14-00000 feft two trade unlonisse ecrincs- ply wiih hle dreteine. pa mat. gach by woucded, . . igor wen falls end no mecer tutoeng before hee death inva The poly wat Ostenshiy CET what ne cost ged Met Perda. Ly8l. to subncie the Gower rr 2 During the (eo monotke she decision bast ween i hag nn alire the Getriution arch auie MAS berm in power, awe Pas of petroteum peeducte, Lani Wenht to Taner Fee leeace now, Shell, and Fag « aeepy dt from that of a fe 404 wicow uy cauve Lam a woman, | sansot fame over the sad Mrg. Peron, sili dresesd: up one of the leagihy black ced an enormous personal were urging Mra. Tenin to hald majoe plNe . [strengthen her imaye in the “L-dpow that many think face of rung terromst achvidy, labae heim,” pratiems. . : Desaite the poor turnout, at tocar 's t tally tol URSESS oan wonomc ral selevising «afte; + . ” e aye ’ ies ared the Incal to @ forselal erie! execuuee aries had shared ore eet abie to muide a noron da ces Jreseee phe hag donned gince mouncers pemarxed that the Olea ¢ ee into numerous pizsuisé, lefust hee Aeshand’s death, “But [ ceveds were Cmaulntudinous” Petroleum Company. and mecerate jaciiettt. have wo arms. and in one Assectlon of Leadsreh'p : She has aid weleaudherted But Mrs, Perén devoted mest iCabinet meeunzs and teumers eure: Eva Perdn,” and at least one commentator hast TP have Peron and-in the spoke of “hundress of thous: jands” of people on hand. But mas her voice cracked’a walk throch the placa con of her speech fo defend rer nh option polucane at ; > : ‘a tte . clin to lesdership of tre Pe- Cougreasinen ang > military vita enotion and she shook her firmed that oniv the street in fonist movement, Which has 260s. f entenced arms, recalling ge front of the pkg Governarent!. been in crowing disarray ence  SMeny of her ‘speeches are enterded arms, revatlingHHif house was filed. The cameras h General Peran’s death on dais i heavily faced ann reterences turet wed by Rva Perén. cof the television stations—==f “Da not @eaht for a meomeng made and slogans sict bv Gen | There fave been rumurs intwhin have recently been that Isabel Peron, his e-tent.eral Reron and pis second wie, Ute fut three weks that con: *.centiy brovent: under state on trede anddiscipic, will fathOily dia Lya Duarte oe BALTIMORE SU 28 August 1974 ; . 615 cloudy tor ris CLloret I a . fig GTCGE REUae ep AS . . ut J Rin de danrito Nureau of Tae Sun- E> ¥ e@ @ 4 YN ec PVYIA Ss Gan zer: Rrowing aainst the eurtuua- abt ] ¥ la 3 isc LZ Oo lion in office of President Mi ers ure divided over wehetier date clecuons. ‘ene Fainnge s evecuted the unsuceesstul coup ‘General Danzer will esd bry ‘declaration repusiated . e aust his goverament June 5. ‘Htionis promived for neat year, party ebthe Prost, a smader recently to all military units in for by the ueucl mecharcen for gtwdp Muined after the late “La Paz. aliegeciy produced by the coup d'etat, , Even as the civitiag ele--have talen inspiration from. + Last week, General Hz steph Unat sate theit counterparts in Pertugsl fourth year in the srecifemcy tighbuing and meniely, ante coup against the authoritari- by dancing in the seats ey: ‘ : anresime there. ing a massive celebration of Eng oul, there were reports oi , sihia the mili -Baazes’s repression against Sis own institution [the Army] Lf Orecas Rio de Janeiro—Oppesitictt 16° Banzer of Bolivia, But oe jon Falance gentarded imme. these officers why plotted and tenure feaailly. Urousts . istely by anether memoer; & pémphiet was circulated transfering power in Bolivia president. Rene Borsentas, a group of young officers whe BupRelita ; eclenrated the besinning cfais Vrecdent Banzer't Gitinetts who lest April led a successful ¢ ¢; dur. Cummionst eegine aere far The punphict read. in part. the coup deiat that deprad c-svension Per vb Ferume, wae servatve — Perunist leaders ‘cer trot = focused : o a "==—"ynianists and avoided pho.o-* - : . graphing the empty stretched _ One of the organizers ef the fally asserted Unat ih wag suc} cessful two unions=thy lignt and powsl | ee union and the siate petulel | eum workers—were supocsed j to atlend. But he achnowiadged} = that “Perdn wounl never taal . i 1 i i consienag that ealy! | addressed sa small a crowd.” Tne chicf focus of peluical tinrest in the country has been Curcosa, city, the sand largest Last Febroary, a mpht- wing malice coup, apparently thucked by General Perrin, ree moved the elected left-wing! Mist governur trun power, 2 We upheaval, right- {rags unionists sise “rested control af the iceal latme federation from leftists, Since then, Cordoha has been the scene of repesied incidents of politwas davs ago, the Labur ided ta remove ic tion frum the te? UR A few istry de al revogni+ contriied —a cone srglence. at [ka-Rena ‘Gen. Juan dose Torres Auge YOY. ; ' ; just 21, 1971, _ Although Presivene Buncer has persinced wane demo. cern with mixed Argentine and | Even ps he was celetrating. Fevwived the pertuns cory supe ofhvers to heat here French capital — after labor: Jmaiiag speeches gtett the pat af tne CoAT o$ at the ‘on miners. WOrkers leaders calied as vike im Sup 7 jdurability of the Nations t arnied Services Series as? dents, « — posi of Bierce WARES. potice Ponulue Front--the cists: veex’s fyte. it is evident fo Arter the attempted coup of last night tesuied when offic ‘military coalition throws aources here. and fram repurts Juste 3. many of the of nurs cere reoved fa dislodse lahore which he has foverred— irom Bolivia, thes he auhtory : ef were either Jated OF tec ees from ine union head- peworful  Lolisian | Miners is ccd over the presigent, att nly exile ty Paraguay cus riers. . id Argentina. Accerding to + Union ceclated iself virteuty ” gral his policies. at war with the segime. And: gj. the Front agipsrently #48 Gis fpr giicers are bend : : poet mo Argeting, many beheved (hat the sung. Terects from ‘ “alien. ef these officers have been returning to Balvia clandes- : jintegrating. : tated increasintly by the prest- a i This week one party im the gon Speen ienly. they ggruse NEES coalition. the Nabonalist Eohy-, pis retusal ta grout atinealy fo THE WASHINGTON POST Wednestey, dug. 23,1976 ~ e mectings” hang from tre Nigh ceilings to the Moors, Corsers and columns are slastered with posters that weve Une defens> af the rev. olution of quese Gen. Juan D. Peren. the Aesentine po 4‘ Yo 3 i bs ¥ 7 istleader whe died ia of- , ; BRR ad an oo aN. raed oY ae oresicent aa dude f, Ly SLE om 7 fe hi £ba¢ ' e Qaida rw) ed 24. 7 ot A Dutside. people walk past wathout sceming te malice, But inside, behind the gus. . @ . e € ters, Uhe sours peaple whe ® ; hE “wie YB C7 a 7 “ee beleved Beran. retura te h . Had ry a. fhe q power in 8 fiteaee dant Sear fivant a waaad sbope te femiad sociable: ape Uesddes tee spol que tee thangs last strapg. Hy demepts Neo ie nkl Byer ob te Mer Bae te i og felt the umwersity, BUENOS ATROS=—The en ta a Cultural Revol Sted. bur iagasratly, frances and lrillaays af ty Wall newspaorrs fall of Tey yorctement fer beled a _ Neth : : University af Buenos tires . > Pororist univessity aaministration and student bucy. Peronist Protessars sos that Presi- dent Maria Extela Peron, the leader's widew and sue eerser. is fulluwins a line laid down by Peron: To ease Une Meexis? deft out cul the roveriont,  Vhis Means w tr Dark control ul the University of Buenus Atreswhose student body of alaost 590.00 makes it. be far the larsest in the country-—from the Peronist Irtiuins. The neiversiy bo. heen g Th baatede. than 3 Sint eT CMNENR Cte REECE + hams w=
