476-10037-10445 JFK ASSASSINATION SYSTEM - IDENTIFICATION FORM »« AGENCY : NARA RECORD NUMBER : 176-10037-10445 RECORD SERIES : National Security Files AGENCY FILE NUMBER : ORIGINATOR : DOS FROM : TO: TITLE : Report Current Situation in South Vietnam DATE : 5/16/1962 PAGES : 81) SUBJECTS : DOCUMENT TYPE : CLASSIFICATION : RESTRICTIONS : CURRENT STATUS : DATE OF LAST REVIEW : 9/10/2000 OPENING CRITERIA : COMMENTS : National Security Files, Box 196: Countries, Vietnam, General 10/29/63-10/31/63. CIA Reports. Box 6.
a Q _ TOP SECRET BACKGROUND USE ONLY ot. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN SOUTH VIETNAM . 30 October 1963 a - ; +8 “SDT RECTORATE OF INTELLIGENCE “THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS-CODE WORD MATERIAL TOP SECRET GROUP | Excluded from automatic downgrading ond deciossification
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; ( TOP SECRET DINARi Oo G BACKGROUND USE ONLY : _LIMITED DISTRIBUTION SC No. 11704/63 30 October 1963 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY MEMORANDUM: - SUMMARY .-. There continues to be no indication that the Government of South Vietnam (GVN) is making any major moves: to.accommodate US views, although it has reopened the university at Hué, trans- _ ferred additional military units to the delta, and consolidated certain strategic hamlets. Diem talked with Ambassador Lodge over the weekend at Dalat, their first contact in weeks, but showed no sign of yielding on any GVN positions. Diem and Nhu mean- while continue to appear fully prepared to face prolonged and significant cutbacks in American aid. The uncertainties created by the current impasse in US-GVN relations are beginning to have depressant effects on the South Vietnamese economy. Serious inflationary pressures are beginning to develop. For example; the piaster black-market rate, which © until recent weeks had remained at ‘iabout 80-100 to the dollar for several years, now is fluctuating between 130 and 180, an all-time high. The prices of perishable domestic foodstuffs are holding fairly steady, but there are marked rises in the price of nonper- ishable basic commodities (e.g., soap, charcoal, nuoc mam fish sauce) and in a wide variety of imports. Awkward_probiems, iin- cluding possible shortfalls, are beginning to appear in the financing of the joint US-GVN counterinsurgency effort. There has been no dramatic change in the basic military situation over the past few weeks. Certain statistical trends, how-| ever--weapons losses, Viet Cong activity, and. GVN casualties, especially "missing in action''--are becoming disturbing, and var- ious indicators suggest a lowering of morale in the Vietnamese -- armed forces. BACKGROUND USE ONLY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION TOP SECRET DINAR
( . TOP SECRET DINAR‘ BACKGROUND USE’ ONLY LIMITED. DISTRIBUTION THE CURRENT SITUATION IN SOUTH VIETNAM A. Political Developments 1. There continue to be no indications that the Diem government is making any major moves to accommodate US views, although it has reopened the university at Hué, transferred additional military units to the delta, and consolidated certain stra- tegic hamlets. Diem has made an approach to Ambas- sador Lodge, under the guise of a social weekend in Dalat, but his position on issues raised so far is unyielding. 2. -Diem and ‘Nhu: continue to appear fully | pre- pared to face prolonged and significant cutbacks in American aid. Diem, in his 26 October National Day address, stressed the need for Vietnamese self-suf- ficiency and self-reliance. During the past week- end, he casually questioned Ambassador Lodge as to whether the US was going to suspend or stop commer- cial import. payments, as if it were a matter of in- difference, and made no response to Lodge's sugges- tions of what might be done by South Vietnam to make such aid acceptable to US public opinion. 3. Although there have continued to be some US contacts, largely formal, with Presidential Secre- tary Thuan, Acting Minister Cuu and some lower level officials, the invitation to Ambassador Lodge iast weekend was the only direct. communication with. Diem in many weeks. Nhu remains entirely out of contact with US officials, and has shown.no sign of initiat- ing any overtures. Diem's conversations with Lodge during the weekend, including a remark that "we" must get on with the war effort, tend to support, the view that he and Nhu feel confident that the US will ulti- mately be forced to cooperate with them on their terms. At the same time, however, Diem raised some charges of antiregime activity by various US officials. In short, both sides remain in a state of mutual uncer- tainty as to respective attitudes and intentions. TOP SECRET DINAR
