England, 1966). 19. Fairman, Paul W. .1, the Machine.. Lancer Books, 1968. 20. Galouye, Dan. Counterfeit World. lanz, Great Britain, 1964. 21. Heinlein, Robert A. The Moon is a Harsh Mis- tress. Putnam-Berkley Medallion Books, 1966. 22. Johannesson, Olof. A Tale of the Big Computer (English translation). Coward-NecCann, Inc., 1968. ° Knight, Damon, ed. Production, 1968. 24. Mason, Douglas R. Matrix. 1970. 25. Miller, Walter M., Jr. ing Science Fiction. printed in (10). Ace Books, Victor Gol- 23 The Metal Smile. Belmont Ballentine Books, “Dumb Waiter". Astound- April 1952, as re-
13-00000 96. Pohl, Frederick and Jack Williamson. Starchild. Penguin Books, 1970. 97, Sheckley, Robert. "Fool's Mate". 1953, as re- printed in (23). 26. Sladek, John. The Reproductive System. May- flower Paperbacks, England, 1970. 99. Weir, E. C. “What Happened to the Teaching Ma- chine". Teaching Machines: Industry Survey and Buyer's Guide. Center for Programmed In- struction, 1962, as reprinted in Of Men and Machines, A.O. Lewis, Jr., ed., Dutton, 1963. Non-Fiction 30. Ascher, Marcia. “Computers in Science Fiction”. Harvard Business Review, November-December 1963. 3l. . "Fictional Computers and Their Themes’. Computers and Automation. Vol. 11, No. 12, December 1962. Raegfousins, Norman. "The Computer and the Poet" Saturday Review, July 1906, as reprinted in (35), (quote p. 500). 33. Mazglish, Gruce. “The Fourth Discontinuity” . Technology and Culture. January 1967, as re- printed in (35). 34. Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L. Meadows, Jergen, Randers, and William W. Behrens III. The Limits to Growth. Potomac Associates, 1972 (New American Library Signet edition, 1972). - Pylyshyn, Zenon W., ed. Perspectives on the Computer Revolution. Prentice-Hall, 1970. - Simon, Herbert A., and Allen Newell. “Informa- tion-Processing in Computers and Man”. American Scientist. Vol. 52, No. 3,. 1964, ges reprinted in (35). 37. Weizenbaum, Joseph. “On the Impact of the Com- puter on Society”. Science. Vol. 176, May 1972. Oo & & Binger — Continued from page 17 our world trade. These weights must be removed and this need must be attended to by Congress and our- selves. We must endorse, broaden and actively sup- port the steps that adjustment assistance can take to alleviate human distress, cushion the impact of change and spur internal transition to successful competitive enterprise. When we become more familiar with the great in- fluence wielded by exports and the creative capabil- ities of companies that operate in many lands, we will do a lot more to overcome, where they exist, the. penalties we pay for the benefits we enjoy. 1 firmly believe this. If I have reminded you of both the pluses and minuses that world trade produces, ask yourself how much of this your family knows and understands. See how skillful you can be in finding ways to make this vital topic really interesting to your family. your neighbors, your associates and the other thinkers, teachers and decision-makers in your community. This we will do, wherever we have Honeywell people who have built their careers on unraveling knotty problems in research, production, distribu- tion, legislation and public affairs. We mean to do the things which will make the or- dering of a sound world trade policy in the United States the logical and popular response to a broad and informed public petition. We intend to urge businessmen, labor leaders, and government officials to work for a system of world business that will create jobs all over the world —— not in one country to the disadvantage of another, ba CORRECTION Im the article “The Path to Championship Chess by Computer" by Professor Donald Michie published in the January 1973 issue of “Computers and Automa- tion,” the following corrections should be made: Page 7, second column, third paragraph, lines 1 and 2: replace “the Rand Corporation mathema- tician” by “the professional philosopher". 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13-00000 ‘A fabulous gift for Christmas: “RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and Today” by Edmund C. Berkeley, Author and Anthologist Over fifty parables (including anecdotes, allegories, and fables) by Berkeley and many other authors, modern and ancient, dealing with famous problems, modern, classic, or ageless. Many ‘= parables are decorated by a bouquet of proverbs and quotations — for readers who like to choose which variety of lesson appeals to them. A short guide to some patches of common sense and wisdom. An ideal gift. Illustrated. Hard cover. 224 pages. De you remember the story of the fox and the grapes? illustrating a principle of such timeless value that the phrase “sour grapes” has been used and understood by millions of people for 2000 years? Well, why not make a collection of ideas and principles of common sense and wisdom — and why not illustrate them with fables, allegories, and anecdotes of enormous impact? That was the plan of this book. it comes right out of our work on the “Notebook on Common Sense and Wisdom, Elementary and Advanced” — which we have been talking about for two years to . amyone who would listen. Some of the issues of the Notebook roused the interest of the president of Quadrangle Books — and this book is one of the results. You can’t lose by taking a look at this book: @ You might enjoy it. ® You might find much of it humorous and imaginative — as did Aesop's listeners. ® You might find it instructive, philosophical, worth thinking about, and more besides. You can see it, read it, keep it for 7 days, return it, and back comes the full price of the book. ° How can you lose? We want only satisfied customers. is sy The eagle in the great forest flew swiftly, but the Eastwind flew mnras wwiftle otill
13-00000 ¥ "” “RIDE THE EAST WIND: The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes Pa ra bles of Yesterday a nd Today” Once there was a Fox who lived on the lower slopes of . Mt. Etna, the great volcano in Sicily. These slopes are ex- tremely fertile; the grapes that grow there may well be the _ most delicious in the world: and of all the farmers there, Part 1. The Condition of Man grew very high on arbors, and all the arbors were inside a . vineyard with high walls, and tne Fox had a problem. Of Pandora and the Mysterious Box / H. A. Guerber course, the Fox of Mt Etna had utterly no use for his fam- The Garden of Paradise” / Hans Christian Andersen ous encestor, who leaping for grapes that he could not reach, *to which the King’s son was transported by the East Wind called them sour, and went away. The History of the Doasyoulikes / Charles Kingsley The Fox decided that what he needed was Engineering The Lecksrnith and the Stranger / Edmund C. Berkeley (B) Technology. So he went to a retired Engineer who lived on ‘The Elephant and the Donkey / James Reston the slopes of Mt. Etna, because he liked: the balmy climate Where that Superhighway Runs, There Used to be a and the view of the Mediterranean Sea and the excitement of Rr nti eld / Robert Redfield watching his instruments that measured the degree of sieep- ~ ing or waking of Mt. Etna. The Fox put his problem be- The Fire Squirrels / B fore the Engineer. Part 2. On Flattery and Persuasion "The Crow and the Fox / Jean de La Fontaine The Visitor who Got a Lot for Three Dollars / . , . George Ade Missile Alarm from Grunelandt / B The Cuckoo and the Eagle / Ivan A. Kriloff The National Security of Adularia /B The Wind and the Sun / Aesop Doomsday in St. Pierre, Martinique / B The Lion in Love / Aesop Part 7. Problem Salving The Crow and the Mussel / Aesop, B The Wolf and the Dog of Sherwood / Aesop, 8 The Two Raccoons and the Button / B The Three Earthworms / B ; Part 3. On Perseverance and Resourcefulness The Hippopotamus and the Bricks / B The Crow and the Pitcher / Aesop The Cricket that Made Music / Jean de La Fontaine, B Robert Bruce and the Spider / Sir Walter Scott The Fox of Mt. Etna and the Grapes 18 Hannibal Mouse and the Other End of the World / 8 The Mice of Cambridge in Council / Aesop, 8 The Fly, the Spider, and the Hornet / B Brer Badger's Oid Motor Car that Wouldn't Go / B The First Climbing of the Highest Mountain in the Part 4. Behavior — Moral and Otherwise World / Sir John Hunt, B A Smali Wharf of Stones / Benjamin Franklin The Evening Star and the Princess / B The Three Bricklayers / B Notes The Good Samaritan / St. Luke . Much Obliged, Dear Lord / Fulton Oursler Some Collections of Parables and Fables The Fisherman, the Farmer, and the Peddler / B To be published in November 1973 by Quadrangle / Part 5. The Problem of Truth The New York Times Book Co., hard cover, $6.95 On Being a Reasonable Creature / Benjamin Franklin -RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS IF NOT SATISFACTORY The Monkey and the Spectacles / Ivan A. Kriloff (You can read it all in 7 days — and keep it only if The Golden Trumpets of Yap Yap / Mike Quin you think it is worth keeping.) The Barrels and the Pittsburgh Manufacturer / B The Empty Column / William J. Wiswesser The Differences in Two Strains of Corn / Edgar Anderson : Se NE ENS OE NBII EE EI a ew feeeee (may be copied on any piece of paper) -- = 22-2 cecccecere The Six Blind Men of Nepal / 8 , To: Computers and Automation — The Sighting of a Whale / B : 815 Washington St., Dept. CA11, Newtonville, Mass. 02160 ve stars ane me Young Rabbit / B ‘ ( ) Please send me when published (November publication e Ucean o ruth / Sir Isaac Newton o expected) copy(lies) of Aide the East Wind: Part 6. On Common Sense : Parables of Yesterday and Today by Edmund C. The Lark and her Young Ones / Aesop * ; Berkeley, Author and Anthologist. ! enclose $7.25 The Bear and the Young Dog / 8 (Publication price + Postage and Handling) per copy. The Bear and the Young Calf / B : Total enclosed (Prepayment is necessary) The Bear and the Young Beaver / 6 : ; The Wasps and the Honey Pot / Sir Roger |’Estrange : RETURNABLE IN 7 DAYS FOR FULL REFUND The Six-Day War and the Gulf of Dong / B IF NOT SATISFACTORY The Dereived Fanie / jamac Narthenta e Bars mama mened aclclwnmn wee nate ob ood ‘
" EDITORIAL (an updated version of an editorial first printed May 1973) Burying Facts and Rewriting History - Il. One of the efforts of this magazine is to pursue truth. One of the ways in which truth is pursued is not to let statements of the utmost importance be buried and for- ‘Qotten in the pages of daily newspapers, nor unreported and lost because they are no longer well covered in nation- al mews magazines. Among those statements are two of permanent interest im connection with the Watergate Caper (this phrase is es- tablishmentese for “the Watergate Crime”). — The statement by Bernard L. Barker, one of the con- victed operatives, which explains his motivation and background (see November 1972, Computers and Automation). ~ The statement by Alfred Baldwin, 3rd, ex-FBI agent, an employee of the Republican Committee to Re- elect the President, telling what he did and saw while five men burglarized the Watergate offices of the Democratic National Committee on June 17, 1972, about 2:30 a.m. (see December 1972, C&A). In addition, we have published seven installments of re- ports on the Watergate Crime by our contributing editor, Richard E. Sprague (a computer professional of 25 years standing) who as an avocation has studied for many years dirty political operations in the United States, including the assassinations by conspiracies (not “lone assassins’’) of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert Kennedy, and Reverend Martin Luther King. Three years ago in May 1970, when we began to pub- lish this type of article, we could not have spoken confi- dently of “the assassination by conspiracies” of two Kennedys and one King. But the articles we have pub- lished — which are listed and characterized on the follow- ing pages — have together a remarkable impact. Taken together, the information published May 1970 to October 1973 in Computers and Automation effectively destroys a large segment of the beliefs, the rewritten his- tory, that the establishment in the United States has arranged for people in the United States to believe. I do not assert that the establishment is a conscious organism Or Organization; perhaps the best description is this: a loose confederation of overt conspiracies, silent conspir- acies, and biased wealthy persons, with very intelligent orchestration stemming from the Pentagon, the Central Intelligence Agency and the Presidency, and with assists fromm organized crime and the Mafia. We challenge any fairminded person to read this col- may be ordered from us), and after reading them, to still believe that the assassinations are actually the actions of “lone psychopaths,” instead of fitting together into a plan to install a certain kind of autocracy in the United States. This kind of autocracy claims to be democratic, to stand up for “‘national security,” “executive privilege,” “separation of Constitutional powers,” etc. It offers ap- pearances of democracy, but it seizes the realities of money and power. It cuts programs of social benefit; but it allocates $80 billion a year to be paid to the military- industrial-Pentagon complex. In the 1940's there was a name for this kind of autoc- racy. Its name was “fascism,” effectively a dictatorship in the interests of big business. What is now appearing in the U.S. is “fascism” in the form of a dictatorship by the military-industrial complex. Here in a nutshell is an example of the present uneven contest: it takes the form of two sentences in ¢ report by E. Drake Lundell, Jr., in Computerworld for April 22, 1973: ; @ The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department is “outmanned and outgunned” when it comes to prosecuting cases like the current action against IBM, Senate investigators were told last week. @ In addition, witnesses before the Senate Antitrust and Monopoly Subcommittee stated that often the division cannot do its job properly because of polit- ical pressure from the White House. ... These two statements contain a world of implications. Essentially, the Department of the United States Gov- ernment which is charged with enforcing certain U.S. laws against monopoly, can no longer properly function because of (1) the enormous power of just one business, IBM, and (2) political pressure from the White House (this phrase is establishmentese for “President Richard M. Nixon”). & We must dig up facts, remember them, and write history the way it is. We must take action to compel the persons who deceive us and lie to us to leave the government of the United States, such as Spiro Agnew, former Vice President. Barna, SCahl
13-00000 The Watergate Crime Articles Published in Computers and Automation August 1972 to September 1973 Inventory of Titles, Authors, and Summaries August 1972 33 The June 1972 Raid on Democratic Party Head- quarters — Part 1 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y, A report on five men who have numerous con- ‘= nections with the Republican Party, the White House, the Central intelligence Agency, anti-Castro Cubans, and plans for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and who were arrested seeking to bug Democratic National Headquarters at 2:30 am., June 17, 1972, October 1972 18 The Raid on Democratic Party Headquarters (The Watergate incident) — Part 2 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. A report on further developments in the June 1972 raid by James McCord, Bernard Barker, and others, on National Democratic Party Headquarters, and implications affecting a number of Republican leaders and President Richard M. Nixon. November 1972 26 Bernard |. Barker: Portrait of a Water by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation Flow a cloak and dagger operative and right-wing activist, who was caught as a burglar in the Water- gate Hotel offices of the Democratic National Headquarters, looks at himself and his line of work. 29 Walter Sheridan — Democrats’ Investigator? or Re- publicans’ Countermeasure? by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y, Walter Sheridan, recently employed by the Demo- cratic National Committee to investigate the Watergate Incident, may actually be a “‘counter- measure” by the Republicans to defeat the Demo- cratic investigation. December 1972 24 ~=The Raid on Democratic Party Headquarters (The Watergate Incident) ~ Part 3 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. A report on further developments in the June 1972 raid by James McCord, Bernard Barker, and others, on National Democratic and implications affecting a nurnbe leaders and President Richard M.N 26 Martha Mitchell and the Watergate Incident by Martha Mitchell, the magazine Parade, and - Richard E. Sprague How Martha Mitchell (wife of f General .inhn Mitehalll wae mn Party Headquarters, r of Republican ormer Attorney beeemed mond Boot fon 26 36 communicade and a prisoner ~ reported on by Mrs, Mitchell and the editor of Parade magazine. The Watergate Crime: An Eye-Witness Account by Alfred Baldwin, 3rd & round-by-reund account by an ex-F Bl agent, an employee of the Republican Committee to Re- elect the President, of what went on while five men burglarized the Watergate offices, June 17, 2:30 a.m. Baldwin's main assignment was listening to bugged calls to the Democratic National Com- mittee. ° January 1973 President Richard M. Nixon, the Bay of Pigs, and the Watergate incident — Part 4 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. How President Nixon lied in 1960 about the plans for the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and is suppressing in 1972 the investigations of the Watergate Incident. March .1973 The Watergate Crime and the Cover-Up Strategy — Part 5 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. A report on the trial of E. Howard Hunt, James McCord, Bernard Barker, and four other persons for their raid on Democratic National Committee Headquarters in June 1972 using funds of the Re- publican Committee for the Re-Election of the President; and the strategies of cover-up that have been employed. dune 1973 Watergate: What More is There to Hide? — Part 6 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. How investigation into the Watergate Crime is leading to ramifications and implications, and what are some more of the now hidden connec- tions that may be revealed, August 1973 Lessons of Watergate — Part 7 by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. The collection of Watergate Crimes: the anatomy of a “Really Big American Cover-Up": other cases of “Really Big American Cover-Ups"’: and the implications and ramifications. September 1973 37 ~=—s Six Parallels of 25 Years Ago by Alger Hiss How an establishment attacked Alger Hiss —