urban The university. an campis with old rag moder burtdints shrousheut the city, Fanized alan; lines. Eleven separate: farul- ties, ke separate culleves educate lawyers. doctors, agronomists and liberal pro. fessionals. Each gives twos rears of basic collece cduca- “tion, Seven years avo, after a violent university purze by Arcentina’s military gov. ernment, many pasts of the Separate curricula. were shaped to American modets, When the Peronists ree turned to power last May, young leftist leaders loyal te Peron were given the unl: versity as their share of the new fovernment. It changed almost overnight. . Entrance were ‘abolished and all hich achool graduates were of. fered admission. One year later, 85.000 new students had entered and the enroll ment had doubled. “There are su many peo- ple now, it seems that even the rats from the basement ‘take exams,” said a fourth. year philosophy student. Professors with connec. tions to the milltary covern-: mentor fore tn companies were dismissed. Fourteen were fired from the faculty ' of economics alone. ‘The uni- versity broke off assistance am! exchange a2reements ‘with the Ford Foundation.” the University of California and Rutcers. and opened new provrams with universi- ties in Peru, Algcria and . BMexlen. - ; ‘Courses of study were ehanged. Traditional philos. ophy courses were replcced, in part, by studies of South American polilicians and ‘Peron’s doctrine. In an in- troductory architecture f urepega . examinations . cour: alter. nates Vv; & Wide shaw w2 D A hew ton hinted with pi al the e: Vs shanty Hons and ie folluwed by a discus: Sion of Arnerican imperial. ismin Arsentina. “Last sear we had Scorg. than, this vearve had Lea- in” said a second-se@ar stu: dent of economics. “I's re aliv interesy ma, We learned how Ssinuctsen’s book cAn . Tatrards: tu Econninies * by Paul. muclson, an in- troduetors in the United States seme fayeion ‘used aff these sraphs and “eurves ta prove that impeork alism was necessary. Oh, not airectly, but subtly, you Know.” : . “We toon out: Samuclaon but we did not replace him with Lenin-or Marx,” Oscar Sbarra Xs dean of ulty, said dusine an view. He explained there is new no single hook for the twovear intro ' -ductory course, butrather a feadine ics with 2 majority ; of Latin American authors. | Mars—a7 well as John May- nard Keyreseshows up as an individysl theorist, not as the fest word, | The shift from studies de- and mitre that Sizced to tives for siant compaies to a more penulist and na- tional outionk, Sharra Mitre said. is better exemolitied by the = course ‘eatied “History of the Union Move. meat and Labor Relations,” which replaced a conurze un Personnel tianasement, It was not educational pal- ey, however, but pure poli. | lies that turned the univer. tty futo a leftwing reduubt Gefying the Veronist govern. ment. 4 basie university law, laying down the rules national wy xt widely used. countrivs) “re, the Wyearntd « the econumles tac. text: but, yraduce execu.- for Rares Alres and the eicht utice campuses of the ersity system, paced er s6 by a larse majority ‘ dast year with the support from non dteron: ist parties. The law embod. ied the basie ehanves that: had begun at Buenos Aires. Meanwhile, a majority faction in the Peronist yours inevement backed by ftwo-urbon suerrilla croups. that bee touche the military ! goverment under Peron’s banner, had made the uni- versity here thelr power base. ‘they. proclaimed” a Ruverament program that smacked! heartily of ctiec! Ism-Leaininin and, in effect, ‘challonced Peron for leader- shijy of his movement. ’ “Luck, anythin but Peronists,” Gen. Peron said last Febry: ary, when he first began try; ing to separate bis move: thent’s youth wing from the’ leaders born of the guerrilla Movement who call then Selves Montonerns, . “Before thinking about Setting organized we've pot to think how it can be a true Organization and nut a sack full of cats who will start showing their ‘elaws pretty soon.” Peron told leaders of the seuth.wing., He asked them te reorganize them. ., Selves and expel the Mary. - ists. “That's why this purifi- cation is necessary,” he said. The purification Heron -wanted has heen thwarted, in pifrt-by yvoucrpment relue- tance ta drive the whole youth wins into open revult. and in part by studenta _ from the University of Bue- nos Aires. Twice. since April, they have marched Into the streets to protest the appuintment of new deans and have futced the , eovernment to-back down. : these people are. A weck aro they took over 10 of the Hl faculties in a move te held ontu the tem. Berars. * university rector, taul Lacuzzi, u2, a professor of pharmacys who is foval to the Montoncros. And, inside the faculties, it often seems as if one is Inside Peron’s “sack of cats.” At the medical faculty re- cently, students who stifl ‘proclaim lnyalty to Peron started playing the Peronist marching song on a Joud- speaker system,- A faction that stands further to the ‘left put on the Internatio. nale, the Communist hymn, and tuencd up the volume on their own sound system. “The Peronists turned up ‘their volume, and so it wene; to ear- shattering levels. “Htisn't bad once you set above the secund floor.” a professor of - -neurodiology said. Slowly the university eri- sis scems to be heading for sume kind of resolution. A weck ago, President Maris Estela Peron named a new minister of education. He is expected to name a new rector, Student street demon- Strations huve beon quiekly and sharply put down by po. Hee, The same demonstra: tons were tolerated by hee jate husband. There have been some hints that the government will try te defuse the erisis by unraveling Peronist poli- tics and the quarrel with the Montoneros from university policies. ° “We're waiting to sce who the new rector will be.” said a young professor. “That should clear up something. in the meant:ine, if you're thinkin: of building a house in Argentina. get an old ar- chitect.” . stitemaprenaemsteseeeses setrteCOSEESD SIG “=
ENCOUNTER, Londoa January 197h - : ; AS Tr MAY SEEM 10 say so when the , | re of the Chilean coup d'é:at ip - ' still so keenly remembered and the generals who: ; Made # are riding unpleasunily high, the. fact ‘ gemains that Sclvador Allende died a lucky * man fo ife he wes a failure. Both his policies : aod bis county were shattered long tefore-ths end. But in death he achieved success beyond bis dreams. InstanUy canonised as the Western _ world’s *newest feft-wing martyr, he became : overnight the most potent political cult-figure " since bis old friend, Che Guevara, To some extent, of course, the congregation bad already been prepared {of this-posthumous © " elevation. Ia the three years of Alletide's admini« stration the “Chilean experiment’ and the . . “Chilean road to socialism’? had become fave ourite topics of discussion among lef:-ving groups in Europe, where Chile's supposed reembiane to Italy or France bad encouraged the belief that Burope might, for once, foliow in ~ Latin America’s footsteps instead of the other way about. Many aspiring revolutionaries from Europe and the United States had actually joined their Latin American counterparts in Chile in evoch the same spirit as their. dropped- out contemporaries had hitch-hiked to Nepal . oping for a glimpse of Paradise in action. By “Foul! reat the as. the time of the September coup the military junta elained there were as many as 15,000 forcigners of all kinds in Chile, actively supporting —some- times with violence—the “socialist revolution.” Davin Houpere Aas travelled ix Chile on "several: recent aacigrenens as Chief Foreign” Corre” pondent for she’ Sunday Times. Among his feguly contributions to ENCOUNTER are “South African Wotrhook” (August 1970), “Day Trig to