(TOP SECRET DINAR ( BACKGROUND USE ONLY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 4. During the past several weeks, strident at- tacks have continued in the Times of Vietnam, and to some extent in the vernacular press as well, charg- ing the involvement of US newsmen and officials in subversive activity. Nhu publicly reiterated these themes in his 17 October press cotiference, and the ' fact that they have been raised both by Acting Foreign Minister Cuu and Diem may foreshadow moves to expel some US personnel. One of the newsmen--David Halberstam of the New York Times--has just had his visa renewed) for a month (until IG November) instead of the usual three-to Six-month period. In addition, renewed harassment has been reported against some Vietnamese employees of US agencies, and some US officials are under surveillance, There continue to be rumors, pos- sibly indicative of a "war pf nerves" campaign against the US, that anti-American demonstrations will be staged in front of the US Embassy or the USIS head- quarters. A reliable Vietnamese Air Force source: reports that the Special Forces are recruiting illiterate peas-. -ants;;at® unusually high pay, and he speculates they are to be used for GVN "dirty work." 5. At the same time, a number of reports assert that anti-American sentiment is increasing in non-Com- munist opposition circles, which view official US statements as evidence of capitulation to Diem and Nhu. Some sources have even claimed that various opposition Broups are considering the use of terrorism against’ Americans to convince the US that the situation is grave. 6. Although the government has announced the re- opening of all schools in Hud, including the university, and claims that only 152 prisoners remain in custody, it has made almost no effort to regain support of key urban elements. There has been, in fact, substantial evidence in recent weeks that searches and arrests have continued among students and other potentially ‘disaffected elements, and that tighter controls are being exerted on the ‘military, civil service, and or- ganized labor. The regime's obvious attempts to stage- manage the visit of the UN observer group have caused ‘the UN representatives to abandon their government- arranged schedule, but clandestine sources report their contacts are still being controlled. TOP SECRET DINAR ©
(. TOP SECRET DINAR. BACKGROUND USE ONLY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 7, Although Diem continues to declare the Bud- dhist issue resolved, an official of the new National Assembly has stated that the Assembly probably will not resume discussions on amending Decree 10--the statute which discriminates against Buddhist organiza- tions and which was one of the five specific: Buddhist grievances. Diem, when pressed on the. matter by Am~ bassador Lodge, merely stated that the decree issue was "complicated" ‘and outside his authority. 8. Despite persistent rumors that some "reforms" might be announced in connection with National Day last week, this has not happened and there continues to be no. sign that the government intends any liber- alizing measures, Reports that changes in the mili- tary command, and perhaps the cabinet, are imminent seem more likely to be designed to neutralize dis-. affected elements. 9. The effect of Madame Nhu'’s visit on US-GVN ‘relations and on US leverage and maneuverability in. Saigon is difficult to assess. If the regime con- cludes that it has more popular US support. than it _yrealized, and if Madame Nhu returns to Saigon deeply embittered by the lack of any official US attention, it is likely that Diem and Nhu will ‘become even more intransigent in the face of US demands. B.. Economic Developments 10. The uncertainties created by the current impasse in US/GVN relations are beginning to have depressant effects on the South Vietnamese economy. The economic situation is becoming unstable and there are signs that serious inflationary pressures are be- ginning to develop. 11, In response to US suspension of the Commercial Import Program (CIP), the GVN appears to be tightening its belt in anticipation of an appreciable reduction: and/or prolonged suspension of. US economic aid. The - GVN has begun to earmark some of its own foreign ex- change for the import of commodities previously -. financed under the. CIP (e.g., wood pulp, tin plate, chemicals, coke, and perhaps sweetened condensed ‘milk) . GVN civil servants have reportedly been alerted to accept a "voluntary" cut in salary,. and there are in- - dications that, in at least some ninistries;:, this cut has already come into effect. Diem has publicly hinted © TOP SECRET DINAR