13-00000 32 32 35 48 48 50 50 51 62 Political Assassinations in the United States Articles Published in Computers and Automation May 1970 to October 1973 inventory of Titles, Authors, and Summaries May 1976 0 The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: The Application of Computers to the Photographic Evidence by Richard E. Sprague A reexamination of some of the evidence relating to the assassination of John F. Kennedy — with emphasis on the possibilities and problems of computerized analysis of the photographic evi- dence. duly 1970 The May Article, “The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: The Application of Computers to the Photographic Evidence’ — Report No. 2: More About Jim Hicks Confirmation of FBI Knowledge 12 Days Before Dallas of a Plot to Kill President Kennedy The Second Conspiracy About the Assassination of President Kennedy August 1970 The Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy: Preface, by Edmund C. Berkeley Two Men With Guns Drawn at Senator Kennedy's Assassination: Statement to the Press, by Theo- dore Charach Map of the Scene of the Assassination of Senator Robert Kennedy The Pantry Where Senator Robert Kennedy was Assassinated Bullet Hole in the Frame of a Door Two Bullet Holes in the Center Divider of the Pantry Door September 1970 Patterns of Political Assassination: How Many Coin- eidences Make a Plot? by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation How the science of probability and statistics can be used as an instrument of decision to determine if a rare event is: (I) within a reasonable range; {2) unusual or strange or suspicious: or (3) the re- sult of correlation or cause or conspiracy. Computer-Assisted Analysis of Evidence Regarding aa. @ $2 45 43 Progress Report by Richard E. Sprague October 1970 The Conspiracy to Assassinate Senator Robert F. Kennedy and the Second Conspiracy to Cover it Up by Richard E, Sprague A summary of what researchers are uncovering in their investigation of what appears to be not one but two conspiracies relating to the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. index to “Special Unit Senator: The investigation of the Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy” An index is supplied for the Random House book written by Robert A. Houghton, of the Los " Angeles Police Department, about the iAvestigation of the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. November 1970 Confidential and Secret Documents of the Warren Commission Deposited in the U.S. Archives by Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor A list of the subjects of over 200 documents of the Warren Commission which were classified con- fidential, secret, and top secret. December 1970 The Assassination of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., The Role of James Earl Ray, and the Question of Conspiracy by Richard E. Spraque James Earl Ray says he was coerced into entering a plea of guilty to killing Martin Luther King . and contrary evidence (plus other evidence) have led to filing of legal petitions for relief. danuary 1971 The Death of Walter Reuther: Accidental or Planned? by Edmund C. Berkeley and Leonard Walden Some significant questions about the plane crash in May 1970 in which Walter Reuther was killed. February 1971 The Report of the National Committee to investigate Assassinations by Bernard Fensterwaid, James Lesar, and Robert
13-00000 K) 35 x ". What the National Committee in Washington, D.C. is doing about computerizing files of evidence, in- itiating lawsuits to obtain information, etc.: and comments on two new books by District Attorney dim Garrison and Robert Blair Kaiser, March 1971 “The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Ap- plication of Computers to the Photographic Evi- dence” — Comment i. Another View, by Benjamin L. Schwartz, Ph.D. & polemical attack on ‘The Assassination of President Kennedy: the Application of Com- puters to the Photographic Evidence” by Richard E. Sprague published May 1970. il. Response, by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor & District Attorney Jim Garrison on the Assassination 4 61 of President Kennedy: A Review of Heritage of Stone by Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor April 1971 The Right of Equal Access to Government taformation by the National Committee to Investigate Assassi- nations, Washington, D.C. Way 1971 The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Spatial Chart of Events in Dealey Plaza by Robert B. Cutler, Architect The chart, first published in May 1970, is revised and brought up to date. June 1971 The Case of Secret Service Agent Abraham W. Bolden by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney, Executive Di- rector, National Committee to Investigate Assassi- nations Bolden wanted to tell the Warren Commission about a Chicago plot to kill President Kennedy, and was jailed six years on a framed-up charge for trying to do so. duly 1971 The Central intelligence Agency and The New York Times by Samuel F. Thurston, Newton, Mass. The issue of systematic suppression of questions about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and a hypothesis. August 1971 37) Jim Garrison, District Attorney, Orleans Patish, vs. the Federal Government by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney, Executive Di- sector, National Committee to Irivestigate Assassi- nations How District Attorney Jim Garrison of New Orleans became interested in the New Orleans phase of the assassination of President Kennedy; and how the Federal government frustrated and blocked his investigation in more than a dozen ways. September 1971 The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Assassi- "nation of President Kennedy by Bernard Fensterwald, Attorney How J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI withheld much pertinent information from the Warren Commis- sion, flooded them with irrelevant information, and altered some important evidence, thus concealing Oswaid’s connections with the FBI. October 1971 The Assassination of President Kennedy — Declassi- fication of Relevant Documents from the National Archives by Richard E. Sprague The titles of the documents and other evidence indicate convincingly that Lee Harvey Oswald was trained in spy work by the CIA before his visit to Russia; etc. Like the Pentagon Papers, these doc- uments should be declassified. November 1971 The Assassination of President Kennedy: The Pattern of Coup d’Etat and Public Deception by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation Five significant, eye-opening events from May 1970 to October 1971, showing patterns of coup d'etat, assassination, and concealment; and some predic- tions. December 1971 The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: A Model for Explanation by Vincent J. Saiandria, Attorney, Philadelphia, Pa. A study of the reasons why a great deal of the Federal government's own evidence in the assassi- nation of President John F. Kennedy declared “conspiracy” — and a hypothesis, supported by considerable evidence, about why the President was assassinated and how the implications of that action were to be signaled to those who could read the signals. 6 The Strategy of Truth-Telling by Edmund C. Berkeley Editorial danuary 1972 57 = Spotlight on McGeorge Bundy and the White House Situation Room by Robert 8. Cutler, Manchester, Mass. An argument that the “lone assassin — no con- spiracy” announcement from the White House Situation Room could have resulted from infor- mation available in Dallas and Washington prior to the announcement — and thus does not actually demonstrate that someone there had a guilty fore- knowledge of the shooting.
13-00000 43 Who Shot President Kennedy? — Or Fact and Fable ys) 40 so February 1972 37 im History by Gareth Jenkins, Weston, Mass. How the physical evidence actually published by the Warren Commission relating to the assassina- tion of President John F. Kennedy shows con- clusively that more than one man was responsible for the shooting — contrary to the Commission's’ own report. 40 March, April, May, June 1972 Dalles: Who, How, Why? (in four parts) by Mikhail Sagatelyan, Moscow, USSR A long report published in Leningrad, USSR, by an ace Soviet reporter about the circumstances of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and their significance from a Soviet point of view. 26 duly 1972 The Shooting of Presidential Candidate George C. Wallace: A Systems-Analysis Discussion by Thomas Stamm, Bronx, N.¥., and Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor An analysis of the shooting of Governor Wallace of Alabama; and a discussion of systematic methods for protecting American leaders from violent at- tacks, The Shooting of Governor George C. Wallace, Can- didate for President by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor Editorial 30 September 1972 The Assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy: Preofs of Conspiracy and of Two Persons Firing by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. A review and summary of the evidence showing conclusively the fact of conspiracy and the pres- ence of two guns firing, at the time of the assassi- nation of Senator Robert F. Kennedy. November 1972 The Central Intelligence Agency: A Short History to Wid-1963 — Part 1 by James Hepburn, author of Farewell America The unverified, but probably largely true, secret history of the Central Intelligence Agency of the U.S. — as a preliminary to its involvement in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. 34 December 1972 The Centrai Intelligence Agency: A Short History to Mid-1963 — Part 2 Le Francais Qui Devait Tuer Kennedy (The French- man Who Was To Kill Kennedy) wutae m™ 6 = 31 Jenuary 1973 The Frenchman Who Was To Kill Kennedy by Philippe Bernert and Camille Gilles, £ ‘Aurore, Paris, France; translated by Ann K. Bradley English translation of the French newspaper re- port on José Luis Romero, which was reprinted in French in the December issue. Why | Distrust the Romero Story by Robert P. Smith, Director of Research, Commit- tee to Investigate Assassinations, Washington, D.C. The Romero report reprinted from 1 “Aurore has many earmarks indicating that it is very difficult to believe. February 1973 Analysis of the Autopsy on President John F. Ken- nedy, and the Impossibility of the Warren Commis- sion’s “Lone Assassin” Conclusion by Cyril H. Wecht, M.D., Institute of Forensic Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa. The coroner of Allegheny County, Pa., reports on his examination of the evidence that still remains (some of it is missing) locked up in the National Archives of the United States, not accessible to ordinary investigators. U.S. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir —- Part 7 by Ramparts, Berkeley, Calif. How the U.S. National Security Agency intercepts, - decodes, and understands almost all secret and top secret electronic communications and signals of all nations all over the world. Niareh 1973 U. $. Electronic Espionage: A Memoir — Part 2 by Ramparts, Berkeley, Calif. How the National Security Agency intercepted and decoded enemy messages in order to direct bomb- ing strikes in Viet Nam, and often failed: and how the hideousness of what the American military forces were doing in Southeast Asia finally led this interviewee to resigning and terminating. April, May 1973 The New Orleans Portion of the Conspiracy to As- sassinate President John F. Kennedy — Four Articles: (1) by Edmund C. Berkeléy, in the April issue: (2) by Jim Garrison, in the April issue; (3) by F. Irving Dymond, in the May issue; (4) by Jim Garrison, in the May issue On November 20, 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States refused to permit Jim Garrison, Dis- trict Attorney, New Orleans, to prosecute Clay Shaw for perjury. On November 21, Jim Garrison - issued a statement commenting.on this refusal, which is Article 4 of this set; Article 1 is an intro- duction; Articles 2 and 3 are opening statements -
13-00000 : F. leving Dymond, attorney for the defendant, in the February 1969 trial of Clay Shaw in New Orleans; Clay Shaw was charged by the grand jury with “having conspired with David W. Ferrie and Lee Harvey Oswald to murder President John F. Kennedy” — in regard to which the trial jury found Clay Shaw “not guilty”. May 1973 6 Burying Facts and Rewriting History by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation Taken together, the information published May 1870 to May 1973 in Computers and Automation effectively destroys a large segment of the beliefs, the rewritten history, that the establishment in the United States has arranged for the people in the United States to believe. dune, duly 1973 36 The American News Media and the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy: Accessories After the Fact (in two parts) by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. An examination of what happened in many im- portant American news organizations, to cover up and hide the facts about how President John F. Kennedy was actually assassinated in Dallas. September 1973 6 Establishments and Truth by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation The nature of an establishment as a system 38 A Parallel of 1963 by Marguerite C. Oswald, Ft. Worth, Texas The ignoring of evidence of conspiracy regarding Lee Harvey Oswald — a parallel to the Watergate cover-up. October 1973 21s The Framing of Lee Harvey Oswald by Richard E. Sprague, Hartsdale, N.Y. When Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, Nov. 22, 1963, for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, he said to his captors in the Dallas jail cell, “I'm a patsy’. A review of the evidence {including 18 photographs) proves that Oswald was a patsy, and that he was “framed” for the murder of President Kennedy — although “estab- lishmentese” American history denies it. a GBEEEEESeS EASES betoesetee peta ett aE Hertlein — Continued from page 19 human failing. Even the most broad-minded practi- tioner is bound by his or her capacities and philos- ophy, and it requires a deliberate and concerted ef- fort to remain open-minded, and to appreciate varied approaches that are not in accord with one’s own temporary aesthetic parameters. One discerns com- puter artists who prefer natural or man-made pat- terns and sounds, vs. those who desire only mathe- matics, electronic and computer sounds, sans the human touch. There are those who exploit two or three-dimensional static images, vs. the creators who prefer moving permutations in flux, declaiming that the computer is a perceptual medium, and there- fore should not be imprisoned in static form, i.e., cybernetic art is “pure idea,” ad infinitum. Ironi- cally, even the newest of the arts appears destined to hardening within specific schools of thought, with separatist camps warring in "vs." expression and debate. Summary It is obvious that the concept of manipulation and processing via the computer is merely the first stage of cybernetic creation. Even now, far beyond the statements of the artistic problem and aesthetic, personal variation, is a vast, open territory that is being explored by questioning. hardy intellec- tual pioneers, as they seek to perceive the inner anatomy of art and philosophy: What is style? What constitutes the aesthetic? How may this be accomplished? What is art? Music? Sculpture? Dance? Poetry? What is science? Mathematics? Is art purely the man-made: The sound of ' the human voice, or playing music upon man-made instruments? The painting and sculpting of man with hand-held tools? Is art a part of life, embracing: The ordin- ary, the animal and natural sounds? The patterns carved by the winds, sands, and the water? Is art perceptual, a mere fleeting moment or experience in time, or is it permanent, en- - during? What is the optimum role of man in a cyber- netic society? What is the role of art in a technology-ori- ented world? What is the symbiosis of man-and-the-machine? What is thinking? What is creativity? Is man the measure of all things? When man uses the computer as an aid in creation, or when he attempts to create heuristic art, his mind finds new questions to explore and to answer. It appears highly possible that a renewed perception of life and the arts awaits present and future gen- erations of man, and that this’ may be partially ac- complished by eliminating the boundaries of compart~- mentalized disciplines, and by walking freely be- tween art and science, by combining interdisciplin- ary practices and materials, to hopefully bring forth the ideal of an open, growing, and dimensional perception of art/life for the human raée. errr ener ence EPEAT? Editor's Note: This paper is published in accord- ance with a new editorial policy of allowing writers freer expression, with no editing by the editors, in the hope that greater variety of expression and ideas will result for the benefit of readers.