Zanzibar” (September 1972) and “Ethispia- Forty Years On” ( February 1973). . These specially interested groups’ ar indivi- dusk obviously provided a ready network for international propiganda im the aftermath of Aldleode’s death. But the shocked and, at times, almost hysterical reaction to the coup went Yar beyoad such committed parties to embrace many of the West's ordinary liberals and social democrats, For them, as much as for the self- styled revolutionaries, it seemed, a bright light of world-wide bope had been extincuished ip Santiago; and from Washington to Rome, vis Paria, Boon and London, anguished cries of 4 ‘Tes ourcRY pf BArTADG was typloul—and inetante nerve ~ Allende > io {Daa Molen oy “Political Realisin & Revolutionary Romance * oe Pa “& the Myth | ‘Makers Pas | Revolt J ‘Against the Ballot “Bor” > for which the Chilean armed forces could offer no cxane (The Guardian, 12'°9/73), as @ “Disaster fp Chile” that would “set back the cause of sociale iam and democracy everwhere” (New Statem ran, 14/9/73); and as “The Death of a Hope” comparable, even, to the Russian invasion of Cucchotlovakia that ended Alexander Dubock’s régime in 1963 (The Observer, 16/9/79), ua Within 24 hours of the first, bare news of the coup the General-Secretary of the British Labour ; Parly, Mr Ron Hayward, was writing officially to one of Allende’s former colleagues to say that it was difficult to express the sense of horror and anget felt by the Dritish Labour movement “as the aspirations of the working people of Chile— - shared by so many others around the world» are destroyed at the hands of a few arrogant and ignorant officers acting at the behest of those who believe their right to rule is Unchallenseable” - (The Times, 13/9/73). Me Len Murray, Generale Socretary of the Tradea Union Council, expressed his ‘shock and abhorrence with equal speed and vizour, Aod irs Judith Hart, speaking as a. .. member of dhe Labour Party’s National Execue ” tive, unleashed a torrent of assertions so passionate as to suggest that her mind had come close to - being.overthroun with Allende’s government, ~They ranged from the declaration that “the democratic wil of the people of Chile” had been eefeated by capitalist “collusion” (The Guardian, 17/973) to “for Sociulists of this generation Chile is our Spain” and “This is the most vicious fascitm Wwe have seen in generations” (The Guardian, 19/9/73). : When the Labour Party Conference met at Blackpool three weeks Jater these instant ree actions bad hardened into established orthodoxy. . The former Chilean Ambassador in London was - given, @ standing ovation when he became the first noa-delepate io address a Party Conference . | since two Ssanish Renublicans were allowed to do $0 in the 1930s. Resolutions were then carried utterly condemning the military coup and the Precipitate action of the British Government in recogmising the military junta; demanding the recall of the British Ambassador from Santiago ‘aad the withholding from the mi@itary régime of all aid, loans, and eredite; and calling on the Labour Movement to campaign for the restores tion of democracy im Chile aod to offer financial end other assistance w the Popular Unity (Afliende’s) movement (The Times, 3/10/73). My Habce, G@ AW PLLosTaarionw af a the
_ btady. Probably Gery inc inJed a hay. the reasons for this fiirce reaction | wu “ repay noe of fining. Several of the roost fashions matters of We.tera political protest had poesnt inte - histury or been shadowed by disiih reat is the year or two txlore Allends’s down tt, from Viet am and Greees to Mack: Power cod the Student Movement. Allende’s draniatc end supplied a new cause just whea it was wanted ' Fumiliar double standards were certunly Lae * volved. Nobody at the Labour Party Cealcrenoa, for example, Ghought it pocewary to ash why guch a royal welcome should be offered to the __ feprecentative of @ goveanment whit: had ine . - gluded one of the very few Commucist parties outside Eastera Lurone to approve tue Ruwias invasion of Cyechovlovakia, A Paviovian ree _ ponse to the very idea of “revolution” was. also charly in evidenco—and nade all the mnare eager, Nt seemed, by the fact tat this particutar revolue * gloo had beea taking place at such a safe distance - da such sublimely forcign parts. There waa, pethaps, a characteristic love of Worldly failure, too—-for it was diffaut to read some of the mors extravagant expressions of gricf at Al'éode'a death without sensing a touch of gratification at | the ica that Good hind. once more succun:ded to Evil and- so‘delivercd another marhtr unte Heavea before ha could bs corrupied by the practical denands of life on Earth. But most of call, perhaps, the response secmed to sem from, ignorance aod wishful thinking—always the two most powerful sources.uf political romanticism— which fefe the facts of life ia Allende’s Chile . either unknown or fynored and the Geld wide . open, therefore, to the creation of instant myth. ‘Hence the composite picture, now acepted throughout a wide spectrum of Western Hberal and ieft-wing opinion, of Allende as a yeauine social democrat of impeccable constitativnal propriety who met his end at the hands of a fascist conspiracy on behalf of a minority “ruling class” aided and -abctied by the United States of Americe. To replace this romantic vision n with something approaching reality may already be impassible, for myths undoubtedly possess a life of Gicir own immune to rational challenge. To attempt to do go also may entail sume risk of abuse, for at ‘seams to be a common assumption nowadays that anyone who secks a rational eaplanation of a milivry coup d'état (unless it happens t represcat a left-wing interest) is nevessanly @ fascist beast, E soup magrrr pia, therefore, that I am concerned here with Aliende’s Chile and sot with what has takeo its place. I hold no brief for military juntas, nor for the summary cuccutions, mass imprisonments, censorship or whatever that the Chilean junta may have inspired or tolerated during its early months of power, Lncsed, because _ i happen to know and like Chile as a covatry and count a number of Chileans among my friends I feel some personal sadness at the county's . present plight. But I feel no surprise nor, fem | afraid, much more] shock. Military men will be military men, the world over; and in aay case Chile was ict im such a mess by Allends that gome vindictiveness, alas, was Oaly to be cxpoctad whea he fell. Nor am I concerned with Chilean mighi-have- beens, I accept that the country seeded grouing’ aociai refarm andl believe thatige obs onnld have been achieved ‘without violence by a} democe ate fovernment tat was Feady to work | a. proper respect for what “the economis and ; political fabric of Chile would stand. Hut that is not the point any more. What Lam converned about is how t.e counuy came to its . present pass. And without wistins to speak ill of | the dead, it acems to me necessary to ay outright | : for the Sake of the living that the Chilean coup | was larrely Aicnde’s own fault and that the myths - with which ithas been surrous.ced oa the Left aro not mercly a falsification of Chicas Listory but . @ potential danger to the future of Liberal and social democratic politics in the Western world | as well. Indeed, what Js most Cisturbing fo me about the fashionable Western reactions to events in Chile is their revelation of the decree to which , revolutionary romanticism has combined with : left-wing cynicism in recent years to corrupt our | - own politics, Jt is certainly “eo accident” that, 5 for example, the British Labour Party which so | uncritically adopts Allende’s cause is also the j _ party which has permitted its self-avowed ! Marxists and utopian socialists to gain factional positions of unprecedented power, . I will leave others to pursue that theme, : however. All I want to do is lo try to set some of . the Chilean secord straight-—or at any rate, _ straighter—Ddy looking in some detail at tree of + the main myths that sow surround the ead of ~ Alleade and his famous experiment. . . : -° 1. The American Intervention Myth HIS POUND its most virulent expression In the equation of Allende’s downlad with that of Dubcek, Yet in the absence of any Asverican armed assault to compare with the Soviet invasion of Cyvechoslovakia-—let alone the fact that whereas Dubcck’s Parliament supported him | against the Russians, a majority of Allends’s ” Congress invited him to resign—there were oaly : _ gteseotype suppositions to sustain i. : Io general, the American intervention myth seemed to derive from that.charactesistic Latin _ American and left-wing scapesozt complex which insists that the Yanguis are responsible for every thing (except, of course, anything good). Gar- nished with historical fact (Guatemala, the Bay of « ’ Pigs, etc.) this is frequently transmuted in Latin American afsirs into a plausible anti-American - smear; and the state of Washington politics in 1973 was, of course, guaranteed to give such @ suwear exua credence this time. The New Sratese man offered a fine example. “The likelihood is that the trail will lead back to the Pectagon™, it - * ” assured its readers, “if a proper investigation can ever be mounted, But in écfault of this it does seam possibic to say that Nixonism and its allies | were aleady too heavily _implcated in the 3 Addicts of the ITT consrimecy theory cxight like | to work oul, incidentaly, way LIT ia Che wai never ¢ tahen over by Allence, even afier the cotonious. memorandum became public property. Was it, perhaps hecause ics operations there were mostly osing money and Abecde cid GO Wack to ehare i finaccia! enbarrassmreats? Or was it tral he knew the corspany had pico bin as exocuve poutical suck to beat his opponents with acd be cid cot art to low | i away by hissing ue comsany out? Esher way, IITs arsarest urccunig trom repraal G3 Bog suggest that Le took va caascage very scriously,
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“put even if he had. To support Castro's Cua is twileved to have “H might ‘not have worked. “cost Moscow the equivalent of start $i milion - a day foramany yours To support s sinular régun0 in Chile would probably have cost even murc, - There was pever the slightest, aien that Mr +Hrerhocv, or anyone cise ja the Keemlin, was ready to accept such B burden. : To sum up, then, it seems to me that the idea of an Americana conspiracy 00 overthrow Allends Js both unproven and uaneeessuly to eapisia his downfall 1 am not saying, of courte, that Washington was not milieved to see him 503 although I think somie American oificials would have prefericd tosce him stumbisoaforsometims longer in the bope-that. growing d:sillusionment . would infect even bis stoutest supporters and accordingly diminish , the chances of his being made a martyr whea nemesis finally overtook him. But io gencral the American attitude sccms. _ fo have been 8 predictably cautious O66? Thow shalt noe Rill, but need’st not suive a Offictously fo Agep aliv@. aoe A realistic Chilean government embarked on its *zoad to socialism” would surely have bargained for that much, and (oo & truly Marxist analysis * such as Altace professed) itshould have expected - much more-—that America would moye'ia-for the kill as soon as possible. Yet while adopung & deliberately provocative stance, Allende took no- steps to protect himself against possible American seprisals, declined to compromise for the cake of other Westera help, and failed to provide grounds even for bis suaposed Marxist Sicnds to help him. 1g was magnificent, perhaps, but it was not politics, At the very least, Allende must be convicted here of a lack of realism that would probably have been fatal 10 any siitesman any where. we Picture of Allence being overthrown by what has beca variously described as @ “revolt of the privileged,” 2 series of “bosses’ gtrikea” of o “conspiracy of the traditional ruling class” contains so many misconceptions that it is bard to know where to begin to sort them out One idea, however, secrcs basic to them alls that Allende and his Popular Unity coalition were somehow the uniquely lesitimate repro- sentatives pf “the People's Will” That such aa odd belief should have gained any curreccy whatever outside purely propagancist circtes isa mark of the confusion thst sufrounds the _» Chilean experience in the minds of many none ’ Chileans. To judge from published comments, guch as those referring to the “defeat of the democratic will”, some of Allende's sympa thisers abroad seem even to believe that he oot merely enjoyed a massive popwar majonty of te vote but was also the first President of his couatry to "2. The Ruling Class Conspiracy Myth do 80. . - Yee the facts are beyond dispute. Chie was and had bees for many years a funcdosing democracy with & constitution which vested executive power in the President and legislative power in Congress. Bothis theory and 19 practice, po doubt, there wie serious weuboesses-—Os revea': 4, for jnstanae, in the inability of previous a governs: aadily But by ce and gut enabied 7, unsuc.: Se tle himielf to coatest the Presidency three times Tefore he ually woo jt at bis Sousrds attemmps in 1970, There was no doubt of the legithascy of that victory. Hut, wnfortunstcly for thaxe who saw it as a unique eapre, only thie a narrow plurelity ia which Allends obtaine! just over 367, of the poll. His nearest fival, ont a couple of percentage points behind, anit fo press Uhruuga social yelorms eat (ning Chacars would have wished. | hon (arent the avetem wos the beat | te ia atin Arerion and ib bad v : wug ef “ihe prepie’s will, it was pained tes 1 : i was the caraidate of it conservalive National - Paty, shure members in Congress opposed | Allende from the start. Another 28% went to the third candidate, @ sacical scformi:t from the Christian Democrat party, many: of whose memters In Congress at first gave Alleada the benelt of the Coubt, Loping he would modify bit avowed Marius in practice to a kiad of reformivin compatiole vith their own idess and — ‘ . the existing cowstrution ry Jn the mid-term Conysesstonall élections of — March 1973, the Popular Unity coaliuon raised, fas slinre of the vores to 64% {althoysh this time the “lecitimacy” was suspect owing to opposition | . allegations of substautizi electoral fraud). But the opposition panies ictained a lisge majority : lo Congress ‘where, by that time, most of the Civistian Democrats had joined the Nationalista - fn outright antazoni-in ts the President, On these facts jt eins plain that, so far froin representing “tie Feoole’s Wil’, Alicnde never. actually ro preanicd mare than a substantial minority Interest. Only if “the People” are Mlentified ag being thor, who vared for Allende, while the rest the tajority~sie relegated fo the status of _ “non-people” can any other Interpretation be stained. But that, of course, is just what fs inplied by the myth of the “ruling class Ip THEke WAS “puling class” In Chile It wag thas , of the politicians and the surrounding establish: - ment drawn roo+uy from the narrow upper end of Chile's proszerous mike class. Allende himself and many of his ministers and leading supporters - were 4s much part of that proup as, were sheir political opponents, Mut, ironically, itwas a group that often zuTered les than others from Allende’s pcberally poweed enuugh cash or property to exploit the black market at home or slp into agreeable exile if tings got too rouch—in any case, to survive (lise Allende himself until dis death) in very reavonable comfort, But the people * ho did most to avertbrow Allende were rarely of this group at ail. With the possible exceptions of some naval officers, the armed forces were very much apart from the establishinent of any political colour; and even after Allende brought the service commanders into his government they remained eloof from, and remarkably little known ty, those relclively small circled is Santiago which were eccustomed to ect: ihe county's. political tone, oS . Indeed, a3 events since the coup état have . gocilism because its manbers on both sides, shown, Chile's miixury men—tike tie counter ¢ parts elsewhere—wese probably ss conte:npmuous - of the politiciana (acd as igncrent ef poulcs) 68 the politicians were of them. They had stayed outside politics for nearly 40 years, and if Allende
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14-00000 . potatoes, a few chickens, ‘ur even a site of beef, could make a good living on the black me: ret: even if his oficial wares remained stationary while inflation roared plrad. The factory v crker who was entiticd to buy a proportica of his ‘ factory’s output at official fined, prices Ces (and dig) seil that af aie, or ten times whet Led > paid as toon at he fit the factory gate. Tut miners could hardly find realy buyers fora Htolea truck-load of copper ore.® Thus the copper-miners were uirust, in effect, into the sume position as the lorry-men, the 2hope- “keepers, and virtually oli of Chile's sia: ied . professional ‘men and women: they were Ife . more of lens defenceless against the most vicious inflation tho country had ever experienced, ‘ee 3 Some arowoatTs for Allende have maintaised that the degree of infiztion was exagrezaicd OF, at any rate, litle worse than was custoinary in. Chile and elewhere in Latin America. Tie truth - ig ‘that ft was far beyond anything nonpalty enéured in that continent, As fitth as nine monuss after Allendé came to power, whin I first visited Chile, the escudo had already fallea from 20 to 40 apsinst the U.S. dollar on the free, ; ov black, market, Eightcen months later, on my eocond vi-it, the Govermnent’s own figuics put the rate of infladon at 110% ina year, the moncy iesue was going up by 10% 8 month and the. escudo had fallen to about 350 to the black U.S, dollar. Ky August 1973, the official ioflation rate was 323% and rising fast, and the ecudo was worth only 2,000 to the dollar—an effective devaluation in leas than three years of 10. COO %$ “Nor Is it enough to attribute these catastrophic yates to such adventitious or inalicious factors as—and egsin J refer to published aryumenia= falling world copper prices, the normal adiflculties of maintaining industriul and farm output in a time of radical political change, or delilerste Aserican intervention. . On the last of these three J have already said enough, } hope, to shuw that it was fat from decisive and that it was,,anyway, largely self- invited. As to falling copper prices, the fact is that after a fall in the first year of Allende’s Government, prices recovered until by the time - of his overthrow they were 60% above the level al the time of his election, Had they not risea go steeply he would wmost certainly have. fallea gooncf and probably would not have secured his selative, short-lived success in the mid-term | elections of March 1973. The difficulties of main- taining output jn a time of change, however, were real—unfortunately, far more so than Allende ever seemed to realise. Te take just iwo examples: copper and milk. Expropriation of the copper mines from their American owners would, no doubt, have led in - self to the withdrawal of American technicians as well as of American management with some consequent risk of losing production temporarily, at least, But this might have been overcome by the promotion of trained Chilean managers and technicians, of whom there was no shortage. Alas, for Chile's national income, Allende pot “merely nationalised but deliberately politicised , " @he mines a3 well. Jobs for the party boys were handed out in thousands while trained Chileans emigrated so that, afler three years of Popular Unity Government, minmg manpower and cose had risen by more than @ third while minmg 32 3 ba Unity ‘ wiih puiranced “cery | fetetpaast of mice Cally.” Vere santa PMO eA o Jesed | H a, intended 4 break the perez tof Ces | wy lac. és and open ins way te op cerutive of sicte “arming, micht have Bera arsed ter pest iz LAT horttaf ita Caizy pros é:ction for mn your of two while te tecthing proclens were ports erat, In fact, howerer, milk prodsciioa cron 238 Wo sorneons bad exnpiy ’ pumded a bole ia ine batten of every churn in : tre fangs At are large courerative Cary Ia! Ternnco, one of tis rain ole protucieg aseas of |; | Chite, the avernps daily winter iataze cf mnilke - was shoul 40 4) gallons in 1973. ky 1973 te was down to 1UA, Mos was this surprising. Asart from the fact that legal land reform had Leon seompaniel by widepread ard un. clexked Ulenal land seizures to that ty many fazms were in the hands of people utterly without | experience, the prices establinhed for sulx—as fos: mon other farm products—-were -simply ‘eennomic nonce. Prevunably in the huge of potiing balf-a-guart cf mln for every ebi14 on the: ~ cheap, the povemment droreed that a gallon of | milk would fetch Je+s than half the price of one erg. Inevitably, rotedy was interested iy pro- ‘) ducing milk zcd evsws were laughtered wha iecale for tee! —depally of Wendly—or driven ree O18 ruountains to Argentina while Alenia was _ ' forced to scour the werld fur dried mile woports 7 ye thanks to his policy in the copper mines, 2 po longer had foreign currency.to gay for, | - Suc pois were reveated everywhere as the setmnantic getures Of vxif-styied revolstica were preferred to facing tte facts of Mle, Vhs overall _preduction in both egriculture and industry fell énasromly, Allende ussutiancourly attercted to sedistibute te nations wealth by giving Chile's | poorer clas:es more money to epend, They were kis consuluency and they were properly grateful, ‘ for many of thern certainly had never bed rruch before. But you can't redistribute what yoo kave aleady thrcan away; and as output vanicbed, ' 22 Gomestic quevet grew loncer, foreign febts piled up, and the budzet deficit expanded lize a hydrogen balloon. A year before the final ectiapse 1 asked one of Aliende’s chief economic advisers * what they were poinz to do to control a sitzatiog : that was already Inoking critical He replied, - with commendsb!s candour, that he realy di¢a’e ° know. “f know,” he caid, “what we ought to do— we should impo-e an aucerity régime tumcarow, * freeze wares, and ration essential supplies. but bast. how can wel We would destroy our own political - Precisely. Ta the end, rather thaa do that they plunged on down the primrose path of promises aod Dusions and practicfly destroyed the country. The “ruling class conspiracy” was the g)oss that they and their supporicrs put upoa toe reality of their can miscalculstions. ee oe ae . 3. The Myth of the Constitutional Revolutionary ERE WE CoE to the conn of Aflerde's | [ policies and character abut which, finally, guia was down y short the zat 2 arr. h