DO (TOP SECRET DINAR(- = BACKGROUND USE ONLY ; LIMITED DISTRIBUTION that .a "time of austerity" lies ahead. Saigon press reports, citing "usually well-informed sources," assert that the GVN plans to counter US.aid suspensions by causing "controlled inflation," and agent sources have reported that the GVN has printed a large number > of piasters (more.than. equal to the number presently — in circulation) for issuance as circumstances dictate. .It is hard to tell, however, how much of this represents GVN bluff and how much represents serious GVN planning ‘to go it alone. One report to the ambassador (from Thuan) suggests that the GVN has made a serious canvass of its independent economic capabilities but reluctantly decided that, after all, it cannot continue without. US aid. 12. There are signs that the GVN is casting about for non-US sources of foreign assistance. A $10-mil- lion commercial aid agreement with the French was Signed by the GVN.on 9 October. The GVN has.also.just made its first expenditure under a $14-million French industrial loan, extended in 1959. Perhaps of even more significance was the reported recent precipitate departure for Paris of Huynh van Diem, GVN Director General of Plan. The GVN has been making overtures to Australia regarding wheat flour imports (normally financed under PL480), and to West Germany regarding ‘the German aid program. 13, The slowdown of CIP and PL-—480 licensing is - already beginning to pose problems for financing the war effort. A US/GVN project agreement signed on 5 September for the calendar 1963 GVN military budget included more than 7.5 billion piasters for joint sup-~ port, to be financed by CIP-generated counterpart plus local currency derived from PL-480 sales. However, after discussion with the GVN, the USOM has deter- mined that only 7 billion piasters will be available, leaving a projected shortfall of more than 500 million ‘piasters (roughly, US $8 million). Similarly, MAAG has advised that less than 2 billion piasters cash are available for release in the Fourth Quarter 1963 _ against a requested project agreement balance of more — than 2.5 billion. Since the necessary counterpart piasters obviously cannot be generated without CIP and PL-480 licensed imports, funding of the joint US/GVN counterinsurgency effort may soon present some awkward problems. TOP SECRET DINAR
(.. TOP-SECRET DINAR @ BACKGROUND USE ONLY — LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 14, The effects of US suspension of CIP licensing are just beginning to make themselves felt. © During _the week of 13-19 October, key import prices began to rise (e.g., sweetened condensed milk up 10 per cent, wheat flour 33: per cent, cement 30 per cent) with more modest rises reflected in chemical products, some searce iron and steel products, and miscellaneous manufactured imports. This trend continued during: the week of 20-26 October; condensed milk went up by as much as. 5’ per cent, wheat flour up an additional 2 per cent, iron and steel products up 10 to 15 per cent, chemicals up 5 per cent, sugar up 6 per cent. Fertilizers, cement, -eotton and rayon yarn were un— changed. . 15. Prices of domestic items have also been rising. Although the price of perishable food items has remained fairly steady or has shown only a modest. decline, the prices of several basic nonperishable.: consumer items, such as soap, charcoal, and Huoc mam, the fish sauce which is an essential part of the ordinary Vietnamese diet, were up by an average 20 per cent since the end of September. 16, There has been no appreciable capital flight. from Vietnam, but there has been marked internal activity which strongly suggests a flight from the piaster. The black-market rate, which until recent weeks had remained at about 80 to 100 piasters to the dollar for several years, now. is fluctuating between 130 and 180, an all- time high. There is -also.evidence of considerable speculative activity in gold. As of mid-October, gold was reported no longer available, following a rise in the black- market price from 5,400 piasters per ounce in June to 6,800 piasters in early October. A 26 October Embassy report states that the price: -for: gold and gold jewelry has risen an additional 30 per cent, and gold is now hard to find, even for dentists. Rumors of devaluation abound anc there are signs of hoarding and artificial shortages (particularly in the.case of. wheat flour and condensed milk). Over~all bank liquidity has been maintained because of the increases in traders' accounts; but banks report some withdrawals from small accounts and there are reports of runs on banks in. Cholon, where the influential Chinese business ‘community — - ts: concentrated. TOP SECRET DINAR