13-00000 + * Classified Advertisement « a THE COLLEGE OF PETROLEUM & MINERALS Dhahran, Saudi Arabia This major technical university, serving the petro- leum and minerals industry, is seeking candidates for instructional faculty in a new College of Indus- trial Management, Department of DATA PROCESSING and INFORMATION SCIENCES. , ts jgoaran will closely follow ACM curriculum committee eommendations on Computer Education for Management. Sophisticated configuration IBM 370/155 available. All instruction in English. Appointments will be at appropriate Academic Ranks for which candidates qualify, and be effective 1 September 1974. Personal interviews will be arranged after submission of doc- umentation. PROFESSOR (all Ranks) Ph.D. in Information Science, Engineering or related fields: 3 to 5 years teaching experi- ence; extensive experience with commercial sys- tems and management information systems; broad knowledge of data processing/information system education; detailed knowledge of languages. methods, hardware and software evaluation used in commercial data processing application. LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR PROGRAMMING and COMPUTER SYSTEMS (all Ranks) M.B.A. or M.Sc. in Business Administration or Similar academic qualifications; two to three years experience in government, business or in- dustry in area of computer systems, programming, and systems analysis: previous teaching experi- - ence highly desirable but not essential: spe- cific instructional capability: Programming (COBOL); Information Structures; Storage and Management; Sorting and Searching: Hardware/ Software Configuration and Evaluation; File Systems; Data Management Systems; Communication System Organization; Data Base Development. LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS (all Ranks) M.B.A. or M.Sc. in Business Administration or Management; two to three years experience in Business Systems and Management Information with work in both systems analysis and design: pre- vious teaching experience highly desirable but mot essential. Specific instructional capabili- ties: Systems Organization or Management: Basic Analysis tools: Systems Implementation; Manage- ‘ment Systems; Systems Life Cycle; Long-Range Planning; Systems Development; Scheduling and Allocation; Queuing Models; Inventory Models; Simulation Models. Please send detailed professional resume and address all inquiries to: . Gollege of Petroleum & Minerals e/o Saudi Arabian Educational Mission 860 Third Avenue — 17th Floor New York, N.Y. 10022 CORRECTION In the July 1973 issue of Computers and Automation, @ single article entitled "Communication — Three- Way: Chimpanzee, Man, Computer" was published. Part l was authored by Larry B. Dendy of the Public Rela- tions Office of the University of Georgia and Part 2 was authored by Ernst von Glasersfeld et al of the University of Georgia and the Yerkes Regional Prim- ate Research Center of Emory University. In compliance with the authors’ wishes, the two parts of that article have been reprinted as two separate articles. The first article is authored solely by Larry B. Dendy and is titled, “Communica- tion —- Three Way: Chimpanzee, Man, Computer.” The second article is authored by Ernst von Glasersfeld and his colleagues from the Yerkes Primate Research Center and Georgia State University and is titled, “A Computer Mediates Communication with a Chimpanzee.” Also, and in compliance with the authors’ wishes, all figures and tables of the article as published in the July 1973 issue have been included in the second of these articles. In the 1973 annual index Computers and Automation will enter the two articles in this manner, which serves to separate a regular article from a formal scientific and technical report. DID YOU ENJOY THIS ISSUE OF - COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION Would you like to send it at no cost to some friends of yours, with a message? We'll join you half-way — you send us his name and address (with zip) and the message, and we will send the issue and your message to him TOGETHER WITH a gentie ‘‘soft-sell” invitation to subscribe to Computers and’ Automation. ‘We have set aside a hundred copies of this issue for this pur- pose. So long as they last, we can carry out your request. dust fill in the following and send it to us: eer sccreacccceses {may be copied on any piece of paper) +--+ esse ee oe eeoe To: Computers and Automation and People 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 ( } PE request that you send a copy of the -_mmanee i55Ue OF Computers and Automation and People to 1. Name My message Address 2. Name Wily message Address 3. Name My message Address & My name and address (and zip) are attached. | am s subscriber to Computers and Automation and People.
13-00000 : Scientists may be free to choose their work, but they ie re nen ain nati cate pean Virtue, in Spite of Erroneous Conceptions dP Frankel Dean of the Faculty Harvey Mudd College Claremont, Calif. 91771 “We think of knowledge as knowing how-to-do-it, wisdom as knawing whether-to-do-it, and virtue {if the answer is yes) as doing-it:” In this article, I mean virtue in a much narrower sense than the theologians, and I mean erroneous con- ceptions im a much broader sense than planners of parenthood, Let me first speak of virtue. We think of knowledge as knowing how-to-do-it, wisdom as knowing whether-to-do-it, and virtue as doing it. In this sense, at least in the universi- ties, we think of scientists as knowing, the human- ists as wise, and the engineers and other techni~ cians (doctors, nurses, social workers and the like) as’ virtuous, that is, the do~ers, The World is Full of Problems Now the world is full of problems where we need to know how to do it, whether to do it, and (if the an- swer is yes) to do it. Each of us can make his own list of pressing social problems: pollution, arms limitation, or population growth, Fortunately we are reasonably well supplied with scientists, humanists, and technicians, To understand why we still have these urgent problems, let us turn to erroneous con- ceptions, The erroneous conceptions I wish to deal with here are: That it is within the power of scientists and engineers to choose to work only on projects "in the public interest,” and . That the market place is where one discovers the public interest. Choice of Projects to Work on Critics seem to assume that scientists and engi- Beers are free to choose their projects, and complain that they fail to consider the real public interest. Based on remarks delivered on Joseph C. Wilson Day, November 10, 1872, at the University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. have no more to say about how their discoveries are used than Christopher Columbus did. As for the engineers, they have more to say about the uses of science, since they are the ones who choose which of science's ideas will be applied, but they in turn have almost no way, at present, "of iden- tifying the public interest, and even less in determ- ining which products or processes should be produced to serve it. A Moratorium on Science? We will return to this. matter of choice, but first let's eliminate from the list of reasonable alterna- tives facing society, the silly and dangerous notion of a moratorium on science. The key notion in the moratorium idea is that if you can't control it, you shouldn't do it. There- fore, we are urged, don't do any more science until (presumably) the humanists devise suitable controls. The trouble with this kind of conceptual contracep- tion is two-fold. In the first place, as Paul Salt- man has pointed out eloquently, you can't forbid knowing any more than you can forbid writing poetry. Science can be slowed down, of course, by driving it underground, but even if we slowed it way down, there is no evidence that we have either knowledge or wis- dom enough to control its application, unless we change some of our habits. 4 ignorance and Fear Lead to irrationality Gne habit that needs correction has to do with the thinking and feeling processes of the humanists — the philosophers, if you will -— who presumably are to show us how to behave, Too often théy are igno- rant or fearful of science and engineering. What one is ignorant or fearful of, he cannot deal with in a rational way. There is mo possibility that we can learn to control what we de by some non-rational process, such as satori, using mystically-fashioned playing cards, etc, Control ever what we do will
13-00000 have to be done rationally. I also believe that it will have to be done by humanists, and that before they can do it, we have somehow to lower, or at least make more permeable, the barrier that separates the Two Cultures. We will come back to this point later. Before that, let us return to the notion that engi- meers choose what they will work on. The Choices of Engineers Most engineers do not make cosmic choices. They do not decide that this product will be built and that one won't be. Practically all engineers, I sus~ pect, work for other engineers, who work for others, who work in companies where the products are deter- mined not by science or philosophy, but by market analysis. Now market analysis has come a long way since the days of the Edsel,’ and it often guesses sg@eourately, although not always so, what the public 4 interested in buying, But what the public buys is mot necessarily what it needs. The Market-Place Guessing Game We buy those things that are offered for sale that are better (in some vague way) than the alter- matives available to us. Except for advertising or ether ways of influencing public opinion, the basic mechanism of the market-place is a guessing game. Try this product, see if it sells. If it does, fig- ure out what it was about it that sold, and push a little harder. If this one does not sell, retrench a little, or gamble on another change — and so on. Advertising and public opinion do play important roles — how else explain so many different lebels on the same bar of soap, the same automobile? — but the decision as to how the engineers' skills will be used has, in the past, been largely deter- mined by the instantaneous outcome of the market game. Major Civil Problems Now please do not misunderstand me. The market~ piace mechanisms are important for determining soap or automobile styles. I believe that criteria of visk-and-return of investment are elements of our decision-making processes that we could discard only at great peril to our society. What I am saying is that the major civil problems: pollution, poverty, and population density, for examples, are not likely _to be defined by market analysis. These problems, for which acceptable solutions are needed, share these characteristics: First, they cross product classification lines, and involve more than one sector of the economy. They are not just problems of the auto industry, or the mining companies, or manufacturing-but-not- service-industries -~- they involve al] of these. All the skills that all these sectors employ may have to be applied to these problems. The cement plants in the country and the transport companies in the city have pollution problems that differ only in detail. To expect them to do the necessary research and development. separately, each with his eye on his own segment of the market, is to postpone until much too late, if not forever, salving even the smaller parts of our problems, The problems, so to Speak, are too big. These Problems are Hardiy Separable In the same way, the major civil problems are not readily separable. One can reduce the amount of air pollution caused by internal combustion engines by using electric autos, for example. If so, we may replace polluted air in the cities with polluted streams out in the country where the new massive power plants are. Or we can replace with solar energy the fissionable materials or fossil fuels we now use for power; however, at least in the near future, we would then have either much less energy or much more costly energy, and fewer jobs and more poverty. (Some among us tend to paint even blacker pictures, They point out that our society gave up slavery only when our technology developed to the point where machines were cheaper than slaves. Is it possible that we could deliberately reverse this process and end up with clean air, but with slaves?) This characteristic of tight linkage, or insep- arabillity of the big problems, also suggests that we cannot rely upon the ordinary market-place mech- anisms to determine how we employ our technology to solve our problems. Very Difficult Problems The third characteristic of our problems ,that forces us to reconsider the mechanisms of choice, is that our problems are so very difficult. The technical solutions do not exist outside of social considerations. The social costs outweigh such us- wal factor costs as materials, labor, and capital, Our cities present much tougher problems than put- ting man on the moon, As someone smarter than but unknown to me, has said, "We couldn't have put a man on the moon if the moon had been inhabited". World-wide and Nation-wide Problems All these characteristics, and others that I’ve left out, such as geographical diversity — some problems are not local, nor even regional or nation- al, but world-wide —- suggest that the organizations needed for these new problem-solving teams differ considerably from those of even our biggest, most diversified companies, or else that we need some super-industrial team of coordinators, who are to be responsive not to the elements of the market~place, but rather to the public interest, Whether that public is regional, or national or world-wide, some- one who has thought this problem further through Must tell, My own thoughts, tempered by a certain sourly pragmatic view of the interactions of vari- ous national governments, suggests that the approach most likely to succeed in the near future is the na- tional one. The National Science Policy and Priorities Act The essentials of a first step in a national plan are contained in the National Science Policy and Priorities Act, which, among other things, sets up procedures for contracting out to universities, com- panies and other organizations, the research and de- velopment necessary for solution of the major civil problems, including the design of civil science sys- tems, Whether an agency like NASA should be set up, @s the Act says, or whether an existing agency should supervise new programs, is a matter of de- bate. The importance to our discussion is that some federal funding agency, not the various product market-places, should establish the priorities and fund the solutions to our civil problems, As you see, this bill or Act or plan makes a first approach to nationalizing the solution to na- tianal nerahiame Ae tha wmmn econ 20 wet iimne Board
13-00000 FT collections of scientific, humanistic and engineer- ing talent, that either already exist in the aero- space companies, universities and think tanks, or can be collected there. In essence, this bill solves one aspect of the problem, It replaces small or local or single-commodity market-places with a aational market-place based on national needs, I suspect that the new agency will find that big aero- space companies usually do not have the necessary mix of talents, although they probably do have the necessary organization. The universities, on the ether hand, probably do have the necessary mix of talents, but probably do not have the proper organ- ization. It seems, however, to be a logical first ‘step, and the sooner the bill becomes law, the sooner we can begin to solve our problems. international institute of Applied Systems Analysis An example of the international approach is the recently established International Institute of Ap- pl®@i-Systems Analysis in Vienna as a joint venture of ovr National Academy of Sciences and the Soviet Academy, among others. Since they will operate on about three-and-a-half million dollars a year (the Civil Science part of the National Science Policy and Priorities Act allots an average of 270 million per year for three years) it is unreasonable to ex~ pect anything more than papers for publication to come out of Vienna. The international effort will result in more knowledge and wisdom; on the pro- posed mational budget we could become virtuous as well, in Order to be Virtuous One Must be Wise and Knowing One final caution. I hope you have not heard me suggest that only scientists and engineers are capable of leading us out of the thicket of diffi- culties we are in. I am not advocating technocracy, that totalitarian philosophy which says that only engineers can lead us. I do not believe that tor one moment, nor does anyone who knows enough engi- meers and scientists. There is no reason to believe that they, as a class, are any more capable of leading our people than, say, the lawyers. I would rather that you heard me say that no longer is it virtue merely to do it, but rather that in order to be virtuous one must also be wise and also knowing. Our Leaders Must Be Part Scientist, Part Humanist, and Part Engineer We will need new kinds of agencies and organiza- tions to define "the public interest" and to find ways of organizing the talents that may solve some of our problems, But organizations — universities and corporations and public agencies — are built by people, led by other people. So our leaders must be part scientist, part humanist, and part engineer, and they must use what they have, not in response to some particular market-place, but in the true public interest, Not nearly enough people will be born | with these characteristics. They will have to be educated. If this sounds like a very tall order to put to an education system — it is. . But we should be encouraged to redesign our edu- cation systems to help produce such people, not only because we have to (God knows we do) if mankind is {00 survive — but also because we know it is pos- “sible, NUMBLES Neil Macdonald Assistant Editor Computers and Automation A “numble” is an arithmetical problem in which: digits have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two messages, one which can be read right away and a second one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the digits. Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in. numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key) into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic methods of deciphering. We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with human programs or computer programs which will prqduce the solutions. NUMBLE 7311 1IFYOU x GIVE YLUYIT YoTRUO EUEUUE TYCUOR =CTUILOUOVT GV = CU 327897972 Solution to Numble 7310 In Numble 7310 in the October issue, the digits O through 9 are represented by letters as follows: O=0 W=5 t=4 P= E=2 T=7 $=3 R=8 H=4 A=9 f The message is: Eat what is ripe. Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting their solutions — te Numble 7310: Edward A. Bruno, N. Bergen, NJ. — to Numble 739: Edward A. Bruno, N. Ber- gen, N.J.; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind. — to Numble 738: Nihan Lloyd-Thurston, S. Nutfield, Surrey, England.
13-00000 Nixon and the Mafia — Conclusion Jett Gerth Contributing Editor SunDance Magazine 9913 Fillmore St. San Francisco, Calif. $4715 fe “Organized crime will put a man in the White House someday, and he won't Part 1 of “Nixon and the Mafia" was published in the September issue of “Computers and Automation" ; Part 2, in the October issue. Part 3 begins here with further information about the relation of | President-to-be Richard M. Nixon with shady trans- actions in the Bahamas. Shakeup in the Bahamas By the middle Sixties there was a storm brewing. Internal friction had forced out a few people like Lou Chesler, while a wave of public investigations were blaring the role of underworld figures like Meyer Lansky. The 1967 Royal Commission of Inquiry also dredged up another familiar name — Richard Nixon. Testimony before the Royal Commission by Max - Courteney, a Lansky lieutenant, detailed a long bookmaking career and brought out the names of a. large clientele, including the then ex-Vice Presi- dent Richard Nixon. Mary Carter Paint The Royal Commission also bared a deal which im- plicated Richard Nixon far more deeply than passing mention by an underground bookie. In 1967 Lyndon Pindling became the first black premier ever to serve the almost one hundred percent black citizenry of the island. Pindling was hardly @ revolutionary, however, for among the people in- strumental in putting him in office was a gambler close to Lansky named Mike McLaney. The Royal Com- mission branded McLaney a “thoroughly dangerous per- son” and accused him of maneuvering Pindling into at lesst one deal involving a questionable gambling concession. Pert of the post-election controversy was a com— Ppeny based in Tampa which bore the innocuous name of “Mary Carter Paint Company". . In 1965 Lansky's front-man (and former Key Bis- cayne landowner) Wallace Groves, filed a joint ap- plication with the Mary Carter Company to open a Reprinted with permission from SunDance Magazine, Novernber-December, 1972, Volume 1, Number 3, published by and copyright by Running Dog, inc., 1913 Fillmore St., San Francisco, Calif, 84115 aven know it until they hand him the bill.” ~ Ralph Salerno casino on Paradise Island in the Bahamas. The ubigq- uitous Sir Stafford Sands handled the legalities. Knowledgeable observers looked for the mystery man, and a Justice Department memo, dated January 18, 1966, predicted that “the atmosphere seems ripe for a Lansky skim". After Pindling's election, Groves was forced out and the Mary Carter Paint Company had itself two new casinos. At the 1967 opening of one of them — the Nassau Bay Club — the honored guest was Richard Nixon. The following year — 1968 — the othev. Mary Car- ter Club, the Paradise Island Casino, opened for business. The owners felt close enough to Nixon to offer him use of their facilities during the 1968 Republican Convention. Nixon felt more comfortable at Key Biscayne, but some of his staff took up the offer. ; Mary Carter Becomes Resorts international In 1969 Mary Carter — now called Resorts Inter- wational — reluctantly "released" one Dino Cellini, Glaiming that while he “had a relatively unsavory background, he had no criminal record, no criminal associates". Cellini hopped across the water to Miami, where, according to Dade County Sheriff In- telligence Reports, he continued to work in conjunc- tion with Paradise Island Casino. The reports al- lege that Cellini was an almost daily visitor to Re- sorts International's Miami office, where he checked eredits and worked with a company booking junkets to the Paradise Island Casino. There are those who maintain that Cellini'’s con- nections with Resorts International symbolize the influence of Lansky. In a 1971 editorial, the Las Vegas Sun concluded an eleven part series on organ- ized crime — some of which centered on Resorts In- ternational = by charging that "however cloaked and cleverly concealed by the guardians, gambling in the Bahamas is controlled by Meyer Lansky and it has been established in police intelligence reports that the fee is fifteen percent of the gross income”. The now defunct Toronto. Telegram reported in 1970 that “observers believe that the resourceful Lansky is still managing to get his cut from the Bahamas”. Resorts International, through its ninety-one percent owned subsidiary, Intertel, has denied all allegations of involvement with organized crime. It 2
13-00000 was Inmtertel that ITT hired in 1972 to snoop on col- “ymnist Jack Anderson. The latest and possibly most damaging charge in the Resorts International battle came in June 1972 in an IRS inspired indictment of Meyer Lansky and -DPino Cellini. The indictment reads in part: On or about May 17, 1968, unindicted co-conspira- tor Vincent Teresa met with defendants Meyer Lan- sky and Dino Cellini in Miami and had a discus- sion wherein defendants Lansky and Cellini gave Teresa permission to conduct gambling junkets to the Paradise Island Casino. Thus government agents allege that in 1968 Lan- sky maintained at least some control in running jun- kets to Resorts International's Paradise Island Cas- ino. The junket racket is an integral part of the easino operation, and as recently as 197] Lansky's eghert Eddie Cellini was reportedly still arranging junkets for the Paradise Island Casino. Enter Nixon and Rebozo It was in 1967 -— with Lansky still okaying jun~ kets and Cellini still running the Paradise Island Casino — that Richard Nixon and Bebe Rebozo became friends with the head of Resorts International. It should be no surprise that James Golden, the recently (1969) hired “deputy director of security” for Resorts International is a good friend of Nix- on‘s. As a Secret Service guard for Nixon when he was Vice President, Golden made a good enough im- pression to be appointed staff security chief for Nixon in 1968. Golden was also security director of Nixon's convention headquarters in Miami that year, and was security director for his subsequent inauguration. Later that year he moved to Resorts International. Golden is just one of along string of interesting Nixon security appointees, among them Watergate indictees James McCord, Gordon Liddy, and Howerd Hunt. There are rumors, some of which have been aired im the press, that Richard Nixon owns stock in Re- sorts International. Former Republican Presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey does own stock in the com- pany, and, according to organized crime investigator Hank Messick among others, there are reports of Lan- sky buying stock as well. Nobody has proved any- thing one way or another about the stock connec- tions, but that Nixon is connected to Resorts Inter- mational, at least through Golden, is indisputable. Perhaps more disquieting than rumors of Nixon stock ownership in an underworld holding company for Bahamian casinos are the reports of his meddling in Bahamian affairs. In 1969 a proposed tax increase on gambling profits to provide money for Bahamian schools was slashed in half by the Minister of Fi- mance. The Minister refused to explain the cut, and told opposition members to “use your imagina- tion” for an explanation. The edvice was taken literally by some Bahamian papers who speculated that pressure came from “out- side sources connected with casinos", One Bahamian paper asked openly if “a telephone call from the White House was not responsible?” Whereas our investigation into Cuban politics brought evidence to light possible violations of the Neutrality Act, we now have the possibility of an American President who has spent @ significant amount of his vacation time in the Bahamas also med- dling in the affairs of that country. Richard Nixon, a man with both visible and invis- ible links to the underworld and politics of pre- Castro Cuba, turns up in the Bahamas with very simi- lar links, bringing some big names along with him. Enter William Rogers Two men with histories both in Bahamian politics and in the finances of organized crime have made frequent use of the legal services of a firm whose most prominent partner is Richard Nixon's old friend William P. Rogers, one-time Secretary of State. The two men are Mike McLaney, charged by the Royal Commission in 1967, and a business cohort of his named William Colusardo. NcLaney and Colusardo were investigated in 1967 by the Securities and Ex- change Commission in connection with a blueberry plantation that McLaney sold to a company controlled by Colusardo. The subsequent corporate jugglings implicated (among others) newly elected Bahamian Premier Lyndon Pindling. Among Colusardo's “favors” for Pindling were the use of his airplane during the election campaign, and a $127,000 contribution in the form of an “interest payment". The law firm that defended McLaney and Colusardo against the SEC was that of William P. Rogers. ‘Rogers had been a close friend and political associate of Nixon's for twenty-five years. He accompanied Nixon on many of his Bahamian jaunts and also made frequent stops with him at the Key Biscayne Inn and Villas. In ad- dition to being an "R & R" sidekick, Rogers was the man Nixon turned te for counsel amidst his personal crises in the Checkers affair and Eisenhower's seri- ous heart attack. Rogers served the Eisenhower/Nixon team for eight years in the Department of Justice, first as Deputy Attorney General, and then, by 1957, as Attorney General. The Justice Department's record against organized crime in the years following the Kefauver Commission was lackluster, to say the least. It was Rogers who personally rejected the recommendations of the specially constituted Wessell Committee on organized crime set up in the wake of the infamous Appalachian raid in upstate New York that revealed a Mafia summit conference. The Committee's propos= als for a concentrated and coordinated war on or- ganized crime were only implemented some years later by Attorney General Robert Kennedy. A footnote in the Justice Department files was a report by IRS Special Agent Josph Delfine, dated Oc- tober 19, 1953. The IRS recommended to the Justice Department that “criminal proceedings be instituted against Meyer Lansky in the Southern Judicial Dis- trict of New York for the willful attempt to defeat and evade a large portion of his income taxes for the years 1945 and 1947 under section 145b of the Internal Revenue Code". The Justice Department — with William Rogers second in command at the time —— respectfully declined to prosecute. ; Lums Hot Dogs Upon leaving his post as Attorney General in 1960, Rogers became a member of the New York firm of Royal, Koegel and Wells. In 1969, with its leading partner about to become Secretary of State, Royal, etc, moved with its clients wholeheartedly into the world of gambling casinos and organized crime. A year later Royal took on the account of the Miami-based hot dog chain, Lums Inc. What did a hot dog chain have to offer a prestigious New York law firm? The answer may lie in where the firm took its client.
13-00000 a In 1969 Lums purchased the Ceasar's Palace Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas for $60,000,000. A month lester the Nevada state gambling authorities were locking into the hotels’ “catering to twelve under- world figures from Kansas City”. A few months after the purchese the SEC filed suit charging Lums and Ceasar‘s Palace with “false and misleading” statements. The SEC wondered how Ceasar’s managed to lose $1,000,000 in five months when the previous year (before Lums bought in) there was a $2,200,000 profit for a comparable time period. The SEC also questioned Lums concerning the $3,500,000 Lums paid one Jerome Zarowitz, aconvicted professional sports fixer who wasn't even listed as _an owner of the casino. Top officials in both Cea- sar's and Lums have been under investigation by IRS intelligence in Miami and by Nevada gaming authori- w@es in cases involving organized crime ever since Regers' firm took on the Lums account. There is also the question of the 1971 Lums ac- quisition of a North Miami housing resort develop- ment called Sky Lakes. Both Sky Lakes and Ceasar's Palace have received large sums of money from the Teamsters — $12,000,000 for the Miami project and more than $16,000,000 for Ceasar's Palace. With things going slowly, Lums announced plans for a new $22,000,000 casino next door to Ceasar's Palace. In December of 1971 the company decided thet the whole restaurant idea was no longer worth the trouble. In a classic climax to a classic Amer- ican success they changed their name to Ceasar's World Inc. and sold their hot dog stands. Meanwhile the Secretary of State's old law firm reaped @ bundle with their new-found involvement in the Las Vegas underworld. With such stunning suc- cesses at home, one wonders what a firm with a link to the Secretary of State could do abroad, in places like the Bahamas or Vietnam, for example. Nor do the underworld implications of big names surrounding Nixon end with the Secretary of State. Murray Chotiner, a long-time Nixon aide and archi- tect of his early smear campaigns, has past links to the underworld. In 1962 Drew Pearson and Jack An- derson wrote that “Chotiner ... besides representing the top gangster of Philadelphia, Marco Reginelli, Fepresented a long and amazing list of hoods, con- cession peddlers, income tax violators and others needing influence in high places ..." It was Chot- iner who brought Frank Vitale, “once involved in the biggest bootlegging conspiracy on the West Coast," ontoNixon's special plane to Moscow in 1959, Nixon's recent appointment of Walter Annenberg as Ambassador to England also echoes the themes of un- derworld involvement. Annenberg and his father were indicted in 1939 for “aiding and abetting” in cone nection with their wire service operation inChicago, an operation run with the protection of Al Capone, for which the Annenbergs paid $1,000,000. The An- nenberg family wag also a major contributor to Nix- on’s 1968 election campaign. Further back in the Nixon saga, and closer to his southern California birthplace, lies San Diego fin- ancier, C. Arnholdt Smith and his bookmaker partner John Alessio. In 1946 Alessio and Smith introduced Nixon to another bookmaker named Lew Lipinsky. Lip- insky, who was convicted for bookmaking in 1938, served for three decades as a go-between for the Smith/Alessio interests to their syndicate connec- tions. Some of the dealings of the Smith/Alessio combine were brought to national prominence by a recent LIFE magazine article which accused Attorney General Richard Kleindienst of “tampering with justice” in a case involving Alessio. According to the Wall Street Journal, Smith raised $1,000,000 for Nixon's 1968 campaign. He and his wife took the first position on the receiving line behind the President at the White House inauguration. More of the Same in California Nixon's other favorite resting place besides Key Biscayne is the area near his birthplace in southern California. Here the underworld pattern of his Florida involvements repeats itself -- in a strik- ingly similar pattern. One story there involves Nixon's multi-million- aire backer, C. Arnholdt Smith, and the Del Charro Hotel in La Jolla, just north of San Diego. The Del Charro was a favorite stopover for Nixon in the Fifties. Owned by the Murchison brothers, who also owned the nearby Del Mar race track, the hotel played host to numerous Detroit and Las Vegas gangsters. Alan Witwer, a former. manager of the hotel, has alleged in statements to this repofter and “others that the hotel served as a secret meeting place for politicians and assorted business inter- ests, some of them from the underworld. Witwer spe- cifically cited @ 1954 meeting attended by Nixon and chaired by a leading member of ITT. He also claimed that there was a bookmaking operation at the hotel, but has offered no documented proof. Mrs. C. Arnholdt Smith is a permanent resident of the Del Charro, and the hotel's visitors have in- cluded John Connally, Barry Goldwater, and J. Edgar Hoover. Hoover's $15,000-a~-year bills were picked up by the stockholders of the Murchison interests. The fact that certain of Hoover's good friends rubbed elbows, rather warmly, with Meyer Lansky, and the fact that the nation's leading crime fighting agency — the FBI -- has come up almost blank in its fight against organized crime may not prove anything about Hoover. On the other hand, these facts don't make it any easier to dismiss questions which might arise about the influence of organized crime at the highest levels of government. North of the Del Charro and thirty miles south of the San Clemente White House, lies the mammoth La Costa land resort development. The development is tied to both Smith (his daughter is a director) and to the Teamsters. LaCosta was originally developed by Cleveland Syndicate reliables Allard Roen and Moe Dalitz. The development was reorganized in 1968 to bring Team- ster control more in line with their investments, which already exceeded $18,000,000. Like Sky Lakes. its Florida counterpart, La Costa attracts a whole range of figures from organized crime. La Costa visiters have included Willie “Ice Pick” Alderman, a St. Louis mob cohort Morris Shenker, and Wallace Groves and Lou Chesler of Bahamas fame. According to eyewitnesses, when Groves’ helicop- ter sets down, the red carpet is rolled out. It may be because Groves bought a home in La Costa, but more likely it's because, as government agents put it, “where Groves appears, Meyer Lansky will not be far behind”. Another mob frequenter of the La Costa develop- ment is Jake Arvey, an organizer of the Republic &
13-00000 National Bank in Miami, the bank through which Ber- nard Barker channeled funds for the Watergate crime. The Teamsters Again A recent visitor to La Costa was Frank Fitzsim- mons, a key to Nixon's new-found support in organ- ized labor. Fitzsimmons is president of tne Team- sters Union. This summer he stopped in La Costa on his way to see Nixon at San Clemente. Fitzsimmons had just come from dinner in Detroit with a local Mafia figure and soon after his Detroit-La Costa~-San © Clemente excursion, Fitzsimmons announced his sup- port for Nixon. One wonders whether the Teamster decision to stay on the Pay Board and to support Nixon is somehow related to what the Detroit Free Press has been hinting strongly as of late: that the administration has stopped prosecution of Frank's son Richard Fitzsimmons — the business partner of a Detroit mobster — o charges of missing union funds, im™@Schenge for Teamster support of the Republican President. Whatever deals Nixon and Fitzsimmons did make, the Teamsters have a long working relationship with organized crime. Their marriage goes back over twenty years, where Jimmy Hoffa was introduced to the Detroit underworld by Paul Dorfman, in exchange for some multi-million dollar insurance business. Dorfman's son, Paul, has residences at both Sky Lakes and La Costa and was recently convicted of taking kickbacks on a Teamster loan. The Teamster tradition of labor racketeering and corruption made for a ready alliance with the mob. Early government investigations of the Teamsters, such as the Bobby Kennedy-led McClellan Permanent Committee on Investigations, centered on labor rac- keteering. As Attorney General, Kennedy continued his pursuit of the Teamsters and their boss, Jimmy Hoffa. At one point Kennedy had twenty-nine grand juries simultaneously investigating Hoffa's activity ~ one of which led to a conviction for mail fraud and jury tampering. ; -In 1969, two Oakland Tribune reporters concluded a@ six-month investigation with the charge that "the $628 ,000,000 Teamsters Central States, Southeast and Southwest Pension Fund headquartered in Chicago, has become a bankroll for some of America's most sinis~ ter underground figure", Nowhere does the relationship between this fund and the mob surface more dramatically than in Las Vegas, where Teamster trustees have approved loans between $50 and $70,000,000, some shakily secured by second mortgages and subordinated notes. A high- ranking Federal official has commented that "the Teamster fund is a sort of open.bank to people well- connected in Las Vegas and well-connected te organ- ized crime", It was Hoffa's desire “to have [his] own bank in every city” that brought on the Teamster takeover of the Miami National Bank. The Bank in turn is just one of a long list of ventures, suchas Ceasar’s Pal- ace, Sky Lakes, La Costa, Worldwide Realty, Interna~ tional Airport Hotel Systems, Truesdale Estates, in which Teamster money amounting to over $60,000,000 figures prominently alongside the social and busi- mess partners of Richard M. Nixon — a line of in- vestments that leads from Nixon's three White Houses te @ Federal clemency for Jimmy Hoffa and back to - Organized crime. the current head of the Justice Department's Criminal Division saw enough evidence in 1967 to say that he "knew for a moral certainty [that] in the upper echelons there is an amalgamation between the Cosa Nostra and the Teamsters Union". In 1971, when a Federal Grand Jury probing the activities of Meyer Lansky questioned Jimmy Hoffa, many wondered whether the links between the two giants were more direct than the numerous transactions between mutual friends. A few months after his testimony, Hoffa was granted clemency after serving less than five years of his thirteen-year sentence. The freeing of Hoffa and three co-defendents of the 1963 wire fraud pen- sion case is the latest and most crucial event in Nixon's longstanding friendship, a friendship with some clear public benefits fur both. Jack Anderson documents, for example, that as early as 1960, then Vice-President Nixon and Attorney General Rogers in- tervened to halt an indictment against Hoffa in ex- change for Hoffa's support in the 1960 election. ANICO — More of the Same in Texas In recent years the Teamster fund has been super- seded by a giant Texas insurance company as a major source of finance for Las Vegas .casinos tied to the mob. The company is the American National Insurance Company (ANICO) of Galveston, Texas. ANICO is close to the heart and pocketbook of the two ranking Tex- ans in the Nixon administration — former Treasury Secretary John Connally and former Assistant Attor- ney General Will Wilson. As well as floating more than $40,000,000 to Las Vegas casinos and $13,000,000 to premier mob attor=- ney Morris Shanker, ANICO has made loans to two Florida companies close to Richard Nixon — $1,750,000 in 1966 to the Mary Carter Paint Gompany, and $3,000,000 in 1970 to a subsidiary of Worldwide Realty. ; ‘ That year a group of disenchanted stockholders filed a multiemillion-dollar suit, charging ANICO officials with having taken control of the company and using it as a private preserve as well as a source of funds for the mob. - The defendants in the suit hired Nixon's New York firm to handle the case. Connally's Houston law firm has also been used by ANICO. The First Na- tional Bank of Houston, ofwhich Connally was a di- rector and in which some of his law partners were officers, has provided-an interest-free account of more than $1,000,000 for ANICO. Connally was also a director of a savings association which was pur- chased recently by ANICO. Will Wilson was "general" of the Justice Depart- ment's “war" on crime from 19609-1971. He was head of the Criminal Division until October 1971, when his resignation was forced by disclosures tying him to the scandal-rocked financial empire of Texas wheeler-dealer Frank Sharp. Wilson has been charged by dissident ANICO stockholders of helping to drag ANICO into the twilight zones of finance with such deals as the 1963 absorption of a defaulted $450,000 mortgage held by Sharp. Sharp's attorney and “finan- cial advisor" on the deal was Will Wilson. e While Attorney General of Texas, Wilson sued the foundation which controlled ANICO to bring three new trustees onto the foundation's board of directors. Wilson has no visible ties to the new trustees, whose votes were instrumental in shaping the com- pany’s new financial course. But dissident stock- holders have charged that the “negotiations” that ¥
13-00000 ‘eerning ANICO remain: brought on the shift of control in the foundations were handled by a Galveston law firm linked to the mob. The stockholders also claim that John Connally played a role in these negotiations, albeit a “back- Stage" role. The ANICO case is part of a long his- tory of Wilson's involvement with the Galveston un- derworld. When he came to the Justice Department in Wash- ington, Wilson discovered the organized crime divi- sion looking into the effairs of ANICO. Since then there have been no indictments in the case and there are reports that Wilson had the ANICO files locked safely in his personal office. One source of those reports is Stewart Hopps, a former Justice Depart- ment investigator. Some serious conflict-of-interest charges con- fe wee The officers of ANICO who were later represented by Nixon's law firm, made a loan to a company whose top officers are long-time friends of Nixon. @ The criminal division of the Justice Department has been headed by a man with direct links in a company the division is supposedly investigating. © The company also has clear ties to Nixon's former Treasury Secretary, @ man mentioned for the Vice- Presidency, the national chairman of Democrats for Nixon, and a key figure in the President's re-election scheme. Whose Justice Department? The ANICO case takes us to a fitting endpoint to the story of Richard Nixon's involvement with the underworld — the Department of Justice. It is an old saw that criminal and criminal-chaser eventually become involved in the same business, but in Richard Nixon that old saw has become more of a reality than perhaps ever before in American history. For Rich- ard Nixon is a man whose name has been synonymous with “law and order" in America for three decades. Yet the four-year "war" on organized crime by the Nixon administration bears more resemblance to the “peace” in Vietnam than a sincere effort to get at the mob. In a recent interview in U.S. News and World Re- port (September 11, 1972), Attorney General Richard Kleindienst hailed “about 1600” indictments of un~ derworld figures brought by the Nixon administration in the past three and half years. The Justice De- partment claims that many of these indictments in- volve top mobsters. Those outside the Nixon administration, however, have charged that the government's prosecution has been both partisan and selective, aimed exclusively at mobsters linked to big-city Democrats such as in Newark, and at the “little fish" who are always in abundance and who make little difference in conduct- ing mob business. Time has reported that quotas have been established (i.e. one hundred hoodlums a month for New York City) and that arrests are "being. .- |. delayed so that future quotas can be filled", The New York Times has editorialized about the ease with which petty gamblers can and have*been rounded up, and wondered aloud if the Justice Department isn't conducting more a publicity war than ene on organ- ized crime. A Times report this year found the gov- ernment was building up a backlog of gambling in- dictments, saving them for a crucial time during the election campaign. Indeed, while the Nixon-Agnew-Mitchell] team has used the spectre of "CRIME" to keep the fear level high and to guarantee large budgets and expanded powers for their Justice Department, the actual “at- tempts" of the Nixon administration to cope with or- ganized crime have resembled a somewhat Sinister up- date of the Keystone Cops. For example, up to 1,000 of Kleindienst's vaunted 1600 indictees in gambling and organized crime may have their cases thrown out for somewhat dubious “improper procedures" technicalities. A Miami at- torney named James Hogan has “discovered” irregular- ities on signatures required for electronic surveil- lance authorizations. Court-approved wiretaps re- quire written authorization by the Attorney General of a designated representative, in this case Will Wilson. Instead of being signed by John Mitchell or by Wilson, the authorizations in question were signed by aides, thus rendering thousands of wiretap authorizations — and the indictments based on them — useless. Hogan himself is a long-time syndicate attorney and @ partner of Ben Cohen, a former political boss of Miami Beach who figures prominently in the For- ties‘ takeover of Miami by organized crime. The case in which Hogan made his discovery involved the busting of the largest heroin/cocaine ring in Miami, many of whose members were Cuban refugees. Inspec- tion of various court papers, including wiretap authorizations, confirmed “irregularities” in the Signature — Will Wilson's signature. While resem- bling his actual handwriting, the signatures ap- peared as “Wil” instead of “Will”. While it may seem strange for an aide to misspell his boss’ name, it seems even stranger that Hogan took the case. His normal fees start in five fig- ures but he has been working on behalf of his court- declared indigent client for more than two years with minimal compensation. While Hogan is known as a "very thorough” attorney, it would be interesting to find out more about the circumstances in which he discovered the “irregularities”. Even more interesting, perhaps, are the circum- Stances under which Richard Kleindienst was offered a bribe of $100,000 to quash several mobindictments In sworn testimony inNovember 1971, Kleindienst admit- ted to being offered the 3100,000 bribe (which would be paid in the form of a contribution to Nixon's 1972 campaign) in exchange for stopping prosecution against several underworld figures caught in a stock fraud case. The bribe was offered by an aide of Senator Hiram Fong, a Republican from Hawaii. The aide had worked previously with Kelindienst through Fong's position on the Senate Judiciary Committee. Kleindienst said he refused the offer but he also said he did not realize it was a bribe for an entire week | In cross examination, the prosecutor asked Klein- dienst, "If you had regarded the conversation as something regarding a bribe offer you would have im- mediately report it, would you not?” “Yes sir,” replied Kleindienst, “I would have.” Kleindienst admitted he reported the bribe a full week later, upon learning from J. Edgar Hoover that Federal agents were investigating the case. One would expect the Attorney General of the United States to be more alert. But what is more troubling are reports aired in the Washington Post
13-00000 » shortly after the indictments in the stock fraud gase in question (and ten months before Klein- dienst's testimony on the bribe). Those reports woted “sources at the U.S. Attorney's office in New York" and indicated that after the meeting between Kleindienst and Fong's aide, “Kleindienst immedi- ately contacted Justice's Criminal Division [then headed by Will Wilson] and ... an FBI agent was as- signed to infiltrate the group of alleged conspira- tors”. Do we now believe Kleindienst‘s story that he “didn’t realize” he had been offered a bribe, or de we believe the U.S. Attorney's office in New York? Did Will Wilson and the Justice Department hold off a week while Kleindienst “made up his mind" that he had been offered a bribe, or was the decision whether or not to take it? And did Hoover and the FBI somehow interfere? m@erhaps the answer comes in the final outcome of the @ctual prosecution involved. The defendants in the stock-fraud case included Meyer Lansky's son-in- law, a former director of the Bank of Miami Beach and Johnny Dio, a notorious racketeer long associ- ated with Jimmy Hoffa. They were acquitted, while the messengers who offered the bribe were convicted. One wonders if that $100,000 did not find its way into the Republican secret treasury after all. The Tip of the Iceberg “The organized criminal relies on physical terror and psychological intimidation, on economic re~- tealiation and political bribery, on citizen's in- difference and government acquiescence. He cor- Fupts our governing institutions and subverts our democratic processes." ~- Richard Nixon, April 24, 1969 Someone should tell President Nixon that resist- ing the power of organized crime demands, above all, a President with a clean slate. Nixon’s life is like a complex jigsaw puzzle, the pieces of which have been shuffled so as to defy complete reconstruction. Some of the crucial pieces have been removed, so a full picture cannot be achieved. It is no accident that no other politi- tian has been so much written about, yet so little understood. Indeed, much has been made of the “enigma” of Richard Nixon, his tight-lipped bearing in relation to his personal life, his unwillingness to divulge what's really on his mind. But maybe the answer to the enigma lies in his old poker-playing instincts, in the unfailing abil- ity to keep quiet when he's sitting on cards best hidden from the table. For there is one indisputable fact about Richard Nixon's career -- his ascendancy to the pinnacle of American power has required twenty-five years of care and feeding by some very wealthy and very re- actionary men, and an extraordinary number of them have maintained connections with the world of or- ganized crime. During Nixon's years in office the underworld em- pire in the United States has prosperéd almost unre-~ stricted by the Federal government. From its base in the gigantic resources of heroin traffic, gamb- ling, prostitution, “protection,” and a hast of other enterprises of violence against society, or- ganized crime has moved like a bulldozer into the world of legal, “respectable” business. Every link between Richard Nixon and organized crime, however marginal, is of significance, if for no other reason because he is President. And there are people all over America, from government intel- ligence agents to hotel waiters, who have Nixon stories to tell. He covers his tracks well, but not well enough. The full extent of Nixon's involvement with or- ganized crime is just beginning to surface. The evidence in this article is merely the top of a dirty iceberg that will slowly become visible over _the coming years. The milieu in which he has traveled for three decades, and in which so many of his friends, as- sociates, and appointees have been related to the mob, throw a long and permanent shadow over every- thing Richard Nixon the “public servant” has ever said, and over everything his political life has ever meant. For in light of his career, both past and pres- ent, Richard M. Nixon seems to be the factual em- bodiment of Ralph Salerno’s prediction that organ- ized crime would someday put its own man in the White House. The information in this article was gathered during a six-month investigation carried out in many cities, primarily Miami, New York, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, San Diego, Las Vegas, Dallas, Austin, Galveston, Tallahassee, and San Francisco. Sources included interviews with over a hundred people; court documents (including deeds, mortgages, etc.); research in the National Archives, Washing- ton, D.C.; organized crime intelligence files (both private and government); and newspaper clippings. Unsettling, Disturbing, Critical . . * Computers and Automation, established 1951 and therefore the oldest magazine inthe field of com- puters and data processing, believes that the pro- fession of information engineer includes not only competence inhandling information using computers and other means, but also a broad responsibility, in'a professional and engineering sense, for: =~ The reliability and social significance of pertinent input data; -- The social value and truth of the output results. : In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a pro- fessional responsibility for the reliability and significance of the data he uses, and the safety and efficiency of the bridge he builds, for human beings to risk their lives on. Accordingly, Computers and Automation publishes from time to time articles and other information related tosocially useful input and output of data. systems in a broad sense, To this end we seek to publish what is unsettling, disturbing, critical w- but productive of thought and an improved and safer “house” for all humanity. an earth in which our children and later generations may have a fu- ture, instead of facing extinction. ° The professional information engineer needs to relate his engineering to the most important and most serious problems in the world today: war, nuclear weapons, pollution, the population explo- sion, and many more.
13-00000 . guard is notified. ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK Computing and Data Processing Newsletter Table of Contents APPLICATIONS National American Bank Installs Computer- 42 Based Security System Nova Computer Checks Stréngth of Roof in 42 _- Coal Mine “=Phone Books by Computer EDUCATION NEWS Digital Equipment Corp. Computer Aids M.I.T. 43 Music Project Composing by Computer at ISU 44 Student Programs Computer for Remedial 44 Instruction RESEARCH "Talking" Ballpoint Pen Under Development 45 MISCELLANEOUS ICCP Names Directors and Officers 45 IFIP Congress ‘74 Travel Grants 47 APPLICATIONS NATIONAL AMERICAN BANK INSTALLS COMPUTER-BASED SECURITY SYSTEM Tom Burbank fetional American Bank 200 Carondelet Mew Orleans, La. 70130 A computer-based system designed to prevent un- authorized access to high security areas has gone into operation at National American Bank here — one of the first U.S. banks to install such a sys- tem. The IBM Controlled Access System (CAS) at Na- tional American is based on the use of magnetically encoded, wallet-sized identification cards similar to bank credit cards. Each person authorized to enter a security area is assigned a card coded with his own security num- ber, Employees seeking entry to an area covered by the system simply insert their cards into compact reading devices on entrance doors, and. the informa- tion is transmitted to an IBM System/7 computer for identification. Stored in the computer's memory is a list of em- ployee numbers and building areas these numbers are Gesignated for. If the number of the card entitles the bearer access to that area, the computer signals the door to unlock. If the person is unauthorized to enter, the door remains closed and a security The elapsed time is approximately one second. If a card is lost or stolen, a new card (with a mew number) Is issued and the system is alerted to deny entry to the original card.” If the old card is used, the guard is alerted. As an additional safequard, the system can auto- matically log all entrance activity by individual security code, door number, date and time of day. This helps track who is where and for how long. National American can now analyze the number of assets stored in the bank.” times an individual enters and at what time of day or night this activity occurs. The system also has built-in failsafe mechanisms which insure security in the event of a power failure. “Unfortunately, we are doing business in a time when public and private institutions are increas- ingly vulnerable to lawless elements," said National American President Louie J. Roussel JII. "By adding the IBM Controlled Access System to our current se- curity procedures, we are taking a major step to in- sure that our customers and employees are protected. And, by controlling access to the collateral’ instru- ment storage areas, we can make it very difficult for unauthorized people to gain access to valuable NOVA COMPUTER CHECKS STRENGTH OF ROOF IN COAL MINE Edgar E. Geithner Data General Corp. Southboro, Mass. 01772 Data General's minicomputers track hurricanes from airplanes for the U.S. Air Force; the Army has mounted them in helicopters; Scripps Oceanographic Institute has one on a ship: a scientist bounces over Canadian glaciers with one mounted in his tracked vehicle; and an oi] company uses one of the computers to control an oilfield in the Libyan des- ert. Now engineers at the University of Texas (Aus- tin) have a minicomputer in the bottom of a mine. Dr. A. L. Podio, an assistant professor in the university's Department of Petroleum Engineering, and a team of researchers from the Center for Earth Sciences and Engineering, use a Nova 820 computer to detect possible weak spots in the roofs of mines. The computer system, developed for the U.S. Bureau of Mines, has been .on the job on the floor of Kaiser Corporation's York Canyon coal mine in New Mexico. “One of the most frequent causes of mine accidents is roof collapse,” Dr. Podio said. “This system was designed to use the principles of seismic explora- tions to identify failure planes and fracture zones in the rocks overlaying the mine roof. If tests .
13-00000 ’ » show the area around a roof is weakening, it can be supported by beams or roof bolts.” In seismic exploration, a high energy explosion is set off, and sensitive instruments determine the structure and makeup of surrounding land by record- ing how fast the shock waves travel through the ground. The waveforms can be interpreted to pin- point probable deposits of oil, and to describe rock formations. "Using a large energy souce like an ex- plosion in a mine is out of the question," Dr. Podio said, “so a manually controlled impact device was designed to generate the shock waves." The impact device, which works like a BB gun, uses air pressure to shoot a round projectile at a striker plate mounted at the end of the barrel. When the striker plate is pressed against the wall or roof of the mine and the device is triggered, shock waves are sent through the surrounding rock. Th ock waves are picked up by wideband transduc-~ erés,“digitized by a fast transient recorder, and processed through the Nova 820 for waveform enhance- ment. The waveform is then displayed on an oscil- loscope, with the results of velocity and depth cal- culations. Permanent records of the waveform can be made on paper tape, or by transmitting the data to a large scale remote computer. "A mine could make daily checks with the system to detect changes in rock strata as the working face of the mine advances." Dr. Podio said, "or the sys-~ tem could be transported throughout the mine to make daily checks on the condition of roofs at predeter- mined key locations." Or. Podio noted that similar systems could be used to predict the quality of rock in rapid excavation projects or could be used in nondestructive tests of large concrete structures. PHONE BOOKS BY COMPUTER Peter A. Cassels Beil Telephone Laboratories Mountain Ave. furray Hill, N.£ 07974 The Bell System is using computer technology to modernize production of the White Pages telephone beoks. A system designed to improve customer serv- ice, control costs and streamline massive recerd- keeping operations is now being implemented. The sygtem -— called DIR/ECT (for DIRectory projECT) — was developed by Bell Laboratories, the research and development unit of the Bell System. Michigan Bell Telephone Company recently issued its first directory containing listings produced by the sys- tem. Michigan Bell also is using the system to produce some of its directory assistance records. DIR/ECT is a more sophisticated outgrowth of its Prototype, PHOTAC, a similar process developed by the New York Telephone Company under sponsorship of the nationwide Bell System. The first directory produced by the PHOTAC system was distributed in 1966. Since then, New York Telephone has converted some 4.5 million listings to the process. Currently the 12 major downstate White Pages directories are produced by PHOTAC, The DIR/ECT system stores in a computer memory directory information such as the customer's name, address, telephone number — even telephone book delivery instructions. The information in the com- puter memory then is fed inte a device called a Photocomposer, which provides ready-to-print list- ings for White Pages. Besides the annual White Pages directories, DIR/ECT produces daily updates of new listings and monthly reprints for the telephone companies’ directory assistance operators. Although customers may see no obvious differences in the computer-produced directory, listings are easier to read and pages cleaner looking. The di- rectories also have uniferm abbreviations, The sys~- tem has built-in cross-checks for consistent spell- ing of street names and for obvious errors in street and telephone numbers. There also is provision for massive directory listing changes, caused by renam- ing of streets and buildings. Today, listings for phone directories are. gener=- ally set line-by-line in metal type. Changes in listings must be reset and inserted by hand. With the new system, changes can be made quickly (because information is stored on magnetic computer tape and not metal type), the need to store tons of lead type will end, and the growing cost of publishing direc- tories will be lessened. EDUCATION NEWS M.LT. MUSIC PROJECT USES DEC COMPUTER News Office : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Cambridge, Mass. 027139 The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has be- gun work on a project aimed at making the Institute a major center for the study and composition of electronic music. Barry Vercoe, assistant professor of music, working with a computer given to the De- partment of Humanities’ music section by Digital Equipment Corp. of Maynard, is in the early stages of developing a major electronic music production facility at the Institute. Professor Vercoe said the computer facility "will be a tool both in the hands of the teacher and the composer that will greatly aid the development of creativity. The facility also will provide an ex- cellent tool in the teaching of musical composition for conventional instruments. “This is definitely not a scientific project. I’m not interested in merely getting a computer to sound exactly like a trumpet. The technological applica- tion, however, will interest some students who might not approach music otherwise and some of these will be drawn into its aesthetic considerations, through the back door as it were,” Professor Vercoe said. Why compose music for a machine at all? “I suppose someone asked that very question when man first composed music for what are now traditional instruments, instead of for the human voice alone,” Professor Vercoe said. “Electronic music merely ex- pands the forces available to the practicing com- poser.” , va The PDP-11/45 computer — coupled with music in- put — also will lend itself to other forms of music research, such as syntactic analysis of music struc- tures. Professor Vercoe is the author of the widely used Music 360 language for digital sound synthesis. He has taught at M.I.T. for two years and is director of the Experimental Music Studio. His work, "Meta- morphoses for Orchestra," was given its Boston pre- mier early this year by the M.I1.T. Symphony and was performed by the orchestra on its subsequent nation-
13-00000 wide‘tour. Working with Professor Vercoe on the project are Richard J. Steiger, a graduate student, and Stephen Haflich, a recent M.I.T. graduate. COMPOSING BY COMPUTER AT ISU infarmation Service fowa State University of Science and Technology Ames, lowa 80010 Music composers at Iowa State University may turn from their piano keyboards and hand-written scores to a more efficient instrument for composing music = a computer. ISU faculty members are building 4 computerized electronic music studio —- a system that will technologically simplify composing elec- tronic music. The studio is being designed and built by an interdisciplinary group from lowa State's music, computer science, and electrical en- @gimeering departments, under the direction of Stefan Stiverston, assistant professor of computer science, Terry Smay, professor of electrical engineering. and Gary White, associate professor of music. Electronic music is produced by purely electronic means and the Iowa State Computerized Music System CISMUS) will be doing just that — generating music with computer equipment. A composer will sit at the computer and write a musical composition using an electronic keyboard. The new system, which was expected to be operable this fall, should be an easier method of modifying and editing a musical piece. The normal hand opera~ tions of changing notations on a printed score or splicing tapes of recorded music are “more time- consuming and inaccurate" processes for correcting @ composition, according to Gary White. The computer composing process begins when the composer inserts introductory instructions into a teletype machine. On an electronic keyboard he then begins to compose his piece. The computer records all musical instructions which are transformed through a digital-to-analog sound converter and loudspeaker into sound. This immediate feedback system enables the composer to hear what he is com- posing simultaneously. The computer also allows. the composer to automatically play back and edit what he has written simply by striking another key. The musician has now completed one “layer” of music. If he wants to add further musical instruc- tions to the composition, he repeats the entire pro- cess again. All layers merge together to obtain the product — a completed electronic composition. The music instructions which the composer inserts into the system are a special electronic music nota- tion — a “computer language." The English words it uses can be compared to musical notation found on a conventional score — treble and bass clefs, notes, rests, and the like. Electronic music has been used in commercial re- cordings, and as background music for television, Fadio and film. The Towa State system will be so- phisticated enough for use in serious compositional Study, the production of background music for vari- ous media, and for the demonstration of sound prop- erties. The ISMUS presently being built is a protytype of a full-scale model. If the “test-system" proves satisfactory, "we will look for funding to build a full-scale model,” says White. The project is pres-~ ently supported by a $1,170 grant from Western Elec- _ren in this southeastern Idaho community. tric and a National Science Foundation institutional grant of $8,698. The prototype employs a mini-com- puter that is owned by Iowa State. The studio will be used as a teaching tool for the ISU music program. Computer software, the pro- grams (sequences of operations to be performed by the computer) written for the system, will be devel- oped so a composer can use the studio equipment without having prior knowledge of computer program- ming. Students will be able to learn basic acousti- cal concepts and principles of electronic music syn- thesis and to develop sensitivity to timbre with the ISMUS. Also contributing to introductory computer science courses, the system will be a movel example of computer application in a non~scientific field. STUDENT PROGRAMS COMPUTER FOR REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION Edward J. Canty Digital Equipment Corp. Maynard, Mass. 01754 Using programs developed by a local high school student, School District 91 in Idaho Falls, has put its newly-acquired computer to work as a “super tutor” in remedial studies for disadvantaged child- Designed to improve the arithmetic and language arts skills of children in grades 2 through 6, the project was introduced by director of curriculum Dr. Wallace Manning with federal Title’ 1 aid during the dis- trict's 1973 summer session for children largely from rural farm families. According to John A. Christensen, computer sciences coordinator, the project proved so successful in its initial appli- cation that it has been continued in the fall se- mester, The student programmer is Robert Huntsman, 18, a June graduate of Idaho Falls’ Skyline High School. Using the district's PDP-11/20 timesharing computer system installed last December by Digital Equipment Corporation, Huntsman developed programs for arith- metic and language drill to serve between 40 and 50 pupils on each of two teletypewriter terminals situ- ‘ated in local elementary schools. In a typical arithmetic routine, the computer types a problem and waits for the pupil's response — ten seconds if the problem is a memory exercise. longer if it involves several columns for addition or several digits for multiplication. If the stu~ dent's answer is correct, Huntsman’s program directs the terminal to ring a bell in congratulation; if incorrect, the computer supplies a hint on where the mistake occurred and encourages him to try again. Answers to English and social studies workbook questions have been entered in the computer memory, allowing students to do their homework at a terminal and receive immediate response. The computer keeps score of right and wrong answers to produce reports for teacher guidance. Spelling-recognition exer~ cises are also in use and Huntsman has undertaken development of an arithmetic program involving frac- tions “One of the computer's major advantages is its ability to pay attention to individuaf children,” Christensen said. “Every child enrolled in the regular summer session was able to get experience at @ terminal and benefit from these interactive programs." He said high school laboratory assist- ants will continue to write instructional programs for elementary and junior high levels. expanding the library begun by Huntsman. For future summer ses- 4
13-00000 ‘sions, he added, the district hopes to make such computer assistance available at a nearby rural ele- mentary school attended by children of migrant farm workers. RESEARCH FRONTIER "TALKING BALLPOINT PEN UNDER DEVELOPMENT Ronald 1. Deutsch Stanford Research institute Menlo Park, Calif. 94025 A prototype model of a simple, inexpensive “talk- ing” ballpoint pen, under development at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), could reduce massive pa- perwork and delay in routine business transactions. The pen is similar to an ordinary pen in size and shape except that it is wired to a computer system. e@ctomputer is programmed to receive signals gener- ated instantaneously as a person hand-prints charac- ters with the pen to record information. "Such instantaneous and remote processing of data might be invaluable to large businesses engaged in daily consumer-oriented services, such as banks, in- surance companies and utilities,” says staff scien- tist Dr. Hewitt D. Crane, the inventor. For exam- ple, the pen could be used by a bank teller credit- ing a savings or checking account. In this case, according to Dr. Crane, the data would not have to be retranscribed from a piece of paper by another employee, or the paper itself put through expensive automatic reading equipment. Thus, costs and de- lays could be reduced in crediting accounts or es- tablishing cash requirements. In another case, a meter reader making his rounds for a utility could use the pen in combination with a cassette recorder. When he returned to his of- fice, the cassette tape would be programmed into the system, thus eliminating the need for manual re- transcription of a day's worth of data. In the present laboratory version, the pen is hooked to an audio unit as well as a teleprinter, so that as a person writes, the characters appear on the teleprinter and are spoken by the audio unit. SRI holds a patent on the pen and is currently seeking financial support for further development, Dr. Crane says. He estimates that the pen itself might cost about $25 to $50. A central computer unit would be extra but could serve many pens. MISCELLANEOUS iCCP NAMES DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS Paul M. Pair, Secretary & Chairman énstitute for Certification af Computer Professionals ?.0. Box 1442 ‘ Chicago, Ill. 60690 At a meeting in late September, the incorpora- tors of the Institute for Certification of Computer Professionals, Chicago, 111., adopted bylaws for the newly-formed organization and named a board of Girectors which, in turn, held its first meeting and elected officers. The ICCP is the outgrowth of over two years of intensive preparation and study by rep- Fes¢mtatives of major computing societies. Its pri- Mary focus is the enhancement of certification ac- stoctrens researeh to tivities in the computing industry. It was incor- porated August 13, 1973. Elected as officers by the board of directors were: President — John Kk. Swearingen, Computer Sci- ences Corp., Las Vegas, Nev., representing Data Processing Management Association (DPMA). Vice President — Fred H. Harris, University of Chicago, Association for Computing Machinery. Treasurer — William S. Eick, Alexander Grant & Co., Chicago, Association of Computer Pro- grammers and Analysts. Secretary -— Paul M. Pair, Control Data Institute, Chicago, Association for Educational Data Systems, Ten professional societies participated in the organization of ICCP and are eligible for charter membership. Of these, seven have exercised their right to such membership, and are entitled to two members on the ICCP board. The seven charter mem- bers are: Association of Computer Programmers and Analysts: Society of Certified Data Processors; As- sociation for Computing Machinery: Association for Educational Data Systems; Society of Professional Data Processors; Data Processing Management Associ- ation; and Automation 1 Association. : e The other three associations eligible for charter membership are: Canadian Information Processing So- ciety, the Computer Society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the Society of Data Educators. They are expected to act before the end of 1973. (please turn to page 47)
13-00000 . . ’ NEW CONTRACTS 20 Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, N.H. ITT Creed Limited. Great Britain Univac Div., Sperry Rand Corp., Blue Bell, Pa. Computer Sciences Corp., El Segundo, Calif. FROM CAE Electronics, Montreal, Canada Terminal Systems for air traffic control British Post Office Aute Tell Services, Inc., Villanova, Pa. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Displey system segment of Canadian Joint En- FOR AMOUNT 18.6 million route Terminal System (JETS) Program: first phase consists of seven Enroute and two 6000 machines — teleprinters and associ- $11 million ated equipment — to beused mainly for Telex customer-to-customer teleprinter system 1100 Univac DCT-515 Data Communications Ter= $7 million minals to be used by automobile dealers who ‘ subscribe to ATS services on-line computer- ized services Computer services support to Simulator Com- puter System Branch at Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. $6.7 million Ho! ll, Inc., State of Arizona, A Honeywell Multics (Multiplexed Informa- $5+ million WelleSley Hills, Mass. Phoenix, Ariz. tion and Computing Service) system, for use by 13 state agencies Computer Sciences Corp., National Aeronautics and Space Engineering and related services to NASA's $5 million El Segundo, Calif. Administration (NASA) Wallops Station, Wallops Island, Va. (approximate) ' Phileo-Ford Corp. Willow Grove, Pa. Raytheon Data Systems, Norwood, Hass. U.S. Army Electronics Command, Fort Monmouth, N.J. Eastern Air Lines, Miami, Fla. Improving computerized communications net- $4.6 million work, identified as ‘T3 AEP for AUTODIN En- hancement Program, at 10 overseas AUTODIN sites, Ft. Monmouth, N.J., and Fort Det~ rick, Md. _. Dats display terminals and associated equip- $2> million ment aspart of expansion of EAL's Automated : . Passenger Processing and Reservation System National Cash Register Go., Dayton, Ohio Computer Sciences Corp., El Segundo, Calif. Enterdata, Inc., Oceanport, N.J. McDonnell Douglas Automation Co. (MCAUTO). St. Louis, Mo. Informatics Inc., Western Div., Canoga Park, Calif. Logicon, Inc., Torrance, Calif. TRW Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif. Systems Engineering Labora~ tories, Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, : a - Boeing Commercial Airplane Co., Renton, Wash. Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, Va. Bunker Ramo Corp., Trumbull, Conn. Collims Radio Co.. Dallas, Texas Diablo Systems, Inc., Subsidiary of Xerox Corp. Hayward, Calif. HRI Systems Corp., Austin, Texas Publix Super Markets, Inc., Lakeland, Fla. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) DATRAN (Data Transmission Co.), Vienna, Va. Buffums Southern California Illinois Bell Telephone Co., Chicago, Il). U.S. Air Force Los Angeles County Road Department (LACRD), Calif. Singer Simulation Products, Div. of Singer Co. Manufacturing Technology Div., A..F. Materials Labs., Wright Patterson AFB. Ohio Arkansas State Educational Television Commission Reliance Federal Savings & Loan Asso. of New York, Jamaica, N.Y. U.S. Air Force Wang Laboratories, Tewks~- bury, Mass. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. and New $2 million (approximate) 30 NCR 255 supermarket checkout systems in- volving a total of 357 NCH 255 terminals and 30 NCR 726 in-store minicemputers plus : 120 NCR 250 free-standing electronic cash : registers Analysis and programming services to Lang- ley Research Center, Hampton, Va. Dual processor Model 55 data communications $1+ million concentrators, with software and technical support, for an information network DATRAN is designed and installing on a turnkey basis for International Brotherhood of Teamsters $1.2 million Computer processing of all company data; $725,000 - includes accounts payable, receivables, (approximate) sales analyses, payroll, inventory con- trol and statistics Design and applications programming sup- $500 , 600+ ort for a new pavroll/personnel system Verifying and validating (V6V) criticalmis- $365,000 sile flight safety (MFS) software used on western test range of Space and Missile Test Center (SANTEC), Vandenberg AFB, Calif. Designing Integrated Information Manage- $365,000 - ment (IIMS); 10 subsystems cover account- ing; billing: budgets; management of con- : tracts, and projects, inventory control, production and performance, and road in- t ventory information 4 Central control and simulation element of $350, 000 5 a Nuclear Plant Simulator for Carolina i Power & Light Co., Raleigh, N.C. Developing Air Force Computer Aided Manu- facturing (AFCAM) master plan $251,000 Engineering studies and detailed plans for $37,000 . four new ETC (Educational Television) sta- ; tions, and an interconnecting microvave network 31 BR 2001 Universal Teller Terminals for equipping teller stations inall nine Reli- ance offices; terminals will be tied by highspeed communications circuits to a Univac 9480 computer Continuing development of systems andequip- » ment for the U.S. Air Force Satellite Com- munication System (AFSATCOM); eventual pro- duction awards, depending uponAir Force re- uilrements, could total more than $125 million Series 40 disk drives to be incorporated into Wang's new line of mini computer systems Lease of SYSTEM 2000 for Farmmanagement ap~- plications; at least nine SYSTEM 2000 data
13-00000 OF ; AT Burroughs B 4700 system Walter &. Heller & Co., Chicago, Hil. (2 systems) Control Data CYBER 70 Model 74 system (CRC), Tokyo, Japan , be Computer Management Group (CMG) Ltd., North-west London, England Century Research Center Corp. NEW INSTALLATIONS FoR The first of two B4700 systems (which are included in a five-system order) to be installed at CG's North-west London. England center fentire 5 computer system order valued at $4.3 million) Providing internal processing speed to keep pace with continued growth of data processing operations; system will allow expansion without reprogramming or recompiling; replaces two Burroughs B3S00 systems Increasing CRC's processing capabilities to include remote batch data processing services via high speed communication line control devices, and offer a wide range of services to various types of users: system will be connected to @ previously installed CDC 6600 computer es (system valued at $3 million) Contfol Data CYBER 70 Model 76 Atmospheric Environment Service Upgrading weather forecasting facilities throughout system of Canada, Montreal, Canada Control] Data 3150 system ham, Ala. Ingalls Iron Works Co., Birming- the country; system installed at Canadian Metecre- logical Center in Montreal, Canada (system valued at $6.3 million) Expanding automated design activities: system will operate im conjunction with a previously installed CDC 3150 to support CONSTRUCTS. an automated en- ineering design software ‘package JBM System/3i0 Model 155 system Educational Information Services Linking with university's IBM System;360 Medel 92 (EIS), Princeton University, to significantly expand a variety of data proces- Princeton, N.J. sing services TBM System/370 Model 168 system Datacrown Limited, Willowdale, The first of two systems that will more than double Ontario, Canada laterdata Model 70 systems Fort Monmouth, N.J. (2 systems) Radyne Limited, Great Britain NCR Century 101 system NOR Century 200 system U.S. Army Electronics Command, Green Shield Trading Stamp Com- current batch processing capacity and increase its capability to provide for transaction-oriented ter- minals; replaces Model 165 currently in use (systems valued at $12 million) Use in experiments involving automated tactical surveillance and target acquisition An advanced inventory management and control system Csystem valued at $6.3 million) Expansion of automated stock control system for its pany of Edgware, Colindale, England gift houses and new Argos chain of catalog. showrooms NCR Century 251 system Columbia, Mo. OUnivac 1106 system England University of Connecticut Medical Center, Farmington, Conn. Univac 1110 system Pnivac 9480 system Columbia EDP Centers, Inc., British Gas Corp., Hinckley. Pacific International Computing Corp., Gaithersburg, Md. Reliance Federal Savings & Loan General data processing services to a variety of customers including several banks Assistance in controlling National Grid pipeline by performing forward simulations on 3 real-time, round-the-clock-basis; in addition. system will act as a service bureau to scientific and engineering departments within the Corporation All aspects of Medical Center's work including pa- tient admissions, monitoring patient care, schedul- ing outpatient appointments, support of library in- formation and research statistical programs. and general accounting and payroll processing chores (system valued at $1.3 million) The first of two systems whose primary applications include project management, engineering and busi- mess data processing: the system will also include time-sharing capability.as well as remote job entry from terminals in the field Faster customer service at any bank branch Asso. of New York, Jamaica, N.Y. Across the Editor's Desk — Continued from page 45 IFIP CONGRESS 74 TRAVEL GRANTS PE. Welch US. Committee for {FIP Congress ‘74 . Box 426 New Canaan, Conn. 06840 The National Science Foundation.will support a travel grant program for attendance at IFIP Congress 74 to be held August 5-10, 1974, in Stockholm. The triennial IFIP (International Federation for Infor- tiation Processing) Congresses have become the major international media for exchange of information among developers and users of information processing techniques and technology. The Division of Mathematical Sciences of the Na- tional Research Council will administer the program and award grants to qualified people from the United States whose accomplishments in and potential con- tributions to the field of information processing are most noteworthy, regardless of the formal labels for their specialties. Younger members of the information science com- munity are urged to apply. William F. Atchison of the University of Maryland, Financial Support Chair- man of the U.S. Committee for IFIP, said that spe- cial efforts willbe made to support their attendance. Applications may be obtained through the Math Di- vision, National Research Council. Washington, D.C. 20418. Applications must be received on or before December 31, 1973.
13-00000 MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS Neil Macdonald Survey Editor COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION The following {9 a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of re- The following abbreviations apply: ports and estimates of the number of general purpose digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on order, These (A) = authoritative figures, derived essentially from information figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers quarterly for gent by the manufacturer directly to COMPUTERS AND their information and review, and for any updating or comments they AUTOMATION may care to previde. Please note the variation in datee and relia- ¢ == figure is combined in a total biliey of the information. A few manufacturers refuse to give out, (D) == acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, Mass., for confirm, or comment on any figures. their help in estimating many of these figures E == figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION Part 1 of the Monthly Computer Census comtains reports for United (N) ~- manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of in- States manufacturers, A to H, and is published in January, April, July, atallations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any and October. Part 2 contains reports for United States manufacturers, way on these numbera stated here ° i to Z, and is published in February, May, August, and November. (R) = figures derived all or im part from information released _ Part 3 contains reports for manufacturers outside of the United States indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other andl ie published in March, June, September, and December, sources likely to be informed fe (3) = sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated ecensus seeks to include all digital computers manufactured any~ X == no longer in production where ?-We invite sll manufacturers located anywhere to submit infor- ~ eo information not obtained at press time and/or not released that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as possible. by menufacturer SUMMARY AS OF OCTOBER 15, 1973 . DATE OF AVERAGE OR RANGE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL ta Outside in UNFILLED MANUFACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000 U.S.A. U.S.A. World ORDERS Pare 2. United States Manufacturers i-Z oo : IBM 305 12/57 3.6 49 is 55 - White Plains, N.Y. 6350 10/67 _ 48 50 18 68 = @) (D) (Oct. 1973) 1130 2/66 1.5 2580 1227 3807 - 1401 9/60 5.4 2210 1836 . 4046 = 2401-G $/64 2.3 420 450 870 = 1401-8 6/67 i.3 180 140 320 - 1410 12/61 17.0 156 116 272 = 1440 4/63 4.2 1690 41176 2864 - 1460 10/63 10.0 194 63 257 ~ 2620 I, II 9/60 4.2 285 186 471 ” 1800 1/66 5.1 416 148 564 - 7010 10/63 26.0 67 i 84 - 7030 §/61 166.0 4 1 § = . 104 12/55 32.0 12 1 43 - 7040 6/63 25.0 35 2? 62 = 7046 6/63 3%.5 28 13. 41 - 705 11/55 38.0 18 3 21 = 7020, 2 3/60 27.0 10 3 43 ~ 707% 3/60 35.0 44 26 70 = 7080 8/61 60.0 13 2 35 _ o* 7090 11/59 63.5 4 2 6 = 709 hu, 9/62 75.0 10 4 44 = 7094-11 4/64 83.0 6 & i0 ~- Syatem/3 Model 6 71 1.0 a - - = System/3 Model 10 1/70 i. 3 - -~ - System/3 Model 15 - ~ - - = ~" Syaten/7 1/71 0.35 and up is = - » 360/20 12/65 2.7 . 7161 6075 13236 1760 360/25 1/68 5.1 1112 759 1871 1287 360/30 5/65 10.3 5487 2535 8022 ~ 360/40 4/65 19.3 2454 1524 3978 1363 360/44 7/66 11.8 109 57 2166 39 360/50 8/65 29.1 2135 445 15860 662 360 /65 11/65 $7.2 604 146 748 562 360/67 10/65 133.8 65 6 74 $9 360/75 2/66 66.9 50 i? 67 22 360/85 12/69 150.3 il 1 12 55 360/90 11/671 - 5 - = - 360/91 = - 1 = - - 360/180 - ~ 13 2 45 = 360/185 4/71 232.0 = = ‘] 48 370/115 = « « « = = 370/125 4/73 8.2-13.8 1 - - - 370/135 5/72 16.4 13 - - " 370/145 9/71 23.3 2 - - = 370/155 2/72 48.6 2 = - - 370/158 @/73 49 .5=85.0 1 =” ~ - 370/165 s §$/71 98.7 3 = = = 370/168 ~/73 93.0-170.0 1 3 - = 370/195 6/73 190.6-270.0 = = - = Taterdata i, 75 EST) = Qceanport, N.J. Model 3 5/67 13.2 - - 200 x (A) (Oct. 1973) Model 4 6/68 8.5 294 11s 389 32 Model 5 - 11/70 x 70 20 290 x Model 7/16 ~/ I - - - ~ - Model 7/32 =/14 = - - = - Model 15 1/69 20.0 49 re) 646 X¥ Model 16 5/71 b 4 i 6 ? x Medel 16 6/72 x 2 7 9 x Model 50/55 5/72 ~ 75 40 8s 325 Medel 76 10/71 - 466 136 382 107 Model 74 2/73 = 41 8 43 126 Wiodel 80 210/72 - 25 3 18 20 Model 85 6/73 - a4, = z =
13-00000 \ > » ee erence nnn nee nnn nn nn, an aigeinad t aap amano BATE OF AVERAGE OR RANCE NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS NUMBER OF e NAME OF NAME OF FIRST OF MONTHLY RENTAL Ta Outside ta UNFILLED . MASUPACTURER COMPUTER INSTALLATION $(000) U.S.A, U.S.A. World ORDERS vodata Corp. Micro 400/10 12/70 0.1-0.5 139 0 139 - watevine, Calif. Micro 800 12/68 0.2+3.0 . 2927 810 3737 = weR 304 1/60 x 5 2 7 zx. Dayton, Ohio 310 5/61 x 8 6 8 = «8) (R) (Oce. 1973) 315 5/62 7.0 285 200 455 - 318 RHC 9/65 9.0 55 35 90 - - 396 5/61 0.7 160 325 485 - 500 10/68 1.6 1100 1750 2850 - 231 - bad ia: = . - - Century 50 2/71 1.6 580 i] 580 - Century 100 9/68 2.6 41275 783 1958 - Century 101 12/72 3.7 50 pS 51 ~- Century 200 6/69 7.0 575 335 $20 - Century 300 2/72 21,0 5 5 10 = Philco 1000 6/63 x 16 ~ - x Willow Grove, Pa. 200~210, 211 10/58 x 16 - ” x Jan. 1969 2000-2132 1/63 x iz = = x Raytheon Data Systems Co. 250 12/60 x 115 2 135 z Norwood, Mass. 440 3/64 x 20 = - x fA) (July 1973) 7920 10/65 x 26 i a7 x 703 10/67 12.5 (8) 179 33 212 t) ie . 704 M70 Ted (8) 300 100 §00 40 te : 706 5/69 18.0 s 75 1? 92 i Seendard Computer Corp. Ic 4000 12/68 9.0 9 [') 9 2 Los Angeles, Calif. IC 6000-6000/E 5/67 16.0 3 ) 3 ~ (A) (June 1972) Ic 7000 8/70 17.0 4 0 4 2 I¢~9000 5/71 600.0 s 1 9 1 = Systems Engineering Laboratories SYSTEMS 810A/8108 6=66 /9-65 1.8/2.6 382 30 412 - Fe. Lauderdale, Fla, SYSTEMS 71/72 6-72 /9—71 0.9/1.0 19 5 24 = A) Gepet. 1973 SYSTEMS 85/86 7-72/6=70 6.0/10.0 47 3 50 - Texas Instruments Inc. 960 6/70 x = - - x Houston, Tex. 960A Uf7i 0.2-2.7 -~ ~ - e - @) (Jume 1973) $80 5/68 . & = - = z 9804 8/72 0.2.7 = - = = UNIVAC Div. of Sperry Rand 9200 6/67 1.5 1360 616 1976 - Blue Bell, Pa. 9300/9380 . 9/67 3.4 798 675 1470 - (A) (Aug. 1973) 9400/9480 5/69 7.0 212 228 440 - 9700 = - 3 Li 16 - 418 Ilr 6/63 11.0 40 7 1i7 - 494 - - 62 46 108 = 3106 ~ - 61 1430 204 - 1108 9/65 68.9 163 92 255 - 1110 - = ef v7 28 ”. Léeqir 3/51 & 11/8? x 23 - = x File Computers 8/56 x a3 - - z LARC 5/60 135.0 2 . 6 2 - 1107, ULII, 490/1/2, - 41811, 1004/5, 1050, 8880/90 - x 2063 1442 3505 z UNIVAC ~ Series 70 31 2/61 7.0 143 - - - Blue Bell, Pa. 501 6/39 14 018.0 17 - = = (A) (Feb. 1973) 601 11/62 14,0+35.0 i] - - ” 3301 7164 17,.0-35.0 v4 - - ~ Spectra 70/15, 25 9/65 4.3 18 ~ ~ - Spectra 70/35 1/67 9.2 95 - - - Spectra 70/45 11/65 22.5 265 - = = Spectra 70/46 11/68 33.5 x» = - - Spectra 70/55 11/66 4.0 10 - = = Spectra 70/60 11/70 32.0 18 = - ~ Spectra 70/61 4/70 42,0 ? - = = Wi2- 5/71 16.6 63 = - - 70/3 9/71 25,0 7 - = = 70/6 9/71 25.0 24 - - - 70/7 12/71 35.0 ? ~ = - EMR 6020 4/65 §.4 5 1 16 0 EMR 6040 7/65 6.6 6 6 6 9 EMR 6050 2/66 9.0 15 2 17 ti] EMR 6070 10/66 15.0 ? 8 1s G EMR 6100 8/67 5.0 % 13 4&7 ti] EMR 6135 - 2.6 % 5 41 4 : EMR 6145 - 7.2 - - - 8 EMR 6140 = - = - - 0 Varian Data Machines B20 NF Newport Beach, Calif. 6201 6/67 zx - - 1300 x (A) (Mar. 1973) B-6 204 4/69 - - - & - $20/DC, 5204 12/69 310/68 = - - 500 150 620/£ 11/70 x - ™s 207 x 620/L, 620/L-00¢ 4/7139/72 - ” = 740 101 620/£-100 ‘ 6/72 - = - 100 43 620/100 $/72 - - = 200 235 Varian 73 11/72 - = - 49 39 Zerox Data Syetens XDS—-92 6/65 1.5 &3 4 47 - El Segundo, Calif. XDS-910 8/62 2.6 176 40 180 ~ (SN) ¢R) (Oct. 1973) ¥DS=920 9/62 2.9 120 42 132 = xDS-936 6/64 3.4 159 a6 473 - XDS=940 4/66 14.0 33 3 % - 3DS~9 300 11/64 8.5 25-°* 4 29-34 = HDS ~$30 6/73 7.6 - ~ = - Signa 2 42/66 1.6 163 36 199 = Sigma 3 12/69 2.0 2 i 22 ~ Sigma § 8/67 6.0 32 24 &% - Signa 6 6/70 12.0 3 « - - Sigma 7 , 12/66 12,0 31 7 38 - Sigma 8 2/72 - 5 - « = Sigma 9 - 35.0 7 - _. -
- - CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS Nov. 28-30, 1973: ist Annual Systems Engineering Conference, Statier-Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: Technical Ser- viegs, ATIE, 25 Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, GA 30071 Oec. 4-5, 1673: 1973 Vehicular Technology Conference, Sheraton- Geveland, Cleveland, Ohio / contact: Robert Wylie, Motorola Communications, inc., 12955 Snow Rd., Cleveland, OH 44130 Bec. 6-8, 1973: National Symposium on Computer Applications in the Juvenile Justice System, Marriott Motor Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. / contact: Lawrence A. Boxerman, Project Dir., National Council of Juvenile Court Judges, Univ. of Nevada, Box 8000, Reno, NV 89507 Dec. &11, 1873: Computer Architecture, Flagler inn & Reitz Union, Gainesville, Fla. / comtact: G. Jack Lipovski, 229 Larsen well, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 32601 den. 16-18, 1974: 3rd Annual ANE-MMI Seminar, Marriott Motor _ Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Technical Services, ANIE, 25 Technology Park/Atlanta, Norcross, GA 30071 dan. 16-19, 1974: Internepcon/Japan 74, Harumi Convention Center, Tokyo, Japan / contact: Industrial & Scientific Conf. figmnt., Inc., 222 W. Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606 Feb. 12-14, 1974: Computer Science Conference, Detroit Hilton, Detroit, Mich. / contact: Seymour J. Wolfson, Computer Science Section, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mi 48202 Feb. 13-15, 1974: international Solid State Circuits Conference, Univ. of Penna., Marriott Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Vir- gil Johannes, Bell Lebs., Room 3E331, Holmdel, NJ 07733 Feb. 19-22, 1974: 3rd Annual National Communications Week Convention, Chase-Park Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. / contact: David C. Brotemarkle, Communications Systems Management Assac., 1102 West St., Suite 1003, Wilmington, DE 19801 Feb. 26-28, 1974: Computer Conference (COMPCON), Jack Tar Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: Jack Kuehler, IBM Corp., P 35, Bidg. 025, Monterey & Cottle Rds., San Jose, CA 95114 Mar. 26-29, 1974: IEEE International Convention (INTERCON), Coliseum & Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: J. H. Schumacher, IEEE, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017 April 3, 1974: Minicomputers — Trends and Applications, Nat’! Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md. / contact: Harry Hay- man, 738 Whitaker Ter., Silver Spring, MD 20901 April 811, 1974: Computer Aided Design, Int'l Conference & Ex- hibition, Univ. of Southampton, Southampton, England / con- tact: inst. of Civil Engrs., Great George St., Westrninster, Lon- don SW1, England April 9-11, 1974: Optical Computing Symposium, Zurich, Switzer- land / contact: Samuel Horvitz, Box 274, Waterford, CT 06385 April 21-24, 1974: International Circuits & Systems Symposium, Sir Francis Drake Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. / contact: L. O. Chua, Dept. of EE, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, CA 94720 April 21-24, 1974: 1974 Annual Assoc. for Systems Management Conf., Dallas Convention Center, Dallas, Tex. / contact: R. B. McCaffrey, ASM, 24587 Bagley Ad., Cieveland, OH 44138 Wey 6-8, 1974: Offshore Technology Conference, Astrohall, Hous- ton, Tex. / contact: Offshore Tech. Conf., 6200 N. Central Exe Pressway, Dallas, TX 75206 May 6-10, 19874: 1974 National Computer Conference & Exposi- tion, McCormick Place, Chicago, tll. / contact: Dr. Stephen S. ‘Yau, Computer Sciences Dept., Northwestern University, Evans- ton, IL 60201 May 13-17, 1974: European Computing Congress (EUROCOMP), Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England / contact: Online, Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England May 13-17, 1974: International instruments, Electronic and Auto- mation Exhibition, Olympia, London, England / contact: indus- trial Exhibitions Ltd., Commonwealth House, New Oxford St., London, WCIA 1P8, England dune 24-26, 1974: Design Automation Workshop, Brown Palace Hotel, Denver, Colo. / contact: ACM, 1133 Ave. of the Amer- leas, New York, NY 10036 June 25-28, 1974: 1974 Annual international Conference & Busi- ness Exposition, Minneapolis, Minn. / contact: Data Processing Management Assoc., 505 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 duly 15-19, 1974: 1974 Conference on Frontiers in Education, City University, London, England / contact: Conf. Dept., insti- tution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, England WC2R OBL , ‘ duly 23-26, 1974: Circuit Theory & Design, IEE, London, England / contact: IEE, Savoy Pi., London WC2R OBL, England Aug. 5-10, 1974: IFIP Congress 74, St. Erik’s Fairgrounds, Stock- holm, Sweden / contact: U.S. Committee for (FIP Congress 74, Box 426, New Canaan, CT 06840 Aug. 5-10, 1974: Medinfo 74, St. Erik's Fairgrounds, Stockholm, Sweden / contact: Frank E. Heart, Bolt Beranek and Newman, tnc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge, MA 02138 Aug. 21-23, 1974: Engineering in the Ocean Environment interna- tional Conf., Nova Scotian Hotel, Halifax, Nova Scotia / contact: 0. K. Gashus, EE Dept., Nova Scotia Tech. Coll., POB 100, Hali- fax, N.S., Canada ADVERTISING INDEX Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: product / name and address of the adver- tiser / name of the agency, if any / page number where the advertisement appears. COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION / Computers and Auto- mation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 52 ELECTRONIC RESEARCH CORP., 7618 Wedd, Overland Park, KS 66204 / ERC Advertising / page 45 INSTRUCTIONAL FACULTY OPENINGS / College of Petroleum & Minerals, c/o Saudi Arabian Educational Mission, 880 Third Ave.—17th Floor, New York, NY 10022 / page 32 THE NOTEBOOK ON COMMON SENSE, ELEMENTARY AND ADVANCED / published by Computers and Auto- mation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 7 RIDE THE EAST WIND: Parables of Yesterday and Today, published by Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co. / Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., New- tonville, MA 02160 / pages 24, 25 WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS ANO DATA PROCESSING / jointly published by Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., and Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washing- ton St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / page 51