“all the other armunents revolve. Was be a gtnuine comttutionahw? Was he a trun revolue tionary? Was be-—coula he ever have been-—hoth? Allende hinnelf, of cours, adiniied no doubta. Repcatediy, he insisted that he was o j “revolutionary anda Maraist, and chat he intended | to establish at feast the precondinens for what he told Kégiv Debray woul be “total, wientific Marist socialism.” Equally repeatedly, he pro- claimed his faith that he could achieve this end by convilutionall nicans, throuch the taltot bor 4+ and all it implicd. Taat was, after all, to be the + distinctive:"Chilean road to scialigia” of which ‘go many people outside Chile cherished such high hopes. ~ But no hindsight is required to sce that bolt © . theory and practice wel ridkcd with contra- dictions, Revolutions are born of, or generale, sectional conflict—a ‘fact of politic life that Allende acknowledsed every tune he spoke of “rertrowing’ what he called tec “bourgeois” state, But a ceueritic constiution rests upod - consensuy—@ batic awepiuuce of the fact Gaat the Stale represents more thia s smactely sectional Interest. The second permis roo gun, but the Gust denies it; and there is no way af revonciling the two. All Allende’s practical ditheultics followed from this simple distivctiga. Takeu seriously, his constitutionslizm mcani . ghat his programe _ could only guccerd if a majority would actuslly ‘ ‘yote for it But, elected as he was with oaly just over a third of the pppular vote and with w large majarity of Congress arainst hin, Allende had neither a democratic ner an administratively ' effectiie mandate for hi revolution. Indecd, im & parlismentary rather than a presidential demo- cracy, he would probably never have besa able to begin. ‘ . . If he was to succeed within his six-year term of office even in opening the door to revolution, let , " alone establishing it as accomplished fact, be had to transform his minority into @ majority. But how to do it? For, if words nieint anything, Allende’s had to mean that he intended to replace the existing, reformabic constitution of Chile. with another that would be, of its Marxist nature, irreversible. In other words, a system that was admittedly democratic was to be used 8o build another that would be eilectively dictatorial. This was asking the majority to hang uself from its own gallows; and, act surprisingly, it declined ALLENDE’S ATTEMPTS to overcome this basic Wogicatity in his position were precisely what’ ensured his ultimate downfall. Refusing to abandon either his revolutionary rhetoric of his professed constitutionalism he was forced to rely aleight-of-hand was often remarkable, as he Coorpress by exploiting the letter of the constitu. tion, using every legal locphole to force upon them | gneasures they did sot want But in the process, inevitably, he destroyed the constitution’s spirit, go that his opponents became as ruibless as he ® Indeed, as I discovered fae myself on 8 visit to southern Chile nine reon:hs ares Aderde's e&chons, local poboe forces there were under specie instruc= ons not to attempt to restore (ae forms to thea legal _ Sor-aiso Robert Moss's report in ESODUnTEA, * Anende’s Chile™, Augett 1877, and Alnsalr Horme’s “Commandante Pepe™, duly 1923. more and more upon political Basionism. His ¢ sought to outwit the opposition majority in. - _. peratding the rule of law. He had cut away the 33 was, At the atart he won considerable opposites support in Congress foe needed channes The the nationslnation of the copper mines, land reform, ; god the etate’s tkeover ‘of baszs and major | Industrie. —evidenee hat the demouaic cote ; sens could and would work within the existing H constitution. But, at the ead, not a single member - of the oppusitios matority would cast A vuole in: hia support. ‘They voted unanimously to condemn.” hig “habitual illegalities” and wese even joined by the Supreane Court in accusing him of dis : middle ground of Chilean politics, wrecked the demovtatie consensus, and berotten the reality of countec-revolution through bis own addiction fo revolutionary slogans, | a Equally inevitable was the econumic breake. down, which came from Allende’s attempts to ~ enlaryo -lus popular baso outside the political institutions, Here his nlan was two-fold: to. buy ' political support anong “ihe People” through massive Ware increases anit other ber. Gts and ag: Ue tame tune to squatce thé gaidile class inte | gubmissioa, of even Might from the countty, 2. °°” throupl wholesale nationalisation of their Inter= * esta snd the appoinunent of his own men to all - signiticant civilservive jobs. The to sunply | ~ eancetled each other out; for while the first part » of the plan raised vast new cxpoctslions and | demands, the secoud diminished the county's '. capacity to meet then. The wiusling tpiral of inflation followed as a necessary result of Allende’s political confusions. Tiere BASIC CONTRADIONANS were compounded : by the fracmented nature of Allende’s support. | His Popular Unity coalition was far from united, Hts majority clement was Allende’s own Socialist Party--3 body that bore lide seserndlance | beyond its name to most of the democratic socialist parties of Europe which $0 enthusiage lically e.poused its cause. Ik was, in fact, & - revolutionary Muaraist party that begaa as 4 7 aplinter of the more bureaucratic and Stalinist Chilean Communist party in the 1930s, and in recent years had acquired a frery “New Left" wing 26 weil. Several of its leaders, like Senator Altamirany, and many of its rank aod fie, cone gtantly urged Allende to “speed up the revoludoan” * without much regard for constitutional niceties, The smallest element of the coalition was the - Christian radicala of various persuasions, some - of whom hoped to offer a bridge to the centre © of Chilean politics by cooperating with the left , wing of the Christian Democr.ts, but pone of: whans ever attained positions of real influence, - The coalition’s sheet anchor was the Communist Party which, as business and administration , slipped into chaow became increasingly ut» portant as a source of discipline and strategic . 7 WOULD HAVE BreN hard enough toe drive if this sroiha anyway without either overstepping ihe constirutioaal limit of government OF antae gonising one or other of its elements and thercby jeopardising the only “democratic” base the revolution had. But Allende bad also to contend with the ail more militant left outside the coal tion, lod by the Movement of the Revoludionary Lefe (MIR), which insistod on revolution now, and by vioieace if necessary—as, in MIR's view, i wos, Here Allende’s professed coastitutionalism wag
1 ee © me em em tet et S me ee At ee ee eee en ey roveaiod at,  pejecial PIC vivlenoe, yct he mover permitted the Arory to root oul thei paramilitary grouzra. Whea they stigmatised his Iindecform pros ; gramme os “inadsquate” and pened handreds of fasens at fun-point he rebuked them in occasional speoches but did nothing to reverse their actions.® Whea Ury hijacked lorry-loads of valuable gnapufactuses, to raice funds by sciling them on “thé black market, he rarély tied to redress tho crime. “Ihe Dcft-said this was because the MIR “peal reprecnied “the People” again’ whom - ’ - 1 Allende dared not act. But the truth, I fear, was more squalid. Forone thing, the MIR had close et Lest, “Given ils “oftnialty 7 Arends in the Socialist Party and in Allende's - own entourage ‘whom the President did not want - tg offend, For another, as long as their activities Gid vot actually split the Popular Unity coalitioa, _# was oftea coo venient to, see them pushing palong “the “revolution by unconstitutional means while Allende denounced them ino his role as a conslitutionalist. It was not as if Allende was unable to deal - ‘with. the MIR when he had to. For example, - whea a Mirlia force blockaded the Philips _ television factory In ‘Santiago -in 1973 after an unsuccessful atiempt to hi “jack: w lorry-load of. , TY ects, they were allowed by the Goverament fo remain unmolested for ten days, although a : police post was just across the ‘road. Yet when . diplomatic represectations were made by the ' Dutch chargé d'affaires with the hint that his country’s nancial aid might have to be recon- eidered if this harassment of a Dutch eaterprize continued, the Mirlsiag were hustled away : ‘without : a shot in aA hours 8. a A SIMILAR BQUIVOCATION was evident i is Allende's adoption of a personal anned bodyguard—~the first in memory to accompany a Chilean President, - Je is true that the extreme. Right in Chile was quick to threaten violence as a response to Alleade’s proclaimed ‘revolution, and” Allende himself always maintained that ke needed prox - tection. But right-wing para-military groups were never as big or as highly organised as those on _ the Left; and, is any case, the proper reaction of a ‘ constitutionally-minded President would surely have been to call upon his state security forces to - protect him, . Instead, Aliende formed a personal unit, known as “the Group of Friends of the Pro . sident.” Trained, armed, and party manned by © “Cubans, ig was led by koown revolutionaries, . sympathetic to the MIR, ‘including Alleade’s so0-in-law, The existence of such a group at the very centre of the State was not merely a pro» - vocation to the established security forces andan | affront to Chtean tradition, it was also an implied ; ‘ejection of the principle of constjrutionsl rule, Dousrs ABOUT the real depth of ‘Allende's cone stitutionaliss: were raised also by his personal "history and his language, both of which suggested _ a - , political card was his skill in tactical manocuyre, + But as a strategist, a thinker, a man with area) ee oe, mee a romantic attachment & violence. He waa, ] ‘after all, @ founder and first presidest of the * Lato American Soudari oy Organisation, created | io Havana in the 195 and dedicated to the! encoursgement of arned insurrection turouchout the continent. He promised to “paint S:atiago i with blood"? in 1970 if Congress ccclined to ! ratify his election as President, and ho repeatedly j : tried to intimidate the opposiuon, imide and outsiés Congress, with tbe threat of civil war, These were vot the actions or the sentimcats of a “man dedicated to constitutional change, except i as a matter of expediency. On the other hand, it was hard to see Allende . a8 @ genuine revolutionary. He never looked | anything but the complete bourgeois ccodemag, ; _A bon viveur, Borid but well-groomed, a snapoy * dresser, with a twinkling eye fog the ladies and a : good deal of personal charm, his stroagest messape, he was unconviccing. Towards the end, as he ugneared with increasing frequency oa the presidential balcony im Santiago to” address chanting crowds of his supporters with revolue tionary platitudes, he seemed to'me to lose all j contact with reality, fo have become an actor ia love with his revolutionary part rather than 8 serious leader who knew where ke was going. "tn perrosrrer, Tam inclined to: think this was always tho truth of the matter. with Allende. ” Basically, he was a political romantic, dealing ia ° sensations mither than sense. He enjoyed his hour . ‘upon the stage but-he never properly assessed . athe forces he was dealing with, eiuher for or : against him. He raised expectations on his owa - gide without commanding the means to satisfy them, and he encouraged opposisioa on the otber side by his use‘of a revolutionary rhetoric ‘ whose threats he also could nog ful At best he was muddle-headed; and time may show that he was deliberately deceitful. Certainly . be managed to deceive a lot of people, including ; himself. Butin the end reality taught its own, hard * lessons. That you can’t be a dsnocrat and a revolutionary—at least, not in a sovic.y that is already admittedly democratic. That you can's be anti-American and expect the Americans to help you. That you can’t pose as the people's _ \cader aad kick most people ia the teeih, That you can’t conscript soldiers into poluics and expect them to remain apolitical, That you can’? have inflation roaring out of sight end maintain a base for social welfare. That, in shozt, the real world is sot Cloud-cuckoo-land, Down here, you just can’t bave your cake and eat it. It is sad that such elementary lessons should have to be taught yet again at such tragic cost in Chile. But it is alarcring that so many people elsewhere should evidently fail to grasp that they ase the lessons, [i . ace ee teen tee mehr Pe emcee meee ae
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Pgh gyi tae f 5 RP at Allendes misstag - Den wenskadelation dir ensidig. Man hie pa ett [veanele lett dohuseiterat guatiiies prs miheter men man drar ingen Larder av outvechtingen i Wletutes Chile, Bet ar viktigth att hanna krifiecra det some sar fel Putvecklingen. anaars han atan tate Lire sig pecageora aang’. Ona my var fiire huppen. bivstar ner varje forne ay debate one olet sore anviinder mtn osig: aw ott ceneurtiakaide some dr pa samo Ene ani pnitans., siger Andres Aiiag. journali-t och forfattare som beadht Chile Girne. ander och efter Allendes did. Han har nuacksa givit atea debatibok, Att ad socialism och ekorda fascism, — Salvador Altomle och “folkres getingen” Unatad Popular ctolkbg enhet) cmotsdgs mead stort intresse gven utermlamts, Afan shulle lintii- gen {3 evar pa tera crumllaggamde frdger Kan sowiahsmen peneintivas pa fredhg vag i Latinamcciha’ Ar muriamen i pokokon tucaby awd politick demobkrate? Kaa en weial “resalunon genomiivas med bevarad poltisk dcmmkeal? o folkfiontcns prope hate {yea natuntillpanger, Grant hopparn, Zobel take e predrefeemscttetet, forstulligamie av de stuesta bank- och industsfirctages awh BD anabb chonmmick tibaxt oh onidondel- ning av inkhointer ovh bamogenhe- fer samt hamp mot jaflationed, .Koppur vikiig . — Keppaca svarar (de upp tll fyra fermtedelur av hamlets export och mellan ‘en femtedet och en teedjedel av safantakicma, Under dren fire forsta varkdskeiget: pick gruvorna bver i modameribansh age, Pslutet av 1Ofd)-falet nationiivcrandes de tll halfien av den keistheaokeutisha Veeisegimen. Staten dOvertog §1 procenl av ‘akterma, Men Preis “chilenieding "av hoppar sisude sig sluilipen amla met tonsa fog de smenhkainks forcligya, Kopp fortathiyades genous ott tittage till grandisgyn VOTE. beagan om etsdlt: ning FH de fotos amechanska hpirna hanskots till hogete suilsrev aor -~ omen Alicmig couch hans fegering ansy adi de inte hade rad ait betala kontant emutuing i dolhir, “ame Jurdbrubet svarar for annde Gn en fpurdedcd av ssaselsattaingen, - wilket br nundre un i de fiosta latinencrhaks oh umlis u-lin due. Flere pudictopmbsgar antoys fore Alicmfe eras dem (967 di man bevianide att alla pordevemfomar user BO Rasnektae’” Aude tang: sintesas. fen hushekiar = en hehiar forstiiaong Komtbesattnad jor). — Tabten i predreformarberct thade under Allemdes providenitid. Under hans fiesta af tvangsinhisics natin fika mycket pred som under hele den fdrepgdemk secbtiga presi- dentperinden, Alla stoea jordegen-. dong ouppgass ha fin statligats jest, ben fulpd av pudrefarmen var an lontarbetarna ee paniwiates fa klige ben annan var jondwhupatoncens. Pe ohade ant ganger mdan under Allendes forsta ds pamftowe nd under Feeis tid. Jorlagaina borpade ga till motangrepp. — Prajuktionn spink — be exproprceade garduing hade inte tillrsckligt med mashines, tedshap, kreatur och utsdde. Den sjunkande tillgangen pa tisanedel oh den, styande ecHerfrayan hvkke nll for- seguingsproblem awh paasstc- Benger. = FT barpan gemomlonde Allende en tad atpander toe oth shupa cn paunite fonlcining av dormmegenhe- Andres Kiing. journalist och forfuttiore, sdiger att Chile-de- batten dir onsidig. “Det dir iktigt att dven henna kritives ra det auin var fel pa Allendes tid annara kan mina inte lara sig ndgentiang”. avatte héssalfdeer ovh hamstlag. Pennngsaidet osponk med 10d - plogent, ~ + Under nin vistelve i Santiago i born ay PYAR var cubart cagartetl- heeinaa ib ceatrum ett par hyvarlee langa, berattar Andrey King. Forlorade stidet — De chonomiska piohlemen medline polka problem, Allen: ile dorlersde medclk hesens Mad och “geletarckbosens stod minskade. # hoagiesssalen behovde han mayoris ith ove det sar en aivandeg torutatinoy fae att han skulle hues forlsatta abt poneufote sill progeany ech otifte sing Jagr, Phar fick basa 44 praent. Mubibaoipen hongiess om partaiment — president fortsatie, fogen vdle go vine doe deo unde. Allende drevs (ill dtgurder som inte sur forentiga med demubkratiskha Priwiper ovh gullunde fagar. —- Benoa utvechling tyder pA att var fiesok alt mot Hertalets vilpe Winsa fran en extrem palitek Medias pesher foe poltirisening av sanedet som bara skalle pynne odemohiliba giktningar Eno ag: Stessiv Rlasspoditik, sare sip det st tcoklionar elles revehtionar, han fisimbulla en ubveckling mot ca wvulstisk eller fascotisk diktatur, honstaterar Andres Kinny. -- Men inga misfiwhillanden ooh nusstupg under Atlendes tid han am andas som ursukl tie huppen oh det Dlodbudl sem sedan falaio. Man hen ha olika upphittningar ont Allemies poliuk, mea vane Sonn demokral maste kana ayshy for den Ruratande nulla pentsn. Flitig firfattare Aunties Rung as fadd @ Gavle
YA-O0000 es . _ | , re oss cope DS i em Be tone Ue tee as ms 2. eae . eure. S82 i i Jur EER ? [ 4 tere co9 Ne 8d Sonar te ERGO eR respi e “ a nO Men ora —_ Tarr ASTANA AWD abby tee te a Oe a: - -. -& Freee e tame meme tha fprsege sate meme, ~ an Ea we, WY 2rd). fp LMR QS. i ¢) meee sgn ett a ; See ns, wee teeta ‘ - pote Po grdiat bfagye SR AGET IPT oe rere SRS C1177 ae — TORCRTILESE Hay My [ daasss on en mA, ere9aGe May Pa Srare op . re apts? rite 6459 Tor SPeeC laa pays red - ce Patan Pave . OR Bas he DN EGENt ere MAA ANGaN fg ACDEES. Cauy ATTENTION TE NEARY Peel emis wide oN Cmtce Hy SMEDISH JOURNALIST, Walt aOe ANKES ey Tes AS" "SD ENTITLED "Ta Som SOCtALISH AND 4548 Fagtycon, TAA TH Seen gua LY BAL anCeO, COMENG rage YOUNG Smice, CORT IS fot may 74 REVIEW JN Fihmlaen Sail Shel aNGUaue cal. "WP eCULTACSSLALET®, SUNGeouND VISITED Toe BEFORE, eeFENG BHD ao Pes 4 LENDE SS TIME **( ABEL S THe O° ano ANALYSES EN DETary SHESESs VEGATE oy Carle AS MOVERS} DE THE INCREASING  ¥ CRITE Cay FCONONIC ALLENDE 'S EConNGe IC Boilies aus PRIcLEMS UNSER ACL ENIE'S Poated YEARS, ANG YME CONCOMITANT. PSLITICAL PROD EMS Paar LES SC ENCE TC MEASURES www wEAG | wey, 4, “ENCOMPATIBOE ai tun DEsOCGa rie PRISCIPLES ano EXISTing Lawge, | i 49N35 NOTES Pear "AUS4ESS IVE Chass POLITICS, wwEtwee ReacTlenaay UR REVOLUTONaae, 4% BRING aBCUr a MOVE AGAINS’ A goctactgy-- reo ON PASSEST DiC Tatuee™ guts we 408, "No CONDITION g@ MISTORS _ CURING ALLENDE'S Fame Cay BE VSED aS Encuse fg9 THE COUP” RR ae Avy es 4 tise CvNF TREN oY ae cee kee
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14-00000 bes PROCISSING ACTION CASAC ATION SECRET eee cue FOR INDEXING vee ct ‘ DISPATCH ie oa Se a, See oe ee ONL QUALIFID DESK ; C/¥N Division ee [CAN JUOGE INDEXING ROM eas meena: ania ee Acting Chief of Station, Santiago ~:~ SUBIET “FUOMEN Psych ACHON RIQUIRIO. REFERENCES To rman ee aes, omnes nn senna aac Sean ent RA Am nooo ref: [ __—|zzass Fo nen conn ROM If avaflable, we would apprecfate receiving four copias of Andres Kung’s book mentioned in reference. E2 THPOET. - ‘ : “ee - ft ‘Leslie H. BERRERIAN NY ‘: Distribution: _ 2 cos] 7 oe T Pe. eh 3 °C/a | roy yy | RECORD COPY | CROSS REFERINCE fa OT DISPATCH SYMBOL AND WUWSIR ‘Toate —_ a ~~ HCSA-28908 M — | — ‘anna “Tava ° ay Ts $a r : | secREeT |
14-00000 NETHERLANDS CHILEAN REFUGEES IN NETHERLANDS POINTED OUT AS FUGITIVES fesitorial by N. van Me ep haysens Reformatorisch Dagblad, Dutch, 19 April 1974, p , .The Chilean refugees in the Netherlands seem to be having adjustment problems. These rather prolonged symptoms. geem to be caused among other things by the fact that they still find it hard to accept that the socialist dream of ' thelr Marxist president. is definitely over and that their country is now being ruled ty a small group of reactionaries who are trying to keep the people under control through terrorism, repression, and torture. Such problems will take you quite a ways in the Netherlands and those idealists were quick to take advantage of it. Velfare What is the situation? Most of the approximately 259 refugees with a high school or university education do not.work. About half of them have been housed at the “Huis ter Schie” in Overschie, where they enjoy the sunshine on the terrace or play volleyball in the yard. Board and lodging are free and at the end of the week they pick up another 25 guilders pocket money. In addition they receive free language instruction, commuter tickets for the bus, and compensation for each trip they have to take. Do you get the idea that they are better off than many. old people in the Netherlands? "You are probably right, because the Cnilean exiles do not have to live on welfare; they are being paid from the frozen funds which had been allocated for development aid to their fatherland, Chile. SO you can see how well our tax money is being spent.
14-00000 Considering that this small proup.of pampered exiles is preaching revolution even here and with a full stomach, it may be.useful to point out a few facts. These are facts which are well known in the Ministry in The Hague: but for some reason never made it to the Netherlands press. Facts The preat majority of the refugees are not even cee ee Chilean nationals. They are natives of Bolivia, Brazil, and - Uruguay. They came to Chile as a result of illerval and revolutionary activities in which they had been involved in these South and Middle American countries, the ultimate consequences of which they did not wish to suffer. They felt at home in Allende‘s Chile because Allende ‘showed sympathy for their gituation. His first action ag president, after his inauguration in November 1970, was to declare amnesty for all those who “were members of terrorist underground organizations,” those who during the last months of his predecessor‘s regime had been charaed with bank robbery, the armed robbery of self-service stores, the theft of weapons from military arsenals, kidnapping, and | attempted murder. The fact that < Some of those revolutionaries received Chilean diplomatic status was due to Allende's policy of granting residence permits to this type of revolutionaries, These refugees with a high school or higher level education seemed to have no adjustment problems in Chile. As a result they soon found their way to important key positions in the fovernment. ‘The fugitives didn't ‘suffer any sleepless nights in Chile either, because they felt protected by a militant Marxist army, armed to the teeth. Some 10,000 revolutonaries, from all points of the compass, were at their disposal. Definition a In the Berner Tageblatt, a Swiss newspaper which is Known for not exagsetstines Dr. Mario Puelma, from the University of Freiburg,’ wrote the following: "The concept of political refugee. is only of Limited value when applied. to (Chile. whatever one's attitude toward the military junta