( TOP SECRET DINAR( | an () "BACKGROUND USE ONLY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION C. Military Developments 17. There has been no dramatic change in the military situation over the past few weeks, although Significant actions continue to occur, most recently the 29 October firefight in An Xuyen Province, in which three Aitericans were reported captured by the Viet Cong. The US army, navy, and air attachés have all reported this past week, however, that there are tentative signs of lowering morale among Vietnamese army, navy, and air units in the Saigon area. More-= - over, the leveling out and in some respects reversal of favorable statistical trends that obtained in the ‘counterinsurgency effort six months ago is continuing. 18. Although these statistics are not completely reliable or satisfactory. as criteria for measuring the course of the counterinsurgency effort, they do reflect general orders. of magnitude of various per- tinent factors. 19. While the statistics generally reflected steady decline in Viet Cong activity from mid~1962 to early 1963, they show a gradual increase in the number of incidents since this spring. Moreover, this activity has assumed a more aggressive character, with the proportion of armed attacks increasing some- . what and emphasis in the category of "terrorist" acts shifting from "kidnapings".to "harassing fires‘" Most of this armed activity, as well as the bulk of propaganda incidents, now appears to be directed at the strategic hamlet progran. 20. Despite this increased activity, Viet Cong casualties since July have been somewhat: below the levels of the comparable period last year. There is no ready explanation for this phenomenon, unless it reflects greater circumspection by the Viet Cong in . engaging government regular forces, and improvements in Communist combat techniques. ~ 21. ‘Government casualties, on the other hand, are running substantially higher than last year. Ac- cordingly, the ratio between: Viet Cong and government casualties has dropped from two to one last year to about: seven to six over the past three months. The higher government losses can be attributed in part to an. increased level of offensive activity by government forces.. It may also reflect, _ however, more effective Viet Cong operations. TOP SECRET DINAR
(TOP SECRET DINAK, "BACKGROUND USE ONLY LIMITED DISTRIBUTION 22. The trend in weapons losses, which had « turned in the government's favor in the latter part of 1962, now is again running in favor of the Viet Cong. Government weapons losses have risen sharply Since. June, and have.exceeded Viet Cong losses by:. two to one since July. The net gain of weapons which may have accrued to the Viet Cong from July through' September would be enough to arm perhaps as many as five new main force battalions, or 60 new local guer- rilla platoons. 23. Viet Cong military defections had risen steadily in the first half of 1963 to a total of 426 in June. Since then, however, they have dropped off steadily to 114 in September. This shift may re- flect some improvement in Communist morale. Con- versely, the number of government troops "missing in action" or "captured" by the Viet Cong has quadrupled from an average of less than 100 a month in 1962 and a early 1963 to an average of more than 400 a month Since July. 24. Two conclusions may be drawn from these statistical trends. First, the Viet Cong appear to have recovered from the initial: uncertainty of their reaction to the stepped-up counterinsurgency effort in 1962, and to have embarked on a new phase of ‘their: . "protracted struggle." This new phase appears to be characterized by intensified, small-scale activity aimed primarily at disrupting and defeating the strategic hamlet program. By modifying their combat techniques, striking at "softer targets''' and improving their de- fensive capabilities, they have been able to regain momentum while reducing their combat losses, with a ‘resultant gain in morale. 25. Secondly, the government's stepped-up coun- terinsurgency effort has.: thus fdr failed to produce decisive results. This, coupled with the government's faltering political posture, has resulted in lowered government morale as reflected in the higher weapons losses and the increase in the number of “missing” per- sonnel, TOP SECRET DINAR so cs - ee
STATISTICS ON THE WAR IN VIETNAM VIET CONG GOVERNMENT. Total Armed Total Total - Missing & Weapons Month] Incidents Attacks Casualties Defectors Lost Casualties Captured Lost: ine i768 503 2623 © 120° 412 993 | 83 - 518 Jun 1489 407 2520 _ 120* 382 «(| «(1017 88 402 dul 44g 2510 —S«020 353 1282 212° 40 Aug | 378 3297, —s«120* 1068 63, 440* | Sep 3029 120e 1124 59 40 Oct . AV 99 1048 64 440" Nov 7 158. 133692 359 Dec 990 78 450* 1963 ° Jan 1463 2 457 Feb 1117 - 82 253 Mar 1327: 66 = 467 Apr 1480 | 96 . 797 May 1418 94 «483 Jun 1251 90 580 Jul 2310 457 934 Aug 1567 | - 358 627 Sep . 2401 574 «878 *" Indicates average; actual figures not available foreach month. _. SECRET: